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BOM'S REFERENCE LIBRARY.
BLAIE'S
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES
3
"ti{ ?
LONDON :
REPRINTED FR<">M THE STEREOTYPE PLATES BY WM. CLOWES & SONS, LTD.;
STAMFOED STREET AN^ CHAEING CBOSS.
PKEFACE.
Cheonology traces the order, History the connection, of Events ;
the one gathers the materials, the other digests them into that
philosophic lesson, which educes from the changes of the past
the progress of the future. Accuracy is therefore the first
requisite : without this the stream of time is obstructed and
diverted from its true course ; students and writers are led to
unsound deductions ; research is bewildered and erudition
unprofitable. Yet this element, all-important as it is, has been
but negligently employed by most English Chronologists.
While preparing the present volume, their productions have,
of course, been consulted, examined, and tested ; the result
is surprise and shame at the slovenly negligence manifested
in the treatment of this branch of our literature generally. To
show that this charge is not advanced on slight grounds, the
following illustrations are given of the manner in which the
public has been, misinformed by eleven of these writers, whom
it would be invidious to name, unless the truth of the accusations
be challenged ; without going back to archaic times, these in-
stances are taken from later periods, in which the present gene-
ration is most interested.
a.d. 710 we are told that Gebel al Tarik (that is, the mountain
of Tarik, the rock itself of Gibraltar,) landed at Gib-
raltar, April 29.
In two different pages of one Chronology we find the following
entries : —
a.d. 1228 The Sixth Crusade under the Emperor Frederie II.
VI PEEPACE.
a.d. 1240 Kichard earl of Cornwall heads the Sixth Crusade.
(This last-mentioned prince visited Palestine that year,
and paid a sum of money to ransom Jerusalem ; but
he led no Crusade.)
In 1315 the dissection of dead bodies is said to have been for-
bidden in the anatomical school of Bologna by Pope
Boniface VIII., who had then been dead twelve years.
a.,d. 1331 is given as the date of the settlement of the Teutonic
knights in Prussia. This event, which is of importance
as the origin of a great modern kingdom, took place
a century earlier ; the knights built the city of Thorn
in 1231, and consolidated their power in 1237.
a.d. 1349 the order of the Garter said to have been instituted by
Edward III., in memory of his son's victories in Spain,
which victories were not achieved till 1367, that is 18
years afterwards.
a.d. 1421 an inundation at Dortrecht is said to have formed the
Zuyder Zee, which is 50 miles distant from that
place, and was created by an irruption of the sea into
lake Flevo in 1231.
a.d. 1692 According to Bishop Burnet, a contemporary writer,
the massacre of Glencoe was perpetrated in the month
of Feb., 1692, and was so notorious as to be made a
subject of parliamentary inquiry ; yet there is the
following confusion in the dates assigned to it by
different chronologists : —
1691, March 9, by one; May 9, by another.
1692, Jan. 31.
1693, Jan. 31, by one ; Feb. 12, by another.
a.d. 1799 The death of Pope Pius VI. is stated by one Chrono-
logy to have taken place, Aug. 19, and in the next
page, Sept. 11. Both dates are wrong, as he died
Aug. 29.
a.d. 1800 Stanislas Augustus is placed in the list of sovereigns
as king of Poland, although his kingdom was finally
dismembered and annihilated in 1795, and he himself
died in 1798.
a.d. 1807, July 18, Copenhagen bombarded by an English fleet
under Parker and Nelson — an event well known to
have occurred April 2, 1801, and that Nelson fell at
Trafalgar, Oct. 21, 1805.
PKEFACE. vil
From 1799 to 1813, with the exception of the two years 1801
and 1806, Victor Amadeus is said to have been king
of Sardinia, where no sovereign of that name had
reigned since 1796.
a.d. 1814 Charles John is said to be king of Sweden ; Charles
XIII. was then king, and it Avas not till after his
death in 1818, that Charles John succeeded.
In Portugal the following succession of sovereigns is given :
a.d. 1813 Maria Frances Isabella, queen.
a.d. 1814 John Maria Lewis Joseph, king.
a.d. 1815 Maria Lewis Joseph, king.
a.d. 1816 Maria Francis Isabella, queen.
During this period Maria Isabella was the reigning queen :
but from her state of mental imbecility, her son was regent ; on
her death in 1816, he became King John VI.
From 1809 to 1814, Ferdinand IV. is called king of the Two
Sicilies, during which period Joachim Murat was king
of Naples, one of the Two Sicilies ; after his exjralsion
and death in 1815, the two kingdoms were re-united,
and Ferdinand IV. changed his title to Ferdinand I.
king of the Two Sicilies.
In one Chronology we find
a.d. 1815, Feb. 8, an ambassador (Lord Amherst) sailed for China.
a.d. 1816, Feb. 8, Lord Amherst and suite sailed from Portsmouth
on an embassy to China. (The last is the correct date.)
Even the civic dignitaries of London are misplaced with the
same negligence. After having stated correctly that Aid. Birch
was lord mayor in 1815 (1814—15) with Messrs. Leigh and
Reay, as sheriffs, he is made to serve the office again with the
same sheriffs, in 1816, which was the year of Aid. Wood's first
mayoralty ; and for a third time in 1818, when Aid. Christopher
Smith filled the civic chair.
Sir Walter Scott is well known to have been born in 1771 •
yet in one Chronology 1751 is given as the year of his birth, and
in another, 1769.
The Marquis of Londonderry committed suicide in 1 822 ; a
marked event, which, by introducing Mr. Canning into the
Foreign Secretaryship, materially influenced the destinies of the
world. Yet two of our highest authorities place it in 1 824, a
date which, if accepted, would involve all history from 1822 to
1827 in inextricable confusion.
Vlll PREFACE.
The death of the Princess Sophia, which occurred May 27,
1848, is fixed by one Chronology at Nov. 29, 1844.
Even so late as 1853, we find Frederic, Viscount Melbourne,
who died that year, mistaken for his brother William, the former
prime minister, who died in 1848.
These are a few specimens out of many hundreds of similar errors,
which are now in current circulation among us ; some of them
sanctioned by great names, whose authority the every-day con-
suiter of their works accepts with habitual and implicit confi-
dence. They are not errors of the press ; but indicate a want of
research, and a hasty, unscrutinizing adoption of presented alle-
gations.
It would be presumptuous to arrogate infallibility in the volume
now offered to the public ; it may, it must, have the imper-
fections incidental to human weakness ; but the vigilance which
has detected so many grave anachronisms in others, may be
accepted as a pledge, that it has been no less exerted to prevent
a recurrence of them here. The most trustworthy authorities
in our own, in ancient and in modern languages, have been
consulted, mostly in the originals, to render this work at
once comprehensive and accurate. The Fasti Hellenici and
Eomani of Clinton have been invaluable guides, and with
Usher and Hales, and occasionally Pausanias and Herodotus,
have furnished the chief materials for the chronology of Pales-
tine and Early Greece. They have contributed, also, to that
of the Primaeval East and Egypt, assisted by and compared
with the often contradictory, but always useful, information
supplied by Ideler, Lepsius, Bunsen, Layard, and occasionally
Eusebius. E Art de verifier les Bates has also been consulted,
but not with such extensive advantage as its reputation promised.
The early dates of Eome have been supplied by comparing Livy,
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and Niebuhr, with Clinton and
other Chronologies. For the Roman and Byzantine Empires,
Gibbon, Clinton (till a.d. 641), Eckhel, Mebuhr (in his Lectures
till a.d. 478), Heeren, Finlay, and Koeppen, have furnished
copious material, and for Gothic Italy, Cassiodorus. For the
History of the Saracens, Ocldey, and for the Crusades, Wil-
ken, have been collated with Gibbon. For our own country,
the Saxon Chronicle, Bede, Sharon Turner, Lappenberg, Wil-
liam of Malmesbury, Hume and Smollett, Burnet, Sir Harris
Nicolas, and especially the Oxford Chronological Tables (which
PJIEFACE, IX
are deservedly exempted from our general censure). For the
latter years, Annual Registers, contemporaneous Journals, and
Newspapers, are the fund from which our stores have been
drawn. The Uebersicht der Geschichte of Xruse has been all-suffi-
cient for Germany and the North ; and has also supplied much for
France, aided by the Toilettes Chronologiques of Serieys, and the
recently-published Chronologie Universelle of Dreyss. The inde-
fatigable and honest Muratori has arranged, with admirable preci-
sion, in his Annali (T Italia, the transactions of a country, which
was for ages the battle-field of Europe, and the wars of whose
pettiest principalities were generally connected with those of the
mightiest potentates then striving for mastery in Christendom. On
the history of the Church, information has been principally derived
from Neander's History of Christianity, Ranke's History of the
Popes, and Riddle's Ecclesiastical Chronology. For Spain, Conde
and Mariana have been collated and, wherever possible, reconciled.
In addition to these main sources, many others have been referred
to, as occasion required ; and it will be found that the pith of more
than 100 volumes of standard excellence has been compressed
into these pages. If, therefore, any who have been accustomed
to rely on other Chronologies, should here find dates or facts
not in accordance with their favourite authorities, let them not
ascribe such discrepancies to carelessness or ignorance ; they have
always been the result of investigation.
There are some points in History which never have been, never
will be, and never can be, decided ; on these, where forbearance
ought to be most conciliative, disputation is too often most vehe-
ment, and acerbity most intolerant. One of these is the origin
of the art of printing. After some investigation, the view here
taken is that which ascribes the first rude idea of it to Laurence
Koster, and the perfecting of his invention to Guttenberg, Fust,
and SchoefTer. We are aware of the danger of this controversial
ground, and must ask those who question our assertion, to
hesitate in censuring what has not been adopted without in-
quiry. Connected with this, a minor debate has arisen on the
printing of the Tractatus Petri Sispani by Fust, in 1442. Some
bibliographers deny the fact, because no copy of such an edition has
ever been found ; but this negative evidence is no proof that it never
existed, and we have, on the other hand, the positive testimony of
Hadrian Junius, who says that Fust did print the work. Petrus
Hispanus became, in 1276, Pope John XXI; Muratori celebrates
X PREFACE.
his learning, especially in medicine ; and Mariana ascribes such
popularity to his Tractatus de Meclicina, that it was called Thesaurus
pauperum. All this affords strong presumption in favour of the
selection of such a work as one of the first to be issued from the
press. Hadrian Junius was born in 1511, studied medicine at
Paris and Bologna, practised in London, was physician to the
king of Denmark, and finally settled, in 1560, at Haerlem, where
he occupied a high station, and wrote his Batavia. His studies
must have brought the Treatise of Petrus Hispanus under his
notice ; he lived within the first century after the time when he
says that the Tractatus Logici, which included this, were printed
by Pust, and asserts that the fact, to which he assigns the date
of 1442, was well known in his day. On these grounds it has
been introduced into this Chronology.
Much confusion prevails in Chronology from Oct. 15, 1582,
(when Gregory XIII. altered the calendar, and introduced his
"New Style,") till Sept. 14, 1752, when it was adopted in Great
Britain ; and this is increased by our having adhered, during the
same period, to the practice of not commencing the legal year till
March 25. It has, therefore, often been necessary to distinguish
dates, by adding to them either o.s. (old style) or ir.s. (new
style). Discrepancies which have not been noticed, may be ac-
counted for or corrected, by bearing in mind this variation, first
often, and, after 1700, of eleven days. Thus the death of the
Empress Elizabeth, of Eussia, and the accession of Peter III., are
placed by some chronologies in 1761, and by others in 1762 ;
both are right, for according to the Eussian o.s. calendar, these
events took place Dec. 25, 1761, while the n.s. of other countries
made it Jan. 5, 1762.
To have adapted the Mahometan Hegira to the Christian era
with nice exactness, would have too much incumbered these
Tables with figures and computations. The following course has
therefore been adopted. Thirty-three Mahometan years contain
11,694 days, and are equal to thirty-two of ours, in which the
number of days is 11,688. To bring these two terms into coin-
cidence, the years of the former have been so distributed, that
the thirty-third always expires with our thirty-second. The
difference of six days, 1 1,694-^1 ] ,688, in favour of this Mahometan
cycle, amounts in ten centuries to about half a year; to correct
this, the term of dividing the years of the Hegira has been after*
wards prolonged. That a sufficiently proximate date for all the
common purposes of chronology has been thus obtained, may be
seen in the present year; to a.d. 1856, these Tables assign the
concluding part of a.h. 1272 and the commencement of 1273;
the actual state of the case is, that I Moharrem 1273, the Ma-
hometan New Year's Day, falls on Sept. 1 .
In stating the ages of eminent persons at the time of their
decease, the abbreviation at. should always denote the current,
not the completed, year of the individual's life. But hitherto
it has been so indiscriminately used, that absolute precision has
been found, in some cases, unattainable ; where it could be
obtained, the rule has been observed in these pages. On this
point, the discordances of Biographical Dictionaries, Chronologies,
Registers, Magazines, Journals, and Newspapers, are such as would
be incredible to those who have not examined them. The
sculptor Nollekens, for instance, is said by one authority to have
died in 1772, at the age of 35 ; while others, correctly, prolong
his life to his 86th year, in 1823. To settle such differences,
more labour has sometimes been expended than the subject perhaps
merited; but our principle has been to test every item, however
trivial, as scrupulously as possible. And if, notwithstanding our
care and diligence, some inaccuracies have arisen, they must be
ascribed to the impossibility of always obtaining precise informa-
tion.
The titles by which eminent public men are historically or
popularly known, have in some instances been anticipated a
few years, to avoid expletive repetition. For this reason, Sir
Thomas "Wentworth is styled Earl of Strafford in 1 630, although
he was then only a Baron, and not created Earl till 1639 : and
the Duke of Ormond is so called in 1646, although he was only an
Earl, and did not become Duke till some time afterwards.
Slight variations in the names of persons or places will occasi-
onally occur, where the authorities copied differ in their ortho-
graphy. But whether the names are written Shakspere, Shakes-
peare, Shakspeare, Shakespear, or any other way ; Althorp or
Althorpe ; Folkstone or Folkestone ; Maestrecht or Maestricht ;
Wurtemburg or "Wirtemberg ; there can be no mistake in identity.
This excuse for inconstancy in the spelling of some proper names,
has been offered by the ablest of Chronologists. See Clinton,
Preface to F. H. vol. iii.
Although, in compliance with the wish of the Publisher, we
XU PEEFACE.
have adopted the title of " Blair's Chronological Tables," the
student will readily perceive that all that remains of Blair is the
general outline. The work has been entirely reconstructed, and
every line tested by an examination with later and better au-
thorities.
It would be unjust to the Publisher to conclude this Preface
without acknowledging that the plan and arrangement of the
work are exclusively his own. The repeating column of dates is
a useful novelty of his invention, which obviates the inconvenience
of having to follow long lines across opposite pages, often shifted
by the binder to the great perplexity of the student.
Another ingenious novelty is the allocation of events to inter-
mediate pages, so as to detach the historical matter from the Chro-
nological Tables, which, while it preserves all the advantages of
the old system, affords to the historical student the additional one
of consecutive reading.
The present volume would have been incomplete without an
Index, but as it was impossible to issue it in the usual form of an
Appendix, it will be found in the shape of a companion volume,
entitled A Complete Index of Dates, in which all that has been
given in the Tables, with much that has necessarily been omitted;
will be included in an alphabetical form.
J. W. R.
April, 1816.
Xlll
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS,
dbd. abdicated.
A.D. Anno Domini.
Adm. Admiral.
set. setatis. See Preface, p. vii.
A.H. Anno Hegirae, the Mahometan year.
Arab. Arabic or Arabian.
A.U.C. Anno Urbis Conditae (Year of
Rome). See p. 21.
b. born.
B.C. Before Christ.
Buns. Bunsen.
Cassiod. var. Various Epistles of Cassio-
dorus.
Clironog. chronographer.
Chronol, chronologist.
Chron. Sax. Saxon Chronicle.
Clin. Clinton.
Com. comic.
OP. Constantinople.
Crit. critic.
Cyn. cynic.
d. died.
dep. deposed.
Diet. Dictator.
dram, dramatic.
E. East.
Ecc. ecclesiastical.
E.I. East Indies.
E.I.C. East India Company.
Epic, epicurean.
Eq. Mag. Equitum Magister, Master of the
Horse.
Equ. equinox.
Euseb. Eusebius.
exp. expunged.
/. filius: son.
F.H. Fasti Hellenici of Clinton.
fl. flourishes or flourish.
F.R. Fasti Roniani of Clinton.
Gen. general.
Geog. geographer or geographical.
Gov. governor.
G.P.O. General Post Office.
Gram, grammarian or grammatical.
Hist, historian or history.
ib. ibidem : in the same place, work 01
author.
Leps. Lepsius.
lyr. lyric.
m. married,
mid. middle.
Mil. Tries. Military Tribunes.
Mus. D. doctor of music.
mort. died.
N. North.
Nieb. Niebuhr.
Novat. Novatian.
N.W. North West.
ob. obit: dies.
obs. observed or observation.
Olym. Olympiad. See p. 20.
Orat. orator or oration.
Ox. Tab. Oxford Tables.
Panegyr. Panegyric or Panegyrist.
Par. M. Parian Marbles.
Paus. Pausanias.
Phal. Phalareus.
Phil, philosopher.
Plat. Platonic.
Pol. Polybius and Poliorcetes.
Pres. president,
prob. probable.
Prof, professor.
Ptol. Ptolemy,
qu. qusere, doubtful.
Q . M.G. Quarter Master General.
R.A. Royal Academician.
Rhet. rhetorician.
S. or So. South.
Script, scriptor; writer.
sec. secundum; according to.
Soc. society.
Soph, sophist.
temp, tempore, in the time of.
Tertul. Tertullian.
Theol. theologian or theological.
U.S. United States of America.
W. West.
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES
1
The Chronology of the first ages of the world is full of uncertainty. Dr.
Hales {Analysis of Chronology, vol. i. p. 3,) has enumerated 120 different
"Epochs of the Creation," — the earliest 6984, and the latest 3616 years B.C.
The like confusion prevails as to the date of the Noachian Deluge, which is
assigned to fifteen different periods between the years 3246 and 2104 B.C.
From the best authorities we learn that Assyria and Egypt were the first
seats of civilization ; but respecting their early history we have no satis-
factory information. That of Egypt is carried back, by some writers, to
periods incredibly remote. Several of the dynasties registered by Manetho
probably existed together, ruling in different divisions of the country. Neither
Cecrops, nor Danaus, nor the rest of the Egyptian emigrants, carried with
them into Greece any indications of their having lived among a people who
had been progressing for 2000 years. From these two sources organized
society spread into Phoenicia, Palestine, and Greece, and thence gradually on-
ward. The following tables exhibit this progress in the most systematic order
that can be ascertained. In the first three columns are shewn the various
epochs given to them by our leading Chronologists, Usher, Hales, and Clin-
ton. Their discrepancies are often considerable ; but the general course of
events is discernible through them.
, a. B
FROM THE DAWN OF CIVILIZATION TO 1973 B.C.
B.C.
ASSYBIA.
Palestine and
Phoenicia.
Egypt.
Greece.
!
Usher ! Hales Clinton
2245
2554
2412
2235
Nimrod or Belus.
Menes, (placedby
Lepaiua at 3893,
and by Bunsen
2234
2230
2267
2233
Commencement
of the Astrono-
mical Observa-
tions at Baby-
lon, sent byCal-
listhenes to
Aristotle.
Tyre built.
at 3643 B.C.)
2*188
Memphis built by
Misraim (by
Menes, Leps.)
Pelasgi, of un-
certain origin,
people Greece,
'and found
States in Sicy-
on, Argos, and
Attica.
2112
Phoenician Colo-
nies planted
about this time.
Hieroglyphics
invented by A-
thotes, (known
temp. Menes,
Leps.)
' 2111
Thebes built by
Busiris, (by Se-
sorteen I., of
the 12th dy-
nasty, 2700—
2600 B.C. Leps.)
2100
Osymandyas the
Conqueror,
(Semempses, of
the 1st dynas-
ty, Leps.)
2089
1813
yEgialeus (Sicy-
on).
2080
Phoenicians in
Lower Egypt.
2080-
2159
Iiyksos, Berbers,
or Shepherd
kings, (2100, fi-
nally expelled
by Tuthmosis
11., about 1500,
Leps.)
2069
2182
Ninus.
'2059
2233
Conquest of Ba-
2038
1777
bylon.
Europs (lb.)
2017
Dynasty of The-
ban kings be-
gins, (2801,7Jmms.
2330, Leps.)
2007 ... | 2130
Semiramis.
1993 '■ 2153 1 2130
Birth of Abra-
ham.
1993 ... I 1747
Telchin(Ib.)
1973 J ... | 1734
1
Apis (lb.) -
i ''i;.o\i THE YEAR 1905 TO 1H17 B.C.
B.C.
Abwjua.
I'AI.K.D -ir.l',
K <rji1.<; ;, 1 J < t.f.i (<-:;,
Iv.Yl-T.
CrBEBOB,
U»h<:r
Halei
Clinton
1065
2088
Niriy;ui.
Anionic;, .)<■
buzites, Cana-
aniteH, and
oilier tribes.
1948
1717
Thelxion (lb.)
1086
Lake ofceris con
struct'ed, (by
Amenemhe
III., of the 18th
(i ■, nasi y, ab.
: 1927
2050
Arius,
2120, L&jpb.)
1 1020
I
2077
2o:;i
Abraham In
Egypt to buy
corn, (mid. ol
I8i.li dynasty,
ab. 1480, lege.)
j 1012
2070
Chedorlaomer.
Lot rescued from
the Assyrians
by a branam.
' 1010
2044
Birth of Ishmael,
1800
Dynasty of the
Pharaohs, (10th
dynasty, Sethos
I., ab. 1400,
Lepe.)
181)7
2020
Araleus.
1897
1
Sodom arid Oo-
morrah de-
stroyed.
1606
2058
2080
Isaac Ijoi'h.
1606
1081
gyphoas Inveni ■■.
letters,(Qu. Ka
ophis, 4th cly
nasty, ab, 8400,
Laps.)
1801
...
^Bgydrus (lb,)
1862
1058
i burimachus,
1857
1080
Xerxes or Ba-
(lb.)
1866
1900
Tnaac and Rehec
ca married.
1656
1808
[nachus (Argos).
1886
1008
1970
Birth of Esau
and JaCOh.
1827
1950
Armanites.
1822
i
Meranon invent!*,
the Egyptian
Alphabet, (A
menemhe Ill.j
ab. 2)20, lepe.)
| 1821
1078
1055
Dcnt.ii of A bra
ham.
1 1821
i
Amenophis I.,
(18th dynasty,
ab, 1580, Bum.
and L&pe>)
j 1817
1628
Leucippus (Sicy*
on).
B 2
PROM THE YEAR 1807 TO 1635 B.C.
B.C.
Assyria.
Palestine.
Egypt.
Greece.
Usher 1 Hales
Clinton
1S07
1753
Phoroneus (Ar-
gos).
1796
1930
Marriage of Esau
1796
1764
Ogyges (Attica).
1789
1912
Belochus.
1764
1764
Flood in Attica.
1764
1588
Mesapus (Sicy-
on), (Calchinia,
daughter of
Leucippus,
1754
1860
Balens.
Paus. ii. ti.)
1747
1693
Apis (Argos).
1728
... 1862
Joseph sold by
his brethren.
1717
1556
Peratus (Sicyon).
1715
1872
1849
Joseph powerful
in Egypt, (un-
der Sethosis
I., of the 19th
dynasty, the
first Pharaoh,
1400, Leps.)
1712
1658
...
Argus (Argos).
1710
1416
Gilnotrus led a Pe-
lasgian colony
into Italy.
1706
1863
1840
Jacob and his fa-
mily settled in
Goshen, (ab.
1400, Leps.)
1702
1808
Altades.
1699
Chebron/Qu.Che-
phron, Schafra,
or Saophis^IL,
4th dynasty,
ab. 3400. See
also ab. 1032,
Leps.)
16S9
1846
1823
Death of Jacob.
| 1686
1625
Amenophis II.,
(18th dynasty,
!
1
ab. 1500, Leps.)
1 1671
1526
»■*
Plemneus (Si-
cyon).
1670
1776
Mamitus.
. 16G5
Mephres, (Qu.
Menophres or
Menophthah,
19th dynasty,
1322, Buns.)
1653
Misphragmutho-
sis, (last of the
Hyksos, Leps.
before 1638,
Buns.)
1642 j ...
1572
Criasus (Argos).
1640 1 ...
1610
Manchalfus.
1635 1 ... j 1770
Death of Joseph,
1
(ab. 1370, Leps.)
FROM THE YEAR 1627 TO 1512 B.C.
B.C.
Assyria.
Palestine.
Egypt.
Geeece.
Usher Hales
Clinton
1627
Tuthmosis, (ab.
1480, Leps.) .
1623
1494
Orthopolis (Si-
1618
Amenophis 3rd,
(ab. 1460, Leps.)
cyon).
1615
Ethiopians set-
tled near
1610
1580
Spherus.
ugypt.
1590
1560
Mamilus.
1588
1537
Phorbas (Argos).
1587
Horus,(lastofthe
18th dynasty,
ab. 1450, Leps,)
1582
...
First date on the
Arundel ian
marbles.
1580
1480
The supposed era
1574
1731
1708
■ ... ...
Birth of Aaron.
of Prometheus
1571
1728
1705
Birth of Moses,
(in the latter
part of the
reign of Ram-
ses II., 19th
dynasty, ab.
1360, {Leps.)
and Atlas.
1560
1560
1530
1452
Sparetus.
Mara thus (Sicy-
on), (Coronus,
sec. Pans.)
1556
1558
1433
Cecrops from
Egypt to A-
thens.
1553
1502
Triopas (Argos.)
1549
Acencheres,
(Cencheres,.Z?M-
seb. middle of
the 16th dy-
nasty, one ol
the Hyksos,
Leps.)
i
!
1548
1549
1433
Deucalion (Lyco-i
ria or Thes- j
saly). i
Scamander(Troy)
1546
1537
Achoris,(Qu.Toi-
chares, 3rd dy-
nasty, ab. 3600
Leps.)
1531
1665
Flight of Moses
into Midian,
(ab. 1330, Leps.)
1530
1440
Marathus 2nd
(Sicyon).
1528
...
Cenchres, (Qu.
... (
Chenres, 2nd
1520
1490
Ascatades. |
dynasty).
1512
1 i
Acherres, (Qu.
1 Cheres, 5th
_L
dynasty).
FROM THE TEAE 1510 TO 1489 B.C.
B.C.
Assyria.
Palestine.
Egypt.
1
Greece.
Usher
Hales
Clinton
1510
1428
Echyreus (Sicy-
on).
1507
1480
Crotopas (Argos)
Cranaus( Athens)
1506
1508
1383
1504
Cherres, (Qu.
Chaires, 2nd
dynasty.)
1503
1504
1433
Flood in Thes-
saly.
1502
Teucer (Troy).
1497
1499
Amphictyon
(Athens), ac-
cording to Clin-
ton, fictitious.
1495
1481
Panathanean
Games insti-
tuted at Athens,
(sec. Clinton,
Panhellenic).
1495
1496
1413
Hellen (Phthio-
tis).
Cadmus (Thebes)
1493
1494
1313
... ...
brings the use
of letters from
Phoenicia into
Greece.
1491
1648
1625
The Israelites,
under Moses,
left Egypt,
(1312, Leps.)
1490
Aaron made
High Priest.
Armais, (Qu.
Queen Aah-
mes, mother of
Amenophis I.,
1638, Buns, and
Leps.)
1490
14S3
Lelex (Lacedfe-
mon).
1487
1489
Erich thonius
(Athens), (ex-
punged Clin-
ton).
1486
1455
Sthenelus (Ar-
gos).
1489
1308
Sesostris, Rame-
sis, or Egyp-
tus, (Egyptns
was Sesostosis,
of the 3rd dy-
nasty, ab. 3580.
Rameses of the
19th, ab. 1440.
The great Se-
1
sostris of the
EROM THE YEAR 1489 TO 1410 B.C.
B.C.
Usher Hales Clinton
1489
14S0
1480
14S0
1455
1453
1452
1451
1449
1445
| 1437
1 1435
I 1432
1486
1486
1450
13S3
1444
1609
1608
Assyria.
Amyntaa.
1426
1425
1425
1416
1413
1413
1410
1602
1439
1583
1532
1580
1405
1560
1394
1372
Palestine.
Balak (Moab),
Balaam.
Greece.
Greeks was Se-
sortesen II., of
the 13th,placed
by Buns. ab.
2600, and ab.
2100 by Leps.)
The Pentateuch
written.
Death of Moses
and Aaron.
Joshua leader
of the Jews.
Eleazar, High
Priest.
Canaan divided
among the
tribes.
Death of Joshua.
The Israelites
subdued byCu
shan, king of
Mesopotamia
Bellepares.
Menophis, (Me-
nophthah,1322,
Leps.)
Danaus comes
from Egypt to
Greece and in
troduces
pumps.
Dardanus (Troy)
Gelanor, the last
of the Ina-
chidse, surren-
ders Argos to
Danaus.
Corax (Sicyon).
The Olympic
games intro-
duced by the
Idsei Dactyli
Erichthonius
(Troy).
Pandion(Athens)
exp, by Clinton.
Polydorus (The-
bes) doubted.
Clinton.
Lynceus (Argos)
Epopeus(Sicyon)
The supposed
age of the poet
Musseus.
rEOM THE YEAE 1406 TO 1328 B.C.
B.C.
Assyria.
Palestine.
Egypt.
Greece.
Usher
Hales
Clinton
1406
1407
1283
... ...
Minos (Crete).
Iron discovered
in Mount Ida.
1405
1557
1550
The Israelites re-
stored by Oth-
riiel.
1402
1547
Deathof Eleazar.
Phineas, High
Priest.
1397
1399
1383
Erechtheus
(Athens.)
1390
1350
... ...
Lamedon (Sicy-
on).
I3S4
1353
... ...
Abas (Sicyon).
1383
1384
The Athenians
instructed in
agriculture.
1383
1380
... ...
iEolus, son of
Hellen (Phthi-
otis).
1380
1348
Lamprides.
1376
Sethos, (1st Pha-
raoh, ab. 1400,
Leps.)
1374
1320
Tros (Troy).
1374
Abishua, High
Priest.
1361
...
1330
Proetus (Argos).
1356
j
Eumolpus, son
of Musaeus,
brings the
Eleusinian
mysteries to
Athens.
1350
1320
... ...
Sicyon (Sicyon).
1348
1316
Sosares.
j 1347
1349
1343
... ...
Cecrops II.,
(Athens).
! 1347
i
1347
'
Sisyphus, son
of ^Eolus (Co-
rinth).
1344
1313
... ...
Argos divided.
Acrisius, first
king of My-
1325
1517
1510
Eglon, king of
Moab, con-
quered the
Israelites.
cenae.
1325
1333
The sons of
Areas in Arca-
dia.
1332
Lams l Thebes).
1328
1296
Lampares.
FEOM THE YEAfi 1326 TO 127i B.C.
B.C.
Assyria.
Palestine.
Egypt.
Greece.
Cshe*
Hales
Clinton
1326
The Isthmian
Games insti-
tuted by Sisy-
phus at Co-
rinth.
1325
1499
1492
Eglon killed by
Ehud, and the
Israelites set
free.
1325
• • "
The Egyptian
Canicular year
began July 20.
1321
Rameses, (Ram-
ses II., or Mi-
amum, ab. 1360,
Leps.)
1314
1283
Ilus (Troy).
1313
...
1282
Perseus (Myce-
nae).
1307
1309
1300
......
Pandion II.
(Athens).
1305
1418
1411
The Israelites
conquered by
Jabin, king of
Canaan.
Menophthah and
Sethos II.,
placed here by
Huns, and Leps.
between 1322
and 1270.
1305
Bukki, High
Priest.
1305
1280
Polybus (Sicyon)
129S
1266
Panyas.
1285
1398
1391
Siserah slain by
Jael, and the
Israelites de-
livered by De-
borah and Ba-
rak.
1284
The Siculi driven
by the Pelasgi
from Italy into
Sicily. Placed
by Thucydides,
vi. 2, after the
fall of Troy.
1284
1283
Pelops (Pisatis).
1283
1284
• . •
iEgeus (Athens).
1281
i
Electryo, Mass-
tor, and Sthe-
nelus, sons of
Pelops,conquer
Mycenae. The
supposed age
of the poets Or-
pheus and Li-
1 nus.
1276
1213
[Creon (Thebes).
.... ... Sthenelus, sole
king of Myce-
1274
1268
... ...
... • • •
1 DEL'.
10
EBOM THE YEAE 1274 TO 1210 B.C.
B.C.
Usher
1274
I 1266
1265
1263
1263
1260
1255
1253
1252
1245
1236
1235
1234
1233
1224
1224
1223
1222
I 1215
I
1 1215
1215
1211
1210
1358
1311
1236
1308
1258
1213
1250
1240
1225
1261
1250
1229
1351
1234
1210
1301
1223
1233
1200
1209
1285
Palestine.
Egypt.
Greece.
1212
1188
1278
Sosarmus, (Der-
ceto, king of
Assyria, B.C.
1250, Layard)
Mithraeus.
Uzzi, High
Priest.
The Israelites
subjugated by
the Midianites
Restored by
Gideon.
Abimelech.
Tola.
Pelops succeeded
by Atreus in
Pisatis.
Eurysthus, son
of Sthenelus,
regains My-
cenae.
Thyestes (Myce
nse).
Oidipus (Thebes)
Janiscus (Sicy-
on).
Jason and the
Argonauts.
Birth of Hercu-
les at Thebes
Laomedon(Troy)
Ammenephthes.
(Ramses III.,
Buns, and Leps,
at this time ;
he was the rich
Rhampsinitus,
see a. 1124.)
Ammenemes.
(Ramses I.,
J3uns.a.iiALeps.)
Theseus(Athens)
Priam (Troy).
Nestor (Pylos).
Phsestus(Sicyon)
Death of Hercu-
les. His sons
expelled from
Tiryns.
Adrastus Si-
cyon).
Ulysses (Ithaca)
Polyphides (Si-
cyon).
PROM THE TEAR. 1207 TO 1128 B.C.
11
B.C.
Usher Hales Clinton
1207
1206
1205
1201
1198
1193
1189
1188
1184
1183
1182
1182
1182
1180
1176
1175
1156
1165
1160
1157
1156
! 1140
; 1137
I 1136
; 1136
1135
I 1128
' 1128
1263
1206
1192
1245
1183
1239
1182
1256
1205
1200
1197
1192
Assyria.
Teutamus, (Di
vanukha or Di-
vanurish, B.C.
1200, Layard.)
1183
1183
1232
1182
1232
1222
1182
1222
1150
1138
1137
1222
1129
1222
1154
1212
1132
1168
1204
1148
1134
1133
1184
1114
1124
Thineus.
Palestine.
The Israelites
subject to the
Ammonites.
Jephtha defeats
the Ammonites
and Ephraim-
ites, and re-
stores the Is-
raelites.
| Elon.
Abdon.
Eli.
The Israelites
subject to the
Philistines.
Egypt.
Tluioris, (Ram-
ses Ylll.,Buns
and Leps.
According to
Buns, and Leps.
11 monarchs of
the 20th dynas-
ty, Ramses III.
to XIII., reign
ed in Egypt,
from about
1260 to 1112
B.C.
Mnestheus
(Athens).
Agamemnon
(Mycenae').
Menelaus (La-
cedsemon).
Trojan war.
The fall of Troy
iEgistheus (My
Demophoon
(Athens).
iEneas in Italy
(doubtful, Clin.)
Pelasgus (Sicy-
on). (A fiction
Clinton.)
Orestes (Myce-
nse).
Zeuxippus(Sicy-
on).
Oxyates( Athens)
Aphides (lb.)
Thymretes (lb.)
Melanthus (lb.)
Archelaus and
a series of
Priests at Si-
cyon, (doubt-
ful, Clinton).
12
FROM THE TEAR
Histohy begins at this period to be more clearly connected, and to furnish more
trustworthy details. Chronologists approach so nearly to harmony with each other,
that it will not be necessary to note their variations except in some particular
cases. The dates adopted in the following tables are generally those which
Mr. Clinton has deduced from the best authorities, or supplied the means of cal-
B.C.
Nineveh or
Assyria.
Egypt.
Palestine.
Athens.
1128
1180. Anakbar-
beth-Hira. or
Shimishbal-
Bithkira. Lay-
ard.
Death of Eli. Samuel, Judge of
Israel.
1124
Rhampsinitus.
(Ramses III.,
20th Dynasty,
ab. 1250. Leps.)
1123
1122
.„
1117
The Israelites overcome by the
Philistines {Hales, 1142).
1
1113
1107
1103
1
1102
1096
The Philistines defeated by Sam-
uel, and Saul made first king of
the Israelites.
1093
Ahiu, High Priest.
1084
Dercylus.
1082
Cheops, who built
the Great Gi-
zeh Pyramid,
(Chufu, 3425,
1068
Laps.)
1065
■• -
Codrua
{Hales,
1092).
1063
.
Goliath slain by David.
1060
... „
...
1059
1056
David, opposed seven years by
Ishbosheth {Hales, 1070).
1049
Mardokempad.
Mesessimorda-
David sole king, in alliance with
Hiram, king of Syria.
cus, Layard.
1128 TO 1049 B.C.
13
dilating. Some of them mar be questionable : but we have no materials for a
more correct system. In the Assyrian column are introduced the names and
dates of monarchs, derived by Mr. Layard from inscriptions discovered by him.
These may be collated and compared with the line of rulers, as chronicled by
Eusebius and others.
Repe-
tition
Dates.
. Laced^emon.
COEINTH.
Events.
1128
1124
1123
1122
1117
Tisainenus, son of Orestes.
iEolian migration.
Euneus (Sicyon), doubtful.
1113
1107
1103
1102
The joint Sovereignty of the sons
of Aristodemus.
The Amphictyonic League in-
stituted, Clin.
Amphigyes (Sicyon), doubtful.
The Heraclidaj return and
conquer the Peloponesns.
Temenus (Argos).
Oxylus (Elis).
Cresphontes (Mycenae).
1096
Agtd^:. Proclid.®.
Eurysthenes.
procles.
1093
1084
1082
1068
1065
1
Aletes establish-
es his dynasty,
1063
1060
1059
105G
Agis.
Sous.
1049
. , ,.
14
FKOM THE YEAR
B.C.
NlNEVEH OE
Assyria.
Egypt.
Palestine.
Arohons of|
Athens.
10 14
Eupales.
Death of Co-
drus. Me-
don the
first Ar-
chon
(Hales,
1070).
1043
1040
Syria subject to David.
1033
1032
Cephren, (Scha-
fra, or Saophis
II., built the
second Pyra-
mid, ab. 3390,
Leps.)
1028
I 1024
Acastus.
1023
Rebellion of Absolom.
1016
Solomon (Hales, 1030).
1015
1014
Zadok, High Priest.
1013
The Temple of Jerusalem founded.
1 1006
Laosthenes.
1000
Adrammelech I.,
Layard.
996
993
990
Ahimaaz, High Priest.
988
"
Archippus,
(Hales,
1041).
986
,
980
Syria liberated by Rezon.
978
Pseusennes, Se-
sac or Shishak,
(Sheshonk I.,
982, Buns.)
976
Death of Solomon, and division of
his kingdom.
975
Judah. Israel.
Kehoboam.
Jeroboam.
972
Egyptian inva-
sion.
969
The.rsippus.
966
Mycerinus,
(Mencheres II.
built the third
Pyramid, 4th
Dynasty, ab.
3200, Leps )
.
962
961
Pyritiades.
960
Anaku Merodak.
Shimish Bar,
Layard,
1044 TO 960 B.C.
15
| Sepe-
tition
Dates
LACEDvEMON.
Agid^:. Proclid-s:.
COKTNTH.
Events.
1044
1043
1040
1033
1032
Ixion.
First settlement of the Ioniane
in Asia Minor.
Cyme founded.
1028
1024
1023
1016
1015
1014
1013
1006
1000
Echestratus.
! ;;;
'.'.'. '.'.'. '.'.'.
Eurypon.
"• ■•• •••
Smyrna founded.
996
993
990
988
Labotas.
Agelas.
986
980
978
...
•;; "• »•
Samos founded.
976
975
Prytanis.
972
969
966
::: ;:; :::
962
961
960
l?he most probable time of
Homer, Clin.
j
16
FROM TITE YEAE
B.C.
959
956
955
953
942
940
928
927
926
925
919
918
915
910
Nineveh uk
Assyria.
Ophratasus.
Ashurakhbal or
Sardanapalus I.
Layard.
895
894
Ophratenes
Ephecheres.
Divanabar, Lax
ard.
Egypt.
Nepherclieres
(21st Dynasty,
1050, Buns.)
Amenophthis,
(Menophthes,
1030, Buns.)
Osochor,(ab.l010,
Buns.)
Psinaches.
naches,
Buns.)
(Phi
1020,
Palestine.
Judak. Israel.
Abijah. Azariah
High Priest.
Asa.
Defeat of Zerah.
League of Asa
with Benha-
dad, king of
Syria.
Jehosaphat.
Pseusennes II.,
(Phusemes or
Pi-Scham-
Miamn II., ab.
1000, Buns.)
Nadab.
Baasha.
Elah.
Ziniri, 7 days
Omri.
Samaria built.
Ahab.
War with Benhadad, King of
Syria.
Johanan, High :Ahab slain.
Priest. Ahaziah.
jjoram.
Moabitan war.
Jehoram. |
Hazael, King of Syria.
Ahaziah. ,
Athaliah.
Jehu (Hales,
895).
Akciioxs of
Athens.
Phorbas
(Hales, 954).
Megacles.
959 TO 883 B.C.
17
Repe-
tition
Dates.
959
LACED-ffiMON.
AGID.E. PBOCLIDJE.
COBINTH.
Events.
Frumnis.
956
955
953
942
940
Doryssus.
".'. '.'.'. '".
The Religion of Buddha intro-
duced into India.
937
933
931
930
928
Expeditions of Ashurakhbalto
Carchemish,and the country
of the Khabour and Eu-
phrates, thence to the Oron-
tes and Syria. Layard.
927
926
925
924
Agesilaus.
Eunomus or Po-
lydectes.
Bacchis.
919
918
915
910
909
900
1
898
Divanubar conquers Armenia,
Syria, Persia, and the adja-
cent lands. Layard.
896
895
894
891
1 886
! 884
883
Archelaus.
Agelas.
The Olympic games restored
at Elis, by Iphitus.
Divanubar receives tribute
from Jehu. Layard.
18
FEOM THE TEAR
B.C.
~8S1
878
877
874
870
855
853
850
846
840
839
834
825
821
820
818
810
801
800
799
795
Nineveh ok
Assyria.
Shamas Adar,
or Shamsiyav,
Layard.
Acrazanes.
Adramrnelech
II. Layard.
Preaching of
Jonah.
Tonosomachus,
or Sardanapa-
lus.
Baldasij Lay-
ard.
Egypt.
Sesenchosis.
(Sheshonk,
978.)
Osorthon I., (O-
sorkon I., 960,
Buns.)
Tacollothis, (Ta
kelet I., 880,
Buns.)
Petuhastes,
(23rd dynasty,
832, Buns.)
Osorthon II.,
(920, Bum.)
Palestine.
Judah. Israel
Death of Atha-
liah, Joash
succeeds.
Jehoahaz.
Zachariah, High
Priest.
Amariah, High
Priest.
Ahitub, High
Priest.
Uzziah.
Joel, Amos, and
Hosea.
J ehoash.
War with Ben-
hadadll., King
of Syria.
roboam II.
Archons of
Athens,
Diognetus.
Pherecles
iriphron
Thespicus
881 TO 795 B.C.
19
: Sfipe- 1
titlon
Bates.
Laced^emon.
Agid^:. PROCLID.E.
COBINTH.
Events.
881
878
877
Cliarilaus. .
Lycurgus Re-
gent.
1
|
Phoenician Colonies. Carthage
founded. ]
874
870
868
860
859
855
853
Eudemus.
The most probable time of He-
siod, Clin.
850
846
840 |
Probable date of
the Laws of
Lycurgus.
839
838
837
834
825
*
Aristodemus.
Commercial prosperity of Tyre.
823
821
820
818
Teleclus.
Nicander.
The fall of Nineveh and deathj
of Sardanapalus were long
placed at 820 b c. See a. 606.
810
i
808
\
801
800
799
795
1
•»
Agemon.
i
The canal and tunnel of Negoubj
constructed, to convey the)
waters of the river Zab to Ni-;
neveh, Layard. j
1
1
'
c 2
20
FROM THE YEAK
B.C.
791
783
782
781
778
777
Nineveh or As-
syria.
Egypt.
Palestine.
Judah. Israel.
Arohons of
Athens.
Ashurkish, Lay-
ard.
Pul.'
Psammes'Psam-
mus, 760, Buns.)
Bocchoris. (24th
dynasty, 743,
Buns.)
Death of Jero-
boam, and in-
terregnum of
11 years.
iEschylus.
A still more regular chronology commences here. The Greeks measured the lapse
of time by Olympiads of four years each, beginning with the games in which
Coroebus was the conqueror, 776 b.c. ; and to each of these terms is attached the
name of its successful hero. The series of Latin kings, from Ascanius to Numitor,
has been omitted in these Tables, as altogether fabulous, and connected with no
great events. The first kings of Rome are almost as doubtful ; but historians have
B.C.
Olym.
Olympic
Victors.
Nineveh, or
Assyria.
Egypt.
Palestine.
Judah. Israel.
Arcions OF1
Atiien-.
776
774
I 772
] 771
1 770
769
768
765
764
761
760
759
758
757
756
754
1. 1
-3
2. 1
— 2
— 3
— 4
3. 1
— 4
4. 1
— 4
5.1
— 2
— 3
— 4
6- 1
— 3
Coroebus.
Antimachus.
Androclus.
Polychares.
^Eschines.
^Ebotaa.
Pul reigned
at this time.
The dis-
covered in-
scriptions
place him
or Tiglath-
pileser at
750, Lay-
ard.
Bocchoris.
Uzziah.
Invasion of
rians under
paid by Me
ard,
No king.
Zachariah.
Shallum, 30
days. Me-
nahem.
the Assy-
Pul. Tribute
nahem, Lay-
^Eschylus.
:: ::
Jotham.
Pekaiah.
Pekah.
Alcmaeon.
791 TO 754 B.C.
21
Repe-
tition
Dates.
791
783
782
781
778
777
Lacedjemon.
Agid^. PrOCLIDjE.
COEINTH.
Events.
Alcamenes.
Alexander.
Triremes invented at Corinth.
marked the growth of that city and its empire from the date of its supposed founda-
tion by Romulus (A.XJ.C. Anno Urbis Conditce). For this event different years have
been assigned, among which 753 b.c. is the most generally received, on the authority
of Varro. In this computation, the names and acts of its earliest kings are conspicu-
ous land-marks, and have therefore been preserved. With these guides, and assisted
by Mr. Clinton and the Oxford Chron. Tables, we may proceed with sufficient accuracy.
Repe-
tition
Dates.
776
i
1
774
772
771
770
769
768
765
764
761
760
759
758
757
756
754
Laced^mon.
AgiD^E. PROCLJDiE.
Corinth.
Events.
Alcamenes.
Nicander.
Theopompus.
Alexander.
Telestes.
The Olympic Games, July 23rd,
according to Scaliger.
The poet Aretinus fl. at Mile-
tus.
Grecian emigrants found Pan-
dosia and Metapontum in
Italy.
The Ephori instituted at Lace-
daemon by Theopompus.
Cinsethon writes poetry at La-
cedagmon.
Eumelus, a Corinthian poet. For
his works see Clin,
22
EEOM THE YEAR
E.O.|
Olym
\.. U. C.
1
Olympic
Victors.
Nineveh
or
Assyria.
Babylon.
Egypt.
Palestine.
Judah. Israel.
753 | 6. 4
Pul.
Bocchoris.
Jotham.
Pekah.
752
7- 1
2
Daic'es.
.. ..
.. ..
Isaiah and
Micah
lived at
this time.
.. ..
751
2
3
750
3
4
748
8. 1
6
Anticles.
747
1
(
1
2
7
Tiglath-
pileser.
Nabonassar.
(The series
of Babylo-
nian kings
(Egyptian
History is
1 746
3
3
.. ..
taken from
the canon of
here very
obscure and
745
4
9
..
Ptolemy,
confused.
744
9.1
10
Xenocles.
Clin. and
Hales.)
According
to Bunseri,
743
2
11
the 23d Dy-
nasty reign-
742
3
12
ed till 743.)
741
4
13
Ahaz.
740
10.1
14
Dotadas.
.. ..
Siege ofje-
rusalem
by Pekah
andRezia
738
3
16
Conquest
ofDamas-
cus.
Assyrian
Invasion
many
737
4
17
Sabaco (plac-
ed in 769 by
captives
led away.
736
11.1
18
Leochares
some, and
719 by o-
735
2
19
thers. Se-
734
3
20
vech I. of
733
4
21
Nadius.
the Ethio-
732
12.1
22
Oxythe-
mis.
pian Dynas-
ty, 739,
731
2
23
Chinzirus
and Porus.
Buns.)
730
3
24
Shalmane-
, ,
Hosea. As-
729
4
25
zer.
syrian In-
728
13.1
26
Diodes.
vasion.
726
3
28
Jugaeus.
Ilezekiah.
Hosea
725
4
29
Senechos,
Eixstb. (Se-
made pri-
soner.
724
14.1
30
Dasmon.
vech II.
723
2
31
. ,
Ethiopian,
.. .. 1
722
3
32
Sargon,
Ltiy'ard,
720, Buns)
" " 1
753 TO 722 B.C.
23
n
Bepe-
tition
Dates.
753
752
751
750
748
747
745
744
743
742
741
740
738
737
736
735
734
733
732
731.
730
729
728
726
725
724
723
722
Archons of
Athens,
Alcmseon.
Charops,
first of the
Archons,
whose rule
was limited
to ten years.
Laceji^ethow.
AGID.E. PROCLIDiE.
Alcamenes. iTheopompus Romulus,
iEsimides. Polydorus.
Ciidicus.
Hippomenes
Events.
According to Varro, (see Clin.)
the building of Rome was in
Olym- 6. 4, which was 753 B.C.,
and is reckoned by most of
the Latin writers as a.u.c. 1,
and the first year of the reign
of Romulus.
(Rome built, according to Cato.)
(Rome built, according to Poiy-
bius.)
Miletus, in a very flourishing
state, plants many colonies
on the coasts of the Euxine
and Propontis.
Phidon rules in Argos, and his
brother Caranus in Macedon.
(Rome founded, according to Fa-
bius Pictor.) The Babylonian
empire commences under Na-
bonassar.
Automenes, the last king of
Corinth, reigns one year.
Corinth governed for the next
90 years by an annually elect-
ed magistrate, called Pry tanis.
The first war between the La-
cedaemonians and Messenians,
caused by injuries done to Po-
ly chares.
Naxos, in Sicily, founded,
fracuse founded by Archias
from Corinth, and Corcyra
(Corfu) by Chersicrates.
Leontium and Catana founded.
Perdiccas, in Macedon.
(Rome founded, according to Cin-
cius.)
Termination of the Messeniao
war.
24
FKOM THE YIAB
B.C.
Olym.
721
14.4
720
15.1
718
717
716
711
710
709
708
704
702
3
4
16.1
17.4
18.1
201.
697 I 4
21.1
22.1
2
687
681
23.1
2
3
24.1
2
24.4
25.1
37
42
Orsippus.
Pythago-
ras.
Olympic
Victors.
Nineveh
OR
Assyria.
Sargon.
Siege of
Tyre.
Polus.
Mardo-
cempa-
dus or
Mero-
dach
Bala-
dan,
Clin.
Sennache-
rib, 703,
Layard.
Died, 711,
Clin.
Esarhad-
don or
Sardana-
palus II.
690,
Layard.
Tellis.
Menus.
Atheradas
Pantacles
Pantacles
II.
Icarius.
Cleoptoh
mus.
Thalpis.
Baby-
lon.
Media.
War
with
Assy-
ria, in
the 1st
year of
Senna-
cherib,
Layard.
Archia-
nus.
Gyges
Hagisa.
B ida-
nes.Be-
libus.
Asorda-
nes.
Asordanus
or Nergi-
lus.
A dram e-
les or
Sammu-
ghes.
Regiba-
lus.
Mesesi-
morda-
chus,
(See
1049.)
Egypt,
Sene-
chos.
Tara-
cus,
Euseb.
(Tir-
haka,
last
Ethio-
pian,
ab.700.
Buns)
Ju-
DAH.
Heze-
kiah.
Samuria
taken,
and the
king-
dom of
Israel
added
to the
Assy-
rian
Em.
pire.
Assyrian In-
vasion.
So, Sua,
or Sa-
baco
II.,
T^ayard
Treaty
with
Assy-
ria,
Layard
Stephi
nales,
26th
Dynas-
ty
{Buns.
and
Leps.)
Manasseh.
721 TO 680 B.C.
25
Mion
Dates.
721
718
717
716
715
713
712
711
710
709
708
704
702
Aechons of
Athens,
Hippomenes
Leocrates.
LACED.EMON.
AGiD-as. Proclio^e.
Polydorus. Theopompus
Apsandrus.
Eryxias.
Creon, the
first annual
archon.
Lysias.
Zeuxidamus
Eurycrates.
Rome.
Romulus.
Numa Pom-
pilius.
Anaxidamus
Events and Eminent Men.
The first recorded eclipse of the j
moon, observed at Babylon,!
March 19th. Sybaris founded, j
Eclipses of the moon observed, \
March 8th and September 1st j
by the Chaldseans, Ptol. j
War between the Lacedaemoni-:
ans and Argives in Thyrea. i
Gyges begins his reign inLydia.
Abydos, a Milesian colony.
Astacus, named afterwards Ni
comedia, built by some Me
garians.
On the death of Sennacherib,
the Medes revolt from the
Assyrian dominion, Clin.
Crotona and Locri founded by
Achaeans.
Media an independent kingdom.
Tareutum founded by Phalan-
tus. Archilochus distinguish-
ed as a poet, and inventor of
Iambics.
The Samians taught by the-
Corinthians to construct Tri-
remes.
Simouides of Amorgus V7rites
Iambics.
Glaucus of Chios introduces the
welding or soldering of iron
Gela, in Sicily, founded by Anti-
phemus of Rhodes, and Pha-
selis, in Pamphylia, by his
brother Lacius.
26
FEOM TIIE YIXB
B.C.
Olym.
A.D.C.
Olympic
Victors.
Callisthe-
nes.
Eurybus.
Charmis.
'Ohionis.
ChionisII.
Chionis
III.
Cratinus.
Nineveh
or
Assyria.
Baby-
lon.
Media.
~1
Lydia,
Egypt.
Judah.
; 679
678
676
1
!
1 675
674
672
671
670
669
668
667
665
664
663
662
660
659
657
656
655
654
652
651
650
648
647
644
642
640
639
637
636
635
25.2
3
26.1
2
3
2-7.1
2
3
4
28.1
2
3
29.1
2
3
30.1
2
4
31.1
2
3
32.1
2
3
33.1
2
34.1
3
35.1
2
4
36.1
2
75
76
78
79
80
82
83
84
85
86
87
89
90
91
92
94
95
97
98
99
100
102
103
104
106
107
110
112
114
115
117
118
119
Adrameles
Asaridi-
nus.
Deioces.
Gyges.
Ardys., ,
Stephina-
les.
Manasseh.
Manasseh
, led cap-
tive to
Babylon ;
restored
to his' '
kingdom,
he rules
wisely,
with Eli-
akim for
his coun-
sellor.
....-
Axerdis.
Psamme-
tichus,
(Psam-
metik I.,
615 Buns.)
Nechep-
&os,Buns.
Ashurakh-
bal, or
Sardana-
palus III.
the son of
Ezarhad-.
don, Lay-
arcL
Saosdu-
chinus.
Phraor-
tes, or
Ar-
pliaxad,
Clin.
,.;. ..
Gylis.
Stomus.
Sphseron.
Phrynon.
Nabucho-
Amon.
Josiah.
The pro-
phet Ze-
phaniah.
, ,. „..i
or Sarda-
napalus,
Clin.
Chinala-
danus.
,.. ..
Nekos I.,
Buns.
679 TO 635 B.C.
Bepe-
tition
Dates.
676
675
674
672
671
670
669
668
667
665
664
(563
662
Aechons of
Athens.
Lacep^emon.
Agivje. Proclid;
Events and Eminent Men.
Lysias.
657
656
655
654
652
651
650
648
647
644
642
640
637
636
635
Eurycrates.
Anaxander.
Anaxidamns.Numa.
Leostratus.
Pisistratus
Autosthenes
Miltiades.
Miltiades II
Dropilus.
Damasius.
Epenetius.
Eurycrates
II.
Tullus Hos-
tilius.
The Messenians commence the1
second Avar against the Lace-;
dsemonians, and are defeated!
in the battle of the Trenches.!
Tyrtseus composes Elegies. J
Terpander, poet and musician.]
The Carnsea, or trials of mu-
sical skill, instituted at Lace-j
daemon.
The decayed Milesian colony of!
Cyzicus restored by Megarians!
Chalcedon founded on the Bi-|
thynian side of theBosphorus.j
Pantaleon, king of Pisa, joins
the Messenians.
Alcman, the Lydian poet.
The Lacedaemonians defeated
by the Argives at Hysise.
Thaletas composes songs for
the Gymnopsedia and Pyrrhic
dance.
Sea-fight between the Corin-j
thians and Corcyraeans.
Selymbria founded by the Me-
garians in Thrace, on the
Propontis. According to Eu-
sebius, Argasus reigns inMa-
cedon, from 684—646 B.C.
(Uncertain, Clin.) End of the
second Messenian war.
Zaleucus gives laws to the Locri.
Phigalia taken by the Lacedae-
monians. The poet Epimeni-
des born at Cnossus, in Crete.
Byzantium founded by the Me-
garians, led by Byzas. Les-
ches, a minor epic poet, Clin.
Cypselus obtains absolute pow-
er in Corinth, and reigns 30
years.
Stagira, Acanthus, Lampsacus
and Abdera founded.
Pittacus of Mitylene born.
Himera founded.
Pisander of Camira. Clin,
Ancus Mar- iPhilip I. rules in Macedon.
tius.
Arrival of Battus in Africa.
Birth of Thales.
Second settlement of Battus onj
the island of Platea.
The first actual appearance in)
history of the Cimmerians,!
who, driven by the Massagetse
from the A raxes, enter Lydia
and take Sardis. Herndnt.
28
FEOM THE YEAE
1
Olympic
Nineveh
Baby-
B.C. Olym.
A.U. C.
Victors.
or
Assyria.
^abucho-
lon.
Media
634 1 36.3
120
Chinala-
Phraor-
633 4
121
donosor.
danus.
tes.
632 , 37. 1
122
Eurycli-
Cyaxa-
1
das.
res.
631
2
123
630
3
124
j
629
4
125
I
628
38.1
126
Olyn-
theus.
Saracus, or
NinusIL,
or Sarda-
625
4
129
napalus,
Clin.
Nabopa-
lassar.
Builder of.
the S.E.
edifice at
624
39.1
130
Rhipsol-
Nimroud,
623
2
131
cus.
Layard.
621
4
133
620
40.1
134
Olyntheus
618
3
136
II.
617
4
137
616
41.1
138
Cleondas.
612
42.1
142
Lycotas.
611
2
143
610
3
144
609
4
145
608
43.1
146
Cleon.
607
2
147
606
3
148
Capture of
Nineveh
Nebu-"
chad-
605
4
149
and fall of
nezzar.
604
44.1
150
Gelon.
the Assy-
603
2
151
rian Em-
pire.
602
3
152
_ 600
45.1
154
Anti-
crates.
599
2
155
598
3
156
596
46.1
158
Chrysoma-
595
2
159
. chus.
Lydia.
Aidys.
Nccho,
or Nc-
kos I.
Sadyat-
Alyattes
Neco,
Clin.
Psam-
metikl.
(Buns.
See a.
670).
Psam-
mis
Clin.
Josiah.
Jeremiah
the pro- j
phet.
Judah.
Habak-
kuk, the
prophet.
Jehoahaz,
3 months
Jehoia-
kim.
Daniel, the
prophet.
The Baby-
lonian
captivity
com-
mences.
Tehoiakim
3 months
Zedekial
634 TO 595 B.C.
29
j Bepe-
tition
Dates.
634
633
632
631
625
1 624
I 623
1 621
I 620
i 618
1 617
616
612
611
610
609
608
607
605
604
archons of
Athens,
Epenetius.
Laced^emon.
AGIDiE. PKOCLIDjE.
Eurycrates
II.
599
Draco.
The Laws of
Draco made
Henochides
Aristocles.
Critias.
Megacles.
Philombro-
tus.
1 I ms-
Archidamus
Rome.
Events and Eminent Men.
Ancus Mar-
tius.
Tarquinius
Priscus.
Agesicles.
Tomi, a Milesian colony.
The Massagetse, having driven
the Cimmerians into Asia
Minor, penetrate into Media,
where they remain 28 years.
Stesichorus born.
Cyrene founded by Battus.
The Milesians allowed to esta-
blish a commercial factory on
the Bolbitic branch of the Nile
Sinope founded.
Selinus founded. A second Me-
garian colony, under Zeuxip-
pus, settled at Byzantium
Epidamnus, afterwards called
Dyrrhachium, founded. Pe
riander succeeds Cypselus at
Corinth; he patronizes the
Lyric poet, Arion.
Epidaurus governed by Procles.
War commences between Sady-
attes and the Milesians.
The Cimmerians driven out of
Lydia. Their league being
dissolved, their name disap*.
pears, and they are supposed
to have left Asia. But they
settle in the country after-
wards called Galatia.
Peace between Alyattes and
Thrasibulus. ruler of Miletus
Melanchrus of Mitylene over-
thrown by Pittacus. The
Lyric poets Alcseus, Sappho,
and Stesichorus fl.
Anaximander born. Escape of
the poet Arion from pirates.
The Massagetae driven out of
Media by Cyaxares.
War between Cyaxares and
Alyattes. Eclipse j redicted
by Thales. Hales.
^Eropu*. in Macedon.
Massilia founded by the Pho-
cseans.
Camarina in Sicily founded.
Epimenides comes to Athens.
Birth of Croesus. The sacred
war against the Cirrhaeans by
the Amphictyonic league.
30
FROM THE TEAR
B;C.
Olym.
594
46.3
593
4
592
47.1
591
2
589
4
588
48.1
587
588
585
584
582
581
2
3
4
49.1
3
4
580
579
578
577
576
575
50.1
2
3
4
51.1
2
572
52.1
570
569
568
566
3
4
53.1
3
564
54. 1 .
563
2
562
3
561
560
4
55.1
:. A.U.C.
160
161
162
163
165
166
167
168
169
170
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
182
184
185
186
188
190
191
193
194
°£E? ^BYLOH. MkDI*.
Eurycles.
JGlycon.
Lycinus.
Epitelidas
Eratosthe-
nes.
Agis.
Agnon.
Hippo-
stratus.
Hippo-
stratus
II.
Nebuchad-
nezzar.
Astya-
Lyi
Alyat-
tes.
Conquest
of Tyre.
Evilmero-
dach, or
Elvaro-
dam.
Media
from
this
time is
part of
the Per-
sian
empire,
Egypt.
Apries,
Clin
Nekos
1L,
Buns.,
who
made
the
| canal
from
the
Nile to
the Red
Sea,
Leps.
JUDAH.
Zedekiah.
Ezekiel,
the pro-
phet.
Mack-
don.
iEropus
Croesus
Amasis
F.H.
(Psam-
metik
II.,
Buns.)
Obadiah,
the pro-
phet.
Jerusalem
taken by
Nebu-
chadnez-
zar. End
of the
kingdom
of Judah.
*)94 TO 560 B.C.
31
Repe-
tition
Dates.
592
591
587
586
585
5S4
582
581
5S0
579
578
577
576
575
572
570
569
568
566
564
563
562
561
560
Akchons of
Athens
Solon, Clin.
Critias I.
Hales.
Dropidas.
Eucrates.
Simonides.
Phamippus.
Damasms
II.
Pentathlus.
Archestra-
tides.
Aristomenes
Laced^emon.
AGIDiE. Pboclidje.
Eury crates
II.
Comias
Hales.
Hippodides,
Hales,
Comias,
Hales.
Comias, F.
H.
Hegestra-
tus, Hales.
Agesicles.
Rome.
Tarquinius
Priscus.
Anaxandri-
Servius Tul-
lius.
Ariston.
Events and Eminent Men.
Solon gives his code of laws ti
the Athenians.
At this time fl. the seven wise
men ; Thales of Miletus, Bion
of Priene,Periander of Corinth
Solon of Athens, Pittacus of
Mitylene, Chilon of Sparta,
and Cleohulus of Lindus.
Odessus founded. Anacharsis
the Scythian (Gothic) travel-
ler, arrives at Athens.
Cirrha taken hy the Amphic-
tyons. Cyrene flourishing, and
Battus I. succeeded by his
son, Arcesilaus I.
Pittacus, ruling at Mitylene, ba-
nishes the poet Alcajus.
Damophon, king of Pisatis. The
Cloaca. Maxima of Rome con
structed.
The Cirrhjeans finally overcome.
Death of Periander and his son
Lycophron. Psammetichus
succeeds as king of Corinth.
Agrigentum founded.
The reign of the family of Cyp-
selus at Corinth ends with
Psammetichus.
Lipara founded byRhodiansand
Cnidians. The government of
Mitylene resigned by Pit-
tacus.
Battus II., the Fortunate, sue-
:eds Arcesilaus I. at Cyrene.
Pisa subjected to Elis. iEsop,
the fabulist (619—571 or 564).
Phalaris rules at Agrigentum.
Death of Pittacus.
The poet Eugamon, of Cyrene,
fl. The census and classes
introduced at Rome.
Alalia founded in Cyrnos (Cor-
sica) by the Phocteans.
Another Phocsean colony builds
Amisus, near the mouth of
the Halys.
The first comedy performed at
Athens by Susarion and Do-
lon. Par. M.
Usurpation of Pisistratus at
Athens.
32
FROM THE YEAR
B.C.
Olym.ia.U.C,
559
558
555
654
553
552
551
550
549
548
547
546
545
544
543
542
541
540
539
538
4
56.1
4
57.1
2
3
4
58.1
4
59.1
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
209
210
212
213
214
215
216
Olympic
Victor
Phae-
drus.
Ladro-
mus.
Babylon.
1 Neri-
glissar.
1 Laboro-
soarchod
9 months
1 Belshaz-
zar, or
Nabona-
dius.
2 -. —
3
4
5
Diogne- 8
tus.
10
Archilo-
chus,
Appel-
lseus.
Persia.
1 Cyrus.
2 Crce-
sus.
4 —
5 —
Subdued
by Cyrus
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Subdued
by Cy-
rus.
11 Amasis
or Psam-
metik 11
12
13
14
High
Priests of
the Jews.
27
32
Mace-
don.
18 Alce-
tas.
30
34
35
36
1 Amyn-
tas I
2
559 TO 538 B.C.
fiepe-
tition
Dates
Abchons of
Athens.
Hegestratus
F.H.
Buthyde-
mus.
Erxiclides.
LacEDjEMON.
Agid^e. Peoclid^;.
2 Anaxan-
drides.
4
5
(Chilon E
phor).
2 Ariston.
10
13
^om-t
Rome.
20 Servius
Tullius.
21
32
41
Events and Eminent Men.
Commencement of the Persian
empire under Cyrus. Solon
flies. A Megarasan colony
builds Heraclea on the Eux-
ine. The lyrics of Anacreon
begin to be known.
Birth of Simonides.
Embassy of Croesus to solicit
the alliance of Greece against
Cyrus. The supposed age of
Confucius, (Kungfutze) Zoro-
aster, and Pythagoras.
Pisistratus banished from A-
inens. Solon visits Egypt.
Death of Stesichorus. The Sy-
racusans destroy Camarina.
Architecture flourishes. The
temples of Diana at Ephesus, I
of Jupiter at piympia, and J
others erected.
The territories of Carthage ex-
tended in Africa, Sicily, and
Sardinia.
Phalaris put to death by the
people of Agrigentum.
The temple of Delphi burnt.
Anaximenes, phil. fi. Pi-
sistratus restored to power
at Athens.
Pisistratus again banished.
Anaximander, phil. the first
designer of maps, fl. set. 64.
tydia added to the Persian em-
pire. Hipponax of Ephesus
writes Iambics.
Carthage, a free republic, ex-
tends her commerce on all
sides.
Pherecydes of Scyros, disciple
of Thales, fl., set. 56. Theog-
nis of Megara, the poet. The
Persians begin to conquer
the Greek cities of Ionia.
The Carthaginians defeated by
the Phocaeans in a naval
battle. Ibycus, the poet, fl.
Babylon annexed to Persia.
34
FEOM THE YEAR
B.C.
537
535
534
i 532
531
530
529
528
527
526
o25
524
523
522
521
520
Olym.
A.U.C.
61. 1 218
64.1
2
219
220
221
225
226
227
228
Olympic
Victors-
231
232
233
thar-
24
25
27
Euryxi-
Parme-
nides.
Evan-
der.
Persia.
Cyrus
33 Amasis.
or Psam-
metik II,
34
1 Camby
ses.
2
3
High
Priests of
the Jews.
41
42
43
1 Psamme-
nitus, or
Psamme-
tik III.
Conquered
by Persi
Apoclias
Smerdis, 7 months.
1 Darius Hystaspes
Mace-
don.
4 Amyn-
tasl.
1 Jeshua, 5
the son of
Jozadak.
24 Anax-
andri-
des.
25
laged.emon.
,. „ Peoclt-
.Gir,iE. D_K
37
L Cleo-
menes
I.
24 Aris-
ton.
25
29
136
37 I
40—1
537 TO 520 B.C.
Repe-
tition
Dates.
Abchons of
Athens.
Rome.
Events and Eminent Men.
537
Alcseus I.
42ServiusTul-
The Persian empire comprises Persia, Media, As-
lius.
syria, Babylonia, Asia Minor, Phoenicia, Pales-
tine, and Syria. Pisistratus, for the third time,
gains the ascendancy in Athens, where he pa-
tronizes learned men.
536
Athenseixs.
43
The Jews permitted by Cyrus to return to their
country and rebuild their temple. Vines and
olive-trees first planted in Gaul, by the Greeks
of Marseilles.
535
Hipparchus.
44
Tragedy first exhibited at Athens by Thespis.
534
1 Tarquinius
Murder of Servius Tullius ; his wise laws and re-
II., (Super-
bus.)
2
gulations set aside by his successor.
533
Thericles, Olin.
The Carthaginians contend with the Syracusans
Hericlides,iMes.
for the dominion of Sicily, and enforce by arms
the payment of tribute from the African tribes
in their neighbourhood.
532
3
Polycrates and his brothers govern Samos. Ana-
creon is invited to his court. Pythagoras,
though favoured by him, withdraws, to travel in
Egypt and Asia.
531
4
Pisistratus collects the poems of Homer, and
establishes the first public library at Athens.
530
5
Splendour of Persepolis, and magnificence of the
Persian court. Flourishing state of Etruria.
Phcecus of Samos noted for casting metals.
529
.«.
6
Cyrus killed in his war against the Massagetas.
52ft
7
Tarquin extends the dominion of Rome in Latium,
and plants colonies.
527
8
Death of Pisistratus, who is succeeded in his
power at Athens by his son Hipparchus.
526
9
Death of Amasis, five months before the invasion
of Egypt by Cambyses.
525
10
Egypt added to the Persian empire. War between
the Lacedaemonians and Polycrates of Samos.
Birth of JEschylus. Anacreon and Simonides
come to Athens.
524
Miltiades.
11
Cyrene and Libya, to the confines of Carthage,
conquered by the Persians.
523
12
Choerilus, the Athenian tragedian. An eclipse of
the moon, July 16th.
522
13
Death of Polycrates.
521
14
Death of Cambyses, from an accidental wound
The city of Thebes, or Luqsor, taken by the
Persians.
520
1
1
15
The Gauls (Galatse or Celtse) occupy the north and
north-east of Italy, along the Adriatic, as far as
the river (Esis. Pythagoras, at Crotona, gives
laws to the States of Magna Graecia. Hecatreus
and Dionysius, the Milesian historians, and
Melanippid.es the poet, fl.
D 2
36
FKOM THE YEAH
B.C.
519
Olym
65.2
517 4
516 66. 1
515
514
513
512
511
510
2
3
4
67.1
Olympic
Victors.
236
237
239
240
241
242
243
244
Ischvrus.
247
506 3 248
Persia.
3 Darius
Hystaspes.
j 505
4 | 249
Ischoma-
chus.
High
Priests of
the Jews.
18 Jeshua.
Haggai and
Zachariah,
the pro-
phets.
19
20
21
The new-
temple de-
dicated.
22
23
24
25 —
26
27 .
29
31
22 Amyntas
33
LACEDjEMON.
AgidjE. Proclilv
I Cleo
menes
I.
43
|48
1 Demara
tus.
2
519 TO 505 B.C
37
Repe-
tition
Dates
519
517
516
515
514
513
512
511
510
Archons of
Athens.
Clisthenes.
508
508
Isagoras.
16 Tarquinius II.,
Superbus.
Consuls.
Events and Eminent Men.
L. Jun. Brutus.
L. Tarq.Collatinus,
M. Horat. Pul vil-
lus.
P. Val. Poplicola.
P. Val. Poplicola
II.
T. Lucre t. Trici-
pitinus.
Plata>a under the protection of Athens. Birth
of the elder Cratinus, the comic poet.
Pindar born at Thebes. Revolt of Babylon : after a
siege of twenty months, the city taken by Da-
rius, and nearly destroyed. Syloson,the brother
of Polycrates, restored by the Persians to power
in Samos.
The Chinese have recorded an interview at this
time between their philosophers Kungfutze,
(Confucius) and Lao-Tseu.
The Persian empire divided by Darius into Satra-
pies.
Miltiades succeeds his brother Stesagoras in the
government of the Chersonesus.
Hipparchus assassinated by Harmodius and Aris-
togiton. His brother Hippias becomes ruler of
Athens.
Angari, public messengers or postmen, employed
in Persia.
Darius adds a twentieth, or Indian, Satrapy to his
empire.
Phrynicus, the tragic poet, first known. Sybaris
destroyed by the Crotonians.
Hippias and all the race of Pisistratidse expelled
from Athens. Solon's form of government re-
stored. Telesilla, the poetess of Argos, fl.
The Tarquins driven from Rome. Regal power
abolished. An aristocratic republic established,
with two annually elected Consuls at its head.
The death of Brutus, in battle with the ex-
pelled princes, and the retirement of Collatinus.
cause a succession of Consuls, during the first
year. A commercial treaty between Rome and
Carthage, by which the former was bound not
to navigate "beyond the Fair Promontory (now
Cape Bon).
The Etrurians, under Porsenna, and other States in
Italy, make war on Rome, to restore the Tar-
quins. Choral competition at the Olympic meet-
ing. Athens distracted by factions.
P. Val. Poplicola Darius, unsuccessful in his wars with the Scythi-
III. ans (Gothic tribes), penetrates, by the north of
M. Horat. Pulvil- the Euxine, into Europe, and crosses the Danube,
lus II. where he leaves Megabazus with the remnant
of the army.
Sp.Lartius FlavusJMegabazus reduces Perinthus, Thrace, and Pseonia,
and sends ambassadors to demand submission
from Amyntas, King of Macedon.
Darius, leaving Artaphernes governor of Sardis,
conquers the islands of Imbros and Lemnos, takes
Chalcedon, crosses the Bosphorus, and makes
himself master of Byzantium.
T. Herminius A-
quilinus.
M. Valerius.
P. Postumiua Tu-
bertus.
38
FROM TIIE TEAB
B.C.
Olym.
A.U.C.
Olympic
Victors.
Persia.
Htgh
Priests of
the Jews.
Macedon.
Laced^mon.
A.qtdm. Proclid-E.
504
69.1
250
Ischoma-
18 Darius
33 Jeshua.
37 Amyntas
17 Cleo-
7 Dema- !
chus.
Hystas-
pes.
I.
rnenes I.
ratus. I
503
2
251
19
34
38
18
s-
502
3
252
20
35 •
39
19
.-!
501
4
253
21
36
40
20
10
500
70.1
254
Nicoras.
22 —
37
1 Alexander
I.
21
11 - —
499
2
255
23
38 •
2_
22
12
498
3
256
24
39 -
3
23
13
497
4
257
25
40
4 —
24
14
496
71.1
258
Tisicrates.
26
41 .
5
25
15
495
2
259
27
42
6 — -
26 .
16
494
3
260
28
43
7
27
17
493
4
261
29
44
8
28
18
504 TO 493 B.C.
39
Repe-
tition
Dates,
504
501
500
495
494
Abchons
OF
Athens.
Acesto-
rides.
Myrus.
tlippar-
clius.
Philippus
Pythocri-
tus.
Themis-
tocles.
Consuls
Rome.
P. Val. Poplico-
la IV.
T. Lucretius Tri-
citipinus II.
P. Postumius
Tubertus II.
Agrippa Meneni-
us Lanatus.
Opiter Virginius
Tricostus.
Sp. Cassius Vis-
cellinus.
Post. Comin. Au-
r uncus.
T. Lartius Fla
vus.
Serv. Sulp, Ca-
merinus.
Man. Tull. Lon
gus.
P. Veturius Ge-
minus.
T. ^Ebutius Elva
T. Lartius Flav
II.
Q. Cleelius Sicu-
lus.
A. Sempron.
Atratinus.
M. Minucius
Augurinus.
Aulus Post.
Albus.
A. Virginius
Tricostus.
Ap. Claudius
Sabinus.
P. Servilius
Priscus.
A. Virginius
Tricostus II.
T. Veturius
Geminus.
Sp. Cassius
Viscellinus II
Post. Comin. Au-
runcus II,
Events and Eminent Men.
Charon, the historian, of Lampsachus, fl. (For his works,
see Clin.) Sardoces, a Persian officer, crucified, by
order of Darius, taken down from the cross and h*aled.
is restored to favour, and advanced to high dignities.
Heraelitus of Ephesus fl. Parmenides of Elis, who
taught that the earth is a globe, and Lasus of Her-
mione, who instructed Pindar. Darius introduces a
regular financial system, and levies on his conquered
provinces a fixed tribute, paid in their natural pro-
ductions. Death of Valerius Poplicola.
An eclipse of the moon, Nov. 19th. Darius, having, in
two years of repose, recruited his army, listens to
the Naxian exiles, who invite his aid to restore them
to their country. Alliance between the Romans and
Sabines.
Failure of the Persian attack on Naxos, under Mega-
bazus and Aristagoras; the latter abandons the
cause of Darius, and persuades the Ionian cities to
revolt. Hecatseus, the historian, vainly counsels
the patriots to fortify the isle of Leria.
Aristagoras solicits the support of Sparta, which is
denied ; he obtains from Athens a fleet of twenty
triremes, and assistance from Eretria. Birth of the
philosopher Anaxagoras. Epicharmus introduces
comedy at Syracuse.
Sardis taken and burnt by the Ionians, who are after-
wards defeated near Ephesus ; the Athenians with-
draw their aid. .iEschylus excels Choerilus and
Pratinas in tragedy.
Cyprus revolts and is recovered by the Persians. The
office of Dictator created at Rome, and first held by
the consul T. Lartius Flavus. Pindar, Pyth. X.
The Persians suppress the revolt in Caria, and regain
Clazomense and Cyme. Aristagoras takes refuge in
Thrace, where he is slain.
Histiaeus, father-in-law of Aristagoras, prepares to
defend Miletus. Birth ofHellanicnsof Mitylene, the
historian. (For his works, see Clin.). The Romans
defeat the Latins near Lake Regillus (date uncer-
tain, Niebuhr).
The Persians prepare to besiege Miletus. Birth of
Sophocles.
The Ionian fleet defeated by the Persians near the
isle of Lade, and the war terminated by the fall of
Miletus. JEaces, the son of Syloson, reinstated by
the Persians in Samos. Secession of the Roman
Plebes to the Mons Sacer. Anaxilaus rules at Rhe-
gium.
iltiades, unable to defend the Chersonesus, returns
to Athens, after twenty-two years' absence. Treaty
between the Patricians and Plebes, conceding
all the demands of the latter, and giving them their
tribunes League, with the Latins, made by Sp
Cassius.
40
FROM THE YEAR
B.C.
Olym.
A.TJ.C.
492
72.1
262
491
2
263
490
3
264
489
4
265
4S8
73.1
266
487
2
267
486
3
268
4S5
4
269
484
74.1
270
483
2
271
482
3
372
481
4
273
Olympic
Victors.
Tisicrates.
Astylus,
Croton.
PEKSTA.
30 Darius
Hystas-
35
Astylus,
Syrac.
High
Priests of
the Jews.
48
51
1 Xerxes.
55
Macedon.
9 Alexan-
der 1.
10
LiACEDiEMON.
AGID.E. PROCLJDJB.
29 Cleo-
menes I.
1 Leo-
nidas.
19 Dema-
ratus.
1 Leoty-
chides.
I
10
10
492 TO 431 B.C.
Bepe-
tition
Dates.
487
481
Arohons
OP
Athens.
Consuls Of Rome.
Events and Eminent Men.
Diognetus
Hybrili-
des.
Phsenip-
pus.
Aristides.
Pheenip-
pus.
Philocra-
tes..
Philocra-
tes, Clin.
Phwedon,
Hales.
484 Leostra-
tus.
T. Geganins Mace
rinus.
P. Minucius Augu-
rinus.
M. Mimic. Auguri-
nus II.
A. Serapron. Atra-
tinus II.
Q. Sulpic. Cameri-
nus.
Sp. Lartius Flavus
II.
C. Julius lulus.
P. Pinarius Rufus.
Sp. Nautius Ruti
lus. ,
Sex. Furius Fusus.
C. Aquilius Tuscus-
T. Sicinius Sabi-
nus.
Sp. Cassius Viscel-
linus III.
Proc. Virg. Tricos-
tus.
Q Fabius Vibula-
nus.
Serv. Corn. Malug,
Cossus.
L. YEmilius Ma-
mercinus.
Csesio Fabius Vi-
bulanus.
Nicode- M. Fabius Vibula-
mus. nus.
L. Val. Poplic. Po-
litus.
Achep-
sion.
Themis to-
cles,
Clin.
Calliades,
Hales.
C. Julius lulus.
Q. Fabius Vibula-
nus II.
Csesio Fab. Vibula-
nus II.
Sp. Furius Fusus.
Darius prepares a large armament, under Mardo
nius, to punish the Greeks for their assistance af-
forded to the Ionians. A famine at Rome.
The fleet of Mardouius dispersed by a storm, near
Mount Athos, and his land-troops greatly harassed
by the Thracians ; he retires into Asia. Cleomenes
at LacedBomon, in the last year of his life, procures
the deposition of his colleague, Demaratus, who re-
tires into Persia. War between Athens and YE-
gina. Gelon becomes master of Gela, in Sicily. An
eclipse of the moon, April 25th.
Darius sends a larger army to invade Greece, under
Datis and Artaphernes, who are utterly defeated
by Miltiades at Marathon, Sep. 2Sth. Pindar, Pyth.
VI, Coriolanus withdraws from Rome to the Vol-
scians.
Darius begins preparations for another attempt on
Greece. Coriolanus urges the Volscians to war,
and leads their army to besiege Rome. Death of
Miltiades.
Theron usurps absolute power at Agrigentum. Pin-
dar, Olymp. IX. Coriolanus is prevailed upon by
his wife and mother to desist from his hostile
proceedings.
The Volsci defeated by the Romans, under Coriola-
nus. The Hernicans leagued with Rome by Sp.
Cassius. Chionides exhibits comedies at Athens.
Dinolochus, a comic poet, fl. at Syracuse.
Egypt endeavours to throw off the Persian yoke.
The first Agrarian law for an equitable division of
conquered lands is introduced at Rome by Sp.
Cassius.
Death of Darius. Gelon becomes master of Syracuse.
Sp. Cassius, the most distinguished Roman of his
age, is accused of aiming at majesty, and thrown
from the Tarpeian rock,
Egypt reconquered by the Persians, Birth of Hero-
dotus, at Halicarnassus. TEschylus gains the
prize for tragedy. Pindar, Olymp. X. XI. A-
chreus of Eretria, the tragic poet, born. Rome at
war with the Volsci and Veientes.
Banishment of Aristides from Athens. Choerilus
has exhibited tragedies forty years. Carthage en-
riched by working the gold and silver mines in
Spain.
Violent contests at Rome, respecting the evasion of
the Agrarian law, by the Patricians, and the elec-
tion of Consuls. The tribune, Ti. Pontificius, stops
the levy of troops.
Xerxes having prepared an immense force by land
and sea, for the invasion of Greece, commences
his march, and winters at Sardis.
42
TKOM THE YEAE
B.C.
Olym.
A.U.C.
Olympic
Victors
PERSIA.
High
Priests of
the Jews.
Macedon.
Lacedjemon.
AGIDjE. PROCLIDffii
480
75.1
274
Suchus.
6 Xerxes
1 Joiachim
21 Alexan-
der I.
1 Pleis-
tarchus
a mi-
nor ;
Pausa-
nias,
Regent.
12 Leoty-
chides.
479
2
275
7
2
22
2 — i-
13
478
3
276
8
3
23
3
14
477
4
277
9
4
24
4
15
476
76.1
278
Scaman-
der.
10
5
25
5
16
475
2
279
11
6
26
6
17
474
3
280
12
7
27
7
18
473
4
281
13
8
28
8
19
472
77.1
282
Dates.
14
9
29
9
20
480 TO 472 B.C.
43
Repe-
tition
Dates
4S0
479
476
475
472
Abchons
OF
Athens.
Calliades,
Clin.
Callias,
Xanthip-
pus.
Timosthe-
nes.
Adiman-
tus.
Phscdon.
Dromocli-
des.
Acestori-
Chares.
Consuls op Rome
Cn. Manlius Cin-
cinnatus.
M. Fab. Vibula-
nus II.
Caesio. Fafc Vibu-
lanus III.
T. Virg. Tricost.
Rutilus.
L. iEmilius Ma-
mercinus II.
C. Servilius Ahala
C. Com. Lent. Es-
quilin.
C. Horatius Pulvil-
lus.
T. Menenius Lana-
tus.
A. Virgin. Tri-
cost. Rutilus.
Sp. Servil. Structus.
P. Valerius Popli-
cola.
C.Nautius Rutilus
L. Furius Medull.
Rufus.
A. Manlius Vulso.
L. iEmil. Mamer-
cin. III.
Vop. Julius lulus.
Opiter Virginius.
L. Pinarius Ruf.
Mamerc.
P. Furiu3 Fusus.
Events and Eminent Men.
Xerxes in Greece. Three days' struggle at Ther-
mopylae, Aug. 7 — 9th. Death of Leonidas. Sea-
fight at Artemisium. Great naval victory of
Themistocles at Salami s, Oct. 20th. Athens taken
by the Persians — but Xerxes, disheartened, leaves
his army under the command of Mardonius. Birth
of Euripides. Anaxagoras begins to teach philo-
sophy at Athens. Pherecydes, the historian, fl.
Clin. Pindar at Salamis. The Carthaginians de-
feated at Himera, by the combined forces of
Thei-on and Gelon. Bosporus, or Chersonesus
Taurica, an independent State.
Athens retaken and despoiled by Mardonius ; after
which, he is totally routed and slain, Sep. 22nd, at
Plataea, by the Athenians, Lacedaemonians, and
Tegeeans, under Pausaaias, and Aristides recalled
from exile. On the same day, the Persian fleet
and army defeated at Mycale, by Leotychides,
king of Sparta and Xanthippus, the Athenian
arc lion, father of Pericles. The Greeks then be-
siege Sestos. The poet, Choerilus of Samos, born.
Death of Confucius.
Surrender of Sestos, the last event recorded by He-
rodotus, and the first by Thucydides. Athens
rebuilt and fortified. Pindar, Pyth. III. Hiero
succeeds his brother, Gelon, at Syracuse. Tyranny
of the Pafricians at Rome. The Fabii secede from
their order, join the Plebes, leave the city, and
take up a position near the Cremera. The first
stone theatre in Greece, that of Bacchus, at Athens,
now built.
The supremacy of Athens commences. The Greeks,
after having taken Cyprus and Byzantium from
the Persians, transfer the chief command of their
combined army from Pausanias to Aristides. The
Fabii are surprised and slaughtered by the
Veientes.
Scyros taken by Cimon, son of Miltiades. Death of
Anaxilaus of Rhegium. Pindar, Olymp. XIV.
The Romans suffer great losses in their wars with
the Veientes, who are with much difficulty driven
back.
Cimon extends the power of the Athenians in Thrace,
The consuls of the preceding years summoned by
the tribunes to render an account of their conduct
to the Roman people.
Naval victory of Hiero over the Tuscans. Pindar,
Pyth. VII. IX. XL A truce of forty years between
the Romans and Veientes.
Murder of the tribune Cn. Genucius, to stay his im-
peachment of the ex-consuls before the people.
The rage of factious becomes more violent, and
the Patricians are obliged to make farther con-
cessions.
On the death of Theron, Agrigentum again becomes
a Republic. Pindar, Olymp. II. XII. " Persse" of
vEschylus. Rogations of Volero Publilius, the
Roman tribune.
44
FJ10M THE TEAK
1
B.C.
Olym.
A.U.C.
Olympic
Victors.
Persia.
High
Priests of
the Jews.
Macedon.
Laced^mon.
AdDiE. PROCLIDiE.
471
77.2
283
15 Xerxes.
10 Joiachim.
30 Alexan-
der I.
10 Pleist-
archus.
21 Leoty-
chides.
470
3
284
16
11 —
31
11
22
469
4
285
17
12
32
12
1 A relu-
ct am us
11.
468
78.1
286
Parmeni-
des.
18
13
33
13
2
467
2
287
19
14
34
u-
3
466
3
288
20
■
15
35
u_
4 — I
1
|
465
464
4
79.1
289
290
Xenophon.
1 Artax-
erxes
Longi-
manus.
2
16
17
36
37
16
17
1
5 _ '
6
463
2
291
3
18
38
18
,-l
462
3
292
4
1 Eliashib.
39
19
1
461
4
293
5
2
40
20
1
9 _
L
I
i
471 TO 461 B.C.
45
Repe-
tition
Dates.
Akchons
of
Athens.
Consuls of Rome,
Events and Eminent Men.
467
464
463
Praxier-
gus.
Demotion,
Clin.
Apsephion
Hales.
Apsephion
Clin.
Phffidon,
» Hales.
Theageni-
Lysi stra-
tus.
Ap. Claudius Sabi
nus.
T. Quintius Barba
tus.
L. Valerius Popli-
cola II.
Tib. ^Emil. Ma-
mercinus.
A. Virginius Tri-
costus.
T. Numicius Pris-
cus.
T. Quintius Barba-
tus II.
Q. Servilius Pris-
cus.
Tib. ^Emilius Ma-
mercinus II.
Q. Fabius Vibula-
nus.
Lysanias. ISp. Postumius
Albus.
Q. Servilius Pris-
cus II.
Lysitheus
Archide-
mides.
Tlepole
mus,
Clin.
Euthippus
Hales,
Conon.
Euhippus.
Quint. Fab. Vibu-
lanus II.
T. Quint. Barbatus
III.
Aulus Postum. Al-
bus.
Sp. Furius Medul-
linus.
P. Servilius Pris-
cus.
L. iEbutius Elva.
T. Lucretius Trici
pitinus.
T. Veturius Gerni-
P. Yolumnius A-
mintinus.
Ser. Sulpicius Ca-
merinus.
Banishment of Themistocles from Athens; he retires
to Argos. Birth of Thucydides. Great commotions
at Rome. Ap. Claudius so unpopular, that the
soldiers refuse to fight under his command against
the Volsci.
Appius, impeached by the tribunes, kills himself.
Hiero invites the poets and philosophers of Greece
to Syracuse. Pindar celebrates his victories in
the chariot-races. Pyth. I. The Greeks establish
a common treasury at Delos, for the Persian war.
Pericles first takes part in the public affairs of
Athens. After the death of Appius, the internal
dissensions of Rome cease for a while, and external
conquest is pursued with energy.
Mycenae destroyed by the Argives. Death of Aris-
tides. Birth of Socrates. Sophocles obtains his
first prize, probably for the tragedy of Triptole-
mus. Antium taken by the Romans.
Death of Hiero of Syracuse, and of the poet Simo-
nides. Birth of the orator Andocides. Traitorous
correspondence of Pausanias, still regent at Lace-
dsemon, with Xerxes. Thrasybulus, brother of
Hiero, being unable to maintain the kingly power,
the people of Syracuse reestablish their republic.
Naxos withdraws from the Grecian league : is be-
sieged by Cimon and made subject to Athens.
Themistocles discovers the designs of Pausanias,
and is aceused of being an accomplice in them :
he retires to Persia, and on his voyage passes
through the Athenian fleet before Naxos. Death
of Pausanias. The victories of Cimon, at the En-
rymedon, close the war between Greece and Persia.
Xerxes assassinated by Artabanus, who, after an
usurpation of seven months, is killed by Artaxerxes.
Themistocles is hospitably welcomed in Persia.
Thasos revolts. Rome contains 134,214 citizens.
Earthquake at Sparta. Revolt of the Helots and
Messenians. Cimon leads 4,000 men to assist the
Lacedsemonians. Pericles and Cimon adorn Athens
with public buildings. Zeno of Elea fl. Pindar.
Olymp. XIII. The Romans unsuccessful in their
wars with the iEqui and Volsci.
The Thasians reduced into subjection and cruelly
treated by the Athenians. The Latin peasantry
and their cattle driven to take refuge within the
walls of Rome, where the general distress is ag-
gravated by a severe pestilence.
Artaxerxes supposed to be the Ahasuerus who, in
the third year of his reign, at the request of his
queen, Esther, saved the Jews in Persia from an
intended massacre, commemorated by their feast
of Purim. Pindar. Pyth. IV. V.
Cimon again assists the Lacedaemonians, and is soon
afterwards banished by the Athenians. Pericles
induces the people to limit the power of the Areo-
pagus, and obtains the removal of the Greek
common treasury from Delos to Athens. The
tribune, C. Terentilius Harsa, requires that the
laws of Rome should be made more explicit, and
the power of the consuls more clearly denned.
46
TEOM THE YEAB
B.C.
Olym.
A.U.C
Olympic
Victors.
Persia.
ETtgh
Priests of
the Jews.
Macedon.
Laced^mon.
Agit>m. Proclid^;.
460
80.1
294
Torymbus
6 Artax-
erxes
Longi-
manus.
3 Eliashib.
11 Alexan-
der I.
21 Pleist-
archus.
10 Archi-
damus
II.
459
2
295
7
4
42
22
11
458
3
296
8
5 —
43
1 Pleis-
toanax.
12
457
4
297
9
6
44
2
13
456
81.1
298
Polymnas-
tus
L0-
7
45
3
14
455
2
299
11
8
46
4
15
454
3
300
12
9
1 Perdipcas
II.
5
16
453
4
301
13
10
2
6 ■
17
452
82.1
302
Lycus.
14
11
3
7
18
451
2
303
15
12
4
8
19
460 TO 451 B.C.
47
Repe-
tition
Dates.
Akchons
op
Athens.
Consuls of Rome.
Events and Eminent Men.
459
458
Thrasicli-
des.
Philocles.
456
455
Bion.
Mnesithi-
des,
Clin.
Callias,
Hales.
Callias.
Sosistra-
tus.
\riston.
Lysicrates
Chcere-
phanes.
Antidotus,
P. Valerius Poplic
II.
L. Quintius Cin-
cinnatus.
C. Claudius Sabi-
nus.
Quint. Fab. Vibu-
lanus HI.
L. Cornel. Malug.
Cossus.
C. Nantius Ruti-
1ns II.
C. Minucius Augu-
rinus.
C. Horatius Pul-
villus.
Q. Minucius Augu
rinus.
M. Valerius Max-
imus.
Sp. Virginius Tri-
costus.
T. Romulius Rocus
C. Veturius Cicu-
rinus.
Sp. Tarpeius Mon-
tanus.
A. Aterius Fonti-
nalis.
Sex. Quintilius.
P. Horatius Terge-
minus.
P. Cestius Capito-
linus.
T. Menenius La-
natus.
Decemvirs.
Egypt again revolts under Inarus. Birth of Demo-
critus and of Hippocrates. Pindar. Olymp. VIII.
Great commotions at Rome. Another tribune de-
mands the appointment of Decemvirs to carry out
the proposition of Terentilius. The Sabine, Ap-
pius Herdonius, surprises the capitol ; in recovering
it, the consul, Valerius, is slain, and Cincinnatus
elected in his stead.
Gorgias of Leontium fl. ; he lived to a great age,
and among his eminent scholars were Pericles,
Thucydides, Alcibiades, and Critias. Agitation
increases in Rome. Census, 132,049 citizens.
Birth of Lysias, the orator. iEschylus brings out
his " Oresteia." The consul Minucius besieged in
his camp by the iEqui. Cincinnatus called from
the plough and appointed dictator ; in sixteen days
he defeats the enemy, and returns to his farm.
Ezra returns from Persia to Jerusalem.
War between the Athenians and Corinthians; de-
feat of the former at Tanagra by the Lacedsemo-
nians. Panyasis put to death by Lygdamis
Herodotus leaves Halicarnassus. Peace between
the Romans and Volscians ; Antium restored to
the latter. (Coriolanus placed at this time by
Niebuhr.) Continued agitation in Rome ; ten
tribunes of the people appointed instead of five.
Victory of the Athenians, under Myronides, over the
Boeotians, at (Enophyta. Cimon recalled from
exile. The Athenians complete their long walls.
Death of iEschylus, get. 69. Herodotus said to have
recited parts of his history at the Olympic meet
ing, and Thucydides, as a boy, to have heard him.
folmides sent from Athens to assist the Egyptians :
but they are subdued by the Persians, except in
the low lands, where Amyrtseus maintains an in-
dependent sovereignty. The Messenians, after a
struggle of ten years, are overcome by the Lace-
daemonians, and It-home surrenders. iEgina taken
by the Athenians. Empedocles fl. Euripides pro-
duces his first tragedy, the " Peliades."
Expedition of Pericles against Sicyon and Acarnania.
Aristarchus writes tragedies, and Cratinus come-
dies. Perdiccas of Macedon joins the Spartans
against the Athenians.
Syracuse the predominant State in Sicily.
Pindar Olymp. IV. V. celebrates the victory of
Psaumis of Camarina, in the four-horse chariot-
Ion of Chios, historian and tragedian, exhibits his
first drama. Decemvirs, appointed at Rome .govern
at first with moderation and wisdom. At the
suggestion of Hermodorus, an Ephesian exile,
commissioners are sent from Rome into Greece to
collect information respecting the laws.
48
! B.C.
FEOM THE YEAR
Olym. A.U C
I 450
449
448
. 447
446
82. 3 J 304
!
445 |
413
306
307
310
311
441 | 4
Olympic
Victors.
Criso.
Cri.so.
Persia.
16 Artax-
erxes
Longi-
manus.
18
20
High
Priests of
the Jews.
13 Eliashib.
22 19
20
24 21
Macedon-.
5 Perdiccas
II.
25 j 1 Joiada,
Laged^emon.
aciid^e. proclidj
) Pleis-
toanax.
20 Arcln-
damua.
II.
21
11 , i22
12 '23
14 25
26
16 I27
13 117
28
14 — 118 !29 - —
450 TO 441 B.C
49
tition
Dates,
450
449
448
447 |
444
442
441
Archons
OF
Athens.
Euthyde-
mus.
Consuls op Roihe.
Events and Eminent Men.
Decemvirs.
PedisBus. [The same at first,
l then consuls.
L. Valerius Popli-
cola.
T. ELoratius Ear-
batus.
Philiscus. Lart. Herminius
i Aquilinus.
|T. Virginius Tri-
costus.
Timarchi- M. Gtganins Mac-
des. erinus.
IC. Julius lulus.
Callima-
chus.
Lysima-
chides.
Lysanias.
Diphilus.
Timocles.
T. Quint. Capitol.
Barbatus IV.
Agrippa Furius
Fusus.
M. Genucius Au-
gurinus.
C. Curtius Philo.
L. Papirius Mugil
lanus.
L. Sempronius
Atratinus.
M. Geganius Ma-
cerinus II.
T. Quint. Capito-
linus.
Barbatus V.
M. Fabius Vibula-
nus.
Postumius JEbu-
tius Cornicen.
C. Furius Pacilus
Rufus.
M. Papirius Cras-
Cimon prevails on the Greek States to suspend
their mutual animosities by a five years' truce,
and combine their forces against Persia. Anaxa-
goras leaves Athens, and Archelaus is the in-
structor of Socrates. Crates, the comic, and Bac
chylides, the lyric poets, fl. The first ten tables
of laws promulgated at Rome.
The Persians, defeated by the Greeks at Salamis, in
Cyprus, agree to a peace, which gives freedom
to Ionia ; soon after this, Cimon dies. The twelve
tables of laws completed at Rome. The Decemvirs
abuse their power. Outrage of Ap. Claudius
Death of Virginia. The Decemvirs are deposed
and brought to justice. Ap. Claudius and Sp. An
pins die. in prison : the rest are banished. Consuls
and tribunes are again elected.
Athens is now the principal seat of Greek philosophy,
literature, and art. At Rome, the Patricians, dis
mayed by late events, give their sanction to laws
that extend still more the power of the people.
The Athenians break the truce, by endeavouring to
seize Chaeronea ; they are attacked by the Boeoti
ans at Coronea, and driven out of the country ;
their general, Tolmides, and Klinias, the father of
Alcibiades, are killed in the battle-
Pindar. Pyth. VIII. set. 72. Rome at war with the
^Equi, who penetrate nearly to the walls of the
city, where they are totally routed. Agrigentum
conquered by Syracuse.
Revolt of Euboea and Megara, suppressed by Peri-
cles. The Lacedaemonians invade Attica, but re-
tire. Their king, Pleistoanax, is accused of having
been bribed by the Athenians, and is banished :
a thirty-years' truce follows. At Rome, the Canu-
leian law allows Patricians and Plebeians to inter-
marry. Nehemiah rebuilds the walls of Jerusalem.
The most flourishing period of Athens begins here,
under the sole management of Pericles. Prota-
goras and Melissus, phil. fl. The Romans elect
three military tribunes instead of consuls, A-
Sempronius Atratinus, L. Atilius, and Clselius
Siculus, who abdicate after three months, and
consuls are again appointed.
An Athenian colony, under Lampon, planted at
Thurium, near the ruins of Sybaris, in Magna
Greecia ; it is accompanied by Herodotus and Ly-
I sias. The censorship established at Rome.
Phidias, the sculptor, guides Pericles in adorning
Athens with noble works. The Parthenon, Propy-
lgea, and Odeum, built. The architects, Ictinus,
Callicrates, and Mnesicles, fl.
Euripides gains the highest prize in tragedy. Rome,
less distracted, for a while, by intestine discord,
becomes more formidable to the neighbouring
States.
E
50
FBOM THE YEAB
B.C.
OliTM.
A.U.C
Olympic Pfrc,ta
Victors. FBm'
High
Priests of
the Jews.
Macedoit.
Laced^emon.
Agid^;. Proclid^;.
440
85.1
314
Criso.
26 Artax-
erxes II.
Longi-
manus.
2 Joiada.
15 Perdiccas
II.
19 Pleis-
toanax.
30 Archi-
damus.
439
2
315
27
3
16
20
31 ;
438
3
316
28
4
17
21 ■
32
437
4
317
29
5
18
22
33
436
86.1
318
Theopom-
pus.
30
6
19
23
34 —
435
2
319
31 ■
7 ■
20 ■
24
35
434
3
320
32
8
21
25
36
433
4
321
33
9
22
26
37
432
87.1
322
Sophron.
34
10 .
23
27 —
38
431
1
2
323
35 •
11 -
24 ■
28
39
440 TO 431 B.C.
51
| ftepe-
j tition
i Dates. Athens.
440 |
43S
Myrichi-
des.
Glaucides
Theodo-
ras.
Euthyrne-
nes.
Lysima-
chus.
Antiloclii
des.
Chares.
Apseudes,
Pythodo-
rus.
Enthydc
mus.
Consuls of Rome.
Proc. Geganius
Macei'inus.
L. Meuonius Lana-
tus.
T. Quint. Capitoli-
nus VI.
Agrippa Menenius
j Lanatus.
j Military Tri-
bunes.
IM. iEmilius Ma-
i mercinus.
L. Quint. Cincin-
nati^.
L. Julius lulus.
Consuls again.
M. Geganius Ma-
cerinus III.
L. Sergius Fidenas
M. Cornelius Ma-
lugin.
L. Papirius Cras-
sus.
C. Julius lulus II.
L. Virginius Tri-
costus.
C.Julius lulus III
L. Virginius Tri-
GOStUS II.
Mil. Trtb.
M. Fabius Vibula-
nus.
M. Fossius Flacci-
nator.
L. Sergius Fidenas
Consuls again.
L. Pinarius Rufus.
L. Furius Medulli-
nus.
Sp. Postumius Al-
bus.
T. Quintius Pennus
Cincinnatus.
C. Julius Man to.
Events and Eminent Men.
Samos, resisting the sway of Athens, is besieged
by Pericles, with Sophocles as a general under
him, and defended by the philosopher Melissus :
surrenders after a siege of nine months. The per-
formance of comedies prohibited at Athens. The
" Antigone" of Sophocles exhibited.
A severe famine at Rome; Sp. Meelius distributes
corn to the citizens, for which he is accused of as-
piring to be king, and is murdered by Servilius
Ahala. L. Minueius Augurinus appointed praif ac-
tus annonai.
The statue of Minerva, by Phidias, placed in the
Parthenon. Spartacus I. becomes king of Bospo-
rus. Three military tribunes at Rome, instead of
consuls ; the scarcity relieved. Ahala impeached
and exiled.
An Athenian colony, led by Agnon, to Amphipolis,
on the river Stryrqon. The prohibition of comedy
repealed. Victory of the Romans over the Veien-
tes, Fidenates, and their allies. The Veientine
king, Tolumnius, slain by the master of the horse,
Corn. Cossus, who dedicates the second spolia opima.
Birth of Isocrates. Cratinus receives the prize for
comedy. The paintings of Polygnotns, and Pana?-
nus, brother of Phidias, adorn the Poikile at
Athens. Polycletes of Sicyon, the sculptor, fl.
War between the Corinthians and their colony of
Corcyra. Prodicus of Ceos, phil. fl. Fidense taken
by the Romans and razed. Truce witli Veil.
Lysippus, the comic poet, obtains the prize. The
censorship at Rome limited to eighteen months,
by a law of iEmilius Mamercinus.
Ambassadors from Corcyra implore the assistance
of the Athenians, who send a fleet to protect the
island against the attack of Corinth : — this is the
prelude to the long and fatal Peloponnesian war.
Sea-fights off Corcyra ; Andocides commands the
Athenian ships. Pericles attacked through his
friends. Aspasia, Phidias, and Aiiaxagoras, who
had returned to Athens, are publicly accused of
impiety ; the latter returns to Lampsacus, and
Phidias to Elis. Meton, the astronomer, begins
his cycle. The congress of Lacedaemon.
The Athenians are accused by the Corinthians and
Megaraeans of having broken the thirty years'
truce ; the Thebans commence war by an attempt
to seize Plataea, and Archidamus invades At-
tica with a large army. The Athenians send their
fleet to ravage the coast of the Peloponnesus, and
lay siege to Potid.ea in Macedon. Alliance be-
tween Athens and Sitalces, king of Thrace. The
" Medea" and ■' Philoctetes" of Euripides brought
out; but Euphorion, the son of^Eschylus, gains
the first prize for tragedy against him and Sopho-
cles. Seleucus king of Bosporus.
52
FROM THE YEAB
B.C.
OliYM.
A.U.C.I
I
Olympic
Victors.
Persia.
High
Priests of
the Jews.
Macedok.
L.ACED.EMON.
AGIO.E. PROCLID.S.
430
429
87.3
4
324
325
36 Artax-
erxes.
37 —
12 Joiada.
13 ■
25 Perdiccas
II.
26
29 Pleis-
toanax.
30
40 Archi-
damus II.
41
428
88.1
326
Symma-
chus.
38
14
27
31
42
427
2
327
39
15
28
32
1 Agis II.
426
3
S28
40
16
29
33
2
425
4
329
1 Xerxes
11.. 2
months.
1 Sogdia-
nus.
17
30
34
3
424
89.1
330
Symma-
chus.
1 Darius
Nothus.
18
31
35
4
423
2
331
2
19
32
36 ,
5
i
422
S
332
3
20
33
37
i
1
1
430 TO 422 B.C.
S3
Repe-
tition
Dates,
Aechons
OF
Athens.
Consuls of Rome
Events and Eminent Men.
429
428
426
Apollodo-
rus.
Epamei-
non.
Euclides.
Euthyde-
mus.
Stratocles
Isarchus.
L.PapiriusCrassus
L. Julius lulus.
L. Sergius Fide-
nas II.
Hostus Lucret.
Tricipitinus.
T. Quintius Pennus
Ciucinnatus II.
A. Cornelius Cos-
sus.
L. Papirius Mugil-
lanus II.
C. Servilius Struct
Ahala.
Mil. Trie.
T. Quintius.
Pen. Cincinnatus,
&c.
A. Sempronius A-
tratinus. &c.
Alcaeus.
L. Horat Barbatus
&c.
Consuls.
C. Sempronius A-
tratinus.
Q. Fabius Vibula
nus.
Mil. Tuib.
L. Manlius Vulso
Capitolinus, &c.
Plague at Athens. Second invasion of Attica. The
Athenians fail in their attack on Epidaurus.
Death of Pericles. Surrender of Potidsea to the
Athenians ; in the battle Socrates saves the life
of Alcibiades. Phormio conducts successfully their
naval operations in the Gulf of Corinth. Platsea
besieged. Birth of Plato. Hippocrates said to have
been in Athens during the plague, but is not named
by Thucydides. Sitalces invades Macedon.
Attica again invaded. The Athenians besiege Mity-
lene, which had revolted with all Lesbos, except
Methymne. Death of Anaxagoras, set. 72. The
comic poet, Plato, makes his first exhibition.
Fourth invasion of Attica. Mitylene is surrendered,
and Nicias reduces the rest of Lesbos. Plataea
conquered by the Thebans. Gorgias, ambassador
from Leontium, implores aid from Athens against
the Syracusans ; an auxiliary force is granted.
Pausanias is allowed to exercise the kingly power
at Lacedaemon, for his father, Pleistoanax, who
is still an exile. A faction at Corcyra attempts to
break off the alliance with Athens. The second
prize awarded to Aristophanes for his " Daetales,"
the first play exhibited by him.
Nicias, the Athenian general, defeats the Lacedae-
monians, under Agis, at Tanagra. Another Athe-
nian general, Demosthenes, victorious at Olpae, in
Acarnania. The Peloponnesians make propositions
for peace, which are rejected. Lustration of Delos.
The Romans enlarge their dominion by successful
wars, against the yEquians, Volscians, and Vei-
entines.
Agis begins the fifth invasion of Attica, but retires
on hearing that the Athenians had taken Pylos
and Sphacteria. Pleistoanax returns to Sparta
from exile. An eruption of Mount ^Etna. Soon
after the death of Artaxerxes, Sogdianus murders
his brother, Xerxes II., and usurps the throne of
Persia.
The island of Cythera taken by the Athenians
Brasidas, the Lacedaemonian general, marches
into Thrace, defeats Thucydides, and captures
Amphipolis. Battle of Delium, where Socrates
saves the life of Xenophon. Death of Sitalces,
king of Thrace. Hermocrates of Syracuse pacifies
Sicily. Sogdianus killed, and succeeded by Darius
Nothus.
Thucydides banished, begins to write his History.
Thespiae destroyed by the Thebans. The temple
of Juno burnt at Argos ; truce for a year between
the belligerents. Alcibiades takes part in public
affairs. Socrates teaches at Athens, and is sati-
rized by Aristophanes in his " Clouds." Discon-
tent revives in Rome.
At the expiration of the truce, hostilities renewed
in Thrace, where the two generals, Cleon and lira-
sidas, both fall. Nicias inclines the Athenians to
peace ; but now their overtures are rejected. The
citizens of Athens, 20,000. Death of Cratinus.
54
EBOM THE TEAE
r ■"
B.C.
Olym.
A,U,C.
Olympic
Victors.
Persia.
High
Priests op
the Jews.
Macedok.
Laoedjsmcn.
Agid^e. PROCLID.E.
421
89.4
333
4 Darius
Nothus.
21 Joiada.
34 Perdiccas
II.
38 Pleis-
toanax.
7AgisII.
420
90.1
334
Hyperbi-
us.
5
22
35
39
8
419
2
335
6
23
36
40
9
418
3
336
7
24
37
41
10
417
4
337
8
25 — -
38
42
11
416
91.1
338
Exagine-
! tus.
9
26
39
43
12
415
2
339
10
27
40
44
13
414
3
340
11
28
41
45
14
413
4
341
12
29
1 Arche-
laus.
46
15
412
92.1
342
Exagine-
tus.
13
30
2
47
16
421 TO 412 B.C.
55
Repe-
tition
Dates
421
420
419
418
414
412
I Akchons
OF
Athens.
Aristion.
Astyphi-
lus.
Archias.
Antiphon.
Euphe
mus.
Arimnes-
tus.
Chabrias.
Pisander.
Cleocritus
Callias.
T. Quintius Capi-
tolinus.
Numerius Fabius
Vibulanus.
Mil. Teib.
T, Quint. Pennus
Cincinnatus II.,
&c.
Agrippa Menenius
&c.
M. Papirius Mugil-
lanus, &c.
P. Lucretius Trici-
pitinus II., &c.
A. Sempronius A-
tratinus, II., &c.
P. Cornelius Cos-
sus, &c.
Consuls of Rome
Q. Fabius Vibula-
nus, II., &c.
Consuls.
M. Cornelius Cos-
sus.
L. Furius Medulli-
nus.
Q. Fabius Ambus-
tus.
C. Furius Pacilus.
Events and Eminent Men.
The fifty years' trace, or " Peace of Nicias," by which
the Lacedaemonians engage to give up Ainphi-
polis. Aristophanes brings out every year one or
more of his comedies, in which passing events or
prominent characters are ridiculed.
Alcibiades negociates an alliance between Athens
and Argos. Amphipolis retained by the Lacedae-
monians.
Hostilities are renewed, and Alcibiades leads an
Athenian army into the Peloponnesus. The Ar-
gives attack Epidaurus.
Victory of the Lacedaemonians at Mantinea. The
league between Argos and Athens dissolved.
Argos distracted by contending factions. At Athens
philosophy and intellectual pursuits are not inter-
rupted by the vicissitudes of war.
The island of Melos, which had remained neutral,
is conquered by the Athenians, and its inhabitants
cruelly treated. The prize for tragedy is awarded
to Agathon.
The Athenian expedition to Sicily, under Nicias,
Lamachus, and Alcibiades ; the latter is recalled,
to answer an accusation of having broken some
statues of Mercury in the city; he takes refuge in
Sparta. The orator, Andocides, is implicated in
the same charge, imprisoned and exiled. Euri-
pides produces several tragedies, among them
his "Palamedes," "Troades,"and "Sisyphus;" but
Xenocles gains the firsj prize, against him ; that
for comedy is given to Archippus.
The Syracusans, hard pressed by the Athenians,
apply to the other Greek States ; the Lacedaemo-
nians send Gylippus with an army to assist them.
Eurymedon conveys supplies from Athens. Egypt
becomes again an independent kingdom, under
Amyrtseus. Bolae, a town of the JEquians, taken
by the Romans. The division of the booty causes
a mutiny among the soldiers, who, after slaying
the quaestor, kill the military tribune, M. Postu-
mius, while judging the cause.
Alcibiades, the adviser of the Lacedaemonians.
They once more invade Attica, and fortify De-
celea. Demosthenes is sent with succours to the
Athenians in Sicily. After a disastrous campaign
there, and the destruction of his fleet, Nicias sur-
renders with the wreck of his army. An eclipse
of the moon, Aug. 27. Archelaus succeeds to the
throne of Macedon, and rules wisely.
Athens, weakened by the defection of her allies, ap-
plies her reserve fund of 1000 talents to the ex- j
pense of the war. Alcibiades negociates a treaty ;
of alliance between the Lacedemonians and Per- j
Bians. Euripid. " Andromeda " produced.
56
FROM THE YEAB
B.C.
Olym.
AUC
Olympic
Victoes.
Persia
Egypt.
High
priests of
the Jews.
M \CE-
DOtf.
LACED-ffiJION.
AGIDjE PEOCLID-ffii,
411
92.2
343
14 Da-
rius
Nothus
4 A-
myr-
taeus.
31 Joiada.
3 Ar-
che-
laus.
48 Pleis-
toauax.
17 Agis
11.
1
410
3
344
15
5
32
4
49
18
409
4
345
16
6
33
5
50
19
408
93.1
346
Eubatos.
17
1 Pau-
34
6
lPau-
20
407
2
347
18
sms,
Clin.
Nephe-
rites,
Buns.
& Leps.
35
7
sanias.
2
21
406
3
348
19
3
36
8
3
22
405
4
349
lArta-
xerxes
Mne-
mon.
4
37
9
4
23
404
94.1
350
Crocynas.
2
5
38
10
5
24
403
2
351
g
6
39
11
6- —
25
1
411 TO 403 B.C.
57
Repe-
tition
Dates,
411
410
408
407
406
405
404
OP
Athens.
Theopom-
pus.
Glaucip-
pus.
Diodes.
Euctemon
Antigenes
Gallias.
Alexias.
Pythodo-
Euclides,
Clin.
Myco,
Hales.
Consuls of Rome,
M. Papirius Mugil-
lanus.
C. Nautius Rutilus,
M. iEmilius Ma-
mercinus.
C. Valerius Potitus.
Cn. Cornelius Cos-
sus.
L. Furius Medulli-
nus II.
Mil. Teib.
C. Julius lulus,
&e.
C. Valerius Volusi-
nus, &c.
P# Cornel Rutilus
"Cossus, &c.
C. Julius lulus,
P. Cornelius Malu
ginensis, &c.
Manlius iEmilius
Mamercinus, &c,
Events and Eminent Men.
The " Government of 400," at Athens, which con-
tinues only four months ; its framer, Antipho, the
tutor of Thucydides, is put to death. The Lace-
daemonian fleet, under Mindarus, is defeated at
Cynossema. Alcibiades is recalled by the Athe-
nians and placed at the head of the army in Sa-
mos. Lysias returns from Thurium to Athens
The History of Thucydides terminates abruptly in
the middle of this year. Revolt of Euboea.
Alcibiades, near Cyzicus, defeats the Lacedaemo-
nian fleet, and its commander, Mindarus, is slain
Sparta makes pacific overtures.
The Athenian general, Thrasyllus, enters Lydia.
The Lacedaemonians recover Pylos. The Cartha-
ginians begin their attacks on Sicily, and reduce
Selinus and Himera. Plato, set. 20, becomes a
disciple of Socrates. Sophoc. " Philoctetes."
Alcibiades takes Selymbria and Byzantium. Eu-
ripid. "Orestes." The Roman Plebes first ad-
mitted to the Qusestorship.
Darius sends his son, Cyrus, to command the army
in Ionia. Alcibiades, received with great honour
at Athens, is then banished, because his lieu-
tenant, Antiochus, is defeated by Lysander, at
Ephesus. The city of Rhodes founded, to be the
capital of the island.
The Lacedaemonian flee^under Callicratidas, defeated
by Conon off the Arginussae. Propositions for
peace,madeby Sparta, are rejected, through the in-
fluence of the demagogue, Cleophon. The Athenian
commanders punished for not saving their shat-
tered vessels and the bodies of the slain. Diony-
sius becomes master of Syracuse, and Agrigentum
is taken by the Carthaginians. Anxur and other
towns taken by the Romans, who now first give
their soldiers a regular daily pay. Philistus, who
afterwards writes a history of Sicily, is a supporter
of Dionysius. Death of Euripides, set. 75.
Battle of -^Egospotamus. The Athenian fleet de-
stroyed by Lysander. Conon escapes with eight
ships to Cyprus. The Carthaginian army in Si-
cily afflicted by the plague. The siege of Veii
commenced by the Romans. Death of Sophocles.
Aristoph. " Batrachoi." The poet Antimachus, of
Colophon, fl.
Athens taken by Lysander and dismantled. The
thirty governors appointed by him. Lysias and
other orators banished. Thrasybulus, at the head
of some Athenian refugees, maintains himself at
Phyle. Death of Alcibiades, jet. 45, killed by the
soldiers of Pharnabazus. Peace between the Car-
thaginians and Dionysius, each party retaining
their possessions in Sicily.
Thrasybulus regains possession of Athens, restores
the ancient form of government, and publishes an
act of amnesty. Thucydides, Lysias, Andocides,
and others return from exile. The Ionian alpha-
bet adopted at Athens.
58
FROM THE YEAR
B.C,
401
Olym
94.3
400 95. 1
96.1
354
355
356
Olympic
Victors.
Minos.
Eupole
ruus.
Persia.
4 Arta-
xerxes
Mne-
mon.
Egypt,
7 Pau
siris,or
Neph
i-ites.
1 Psam-
meti-
chus,
Blair.
High
Priests of
the Jews.
40 Joiada.
Mace-
don.
12 Ar-
che-
laus.
Laced^emon.
AGID^:. PROCLIDiE
7 Pausa-
nias.
Agis
27
1 Ores-
tes and
JE.ro-
pus.
10
11 — .
lNe-
phe-
reus,
Blair.
1 Jonathan
I.
10
28
29
2
11
1
3
12
4
13
5
14
1 Age-
silaus
II.
402 TO 395 B.C.
59
I Repe-
tition
• Dates
Abchons
OF
Athens.
Mil. This, of
Rome.
Events and Eminent Men.
402
401
400
397
Micon,
Glin.
Euclides
Hales.
Xensene-
tus.
Laches.
Aristocra-
Ithycles.
Suniades,
Clin.
Lysiades,
Hales.
Phormion.
Diophan-
tus.
C. Servilius Ahala
III., &c.
M. Furius Camil-
lus, &c.
P. Licinius Calvus,
&c.
C. Duilius, &c.
L. Valerius Poti-
tus V., &c.
L. Julius lulus II,
&c.
P. Ticinius Calvus
&c.
Camillus, Dictator.
P. Cornelius "Cos-
sus, &c.
Andocides takes a leading part at Athens with Ar-
chinus and Cephalus. The prize for comedy gained
by Cephisodorus.
Cyrus rebels against his brother Artaxerxes, is de-
feated and slain in the battle of Cunaxa. Memo-
rable retreat of the 10,000 Greek auxiliaries under
Xenophon. War between Lacedsemon and Elis.
Sophoc. CEdip. Colon, exhibited by the grandson
of the deceased poet. Telestes gains a dithyram-
bic prize. Athens is quietly repairing her losses.
Laceda-mon, supreme in Greece, oppresses many
cities by tyrannical governors (hartnosts).
The 10,000 Greeks, under Xenophon, reach Thrace,
and serve for two months in the army of Seuthes.
Socrates, set. 70, accused of impiety, is put to death
by the Athenians. Plato retires to Megara. The
Lacedaemonians send Thimbron and Dercyllidas to
attack the Persians. Elis succumbs to them.
Assassination of Archelaus, king of Macedon,
who is succeeded by his son, Orestes, under the
guardianship of iEropus.
Dercyllidas makes a truce with Pharnabazus, and
fortifies the Thracian Chersonesus, by a wall
across the Isthmus ; he then renews the war in
Asia. At this year terminates the Persian his-
tory of Ctesias, so severely condemned by Plu-
tarch. Astydamas, the tragedian, and the poets
Philoxenus and Timotheus, 'fl. On the death of
Agis II., Lysander induces the Lacedaemonians to
appoint Agesilaus II. king, to the exclusion of
the rightful -heir, Leotychides.
Dercyllidas invades Caria, and agrees to an armis-
tice with Tissaphernes. Progress of the Car-
thaginians in Sicily. Bloody contest at Jerusa-
lem between Jonathan and his brother, for the
high priesthood. The painters, Zeuxis and Par-
rhasius, fl.
Agesilaus takes the command of the Grecian army
in Asia, and after a successful campaign, winters
at Ephesus. After a siege of ten years, Veii is
taken by storm and destroyed. Rome acquires a
large accession of territory. Triumph of Camillus.
Victory of Agesilaus, near Sardis, after which he
penetrates into Phrygia and Paphlagonia. Tissa-
phernes is put to "death, and succeeded by Ti-
thraustes, who employs Timocrates, the Rhodian,
to form a league in Greece, against Sparta. Athens
and Argos combine with other States, and defeat
the Lacedaemonians at Haliartus, where LysandeK
is slain. Plato, aet. 34, returns to Athens, after
having travelled in Egypt, Gyrene, and Italy, and
visited the Pythagoreans, Philolaus and Eurytns.
60
FROM THE YEAB
B.C.
Oltm.
96.3
A.U.C.
392
391
390
97.1
363
364
Olympic
Victors.
Terinams.
So3ippus.
12 Arta-
xerxes
Mne-
mon.
Egypt.
2Ne-
phe-
reus.
High
Priests of
the Jews.
4 Jonathan
I.
1 Acho-
ris,
Blair.
Mace-
don.
1 A-
mvn-
tas II
LACEDiEMOlT.
Agid^e.Proclid^e
1 Agesi-
polis I.
5 Age-
silaus
II.
10
394 TO 388 B.C.
61
Repe-
tition
Dates
391
Archons
OP
Athens.
Eubulides.
Demostra-
tus, Clin.
Arches,
Hales.
Philocles.
Nicoteles.
Demostra-
tus.
Antipater
Pyrrhion.
Military Tri-
bunes of Rome.
M. Furius Camil-
lus III., &c.
Consuls,
L. Lucretius Flac-
cus.
Serv. Sulpicius Ca-
merinus.
L. Valerius Poti-
tus.
M. Manlius Capi-
tolinus.
Mil. Trib.
L. Lucretius Fla-
vus, &c.
Q. Fabius Ambus-
tus, &c.
Dictator.
M. Furius Camil-
lus.
Mil. Trib.
L. Valerius Popli
cola II., &e.
Events and Eminent Men.
In consequence of Lysander's defeat, Pausanias is
deposed and banished from Sparta, and succeeded
by his son. Agesilaus is recalled from Asia ; be-
fore he arrives, the Lacedaemonians, under Aristo-
demus, defeat the allies near Corinth, but lose a
great naval battle against Conon, near Cnidus, in
which their admiral, Pisander, is killed. Agesi-
laus is victorious at Coronea. Eclipse of the sun
Aug. 14th. Plato serves in the battle of Corinth.
Falisci taken by the Romans.
Civil discord at Corinth. Agesilaus victorious at
Lechseum. Conon and Pharnabazus harass the
maritime districts of Peloponnesus. Teleutias
co-operates with his brother, Agesilaus, in the
Gulf of Corinth. The long walls of Athens rebuilt
by Conon, and the Piraeus fortified anew. The
Romans, disposed to repair Veii and make it their
capital, are dissuaded by Camillus. Leucon be-
comes king of Bosporus.
The Athenian general. Iphicrates, in his first cam-
paign, defeats Agesilaus. Conon excites the jealousy
of the Persians, retires into Cyprus, and dies there.
Peace concluded between the Carthaginians and
Dionysius. The Macedonian king, Amyntas, un-
fortunate in his wars with the Illyrians.
Agesilaus invades Acarnania. Andocides banished
from Athens for advising peace, and dies in exile.
The Lacedtemonians renew their warfare in Asia,
under Diphridas. Camillus, banished from Rome,
retires to Ardea.
Acarnania submits to Agesilaus. Agesipolis in-
vades Argolis. Ten Athenian ships, sent to assist
Evagoras in Cyprus, are captured by Teleutias.
Thrasybulus killed at Aspendus.
Agyrrhius is sent by the Athenians to replace Thra-
sybulus, while Iphicrates commands their fleet
in the Hellespont. Plato's visit to Sicily, and
honourable reception by Dionysius. Birth of
^Eschines. Celts, from the north-east of Italy
(called Gauls by the Romans), advance to Clusium.
and defeat the Roman army in a bloody battle on
the Allia, July 16th. Camillus is recalled and ap-
pointed dictator ; but before he can arrive, Rome
is taken, plundered and burnt: the Patricians
retire into the Capitol ; Camillus collects the
fugitives and expels the enemy.
Antalcidas, the Lacedaemonian, drives the Athenian
fleet from Abydos, and releases that of Nicolochus,
which Iphicrates had blockaded. Chabrias is sent
from Athens with an army to support Evagoras
in Cyprus. Aristoph. " Plutus," his last produc-
tion : he dies about this time. Nicochares and
Nicophron begin to write comedies. The disasters
of Rome encourage the conquered States to revolt;
they are reduced to obedience by Camillus, who
again prevails on his countrymen not to remove
to Veii, but to rebuild Rome.
62
mOM THE TEAR
B.C.
L
Ol/XM.
A.UC
Olympic
Victors.
Persia.
Egypt.
HrcfH
Priests of
the Jews.
Mace-
don.
Lacedjjmon,
Agidje.Proclims.
387
98.2
367
19 Arta-
xerxes
Mne-
mon.
3 Acho-
ris.
11 Jonathan
I.
7 A-
mj n-
tas 1 1 .
8 Agesi-
polis I.
12 Age-
silaus
II. j
386
3
368
20
4
12
8
9
13
385
4
369
21
5
13
9
10
14
j
j 384
!
99.1
370
Dicon.
22
6
14
10
11
15
1
• 383
2
371
23
7
15
11
12
16 —
382
3
372
24
8
16
12
13
17
381
4
373
25
9
17
13
14
18
380
100.1
374
Dionysio-
dorus.
26
10
18
14
1 Cleom-
brotus.
19 _;
1
379
2
375
27
11
19
15
2
20
378
3
376
28
12
20
16
3
21
377
4
377
29
13
21
17
4
22 u
376
101.1
378
Daioon.
30
1 Psam-
muthis.
22 L
;
18
5
23
i
387 TO 376 B.C.
63
\ tltion
Dates
387
384
3S2
381
379
37S
377
376
Athens.
Theodo-
tus.
Mystichi-
des.
Dexithe-
Mtlita-by Tri-
bunes of Rome.
Diotre-
phes.
Phano-
stratus.
Evander,
Clin.
Menander
Hales.
Demophi-
lus.
Pytlieas.
Nicon.
Nausini-
cus.
Callias.
Charisan-
der.
T. Quintus Cincin-
natus, &c.
L. Papirius Cursor,
&c.
M. Furius Camillus
IV., &c.
A. Manlins Capito-
linus, &c.
Serv. Corn. Malu-
ginensis, &c.
L. Valerius Popli
cola IV., &c.
Sp. Papirius Cras-
sus, &c.
M. Furius Camillus
VI., &c.
L. Valerius Popli
cola V., &c.
C. Manlius Capito-
linus, &c.
Events and Eminent Men.
Antalcidas makes peace with Artaxerxes, leaving
the Ionian cities and Cyprus at his mercy, and
enabling the Lacedaemonians to maintain their
supremacy in Greece. Antiphanes writes come-
dies. Rhegium is taken by Dionysius, after a long
siege.
The Thebans are compelled by Agesilaus to relin-
quish possession of Platsea.
Mantinea taken by Agesipolis, and its inhabitants
dispersed ; Pelopidas and Epaminondas are wound-
ed. Evagoras repulses the Persians in a naval
engagement. Androtion becomes conspicuous in
public affairs at Athens.
Birth of Aristotle. The historian Ctesias leaves the
court of Artaxerxes, after a residence of seventeen
years. Unsuccessful war of the Persians against
the Cadusians.
Dionysius, foiled in a short war with the Cartha-
ginians, makes peace, and fixes the river Halycus
as the division of their territories. Manlius Ca-
pitolinus, accused of treason, is thrown from the
Tarpeian rock.
Birth of Demosthenes. The Lacedaemonians and Ma-
cedonians commence their Avar against Olynthus.
Phoebidas surprises the citadel of Thebes.
In the second campaign against Olynthus, Teleutias,
the Lacedaemonian commander, is slain. Age-
silaus besieges Phlius.,
Agesipolis dies, while conducting the third campaign
against Olynthus, and Polybiades takes the com-
mand. Evagoras is hard pressed by the Persians
in Cyprus. Isocrat. Panegyr. Death of Philo-
xenus.
Olynthus submits to Polybiades and Phlius to Age-
silaus. The Thebans regain possession of their
citadel ; on the motion of the orator, Cephalus,
the Athenians resolve to assist them.
Cleombrotus and Agesilaus invade Boaotia. The
Thebans are trained by Pelopidas and Epaminon-
das in a new system of tactics. The attempt of
Sphodrias to surprize the Piraeus inflames the
hostile spirit of Athens against Sparta.
Sp. Furius Medul- Agesilaus renews his incursions in Boeotia. The
linus, &c. Thebans enrol their " Sacred Band," and the Athe-
nians improve their marine.
L. jEmilius Ma-
mercinus V., &c
Cleombrotus leads the Lacedaemonians again into
Boeotia ; their fleet, under the command of Pollis.
is totally defeated off Naxos, by Chabrias ; in this
battle, Phocion first distinguishes himself. Evago-
ras concludes a disadvantageous peace with Persia.
The Licinian laws proposed at Rome ; great con-
fusion and anarchy ensue : no regular magistrates
j elected for five years : but the two leading tri-
bunes of the people rule during the whole time.
64
FEOM THE YEAB
j B.C.
375
874
Olym.
101.2
373
372
371
370
369
388 103.1
I
379
381
384
Olympic
Victors.
Damon.
Pytho-
Btratus.
Persia.
31 Arta-
xerxes
Mne
mon,
34
35
37
38
Egypt.
1 Ne-
phe-
rites.
1 Nec-
tane-
bis I.
387,
Buns.
High
Priests of
the Jews.
23 Jonathan
I.
24
25
27
28
Mace-
don.
19 A-
myn-
tas II.
LACEDjEMON.
AgID^.PROCLIDjE
;Cleom-24 Age-
brotus.
ilaus
II.
22
23
24
1 Alex-
ander
II.
1 Age si
polis
II.
1 Cleo-
menes
II.
26
375 TO 368 B.C.
65
tition
, Dates,
373
372
371
370
Aechons I
OF
Athens. '
Plebeian Tri-
bunes of Rome.
Hippoda-
mas.
socra-
tides.
L. Sextius Latera-
nus.
C. Licinins Stolo,
&c.
Asteius. .The same.
368
Alcisthe-
nes.
Phrasi eli-
des.
Dyscine-
tus.
Ly si stra-
tus.
Nausige-
nes.
iThe same.
] Military Tri-
bunes.
L. Furius Medulli-
nus II., &c.
Q. Servilius Pris-
cus III.,&c.
L. Qnintius Capitp-
linus, &c.
Dictator,
M. Furius Camil
lus.
Events and Eminent Me
Cleombrotus carries the war into Phoeis. In the
'. action of Tegyra, the " Sacred Band'-' of Thebes
decides the victory against the Lacedaemonians,
Polydamas, expelled from Pharsalus by Jason of
Pherpe, takes refuge at Sparta. Araros, the son of
Aristophanes, Eubulus and Anaxandrides, poets of
the middle comedy, fl. at Athens. Nectanebis I. "
gins the thirtieth of Manetho's Egyptian dynasties.
The Athenians, jealous of the Thebans, make peace
with the Lacedsemonians, but renew the war almost
immediately ; their fleet at Corcyra, under Timo-
theus, the son of Conon and friend of Plato. The
Thebans utterly destroy Plataea ; oration of Iso-
crates on the occasion, Plato is now teaching in
the grove of Academus, and Xenophon also diffu-
sing the doctrines of Socrates. The Persians invade
Egypt ; their army is chiefly composed of Greek
mercenaries, under Iphicrates, who quarrel with
Pharnabazus, and the expedition fails. Death of
Evagoras.
Mnasippus, sent with a Lacedaemonian fleet to Cor-
cyra, is slain before Iphicrates, Callistratus, and
Chabrias arrive to oppose him. Timotbeus, prose-
cuted for misconducting the war, is acquitted, but
retires into Asia. An earthquake in Achaia.
Iphicrates maintains the naval superiority of A-
thens. Leodamas, Callistratus, Aristophon, and
other eminent orators fl. Astydamas the younger,
and his brother Philocles, write tragedies.
Congress of Sparta. Thebes being excluded from the
treaty of peace, Pelopidas and Epaminondas gain
the great victory of Leuctra, in which Cleombrotus,
the king of Sparta, is killed ; they found Megalo-
polis in Arcadia.
The Thebans now preponderate in Greece ; they
restore Mantinea. Agesilaus endeavours to revive
the spirit of the Lacedaemonians by invading
Arcadia. Jason of Pherse is assassinated.
Epaminondas carries his arms into Laconia, and re-
stores the independence of the Messenians. Al-
liance between Athens and Sparta. Polyphron
of Pherse is slain, and Alexander succeeds to his
power. Pelopidas and Epaminondas condemned
for having retained their command beyond the
term allowed by the Theban law ; they are par-
doned and re-appointed.
The Thebans again enter the Peloponnesus, but re-
treat before the arrival of succours sent by Diony-
sius to the Laced asm onians. Pelopidas, treache-
rously made prisoner by Alexander of Pherse, is res-
cued by Epaminondas. Orchomenus is destroyed.
A congress, under the mediation of Persia, is held
at Delphi ; it fails, because the Thebans will not
abandon the Messenians. The Carthaginians at
war with Dionysius ; but, after losing Selinus and
other towns, make peace. Camillus, more than
80 years old, appointed dictator at Kome ; he per-
suades the Patricians to assent to the demands of
the Plebes, and builds the Temple of Concord.
66
FROM THE XEAB
B.C.
265
364
363
362
301
Olym.
103.2
104.1
387
391
105. 1 394
Olympic
Victors.
Eubotas.
Porus,
Persia.
19 Arta-
xerxe
Mne-
mon.
42
Egypt.
9 Nec-
tane-
bisl.
12
45
46
43
1 Ta-
chos, or
Teos.
44
2
1 Nec-
tane-
bis II.
High
Priests of
the Jews.
31 Jonathan
I.
32
33
34
35
37
Mace-
don.
1 Pto
lemseus
Alori
tes.
1 Per-
diccas
III.
Laced^mon.
AgidjE.Proclidjb,
4 Cleo-
menes
II.
3-1
35
4 10
11
32 Age-
silaus
II.
37
1 Ar-
chida-
mus
III.
367 TO 360 B.C.
67
Bepe-
tition
Dates.
367
364
362
Archons
OF
Athens.
Polyzelus,
Gephiso-
dorus.
Chion,
Timocra-
tes.
Charicli-
des.
Molor
I
361 jJNieophe-
Callime-
I des.
Plebeian Tri-
bunes of Rome.
A.Cornelius Cossus
&c.
Consuls.
L. iEmilius Ma-
mercinus.
L. Sextius Latera-
nus.
L. Genucius Aver-
tinus.
Q. Servilius Ahala,
C. Sulpicius Pseti-
cus.
C. Licinius Stolo.
L. iEmilius Ma-I
me'-oinus.
On. Genucius A ven-i
tinensis.
Q. Servilius Ahala
II.
L. Genucius Aven-
tinensis.
C. Sulpicius Pseti-
cus II.
C. Licinius Stolo II
M. Fabius Ambus-
I tus.
!C. Paetilius Libo.
Events and Eminent Men.
The " tearless victory " of Archidamus over the in-
dependent Peloponnesians. Embassy of Pelopidas
to Persia. Dionysius of Syracuse dies, and is suc-
ceeded by his son. Aristotle eet. 17, comes to
Athens. Camillus defeats the Stnonian Celts.
The Licinian laws are passed, to be carried into
effect the following year.
Expedition of Epaminondas into Achaia, and cap-
ture of Oropus. Athens contracts alliance with
Arcadia; Corinth and Phlius make peace with
Thebes. L. Sextius Lateranus is the first Ple-
beian consul at Rome. The offices of Prsetor and
Curule iEdile created. A bloody affray in the
temple at Jerusalem, in which Jesb.ua is killed.
War between Arcadia and Elis. Aristippus of
Cyrene, and his daughter Arete, give at this time
the form of the Cyrenaic school to the philoso-
phy of Socrates. Eurydice, the widow of Amyn-
tas II., of Macedon, having obtained the protec-
tion of Iphicrates for herself and her two youngest
sons, Perdiccas and Philip, the latter, now set. 18,
studies at Thebes the tactics of Epaminondas.
Death of Camillus.
Archidamus invades Arcadia. The battle of Olym-
pia is fought during the games. Pelopidas at-
tacks Alexander of Pherpe. At the battle of Cy-
noscephalee his soldiers are alarmed by an eclipse
of the sun, and he is slain. Demosthenes, aet. 18,
pleads against his guardians.
Praxiteles begins to be known as a sculptor. Phi-
listus closes his history at this, the fifth year of
Dionysius the Younger.
Battle of Mantinea. Death of Epaminondas. The
power of Thebes declines. Unsuccessful expedi-
tion of the Athenians against Alexander of Pherse ;
the trierarchs, who commanded in it, are prose-
cuted. Rebellion of some of the Persian Sati-aps
in Asia Minor.
A genei'al peace. The Lacedaemonians reluctantly
admit the independence of the Messenians.
Callistratus banished from Athens. Agesilaus
assists the Egyptians in their struggle against the
attacks of Persia, and dies on his way homeward,
ast. 80. Plato again in Sicily, vainly endeavouring
to effect a reconciliation between Dionysius and
Dion. Birth of the orator Dinarchus. Rome,
again attacked by the Senones.
The Olynthians repulse Charidemus and Timotheus,
who attempt to regain Amphipolis for the Athe-
nians. The affairs of Thrace are arranged by
Chabrias, after the assassination of Cotys. The
history of Theopompus commences. He is de-
feated in a law-suit by the orator, Isseus, the in-
structor of Demosthenes. Dion is banished from
Sicily. Eudoxus of Cnidus connects geography
and astronomy. Pamphilus of Macedon teaches
Apelles to paint. The Senones maintain their
positions on the Algidus and Alban Mount. Ar-
chytas of Tarentum, phil. and math., redeems
Plato, when sold as a slave by Dionysius.
69
FROM THE -YEAH
B.C.
Oltsi.
A.U.C.
Olympic
Victors.
Persia.
Egypt.
High
Priests of
the Jews.
Mace-
DOX.
LACEDjEMON.
Agid.e.Procljd^e.
359
105.2
395
1 Oclius
3 Nee-
tane-
bis II.
39 Jonathan
I.
1 Phi-
lip II.
12CIeo-
menes
II.
3 Ar-
chidu-
mua
III.
358
S
396
2"
4
40 ■
2
13
4
357
4
397
3
6
41
3
14,—
5
356
106.1
393
Donis.
4
6
42
4 ,
15
e —
355
2
399
5
7 —
43
5
16
7
1 354
3
400
6
8
44
6
17
8—|
| 353
4
401
7
9
45 — —
f
18
9
1
I
1
359 TO 353 B.C.
69
Bvpe-
tition
Dates.
359
358
357
356
&53
AtWHONS
OF
Athens.
Consuls op Rome
Eueharl
tus.
Cephiso-
dotus.
Agatho-
cles.
Elpines.
Callistra-
tus.
Events and Eminent Men.
M. 'Popilius Lfe-
nas.
Cn. Manlius Capi
tolinus.
C. Fabius Ambus-
tus.
C. Plautius Procu-
lus.
C. Manlius Rutilus.
C. Manlius Capito-
linus II.
M. Fabius Ambus
tus II.
M. Popilius Lamas
II.
C. Sulpicius . seti-
cus III.
M. Valerius Popli-
Di*timus.
Eudemus.
col;:
M. Fabius Ambns-
tus.HI.
T. Quint. Pennus
Capitolinus
Philip, aet. 23, on his accession, begins a vigorous
system of government in Macedon; he conquers
Argjeus, makes peace with Athens, subdues the
Paeonians, and defeats the Illyrians. Alexander
of Pheree slain, and succeeded by Tisiphonus.
Death of Xenophon.
Philip takes Amphipolis. Pydna and Potidasa. The
Athenian expedition against Euboea, under Ti-
motheus. The Senones compelled to retire from
the neighbourhood of Rome.
The social war between the Athenians and then-
former allies ; they recover Euboea and the Thracian
Chersonesus. Chabrias is killed at the siege of
Chios. The Phocians seize Delphi : Philomelas
is their leader in the sacred war, which ensues.
Dion returns to Sicily with a Greek fleet and
ai'my. Licinius Stolo violates his own agrarian
law. Death of Democritus, set. 104, and of Hippo-
crates, at the same age. Demophilus and Callis-
thenes write their histories of the sacred war.
Timotheus the musician, son of Terpander, dies,
set, 97. An eclipse of the moon, Aug. 9.
Birth of Alexander, in July, on the night in which
the Temple of Diana, at Ephesus, is burnt. Gold
mines discovered in Mount Pangaeus, Macedon.
Second campaign of the social war; Samos be-
sieged ; Isocrates counsels peace. Dionysius ex-
pelled from Sicily. Philistus defeated and slain ;
Dion rules at Syracuse. Alexis, the comic poet, fl.
The licentiousness of comedy at this time is cen-
sured by Isocrates.
Eubulus persuades the Athenians to recognize the
independence of the confederated States, and ter-
minate the social war. Chares employs the forces
under his .command to support Artabazus, who
had rebelled against Ochus, but is recalled to
Athens. Iphicrates is a-ccused of misconducting
the war, and acquitted. Demosthenes, in his
oration against LeptineS, describes the Cimmerian
peninsula as the granary of Athens. The Cyremv
ans request Plato to frame laws for them, which
he declines to undertake.
Timotheus, condemned to a fine of 100 talents, re-
- tires_ from Athens to Chalcis, and dies there.
Artabazus, assisted by 5000 Thebans, gains two
great victories
C. Sulpicius Pa3ti- The ambitious designs of Philip begin to be manifest.
cus IV.
M. Valerius Eopli
cola II.
he seizes Pagasse and lays siege to Methone
Philomelus3_the- Phocian leader, falls in battle,
and is succeeded by his brother, Oriomarchus:
Dion assassinated at Syracuse by Callippus :
great anarchy ensues. The Plebes continue to
gain power at Rome ; C. Marcius Rutilus, the first
from among them, is appointed dictator. Spar-
tacus II. becomes king of Bosporus.
70
PROM THE TEAB
B.C.
Olym.
A.U.C.
Olympic
Victors.
Perisa.
Egypt.
High
Priests of
the Jews.
Mace-
don.
Laced^emon.
AGID^E.PROCLIDiE.
352
107; 1
402
Smicrinas.
1
8 Ochus
10 Nec-
tane-
bis II.
46 Jonathan
I.
8 Phi-
lip II.
19 Cleo-
menes
II.
lOAr-
chida-
mus
III.
! 351
350
349
2
3
4
403
494
1
i
9
10
11
Subdu-
ed by
Ochus.
47
10
20-—
21
11
12
13
405
2
11
22
348
108.1
406
Polycles.
12 _
3
12
23
14
1
347
2
407
13
4
13
24
15 —
346
3
408
14
5
14
25
16
345
4
409
15
0
15
26
17
344
109.1
410
Aristolo-
chus.
16
7
16
27 •
18 -
1
343
2
411
.
8
17
28
19
352 TO 343 B.C.
7)
Repe-
tition
Dates
352
A RCHONS
OF
Athens.
Consuls of Home,
Events and Eminent Men.
351
350
Aristode-
mus.
345
344
343
Apollo-
dorus.
Callima-
chus.
Theophi-
lus.
Themisto-
Archias.
Eubulus.
Lyclscus.
Pythodo-
tua.
P. Valerius Popli- Onomarchns, assisting Lycophron of Pherae against
cola. Philip, is defeated and killed : his brother, Phayl
C. Marcius Ruti- lus, takes the command in Phocis ; Lycophron
lus II. submits to Philip, who, attempting to enter Greece,
is stopped at Thermopylae by the Athenians. 2000
colonists are sent from Athens to Samos. War
between Lacedsemon and Megalopolis. Demos-
thenes, aet. 30, pronounces his first Philippic.
Artemisia erects at Halicarnassus the splendid
monument of her brother and husband, Mausolus,
king of Caria, and dies of grief two years after-
wards. Callippus killed by Hipparinus.
C. Sulpicius Paeti- Revolt of Phoenicia against Persia. Siege and de-
cus V. struction of Sidon. Rebellion of Cyprus also sup-
T. Quint. Cincin- pressed. Oration of Demosthenes in favour of the
natus. Rhodians
M. Popilius Lsenas The Athenians, under Phocion, are victorious at
III. Tamynse in Euboea; the orator iEschines present
L. Cornelius Scipio. at the battle. Egypt, conquered by Ochus, ceases
| to be an independent State.
L. Furius CamilluS|The Olynthians, attacked by Philip, solicit aid from
Crassus. I Athens ; Demosthenes, in his celebrated orations,
Appius Claudius. | pleads their cause, and troops are sent to support
I them. Artabazus and the revolted Satraps make
J their submission to Ochus. The consul Camillus
I Crassus defeats the Senones.
M. Popilius LsenaS|01ynthus closely besieged by Philip. Heraclides, the
IV. | comic poet, fl. The commercial treaty between
M. Valerius Cor-j Rome and Carthage renewed. C. Marcius Rutilus
vus. I the first Plebeian censor. Parysades begins his
long reign in Bosporus.
C. Plautius Hyp-, Fall of Olynthus and other cities. Euboea conquered
by Philip. Death of Plato, set. 82. Speusippus
continues the lectures of Academus. Aristotle
withdraws from Athens to Atarnas. Dionysius the
Younger regains his power in Syracuse.
M. Valerius Cor- Peace concluded between the Athenians and Philip \
he terminates the sacred war by the conquest of
Phocis, and is placed at the head of the Aniphic-
tyonic council.
The Romans plant colonies in Latiura and the other
parts of Italy which they have couquered ; their
wars become mora important, and their progress
more rapid.
C. Marcius Rutilus.'The intrigues of Philip overcome the Lacedsemoni-
T. Manlius Torqua- ans. The second Philippic of Demosthenes,
tus II. Timoleon of Corinth undertakes his Sicilian ex-
pedition.
B33US.
T. Manlius Tor-
quatus.
vus II.
C. Psetilius Libo.
M. Fabius Dorso.
Ser. Sulpicius Ca-
merinus.
M. Valerius Cor
vus III.
A. Cornelius Cos-
The Athenians counteract the designs of Philip, by
an armed force in Acarnania, and by embassies at
Ambracia and in the Peloponnesus. Timoleon
defeats the Carthaginians, gains possession of
Syracuse, and banishes Dionysius to Corinth.
The Romans commence their first war against the
Samnites.
72
rilO-M THE TE
JAH
i
| B.C.
j
Olym.
. -
A.U.C.
Olympic
Victors.
Persia.
High
Priests of
the Jews.
Macedon.
LACEDvEMON.
Agims. Proclid/E.
1 342
1
1
109.3
412
18 Oclius.
9 Jaddus.
18 Philip II.
29 Cleo-
nienes.
20 Archi-|
damus
III.
1
j 341
i
4
413
19
10
19
30
21
340
110.1
414
[ Anticles.
20
11
20
31
22 |
339
2
415
21 ■
12
21 '32
23
33S
3
416
i
1 Arsos.
13
•
22_
33
1 Agis
III.
337
4
417
. .
2
14
23
34
2
336
111.1
418
Cleoman-
- tis.
1 Darius
Codo-
mauus,
15
- i
!
1
1 Alexander
the Great.
35
3
342 TO 336 E.G.
73
Repe-
tition
Dates.
342
341
340
338
Archons
OF
Athens,
Sosigenes.
Nicoma-
clius.
Theo-
phrastus
Lysima-
chiiles.
Chseron-
das.
Phrynicus
Consuls of
Rome.
C. Marcius Ruti-
lus IV.
Q. Ssrviiius Ahala
C. Plaiitius Hyp
sieus.
L. iEmilius Ma-
mercinus.
T. Manlins Tor
quatus.
P. Decius Mus.
Tib.- iEmilius Ma-
mercinus.
Qu.PubliliusPhilo
P. Purius Camillas,
C. Maenius.
C. Sulpicius Lon-
gus.
P. ^Elius Psetus.
336 Pythode
D1US.
Events ano Eminent Men.
Philip extends his conquests in Thrace. Diopithes,
theAthenian general, is stationed on the Hellespont.
Aristotle becomes the preceptor of Alexander, now
jet. 14. Birth of the comic poet, Menander, son of
Diopithes. Victories of the Romans over the
Samnites, and extension of their dominions to the
river Liris ; M. Valerius Corvus is one of the
greatest and most successful of their leaders. Be-
neficent government of Timoleon at Syracuse.
Philip still in Thrace. Third and fourth Philippics
of Demosthenes. Birth of Epicurus. The ex-
- penses of the war, and distress of debtors, cause
great commotions at Rome, which are appeased by
Valerius Corvus, and the Plebeian privileges ex-
tended by an amendment of the law respecting
debts.
Philip besieges Selymbria, Byzantium and Perin-
thus. The Athenians, urged by Demosthenes,
obtain assistance from Persia. The Romans,
having made peace with the Samnites, are at war
with the Latins. BaMle of the Veseris. Death of
Decius. The other consul, Manlins, condemns his
son to death, for a breach of discipline.
The sieges of Byzantium and Perinthus are raised
by Philin. Timoleon defeats the Carthaginians
near the" Crimesus, in Sicily. Death of Speu-
sippus ; Xenocrates succeeds him in the chair of
Plato. The Latins defeated by the Romans at
Trifanum. Publilius appointed dictator, popular
rights confirmed by his laws.
Philip, as chief of the Amphictyons, takes the field
against the Locriaus ; the Athenians and Thebans
unite to resist him, and are totally routed at Chte- j
ronea ; he marches into Laconia. Archidamus is !
slain in Italy, fighting as the ally of the Taren-
tines. Isocr'ates ob. set. 98. The Latins entirely
subdued by the Romans, and incorporated with
them. Ochus, king of Persia, murdered, and his
youngest son placed on the throne by the minister
Bagoas.
The Greek States, assembled at Corinth, declare
war against Persia, and appoint Philip their ge-
neral. Lysicles, who commanded the Athenians
at Chaeronea, is condemned to death by the people.
Lycurgus, the orator and treasurer of Athens, ob-
tains a decree for bronze statues of /Eschylus,
Sophocles, and Euripides, and the public preser-
vation of their works. Timoleon dies, lamented
and honoured by the Syracusans. Alexander of
Epirus called into Italy, by the Tarentines.
PapiriusCrassus. Assassination of Philip, set. 47, by Pausanias at
Cseso Duilius.
JEgae. Accession of Alexander, tet. 20. Arses
killed by Bagoas. who places Darius on the throne,
and is himself punished with death for his crimes.
The first oratorical effort of Dinarchus. Pliilip-
pides, com. poet, fl. The praetorship at Rome is
thrown open to the Plebes, and Publilius Philo-
elected to the office.
74
FROM THE- TEAS
B.C.
335
334
Ol-sm.
333 i 4
I
332
331
329
328 1 113.1
420
112. 1 422
Olympic
Victors.
Gryllus.
424
425
High
Priests of
the Jews.
2 Darius
Codo-
Conquered
by Alex-
ander.
16 Jaddus
22
Macedon.
2 Alexander
the Great.
36 Cleo-
menes.
Lace daemon.
Agid.e. Proclid.e.
40
42
43 —
335 TO 328 B.C.
75
Repe-
tition
Dates.
330 I
328
Aechons
OF
Athens.
Ctesicles.
Consuls of Rome,
M.Valerius Corvus
IV.
M.Atilius Regulus
T. Veturius Calvi
nus.
Sp. Postumius Al
binus.
L.Papirius Cursor
C. Paetilius Libo.
Nicetes,
Clin.
Niceratus,
Hales,
after
Diod.Sic.
A. Cornelius Cos
sus IV.
Cn. Domitius Cal-
vi nus.
Aristo-
phanes.
M. Claudius Mar-
cellus.
C. Valerius Flac-
cus.
Aristo-
phon.
Cephiso-
phon.
Euthycri-
tus.
L. Papirius Cras-
sus II.
C. Plautius Venno.
L. iEmilius Ma
mercinus.
C. Plautius Decia-
nus.
C. Plautius Procu
lus.
P. Cornelius Sca-
pula.
Events and Eminent Men.
Alexander begins his career of victory in Thrace.
Revolt and destruction of Thebes. The orators
of Athens are delivered into the hands of Alex-
ander, who spares them. The Romans make peace
with the Gauls, and a treaty with Alexander of
Epirus.
Alexander crosses the Hellespont, marches into
Asia, conquers Caria and takes Halicarnassus.
Battle of the Granicus, 22d May. Aristotle lec-
tures at the Lyceum. Pyrrho of Elis founds the
Pyrrhonian or sceptic sect.
Lycia and Syria reduced by Alexander. Damascus
taken by Parmenio, and siege of Tyre begun.
Darius defeated near Issus, in October, and his fa-
mily are among the captives.
Fall of Tyre. Conquest of Phoenicia and Palestine.
Alexander at Jerusalem. Egypt yields to him
without resistance. Passes the winter at Mem-
phis. Foundation of Alexandria. Stephanus,
com. poet, fl. Apelles eminent for his paintings.
Alexander of Epirus, having betrayed his ambi-
tious designs in Italy, is totally defeated and slain
at Pandosia, by the Lucanians and Bruttians.
Alexander leaves Egypt, crosses the Euphrates at
Thapsacus, and penetrates into the interior of
Asia. Battle of Arbela, Oct. 1st. Flight of Darius.
Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis yield to the con-
queror, and the Persian empire, after existing 228
years, merges in that of Macedon. Agis, endea-
vouring to liberate Lacedaemon from the Macedo-
nian yoke, is defeated and slain in battle by
Antipater; his son Eudamides I. succeeds him.
Eclipse of the moon, Sep. 20.
Darius is killed by Bessus ; the assassin punished
by death. Alexander pursues his conquests in
Parthia, Media, Bactria, and the borders of the
Caspian. Argument between Demosthenes and
iEschines, "De Corona;" the latter, having been
foiled, leaves Athens and withdraws into Asia.
Death of Parmenio, and Philotas, his son.
Alexander crosses the Oxus and Jaxartes, and
drives back the Scythians (Goths) ; he founds new
cities in those countries, and winters in Bactriana.
The Romans grant their consuls a triumph and
the surname of " Privernas," for the conquest of
Privernum.
Sogdiana occupies Alexander during the whole of
this, his seventh campaign, and he winters there
at Nautaca. Lysippus of Sicyon, the statuary, fi.
Death of Callisthenes, the historian. The Romans
prepare for a second war with the Samnites. Death
of Clitus.
76
FROM THE TEAB
I
B.C.
327
OLYM;
AUG
Olympic
Victors.
Mace-
don.
Ar'chons
Athens,
Agid^e op
Laceixemon
High
Priests of
the Jews.
Consuls op
Rome.
113.2
427
10 Alex-
ander.
Hegemon,
Clin.
Chremes,
Hales.
44 Cleome-
nes.
24 Jaddus.
L. Cornelius
Lentulus.
Q. Publilius
Philo.
326
325
3
4
428
429
11
12
Chremes,
Clin.
Anticles,
Hales.
Anticles,
Clin.
Sosicles,
Hales.
45
46
25
C. Psetilius
Libo II.
L. Papirius
Mugilla-
nus.
L.FuriusCa-
millus II.
D. Junius
Brutus.
324
114.1
430
Micinas.
13 -
Hegesias.
47
1 Onias I.
L. Papirius
Cursor,
Diet.
L. Papirius
Crassus,
Eq. Mag.
323
2
431
1 Phi-
lip 1 1 1.
or Ari-
daeus.
Cephiso-
dorus.
48 - -
2
C. Sulpicius
Longus II.
Q. Aulius
Cerretanus.
322
3
432
2
Philocles.
49
3
Q. Fabius
Maximus.
L. Fulvius
Curvus.
321
4
433
3
Archippas
Clin.
Apollodo-
rus,
Hales.
50
4
T. Veturius
CalvinusII.
Sp. Postu-
mius Albi-
uus.
320
115.1
434
Damasias.
4
Neaech-
mus.
51
5
L. Papirius
Cursor II.
Q. Publilius
Philo III.
319
2
435
5
Apollodo-
rus.
52
6
|
L. Papirius
Cursor III.
Q. Aulus
C^erretanus
II.
!
327 TO 319 B.C.
m
Repe-
tition
Dates.
Events and Eminent Men.
326
324
319
Marriage of Alexander to Roxana ; he invades India and defeats Porus ; his soldiers
refuse to proceed further. Ships are built to descend the Hydaspes and Indus,
and facilitate the return of the army ; comedies are represented in his camp to
put the troops in good humour. The Romans besiege Palseopolis and Neapolis,
which brings on the second Samnite war.
Descent of Alexander to the mouth of the Indus, and march thence overland to
Carmania. Voyage of Nearchus. Oration of Demades in defence of his twelve
years' administration at Athens. Apollodorus of Gela, com. poet, fl. Palseopolis
and Neapolis betrayed into the hands of the proconsul, P-ublilius.
Alexander, after passing through Gedrosia, reaches Susiana, where Nearchus joins
him. Winter-war with the Cosseei. Death of Hephsestion. Flight of Harpalus
from Babylon, with large treasures, which he conveys to Athens. Demetrius
Phalai'eus begins to interfere in Athenian politics. * Q. Fabius, master of the
horse, gains a victory over the Samnites, in the absence of the dictator, Papirius
Cursor, and contrary to his orders, for which he is threatened with capital
punishment.
Return of Alexander to Babylon. He issues a proclamation, allowing all exiles
from Greek cities to return to their homes ; he builds cities, plants colonies, and
promotes intermarriages between Greeks and Persians. Embassies from Rome
and many Italian States, seek to conciliate him. Dinarchus accuses many emi-
nent Athenians of receiving bribes from Harpalus, and they are ridiculed by
Timocles, in his comedies. Among others, Demosthenes is fined fifty talents ;
not being able to pay, he retires, first to Troezen, then to iEgina.
Death of Alexander, 21 April, (May or June, Clin.) set. 33 ; his principal generals en-
deavour to obtain, each for himself, aportion of his empire. Ptolemy first secures
Egypt, and establishes his dynasty firmly there. Philip Aridaeus, half-brother
of Alexander, succeeds him on the throne of Macedon, with Perdiccas as regent.
Demosthenes returns to Athens, and rouses the Greek States to recover their
freedom ; under Leosthenes they overpower Antipater, who takes refuge in
Lamia, whence this is called the Lamian War. Death of Diogenes, at Corinth,
eat. 90, and of Lycurgus, the orator. Epicurus, set. 18, comes to Athens. The
Samnites sue for peace, but reject the terms on which it is offered by the Romans.
The body of Alexander is entombed in Alexandria. Craterus, with troops from
Asia, relieves Antipaten The Athenians, totally defeated at Cranon, admit a
Macedonian garrison into Munychia, and surrender their orators. Demosthenes
poisons himself in the island or Calauria, near Troezen. Hyperides and others
are cruelly put to death. Antipater transplants 3,000 of the citizens of Athens
into Thrace, and subdues iEtolia. Aristotle retires to Chalcis and dies there,
set. 63 ; he is succeeded by Theophrastus. The victories of Fabius, now consul,
bring the Samnites into great difficulties ; their leader, Papius Brutulus, whom
the Romans require to be given up to them, kills himself.
Perdiccas is defeated and slain in Egypt, where he had attacked Ptolemy. Anti-
pater takes his place as regent in Macedon. Craterus, making war on Eumenes
and Antigonus, loses his life in Asia Minor. Seleucus is appointed governor of
Babylon. Menander's first comedy. The Roman consuls and army, surrounded
by the Samnites under C. Pontius at Caudium, are saved by a treaty, which the
senate afterwards breaks.
Ptolemy conquers Cyrene, Lybia, and Phoenicia. Antigonus defeats Eumenes, and
extends his dominions in Asia Minor. The Romans make gi-eat efforts to retrieve
their late disgrace ; C. Pontius generously gives up the hostages, whom the
Roman breach of faith had left in his power.
Eumenes is besieged by Antigonus in Nora. The Indian Provinces, which Alex-
ander conquered, are incited by Sandrocottus to expel the Macedonians, and re-
gain their freedom.
78
FROM THE YEAB
B.C. Olym.
A.U.C.
Olym-
pic
Mace-
Egypt.
Asia.
ABCHO.NS
OF
AgIDjE of
Laoed^;-
Consuls 0*
Rome.
Victors
DON'.
Athens.
MON.
318 |ll5.3
436
6 Phi-
6 Ptole-
1 Anti-
Archip-
53Cleo-
L. Plautius
1
lip III.
my So-
ter.
gonus.
pus.
menes.
Venno.
M. Fossius
Flaccina-
tor.
317
4
437
7
7
2
Demoge-
nes.
54 ■
Q. ^Emilius
Barb u la.
C. Junius
Bubulcus.
316
116.1
438
Demos-
thenes.
1 Cas-
sauder.
8
3 -
Democli-
des.
55 ■
Sp. Nautius
Rutilus.
M. Popilius
Laeuas.
315
2
439
2
9 — -
1
Praxibu-
lus.
56
L. Papirius
Cursor IV.
Q. Publilius
Philo IV.
314
3
440
3
10
5
Nicodo-
rus.
57
M. Paetilius
Libo.
C. Sulpicius
Longus
IV.
313
4
441
4
11
6
Theo-
phras-
tus.
58
L. Papirius
Cursor V.
C. Junius
Bubulcus
II.
312
117.1
442
Parme-
no.
5
12
7
Polemon.
59
M. Valerius
Maximus.
P. Decius
Mus.
311
2
443
6
13
8
Simoni-
60
C. Junius
des.
Bubulcus
III.
Q. iEmilius
Barbulall.
II
318 TO 311 B.C.
79
Repe-
tition
Dates.
318
316
315
314
313
312
811
High
Priests of
the Jews.
7 Onias I.
10
14
Events and Eminent Men.
Death of Antipater, set. 80. Polysperchon succeeds him as Regent
of Macedon, and frustrates the attempts of Nicanor in Attica.
Eumenes escapes from Nora. The orator Demades put to death at
the instigation of Cassander, Antipater's son. Antigonus esta-
blishes his authority in Asia Minor. Mithridates of Pontus
supports Eumenes. A truce between the Romans and Samnites.
Phocion, set. 85, put to death by the Athenians, and with him the
orators Hegemon and Pythocles. An oligarchical government esta-
blished at Athens, with Demetrius Phalareus at its head. Olym-
pias, the widow of Philip, endeavours to acquire the sovereignty
of Macedon, by murdering Philip Aridseus. Agathocles obtains
absolute power at Syracuse, and makes war on the Carthaginians.
Census at Athens : citizens at full age, 21,000 ; total population of
Attica 527,000,— viz., 127,000 free, and 400,000 slaves.^
Antigonus sustains a defeat while pursuing Eumenes in the moun-
tainous country, but continues his hostilities. Cassander besieges
Olympias in Pydna, and takes upon himself the government of
Macedon. A decree, introduced by Sophocles, and defended by
Demochares, the nephew of Demosthenes, forbids the lectures of
the philosophers at Athens, on which they leave the city. War
renewed between the Romans and Samnites ; the former besiege
Saticula, and the latter capture Sora.
Eumenes is finally overcome and slain. Pydna is taken by Cassan-
der, and Olympias put to death ; he rebuilds Thebes. The obnox-
ious decree at Athens is repealed, and the philosophers return.
Death of Xenocrates, set. 82 ; Polemo occupies his place. Deme-
trius Phalareus befriends Theodoras, the disciple of Aristippus,
Annicerris, another teacher of the Cyrenean school, fl. Selencus,
driven from Babylon by Antigonus, takes refuge in Egypt. Defeat
of the Romans, under the dictator Fabius, at Lautulse.
Death of iEschines at Samos, set. 75. Antigonus, at Tyre, declares
war against Cassander. The Romans defeat the Samnites,
Tyre surrenders to Antigonus,— but Ptolemy begins war against him,
and conquers Cyprus. The Romans take Fregellae and other towns
from the Samnites.
The army of Antigonus, under his son Demetrius Poliorcetes, de-
feated at Gaza by Ptolemy and Seleucus ; the latter regains pos-
session of Babylon, and founds his kingdom. The jEra of the
Seleucidee begins. Ptolemy conquers Juda3a, and transplants many
thousand Jews to Alexandria and Cyrene, where their industry
is encouraged and their religion protected. Appius Claudius, the
blind, while censor, introduces many changes at Rome, — constructs
the Via Appia, the first aqueduct, and a canal through the
Pontine marshes.
A temporary peace concluded among the competitors for power in Asia.
Greece is declared to be free, and Ptolemy resigns Phoenicia to An-
tigonus. Cassander puts to death Roxana, the widow of Alexander
the Great, and her young son, Alexander vEgas. The consul Bu-
bulcus penetrates into Samnium, where he is surrounded and cuts
his way through with great courage and loss of men ; he builds a
temple to Salus,_ for a painting in which C. Fabius receives the
surname of " Pictor."
80
FROM THE YEAK
B.C.
Oltm.
117.3
I 309
306
305
304
119.1
446
448
449
450
Olympic Mace
Victors.
7 Cas-
sander
Andro-
menes.
Andro-
menes
Egypt.
14 Ptole-
my So-
ter.
16
9 Anti-
genus.
IS
120
Syria.
3 Seleu-
cus Ni-
cator.
Archons
of
Athens.
AgIDjE OF
Laced^emon
Hieromne- 61 Cleome-
mon.
Demetrius
Phalareus.
Charinus.
Anaxicra-
tes.
1 Areus I.
14
Coroebus. 4
8 Euxenip- 5
I pus.
Phereeles. 6
$10 TO 304 B.C.
81
High
Pbiests of
the Jews.
Consuls of Kojste
Events and Eminent Men.
15 Onias I.
16
17
18
Q. Fabius Rullia
nus II.
C. Martius Rutilus
L. Papirius Cursor
II. Diet.
Junius Bubulcus,
P. Decius Mus. II
Q. Fabius Maximus
III.
App. Claudius Cse-
■ cus.
L. Volumnius
Flamma.
Q. Martius Treniu
lus.
P. Cornelius Ar-
L. Postumius Me-
gellus.
Tib. Minucius Au-
gurinus.
P. Sempronius So-
phus.
P. Sulpicius Seve-
Agathocles, defeated by the Carthaginians at
Himera, passes over to Africa, and carries the
war into their own country. Epicurus teaches
at Mitylene and Lampsacus. The Etruscans
take up arms in favour of the Samnites. Civil
war in the little kingdom of Bosporus ; Satyrus
II., king for a few months, falls in battle. An
eclipse of the sun, Aug. 15.
Hercules, a natural son of Alexander, is proclaimed
by Polysperchon, king of Macedon, and mur-
dered by Cassander. The Romans victorious
over both the Samnites and the Etruscans. Pry-
tanis attempts to seize the kingdom of Bosporus,
and is slain by Eumelus, who secures the
throne. Cleomenes, after a long and tranquil
reign, is succeeded at Sparta by his grandson,
Areus.
Fabius compels the Etruscans to make peace;
then turns against the Samnites, whom he de-
feats at Allifse.
Demetrius Poliorcetes, son of Antigonus, arrives
with a fleet at Athens, expels Demetrius Pha-
lareus, and restores the democracy. Dinarchus
is banished, and a statue decreed to the memory
of the orator, Lycurgus. Stilpo, phil. fl. Aga-
thocles, unsuccessful in Africa, returns to Syra-
cuse. L. Antonius expelled from the Roman
senate by the censor, for irregularly divorcing
his wife.
Demetrius Poliorcetes gains a great naval victory
over Ptolemy, near Cyprus ; but Antigonus fails
in his attempt on Egypt. Epicurus comes to
Athens and teaches. Philochorus, hist. fl. Cn.
Flavius publishes his Calendar of Court-days,
and makes himself popular at Rome by other
services, for which he is elected Curule ^Edile.
Peace between the Carthaginians and Syra-
cusans.
The rebuilding of Thebes completed. War between
Seleucus and the Indian, Sandrocottus, ends in
a treaty of amity. Cn. Flavius having recon-
ciled all orders of the Roman State, erects a
temple of Concord The Samnites, after a vie- 1
tory near Tifernum, are totally routed by Pos- j
tumius at Bovianum ; their general, Statins
Gellius, made prisoner, and their country at the
mercy of the Komans.
Rhodes besieged by Demetrius Pol. After an
armistice, peace is concluded between Rome and
Samnium ; the territory and power of the former
are greatly extended. Eumelus is succeeded in
Bosporus by his son Spartacus III. Protogenes,
the Rhodian artist, fl.
G
82
TliO'Sl THE YEAE
B.C.
302
301
119.2
120.1
297
296 ,121.1
452
Olympic Mace-
Yictobs.
454
455
456
457
14 Cas-
sander
Pythago- i;
ras.
Pythago-
ras.
Egypt.
21Ptole-'16 Anti
my So-
ter.
10 Se-
gonus. j lencus
Nica-
1 tor.
Aechoxs agid^; OF
of Laced-e-
Athess. MON".
Leostra-
Nicocles.
7 Areas I.
1 Deme- 12
trins
Polior-
cetes. |
1 Anti-
pater &
Alex-
ander.
27
16
Calliar- 9
clius.
Begems- 10
cnus.
Euctemon. 11
ilneside- 12
mus.
Antipha- 13
tes.
303 TO 296 B.C.
83
High
Priests of CONSTOS OFRottE.
the Jews. '
Events and Eminent Men.
303
302
301
300
299
22 Onias I.
i3er. Cornelius Len-I Demetrius makes a peace, which secures the neu-
I tulus. trality of Rhodes, and sails to oppose Cassander
JL. Genucius Aven-| in Greece. Anaxippus, com. poet, fl. The Ro-
• tinensis. j mans annex to their territory that of the ^Equi
and Marsi, on liberal terras.
IM. Livius Denter. JAntigonus treacherously kills Mithridates Ctistes
M. ^Emilius Pau-
lus.
Q. Fabius Maxi- i
mus, Diet. II.
M. Valerius Cor-i
vus, Diet, II.
M. ^Emilius Pau-
lus, Eq. Mag.
1 Simon the
Just,
297
296
II. Valerius Cor-
vus V.
Q. Apuleius Pansa
M. Fulvius Pseti-
nus.
T. Manlius Torqua-
tus.
L. Cornelius Scipio.
Cn. Fulvius Centn
malus.
Q. Fabius Maxi
mus IV.
P. Decius Mus. III.
Ap. Claudius Cee-
cus II.
L. Volumnius
Flamma II,
of Pontus ; the other potentates coalesce asrainst
him. Cassander is unsuccessful against Deme-
trius, but Lysimachus, who had for some years
ruled in Thrace, leads an army into Asia ; Se-
leucus advances from the east ; and Ptolemy,
coming up from the south, subdues Syria, Phoe-
nicia and Palestine. Demochares is banished
from Athens. The priesthood at Rome opened
to the Plebes, by the Ogulnian law.
Demetrius is called into Asia to assist his father.
Battle of Ipsus in Phrygia. Antigonus totally
defeated and slain, set. 81 : the allied kings
I divide his dominions. Syria, with its depen-
j dencies, is allotted to Seleucus and becomes his
j seat of empire. Demetrius escapes. Hieronymus
of Cardia, one of the first Greek historians who
mention Rome.
ICommerce and learning are encouraged by Ptolemy
I in Egypt. Euclid, math. fi. at Alexandria. Se-
i leucus' Nicator builds Antioch for his residence,
j improves other cities, and consolidates his Syrian
I kingdom. Carthage rises in wealth and power.
The Romans commence their third war with the
! Samnites.
ISeleucus marries the daughter of Demetrius Pol.,
establishes him in Cilicia, and supplies him
with the means for expelling from Athens La-
chares, who had made himself master of the
city, under the protection of Cassander. Zeno
the stoic, Arcesilaus of the New Academy, and
Demetrius, com. poet, fi. Lachares is assassi-
nated in Boeotia. The Romans wage a war of
extermination in Samnium : the Samnites main-
tain themselves bravely in their mountain-holds.
Ptolemy adorns Alexandria with the Museum,
Serapaeum, and other edifices, begins the library,
and employs the architect Sostratus of Cnidus
to build the Pharos ; the high priest of the Jews
is encouraged by him to complete the canon of
the Old Testament. The Etrurians take th
Senones into their pay, and league with the
Samnites against Rome. The Chinese build
their great wall.
Gellius Egnatius, the Samnite general, leads hi-
army into Etruria to join his allies, while tht
Romans are ravaging Samnium.
Death of Cassander; his sons dispute the succes
si-m. Demetrius Phal., the former ruler of
Athens, takes the chair of philosophy at Alex
andria. Great efforts of the Romans to raise a
force equal to that of their adversaries. Archi
damus IV., one of the Proclidae, is defeated by
Demetrius Pol. The time of his accession is not
knawiL
84
FROM THE TEAB
1 i
B.C. Olym.
i.U. C.
Olympic
Victors.
M ACE-
BON.
Egypt.
Asia.
Syria.
Archons
OF
Athens.
Agidje of
IiACED-E-
MON.
295
L2L2
459
2 Anti-
pater &
Alex-
ander.
29 Ptole-
my So-
ter.
7Deme-jl8 Se-
trius i leucus
Polior- Nica-
cetes. tor.
Nicostra-
tus.
15 Areus I.
1
294
3
460
1 Deme-
trius
Polior-
ce tes.
30
8
i
19
Olympio-
dorus.
16
293
4
461
2
31
9
20
Philippus,
Hales.
17
i
292
122.1
462
Antigo-
nus.
3
32
10
21
Philippus,
Clin.
!
» - |
291
290
2
3
463
464
4
5
33
34
11
12
22
23
The regis-
ter of Ar-
chons be-
gins to be
very im-
perfect.
19
20
289
4
465
6
35
13
24
21 — -
2S8
123.1
466
Antigo-
nus.
7
36
14
25
22 —
287
2
467
1 Lysi-
machus
37
15
26
Philippus,
Hales.
23
286
3
468
2
38
27
24
285
4
469
3
39
1 Ptole
my Phi
ladel-
phus.
28 —
25 — -
295 TO 285 B.C.
85
Itepe-
tition
Dates
295
HrGH
Priests of Consuls of "Rome,
the Jews.
6 Simon the
Just.
1 Eleazar.
5 - -
L. Postumius Me-
gellus II.
M. Atilius Regulus,
L. Papirius Cursor,
Sp. Carvilius Max-
imus.
Q. Fabius Gurges
D. Junius Brutus
Events and Eminent Men.
Q. Fabius Maxi- The sons of Cassander invite the support of Lysi
mus V. machus, Pyrrhus of Epirus and Demetrius Pol,
P. Decius Mus. IV. The Romans gain a decisive victory at Sentinum;
the consul Decius, like his father, devotes him-
self to death. Gellius Egnatius is slain.
By violence or treachery, the sons of Cassander are
killed, and Demetrius Pol. makes himself king
of Macedon. The Samnites still continue to
struggle for independence. There is a difference
of two years between Cato and Varro in their
chronologies of Rome at this period. Seleucus
Nicator gives Upper Asia to his son Antiochus.
Many Samnite towns so destroyed by the Romans,
that their sites are unknown ; part of the spoil
is framed into a brazen colossus, in front of the
capitol. The census at Rome, 272,308 citizens,
The first sun-dial at Rome, is placed by the
consul Papirius on the temple of Quirinus,
After an exile of fifteen years, the orator Dinar-
chus returns to Athens. The Samnites defeat
Fabius Gurges ; his father, the veteran Fabius,
takes a reinforcement to him, and gains a de-
cisive victory, which brings the war to an end ;
he has a triumph on his return to Rome, but on
the close of the ceremony, C. Pontius, who had
so generously spared his captives at Caudium,
is barbarously put to death.
Mithridates III. of Pontus extends his kingdom
over Cappadocia and Paphlagonia. Lysimachus
grows more powerful in Thrace and Pyrrhus in
Epirus. Death of Menander, set. 51.
The iEtolians having seized the mountain-passes
near Delphi, the Pythian Games are held at
Athens. The Sabines, who had prepared to
assist the Samnites, are subdued, and the do-
minion of Rome over central Italy assumes a
settled character.
Agathocles, aet. 72, is poisoned by Maenon, who is
expelled by Hicetas, and the Syracusans regain
their freedom. Posidippus, com. poet, fi.
Rhodes prospers in commerce and promotes the
fine arts. The Colossus is completed by its
native artists, Chares and Laches. The canal
from Lake Velinus cut by M. Curius.
Pyrrhus drives Demetrius Pol. from Macedon, and
in his turn is expelled by Lysimachus, who re-
mains king. Strato succeeds Theophrastus in
the Peripatetic school. Birth of Archimedes.
Crates, phil. academ. fl.
Demetrius Pol. attempting to oppose Seleucus
Nicator in Asia, is made a prisoner, and remains
in captivity for the rest of his life. The vast
efforts of Rome in the Samnite wars are followed
by great distress ; to relieve and appease the
| people, the Hortensian law is passed.
C. Claudius Caeni- Ptolemy Soter raises his son, Philadelphus, to be
na. I co-regent with him in Egypt. The length of the
M. jEmilius Lepi- solar year first accurately determined by Diony-
dus. i sius, in the Astronomical canon
L. Postumius Me-
gellus III.
C. Junius Bubul-
cus.
P. Cornelius Rufi
mis.
M. Curius Denta
tus.
M. Valerius Corvi-
nus.
Q. Caedicius Noctua
Q. Martius Tremu-
lus II.
P. Cornelius Arvi-
na II.
M. Claudius Mar-
cellus.
C. Nautius Rutilus.
Poti-
M. Valerius
tus.
C. ^Elius Paetus.
86
FROM THE TEAB
B.C.
Olym.
281
280
472
173
Philome-
lus.
125.1
Olttwic
Victors.
474 Ladas.
279
475
Mace-
don.
4Lysi- 40Ptole-
ma- my Soter
chus. 2 Ptole-
my Phi-
ladel-
phia.
29 Selen
cus
Nica-
tor.
Syria.
PERGi
MUS.
Epirus.
Agid^e op I
Laced^emoxJ
12 Pyr-
rhus.
lPhile-
taerus.
31
1 Pto-
lemy
Cerau-
nus.
1 Sos-
thenes.
1 Antio-
chus
Soter.
14
Areus I
i
_
J
284 TO 279 B.C.
87
Bepe,-
tition
Dates
2S3
2S1
High
Priests of
the Jews.
10
C. Servilius Tucca
L. Caecilius Metel-
lus.
P. Cornelius Dola-
bella.
Cn. Domitius Cal-
Consuls of Rome,
C. Fabricius Lusci-
nus.
Q. iEmilius Papus
L. ^Emilius Bar-
bula.
Q. Marcius Philip-
pus.
P. Valerius Lsevi-
nus.
Tib. Coruncanius.
P. Sulpicius Saver-
rio.
P. Decius Mus.
Events and Eminent Men.
A league of the iEtolians, to withstand the op-
pressions of Lysiiuachus. The Tarentines be-
come jealous of Rome, and secretly instigate the
hostilities of other States. Battle of Arretiuiu,
in which the consul Metellus is defeated and
slain by the Senones.
Death of Demetrius Pol. eet. 54, after three years'
captivity. Death of Ptolemy Soter, set. 84. Phila-
delphus, now sole monarch, completes the Pharos
and other public works begun by his father ;
the favour shewn by him to the Jews in Egypt
induces many others to settle there voluntarily,
and they prosper greatly; he directs the Greek
Septuagint version of their Scriptures to be
made ; he encourages learning, but banishes
Demetrius Phal. into Upper Egypt, where he
soon dies. Philetserus, lieutenant of Lysimachus,
erects an independent kingdom in Bithynia. So-
pater of Paphos, com. poet, fl. The consul Dola-
bella defeats and almost exterminates the
Senones ; he then gains a great victory, near the
Vadimonian Lake, over the Etruscans and their
Celtic allies.
The consul Fabricius saves Thurium from the Lu-
canians. The Tarentines attack a Roman fleet
and insult the ambassadors, who demand satis-
faction. Rome prepares for war, and the Taren-
tines engage Pyrrhus to assist them.
Lysimachus, at war with Seleucus Nicator, is
defeated and slain, at Cyropedium, in Phrygia.
Ptolemy Ceraunus, a son of Ptolemy Soter, makes
himself king of Macedon. Thurium taken by
the Lucanians. The Roman consul ^Emilius in-
vades the territory of Tarentum.
Seleucus Nicator is murdered by Ptol. Ceraunus;
the two divisions of the kingdom of Syria are
reunited by his son Antiochus. The Danubian
Celts (Galatae, mistaken by the Greeks for emi-
grants from Gaul) attack Macedon, and Ptol.
Ceraunus is slain in battle against them ; among
several competitors, his general, Sosthenes, ac-
quires the largest share of authority. Gorgias,
archon of Athens. A statue of Demosthenes is
raised by the Athenians. Death of Praxiteles
and birth of the Stoic, Chrysippus. The A-
chasan league revived. Pyrrhus in Italy, defeats
the consul Valerius Laevinus at Heraclea, and
offers to mediate between Rome and Tarentum.
Census of Rome, 278,222 citizens.
The Celtic invaders push forward into Greece.
Anaxicrates, archon of Athens. The pacific
overtures of Pyrrhus having been rejected^ he
advances on Rome, but unable to make any im-
pression, returns to Tarentum, followed by the
Romans, over whom he gaina an unprofitable
victory at Asculum.
88
FROM THE TEAK
B.C.
Oltm.
AUG
Olympic
Victors
Mace-
don.
Egypt.
Syria.
Perga-
MUS.
Epieus.
Agid^e of
Laced^emon
278
125.3
476
3 Sos-
thenes.
8 Ptolemy
Phila-
delphia.
3 Anti-
ochus
Soter.
6 Phile-
toerus.
18 Pyr-
rhus.
32 Areus I.
277
4
477
1 Anti-
gonus
Gona-
tas.
9
4
7
19
33
276
126.1
478
Idaeus or
Nicator.
2
10
5
8
20
34
275
2
479
3
11
6
9
21
35
274
3
480
4
12
7
10
22
36 •
273
4
481
5
13
8
11
23
37
I
272
127.1
482
Peri ge-
nes.
6
14
9
12
1 Alex-
ander
II.
Epirus
is little
knowu
from
this
time.
38
TO 272 B.C.
89
Repe-
tition
276
275
273
High
Priests op Consuls op Rome
the Jews
15 Eleazar,
19
C. Fabricius Lusci
nus II.
Q. -<Emilius Papus
II.
P. Cornelius Rufi-
nus II.
Cn. Junius Brutus
Bubulcus II.
Q. Fabius Curges
II.
C. Genucius Clep
sina.
M. Curius Denta
tus II.
L. Cornelius Len
tulus.
M. Curius Denta-
tus III.
Serv. Cornelius Me-
renda.
C. Fabius Dorso.
C. Claudius Csenina
II.
L. Papirius Cursor
II.
Sp. Carvilius Max-
imus II,
Events and Eminent Men.
Democles.archon of Athens. Slaughterous repulse
of the Celts in their attack on Delphi. Nico-
medes founds an independent kingdom in Bithy-
nia; in his contest with Antiochus, he employs
the descendants of the Cimmerii, who settled in
Asia Minor, 635 B.C. ; these are found to be
Galatee, and supposed to be " Gauls," who after
the attack on Delphi had passed into Asia;
their country has from this time the name of
Galatia, and they become formidable. The four
schools of Athens are headed by Strato, Zeno,
Epicurus and Arcesilaus. Alliance of Rome
and Carthage; Pyrrhus, unable to gain any
advantages over the consul Fabricius, passes
with his army into Sicily, leaving the small
States in Southern Italy at the mercy of the j
Romans.
The Galatee, on their retreat towards the Danube,
are defeated in Macedon by Sosthenes : but he
is slain in battle against them. Antigonus Go-
natas, son of Demetrius Pol., succeeds him as
king. Pyrrhus expels the Carthaginians from
most of their possessions in Sicily. The Romans
take Crotona and Locri, and subdue the Luca-
nians and Bruttians. Death of Metrodorus, phil,
epic. set. 53.
Other cities in Greece join the Achaean league
Berosus dedicates to Antiochus his History of
Chaldea. Pyrrhus lays siege to the strong
Carthaginian fortress of Lilybamm.
The Carthaginians send fresh troops to Sicily.
Pyrrhus raises the siege of Lilybaeum and re-
turns to Italy; he is totally defeated at Bene-
ventum by the consul Curius, who exhibits, in
his triumph, the first elephants ever seen at
Rome. Birth of Eratosthenes at Cyrene.
Hiero II. praetor of Syracuse. The poet Bion fi.
Pyrrhus, leaving a garrison in Tarentum, embarks
with the rest of his forces for Epirus. Birth of
the poet Euphorion, at Chalcis, afterwards libra-
rian to Antiochus the Great.
Ptolemy Philadelphus sends an embassy to congra-
tulate the Romans on their victories, and con-
tract an alliance with them. Pyrrhus seizes
Macedon. The Romans plant a colony at Posi-
donia, afterwards Psestum, and another at Cosa,
in Etruria.
Cleonymus fails in his attempt to supplant his
nephew, Areus, at Sparta; he is assisted by
Pyrrhus, who is slain while storming Argos.
Pyrrhus is succeeded by his sou, Alexander II.,
but Epirus ceases to be important. Antigonus
Gonatas regains Macedon. The Romans send a
friendly embassy to Egypt; Tarentum is be-
trayed into their hands by the Epirote, Milo ;
they complete the conquest of Samnium, and
make further progress in Southern Italy. The-
ocritus greatly esteemed by Ptolemy Phila-
delphus, but retires to Syracuse, where he com-
90
FROM THE YEAB
B.C.
Olym.
A.TJ.C.
OlAMPIC
Victors
Mage-
don.
Egypt.
Syria.
Perga-
MUS.
BlTHY-
NIA.
Agid^; op
LACEDjEMON.
271
127.2
483
7 Anti-
15 Ptole-
10 An-
13 Phi-
8 Nico-
39 Areus I.
gonus
my Phi-
tiochus
letaerus
medes
Gona-
ladel-
Soter.
I.
tas.
phia.
270
3
484
8
16
11
14
9
40
269
4
485
9
17
12
15
10
41
268
128.1
486
Seleu-
cus.
10
18
13
16 —
11
42
EudamidasTI.,
mentioned
by Plutarch
as one of the
267
2
487
11
19
14
17
12
Proclidse.
266
3
488
12
20
15
18
13
44
265
4
489
13
21
16
19
14
1 Acrotatus.
264
129.1
490
Phili-
nus.
14
22
17
20
15
1 Areus II.
263
2
491
15
23
18
lEu-
menes
I. '
16
2
271 TO 263 B.C.
91
Repe-
tition
Dates
High
Peiests of Consuls of Home
the Jews.
Events and Eminent Men.
22 Eleazar.
23
2G8
2(35
263
C. Quintius Clan
dius.
L. Genucius Clep
sina.
C. Genucius Clep-
sina II.
Cn. Cornelius Bla-
sio.
Q.OgulniusGallus
C. Fabius Pictor.
P. Sempronius So-
phus.
Ap. Claudius Ru
fus.
M. Atilius Regulus
L. Julius Libo.
Numerius Fabius
Pictor.
D. Junius Pera.
Q. Fabius Maxi-
mus Gurges III.
L. Mamilius Vitu-
lus.
Ap. Claudius Cau-
dex.
M. Fulvius Flac-
cus.
M. Valerius Maxi
mus Messalla.
M. Otacilius Cras-
sus.
poses his Idyls. The poets Aratus and Alexan-
der the iEtolian are patronized by Antigonus
Gonatas.
Pytharatus, archon at Athens. Severe punishment
of the mutinous Campanian legion, after having
held Rhegium ten years. The critic, Zenodotus
of Ephesus, fl.
Hiero is elected king of Syracuse. Death of Epi-
curus, set. 72, of Polemo, and of Strato : Herma-
chus succeeds the first of these philosophers, and
the chair of the last is filled by Lycon, set. 30.
The Picenians resist the Romans. The first silver
coinage at Rome. The Rhodian poet, Antagoras,
is favoured by Antigonus Gonatas.
Athens taken by Antigonus Gonatas. The Pice-
nians submit to the Romans, who establish a
line of fortresses, including Ariminum and Be-
ne ventum, and plant colonies in them. Manetho
writes his history of Egypt,
Salentum and Brundisium are added to the con-
quests of Rome. A short term of repose begins
■for Italy.
Alexander of Epirus attempts to gain possession
of Macedon, and is defeated by Antigonus Go-
natas. Philetaerus collects the library of Per-
gamus, and vies with Ptolemy Philadelphus
in promoting literature and the fine arts.
Areus of Lacedaemon is slain at Corinth, and suc-
ceeded by his son Acrotatus. The last effort of
the Vulsinians for freedom is crushed by Fabius.
Timaeus of Sicily, hist. fl. ; his work, which is
lost, came down to this point of time, where also
that of Dionysius Halicarnassus ends, and Poly-
bius begins. Census of Rome, 282,234 citizens.
The number of quaestors increased to eight.
Diognetus, archon of Athens. The record of the
Parian Marble ends. Acrotatus falls in battle
against Aristodemus of Megalopolis ; he is suc-
ceeded by his posthumous son, Areus II., with
Leonidas for regent. Magas, king of Cyrene,
though supported by Antiochus Soter, is un-
successful in a war against Egypt. Nicomedes
founds the city of Nicomedia. Ap. Claudius
conducts the first Roman army into Sicily, to
succour the Mamertines in Messana ; this ig
the commencement of the Punic wars. Gladiators
introduced at Rome by M. and D. Brutus.
Phileteerus at his death appoints his nephew, Eu-
menes, king of Pergamus ; the competition for
books between him and Ptolemy Philad. causes
the latter to prohibit the export of Papyrus from
Egypt, which leads to the invention and use of
parchment at Pergamus. Eumenes defeats An-
tiochus near Sardis, and adds iEolis to his
dominions. The Romans defeat the Carthagini-
ans and Hiero, and make themselves masters of
Messana, whence the consul Valerius takes the
surname of Messallus, which is perpetuated in.
his family ; he introduces at Rome a more perfect
92
FROM THE YEAE
j B.C.
|
Olym.
A. U. C.
■
Olympic
Victors.
Mace-
don.
Egypt.
Syria.
Perga-
MUS.
BlTHYNIA
Agiu^e of j
Laced^e-
MON.
I
262
129.3
492
16 Anti-
gonus
Gona-
tas.
24 Pto-
lemy
Phila-
del-
phia.
19 An*
tiochub
Soter.
2 Eu-
menes
I.
17 Nicor
medes.
1
j
3 Areus II.!
j
261
4
493
17
25
Un-
tiochus
Theus.
3 .
18
4 |
1
!
260
130.1
494
Philinus.
18
26
2
4
19
5 — j
259
2
495
|"
19 -—
27 —
3
5
20
!
258
3
496
20
28
4
6
21
7 1
i
257
4
497
21
29
5
7.
22
i
8 — '
256
131.1
498
Ammoni-
us.
22
30
6
8
23
1 Leonidas
II.
255
2
499
23
7
i
9
24
2
254
3
500
24
1 !
32 — 1 8 j
i
10
25
3
253
4
501
25
j
33 j 9
j
11
26
4
1
l
i
262 TO 253 B.C.
93
Repe-
tition
Dates.
262
257
254
253
High
Priests of
the Jews.
31 Eleazar.
Consuls of Rome.
L. Postumius Me
gellus.
Q. Mamilius Vitu
lus.
L. Valerius Flac-
cus.
T. Otacilius Cras
sus.
Cn. Com. Scipio
Asina.
C. Duilius.
L. Corn. Scipio.
C. Aquilius Florus.
A. Atilius Calatinus
Q. Sulpicius Pater
cuius.
C. Atilius Regulus
Cn. Cornelius Bla-
Bio II.
L. Manlius Vulso
Longus.
Q. Caedicius, and on
his death,
M. Atilius Regulus
II.
Ser. Fulvius Pseti-
nus Nobilior.
M, -<Eniilius Pau-
lus.
Cn. Corn. Scipio
Asina IE.
A. Atilius Calati-
nus II.
Cn. Servilius Cae-
pio.
C. Sempionius
Bleesus.
Events and Eminent Men
sun-dinl from Catana. Hiero makes peace with
the Romans, and becomes their faithful ally.
Alter having taught at Athens 58 years, Zeno
dies, set. 92. See Euseb. Dionysius Metathemenus
leaves the Stoics.
The Carthaginians are defeated by the Romans in
Sicily, and lose Agvigentum. Philemon, com.;
poet, ob. jet. 97. Timosthenes, one of Ptolemy's j
naval commanders, and afterwards a friend of)
Eratosthenes, writes on nautical geography.!
Pytheas of Marseilles and other navigators de- ■
scribe their voyages.
The Galatians of Asia Minor withstand the forces
of Syria, and Antiochus Soter is killed, fighting
against them.
Ships of war first built by the Romans ; the consul
Duilius gains the great naval victory off Mylee,
commemorated by the columna rostrata at Rome.
Lycophron of Chalcis, in Eubcea, author of the
Alexandra, fl. at Alexandria.
The consul Scipio carries off many captives and
rich spoil from Sardinia and Corsica, but makes
no permanent conquests. The island of Melita
(Malta) is taken by the Romans. Death of Zeno.
See Diog. Laert.
The consul Atilius, surrounded by the Carthagi-
nians in Sicily, escapes with difficulty. Erasis-
tratus, med. the grandson of Aristotle, fl.
A drawn battle between the fleets of Rome and
Carthage off Tyndaris, on the northern coast of
Sicily ; the Romans prepare larger ships to
strike a decisive blow. Hiero governs his little
kingdom of Syracuse in peace and security.
Total defeat of the Carthaginian fleet near Ecno-
mus ; the victorious consuls land in Africa. The
Carthaginians hire troops from Greece and give
the command to Xanthippus. Areus II. dying,,
while yet a child, the regent, Leonidas, becomes
king of Sparta Callimachus of Cyrene, the
poet, patronized by Ptolemy Philadelphia.
Regulus is defeated and made prisoner by Xanthip-
pus. The Romans fit out a large fleet, which gains
another victory, and brings off the remains of the
army from Africa, but on its return is nearly de-
stroyed by a storm. (The legend of the death of
Regulus considered to be " altogether a forgery,"
Nieb.) The States of the Achaean League elect
Marcus of Cerynea to be their Praetor.
The Romans in three months equip another fleet
of 220 ships and take Panormus (now Palermo).
The Syrian kingdom brought almost to a state of
dissolution by misgovernment. Revolt of Par-
thia and Eactria.
The Romans pass over again to Africa, and ravage
the maritime districts between Carthage and
Tripolis ; on their return nearly their whole
fleet is wrecked; discouraged by these disasters,
they resolve to abstain from naval warfare.
94
FROM riUS JTKAB
B.C.
Qlym.
A.U.C.
OlTmptc
TlCTOKS
-MaCE-
DOJJ,
Egypt.
Syria.
Peega-
MOS.
BlTHY-
NIA.
j AGIP.E OF
1 LACED.S-
MO\T,
252
251
132. 1
2
502
503
504
Xenopha-
nes.
The Olym-
pic Tic-
tors gra-
dually de-
cline in
import-
ance.
26 Anti-
gonus
Gona-
tas.
2S
34 Ptole-
mvPhi-
ladel-
pkos.
35
10 Anti-
ochus
Theus.
11
12 Ea-
menes
I.
13
14
27 Nioo-
medes.
1 Zielas
5 Leonidas
6
The acces-
sion and
deaths of
the kings
, ofLaeedse-
rnou not
correctly
known
from this
time.
i
Paethia.
250
3
36
12 —
1 Arsaces.
249
4
505
29 — —
37
13
15
3
2
248
133.1
506
30
3S
14
16
4
1 Tiridatee.
or Arsaces
II.
247
2
507
31
1 Ptol-
emy
Euer-
getes.
15
17
0
J
246
3
508
32
2
1 Selen-
eus Cal-
linicus.
IS
6
i
i
245
4
509
33
3
2
19 ,
'
i _ !
244
i34.1
510
|
34
4
3
CO
S
5 !
1
!
i
!
252 TO 244 B.C.
95
Repe-
tition
Dates.
252
251
Htgh
Priests of
the Jews.
Consuls of
Rome.
Events and Eminent Men.
9 Manasses
10
250
13
C. Aurelius
Cotta.
P. Servilius
Geminus.
L. Caecilius
Metellus.
C. Furius Pa-
cilus.
C. Atilius Re-
gulus II.
L. Manlius
Vulso II.
P. Claudius
Pulcher.
L. Junius Pul
Lna.
C. Aurelius
Cotta II.
P. Servilius
Geminus II.
L. Caecilius
Metellus II.
N. Fabius
Buteo.
M. Otacilius
Crassus II.
M. Fabius Li-
cinus.
M. Fabius
Buteo.
C. Atilius Bui
bus.
A. Manlius
Torquatus
Atticus.
C. Sempronius
Blaesus II.
Tbe consul Aurelius gains some advantage over the
Carthaginians in Sicily, for which a triumph is
granted to him. Census of Rome, 297,797 citizens.
Birth of Philopoemen.
Sicyon, restored to freedom by Aratus, joins the A-
chsean league ; in this revolution he is assisted by
the philosophers Ecdemus and Demophanes, friends
of Arcesilaus, and afterwards of Philopoemen, cele-
brated for giving practical effect to the doctrines of
Plato's " Republic," which they are employed to in-
troduce into the constitution of Cyrene. The Romans
prosecute the war. Sosibius, gram, of Laconia, fa-
vourite and evil counsellor of Ptol. Philad.
Metellus, commanding in Sicily as proconsul, gains a
great victory over Hasdrubal, near Panormus; more
than 100 elephants form part of his triumphal pro-
cession. The Romans lay siege to Lilybaeum. Ar-
saces founds the dynasty of the Arsacidae in Parthia,
and Theodotus the kingdom of Bactria. Hierony-
mus Rhodius, epicur. phil. fl.
The consul Claudius defeated by Adherbal, in a naval
battle, off Drepanurn ; his colleague, with another
fleet conveying provisions to the army, is wrecked,
and the Romans save only two ships out of their
whole navy ; they again abandon the sea, and appoint
Calatinus dictator ; Junius collecting the men who
had escaped, surprizes and takes Eryx. Antiochus
repudiates Laodice and marries Berenice, daughter
of Ptolemy Philad. Heraclitus of Halicarnassus
and Philostephanus of Cyrene, poets and friends of
Callimachus, fl.
The Romans continue the sieges of Lilybaeum and
Drepanurn. The Carthaginians apply to Ptolemy
for a loan, which he refuses.
Hamilcar sent to Sicily by the Carthaginians, and by
his prudence begins to retrieve their affairs there ;
birth of his son, Hannibal. Death of Ptolemy Philad.
set. 64. Nymphis brings his History of Heraclea to
this year. Census of Rome, 251,222 citizens.
Hamilcar holds a strong position near Panormus, and
by his fleet ravages the coast of Italy. Antiochus
puts away Berenice, but is poisoned by Laodice, who
also murders her rival. War between Egypt and
Syria. Euphantus of Olynthus writes the history
of his own times.
Eryx is retaken by Hamilcar, on his return from a
foray in Bruttium. Aratus is appointed praetor of
the Achaean league. Great conquests of Ptolemy
Euergetes in Syria and Asia Minor.
Agis IV. (of the Proclidae) endeavours to revive the
laws of Lycurgus at Sparta, and deposes his colleague,
Leonidas II., in whose place, Cleombrotus (of the
Agidae line) is made king; these changes cause
violent commotions, which continue several years.
The Parthians occupy Hyrcania.
96
FBOM THE TEAR
B.C.
Olym
A U.C.
PONTUS.
Mace-
don.
Egypt.
Syeia.
Perga-
MUS.
BlTHY-
NIA.
ABSACID.ffiOB<
Paethia. !
1
243
134.2
511
24 Ario-
barzanes
III.
35 Anti
gonus
Gona-
tas.
5 Ptole-
my
Euer-
getes.
4 Seleu-
cusCal-
linicus.
21 Eu-
menes
I.
(
!
9 Zie-
las.
6 Tiridates,1
or Arsaces1
II. j
i
242
3
512
25
36
5
22
10
241
4
513
26
37
7
6
1 Atta-
lusl.
11
8 — -
240
135.1
514
1 Mithri-
dates IV.
38
8
7
2
12
9 - —
239
2
515
2
1 Deme-
trius II.
9
8
3 —
13
10
238
3
516
3
2
10
9
4
14
11
237
4
517
4
3
11
10
5
15
12
236
136.1
518
5
4
12
11
6
16.
13
235
2
519
6
o
13
12
7
L7
11 — *
i
243 TO 235 B.C.
97
tition
Dates,
213
241
239
23S
236
235
High
Pkiests of
the Jews.
18 Manasses
Consuls op
Home.
Events and Eminent Men.
C. Fundanius
Fundulus.
C. Sulpicius
Gallus.
C. Lutatius
Catulus.
A. Postumius
Albinus.
A. Manlius
Torquatus
Atticus II.
Q. Lutatius
Cerco.
C. Claudius
Centho.
M. Sempronius
Tuditanus.
C. Mamilius
Turinus.
Q. Valerius
Falto,
T. Sempronius
Gracchus.
P. Valerius
Falto.
L. Cornelius
Lentulus
Caudinus.
Q. Fulvius
Flaccus.
P. Cornelius
Lentulus
| Caudinus.
C. Licinius
Varus.
T. Manlius
Torquatus.
C. Atilius Bul-
bils II.
Corinth, set free by Aratus, joins the Achaean league ;
Megara and other States follow this example. Treaty
of alliance between Parthia and Bactria. Hamilcar
besieges the citadel of Eryx, still held by the Romans,
while he is besieged in the town by the consul Fun-
danius.
Civil war in Syria between Seleucus and his brother,
Antiochus Hierax; some of its western provinces
are taken by Eumenes, while Ptolemy Euergetes
extends his conquests in the east to Media and Ba-
bylon. The Romans prepare another fleet; they
create the office of Prcetor peregrinus, and appoint to
it Q. Valerius Falto.
War between the Achaeans and iEtolians ; Agis IV.
assists the former with a Lacedaemonian army. At-
talus, on succeeding his father Eumenes, is attacked
by the Galatians, whom he defeats. The consul Lu-
tatius Catulus gains a decisive victory (10th March)
near the JEgates, over the Carthaginian fleet, under
Hanno ; this leads to a peace, by which the Romans
obtain Sicily, and a tribute of 3,200 talents. Census
of Rome, 250,000 citizens. A revolt of the Falisci
quelled in six days. Death of Arcesilaus, who is
succeeded in the Middle Academy by Lacydes. Ly-
simachus, phil. and Neanthes of Cyzicus, hist. fl.
Leonidas II. returns to Sparta, deposes Cleombrotus,
and regains his power ; Agis IV. falls in the struggle,
and is succeeded by Eurydamidas. Livius Andro-
nicus produces his first drama at Rome. The Car-
thaginian mercenaries mutiny for their pay.
Death of Antigonus Gon. and accession of his, son,
Demetrius II. ; he attacks the iEtolians, whom the
Achaeans support against him. Birth of the Latin
poet, Ennius, at Rudise in Calabria.
Seleucus Callinicus makes war on the Parthians. The
Bo'ians and Ligurians, Celtic tribes in the north of
Italy, invade the Roman territory, and are defeated.
Hamilcar, after quelling the mutineers, is sent to
promote the interest of Carthage in Spain. Sardinia
and Corsica are given up to the Romans.
Hiero of Syracuse visits Rome. The Bo'ians and Ligu-
rians struggle vigorously to preserve their independ-
ence. Victorious progress of Ptolemy Euergetes as far
as the limits of Bactria ; he recovers and restores to
Egypt many trophies which the Persians had carried
away.
Cleomenes III. succeeds Leonidas II. at Sparta, and
endeavours to effect the reform which his father had
opposed. Seleucus Callin. defeated by the Parthians
and taken prisoner. The Transalpine Gauls (Celtse)
enter Italy to assist their brethren : the confederates
are repulsed. The poet Ister fl.
A revolt in Sardinia repressed. Rome, at peace with
all the world, closes the Temple of Janus, for the
first time since Numa ; Nsevius celebrates in an epic
poem, the Punic War, in which he had served.
98
FBOM THE TEAB
B.C.
Olym.
A. U.C.
PONTUS.
MACEDON.
Egypt.
Sybia.
Peega-
MU3.
BlTHY-
NIA.
Aesaciu^s
OF
Paethia.
234
136.3
520
7 Mitb-
rida-
tes IV.
6 Deme-
trius II.
14 Ptole-
my Eu-
ergetes
13Seleu-
cus Cal-
linicus.
8 Atta-
lus 1.
18 Zie-
lasl.
15 Tiridates
or Arsaces
II.
233
4
521
8
7
15
14
9
19
16
232
I
137.1
522
9
e-
16
15
10
20
17 — —
231
2
523
10
9 ■
17
16 —
11
21
18 —
230
3
524
11
10 —
18
17
12
22 —
19
229
4
525
12
1 Antigo-
nus Do-
son.
19
18
13
23 -—
20
228
138.1
526
13
2 ■
20
19
14
1 Pru-
sias I.
21 — —
227
2
527
14
3
21
20
15
2
22 -
226
3
528
15
4
22
1 Se-
leucus
Cerau-
nus.
16
3
23
225
4
529
16
5 *
23
2
, -
17
4
24 —
i
!
234 TO 225 B.C.
99
Repe-
tition
Dates
High
Priests op
the Jews. I
Consuls of
Home.
Events and Eminent Mkw.
27 Manasses.
1 Onias II.
223
225
L. Postumius
Albinus.
Sp. Carvilius
Maximus.
Q. Fabius Max
Verrucosus.
M. Pomponius
Matho.
M. ^Emilius
Lepidus.
M. Publicius
Malleolus.
M. Pomponius
Matho.
C- Papirius
Maso.
M. JEmilius
Barbula.
M. Junius Pe-
ra.
L. Postumius
I Albinus II.
Cn. Fulvius
Centumalus,
Sp. Carvilius
Max. II.
Q. Fabius Max
Verrucosus II
P. Valerius
Flaccus.
M. Atilius Re
gulus.
M. Valerius
Messalla.
L. Apustius
Fullo.
L. ^Emilius
Papus.
C. Atilius Re-
gulus.
Sardinia and Corsica repeat their efforts to shake off
the Roman yoke: and the Ligurians renew their
incursions. Birth of Cato the elder.
Hamilcar repairs the losses which the Carthaginians
had sustained, by extending their dominions in
Spain; the Romans begin to evince jealousy at his
progress.
The tribune C. Flaminius carries, against the senate
and the violent resistance of his father, a law, for di-
viding among the people the lands taken from the
Celtae in Picenum.
Final subjugation of Sardinia and Corsica. Divorce of
Sp. Carvilius, — (not the first known in Rome, — see
B.C. 307.)
The ambassadors sent by Rome to protest against the
piracies of the Illyrians, are murdered by Queen
Teuta ; this gives rise to the first Illyrian war ; the
Romans conquer the coastof Dalmatia and the Island
of Corcyra.
Archidamus V. (of the Proclidae) is reigning at Sparta.
Death of Demetrius II. ; during the minority of his
son, his brother, Antigonus Doson, rules Macedon; he
supports the Achaean league, and Athens joins it.
The Illyrians agree to the terms of peace prescribed
by the Romans. Death of Hamilcar ; his son-in-law,
Hasdrubal, takes his place in Spain, and founds
Carthago Nova (Carthagena).
The Romans send ambassadors to inform the Greeks
of the transactions which had repressed the Illyrian
piracies. The comic poets, Macho and Apollodorus
Carystius, fi.
Cleomenes III. and Aratus involve the Lacedaemo-
nians and the Achaean league iu war. Two addi-
tional praetors appointed by the Romans, one for
Sicily, the other for Sardinia and Corsica. Earthquake
at Rhodes : the Colossus thrown down.
Seleucus Callinicus dies in captivity ; his son, sur-
named Ceraunus, engages in an unsuccessful war
against Attalus, king of Pergamus. Cleomenes accom-
plishes his reforms at Sparta. The Carthaginians are
bound by a new treaty with the Romans, not to extend
their dominion in Spam, to the north of the Ebro.
Death of Lyconaet. 74, who is succeeded in the Ly-
ceum by Aristo of Ceos.
The Celtic tribes advance from the Alps and the Po,
in great force, against Rome. Near Clusium they
defeat the Romans ; in a second battle at Telamon,
the consul Regulus is slain, but his colleague, Mxai-
lius, gains a bloody victory, and compels the invaders
to flight ; Q. Fabius Pictor, the early historian, serves
in this war, and computes the armies collected by
the Romans from all Italy, at 800,000 fighting men;
contemporary with him, fl. another historian, L. Cin-
cius Alimentus. Ptolemy Euergetes extends his
empire in Ethiopia and on the western coast of Ara-
bia ; he inscribes his triumphs in Asia on the j
pedestal of a statue at Adulis (now Arkeeko), near ■
the southern extremity of the Red Sea.
h2
100
TEOM THE YEAB
B.C.
224
223
222
221
Olym.
139,1
220
140.1
219
218^
530
531
532
533
534
17 Mith-
ridates
IV.
18
Macedon
6 Antigo-
nus Do-
son.
535
3 , 536
19
20
22
Egypt
24 Pto-
lemy
Euer-
getes,
25
lPto-
lemv
Philo
pater.
1 Philip 3 4
V.
Syria.
3 Se-
leucus
Cerau
nus.
1 Anti-
ochu
Mag
nus.
Peega-
MUS.
18 Atta-
lusl.
BlTHY-
NIA.
5 Pru-
sias I.
AHSACTDffi
OF
Parthia.
25 Tiridates,
or Arsaces
II.
20
24
27
2S
10
224 TO 218 B.C.
101
Ecpe-
iition
Dates.
High
Pkiests of
the Jews.
Consuls
Rome.
Events and Eminent Men.
10 Onias II.
223
222
220
219
218
1 Simon II
T. Manlius
Torquatus II,
Q. Fnlvius
Flaccus II.
C. Flaminius
Nepos.
F. Furius Phi-
lus.
Cn. Corn. Sci-
pio Calvus.
M. Claudius
Marcellus.
P. Corn. Scipio
Asina.
M. Minucius
Rufus.
L. Veturius
Philo.
G. Lutatius
Catulus.
M. Livius i
linator.
L. YEmilius
Paulus.
P. Cornelius
Scipio.
Ti. Sempro-
nius Longus,
Cleomenes III. puts to death his colleague, Archida-
mus V., the last of the Proclidse ; his sons are set
aside, and a stranger, named Lycurgus, made king,
of whom little more is known. The Boians submit
to the Romans.
Flaminius leads the legions for the first time across
the Po, and defeats the Insubres ; he supports a law,
limiting the tonnage of ships belonging to senators.
The Achseans call upon Antigonus Do^on to arrest
the progress of Cleomenes. A ssassination of Seleucus
Ceraunus and accession of his brother, Antiochus
III., sumamed " the Great." Eratosthenes, librarian
at Alexandria,
Death of Ptolemy Euergetes, who leaves Egypt pow-
erful and prosperous. Battle of Sellasia; Cleomenes
totally defeated, retires to Egypt. Victory of Mar:
cellus at Clastidium ; he gains the spolia opima, by
killing with his own hand the Insubrian chieftain,
Viridomar. The Germans mentioned for the first
time in the Capitoline record of this battle — (if not
corrupted, Niebuhr). The poet Rhianus fl.
The Veneti submit to Rome, and the Istrians are con-
quered. Placentia and Cremona founded, and Muti
num (Modena) fortified. Hannibal, aet. 26, on the
death of Hasdrubal, takes the command in Spain
Euthydemus succeeds Theodotus II. on the throne
of Bactria. Timoxenus is praetor of the Achseans,
and Ariston of the iEtoliaus. Archimedes fl. aet. 66.
Euphorion, librarian at Antioch.
Northern Italy, to the foot of the Alps, subject to Rome.
C. Flaminius, while censor, constructs the Via Fla-
minia, from Rome, to Ariminum, and builds the
Circus Flaminius. The Libertini are classed in four
tribes. Census of Rome, 270,213 citizens. Hannibal
secretly prepares for war. The Achseans defeated
by the iEtolians at Caphyae. The Social war begins,
tfca-tk of-AJltlgOims Doson; his nephew, Philip V.,
eet. 15, becomes king of MstcedoTi. The Rhodians
are assisted by Prusias, king of Bithynia, in their
war against the Byzantines, who attempt to exclude
them from the Euxine. Ptolemy Philopater corrupt
and profligate, under the evil influence of Sosibius
the Younger. Phylarchus, hist. fl.
Hannibal takes Saguntum, and prepares, during the
winter, to proceed to Italy. Demetrius, the Illyrian,
breaks the treaty with Rome, and renews his pira-
cies ; conquered by the two consuls, he takes refuge in
Macedon. Cleomenes dies in Egypt; his grandson,
Agesipolis III., the last of the Agidae, is killed by
Lycurgus, who remains sole king of Lacedaemon.
Birth of Pacuvius. Archagathus, first Roman Med.
March of Hannibal ; he crosses the Alps, and in the
autumn reaches the valley of the Po. The consul
Scipio defeated and wounded near the Ticinus ; his
colleague defeated in the battle of the Trebia. The
Celtic tribes prepare to revolt. The Latin historian,
Cincius, is among the prisoners taken by Hannibal.
Philip V. invades ^Etolia.- Antiochus, in his Var
against Ptolemy Philopater, conquers Palestine and
the neighbouring countries.
102
FROM THE YEAE
B.C.
Olym.
A.TJ.C.
PONTUS.
Macedon.
Egypt.
!
SYETA.
Peega-
MXJS.
BlTHY-
NIA.
ARSACIDjE i
OP
Faethia.
217
140.4
537
24 Mith-
ridates
IV.
4 Philip
V.
6 Pto-
lemy
Philo-
pater.
7 Anti-
ochus
Mag-
nus.
25 Atta-
lus I.
12 Pru-
sias I.
32 Tiridates
or Arsaces
II.
216
141.1
538
25
5
7
8
26
13
1
33 - j
215
2
539
26
6
8
9 —
27
14
34
214
3
540
27
7
9
to- —
28
15
35
213
4
541
28
8
10
n —
29
16
36
212
142.1
542
29
9
11
12
30
17
37
211
2
543
30
10
12
13
31
18
1 Artaba-
nus I., or
Arsaces |
III. |
210
3
544
31
11
13
14
32
19
2
209
4
545
32
12 —
14
15
33
20 ■
|
s — 1
1
217 TO 209 B.C.
.03
Repe- I
tition |
Pates.
215
213
212
211
High
Priests of
the Jews.
3 Simon II
Consuls of
Rome.
Cn. Servilius
Geminus.
C. Flaminius
Nepos II.
C. Teientius
Varro.
L. yErailius
Paullus II.
Ti. Sempro-
nius Grac-
chus.
Qn. Fabius
Maximus
Verrucosus
III.
Qu. Fabius
Max. Verr.
IV.
M. Claudius
Marcellus
III.
Qu. Fabius
Max. V err. V
T>'b. Sempro-
nius Grac-
chus II.
,Qu. Fulvius
j Flaccus III.
Ap. Claudius
Pulcher.
Cn. Fulvius
Centumalus.
P. Sulpicius
Galba.
M. Valerius
Lsevinus.
M. Claudius
Marcellus
IV.
Qu. Fabius
Max.Verr.VI
Qu. Fulvius
Flaccus IV.
Events a.nd Eminent Men.
Hannibal passes through the rnaTsnes of the Arno into
Etruria, and gains the victory of Thrasyniene, Avhere
the consul Flaminius is slain. A Roman army is sent
into Spain under the Scipios. Fabius appointed dic-
tator. General pacification of Greece. Aratus the
Elder is again praetor of the Achaeans. Ptolemy j
Philopater defeats Antiochus at Raphia, and re- 1
covers Palestine, Phoenicia and Ccelosyria.
Hannibal possesses the greater part of Southern Italy.
Battle of Cannae, Aug. 2nd. The consul elect, L.
Postumius, defeated and slain in Gaul. The Scipios
gain advantages over llasdrubal in Spain. Fabius
Pictor is sent to consult the oracle of Delphi. Han-
nibal passes the winter at Capua. Hiero of Syracuse
dies, after a reign of nfty- three years, and is suc-
ceeded by his grandson, Illeronymus. Achanis rebels
in Lydia against Antiochus. Prusias signally defeats
the Galatae.
Philip V. forms an alliance with Hannibal ; his am-
bassadors, on their way to Capua, are taken by the
Romans ; Fabius avoids fighting. Hannibal inactive,
and winters in Apulia. The Scipios gain another vic-
tory over llasdrubal in Spain. Great efforts of Rome
to raise and train another army. Most of the Italian
States fall off. Attains assists Antiochus against
Achacus. Evander succeeds Lacydes as president of
the academy.
Fabius keeps Hannibal in check. Marcellus is sent
into Sicily and besieges Syracuse, which had declared
against Rome. Hieronymus is murdered by conspi-
rators. Sardis taken by Antiochus, and the rebellicn
quelled.
Tarentnm is betrayed into the hands of Hannibal ; the
citadel is still held by the Romans ; they gradually
regain Campania ; Philip V. commences war against
them ; he causes the death of Aratus by poison,
which alienates from him many Greek States. Birth
of Carneades at Cyrene.
Syracuse taken by Marcellus. Death of Archimedes,
aet. 75. The Scipios defeated and killed in Spain.
Antiochus attacks the Parthians and Bactrians.
Capua retaken by the Romans. Hannibal marches to
the gates of Rome; returns into Apulia. P. Corn.
Scipio (afterwards Africanus) offers, aet. 24, to lead
an army into Spain, and is sent there. Alliance of
Rome with the iEtolians.
Cn. Fulvius defeated by Hannibal near Herdonia.
The conquest of Agrigentum by Laevinus places the
whole of Sicily again in subjection to Rome. Scipio,
victorious in Spain, takes Carthago Nova. Philopos-
men begins to distinguish himself in the Achaean
league. Antiochus fully recognizes the independence
of Parthia. Machanidas governs the Lacedaemonians.
Tarentum recovered by Fabius ; his last feat of arms,
llasdrubal in Gaul, on his march to Italy. Scipio
advances in Spain, and the Carthaginians retire
before him towards the Atlantic.
104
EROM THE TEAS
1
B.C. Olym.
A.TJ.C.
PONTUS.
Mace-
don.
Egypt.
Syria.
Ferga-
MUS.
BlTHYNIA.
ArsacidjE
OF
Parthia.
208
143.1
546
33 Mith-
ridates
IV.
13Philip
V.
15 Pto-
lemy
Pliilo-
pater.
16 Anti-
ochus
Mag-
nus.
34 Atta-
lusl.
21 Prusias
I,
4 Artaba-
nus I., or
Arsaces
III.
207
2
547
34
14
16
17
35
22
5 — -
206
3
548
35
15
17
18
36
23
6
| 205
4
549
36
16
1 Pto-
lemy
Epi-
phanes
19
37
24
7
204
144.1
550
37
17
2
20
38
25 ■
8
1
1 203
2
551
38
18
3
21
39
26
9 ——
202
3
552
39
19
4
22
40
27
10
201
4
553
,40
I
20
5
23
41
28
11
200
145.1
554
41
21
6
24
42
29
12
199
2
555
4.2
22
7
25
1
43
30
13 :
'20S TO 199 B.C.
105
Repe-
tition
Dates,
208
207
202
200
High
Priests of
the Jews.
12 Simon II.
16
IS
19
20
Consuls
Rome.
M. Claudius
Marcellus V.
Tib. Quinctius
Crispinus.
C. Claudius
Nero.
M. Livius Sa-
li na tor II.
Qu. Csecilius
Metellus.
L. Veturius
Philo.
P. Cornelius
Scipio.
P. Licinius
Crassus
Dives.
iM. Cornelius
I Cethegus.
P. Sempronius
Tuditanus.
Cn. Servilius
Csepio.
Cn. Servilius
Geminus.
Tib. Claudius
Nero.
M. Servilius
Geminus.
Cn. Cornelius
Lentulus.
P. MVm& Pa>
tus.
P. Sulp. Galba
Max. II.
C. Aurelius
Cotta.
L. Corn. Lentu-
lus.
P.VilliusTap
pulus.
Events and Eminent Men.
Hannibal draws tbe consular army into an ambuscade ;
Marcellus is killed in the battle, and Crispinus dies
soon afterwards of his wounds. Sulpicius conducts a
Roman fleet to co-operate with the iEtolians and
Attalus against the Achseans and Macedonians. A
Carthaginian fleet is defeated by Lsevinus.
Hasdrubal, after having crossed the Alps, advances
into Italy ; he is met by a Roman army at the Me-
taurus, where he is totally routed and slain. Scipio
reaches Gades (Cadiz); the Carthaginians are entirely
driven out of Spain. Death of the Stoic, Chrysippus.
Scipio goes to Africa, to negociate an alliance with
Syphax, king of Numidia. Hannibal maintains
himself in Bruttium, neither he nor the Romans
daring to hazard a battle. Nabis rules in Sparta.
Menander, king of Bactria, extends his dominions in
India and the East.
Scipio returns to Rome and is elected consul, though
under age ; he proceeds to Sicily, with authority to
prepare an expedition against Carthage. Death of
Ptolemy Philopater, leaving a successor only five
years of age, and a kingdom weakened by misrule ;
Antiochus and Philip seek to dismember it by war.
Sotion of Alexandria, crit. fi.
Scipio lands in Africa ; defeats the Carthaginians and
Numidians : Syphax is made prisoner and sent to
Rome ; a large part of his territories is given to
Masinissa. Peace between the Romans and Mace-
donians and all their allies. The poet Ennius is
found by Cato in Sardinia, and brought by him to
Rome. Census of Rome, 214,000 citizens.
Hannibal, recalled from Italy, arrives at Carthage.
Death of Fabius Maximus at an advanced age,
having been sixty-two years augur. Hermippus of
Smyrna writes the lives of many philosophers.
Fruitless negociations for peace between the Cartha-
ginians and Romans. Hannibal totally defeated by
Scipio, at Zama. The attempt of Nabis on Messene
is frustrated by Philopoemen. The Egyptians ap-
ply to Rome for assistance.
Peace concluded by Scipio with Carthage ; his return
and triumph. Philopoemen, Praetor of the Achseans.
Athens, attacked by Philip V., seeks aid from Rome.
Philip conquers many provinces in Asia ; but is de-
feated in a naval action off Chios, by the Rhodians
and Attalus, as allies of Egypt. Silenus, Sosilus,
andMenodotus hist. fl. Death of the poet Nasvius,
at Utica.
The Romans commence their second war
Philip, who leaves Asia to defend Macedon. Atta-
lus visits Athens. Aristophanes of Byzantium,
gram. fl.
Sulpicius and, after him, Villius, are unable to force
the mountain passes from Epirus into Macedon.
Polemo Periegetes, fl.
106
FTIOM THE TEAR
B.C.
197
196
195
194
192
43 Mith
ridates
IV.
564
Mackdcot.
23 Philip
V.
24
SPtole
my E-
pipha-
46
48
49
1 Phar-
naces 1
27
14 32
I
Perga-
oclms
Mag-
nus.
lus I.
1 Ea-
rn enes
II.
BnrHV-
NIA.
31 Pru-
sias I.
ARSaOIDjK
OF
Parthia.
14 Artaba-
nus I., or
An, aces
III.
35
37
1 Priapa-
tius, or Ar
saces IV.
198 TO 190 B.C.
107
197
196
195
194
193
192
High
Priests of
the Jews.
22 Simon II.
CONSULS OF
Rome.
T. Quinctius
Flaminius.
Sex. ZElius
Partus Catus
24
1 Onias III.
C. Cornelius
Cethegus.
Qu. Minucius
Rufus.
L. Furius Pur-
pureo.
M. Claudius
Marcellus.
M. Porcius
Cato.
L. Valerius
Flaccus.
P. Corn. Scipio
Africanus II.
Tib. Sempro-
nius Longus.
L. Cornelius
Merula.
Qu. Minucius
Thermus.
L. Quinctius
Flaminius.
Cu. Domitius
Ahenobarbus
Mai. Acilius
G-labrio.
P. Corn. Scipio
Nasica.
L. Corn. Scipio.
C. Lselius.
Events and Eminent Men.
Flaminius takes the command ; drives Philip from the
defile of Antigonia, and enters Thessaly. He takes
Elatea and Thebes and detaches the Achajans from
Philip. Antiochus defeats Scopas and the iEtolian
allies of Egypt at Panium, and conquers Coelosyria
and Palestine. The historians Zeno and Antisthenes
n\, and relate these events.
Victory of Flaminius and his iEtolian allies at Cynos-
cephalce. Philip submits to the peace dictated by
Rome. The revolted Celts of Northern Italy
defeated by the two consuls, but not subdued. Two
additional Praetors appointed for Spain, where the
dominion of Rome is still resisted in many parts.
Ptolemy Epiphanes is crowned at Memphis. Death
of Attalus ; his son, Eumenes II., maintains his al-
liance with Rome. The poet Alcaeus of Messenia
celebrates the events in Greece.
Flaminius proclaims, at the Isthmian Games, the de-
cree of the Roman Senate, for the freedom of Greece.
Hannibal withdraws from Carthage to Syria An-
tiochus seizes the Thracian Chersonesus. Confer-
ence at Lysimachia. Hamilcar, a Carthaginian from
Spain, disciplines the Celtic forces in Italy. Ascle-
piades of Myrlea, in Bithynia, fl.
Cato pi'oceeds, as consul, to regulate the affairs of
Spain. The command of Flaminius in Greece is
prolonged; he compels Nabis to submit, and sets
Argos free to rejoin the Achaean League. Hannibal
makes vain efforts to reform the Syrian army, and
to instruct Antiochus in a prudent plan for war
against Rome. Ptolemy of Megalopolis is the
Egyptian governor of Cyprus. Birth of Terence.
Flaminius returns to Rome. Bloody conflicts with
the Celts; no decisive results. Scipio unpopular
for giving the senators separate benches in the Cir-
cus. Death of Eratosthenes ; Apollonius Rhodius
is appointed Librarian at Alexandria.
Ptolemy Epiphanes marries Cleopatra, daughter of
Antiochus ; Coelosyria and Palestine are restored to
Egypt. The Romans and Antiochus prepare for
war ; the former make an alliance with Philip of
Macedon, and the latter with the iEtolians.
Antiochus enters Greece and wastes his time in idle
revelling at Chalcis. The Romans send the praetor
Atilius, with Ti. Qu. Flaminius and other ambassa-
dors into Greece. Philopoemen defeats Nabis, who
is killed by the iEtolians ; Lacedaemon joins the
Achaean league.
The consul Acilius and legate Flaminius defeat An-
tiochus at Thermopylae. The Syrian navy is de-
stroyed by the combined fleets of the Romans and
Eumenes. Antiochus returns into Phrygia. Scipio
Nasica subdues the Boians.
It. Scipio takes the command in Greece, with his bro-
ther Africanus as his lieutenant. He grants a truce
of six months to the JEtolians and passes into Asia,
where he gains a decisive victory over Antiochus at
Magnesia, near Mount Sipylus, and receives the
surname of Asiaticus. The historian Cincius writes
I " De Re Militari." An eclipse of the sun. July 11th. |
108
FEOM THE TEAE
BC.
Olym.
A. U. C,
PoNTTTS.
Macedon
189
147.4
565
2 Phar-
nacesl.
32 Philip
V.
188
148.1
566
3
33
187
2
567
4
34
186
3
568
5
35
185
4
569
6
36
184
149.1
570
7
37
183
2
571
8
38
182
3
572
9
39
181
4
573
10
40
180
150. 1
574
_ — .
11
i
41
17Ptole-
my Epi-
phanes.
18
Perga-
35 Anti-9 Eume-
ochns nes II.
Magnus.)
BlTHY-
NIA.
Arsacid^;
op Parthja.
40 Prusi- 8Priapatius
as I. or Arsaces
IV.
J10 |41
20
1 Seleu-11
cus Phi-j
lopator.
2 112
24
1 Ptole-
my Phi-
lometor.
45
46 —
16 !47
4S
IS
1 Prusi-
asll.
1 Phraates
I., or Ar-
saces V.
189 TO 180 B.C.
109
High
Priests of
the Jews.
Consuls of
Rome.
Events and Eminent Men.
7 Onias III
188
I 186
185
184
183
182
181
180
Cn. Manlius
Vulso.
M. Fulvius
Nobilior.
C. Livius
Salinator.
M. Valerius
Messala.
M. iEmilius
Lepidus.
C. Flaniinius.
Sp. Postumius
I Albinus.
Qu. Marcius
Philippus.
Ap. Claudius
Pulcher.
M. Sempronius
Tuditanus.
P. Claudius
Pulcher.
L. Porcius Li-
j cinus.
Qu. Fabius La-
beo.
M. Claudius
Marcellus.
L. iEmilius
Paullus.
Cn. Bjebius
Tamphilus.
P. Cornelius
Cethegus.
M. Baebius
Tamphilus.
A Postumius
Albinus.
C. Calpurnius
Piso.
The Consul Fulvius compels the jEtolians to make
peace ; they give up Ambracia and the island of Ce-
phalonia, and pay a tribute. Manlius conquers the
Galatae of Asia Minor, subsidiaries of Antiochus.
The Romans give them the name of Gallo-graeci,
and invent the fable of their migration from Gaul.
Philopoemon, Achaean praetor, forces the Lacedaemo-
nians to adopt the laws of the League and abrogate
those of Lycurgus. Ennius, the poet, is with Ful-
vius in Greece. Census of Rome, 258,318 citizens.
Peace between the Romans and Antiochus, by which
he resigns to them all Asia Minor from the Taurus
to the ^Egean sea. The Greek cities are declared
free, and Eumenes receives a large addition of terri-l
tory. Caria and Lycia are given to the Rhodian.-. j
Altercations between the Lacedaemonians and A
chaeans ; they send ambassadors to Rome ; among
those of the former, is Lycortas, the father of Poly
bius. The Scipios accused of peculation in Asia
Africanus retires in disgust to Liturnum.
Hannibal, to avoid being given up to the Romans,
takes refuge with Prusias in Bithynia. Death of
Antiochus. Achaean embassy to Ptolemy, who re
news his alliance with the league.
The Bacchanalian orgies interdicted by the senate, in
Rome and all Italy. Athletic combats introduced
by Fulvius. The consul Marcius worsted by the
Ligurians.
Mission of Csecilius to check the growing power of
Philip of Macedon. Hegesinus, the successor of
Evander in the chair of the Academy.
The Ligurian is the only war in which the Romans are
now engaged ; it is maintained against them very
obstinately. Cato, as censor, endeavours to repr
the growing luxefty of Rome. Philip sends his son
Demetrius, to plead his cause before the senate
Death of Plautus. Prusias makes war on Eumenes,
and gives the command to Hannibal.
Philopoemen, made prisoner by the Messenians, is put
to death by them, set. 69. Hannibal, whom the Ro-
mans require Prusias to give up to them, poisons
himself, set. 64. Scipio dies in retirement, set. 52.
Pharnaces of Pontus takes Sinope. Aristonymus
succeeds Apollonius Rhodius, as librarian at Alex-
andria.
The Via Emilia constructed from Ariminum to Pla-
centia. Lycortas, Achaean praetor, subdues Messenia,
and brings back Lacedaemon into the league. His
son, Polybius, bears the ashes of Philopoemen to
Megalopolis. Meander, poet, fi.
Philip of Macedon puts his son Demetrius to death.
Polybius is sent by the Achaeans as ambassador to
Egypt. Rome arbitrates between contending states.
Ambassadors from Pontus, Cappadocia, Lacedsemon,
and the Achaeans are heard before the senate.
Many thousand Ligurians, with their families, are
transferred to Samnium, and lands allotted to them
for cultivation.
110
FEOM THE YEAH
B.d.
Olym.
A.U.C.
PONTtfS.
Mace-
don.
Egypt.
Syria.
Perga-
MUS.
BlTHY-
NIA.
Arsactd^
OF
Parthia.
179
1
150.2
575
12 Phar-
naces I.
1 Per-
seus.
3 Ptole-
my Phi-
lome-
tor.
9 Seleu-
cus
Philo-
pator.
19 Eume-
nes II.
2 Pru-
sias II.
3 Phraates
I., or Ar-
saces V.
178
3
576
13 -
2
4
10
20
3
4
|«
4
577
14
3
5
11
21
4 '
5
1 176
151.1
578
15
6
12
22
5
6
175
174
2
3
579
580
16 — -
17
5
6
7
8
1 Anti-
ochus
Epi-
phanes.
2
23
24
6
1 Mithrida-
tes I., or ;
Arsaces <
VI.
173
4
581
18
7
9
3
25
8
2
172
152.1
582
i
19
8
10
4
26
9
.3
171
2
583
20
9
11
5
27
10
4
170
3
584
21
10
12
..6
2S
11
5 —
169
i
4
585
1
22
11
Subject
to Rome.
13
7
29
12 >
6
:
179 TO 169 B.C.
Ill
Repe-
tition
Dates.
179
170
20
1 Jason.
High
Priests of
the Jews.
17 Onias III.
18
Consuls op
Rome.
1 Menelaus,
L. Manlius A-
cidinus Ful-
vianus.
Qu. Fulvius
Flaccus.
M. Junius Bru-
tus.
A. Manlius
Vulso.
C. Claudius
Pulcher.
Tib. Semproni-
us Gracchus,
Cn. Corn. Sci-
pio Hispalus.
Qu. Petilius
Spurinus.
P. Mucius
Scaevola.
M. iEmilius
Lepidus.
Sp. Postumius
Albinus
Paullus.
Qu. Mucius
Scaevola.
M. Popilius
Laenas.
L. Postumius
Albinus.
C. Popilius
Laenas.
P. JElius Li
gus.
P. Licinius
Crassus.
C.CassiusLon
ginus.
A. Hostilius
Mancinus.
A. Atilius Ser-
ranus.
Qu. Marcius
PhilippusII
Cn. Servilius
Csepio.
Evekts and Eminent Men.
Death of Philip V., set. 60. His son Perseus nego- 1
ciates secretly with other states against Rome. The I
Celtiberians and Lusitanians lay down their arms, i
Census of Rome, 273,294 citizens The comedies of
Csecilius acted at Rome.
The Consuls sent to conduct the war in Istria; they|
winter at Aquileia.
Istria subdued. A revolt in Sardinia suppressed. A
colony settled at Lucca. The Achteans contract anj
alliance with Rome. Thessaly relapses under thej
Macedonian influence. ,
The consul Scipio dies, and C. Valerius Livvinus takes
his place for the rest of the year. His colleague Pe-i
tilius is slain in battle against the Ligurians. The |
Orchian and other sumptuary laws fail to repress j
the luxury of the Romans.
Seleucus Philopator assassinated. Disgraceful strug-
gles for the high-priesthood of Jerusalem. Antio-
chus sells it to Jason, the brother of Onias, who is
deposed.
Masinissa, after many encroachments, seizes the Car-
thaginian province of Tyssa, with fifty cities ; Ro-
man ambassadors sent to settle the dispute. Others
deputed to ascertain the intentions of Perseus.
Mithridates VI. of the Arsacidse begins his reign
and prepares the elevation of Parthia to great
power. Census of Rome, 269,015 citizens.
The Roman ambassadors return, Perseus having re-
fused to receive them. Death of Cleopatra, who, in
the name of her young son, had been regent of Egypt.
Eulaeus and Lenaeus, who succeed to the administra-
tion of affairs, make war on Antiochus, and are de-
feated near the lake Sirbonis, between Pelusium and
Mount Casius.
The Ligurians are subdued and Northern Italy filled
with Roman colonies. Eumenes honourably re-
ceived at Rome ; on his way back he is attacked by
assassins near Delphi. Preparations made for war
against Perseus. The Boeotian confederacy dis-
solved. Menelaus, another brother, supplants Jason
in the High-priesthood of Jerusalem.
Commencement of the third Macedonian war. Per-
seus gains some advantages over Licinius and makes
offers of peace, which are rejected. Antiochus in-
vades Egypt and takes Memphis.
Hostilius, who takes the command in Macedon, makes
no progress ; the Roman fleet ravages the sea-coast.
Perseus negociates with Antiochus, Prusias, and
many Greek states to form a coalition against
Rome; even Eumenes begins to treat with him.
Ptolemy Physcon is associated with his brother, as
joint king of Egypt.
The manoeuvres of Marcius Philippus drive Perseus
from his strong position in Tempe. Antiochus lays
siege to Alexandria ; the Egyptians apply to Rome
for aid. Polybius commands the Achaean cavalry,
and goes on an embassy to the Consul Marcius.
112
FROM THE TEAB
B.C.
Olyit.
A.U.C.
PONTUS.
Numi-
DTA.
Egypt.
Syria.
Pe-rga-
MUS.
BlTHY-
NIA.
AEgacroa: !
OF
Paethia.
168
153.1
586
23 Phar-
naces I.
36 Masi-
nissa.
14 Ptole-
my Phi-
lome-
tor.
8 Anti-
ochus
Epi-
phanes.
30 Eume-
nes II,
13 Prusi-
asll.
7 Mithrida-
tes I., or
Arsaces
VI.
167
2
587
24
37
15 —
9
31
14
s
166
3
588
25
38
16
10 — -
32
15
9
165
4
589
26
39
17 |ll
33
16 ■
10 — .
164
454. 1
590
27
40
18 ! 1 Anti-
1 ochus
| Eupa-
tor.
34
17
11
163
2
591
28
41
19
2
35
18
12
162
3
592
29
42
20
1 De-
metrius
Soter.
36
19
13
161
4
593
30
43
21
2,
37
20
14
160
155.1
594
31
44
22
3
38
21
15
168 TO 1G0 B.C.
113
Eepe-
tiiion
Dates.
168
167
165
164
162
161
High
Peiests of
the Jews.
6 Menelaus,
10
1 Judas
Maccabaeus,
Consuls of
Rome.
Events and Eminent Men.
L. iEmilius
Paullus II.
C. Licinius
Crassus.
Qu. ^Elius PiB-
tus.
M. Junius
Pennus.
C. Sulpicius
Gallus.
M. Claudius
Marcellus.
T. Manlius
Torquatus.
Cn. Octavius.
Aul. Manlius
Torquatus.
Qu. Cassius
Longinus.
Tib. Semp.
Gracchus II
M. Juventius
Thalna.
P. Corn. Scipio
Nasica.
C. Marcius Fi-
gulus.
M. Valerius
Messala.
C. Fannius
Strabo.
L. Anicius Gal-
lus.
M. Corn. Ce-
thegus.
Oration of Cato. aet.65, in favour of the Voconian law.
Death of the poet Ennius, set. 70 ; he is laid in the
tomb of the Scipios in the Appian Way. Census of
Rome, 312,085 citizens.
Battle of Pydna, June 22d. Perseus totally defeated
by JEmilius Paullus ; himself and his family be-
come prisoners, and his kingdom a Roman province.
Gentius, the Illyrian prince, who had taken up arms
to support him, is overcome in thirty days'. Antio-
chus, awed by the Roman ambassador, Popillius,
and the fate of Perseus, evacuates Egypt and re-
stores Pelusium and Cyprus. In his retreat he
plunders Jerusalem and despoils the Temple. Cseci-
lius, com. poet, ob. An eclipse of the moon, June
21st, predicted by C. S. Gallus.
Paullus TEmilius and ten commissioners organize the
provincial government of Macedon and Ulyria. On
his return to Rome, his triumph, the most splen-
did yet seen, lasts three days. A thousand of
the principal Achseans are taken to Rome ; among
them is Polybius, who finds there valuable patrons
and friends. The states, which are suspected of
having favoured Perseus, humbly implore the lenity
of the senate.
The Jews under Mattathias and his son Judas Macca-
baeus, resist by force the oppressions of Antiochus,
Terence produces his first play, " Andria."
Lysias, the Syrian general, defeated by the Jews. The
" Hecyra " of Terence.
Antiochus Epiphanes, at his death, leaves his son Eu
pator, only nine years old, under the guardianship
of Lysias. A large part of his kingdom is con-
quered by the Parthians. The two brothers, who
reign in Egypt, refer their disputes to the Romans,
who divide the kingdom between them, giving Cv-
rene, Libya, and Cyprus to Physcon, and Egypt
Proper to Philometor. Census of Rome, 327,022 ci-
tizens.
Demetrius, son of Seleucus Philopator, whom his fa-
ther had sent to Rome, as an hostage, asserts his
claim to the throne of Syria, but is detained in cap-
tivity. The " Heautontimoroumenos " (Self-tormen-
tor) of Terence is brought out.
The Consuls, improperly elected, resign, and are re-
placed by P. Corn. Lentulus and Cn. Domitius
Ahenobarbus. Aided by Polybius, Demetrius. effects
his escape ; he makes himself king of Syria, and
murders Eupator with his guardian, Lysias. Hip-
parchus observes the autumnal equinox, Sept. 27th.
A decree of the Senate prohibits the teaching of phi-
losophy and rhetoric at Rome. The " Eunuchus "
and " Phormio" of Terence ; the former acted twice
on the first day.
The Jews are protected by the Romans. Judas Mao
cabams falls in a battle against Bacchides. Death
of vEmilius Paullus, set. 69, at whose funeral games
Terence's play of the " Adelphi" Is first exhibited.
Satyru.s, phil. peripat. fl.
1 14
FROM THE YEAB
! B.C.
Olym.
A.ILC,
PoTtTUS.
Numi-
DIA.
Egypt, i Sybia.
Peroa-
Mtnj.
BlTHYTTIA.
AttSACID.fi:
OF
Paethia.
159
155.2
595
32 Phar-
naces
L
45 Masi-
nissa.
29 Ptole-
my Phi-
lometor.
4 Deme-
trius
Soter.
lAtta-
lus II.
22 Prusias
II.
16 Mithrida-
tes I., or
Arsaces
VI.
158
3
506
33
1
46
24
5
2
23
17
157
i
4
597
34
47
25 —
6
3
24
18
!
i 156
156.1
598
1 Mith-
ridates
V.
48
26
7
4
25
19
155
o
599
2 —
49 ■
27
8
5
26
20
154
3
600
3
50
28
9
6
27
21 —
153
4
601
4
51
29
10
7
28 —
22
152
157.1
602
5
52
30
*l
8
29
23
151
2
603
6
53
31
12
e —
80
24
150
i
1
8
604
7
1
54
82 — -
1 Ales-
Mider
Bala.
10 —
81
25
159 TO 150 B.C.
115
Repe-
tition
Dates,
159
158
156
155
High
Priests of
the Jews.
153
152
151
150
1 Jonathan
II.
Consuls of
Rome.
Cn. Cornelius
Dolabella.
M. Fulvius
Nobilior.
M. ^Emilius
Lepidus.
C. Popillius
Lamas.
Sex. Julius Cae-
sar.
L. Aurelius
Orestes.
L.Corn.Lentu-
lus Lupus.
C. Marcius Fi-
gulus II.
P. Com. Scipio
Nasica II.
M. Claudius
Marcellus II.
Events and Eminent Men.
Scipio Nasica, censor ; he introduces the clepsydra, or
water-clock, at Rome. Census, 338,314 citizens.
Eumenes, reconciled to Rome, at his death leaves
the kingdom of Pergamus, powerful and flourishing,
to his brother Attalus. Death of Terence, set, 35.
The autumnal equinox observed by Hipparchus,
Sept. 27th, this year and the next.
The Roman citizens are almost entirely relieved from
direct taxation, by the permanent revenue derived
from Macedon and their other conquests. Deme-
trius Soter expels Ariarathes V. from Cappadociat
and raises the pretender, Holophernes, to the throne.
Ariarathes, at Rome, obtains the support of the senate,
and regains his kingdom.
Qu. Opimius.
L. Postumius
Albinus.
Qu. Fulvius
Nobilior.
T. Annius Lus-
cus.
M. Claudius
Marcellus III
L. Valerius
Flaccus.
L. Licinius Lu-
cullus.
A. Postumiui
Albinus.
T. Quinctius
Flamininus.
M. Acilius
Balbus.
Roman war in Dalmatia. Attalus supported by the
Romans in his war with Prusias. Aristarchus, the
critic, educates the son of Ptolemy Philometor.
The consul Scipio tenninates successfully the Dalma-
tian war. The philosophers, Carueades, Diogenes,
and Critolaus, are sent as ambassadors from Athens
to Rome, and obtain remission of a fine, that had been
imposed. They also restore the study of philoso-
phy. Another embassy, at the same time, from the
Achseans, fails to obtain permission for the surviving
exiles to return to their country.
The Romans for the first time carry their arms beyond the
Alps, to assist the Massilians in their struggle with
some Gallic tribes. War between the two Ptolemys ;
Physcon is taken prisoner by his brother, released, and
his dominions restored to him. Callistratus and the
poet, Moschus, fl. Pacuvius, the nephew of Ennius,
distinguished for his paintings and tragedies.
The time of inaugurating the consuls is altered to
the 1st of January, on account of the war in Spain.
Fulvius conducts this unsuccessfully. Cato, set. 81
pleads, himself, in a suit which he had instituted.
Rebellion of Alexander Bala in Syria.
Marcellus repairs the misfortunes of Fulvius, and
winters at Cordova. Alexander Bala establishes
himself at Ptolemais, is recognised by Rome, and
supported by Jonathan, the brother of Judas Mac-
cabseus. The Carthaginians, resisting the encroach-
ments of Masinissa, are totally defeated by him.
Lucullus, by his cruelty, exasperates the Celtiberians.
The prsetor Galba is defeated by the Lusitanians.
The Spanish war unpopular at Rome. P. Corn. [
Scipio offers to undertake it. Another application i
in favour of the Achaean exiles, is supported by him, 1
and the survivors (about 300) allowed to return, j
Polybius, among them, revisits his country. The '
consul Albinus writes history in Greek.
Galba is publicly impeached by Cato, for his slaugh-
ter of the Lusitanians, but acquitted. Viriatbus,
who escaped the massacre, becomes a deadly foe of
the Romans. Demetrius Soter defeated and slain
by Alexander Bala, who becomes king of Syria ;
i 2
116
FEOM THE YEAB
B.C.
149
Olym.
157.4
PONTUS.
605
148
158.1
607
145
144
159.1
610
8 Mith-
ridates
V.
Numi-
DIA.
1 Mi-
cipsa.
Egypt.
33 Pto-
lemy
Philo-
metor.
Sybia.
2 Alex
ander
Bala.
1 Pto-
lemy
Phys-
1 Deme-
trius
Nica-
tor.
6 3
Peroa-
MUS.
11 Atta-
lus II.
BlTHYNTA
1 Nico-
medes II
12
13
15
16
Aesacid-e
op
Pabthia.
26 Mithrida,
tes I., or
Arsaces
VI.
29
30
81
149 TO 144 B.C.
117
Repe-
tition
Dates.
149
148
147
146
145
144
High
Priests of
the Jews.
Consuls of
Rome.
4 Jonathan
II.
L. Marcius
Censorinus
M. Manilius.
EVENTS AHD EMIKENT MEN.
Sp. Postumius
Albinus
Magnus.
L. Calpurnius
Piso Caeso-
P. Corn. Scipio
Africanus
iEmilianus.
C. Livius Dru-
sus.
Cn. Corn. Len-
tulus.
L. Mummius.
Qu. Fabius
Max. iEmi-
lianus.
L. Hostilius
Mancinus.
Ser. Sulpicius
Galba.
L. Aurelius
Cotta.
Ptol. Philometor gives him his daughter in mar-
riage. The conflicting claims of the temples of
Jerusalem and Mount Gerizim are referred to Phi
lometor ; his decision in favour of the former, makes
the Jewish religion more familiarly known in Egypt.
Cato, set. 84, concludes his " Origines."
The Romans begin the third Punic war, by sending a
large fleet and army to Africa. At first the Cartha-
ginians submit to the hard conditions imposed on
them, but at last are driven to a desperate resist-
ance ; the siege of their city is commenced. Death
of Masinissa, 83 1. 90. Nicomedes II. acquires the
kingdom of Bithynia by murdering his father.
The Achaeans endeavour to renew their league, and
appoint Diseus, one of the returned exiles, their
praetor. The consul Manilius calls Polybius back
to Rome. Andriscus, called Pseudo-philippus, pre-
tends to be a son of Perseus, and lays claim to Ma-
cedon. Death of Cato, set. 85. The first Roman
law against bribery at elections ; its author, L.
Calpurnius Piso, also writes annals, &c.
Calpurnius Piso continues the siege of Carthage, but
without vigour. Andriscus, after having defeated
and slain the praetor, P. Juventins, is overcome,
made prisoner, and put to death by Metellus. The
quarrels of the Lacedaemonians and Achaeans afford
a pretext for Roman interference. Heraclides Lem-
bus, hist. fl. Birth of the poet Lucilius.
Scipio takes the command in Africa, and closely invests
Carthage by sea and land. The Achaeans retire to
Corinth before Metellus, who wishes to treat Greece
mildly. The autumnal equinox observed by Hip-
parchus, Sept. 26. Census of Rome, 322,000 citizens.
Fall and destruction of Carthage, Mummius has the
command in Greece; he defeats Diaeus and the
Achaeans at Leucopetra, takes Corinth and destroys
it. The treasures of Grecian art are conveyed to
Rome. Alexander Bala is slain in battle near An-
tioch, against Demetrius Nicator, who becomes king
of Syria. Ptolemy Philometor, who had brought an
army to support Demetrius, falls in the same battle,
and his brother Physcon becomes king of all Egypt.
Polybius is with Scipio at the taking of Carthage,
and afterwards with Mummius at Corinth. The
historian Fannius is also in the Roman army at
Carthage. Cassius Hemina writes his history.
Hipparchus observes the vernal equinox, March
23rd, and the autumnal, Sept. 27th.
Viriathus, originally a shepherd, becomes general of
the Lusitanians, and conquers all the west of Spain.
The praetor, Vetilius, is taken prisoner by him, and
Plautius defeated. The Consul, Fabius, proceeds
against him with a large army. Apollodorus, chro-
nolog. fl.
The senate, not able to decide which of the consuls
should go into Spain, send Scipio iEmilianus to con-
duct the war. Antipater of Tarsus, the Stoic, suc-
ceeds Diogenes, and writes against Carneades.
118
PEOM THE TEAS
| !
B.C.
!
Olym.
A.U.C.
PONTUS.
Numi-
DIA.
Egypt.
Syria.
Perga-
MUS.
BlTHYNIA.
ARSACIDjE
OF
Parthia.
143
159.2
611
14 Mith-
ridates
V.
7 Mi-
cipsa.
4 Pto-
lemy
Pliy-
scon.
4 Deme-
trius
Nica-
tor.
17 Atta-
lus II.
7 Nicome-
des II.
32 Mithrida-
tes I., or
Arsaces
VI.
142
3
612
15
8
5 ■
5
18
8
33
141
4
613
16
9
6
6
19
9
34
140
160.1
614
17
10
7
7
20
10
35
139
2
615
18
11
8
8
21
11
1 Fhraates
II., or Ar-
saces VII.
138
3
616
19
12
9
9
1 Atta-
lus III.
12
2
137
4
617
20
13
10
1 Anti-
ochus
Sidetes
2
13
3
136
161.1
618
21
14
11
2
3
14
4
135
2
619
22
15
i
12
3
4
15
5
143 TO 135 B.C.
119
Repe-
tition
Dates.
142
140
High
Priests of
the Jews.
Consuls of
Rome.
1 Simon III
13S
137
136
135
1 John Hyr-
canus.
Ap. Claudius
Pulcher.
Q. Csecilius
Metellus Ma-
cedonicus.
L. Ctecilius
Metellus
Calvus.
Qu. Fabius
Max. Servi-
lianus.
Cn. Servilius
Caepio.
Qu. Pompeius
Rufus.
C. Lselius Sa-
piens.
Qu. Servilius
Csepio.
Cn.Calpurnius
Piso.
M. Popillius
Lsenas.
P. Corn. Scipio
Nasica.
D. Junius Bru
tus.
M. JEmilius
Lepidus Por-
cina.
C. Hostilius
Mancinus.
P. Furius Phi-
lus.
Sex. Atilius
Serranus.
Ser. Fulvius
Flaccus.
Qu. Calpurnius
Piso.
Events and Eminent Men.
The Salassi, a wild Alpine tribe, in what is now the
valley of Aosta, are with great difficulty overcome
by Ap. Claudius. His colleague, Metellus, is occu-
pied in Spain. Another Pseudo-Philip in Macedon,
is crushed by the Quaestor, Tremellius. Scipio Afric.
ambassador to Egypt, is received with great honour
by Ptol. Physcon. He is accompanied by Pansetius,
the Stoic. Diodotus Trypho claims Syria for Anti-
ochus, son of Alexander Bala. Jonathan Macca-
bseus is betrayed by him and put to death Autum-
nal equinox observed by Hipparehus, Sept. 26th.
Metellus acts against theCeltiberi, and Fabius against
Viriathus, but both ineffectually. The former, at the
close of the campaign, weakens his army by dismiss-
ing many to their homes, when he finds that he is to
be succeeded by his personal, enemy, Qu. Pompeius.
The historian, Fannius, son-in-law of Laslius, serves
in Spain. Census of Rome, 328,442 citizens.
Fabius, pro-consul, makes peace with Viriathus, whose
independence he recognizes. Pompeius, unsuccess-
ful against the Numantines, enters into a treaty
with them. Silanus, accused by the Macedonians
of corrupt practices, is condemned by his father,
Torquatus, and puts an end to his own life.
The treaties, made in Spain, are disavowed by the
senate. The Consul Csepio employs assassins to
murder Viriathus, and refuses to give them the
promised reward. The wars in Spain are continued.
Pacuvius and Attius produce tragedies. Demetrius
Nicator, and Eucratides of Bactria, invade the Par-
thian dominions.
Pompeius, pro-consul, again treats with the Numan-
tines ; Popillius dissents, and prosecutes the war.
The Chaldsean astrologers are driven out of Rome
and Italy. Diodotus Trypho murders the young
Antiochus, and is himself defeated and slain by
Antiochus Sidetes.
Brutus conciliates the Lusitanians, and removes a
large colony of them to eastern Spain. Popillius
tries another treaty with the Numantines, which is
again repudiated by the senate ; after this, he is
routed and put to flight. The Parthians conquer a
large part of Bactria, and take Demetrius Nicator
prisoner.
Brutus remains, as proconsul, in Lusitania, and extends
the dominion of Rome to the Atlantic. Mancinus is
reduced to make an ignominious peace with the Nu-
mantines, which is annulled by the senate. During
the captivity of Demetrius, Antiochus Sidetes rules
Syria.
Brutus conquers the G-allicians. Lepidus is defeated
by the Numantines, who nobly set Mancinus free,
when he is given up to them, in atonement for the
broken treaty. Roman census, 323,000 citizens.
Fulvius conquers the Vardsei, in Dabnatia Piso, sent
against the Numantines, remains inactive in the
country of the Pallahtines. On the murder of Simon,
John Hyrcanus, his son, succeeds as high priest and
120
FEOM THE YEAB
f"
B.C.
Olym.
A.U.C.
PONTUS.
Numi-
DIA.
Egypt.
Syria.
Perga-
MUS.
BlTHYNIA.
Arsacid^e
OF
Parthia.
134
161.3
620
23 Mith-
ridates
V.
16 Mi-
cipsa.
13Pto
lemy
Phy-
scon.
4 Anti-
ochus
Sidetes.
5 Atta-
lus III.
16 Nico-
medes II.
6 Phraates
II., or Ar-
saces VII.
133
4
621
24
17
14
5
A Ro-
17
7
man
Pro-
vince.
132
162.1
622
25
18
15
6
18
8
131
2
623
26
19
16
7
19
9
130
3
624
27 — -
20
17
8
20
10
129
4
625
28
21
18
9
21
11
128
163.1
626
29
22 — -
19
1 Deme-
trius
Nicator
restor-
ed.
22
1 Artabanus
II.. or Ar-
sacesVIII.
127
2
627
30
23
20
2
23
2
126
3
628
31
24
21
3
24
3
125
4
629
32
25
22 — -
1 Anti-
ochus
Grypus
25
1 Mithrida-
tes II., or
Arsaces
IX.
125 B.C.
121
High
Priests of
the Jews.
2JohnHyr
cauus.
10
Consuls of
ROME.
Events and Eminent Men.
P. Com. Scipio
Afric. JEmi-
lianus II.
C. Fulvius
Flaccus.
P. Mucius Scae-
vola.
L. Calpurnius
Piso Frugi.
P. Popillius
Laenas.
P. Rupilius.
P. Licinius
Crassus Mu
cianus.
L. Valerius
Flaccus.
C. Claudius
Pulcher.
M. Perpenna.
C. Sempronius
Tuditanus.
M. Aquillius
Nepos.
Cn. Octavius
Nepos.
T. Annius Ru-
fus.
L.CassiusLon
ginus.
L. Cornelius
China.
M. iEmilius
Lepidus.
L. Aurelius O
restes.
M. Plautius
Hypsaeus.
M. Fulvius
Flaccus.
ruler of the Jews. Vernal equinox obs. by Hippar-
chus, 23d March.
The consular law is suspended, in order that Scipio
may be elected and undertake the Numantine war ;
he proceeds to Spain; in his army are Marius, set. 23,
Jugurtha, nephew of the Numidian king, Micipsa,
and the historian Sempronius Asellio. Revolt of
the slaves in Sicily, which Fulvius is sent to put down.
Scipio reduces Numantia by famine, and terminates
the war. Attalus III. dies and bequeaths his king-
dom and all his wealth to the Roman people ; dis-
sensions of the nobles and commonalty, in which the
tribune, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, while advo-
cating the rights of the latter, is slain, not yet thirty
years old; Antiochus Sidetes endeavours to conciliate
the Romans, by sending valuable gifts to Scipio ; "
is repulsed in an attack on Judaea, after which he
accords to the Jews peace and immunities, which
they enjoy many years.
The servile war in Sicily ended by the consul Ru-
pilius.
Aristonicus claims the kingdom of Pergamus : the
consul Crassus is sent against him. Two plebeian
censors for the first time ; one of them, Metellus
urges a law, to compel every Roman citizen to marry
he is threatened with death by the tribune, Atinius
Labro, whom he had omitted, when selecting the
senate ; the other tribunes save him. Census of
Rome, 317.823 citizens.
Crassus is defeated by Aristonicus, and falls in the
battle. The vices and cruelties of Ptolemy Physcon
cause a rebellion in Egypt ; he is driven from Alex-
andria, and takes refuge in Cyprus.
Aristonicus is overcome by Perpenna, and put to death.
Mithridates of Pontus receives Phrygia, in return
for the services rendered by him to the Romans in
this war. Antiochus Sidetes invades Parthia. John
Hyrcanus enters into a league with the Romans and
conquers Samaria. Death of Scipio Africanus, aet.56,
Carneades of Cyrene, ob. set. 85; Clitomachus suc-
ceeds him in the New Academy.
The Parthian expedition of Antiochus Sidetes fails,
and he is killed. Demetrius Nicator is restored to
his throne. Phraates falls in a battle against the
eastern uomade tribes. Continued obs. of Hippar-
chus ; the vernal equ. March 22nd, and the sun at
Rhodes, August 4th.
The Bactrian kingdom, already reduced by the Par-
thians, now finally succumbs to the wild Tartar tribes.
Obs. of Hipparchus at Rhodes on the sun and moon,
May 2d and July 7th.
The consul Aurelius is sent to suppress an insurrection
in Sardinia ; Caius Gracchus goes with him as
quaestor, his first official appointment.
The consul Fulvius succours the Massilians, by de-
feating the Transalpine Ligurians and the Sabyans.
Aurelius remains as proconsul in Sardinia, and C.
122
FEOM THE YEAR
B.C.
Oltm. A-trc
123
122
121
120
119
116
117
116
115
164.1
165.1
630
631
632
634
635
PONTUS,
Mithri-
dates
V.
33
Micipsa,
35
1 Mith
ridates
VI.
2
Numi-
DIA.
26
Ptolemy
Phy-
SCOn.
23
Egypt.
25
28
Antio-
chns
Grypus
Bithy-
NIA.
Nicome-
des II.
26
28
Uu-
gurtha
and Ad-
herbal.
1 Pto-
lemy
Soter
ir.
2
10
11
31
32
34
35
Parthia.
Mithri-
dates II.,
or Arsa-
cesIX.
High
Priests of
the Jews.
John Hyr-
canus.
124 TO 115 B.C.
123
Repe-
tition
Bates.
122
120
119
118
115
Consuls of
Rome.
C.CassiusLon-
ginus.
C. Sextius Cal-
vinus.
Qu. Csecilius
Metellus.
T. Quinctius
Flamininus.
Cn. Domitius
Ahenobar-
bus.
C. Fannius
Strabo.
Qu. Fabius
Maximus.
L. Opimius.
P. Manlius.
C. Papirius
Carbo.
L. Csecilius
Metellus.
L. Aurelius
Cotta.
M. Porcius
Cato.
C. Marcius
Rex.
L. Csecilius
Metellus.
Qu. Mucius
Scsevola.
C. Licinius
Geta.
Qu. Fabius
Maximus.
M. iEmilius
Scaurus.
M. Caecilius
Metellus.
JiiVENTS AND EMINENT MEN.
Gracchus with him. The waters of Tepula are brought from the
Lucullan lands to Rome by the consuls. Fregellsa, having
revolted, is taken and razed to the ground, by the prsetor, Opimius.
Census of Rome, 390,736 citizens. Demetrius Nicator falls in a
struggle against Alexander Zebina, whom Ptolemy Physcon sets
up to claim the crown of Syria ; — that kingdom is for some time
distracted by this pretender and by the opposition of Cleopatra,
the widow of Demetrius, to the succession of his son, Antiochus
Grypus. Artabanus, the eighth of the Arsacidae, is killed in a
battle against the Tartars ; his successor puts an end to these
bloody wars. Africa is laid waste by smiths of locusts.
The consul Sextius takes the command in Gaul. C. Gracchus still
in Sardinia, makes himself popular with the soldiers : his measures
for promoting their comfort are thwarted by the senate.
The Balearic Islands conquered by Metellus. C. Gracchus returns
to Rome ; complains to the people of the obstacles by which he
has been impeded, and is elected tribune of the people ; he begins
his reforms. Zebina, the Syrian pretender, is slain. Cselius An-
tipater, hist. fi. ; the future orator, L. Crassus, set. 17, studies
under him.
C. Sextius, proconsul, defeats the Allobroges and Salyes, and founds
Aqua? Sextise ( Aix), the first Roman colony in Gaul. C. Gracchus
is elected tribune again ; he is active in carrying into effect his
new laws, and goes over to Carthage, with a body of citizens, to
establish them as a colony on the lands allotted to them ; he
returns in seventy days.
Defeat of the Allobroges and Arverni, on the Tsaras, near Vinda-
lium ; Bituitus, king of the latter, is persuaded by his conquer-
ors, Domitius and Fabius, to go to Rome and make terms with
the senate ; he is detained for the rest of his life, at Alba, on
the lake Fucinus, where Syphax and Perseus had died. During
the absence of C. Gracchus, a formidable opposition to him is or-
ganized by Livius Drusus; in the civil strife which ensues,
Gracchus and many hundreds of his friends lose their lives. An-
tiochus Grypus puts his mother, Cleopatra, to death.
Mithridates VI., surnamed Eupator, succeeds his father in Pontus,
when only eleven years old ; he becomes afterwards so distin-
guished as " the Great."
C. Marius, tribune of the people. L. Crassus begins his career as
an orator, by accusing Papirius Carbo, the consul of the preceding
year, who poisons himself.
The dominion of Rome extended beyond the Rhone, and the colony
of Narbo Martius (Narbonne) founded. Death of Micipsa, who
leaves Numidiatohistwo sons and his nephew Jugurtha; the latter
kills Hiempsal and expels Adherbal, who takes refuge at Rome.
Adherbal is restored in Numidia by Roman ambassadors. Death
of Ptolemy Physcon and accession of his son, Ptolemy Soter II. ;
his reign is troubled by his mother Cleopatra, and his brother
Alexander, who often share the kingdom with him.
In the disordered state of Egypt, Ptolemy Apion, an illegitimate
son of Physcon, acquires the kingdom of Cyrene. The Jews,
having no external enemies, divide among themselves into sects.
Birth of Varro.
The censors L. Metellus and Cn. Domitius strike out thirty-two
names from the list of senators, and interdict many popular amuse-
ments. Census of Rome, 394,336 citizens.
124
FROM THE YEAR
B.C.
Ol.YM.
A.U.C.
PONTUS.
Numi-
DIA.
Egypt.
Syria.
BlTHY-
NIA.
Aesacid/e
OK
Parthia.
High
Priests of
the Jews.
114
166.3
640
7Mi-
thri-
dates
VI.
5 Ju-
gurtha
and Ad-
herbal.
4 Ptole-
my So-
ter 11.
12 Anti-
ochus
G-rypns.
36 Nice-,
medesll.
12 Mithri-
dates II.,
or Arsa-
ces IX.
22JohnHyr-
canus.
113
4
641
8
6
5
13
37
13
23 ■
112
167.1
642
9
7 Ju-
gurtha
alone.
6
14 with
Cyzice-
mi3.
38
14
24
111
2
643
10
8
7
15
39
15
25
110
3
644
11
9
8
16
40
16
26
109
4
645
12
10
9
17
41
17
27
108
168.1
646
13
11
10
18
42
18
28
107
2
647
14
12
1 Alex-
ander.
1?
43
19
Kings.
1 Aristobn-
lusl.
106
3
648
15
Con-
quered
by
Rome.
2
20
44
20
2
1C5
4
649
16
3
-
21
45
21
1 Alexan-
der Jan-
nseus.
114 TO 105 B.C.
125
Consuls op
Rome.
Events and Eminent Men.
113
111
110
109
10S
106
M. Acilius
Balbus.
C. Pc^cius
Cato.
C.CaeciliusMe-
tellus Capra-
rius.
Cn. Papirius
Carbo.
M.LiviusDru-
sus.
L. Calpurnius
Piso.
P. Corn. Scipio
Nasica.
L. Calpurnius
Bestia.
M. Minucius
Rufus.
The advancing Goths impel the Celtic tribes on the newly-acquired
Roman provinces. The Scordisci, from the banks of the Danube,
penetrate into Thrace, and totally defeat the consul Cato. Anti-
ochus Cyzicenus, youngest son of Ant. Sidetes, claims Syria. Birth
of Hortensius. Oration of Crassus, in defence of Licinia, the vestal.
Encouraged by the success of the Scordisci, many Celtic tribes unite
in a general league, or Cumrhi, which the Romans mistake for
the name of a people, and call them Cimbri ; a similar confede-
racy of Gothic tribes (Deuten. Lat. Teutones) acts in concert
with them ; they advance into Illyrium, and totally defeat the
consul, Papirius Carbo. Agatharcides of Cnidus dedicates his
history to Ptolemy Soter. Ant. Grypus is driven by Cyzicenus
out of Syria to Aspendus.
Drusus repulses the Celtse in Thrace. Jugurtha kills Adherbal ;
the Roman Senate decree war against him.
The consul Calpurnius proceeds with an army into Numidia ; he is
bribed by Jugurtha to make peace and withdraw his forces.
Crassus in Greece, as quaestor, hears the philosophers there, Philo,
the successor of Clitomachus, in the New Academy, and Diodorus,
who had followed Critolaus, as leader of the Peripatetics. Syria
divided between Grypus and Cyzicenus.
Jugurtha at Rome ; after the murder of Massiva, escapes back to
Africa ; the war against him feebly conducted. Valerius Antias
Sp. Postumius] and Quadrigarius, hist. fl.
Albinus. |
Qu. Cfficilius jThe treaties of Aulus and Albinus with Jugurtha are not ratified ;
Metellus. I Metellus prosecutes the Numidian war with varied success. The
M. Junius Si- ' Cimbri request an allotment of lands, where they may settle ; this
being refused, they defeat the consul Silanus and ravage the country;
they are checked by Minucius Rufus in Thrace. Birth of Atticus.
Metellus continues, as proconsul, the war in Africa. The Cimbri
are again victorious, in a battle against the consul Scaurus. Mi-
thridates of Pontus secretly prepares to regain by force the
province of Phrygia, which the Romans gave to his father, but
: have taken from him during his minority ; he acquires Paphla-
j gonia and the Taurican Chersonesus,
|The first consulate of Marius, who carries on the war against Ju-
; gurtha more vigorously ; Sylla is his quaestor. A triumph is
| granted to Metellus. The army of the consul Cassius is cut to
; pieces and himself slain by the Tigurini, a Celtic tribe, whence
the name of Zurich is derived. L. Crassus is tribune of the
people. Lucilius, poet, fi. Cleopatra gains such an ascendancy
! in Egypt, that she sends her eldest son, Ptolemy Soter, to Cyprus,
I and brings thence her youngest, Alexander, to reign under her.
; On the death of John Hyrcanus, his son, Aristobulus, takes the
title of king of the Jews. Dionysius of Thrace, crit. fl.
Jugurtha is betrayed by Bocchus, king of Mauritania, into the
hands of the Romans, and the war ended. Part of Numidia is
added to the Roman province, part given to Bocchus, and the
rest left nominally independent to the descendants of Masinissa.
Crassus supports the judicial reform, proposed by ths consul, Ser-
vilius {Lex S^rvilia). Birth of Cicero at Arpinum, Jan. 3d, and
of Pompey, Sep. 30th.
The Cimbri and Teutones, forcing their way into Roman Gaul,
defeat the consul Manilius and proconsul Caepio, near the Rhone,
with immense slaughter. Death of Aristobulus the Cruel., and
accession of his brother, Alexander Jannseus.
lanus.
Ser. Sulpicius
Galba.
M. Aurelius
Scaurus.
li. Cassius
Longinus
C. Mai'ius.
C. Atilius Ser-
ranus.
Qu. Servilius
Caepio.
P. Rutilius
Rufus.
C, Manilius.
126
FEOM THE YEAB
B.C.
Olym.
AU.C.
POSTTUS.
JtrnaiA.
Egypt.
Syria.
BlTHY-
NIA.
AH5ACID.2E
OP
Parthia.
Consuls of
Rome.
104
169.1
650
17 Mith-
2 Alex-
4 Alex-
22 Anti-
46 Nico-
22 Mithri-
C. Marius II.
ridates
ander
ander.
ochus
medes
dates II.,
C. Flavius
VI.
Jan-
Gry-
II.
or Arsa-
Fimbria.
nseus.
pus,
ces IX.
103
2
651
18
3
5
with
47
23
C. Marius III.
Cyzice-j
L. Aurelius
nus.
Orestes.
102
3
652
19
4
6
24 48
1
1
24
C. Marius IV.
L. Lutatius
Catulus.
101
4
653
20
5
7
25 |49
1
25
C. Marius V.
M. Aquilius.
100
170.1
654
21
6
8
26 50
26
C. Marius VI.
L. Valerius
Flaccus.
99
2
655
22
7
9
27
51
27
M. Antonius.
A. Postumius
Albinus.
98
3
656
23
8
10
28
52
28
Qu. Caecilius
Metellus Ne-
pos.
T. Didius.
97
4
657
24
9
11
29
53 - —
29
Cn. Cornelius
Lentulus.
P. Licinius
Crassus.
96
171.1
658
25
10
12
30
54
30
Cn.Domitius
Ahenobar-
bus.
L. Cassius
Longinus.
i 95
i
2
659
26
11
13
lSe-
lemcus.
55
31
L. Licinius
Crassus.
Qu. Mucius
Scsevola.
94
3
660
27
12
14
1 Anti-
ochus
Euse-
bes.
56
32
C. Cselius
Caldus.
L. Doraitius
Ahenobarbus.
93
4
661
28
13
15
2
57
33
C. Valerius
Flaccus.
M.Herennius.
92
172.1
662
29
14
16
3
58
34
C. Claudius
Pulcher.
M. Perpenna.
91
2
663
30
15
17
4
1 Nico-
medes
III.
35
L. Marcius
Philippus.
Sex. Julius
Caesar..
I
- '-
104 TO 91 B.C. 127
Triumph of Marius ; Jugurtha led in the procession, remains a prisoner till his
death ; terrified by their disasters and the loss of all their armies, except the Nu-
midian, the Romans suspend the consular law and elect Marius, that he may
command in Gaul : Sylla is his legate. The Cimbri and Teutones invade Spain.
Marius, elected consul for the third time in his absence, with Sylla for military tri-
bune, employs the year in active preparations ; remodels the army and introduces
a new system of tactics. The Cimbri are driven out of Spain by the natives. Ar-
temidorus, the Ephesian geog. fl. The " Tereus" of Attius, Death of Turpilius,
com. poet, and of Lucilius, set. 46.
Marius, a fourth time consul, encounters the Teutones, on their retreat from Spain,
at Aquae Sextise ( Aix), and totally defeats them. A second revoltof the slaves in
Sicily. The poet Archias, a native of Antioch, comes to Rome, a young man.
The Cimbri defeat the proconsul, Lutatius Catulus, and force a passage into Italy
Marius, again re-elected, meets them on the plain of Vercellae, and completely
crushes them, July 30 ; by these events, both the Gothic and Celtic leagues are
dissolved, and the Teutones and Cimbri, being no more heard of, are supposed
to be annihilated. The slaves in Sicily resist the consul Aquilius.
The services of Marius are rewarded by a sixth consulship and splendid triumph.
Rome is disturbed by the factious violence of Apuleius Saturninus and Servilius
Glaucia. Metellus Numidicus is outlawed and retires to Rhodes. Birth of Julius
Caesar. The Sicilian slaves, though often defeated, are still unconquered. iElius
Lanuvinus and Servius Claudius are eminent teachers at Rome ; among the
scholars of the former are Varro and Cicero.
Metellus is honourably recalled to Rome. Tranquillity is finally restored in Sicily
by M. Aquilius, proconsul.
Lusitania is tranquillized by Dolabella, proconsul. Aquilius, accused of malver-
sations in Sicily, is eloquently defended by the orator, Antonius.
The consul, Didius, in Spain, to control the Celtiberi ; Sertorius is one of his officers
A decree of the senate forbids human sacrifices. The cruelties of Alex. Jannseus
irritate the Jews. Siege and capture of Gaza.
Cyrene is bequeatked to the Romans by Ptol. Apion. Antiochus Grypus is slain
in a contest with his brother. Tigranes reigns in Armenia.
Cyzicenus, defeated by Seleucus, son of Grypus, kills himself. Syria is distracted
by rival claimants. Meleager collects the Anthologia. First oration of Hor-
tensius in the Forum, set. 19. Birth of Lucretius. Massacre of 1000 Pharisees
by Alexander Jannseus.
Antiochus Eusebes, son of Cyzicenus, obtains the greater part of Syria. Seleucus
is drowned in the Orontes ; but his brothers continue a vain struggle for their
inheritance. Mithridates makes his son king of Cappadocia.
The people of Cappadocia appeal to the Romans, who give them Ariobarzanes for
their king. Mithridates seizes Galatia.
Sylla is sent into Cappadocia to observe the proceedings of Mithridates ; he receives
there ambassadors from Parthia. Banishment of the upright P. Rutilius, who
writes at Smyrna Memoirs of his Life. The censors, of whom Crassus is one,
issue an edict against rhetoricians, which drives Aurelius Opilius from Rome ; he
retires to Smyrna, and composes many works there.
M. Livius Drusus, tribune of the people, advocates, in concurrence with the consul
Philippus, the admission of the allies of Rome to the right of citizens ; he is
assassinated. Death of Crassus, set. 49 ; his last oration was delivered seven
days before he died. Nicomedes II., who had fifty-eight years before obtained
123
FBOM THE YEAE
B.C.
Olym.
172.
173.1
87
665
666
667
Arme-
nia.
31 Mi-
thri-
dates
VI.
32
33
34
668
670
35
7 Tigra-
Egypt.
18 Alex-
ander.
Syria.
5 Anti-
ochus
Euse-
bes.
lPtole- 6
my So-
ter re-
stored.
BlTHY-
NIA.
2 Nico-
medi
III.
JUD.EA.
16 Alexan-
der Jan-
1 Mnasciras,
or Arsacesl
X.
17
1 Philip
ABSACIDjE
OF
Pabthia.
21
90 TO 84 B.C.
129
Repe-
tition
Dates,
90
87
34
Consuls of
Rome,
L. Julius Cae-
sar.
P. Rutilius
Lupus.
Cn. Pompeius
Strabo.
L. Porcius
Cato.
L. Cornelius
Sylla.
Qu. Pompeius
Rufus.
Cn. Octavius.
L. Cornelius
Cinna.
L. Cornelius
Cinna II.
{C. Marius
VII.
L. Valerius
Flaccus.
L. Cornelius
Cinna III.
Cn. Papirius
Carbo.
Cn. Papirius
Carbo II.
L. Cornelius
Cinna
Events and Eminent Men.
the sceptre of Bithynia by parricide, is in his turn killed by his
youngest son, Socrates ; his eldest son succeeds him. L. Pomponius,
Bononiensis, dram, and Metrodorus of Scepsis, phil. fi.
Many Italian States, being denied the franchise, prepare to revolt.
The proconsuls Csepio and Fonteius are killed by the Picentines
at Asculum. The Marsian or Social war commences. The consul
Csesar is unfortunate against the Samnites, and Rutilius defeated
and killed by the Marsi. Marius retrieves these disasters ; he
holds a conference with Pompaedius Silo, the leader of the revolt,
and resigns his command. The Romans grant citizenship to the
States, which remain faithful. Nicomedes, dispossessed of Bi-
thynia by Mithridates,and Ariobarzanes driven from Cappadocia
by Tigranes, apply to Rome for redress, which a decree of the
Senate promises to obtain for them. M. Mm. Scaurus (cons.
B.C. 115, and now set. 72) repels the charge brought against him of
having promoted the disaffection of the allies. Scymnus of Chios
dedicates his poems to Nicomedes of Bithynia.
The consul Pompeius (father of Pompey the Great) gains decided
victories over the Picentines ; his colleague, Cato, defeats the
Marsi, but is killed in the battle ; Sylla takes the command, and
is so successful, that he is elected consul for the ensuing year.
Cicero is a cadet in the army of Pompeius. Cleopatra is put to
death by her son Alexander, who is expelled from Egypt, and
Ptolemy Soter restored.
Conclusion of the Social war. Most of the refractory States ad-
mitted to be citizens of Rome. Quarrel of Marius and Sylla,
for the command of the army against Mithridates ; the latter
takes forcible possession of Rome, and the former escapes to Car-
thage. Mithridates occupies Phrygia, and calls' upon all Asia
Minor to join him, where a general massacre of Romans takes
place. Philo and Apollonius Molo avoid the troubles of the East
by coming to Rome. Plotius Gallus teaches Latin rhetoric.
A large part of Greece declares in favour of Mithridates, whose
general, Archelaus, forms a strong army there ; Sylla and the
qusestor, Lucullus, advance to oppose him and besiege Athens,
The consul Cinna, deposed by the senate, calls Marius from
Africa, raises an army of Italians, and reinstates himself in office ;
civil strife and bloodshed eusue ; the other consul, Octavius, the
orator, Antonius, and many eminent friends of Sylla, are among
the victims. Antiochus, phil. acad. and Sisenna, hist. fl. Birth
of Catullus. A long war begins between Mnasciras and Sina-
troces for the throne of Parthia.
Death of Marius, in the beginning of his seventh consulate, Jan-
uary 13th, set. 78 ; L. Val. Flaccus, appointed in his room, is as-
sassinated on his march to the East, by C. Fimbria, who assumes
the command of his army. Sylla takes Athens and defeats Ar-
chelaus. Lucullus collects a fleet. Posidonius is ambassador
from Rhodes to Rome. Birth of Sallust. Alex. Jannaeus uses
great cruelty in quelling a sedition of the Jews.
Fimbria arrives in Asia and defeats Mithridates. Envoys from
the Senate endeavour to negotiate a reconciliation between Sylla
and his opponents. Birth of M. Brutus. Philippus, a son of
Grypus, prevails in Syria.
Sylla, passes from Greece into Asia. Mithridates, placed between
two victorious Roman armies, agrees to a peace and gives up all
his acquisitions. Fimbria, whom Sylla prepares to disarm, is
deserted by his army and kills himself. Cinna is assassinated
by the forces which he collects to oppose Sylla on his return..
Carbo remains sole consul. The library of Apellicon is brought
from Athens bv Svlla. _—
130
FROM THE YEAB
B.C.
Olym
A U. C.
PONTUS.
Arme-
nia.
Egypt.
Stria.
BlTHYNIA.
JUD-EA.
Arsacid.s:
op
Parthia.
83
174.2
671
38 Mith-
ridates
VI.
14 Tigra-
nes.
7 Ptol.
Soter
restor-
ed.
lTi-
granes.
9 Nico-
medes
III.
23 Alex-
ander
Jan-
nasus.
8MnascirasJ
or Arsaces
X.
82
3
672
39
15
8
2
10
24
9
81
80
4
175.1
673
674
!
40
41
16
17
1 Cleo-
patra
and A-
lexan-
der II.
1 Ptole-
my Au-
letes.
3
4
11
12
25
26 ■
10
11
79
2
675
42
18
2
5
13
1 Alex-
andra.
12
78
3
676
43
19
3
6
14
2
13
77
4
677
44
20
4
7
15
3
14
76
176.1
678
45
21
5
8
16
4
1 Sinatro-
ces, or Ar-
saces XI.
. lu
2
679
I
1
46
22 i
6
9
17
5
2
83 TO 75 B.C.
131
Repe-
tition
Dates,
Consuls of
Rome.
Events and Eminent Men.
81
79
78
76
L. Corn. Scipio
Asiaticus.
C. Norhanus.
C. Marius
C. Fil.
Cn. Papirius
Carbo III.
M. Tullius De-
cula.
Cn. Cornelius
Dolabella.
L. Corn. Sylla
Felix II.
Qu. Caecilius
Metellus Pi-
us.
P. Servilius
Vatia.
Ap. Claudius
Pulcher,
M. iEmilius
Lepidus.
Qu. Lutatius
Catulus.
D. Junius
Brutus.
M. Mmil. Ma-
mercus Lepi-
dus Livianus
Cn. Octavius.
C. Scribonius
Curio.
L. Octaves.
0. Aimilms
Cottn.
The plans of Carbo against Sylla are frustrated by Cn. Pompeius,
sot. 23. Sylla lands, with his army, at Brimdusium, and advances
to Rome. The remaining partisans of Marius are dispersed.
Sertorius goes to Spain. Tbe Capitol is burnt, through the negli'
gence of its keepers. The Roman Senate refuses to send Mith
ridates a formal ratification of the treaty. He retains a part of
Cappadocia. L. Mursena, who was left with an army in Asia,
invades his territories, and plunders the temple of Comana.
Alexander Polyhistor comes to Rome. The Syrians, exhausted
by the long strife of rival claimants, invite Tigranes to be their
king.
The consuls endeavour to make head against Sylla, and are assisted
by a Samnite army under Pontius Telesinus. They are all de-
feated in the battles of Sacriportus, and the Porta Collina. The
younger Marius and Pontius die by their own hands. Carbo is
taken in Sicily and put to death by Pompey, who also reduces
Africa to obedience. Sylla, appointed dictator, inflicts a bloody
vengeance on his opponents. Mursena is defeated and driven
back by Mithridates. Birth of the poet P. Terentius Varro Ata-
cinus, and of the orator C. Licinius Calvus.
A triumph granted to Pompey for his success in Africa. Sylla
orders Mursena to desist from farther hostilities, which termi-
nates what is called " the second Mithridatic war." Cicero pleads
for Quinctius. Death of Ptol. Soter, followed by years of confu-
sion and crime in Egypt.
Caesar serves, as a cadet, under M. Thermus, at the siege of Mity-
lene, and receives a civic crown, for saving the life of a citizen.
Sylla, in all but the name, emperor of Rome, remodels the state,
by many new laws and institutions. Cicero's oration in defence
of Sextus Roscius. Cleopatra is murdered by her cousin Alexan-
der II., who is killed in a popular tumult. Ptol. Auletes, an il-
legitimate son of Soter, succeeds to the throne, but is not acknow-
ledged by the Romans.
Sylla resigns the dictatorship, but is still master of Rome. Cicero
goes to Athens. Death of Alexander Jannseus ; his widow, Alex-
andra, governs Judsea.
Death of Sylla, set. 60. Contest between Lepidus and Catulus ; the
former is overcome and killed in Sardinia. Sertorius begins his
war in Spain. Metellus and Domitius are sent against him. Ci-
cero, after studious intercourse at Athens with Antiochus, the
Academician, Zeno, the Epicurean, and other philosophers, asso-
ciates at Rhodes with Molo.
Servilius, as proconsul, attacks vigorously the pirates of Cilicia,
Paraphilia, and Isauria. Cicero returns to Rome, and competes
with Cotta and Hortensius in forensic oratory.
Pompey is sent into Spain to oppose Sertorius. After a struggle of
many years, Sinatroces deposes Mnasciras, and acquires the crowu
of Parthia. Birth of Asinius Pollio.
Ap. Claudius (Cons. b.c. 79), engaged in harassing warfare against
some wild Thracian Tribes in Macedon, dies there, and is suc-
ceeded by C. Scribonius Curio. Cicero is qusestor in Sicily. An-
tiochus Asiatieus, son of Ant. Eusebes, comes to Rome, in the
hope of obtaining Roman aid, to expel Tigranes from Syria, and
acquire the throne for himself
132
FEOM THE YEAE
B.C.
Olym.
I
A.U.C.
„ | Arme-
Egypt.
Sybia.
BlTHY-
NIA.
JUD-EA.
AltSAClD.*
OF Pabthia.
74
176. 3
680
1
!
47 Mi-
thri-
dates
VI.
i
id Ti-
granes.
7 Ptole-
my Au-
letes.
10 Ti-
granes.
A Roman
province.
6 Alexan-
dra.
3 Sinatroces
or Arsaces
XI.
Cappa-
DOCIA.
73 I
4
681
48
24 —
8
11
21 Ario-
barza-
nes I.
7
4 '
|.
177.1
682
49
25^-
9
12
22
8
5
71 j
2
683
50
26
10
13
23
9
6 — -
70
3
684
51
27
11
14
24
1 Aristo-
bulus I.
7
69
4
685
52
28
12
1 Anti-
ochus
Asiati-
cus.
25
2
8
68
178.1
686
53 —
29
13
2
26
3
1 Phraates
III., or Ar-
saces XII.
67
2
687
54
30
14- —
3
27 - —
4
2
66
3
688
55
31 —
15
4
28
5
3
65
4
j 689
56
32
16
End of
the Se-
leucida
29
6
4
^4 TJ G5 B.C.
13.*
Repe-
tition
Pctet
73
72
Consuls op
Rome.
Events and Eminent Men.
67 ;
L. Licinius
Lucullus.
M. Aurelius
Cotta.
M. Tererstiu
Varro Lucul
lus.
C. Cassius Va-
rus.
L. Gellius
Poplicola.
Cn. Cornelius
Lentulus Clo-
dianus.
P. Corn. Len-
tulus Sura.
Cn. Aufidius
Orestes.
Cn. Pompeius
Magnus.
M. Licinius
Crassus.
Qu Hortensi-
us.
Qu. Csecilius
Metellus
Creticus.
L. Caecilius
Metellus.
Qu. Marcius
Rex.
C. Calpurnius
Piso.
M. Acilius
Glabrio.
M. iEmilius
Lepidus.
L. Volcatius
Tullus.
L. Aui-elius
Cotta.
L» Manlius
I TorquatiLS.
Nicomedes dies, and in his will leaves BIthyrria to the Romans. I
Mithridates renews his hostilities and enters into an abortive j
alliance with Sertorius. The two consuls proceed into Asia
against him. Cotta is defeated; but Lucullus overcomes and
surrounds the army of Mithridates near Cyzicus. Cicero returns
from Sicily to Rome.
Lucullus routs and disperses the army of Mithridates. Spartacus
collects, on Mount Vesuvius, a numerous band of slaves and
gladiators, who overcome the forces sent against them, and ra-
vage southern Italy. Sertorius still unconquered.
Spartacus defeats successively the two consuls and the praetor Qu.
Arrius. Sertorius is assassinated by M. Perperna, and the
Spaniards, having lost their leader, submit to Pompey. Lucullus
besieges Amisus, and at Cabira conquers Mithridates, who es-|
capes into Armenia. Invasion of Gaul by the Helvetii and Ti-
gurini.
The praetor, Crassus, defeats Spartacus near Petilia, in Lucania,
who falls in the battle, and the rebellion ends. Amisus and Eu-
patoria surrender to Lucullus ; he compels Mithridates to take
flight into Armenia. Appius Claudius is sent, as ambassador,
to ascertain the intentions of Tigranes. Pompey, the idol of the
people, shares the triumph of Metellus. Tyrannio is among the
prisoners at Amisus ; he is brought to Rome, where he afterwards
teaches.
Pompey and Crassus, at variance before, are reconciled during then-
joint consulship ; they restore the power of the tribunes, and repeal
other obnoxious laws made by Sylla. Tigranes declares himself
an enemy of Rome. Cicero's orations against Qu. Csecilius and
Verres. Birth of Virgil, Oct. 15, at the village of Andes, near
Mantua. Death of Alexandra, the widow of Jannaeus ; she no-
minates her son, Hyrcanus, as her successor ; but his brother,
Aristobulus, usurps the throne of Judaea. Census of Rome,
450,000 citizens.
Lucullus crosses the Euphrates, takes Tigranocerta and defeats
Tigranes. Antiochus Asiaticus is made by him king of Syria.
The rebuilding of the Capitol, commenced by Sylla, is completed
by Qu. Catulus. Metellus is sent to conduct the war in Crete.
^Edileship of Cicero.
Lucullus prosecutes the war against Tigranes, and takes Nisibis.
Tyrannio copies the works of Aristotle for Andronicus of Rhodes,
from the library of Apellicon, see b.c. 84.
The appointment of the consul Glabrio to succeed Lucullus, causes
a mutiny in the army. Pompey by his vigorous measures crushes
the pirates, and their strong-hold, Cilicia, is made a Roman pro-
vince. M. Terentius Varro serves under him. The conquest of
Crete is completed by Metellus. Julius Caesar is quaestor in
Spain.
Pompey, on his way to take the command in Asia, has a conference
with Lucullus in Galatia. He defeats Mithridates, who had re-
turned into Pontus, and drives him over the Cimmerian Bospho-
rus. Tigranes submits to the conqueror. Cicero, praetor, advo-
cates the Manilian law, which gives this appointment to Pompey.
Treaty between Rome and Parthia.
P. Autronius and P. Sylla, the first elected consuls, are set aside
and punished for bribery. Commencement of Catiline's conspi- i
racy. Pompey conquers Syria. iEdileship of Julius Caesar, j
Attirus returns from Greece to Rome. Birth of Horace, at Ve- 1
134
FROM THE YEAB
B.C.
Olym.
A.U.C.
PONTUS.
Armenia.
Egypt.
Cappado-
CIA.
JUD^A.
AksACIDjE
of Parthia.
64
179.1
690
57 Mith-
ridates
VI.
33 Tigra-
nes.
17 Ptole-
my Au-
letes.
30 Ariobar-
zanes I.
7 Aristo-
bulus I.
5 Phraates
IIL.orAr-
saces XII,
63
2
691
1 Phar-
naces
II.
34
18
1 Ariobar-
zanes II.
1 Hyrca-
nus II.
6
|
i
! 62
3
692
2 —
35
19
2
2
7
61
4
693
3 —
36
20 —
3
3
8
■ 60
180.1
694
4
37
21
4
4
1 Mithrida-
tes III., or
Arsaces
XIII.
59
2
695
5
38
22
5
5
2
58
57
3
4
696
697
6
39
40
1 Bere-
nice and
Try-
phaena.
2
6
7
6
3
4
56
181.1
698
8
1 Arta-
vasdes.
3
8
8
5
55
2
699
9
2
1 Ptole-
my Au-
letes re-
stored.
9
9
6
1
61 TO 55 B.C.
135
cottsitls of
Rome.
Events and Eminent M en.
L. Julius Cse-
sar.
iC. Marcius F
gulus.
cero.
C. Antonius.
nusium, Dec. 8. Hyrcanus takes up arms against his brother,
Aristobulus.
Pompey is called from Syria to oppose Mithridates, who has re-
turned to his States, and is preparing for farther resistance. War
between Tigranes and Phraates. Cicero, candidate for the next
year's consulship, is elected by a large majority over six compe-
titors. Deiotarus, king of Galatia, extends his dominions.
M. Tullius Ci- Mithridates, betrayed by his son, poisons himself. Pompey com-
pletes his conquest of Syria ; takes Jerusalem, deposes Aristo-
bulus, and makes Hyrcanus king. Catiline's conspiracy detected
by Cicero; consular orations to the senate; punishment of the
guilty, except the leader, who escapes. Birth of Octavius (after-
wards Augustus) at Aricia, Sept. 23rd. Ariobarzanes I. resigns
Cappadocia to his son. Cicero, " pro Muraena." Parthenius of
Nicaea, preceptor of Virgil, and Apollodorus of Pergamus, after-
i wards preceptor of Callidius and Octavius, fl,
D. Junius Si- Catiline, having collected an army in Etruria, is defeated and slain
lanus. | at Pistoria, by Petreius, lieutenant of the proconsul, Antonius.
L.LiciniusMu- Beginning of discord between Caesar, now praetor, and Cato,
raena. | tribune of the people. Oration of Cicero, " pro P. Sylla." Triumph
j of Metellus. Pompey returns from the East, and on his way,
visits the phil. Posidonius at Rhodes. Theophimus archon at
Athens.
M.PupiusPisoPompey's triumph lasts two days; he boasts of having conquered
Calpurnia-
nus.
M. Valerius
Messalla.
L. Afranius.
Qu. Caecilius
twenty-two Asiatic kings :
prob. heads of States and their
i and his hostility to Cicero. Quintus, the brother of Tull. Cic. iz I
| governor of Asia. Castor, Chronog. son-in-law of Deiotarus of
j Galatia, fl. j
iCsesar quells an insurrection inLusitania; on his return, the firs ';.
j secret coalition is formed, for an equal division of power among
Metellus Ce- himself, Pompey and Crassus. Cicero sends to his friend, At-
ler.
C. Julius Cse-
sar.
M. Calpurnius
Bibulus.
L. Calpurnius
Piso Caesoni-
nus.
A. Gabinius.
L.Corn.Lentu-
lus Spinther
Qu. Caecilius
Metellus Ne-
pos.
Cn. Corn. Len
tulus Mar-
cellinus.
L. Marcius
Phiiippus.
Cn. Pompeius
Magnus II.
M. Licinius
Crassus II.
ticus, a history of his own consulate, written in Greek ; Lu
cullus also writes in Greek. Diodorus Siculus is in Egypt. He-
rodes, archon at Athens. Catullus fl. aet. 27.
Caesar carries his agrarian law and ingratiates himself with the!
people; he obtains the command in Gaul and lllyrium for five'
years. Birth of Livy at Patavium (Padua). (
Caesar's first campaign in Gaul. Tribuneship of Clodius ; banish-
ment of Cicero, and mission of Cato to Cyprus. Ptolemy Auletes,
expelled from Egypt, goes to Rome for assistance.
Caesar's progress in Gaul ; resistance of the Belgae ; he places his
army in winter-quarters between the Loire and Seine, and visits
Italy. Milo, tribune, obtains a decree for the return of Cicero, who
leaves Thessalonica and returns to Rome. The proconsul Gabi-
nius is ordered to restore Auletes.
Csesar conquers the Veneti and other maritime tribes in Armorica.
iEdileship of Clodius. Cato returns from Cyprus to Rome. Cicero
accuses Piso and Gabinius (Coss. B.C. 58) of having oppressed the |
provitces of Macedon and Syria. Death of Tigranes (Armenian
history obscure). Ptolemy Auletes restored in Egypt by Gabi-
nius. The chronology of Castor ends here.
The Triumvirs meet at Lucca ; their respective provinces are voted
to them by the Roman people for five years more, Spain to Pom-
pey, Gaul to Caesar, and Syria to Crassus. Cato is imprisoned by j
the tribune, C. Treboni us, for opposing this vote. Caasar crosses i
the Rhine to attack the Usipetes and Tencteri, and undertakes |
136
FEOM THE TEAR
B.C.
Olym.
A.U. C.
PoNTUS.
Armenia.
Egypt.
CAPP ADO-
CIA.
Judaea.
arsacid.e
of Pabthia.
54
181.3
700
10 Pharna-
ces II.
3 Arta-
vasdes.
2 Ptolemy
Auletes
restored.
10 Ariobar-
zanes II.
10 Hyrca-
nus II.
1 Orodes, or
Arsaces
XIV.
53
4
701
11
4
3
11
11
2
52
182.1
702
12
5
4
12
12
3
51
2
703
13
6
1 Cleopa-
tra.
13
13
4
50
3
704
14
7
2
14
14
5
49
4
705
15
8
3
15
15
6
48
183.1
706
16
9
4
16
16
7
47
2
707
Subject to
Rome.
10
5
17
17 —
8
i
54 TO 47 B.C.
137
titwn
Dates.
54
53
52
50
49
47
Consuls of
Rome.
L. Domitius
Ahenobarbus
Ap. Claudius
Pulcher.
Cn. Domitius
Calvinus.
M. Valerius
Messalla.
Cn. Pompeius
Magnus III
sole consul.
Ser. Sulpicius
Rufus.
M. Claudius
Marcellus.
L. ^Emilius
Paullus.
P. Claudius
Marcellus.
C. Claudius
Marcellus.
L. Cornelius,
Lentulus
Crus.
C. Julius Cae-
sar II.
P. Servilius
Vatia Isauri-
cus.
Qu. Fufiui Ca-
lenus.
P. Vatiniui.
Events and Eminent Men.
his first expedition into Britain. Piso having complained to the
senate of the charges brought against him in his absence, Cicero
replies. Demetrius Magnus known to Cicero and Atticus. Tima-
genes is brought from Alexandria to Rome by Gabinius. Cicero
composes his Three Books " De Oratore." The Judicial Law again
altered by Pompey. Death of the poet, Lucretius, Oct. 15, sat. 41.
Caesar's second invasion of Britain ; during his absence the Ebu-
rones, under Ambiorix, defeat Titurius and Qu. Cicero; he returns
and overcomes them. First campaign of Crassus ; he plunders
the temple of Jerusalem and proceeds against the Parthians.
Praetorship of Cato. Cicero writes " De Republica," and defends
Vatinius, Scaurus and Placidius. Mithridates of Parthia is mur-
dered by his brother Orodes.
Caesar applies to Pompey for a reinforcement, on receiving which,
he again crosses the Rhine and attacks the Suevi. The Parthi-
ans, with the Armenians under Artavasdes, totally defeat Cras-
sus, June 9th, at Carrhae, in Mesopotamia ; his army is cut to
pieces, and himself killed; the conquerors ravage Syria andCilicia.
Clodius is killed in a fray between his retinue and that of Milo ;
in the confusion that follows, Servius Sulpicius is empowered to
nominate the magistrates ; he appoints Pompey sole consul, who
for the last five months takes Qu. Csecil. Metellus Pius for his.
colleague. Milo, accused of homicide, is defended by Cicero : but
found guilty, and banished to Marseilles. The iEdui, Arverni,
and other Gallic tribes, make a formidable effort to drive Cresar
out of Gaul ; this keeps him all the winter at Bibracte. Sallust
a tribune of the people.
Caesar takes Vercingetorix prisoner, and completes the conquest of
Gaul. Peace between Rome and the Parthians. Cicero proceeds
unwillingly to Cilicia, as proconsul. Posidonins comes to Rome.
Death of Ptolemy Auletes; his daughter, the celebrated Cleopatra,
becomes queen of Egypt.
Caesar returns to Italy ; jealousy between him and Pompey, and the
hostile sentiments of their respective partizans become manifest,
Cicero, at the expiration of his year of office, comes back to Rome.
Death of Hortensius. Expulsion of the historian, Sallust, from the
senate. The poor citizens, who at this time receive distributions
of corn, are 150,000.
Caesar advances with his army to Rome, and pursues, as far as
Brundusium, Pompey, who embarks there for Greece. Cicero joins
Pompey ; Varro is his lieutenant in Spain, with Afranius and
Petreius ; Artavasdes brings an Armenian force to support him.
Caesar, on his return to Rome, is appointed dictator; lie proceeds
to Spain, and having overcome all opposition there, collects his
forces at the end of the year in Southern Italy, and prepares a
fleet, to convey them to Greece.
Caesar takes Dyrrachium. Battle of Pharsalia, Aug. 9th. Pompey j
escapes to Egypt, where he is killed, Sept. 29th, set. 5S, by Ptol-j
emy, the brother and husband of Cleopatra. Generous conduct l
of Caesar to his defeated opponents ; he conducts his victorious j
army into Egypt, where he is captivated by the charms of Cleo-
patra. Jealousy and hostility of her husband ; in the combats
whicli ensue, the valuable library of Alexandria is burnt.
The senate appoint Caesar dictator, and M. Antony his master of \
the horse : he takes Pelusium and subdues Egypt ; during the
contest, Ptolemy being drowned in the Nile, he confirms Cleo-
patra on the throne, and marries her to her younger brother,
another Ptolemy, only eleven years of age ; — in this war a Jewish
army, under Hyrcanus and Antipater, tin father of Herod, are
!38
FEOM TnE TEAK
BC.
Olym.
Consuls of
Rome.
Armenia,
Egypt.
Cappado-
cia.
Judaea.
Parthia.
183.
45
44 184.1
709
43
2 I 711
41
3 712
713
C. Julius Cae-
sar III.
M. iEmilius
Lepidus.
C. Julius Cae-
sar IV.
Sine colUga.
C. Julius Cae-
sar V., and
Diet.
M. Antonius.
C. Vibius Pan-
sa.
A. Hirtius.
M. iEmilius
Lepidus II.
L. Munatius
Plancus.
P. Serviliua
Vatia Isau-
ricus II.
L. Antonius
Pietas,
11 Arta-
vasdes.
5 Cleopa-
tra.
18 Ario-
barzanes
II.
18Hyrca-
mis II.
13
15
19
20
9 Orodes,
or Arsa-
ces XIV
10
21
12
10 ' 1 Ariara-
thesVII
22
23 14
46 TO 41 B.C.
139
Repe-
tition
Dates
46
43
Events and Eminent Men.
allies of the Romans. Pharnaces, son of Mithridates, having attempted to seize
some of the provinces lost by his father, Csesar "comes, beholds and conquers;"
Pharnaces is slain and the kingdom of Pontus ends. Csesar returns to Rome,
where he treats with great lenity all the former adherents of Pompey, and in
particular is reconciled to Cicero; he embarks with his army for Africa, to com-
bat those who are still in arms against him.
Victory of Caesar at Thapsus, in Africa, April 6th. Juba, king of Numidia, Pe-
treius, and other leaders, fall in battle. Metellus Scipio takes away his own life.
Death of Cato, set. 49. Surrender of Utica. Numidia and Mauritania formed
into a Roman province, of which Sallust is appointed governor. Csesar returns
to Rome and celebrates four triumphs, which he disgraces, by putting to death,
at the close of them, his prisoner, Vercingetorix ; he is made dictator for ten
years. Carthage and Corinth rebuilt. Revolt of Csecilius Bassus in Syria.
Csesar reforms the calendar, by introducing ninety days into the year, and leap-
years for the future. Cicero's orations for Ligarius and Marcellus ; he composes
his " Brutus." Juba, son of the Numidian king, settles at Rome, and writes
history. Didymus, gram. fl.
Caesar conquers the sons of Pompey, at Munda, in Spain, March 17th ; the eldest,
Cneus, is slain ; his brother, Sextus, escapes by flight ; Octavius, set. 18, serves
in this wai\ Leaving Asinius Pollio governor of Spain, Csesar returns to Rome,
and is appointed, by the Senate, consul for ten years and dictator for life. Cseci-
lius Bassus is finally overcome by Cassius. Cicero, after divorcing Terentia,
marries Publilia, from whom also lie is divorced ; his daughter Tullia dies ; he
writes a Treatise, " De luctu minuendo," his " Orator," " De Finibus," and other
works. Horace studies at Athens.
Conspiracy of Brutus and Cassius ; Csesar assassinated, March 15th, set. 56 ; the
conspirators, unpopular at Rome, withdraw to secure the provinces. Octavius
arrives at Rome to claim his inheritance, which Antony attempts to detain from
him ; quarrel between them ; Antony proceeds to make himself master of Cisal-
pine Gaul. Cicero's first Philippic, Sept. 2d ; his second, written at home, never
spoken; his third and fourth delivered in the senate, Dec. 20th, when Antony
is declared an enemy of his country. Cratippus, preceptor of Cicero's son at
Athens. Ptolemy, set. 15, claims his share of power in Egypt, on which he is
poisoned by Cleopatra.
Antony besieges Mutina (Modena) ; Servius Sulpicius, authorized by the Senate to
treat with him for peace, dies on his arrival in the camp, and the negotiation
fails. Antony, defeated by the cons*uls and Octavius, joins Lepidus. The three
hostile leaders are reconciled, and form the second triumvirate. They lead
their united forces to Rome, and rule with absolute power. Bloody proscriptions
follow. Cicero is one of the victims. His continued Philippics, delivered be-
tween Jan. 1st and April 22nd, irritate Antony, and he is murdered, Dec. 7th,
set. 63. Varro also is proscribed, but escapes ; his estates are seized. Birth of
Ovid, March 21st. Diodorus Sieulus begins to write his History, on which he
is employed thirty years. The colony of Lugdunum (Lyons) founded by Muna-
tius Plancus, when proconsul in Gauh
Battles of Philippi. Deaths of Brutus and Cassius. Their army dispersed. The
survivors repair to Sextus Pompeius, who lias collected a strong fleet and is
master of Sicily. Octavius returns to Rome. Antony remains in the East ;
he attacks and kills Ariobarzanes, king of Cappadocia, who had supported
Brutus ; the slain monarch is succeeded by his son. Horace, taken from his
studies at Athens, is made a tribune by Brutus ; he escapes by flight at Phi-
lippi, and returns to Rome, to be a better poet than a soldier.
Fulvia, the wife of Antony, and the consul, Lucius, his brother, oppose Octavius,
who drives them from Rome. The former retires to Sicyon, in Greece, where
she dies ; the latter is besieged in Perusia. Cleopatra is suspected of having
assisted Brutus, and is summoned by Antony, to render an account of her con-
duct. They meet at Tarsus, where their fatal union begins ; he consents to
the murder of Arsinoe, Cleopatra's sister.
140
FROM THE TJTA'E
B.C. IOlym.; a.U.C.
40 '185.1
35
34
32
38 3
186.1
S
4
187.1
715
71S
720
721
722
Consuls of
Rome.
Cn Domitius
Calvinus II.
C. Asinius
Pollio.
L. Marcius
Censorinus.
C. Calvisius
Sabinus.
Ap. Claudius
Pulcher.
C. Norbanus
Flaccus.
M. Agrippa.
L. Caninius
Gallug.
L. Gellius Pop
licola.
M. Cocceius
Nerva.
L. Cornificius.
Sex. Pompeius
Nepos.
L. Scribonius
Libo.
M.AntoniusII,
C. Caesar Oc-
tavianus II.
L. Volcatius
Tullus.
Cn. Domitius
Ahenobar-
bus.
C. Sosius.
17 Arta-
Tasdes.
18
20
21
22
1 Artax-
ias.
EGYPT.
12 Cleopa-
tra.
13
Cappado-
CIA.
3 Ariara-
thes VII
15
16
Judaea.
1 Arche-
lauc.
40 TO 32 B.C.
141
Repe-
tition
Dates.
37
35
34
Events and Eminent Men.
Antony accompanies Cleopatra to Egypt. During his absence, Labienus guides
a Parthian army, under Pacorus, the son of Orodes, to invade Syria. They
make Hyrcanus prisoner and depose him, setting up Antigonus as king of Ju-
daea : but Herod is favoured by the Romans, and eventually obtains the throne
by their support. Perusia is taken by Octavius, plundered and burnt ; but L.
Antonius is pardoned by the Gonqueror. After the death of Fulvia, Octavius1,
under the advice of Maecenas, is reconciled to M. Antony and gives him hia
sister Octavia in marriage. Cornelius Nepos writes his " Lives." Catullus ob.
set. 47.
The treaty of Misenum, between Octavius, Antony, arid Sextus Pompeius. Venti-
dius, Antony's lieutenant, defeats the Parthians, and Labienus is slain, while he
himself passes his time at Athens, with his bride Octavia. He gives a part of
Cilicia, with the title of king, to Polemo, son of Zeno of Apamea.
Octavius divorces Scribonia and marries Livia. He renews the war with Sex.
Pompey, is defeated in a naval battle and loses all his fleet. Ventidius gains
another victory over the Parthians, in which Pacorus is killed, on the anniver-
sary of the great defeat of Crassus, June 9th ; he is recalled in the midst of his
successes, but allowed a triumph. Sossius conquers the refractory Jews, and
sends Antigonus a prisoner to Rome : Herod is confirmed as king, and marries
Mariamne, daughter of Hyrcanus ; he begins his course of atrocious cruelty.
Antony arrives in Italy to arrange with Octavius for a renewal of their trium-
virate, the five years of which had expired. Horace begins to be distinguished
for his talents, and obtains the friendship of Maecenas, through Varius and
Virgil.
The consul, Agrippa, crosses the Rhine, to secure the frontier of Gaul. Octavius
active in fitting out another fleet ; the harbour of Misenum is constructed. He
concerts with Antony, at a meeting near Tarentum, the means of opposing Sex.
Pompey, and the prolongation of their Triumvirate for five years more. Orodes
is strangled by his son Phraates, whom, on the death of Pacorus, he had named
for his successor. Hyrcanus is murdered by Herod, and at his instigation, An-
tigonus is put to death at Rome. Varro, pet. 80, writes " De Re Rustica."
Total defeat of Sex. Pompey by Agrippa, who receives from Octavius a naval
crown ; Pompey escapes to Lesbos. Lepidus, aspiring to greater power, is de-
serted by his soldiers, and ejected from the triumvirate, but allowed to live in
peace and remain Pontifex Maximus. Antony, after a winter passed with Cleo-
patra, advances into Media, where he, is defeated by the Parthians, and an Ar-
menian army under Artavasdes ; he effects a most disastrous retreat into Egypt.
Ariarathes is deposed by him, and Archelaus made king of Cappadocia, to whom
Conon dedicates his history. The Furnii, father and son, distinguished as orators
and historians. Propertius, losing his patrimony by the division of lands, ap-
plies early to poetry.
Sex. Pompeius, hearing of Antony's defeat, attempts another war; he is made
prisoner, and put to death by M. Titius. Octavius keeps in subjection the Ia-
pydes, Liburnians and other Illyrian tribes. The poet Bavius dies. Virgil
writes his Georgics. Horace publishes his first book of Satires.
Antony lavishes provinces and kingdoms on Cleopatra ; he invades Armenia, takes
Artavasdes prisoner, and sends him in chains to Egypt. Octavius reduces the
Dalmatians to obedience. Death of the historian, Sallust.
Octavius, indignant at Antony's conduct, sends Octavia to reclaim him ; he dis-
misses and divorces her. The Parthians conquer Media and drive the Romans
out of Armenia, when Artaxias is raised to the throne, vacant by his father's
captivity. Agrippa, iEdile, restores the public edifices and fountains of Rome.
The Octavian library is founded.
Antony detaches himself wholly from Rome, and celebrates a triumph in Egypt,
in which Artavasdes is led in fetters of gold. He removes to Alexandria the
library of Pergamus, said by Plutarch to have consisted of 200,000 volumes.
Active preparations for war between him and Octavius. Antony conducts his
forces as far as Corcyra, and then passes the winter with Cleopatra at Fatrae.
Death of Atticus, set. 77.
142
FROM TILE YEAH
Arsacid-s:
B.C.
Oltm.
A.U.C.
Consuls of
Rome.
Armenia.
Egypt.
Cappado-
C1A.
Judaea.
OP
Parthia.
SI
1ST. 2
723
Ic. Caesar Oct.
3 Artax-
21 Cleopa-
6 Arche-
10 Herod.
7 Phra-
j III.
ias.
tra.
laus.
ates IV.,
IM. Valerius
Conquered
or Arsa-
1 Messalla
by Home.
ces XV.
Corviuus.
Roman
80
3
724
C. Cies. Oct.
The suc-
Emperors.
IT
11
8
2 Octa-
IV.
cession
vius, af-
M. Licinius
of rulers
terwards
1
Crassus.
in Ar-
Augus-
,
menia is
tus.
29
4
725
C. Caes. Oct. V.
Sex. Appu-
leius.
very un-
certain
for the
next ten
3
8
12
28
188.1
726
C. Caes, Oct.
VI.
M. Agrippa II.
years.
4
9 •
13
10
27
2
727
C. Caes. Oct.
1
10
14
11
VII.
M. Agrippa
III.
28
3
728
C. Cses. Oct.
VIII.
T. Statilius
Taurus.
8
11
15
12
25
4
729
C. Cses. Oct.
IX.
M. Junius Si-
lanus.
12
16
13
24
189.1
730
IC. Cses.Oct.X.
Co Norbanus
Flaccus.
8
13
17
14
2
731
C. Cses. Oct.
XI.
A. Terentius
Varro Mu-
rena.
(Mur. mort.)
Cn. Calpurnius
Piso.
9
14
18
15 —
22
3
732
M. Claudiu*
Marcellus.
L. Aruntius.
10
15
19
16
21
4
733
M. Lollius.
Qu. JE.mil. Le-
pidus.
11
16
20
17
31 TO 21 B.C.
J 43
tition
Dates.
Events and Eminent Men.
31
27
24
21
Battle of Actium, Sept. 2nd. Octavius owes his victory to the skill of Agrippa
and the rapid evolutions of the light ships of the Liburnians, which he had en-
gaged in his service. From this time such vessels form an important part of
the Roman navy. From pursuing Antony and Cleopatra, he is called back to
Italy, by the news of discontent among the troops there. In twenty-seven days, at
Brundusium, he pacifies them, and proceeds to Egypt. Horace, in Epod. 1 and 7,
refers to this war ; and his Ode i. 37 is wholly devoted to celebrate the victory.
Tyrannio the younger is among the prisoners brought to Rome, where he after-
wards teaches and writes. A destructive earthquake in Palestine.
Death of Antony, set. 53, and of Cleopatra, set. 39. Egypt a Roman province.
Nicopolis founded by Octavius to commemorate his victory. His preceptor,
Athenodorus, is made governor of Tarsus. Cornelius Callus, the friend of
Virgil, is prsefect of Egypt. Horace publishes his second book of satires, and
his Epodes.
Octavius returns to Rome, celebrates his triumph, and in token of universal peace,
closes the temple of Janus. Dionysius of Halicarnassus comes to Italy. Ma-
riamne falsely accused of infidelity, and condemned to death by Herod.
Assisted by Maecenas and Agrippa, Octavius regulates the state and adorns the
city. The franchise of Rome is widely extended: the census, taken tins year,
gives the number of citizens, 4,164,060, from which the whole population of the
empire has been wrongly computed at only 16,500,000. (Gibbon, ch. 2, estimates
it at 128,000,000.) Death of Varro, set. 89.
Octavius resigns his power; it is given to him again by the Senate for ten years,
with the titles of Imperator and Augustus. He visits Gaul and Spain, and
projects, but does not execute, an incursion into Britain. Tibullus accompanies
his patron Messalla and records his triumph, for settling some disturbances in
Aquitania. Vitruvius writes on architecture.
jCornelius Gallus is disgraced for misgoverning Egypt, and kills himself; set. 41.
Elegies of Propertius composed.
Augustus, in person, checks a revolt of the Cantabri and Astures, while his gene-
rals overawe the Salassi. On his return to Rome the Temple of Janus is again
closed. Munatius Plancus, the founder of Lyons (see B.C. 43), is eminent as an
orator. The fourth book of Virgil's Georgics written. Agrippa builds the
Pantheon. Tiridates raises a rebellion in Parthia ; he is defeated by Phraates,
and takes refuge at Rome.
JElius Gallus, governor of Egypt, undertakes an expedition into Arabia, which
fails. Strabo, set 30, visits him in Egypt Death of Quintilius Varus of Cre-
mona, a friend of Virgil and Horace ; the latter laments his loss, Carm. i. 24.
Virgil is employed on the JEneid. Horace collects and publishes the first three
books of his Odes. Frankius.
The Tribunitian power is voted to Augustus for life. His success is clouded by
the death of Marcellus, set. 20, his nephew and son-in-law, whom he designed
for his successor. Ambassadors from Parthia demand the reddition of Tiridates.
Augustus refuses, and requires, that the ensigns and prisoners taken from Cras-
sus and Antony should be given up. Nestor of Tarsus was the preceptor of
Marcellus.
The abortive conspiracy of Murena and Csepio, for which they are put to death.
Candace, queen of ^Ethiopia, invades Egypt, and is repulsed by C. Petronius.
Virgil recites iEn. VI. before Augustus and Octavia, who are overcome with
grief at the mention of Marcellus, v. 862.
Augustus regulates the police of Rome ; he appoints Agrippa prefect of the
city, and gives him in marriage his daughter Julia, the widow of Marcellus.
I Alter this, he travels through Italy and Greece, and winters at Samos.
144
FROM THE YEAS
Absacid^b
B.C.
Olym.
A.U.C
Consuls of-
Rome.
Roman
Emperors.
Armenia.
Capp ado-
cia.
JUDvEA.
op
Partiiia.
20
190.1
734
M. Appuloius.
12 Augus-
1 Tigra-
17 Archo-
21 llerod.
18 Pbra-
P.Silius Nerva.
tus.
nes 11.
laus.
ates IV.,
or Arsa*
ces XV.
19
2
735
C. Sentius Sa-
13
2
IS
22 .
19 ■
tuvninus.
Qu. Lucretius.
18
3
736
P. Cornelius
Lentulus.
Cn. Corn. Len-
tulus.
14
3 .
19
23
20
17
4
737
C. FurniuB.
C. Junius Si-
lanus.
15
4
20
24
21
16
191.1
738
L. Domitins
Ahenobar-
bus.
P, Cornelius
Scipio.
16
5
21
25
22
15
2
739
M. Livius Dru-
sus Libo.
Li Calpurnius
Piso.
17
6
22
26
23
14
3
740
M. Licinius
Crassns.
18
7
23
27
24
Cn. Corn. Len-
j
tulus Augur.
I
13
4
741
Tib. Claudius
Nero.
P. Quinctilius
19
8
24 !28
1
25
Varus.
12
192. 1
742
M. Valerius
Messalla.
l1. Sulpicius
Quirinus.
20
9
29
26
11
2
743
Qu. JElius
Tubero.
Paullus Fabius
Max.
10
26
30
27
10
3
744
lulus Anto-
nius Afric.
Qu. Fabius
22
1 Ardu-
asdes
III., Ox.
27
31
28
Maximus. |
Tab.
9
4
745
Nero Claudius '23
Dracus.
2
28
32
29
T. Quinctius
1
Crispinus
Volcanus.
8 193.1
1
1
746
C. Marcins
Censerinus.
C. Aainiua
24
3
29
33
30
j
i
Gallus.
20 TO 8 B.C.
145
Ttejye-
tition
Dates.
Events and Eminent Men.
20
19
13
Augustus regulates all the dependent States of Greece and Asia. He sends Tibe-
rius into Armenia, who puts an end to the confusion long prevailing there, and
establishes Tigranes on the throne. The Parthians restore the trophies and
captives taken by them in the wars of Crassus and Antony. Augustus again
passes the winter at Samos. Birth of his grandson, Cains Cffisar, son of Agrippa
and Julia. The first book of Horaces Epistles published. Frankius.
The Cantabri, who had again revolted, are brought into complete subjection by
Agrippa. Return of Augustus to Rome, Oct. 12fch. Death of Virgil at Brun-
dusium, Sept. 22, set. 52. He had just finished, but not revised his ^Eneid. Herod
prepares to rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem.
The empire is again voted to Augustus for the term of five years, renewable at its
expiration. Agrippa is appointed Tribune for life. The law dn nuirit/mdis ordi-
nibus is passed, to encourage marriage. Livy is employed on his history. Death
of Tibullus, ret. 40.
The Secular Games are celebrated at Rome, with great magnificence ; Horace com-
poses his Carmen Seculare, to be sung at the festival. Birth of Lucius, Agrippa's
second son ; the two brothers are adopted by Augustus. L. Varius awl Plotius
Tucca are selected to prepare for publication the ./Eneid, which Virgil by his
will had ordered to be burnt. Augustus visits Gaul, and Agrippa Syria.
Agri*ppa is received at Jerusalem by Herod, with great marks of respect. The
philosopher and historian, Nicolaus of Damascus, Is in favour with them. Death
of the poet JEmil. Macer, of Verona.
Augustus still in Gaul. The Rhaeti and Vindelici are conquered by Tiberius and
Drusus. Orbilius Pupillus, who was the preceptor of Horace, dies nearly eat. 100.
The Roman road in Spain is repaired by order of Augustus, and extended to Cadiz.
Commotions in Bosporus require the presence of Agrippa; he is attended by
Herod, with a force of Jewish auxiliaries.
Augustus and Agrippa return to Rome. Drusus is left to guard the frontier of the
Rhine. Horace, net. 52, publishes the fourth book of his Odes. Frankius. The
dates of his second book of Epistles and Art of Poetry are uncertain.
Death of Agrip,pa, March 22, set. 51. Death of Lepidus, by which the office of Pon-
tifex Maximus becomes vacant, and is assumed by Augustus. Gaul begins to
prosper under the Roman government, mildly administered by Drusus. In war
ring against the Usipetes and Sicambri, he reaches the island of the Batavi.
The Roman arms are carried by Drusus against the Cherusci and Catti, nearly
to the banks of the Visurgis (Weser). Tiberius is employed against the Dal
matians and Pannonians. The theatre of Marcellus is completed by Augustus
Death of his sister Octavia, a*t. 54.
Augustus visits Gaul, where Drusus and Tiberius are still employed on the fron
tiers. Birth of Claudius, the son of Drusus, and afterwards emperor. Jul
Hyginus, keeper of the Palatine Library, writes '' De Castrametatione," and other
treatises. Herod builds Csesarea, Antipatris, and other cities.
Drusus crosses the Weser, and while advancing towards the Elbe, is killed by a
fall from his horse, July 20. tet. 30. This is the last event in what has been
preserved of Livy's History. Herod plunders the treasures in the vaults of the
temple.
Tiberius is appointed to succeed Drusus, and concludes a general peace with the
German tribes. Pannonia is subdued by Sex. Appuleius. The imperial power
of Augustus is renewed again for ten years, and in his honour, the name of the
month Sextilis is changed to that of August. A census is taken, and the total
number of Roman citizens is 4,100,233. Death of Maecenas. Death of Horace,
Nov. 27, set. 57.
146
FROM THE YEAR
B.C.
Olvm.
A..U.C.
CONSULS" OF
Rome.
Rohan
Emperors.
Armenia.
CAPP ADO-
CIA.
JUD^A.
AttsACTpa:
OF
Parthia.
7
193.2
747
Tib. Claudius
25 Augus-
4 Arduas-
30 Arche-
34 He-
31 Phra-
Nero II.
tus.
des III.
laus.
rod.
ates IV.,
Cn. Calpurnius
or Arsa-
Piso.
ces XV.
6
3
748
C. Antistius Vet.
D. Lselius Bal-
bus.
26
5
31
35
32
5
4
749
C. Cses. Aug.
XII.
L. Corn. Sylla.
27
6
32 — -
36
33
4
194.1
750
C. Calvisius Sa-
binus.
L. Passienus Ru-
fus.
28
7
33
1 Ar-
ch e-
laus.
34
3
2
751
Cn. Corn. Lentu-
lus.
M. Valer. Mes-
29
8
34
2
35 r
sallinus.
2
3
752
C. Cses. Aug.
30
9
35 — —
3 ■ 36
XIII.
M. Plautius Sil-
vanus.
1
4
753
Cn. Corn. Lentu-
lus Cossus,
L. Calpurnius
Piso.
31
10
36
4
37 .
A.D.
1
195.1
754
Caius Csesar.
L. ^Emil. Paul-
lus.
32
11
37 ,
5
38
2
2
755
P Vinicius.
P. Alphinius Va-
rus.
33
12
38
6
39
3
3
756
L. JSlius Lamia.
M. Servilius Ge-
minus.
34
13
39 — -
7 — —
40
1 4
4
757
Sex. ^Elius Ca-
tus.
C . Sentius Satur-
ninus.
35
14
40 — -
8-
41 —
5
196.1
758
Cn. Corn. Cinna
Magnus.
L. Valerius Mes-
salla Valesus.
36
15
41
9
42
8
2
759
M. iEmilius Le-
pidus.
L, Arruntius.
37
16
42
10
43 ■ »
7 B.C. TO 6 A.D.
147
Repe-
tition
Dates.
A.D.
1
Events and Eminent Men.
The German victories of Tiberias are celebrated by a triumph. Dionysius of Hali-
carnassus, after a residence of twenty-two years at Rome, completes his history.
The birth of Christ, according to the Benedictiuo authors of "IS Art de verifier
les dates"
Tiberius is invested with the tribunitian power for five years ; but, jealous of the
attentions paid to Cains and Lucius, the grandsons of Augustus, he withdraws to
Rhodes, where he remains seven years, and studies philosophy under Theodoras
of Gadara, who had been the preceptor of his youth. Herod brings a false charge
of treason against two of his own sons, before the governor of Syria, at Berytus, and
obtains a sentence of death, which he executes. The birth of Christ ace. Kepler,
Pagi, Dodwell, &c.
Among other public works, Augustus orders a general survey and reparation of the
water-courses. Cicero's freed-man and pupil, M. Tullius Tiro, writes a Life of
the orator and other works, which are all lost. The birth of Christ, ace. Chrysos-
tom, Hales, Blair, Clinton, &c.
Death of Herod, between an eclipse of the moon, March 13th, and the feast of the
Passover (Clin.) The birth of Christ, Dec. 25th, ace. Sulpicius (Sac. Hist.) and
Usher. This is the generally received date.
Galba, afterwards emperor, born Dec. 24. Augustus divides Judaea among the sur-
viviug sons of Herod, giving half of it to the eldest, Archelaus, with the title of
Ethnarch. Great confusion and dissension among the Jews. The birth of Christ
ace. Clemens Alex., Irenozvs, Cassiodorus, &c.
Augustus provides splendid games for the people, and a representation of a naval
battle on a grand scale. The detection of his daughter Julia's dissolute con-
duct causes him much affliction ; she is banished to the isle of Pandataria. Pub-
lication of Ovid's poem " De Arte amandi." The birth of Christ, ace. Eusebius,
Jerome, Epiphanius, Orosius, Scaliger, and others.
Augustus sends his grandson, Caius, set. 19, to frustrate the designs of Phraates,
the Parthian king, in Armenia. Dionysius instructs him in the geograpny
of those parts of Asia, and the historian Juba attends him, to record
the events. Thev birth of Christ, ace. Chron. Alex., Tertullian, Dionysius, Lu-
ther, &c.
M. Vinicius, who has the command in Germany, is furiously attacked by the
Bructeri, Sicambri, and Cherusci, The birth of Christ, ace' Norisius and Her-
wart.
At an interview between Caius Caesar and Phraates, on an island of the Euphrates,
the terms of peace between Rome and Parthia are agreed on. Velleius Pater-
culus, holding the rank of tribune, witnesses the proceedings. Lucius Csesar,
on his way to Spain, dies at Marseilles, set. 19. Tiberius returns to Rome. The
birth of Christ, ace. Paul of Middelburg.
Augustus appointed imperator, for a fourth term of ten years. This year com-
puted for the birth of Christ, by Lydiat.
Caius Caesar, on his return from his mission, dies in Lycia, aet. 23. Augustus
adopts Marcus, a posthumous son of Agrippa, and at the same time, Tiberius also,
whom he requires to adopt Germanicus, the son of his deceased brother, Drusus.
Tiberius then takes the command of the Roman forces in Germany, where Vel-
leius Paterc. serves under him. Death of Asinius Pollio, at his Tusculan villa,
set. 80.
While Tiberius is engaged in Germany, the Dalmatians and Pannonians become
unruly. Rome is afflicted by a famine and inundations.
Tiberius prepares to attack Marbod, chief of the Suevi ; but is called into Pan-
nonia and Dalmatia by a general revolt in those provinces. Velleius Paterc.
Quaestor elect, conducts a reinforcement to him from Rome. Augustus banishes
Archelaus for his oppressions, and makes Judaea a Roman province.
148
FEOM THE TEAB
A.D.
Oltm.
A.U.C.
Consuls of
Rome.
Roman
Emperors.
Armenia.
Cappado-
cia.
Judaea.
Arsacid-s;
OF
Parthia.
7
196.3
760
Q. Csecilius Me-
38 Augus-
17 Arduas-
43 Arche-
Roman
44 Phra-
tellus Creticus.
tus.
des III.
laus.
Gover-
ates IV.,
A. Licinius Ner-
nors.
or Arsa-
va Silanus.
Coponius.
ces XV.
8
4
761
M. Furius Ca-
millus.
Sex. Nonius
Quinctilianus.
39
18
44
2
45
9
197. 1
762
C. Poppaeus Sa-
binus.
Qu.Sulpicius Ca-
merinus.
40
19
45
1 Mar-
cus Am-
bivius.
46
10
2
763
P. Cornelius Do-
labella.
C. Junius Sila-
nus.
41 .
20
46 — -
2
47
11
3
764
M. JEmih Lepi-
dus.
T. Statilius Tau-
rus.
42
21
47
3
48
12
4
765
Gerinanicus Cae-
sar.
C. Fonteius Ca-
pito.
43
22
48
4
49
,3
198.1
766
C. Silius.
L. Munatius
Pianous.
44
23
49
1 Anni-
us Ru-
fus.
50
14
2
767
Sex. Pompeius.
Sex. Appuleius.
1 Tiberi-
us.
1 Veno-
nes.
50
1 Vale-
riusGra-
tus.
51
15
3
768,
Drusus Cees.
C. Norbanus
Flaccus.
2
Subject to
Parthia.
A Roman
Province.
2
52
1 Phra-
ataces.
1 Orodes.
16
4
769
T. Statilius Si-
senna Taurus.
L. Scribonius
Libo.
3
3
1 Vono- :
ues.
?
;
1
17
199.1
770
C. Csecilius Ru-
fus.
L. Pomponius
Flaccus.
4
1 Vono-
nes.
4
i
1 Artaba-.
nusII.,orj
Arsaces !
XVII. |
18
2
771
Tib. Cses. Aug.
III.
Germanicus Cae-
sar II.
5 —
Conquered
by Rome.
5
2 — -
|
19
1
3
772
M. Junius Sila-
nus.
L. Norbanus Bal-
bus.
6
6
3 !
7 TO 19 A.D.
149
Sep-
tition
Dates.
Germanicus is sent to assist Tiberius. Death
last survivor of the old republican party.
Events and Eminent Men.
Germanicus is sent into Germany. Severe contest in the revolted provinces, em-
ploying fifteen legions, and as many auxiliaries. Velleius Pat. is Qusestor and
Legate. Insurrection of Judas, the Gaulonite, in Judiea. Philistion of Magne-
sia, com. poet, fl.
The Pannonians are subdued, and leave the Dalmatians to struggle alone. Phse-
drus, a freedman, translates the Fables of ^Esop into Latin Iambics. Vermis
Flaccus is preceptor of the imperial family. Athenodorus of Tarsus, Stoic phil.
fl., Exile of Ovid, in Dec. set. 50.
Submission of Dalmatia. Quintilius Varus and his army are cut to pieces by the
Germans, under Arminius (Hermann), in the forest of Teutoburg, near the river
Lippe. Birth of Vespasian, Nov. 17.
The progress of Arminius is checked by Nonius Asprenas ; but the war becomes
so formidable, that Tiberius is sent to take the command of the lioman army.
Messalla Corvinus, set. 72 ; the
Tiberius leaves Germanicus to prosecute the war, and returns to Rome. A tri-
umph is granted to him for his success in Pannonia and Dalmatia. Velleius
Pat., after serving in nine campaigns, has a conspicuous place in the procession.
Birth of Caius Caesar (afterwards named Caligula), Aug. 31 ; son of Germanicus
and Agrippina.
A fifth ten-year term of imperial rule is voted to Augustus. Sotion, the Alexan-
drian philosopher, is the preceptor of Seneca.
Census taken; 4,190,117 Roman citizens. Death of Augustus at Nola, Aug. 9, set.
75. Strabo writes his Geography. Thrasyllus, phil. and Fenestella, hist. fl.
Tiberius begins his reign by the murder of M. Agrippa. (See a.d. 4.)
A mutiny of the Pannonian legions is suppressed by Drusus, the son of Tiberius ;
those of Germany also are quieted by Germanicus, who is afterwards successful
in his campaign against Arminius. After a reign of fifty-two years, Archelaug
is summoned by Tiberius to Rome, where he is detained, and Cappadocia made
a Roman province. Commotions in Parthia. The aged Phraates IV. is mur-
dered by his son, Phraataces, who is killed by Orodes. Birth of Vitellius.
Germanicus obtaius still more decisive victories, and is recalled to Rome, through
the jealousy of Tiberius. Scribonius Libo Drusus, convicted of treason and
sorcery, kills himself; his death is followed by decrees, expelling from Italy all
professors of magic. Sejanus becomes the favourite of Tiberius. The Parthi-
ans put Orodes to death, and send to Rome for Vonones, son of Phraates IV-,
who was a hostage there, and being liberated by Tiberius, is made their king".
Germanicus is received with enthusiasm by the people of Rome, and has a splendid
triumph for his victories, after which he is sent into the East. Ephesus, Mag-
nesia, and other cities in Asia, are devastated by a violent earthquake. Some
wild tribes in Africa are led by Tacfarinas to attack the Romans, but are soon
repulsed. Archelaus dies at Rome. Apollonius of Tyana, now a youth, begins
to distinguish himself. Corn Celsus, med. fl. Death of Arminius, set. 37. The
Parthians expel Vonones, and call Artabanus from Media, to reign over them ;
Vonones obtains the kingdom of Armenia.
Armenia subdued by Germanicus ; Vonones is expelled, and soon afterwards put
to death. The city of Tiberias in Galilee built by Herod the Tetiarch. Death
of Livy, ajt. 76— of Ovid, set. 60.
Germanicus visits Egypt, and soon after his return, dies at Antioch, Oct. 9, set. 34,
supposed to have been poisoned. Drusus defeats the Germans. Marbod surren-
ders to him, and passes the remainder of his life at Ravenna. The Jews and
Egyptians are expelled from Italy ; four thousand of them are planted in Sar-
150
FEOM THE YEAB
'
A.D.
Olym.
1. U. C.
Consuls of Rome.
| Roman Empe-
ROES.
JUD^A.
ARSACIDiE
OF Parthia.
Roman Go-
20
21
199.4
200.1
773
774
M. Valerius Messalla.
M. Aurelius Cotta.
Tib. Caes. Augustus IV.
Jul. Drusus Caesar II.
|
7 Tiberius.
vernors.
7 Valerius
Gratus.
8
4 Artabanus
II., or Arsa-
ces XVII.
22
23
2
3
775
776
Dec. Haterius Agrippa.
G. Sulp. Galba.
C. Asinius Pollio.
C. Antistius Vet.
9
9
10
7
24
4
777
Serv. Cornelius Cethegus.
L. Visellius Varro.
11 ■
11
8
25
201.1
77S
M. Asinius Agrippa.
Cossus Corn. Lentulus.
12
1 Pontius
Pilatus.
9
26
2
779
Cn. Lentulus Gsetulicus.
C. Calvisius Sabinus.
13
2
10
27
3
780
M. Licinius Crassus.
L.Calpurnius Piso.
14
3 ■
11
28
4
781
Ap. Junius Silanus.
P. Silius Nerva.
15
4
12
29
202.1
782
L. Rubellius Geminus.
C. Fufius Geminus.
16
5
13 .
30
31
2
3
783
784
M. Vinicius.
L. Cassius Longinus.
Tib. Caes. Aug. V.
L. yElius Sejanus.
17
18
6
14
15
32
4
785
Cn. Domitius Ahenobar-
bus.
Fur. Camillus Scriboni-
19 ,
8
16 .
33
203.1
786
anus.
Serv. Sulpic. Galba.
L. Cornel. Sylla Felix.
20
9
17
34
2
787
L. Vitellius.
Paulus Fabius Persicus.
10
18
35
3
788
C. Cestius Gallus.
&L Sexvilius Noniaims.
22
Herod An-
fcinas.
19
•20 TO 35 A.D.
15.1
Rep*-
tit ion
I hi Us.
80
84
88
Events and Eminent Mkn.
dtnia. M. Annseus Seneca, the father, now cot. 80 ; Lucius, his son, a>t. 25. begin i
to display his talents.
Agrippina brings thfi ashes of Gennanicus to Rome. Piso, aooused of having
poisoned him, kills himself, Taofarlnas raises another rebellion in Ai'rloa.
First retirement of Tiberius
Taofarinas. Commotions i
ppressed by Silius. C. 1-
ntO Campania. Junius Hhosus is sent to oppose
Gaul, under Julius Florus and Julius Sacrovir;
tortus Piisous, condemned to death for his Elegy on
GermaniCUS. The theatre of Temper, at, Rome, destroyed by fire. Oppres-
sive government of Sejanus.
IDrusus associated by his father in the tribunitian power. Death of Ateius CapftO,
the civilian.
Sejanus, praetorian pnvfeet, attempts to destroy all the imperial family, that he
may clear the way to the throne for himself. He poisons Drusus, "the son of
Tiberius, now ict. ;>7. Tiberius returns to Koine, and takes a more aotive part
In public affairs ; some provincial governors are severely punished for ex-
tortion
Tacfarinas is finally defeated and killed in battle by Dolahella; quiet is restored
in Africa. The orator Cassius Severus, who had been banished to Crete, is sent
to a more rigid penance in Seriphus. Birth of Pliny the elder. Valerius Maxi-
mus fl.
The Senate orders the yEdiles to burn the History of the Civil Wars, by Cremu-
tius Cordus, but it is secretly preserved ; the author starves himself to death.
Yotiemis Montanus, orator and poet, is banished to one of the Balearic islands.
Sejanus urges Tiberius to withdraw from Rome, and indulge his pleasures. The
supposed time of Strabo's death.
Some hostile movements in Thrace are repressed by P. Sabinus. Tiberius goes
into Campania, and leaves all the power of the state in the hands of Sejanus.
The Prffitorian bands are increased, and a fortified camp constructed for them.
Sejanus plots against Agrippina and her sons. Death of the orator llatcrius.
John the Baptist preaches in Judsea.
Tiberius secludes himself in the island of Caprea\ An amphitheatre, erected by
Acilius at Fideinv, breaks down, while a large concourse of spectators is assem-
bled, many thousands of whom arc buried in the ruins. Universal discontent
and terror under the tyranny of Sejanus.
The Frisians revolt and defeat Apronius. Julia, grand-daughter of Augustus,
dies after an exile of twenty years. Agrippina, daughter of Germanicus, is
married 10 Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus ; from this marriage the emperor Nero is
born. John the Baptist imprisoned by Herod Antipas.
Death of Livia, the mother of Tiberius, jut. 86. John the Baptist beheaded. The
crucifixion of Jesus, March 25th (according to Laetantius, and many ancients
and among moderns, Clinton).
Agrippina, the widow of Gennanicus, and her sons, banished by Sejanus. Asinius
Gallus imprisoned. The crucifixion (according to Africanus).
The fall and death of Sejanus. Valerius Maximus writes. Deatli of Velleius
Paterculus. The crucifixion (according to Prosper's Chron. and Epiphanius, fol-
lowed by Hales).
Macro succeeds to the office and power of Sejanus, which he abuses like bis prede-
cessor. L. Junius Gallio, the friend of Ovid and Serceca, is banished to Lesbos,
but recalled to Rome. The crucifixion placed by the Paschal Chronicle on the
24th March. Birth of Otho, April 28.
Agrippina, the widow of Gennanicus, and her son Drusus, are put to death, Sept.
17. Cassius Severus and Asinius Gallus die in exile. The crucifixion (according
to Eusebius) on April 3, the date approved by Usher and Blair, and now gene-
rally adopted.
Cains Caesar, the youngest son of Gennanicus, coalesces with Macro, in ruling Tibe-
rius, now in his dotage. Birth of the sat. poet, Persius, at Volateme, in
Etruria.
Pontius Pilate is deprived of his office, and banished. The tetrarch Herod Antipas
Ij rules over the greater part of J ud ma. Martyrdom of Stephen, and flight of J
152
TEOil THE TEAR
I A.D. Olym.Lu.C.
COXSCT.3 OF P.OMS,
Roman
ElIPEBOBS.
36
41
44
45
47
203. 4
205.1
2
3
789
790
791
Sex. Papinius Allenius. 23 Tiberius.
Qu. Plautius.
Cn. Acerronius Proculus. 1 Cains Cses. 1 Herod A- [21
C. Pontius Nigrinns. ! (Caligula.) grippa.
I'.iZ
JUD-EA.
aesacid.e of
Pabthia.
20 Artabanus
II., or Arsa-
ces XVII.
795
796
797
798
2 : 799
800
ii. Aquilius Julianas. 2
P. Nonius Asprenas.
C. Cses, Aug. Germanicus; 3
[I.
L. Apronius Csesianus. j
C. Cses. Aug. Germanicus 4 — — —
III., solus, Clin. With!
L. Gellius Poplicola,
I Hales.
C. Cses. Aug. Germanicusl 1 Claudius I.
IV.
Cn. Sentius Saturninus. i
Tib. Claud. Cses. Aug. II. 2
C. Csecina Largus.
Tib. Claud. Cses. Aug. III.
L. Vitellius II.
L. Quinctius Crispinus
II.
M. Statilius Taurus.
M. Vinicius II.
T. Statilius Taurus.
Corvinus.
Valerius Asiaticus II.
M. Junius Silanus.
Tib. Claud. Cses. Aug. IV,
L. Vitellius III.
3 23
1 Agrippa
tbe Younger
25
26
1 Vardanes,
or Arsaces
XVIII.
1 Gotarzes, or
Arsaces XIX
36 TO 47 A D.
153
Repe-
tition
Dates.
37
Events and Eminent Men.
some disciples from Jerusalem to Antioch. Saul, who had instigated this and
other acts of persecution, becomes soon afterwards a zealous convert to the faith
which he had opposed with so much cruelty. Philo Judseus fl. at Alexandria.
Tiridates fails in his attempt to seize the throne of Parthia. Some men of Cyprus
and Cyrene produce a great impression at Antioch, by preaching to the Greeks,
what had been stated by the disciples who fled from Jerusalem. Barnabas, who
is sent by the apostles to inquire into this, goes to Tarsus for Saul, and takes
him to Antioch. Death of Thrasyllus.
Death of Tiberius at Misenum, March 16, set. 78. Caius Cssar (see a.d. 34) suc-
ceeds, set. 25. He puts to death Tiberius, the son of Drusus. Birth of the future
emperor, Nero. Herod Agrippa is made king of a part of Judaea. During a
year's conference, the parties assembled at Antioch give the name of Christians
to the believers in Christ, and found, in that city, the first Greek Christian church,
of which Lucius of Cyrene is an eminent teacher. Saul and Barnabas take
back with them a liberal donation for their poorer brethren at Jerusalem.
Caligula appoints dependent kings in some of the eastern provinces ; among them
are Cotys, in the lesser Armenia, and Polemo, in his paternal Cilician States.
Birth of Josephus. Saul and Barnabas return to Antioch ; and, after another
consultation with the new church, go forth to preach the gospel to the Gentiles,
the former having changed his name to Paul. They make many converts in
Cyprus, Perga, and Iconium. The Hebrew gospel of Matthew composed.
Herod Antipas is deposed, and his dominions added to those of Agrippa. Caligula
indulges his violent passions, and afflicts the empire by his tyranny. L. Se-
neca and Domitius Afer escape with difficulty from his violence. Apion of
Alexandria, fl., and Demetrius, the Cynic, is the friend of Seneca, and of Apol-
lonius of Tyana. Birth of Lucan, at C.ordova, Nov. 3.
Caligula's expedition in Gaul and Germany, and pretended invasion of Britain.
He commands his statue to be placed in the temple of Jerusalem ; protest and per-
secution of the Jews. Agrippa and Petronius, the Roman governor, plead for
them. Dissension between the Jews and Greeks at Alexandria; on one side
Philo Judseus, and on the other Apion, are sent ambassadors to Rome. Lucan
brought to Rome in his infancy.
Assassination of Caligula, Jan. 24, set. 29. His uncle Claudius is made emperor
by the praetorians, set. 50. The territories of Agrippa are still more enlarged by
him, and the former privileges of the Alexandrian Jews restored; all Cilicia is
given to Polemo; Mithridates receives Pontus. Galba aud Gabinius carry on a
successful war in Germany. Birth of Titus, Dec. 30. Seneca writes his three
books, " De Ira," and is afterwards banished to Corsica,.
A revolt in Mauritania quelled by Paulinus- and Geta. Deaths of Carina Paetus
and his wife Arria. Asconius Paedianus, hist. fl. The apostle Peter imprisoned
at Jerusalem, by order of Agrippa.
Aulus Plautius.is sent with an army into Britain; Vespasian serves there under
him. Claudius follows, to have the glory of their victories, Pomponius Mela,
geog. fl. Birth of Martial, March 1. Narcissus in favour with Claudius. On
the death of Artabanus II., his sons contend for the throne of Parthia. Gotarzes
kills his brother Artabanus, and is himself expelled by Vardanes.
Plautius is appointed the first Roman governor of Britain. Claudius returns and
celebrates a magnificent triumph at Rome. Great rejoicings in the East, on the
occasion. Olympic games at Antioch. During the ceremony at Cassarea, Herod
Agrippa is attacked by the disease which, in a few days, terminates his life.
The younger Agrippa prevails upon Claudius to reverse the orders issued by Cas-
sius Longinus, governor of Judaea. Domitius Afer fl. Antipater, archon of
Athens. Apollonius of Tyana visits Persia and India. Thrace is made a Ro-
man province.
Licentious and cruel proceedings of the empress Messalina. Death of M. Vinicius,
and many of the first patricians, through her false accusations, and banishment
of others. Columella writes " De Re Rustica."
The secular games celebrated at Rome. Plautius returns from Britain, and
Vespasian has the command there. (Jorbulo restores discipline in the army
154
FROM THE XEAB
A.D.
Oltm.
206.4
49
50
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
eo
61
801
Consuls of Ro:.ie.
804 j
807
810
811
812
813
Romas Emfe-
ROBS.
Claudius I.
Jud:*:a..
Agrippa the
Younger.
A. Vitellius.
L. Vipsanius.
C. Pompeius Longinus
Gallus.
Qu. Verannius.
C. Antistius Vetns.
M. Suilius Nervilianus. i
Tib. Claud. Caes. Aug. V,
Ser. Cornel. Orfitus.
Com. Sylla Faustus.
L. Salvius Otho Titianus.
D. ,Tun. Silanus Torqua-
tus.
Qu. Haterius Antonius.
M. Asinius Marcellus.
M. Acilius Aviola.
Nero Claud. Caes. Aug.
L. Antistius Vetus.
Qu. Volusius Saturninus.
P. Cornelius Scipio.
Nero Claud. Caas. Aug. II.
L. Calpurnius Piso.
Nero Claud. Caes. Aug. II I
M. Valerius Messalla.
C. Vipsanius Apronianus
L. Fonteius Capito.
NeroClaud.CEes.Aug.IV,
Corn. Cossus Lentulus.
C. Csesonius Ppetus.
P. PetroniusTurpilianus,
13
Avlsaowje, of
Pakthia.
Gotarzes, or
Arsacea
XIX.
1 Vonones II.
1 Volagase3
I., or Arsa-
cea XX.
48 TO 61 A.D.
155
Repe-
tition
Dates
52
53
54
55
58
I 59
Events and Eminent Men.
on the Rhenish frontier, and obtains signal victories over the Chauci. He is stopped
in his progress by the orders of Claudius. Death of Valerius Asiaticus, through
the malicious arts of Messalina. Vardanes is slain by his lawless subjects, and
Gotarzes succeeds him.
k census taken, which shows 5.984,072 adult citizens of Rome. Divorce, conspi-
racy, and death, of Messalina. Claudius is governed by Narcissus and Pallas,
both freedmen. He gives additional territories to the younger Agrippa. Palae-
mon Vicentinus, the instructor of Quintilian, fl.
Claudius marries Agrippina, the widow of Domitius (see a.d. 28). Lollia Paulina,
her rival, is beheaded. Seneca recalled from exile, and the care of Nero's edu-
cation is confided to him. Domitius Afer has the superintendence of the public
aqueducts. Dinophilus is archon of Athens.
Agrippina prevails on Claudius to adopt her son, Nero, as his successor, to the
exclusion of his own son, Britannicus. She fcAmds the Colonia Agrippina, now
Cologne, on the Rhine. Ostorius, after defeating the Iceni, in Britain, overcomes
the Silures, and sends their king, Caractacus, a prisoner to Rome. Dissensions
betwen the Jew Christians and Greek converts, the former requiring the latter
to observe the ceremonial laws of Moses ; they are, however, dispensed with.
Nero, set. 14, is allowed to assume the toga virilis. Burrus Afranius praetorian
prsefect, through the influence of Agrippina. A severe famine at Rome. The
short and inglorious reign of Vonones, over the Parthians, is terminated by his
death, and the quiet accession of his son Volagases.
Pallas obtains for his brother, Felix, the procuratorship of Judaea. The magnifi-
cent aqueducts of the Aqua Claudia and the Lake Fucinns, commenced a.d,
38, are completed. Paul preaches at Athens. Volagases invades Lesser Arme-
nia.
Nero, set. 16, is married to Octavia, the daughter of Claudius. Through his inter-
cession, the privileges of Rhodes are restored, and arrears of tribute remitted to
Byzantium, and other communities. Trachonitis and Abilene, with the territo-
ries of the tetrarch, Philip, are placed under the jurisdiction of Agrippa. Diony-
sodorus, archon of Athens.
Claudius, set. 64. is poisoned by Agrippina, Oct. 13, that her son Nero, set. 17, may
secure the succession. The new emperor acts at first under the advice of Seneca
and Burrus. Domitius Corbulo is appointed to command in Armenia. Narcissus
is put to death.
Pallas is dismissed from his offices and excluded from the palace. Agrippina,
slighted by her son, courts Britannicus, on which Nero orders him to be poisoned,
Oct. 14. Paullinus Pompeius has the command in Germany, and embanks the
lower Rhine. Paul preaches at Ephesus.
Seneca addresses his two books, " De Clementia," to Nero, who soon afterwards
begins to neglect the lessons of his instructor, and gives free course to his
passions. Conon, archon of Athens. Birth of Trajan, Sept 18.
Pomponia Grsecina, a noble Roman matron, accused of practising a foreign super-
stition. Banishment of Capito, for misgoverning Cilicia. P. Celer, impeached
by the province of Asia, for the like offence, dies of old age.
Corbulo drives Volagases out of Armenia, and gives to Tiridates royal authority
there. Sabina Poppsea, the mistress of Nero ; Otho, her former lover, is sent
into Lusitania. Pamphila of Kpidaurus, daughter of Soterides, hist. fl. The
colony of Lugdunum desti'oyed by fire.
Murder of Agrippina, by her son's order, March 20. An eclipse of the sun, April
30. Death of Domitius Afer. Paul is imprisoned, and defends himself before
Felix, at Csesarea.
The Quinquenalian games instituted at Rome by Nero. Corbulo, after having set-
tled the affairs of Armenia, is appointed the successor of Quadratus in Syria.
Agrippa retains only a shadow of authority, the Roman governor being all-
powerful in Judsea, A comet visible for six months. Seneca Nat. Qu. VII., 21.
The British Iceni revolt under Boadicea, and destroy the Roman colonies in the
country of the Trinobantes ; they are defeated by Suetonius Paulinus, in a
bloody battle, near Sunbury (Suetonii Castra) on the Thames. After this the
156
FROM THE YEAR
A.D.
Olym.
A.TJ.C.
62
210.2
815
63
S
816
64
4
817
65
211.1
818
66
2
819
67
3
820
68
4
821
'69
212.1
822
1
1
1
1 70
i
2
823?
Consuls of Rome.
iROMAW EMPK
EORS- PaRTH!A.
P. Marius Celsus.
L. Asinius Gallus.
C. Memmius Regulus.
L. "V irginius Rufus.
C. Lecanius Bassus.
M. Licinius Crassus Fru
A. Licinius Nerva Silia
nus.
M. Vestinus Atticus.
0. Lucceius Telesinus.
C. Suetonius Paulinus.
Fonteius Capito. 14
Junius Rufus.
Galerius Trachalus.
C. Silius Italicus.
Serv. Sulp. Galba
Aug. II.
T. Vinius Rufinus.
Flav. Vespasianus Cses.
Aug. II. I
Titus Caasar. i
Nero.
1 Galba.
1 Otho.
1 Vitellius.
1 Vespasian.
Volagases I..
or Arsaces
XX.
Bishops of
Rome.
The dates of
the earliest
bishops of
Rome cannot
be positively
ascertained.
The follow-
ing are given
by Irenaeus
abt. a.d. 183
1 Linus.
62 TO 70 A.D.
157
\jtepe-
tition
\Datea.
Events and Eminent Men.
65
m
70
consul Turpilianus takes the command of the army in Britain ; Galba has the
command in Spain. Felix is replaced in Judsea by Festus, before whom Paul
pleads his cause, and, as a Roman citizen, appeals to the emperor. ThrasylluB,
archon of Athens. Apollonius of Tyana is present at the Olympic games.
Birth of Pliny the Younger ; that of Tacitus a few years earlier, but the exact
date uncertain.
Burrus dies. Tigellinus, a court favourite, is appointed prsetorian prefect. Nero
marries Poppsea, and puts Octavia to death, set. 20. Pallas is condemned and !
his wealth confiscated. Death of Persius, Dec. 25, aet. 29. Paul is sent a prisoner J
to Rome. The Hebrew gospel of Matthew is rendered into Greek by an unknown j
translator. Corbulo again in Armenia to oppose the Parthians.
Great earthquakes in Asia. P. Albinus succeeds Festus in Judsea. Ambassadors)
from Volagases arrive at Rome to treat for peace. The gospels of Mark and j
Luke ai-e written originally in Greek. Seneca's Nat. Qucest. completed. j
Nero exhibits on the stage at Rome and Naples. During his absence at Antium,'
the great fire of Rome breaks out, July 19, and in six days, ten out of the four-!
teen regions of the city are destroyed. The Christians are accused of having'
caused it, and suffer cruel punishments for the imaginary crime. Josephus, set.
26, visits Rome. Albinus is recalled from Judsea, and Gessius Florus appointed.
The conspiracy of Piso detected, and its author put to death. Among the nume-
rous victims of Nero's brutal cruelty this year, are his wife Poppsea, the apos-
tles Paul and Peter, Seneca, phil. set. 72, and his brother, Gallio, the poet, Lucan, ;
April 30, set. 26, and his father, Melo, Jun. Silanus Torquatus and the civilian
Cassius Longinus. A pestilence at Rome. Demostratus, archon of Athens.
Tiridates comes to Rome and is crowned by Nero. Rebellion of the Jews ; they
defeat Cestius Gallus, and Vespasian is sent against them. Ostorius Sca-
pula dies. The Senators Thrasea Psetus, and Barea Soranus are condemned to
death. Nero visits Greece. Martial comes to Rome. Plutarch, set. 20, and his
brother, Lamprias, are taught by the phil. Ammonius at Delphi. Demetrius,
the cynic, fl. Death of Petronius Arbiter, Apollonius of Tyana is ordered to
leave Rome.
The services of Corbulo excite the jealousy of Nero ; he kills himself to avoid an
ignominious death. Vespasian conquers many places in Judsea ; Josephus sur-
renders Jotapata to him, and is kindly treated as a prisonerof war. Nero, after
celebrating tne public games in Greece, is called back to Italy by the news of
another conspiracy. The educated Greek converts to Christianity adapt their
new religion to their various philosophical systems, and form numerous sects,
to which the general name of Gnostics is given. Simon Magus is the first-named
among them, and next his disciple Menander.
Vindex, governor of Gaul, proclaims Galba, but is defeated and slain by Virginius
Rufus. Galba advances with his army from Spain, and is acknowledged by the
Senate, as Emperor, set. 72. Nero kills himself, June 10, set. 32, Vespasian con-
tinues his progress in Judaea, and takes Gadara and Jericho ; but after hearing
of the events in the West, he prepares to claim the empire for himself. Quin-
tilian arrives in Rome, with Galba, and begins to teach there.
Galba adopts Calpurnius Piso. They are both murdered, Jan. 15, by the prsetorian
guards, who place Otho on the throne. The German legions proclaim Vitellius.
Otho, defeated near Bedriacum, kills himself, April 16, aet. 37, after a reign of
ninety-five days. Vespasian assumes the empire July 1st, suspends his opera-
tions in Judsea, marches into Italy, and overcomes the army of Vitellius at Cre-
mona. The conqueror enters Rome, where Vitellius is beheaded, Dec. 22, set. 55,
his short reign having been disgraced by indulging the grossest sensuality.
Jerusalem is a prey to fierce intestine factions. Apollonius of Tyana quarrels
with Euphrates in Egypt. The poet Silius Italicus fl. Musonius Rufus, stoic
phil. is at Rome. Dio Prusseas, called by some Dio Chrysostom, begins to be emi-
nent.
The Capitol, destroyed during the troubles of the past year, is rebuilt by Ves-
pasian; he regulates the state, -and restores good government. Titus marches
from Egypt, and concludes the Jewish war by the capture of Jerusalem, Sept. 8.
158
FROM THE YEAH
A.D»
OlymJa. u.C. Consuls of Roue.
212.3
4
213.1
2
4
214.1
215.1
4
216.1
824
625
827
828
831
832
834
837
liOJIAN ElIPE-
BOES.
Vespasian.
1 Titus.
Flav. Vespasianus Caes.
Aug. III.
M. Cocceius Nerva.
Flav, Vesp. Cses. Aug. IV.
Titus Cses. II.
Domitianus Caesar II.
M. Valerius Messalinus.
Flav. Vesp. Cses. Aug. V.
Titus Cses. III.
Flav. Vesp. Cses. Aug. VI
Titus Caes. IV.
Flav. Vesp. Cses. A ug.VI I.
Titus Caes. V.
Flav. Vesp. Caes. Aug.
VIII.
Titus Cses. VI.
L. Ceionius Commodus.
D. Novius Priscus.
Flav. Vesp. Caes. Aug. IX
Titus Cass. VII.
Titus Caes. Vesp. Aug,
VIII.
Domitianus Caes. VII.
L. Flavius Silva Noniusj 1 Donritian.
Bassus.
Asinius Pollio Verruco-i
sus.
Domitianus Aug. VIII.
T. Flavius Sabinus.
Domit. Aug. IX.
Q. Petilius Rufus II.
Domit. Aug. X.
Oppius Sabinus.
Domit. Aug. XI.
T. Aurelius Fulvius.
ABSACID.E I
Pabthia.
j Bishops of
Rose.
Volagases I., Linus.
or Arsacesi
XX.
33
1 Anacletus.
71 TO 85 A.I>.
159
titian
Dates.
Events and Ejbnent Men.
The Jews are dispersed. Josephus is set at liberty, and highly favoured by
Titus. The Batavi and their confederates, who had for some time resisted
successfully, under Civilis, the Roman legions, are defeated by Cerealis. A
treaty of peace acknowledges them as allies, not subjects, of Rome. Bishops
preside over the principal Christian churches; Annianus at Alexandria, Ignatius
at Antioch, and Simeon at Jerusalem or Bella. Revolt of Sabinus in Gaul.
Volagases, who had offered to Vespasian a subsidiary force of 40,000 Barthians,
sends ambassadors to congratulate Titus and present him a crown of gold. On
his way to Rome, Titus meets Apollonius of Tyana in Gilicia. The joint triumph
of Vespasian and Titus. The Temple of Janus closed.
Antiochus, the nominal king of Commagene, is deposed, and sent with his family
to reside in Rome ; the country is made a Roman province. The fourteenth book
of Bliny's Hist. Nat. written this year.
Julius Frontinus is now governor of Britain. Some of the Jews, who had been ex-
pelled from their country, excite disturbances and revolts among their brethren
in Cyrene.
Helvidins Briscus, the Stoic, having offended Vespasian, is put to death, and all
the philosophers, except Musonius Rufus (see a.d. 69), are ordered to leave Rome ;
among the expelled is Demetrius, (see a.d. 39 and 66). Agrippa brings to Rome
his sister, Berenice, to whom Titus attaches himself.
Vespasian dedicates the Temple of Beace, and begins to build the Colosseum.
Barthia is invaded by the Alani, and Volagases requests the Romans to afford
him assistance against them.
Birth of Hadrian, Jan. 24. Plutarch is the preceptor of the future emperor,
Trajan.
A destructive earthquake in Cyprus, and fatal pestilence in Rome. Barthia is
again disturbed by intestine troubles. Bliny's Hist. Nat. is dedicated to Titus
in his sixth consulship.
Agricola succeeds Julius Frontinus in Britain, completes the conquest of the island,
and introduces useful arts.
Sabinus, discovered in the cavern, where he had been concealed nine years (see
A.n. 70), is cruelly put to death. Csecina and Marcellus, detected in a conspiracy,
meet the same fate. Death of Vespasian, June 24th, aet. 69. Pompeii and Her-
culaneum destroyed by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius, Aug. 23rd. Pliny the
Elder, approaching too near, is smothered by the ashes, Aug. 24th, set. 56.
Rome is afflicted by a calamitous fire, followed by a pestilence.- Titus restores the
injured edifices and relieves the sufferers. The Colosseum being completed, he
celebrates in it magnificent games. Splendid baths are built by him, adorned
with numerous statues, among which is the Laocoon, sculptured by Agesander
of Rhodes, Athenodorus, and Polydorus. Successful campaign of Agricola in
Caledonia. Pliny the Younger, set. 19, begins to plead, and Plutarch composes
his first treatises.
Death of Titus, Sept. 13, set. 40, lamented by his subjects, who attribute his
death to poison. His brother Domitian, on his accession, represses for a time his
violent passions. Valerius Flaccus writes his " Argonautica." Titus, in the last
days of his life, restores the dilapidated aqueduct of the Aqua Curtia. Domitian
is supposed to have written during the life of Titus, the Paraphrase on the Phce-
nomena of Aratus, commonly ascribed to Germanicus. Nieb.
The reparation of the Capitol and other public works, commenced by Titus, are
completed. The amphitheatre of Verona built. Domitian establishes a liberal
endowment for rhetoricians, of which Quintilian is a partaker.
Expedition of Domitian against the Chatti, over whom he pretends to have
gained great victories ; he assumes the name of Germanicus and celebrates a
triumph.
The Caledonians collect a great force, under Galgacus, to oppose Agricola, by whom
they are totally defeated ; he builds the wall between the Clyde and the Forth,
and his fleet sails round the north of Scotland for the first time.
Domitian, jealous of Agricola, recals him to Rome, and appoints Sallustius gover-
nor of Britain. Abilius is elected bishop of Alexandria.
160
FROM THE YEAB
.D.
87
95
Olym,
216.2
A.U.C
4
218.1
810
841
842
844
845
846
847
848
850
851
Domit. Aug. XII.
Ser. Cornel. Dolabella.
Domit Aug. XIII.
A. Volusius Satuminus.
Domit. Aug. XIV.
L. Minueius Rufus.
T. Aurelius Fulvas II.
A. Sempron. Atratinus.
Domit. Aug. XV.
M. Cocceius Nerva II.
M. Ulpius Trajanus.
M. Acilius Glabrio.
Domit. Aug. XVI.
Q. Volusius Satuminus.
Sex. Pompeius Collega.
Corn. Priscus.
Consuls of Rome.
L. Nonius Asprenas.
M. Arricinius Clemens,
Hales.
Lateranus, Clin.
Domit. Aug. XVII.
T. Flav. Clemens.
C. Manlius Valens.
C. Antistius Vetus.
Nerva Aug. III.
L. Virginius Rufus III.
Com. Tacitus, Suffectus.
Nerva Aug. IV.
Trajanus Caesar II.
Romaw Empb-
6 Domitian.
1 Nerva.
1 Trajan.
Absacid^;
op
Parthia.
Bishops op
Rome.
36 Volagases 8 Anacletus.
I., or Arsa-
cesXX.
37
1 Pacorus
I., or Arsa-
ces XXI
2
3
4
10
11 •
12'
1 Clement I.
2
3
86 TO 98 A.D.
161
'Repe
tition
Dates
Events and Eminent Men.
87
94
95
96
Institution of the Capitoline games by Domitian, in which a prize is given for
poetry. Revolt of the Nasamones in Africa finally quelled. The Dacians in-
vade Moesia and defeat the Roman general, Fuscus. Irritated by this disaster,
Domitian begins his cruelties, and employs spies and informers to furnish pre-
texts for them. Birth of Antoninus Pius, Sept. 20.
The Romans sustain another defeat, and prevail upon the Dacians to retire, by pay-
ing them a large sum of money.
The secular games celebrated at Rome. Here.nnius Senecio writes the Life of
Helvidius Priscus, and Arulenus Rusticus that of Thrasea Psetus, for which
they are among the victims of Domitian's tyranny. Tacitus is appointed Praetor.
Quintilian, after having taught rhetoric twenty years in Rome, begins his Treatise
" De Institutione Rhetorica ;" the nephews of Domitian are at this time under
his care. Departure of Tacitus from Rome.
The deaths of Hereimius and Arulenus are followed by an order for all philoso-
phers and mathematicians to leave Rome and Italy. Epictetus withdraws to
Nicopolis, and Dio Prusseus (see a.d. 69), retires among the Goths, of whom he
afterwards writes. Pliny is Praetor.
Domitian concludes a peace with the Dacians, and celebrates a triumph. Cornelia,
chief of the Vestals, is buried alive, for having broken her vows. L. Antonius
Saturninus" revolts in Germany; he is defeated and slain by I», Appius Maximus.
Domitian builds the Forum Palladium for Courts of Law and Government Offices.
The mathematician, Agrippa, observes, in B-ithynia, a conjunction of the moon
Avith the Pleiades, Nov. 29, at 7 p.m.
An over-abundant vintage in the preceding year, causes Domitian to issue an edict
against planting vines in cities. The emperor goes in person to repel an inroad
of some Sarmatian tribe; particulars unknown, except that he is absent eight
months and declines the triumph which is offered by the Senate. Death of Agri-
cola, Aug.- 23, set. 56. Josephus completes his Ant. Jud. and dies soon after-
wards, set. 56. The first nine books of Martial's epigrams, and that " De
Spectaculis," are written during the reigns of Titus and Domitian. Apollonius
of Tyana comes again to Rome, is accused of conspiracy, suffered to escape, and
goes to the Olympic garces. Scopelianus, the sophist of Clazomente, sent as
ambassador from Asia, prevails upon Domitian to revoke his edict against plant-
ing vines.
Domitian's indiscriminate slaughter of his subjects fills all Rome with dismay.
Juvenal is sent to Egypt, supposed by some, to h*ve been the first exile to the
Oasis. Clement, bishop of Rome, addresses an epistle to the church of Corinth,
to heal their divisions, the earliest poskapostolic writing that is known.
Celsus Juventius. detected in a conspiracy, is nevertheless pardoned. The Jews
and Christians refusing to pay a tax levied for the expense of rebuilding the
temple of Jupiter Capitolipus, are visited -with severe punishments. This is
called the second persecution. The consul Clemens, Domitian's nephew, is put
to death, and the empress Flavia Domitilla banished to the isle of Pandataria, as
is supposed, for their profession of Christianity. The apostle John is sent to
Patmos. Statins writes the fourth book of his " Silvse."
The barbarities of Domitian provoke another conspiracy, and he is slain, Sept. 18,
set. 45. M. Cocceius Nerva is unanimously proclaimed emperor, and his reign
commences a term of eighty-four happy years for the Romans. Pliny pieads
before the new emperor, for the family of Helvidius Priscus. All exiles are re-
called, and the imprisoned set free.
Virginius, the consul, dies in the first month of his office, and is succeeded by the
historian, Tacitus. Discontent of the Praetorians repressed. Frontinus, the
geometrician, has the care of the Roman aqueducts. iElianus, tacticus, fl.
Nicetes of Smyrna is sent into Gaul. Apollonius of Tyana dies about this
time. Trajan is adopted by Nerva. Herodes Atticus, the father, a descendant
of Miltiades, discovers the treasure, afterwards so munificently applied by his
son. The Apostle John is recalled from banishment.
Death of Nerva in the gardens of Sallust, Jan. 25, aet. 72, Trajan being then at
Colonia Agrippina. Pliny is the correspondent and favourite of the new em-
M.
162
EEOM THE TEA.B
OLT3I. A.U.C.
Consuls OF EOiEE.
j
99 1219.3 | 832
100
4 i 853
Romas Empb-
Trajan.
101 220.1 ; 854
102
103
105
108
107
108
109
110
111
112
3 | 856
857
221.1
2
C. Sosius Senecio II.
A. Cornelius Palma.
Nerva Trajanus Aug. III.
31. Cornelius Fronto III.
Trajan Aug. IV.
Sex. Articuleius Paetus
C. Sosius Senecio III.
L. Licinius Sura II.
Suburanus IT.
P. Neratius Marcellus.
Traj. Aug. V.
L. Appius Maximus II.
T. Julius Candidus II.
A. Julius Quadratus II.
L. Ceionius Commodus
Verus.
L. Tutius Cerealis.
C Sosius Senecio IV,
L. Licinius Sura III.
Ap. Annius Trebonius
G-allus.
M. Atilius Metilius Bra-
dua.
A. Cornel. Palma II.
C. Calvisius Tullus.
Clodius Priscinus.
Solenus Grfitus.
3 I 864 [ C. Calp. Piso.
; M. Vettius Bolanus.
i , 865 ;Traj. Aug. VI.
Aksacid^:
OF
Paethta.
Pacorus 1
or Arsaces
XXI.
Bishops of
EoilE.
Clement I.
859
862
1 Euarestus-
T. Sextius Africanus.
1 Chosroes, 7
or Arsaces;
XXII.
1 Alexander.
3 -
4 -
99 TO 112 A.D.
163
100
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
Events and Eminent Men.
peror. Plutarch is highly distinguished by him. The only surviving apostle,
St. John, now a;t. 90, at the earnest entreaty of the Asiatic bishops, writes his
gospel. Transit of the moon over Spica Virginis, observed at Rome, Jan. 11,
7 a.m., by the Alexandrian mathematician, Menelaus. Cerdon is bishop oi Alex-
andria.
Trajan, on his return from Germany, makes his entry into Rome, and distributes
a liberal donation to the people and the army. Dio Prusaeus is patronized by
him ; but Martial is treated with coldness, on account of his flattery of Domi-
tian. Julius Severus, governor of Britain.
Pliny and Tacitus jointly prosecute Marius Priscus and some of his officers for ex
tortion in Africa ; after a trial of three days, they are condemned by Trajan to
refund their gains, and are banished. Tacitus did not long survive this ; but
the time of his death is not known. The Panegyric of Trajan pronounced by
Pliny. Martial retires to Bibilis in Spain, his native place. St. John dies at
Ephesus, set. 92.
Trajan discontinues the annual payment to the Dacians, and on their invading the
Roman provinces, he drives the* back and pursues them over the Danube, lie
is accompanied on this expedition by Hadrian, as quaestor. Silius ltalicus, after
a long retirement at Naples, dies there, set. 75.
Trajan continues the war in Dacia. His empress, Plotina Pompeia, and his sister,
Marciana, by their example, reform the manners and character of the Roman
females.
The victories of Trajan compel Decebalus, the Dacian leader, to accept the treaty
of peace, dictated by the conqueror. Trajan returns to Rome and celebrates his
triumph. He constructs the harbour of Centumcellse (now Civita Vecchia).
Pliny goes as pro-consul to Bithynia. Arrian studies under Epictetus at Nico-
polis.
The Dacian war renewed. Trajan again commands, with Hadrian under him,
praetor of the Minervian legion. Pliny writes to the emperor (Ep. x. 97, 98), re-
specting the Christians in his province. Martial, at Bibilis, ajt. 62, sends his
twelfth book to Rome.
Trajan's bridge over the Danube, constructed by the architect, Apollodorus of
Damascus. Plutarch governor of lllyricum. Violent earthquakes in Greece
and Asia.
Decebalus having fallen in battle, the war is terminated, and Dacia forms a Roman
province, beyond the Danube. Cornelius Palma conquers Petra and Bostra, with
the surrounding part of Arabia Petrsea. Trajan's second Dacian triumph, fol-
lowed by a long succession of games and other festivities.
Trajan employs the leisure of peace in useful works ; he drains the Pontine marshes
and forms a road through them ; constructs the harbour of Ancona, and founds
schools for poor children. The progress of Christianity causes great discontent
among the numerous classes whose means of livelihood are derived from the
services and ceremonies of the heathen temples. Attempts are made to compel
the Christians to offer sacrifices ; those who refuse are punished ; some suffer
martyrdom. This is the beginning of the third persecution.
The writings of Dio Prusseas and Plutarch revive Greek literature among the Ro-
mans. Simeon, the bishop of Jerusalem or Pella, is put to death, and Justus suc-
ceeds him.
The road from Beneventum to Brundusium is constructed by Trajan. Primus suc-
ceeds Cerdon as bishop of Alexandria.
Completion of the works in the Pontine marshes, commenced a.d. 107. Papias,
bishop of Hierapolis, in his " Explanation of the Oracles of our Lord," makes
the earliest mention of the gospels of Matthew and Mark, the former being in
Hebrew.
Saturninus, a disciple of Menander, teaches Gnostic doctrines.
Hadrian is Archon of Athens.
M 2
164
.FROM THE TEAR
A.D.
Olym.
A.U.C.
Consuls of Rome.
Roman Empe-
BOR3.
Aesacid^e
OP
Parthia.
Bishops of
Rome.
113
114
115
223.1
2
3
866
867
868
L. Publilius Celsus II.
C. Clodius Crispinus.
Qu. Ninnius Hasta.
P. Manilius Vopiscus.
L. Vipstanus Messala.
M. Vergilianus Pedo.
16 Trajan.
8 Chosroes,
or Arsaces
XXII.
9 —
10 ■
5 Alexander.
18
7
116
4
869
L. JElius Samia.
ZElianus Vetus.
19
11
117
224.1
870
Niger.
Vipstanus Apronianus.
1 Hadrian.
12
9
118
2
871
Hadrianus Aug. II.
Salinator.
2
13
10
119
3
872
Hadr. Aug. III.
Rusticus.
3
14
1 Sixtus I.
120
4
873
L. Catilius Severus.
T. Aurelius Fulvus.
4
15
2
121
122
123
225.1
2
3
874
875
876
M. Annius Verus II.
Augur.
Acilius A vila.
Cornelius Pansa.
Qu. Arrius Psetinus.
C. Ventidius Apronianus.
1 Volagases
II., or Ar-
saces
XXIII.
2
3
4
5
7
124
4
877
M. Acilius Glabrio.
C. Bellicius Torquatus.
4
125
226.1
878
P. Corn. Scipio Asiaticus
II.
T. Vettius Aquilinus.
5
i
126
2
879
M. Annius Verus III.
L. Yarius Ambibulus.
10
6
s |
127
3
880
Titianus.
Gallicanus.
7
1 Telesphorus.
113 TO 127 Jl.D.
165
Eepe-
tition
Dates.
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
127
Events and Eminent Men.
Trajan's column erected in Rome, in the forum, designed and executed by the ar-
chitect, Apollodorus, who is also employed on the Odeum, temples, triumphal
arches, and other works, with which Trajan and Hadrian adorn the city.
Trajan proceeds into the East to make war against the Parthians; he reaches An-
tioch and winters there.
Ignatius is brought before Trajan at Antioch, and sent to Rome, where he is torn
by wild beasts in the amphitheatre. Heros succeeds him as bishop. A destruc-
tive earthquake at Antioch, by which many perish, and among them the consul,
Pedo. The Parthians are driven out of Armenia by Trajan, and Parthamasiris,
whom they had made king there, is taken prisoner. The Jews of Cyprus,
Egypt, and Cyrene rebel and slaughter many thousands.
Trajan takes Nisibis, Edessa and Ctesiphon, and penetrates as far as the Persian
Gulf. He deposes Chosroes, who is soon afterwards restored to the throne. Florus
composes his epitome of Roman History. Macrinus, Archon of Athens.
Death of Trajan at Selinus in Cilicia, Aug. 8, set. 61. Hadrian proclaims himself
emperor at Antioch, and is quietly acknowledged throughout the empire. He
relinquishes all the conquests of Trajan in the East, and makes the Euphrates
the limit of his dominions there. He retains Dacia. The rebellious Jews are*
quelled by Lusius Quietus. j
Hadrian comes to Rome. A plot against him is discovered, and the conspirators, {
four senators, are put to death. He conciliates the people by a large donative ■
(congiarium), and by remitting arrears of taxes. He then proceeds to Mcesia, and i
repels an incursion of Sarmatse and Roxolani. Epictetus returns to Rome, and
is held in high estimation by Hadrian. Favorinus and Florus excite the jea-
lousy of their imperial competitor. Suetonius is appointed private secretary
but having offended the empress Sabina, he is dismissed and dies soon afterwards
Juvenal's thirteenth satire written. Valerius Pollio and the elder Scaurus fl.
Hadrian visits Campania. Marcius Turbo and Septicius Clarus are appointed Prse
torian Prefects ; the latter is soon removed for disrespectful behaviour to the
empress. Death of Euphrates, known as phil. stoic since a.d. 69. Dionysius
Milesius excites Hadrian's jealousy.
Hadrian commences his personal survey of all the provinces of the empire, and
first, of Gaul and Germany ; he orders a fortified barrier, to protect the open
frontier between the Neckar and the Danube. Justus, bishop of Alexandria.
Hadrian passes some months in Britain; the wall between Newcastle and Carlisle
is built, under his directions. Birth of the future emperor, Marcus Aurelius, in
the Gardens on Mount Ccelius, April 26. Antoninus, afterwards Pius, is pro-con-
sul of Asia.
Hadrian travels in Spain, whence, making a short stay at Rome, he passes on to
Greece and spends his winter at Athens.
Hadrian continues his progress in Greece, rebuilds a bridge over the Cephisus,
which a flood had destroyed, orders other public works, and proceeds into Asia.
Quadratus and others travel among the churches " to deliver to them the Scrip-
tures of the Holy Gospels." (Euseb.)
Hadrian, journeying through the Asiatic provinces, restores Nicomedia, Caesarea,
and other cities, which had suffered from recent earthquakes. Philo Biblius fl.
After a voyage among the Greek Islands, Hadrian returns to Athens and winters
there. He is initiated into the Eleusinian mysteries, and adorns the city with
the Olympeium, theati'es, and other edifices. Quadratus, and the philosopher
Aristides, present to him an " Apology for Christianity ;" on which he addresses
a letter to Minucius Fundanus, Pro-consul of Asia, putting a stop to persecution.
Pausanias fl.
Hadrian presides at public games in Athens, after which he sails to Sicily, where
he ascends Mount ^Etna, and thence returns to Rome. Pertinax, the future em-
peror, born at Villa Martia, in the Apennines, Aug. 1. Dionysius of Halicarnas-
sus, Junior, soph, and mus., and Cephalion, rhet. and hist.fi.
Hermippus of Berytus, scholar of Philo Biblius, and Nicanor, crit. fl.
166
FROM TUE YEAR
A.D.
128
129
130
131
Oltm.
226.4
227.1
A.U.C
881
8S2
2 | 883
I
S84
134
136
137
Consuls of Rome.
Roman Empe-
bors.
L. Nonius Asprenas Tor-
quatus II.
M. Annius Libo.
P. Juventius Celsus II.
Qu. Julius Balbus.
Qu. Fabius Catullinus. 14
M. Flavius A per.
Ser. Octavius Laenas Pon-
tiarius.
M. Antonius Rufinus.
12 Hadrian.
13
891
892
141 230.1 894
Angurinns.
Sergianus.
Hiberus.
Sisenna.
C. Jul. Servilius Ursus
Servianus III.
C.Vibius Juventius "Va-
rus.
Pontianus.
Atilianus.
L. Ceionius Commodus
Verus.
Sex. Vetulenus Civica
Poinpeianus.
L. JElius Verus Cses. II.
P. Caelius Balbinus Vibul
lius Pius.
Camerinus.
Niger.
T. Antoninus Pius Aug.
II.
Bruttius Prsesens.
T. Antoninus Pius Aug.
III.
M. Aurelius Caesar.
AKSAUIDyE
of
Pakthia.
8 Volagases
II. or Arca-
ces XXIII.
9
20
21
1 Antoninus
Piup.
3
M.Peduca?us Syloga Pris- 4
cimis.
T. Haenius Severus.
~ 21
Bishops op
Rome.
2 Telesphorus.
11 i
12
1 Hyginus
2S TO 111 A.D. 16;
128
129
130
133
134
135
137
138
139
140
141
Hadrian takes the title of Pater Patriae. Death of Juvenal. Theon of Smyrna
observes the aphelion of Venus, Oct. 10.
Hadrian sets out for the East, and passes the winter again at Athens, where he
patronizes the learned and enlarges the libraries. Birth of Aristides, the hea-
then philosopher. Cornelius, bishop of Antioch.
After traversing Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, and part of Arabia, Hadrian in-
spects Mount Casius.near the Sirbonian Lake, and in the autumn reaches Egypt.
Sailing on the Nile, Oct. 30, his favourite, Antinous, is accidentally drowned, to
whose memory he builds Antinopolis in Thebais. and a temple. Sculptors are
employed on busts and statues of this youth. The poet Pancrates gives the
name of AntinOeion to the red lotus. Appian of Alexandria becomes known to
Hadrian, and follows him to Rome. Birth of Galen.
Hadrian returns into Syria. Out of the ruins of Jerusalem a city is built by him,
named iElia Capitolina, in which he dedicates a temple to Jupiter. This pro-
vokes a formidable rebellion of the Jews. Eumenes bishop of Alexandria.
The aphelion of Mercury observed by Theon, July 5.
Barchochebas, the leader of the Jews, maintains a tierce conflict with Ticinius
Rufus, governor of the province. Adrian orders reinforcements. Salvianus Ju-
lianus prepares the " Perpetual Edict," and founds the later system of Roman
jurisprudence. Lollianus, the Ephesian sophist, fl.
The coins of Hadrian (see Eckhel), commemorate the provinces visited by him.
The education of M. Aurelius, now a?t. 12, is principally confided to M. Pronto,
with all the most celebrated teachers in Rome under him. Sextus of Chaeronea,
Plutarch's grandson, instructs him in the philosophy of the Stoics.
Barchochebas persecutes the Christians, who refuse to join his army. Julius
Severusis called from Britain to take the command against him. Basilides
teaches his form of Gnosticism at Alexandria.
The war in Judaea is terminated by the complete suppression of the rebellion. All
Jews are forbidden to approach the site of their former temple. Severus is ap-
pointed governor of Bithynia. Hadrian again visits Athens, dedicates the
temple of Jupiter Olympius, and gives the island of Cephalonia to the Atheni-
ans. He adopts yElins Verus as his successor. Arrian is governor of Cappa-
docia. Embassy of Volagases to Rome.
The title of Ceesar is given to JEl. Verus. Hadrian, through ar gloomy jealousy I
puts several members of his family to death ; among them his brother-in-law, I
Servianus, 90 years old. The " Shepherd" of Hermas supposed to be written, i
After twelve Hebrew successors to Justus (see a.d. 108), Marcus, a Greek, is
elected bishop of Jerusalem. He persuades many of his church to desist from
observing the ceremonial law of Moses, so that they may leave Pella, and re-
move to the holy city as rebuilt by Hadrian.
Hadrian constructs a sepulchre or mausoleum for himself, called the Moles Hadriuni,
on the bank of the Tiber, where the castle of St. Angelo now stands, lie re-
tires to a magnificent palace, which he had built at Tibur, and is there attacked I
by the disease which at last proves fatal to him.
Death of iEl. Verus, Jan. 1st, and adoption of Antoninus Pius, Feb. 25. who be-
comes emperor on the death of Hadrian, at Baiae, July 10, set. 62. Phlegon of
Tralles, a freed-man of Hadrian, writes history.
Claudius Ptolemy, the distinguished astronomer and geographer, observes the vernal
equinox at Alexandria, March 22nd. M. Aurelius is adopted by Antoninus, with the
title of Caesar, andmarried to his daughter, Faustina. Lucius Verus also adopted.
Antoninus gives a king to the Armenians. {Eckhel.) Lollius Urbicus, governor
of Britain, repels an invasion of the northern tribes, and constructs the wall of
Antoninus. The aqueduct of New Athens, a work commenced by Hadrian, is
completed. The heresiarchs Valentine and Cerdon visit Rome. " Ptolemy ob-
serves the vernal equinox, March 22.
Death of the empress Faustina, wife of Antoninus. Justin Martyr, phil. Plat.
I converted to Christianity, defends it by his writings; his Apology, addressed to
the emperor, is dated in this year by Eusebius.
158
FAROM THE YEAB
Olym.
230. 2
231. 1
2
A.D.
142
143
144
145
146
147 j 3
148 4
149 232.1
150
151
152
153 233.1
154
155
156 4
157 234.1
158 | 2
159 j 3
160
161
163
896
897
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
90S
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
Consuls of Rome.
L. Cuspius Rufinus.
L. Statius Quadratus.
C. Bellicius Torquatus.
Ti. Claudius Atticus He-
rodes,
A vitus.
Maximus.
T.Ant. Pius Aug. IV.
M. Aur. Cses. TI.
Sex. Erucius Clarus II.
Cn. Claudius Severus.
Largus.
Messalinus.
Torquatus.
Julianas.
Serv. Scipio Orfitus.
Qu. Nonius Priscus.
Gallicanus.
Vetus.
Sex.QuintiliusCondianns.
Sex. Quintilius Maximus.
Jun. Glabrio.
Homullus.
C. Bruttius Prsesens,
A. Jun. Rufinus.
L. Aurel. Commodus.
T. Sex. Lateranus,
C. Jul. Severus.
M. Rufinus Sabinianus.
M. Ceionius Silvanus.
C. Serins Augurinus.
Barbaras.
Regulas.
Tertullus.
Sacerdos.
Plautius Quintilius.
M. Statius Priscus.
Appius Annius Bradua.
T. Vibius Barus.
M. Aurel. Caesar III.
L. Aurel. Commodus II.
Qu. Junius Rusticus.
Aquilinus.
Roman Empe-
Arsacid^e
op
Parthia.
Bishops of
Rome.
5 Antoninus
Pius.
19
22 Volagasi
II., or Arsa-
ces XXIII
23
24
28
29
1 Volagases
III., or Ar-
saces
XXIV.
3
1 Pius I.
2
1 Anicetus.
2
3
1M.
Lselianus,
Pastor.
Aurelius.
L. Verus. 1
3 -
13
14
1 Soter.
112 TO 163 i.D,
169
Ifoper
tit ion
Dates.
142
143
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
162
Events and Eminent Men.
Festivals, called Pia, or Pialia, held in honour of Hadi-ian, at Puteoli, in the second
year of every Olympiad Antoninus bestows salaries' and honourable distinc-
tions on the teachers of philosophy and rhetoric in the provinces.
Herodes Atticus, the son, celebrated for his munificence (see Gibbon), and for his
learning, is consul this year. He had taken part in the education of M. Aurelius,
with Fronto, now also consul suffuctus. Polemo, the sophist, a friend of Fronto.
Marcus, 7th bishop of Alexandria and Eros, 5tli of Antioch
The beneficent government of Antoninus makes this the happiest period in Roman
history. Aristocles, soph, teaches at Pergamus. Valentine, disappointed in his
expectation of a bishopric, becomes more vehement in his heresy. (Tertull.)
Antoninus dedicates a temple to Hadrian, and makes a liberal distribution of
money to the people, on that occasion. Mesomedes of Crete, poet. lyr. fl.
Birth of Septimius Severus, April 11. The worship of Serapis allowed to be intro-
duced into Rome. Calvisius Taurus of Berytus, phil. Plat, a friend of Herodes
Atticus, and Aulus Gellius, fl.
M. Aurelius is invested with the Tribunician power. The secular games are cele-
brated. Appian writes his history. Galen, set. 17, begins to study medicine,
under his first master, Satyrus.
Antoninus celebrates his decennalian games. Arrian and Maximus Tyrius are
patronized by him,
Aulus Gellius fl. {Clin.) and Justin epitomizes the history of Trogus Pompeius. Apu-
leius leaves Madaura, and after studying at Carthage andAthens, settles at Rome.
Telephus of Pergamus, gram. fl. Marcion teaches his heresy.
The proper date (sec. Clin.) of Justin Martyr's " Apology." An imperial edict for-
bids all persecution of the Christians.
An inundation at Rome. Rhodes suffers by an earthquake. Hegesippus, a con-
verted Jew, comes to Rome, and from Hebrew and Syriac documents writes a
history of the Church, of which Eusebius has only preserved a few fragments.
Crescens, phil. cyn. is the enemy of Justin Martyr. Celadion bishop of Alexan
dria.
The conspiracy of Atilius Titianus punished, in the due course of law, by his
death; the only occurrence of the kind in the reign of Antoninus Pius.
Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, visits Rome, and there meets with Marcion, from
whose heresies, and those of Valentine, he converts many to the orthodox faith.
Artemidorus^of Daldis in Lydia, writes on dreams and auguries.
Galen rises in reputation at Pergamus.
Death of Antoninus Pius, March 7, set. 75. The joint reign of M. Aurelius and
L. Verus begins. Aristides visits Rome. Pausanias fl. Death of Ptolemy, Bet.
70. Birth of Commodus, and his twin brother, Antoninus, at Lanuvium, Aug. 31.
Volagases, with a Parthian army, invades Syria and defeats the Roman governor,
Atidius Cornelianus. The Emperor Verus takes the command against him, as-
sisted by Statius Priscus and Avidins Cassius. The Chatti having attacked the
provinces of the Rhine, Aufidius Victorinus proceeds against them, and Calpur-
nius Agricola is sent to Britain to repel an incursion of the Brigantes. Galen's
first visit to Rome.
Verus enjoys the luxuries of Antioch and Daphne, while his generals conduct the
war successfully in Armenia and Media. Polysenus addresses his " Stratagema-
ta " to the two emperors. Hermogenes, at the early age of fifteen, lectures be-
fore M. Aurelius.
; ■ J
FROM THE YEAB
A.D.
OLT3I. aUC
1(34
165 236.1
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
2
3
237.1
4
238. 1
918
919
920
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
Consuls of Rome.
Roman Empe-
rors.
M. Nonius Macrinus.
Celsus.
4 M. Aurelius.
j L. Verus 4
M. Gavius Orfitus.
L. Arrius Pudens.
Servilius Pudens.
L. Fufidius Pollio.
L. Aurel. Verus Aug. Ill,
Quadratus.
Apronianus.
Paulus.
Qu. Sosius Priscus.
P. Coelius Apollinaris.
M. Corn. Cethegus.
C. Erucius Clarus.
9 M. Aurel.
alone.
Arsacid^e
OF
Parthia.
lSVolagases
III. or Ar-
saces
XXIV.
16
se verus.
Herennianus.
Maximus.
Orfitus.
M. Aurel. Severus II. 13
T. Claud. Pompeianus.
Gallus.
Flaecus.
Pido.
Julianus.
930
T. Vitracius Pollio II.
. Flavius Aper. II.
L. Aur. Commodus Aug. 17
Quintillus.
23
27
Bishops of
Rome.
3 Soter.
1 Eleutherus,
2
164 TO 177 A.D.
171
Repe-
tition
Dates
Events and Eminent Men.
164
165
166
172
176
M, Aurelius sends his daughter, Lucilla, to Ephesus, where she is married to Verus
Correspondence of Fronto with the emperor, his former pupil. Persecution of
the Christians renewed, in which Justin Martyr suffers. Galen's second visit to
Rome. The rhetorician, Nicostratus, fl.
The cities of Seleucia and Ctesiphon are taken, and the war terminated. Mesopo-
tamia is retained by the Romans. Death of the eccentric philosopher, Peregi-
nus, witnessed and described by Lucian.
The two emperors celebrate a triumph for the Parthian war. Martyrdom of Poly-
carp at Smyrna. Jamblicus of Babylon, dramat. fl.
A pestilence," brought from the East, rages in Rome for three years. The Marco-
manni having made inroads on the Roman provinces, the two emperors proceed
to Aquileia, and prepare for war. Amyntianus, hist, dedicates to M. Aurelius.
The Marcomanni retire into their own lands. M. Aurelius perseveres in his pr<
parations against them, and provides for the security of Italy. While he is at
Sirmium, Herodes Atticus comes from Athens to repel a charge brought against
him, and is acquitted by the emperor. Bassams is praetorian prefect. Athena-
goras, the Christian Platonist, addresses his "Apology" to the two emperors.
Agrippinus, bishop of Alexandria.
Sudden death of L. Verus, in his chariot, near Altinum in Venetia, while on his
journey to Rome. Galen at Aquileia. Death of Fronto. Aulus Gellius writes
his " Noctes Atticae," Niebuhr. The over-indulgence of M. Aurelius blinds him to
the bad passions of the empress Faustina and his son Commodus ; a court-ex-
clusiveness, before unknown, is introduced by her.
Continuation of the war against the Marcomanni. M. Aurelius resides atCarnun-
tum in Pannonia. He appoints Alexander of Cotyseum, the Galatian sophist, to
be his Greek secretary. The patronage of learned men in this and the three
preceding reigns does not prevent the decline of literary talent, which now be-
comes apparent.
Oppian, the poet of Cilicia, writes his " Halieutica." Theophilus, sixth bishop of
Antioch.
Melito, bishop of Sardes, addresses his " Apology" for Christianity to the empe-
ror. Apollinaris, bishop of llierapolis.
Pausanias describes the splendid works of Herodes Atticus. Dionysius, bishop of
Corinth and Pinytus of Crete. Montanus founds the sect of Montanists, and
Tatian, a disciple of Justin Martyr, that of the Encratites. Herodian, the
grammarian of Alexandria, fl. Hermogenes, so prematurely talented (see a.d.
163), loses his faculties.
M. Aurelius makes a short visit to Rome ; after his return to the army, the Ger-
man tribes are signally defeated, which gives occasion to the fable of the " Thun-
dering Legion." Many of Galen's works composed. Apuleius fl.
Commodus, set. 14, assumes the toga virilis, and is admitted into the college of
priests. Avidius Cassius revolts in Syria, but is slain by his own soldiers ; his
family are spared, and tenderly treated. M. Aurelius goes into the East, accom-
panied by the empress, who dies in a village at the foot of Mount Taurus, where
the city of Faustinopolis is built in honour of her.
M. Aurelius at Smyrna, in the spring, settles the affairs of the East. He there
desires the philosopher, Aristides, to be presented to him, and attends his lec-
tures. Proceeding to Athens, he himself there delivers popular lectures, and
thence returning to Rome, celebrates his victories by a triumph. Pollux, the
Athenian professor, dedicates his "Onomasticon" to Commodus. Phrynicus, a
sophist, born in Arabia, fl. Death of Herodes Atticus, set. 76, and of Pausanias.
Commodus invested with the tribunitian power ; his nuptials with Crispina,
daughter of Bruttius Praesens, are celebrated by the Epithalamium of Pollux, by
public games and by a remission of taxes to the people. Persecution of the
Christians in Gaul, Pothinus, bishop of Lyons, suffers martyrdom, and is suc-
ceeded by Irena3iis. Melito travels from Sardes into Judaea, to procure an
accm-ate account of the Jewish Scriptures, and in the preface to his" Eclogse,"
addresses a list of them to his friend, Onesimus.
172
FROM THE TEAfi
A.D.
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
191
192
Oi.ym. a.U.C,
239.2
240.1
2
3
242.1
932
933
934
935
940
941
942
943
944
945
Consuls of Rome.
Orfitus.
Julianus Rufus.
L. Aurel. Commodus
Aug. II.
T. Annius Aurel.Verus II.
L. Fulvius Bruttius Prse-
sens II.
Sex. Quintilius Cordia-
nus.
L. Aurel. Commod. Aug.
III.
Burrus.
Mamertinus.
Rufus.
L. Aurel. Commod. Aug.
IV.
Aufidius Victorinus II.
M. Eggius Marcellus.
Cn. Papirius ^Elianus.
Maternus.
Bradua.
L. Aurel. Commod. Aug.
V.
M. Acilius Glabrio II.
Crispinus.
iElianus.
C. Allius Fuscianus II.
Duilius Srilanus II.
Two Silani.
L. Aurel. Commod. Aug.
VI.
M. Petronius Septimia-
nus.
Apronianus.
Bradua.
L. Aurel. Commod. Aug.
VII.
P. Helvius Pertinax II.
Qii. Sosius Falco.
C. Julius Erucius Clarus.
Roman Empe-
rors.
18 Marcus Au-
relius.
1 Commodus.
Arsacid^e
of
Partuia.
1 Pertinax.
1 Didius Juli-
anus.
1 Sept. Seve-
rus.
29 Volagases
III.,orAr-
saces
XXIV.
30
31
32
33
34 ■
The year in
which Vola-
gases III.
died is not
known. His
sons long
disputed the
succession.
It appears
from a coin,
that Paco-
rus II. was
king in a.d.
198. He is
called Aga-
tius by Vic-
tor, and Ah
garus by
Herodian
and Spar-
tian.
Bishops oi?
Rome.
8 Eleutherus.
1 Victor I.
178 TO 193 A,D.
173
Repe-
tition
Dates.
Events and Eminent Men.
178
179
180
182
183
184
185
187
188
188
190
191
192
The aggressions of the Germans require the emperor's presence again on the
northern frontier. He purposes to keep them in check, by constituting two new
provinces to the north of the Danube. Smyrna, Rhodes, and other cities in Asia
suffer greatly from earthquakes. Aristides implores M. Aurelius to aid the re-
building of them. Christianity is preached in Britain.
Successful campaign of M. Aurelius against the Marcomanni. Chrestus, the
Athenian sophist, fl. Miltiades writes his " Apology."
Death of M. Aurelius at Sirmium, March 17, set 59. Commodus relinquishes the
war and returns to Rome. Dion Cassius is from this time contemporary with the
events described in his history. Death of Maximus Tyrius. Juliamis, tenth
bishop of Alexandria.
The evil counsellors, whom M Aurelius had banished from the court, regain their \
ascendancy over Commodus. The Serapseum at Alexandria is burnt. Theophi- '
lus writes his three books " Ad Autolycum." Perennis, Praetorian Prefect. !
Troubles in Mauritania appeased. Lucian writes his " Alexander the Impostor ;"
soon after which he dies, jet. 70. j
Conspiracy and exile of Lucilla, the sister of Commodus ; he vents his rage on ■
the senators. His generals, Albinus and Niger, settle some commotions in Da-,
cia. Irenauis writes Adv. H seres. Maximus I., the seventh bishop of Antioch. ■
The Caledonians break through the wall of Antoninus, and commit great outrages'
in Britain; they are driven back by Ulpius Marcellus. The baths of Commo-
dus erected. The brothers, Maximus and Condianus Quintilius, suffer death un- 1
justly. j
Fall and death of Perennis. Marcia, the favourite of Commodus, protects the
Christians. Birth of Origen at Alexandria. i
The empress Crispina banished to Caprese, and soon afterwards put to death. Many
of the most eminent persons in Rome are victims of the wanton cruelty of Com-
modus. The frequent commotions at Alexandria being likely to stop the ship-
ments of Egyptian corn, provision is made for obtaining supplies from the other
provinces of Africa.
Commodus degrades himself by fighting with wild beasts in the circus, and acting
as a gladiator. Oppressive administration of Cleander. Death of Byrrhus and
Alius Antoninus.
The Capitol struck by lightning; the library and many neighbouring edifices
burnt. Birth of Caracalla, son of Sept. Severus, at Lyons.
Revolt of Maternus in Spain and Gaul, defeated by Pescennius Niger. Pestilence
and famine in Rome. Popular commotions. The city cohorts, having overcome
the praetorian guards, pursue Commodus to Lanuvium; they are appeased by the
sacrifice of Cleander, who is given up to them and killed. Commodus places on
a statue of Apollo a head resembling himself.
Commodus attempts to substitute the name of Colonia Commodiana for that of
Rome. Dion Cassius is a senator. Pantsenus, president of the Alexandrian
school, travels into India. Serapion, eighth bishop of Antioch, Demetrius,
eleventh of Alexandria, and Narcissus, thirtieth of Jerusalem.
A great fire at Rome ; the temples of Vesta and of Peace are burnt, and many
valuable libraries destroyed, in which some works of Galen are lost; Commo-
dus assumes the name of Hercules.
Clodius Albinus, governor of Britain. Commodus suspects all who surround him,
and slaughters so many, that his favourite Marcia and the praetorian prefect,
Lsetus, to save themselves, murder him, Dec. 31, set. 31. Birth of PMlostrafiis
of Lemnos.
Pertinax elected emperor by the Senate, Jan. 1 ; assassinated by the preetorians,
March 28, set. 67. Sale of the empire to Didius Julianus, who is deposed and
killed, June 2. Pescennius Niger is proclaimed by his troops in Syria, and Clo-
dius Albinus by the army in Britain. Septimius Severus marches to Rome at
the head of the Pannonian legions, is acknowledged by the senate, in thirty days
confirms his authority, and then proceeds against Niger. Dion Cassius named
praetor for the next year by Pertinax before his death.
174
FROM THE YEAJi
A.D.
194
197
198
199
200
201
203
204
205
207
208
210
Olym
243.2
244.1
2
3
4
245.1
247.1
2
947
918
949
950
951
952
953
954
956
959
Consuls of Rome.
L. Sept. Severus Aug. II.
D. Clodius Sept. Albinus
Cses. II.
Scapula Tertullus.
'f iueius Clemens.
C. Domitius Dexter II.
L. Valerius Messalla
Thrasea Priscus.
Lateranus.
Rufinus.
963
Ti. Saturninus.
C. Gallus.
P. Corn. Anullianus II.
M. AuM. Fronto.
Ti. Claud. Severus.
C. AuM. Victorinus.
L. Annius Fabianus.
M. Nonius Mucianus.
L. Sept. Severus Aug.III
M.Aurel. Antoniuus Aug,
P. Sept. Geta.
Ful. Plautianus II.
L. Fab. Gal. Septiminus
Cilo II.
Libo.
M. Aurel. Antoninus
Aug. II.
P. Sept. Geta Caesar.
Nummius Albinus.
Fulv. iEniilianus.
Aper.
Maximus.
M. Aurel. Antoninus
Aug. III.
P. Sept. Geta Caesar II.
Pompeianus,
Avitus.
M. Acilius Faustinus.
[Tnariiis Rufinus.
Kosan Empe-
rors.
2 Sept. Seve-
rus.
Arsactd.*, i BlsH()ps 0p
12
I'
! •
I Zephy-
lPacorusII.
or Arsaces
XXVI.
2
194 TO 210 A.D.
175
£*pe- |
tition
Dates.
195
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
Events and Eminent Men.
Severus deludes Albiims by the title of Caesar, and makes him consul with him-
self. He defeats Niger's general, iEmilianus, near Cyzicus, lays siege to Byzan-
tium, and gains the two victories of Nictea and Issus over Niger, who is made
prisoner and put to death at Autioch. Death of Athenseus. Clemens Alex, writes
his " Stromata."
The Parthians, being joined by many of Niger's soldiers, prepare for war. Seve-
rus crosses the Euphrates, overcomes them, conquers Adiabene and forms a new
province, which he names Arabia. Hippodromus, the sophist., eminent for his
learning.
Byzantium taken and harshly treated, for its adherence to the cause of Niger.
Severus returns to Rome and prepares to attack Albinus. who had brought
his forces into Gaul. Caracalla is created Caesar. The sophists, Heraclides of
Lycia, Ptolemy and Apollonius of Naucratis, and Apollonius of Athens, fl.
Theophilus, bishop of Csesarea, Bacchylus of Corinth, and Polycrates of Ephe-
sus. Khodon writes against Marcion and Tatian.
Battle of Lyons, Feb. 19. Albinus defeated and slain. Severus exhibits games
and makes a distribution of money to the people, after which he proceeds to the
Parthian war. Fierce disputes among the churches, as to the tints of observing
Easter. Tertullian " Ad Martyres."
Victories of Severus over the Parthians. Ctesiphon taken. Caracalla created
Augustus, and his brother Geta, Caesar. Tertullian " De Spectaculis," and " De
Idololatria."
Severus fails in his attempt to take Atra. He makes part of Armenia a kingdom
for Volagases, son of Sanatruces. The sophist Antipater, secretary to Severus,
instructs Caracalla and Geta. Abgarus, king of Osrhoene, submits to SeVerus.
Tertullian " Apologeticus."
Severus prolongs his stay in Syria. Death of Galen, set. 70. Alexander of Aphro-
disius writes many commentaries on Aristotle, of whose doctrines he is the best
interpreter.
Severus and his sons remain in Syria. Caracalla, aet. 13, assumes the toga virilis.
Ammonius Saccas, the founder of Neo-Platonism, teaches at Alexandria. The
education of Origen, set. 16, carefully directed by his father, Leonidas. Artemon
denies the doctrine of the Trinity.
Severus passes into Egypt, visits Memphis and the Pyramids, and returns to
Rome. Marriage of Caracalla to Plautilla, daughter of Fulvius Plautianus,
the praetorian prefect. Laetus, governor of Egypt. Persecution of Jews and
Christians. Origen's father is one of the martyrs. Death of Irenaeus. An
eruption of Vesuvius.
The triumphal arch of Severus erected. Plautianus put to death, Jan. 22. Origen,
aet. 18, lectures at Alexandria. Asclepiades, ninth bishop of Antioch.
The secular games celebrated at Rome, when the historian, Herodian, is present.
Tertullian about this time joins the Montanists, and writes " De Corona Militis,"
" De Monogamia," " De Jejunio," &c.
Severus employs the leisure of peace in framing necessary laws, with the assist-
ance of the eminent jurist, Papinian, and relaxes in Campania. His two sons
are the consuls of the year. Birth of Plotinus. Musianus writes against the
Severians, and Julius Africanus, hist. ecc. fl.
Origen is a pupil of Ammonius Saccas, but a disciple of Clemens Alexandrinus,
to whose form of Platonism he continues to be a distinguished adherent.
Irruption of the Caledonians into Britain. Tertullian writes against Marcion.
Severus, accompanied by his sons, proceeds into Britain and conducts the war
against the Caledonians. Papinian, as praetorian prefect, also attends him.
Severus, after having driven back the Caledonians, pursues them into their own
country. Caracalla is supposed to be the Caracul of Ossian's poems. Geta is
made Augustus.
The fortified line, between Dumbarton and Edinburgh, is strengthened by Severus,
to protect the province of Britain against the northern tribes. Caius, a presby-
176
FROM THE YEAH
A-D.
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
Olym.I a.U.c.
1
247.3
964
4
965
248.1
966
2
967
3
968
4
969
249.1
970
2
•
3
972
4
973
250.1
974
2
975
3
976
4
977
251.1
978
Consuls of Rome.
Roman Empe-
ror.*.
Qu. Epidius Rufus Lolli-
anus Gentiaims.
Bassus.
Julius Asper, et Julius
Asper.
M. Aurel. Antoninus Aug-!
IV.
D. Ccelius Balbinus II.
Messala.
Sabinus.
Lsetus II.
Cerealis.
C Atius Sabinus II.
Corn. Anuilinus.
C. Bruttius Prsesens.
T. Messius Extricatus.
M. Opelius Sev. Macrinus
Aug.
Adventus.
M. Aurel. Antoninus
Aug. II.
Sacerdos II.
M. Aurel. Antonin. Aug,
III.
Eutychianus Comazon.
Gratus.
Seleucus.
M. Aurel. Antonin. Aug
IV.
M. Aurel. Alex. Severus
L. Marius Maximus II.
L. Roscius iElianus.
1 Caracalla.
Geta. 1
Julianus II.
Crispinus.
Fuscus II.
Dexter.
1 Macrinus.
1 Elagabalus.
1 Alexander
Severus.
Arsacidjs
OF
Pakthia.
34 Pacorus
n., or Ar-
saees
XXVI.
1 Volagases
IV., or A r-
saces
XXVII.
Bishops of
Rome.
1 Artabanus
III., or
Arsaces
XXVIII
15 Zephyrinus.]
16
17
1 Callistus I.
4
5
1 Urban I.
TO 225 A.D.
177
tition
Dates
212
213
215
216
217
218
220
221
223
224
225
Events and Eminent Men.
ter of the church at Rome, writes against heretics, but himself holds the Epistle
of Paul to the-Hebrews, not to have been written by the apostle. Caracalla at-
tempts to assassinate his father, and seduce the allegiance of the army.
Death of Severus at York, Feb. 4, aet. 64. His two sons succeed as joint emperors.
Oppian of Pella, or Apamea, dedicates to Caracalla a poem on Hunting. Ter-
tullian addresses to Scapula, governor of Carthage, a Vindication of the Christians.
Murder of Geta, set. 23. Papiniari and others put to death. Olympic games at
Antioch. Caracalla is offended by the pleading of Philiscus. Antipater writes
a Monody on the death of Geta. Apollonius writes against the Montanists.
Caracalla, finding himself universally detested for his cruelties, goes into Gaul,
where, having expelled some German marauders, he takes the surname of Ger-
manicus. Heliodorus, soph, declaims before Caracalla in Gaul. Tertullian an-
swers the attacks of Apollonius on the Montanists.
Caracalla invades the lands of the Allemanni, whom he defeats near the river
Maine. Proceeding thence through Dacia and Thrace, he winters at Nicomedia,
where Dion. Cassius has an interview with him. Philostratus of Lemnos, at the
suggestion of Julia Domna, the widow of Severus, writes the Life of Apollonius
of Tyana. Alexander succeeds Narcissus as bishop of Jerusalem, and founds a
library there.
Arrival of Caracalla at Antioch, whence he visits Egypt, and orders a general ,
massacre of the Alexandrians. Origen withdraws from Alexandria to Caesarea, I
but is recalled by Demetrius.
By a delusive offer of marriage with the daughter of Artabanus, Caracalla decoys
the Parthians into his camp, where he treacherously attacks them, and slaughters
a great number. Artabanus, having escaped, collects an army, and invades Syria,
To raise money, Caracalla issues an edict making all his provincial subjects
citizens of Rome, so that they may be taxed in both capacities. He expels Ab-
garus from Osrhoene, which is made a Roman province.
Caracalla assassinated near Edessa, April 8, set. 29. Macrinus, the prset. pref., is
proclaimed emperor, and purchases peace with the Parthians. Julia Domna,
banished to Antioch, starves herself to death.
Mcesa, Julia Domna's sister, bribes a part of the army to proclaim her grandson,
Elagabalus, a youth aet. 17, and high priest of the temple at Emesa. - Macrinus
is defeated, June 8, at Immae, made prisoner and beheaded, aet. 54- His son, Dia-
dumenianus, shares his fate. Dion Cassius is governor of Pergamus and Smyrna.
Philetus, tenth bishop of Antioch.
Elagabalus arrives at Rome, bringing with him his Syrian idol, which he places
in a stately temple. Death of Philiscus, who had obtained a professorship af
Athens, through the interest of Julia Domna.
Elagabalus appoints his vilest associates to the highest offices in the state. His
cousin, Alexianus, studies under Julius Frontinus, the rhetorician, and the most
eminent philosophers at Rome.
Alexianus is declared Caesar, under the name of Alexander Severus. Elagabalus,
jealous of his popularity,attempts in vain to depose him. The chronologv of
Julius Africanus terminates at Olym. 250.
Elagabalus slain by the praetorians, March 11, aat. 21, and his mother, Sooeniias,
with him. Alexander Severus proclaimed emperor. iElian, soph. fi. Hippoly-
tus, the disciple of Irenseus, writes many commentaries on the Scriptures, and a
chronicle, which ends at this date.
Alexander, now about set. 18, is prudently guided in his administration by his mo-
ther, Mamsea, who is created Augusta, and selects for his counsellors the eminent
lawyer, Ulpian, the most noted disciple of Papinian, with Julius Paulus, and
other discreet Senators. All persecution of the Christians ceases.
The Persians, under Ardisheer (called by the Greeks Artaxerxes), revolt against
the. Parthians, and contend vigorously for independence. Pisander of Laranda,
poet, fl.
Marriage of Alexander to Sulpitia Memmia. Many good laws are framed by Ul-
pian and Julius Paulus. The restraints on teaching are revoked. Great earth-
quake and storm at Rome.
178
FROM THE YE Alt
A.D.
227
228
Olym. a.U.C.
252.
231
232
233 253.1
J 234
| 235
238
2
3
4
254.1
241 1255.1
242
243
979
984
985
M. Aurel. Alex. Sev.
Aug. II.
Quintilius Marcellus.
Albinus.
Maximus.
T. Manilius Modestus.
Ser. Calpurnius Probus.
M. Aurel. Alex. Sev.
Aug. III.
Dio Cassius IL
L. Virius Agricola.
Sex. Catius Clementiuus.
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
Consuls of Rome.
Pompeianus.
Pelignianus.
Lupus.
Maximus.
Maximus.
Patemus.
Maximus II.
Urbanus.
Severus.
Quintianus.
C. Jul. Verus Maximin.
Aug.
Africanus.
Perpetuus.
Cornelianus.
Pius.
Pontianus.
Roman Empe-
rors.
5 Alexander
Severus.
Sassanides
of
Persia.
lArtaxerxes
I.
Maximin. (10
I
M. Ant. Gordianus Aug. j
Aviola. i
Sabinus II.
Venustus.
M. Ant. Gordian Aug. II,
Pompeianus.
C. Vettius Atticus.
C. Asinius Praetextatus. I
Arrianus.
PaDUB. I
Two Gordians,
Maximus and
Balbinus.
11 Gordian the
I younger.
14
15
1 Sapor I.
2
i s —
Bishops of
Rome.
5 Urbanus I.
1 Pontianus.
2
1 Anteros.
1 Fabianus.
2
3
4 ,
226 TO 243 A.D.
179
Repe-
tition
Dates.
227
228
236
237
240
241
242
243
Events and Eminent Men.
The baths of Nero repaired, and henceforth called Alexander's. Final defeat and
death of Artabanus, the last of the Arsacidae ; the Parthian empire is overthrown
and the Persian begins. Interview of Origen with the empress-mother, Ma-
maea, at Antioch.
Artaxerxes extends his dominion over Media, Armenia, and the adjacent coun-
tries. Beryllus, bishop of Bostra, fl.
Ulpian, praetorian prefect, endeavours to restrain the licentiousness of the guards.
They mutiny and put him to death. The ringleader, Epigathus, is sent to
Egypt and thence to Crete, where he is executed for his crime.
Dion Cassius having, as governor of Dalmatia andPannonia, offended the army by
his strictness, the emperor testifies his approbation, by making him his colleague
in the consulship ; after this, Dion retires into Bithynia, and writes his history.
Origen composes many of his works at Alexandria ; some of his opinions are con-
demned by the bishop, Demetrius. Zebinus, eleventh bishop of Antioch.
Artaxerxes, now at the head of a powerful empire and formidable army, threatens
Mesopotamia and Syria, and lays claim to all the former territories of Persia, as
far as the Hellespont and iEgean sea. . .
Alexander Severus, at Antioch, prepares to resist the Persian demands by arms.
Aspasius of Ravenna attends as the imperial secretary. Origen withdraws from
Alexandria to Caesarea.
After a campaign in Mesopotamia, without any decisive results, but in which the
Romans claim the victory, Alexander returns to Antioch. Ammonius Saccas
teaches at Alexandria, where Plotinus is. among his disciples. Theodoras (after-
terwards Gregory Thaumaturgus) and his brother, Athenodorus, become pupils
of Origen at Caesarea..
Alexander celebrates a triumph at Rome, for the Persian war, and makes a distri-
, bution of money to the people. Birth of Porphyry. Heraclas, twelfth bishop of
I Alexandria.
Alexander musters his forces in Gaul, to repel the German tribes, that had invaded
the province.
Mutiny of the army assembled near Mentz, and murder of Alexander Severus,
Feb. 10, set. 28, with his mother Mamaea. Maximin is proclaimed emperor. Am-
brosius, the friend and disciple of Origen, assists his labours, by paying clerks
to copy for him. Pontianus. the bishop of Rome, is banished to Sardinia.
Maximin defeats the Germans, and pursues them across the Rhine into their own
lands. Apsines of Gadara, soph. fl.
Maximin proceeds to Sirmium, with the design of attacking the Sarmatians. His
ferocious tyranny excites universal horror.
The Gordians, proclaimed in Africa, are defeated by Capelianus, and slain. Max
mus and Balbinus, elected by the senate, are murdered by the praetorians.
Maximin, on his march to Rome, is assassinated by his soldiers, with his son
near Aquileia. The younger Gordian, set. 13, is proclaimed emperor. Censori-
nus writes " De Die Natali." Herodian closes his history. Babylas, twelfth
bishop of Antioch.
The young emperor, at first deceived by the eunuchs of the palace, is extricated
from their pernicious influence by Misitheus. Philostratus of Lemnos writes
his "Lives of the Sophists."
Revolt of Sabinianus in Africa. Various tribes, in the north-western parts of Ger-
many, confederate, under the name of Franks. Theodorus (Greg. Thaumat.), on
leaving Caesarea, addresses to a large assembly his oration in praise of Origen.
Wise administration of the praetorian prefect, Misitheus. Marriage of his
daughter, Tranquillina, to the emperor. Active preparations made for war with
Persia. Death of Artaxerxes and accession of his son Shapour, or Sapor I.
Misitheus conducts the war successfully ; he recovers Mesopotamia, and drives
the Persians beyond the Tigris. Plotinus accompanies the Roman army, in the
hope of reaching India.
Death of Misitheus; Philip, the Arabian, is appointed praetorian prefect.
__ _
180
FKOM THE YEA2
A.D.
Olym.
A.U.C.
Consuls of Eome.
Romax Empe-
rors.
Sassanides
OF
Persia.
Bishops of
Rome.
244
255.4
997
Peregrinus.
iEmilianus.
1 Philip.
4 Sapor I.
9 Fabianus.
| 245
1 246
| 247
( 248
1
256.1
2
3
4
998
999
1000
1001
M. Jul. Philippus Aug.
Titianus.
Praesens.
Albinus.
M. Jul. Phil. Aug. II.
M. Jul. Phil. Aug.
M. Jul. Phil. Aug. III.
M. Jul. Phil. Aug. II.
2
3
4
5
5
6
7
8
13
1
249
257.1
1002
iEmilianus II.
Aquilianus.
1 Decius.
9
14
250
2
1003
C. Messius Qu. Trajanus
Decius Aug. II.
Gratus.
2
10
1 Cornelius.
251
3
1004
C. M. Qu. Traj. Decius
Aug. III.
Qu. Herennius Etruscus
Mess. Decius Caesar.
1 Gallus.
11
1 Lucius.
!-
| 252
i
1005
C. Vibius Trebonianus
Gallus Aug. II.
C. Vib. Volusianus Gallus
Cassar.
2
12
1 Stephanus I.
253
258.1
1006
C. Vib. Volus. Gallus
Aug. II.
Maximus.
1 Valerian
and Gallie-
nus.
13
2
254
255
2
3
1007
1008
P. Licinius Valerianus
Aug. II.
P. Lie. Gallienus Aug.
P. Lie. Valer. Aug. HI.
P. L. Gallienus Aug. II.
2
3
14
15 — -
3
256
4
1009
Maximus II.
Glabrio.
* — — —
16
5
257
259.1
1010
P. L. Val. Aug. IV.
P. L. Gall. Aug. III.
5
17
1 Sixtus II.
244 TO 257 A.D.
181
Repe-
tition
Dates.
245
246
248
250
252
254
Events and Eminent Men.
256
Murder of Gordian, set. 19, near Circesium (Carchemish), where a lofty mound is
raised to his memory. Philip becomes emperor ; he makes peace with Sapor
and returns to Rome. Plotinus gains popularity among the Romans, as a lec-
turer on the New Platonic doctrines.
Philip defeats a German tribe on the Danube (called Carpi by Zosimus). Nica-
goras, soph. fl.
Origen, set. 60, writes cont. Celsum.
Philip gives his son, set. 10, the title of Augustus, and makes him consul with
himself. Asinius Quadratus writes history.
Philip governs wisely. The Christians enjoy undisturbed security, and he is
even said to have embraced their faith ;*butthis does not accord with the ceremo-
nial of the great secular games, celebrated by him this year, nor with the
heathen emblems on his coins. The theatre of Pompey, and other buildings in
Rome, destroyed by fire. Cyprian, bishop of Carthage.
The legions revolt in several provinces ; some proclaim Jotapianus, and others
Marinus, both of whom are killed by their own men. Decius, who is sent to ap-
pease the mutineers, is compelled by them to assume the purple and lead them
into Italy. Battle of Verona. Philip is defeated and slain, and his son mur- 1
dered at Rome. Decius is emperor. Dionysius thirteenth bishop of Alexan-
dria. The Goths cross the Danube and ravage Thrace.
Persecution of the Christians. Fabian, bishop of Rome, is martyred : after an in-
terval of some months, Cornelius is elected to succeed him. Babylas suffers at
Antioch, and Alexander at Jerusalem ; Fabius is elected in the place of the
first, and Mazabanes in that of the last. Cyprian withdraws from Carthage
and conceals himself. Decius sends his son to encounter the Goths, and then
marches in person.
The Goths take Philipopolis, and defeat Decius in Mcesia, who falls in battle, set.
50, and his son with him. Gallus is proclaimed emperor. The wealth and in-
fluence of the hierarchy give a great importance to the episcopal office, which
begins to be an object of fierce contention. Hence arises the schism of Novatus.
The Christian laity are required to submit implicitly to the discipline of the
church. Valerian is elected censor.
Gallus, having paid the Goths a large sum of money to quit the empire, returns to
Rome ; Hostilianus, nephew of Decius, is appointed his colleague, but soon falls
a victim to the general pestilence, which begins now and rages fifteen years.
Cyprian holds a council of bishops at Carthage, by which stricter canons are
enforced and the hierarchy rendered more despotic. Birth of Antony, the future
founder of monachism. Demetrianus, fourteenth bishop of Antioch.
Other barbarians invade Mcesia and Pannonia; they are defeated by iEmilianus,
wlro is salu ted as emperor by his army ; he marches against Gallus, who is
assassinated, with his son, by his soldiers, at Interamnse. On the approach of
Valerian, at the head of the Gallic legions, iEmilianus is killed near Spoleto.
Valerian, acknowledged as emperor, makes Gallienus his colleague, Cyprian
writes " De Mortalitate." Death of Origen, est. 69.
(The Franks invade the northern provinces of Gaul. An eruption of Mount iEtna.
1 Tryphon, a disciple of Origen, supposed to be the presbyter who wrote against
Manes. The persecution of the Christians continues.
Gallienus takes the command of the forces for the protection of Gaul, and fixes his
head-quarters at Treves. Minucianus, soph. fl.
The empire is assailed on all sides. The Franks penetrate through Gaul and
enter Spain, where Tarraco is sacked by them. The Allemanni attack Italy.
The Sarmatians and Quadi force their way into Pannonia. The Goths ravage
Macedon and Greece ; the Persians invade Mesopotamia and Syria. Cyprian
assembles another council at Carthage, and dictates articles, which provoke
angry disputes.
Aurelian, lieutenant of the emperors, repels the Goths. Correspondence of Diony-
sius and Sixtus II. on the articles of Carthage. Cyprian banished to Curubis.
182
FROM THE YEAB
A.D.
Olym.
AU.C,
Consuls of Rome.
Roman Empe-
rors.
Sassanides
OF
Persia.
Bishops of
JiOME.
258
259. 2
1011
Memmius Tuscus.
Bassus.
6 Valerian
and Gallie-
nus.
18 Sapor I.
Vacant.
259
3
1012
^Emilianus.
Bassus.
19
1 Dionysius.
260
4
1013
Ssecularis II.
Donatus,
I
2 - -
alone.
'
231
260.1
1014
P. L. Gallienus Aug. IV.
Volusianus.
21
3
| 262
2
1015
P. L. Gallienus Aug. V.
Faustinus.
3
22 — -
4
263
3
1016
Albinus II.
Dexter.
4 —
23
264
4
1017
P. L. Gallienus Aug. VI.
Saturninus.
5
24
6
265
261.1
1018'
P. Licin, Valerianus II.
Lucillus.
25
7
266
2
1019
P. L Gallienus Aug. VII.
Sabinillus.
7
26
8
267
3
1020
Paternus.
Arcesilaus.
27
268
4
1021
Paternus II.
Mariniauus.
1 Claudius II.
28
10
258 TO 268 A.D.
183
Hf.pt-
tttin;
Dates
261
262
263
265
267
Events and Eminent Men.
Valerian goes into the East, against the Persians. Postnmus checks the invaders
of G-aul. The Goths fit out naval armaments on the Euxine. and take Trebizond.
Martyrdom of Sixtus II. at Rome, Aug. 6th, and of Cyprian, at Carthage,
September 14th.
The Goths plunder Chalcedon, Nicomedia, Nice, and all the principal cities in
Bithynia ; Valerian marches as far as Cappadocia to oppose them. The empire
is disturbed by a succession of pretenders to the throne called the " Thirty
Tyrants ;"— Cyriades, the first of them, joins Sapor, and is slain in the beginning
of the Persian war. Postumus maintains his independence ten years in Gaul.
After a vacancy of some months, Dionysius is elected twenty-fourth bishop of
Rome. Pontius writes the " Life of Cyprian."
The Roman army totally routed by Sapor ; Valerian is made prisoner, and dies in
captivity. Saloninus, son of Gallienus, is taken by Postumus at Colonia Agrip-
pina, and slain, with his governor Silvanus. Sapor extends his conquests ; but
his attack on Palmyra is successfully resisted by Odenathus. Ingenuus revolts
in Illyrium ; he is defeated and killed by Gallienus ; his army rallies, and
chooses Regalianus for emperor, who meets the same fate. Paul of Samosata is
the fifteenth bishop of Antioch.
Macrianus assumes the purple in the East. Valens, who is sent against him, does
the same in Greece, and puts to death Piso, who had aspired to the throne ;
after this, Valens is killed by his own troops. Gregory Thaumaturgus, the dis-
ciple of Origen, is bishop of Neo-Csesaraea in Pontus. Manes originates the
Manichaaan heresy,
Macrianus, having advanced as far as Thrace, to attack Gallieuus, is defeated
and slain, with his son, by Aureolus, who is then proclaimed emperor by his
army. Balista takes the imperial title at Edessa, but is overcome by Odenathus.
^Emilianus rebels in Egypt. The Goths pass the Bosphorus, ravage the coasts
of Greece, and plunder and burn the Temple of Diana at Ephesus. Antioch is
surprized and pillaged by the Persians. Earthquake and darkness for many
days; the pestilence most fatal. Hymenseus bishop of Jerusalem.
Gallienus celebrates the tenth year of his reign by public shows and games. He
treats with Aureolus and Odenathus. Satuminus, a meritorious officer, is slain
in Pontus, by the soldiers who had compelled him to rebel. Theodotus is sent
into Egypt, and puts iEmilianus to death. Tumults in Alexandria; the Bru-
chion destroyed. The Goths are expelled from Asia.
Nisibis, Carrhse, Ctesiphon, with many other cities, are taken by Odenathus; he
acquires a powerful kingdom, and is declared Augustus by Gallienus. Porphyry
visits Rome. Plotinus is patronized by the emperor; his disciple Amelius
writes Expositions of their philosophy. Paul of Samosata's doctrines are op-
posed by a council held at Antioch.
Postumus, who during seven years has maintained his independence and protected
Gaul against the Germans, associates Victorinus with him in his power. Gal-
lienus attacks them, but without success. Rebellion of Trebellianus in Isauria,
suppressed by Caussisoleus. Longinus fl. Death of Dionysius, who is suc-
ceeded by Maximus, fourteenth bishop of Alexandria.
Celsus, an African pretender to the imperial dignity, is killed by the people of
Sicca, seven days after his proclamation. Callinicus, hist. fl.
Various Gothic bands, called by some, Scythians, by others, Heruli, &c, ravage
Greece and Asia. After they had plundered Athens, Dexippus, having collected
a force of 2000 men, attacks and defeats ihem. They are encountered again by
Gallienus in Illyricnm, and routed. Odenathus drives another section out of
Asia, soon after which he is assassinated by his nephew, Maeonius. His widow,
Zenobia, avenges his death and fills with glory his vacant throne. Postumus,
Victorinus, Lselianus, and Marius, are slain in succession. Tetricus takes their
place and reigns in Gaul. Aureolus invades Italy and takes Milan.
Gallienus, while besieging Aureolus in Milan, is assassinated by his own troops,
March 20, set. 50. Claudius, proclaimed emperor, takes Milan and puts Aureolus
to death. Amid these distractions, the Allemanni penetrate into Italy, and are
defeated by Claudius, near Lake Benacus. Porphyry retires to Sicily.
184
TEOM THE TEAB
A.D.
269 262.1
270
273
274
275
276
1022
263. 1
278
Consuls of Rome.
1024
1025
4
265.1
1028
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
Roman Empe-
ro RS.
2 Claudius II,
1 Aurelian. 30
M. Aurelius Claudius
Aug. II.
Paternus.
Antiochiaaus.
Oriitus.
L. Domitius Valerius
Aurelianus Aug.
M. Ceiouius Virius Bas-
sus.
Quietus.
Voldumiamus.
M. Claudius Tacitus.
Placidianus.
L. Dom. Val. Aurel. Aug
II.
C. Julius Capitolinus.
L. Dom. Val. Aurel. Aug. 1 Tacitus.
III.
Marcellinus.
M. Claud. Tacitus Aug.
II.
iEruilianu3.
M. Aurel. Valer. Probus 2
Aug.
M. Aurelius Pauhnus.
M. Aur. Val. Probus Au§
IT.
Lupus.
M. Aur. Val. Probus Aug.
III.
Paternus.
Messala. 5
Gratus.
M. Aur. Val. Probus Aug. 6
IV.
Tiberianus.
Sassanides
op
Persia.
Sapor I.
Bishops op
Rome.
1 Felix I.
1 Hormisdas
or Hormouz
L
1 Varanes,
or Baha-
ram I.
3 | 1 Eutychia-
! nus.
1 Varanes, j 2
or Baha-
ram II.
269 TO 281 A.D.
185
Eepe-
tition
Dates.
270
272
273
274
Events and Eminent Men.
The Goths are signally defeated by Claudius, at Naissus, in Moesia. Zenobia rules
in Egypt, in the name of Claudius. Longinus and Plotinus compose many of
' their works, and Dexippus his " Chronica." Paul of Samosata, condemned and
deposed by another council, held at Antioch, refuses to give up his bishopric to
Domnus.
Claudius again defeats the Goths, soon after which he dies of the plague at Sir-
mium, set. 56. His brother Quintillus assumes the empire at Aquileia, but in
seventeen days puts an end to his own life. Aurelian, universally acknowledged
emperor, makes peace with the Goths, and relinquishes Dacia "to them, trans-
ferring that name to another province, south of the Danube. Death of Plotinus,
aet. 66. Aurelian confirms the decree of the council, and expels Paul of Samo-
sata from Antioch, where Domnus, son of the former prelate, Demetrianus, be-
comes the sixteenth bishop.
Aurelian drives the Marcomanni and Gutungi over the Danube, and grants peace
to the Vandals. The walls of Rome rebuilt. Longinus addresses his Epistle
to Porphyry.
Aurelian, in his progress to the East against Zenobia, encounters some Gothic
marauders in Thrace, and chases them out of the empire. He takes Tyana,
Emesa, and Antioch, which attempt to withstand him. Zenobia retires into
Palmyra. Death of Sapor, who is succeeded by his son. Timseus, seventeenth
bishop of Antioch.
Surrender of Palmyra. Zenobia made prisoner. Longinus is put to death. The
revolt of Firmus in Egypt suppressed. Having restored the authority of Rome
in the East, Aurelian returns to Europe. Hormisdas dies after a short reign, and
leaves the throne of Persia to his son.
Battle of Chalons and surrender of Tetricus, the last of the " Thirty Tyrants.'1
Aurelian, having re-united all the broken-up parts of the empire, celebrates a
splendid triumph at Rome. His captives, Zenobia and Tetricus, are generously
treated, and pass the rest of their lives in peace and affluence. Aurelian dedi-
cates a temple to the Sun, improves the city and regulates the general system of
government. Birth of Constantine, the future emperor, at Naissus, in Moesia,
Feb. 27. Manes is put to death by Varanes.
275 i Aurelian, on his march to attack Persia, is assassinated by Mucapor, between He-
j| raclea and Byzantium, about March 20, set. 61. Tacitus is elected by the senate,
i Sept. 25. He orders ten copies of his ancestor's works to be deposited every
! year in the public libraries.
276 '! Tacitus punishes the murderers of Aurelian, and dies soon afterwards, while con-
ducting an expedition against the Goths, who had invaded Asia. His brother,
Florian, aspires to the empire, but is killed by the soldiers at Tarsus. Probus
is proclaimed emperor by the army, and confirmed by the Senate. Varanes II.
succeeds his father in Persia.
The Franks, Burgundians, and other German tribes, that had overrun a large part
of Gaul, are driven hack by Probus. Some of his prisoners, removed to Pontus,
seize a fleet in the Euxine, escape through the Bosphorus, plunder many cities
on the shores of the Mediterranean, and by a successful navigation reach Ger-
many again.
Probus repairs the fortified line, from the Rhine to the Danube, expels the Goths
from Thrace, represses the Isaurian robbers, and arrives in Syria, where ambas-
sadors from Persia settle with him terms of peace. Archelaus, bishop of Meso-
potamia, writes against Manicheism.
The Blemmyes are overthrown by Probus in Egypt. Anatolius, bishop of Laodi-
cea, is noted for his study of philosophy.
Saturninus raises a rebellion in the East, and Bonosus and Proculus in Gaul ; they
are all defeated and suffer death. Cyrillus, eighteenth bishop of Antioch.
Probus celebrates the success of his arms by a triumph. He encourages the cul-
ture of vines in Gaul and Panaonia.
277
278
279
281
186
FROM THE YEAR
A.D.
284
285
Olym,
265.2
3
266.1
2
289 267.1
290 2
291
292 4
3.1
294
295
a.u.c
1035
1036
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
Consuls of Rome.
Roman Empe-
rors.
M. Aur. Val. Probus AugJ 1 Carus.
V.
Victorinus.
M. Aurelius Carus Aug. 2 —
II.
M. Aurelius Cariuus Cae-
sar
M. Aurel. Carinus Aug. 1 Diocletian.
II.
M. Aur. Numerianus
Aug.
C. Aur. Val. Diocletianus
Aug. II.
Aristobulus.
M. Jun. Maximus II.
Vettius Aquilinus.
C. Aur. Val. Dioclet. Aug.
III.
M. Aur. Val. Maximianus
Aug.
M. Aur. Val. Maximianus
Aug. II.
Pomponius Januarius.
Bassus II.
Quintianus.
C. Aur. Val. Dioclet. Aug.
IV.
M. Aur. Val. Maximian.
Aug. III.
Tiberianus.
Dio.
Maximian. 1
4 ■ 2
Hannibalianus.
Asclepiodotus.
C. Aur. Val. DiocletJlO
Aug. V. I
M. Aur. Val. Maximian. I
Aug. IV.
Flav. Val. Constantius
C33S.
C. Galerius Maximianus
Tuscus.
Anulinus.
C. Aur. Val. Dioclet. Aug.
VI.
Fl. Val. Constantius Cass.
II.
11
Sassanidzm
tA.
7 Varanes,
or Baba-
ram II.
8
Bishops op
Rome.
8 Eutychia-
nus.
1 Caius.
1 Varanes 11
in.
1 Narses. I
1 Marcellinus
282 TO 296 A.D.
187
\2iepe-
tition
Dates.
Events and Eminent Men.
290
292
m
295
Mutiny of the army at Sirmium ; Probus is killed by them in Oct., set. 50. Cams
is elected emperor, and gives the title of Csesar to each of his two sons, Carinus
and Numerianus.
Having stationed Carinus inGaul, Cams takes Numerianus with him into the East,
repulses the Sarmatians in Thrace, advances victoriously into Persia, and makes
himself master of Seleucia and Ctesiphon. Near the latter city, he dies mys-
teriously in his tent, during a violent storm, Dec. 25, set. 61. Calpurnius in his
Hunting Eclogues, and Nemesianus in his " Halieutica/' celebrate Carus and his
sons. Pierius Script. Ecc fL Theonas, fifteenth bishop of Alexandria.
On the death of Carus, his sons succeed him. Numerianus is assassinated by Aper,
who falls by the hand of Diocletian, proclaimed emperor by the eastern army.
Carinus signalizes his accession by festivities at Rome, and then marches
against Julianus, who is defeated and slain near Verona. He then proceeds to
encounter Diocletian, who is advancing into Europe. Pamphilus fl. Arnobius
teaches rhetoric at Sicca. The general decay of intellect is strongly marked.
The Era of Diocletian, or of the Martyrs, dates from Aug. 29 of this year.
Defeat and death of Carinus at Margus in Moesia. Diocletian fixes his imperial
residence at Nicomedia. The Bagaudse of Gaul are repressed by Maximian.
Theognostus, a disciple of Origen, fl.
Maximian obtains further victories in Gaul, and is associated by Diocletian, aa
joint emperor with him.
Carausius, commander of the Roman fleet at Gessoriacum (Boulogne), revolts, and
establishes an independent sovereignty in Britain, The legions and public
officers there submit to him. He rules the sea and guards the province against
the incursions of the northern barbarians.
Maximian secures the repose of Gaul ; the Franks send an embassy, with their
king at its head, to beg for peace. Maximian prepares another fleet to attack
Carausius. Diocletian confirms the tranquillity of the eastern frontier by a
treaty with the Persians.
Carausius defeats Maximian, seizes Gessoriacum, and deprives the Romans of all
resources for naval warfare. Mamertinus, Orat. Panegyr. fl. Meeting of the
two emperors at Milan.
Peace concluded with Carausius, who is acknowledged as the ruler of Britain.
Lactantius, unsuccessful as a teacher of rhetoric at Nicomedia, applies himself
to writing. Diocletian introduces the ceremonial and magnificence of Persia
into his court.
The two emperors meet again at Milan, and settle their respective jurisdictions
Diocletian in the East, and Maximian in the West. Trebellius Pollio writes,
and Flavius Vopiscus prepares to write, their parts of the Augustan histories,
Maximian celebrates the close of the fifth year of his reign.
Constantius Chlorus and Galerius (surnamed Armentarius) are appointed to assist
in administering the affairs, the former, of Thrace and Illyricum, and the latter
of Gaul, Spain, and Mauritania.
Carausius is treacherously murdei*ed by Allectus, who assumes the government of
Britain. Claudius Eusthenius writes his history of the four princes, who now
rule the empire. Death of Varanes II. His sons contend for the throne of
Persia, which Varanes III. occupies for four months, and is then succeeded by
his brother, Narses.
The German tribes are at this time in a very unsettled state. Better acquainted
with the riches of the Roman provinces, their avidity for plunder is stimulated,
and they often contend with each other for the possession of the frontier points,
from which they can most easily break into the empire. Some of their leagues
formed by the union of various tribes, like the Marcomanni, are dissolved, and
their names disappear in history.
Victories of Galerius over the Carpi and Bastarnse. Lands are assigned to them
and others, in some of the depopulated districts of the empire.
Allectus is defeated and slain by Asclepiodotus, the lieutenant of Constantius,
who regains possession of Britain. While Constantius resettles the government
of the recovered province, Maximian commands on the Rhine. Arnobius writes
" Adversus Gentes."
188
FROM THE YEAR
A.D.
297
Olym.
300
301
302
270.1
304
305
1051
1052
1055
1057
1058
1060
Consuls of Rome.
M. Aur. Val. Maximian
Aug. V.
C. Gall. Maximian. Ctes,
II.
Faustus II.
Gallus.
C. Aur. Val. Dioclet. Aug
VII.
M. Aur. Val. Maximian,
Aug. VI.
Fl. Val. Constantius Caes
III.
C. Gal. Maximian. Caes,
III.
Titianus II.
Nepotianus.
Fl. Val. Constantius Cass.
IV.
C. Gal. Maximian. Cass.
IV.
C. Aur. Val. Dioclet. Aug.
VIII.
M. Aur. Val. Maximian.
Aug. VII.
C. Aur. Val. Dioclet. Aug.
IX.
M. Aur. Val. Maximian.
Aug. VIII.
Fl. Val. Constantius Caes.
V.
C. Gal. Maximian. Caes.
V.
Fl. Val. Constantius Aug.
VI.
C. Gal. Maximian. Aug.
VI.
M. Aur. Val. Maxim. Aug.
IX.
Fl. Val. Constantinus
Caes.
Romas- Empb-
rors.
14 Diocletian.
Maximian. 12
Sassanides
OF
Persia.
Bishops of
Rome.
5 Narses. [ 2 Marcellinus.
18
19
20
1 Constantius.
Galerius. 1
Galerius. 2
1 Constantine.
Maxentius. 1
Galerius. 3
2 Constantine.
Maxentius. 2
1 Licinius.
1 Hormisdas
or Horm-
ouz II.
10
287 TO 307 A.D.
189
Repe-
tition
Dates.
297
302
303
304
305
307
Events and Eminent Men.
The revolt of Achilleus in Egypt is put down by Diocletian in person. Siege of
Alexandria, and slaughter of its inhabitants. Busiris and Coptos destroyed.
Julian, who had assumed the purple at Carthage, is overcome by Maximian,
and order restored in Mauritania. The Persian war begins. Galerius is de-
feated by Narses and severely reprimanded by Diocletian. Constantine, set. 23.
accompanies Diocletian. Eumenius, Orat. Panegyric. fl. ^Elius Spartianus writes
his Augustan history. He is supposed by Vossius and Fabricius to have been
the author of that also which bears the name of ^El. Lampridius; and Salina-
sius ascribes to him the Life of Avidius Cassius, said to have been written by
Vulcatius Gallicanus.
Galerius gains a complete victory over Narses in Armenia, who, by a treaty of
peace, cedes Mesopotamia and five provinces beyond the Tigris. Meeting of
Diocletian and Galerius at Nisibis. Tiridates is made king of Armenia, and
his dominions enlarged. Zabdas, bishop of Jerusalem.
Eumenius, in a public oration at Augustodunum (Autun), before the president of
the province, calls attention to the decay of the schools and general neglect of
education, and offers to give up his own salary, as professor of rhetoric, towards
the expense of repairing the dilapidated buildings.
Tranquil state of the empire. Methodius, bishop of Tyre, writes against Por-
phyry and Origen. Hermon succeeds Zabdas, as bishop of Jerusalem.
Death of Narses, who is succeeded by his son, Hormisdas II. Porphyry, ret. 68,
writes his life of Plotinus. Petrus, the 16th bishop of Alexandria. From the
accession of Diocletian to this time, the Christians had been unmolested by the
civil power.
Diocletian issues an edict to regulate the prices of commodities, and fails in the
attempt. He visits Rome for the first time, and celebrates a triumph there with
Maximian. Galerius passes the winter with Diocletian at Nicomedia, and
urges him to repress, by severe measures, the growing power of the Christian
hierarchy. Meletius, bishop of Lycopolis, condemned and deposed for heresy, in
a synod called by Petrus at Alexandria, Tyrannus, nineteenth bishop of An-
tioch.
The persecution of the Christians commences Feb. 23, the fiercest and most sys-
tematic which they had endured. The revolt of Eugenius suppressed by the
inhabitants of Antioch. Diocletian celebrates the twentieth year of his reign
by festivities at Rome. Disgusted by the free manner of the people, he departs
abruptly, on the eve of his ninth consulship.
Severe illness of Diocletian, imputed to his long journey in the winter, but attri-
butable rather to his vexation at the disorders caused by his change of policy
towards the Christians, and to his finding it impossible to extirpate their
religion.
The dilemma in which Diocletian is placed by the rash counsels of Galerius, de-
termines him to abdicate. He resigns the purple, May 1, at Nicomedia, and
persuades Maximian to follow his example on the same day, at Milan. The
former retires to Salona, and the latter into Lucania. Constantius and Galerius
take the title of Augustus, and that of Csesar is given to Severus and Maxi-
min. The monastic system introduced in Egypt by Antony.
Constantine joins his father, Constantius, in Britain, who dies, July 21, at York.
On this the army proclaims Constantine emperor. Maxentius, son of Maxi-
mian, assumes the purple at Rome, and his father attempts to replace himself
on the throne. Vopiscus publishes his history of Aurelian. Ormus founded by
Hormisdas.
Severus endeavours to maintain himself against Maxentius, is deserted by all,
flies to Ravenna, and is there put to death. Galerius invades Italy, and without
fighting a battle, is obliged to retreat ignominiously. Constantine takes pos-
session of Gaul ; Maximian meets him at Aries and gives him his daughter,
Fausta, in marriage. Licinius is declared emperor by Galerius. The perse-
cution of the Christians, checked by Constantine in the west, is continued in the
east. Pamphilus imprisoned,
190
FROM THE YEAR
A.D.
309
310
311
312
313
Olym. a U.C
271.4
272.1
273.
314
315
316
317
1062
1065
1066
3 j 1068
1070
Consuls of Rome.
. Anr. VaL Maximian
Aug. X.
C. Gal. Val. Maximian
Aug. VII. (According to
some,
Maxentius and
Romulus.)
Uncertain. Some have
Maxentius II.
Romulus II. Others,
Licinius Aug.
Cons tan tin us.
( Uncertain.
Andronicus and Probus,
occur in the Fasti Grajci
Cod. Sav.)
( Uncertain,
Galerius VIII.
Maximin. II.
Rufinus.
Volusianus.
Eusebius, are all named.)
Fl. Val. Constantinus
Aug. II.
P. Val. Licinian. Licinius
Aug. II.
Fl. Val. Constantinus
Aug. III.
P. Val. Licinian. Licinius
Aug. Ill,
C. Ceionius Rufus Volusi
anus II.
Annianus.
Fl. Val. Constantinus
Aug. IV.
P. Val. Lie. Licinius
Aug. IV.
Sabinus.
Runnus.
Roman Empe-
bobs.
Galerius 4
3Constantine,
Maxentius 3
2 Licinius.
Maximin. 1
Galerius 5
4Constantine.
Maxentius <
3 Licinius.
Maximin. 2
Galerius (
5Constantine,
Maxentius 5
4 Licinius,
Maximin. 3
6Constantine.
Maxentiu3 (
5 Licinius.
Maximin. 4
7Constantine.
Licinius i
5 Maximin.
Bass abides
OB
Persia.
8 Hormis-
das, or
Hormouz
II.
1 Sapor II.
Bishops of
Rome.
1 Marcellus.
8Constantine. 5
Licinius 7
Gallicanus.
Sept. Bassus.
1 Eusebius.
1 Melciades.
308 TO 317 A.D.
191
tition
Dates.
310
813
Events and Eminent Men.
314
315
316
Galerius acknowledges Constantine as Augustus, and allows the same title to
Maximin in Syria. There are at this time five emperors actually ruling, with
Maximian as a sixth, holding only nominal power, in the court of his son-in-law,
Constantine. Africa, oppressed by Maxentius, proclaims Alexander, who falls
a.d. 311, when the rebellion is finished by the plunder of Carthage and other
cities. Helladius writes his Chrestomathia. Julian. Soph. fl. at Athens. Euse-
bius, bishop of Caesarea. He and Pamphilus write " Apologies" for Origen.
Constantine averts from Gaul the inroads of the Franks and Allemanni, and alle-
viates the weight of taxation by which the people are borne down, Death of
Hormisdas. His infant sou, Sapor II., succeeds him on the throne of Persia.
Onasimus of Sparta, hist, et soph. fl.
Maximian, unsuccessful in an attempt against Constantine, is made prisoner at
Marseilles, and strangled, set. 60. Eumenius delivers his Orat. Panegyric, at
Autun, in the presence of Constantine. Galerius is attacked by the fatal dis-
ease which in the following year terminates his life. Julius Capitolinus writes
his Augustan history.
Galerius issues an edict, April 30, to put a stop to the persecution of the Chris-
tians, and dies in the following month. His share of the empire is divided
between Licinius and Maximin. Cruelty of the latter. Valeria, widow of Ga-
lerius, and daughter of Diocletian, having refused to marry him, is banished
with her mother, to the desert of Syria; and their possessions all confiscated.
Her father intercedes for them, but is treated with contempt. Eumenius obtains
from Constantine, at Treves, a remission of taxation for Autun.
Maxentius, defeated by Constantine, in his night is drowned in the Tiber, Oct. 27.
Constantine enters Rome, disbands the praetorian guards, and is master of all
western Europe. Maximin still persecutes the Christians. Methodius suffers
martyrdom at Chalcis in Syria, and Petrus at Alexandria, where he is succeeded
by Achillas, the seventeenth bishop. Iamblichus, disciple of Porphyry, fl. The
Era of the Indictions commences Sept. 1.
Licinius marries Constantia, the sister of Constantine, at Milan, where the two
emperors meet, and enter into a league of amity. An edict is issued in favour
of the Christians. Death of Diocletian, set. 68. Maximin, advancing to at-
tack Licinius, is totally defeated near Heraclea, and dies soon after at Tarsus.
Licinius, sole master of the east, rules tyrannically. Candidianus, a natural son
of Galerius, is put to death, and Valeria and Prisca beheaded, at Thessalonica.
Contest between Caecilianus and Donatus, for the bishopric of Carthage, which
gives rise to the sect of the Donatists. Rheticius, bishop of Autun, known for
his commentaries and controversial writings. Alexander, eighteenth bishop of.
Alexandria.
War between Constantine and Licinius. The latter defeated, Oct. 8, at Cibalis
in Pannonia, and soon afterwards, on the plain of Mardia, in Thrace, agrees to a
treaty of peace, by which he cedes to the conqueror most of his provinces in
Europe, and the dominions of Constantine are extended to the extremity of the
Peloponnesus. Valens, whom Licinius had created Caesar a few days before, [
loses his dignity and his life. Birth of Libanius. Council of Aries, against
the Donatists. |
Constantine issues an edict against infanticide, May 13, at his birth-place, Nais-
sus in Moesia ; and another, Oct. 18, at Margillus, by which he condemns to be
burnt alive any Jews who persecute or ill-treat converts from their sect to'
Christianity. Vitalis is the twentieth bishop of Antioch, during the first days
when the church had peace.
The Donatists appeal to Constantine, who orders an inquiry, which terminates in
favour of Ctecilian. Arius preaches his doctrines, which are supported by most
of the Asiatic bishops, especially by Eusebius of Caesarea, and Eusebius of
Nicomedia.
Crispus and Constantine, sons of the emperor of the west, and the younger Lici-
nius in the east, receive the title of Caesar. Lactantius is the tutor of Crispus.
Birth of Constantius.
192
FROM THE YEAB
A.D.
318
319
320
321
Olym,
275.1
1072
1073
Consuls of Rome.
322 2
323 3
327
1075
1076
1077
1078
1080
1081
P. Val. Lie. Licinius
Aug. V.
Fl. Julius Crispus Caes.
Fl. Val. Constantin. Aug
V.
Licinius Caes.
Fl. Val. Constantin. Aug.
VI.
Fl. Val. Constantin. Cses.
Fl. Julius Crispus Cass. 1 1.
Fl. Val. Constantin. Caes,
II.
Petronius Probianus.
Anicius Julianus.
Roman Empe-
rors.
Acilius Severus.
Vettius Rufinus.
Fil. Jul. Crispus Cass. Ill,
Fl. Val. Constantin. Cses,
III.
Paulinus.
Julianus.
Fl. Val. Constantin. Aug,
VII.
Fl. Jul. Constantin. Caes,
13Constantine.
Licinius. 12
14
Sassanides
OF
Persia.
19
Constantius,
Maximus.
Januarinus.
Justus.
22
10 Sapor II.
11
12
13
Bishops of
Rome.
5 Silvester I.
10
;i3
318 TO 328 A.D.
193
Repe-
tition
Dates,
318
319
320
Events and Eminent Men.
323
325
326
327
The church, enjoying external peace, is internally agitated by the rivalry of
bishops, the persecution and zeal of the Donatists, and the disputatious fervour
of the opponents of Arius.
The increasing pressure of the German tribes on the barriers of the empire de-
mands the utmost vigilance of Constantine. He takes the command himself on
the frontier of the Danube, where the Goths threaten irruption, while Crispus,
on that of the Rhine, watches the Franks.
Crispus achieves his first victory, by defeating a vigorous effort of the Franks
and Allemanni to enter Gaul. Philogonius, twenty-first bishop of Antioch.
Constantine defeats the Goths and Sarmatians at Campona, Margus, Bononia, and
other places on the Danube. Nazarius delivers his Orat. Panegyric, at Rome.
Alexander, at the instigation of Athanasius, calls the council of Alexandria, by
which Arius is condemned for heresy and ejected from the church. Paulinus I.
twenty-second bishop of Antioch. An edict of March 8, orders the Aruspices
to be consulted in certain cases, according to the ancient forms ; and two others, j
of March 7, and June 2, prescribe the due observance of the Sunday (Dies So-
us), by cessation from all labour, except the culture of the fields, and by reli-,
gious worship.
Constantine repairs the bridge of Trajan, and pursues the repulsed barbarians !
into the former province of Dacia, and compels them to make peace.
Hostilities renewed between Constantine and Licinius. Defeat of the latter near '
Hadrianople, July 3. He retires to Byzantium, where he is immediately be-
sieged, and passes thence into Asia. Naval victory of Crispus in the Helles
pont. Finally overcome in the battle of Chrysopolis, Sept. 28, Licinius resigns his
imperial dignity at Nicomedia, and Constantine remains sole emperor. The in-
tercession of Constantia obtains from her brother a promise to spare her hus-
band's life ; but he is sent a prisoner to Thessalonica. Constantius appointed
Caesar, Nov. 8. An edict of Constantine issued at Sirmium, May 25, inflicts
punishment on all such as may exact from Christians an observance of heathen
ceremonies.
Constantine violates his promise to his sister, and by his order, Licinius is put to
death, set. 60. Eustathius, bishop of Bersea, writes against the Arians; in the
succeeding year he is elected the twenty-third bishop of Antioch. Foundation
of Constantinople. Macarius, bishop of Jerusalem.
Council of Nice, attended by 318 bishops. Constantine is present at some of the
debates; Hosius, bishop of Cordova, presides, and Athanasius, though only
secretary to Alexander, distinguishes himself by his vehement opposition to
the Arians, who are condemned by the majority. The Nicene creed is sanc-
tioned by Constantine. Arius is banished to lllyricum, his writings publicly
burned, and all in whose possession they are found, capitally punished. Euse-
bius ends his Chronicle, and completes his Hist. Ecc. Death of Lactantius. The
combats of gladiators are prohibited by a law, enacted at Berytus, Oct. 1, but
they are not suppressed. Marcellus, bishop of Ancyra, advocates Sabellianism.
Constantine celebrates at Rome the completion of twenty years of his reign. H<
orders his son, Crispus, to be put to death, on false accusations, and the younger
Licinius. Helena visits Palestine and founds churches there. Sopater of Apamea,
phil. fl. On the death of Alexander, Athanasius is elected the nineteenth bishop of
Alexandria. Birth of Gregory of Nazianzus. Eusebius publishes his Hist. Ecc.
The empress Fausta is said to have been put to death. (This is doubted by Gib-
bon and Niebuhr.) Drepanum in Bithynia, made a city by Constantine, under
the name of Helenopolis, in honour of his mother, Helena. By an edict, dated
at Treves, Sept. 27, the writings of Julius Paulus (see a.d. 223) are ordered to
be received as sound legal authority.
The severe laws against the Arians are relaxed and the exiles are recalled. They
hold a synod at Antioch, when Eustathius is deposed, and Paulinus II. ap-
pointed twenty-fourth bishop of that diocese. Athanasius favours the monastic
system, and patronizes Antony. Hilarion extends it in Palestine.
194
FROM THE YEAB
A.D.
Olym.
277.1
278.1
1084
1085
334
337
338
279.1
1089
1090
Consuls op Rome.
Roman Empe-
rors.
Fl. Val. Constant. Aug. |24Constantine.
VIII.
Fl. Val. Constant. Caes.
IV.
Gallicanus.
Symmachus.
Bassus.
Ablavius.
Pacatianus.
Hilarianus.
Dahnatius.
Zenophilus.
21 Sapor II. 16 Silvester I,
Optatus.
Anicius Paulinus.
Fl. Jul. Constantius.
Rufius Albinus.
1092
25
Nepotianus.
Facundus.
Felicianus.
Ti. Fabius Titianus.
Ursus.
Poleniius.
Fl. Jul. Constantius
Aug. II.
Fl. Jul. Constans. Aug.
Acyndinus.
1 1 Valerius Proculus.
29
30
31
Sassanides
op
Persia.
Bishops op
Rome.
22
341
280.1
1094 I Marcellinus.
I -Probinui.
1 Constan-
tine II.
1 Constan-
tius II.
1 Constans.
2 Constan-
tine II.
2 Constan-
tius II.
2 Constans.
3 The same.
4 Constan-
tius II.
4 Constans.
5 The same.
20
1 Marcus.
1 Julius I.
329 TO 341 A.D.
195
Repe-
tition
Dates.
Events and Eminent Men.
329
331
332
334
335
341
Frumentius preaches Christianity to the Abyssinians ; he is recorded in their
annals as Abba Salama, or Fremonatos. Juvencus, a Spanish presbyter, writes
a sacred poem explanatory of Christian doctrines. Eulalius, twenty-fifth bishop
of Antioch. Death of Iamblichus ; he is succeeded in the chair of philosophy
by his pupil iEdesius.
Dedication of Constantinople, May 22. Metrodorus, phil. fi. Alexander is the
first bishop of the new capital. Euphronius, twenty-sixth bishop of Antioch.
Exuperius educates the two sons of Constantine's brother, Dalmatius, who are
afterwards raised to the dignity of Caesars.
Julian, the future emperor, son of Julius Constantius, the brother of the emperor
Constantine, born at Constantinople. Birth of Hieronymus (St. Jerome).
The Sarmatians, unable to resist the Goths, implore the protection of the Romans.
The Caesar Constantine conducts the war successfully, and concludes a peace,
for the observance of which, the Gothic chieftain, Araric, gives his son as a
hostage. Placillus, the twenty-seventh bishop of Antioch.
Constantine gives the title of Caesar to his youngest son, Constans. Syria and
Cilicia are afflicted by pestilence and famine. The interposition of Constantine
obtains for the Christians in Persia relief from the persecution caused by the
Magi. An edict, dated Constantinople, Sept. 27, confirms the exemption from
military service and all public offices, granted by former emperors to medical
men and professors of literature.
Settlements granted in Thrace and Macedon to many Sarmatian refugees. A
revolt of Calocaerus in Cyprus, repressed by Dalmatius, the emperor's nephew.
The Arian prelates hold a council at Caesarea, and vote the deposition of Atha-
nasius, which he disregards.
Constantine's nephew, Dalmatius, is created Caesar, and Hannibal ianus, king of
Pontus. Five young princes now hold that title, to each of whom the adminis-
tration of certain provinces is assigned. The synods of Tyre and Jerusalem
proceed more violently against Athanasius. He has an interview with Constan-
tine at Constantinople. The sentence of deposition is not enforced, but he is
ordered to reside at Treves. Asterius writes in favour of Arianism, which now
prevails in the east. Constantine dedicates a church at Jerusalem.
First marriage of Constantius to his cousin, the sister of Julian. The synod of
Constantinople re-admits Arius into the church, soon after which he dies ; but
the animosity of the two sects is not abated. Marcellus, bishop of Ancyra, is
deposed, and Basilius appointed to take his place. Maximus, the fortieth bishop
of Jerusalem.
Constantine is baptized by Eusebius, the Arian bishop of Nicomedia, near which
city, in the village of Achyrona, he soon afterwards dies, May 22d, set. 64 ; his
three sons succeed him, and divide the empire among them. Preparations for
war with Persia. Eusebius writes his Life of Constantine.
The three emperors meet in Pannonia and settle the extent of their respective
jurisdictions. The two young princes, Dalmatius and Hannibalianus, are put
to death, with all their relations, except Gallus and Julian, the sons of Julius
Constantius ; Ablavius, the praetorian prefect, and other ministers of the deceased [
emperor, share the same fate. Sapor invades Mesopotamia and besieges Nisibis.
Athanasius returns to Alexandria. Jacobus, bishop of Nisibis, distinguishes
himself during the siege of that city.
Unsuccessful campaign of Constantius against the Persians. He issues a decree
at Antioch, March 31, prohibiting marriage between uncles and nieces as inces-
tuous, and making it a capital crime.
Constantine, dissatisfied with his share in the partition of the empire, and at-
tempting to obtain more by force of arms, is defeated and slain near Aquileia.
His provinces are added to those of Constans, who reigns over all the west of
Europe. Death of Eusebius of Caesarea, who is succeeded by Acacius. Euse-
bius of Nicomedia is appointed bishop of Constantinople.
The Franks invade Gaul and resist Constans. An imperial edict prohibits pagan
sacrifices. Violent earthquakes in Syria. The synod of Antioch assents to an
Arian creed, deposes Athanasius, and appoints Gregory the twentieth bishop of
__
196
FROM THE TEAB
A.D. Olym.
342
343
344
345
346
347
280.2
281.1
1095
1096
1097
Consuls op Rome.
Fl. Jul. Constantius
Aug. III.
Fl. Jul. Constans.Aug.il.
Roman Empe-
350
282.1
1103
M. Msecius Meramius
Placidus.
Romulus.
Leontius.
Sallustius.
Amantius.
Albinus.
Fl. Jul. Constantius Aug.
IV.
Fl. Jul. Constans Auo.
III.
Rufinus.
Eusebius.
Fl. Philippus.
FL Sallia.
Ulpius Limenius.
Aco Catullinus.
6 Constantius
II.
6 Constans.
Sassanides
OF
Persia.
Bishops op
Rome.
34 Sapor II.
37
Sergius.
Nigrinianus.
7 The same.
8 The same.
9 The same.
10 The same.
11 The same.
12 The same. 40
13 The same. 41
6 Julius I.
10
14 Constantius
II.
42
342 TO 350 A.D.
197
Sepe-
tition
Dates,
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
Events and Eminent Men.
Alexandria. Athanasius takes refuge at Rome, where he introduces the monas-
tic system into western Europe, and recommends its adoption. Marcellus, bishop
of Ancyra, also repairs to Rome. Audeeus propagates the Anthropomorphite
heresy. Theodoras, bishop of Heraclea, writes his commentaries.
The Franks are compelled to quit Gaul and sue for peace. The destruction of
pagan temples forbidden by an edict. A synod held at Rome supports Athana-
sius. Julius addresses an epistle to the Arians of the East. Death of Euse-
bius, bishop of Constantinople. A long struggle commences between Paul and
Macedonius for the vacant episcopal throne. Popular commotions and court in-
trigues alternately elevate and depose the two rivals. Photinus, bishop of Sir-
mium, revives the Ebionite heresy. Stephen I., the twenty-eighth bishop of
Antioch. Death of Tiridates, king of Armenia. The sophist Proasresius at the
court of Constans in Gaul.
Expedition of Constans into Britain. Titianus Pnetorian prefect in Gaul. Con-
stantius exempts all ecclesiastics and their property from any new imposts.
Maximinus, bishop of Treves. Firmicus Maternus fl.
Neo-Csesarea, in Pontus, nearly destroyed by an earthquake. The growth of
hierarchical power, and the decay of intellectual energy, are now in uniform
collateral progress. To promote the former, the education of all classes but the
ecclesiastical is neglected.
Earthquakes in Epirus and Campania. Julian and his brother Gallus are kept
six years in the secluded castle of Macellum, near Ceesarea, where they are
strictly guarded, and have no other instructor than Mardonius, an aged slave of
their mother's family. The Arian bishops assemble at Antioch and publish a
confession of their faith.
Second ineffectual siege of Nisibis by Sapor. The bishops of the west meet at
Milan, and declare their adherence to the Nicene creed, which begins the sepa-
ration between the eastern and western churches. Libanius teaches rhetoric
at Nicomedia. Tryphillius, bishop of Leucothea, in Cyprus, noted for his
eloquence. A total eclipse of the sun, June 6th, during which the stars are
visible.
Con3tantius prepares to resume hostilities against Sapor. A general council
held at Sardica. The Nicene faith is approved by the majority ; the deposition
of Arian bishops voted, and the restoration of Athanasius and Marcellus to their
episcopal honours ; the minority secede to Philipopolis and annul their acts ; the
two bodies mutually excommunicate each other. Themistius makes his first
oration before Constantius at Ancyra. Eusebius, bishop of Emesa, writes his
Commentaries.
Victory of Sapor at Singara. Stephen is ejected at Antioch, and Leontius, the
twenty-ninth bishop, succeeds him. Serapion, bishop of Thmuae, supports the
cause of Athanasius. Cyril is appointed bishop of Jerusalem, and Titus of
Bostra, Birth of Prudentius.
Popular tumults excited at Alexandria by the sectarian factions, in which the
bishop Gregory is killed. Constans threatens to restore Athanasius by force ;
he is permitted by Constantius to return, and is received in triumph by the
Alexandrians. Libanius delivers his panegyric on the two emperors at Nico-
media. Cyril is deposed, and Eutychius made bishop of Jerusalem.
Magnentius revolts at Autun. Flight of Constans into Spain, where he is mur-
dered near Helena (Illiberis), Feb. 27, set. 30 ; Vetranio, sent to oppose the
usurper, himself assumes the purple; Nepotianus is proclaimed at Rome and
slain twenty-eight days afterwards ; Constantius is called by these events into
the west, and Sapor, having failed in his third siege of Nisibis, leaves Mesopo-
tamia, to defend his eastern provinces against the tribes of central Asia. Con-
ference between Constantius and Vetranio; the latter abdicates, and is allowed
to retire into private life. Julian is brought to Constantinople, and studies
under Nicocles and Ecebolus; Constantius, jealous of his rising reputation, sends
him to Nicomedia, where he becomes acquainted with Maximus and other
philosophers. Jacobus animates the citizens of Nisibis again, during the third
eiege.
193
FROM THE YEAB
A.D.
Olym.
282.3
352
353
354
355
1105
1106
Consuls of Rome.
Roman Empe-
rors.
Sassanides
OF
Persia.
1109
284. 1 1110
1108
Not known.
Fl. Jul. Constantius Aug
V.
Fl. Constantius Caesar.
Fl. Jul. Constantius Aug
VI.
Fl. Constantius Cses. II.
Fl. Jul. Constantius Aug. 18
VII.
Fl. Constantius Caes. II.
Arbetio. 19
Lollianus.
15 Constantius |43 Sapor II.
Fl. Jid. Constantius Aug.
VIII.
Fl. Claud. Julianus Caes.
Fl. Jul. Constantius Aug
IX.
Fl. Claud. Julianus Caes.
II.
Bishops of
Rome.
44
15 Julius I.
1 Liberius.
47
48
49
1 Felix II.
351 TO 357 A.Dv
199
Dates.
Gallus created Csesar, and sent to Antioch to rule the east. Magnentius gives the
same title to his brother Decentius ; he is defeated by Constantius at Mursa in
Pannonia, Sep. 28, and escapes with difficulty into Italy. Julian visits Ephesus,
where the conversations of the Ionian philosophers strengthen his prejudices
against the religion of his father's murderers, and incline him secretly to' favour
paganism. A synod at Sirmium condemns the anti-trinitarian doctrines
Photinus. General education is so neglected, that Magnentius and Vetranio can
neither read nor write, when they take upon themselves the imperial dignity.
Gallus suppresses a revolt in Judaea. Italy declares against Magnentius, who
gains a useless victory at Pavia, and retires into Gaul. Libanius declines an
invitation to Athens, and visits Antioch. Paul, bishop of Constantinople, ba-
nished to the deserts of Taurus, and tiere put to death ; Macedonius seated in
his place by force. Violent commotions and profuse bloodshed at Constanti
nople. Antony, the monk, set. 100, is called by Athanasius to Alexandria, to
assist in the conversion of Arians.
Magnentius totally defeated at Mount Seleucus ; he and his brother Decentius
put an end to their own lives. Marriage of Constantius and Eusebia. Gallus
and his wife, Constantina, commit great cruelties in the east. The proconsul,
Theophilus, massacred in a tumult at Antioch. Fruitless attempt of the Persians
to invade Osrhoene, The Isaurians plunder Pamphylia. Ursicinus commands
the Roman armies on the Euphrates, and Ammianus Marcellinus serves under
him. iEtius instructs Eunomius in his doctrines. Council of Aries ; the
western bishops are prevailed on to condemn Athanasius.
The Allemanni, under Gundomad and Vadomar, infest Gaul ; they are driven
back by Constantius, and agree to a treaty of peace. Domitian and Montius,
sent to inquire into the conduct of Gallus, are killed by the people at his insti-
gation : he is called to the imperial court; Constantina dies during the journey ;
he is taken to Pola in Istria and beheaded. Julian is brought to Milan, where
he is in great danger, but saved by the empress Eusebia, and permitted to go
to Athens. Ursicinus is recalled from the east, and Ammianus Marcellinus ac-
companies him to Milan. Victorinus, rhetor, and Donatus, grammat. fl, A statue
of the former is placed in the forum of Trajan. Birth of Augustine.
Julian is held in high esteem at Athens ; he visits iEdesius at Pergamus, who
instructs him in the new Platonism. Constantius, unable to contend alone with
the enemies who on all sides assail the empire, is persuaded by Eusebia to
recal Julian, who is appointed Csesar, Nov. 6. Sylvanus assumes the purple at
Agrippina (Cologne), and is assassinated twenty-eight days afterwards by Ur-
sicinus. Julian proceeds, Dec. 1, to take the command of the army in Gaul,
where Ammianus Marc, serves under him. The council of Milan deposes Atha-
nasius and all bishops who hold his opinions. Liberius is banished from Rome,
and Felix II. takes his place. Gregory of Nazianzus and Basil of Csesarea are
students at Athens. Death of JEdesius, aet. 80, soon after Julian's visit. Ori-
basius of Pergamus, med. fl.
Julian assembles his army at Rheims, but obtains no decisive success in his first
campaign ; in the winter he is surrounded at Sens by the Allemanni, who at
the end of thirty days retire discomfited ; Marcellus, having remained with his
forces an idle spectator of the Caesar's danger, is dismissed from his post,
Julian maintains a friendly and confidential correspondence with Oribasius.
Athanasius expelled by violence from Alexandria, retires among the monks of
Thebais, and Gregory of Cappadocia takes possession of his church. Hilary of
Poictiers is deposed. Martin, afterwards bishop of Tours, serves in Julian's
army.
Constantius visits Rome and presents to the city an obelisk from Egypt ; he
proceeds thence into Rhsetia. Julian gains a great victory at Strasburg, crosses
the Rhine and invades Germany ; Chnodomar, chief of the Allemanni, is cap-
tured. Sallust, Julian's able adviser, is recalled. Synod of Sirmium. Hosius
subscribes the Arian creed. Contest between Cyril of Jerusalem and Acacius of
Csesarea. Death of Antony, the first monk, set. 105. Julian's "Encomium" onj
the empress Eusebia.
200
FROM THE YEAR
A.D.
Olym.
A.U.C.
Consuls op Rome.
Roman Empe-
bors.
Sassanides
ok
Persia.
Bishops op
Rome.
358
284.2
1111
Datianus.
Neratius (Jerealis.
22 Constantius
11.
50 Sapor II.
1 Liberius re-
stored.
359
3
1112
Fl. Eusebius.
Fl! Hypatius.
23
51
2
360
4
1113
Fl. Jul. Constant. Aug. X.
Fl. Claud. Julianus Cses.
III.
24
52
3
361
285.1
1114
Taurus.
Florentius.
1 Julian.
53
4
362
2
1116
Claud. Mamertinas.
Nevitta.
54
5
363
3
1116
Fl. Claud. Julianus Aug.
IV.
Sallustius.
Fl. Jovianus Aug.
Fl. Varronianus.
1 Jovian.
1 Valentinian
Valens. 1
55 _
56
Q
364
4
1117
958 TO 364 A.D.
201
Repe-
tition
Dates,
361
Events and Eminent Mes
36-t
Julian, after passing the winter at Paris, commences his third campaign by de-
feating the Franks, and pursuing them over the Rhine, where he makes the
German tribes fear his prowess. Constantius crosses the Danube, and again
concludes a treaty of peace with the Quadi and Sarmatians. Fruitless nego-
tiations with Sapor, who prepares to resume hostile operations. Fearful earth-
quakes in Asia; Nicomedia nearly destroyed. Liberius deplores the calamity
in his " Monodia," Aurelius Victor, fi. Liberius, having conformed to Arian-
ism, is permitted to return to Rome. Eudoxius, thirtieth bishop of Antioch.
Julian crosses the Rhine again, and conquers wherever he is opposed. Sapor invades
Mesopotamia, and takes Amida. Constantius sends Ursicinus into the east, who
is attended by Ammianns Marcellinus. The two consuls are brothers of the em-
press Eusebia, Synods of Ariminum (Rimini) and Seleucia. Continued strife in
the church, secret intrigues, deceptions, artifices, and open violence. On the
deposition of Macedonius, Eudoxius is translated to Constantinople, and Ani-
anus succeeds him as thirty-first bishop of Antioch.
Constantius sets out to take the command against. Sapor, and orders a part of the
army in Gaul to join him. The troops, unwilling to obey this order, proclaim
Julian emperor. He endeavours to make an amicable arrangement with his
cousin. During the negotiations, he crosses the Rhine, defeats the Allemanni,
and takes their chief, Vadomar, prisoner. He sends Lupicinus into Britain, to
repel the Scots and Picts. Death of his wife, Helena. Sapor takes Singara.
Constantius is repulsed by him at Bezabde, and winters at Antioch. Aurelius
Victor completes his " De Caesaribus." The cathedral of St. Sophia is dedi-
cated at Constantinople. Hilary permitted to return into Gaul. Meletius,
thirty-second bishop of Antioch.
Julian's pacific overtures are rejected. After a short, but successful campaign
against the Germans, he conveys his. army down the Danube, to prepare for
the expected civil war. Constantius, on his march towards Europe, dies at
Mopsucrene, Nov. 3, set. 45. Julian is peaceably acknowledged by the whole
empire. His letters to the Athenians and Corinthians are written from Pan-
nonia, while the issue of the contest was yet doubtful. A synod, held at Anti-
och, deposes Meletius ; Euzoius is the thirty-third bishop of that city. The
second Meletian schism begins. Julian openly professes paganism.
Julian proclaims universal toleration, and reinstates the exiled bishops in their
sees. George of Cappadocia, having been killed by the people of Alexandria,
Athanasius is restored to his station ; but his power is found to be so much
greater than that of the civil governor, that he is almost immediately banished
again. Titus, bishop of Bostra, accused of fomenting discord between Chris-
tians and Jews, is expelled from that city. Contest between Paulinus and
Meletius, at Antioch, and. between Cyril and Irenseus, at Jerusalem. Julian
sets out on his Persian expedition and passes the winter at Antioch, where he
writes his " Caesars," " Misopogon," and other works. Ammianus Marcellinus
and Eutropius are with the army, and soon after this time begin to compose
their histories. Aurelius Victor is proconsul of Pannonia, and honoured by
Julian with a bronze statue. Many orations of Libanius delivered at Antioch.
Mamertinus, in a public speech, returns thanks for his appointment to the con-
sulship. Himerius, orator, fl. Oribasius dedicates to Julian his " Epitomes of
Galen. " Eunapius, set. 16, studies at Athens.
An attempt to rebuild the temple of Jerusalem, defeated by the ignition of foul
air, which alarms the superstitious fears of the workmen. Julian crosses the
Tigris, burns his ships and invades Assyria, where he is slain in battle, June 26,
set. 32. Jovian, elected emperor, makes an ignominious peace, and retreats. He
allows equal freedom to all religions and sects. Athanasius returns to Alexan-
dria, and Titus to Bostra. Meletius, restored at Antioch, holds a synod there.
Gregory of Nazianzus composes two orations against Julian. Maximus, Pris-
cus, and other philosophers accompany tlie Roman army. Monody of Libanius
on the death of Julian.
The orator Themistius advocates religious liberty, in his address on Jovian's con-
sulship. Death of Jovian on his way to Constantinople, at Dadastana, Feb. 17,
202
FROM THE YEAB
A.D.
Olym.
1 1118
1119
370
371
372
1120
1122
1123
1125
373 1288.1 1126
Consuls of Rome.
PL Valentinianus Aug.
Fl. Valens Aug.
Fl. GratianuSi
Dagalaiphus.
Lupiciuus.
Valens.Jovinus.
Fl. Valentinianus Aug.
II.
Fl. Valens Aug. II.
Fl.Valentinianus Valentis
Aug. f.
Victor.
Fl. Valentinianus Aug.
III.
Fl. Valens Aug. III.
Roman Empe-
rors.
Valentinian.
Valens.
Fl. Gratianus Aug. II.
Sex. Petronius Probus.
Modestus.
Arinthseus.
Fl. Valentinian. Aug. TV.
Fl. Valens Aug. IV.
SA.SSANIDES
OF
Persia.
Sapor II.
6 6
57
58
59
64
65
Bishops of
Rome.
Liberius.
1 Damasus.
365 TO 373 A.D.
203
Repe-
tition
Dates.
-367
370
371
372
373
Events and Eminent Men.
set. 34. Elevation of Valentinian, who makes his brother, Valens, emperor of
the East, and takes the West himself. Eutropius concludes his history, which he
dedicates to Valens. RufusFestus writes his " Breviary." Maximus is fined
and tortured. Priscus and the other philosophers are sent to Greece. Theon,
math., takes observations at Alexandria, to regulate the calendar.
Gaul is harassed by the Allemanni, Britain by the Picts, Scots, and Saxons.
Pannonia by the Quadi and Sarmatse, and Thrace by the Goths. Sapor in-
vades Armenia. Procopius revolts in the East. A violent earthquake, July
20, followed by a sudden rise of the sea on the coasts of Greece, Syria, and Egypt.
Libanius composes his funeral oration on Julian.
Procopius is overcome by Valens, and beheaded. Jovinus defeats the Allemanni.
On the death of Liberius, Damasus is appointed bishop of Rome, and violently
opposed by Ursinus. Apollinarius, bishop of Laodicea, writes against Porphyry,
and at last deviates into heresy. A Gothic force, marching to assist Procopius,
is compelled to surrender. Africa is oppressed by the tyranny of Romanus.
-Valentinian raises his son Gratian, set. 9, to be a partner in the empire, with the
title of Augustus. Valens crosses the Danube with an army, but finds no ene-
mies. Theodosius is sent to provide for the defence of Britain. Perfect religious
freedom is allowed by Valentinian. Valens favours the Arians, and is accused
of persecuting their opponents. Death of Hilary of Poitiers, set. 80. Eunoius
of Csesarea fl. Death of Proaeresius, set. 91 ; his rival, Diophantus, makes his
funeral oration.
Rando, chief of the Allemanni, surprises and plunders Moguntiacum(Mentz),butis
soon repulsed by Valentinian, who crosses the Rhine and defeats him at Soli-
cinium. Valens is inactive on the Danube. Theodosius waits at Rutupise (Rich-
borough) for reinforcements, and on their arrival advances to London. Nice
overthrown by an earthquake, Oct. 11.
Hermanric, the Gothic chieftain, resigns his power to Athanaric, who concludes a
treaty of peace with Valens. Valentinian strengthens the fortifications along
the Rhine. Theodosius, having put down a revolt in Britain, and secured the
province against invasion, returns to Gaul. Gregory of Nazianzus writes his
epitaphs on his brother and sister. Chrysostom is taught by Libanius.
The Saxons infest the coast of Gaul, and are driven back to their ships by Severus.
Valentinian hires Burgundian mercenaries, who are employed under Theodosius
to repel the Allemanni. Arinthaeus is sent into Armenia to oppose the Persians.
Maximinus, corn-prsefect at Rome, excites great commotion by his cruelties.
Valentinian issues an edict, to be read in all churches, July 29, prohibiting the
arts practised by ecclesiastics to obtain wealth. Gregory Nazian. writes against
the pride and luxury of the hierarchy. Damasus, bishop of Rome, is distin-
guished for his ostentation and arrogance. On the death of Eudoxius, Demophi-
lus, an Arian, and Evagrius, a Nicenian, contend for the bishopric of Constanti-
nople. Basilius, bishop of Csesarea, Lucifer, bishop of Cagliari. Phrygia and
Cappadocia visited by a severe famine. The poet Ausonius is preceptor of
Gratian.
Sapor is kept in check by Count Trajan ; Vadomar, the former Allemannic chief-
tain (see a.d. 360), serves under him as a Roman general. Valentinian, attended
by Theodosius and Severus, penetrates into Germany as far as Mattiacse Aquse
(Wisbaden). Optatus Milevitanus fl. Martin, bishop of Tours. Rufinus, the
diligent translator of Greek writers, leaves Aquileia for the East. Birth of Suc-
coth, afterwards Saint Patrick.
Cruelty of Valens at Antioch, under the pretence of suppressing magic. The phi-
losopher Maximus put to death, with Theodoras and many others, and their
writings destroyed. Revolt of Firmus in Africa ; Theodosius is sent against him.
Eunomius writes in defence of his doctrines. Basilius, Gregory Nanz., and Gre-
gory of Nyssa reply to him.
Theodosius compels Firmus to seek refuge among the wild Moors. Death of Atha-
nasius, May 2. Peter II., chosen as his successor, is opposed by Lucius, whom
Valens nominates. Death of Faustinus, bishop of Iconium; Amphilochius is
recommended as his successor, by Basilius. Ulphilas, bishop among the Goths
in Mcasia, translates the Scriptures into their language.
204
FROM THE YEAB
A.D.
374
375
376
377
378
379
381
Olym,
288.2
3
L.U.C.
290.1
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
Fl. Valens Aug. V. I 2
Fl. Valentinian. J unior. '
Aug.
Fl. Gratianus Aug. IV.
Merobaudes.
Fl. Valens Aug. VI.
Fl. Valentinian Aug. II.
Consuls of Rome.
Roman Empe-
EORS.
Fl. Gratianus Aug. III. 11 Valentinian
Equitius. Valens. 11
Post. Cons. Grat III.
et Equit.
1 Gratian and
Valentinian
II.
Sassanides
OP
Persta.
66 Sapor II.
67
D. Magnus Ausonius.
Q. Clodius Hermogenes
Olybrius.
Theodosius. 1
Fl. Gratianus Aug. V. ' 6 2
Fl. Theodosius Aug. ,
Fl. Eucherius.
Fl. Syagrius.
Antonius.
Syagrius.
Merobaudes II.
Saturninus.
. Ardisheer
II., or Ar-
taxer.
Bishops of
Rome.
9 Damasus.
10
15
1 Valentinian
II. alone.
Theodosius 5
1 Sapor III.
18
374 TO 383 A.D.
205
Repe-
tition
Dates.
Events and Eminent Men.
374
375
376
377
378
379
The Quadi and Sarmatee ravage Illyrieum, and are repelled by Theodosius the
Younger. Para, prince of Armenia, is murdered by order of Valens. Firmus,
pursued in the desert, kills himself to avoid being surrendered by the Moors
Valentinian attacks the Quadi in their own lands, and imposes on them terms of
peace. After this expedition, he dies in his camp at Bergetio, Nov. 17, set. 55.
He is succeeded in the empire of the West by Gratian, who associates with him
his younger brother, Valentinian II. Ambassadors are sent to treat with
Sapor. Ambrose, bishop of Milan, and Gregory of Nyssa.
The Visigoths, pressed by the Huns, are allowed by Valens to settle on the southern
bank of the Danube. The Ostrogoths force a passage for themselves and join
their countrymen. Athanaric resigns the command to Fritigern. The elder
Theodosius, unjustly condemned by Gratian, is beheaded at Carthage. His son
retires from the public service, to his estates in Spain. An imperial edict for-
bids heretics to have churches. Epiphanius, bishop of Salamis, in Cyprus,
writes against the Manichseans. Hilarius, bishop of Jerusalem.
The Goths, oppressed and famished by the officers of Valens, plunder the Roman
provinces, to obtain food and defeat the forces sent to restrain them. Gratian
accords to the clergy more extensive immunities. On the death of Peter, his
brother, Timothy I., is the twenty-fourth bishop of Alexandria.
The Allemanni renew their incursions in Gaul, are defeated by Gratian at Argen-
taria (Colmar), and compelled to make peace. Valens takes the field against
the Goths, is defeated by them at Hadrianople, and falls in battle, Aug. 9,
set. 50 ; the conquerors are masters of the whole country to the gates of Con-
stantinople. Massacre of the Gothic hostages in Asia. The History of Ammi-
anus Marcellinus and Chronicle of Jerome terminate here. Greek philosophy
is decried by the church. Disputes begin about the writings of Origen, which the
orthodox condemn as heretical. Meletius, who had been supplanted at Antioch
by Dorotheus, is reinstated. Diodorus, bishop of Tarsus, fl.
Theodosius is called from his retirement in Spain, and appointed emperor of the
East; by his prudent measures he checks the ravages of the Goths; the Longo-
bardi appear for the first time on the frontiers of the empire. Death of Sapor II.
king of Persia. Ausonius is prefect of Gaul, and consul. Congratulatory oration
of Themistius addressed to Theodosius. The chronicles of Idatius and Mar-
cellinus begin here. Gregory Naz. preaches the Nicene faith at Constantinople;
he is deceived by the cynic philosopher, Maximus,who attempts to make himself
bishop there.
Theodosius, taken ill at Thessalonica, is baptized by Acholius, bishop of the
place ; he proceeds, after this, against the Goths, whom he reduces to obe-
dience ; he opposes the Arians : banishes Demophilus, bishop of CP., and
appoints Gregory in his place. Death of Basilius of Csesarea. A council held
at Antioch to depose all Arian bishops, and another at Caesar-Augusta (Sarra-
gossa) to condemn the doctrines of Priscillian, against whom and his adherents
Gratian pronounces a sentence of banishment. Pappus, geog. fl.
Athanaric, former chieftain of the Goths, visits Theodosius at CP. Jan. 11, and
dies there on the 25th. General Council of CP. a scene of turbulence and am-
bitious strife. Gregory Naz. disgusted by the conduct of his brethren, and un-
willing to co-operate in their projects, resigns his dignity and retires into
Cappadocia ; Nectarius is appointed in his place. Death of Meletius, who is
succeeded by Flavianus, thirty-sixth bishop of Antioch. Cyril for the fourth
time is reinstated at Jerusalem. Gelasius succeeds Euzoius at Caesarea. A
synod held at Aquileia by Ambrose of Milan against Palladius and Secundianus.
Chrysostom ordained deacon at Antioch.
The Visigoths, settled by treaty in Thrace, choose Alaric for their leader. The
Ostrogoths are planted in Phrygia and Lydia. Ausonius concludes his Fasti.
Gratian removes the altar of Victory from the senate-house. Jerome at Rome,
the secretary and eulogist of Damasus ; he writes against Helvidius.
Theodosius gives the title of Augustus to his son Arcadius, set. 6. Rebellion of
Maximus in Britain ; on his landing in Gaul, he is joined by the legions stationed
there. Gratian takes refuge in Lyons, where he is murdered by Andragathius,
20fi
FROM THE YEAE
A.D.
OlAM.
A.U.C.
Consuls op Rome.
Roman Emperors.
Sassani-
DES OF
Persia.
Bishops off
Rous.
Valentinian II.
Theodosius.
Sapor III.
Damasus.
1
! 384
290.4
1137
Richomeres.
Clearchus.
2
6
2
19
385
291.1
1138
PI. Arcadius Aug.
Bauto.
3
7
8
386
2
1139
Fl. Honorius Theodos. f.
Euodius.
4
8
4
1 Siricius.,
387
3
1140
Fl.Valentmian. Aug. III.
Eutropius,
5
9
5
2
388
4
1141
Fl. Theodosius Aug. II.
Cynegius.
6
10
lVararam
or Vara-
nes IV.
3
389
390
292.1
2
1142
1143
Fl. Timasius.
FL Proruotus.
Fl. Valentinian. Aug. IV.
Neoterius.
7
8
11
— 12
2
3
4
5
3S1
3
1144
Tatianus.
Qu. Aurelius Symmachus.
9
13
4
6
392
4
1145
FL Arcadius Aug. II.
Rufinus.
Usurpa-
tion of
Eugenius.
14
5
7
*393
293.1
1146
Fl. Theodosius Aug. III.
Abundantius.
15
6
8
394
2
1147
Fl. Arcadius Aug. Ill,
Fl. Honorius Aug, II.
16
7
9
Western
Empire.
Eastern
Empire.
395
3
1148
Sex. Anicius Hermogeni-
anus Olybrius.
Sex. Anicius Probinus.
1 Hono-
rius.
1 Arca-
dius.
8
10 j
1
384 TO 395 A.D.
207
390
Aug. 25, set. 25. Theodosius by treaty gives up to Maximus the provinces
beyond the Alps. Valentinian IT. and his mother Justina govern at Rome.
Death of Artaxer, king of Persia. Augustine, set. 29, visits Rome. Amphi-
lochius, bishop of Iconium, presides at the synod of Side in Pamphyha, against
the Messalians.
The peace with Persia prolonged by a treaty with the new king, Sapor III.
Birth of Honorius. Symmachus, prefect of Rome, pleads for the altar of Victory
to be replaced in the senate-house ; Ambrose of Milan successfully resists the
application ; Themistius holds the same office at CP. Death of Damasus, the
ostentatious bishop of Rome, Dec. 10. Death of Agelius, forty years pastor of
the Novatian church at CP.
Priscillian and his followers, condemned by the synod of Bordeaux, appeal to
Maximus, by whose orders they are beheaded at Treves. Jerome leaves Rome
and retires to Bethlehem. Augustine visits Milan. Ambrose refuses to allow
the empress Justina one church for Arian worship at Milan. Theophilus^
twenty-fifth bishop of Alexandria. Stilicho begins to distinguish himself in
the service of Theodosius.
A. Gothic tribe, miscalled Gruthungi, defeated by Theodosius on the Danube.
Gildo, the brother of Firmus, oppresses Africa. Jerome visits Egypt. Chry-
sostom is ordained a presbyter. Augustine writes " De beata vita."
The long contests of rival bishops produce violent tumults at Antioch, where the
statues of Theodosius are thrown down ; his anger is appeased by the repent-
ance of the people, who are made sensible of their error by the preaching of
Chrysostom. Maximus invades Italy. Flight of Valentinian II. with his
mother and his sister, Galla, to'Thessalonica. Theodosius meets them, marries
Galla, and prepares war against Maximus.
Defeat and death of Maximus. Theodosius visits Milan ; Ambrose prevails upon
him to rescind the order for rebuilding the Jews' synagogue at Callinicum.
Violent proceedings of the Arians of CP. against Nectarius. Palladius be-
comes amonk. Death of Sapor III. of Persia. Death of Cyril, bishop of Je-
rusalem, set. 71 ; John I. succeeds him.
Theodosius visits Rome; he orders heathen temples to be destroyed, which is
zealously performed in Gaul, by Martin of Tours.
Sedition at Thessalonica and massacre of its inhabitants. Penance enjoined on
Theodosius at Milan by Ambrose. Theophilus instigates the plunder and
destruction of the Serapseum at Alexandria and its valuable library. Death ot
Gregory Naz. set- 90, of Libanius and of Ammianus Marcellinus. Monachism is
encouraged by Jerome, Ambrose and Martin of Tours, and spreads widely.
Theodosius returns to CP. leaving Arbogastes to assist in the defence of the.
West ; he issues more stringent edicts against heathenism. Tichonius writes a
History of the Civil Wars.
Valentinian is killed at Vienne, in Gaul, May 15, set. 21, by Arbogastes, who sets
up Eugenius as emperor. Rufinus, prat. pref. in the East, by his arts procures
the exile of Tatianus and the death of Proculus. Jerome publishes his Cata-
logue of Illustrious Men. Patricius (St Patrick) passes four years with Martin
of Tours, and is ordained by him. Servius Honoratus, Comment. Virgil, fl.
Theodosius prepares to attack Eugenius. Alaric is engaged to assist him with a.
Gothic force. Jerome writes against Jovinian. His book De Vir. 111. is trans-
lated into Greek by Sophronius. Jovinian is scourged and banished. Paulinus-
the friend of Ausonius, retires from the world and embraces an ecclesiastic life.
Defeat and death of Eugenius and Arbogastes, Sept. 6. Death of the empress
Galla. Council t)f Constantinople, to decide the claims of Agapius and Baga-
dius to the bishopric of Bostra. Theotimus, bishop of Tomi, vindicates Origen.
Theodorus, bishop of Mopsuesta, fl. Death of Ausonius.
Death of Theodosius at Milan, Jan. 17, set. 50. Honorius, set. 11, succeeds to the
Western empire, with Stilicho as his guardian, and Arcadius, set. 18, to the East-
ern, with Rufinus, prime minister. Marriage of Arcadius to Eudocia, daughter
of the Frank, Bauto. Faii and death of Rufinus, and rise of Eutropius. The
208
FROM THE YEAH
A.D.
Olym.
396
397
402
404
405
406
.4 1149
294.1
1150
2
1151
3
1152
4
1153
295.1
1154
2
1155
3
1156
4
1157
296.1
1158
2
1159
Consuls of Rome.
Western
Empire.
Eastern
Empire.
Fl. Arcadius Aug. IV.
FL Honorius Aug. III.
Csesarius.
Atticus.
Fl. Honorius Aug. IV.
Eutychianus.
Fl. Mallius Theodonis. j 5
Eutropius.
Fl. Stilicho.
Aurelianus.
Vincentius.
Fravitta.
Fl. Arcadius Aug. V.
Fl. Honorius Aug. V.
Fl. Theodosius Aug.
Fl. Kunioridus.
Fl. Honorius Aug. VI.
Aristaenetus.
Fl. Stilicho II.
Anthemius.
Fl. Arcadius Aug. VI.
Anicius Probus.
Honorius. Arcadius.
2
10
Sassani-
des of
Persia.
Vararam
or Vara-
nes IV.
10
1 Yezde-
jerd I.
Bishops
of Kome.
Siricius.
4
1 Anas-
tasius I
1 Inno-
cent I.
TO 408 A.D.
209
Eepe-\\
tition i j
Dates. \\
Events and Eminent Men.
400
401
402
404
405
406
Visigoths, under Marie, plunder Thessaly. Claudian addi'esses his first poem
to the consuls of this year. Death of Priscus, set. 90. Eunapius writes the Life
of Maximus. Augustine ordained bishop of Hippo Regius. Socrates, hist, j
eoc. fl. Violent edLts, dated CP. March 13 and 29, against heretics, especially!
Enr.omians, who are forbidden to appoint bishops, and declared incapable of j
making wills or inheriting property. Simeon Stylites begins his penance. I
Jealousy begins between the two empires. The Eastern is oppressed by the ava- j
rice of Eutropius. Abundantius and Timasius are banished. Alaric invades
Greece and takes Athens. Stilicho marches against him. Claudian publishes!
his poem against Rufinus. Orosius begins to be known.
.llaric, overpowered by Stilicho, retires into Epirus. Revolt of Gildo in Africa; he
stops the supply of corn, and causes a famine in Rome. Death of Martin of
Tours, set. 81, and of Ambrose of Milan, who is succeeded by Simplicianus. Sym-
machus represents to Stilicho the. distress of Rome.
Gildo is defeated by his brother Mascezel. Alaric is appointed master-general of
Eastern Illyricum. Marriage of Honorius to Stilicho's daughter Maria Fes-
cennina. Claudian's Epithalamium and Gildonic war. Death of Nectarius ;
Chrysostom, bishop of CP. Macrobius fi. The title of king given to Alaric.
The Ostrogoths, under Tribigild, revolt, and ravage Phrygia. Fall of Eutropius ;
he is saved by Chrysostom from the fury of the people, and banished to Cyprus.
Mission of Synesius to CP.. Stilicho sends additional forces into Britain, and
fortifies the coast against the Saxons. Birth of Pulcheria, daughter of Arcadius.
Death of Varanes IV., king of Persia. Severianus, bishop of Gabala, fl. Chry-
sostom's discourse on the games of the circus and theatre.
Gainas, sent with an army against Tribigild, rebels, and is overcome by Fravitta.
Alaric enters the north-eastern part of Italy. Chrysostom inveighs against the!
vices of the court and the church. Sulpicius Severus writes his Hist. Ecc. As-
terius, bishop of Amasia, and Palladius, of Helenopolis.
Gainas slain near the Danube, byUldin, king of the Huns. Birth of Theodosius II., i
son of Arcadius. The Origenist controversy grows more violent. Theophilus
seeks to expel Chrysostom from CP, Troilus, soph. fl.
Alaric advances in Italy with increased forces, and Stilicho prepares to resist him.
Rufinus (see a. 372) returns to Aquileia, am admirer and defender of Origen. Je-i
rome writes vehemently against him, and he is summoned to answer for his I
heresies at Rome, but refuses to attend. Jerome supports Theophilus in his vio-j
lent measures. The "sun eclipsed, Nov. 11.
Honorius, on the approach of Alaric, flies from Milan. Battle of Pollentia, March |
29. The Romans claim the victory ; but Alaric advances towards Rome. He is |
driven back by Stilicho, and defeated near Verona. He retires from Italy. In-
trigues against Chrysostom. The empress Eudocia favours his enemies. Synod
of the Oak at Chalcedon (now Scutari). Chrysostom banished by the arts of Theo-
philus, and recalled through fear of a popular tumult. Claudian celebrates the
Gothic war, and Prudentius writes against Symmachus. Death of Epiphanius.
Synod of Carthage to oppose the Donatists. Paulinus, bishop of Nola.
Triumph of Honorius and Stilicho at Rome. Combats of gladiators exhibited for
the last time. The imperial residence fixed at Ravenna. Pamphylia and Cilicia
ravaged by the Isaurians. Chrysostom, again banished by another synod, finally
leaves CP. June 20, and his place is taken by Arsacius. He reaches Cucusus,
the place of his exile, in Sept. Death of the empress Eudocia, Oct. 6. Euna-
pius ends his History. Jerome writes his Elegy on Paulla, and Prudentius his
miscellaneous poems. Porphyrins, thirty-seventh bishop of Antioch.
Radagaisus collects a mixed multitude of adventurers and invades Italy. He be-
sieges Florence, where he is defeated and slain by Stilicho. Another synod at
Carthage to oppress the Donatists.
The Vandals, Burgundians, and Suevi, foree a passage over the Rhine, and esta-
blish themselves in Gaul. Chrysostom is removed to Arabissus, where he is]
exposed to the inroads of the Isaurians. Vigilantius, a presbyter of Barcelona,
condemns celibacy, the worship of relics, &c. ; for which Jerome attacks him in'
a furious epistle, saying that he ought to be put to death. Atticus succeeds |
Arsacing as bishop of CP. j
210
FROM THE YEAR
A.O.
Oltm.
A..U.C.
Consuls of Rome.
Western
Empire.
Eastern
Empire.
Sassani-
DES OF
Persia.
BiSHOPfl
OF JROMB.
407
296.3
1160
Fl. Honorius Aug. VII.
L3 Hono-
L3 Arca-
9 Yesde-
6 Inno-
Fl. Theodosius Aug. II.
rius.
dius.
jerd I.
cent I.
408
4
1161
Bassus.
Philippus.
14
1 Theodo-
sius II.
L0
7
409
297.1
1162
Fl. Honorius Aug. VIII.
Fl. Theodosius Aug. III.
15
2 —
tl
8
410
2
1163
Fl. Varanes.
Tertullus.
16
3
12
9 - —
411
3
1164
Fl. Theodosius Aug. IV.
solus.
17
4
13 -4—
10 —
412
4
1165
Fl. Honorius Aug. IX.
Fl. Theodosius Aug. V.
18
5
14
11 .
413
298.1
1166
Lucius, solus.
19
6
15
12
414
2
1167
Fl. Constantius.
Fl. Constans.
20
7
16
13
415
3
1168
Fl. Honorius Aug. X.
Fl. Theodosius Aug. VI.
21
8
17
14 —
416
4
1169
Fl. Theodosius Aug. VII.
Junius QuartusPalladius.
22
9
18
15
417
299.1
1170
Fl. Honorius Aug. XI.
Fl. Constantius II.
23
10
19
1 Zosi-
mus.
418
2
1171
Fl. Honorius Aug. XII.
Fl. Theodosius Aug.VIII.
24
11
20
1 Boni-
face I.
419
3
1172
Monaxius.
Plinta.
25
12
21
2
420
4
1173
Fl. Theodosius Aug. IX.
Fl. Constantius III.
26
13
1 Varanes
or Vara-
3
421
300.1
1174
Eustathius.
Agricola.
27
Constan-
tius 1
14
ram V.
4
422
2
1175
Fl. Honorius Aug. XIII.
Fl. Theodosius Aug. X.
28
15
3
1 Cseles-
tinus.
423
3
1176
Asclepiodotus.
Marinianus.
1 Usurpa-
tion of
16
4
2
424
4
1177
Castinus.
Victor.
John.
17
5
3
425
301.1
117S
Fl. Theodosius Aug. XI.
Fl. Placidius Valentinia-
1 Valen-
tinianlll
18
D — —
4
nus Caes.
426 j 2
1179
Fl. Theod. Aug. XII.
Fl. Placid. Valent. Aug.
II.
Hierius.
2
19
7
5
427
3
11S0
3
20
8
6
Ardahurius.
428
4
1181
Felix.
Taurus.
4
21
9
7
f
, -■
407 TO 428 A.D.
211
Repe-
tition
Dates.
Visigoths
in Italy.
Vandals.
SUEVI.
BURGUNDIAN3.
r
RlPU ASIAN
FHANK3.
Huns.
407
25 Alaric.
2 Gunderic.
408
26
3
1 Herman-
409
27 - —
In Spain.
4
ric.
In Spain.
2
410
1 Adolphus.
5
3
411
2
6
4
412
413
414
In Gaul.
3
4
In Spain.
5
7
8 ■
9 ,
5
6 — -
7
In Alsace and
Lorraine.
1 Gundicar.
2
On the Lower
Rhine. Sup-
posed era of
Pharamond.
415
416
1 Sigeric,
seven days.
1 Wallia,
2
10
11 —
8 •
9
3
4 _ |
417
418
3
In Aqui-
taine.
4
12
13
10
11
5
6
419
1 Theodo-
ric I.
14
12
7
420
2
15
13
8
421
422
423
424
3
4
5
6
16
17
18
19 ■
14
15
16
17
9 .
10
11
12
The monarchy
of the Mero-
vingian race
begins about
this time.
Roas, or Ru-
gilas, occu-
pies the
banks of
the Danube.
425
7
20
18
13
j 426
8
21
19
14
1 427
i
1 42S
9
10
22
1 Genseric.
In Africa.
20
21
15
16
1 Clodion.
Mundzuk,
brother of
Rugilas, and
father of At-
tila and Ele-
da.
p 2
212
FROM THE TEAR
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
408
413
414
115
The Gothic trihes disperse themselves unresisted over Gaul. The legions in Bri-
tain choose Marcus and then Gratian for emperor. These are both killed, and
Constantine appointed, who is acknowledged in Britain and in those parts of
Gaul which are not occupied by the invaders from Germany. Chrysostom, un-
broken by three years of exile, is ordered by his persecutors to be removed to
Pityus ; he dies on the journey, near Comana, Sept. 14, set. 53. Olympiodorus
commences his History. Idatius, in his youth, notices events afterwards recorded
in his Chronicle. Death of Dorotheus, the deposed Arian bishop of Antioch (see
a.d. 378), and of the Novatian, Sisinnius. Hypatia and her husband, Isidorus, teach
philosophy at Alexandria.
Ddath of Arcadius, May 1, set. 31. Accession of his son, Theodosius II., set. 7, in
whose name Anthemius administers the affairs of the East, with, great ability.
On the death of Maria, Honorius is married to her sister, Thennantia, but soon
afterwards divorced. Alaric having recruited his forces, Stilicho negotiates ami-
cably with him, is accused of treason and put to death, at Ravenna, through the
intrigues of Olympius. His son, Eucherius, also is slain. After this event, Ala-
ric penetrates into Italy, and besieges Rome. Constantine sends his son, Constans,
to reduce Spain, who overcomes there the uncles of Honorius. Claudian is dis-
missed from his offices, and dies soon afterwards.
Alaric receives a large ransom from the citizens of Rome, and withdraws into Tus-
cany. Deceived in his negotiations with Honorius, he again lays siege to Rome,
and takes possession of Ostia. The city is once more spared, on condition of ac-
cepting Attalus as emperor. Gerontius revolts in Spain, and proclaims Maximus ;
he advances into Gaul to attack Constantine. The passes of the Pyrenees being
left unguarded, the Vandals, Suevi, and Alani, enter Spain ; they first acknowledge
Maximus, then give him up to the Romans, and establish kingdoms for them-
selves. Honorius, unable to protect Britain and Armorica, recognizes their in-
dependence. Pelagius teaches ; Cselestius is his disciple.
Alaric deposes Attalus. Unable to make any impression on Ravenna, he, after a
third siege, takes Rome, Aug. 24, plunders it for five days, and on the 29th, marches
for the south of Italy. Before the end of the year he dies, near Consentia, and
is succeeded by Adolphus. Paulinus, bishop of Nola. Synesius unwillingly ac-
cepts the same dignity at Ptolemais, in the Pentapolis, a district of Cyrene.
Placidia, sister of Honorius, is carried from Rome, a captive, by the Goths. Zo-
simus ends his History.
Gerontius makes Constans prisoner, and kills him; he besieges Constantine in
Aries, where he is put to flight by Constantius, general of Honorius, and after
being deserted by his soldiers, he stabs himself. Constantine surrenders to
Constantius, is sent to Ravenna, and beheaded. Jovinus revolts at Mentz. An-
dronicus excommunicated by Synesius, for his oppressive government in Africa ;
he is recalled and punished. Conference between Catholics and Donatists at
Carthage, after which more severe laws are enacted against the latter. Augus-
tin begins to write " De Civitate Dei."
Jovinus makes his brother Sebastian his colleague. Adolphus leaves Italy, and
fixes himself in the south of Gaul. Cyril succeeds Theophilus, as bishop of
Alexandria. Jerome's Elegy on Marcella. Olympiodorus is sent ambassador to
the Huns. Aunianus and Panodorus, chronog. fl.
Heraclian rebels in Africa, is conquered and slain. Adolphus overcomes Jovinus
and Sebastian, and sends their heads to Honorius. Julian, bishop of Capua, em-
braces and writes in defence of the doctrines of Pelagius. Alexander, thirty-eighth
bishop of Antioch.
Marriage of Adolphus and Placidia. He founds the kingdom of the Goths in
Spain. Pulcheria is declared Augusta, and governs the East, in the name of
her brother, Theodosius.
Adolphus assassinated at Barcelona, by Sigeric, who usurps the throne, but is
killed seven days afterwards, and Wallia chosen king by the Goths. Brutal
murder of Hypatia at Alexandria ; connivance of Cyril. The doctrines of Pela-
gius cause great excitement ; they are discussed in the synods of Jerusalem and
Diospolis. Augustin, Jerome, and Orosius, write against them. Death of Ma-
crobius. The Hist. Ecc. of Sozomen concludes.
407 TO 428 A.D.
213
417
418
419
420
422
423
425
427
428
Events and khinent men.
Treaty between Wallia and Honorius. Placidia is restored to her brother, and
Attalus sent prisoner to Ravenna; he is banished to Lipari. The "Itinera-
rium " of Rutilius Numantianus written. Pelagius visits Palestine ; he is con-
demned by the synods of Carthage and Milevium. Prayllus, bishop of Jeru-
salem.
Marriage of Constantius and Placidia. Triumph of Honorius at Rome. Wallia
attacks the Alani and Suevi, in Spain. Orosius ends his History.
Wallia relinquishes part of his conquests in Spain to Honorius, and receives the
province of Aquitaine in Gaul. Honorius attempts to convene an annual assem
bly of the seven provinces in Gaul. Repeated synods at Carthage, against
Pelagius and Cselestius; their followers are expelled from Rome. The sun
eclipsed, July 19.
Death of Wallia. Theodoric I. succeeds as king of the Visigoths. The Vandals
prevail over the Alani and Suevi, in Spain. Birth of Valentinian III. son of
Constantius and Placidia. Death of Chrysanthus, the Novatian.
The persecution of Christians in Persia leads to a war between the new king,
Varanes, and the Eastern empire; Ardaburius commands the Roman army.
Asterius drives the Vandals out of Gallicia, into the south of Spain. Treves
pillaged by the Franks. The Burgundians rule peacefully and mildly in their
part of Gaul. Palladius writes his " Historia Lausiaca." Death of Jerome,
Sept. 30, set. 90. Theodotus, thirty-ninth bishop of Antioch.
Constantius, joint emperor with Honorius, dies seven months afterwards. Marriage
of Theodosius II. to Athenais. daughter of the philosopher Leontius ; she takes
the name of Eudoxia at her baptism. Ardaburius defeats the Persian general,
Narses.
Peace concluded with Persia. Castinus and Bonifacius quarrel in Spain ; the latter
passes into Africa ; the former is defeated by the Vandals, who become a formid-
able power. Incursions of the Huns in Thrace.
Honorius dismisses Placidia and her two children, who take refuge at Constanti-
nople. He dies Aug. 15, 83t. 39. His secretary, John Primicerius, usurps the
throne, and is supported by Castinus and Aetius. Eudoxia, after giving birth to
a daughter, is proclaimed Augusta. Theodoret, bishop of Cyrrhus.
Ardaburius and his son, Aspar, are sent by Theodosius with an army against the
western usurper, Aetius engages a large body of Huns to support him.
Before the arrival of Aetius with his auxiliaries, Aspar takes Ravenna; John is
made prisoner and beheaded. The young Valentinian is proclaimed Emperor,
and his mother Regent. Aetius enters into their service, and the Huns return
to their cantonments. The empress Eudoxia cultivates literature, writes poeti-
cal paraphrases of Scripture, and other works of no great merit ; but at her insti-
gation, Theodosius issues edicts, Feb. 27, for the encouragement of learning, and
bestows dignities and rewards on professors. Olympiodorus and Philostorgius
conclude their Histories. Juvenalis, bishop of Jerusalem. A synod at Carthage
forbids appeals to the bishop of Rome. The revenues of the church are become
very large.
Aries, besieged by Theodoric, is relieved by Aetius. The Vandals occupy the south
of Spain and the Balearic islands. Sisinnius is appointed bishop of Constanti-
nople, on the death of Atticus, in preference to Philippus of Side, his rival.
Augustin, aat. 72, names Eradius as his coadjutor and successor.
Rivalry of Bonifacius and Aetius. The former, recalled from Africa, is secretly
induced by the latter to remain there and defy the imperial orders. He defeats
the commanders sent to compel him to obedience. Pannonia, after having been
fifty years occupied by the Huns, is recovered by the generals of Theodosius.
Idatius, bishop of Lemica, or Gallicia.
Clodion, king of the Franks, is defeated by Aetius, and driven out of the territories
on "which he had encroached. Genseric, king of the Vandals, succeeds Gunderic.
He is invited by Bonifacius into Africa. Nestorius, bishop of Constantinople,
founds the sect of Nestorians. Augustin completes his work " De Civitate Dei."
(See a. 411.)
214
FROM THE YEAB
A.D.
Oltm.
AUC
Consuls of Rome.
Western
Empire.
Eastern
Empire.
Sassani-
DES OF
Persia.
Bishops
of Rome.
429
302.1
1182
Florentius.
5 Valenti-
22 Theodo-
10 Varanes
8 Cseles-
Dionysius.
nian III.
sius II.
or Vara-
ram V.
tinus.
430
2
1183
Fl. Theod. Aug. XIII.
Fl. Placid. Valent. Aug.
III.
6
23
11
9
431
3
1184
Bassus.
Autiochus.
7
24
12
10
432
4
1185
Aetius.
Valerius.
8
25
13 p
1 Sixtus
III.
433
303.1
1186
Fl. Theod. Aug. XIV.
Petronius Maximus.
9
26
14
2
434
2
U87
Areobinda.
Aspar.
Fl. Theod. Aug. XV.
10
27
15
3
435
3
1188
11
28
16
4
Fl. Placid. Val. Aug. IV.
436
4
1189
Fl. Anthemius Isidorus.
Senator.
12
29
17
5
437
304.1
1190
Aetius II.
Sigisvultus.
13
30
18
6 — —
438
2
1191
Fl. Theod. Aug. XVI.
Anicius Acilius Glabrio
Faustus.
14
31
19
4 -
439
3
1192
Fl. Theod. Aug. XVII.
Festus.
15
32
20
8
440
4
1193
Fl. Placid. Val. Aug. V.
Anatolius.
16
33
1 Yesde-
jerd II.
ILeoI.
441
305.1
1194
Cyrus Panopolites, solus.
17
34
2
2
442
2
1195
Eudoxius.
Dioscorus.
18 ■
35
3
3
443
3
1196
Maximus II.
Pate ri us.
19
36
4
4
444
4
1197
Fl. Theod. Aug. XVIII.
Albinus.
20
37
5
5
445
306.1
1198
Fl. Placid. Val. Aug. VI.
Nonius.
21
38
6
6
446
2
1199
Aetius III.
Qu. Aurelius Symmachus.
22
39 ■
7
7 ]
1
447
3
1200
Callepius.
Ardabures.
23
40
8
8 I
448
4
1201
Rufus Prsetextatus Pos-
tumianus.
Fl. Zeno.
24
41
9
9
449
307.1
1202
Asturius.
Fl. Protogenes.
25
42
10
10
450
2
1203
Fl. Placid. Val. Aug. VII.
Gennadius Avienus.
26
1 Mar-
cian.
11
11
451
3
1204
Fl. Marcianus Aug.
Fl. Adelphius.
27
2
12
12
429 TO 451 A.D.
215
Repe-
tition
Dates.
Visigoths
in Gaul
and Spain.
Vandals n
Africa.
r Suevi in
Spain.
Buroun-
DIANS IN
Gaul.
RlPUA-
RIAN
Franks.
Huns.
Britain.
429
11 Theodoric
I.
2 Genseric.
22 Herman-
ric.
17 Gundi-
car.
2 Clodion
430
12
3
23
IS
3
431
13
4
24
19
4
432
14
5
25
20
5
433
15
6
26
21
6
1 Attila
434
16
7
27
22
7
& Bleda.
2
435
17
8 ■
28
23
8 —
3 —
436
18
9
29 —
1 Gunde-
9
4
437
19
10
30
ric.
2
10
5
438
20
11
1 Rechil.
3
11
6
439
21 —
12 —
2
4
12
7
440
22
13
3
5
13
8 —
441
23
14
4
6
14
9
442
24
15 .
5
7
15
10
443
25
16
6
8
16
11
444
26
17
7
9
17
Death of
Bleda.
12
445
27
18
8
10
18
13
446
28
19
9
11
19
14
447
29
20 .
10
12
2C
15
Vortigem.
448
30
21
1 Rechia-
rius.
13
1 Mero
veus.
16
449
31
22
2
14
2
17
Landing of
450
32
23 —
3
15
3
18
Hengist
and
Horsa.
451
1 Thoris- 1
mond.
24
4
16
4
19
1
216
FROM THE TEAS
A.D.
12s)
430
134
435
437
;3S
430
Events and Eminent Men.
|The Vandals land in Africa, and are joined by some wild Moors. The Donatists
I revenge themselves on their persecutors, by assisting the invaders. John I.,
fortieth bishop of Antioch. Agricola, son of Severian, preaches Pelagianism in
Britain. Cselestin sends Germanus of Autisiodorus (Auxerre) to controvert him
' Marius Mercator Avrites against the Pelagians. Death of Theodoras of Mop-
I suesta. Theodoret's History ends.
|The duplicity of Aetius is made known to Bonifacius ; he returns to his allegiance,
and makes unavailing efforts to dislodge the Vandals from Africa. They besiege
Hippo Regius. Augustin dies there, in the third month of the siege, Aug. 28,
set. 76. Some German bands penetrate into Gaul, as far as Aries, where they ar
repulsed by Aetius. Cyril plots the expulsion of Nestorius from CP. Synods of
Alexandria and Rome.
Bonifacius, reinforced by troops from CP. under Aspar, is defeated by' the Vandals,
and leaves Africa. Hippo Regius falls. Idatius is sent to implore the assistance
of Aetius, against the Suevi in Gallicia. Turbulent assemblage of bishops at
Ephesus, called the third General Council. Nestorius, deposed by the violence
of Cyril, retires into a monastery at Antioch. Maximianus is appointed in his
place. Death of Plutarchus, a noted teacher at Athens, and of Paulinus, bishop
of Nola, June 22. Palladius sent, as bishop, to Scotland.
Bonifacius is favourably received at Ravenna. Aetius brings his army from Gaul
to attack him. Bonifacius conquers ; but receives a wound, of which he dies in a
few days. Aetius takes refuge among the Huns, and protected by them regains
his power. Zosimus composes his History.
Peace between the Gallicians and Hermanric, king of the Suevi. Death of Rugi-
las, chief of the Huns. His nephews, Attila and Bleda, succeed to his power,
and dictate terms of peace to the Eastern empire. A destructive fire rages three
days in CP. Patricius (St. Patrick) preaches in Ireland. Joannes Cassianus
founds monasteries at Marseilles, and teaches Semi-pelagianism.
Honoria, sister of Valentinian, sent in disgrace from Ravenna, to do penance at CP.
Reconciliation between Cyril and John of Antioch, the friend of Nestorius. Proclus,
bishop of CP. Law of Theodosius, Dec. 15, in favour of church property. Vin-
cent of Lerins, a Semi-pelagian, writes against other heretics.
The greater part of Africa assigned to Genseric by a treaty of peace. The city of
Carthage not yet occupied by him. The Burgundians are defeated by Aetius
they make peace with him, and are then invaded by the Huns. Sebastian, son-
in-law of Bonifacius, is driven into exile by Aetius. Theodosius, who at first
favoured Nestorius, is moved by the influence of Pulcheria and the arts of
Cyril, to banish him to the Oasis in the desert of Africa, and to issue a violent
edict against his followers. Isidore of Pelusium censures the conduct of Cyril.
Narbonne, besieged by the Visigoths, is relieved by Littorius. The Burgundians
repeat their attacks, and are repulsed by Aetius.
An auxiliary force of Huns is employed by Aetius in various conflicts A^ith the
Visigoths and Burgundians. Valentinian at CP., marries Eudoxia, daughter of
Theodosius. Genseric appoints Arian bishops in Africa, and retaliates on the
Catholics their own laws, which their writers call a persecution. Proclus, phil.
at Athens, composes commentaries on Plato, and many works on astronomy, phi-
lology, &c.
The Theodosian Code published. The Visigoths continue to encroach on Southern
Gaul, and the coasts are infested by pirates from the north. Hermanric, king of
the Suevi, in Spain, resigns his power to his son Rechil. Valentinian brings his
bride to Ravenna. Ammonius, a Greek poet, celebrates the war of Gainas (see
a.d. 400). The remains of Chrysostom are brought from Cornana, and honour-
ably deposited in CP. Death of Paullus, the Novatian bishop. Pilgrimage of
the Empress Eudoxia to Jerusalem. Paulinus, master of the offices in the East.
Battle of Thoulouse. The Romans and Huns defeated by the Visigoths, and Lit-
torius slain. A treaty of peace ensues. Carthage taken by Genseric, Oct. 19.
Sozomen dedicates his Hist. Ecc. to Theodosius ; the preface not written till
four years later. Socrates concludes his Hist. Ecc. Merida taken by Rechil. Hi-
lary, bishop of Aries, fl.
429 TO 451 A.D.
217
442
443
444
445
44G
4-18
449
451
Evknts and Eminent Men.
Genseric invades Sicily. The exiles and fugitives from Carthage are kindly re-
lieved by Theodoret, bishop of Cyrrhns ; but the greater part of them, being
Arians and other heretics, are refused hospitality at Rome, by the order of Leo,
the newly-elected bishop. Salvianus of Marseilles in his writings exposes the
avarice of the priesthood, and degeneracy of the age. Death of Varanes V. of
Persia. Sebastian seeks an asylum among the Vandals in Africa.
Theodosius sends a fleet and army against the Vandals without success. An in-
vasion of the Persians checked by Aspar and Anatolius. The Huns take Singi-
dunum (Belgrade) and Naissus. Death of Hermanric. Cassiodorus {proavus)
defends Sicily against Genseric.
The forces sent against the Vandals are recalled to defend Thrace from the Huns.
Valentinian, by a treaty of peace, cedes Africa to Genseric. A comet is seen.
Domnus II., forty-first bishop of Antioch.
Merobaudes, soldier and poet, succeeds his father-in-law, Asturius, in the command
of the Roman troops in Spain. He writes a panegyric on Aetius, and other
poems (lately discovered by Niebuhr in the monastery of St. Gall). Valentinian
issues an edict, Dec. 23, for observing and preparing correct copies of the Theo-
dosian code. Leo detects the Manichseans in Rome, and burns their books.
Retirement of Eudoxia to Jerusalem. Panlinus beheaded. Cyrus, dismissed
from his office of prsetorian prefect, becomes bishop of Cotyaeius, in Phryi "
Sebastian takes refuge among the Visigoths. Attila murders Bleda, and rules
alone over the Huns. Death of Cyril; he is succeeded at Alexandria by Dios-
corus.
Circus-factions at CP. slaughter each other. The Vandals, with their fleet, ravage
the coast of Gallicia. Sebastian, driven from Barcelona, joins them. Victor be-
gins his Chronicle.
The Romans, under Vitus, defeated by the Suevi in Spain. CP. devastated by fire,
pestilence, and famine. The Britons apply in vain to Aetius, in his third con-
sulship, for assistance against the Scots and Picts. Leo assumes a tone of high
authority, and asserts the supremacy of the Roman pontiff over all other bishops,
Theodosius suspends the ravages of the Huns, by a most humiliating treaty of
peace. The miseries of CP. aggravated by an earthquake, which throws down
a part of the wall and towers. Eutyches publishes his heresy. Elavianus
bishop of CP. The sun eclipsed, Dec. 24.
Embassies between Theodosius and Attila. Priscus accompanies Maximin on
one of these, and relates the proceedings in his History, Rechiarius, the young
king of the Spanish Suevi, marries the daughter of Theodoric ; on his return, he
plunders Saragossa and Lerida. Synod of CP. against Eutyches. The Vandal
fleets assail Sicily and the coast of Italy.
Plot to murder Attila, atoned for by a heavy tribute. The Saxons assist the Bri-
tons to repel the Scots and Picts. Eutyches formally condemned by a council at
CP. The " Robber-Synod " held at Ephesus. Violent measures of Dioscorus.'
Domnus II. is set aside, and replaced by Maximus II., forty-second bishop of An-
tioch. Flavian of CP. is deposed and banished. Anatolius succeeds him. Theo-
doret of Cyrrhus, Eusebius of Dorylseum, and other bishops are also deposed.
Death of Hilary, bishop of Aries. A synod at Rome reverses the acts at Ephesus.
Death of Theodosius, July 28, set. 50. By a nominal marriage, his sister Pulcheria
raises Marcian to the throne. Attila demands the princess Honoria in marriage
(see a.d. 434), and determines to support the claim made by a brother of Mero-
veus to the throne of the Franks. Cassiodorus (avus) is sent ambassador to him.
Death of the Empress Placidia. Eucherius, bishop of Lyons.
Attila invades Gaul, commits great havoc, and besieges Orleans. Aetius pre-
pares to oppose him, and forms an alliance with the Visigoths. Battle of Cha-
lons (sur Marne) ; Attila defeated. Theodoric slain. Attila retires into Pannonia.
Marcian calls the council of Chalcedon, at which the acts of the "Robber-Synod"
are annulled. Dioscorus is deposed and banished. Theodoret of Cyrrhus, Euse-
bius of Dorylseum, and other bishops are restored.
218
FROM THE YEAR
Western
Eastern
Sassani-
Bishops
a.l\
Olym.
A.U.C.
Consuls of Rome.
Empire.
Empire.
DES OF
Persia.
of Rome.
452
307.4
1205
Herculanus. 128 Valen-
3 Mar-
13 Yezde-
13 Leo I.
Asporacius.
tinianlll.
cian.
jerd II.
453
308.1
1206
Opilio.
Vincomalus.
29
4
14
14
454
2
1207
Aetius IV.
Studius.
30
5
15
15
455
3
U08
Fl. Placid. Val.Aug.VIII.
Procopius Anthemius.
1 Maxi-
mus.
lAvitus.
6
16
16
456
4
1209
Joannes.
Varanes.
(A vitus Aug. sec. Idat. et.
Sidon. Apoll.)
2
7
17
17 —
457
309.1
1210
Fl. Constantinus.
Rufus.
1 Majo-
rian.
1 Leo I.
18
18
458
2
1211
Fl. Leo. Aug.
Fl. Jul. Val. Majorianus
2
2
1 Firoze.
19
459
3
1212
Aug.
Fl. Ricimeres.
Patricius.
3
3
2 .
20
460
4
1213
Magnus.
4
4
3
21 — -
461
310.1
1214
Apollonius.
Severinus.
Dagalaiphus.
5
lSeverus.
5
4
5
1 Hilarus.
462
2
1215
Fl. Leo Aug. II.
2
6
2
Fl. Libius Severus Aug.
6
463
3
1216
Fl. Csecina Basilius.
3
7
3
Vivianus.
464
4
1217
Fl. Anicius Olybrius.
Rusticus.
4
8
7
4
465
311.1
1218
Hermenericus.
Basiliscus.
Ricimer.
9
8
5 —
466
2
1219
Fl. Leo Aug. III. solus.
'
10
v
6
467
3
1220
Puseus.
Joannes.
1 Anthe-
mius.
11
10
7
468
4
1221
Fl. Procopius Anthemius
Aug. solus.
2
12
11
1 Simpli-
cius.
469
312.1
1222
Marcianus.
Zeno.
3
13
12
470
2
1223
Severus.
Jordanes.
4
14
13
3
471
3
1224
Fl. Leo Aug. IV.
Anicius Probianus
5 —
15
14
4
472
4
1225
Festus.
Marcianus.
1 Oly-
brius.
16
15
5
473
313.1
1226
Fl. Leo Aug. V. solus.
lGly-
cerius.
17
16
6
474
2
1227
Fl. Leo Junior Aug.
solus.
1 Julius
Nepos.
1 Leo,
junior.
1 Zeno.
17
7 _
475
3
1228
Fl. Zeno Aug. II. solus.
1 Romu-
lus.
End of the
Western
2
Basilisc. 1
18
8
476
4
1229
Fl. Basiliscus Aug. II.
Empire.
3 2
19
9
1
Armatus.
L
452 TO 476 A.D.
219
tition
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
Visigoths
INGaULAND
Spain.
1 Theodo-
ric II.
10
11
12
13
14
1 Euric
3
4 ~—
Vandals
in Africa.
25 Genseric,
49
SUEVI IN
Spain.
5 Kechia-
rius.
1 Fruma-
rius.
2
1 Remis
mund.
2
Subject to
the Visi-
goths.
Burgun-
DIANS IN
Gaul.
17 Gunde-
ric.
18
19
20 .
1 Maldra. 22
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
1 Chime-
ric.
2
3
RlPUA-
RIAN
Franks.
5Mero-
veus.
Huns,
20 Attila.
1 Ellac.
IDengezic
2 —
1 Chil-
deric I,
Britain.
Kingdom
of Kent.
lHengist.
220
FROM THE YEAB
A.D.
iK
453
451
Events and Eminent Men.
459
460
461
462
Having recruited his army, Attila advances into Italy. Siege and destruction of
Aquileia, Its inhabitants take refuge in the marshes on the shore of the Ha-
driatic, and the foundation of Venice is (erroneously) ascribed to them. Leo,
bishop of Rome, and two other ambassadors, by paying a large sum of money,
induce Attila to withdraw beyond the Danube. Theodoric II. obtains the
Visigothic throne by murdering his brother Thorismund. Proterius succeeds
Dioscorus as bishop of Alexandria, Priscus visits Egypt and the Thebais.
Death of Pulcheria. Death of Attila. His son, Ellac, who succeeds him, falls in
battle against the Ostrogoths ; Dengezic takes the command of the shattered
forces of the Huns, and leads them farther northward. Hyperechius of Alex-
andria writes on grammar and orthography. Stobseus fl.
Leo's influence over Valentinian employed to augment the power of the church, not
to correct the emperor's bad passions. Aetius murdered, and his friends slaugh-
tered. The wife of the senator, Maximus, violently dishonoured. The kingdom
of Kent founded by Hengist.
Maximus revenges the disgrace of his wife by assassinating Valentinian, March
16, set. 36, and usurps the throne. At the end of three months he is killed by
the people, and Avitus, through the support of the Visigoths, is proclaimed
emperor. Rome is taken and plundered by the Vandals. Many captives are
carried away to Carthage, where the bishop Deogratias relieves their dis-
tress. Birth of Theodoric, son of Theodomir, the Ostrogoth. Battle of Ayles-
ford ; Horsa slain. Prosper of Acfuitaine concludes his Chronicle.
Avitus sends Count Fronto to negotiate with the Spanish Suevi. Theodoric at-
tacks them. Defeat and death of Rechiarius. Ricimer destroys a Vandal fleet
near Corsica. He declares against Avitus, who abdicates, and dies soon after-
terwards. Some Heruli alarm the northern coast of Spain. Sidonius Apol-
linaris, son-in-law of Avitus, celebrates his consulship. Easilius, forty-third
bishop of Antioch.
Majorian placed on the throne of the West by Ricimer and the senate. Death of
Marcian, ast. 65. Leo, the Thracian, made emperor of the East, by the influence
of Aspar. Candidus Isaurus begins his History (which is now lost), and Victo-
rius Aquitanus, his Canon Paschalis. Victory of Hengist over the Britons, at
Crayford. Timotheus II. bishop of Alexandria. Death of Theodoret.
The Vandals land in Italy, and are defeated. Majorian prepares a fleet to attack
them in Africa. He enacts many salutary laws, for improving the condition of
the people and preserving public edifices. Antioch suffers by an earthquake.
Sidonius Apoll. addresses his panegyric to Majorian. Gennadius, bishop of CP.,
Anastasius of Jerusalem, and Acacius, forty-fourth bishop of Antioch. Death
of Yezdejerd II. of Persia.
Treaty of peace between Majorian and Theodoric. The war against the Suevi
continues in Spain. Martyrius, forty-fifth bishop of Antioch.
Genseric destroys Majorian's fleet in the harbour of Carthagena. Peace is con-
cluded between them. Death of Maldra. His son, Frumarius, invades Gal-
licia. Idatius, made prisoner, is released after three months' captivity. Timo-
theus III., bishop of Alexandria. Death of Eudoxia, Oct. 30, set. 67.
Majorian is assassinated, Aug. 7, by Ricimer, who places Severus ostensibly on
the throne, but exercises the imperial power himself. His authority is resisted
by Marcellinus in Dalmatia, and ^Egidius in Gaul.
Genseric restores Eudoxia, the widow of Valentinian III., who had been carried away
by him from Rome, A.D. 455, on condition, that a large dowry be given with her
daughter Eudocia, to his son Hunneric; her other daughter, Placidia, is married
to the senator, Olybrius, of the Auician family. The Vandals ravage the coasts
of Italy and Sicily, and make themselves masters of Sardinia. Marcellinus
equips a fleet in Dalmatia. The Franks banish Childeric, and make iEgidius
for a short time their king. Narbonne taken by the Visigoths.
iEgidius defeats the Visigoths, in a battle near Orleans, in which Frederic, the
brother of Theodoric, falls. Theodoric, the Ostrogoth, is sent as an hostage to
Constantinople, where he remains ten years. Moses of Chorene writes his
Armenian History. Prosper of Aquitaine still fl.
452 TO 476 A.D.
221
A.D.
464
465
466
4GS
Events and Eminent Men.
Death of iEgidius. His son, Syagrius, inherits Soissons and a small territory
around. Death of Frumarius. His brother, Remismund, unites the Spanish
Suevi under his command. The Visigoths occupy the greater part of Ganl.
Paris taken by Childeric. Marcellinus arrives in Sicily from Dalmatia, and
expels the Vandals. The sun eclipsed, July 20.
Death of Severus. Ricimer governs without the title of emperor. A destructive
fire at Constantinople, rages six days. Victory of Hengist over the Britons at
Wippidsfleet.
The emperor Leo prepares an expedition against the Vandals in Africa. Theo-
doric II. is murdered by his brother EuriG, who succeeds him as king of the
Visigoths, and conquers a large part of Spain.
Ricimer solicits Leo to name an emperor of the West. Anthemius is appointed,
and his daughter married to Ricimer. His intended religious toleration is pre-
vented by Hilary. Earthquakes at Ravenna and Coimbra. The Vandals
ravage the Peloponnesus.
The two empires unite to attack Genseric. Heraclius leads a large army from
Egypt ; Basiliscus commands the sea and land forces that proceed from CP.
Marcellinus, who is reconciled to the emperors, assists with a numerous fleet
from Dalmatia and Sicily. This formidable expedition totally fails. Miscon-
duct of Basiliscus. Marcellinus assassinated. Panegyric of Anthemius, by
Sidonius Apollinaris. The Chronicle of Idatius ends. Death of pope Hilary.
Euric completes the conquest of Spain. The Suevi remain in Gallicia, but sub-
ject to the Visigoths. Dengezic invades the Danubian provinces, where he is
defeated and slain ; the Huns cease to be a distinct power. Arvandus, prefect
of Gaul, is banished for extortion and treachery. Sidonius Apollinaris becomes
bishop of Clermont.
Aries and Marseilles taken by Euric. He defeats Riothamar, who had been hired
by Anthemius to bring, for the defence of Gaul, 12,000 Bretons from Armorica,
generally mistaken for an auxiliary force, from the island of Britain. The pro-
gress of Euric is checked in Auvergne by Ecdicius, son of the late emperor Avitus.
Aspar and his sons put to death by Leo. Ricimer quarrels with Anthemius, and
withdraws to Milan. Epiphanius, bishop of Ticinum (Pavia), attempts to mediate
between them. Acacius, bishop of CP., and Julianus forty-sixth of Antioch.
Death of Orosius.
Walamir, advancing to support Anthemius with a body of Ostrogoths, is defeated
and slain by Ricimer, who takes and plunders Rome. Anthemius is killed, July
11th, and the empire transferred to Olybrius, who dies Oct. 23. Death of Rici-
mer, Aug. 20. A great eruption of Vesuvius, Nov. 6; the ashes are said to have
fallen in CP.
Gundibald, Ricimer's nephew, proclaims Glycerius emperor of the West. Leo as-
sociates his grandson, Leo the younger, with him in the Eastern empire. Theo-
doric, the Ostrogoth, is restored to his nation, but after an education of ten
years at CP. is unable to read or write. His uncle, Widimir, invades Italy, and
is paid by Glycerius to retire; he joins the Visigoths in Gaul. Malchus begins
his History, of which only fragments remain.
Leo appoints Julius Nepos, nephew of Marcellinus, to be emperor of the West
Glycerius resigns, and is made bishop of Salona. Epiphanius negotiates be-
tween Nepos and Euric. Auvergne ceded to the Visigoths ; Ecdicius with-
draws. Death of Leo, Feb. 3. His grandson dies in Nov., and Zeno becomes
emperor of the East. Nestorianus concludes his Chronology.
Orestes transfers the Western empire to his son, Romulus (called in derision
Augustnlus), and deposes Nepos. who retires into Dalmatia. Verina, widow of
Leo, incites her brother Basiliscus to rebel. Flight of Zeno and his wife Ariadne
into Isauria. Gelasius of Cyzicus, bishop of Csesarea, writes his History of the
Council of Nice.
Odoacer, with a promiscuous army, called Heruli, overthrows theWestern empire,*
and makes himself king of Italy. Orestes defeated and slain at Placentia.
Romulus is sent into Campania and pensioned. Zeno is besieged in Isauria by
troops from C P. under lllus and Trachondas. Peter the Fuller, forty-seventh
bishop of Antioch.
222
FEOM THE YEAB
A.D.
Olym.
A.U.C.
Consuls op Rome.
Eastern
Empire.
i
Kingdom
of Italy.
Sassani-
I>ES OF
Persia.
Bishops
of Rome.
477
314.1
1230
Post Consulatum Bas. II.
4 Zeno.
2 Odoacer
20Firoze.
10 Simpli-
et Armati.
cius.
478
2
1231
Illus, solus.
5
3
21
11
479
3
1232
Fl. Zeno Aug. III., solus.
6
4 ,
22 — -
12
480
4
1233
Basilius, junior, solus.
7
5 ,
23 ,
13
481
315.1
1234
Placidus, solus.
8
6 .
24
14
482
2
1235
Trocondus.
Severinus.
9
7
lPalasch.
15
483
3
1236
Faustus, solus.
10
8
2
1 Felix
III.
2
484
4
1237
Theodericus.
11
i
9
3
Venantius.
485
316.1
1238
Qu.Aurelius Symmachus,
solus.
12
10
4
3 —
486
2
1239
Decius.
Longinus.
13
11
lCabades.
4 :
487
3
1240
Fl. Boethius, solus. !14
12 .
2
5
488
4
1241
Dynamius.
Sifidius.
15
13
3
6
489
317.1
1242
Anicius Probinus.
Eusebius.
16
14
4
7
490
2
1243
Longinus II.
Faustus.
17
15
5
8
491
3
1244
Olybrius, solus. 1 Anasta-
16
6
9
sius I.
492
4
1245
Fl. Anastasius Aug
Rufus.
2
17
7
1 Gela-
sius I.
493
318.1
1246
Eusebius II.
Albinus.
3
— —
1 Theodo-
ric.
8
2
494
2
1247
Turcius Rufu3 Apronia-
nus Asterius.
Prsesidius.
4
2
9
a
495
3
1248
Viator, solus.
5
3
10
4
496
4
1249
I
Paulus, solus. i 6
1
4
11
1 Anasta-
sius II.
497
319.1
1250
Fl. Anastasius Aug. II. | 7
5
1 Zamas-
2
phes.
498
2
1251
Joannes Scytba.
Paullinus.
8
2
1 Sym-
macbus.
499
3
1252
Joannes Gibbus (Scytba),
solus.
9
*"~ ~ "
7
3
2
500
4
1253
Patricius.
Hypatius.
10
~~~
8
4
3
501
320.1
1254
Pompeius.
Rufus Magnus Faustus
Avienus.
11
9 -
1 Cabades
restored.
4
502
2
1255
Probus.
Faustus Avienus, junior.
12
"" ~~~
10
2
5
503
3
1256
Dexicrates.
Volusianus.
13
"" ~"~
11
_
3
6 - —
504
4
1257
Cethegus, solus
14
12
4
7
505
321.1
1258
Sabinianus.
15
13
6
8
Theodoras.
g
477 TO 505 A.D.
223
fiepe-
tition
Dates.
Visigoths
in Gaul and
Spain. •
Vandals
in Africa.
BURGUN-
DIANS IN
Gaul.
Franks^
Britain.
Sussex. Kent.
477
478
12 Euric.
13
1 Hunneric.
2
12 Chilperic
13
20 Chime-
ric I.
21
Landing of 24 Hengist.
iElla and his
sons. 25
479
14
3
14
22
26
480
15
4
15
23
27
481
16
5
16
1 Clovis I.
28
482
17
6
17
2
29
483
18
7
18
3
30
484
485
486
19
1 Alaric II.
2
1 Gunda-
mund,
2
3
19
20
21
4
5
6
Battle of
Mearcra3ds-
burn.
31
32
33
487
3
4
22
7
34
488
4 - —
5
23
8
1 -<Eac.
489
5
6
24
9
2
490
6
7 - —
25
10
1 .Ella.
3
491
492
8
8 —
9
1 Gundi-
bald.
2
11
12
2
3
4
5
493
9
10
3
13
4
6
494
10
11
4
14
5
7
495
11
12
5
15
6
8
496
497
12
13
1 Thoris-
mund,
2
6
7
16
17
7
8
9
10
498
14
3
8 ■
18
9
11
499
15
4
9
19
10
12
500
16
5
10 - —
20
11
13
501
17 .
6
11
21
12
14
502
18
7
12
22
13
15
503
19
8
13
23 j
14
16
504
505
20
21
9
10
14
15 i
24 1
25 _ 1
1
1
5 1
6 0
7
8
224
FROM THE TEAK
A.D.
483
487
489
490
492
Events and Eminent Men.
The army that was besieging Zeno, conducts him back to CP., and restores him
to the throne. Basiliscus, banished to Cappadocia, dies there. Death of Gen-
seric. Peter causes discord at Antioch, and is deposed. John II. forty-eighth
bishop.
Theodoric, the Ostrogoth, is employed by Zeno against another body of Goths,
under Theodoric, son of Triarius. When the two armies meet, they make peace
and coalesce. Odoacer relinquishes to Euric all beyond the Alps, preserves the
Roman laws in Italy, and governs with prudence and humanity. Martyrius,
bishop of Jerusalem, and Stephen II. forty-ninth bishop of Antioch.
Marcian, son of Anthemius, and son-in-law of Leo, is encouraged by Verina to re-
volt against Zeno. Being defeated and made prisoner, he is allowed to retire
into a monastery. Theodoric, son of Triarius, ravages the provinces to the
gates of CP. The Ostrogoths take Epidamnus, and besiege Thessalonica, but
are defeated by Sabinianus. Eustathius Syrus, hist. fl.
Julius Nepos, the ex-emperor, assassinated in Dalmatia. An earthquake, of forty
days' continuance, does great injury at CP. Stephen III. fiftieth bishop of
Antioch.
Death of Theodoric, son of Triarius. All the Ostrogothic forces unite, under
Theodoric, son of Theodemir. Odoacer conquers Dalmatia. Death of Childeric,
king of the Franks. Accession of Clovis. Calandio, fifty-first bishop of An-
tioch.
Theodoric plunders Macedon and Thessaly. Death of Firoze, king of Persia.
John Talaia, bishop of Alexandria, is deposed immediately after his election by
Zeno, who appoints Peter Mongus in his place, and endeavours, by his Heno-
ticon, to unite all sects.
Zeno invites Theodoric to CP. and confers dignities on him, with many rich gifts.
Ilnnneric issues his summons to the bishops of Africa, to meet in the following
year at Carthage.
Verina instigates Leontius to rebel at Tarsus. Illus, sent against him, assumes
the purple himself. Eugenius, bishop of Carthage, defends the Athanasian faith
at the meeting of bishops there. After the conference, Hunneric issues his edict
in favour of Arianism, and punishes its opponents. The sun eclipsed April 10.
Felix of Rome, and Acacius of CP. excommunicate each other.
Death of Euric; his son Alaric, a minor, succeeds. Longinus, brother of Zeno,
is sent to suppress the rebellion of Illus, who defeats him and takes him pri-
soner. Peter the Fuller restored to the bishopric of Antioch. Death of Pro-
clus (see a.d. 437). Marinus writes his Life.
Battle of Soissons. Clovis conquers the territories of Syagrius, who takes refuge
among the Visigoths, by whom he is slain. Death of Palasch, king of Persia.
Salustius, bishop of Jerusalem.
Odoacer defeats the Rugi in Noricum, and takes their chieftain, Feva, prisoner.
Theodoric, threatening to attack CP., is diverted to the conquest of Italy.
Leontius and Illus captured and put to death. March of Theodoric towards Italy.
Death of Hengist. Palladins, fifty-second bishop of Antioch. Victor Vitensis
writes his History of the Vandal persecution in Africa.
Theodoric defeats Odoacer at Aquileia, Aug. 2S, and at Verona, Sept. 27, and takes
Milan. Death of Acacius, bishop of CP. Fi-avitta, who succeeds him, dies in
three months, and Euphemius is appointed.
Odoacer, defeated again, Aug. 11, on the banks of the Adda, retires into Ravenna.
Zeno exercises great cruelties on those who are suspected of having favoured
the late rebellion. ^Ella having conquered Sussex, makes it a kingdom. Atha-
nasius II. bishop of Alexandria. Cassiodorus, father of the senator, is Comes
Sacrarum to Odoacer.
Death Of Zeno, April 9, set. 65. His widow, Ariadne, marries the Silentiary, Auas-
tasius, and makes him emperor. Odoacer sallies from Ravenna, and sustains
another defeat. Tumults at CP. ; the Hippodrome burnt. Andreadsceaster taken
by ^Ella. Malchus and Candidus Syrus conclude their histories.
Rebellion of Zeno's brother, Longinus, in Isauria. Anastasius accords liberty of
conscience, and remits oppressive taxes.
477 TO 505 A.D.
225
485
Events and Eminent Men.
497
498
500
501
502
I 603
£04
505
Surrender and death of Odoacer. Theodoric is master of all Italy, and establishes
the kingdom of the Ostrogoths. The statues of Anastasius thrown down at
OP. Johannes Gibbus, or Scytha, conducts the war successfully against Longi-
nus. Marriage of Clovis to Olotilda, niece of Gundibald, king of the Burgun-
dians. Gennadius of Marseilles, script, ecc. fl.
The cities of Laodicea, Hierapolis, and Tripolis, are overthrown by an earthquake.
Pope Gelasius asserts his divine right, as bishop of Rome, to universal supre-
macy. Timotheus of Gaza writes on Natural History. The distinction made
by Gelasius, between the canonical and the apocryphal books of the Scriptures.
Elias, bishop of Jerusalem.
Longinus protracts his rebellion in Isauria. Theudegotha, a natural daughter of
Theodoric, is contracted in marriage to Alaric, the young king of the Visigoths,
and her sister, Ostrogotha, to Sigismund, son of the Burgundian king. Cerdic
and his son, Cynric, arrive with five ships, and land at Cerdics-ore (afterwards
Cernemuth), now Charmouth, in Dorsetshire. Synods at Seleucia and other
places, favour the marriages of priests.
Victory of Olovis over the Allemanni, at Tolbiac (Zulpich), followed by his con-
version to Christianity and his baptism, by Remigius, bishop of Rheims. De-
position and banishment of Euphemius, bishop of OP. : Macedonius II. succeeds
him. Avitus, bishop of Vienne, noted for his eloquent homilies, letters, and
■J poems. John II. bishop of Alexandria. Theodoric marries Audefleda, sister
;j of Clovis.
.The war in Isauria is terminated by the capture and death of Athenodorus, the
1 1 chief supporter of Longinus. Cabades expelled from the sovereignty of Persia,
by Zamasphes, son of Firoze. Cassiodorus, set. 18, secretary to Theodoric. The
letter to Clovis ( Variarum ii. 41) written. The Arabs (Sai'acens) invade Syria,
and are repulsed by Eugenius. Thorismund banishes many Athanasian bishops
from Africa to Sardinia. Fulgentius Ruspensis is eminent among them.
Longinus made prisoner and killed. Tumults at CP. Violent contest between
Symmachus and Laurentius, for the episcopal throne at Rome, decided by Theo-
doric in favour of the former. Flavianus II. fifty-third bishop of Antioch-
Theodoric sends an expert harper to Clovis at his request. (Cassiod. Var. II.
39, 40.)
The Bulgarians invade Thrace, and defeat the forces sent against them ; three
counts of the empire are slain in battle. A violent earthquake in Pontus. Nes-
torianism prevails among the Christians of Persia and the adjacent provinces.
Theodoric visits Rome; he issues edicts to stop the demolition of public edifices
and works of art, and appoints an officer, with funds to restore and preserve
them. Clovis defeats the Burgundians near Dijon, through the treachery of
Godegesil, who is afterwards taken and killed by his brother, Gundibald. Basi-
lius Cilix begins his controversial writings.
Strife of the Circus-factions at CP., 3000 slaughtered. Gundibald holds a confer-
ence of bishops at Lyons, without result. The Burgundian Code {Loy Gambette)
is framed and issued by him. Cabades restored in Persia by the Nephthalites
or White Huns. Port and his sons, Bieda and Maegla, bring a band of Saxons
in two ships, and land at Portsmouth.
Thrace again ravaged by the Bulgarians, and Syria and Palestine by the Sara-
cens. Cabades invades Mesopotamia, and takes Amida, which begins the Per-
sian war. The aqueduct of Ravenna constructed by Theodoric.
Areobindus, son of Dagalaiphus, is sent against the Persians, with Patricius,
Hypatius, and Vitalianus. Their campaign is unsuccessful. A council held
at Rome, declares the pope amenable to no human authority. Death of Eusta-
thius. Theodoric sends to Gundibald a sun-dial and water-clock, made by
Boethius. (Cassiod. Var. I. 45, 46.)
Tranquillity and prosperity of Italy, under the government of Theodoric. Boethius
and Cassiodorus are his chief ministers. Celer conducts another army against
Cabades, and lays siege to Amida. Theodoric defeats the Bulgarians, and re-|
takes Sirmium. Tulum, a Goth of the Amali race, is distinguished in this wax.
Amida is recovered, and peace restored between the Eastern empire and Persia.
Q
226
FROM THE YEAR
A.D.
506
Olym.
A.U.C.
Consuls of Home.
Eastern Kingdom
Empire, of Italy.
Sass&ki-
L>ES OF
Persia.
Bishops
of Rome.
321.2
1259
Areobinda.
16 Anasta- 14 Theodo-
6Cabades
9 Symma-
Messala.
sius I.
ric.
cbus.
507
3
1260
Fl. Anastasius Aug. III.
Venantius.
17
15
7
10
508
4
1261
Celer.
Venantius, junior.
18
16
8
11
509
322.1
1262
Importunus, solus.
19 —
17
9
12 -
510
2
1263
Anicius Manlius Severi-
nus Boethius, solus.
20
18
10
13
511
3
1264
Secundums.
Felix.
21 ■
19
11
14
512
4
1265
Paulus.
Muschianus.
22
20 —
12 _
15
513
323. 1
1266
Clementinus.
Probus.
23
21
13
16 —
514
2
1267
Cassiodorus Senator,
solus.
24
22
14
1 Hormis-
das.
515
3
1268
Anthemius.
Florentius.
25
23
15
2
516
4
1269
Petrus, solus.
26
24
16
3
517
324.1
1270
Fl. Anastasius.
Agapetus.
27
25
17
4
518
2
1271
Magnus, solus.
1 Justinl.
26
18
5
519
3
1272
Fl.Anicius Justinus Aug.
Eutharicus.
2
27
19
6
520
4
1273
Vitalianus.
Rusticus.
3
28
20
7
521
325.1
1274
Fl. Anicius Justinianus.
Valerius.
4
29
21
8
522,'
2
1275
Symmacbus.
Boetbius.
5
30
22
9
523
3
1276
Fl. Anicius Maximus,
solus.
6
31
23
1 Jobu I.
524
4
1277
Fl. Anicius Justinus
Aug. 11.
Opilio.
32
24
2
525
326.1
1278
Fl. TheodorusPhiloxenus.
Probus, junior.
8
33
25
3
526
2
1279
Fl. Anicius Olybrius,
solus.
9
1 Atba-
laric.
26
IFelixIV.
527
3
1280
Mavortius, solus.
1 Justi-
nian I.
2
27
2
528
4 i 1281
Fl. Anicius Justinianus
Aug. II., solus.
2 ■ I 3 -
26 ■
3-
529
1327.1 ' 1282
Decius, solus.
3 | 4
29 —
4 1
506 TO 529 A.D.
Repe-
tition
Dates.
Visigoths
in Gaul
and Spain.
Vandals in
Africa.
burgundi-
ansinGaul.
Franks.
Wessex.
Britain.
Susses.
1
Kent.
506
22 Alaric II.
11 Thoris-
mond.
16 Gundi-
bald.
26 Clovis.
17 iElla.
19iEsc. !
i
507
lGiselich&
Amalarich.
12
17
27
18
20
1
508
2
13
18
28
19
21 _|
509
3
14
19
29
20
22
510
511
512
4 Amalarich,
alone.
5
6
15
16
17
20
21
22
30
(1 Thierry.
1 Chlotair.
1 Childe-
bert I.
ULChlodomir
2
Battle of
Mount
Badon.
Oxf.Tdb.
21 .
22
23
23 1
24
1 Octa.
513
7
18
23
3
24
2
514
515
516
8
10
19
20
21
24
25
1 Sigis-
mund.
4
5
6
Stuffa and
Witgar ar-
rive with
three ships
at Char-
mouth.
1 Cissa.
2
3
3
4
5 «
517
11
22 —
2
7
4
6
518
12
23
3
8
5
7
519
13
24
4
9
1 Cerdic.
6
8
520
14
25
5
10
2
7
9 —
521
15
26
6
11
3
8
10
522
16 — -
27
7
12 -
4
9
11
523
17 ■
1 Hilderic.
1 Gonde-
13
5
10
12
524
525
18 .
19
2
mar.
2
3
14 Thierry.
Chlotair.
Childe-
bert I.
15
6
7
11
12
13
14
526
20
4
4
16
8
13
15
527
21
5
5
17
9
14
16 "J
17
I 528
22
6
6
18
10
15
1 529
23
7
7
19
11
16
18
Q 2
22S
FROM THE YEAB
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
Events and Eminent Men.
The Gepidse occupy part of the former possessions of the Huns, north of the
Danube. Mundo collects a force of Gothic stragglers, and is aided by Theodoric
against Sabinianus, the general sent by Anastasius to oppose him. Death of
Engenius, bishop of Carthage. Julian resigns his episcopal office at Bostra.
Alaric legislates for his people, and employs Anianus to adapt the Theodosian
code to his purpose. Preparations for war between him and Clovis. Theodoric
mediates by friendly letters. See Cassiod.Var. III. 1 — 4. Council of Agde held
under the sanction of Alaric, to check the growth of monachism and regulate the
discipline of the clergy. John III. bishop of Alexandria. Anastasius remits
all taxes to Amida, for seven years. iElla king of Sussex, the first Bretwalda,
or wielder (chief) of Britain.
Battle of Vougle, near Poitiers. Alaric defeated and slain, set. 23, by Clovis, who
conquers a great part of Aquitaine. Amalarich, the infant son of Alaric, and
G-iselich, his natural son, are proclaimed joint kings of the "Visigoths, by Theo-
doric, who preserves for them all Spain and part of Gaul. He appoints Thiodes
their guardian. Anastasius builds the "long wall," for the protection of CP., and
fortifies Dara in Mesopotamia. Bloody encounters of the Circus-factions at CP.
and Antioch.
Hibba, Theodoric's general, defeats Clovis near Aries. Romanus and Rusticus,
with a fleet and army from CP., attack Tarentum. Proposals of peace made by
Theodoric to Anastasius (Cassiod. Var. I. 1), and a treaty is concluded. The
British prince, Natanleod, defeated and slain in a bloody battle by Cerdic.
Mammo, with a Gothic force, commits depredations in Gaul. A calamitous and
extensive fire at CP. Flight of Giselich into Africa.
Clovis, by force or fraud, sets aside the Ripuarian and other minor Frank
princes, and adds their lands to his own ; he makes Paris his residence. The
ensigns of the consulship are sent to him by Anastasius ; but his name appears
in no list of consuls. Theodoric (Cassiod. Var. II. 1) announces to Anastasius,
that he had appointed Felix consul for the ensuing year. Boethius, while con-
sul, writes commentaries on Aristotle. Ennodius, bishop of Pavia, writes the
Life of his predecessor, Epiphanius. Death of Giselich.
Death of Clovis at Paris, Nov. 27, set. 45. His kingdom is divided equally among
his four sons. Theodoric I. (Thierry) reigns at Metz, Chlodomir at Orleans,
Childebert I, at Paris, and Chlotair, at Soissons. Theodoric remits a year's
taxes to the citizens of Aries, for their fidelity (Cassiod. Var. III. 32). Joannes
Lydus, ?st. 21, comes to CP. The poet Christodorus of Coptos, and Agapius,
the disciple of Proclus, fl. Anastasius expels and banishes Macedonius, and
appoints Timotheus, bishop of CP. Council of Orleans, July 10.
A band of Heruli, under Rodolphus, permitted to settle in Thrace. Anastasius
accused of heresy and persecution, because he checks the violence of the Atha-
nasiaus. Flavius deposed, and Severus appointed fifty-fourth bishop of Antioch.
Anastasius, having relieved his subjects from many taxes, still by his economy
accumulates a large sum in his treasury. Procopius of Gaza, sophist and scrip-
tural commentator, writes a panegyric on him. Elias deposed at Jerusalems
and John II. made bishop in his place.
Vitalianus excites a religious war against Anastasius, and blockades CP. Pris-
cian, the grammarian, fi.
Treaty between Anastasius and Vitalianus, who obtains the military prefecture
of Thrace, and a promise to restore the deposed bishops. A body of Huns breaks
through the Caspian gates and invades Cappadocia. Death of the empress
Ariadne, set. 60. Theodoric marries his daughter, Amalasontha, to Eutharic.
of the race of the Amali. The monastery of Agaunum, or St. Maurice, founded
by Sigismund, son of Gundibald.
Tumults at Alexandria. Deatn of Gundibald, king of the Burgundians.
Troops of Goths ravage the country, from the Danube to Thermopylae. Anastasius
redeems the captives led away by them. Dioscorus II. bishop of Alexandria.
Death of Anastasius, July 9, set. 88. His successor, Justin, puts to death Aman.
tius for a conspiracy. Vitalianus is in favour. The Henoticon of Zeno revoked.
John II. bishop of CP. A riotous synod held there, condemns all heretics.
506 TO 529 A.D.
229
521
522
523
524
527
528
529
The portion of Britain conquered by Cerdic is called Wessex, of which he takes
the title of king. The Chronicon of Cassiodorus ends. The bishops who wen
banished by Anastasius are recalled. Severus is deposed, and Paulus II. is
the fifty-fifth of Antioch, and Timotheus IV. replaces Dioscorus at Alexan
di*ia,
Justin, unable to read or write, yields to the influence of his nephew, Justinian
Vitalianus and his friends are assassinated. The Veneti, or blue faction of the
circus, favoured at court, commit many acts of violence. These disorders cause
an ordinance, which puts a stop to the Olympic games at Antioch. Basilius
Cilix writes his Hist. Ecc. from the death of Simplicius (483) to that of Anasta-
sius (518). Epiphanius, bishop of CP.
The consulship of Justinian celebrated with unusual pomp. Ineffectual negotiation
with Cabades. Paul of Antioch abdicates, and Euphrasius succeeds, fifty-sixth
bishop.
Sigismund, the Burgundian king, puts to death, unjustly, his son Segericus, and
quiets his conscience by large donations to his monastery of St. Maurice. Tzathus,
or Zathus, a chief of the Lazi, a tribe near the river Phasis, comes to CP. and is
converted to Christianity.
Sigismund assumes the monastic habit, and is betrayed into the hands of the
Franks, who throw him, with his wife and children, into a well at Orleans. His
brother, Gondemar, is elected king by the Burgundians. Death of the Vandal
king, Thorismund. His successor, Hilderic, grants religious freedom, and allows
the people of Carthage to have Bonifacius for their bishop. The edicts of J ustin
against Arians, provoke Theodoric to retaliate on the Catholics, and he suspects
them of holding treasonable correspondence with the Eastern court. The sena-
tor, Albinus, is put to death, and Boethius arrested, who, while in prison writes
" Be Qonsolatione Philosophies. ," Eutharic dies about this time, leaving a son,
Athalaric.
Chlodomir defeated and slain at Voiron, by Gondemar ; his dominions divided
among his brothers. War with Persia. Belisarius first employed. Boethius
strangled at Calvenzano, near Pavia. Theodoric sends the bishop of Rome and
four senators to intercede for the Arians with Justin. Peter, bishop of Jeru-
salem.
The patrician, Symmachus, father-in-law of Boethius, beheaded at Ravenna.
Theodoric imprisons his ambassadors on their return from CP. Edessa over-
whelmed by a flood, and Anazarbus in Cilicia, by an earthquake. At Antioch.
an earthquake begins in October, and continues till the following May. Death
of Isidore, the philosopher of Alexandria. Damascius writes his Life.
Death of Theodoric, Aug. 30. Athalaric, son of Eutharic, succeeds, under the
guardianship of his mother, Amalasontha. Cassiodorus is her chief minister
and adviser. Belisarius conducts the war in Armenia: Procopius attends him,
as secretary. Johannes, rhetor, concludes his history. John, bishop of Rome,
dies in prison, soon after Theodoric. Euphrasius, bishop of Antioch, perishes in
the earthquake.
Justinian proclaimed joint Augustus, soon after which, by the death of Justin,
Aug. 1, set. 77, he becomes sole emperor. Palmyra restored. Ephraimius, fifty-
seventh bishop of Antioch. The use of the Christian Era, introduced by
the monk, Dionysius Exiguus. Battle of Cerdicslea, between Cerdic aud the
Britons.
Unsuccessful campaign against the Persians ; Belisarius is ordered to construct
a strong fortress at Mindona. Justinian appoints Tribonian, the jurist, with
eleven assistants, to prepare his code of laws. Another violent earthquake at
Antioch. Amalarich marries Clotilda, daughter of Clovis, and makes Seville his
residence.
The Saracens invade Syria. Julian, leader of a Jewish and Samaritan revolt, is
made prisoner and beheaded. Cabades refuses to treat for peace. Justinian is-
sues edicts against philosophers, heretics, and pagans. His code is promulgated,
April 7, to be in force on the 16th. Benedict founds his new monastic order, the
principal seat of which is Monte Casino, in Campania.
230
FROM THE YEAH
A.D.
Olyis.
1
A.U.C.
Consut.5 of Rome.
EA9TK&N
Emptre.
Kingdom
of Italy.
Sabsattt
DES OF
Persia.
Bishops
of Rome.
530
327.2
1283
Postumus Lampadius.
4 Justi-
5 Athala-
30Cabades
1 Boni-
Orestes.
nian I.
ric.
face II.
i 531
3
1284
Post. Cons.
5
6 1 Chos-
2
Lampadii et Orestis.
roes I. or
Nusliir-
wan.
1 532
4
12.85
Iterum II.
6
7
2
3
533
1
328.1
12S6
Fl. Anicius Justinianus
Aug. III., solus.
7
8
3
Uohnll.
j 534
!
2
1287
Fl. Anicius Just. Aug. IV.
Fl. Theodorus Paulinus,
junior.
8
1 Theo-
datus.
4 — -
2
535
3
1288
Fl. Belisarius, solus.
9 ■
2
5
1 Agape-
tus.
536 4
12S9
Post. Cons.
Belisarii.
JO
1 Vitiges.
6
1 Silve-
rius.
537
329.1
1290
Post. Cons.
Belisarii II.
11
2
7
1 Vigilius.
538
2
1291
Fl. Joannes Cappadox,
solus.
12
3
8
2
539
3
1292
Apio, solus.
13
4
9 —
3
540
4
1293
Fl. Justinus, junior, solus.
14
1 Hildi-
bald.
10
4
541
330.1
1294
Fl. Basilius, solus.
15
1 Totila.
11
5
542
2
1295
Post. Cons.
Basilii.
16
2
12
6
543
3
1296
Post. Cons.
Basilii. II.
17
3
13
7
544
4
1297
Post. Cons.
Basilii. III.
18
4
14
8
545
331. 1
1298
Post. Cons.
Basilii. IV.
19
5
15
9
546
2
1299
Post. Cons.
Basilii. V.
20
6
16
10
547
3
1300
Post. Cons.
Basilii. VI.
21
7 ——
17
11
548
4
1301
Post. Cons.
Basilii. VII.
22
8
18
12
549
332. 1
1302
Post. Cons.
Basilii. VIII.
23 '
9
19 ■
13
550
2
1303
Post. Cons.
Basilii. IX.
24
10
20
14 ■
551
3
1304
Post. Cons.
25
11
21 ■
15
I
Basilii. X.
530 TO 551 A.D.
231
1 Eepe-
1 tition
Dazes.
Visigoths
in Gaul
and Spain
Vandals
in Afeica.
BUEGUN-
DIANS IN
Gaul.
Feanks.
MOETK-
UMBER-
LAND.
Britain.
Essex. Wessex. Sussex. Kent.
530
24 Amala-
8 Hilde-
8 Gonde-
20Thier-
1 Erch-
12 Cer- 17 Cissa
|19 Octa.l
531
rich.
IThiodes.
ric.
1 Gelimer.
mar.
9
ry-
Chlo-
tair.
Childe-
bert I.
enwin.
2
die.
13
18
20
532
2
2
10
22 ■
3
14
19
21 —
533
3
3
11
23
4
15
20
22
534
535
4
5
Conquered
by Belisa-
rius.
Conquer-
ed by the
Franks.
1 Theo-
debertl.
24 Chlo-
tair.
Childe-
bert I.
24.
2 25
6
lCyn-
ric.
2
21
22
23
24
536
6
3 26 1
7
3
23
25
537
1
4 27
8
4
24
26
538
8
■5—23
9
5
25
27
539
9
! 6 29
10
6
26
2S
540
10
7 30
11
7
27
29
541
11
8 31
12 8
28
30
542
12
9 32
13 j 9
29
lEr-
inenric.
543
13
10—33
14
10 —
30
2
544
14
11 34
16__
11
31
3
545
15
12—35
16
i»—
32
4
546
16
13 36
17
13
33
5
547
17
14 37
llda.
18
14
34
6
548
549
550
1 Theu-
disculus.
1 Agila.
2
SUEVI IN
Spain.
1 Theo-
debald.
2 39
3 40
2
3
4
19
20
21
15
16
17
35
36
8
9
1 Caria-
551
3
ric.
2
4—41
5
22
18
1
1
38
10 —
232
FROM THE YEAR
A.U.
531
532
533
534
537
538
539
Events and Eminent Men.
Belisarius defeats the Persians at Dara. Mundo expels the Bulgarians from Thrace.
Thierry conquers the Thuringians, and adds their lands to his own. The
kingdom of the East Saxons (Essex) founded by Erchenwin. Cerdic conquers
the Isle of Wight. Jornandes, bishop of Ravenna. A comet appears.
The Persians and Saracens, under Alamundarus, defeat Belisarius, who main-
tains his ground against their overwhelming force. Death of Cabades, Sept. 13,
ast. 82. League of Justinian with the Abyssinians and Homerites. The pro-
gress of the Persians checked. Gelimer deposes and imprisons his cousin Hil-
deric at Carthage. Justinian prepares for war against him, and gives the
command to Belisarius. Amalarich falls in battle against Childebert ; Thiodes
is chosen king of the Visigoths.
A truce of three months with Chosroes, leads to a treaty of peace. The violent
contest of the circus-factions, called Nike, is quelled by the military forces of
Belisarius and Mundo. Justinian employs the architect, Anthemius of Tralles,
and Isidorus of Miletus, to build the new church of St. Sophia. Armenia plun-
dered by the Huns, who are driven out by Dorotheus. Damascius, Simplicius,
and other philosophers, expelled by Justinian's edict (see a. 529), seek a refuge
at the court of Chosroes.
Justinian ratifies the treaty with Persia. Belisarius lands in Africa and achieves
his first victories. He is accompanied by his wife, Antonina, and his secretary,
Procopius. John of Cappadocia, praetorian prefect, oppresses the East by his
rapacity. The Pandects and Institutes of Justinian published. Cassiodorus
(Var. IX. 25), describes the twelve books of his Gothic history (afterwards
abridged by Jornandes). The philosophers, disappointed, return from Persia.
Final defeat and surrender of Gelimer. Africa becomes a Roman province again.
Return and triumph of Belisarius. Gelimer lives in retirement on an estate
given to him in Galatia. Death of Athalaric. Amalasontha associates Theo-
datus with her in the kingdom of Italy ; through her murder he becomes sole
sovereign. Missions of Peter of Thessalonica to him from CP. Death of Thierry
and accession of his son. The three kings of the Franks overpower Gondemar,
king of the Burgundians, and divide his territories among them. Solomon, left
by Belisarius to command in Africa, defeats the Moors. Death of Cerdic, king of
Wessex. Cassiodorus, praetorian prefect ; his official letters, Var. X. XI. XII.
Marcellinus ends his Chronicle. Liberatus visits Rome. Justinianus, bishop of
Valentia.
Belisarius occupies Sicily. Justinian's first Novelhe published. A nth imus, bishop
of CP. through the influence of the empress Theodora. Justinian grants the
demand of the council of Carthage, for the restitution of the church-property,
which had been seized by the Vandals.
Belisarius quells a mutiny in Africa, returns to Sicily, takes Naples and enters
Rome. Procopius joins him at Syracuse. Incapacity of Theodatus ; he is deposed
by his people and slain. Vitiges elected king of Italy. Cassiodorus is still the
official secretary. Mission of Agapetus to CP. A council held there, deposes
Anthimus, and appoints Menas in his place. Simplicius writes his comments
ries on the Physics of Aristotle.
Belisarius besieged in Rome by Vitiges. Great distress of the city. The bishop
Silverius is accused of treachery, deposed, and banished. Gaianus, bishop of
Alexandria, after a few months succeeded by Theodosius.
Mission of Antonina and Procopius from Rome to Naples. Retreat of Vitiges.
After an unsuccessful attack on Rimini, he takes shelter in Ravenna. Belisarius
advances and makes himself master of Clusium and Urbino. A Gothic and
Burgundian force besieges Milan. A council, held at Orleans, inflicts indignities
on Jews. Theodosius banished, and Paulus, a monk of Tabenne, succeeds him
as bishop of Alexandria. A large comet visible above forty days in Sagittarius.
The sun eclipsed on the morning of Feb. 16. Ghron. Sax.
Milan taken and pillaged. The Franks, under Theodebert, invade Italy and
plunder Genoa; they are attacked by disease and return into Gaul. Fassuheand
Auximum surrender to Belisarius ; he prepares to besiege Ravenna. Chosroes
collects his forces for war. Cassiodorus retires from the world to the monastery
of Squillace. . _______^______
530 TO 551 A.D.
233
A.D.
543
544
Events and Eminent Men.
546
547
548
550
551
Vitiges surrenders Ravenna, and is sent a prisoner to CP. Belisarius is recalled
from Italy. The Ostrogoths elect Hildibald for their king. Chosroes invades
Syria and takes Antioch. Solomon restores peace in Africa. Hesychius of
Miletus, hist. fl. The parents of Evagrius, flying from Antioch, take their son,
set. 15, to Apamea. A total eclipse of the sun, June 20. Ckron. Sax.
Belisarius takes the command against the Persians. Hildibald is slain, and Totila
made king of the Ostrogoths. Basilius the last consul appointed by Justinian ;
a series of years follows, dated from his consulship. Paulus is deposed by the
council of Gaza, and Zoilu3 appointed bishop of Alexandria. John of Cappa-
docia banished, and becomes a priest.
Totila recovers a great part of Italy. Belisarius compels the Persians to aban-
don their conquests and recross the Euphrates. The great plague spreads from
Egypt and rages for many years in Asia and Europe. Evagrius studies at An-1
tioch. j
Naples surrenders to Totila, who then advances against Rome. Belisarius re-i
called from the East, after which the Persians again advance and defeat the |
Romans. The Moors renew the war in Africa ; Solomon is slain in battle against
them ; incompetence of his successor, Sergius.
Perplexity of Justinian. Belisarius is sent again to Italy, but without supplies,
and with very inadequate forces. Chosroes unsuccessful in his attack on Edessa
Stotzas, leader of the Moors, defeats the Romans, but falls in the battle. Edict
of Justinian against the Origenists and the " Three Chapters." Macarius, bishop
of Jerusalem.
While Belisarius is awaiting reinforcements, Totila takes Asculum and Spoletum,
and lays siege to Rome. A truce for five years with Chosroes. Gontharis, the
leader of the Moors, defeats and kills Areobindus ; after which he is slain at a
banquet by Artasires. The Turks begin their conquests in Asia. Facundus
writes in defence of the " Three Chapters." Jacobus Baradseus, bishop of Edessa,
founds the sect of Jacobites. Domnus III. fifty-eighth bishop of Antioch.
Rome is betrayed to Totila, Dec. 17. Belisarius is joined by fresh troops, but
arrives too late to prevent the capture.
Belisarius retakes Rome and repairs the walls ; three attacks of Totila are re-
pulsed. The Sclavonians enter Illyricum. Ida founds the kingdom of Bernicia
in Northumberland, and builds Bamborough. Vigilius is summoned to CP. by
Justinian, and prevailed upon to join in condemning the " Three Chapters."
Belisarius takes Crotcna and Tai-entum, after which he is recalled to CP. Ruscia
surrenders to Totila. Death of the empress Theodora, June 28. Thiodes.king
of the Visigoths, assassinated at Barcelona. Cosmus Indicople'ustes writes his
" Christian Topography." John of Cappadocia returns to CP., but is not re-
stored to his office.
Ilauph, who had served under Belisarius, joins Totila, and conquers Dalmatia.
Second capture of Rome by Totila. Ariminum, Tarentum, and Rhegium, sub-
mit to him. The army of the East occupies the country of the Lazi in Colchis.
First siege of Petra.
Vigilius, still at CP., urges Justinian to rescue Italy from the dominion of Arians.
Another army is sent under Germanus, whose marriage with Theodoric's
grand-daughter, Matasuentha, interests the Ostrogothic people in his favour.
He dies at Sardica, on his march to the seat of war. The Sclavonians are driven
out of Illyricum Lech the first duke of Poland. Totila prepares to invade
Sicily. Chorianes leads a Persian expedition into Lazica. Bessus begins the
second siege of Petra. Peter of Thessalonica sent to treat with Chosroes, for a re-
newal of the truce. Defeat of tbe Gepidse by the Longobardi. Synod of Mop-
suesta. Vigilius binds himself by an oath to oppose the " Three Chapters."
Totila restores the senate at Rome. Narses is appointed to command the army
of the East in Italy. Petra surrenders, after which another truce for five years
is concluded between the Romans and Persians. Silk-worms said to have been
first reared in Europe, from eggs brought from the East. Jornandes writes " de
Regnorum Successione." The Western Church adheres to the " Three Chap-
ters." Zoilus is deposed and Apollinaxius succeeds him as bishop of Alexandria.
234
FROM THE TEAB
1
Exarchs 1 Kingdom i Bishops
Sa.^ani-
A.D.
Olym.
A U.C.
Consuls of
Eastern
of
of Lom-
OF
DESOF
Rome.
Empire.
Ravenna.
bards.
Rome.
Persia.
552
332.4
1305
Post. Cons.
Basil. XI.
26 Justini-
an I.
16Vigilius.
22Chos-
roesl.or
Nushir-
|
wan.
553
333.1
1306
Post Cons.
Basil. XII.
27
|l7
23
554
2
1307
Post Cons.
Basil. XIII.
28
18
24
555
3
1308
Post Cons.
Basil. XIV.
29
1 Pelagi-
us I.
25
556
4
1309
Post Cons.
Basil. XV.
30 .
2
26
557
334. 1
1310
Post Cons.
Basil. XVI.
31 ■
3
27
558
2
1311
Post Cons.
Basil. XVII.
32
4
28
559
3
1312
Post Cons.
Basil. XVIII.
33
5
29
560
4
1313
Post Cons.
Basil. XIX.
34
Uohnlll.
30
561
335.1
1314 j
Post Cons.
Basil. XX.
35 ■
2
31
562
2
1315
PaBasil.XXI.
36
3
32
563
3
1316
Post Cons.
Basil. XXII.
37
4
33
564
4
1317
Post Cons.
Basil. XXIII.
3S
5
34
565
336.1
1318
Post Cons.
Basil. XXIV.
1 Justin.
II.
6
35
566
2
1319
Fl. Justinus
August, solus.
2 •
7
36
567
3
1320
Post Cons.
Justini. I.
3
8
37
56S
4
1321
Post Cons.
4
1 Longi-
1 Alboin.
9
3S
i
Justini. II.
nus.
| 569
337.1
1322
Post Cons.
Justini. III.
5
2 .
2
10
39
570
2
1323
Post Cons.
Justini. IV.
6 ■
3 ■
3
11
40
571
3
1324
Post Cons.
Justini. V.
7
4
4
12
41
572
4 1
Post Cons.
S
6
5
13
42
Justini. VI.
573
338. 1
1326
Post Cons.
Justini. VII.
9
S
1 Cleoph.
No bishop.
43
574
2
1327
Post Cons.
Justini. VIII.
10
7
2
1 Bene-
dictus I.
44
575
1328
Post Cons.
11
8
lAutharis.
2
45
Justini. IX.
576
4
1329
Post Cons.
Justini. X.
12
9
2
3
46
577
339.1
1330
Post Cons.
Justini. XI.
13
10
3
4
47
578
2
1331
Post Cons.
Justini. XTI.
1 Tiberi-
us II.
11
1 Pelagi-
usll.
48
552 TO 578 A.D.
23 o
Repe-
tition
Dates.
Visigoths
in Spain.
SUEVI IN
Spain.
Franks.
JNoeth- East
umbek- ang-
LAND. LIA.
Britain.
Essex. Wessex Sussex. K.ent.
552
4 Agila.
3Cariaric.
5 Theode-
6 Ida.
23 Erch-
19Cyn- 39Cissa.
HEr-
bald.
enwin.
ric.
men-
Chlotair42
ric.
Childe-
553
b
4
bertl. 42 7 —
6 43
24
20
40
12
1 554
1 Athana-
gildus.
5 —
7 44 s
1
25
21
41
13- —
555
556
2 ■
3
6
7
■ 45| 9
1
46!10
26
27
99
d9
14
23 43
15
557
4
8
47
11
28
24 44
16
558
5
9
Chlotair
12—
29
25
45
17
alone 48
559
6
1 Theode-
mir.
49
13
30
26
46
18
560
7
2
— 50
Charibert
1 Adda
Ellal
31
1 Ceaw-
lin.
47
lEthel
bert.
561
8
3
I. 1
Gontran. 1
Sigeb. I. 1
Chilper.I.l
2 2
32
2 ■
48
2--
562
9
4
2
3 3
33
3
49
3
563
564
10
11
5 • •
6 ■
3
4 4
34
35
4 50 —
i
5 51
\
4
5
565
12
7
5
6 6
36
6 52
6-
586
13
8
6
7 7
37
7 53
7
567
1 Liuval.
9
Gontran. 7
Sigeb. I. 7
lClappa
Ella. 8
8
54
s—
Chilpe.T. 7
568
569
2
3
10
1 Mirva,
8
9
2 ■ 9
3 10
39
40
1 °
10 56 — -
Q
10
570
4
2 ■ ■
10
4 11
41
11
57
11
571
5
3
11
5 12
lUffa
42
12
58
12
572
1 Leovi-
gild.
4
12
1 Heod-
wulf.
Ella. 13
2
43
13
59
13
573
2
5
13
lFreod-
3
44
14 60 — 1 -
wulf.
Ella. 14
574
3
6
r
14
Gontran. 15
2 15
4
45
15
61
15
575
4
7~{
Chilper. IE
1 Childe-
3 16
5
46
16
62
16
576
5
8 I
bert II.
4 17
6
47
17
63
17
577
6
9
3 17
5 IS
7
48
18 64
IS
578
I
10
4 IS
6 19
lTity-
lus.
49
1
19 65
j
1
236
FROM THE TEAK
Events and Eminent Men.
557
559
562
564
565
Totila defeated and slain by Narses, to whom the greater part of Italy submits.
The Ostrogoths make Teias their king. Battle of Searobyrig (Sarum), in which
the Britons are put to flight by Cymric. Jornandes abridges the History of the
Goths by Cassiodorus (see a.d. 533). and continues it to the death of Vitiges.
Vigilius addresses his " Encyclic Letters " to the church. Eutychius, bishop
of CP., and Eustathius of Jerusalem.
The kingdom of the Ostrogoths in Italy is terminated, by the defeat and death
of Teias. Narses restores and administers the government of Justinian. The
Persian general, Mermeroes, conquers a great part of the country of the Lazi.
Procopius ends, and Agathias begins, his History, Joannes Lydus writes " De
Magist. Rom." The second council of CP. (fifth general; condemns Origen and
the " Three Chapters."
The Franks and Allemanni invade Italy, and are defeated by Narses. Gubazes,
king of the Lazi, is treacherously slain by the Romans, who, after this, sustain
another defeat. Death of Mermeroes. Earthquakes at CP., Nicomedia, and An-
tioch. Theodebald dies of the plague ; his dominions are added to those of his
uncle, Chlotair. Death of Agila. Athanagild makes Toledo the capital of
the Visigothic kingdom. Vigilius, released from CP.,is stopped in Sicily by dis-
ease.
Tzathes declared king of the Lazi. Nachoragan, the Persian general, defeated by
the Romans at Phasis. War between Chlotair and the Saxons. Vigilius
dies at Syracuse. Liberatus writes his " Breviarium." Victor Tununensis is
banished and imprisoned for his defence of the " Thi'ee Chapters."
The Persians again invade Colchis, without effect, and retire into Iberia. Justi-
nian punishes the assassin of Gubazes. Chlotair defeated by the Saxons. His
natural son, Chramnus, rebels against him. Victory of Cynric and Ceawlin at
Beranbyrig (Banbury).
Justin is appointed to command the Roman army in Colchis. Nachoragan is re-
called, and put to death by Chosroes. The truce renewed between the Romans
and Persians. Embassy of the Avars to Justinian. Another earthquake at CP.
The pestilence still rages. Pontus and Armenia are plundered by the Tzani.
Death of Childebert ; his daughters being excluded by the Salic law, his domi-
nions are inherited by his brother Chlotair, who thus becomes sole king of the
Franks. The restoration of the church of St. Sophia, by the architect Isodorus,
is celebrated in hexameter verse by Paulus Silentiarius.
The Bulgarians advance to the river Atyras, within twenty miles of CP. The last
achievement of Belisarius is the victory by which he expels these barbarians.
Procopius writes his " Anecdota," and Agathias the fifth book of his History.
Anastasius I. fifty-ninth bishop of Antioch.
Chramnus, in his rebellion, applies to the Bretons of Armorica for aid. He is
made prisoner, and, with all his family, burnt alive by his father, Chlotair.
Northumberland divided into two kingdoms ; Bernicia, under Adda, and Deira,
under ^Ella. Chosroes obtains the Fables of Pilpay from India.
The services of Belisarius excite the jealousy of Justinian and his courtiers.
Death of Chlotair. His dominions are divided among his sons ; Charibert has
Paris, Gontran Orleans, Sigebert Metz, and Chilperic Soissons. Tumults of the
blue and green factions at CP. Martin bishop of Braga.
Conspiracy of Marcellus and Sergius against Justinian ; Belisarius falsely accused
of having joined in the plot. Peter of Thessalonica negotiates a peace for fifty
years, between the Romans and Persians. Cassiodorus prepai-es his " Computus
Paschalis." The History of Agathias ends, and that of Menander begins. The
Suevi, in Spain, renounce Arianism.
Belisarius is acquitted of the charge brought against him, and restored to his ho-
nours. Joannes Malalas of Antioch writes his History. Macarius is restored
as bishop of Jerusalem.
Peter of Thessalonica, Master of the Offices ; he dies soon after. Justinian is ac-
cused of heresy. Gildas Badonicus " De Excidio Britanniae."
Death of Belisarius, March 13. Death of Justinian, November 13, set. 83. He
is succeeded by his nephew Justin, who receives an embassy from the Avars,
652 TO 578 A.D.
237
Events and Eminent Men.
seven days after his accession. Eutychius is deposed, and John III. appointed
bishop of CP. The monastery of Iona founded by Columba.
Justin restores the office of consul for one year, from which another series of dates
begins. He refuses to assist the Gepidae in their wars with the Longobardi.
| Victor Tununensis ends his Chronicle and dies, still imprisoned in a monastery
| atCP. Corippns celebrates the praises and the consulship of Justin. Marriage
I of Sigebert to Brunehild. daughter of Athanagild, the Visigothic king.
Narses is deprived of his command, and retires to Naples. The Longobardi, under
Alboin, overcome the Gepidse ; their king, Cunimund, falls, and his daughter,
Rosamund, is married to the conqueror. Death of Charibert; his dominions are
divided by his three brothers.
Alboin invades Italy, and founds the kingdom of Lombardy. The Avars succeed
the Longobardi and Gepidse in Pannonia. A Turkish envoy arrives at CP.
Longinus, the successor of Narses, is styled Exarch of Ravenna. War in Bri-
tain, between the kings of Kent and Wessex. Battle of Wibbandune (sup-
posed to be Wimbledon). Liuva associates his brother Leovigild with him,
in the Visigothic kingdom of Spain. Joannes Philoponus writes against Jo-
annes, CP.
Alboin takes Milan and conquers Liguria. Mission of Zemarchus to the Turks of
Mount Altai. Joannes Gerundensis, or Biclarensis, writes his chronicle. John
III. bishop of Alexandria. Birth of Mohammed at Mecca.
The Avars invade Thrace, and are driven back by Tiberius, Justin's general.
Ticinum (Pavia) still resists Alboin. Anastasius I. is banished, and Gregorius,
the friend of Evagrius, is appointed sixtieth bishop of Antioch. Venantius
Fortunatus, now a presbyter, addresses poems to Justin, to the empress Sophia,
and to Childebert Death of Narses (between 568 and 573).
The Armenians, persecuted by Chosroes, place themselves under the protection of
Justin, which leads to a war between the Romans and Persians. Pavia is sur-
rendered to Alboin. Ceawlin, king of Wessex, is the second Bretwalda. Uffa
founds the kingdom of East Anglia. (Ost Engeland, the Eastern Narrow-land,
between the fens of the Wash and the sea.) Theophanes Byzantinus writes his
History.
Marcianus is sent to conduct the war against the Persians. By the death of
Liuva, Leovigild becomes sole king of the Visigoths. Alboin grants to his chief
captains, with the titles of princes or dukes, allotments of territory, for which
they are bound to render military service.
The Persians take Dara and plunder Syria ; Marcianus is recalled from the com-
mand against them. Alboin is murdered by Rosamund ; she flies to Ravenna
with her lover, Helmichis, where she poisons him ; before he dies, he compels
her to drain the cup. Cleoph is elected king of Lombardy. Cassiodorus, aet.
93, writes "De Orthographia." After the death of Joannes III., Rome is nearly
a year without a bishop. Another Joannes III. is bishop of Jerusalem.
Tiberius is appointed Csesar, and concludes a truce with Chosroes. He sustains a
defeat from the Avars on the Danube. Cleoph, king of Lombardy, is assassi-
nated : his son, Autharis, being a child, many of the dukes assume royal power,
and great anarchy prevails. Gregory of Tours enters on his episcopate. Bene-
dictus I. is elected bishop of Rome.
Justinian, the son of Germanus, defeats the Persians, and advances to the Araxes.
! Chosroes agrees to a truce for three years. War between Sigebert and Chilpe-
ric : the former is slain, and succeeded by his son Childebert. Death of Cassio-
dorus, set. 95. (The kingdom of E. Anglia dates from this year, in Ox. Tables
and Univ. Hist.)
jlMission of Valentine to Dilzibulus, ruler of the Turks. The Persians occupy Ar-
1 menia, which Justinian is too late to prevent.
Maurice is sent to command the Roman army in the East. Ceawlin extends the
kingdom of Wessex, by taking Gloucester, Cirencester, and Bath. On the death
of John III. Eutychius is restored to the bishopric of CP.
Death of Justin, Oct. 5. Negotiations between Tiberius and Chosroes. Colum-
banus founds his monastery of Luxovium.
238
FEOM THE YEAR
1
Exauchs
KvS(iT>OTO.
Bishops
Sassahi-
A.D.
Olym.
A.TJ.C.
Consuls of
Eastern
OF
OF LOM-
of
DES OF
579
339.3
ROMR.
Empire.
Ravenna.
BARDY.
Rome.
Persia.
1332
Tiberius Aug.
2 Tibe-
12 Longi-
SAutharis.
2 Pelagi-
lHor-
solus.
rius II.
nus.
usll.
misdas,
or Hor-
mouzlir
580
4
1333
Post Cons. Ti-
berii. I.
3
13
6
3
2 — f
1
581
340.1
1334
Post Cons. Ti-
berii. II.
4
14
7
4
3 — !
582
2
1335
Post Cons. Ti-
berii. III.
1 Maurice
15
8
5,
4
583
3
1336
Sine. Cons, or P&st
Cons. Tib. It.
2
16
9
6
5
584
4
1337
Mauricius Aug.
solus.
3
1 Sma-
ragdus.
10
7
6
585
341.1
1338
Post Com. Mau-
ricii, I.
4
'2
11
s_
7
586
The Olympi-
ads, and years
Post Cons. Mau-
ricii. II.
5 _
3
12
9
8
5S7
ofRorne,being
now seldom
Post Cons. Mau-
ricii. III.
6
4
13
10
9
588
used, are from
this time
Post Cons. Mau-
ricii. IV.
7
5
14
11
10
589
omitted.
Post Cons. Mau-
ricii. V.
8
6
15
12
11 — -
590
Post Cons.Ma.u-
9
1 Roma-
16
1 Grego-
1 Chos-
ricii. VI.
nus.
ry I.
roes
Purvis.
591
Post Cons. Mau-
ricii. VII.
10
2
lAgilulph.
2
2
592
Post Cons. Mau-
ricii.VIII.
11
3
2
3
3
593
Post Cons. Mau-
ricii. IX.
12
4
3
4
4
594
Post Cons. Mau-
ricii, X.
13
5
4
5
5
595
Post Cons. Mau-
ricii. XI.
14
6
5
6
6
596
Post Cons. Mau-
ricii. XII.
15
7
6
7
7 ~ ~~
597
Post Cons. Mau-
ricii. XIII.
16
1 Callini-
cus.
7
8
8 .
59S
Post Cons. Mau-
ricii. XIV.
17
2
8
y
9 — -
599
Post Cotis. Mau-
ricii. XV.
18
3
9
10
10
600
Post Cons. Mau-
ricii. XVI.
19
4
10
n
11
601
Post Cons. Mau-
ricii. XVII.
20
5
11
12
12
602
Post Cons. Mau-
ricii. XVIII.
1 Phocas.
1 Smarag-
dus rein-
12
13
13
603
Post Cons. Mau-
2
stated.
13
14 -
14 - —
riciLXIX.
579 TO 603 A.D.
239
Ilepe
Htdon
Dattt
579
I T
North- Britain.
VlSTGOTHS
1 in Spain.
SUEVI IN
Spain.
Franks.
iSt AngSa. Essex' Wessex. Sussex. Kent.
| 8 Leovi-
11 Mirva.
Gontranl£
7Freod
- 2 Tity-
50 Erch
-20Ceaw-66Cissa
20 E-
gild.
Chliper. IS
wulf.
lus.
enwin
lin.
thel-
5 Ckilde-
Ella. 20
bert.
bert 11.
580
9
12
2C
6
1 Theo
doric.
Ella. 21
3
51
21
67
21
581
10
13
21
7
2 25
4
52
22
6S
22
5S2
11
1 Eburic.
22
8
3 22
5
53
23
69
23
5S3
12
1 Andica
23
9
4 24
6
54
24
70
24_
5S4
13
2
Subdued
Gontran 24
lOChild. 11
5 25
7
55
25
Conquer-
ed by
25
585
14
by Leovi-
gild.
Chlot.II. 1
25
6 26
8
56
26 ■
Oawlin
26
11 2
Mercia.
586
1 Reca-
redl.
26
12 3
7 27
9
57
27
lCridda.
27_
587
2
27
13 4
8 28
10
1 Sled-
da.
28
2
28
5S8
3
28
14 5
lEthel-
ric.
11
2
29
3
29
589
4
29
15 6
2
12
3
30
4
30
590
5
30
16 7
3
13
4
31
5
31
591
6
31
4
14
5
32 — -
6
39..
17 8
592
7
32
18 9
5
15
6
33
7
33 ,
593
8
33
lEthel-
16
7 — —
1 Ceol-
Cridda
31-.
1
19 10
frid.
ric.
slain ;
594
9
20 11
2—
17
8
2
usurpa-
tion of
35
595
10
21 12
3
18
9
3
Ceolric.
36
596
11
13
ITheod.II.
Thier.II.l
4
19
10
4
37—
597
12
14
2 2
5
20 — -
ISabert
1 Ceol-
wulf.
1 Wibba
38
598
13
15
3 3
6
21
2
2 ■
2
39
599
14
16
4 4
7
lRed-
wald.
3
3
3 .
W
600
15
17
5 5
8
2
4
4
4 <
a- —
601
ILiuvall.
18
6 6
9
3
5
5
5 '-
12
602
2
19
7 7
10
4
6
6 ■
6 <■
13
603
1 Witte- !
ric.
20
8 8
11
5
7
7
y
Ll
240
FROM THE TEAK
A.D.
580
582
583
584
5S5
588
589
Events jkd Eminent Mett.
591
Victories of Maurice over the Persians. Death of Chosroes. Marriage of Her-
menegild, son of Leovigild, with Ingundis, daughter of Sigebert and Brune-
hild.
Maurice obtains farther successes in Mesopotamia and Assyria. Death of Aus-
tregildis, Gontran's queen. Buzurg Mihir, the tutor and friend of Hormisdas,
introduces into Persia from India, the game of chess. Eulogius, bishop of
Alexandria.
Maurice concludes his fourth campaign, and returns to CP., where he is honourably
welcomed.
Death of Tiberius, Aug. 14, having previously given his daughter Constantina in
marriage to Maurice, and proclaimed him heir to the throne. ( Hermenegild,
converted by his wife Ingundis, and by Leander, the bishop of Seville, renounces
Arianism, and endeavours, by rebelling against his lather, to establish the
Mcene faith in Spain. John IV. succeeds Eutychius as bishop of CP, The five
extant books of Agathias written.
The retirement of Buzurg Mihir leaves Hormisdas under the influence of evil
counsellors. Menander writes his History.
Maurice appoints Philippicus, the husband of his sister Gordia, to command the
army in the East. The Dukes of Lombardy, distressed by ten years of anarchy,
unite in recognizing Autharis as their king, and order is restored among them.
Fredegonda kills her husband, Chilperic, and reigns in the name of her son,
Chlotair. The Suevi of Spain are finally overcome, and their territories oc-
cupied, by Leovigild. He also puts an end to the rebellion of his son Her-
menegild, who is put to death by him, and receives from the catholic church
the honours of a martyr and saint. Longinus is recalled, and Smaragdus ap-
pointed exarch of Ravenna. The Latin language is modified in Italy, Gaul,
and Spain, by admixture with Gothic dialects. Many native Gauls retire into
Armorica, where they preserve their Celtic tongue. Ceawlin defeats the Britons
at Fethanlea.
Philippicus harasses the Persians, while on another side, their country is invaded
by the Turks.
The Persian general, Bahram, repels the Turks. Death of Leovigild. Cridda
founds the last Saxon kingdom of Mercia. The British warriors retire to the
western side of the island, from Cornwall to the Clyde, and uniting in a general
league, call themselves Cymri.
The Avars, under their chagan (khan) Baian, harass Thrace, and threaten the
empire; Comentiolus is appointed to resist them. John of CP. assumes the
title of " (Ecumenical bishop," which leads to angry discussions between him
and Pelagius of Home. Gregory of Antioch tried and acquitted by a synod
atCP.
Philippicus is superseded by Priscus. War between Recared and Gontran ; the
Franks are defeated near Carcassone. A destructive fire at Paris. Ethelric, a
son of Ida, succeeds in Bernicia ; by the marriage of his son, Ethelfrid, with
Acca, daughter of Ella, king of Deira, the two kingdoms are united, and form
that of Northumberland. Death of Ella.
Comentiolus is placed at the head of the Roman army in the East, and Bahram at]
that of the Persians. The latter receives a total defeat, after which he revolts,
in consequence of having been reproved and insulted by Hormouz. Council of
Toledo ; Recared and the Visigoths conform to the Nicene creed. Priests are ;
forbidden to accuse each other before a civil magistrate.
Maurice crowns his son, Theodosius, set. 9. Hormouz is deposed and slain, with]
many of his family. His eldest son, Chosroes, is saved and proclaimed king.
He flies to Circesium, and places himself under the protection of Maurice.
Bahram for a time usurps the regal power. Joannes Gerundensis, or Biclaren-1
sis (see a.d. 569), ends his Chronicle. j
A Roman army under Narses restores Chosroes, who makes peace with Maurice. I
Bahram retires among the Turks, and dies soon afterwards. Agilulph, duke of
Turin, marries Theudelinda, widow of Autharis, and is acknowledged king of:
the Lombards.
-J
579 TO 6)3 A.D.
241
Events and Eminent Men.
592
593
594
595
598
599
600
601
Maurice recalls his forces from the East, to strengthen his army in Thrace against j
the Avars. He marches with them as far as Anchialus, whence he retires to j
CP., and leaves Priscus to command. An eclipse of the sun, March 19. Gregory
claims authority over foreign bishops and churches
Priscus drives the Avars across the Danube, and compels Baian to make peace.)
Peter, the brother of Maurice, is sent to take the command. Evagrius concludes
and publishes his history. Anastasius I. restored at Antioch (see a.d. 559, 570).
Peter breaks the peace with the Avars, and is defeated by them. Priscus is re-
instated in the command. Maurice attempts to reduce the pay of the soldiers ;
their mutiny appeased by revoking the edict. Death of Gontran ; his territo-
ries descend to Childebert. Amos, bishop of Jerusalem. Mohammed eaters
into the service of Cadijah, and soon afterwards marries her. Ethelbert is the
third Bretwalda.
Conference between Priscus and Baian, after which hostilities are resumed; the
Avars are defeated, and remain inactive for many months. The Lombards lay
waste the country round Rome, and cause great distress in the city. Gregory
prevails on them to withdraw. Cyriacus, bishop of CP. Venantius Fortunatus,
bishop of Poictiers.
Gregory sends Augustin and a train of monks to preach Christianity in Britain
(see his Ep. VI. 57, addressed to them, July 23); they are favourably received
by Ethelbert, king of Kent, and his queen, Bertha, daughter of the late Frank
king, Charibert (she being already a Christian). Dwellings are assigned to
them in Canterbury. Death of Childebert ; his dominions are divided between
his two sons, under the tutelage of their grandmother, Brunehild. Cyriacus
claims the title of " Oecumenical bishop," and is opposed by Gregory, who in
his letters styles himself "Servant of the servants of God.''' Isidore appointed
bishop of Seville.
Ceolwulf, great grandson of Cerdic, regains the throne of Wessex, and Wibba that
of Mercia. The missionaries make many converts in Kent and Essex. Augustin
goes to Aries, and is ordained bishop of the English.
Baian attacks Tomi, which is defended by Priscus. Death of Fredegonda. Co-
Iumhanus, expelled from Luxovium by Theodoric, takes refuge with Chlotair.
Comentiolus is defeated by the Avars. The Chagan offers to release twelve thou-l
sand prisoners for a ransom. Maurice refuses to pay this, on which they are
massacred by their captors. Through the degeneracy of the Frank monarchs,
the mayors of the palace gradually encroach on the royal authority. The
Gregorian chant introduced. Anastasius II. sixty-first, and last bishop of
Antioch.
Priscus defeats the Avars, but is again superseded in the command by Comentio-
lus. Marriage of the Csesar, Theodosius, set. 19. Death of Venantius Fortu-
natus.
Peter is again appointed to the command of the army on the Danube. Death of
Recared. Paulinus, Mellitus, and others, are sent to assist in the conversion of
Britain. Greg. Epist. xi. 76, June 17, to Mellitus, orders heathen temples not to
be destroyed, but used as Christian churches ; xi. 65, June 22, to Augustin (episc.
Anglorum); xi. 66, same date, to Ethelbert; and xi. 68, same date, to Virgilius,
bishop of Aries. Isacius, bishop of Jerusalem.
Revolt of Phocas ; he is proclaimed emperor. Flight of Maurice with his family ;
they are taken and put to death : as also, are Peter, Comentiolus, Germanus, and
others, Nov. 22. Maurice, est. 63. Augustin founds the cathedral and abbey of
Canterbury. Peter, the first abbot, is drowned on a voyage to France. Agilulph
and the Lombards renounce Arianism.
Chosroes declares v/ar against Phocas, to revenge the death of his benefactor,
Maurice. Liuva, a promising young prince, is assassinated, set. 22, by Witteric.
who usurps the Visigothic throne. Ethelfrid defeats the Scots at Degsasta.nj
(Egesanstane, Chron. Sax.) and the Cymri, near Caerlegion (Chester). Gregory
places the statues of Phocas and his empress, Leontia, in the Lateran, and con-
gratulates him on his elevation, Epist. xiii. 31. " Phocce Augusta. Gloria i?i Ex-
celsis.
242
FROM THE YEAR
Consuls op
Rome.
EXAECHS
Kingdom
Bishops
Sassaht-
A.D.
Hegi-
Easteen
OF
of
op
Aeabia
DES OP
604
EA.
Empibe.
Rayenna
L.OMBAEDY
Rome.
Peesia.
Phocas Aug.
3 Phocas.
3 Smarag-
14Agi-
1 Sabi-
15 Chos-
dus (2nd
lulph.
nianus.
roes
time).
Purvis.
605
Post Cons.
Phocas I.
4
4
15
2
16
606
2
Post Cons.
Phocse II.
5
5 _
16
3
17 .
607
o
ID
Post Cons.
Phocse III.
6
6
17
1 Boni-
facelll.
18
608
CD
Post Cons.
Phocse IV.
7
7
18
1 Boni-
face IV.
19
609
J!
Post Cons.
Phocse V.
8
8
19
2
20
610
Posi! Cons.
Phocse VI.
1 Hera-
clius.
9
20 —
3
21
611
HeracliusAug.
2
1 Joannes
Lemigius.
21
4
22
612
£3
PosZ Cons.
Heraclii I.
3
2
22
5
23
613
8^
Post Cons.
Heraclii II.
4 ■
3
23
6
24
614
=30
Post Cons.
Heraclii III.
5
4
24
7
25
615
•J °
Post Cons.
Heraclii IV.
6
5
1 Adal-
wald.
1 Deus-
dedit.
26
616
Post Cons.
Heraclii V.
7
lEleuthe-
rius.
2
2
27
617
o "
Post Cons. He-
raclii VI. sec.
Chron. Pasch.
Constantinus
Cass, sec, Epi-
2
3
3
28
phan.
618
**
Post Cons.
Heraclii VII.
9
3
4
4
29
619
Post Cons.
HeracliiVIII.
10
1 Isaac.
5
1 Boni-
faceV.
30
620
Post Cons.
Heraclii IX.
11
2
6
2
31
621
Post Cons.
Heraclii X.
12
3
7
3
32
i 622
1
Post Cons.
Heraclii XI.
13
4
8
4
1 Mo-
hammed
33
623
2
Post Cons.
Heraclii XII.
14
5
9
5
2
34
624
3
Post Cons. He-
raclii XIII.
15
6
10
6
3
35
625
4
Post Cons. He-
raclii XIV.
16
7
lAriwald.
lHono-
rius I.
4
36
626
5
Post Cons. He-
raclii XV.
17
8
2
2
5
37
627
6
Post Cons. He-
18
9
3 — — •
3
6
38
raclii XVI.
s
604 TO 627 A.D.
243
605
607
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
Visigoths
in Spain,
2 Witt©-
ric.
1 Gunde-
mar.
lSise-
bert.
2
3
4
5
1 Reca-
red II.
1 Suin-
tilla.
2
3
5
Chlotairll. 21
9TheodebertII.
Thierry II.
22
10
10
23
11
11
24
12
12
■ 25
Thierry II. 17
Chlotairll. 30
alone,
31
North-
umber-
land.
East
Anglia
Essex.
Britain.
Wessex. Mercia. Kent.
12Ethel
frid.
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22 .
23
24
1 Edwin
Red-
wald
8 Sabert,
9 — ;
10 —
11 . —
12
13
14
15
16
17 ■
flSaxred.
-i Sigebert
( Seward
2
1 Eorp-
wald.
2
1 Rich-
bert.
7
8
9
1 Sigebert
the Little,
2
3
4
8Ceoi
wulf. i
1 Cyne-
gils.
SWibba.
11 -
12 -
13 -
14 -
15 -
16 -
17 -
18 -
ICeorL
2 —
3 —
5
6
8
10
11
IPenda
2
R 2
45Ethel-
bert.
48
49
50
51
52
53 —
54
55
56
lEad-
bald.
2
244
FROM THE TEAK
Events and Eminent Men.
605
606
607
60S
611
612
615
816
Chosroes invades the Roman provinces. Phocas gives his daughter in marriage
to Priscus. Sabert and his subjects embrace Christianity. Mellitus, first bishop
of London, and Justus of Rochester. The church of St. Paul, in London, built
by Ethelbert. Augustin dies, May 26, and is succeeded by Laurentius. Death
of Gregory I.
Phocas begins his cruelties. Constantina, the widow of Maurice, is tortured, and
afterwards beheaded with her daughters. Narses is decoyed to CP. and burnt
alive. The hippodrome is defaced by the heads and mangled bodies of the ty-
rant's numerous victims.
Chosroes conquers Mesopotamia. Columbanus visits Theodebert, and is protected
by him. Ethelbert gives his people a code of laws.
Chosroes crosses the Euphrates and overruns Syria, Palestine, and Phoenicia.
Phocas concedes to Boniface III. the supremacy of Rome over all Christian
churches. Death of Cyriacus; Thomas, bishop of CP., and Theodorus succeeds
Eulogius at Alexandria.
The atrocities of Phocas cause his son-in-law Priscus to invite Heraclius, the
younger, from Africa, for the purpose of putting a stop to them. The Pantheon
(built by Agrippa, b.c. 25) is consecrated by Boniface IV. as the church of Sta.
Maria ad Martyres (o della Rotonda).
The Persians are masters of Asia Minor, and penetrate to the Bosphorus. The Avars
occupy Thrace. The mal-administration and tyranny of Phocas produce uni-
versal misery. John IV. bishop of Alexandria, and Zacharias, of Jerusalem.
Heraclius proceeds to CP. with the African navy, and a part of the army ; Nice-
tas marches with the remaining forces by land. On the arrival of the former,
Phocas is given up to him and beheaded, Oct. 5. Heraclius is proclaimed Em-
peror. Priscus, at first entrusted with the command in Cappadocia, retires into
a monastery. Nicetas is married to a daughter of Heraclius. Witteric is slain,
and G-undemar succeeds him as king of the Visigoths. On the approach of the
Persians, the Jews of Antioch attack the Christians, and kill the bishop, Anas-
tasius; the see remains vacant nineteen years. Sergius succeeds Thomas, as
bishop of CP. Theophylactus Simocatta writes his History ; after the fall of
Phocas, he recites a Monody on the death of Maurice, " interrupted by the tears
of his audience." Mohammed announces himself as a prophet, and begins to
teach Islamism.
The Persians take Apamea and Edessa. Birth of Epiphania, daughter of Hera-
clius and Eudocia. Joannes Philoponus (see a.d. 568) still writes on philosophy,
astronomy, grammar, and theology.
Birth of Constantine, son of Heraclius. Death of the empress Eudocia. Corona-
tion of the infant princess Epiphania, Csesarea, in Cappadocia, taken by the
Persians. Theodebert murdered at the instigation of Brunehild ; his domi-
nions seized by his brother Thierry. Columbanus, having reproved them
for the bloody deed, saves his life by flight. Agilulf gives him the valley, in
which he founds the monastery of Bobium. Isidore, bishop of Seville, writes
his History.
Heraclius crowns his son Constantine. Syria is invaded by the Saracens. Death
of Thierry. Chlotair unites under his government all the territories of the
Franks ; he puts to death the guilty Brunehild. The youthful Ali (set; 14) be-
comes Mohammed's vizir. The Koreish begin their opposition to the prophet.
Damascus and Jerusalem taken by the Persians. Distressed state of the Eastern
empire. Heraclius makes an ineffectual attempt to negotiate with Chosroes.
He marries his niece, Martina, Defeat of the Cyniri at Beandune, by Cynegils
and Cuichelm. On the death of Sabert, his three sons reign conjointly in Es-
sex, and relapse into heathenism. Death of Columbanus in his retreat at
Bobium.
Birth of another prince, to whom the name of Constantine is given. Death of
Agilulph ; his widow, Theudelinda, governs Lombardy in the name of their son
Adalwald.
The Persians conquer Alexandria and Egypt, while another army encamps at
Chalcedon. Their general, Saen, introduces to Chosroes an embassy from He-
raclius, for which he is flaj-qd alive, and the ambassador imprisoned. Death ofj
604 TO 627 A.D.
245
Events and Eminent Men.
618
619
620
Ethelbert. His son, Eadbald, restores the Pagan worship. Redwald is the
fourth Bretwalda. The bishops Mellitus and Justus leave England, but are
recalled by Laurentius, who succeeds in converting Eadbald to Christianity
On the approach of the Persians, the bishop John flies from Alexandria to Cy
prus, and George is appointed in his place.
The Persians take Chalcedon. Ethelfrid is defeated and slain by Redwald, who
places Edwin on the throne of Northumberland. Joannes Philoponus writes
his Commentary on Aristotle, set. 92.
Heraclius, still inactive at CP., makes another vain effort to conclude a treaty of
peace with Chosroes.
Heraclius, while holding a conference with Baian, is treacherously attacked by the
Avars, and escapes with difficulty. The exarch Eleutherius fails in an attempt
to make himself emperor, and is killed. On the death of Laurentius, Mellitus
is the third archbishop of Canterbury.
Ancyra taken by the Persians. Peace concluded with the Avars. Death of
Sisebert; he is succeeded on the throne of the Visigoths by his son Recared,
yet a child.
Heraclius is roused from his inactivity by the danger ef the empire, and makes
vigorous efforts to contend with \he Persians. Recared sorvives his father only
seven months ; the Visigoths elect Suintilla in his place.
Heraclius departs from CP. April 5, and lands at Alexandria on the Issus (Scan-
deroon), recovers Cilicia, defeats the Persians, places his army in secure winter
quarters, on the banks of the Halys, and returns to CP. Flight of Moham-
med from Mecca to Yathreb, afterwards called Medina, where he is received
as a prophet and prince* The Era of the Hegira commences July 16. George
of Pisidia, who was present in this year's campaign, celebrates the success of
Heraclius.
Heraclius, accompanied by the empress Martina, leaves CP. in March, crosses the
Euxine, lands at Trebizond, occupies Armenia, takes Thebarma (Ooramiah),
the birth-place of Zoroaster, reconquers Colchis and Iberia, and winters in Alba-
nia, having released 50,000 captives. Chosroes declines either to fight or treat
for peace. Mohammed achieves his first victory over the Koreish, in the vale
of Beder ; is afterwards defeated by them on Mount Ohud. He overcomes and
expels the Jews of Medina. Suintilla takes the few remaining places in Spain,
that were still held by the Greek empire. Edwin is the fifth Bretwalda.
Heraclius penetrates into Persia, and takes Ispahan; he surprizes and defeats Sar-
baraza, at Salban, where he rests during the winter. On the death of Mellitus,
Justus is translated to Canterbury from Rochester, where Romauus succeeds
him.
In the spring, Heraclius carries away an immense booty from Persia, crosses the
Tigris and Euphrates, recovers Amida and Samosata, and returns to the banks
of the Halys. The Koreish are foiled by Mohammed, in their third expedition
of " the Nations," or " the Ditch." Paulinus, bishop of the Northumbrians.
Letters of Boniface V. before his death, to Edwin and his queen Ethelberga.
Isidore of Seville is still employed in writing his History.
Chosroes raises three armies, one of which, under Sarbar, encamps at Chalcedon,
to besiege CP. On the other side, the Avars break through the long wall and
advance to the gates of the city. After many unsuccessful assaults, the siege
is abandoned, Aug. 8. Heraclius also divides his army into three parts, one of
which, under his brother Theodorus, gains an important victory. He contracts
an alliance with the Turks, who pass through the Caspian gates, and invade
Persia. Eumer, a West Saxon, fails in his attempt to assassinate Edwin, king of
Northumberland. George of Pisidia addresses to the patriarch Sergius his
poem on the siege of CP.
Heraclius, with his Turkish allies, penetrates into Assyria, defeats and kills the
Persian general, Rhazates, near the site of Nineveh, and occupies the palace of
Dastagerd. Consternation and flight of Chosroes. Rebellion of his son, Siroes.
Edwin, king of Northumberland, embraces Christianity, and builds the first
minster of wood, at York. His example is followed by Eorpwald, of East An-
glia, who is soon afterwards slain, and his throne usurped by the pagan. Richbert.
246
FROM THE TEAS
A.D.
Hegi-
EA.
CONSULS OP
Rome.
Eastern
Empirb,
Exarchs
OF
Ravenna.
KlNGDOH
OF
LOMBARDY
Bishops
of
Rome.
Arabia.
Sassani-
DE3 OF
Persia.
1 Siroes.
628
7
Post Cons. He-
19 Hera-
10 Isaac.
4Ariwald.
4Hono-
7 Mo-
raclii XVII.
clius.
riusl.
ham-
med.
1 Ard-
shir.
629
8
Post Cons. He-
raclii XVIII.
20
11
5
5
8
lTooran-
dokiu.
630
9—10
Post Cons. He-
21
12
6
6-
9
2
raclii XIX.
631
10—11
Post Cons.~H.e-
raclii XX.
22
13
7
7
10
ICesra.
632
11—12
Post Cons. He-
raclii XXI.
23
14
8
8
lAbu-
beker.
lYezde-
jerdlll.
633
12—13
Post Cons. He-
raclii XXII.
24
15
9
9
'2
2 -■_
634
13—14
Post Cons. He-
25
16
10
10 1( . ,
3
raclii XXIII.
635
14—15
Post Cons. He-
raclii XXIV.
26 — -
17
11
11
2
4
1 636 [15 — ■ 16
Post Cons. He-
raclii XXV.
27
18
IRotharis.
12
3
5
J 637 16—17
Post Cons. He-
raclii XXVI.
28
19
2
13
4
6
638 [17—18
Post Cons. He-
racliiXXVII,
29
1 Plato.
3
14
5
7
639 '18—19
|
Post Cons. He-
rac. XXVIII.
30
2
4
No bish-
op.
6
8 ■
640 19—20
Post Cons. He-
31
3 — —
5
Severi-
7
q
raclii XXIX.
nus, 2
months.
1 John
IV.
641
1
20—21
Post Cons. He-
raclii XXX.
Constan-
tineIII.(c>r
Heraclius
II.)l03days
Heracleo-
n&s,8 mths.
1 Constans
4
6
2
8
10
I
642 21—22
Constans Aug.
2 ■
5 _
7 —
lTheo
dorus.
9
11
643 22—23
The dating
6
8
2
10
12
of years by
Consulships
1
644
23—24
ceases. Mura-
tori.
4
7
9 —
3
10th-
man.
13
645
24—25
5
8
10
4
2
14
646
26
6
D —
11
5
3
15
647
27
7
10
12 —
6 —
4
16
648
28
■8
lTheodo-
rus.
13
7
5
17
649
29
9
1 Olym-
pius.
14-
1 Mar-
tin I.
6
18
650 ,30
10
2
15
2
7
19
|
*
628 TO 650 A.D.
247
Eepe-
tition
Dates.
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
642
643
644 i
645
646
647
648
649
650
Visigoths
in Spain.
8 Suin-
tilla.
1 Sise-
nand.
2
4
5
1 Chin-
tilla.
2
Franks
H
1 Tulga.
1 Chinta-
suinthus.
1 Dago-
bert I
2
3
4
8
10
1 Sige-
bertll.
ClovisII
2 2
3 —
North-
umber-
land.
East
Britain.
Anglia. Essex. Wessex. Sussex. Mercia. Kent.
10
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
0 10
11 11
12 12
13 18
12 Ed-
win.
13
14
15
16
17
1 Os-
wald.
2
3
4
5
6
7
2 Rich-
bert.
1 Sige-
bert.
2 -
1 Ecgric.
2
3
1 Anna
2
3
4
5
1 Oswy
2
3
4
5
6
8
6 Sige-
bert the
Little.
7
8 I
18Cyne
gils.
19
120
L_
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30 —
1 Ken-
walk
3 Penda.
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
13 Ead-
bald.
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
lEarcon-
bert,
lEthel-
walch.
248
FROM THE TEAK
A.D.
628
630
631
<;;>i
635
Events and Eminent Men.
Chosroes deposed and slain, Feb. 28. Siroes, by a treaty of peace, restores to the
Romans all that had been taken from them. Heraclius returns in triumph to
CP. George of Pisidia writes his Heracliad. Siroes, after a reign of seven
months, is murdered, and Ardshir placed on the throne of Persia. Death of
Chlotair; his son Dagobert refuses to divide the kingdom with his brothers.
Battle of Cirencester, between the West Saxons and Mercians, followed by a
treaty of peace.
Heraclius visits Jerusalem. Ardshir is slain by Shakriah, who in a few days
meets the same fate, and Toorandokht, a daughter of Chosroes, is made queen of
Persia. Mohammed conquers Mecca ; many Arabian tribes submit to him : he
invades Palestine ; his first war against the Romans ; battle of Muta. Sige-
bert, son of Redwald, recovers the throne of East Anglia ; he introduces Chris-
tianity, and founds schools. Modestus succeeds Zacharias, bishop of Jerusalem.
Heraclius, in a conference at Hierapolis, originates the Monothelite controversy.
Mohammed makes peace with Heraclius, and is acknowledged in all the coun-
try between the Euphrates and the Red Sea. Cyrus, the last bishop of Alex-
andria.
After many revolutions in Persia, Cesra is made king. Felix, bishop of East j
Anglia, fixes his see at Dummoc (Dunwich). Fursey builds a monastery at Cno- j
bersburg (Burgh Castle, in Suffolk).
Death of Mohammed, June 7, set. 63. His successor, Abu Beker, sends an army
into Syria, under Abu Obeidah and Caled. They reduce Anbar and Hira. Siege
and capture of Bosra. The Persians depose Cesra and elect Yezdejerd for king.
The Era of Yezdejerd commences, June 17, 3624 days after the Hegira. Sige-
bert, king of East Anglia, retires into a monastery, and is succeeded by Ecgric.
The Mohammedans besiege Damascus, and defeat the army of Heraclius at Ajna-
din. Penda the Mercian, and Cadwalla the Briton, make war on Edwin, king
of Northumberland, who is defeated and slain, Oct. 12, in the battle of Heath-
field (Hatfield Chase). His widow, Ethelberga, flies to her brother Eadbald in
Kent, accompanied by Paulinus, who is appointed bishop of Rochester. So-
phronius, the last bishop of Jerusalem.
Damascus taken by the Saracens. Death of Abu Beker, Aug. 23, sat. 63. On the
death of Edwin, his nephew Osric, and Eanfrid, son of Ethelfrid, divide the
kingdom of Northumberland, but are soon overcome and slain by Cadwalla.
He, too, then falls in battle against Oswald, who, having rallied the Northum-
brians, is, after his victory, made their king and the sixth Bretwalda. Birinus
preaches Christianity to the West Saxons.
Abu Obeidah and Caled lay siege to Emesa. Their operations are stopped by a
truce for a year, concluded with Heraclius. Penda attacks East Anglia ; Sige-
bert is dragged from his monastery to take the field against him, and is slain in
battle, together with Ecgric. Anna succeeds to the throne. Oswald builds the
first minster of stone in York. Cynegils, king of Wessex, is baptized, and makes
Birinus bishop of Dorcic (Dorchester, near Oxford). Oswald gives Lindisfarne,
or Holy Island, to be the see of bishop Aidan.
The Roman army destroyed by the Saracens in a battle of several days, near the
river Hieromax, or Yermuk. The greatest part of Syria subdued. Another
Moslem army defeats the Persians at Cadesia. Bassorah founded. The coun-
cil of Toledo recognizes Chintilla king of the Visigoths, and fixes the succession
in his family. On the death of Ariwald, his widow, Gundeberga, marries Rotha-
ris, duke of Brescia, and raises him to the throne of Lombardy. Baptism and
death of Cuichelm, son of Cynegils. Death of Isidore of Seville, April 4.
Emesa, Balbec, and Jerusalem taken by the Saracens. Said crosses the Tigris,
and plunders Ctesiphon, or Modain, which is deserted for the new city of Cufa.
The Persians are defeated near Jaloulah, and Yezdejerd retires to Ferganah.
Heraclius, unable to resist the Mohammedans, retires to CP. Antioch, Csesarea,
and Beraea (Aleppo) surrender ; the conquest of Syria is completed. Heraclius
occupies himself with the Monothelite controversy, and publishes his Ecthesis,
or Exposition of Faith. Rotharis takes Perusia, and in a bloody battle defeats
the Exarch Isaac, who is replaced by Plato. Death of Dagobert ; his two sons
628 TO 650 A.D.
249
A.D.
639
640
643
644
645
6-16
647
648
649
650
Events and Eminent Men.
succeed, Clovis to Neustria and Burgundy, Sigebert to Austrasia. Death of
Honorius, Oct. 16, after which Rome had no bishop for 19 months.
The plague rages in Syria ; death of Abu Obeidah, set. 58. Amrou invades Egypt ;
his progress is aided by the Jacobite or Monophysite Copts. The mayors of
the palace are all-powerful in France. Anna enlarges and endows the monas-
tery of Fursey at Cnobersburg. Pyrrhus, bishop of CP.
Alexandria taken by the Saracens, Dec. 22. (The reported interview between
Amrou and Joannes Philoponus, and the destruction of the great library. Very
doubtful.) Death of Eadbald, king of Kent. His son, Earconbert, destroys all
idols in his dominions. Severinus, consecrated bishop of Rome, May 28, resists
the Ecthesis of Heraclius ; he dies after a short pontificate, and is succeeded,
with an interval of five months, by John IV. Omar forbids Mohammedans to
navigate the sea.
Death of Heraclius, Feb. 10. His joint successors are Constantine III. (his son
by Eudocia), and Heracleonas (his son by Martina). The former dies, May 24,
supposed to have been poisoned : the latter is banished, with his mother, Oct. 5,
and Constans II., son of Constantine III., is declared emperor, sst. 12. Con-
quests of Rotharis in the north-western parts of Italy. Death of Arechis or
Arigisus, who, during a reign of fifty years, had much enlarged the duchy of
Beneventum. Pyrrhus deposed, and Paul appointed bishop of CP.
The Mohammedans continue their conquests in Persia, and defeat Yezdejerd at
Nehavend. Istria and Dalmatia are invaded by the Sclavonians. Ajo, duke of
Beneventum, is slain by them, and succeeded by Radoaldo, who repulses the in-
vaders. Oswald, king of Northumberland, falls in battle against Penda; his
brother, Oswy, succeeds him, and is the seventh Bretwalda.
Rotharis publishes- his code of laws for the Lombards. Death of Cynegils, king of
Wessex. His son, Kenwalk, succeeds him.
The Persian Mohammedans venerate Ali, and form the sect of Shiites, in opposition
to the Sonnites, or orthodox Moslem. The caliph Omar assassinated by a Per-
sian. Egypt flourishes under the administration of Amrou ; he is recalled by
the new caliph, Othman, and Abdallah appointed in his place. Oswin, son of
Osric (see a.d. 634), claims the kingdom of Deiri; but finding himself unable
to contend with Oswy, he disbands his forces and takes refuge with Eai'l Hun-
wald. Death of Paulinus ; Ithamar succeeds him as bishop of Rochester.
Constans and Paul favour the Monothelites. Pyrrhus, the deposed bishop of CP.,
recants his heresy at Rome. The reputation of Rotharis keeps the Avars and
Slavonians quiet, and preserves peace in Italy. Penda conquers Wessex ; Ken-
walk takes refuge in East Anglia. Chintasuinthus wishes to encourage learn-
ing in Spain, and deputes the bishop of Saragossa to obtain from Pope Theodorus
the works of Gregory the Great : he reforms the Visigothic code.
Gregory, the praetorian prefect of Africa, assumes the purple. Theodorus excom-
municates Paul of CP., and Cyrus, the expelled bishop of Alexandria.
Abdallah advances from Egypt into Roman Africa. Defeat and death of Gregory.
Grimoald succeeds his brother Radoaldo, as duke of Beneventum.
Moawiyah conquers Cyprus. The Saracens advance into Khorasan. Constans
issues his " Type," or model of faith. Kenwalk recovers Wessex, and builds
Winchester cathedral. Sussex again independent under Ethelwalch. On the
death of Felix, Thomas, from the province of the Gervii, is appointed bishop of
the East Angles.
The island of Aradus, on the coast of Phoenicia, is taken by Moawiyah. Constans
orders the new Exarch Olympius, to enforce the adoption of his " Type," by the
Western Church. It is rejected by the First Lateran Council, at which the
celibacy of the clergy is also more strictly ordained.
Isauria subdued by the Saracens. Constans plunders many orthodox churches in
Italy ; his attempt on that of St. Michael, on Mount Garganus, in Apulia, is re-
pelled by Grimoaldo, duke of Beneventum. Oswin, the titular king of Deiri,
is murdered by Oswy, at Ingethlingum (Gilling). Death of Aidan, bishop of
Lindisfarne ; Finan succeeds him. Agilbert made bishop of Dorcic, on the
death of Birinus.
250
FEOM THE TEAK
A.D.
Heoi- 1
EA.
Eastern
Empire,
Exarohs
OF
Ravenna.
Kingdom
of
Lombaedy
FlSHOTfe-
OF
Rome.
Arabia.
Sassani-
DES OF
Persia.
Visigoths
in Spaijt.
651
652
31
32
11 Con-
stans II.
12
3 Olym-
pius.
1 Theodo-
rus, re-
instated.
16 Rotha-
ris.
IRodoald.
3 Martin I.
4
8 Othman.
9
Finally
subdued
by the
Sara-
cens.
11 Chinta-
auinthus.
12
658
33
13
2
1 Aribert
I.
5
10
1 Reche-
suinthus.
654
34
14
3
2
6
11
2
655
35
15
4
3
1 Euge-
nius I.
lAli.
3
656
36
16
5
4
2
2
4
657
37
17
6
5
1 Vitalia-
nus.
3
5
658
38
18
7
6
2
4
6
659
39
19
8
7 ■
3
5
7
660
40
20
9
8
4
6
8
661
662
41
42^3
21
22
10
11
1 Bertari-
dus and
Gondi-
bert.
lGrimoald
5
6
1 Hasan.
1 Moawi-
yahl.
2
9
10
663
43—44
23
12
2
7
3
11
. 664
665
44 45
24
25
13
14
3
8
9
4
12
45—46
4
5
13
686
46—47
26
1 Gregory.
5
10
14 —
667
47—48
27
2
6
11
7 -
15
668
4S—49
lConstan-
tine IV.
or Pogo-
natus.
3
'"
12
■~i
16 — 1
651 TO 668 A.D.
251
Repe-
tition
Dates.
France.
Northum-
berland.
East
Anglia.
B
Essex. Wessex.
aiTAIN.
Sussex. MEROii. Kent.
651
652
14 Sige-
bert II.
Clovis
II. 14
15 15
10 Oswy.
11
17 Anna.
18
29Sigebe.rt
the Little.
30
9 Ken-
walk.
10
4Ethel-
walch.
5
26 Pen-
da.
27
12 Ear-
conbert.
13
653
16 16
12
19
31
11
6
28
14
654
17 17
13
1 Ethel-
here.
32
12 —
7
29
15 .
655
18 18
14
1 Ethel-
wald.
lSigebert
the Good.
13
8
IPeada.
16
656
Chlotair
III. 1
15
2
2
14
9
2 -* —
17
657
2
16
3
3
15
10
1 Wulf-
here.
18
65S
3
17
4
4
16
11
2
19
659
4
18
5
5
17
12
3
20
660
661
5
1 Childe-
ric II.
2 6
19
20
6
7
6
1 Suid-
helm;
18
19
13
14
4
5
21
22
662
3 7
21
8
20
15
6
23
663
4 8
22
9
1 Sighere
and Sebbi.
21
16
7
24
664
5 9
23
1 Ald-
wulf.
2
22
17
8
lEgbert.
665
6 — -10
24
2
3
23
18
9
2
666
7 11
25
3
4
24
19
10
3
667
8 12
26 ■
4
5
25
20
11
4 —
668
9 13
27
5 .i
6
26
21
12
5
252
FROM THE YEAS
A.D.
652
653
654
656
657
65S
Events and Eminent Men.
Death of Yezdejerd, and end of the Persian kingdom. Grasolfo, duke of Friuli,
is succeeded by Ago ; and Deodelapio, duke of Spoleto, by Azzo. Oswy sends
to Kent for Eanfieda, daughter of his predecessor, Edwin, and marries ber.
Penda invades Northumberland, and retires, after a vain attempt to bum Bam-
borough. Emmeran preaches Christianity to the Bavarians. Origin of the
Paulician sect at Samosata.
Death of Rotharis, king of the Lombards. Kenwalk defeats the Britons at Brad-
ford on the Avon. Olympius, having failed in his attempt to introduce the
" Type," is recalled by Constans, and Theodorus re-appointed Exarch of Ra-
V 6 11113, •
Rhodes taken by the Mohammedans ; the remains of the Colossus (erected B.C.
288, and thrown down B.C. 227) are broken up and carried away. Death of Chin-
tasuinthus king of Spain. Rodoald, son and successor of Rotharis, is assas-
sinated by'one of his subjects, whose wife he had violated; the Lombards elect
Aribert, a Bavarian, for their king. The Exarch with an armed force seizes
Martin ' and conveys him to the island of Naxos. Peada, the eldest son of
Penda, 'is converted to Christianity, with many of the Middle Saxons or Mer-
cians; he marries Elfleda, daughter of Oswy. Honorius dies and is succeeded by
Deus-dedit, sixth Archbishop of Canterbury. On the death of Thomas, Bertgils,
or Boniface, is appointed bishop of the East Angles. The eighth council of
Toledo composed of bishops and nobles, enacts, with the concurrence of the
new king, Rechesuinthus, many laws both for Church and State.
Martin is conducted to CP., publicly stripped of his pontifical robes, and imprisoned.
After long hesitation, the Roman clergy elect Eugenius in his place. The Sa-
racens begin to be generally discontented with their caliph, Othman, many
letters and orders having been forged in his name by his secretary Merwan.
Anna, king of the East Angles, falls in battle against Penda. Botolph builds
the church of Yceanho (Boston). ,,_,„■ _. , -. „- .
Constans is defeated by Moawiyah in a naval battle off the coast of Syria. The
caliph Othman, is assassinated June 18, set. 82. Ali is elected to succeed him.
Martin is banished to Chersonesus, where he soon afterwards dies. Victory of
Oswy at Winwidfield, near Leeds ; Penda, king of Mercia, and Ethelhere of
East Anglia, are slain. Peada succeeds to the throne of Mercia, and introduces
Christianity there. He appoints Diuma bishop of Repington, and founds the
monastery of Medeshamstede (Peterborough). Ninth council of Toledo. Pyrr-
hus restored as bishop of CP., dies in five months, and is succeeded by Peter.
Moawiyah revolts against Ali, and is supported by Ayesha, the widow of Mo-
hammed Amrou, Telha, and Zobeir. These dissensions suspend the conquests
of the Saracens. Victory of Ali on " the day of the Camel." Telha and Zo-
beir slain. Ayesha, made prisoner, is sent to Medina. Grimoald, mayor of the
palace, endeavours to raise his son to the throne of Austrasia, on the death of
Sigebe'rt. This attempt involves him in destruction. Clovis II. dies soon
after and his son Chlotair III. is for a time sole king of France. The new pa-
triarch of CP. sends to Eugenius an unsatisfactory exposition of his faith,
which causes great commotions at Rome among priests and people.
Campaign of Ali and Moawiyah on the plain of Seffein. Vain efforts to settle
their quarrel by single combat or arbitration. Insurrection of the Karegites
against Ali. Peada treacherously murdered ; his brother Wulphere becomes
king of Mercia. Ildefonso appointed bishop of Toledo.
Constans takes the field against the Slavonians and repulses them. Amrou is
sent by Moawiyah into Egypt, and expels Ali's partizans. Kenwalk defeats
the Britons at Peonna (Pen). The abbot Maximus, a zealous opponent of the
Monothelites, is condemned by Constans to amputation of his tongue, and
Hi subdues the Karegites. Moawiyah fails in his attempt to take Bassorah ; he
offers terms of peace to the emperor Constans, which are rejected. The two
rival caUphs publicly pray for each other, while they are waging fierce war.
Cedd appointed bishop of the East Saxons by Sigebert; he builds churches a.t
Tilsbury (Tilbury), and Ythanceaster (probably Witham).
651 TO 668 A.D.
253
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
663
667
Constans, having first compelled his brother Theodosius to be ordained a deacon,
puts him to death, and is ever after tormented by the keenest remorse. Ali, est.
63, is assassinated by a Karegite ; another attempts the life of Moawiyah, but
fails. Hasan the eldest son of Ali, is elected caliph. Aribert finishes and
endows the church of S. Salvatore at Pavia. Agilbert goes to France, and is
made bishop of Paris. Wini succeeds him at Winchester ; Colman is made
bishop of Lindisfarne, on the death of Finan.
Hasan resigns the caliphate, and Moawiyah becomes the undisputed sovereign
of the Saracenic empire. Another rebellion of the Karegites is quelled. Amrou
governor of Egypt. Death of Aribert, and division of Lombardy between his
two sons. Wulphere takes the Isle of Wight, and gives it to Ethelwalch, king
of Sussex ; Eappa is sent to preach Christianity there.
Constans, detested by all classes, leaves CP. and goes to Italy. The Senate and
people detain the empress and his sons. Strife between the two young kings
of Lombardy. Gondibert applies to Grimoald, duke of Beneventum, for assist-
ance, and is murdered by him. Bertaridus seeks the protection of the Avars
in Pannonia. Grimoald, left master of Lombardy, is chosen king.
Constans collects an army and invades Beneventum. On the approach of Gri-
moald, he abandons the enterprise, but during his retreat, is attacked and de-
feated by Micola, Count of Capua. He after this visits Kome, and carries away
whatever he can seize, among other things the brazen tiles of the Pantheon.
With this booty he retires to Syracuse. Death of Amrou. Vitalianus enjoins
the services of the church to be read in Latin, throughout all Christendom.
Bertaridus surrenders himself to Grimoald and is kindly received ; but afterwards,
fearing for his life, he withdraws secretly into France. The attendants, who
had assisted his escape, are pardoned and rewarded by Grimoald, and allowed to
follow their master. Moawiyah appoints as his lieutenant in Persia, India,
and the East, his half-brother, Ziyad, " the greatest man of the age." Hilda,
abbess of Streaneshalch (Sinus Fari, JBede. Littoris Angulus. Somner: now
Whitby). A Synod held in this abbey to fix the proper time for celebrating
Easter. Colman's opinion being over-ruled there, he retires into Scotland.
Tuda, who succeeds him as bishop of Lindisfarne, dies of the pestilence now
raging in Britain. The kings Earconbert and Ethelwald, and Deus-dedit, arch-
bishop of Canterbury, are carried off by it. The sun eclipsed, May 1st.
Chlotair attempting to restore Bertaridus is defeated near Asti, by Grimoald. Con-
stans distresses Sicily and southern Italy by heavy taxes. Okbah or Akbah,
sent by Moawiyah to conquer Africa. Wilfrid, abbot of Rhypum (Ripon), is or-
dained bishop of Lindisfarne, afterwards archbishop of York ; Chad, abbot of Les-
tingau f Lastingham), bishop of Repton, and then removes the see to Lichfield.
Grimoald, having invited the Avars to repress the rebellion of Lupus, duke of
Friuli, is obliged to expel these allies from his kingdom. During an alterca
tion between Vitalianus and Maurus, bishop of Ravenna, Constans declares the
latter exempt from the authority of Rome, and instructs the new Exarch, Gre
gory, to enforce his edict. Abdarrhaman, the son of Caled, is poisoned in Syria,
and Hejer, a noted follower of Ali, beheaded. Council of Emerita (Merida),
held by lldefonso. Thomas II. patriarch of CP.
The Exarch Gregory fails in an effort to arrest the progress of the Mohamme
dans in Africa ; they conquer Numidia, and advance into Mauritania. Reche
suinthus reduces the Basque provinces in Spain, and revises the laws of his
kingdom. Wighard is sent to Rome, to be consecrated archbishop of Canter-
bury, and dies there of the plague.
Moawiyah revokes Omar's interdict against navigation, and sends his son Yezib,
by sea, with a powerful army to besiege CP. In fruitless attacks, the Mohamme-
dans lose many men, and among them Abu Jyub. On the approach of winter,
they retire to Cyzicus. Constans assassinated in a bath at Syracuse, July 15,
set. "56. The Sicilians set up a handsome youth, named Mecezius, as emperor,
Grimoald revises and extends the code of Rotharis ; his son, Romoaid, adds Ta-
rentum and Brundusium, to the duchy of Beneventum. Theodore, of Tarsus,
consecrated at Rome, archbishop of Canterbury. John V. patriarch of CP.
?54
FEOM THE YEAR
A.D.
Hegt-
RA.
Eastern
ElIPIEE.
Exarchs
op
Ravenna.
Kingdom
of
lombardy
Bishops
of
Rome.
Arabia.
Visigoths
in Spain.
France.
669
49—50
2Constan-
4 Gregory.
8 Grimo-
13 Vitali-
9Moawi-
17 Reche-
Chlotair
tine IV.
ald.
anus.
yah I.
suinthus.
III. 14
or Pogo-
10 Chime-
hatus.
ric II,
670
50—51
3
5
9
14
10
18
11
Thierry
III.* 1
671
51—52
4
o — -~
1 Berta-
ridus re-
stored.
15
11
19
12 2
672
52—53
5
7 —
2
1 Adeo-
datus.
12 —
lWamba.
13 3
673
53—54
6
8
3
2
13
2
14 4
674
54—55
7
9
4
3
14
3
5
1 Dago-
berl II.
675
55—56
8
10
5
4
15
4
2 6
676
56—57
9 r
11
6
1 Dom-
nusl.
16
5
3 7
677
57—58
10
12
7
2
17
6
4 8
678
59
11
1 Theodo-
1
8 1 Agatho.
18
7
5 9
ras 11.
Cunibert 1
679
60
12
2
9 2
2
19
8
6 10
,Thier-
rylll.ll
6S0
61
13
3 —
10 3
3
lYezidl.
1 Ervi-
gius.
< 1 Martin
I & Pepin
^Dukes.
681
62
14
4 ""
11 4
4
2
2
12
1 Pepin
alone.
6S2
63
15
5 — —
12 5
1 Leo II.
o
3 — —
2 13
6S3
64
16
6
13 6
None.
lMoaTri-
yah II.
4
3 14
>6S4
65
17
7
14 7
1 Bene-
dict II.
1 Mer-
wan I.
5
4 15
685
66
1 Justi-
nian II.
8
15 8
UohnV.
lAbdal-
melik.
6
5 16
686
67
2
9
16 9
1 Conon.
2
7
6 17
687
68
3
1 Joannes
Plato.
17 10
1 Sergi-
us I.
o ^___
1 Egica.
7 18
688
69
4
2
11 Cuni-
bert.
2
4
2
8 19
6S9
70
5
3
12
3
5
3
9 20
669 TO 689 A.D.
255
hepa-
titrion
Bates.
Northum-
berland.
East
Anglia.
Britain or England.
Essex. Wessex. Sussex. Mercia.
Kent.
669
28 Oswy.
6 Aldwulf.
7 Sighere
and Sebbi.
27 Ken-
walk.
22 Ethel-
walch.
13 Wulf-
here.
6 Egbert.
670
1 Egfrid.
7
8
28
23
14
7
671
2
8
9
29
24
15
8
672
3
9
10
1 Sex-
burga.
•25
16
9
673
4
10
11
2
26 —
17
1 Lothere.
674
5
11
12
1 Escwin.
27
18
2
675
6
12
13
2
28
1 Ethel-
red.
3
676
7 —
13
14
1 Kent-
win.
29
2
4
677
8
14 , i
15
2
30
3
5 •
678
9
15
16
3
31
4
6
679
10
16
17
4
32
5
7
680
11
17 - — ■
IS
5
33
8
681
12
18
19
6
34
7
9
682
13
19
20
7 - —
35
8
10
6S3
14
20
21
8
36
9 :
11 —
684
15
21
22
9
37
10
12
685
686
687
1 Alfrid.
2
3
22
23
24
23
24
25
lCsed-
walla.
2
3
38
lBertbun
and Aud-
hun.
2
11
12
13
1 Edric.
2
3
6S8
4
25
26
1 Ina.
3
14
4
689
j
5
26
27 —
2
Subject to
Wessex.
15
5 — ^
256
FEOM THE TEAS
A.D.
671
672
673
674
676
678
679
Events and Eminent Men.
Constantine arrives in Sicily with a fleet and army, subdues and kills Mecezius.
From the growth of his beard during this expedition he is called Pogonatus.
The Saracens invade Sicily and take Syracuse. Putta bishop of Rochester.
The church of Reculver built.
Death of Chlotair III. The mayor of the palace, Ebroin, proclaims as king of
Neustria and Burgundy, Theodoric, or Thierry III., a younger brother of Chil-
deric II. Bertaridus leaves France and seeks protection in Britain. Grimoald
plants a colony of Bulgarians in Beneventum. Akbah founds Cairoan, near
Carthage. Death of Oswy, the last Bretwalda, Feb. 15, aet. 58. Eleutherius,
or Hlothere, succeeds Wini, as bishop of Winchester. Hadrian appointed abbot
of St. Augustine's, Canterbury, encourages learning among his monks.
Death of Grimoald ; his son Garibald set aside by the Lombards, who recal Ber-
taridus, and place him on the throne. The Franks compel Ebroin and Thierry
to retire into a monastery, and Childeric for a time reigns alone.
Death of Rechesuinthus. Death of Ziyad ; his son Obeidollah, appointed by
Moawiyah lieutenant of Khorassan, penetrates into Bockhara, and defeats the
Turks. On the decease of Kenwalk, his widow Sexburga governs Wessex.
The Saracens year after year repeat their attacks on CP. ; the Greek fire invented
by Callinicus, is used successfully in its defence. Assassination of Childeric II.
and his queen Bilichilda. Thierry III. aud Ebroin leave their monastery and
resume the government of Neustria. Death of Egbert, king .of Kent. Synod
held at Hertford. Etheldrida, Egfrid's queen, founds the minster of Ely. Birth
of Bede at Wearmouth.
Revolts of the Gascons and duke Paulus repressed by Wamba; Narbonne and
Nismes taken by him. Dagobert, son of Sigebert II., who had been sent to
Ireland on his father's death, is brought back and placed on the throne of Aus-
trasia, by Wulfoald. Sexburga retires into a monastery, and Escwin, of the
race of Kerdic, ascends the throne of Wessex. The Bavarians, Thuringians,
and some other German subjects of Austrasia regain their independence. Con-
stantine patriarch of CP.
The Saracens, attempting to invade Spain, are defeated by Wamba in a naval
battle. Moawiyah appoints his son Yezid to be his succcessor, and makes the
caliphate hereditary in his family. Wulfhere defeated at Beadan-head by Esc-
win. Death of Wulfhere. Pilgrimage to Rome becomes very prevalent. The
siege of CP. finally abandoned by the Mohammedans.
Hosein, son of Ali, and three of his friends, protest against the succession of
Yezid. Italy peaceful and prosperous under Bertaridus. Ethelred, king of
Mercia, ravages Kent, and destroys Rochester. Hedda succeeds Eleutherius as
bishop of Winchester. Death of Escwin. Kentwin, son of Cynegils, king of
Wessex. Theodore I. patriarch of CP. Benedict Biscop, abbot of Wear-
mouth.
Revolt of the Mardaites of Mount Libanon, against the Saracens ; the latter con-
clude a treaty of peace for thirty years with the Romans, and agree to pay an
annual tribute. Death of Ayesha. Death of Romoaldo, duke of Beneventum, i
and accession of his son, Grimoald II. Domnus restores the authority of Rome j
over the church of Ravenna. !
The Bulgarians establish themselves in the north of Thrace, between the Danube
and Mount Hsemus. Bertaridus makes his son Cunibert joint king with himself.
Egfrid expels Wilfrid from York, and divides his diocese. Wilfrid retires to I
Rome, and obtains from pope Agatbo an order for his restoration. Egfrid re-
sists the papal interference. Theodoras I. deposed and George I. appointed
patriarch of CP. A large comet visible for three months, from August to
October.
X council held at Rome for the reunion of the Greek and Latin churches. The I
clergy of Ravenna quarrel with their archbishop and secede to Classe ; they are i
reconciled by the Exarch Theodoras. War between Egfrid and Ethelred. Eg-
frid's brother Elfwin slain in a battle near the Trent; death of his queen Ethel-
drida. Theodore, archbishop of Canterbury, mediates a peace between them. |
The monastery of Coldingham burnt. j
669 TO 689 A.D.
257
A.D,
Events and Eminent Men.
681
684
687
Death of Moawiyah. Mecca and Medina refuse to acknowledge Yezid. Hosein,
II son of Ali, slain. Abdallah proclaimed caliph at Medina. Dagobert II. mur-
dered ; after which, Pepin of Heristal, and Martin, rule Austrasia, with the title
of dukes. Attempt to poison Wamba ; he resigns his crown and retires into a
monastery; Ervigius succeeds him as king of the Visigoths. The sixth general
council held at CP. confirms all previous decisions against the Monothelites, and
for a time reconciles the Eastern and Western churches. An English synod
held at Heathfeld (Bishop's Hatfield, Herts), concurs in this exposition of faith.
Csedmon, the Anglo-Saxon poet, is a monk at Whitby. Death of the abbess '
Hilda. Bede educated by Benedict Biscop.
Cruelty of Constantine to his brothers. He gives the title of Augustus to his son
Justinian, and obtains the favour of the church by remitting the payment made
on the election of a new pope. Ervigius recognized by the council of Toledo.
Medina taken by Yezid's lieutenant, Meslem, who dies on his way to attack
Abdallah, in Mecca. The mayor of the palace, Ebroin, assassinated. Pepin
becomes all powerful in France. The council of CP. deposes Macarius, titular
bishop of Antioch, and condemns the former pope Honorius, and other deceased
prelates, who had favoured Monothelite opinions. Wilfrid returns to England
and completes the conversion of the South Saxons.
Hosein, Yezid's lieutenant, presses the siege of Mecca. Kentwin extends his
kingdom into many lands still held by the Cymri.
Death of Yezid, set. 39. His son Moawiyah II. set. 21, succeeds him, but after a
reign of six weeks, wishes to resign. Hosein abandons the siege of Mecca.
Theodore I. restored to be patriarch of CP. The papacy vacant twelve months
after the death of Leo II.
Constantine sends to Rome locks of hair of his two sons, in token of their adoption
by the church. On the resignation of Moawiyah, Merwan is elected caliph by
the Ommiyahs, but dies at the end of two bundled and ninety-eight days. Ab-
dallah still supported by a powerful party. Egfrid sends Beort with an army
into Ireland, and lays waste the country.
Death of Constantine Fogonatus. Accession of Merwan's son, Abdalmelik. Egfrid
attacks the Cymri of Strath-cluyd, by whom he is slain in battle, May 20, set. 40 ;
he is succeeded by his brother Alfrid. Csedwalla obtains the kingdom of
Wessex. Edric, son of Egbert, assisted by the South Saxons, overcomes Lo-
there, and makes himself king of Kent. Cuthbert appointed bishop of Lindis-
farne and Hexham.
Abdalmelik, by a treaty with Justinian, continues his tribute to the empire, but
stipulates, that the Romans shall repress the revolt of the Mardaites. Con-
tinued civil war among the Saracens. Deaths of Obeidollah and Al Moktar.
Abdallah taken prisoner. Csedwalla conquers the Isle of Wight, and invades
Sussex. Ethelwalch slain ; his generals, Berthun and Andhun, expel the in-
vaders and rule the kingdom. Paul III. patriarch of CP. Contention of the
clergy and soldiers of Rome, for the appointment of a pope, after the death of
John V. Wilfrid restored by Alfrid.
Justinian removes a large part of the Mardaites into Armenia. Syria and Spain
suffer by a great famine. Pepin confirms his power by the defeat of Thierry III .
at Testry. Death of Ervigius, Nov. 15 ; his son-in-law, Egica, succeeds to the
throne of Spain. Csedwalla makes an attempt on Kent; his brother, Mul, is
taken prisoner and burnt alive, with twelve others. Intrigues and struggles
again for the papal chair. The new exarch demands a hundred pounds in gold,
as the price for confirming the election of Sergius.
Unsuccessful expedition of Justinian against the Bulgarians. Revolt of Amrou,
son of Said; he is overcome, and killed by Abdalmelik. Death of Bertaridus.
Cuuibert sole king of Lombardy ; his queen, Ermelinda, is daughter of one of
the Anglo-Saxon kings, probably Csedwalla. Egica punishes the conspirators,
who had deposed Waixba, and holds the fifteenth council of Toledo. Ctedwalla
resigns the crown of Wessex to Ina and goes to Rome.
Campaign of Justinian in Syria. Death of Csedwalla, at Rome. John, called St.
John of InderaAvood (Deirwald or Beverley), bishop of York. Ceolfrid, abbot
I of Wearmouth, one of Bede's instructors.
258
FROM THE YEAR
1
Hbgi-
Eastern
Empire.
lixancHS
Kingdom
Bishops
Visigoths
A.D. j
OF
of
of
Arabia.
IN
France.
RA.
Ravenna.
LOMBARDY
Rome.
Spain.
690 |
71
6 Justi-
4 Joannes
13 Cuni-
4 Sergi-
6Abdal-
4 Egica.
Thierry
I
nian II.
Plato.
bert.
us I.
melik.
III. 21
1
10 Pepin.
691
72
7
5 —
14 —
5
7 •
5
11
Clovis III.
1
12 2
692
73
8
6
15
6
8
6
693
74-75
9
7
16
7
9
7
13 3
694
75—76
10
8
17
8
10
8 ->
14 4
695
76—77
1 Leon-
tius.
9
18
9
11
9
15
Childebert
III. 1
696
77—78
2
10
19
10
12
10
16 2
697
78—79
3
11
20
11
13
11
17 3
698
79—80
1 Tiberius
III., or
Absimar.
12
21
12
14
12
18 4
699
80—81
2
13
22
13
15
13
19 5
700
81—82
3
14
lLiut-
bert.
14 ■
16
14
20 6
701
82—83
i
4
15
1 Ragim-
bert.
1 Aribert
II.
1 JohnVI.
17
1 Witiza.
21 7
702
83-84
5
lTheo-
phylactus.
2
2
18
2
22 8
703
84-83
6
2
3
3
19
3
23 9
704
85—86
7
3
4
4
20
4
24 10
705
86—87
1 Justini-
an II.
restored.
4
5
1 John
VII.
IWalid
I.
5 — -
25 11
706
87—88
2
5
6
2
2
6
26 12
707
88-89
3
6
7
3
3
7
27 13
708
89—90
4
7
8
1 Sisinni-
us.
1 Con-
s tan tine.
4 — —
8
28 14
709
90—91
5
8
9
2
5
9
29 15
710
91—92
6
1 Joannes
Rizocopus.
10
3
6
10
30 16
711
92—93
1 Philip-
picua
Bardanep.
1 Euty-
chius.
11
4
7
1 Roderic.
The Visi-
gothic
31
Dagobert
III. 1
712
93—94
2
2
lAn-
sprando.
1 Liut-
prand.
5
8
kingdom
is over-
thrown.
Years of
32 2
713
94—95
1 Anagta-
eius II.
1 Scholas-
ticus.
2
6 ■
9
confusion
ensue.
33 3
690 TO 713 A.D.
259
Repe-
tition
Bates.!
Doges of
Venice.
691
604
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
718
Northum-
berland.
East
Anglia.
Britain or England.
Esses. Wessex. Mercia. Khnt.
6 Alfrid.
7 - —
8
1 Anafes-
tus.
12 ,
13 —
14
15 - —
16
17
IS
19
20
1 Osred.
2
3
4
27 Aldwulf.
28
29
30
49
1 Selred.
28 Sighere
and Sebbi
29
30
1 Sighard
and Sue
fred.
2
4
6
lOffa.
2
1 Sueb-
richt.
2
3
4
3 Ina.
16 Ethel-
17
Edric.
8
lWictred.
Caenred
4
5
1 Ceolred
91
s 2
260
FROM THE TEAR
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
700
701
702
703
Alachis, duke of Trent and Brescia, rebels against Cunibert, and falls in battle.
Abdallah's brother, Musab, defeated and slain at Masken, by Abdalmelik ; all
Irak submits to him. Death of Theodore ; he is succeeded by Berthwald. the
first Saxon archbisbop of Canterbury. Two Anglo-Saxon missionaries, Kilian
and Wilbrord, of Ripon, preach in Germany. First appearance of the Obo-
trites in Northern Germany.
Justinian attempts to transplant the whole population of Cyprus. Abdalmelik
recovers Persia. Pepin allows Clovis III. to succeed Thierry III. as nominal
king of Neustria. Council of CP. called " QuinisextuminTrullo;" not acknow-
ledged by the Western church. Wilfrid again expelled.
The Mohammedans defeat the army collected by Justinian at Sebastopolis. Cap-
ture of Mecca, and death of Abdallah. Abdalmelik undisputed caliph. Sergius
resists Justinian's summons to CP. Ina gives a code of laws to the West
Saxons. Bede receives deacon's orders from John, bishop of York.
The Mohammedans conquer Armenia. Hassan, governor of Egypt, renews the
war in Africa. Sisbertus, archbishop of Toledo, deposed by Egica, and the six-
teenth council held there. Felix, bishop of Seville, appointed primate in his
place. A form of prayer, for the sovei-eign and his family, first ordained by this
council. Callinicus I. patriarch of CP. Tobias succeeds Gebmund, bishop of
Rochester.
Justinian's two ministers, Stephen and Theodotus, provoke his subjects by their
oppressions ; Leontius imprisoned. The Kentish-men pay a legal compensa-
tion in money to Ina, for the death of Mul. Wictred holds a council, at Bac-
cancelde (Beckenham).
Leontius, released from prison, is proclaimed emperor. Justinian, with his nose
cut off (Rhinotmetus), is banished to Cherson, in the Crimea, Abdalmelik coins
the first Arabian money; Somyor, a Jew, is his mint-master.
The seventeenth and last council of Toledo. Continued persecution of the Jews
in Spain. Revolt of Shebib suppressed by Hejaj. Pepin favours the preaching
of the Anglo-Saxon missionaries among the Franks and Frisians. He appoints
Wilbrord, under the name of Clemens, bishop of Utrecht. Rupert bishop of
Worms.
Carthage taken by Hassan ; recovei-ed by an army sent from CP. by Leontius
under the prefect John, assisted by Visigothic forces from Spain. Commerce
flourishes in the Venetian isles ; they unite for self-government, and elect their
first Doge, with a council of tribunes and judges.
Hassan storms and destroys Carthage. The Greeks retire to Candia, where they
make Absimar emperor, under the name of Tiberius. On their return to CP.
Leontius is deposed, deprived of his nose, and sent to a monastery in Dalmatia,
The Berbers, or wild shepherds of Mount Atlas, resist successfully the progress
of the Mohammedans. Beort, the ealdorman of Northumberland, defeated and
slain by the Britons of Strathcluyd.
Death of Cunibert ; his young son, Liutbert, succeeds him, under the guardian-
ship of Ansprando. The Mohammedans, repulsed from Antaradus, retire to
Mopsuestia.
Rebellion and death of Abdarrhaman. Ragimbert, son of Gondibert (see a.d. 662),
expels Liutbert and seizes the throne of Lombardy ; dying a few months after
this, he is succeeded by his son Aribert.
Ansprando defeated in an attempt to expel Aribert ; Liutbert made prisoner and
put to death. Witiza renders himself unpopular by his vices. Gisolfo II.,
duke of Beneventum, invades Campania.
Aribort drives Ansprando from an island in the Lake of Como, to which he had
fled ; he is received, with his young son Liutprand, by the Bavarians and pro-
tected by them. Alfrid encourages learning. Adamnan, abbot of Iona, presents
to him his book " On the Holy Places." On the death of Hedda his diocese is
divided; Daniel succeeds him as Bishop of Winchester, and the new see of
Sherborne is given to Aldhelm, abbot of Malmesbury, a noted scholar. Bedq
ordained priest.
690 TO 713 A.D.
261
704
705
707
70S
709
Events and Eminent Men.
718
Justinian having escaped from Oherson, and passed through many adventures
among the Chozars, takes refuge with the Bulgarians. Ethelred retires into a
monastery, and leaves the crown of Mercia to Csenred. Alfrid resists the papal
mandate to restore Wilfrid.
Terbelis, with an army of Bulgarians, restores Justinian to his throne ; he inflicts
| bloody vengeance for his expulsion; Leontius and Absimar are beheaded.
Death of Abdalmelik, set. 60. Death of Alfrid, king of Northumberland. Cal-
I linicus deposed and banished by Justinian. Cyrus patriarch of CP. Wilfrid
' restored by Osred.
The pope John VI I. refuses to accept, or even revise, the acts of the council of
CP. (a.d. 691), which Justinian requires him to adopt. Ferdulfo, duke of
Friuli, slain in an encounter with a band of Slavonians.
iThe Mohammedans, under Musa, overcome the Berbers, and are masters of all
Northern Africa ; they establish themselves in the valley of the Indus under
Catibah, conquer Karisme, Bokhara and Samarcand, whence they introduce the
manufacture of paper. Aribert gives (or restores) the patrimony of the Cottian
Alps to the church of Rome.
Justinian, unmindful of his obligations to Terbelis, attacks the Bulgarians, and is
defeated by them at Anchialus. Sisinnius, elected pope on the death of John
VII., dies, after holding the pontificate twenty days.
Theodoras, by order of Justinian, plunders Ravenna, and sends the principal
citizens prisoners to CP., where tbey are cruelly murdered. Tyana taken by
the Mohammedans. Offa, king of Essex, and Csenred of Mercia, abdicate and
retire to Rome. Ina compiles his code of laws. Death of Aldhelm ; Forthere
bishop of Sherborne. Death of Wilfrid at Undalum (Oundle). Albinus, abbot
of St. Augustin's, Canterbury, a friend of Bede.
First landing of the Mohammedans in Spain at Tarifa ; after an inroad as far as
Algeziras, they return to Ceuta. Pope Constantine, by order of Justinian, sets
out for CP. Ina defeats the British chieftain, Geraint. Acca succeeds Wilfrid
as bishop of Hagulstad, or Hexham. Naitan, a king of the North Britons,
applies to Ceolfrid, abbot of Wearmouth, for spiritual advice and architects to
build churches.
Tarik, with a larger force, lands at Calpe, now called Gibraltar (Gebel al Tarik —
the mountain of Tarik). Roderic, " the last of the Goths," succeeds Witiza,
whose two sons, with their uncle, the archbishop of Toledo, and Count Julian,
conspire against the new king and assist the invaders. Battle of Xeres,
July 19—26. Death of Roderic and end of the Visigothic kingdom in Spain.
The cruelties of Justinian provoke a revolt at Ravenna; he dispatches a fleet
and army to destroy Cherson and massacre its inhabitants. Constantine, ho-
nourably received by the emperor, is dismissed back to Rome, without any
apparent cause for his journey. The people of Cherson proclaim Bardanes em
peror, under the name of Philippicus; the fleet and army espouse his cause, and
conduct him to CP., where he is universally acknowledged, and J stinian put
to death.
Aided by the oppressed and disaffected Jews, Tarik subdues Spain ; Musa,
jealous of his lieutenant's success, takes the command himself. Ansprando,
with a Bavarian army, overcomes Aribert, who is drowned in his flight ; after a
reign of three months, the conqueror dies, and is succeeded by his son Liut-
prand. The emperor Philippicus causes great discontent, by attempting to
annul the acts of the sixth general council. Cyrus ejected from CP., and
John VI. made patriarch.
Thrace plundered by the Bulgarians, andPisidia conquered by the Mohammedans.
Philippicus assassinated ; his secretary Artemius raised to the throne with the
name of Anastasius II. Musa crosses the Pyrenees and conquers as far as
Narbonne ; his son Abdelaziz obtains, by treaty with Theodemir of Murcia, full
possession of Valencia, Alicant, and other neighbouring cities. The Gothic
fugitives begin to collect and defend themselves in the mountains of the As-
turias. Liutprand adds new laws to those of Rotharis and Grimoald. Abdelaziz
marries Egilona, widow of Roderic.
2G2
PUOM THE YEAR
1 Exarchs
Kingdom
HiSHOPS
Spain.
A.D.
IIegira.
Eastern
of
of Lom-
OF
France.
Empire.
Ravenna.
bard y.
Rome..
Goths. Saracens
714
95— 96
2 Anasta-
2 Scholas-
3 Liut-
7 Con-
34 Pepin.
sius II.
ticus.
prand.
stantine
D i erobert
III. 4
715
96— 97 3 -
3
4
1 Gre-
1 Charles
gory II
M artel.
Chilperic
II. 1
716
97— 9S
1 Theodo-
sins III.
4
5
o
1 Pelayo
Abdelaziz
2 2
717
99
1 Leo III.
the Isau-
rian.
5
6
2
Ayoub.
3 3
71S
100
2
6
7
4
3
Alhaur or
Alchame
4 4
719
101
3
7
S
5
4
5 5
720
101—102
4
S
9
6
5
Zama or
Alsama.
6
Thierry
IV. 1
721
102—103
5
9
10
7
6
Abderah-
man.
7 2
722
103—104
6
10
11
8
7
Ambisa.
S 3
723
104—105
7
11
12
9
8
9 4
724
105—106
S
12
13
10
9
10 5
725
106—107
9
13
14
11
10 — -
Hodeira.
11 6
726
107—108
10
14
15
12
11
Yahia.
12 7
727
10S— 109
11
1 Paul.
16
13
12
Othman.
Hodaifa.
13 S
72S
109—110
12
1 Euty-
chius,
reinstated.
17
14
13
Albaitan.
14 9
7-29
110—111
13
2
IS
15
14
Moham-
med, Ben
Abdallah.
15 10
730
112
14
3
19
16
15
Abderah-
man.
16 11
731
113
15
4
20
1 Grego-
ry TIL
16
17 12
732
114
16
5
21
2
17
Abdelme-
lic.
IS 13
733
115
17
6
22
3
IS
19 14
734
116—117
18
7
23
4
19
20 15
735
117—118
19
S ,
24
5
JO
21 16
736
118—119
20
9
25
6
21
Okbah, or
Ocba.
22 17
714 TO 736 A.D.
2G3
h'epe-
titioa
Dates.
Arabia.
Doges of
Venice.
SS-" EAST BH.TAUI OB ENGLAND.
land. Anolia. Essex. Wkssex. Mebcia. Kent.
714
K) Wuliil
I.
18 Anafea-
tus.
lOOsred.
89elred.
6 Siu>b-
richt.
-7 Ina.
6 Ceolred
22 AVic-
tred.
715
1 Soli-
man.
19
11
3
7
28
7
23
716
717
2
1 Omar
II.
20
1 Marco
Tegliano.
1 Keuric
2
5 .
8
9
29
30
1 Ethel-
bald.
2
21 ,
25
718
2
2
1 Osric.
6 1
10
31
3
26
719
3
3
2
7
11
32
4
27
720
1 Yezid
II.
4
3
8
12 —
33
5
28
721
2
5
4
9
13
34
6
29
722
3
6
6
10
14
35
7
30
723
4
7
6
11 - —
15
36
8
31
724
725
lHa-
shem, or
Hixem.
2
8
9
7
8
12
13
16
17
37
38 .
9
10
32
1 Bad.
bert,
2
726
3
1 Orso.
9
14
18 ■ ■
39
11
727
4
2
10
15 ■
19
40
12
3
728
5
3
11
16
20
1 Etliel-
ard.
13
4
729
6
4
1 Ceol-
WLllf.
17
21 •
2
14
5
730
7
5 —
2
18
22
3
15 ,
6
731
8
6
3
19 •
23
4
16 1
7
732
9
7
4
20
24
5
17
8
733
10
8
fi
21
25
6
18
9
734
11
9
6
22
26
7
19 . ■
10
735
12
10
7
23
27
8
20 '
11
730
13
11
8
24
28
9
21
12
i
264
FROM THE TEAS
Events and Eminent Men.
715
716
717
718
719
721
722
723
724
Anastasius prepares an armament against the Saracens. Tarik and Musa recalled
from Spain and disgraced; the command is given to Abdallah and Abdelaziz,
sons of the latter. Death of Pepin of Heristal and Grimoald, the mayor of Neus-
tria; strife and confusion prevail for some time in France. A conspiracy against
Liutprand detected and foiled.
Death of Walid I. Charles Martel gains the ascendancy in Austrasia, and con-
tends against Chilperic II., the successor of Dagobert in Neustria. Treaty
between Liutprand and the doge of Venice. Winifred, a monk of Wessex,
under the name of Boniface, proceeds on his first mission in Germany. Battle
of Wanburg between Ina and Ceolred. Germanus I. patriarch of CP.
The fleet and army, sent by Anastasius against the Saracens, revolt at Rhodes,
and proclaim Theodosius emperor; Anastasius resigns. Soliman sends his
brother Mosleimah with a powerful army to besiege CP. First passage of the
Hellespont by the Mohammedans. A new kilometer erected by Asama, Ab-
delaziz assassinated at Cordova. The Asturian refugees choose Pelagius
(Pelayo) of the royal Visigothic race, for their leader. Faroaldus, duke of
Spoleto, seizes Classis, the port of Bavenna ; the remonstrances of Liutprand
make him relinquish his prize. Death of Ceolred, king of Mercia; Osred of
Northumberland falls in battle. Badbod achieves the independence of the.
Frisons. Charles Martel defeats Baginfried, mayor of Neustria, at Amblef.
Theodosius retires into a monastery, and Leo the Isaurian becomes emperor. He
defends CP. vigorously. A powerful fleet, sent to assist in the siege, is totally
destroyed by the Greek fire-ships. Death of Soliman. Liutprand submits
further improvements in the laws for the approbation of his subjects ; the hap-
piness of his people contrasts strikingly with the wretched condition of the
Roman empire. Charles Martel, by his victory at Vincy, establishes his au-
thority over Neustria. Aquitain an independent duchy under Eudes.
After suffering from a severe winter, and losing another fleet, the Mohammedans
abandon the siege of CP. The empire of the caliphs extends two hundred days'
journey, from Tartary and India in the East, to the shores of the Atlantic
Birth of the emperor Leo's son, Constantine, afterwards surnamed Copronymus
Pelayo begins a regular system of government, and receives the title of king.
Gregory II. restores the original Benedictine monastery of Monte Casino. Cuth-
burga, Ina's sister, founds that of Wimburn, and Ina the minster of Glaston-
bury.
Anastasius, attempting, by the aid of the Bulgarians, to regain his throne, is given
up by them to Leo and put to death. Alchama and archbishop Oppas (Witiza's
brother) proceed against Pelayo, who obtains his first victory and takes Gijon ;
Alchama is slain, and Oppas made prisoner. Zama has the command of the
Saracenic or Moorish forces in Spain. Boniface preaches in Hesse and Thu-
ringia.
Leo crowns his young son Constantine. Omar II. poisoned by his own family, for
favouring the descendants and sect of Ali. Zama Invades Southern Gaul.
Death of Chilperic II. Thierry IV. is allowed by Charles Martel to assume the
title of King of Neustria.
Zama defeated and slain in the battle of Toulouse by Eudes, duke of Aquitain.
Pelayo recovers parts of Gallicia and Leon. Egbert, abbot of Iona, translates
the four Gospels into Anglo-Saxon. Wilfrid II. archbishop of York.
Pelayo takes the city of Leon. Alfonso, a descendant of king Becared, brings a
band from Cantabria (Biscay) to join the Asturians, and marries Pelayo's
daughter, Ormisinda. In this and the preceding year, Liutprand adds thirty-
five new laws to his code. Ina defeats an attempt of Ealdbert to restore the
kingdom of Sussex. Iva Vidfame, a petty Scandinavian prince, conquers Upsal,
and founds a kingdom, which afterwards becomes Sweden. Yezid prohibits
images in Christian churches.
The Slavonians defeated by Pemmone, duke of Friuli. Boniface created arch-
bishop by the pope, and supported in his mission by Charles Martel.
Death of the caliph Yezid II. Liutprand promulgates the sixth book of his]
laws.
714 TO 736 A.D.
265
726
729
730
731
732
733
rS6
Events and Eminent Men.
Expedition of Charles Martel against the Bavarians. The Saracens renew their
attacks on Gaul, and reduce Autun ; Eudes prevents their passing the Rhone ;
their leader, Ambisa, is slain ; Hodeira succeeds him. Death of Wictrid, king of
Kent, April 23. Ealdbert loses his life in again attempting to recover Sussex
from Ina.
Leo issues his edict against the worship of images ; he is suspected also of dis-
crediting the virtue of relics and the intercession of saints. Great agitation in
the church, followed by commotions of the superstitious people. The islands of
the Cyclades rebel and set up an emperor; their fleet is destroyed by the Greek
fire, and their mock Augustus beheaded. Death of Marcello, or Marco Teg-
liano, doge of Venice ; he is succeeded by Orso Ipato, a courageous and prudent
ruler. A submarine volcano throws up a small island near Thera, in the
Archipelago. A rapid succession of Arab governors in Spain, through their
own and the caliph's jealousies.
Germanus, patriarch of CP., and pope Gregory resist the edict of Leo ; he attempts
to enforce the observance of it, and sends a new exarch to depose the pope. The
Mohammedans besiege Nice in Bithynia. Death of Tobias, bishop of Rochester ;
Aldwulf succeeds him.
Continued tumults in Italy against the Iconoclasts. The exarch Paul is killed at
Ravenna, and Esilarato, duke of Naples, at Rome. Liutprand takes Ravenna
and most part of the Exarchate. Ina resigns the crown of Wessex and goes to
Rome, where he endows an Anglo-Saxon school.
Liutprand restores Ravenna to the exarch Eutychius ; they unite their forces to
attack Rome, but are persuaded by Gregory to abandon their design. Death of
Osric, king of Northumberland, and Egbert, abbot of Iona. A comet appears.
Leo confiscates the patrimony of the church of Rome, wherever his power extends,
deposes Germanus, and appoints Anastasius I. patriarch of CP. Eudes gives
, his daughter in marriage to Mimusa, a Saracen chief in the Pyrenees, and enters
' into a league with him for the protection of their mutual independence. John
of Damascus, surnamed Chrysorrhoas, writes against Leo and the Iconoclasts,
and cultivates the philosophy of Aristotle. Felix writes a history of Croyland
Abbey. Corbinian, bishop of Utrecht.
Munusa overcome and slain by Abderahman at Cerdagne. Eudes sustains a
great defeat at Aries, and having collected another army near Bordeaux, is
again routed. The Saracens occupy Angouleme, Perigord, Saintonges, and Poitou.
Bede concludes his Hist. Ecc. Death of Berthwald, archbishop of Canterbury ;
Tatwine succeeds him. Fredegarius continues the History left by Gregory of
Tours.
Charles Martel and Eudes unite their forces, and give battle to the Saracens be-
tween Tours and Poictiers. Abderahman signally defeated and killed. The
Mohammedans are arrested in their course of conquest and driven out of Aqui-
taine. Gregory III. assembles a council at Rome, in which all Iconoclasts are
excommunicated. Death of the Abbot Albinus, Bede's friend.
Leo marries his son Constantine to a Tartar, or Turkish, princess, who at her
baptism takes the name of Irene. A fleet, dispatched by him against the Pope
and tbe refractory Italians, is destroyed by a storm in the Hadriatic. Abdelme-
lik, the successor of Abderahman, remains inactive in Spain. Acca expelled
from his bishopric of Hexham. The sun eclipsed, Aug. 15. Aldwich, bishop
of Sidnaceaster and Sigfrid of Selsey.
Death of Tatwine, archbishop of Canterbury; Nothelm is appointed in his place.
Egbert succeeds Wilfrid II. at York.
Death of Eudes; his sons make an ineffectual resistance to the occupation of
Aquitaine and Gascony by Charles Martel. Pepin visits Pavia, and is adopted
by Liutprand. Death of Bede in the monastery of J arrow, May 26, set. 62.
Birth of Alcuin. Frithwald, bishop of Whitherne.
Liutprand being attacked by a dangerous illness, his nephew, Hildebrand, is elected
for his colleague by the Lombard diet. Hunald, son of Eudes, is allowed the
title of Duke of Aquitaine, on his doing homage to Charles Martel and his
2G6
TEOM THE TEAE
A.D.'
Hegiba.
Eastern
Empibe.
Exarchs
of
Rayenna.
Kingdom
of Lom-
BABDT.
Popes.
Spain.
Goths. Sabacens.
France.
737
119—120
21 Leo III.
the I sau-
rian.
10 Euty-
chius.
26 Liut-
prand.
7 Grego-
ry III.
1 Fari-
la.
23 Charles
Martel.
738
120—121
22
11
27
8
2
24
739
121—122
23
12
28
9
1 Alfonso
I.
2
25
740
122—123
24
13
29
10
26
741
123—124
1 Constan-
tine V.
Coprony-
mus.
14
30
1 Zacha-
ry.
3
Abdelme-
lic.
1 Carlo-
man and
Pepin.
742
743
744
1S4— 125
125—126
126-127
2
3
4
15
16
17
31
62
1 Hilde-
brand.
1 Kachis.
2
3
4
4
5
6
Baleg,
6 months.
Thaalaba,
5 months.
Husam, or
Abulkatur
2
Cbilderie
III. 1
3 2
4 3
745
127—128
5
IS
2
5 — —
7 —
Thueba, or
Toba.
Yussef, or
Jusuf.
5 4
746
747
748
129
130
131
6
7
S
19
20
21
3
4
5
8
8
9
10
6 5
7 Pepin,
alone.
Childeric
III. 6
S 7
749
132
9
22
1 Astolfo.
9
11
9 S
750
132—133
10
23
2
10
12
10 9
751
752
753
754
133—134
134—135
135—136
136-137
11
12
13
14
24
Conquered
by the
Lombards.
3
4
5
6
11
1 Ste-
phen II.
3 days.
1 Ste-
phenlll.
2
3
13
14
15
16
11 10
1 Pepin,
king of
France.
2
3
755
135
15
7
4
17
1 Abde-
rahman
Ben Mo-
awiyah.
4
737 TO 755 A.D.
267
Repe-
North- Britain or England.
1
tition
Arabia.
Venice.
umber- East
V
Dates.
land. Anglia. Essex. Wessex.
Mercia.
Kent.
737
14 Ha-
Maestri di
1 Ead-
25 Sel-
29 Sueb-
10 Ethel-.
22 Ethel-
13 Ead-
shem, oi
Militi.
bert.
red.
richt.
ard.
[ bald.
bert.
Hixem.
Domertico
Leone.
1
1
736
15
Felice Cor-
nicola.
2
26
1 Swith-
red.
11
'23
14
739
16
Diodato.
3
27
2 ■
12
24
15
740
17
Giuliano.
Tpato.
4
28
3
13
!25 _
16
741
18
Giovanni
Fabriciato
Doges
restored.
5
29
4
1 Cuthred
26
17
742
19
1 Diodato,
Ipato.
6
30
5
2 — —
27 .
18
743
1 Walid
II.
2
7
SI
6
3
28
19
744
2 —
1 Yezid
III.
5 months.
1 Ibrahim
3 months.
1 Mer-
wan II.
32
7
4
29
20
745
2
4
9
33
8
5
30
21
746
3
5
10
1 Alf-
wuld.
9
6
31
22
747
4
6
11
2
10
7
32 ■
23
748
5
7
12
3
11
8
33
1 Ethel-
bertll.
749
6
8
13
IBeorna
and E-
thelred.
12
9
34
2
750
1 Abul-
Abbas.
9
14
2
13
10
35
3
751
2
10
15
3
14
11
36
4
752
3
11
16
4
15
12
37
5
753
4
12
17
5
16
13
38
6
754
1 Alman-
sor.
13
18
6
17
1 Sige-
bert.
39
7
755
2
1 Galla of
Malamoc-
19
7
18
lCyne-
wnlf.
1 Bern-
rod.
8-—
co.
1 Offct.
268
FROM THE TEAR
A.D.
737
708
739
741
745
Events and Eminent Men.
Death of Pelayo; his son, Favila, succeeds him. Aznar, a son of Eudes, drives out
the Saracens, and erects an independent power in Arragon. Death of Thierry
IV. Charles Martel rules France without any nominal king. Okbah makes an
effort to retrieve the late disasters of the Saracens, and gains possession of
Avignon, but is expelled by Charles Martel, who defeats him in a great battle in
Languedoc, takes Nismes, and lays siege to Narbonne. Popular tumults at
Venice. The doge Orso killed. The republic is thenceforth governed for several
years by an annually elected " Master of the military." Ceolwulf retires into
a monastery, and leaves the kingdom of Northumberland to his nephew Eadbert.
Death of Ethelwald, bishop of Lindisfarne ; Conwulf consecrated in his place.
Death of Acca, late bishop of Hexham.
Boniface visits Rome for the third time, and is honourably entertained by Liut-
prand at Pavia. Deusdedit, or Diodato, son of the murdered doge, is recalled
from exile, and returns to Venice. Charles Martel exacts a tribute from the
Saxons of the Lippe.
Favila, a weak prince, is killed by a bear while hunting. Alfonso is elected chief
of the Asturians. Charles Martel and Liutprand unite their forces against the
Saracens, and expel them from the greatest part of France. Rachis, duke of
Friuli, successfully attacks the Slavonians in Carniola. Abbo, a private citizen,
founds and richly endows the monastery of Novalesa, at the foot of Mount Cenis.
Death of Wilbrord, the apostle of the Frisians.
Disturbed state of Italy, through the rebellion of Trasmund, duke of Spoleto,
against Liutprand. The Saracens in Spain are weakened by intestine factions.
Alfonso extends his little kingdom in Gallicia and Castile.
Death of the Emperor Leo, June 18. His son and successor, Constantine, is
troubled by the rebellion of Artavasdus. The dukes of Spoleto and Beneventum
being supported by the pope, Liutprand invades the Roman State. Gregory in-
vites the protection of Charles Martel, but dying at this crisis, his successor,
Zachary, assists the Lombard king in reducing bis two rebellious vassals, and
peace is restored in Italy. Death of Charles Martel, Oct. 22. His sons, Carlo-
man and Pepin, divide between them the government of France, leaving only a
few small domains to their half-brother, Gripho. Death of Ethelard, king of
Wessex. War between his successor Cuthred and Ethelbald, king of Mercia.
Death of Nothelm ; Cuthbert is consecrated archbishop of Canterbury, and Dun,
bishop of Rochester. York burnt.
Interview between Liutprand and pope Zachary at Terni. Godescalc, duke of Be-
neventum, murdered by his people. Childeric III. made nominal king of France.
Birth of Charles, son of Pepin and Bertha, afterwards called Charlemagne.
Synod of Cloveshoo. The office of doge restored at Venice, with the title at-
tached to it of Ipato or Consul.
Final defeat of Artavasdus. Zachary prevails on Liutpi'and to abandon his design
of annexing Ravenna and the Exarchate to his kingdom. Constantine forbids
the worship of images ; but Rome still maintains allegiance to him in civil
matters. Continued discord among the Saracens in Spain ; Abdelmelic put to
death at Cordova. A council held by Boniface at Leptines (now Estines, in
Hainault). The kings of Mercia and Wessex unite their arms against the Cymri
of Wales.
The caliph Walid II. slain by conspirators. His successor, Yezid III., dies in five
months of the plague. Then, Ibrahim, after a reign of three months, is deposed,
and Merwan II. occupies his throne. Death of Liutprand. His nephew, Hil-
debrand, after holding the government seven months, is set aside, and Rachis,
duke of Friuli, elected by the Lombard nobles. The History of Paul Warne-
frid (Paulus Diaconus) close3. Council of Soissons presided over by Pepin. The
abbey of Fulda built by Sturmio. Daniel resigns the see of Winchester, and is
succeeded by Hunferth.
Victories of Carloman in Saxony, and of Pepin in Southern Germany. The arch-
bishopric of Mentz founded by Boniface. Death of Daniel, ex-bishop of Win-
chester.
737 to 755 a.d.
261
746
748
749
750
751
752
753
Italy tranquil. Kachis legislates for his people. Ansprando, duke of Spoleto,
succeeded by Lupo, whom the Lombards called Welfo. Ibrahim and Abul-Abbas
(descendants of Mohammed's uncle, Abbas) emerge Irom obscurity, and claim
the caliphate ; black adopted as the colour of the Abbassides. Seldred, king of
East Anglia, slain. A pestilence depopulates the East.
Carloman resigns his share of power to his brother Pepin, and builds a monastery
for himself on Mount Soracte, near Rome, from which he retires to that ot
Monte Casino. Ibrahim, made prisoner on his pilgrimage to Mecca, dies in
captivity. His brother, Abul-Abbas (afterwards called Saffah, or the bloody),
remains leader of the Abba-s des. Yussef restor- s order among the Saracens of
Spain, divides it into six provinces, and constructs public works. A council held
at Cloveshoo, decrees that poitions of the liturgy should be taught to the
people in English i Anglo Saxon).
Venetian merchants having purchased slaves to b3 sold in Africa to the Saracens,
Zachary forbids the traffic Death of Eadbert, king of Kent. Virgilius, a
priest, convicted of heresy for believing in the existence of the antipodes.
Battle < f the Zab. Merwan, defeated by the Abba? sides, flics into Egypt. Rachis
invades the Exarchate and lays siege to 1'erugia. He is induced by Zachary to
witndraw his forces, alter which he ^ives up the crown of Lombardy to his
brother, Astolfo, and r tires to Monte Casino. Christianity supplanted in Africa
by the Mohammedan faith.
Final defeat and death of Merwan, in a battle on the banks of the Nile. The
dynasty of the Abbassides begins with Abul-Abbas. All the family of the
Omniiades are put to death, except Abderahman, who escapes into the valleys
of Mount Atlas. Yussef aims at making himself independent in Spain. Con-
stantine defeated by the Bulgarians at Batag.ba. Birth of his son, afterwards
Leo IV.
Constantine gives the tiile of Augustus to his infant son. Pepin overcomes a
rebellion of Gripho, and defeats the Saxons and Bavarians. He prepares to
make himseif king of France, and by an embassy invites the concurrence oi
the pope. Alfonso extends his conquests over the north-west of Spain, along
the Douro, from Sentica (Zamora) to Calle (Oporto).
The reign of the Merovingian race terminates by the deposition of Childeric III.,
who is shut up for the re.-t of his days in the monastery of St. Bertin. Pepin
crowned king of Franc-' at Soissons by Boniface; he crosses the Pyrenees and
recovers pari of Catalonia from the Saracens. Astolfo makes himself master of
the whole Exarchate of Ravenna, and threatens Rome. On the death of Pope
Zachary his first successor, Stephen, dies three days a'ter his election, of a fit
of apoplexy; another Stephen is chosen in his place, who is called Stephen 111.
by Onuphrius Panvinius and Cardinal Baronius, and Stephen LI. by Sigonius.
Muratori and others. Constantine makes new efforts to abolish image- worship,
and check the increase of monasteries. Cuthred, king of VVessex, defeats
Ethelbald of Mercia, at Burford.
Journey of pope Stephen to France, and interview with Pepin. Civil war in Spaii
between Yussef, Samail, Ben Amru, and other generals. War between Cuth
red and the Britons. Boniface resigns the archbi-hopric ot Mentz, and L,
succeed- d by Lull.
Pepin crowned by Stephen. He marches an army into Italy. Astolfo sur-
renders the Exarchate of Ravenna, which Pepin gives to the church, and the
papacy becomes a temporal sovereignty. Eighty of the Xeques, or priiicipa
Saracens, decide on making Spain an independent State, and choo.-e Abdeiah
man Ben Moawiyah, still a lugittve in Africa, to be their ruler. Death oi
Abul-Abbas. Almansor introduces 1 arning among the Arabians. Council oi
CP. ordains the removal of iniiges Horn churches. Constantine II. pa ria ch
of OP.
Astolfo breaks his engagement and attacks Rome. On the approach of Popin, he
withdraws his forces and is besieged in Puvia ; he i.- compelled to execute the
former treaty, and also to give up Commachio. Fruitless embassy of Constan-
tine to claim the Exarchate. Abderahman L.nds in Spain, defiats Yussef and
270
FROM THE TEAK
A.D.
Hegira.
Eastern
Empire.
Kingdom
of Lom-
BARDY.
Popes.
Spain.
Goths. Saracens.
France.
Arabia.
756
139
16 Con-
stantine V.
Coprony-
mus.
8 Astolfo.
5 Ste-
phen
III.
lSAlfon-
so I.
2 Abde-
rahman
Ben Moa-
wiyah.
5 Pepin.
3 Alman-
Bor.
'}
j
757
140—141
17
1 Deside-
rius.
1 Paul I.
1 Froi-
la.
3 — -
6
4 — i
758
141—142
18
2
2
2
4
7
5
759
142—143
19
3
3
3
5
8
6
760
143—144
20
4
4
4
6
9
7
761
144—145
21
5
5
5
7
10
8 - —
762
145—146
22
6
6
6
8
11
9
763
146—147
23
7
7
7
9
12
10
764
147-148
24
8
8
8
10
13
11 — -
765
148—149
25
9
9
9
11
14
12
766
149—150
26
10
10
10
12
15
13 ■
767
150—151
27
11
1 Con-
stantine
11
13
16
14
766
151—152
28
12
1 Ste-
phen IV
(or III.
Murat.)
1 Aure-
lius.
14
1 Charle-
magne and
Carloman.
15
769
152—153
29
13
2
2
15
2
16
770
153—154
30
14
3
3
16
3
17
771
154—155
31
15
4
4
17
4 Charle-
magne,
alone.
18
772
773
155—156
156—157
j32
33
16
17
1 Hadri-
an I.
2
5
6
18
19
5
6
19
20
774
157—158
34
Subject to
Charle-
magne.
3
1 Silo.
20
7 ■
21
Jb6 TO 774 A.D.
271
Repe-
tition
Dates.
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
Doges of
Venice.
1 Domenico
Monegario.
1 Maurizio
of Eraclea,
Britain or England.
Northum- East _
BERLAND. ANGLIA. ESSEX. WeSSEX. MERCIA.
Kent.
20 Eadbert.
1 Oswulf.
1 Moll E-
thelwald.
4
5
6
1 Alcred.
8 Beorna
and Ethel
10 Beorna,
alone.
8
9
1 Ethelred.
1 Ethel-
red.
19 Swith-
red.
20
21 —
22 —
23 —
24 —
25 —
26 —
27
28
29
2 Cyne-
wulf.
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
9 Ethel-
bert II.
10
11
12
1 Alric.
2
4
5
6 - —
7
8 ■
9
10
11
12
13 f
14
15
272
FROM THE TEAR
Events and Eminent Men.
756
757
760
761
764
Samail at Musara, takes Cordova, and is acknowledged as king. Sigebert, king
of Wessex, for his cruelty, is slain by Cynewulf, who succeeds him. Ethelbald,
king of Mercia, killed by Bernred, who, after a short usurpation of the throne, is
put to death by Offa. Boniface murdered by the pagans among whom he was
preaching. Galla of Malamocco obtains for a year the office of doge at Venice,
by the assassination of Diodato. The deposed Childeric, the last of the Mero-
vingians, dies in his monastery.
Yussef and Samail, again defeated by Abderahman, kgree to a treaty of peace,
which is soon broken by the former. Birth of Abderahman's son Hixem. A
Saracen army under Suleiman Ben Xihab, endeavouring to enter France, is cut
to pieces in the passes of the Pyrenees. Astolfo killed by a wild boar ; Rachis
leaves his monastery and claims the crown of Lombardy again ; he is opposed by
Desiderius, who obtains the support of the pope by giving up Ancona. The
Venetians depose G-alla, and limit the power of succeeding doges, by the
appointment of two annual tribunes.
The emperor Constantine courts the favour of Pepin, and among other presents
sends him the first organ known in France, Pope Stephen and his successor,
Paul, establish Desiderius on the throne of Lombardy. Death of Alfonso ; his
son Froila founds Oviedo. Abderahman invites many of his former friends
from Syria and Egypt, and gives them honourable appointments ; he makes
Cordova the capital of his kingdom. Samail enters into his service, but Yussef
persists in rebellion. Eadbert retires into a monastery ; his son Oswulf king of
Northumberland.
Abderahman gives a letter of protection to the Christians in Spain, and fixes the
annual tribute to be paid by them. Yussef defeated and slain at Loxa. Samail
retires to live privately at Siguenza, soon afterwards arrested and put to death
Pepin conquers Narbonne and expels the last of the Saracens from France. Os-
wuld slain ; the throne of Northumberland vacant for a year. Death of Cuth-
bert, archbishop of Canterbury. Bagdad built by Almansor.
Toledo and Seville are surprised by the sons of Yussef, but soon recovered by
Abderahman; the eldest son falls in battle ; the two younger are made prisoners
and kept in confinement. Paul takes advantage of the favourable disposition
of Pepin to extend both the secular and ecclesiastical immunities of the Roman
see. Bregowin archbishop of Canterbury.
Pepin causes the dukes of Naples and Gaeta to submit to the demands made on
them by the pope. Hixem Ben Adra rebels in Toledo, and sets Casim, the son
of Yussef, at liberty ; Abderahman subdues and pardons them, replacing Casim
in his prison. Death of Ethelbert II. king of Kent. Alcuin studies at York.
Constantine threatens to recover by force his lost Italian provinces. Ali, governor
of Africa, lands with an army in Spain and proclaims Almansor. Froila re
pulses the Saracens, while besieging Pax Julia (Beja); he marries Menina, sister
of Aznar the Arragonese. A severe winter.
Failure of the African expedition against Abderahman; Ali, its leader, is killed,
and his head sent to Cairoan. Hunald, duke of Aquitaine. having retired into
a monastery, his son Waifar carries on an obstinate war against Pepin. Pope
Paul protests vainly against Constantine's persecution of image-worshippers.
Death of Bregowin, archbishop of Canterbury.
The Roman Senate and people address a letter of thanks to Pepin, patrician of
Rome. Hixem Ben Adra again collects bands of insurgents, and is besieged with
them in Medina Sidonia. Lambert archbishop of Canterbury. Petwin succeeds
Frithweld, bishop of Whitherne.
Embassy of Constantine to Pepin, relative to image-worship. Thassilo, duke of
Bavaria, having revolted against Pepin, solicits the mediation of the pope.
Surrender of Medina Sidonia ; Hixem Ben Adra beheaded. The Venetians de-
pose Domenico Monegario ; the inhabitants of Malamocco elect Maurice, a noble-
man of Heraclea, for doge, who restores concord among the citizens. The Turks
invade Armenia. A severe frost in Jam and Feb., and the Bosphorus at CP.
crossed on the ice.
75G TO 774 A.D.
273
766
768
769
773
774
Events and Eminent Men.
Pepin still occupied by his wars against the duke of Aquitaine and the Saxons.
Toledo again recovered by Abderahnian from the insurgents, who had seized it ;
Casim, the son of Yussef, escapes.
Constantine loses by shipwreck a large fleet conveying troops to oppose the Bui
garians. Death of Egbert, thirty- two years archbishop of York, and of Frith-
bert, bishop of Hexham; the first succeeded by Ethelbert, and the last by
Alhmund. Nicetas I. patriarch of CP.
Death of Paul I. Constantine surreptitiously occupies the papal throne ; some
exclude him from the list of popes. Many disaffected Saracens assemble in the
Sierras of Ronda under El Meknesi ; being reinforced by others who land at
Tortosa from Africa, they seize the city of Seville. Froila renders himself un-
popular in the Asturias by the murder of his brother, Bimaranus, a virtuous
young prince. Paul Warnefrid (Diaconus) employed and patronized by De-
siderius.
Conquest of Aquitaine by Pepin, and death of Waifar. Pepin dies Sept. 24 ; hie
two sons divide his dominions. Froila assassinated by Aurelius, who succeeds
him on the throne. Pope Constantine deposed and Stephen elected, generally
styled the fourth of that name, but by some the third. (See a.d. 752.) The
sons of Pepin crowned Oct. 9; Charles (Charlemagne) at Noyon, and Carloman
at Soissons. Eadbert, ex-king of Northumberland, dies in his monastery. Alcuin
teaches theology in England.
Hunald leaves his monastery and claims the duchy of Aquitaine; defeated audi
made prisoner by Charlemagne. Carloman refusing to assist his brother, dis- 1
cord is engendered between them. The Saracen rebels maintain a tedious I
partizan warfare. Aurelius, too weak to control the intestine divisions of his j
subjects, and awed by the power of Abderahman, obtains peace by paying him j
tribute. Council of Rome annuls all the acts of the deposed pope, who, though j
blinded by the people, is led into the assembly, insulted, and beaten. Laymen'
are declared incapable of being made bishops. The council of CP. (a.d. 754) is)
anathematized, and all who condemn the worship of images are excommunicated.
Among the Gallican prelates at this council are Lull, archbishop of Mentz, and |
Tilpin (more known as Turpin), bishop of Rheims. Marriage of Constantine's
son, Leo, to Irene.
The two kings of France are reconciled by their mother, Bertha; she visits Ba-
varia and Lombardy, for the maintenance of peace with those powers, and
proposes the marriage of her sons to two daughters of Desiderius, and that of
his son Adelgisus to her daughter. The pope interferes to prevent these al-
liances ; none of them take place but that of Charlemagne.
Charlemagne divorces Desiderata, whom he sends back to her father, and marries
Ildegard. Death of Carloman, Dec. 3, set. 20 ; his brother seizes his dominions
and becomes sole monarch of all France and great part of Germany. Gilberga,
the widow of Carloman, and her two infant sons, seek the protection of Desi-
derius. Eginhard secretary to Charlemagne. Aurelius gives his sister Ado-
sinda in marriage to Silo, and makes him heir to the throne.
Charlemagne begins his long war against the Saxons. Contest between the arch-
bishops of Grado and Ravenna, for ecclesiastical jurisdiction over Istria. Desi-
derius invades the Roman States. The rebellious Saracens in Spain totally
defeated near Ecija; death of El Meknesi. Abderahman fits out a fleet to guard
his coasts, and appoints an admiral to command it. Death of Milred, bishop
of Worcester.
The pope invites the protection of Charlemagne, who marches a large army into!
Lombardy, and besieges Desiderius in Pavia. Abderahman provides for the I
education of his two sons, Hixem and Suleiman, and institutes academies oi'j
learned men. Battle of Otford, between the kings of Kent and Mercia.
Charlemagne visits Rome. Surrender of Pavia, after a siege of eight months. I
Desiderius and his queen sent prisoners to France, and shut up in monasteries, |
where they end their days. Adelgisus escapes to CP. The widow and sons o/|
Carloman are sent to France, and never more heard of. Beneventum remains
an independent duchy under Arigisus. Charlemagne takes the title of king of
:~ -
. ; . : . . : YEAS
...- ..: .....'• - . > . - - .- 1 AlMii-i,
; . .v. : .. I I
.tCTSS. S
I
. . i
. -
■ . -. .
I —
-
5
»
F
:
3
I
i
i
■
3C
-
i* —
.- —
:..'•.
L2
:~: - - A .
J
- . ..
I
[I
775 TO 792 A.D.
273
DOGT.3 OTP
V I'NU'I'.
Britain on Engiand.
Nokthum- East
i;i m \m>. Anwi.ia. I'.sskv. WTCS8KX. MHROIA, Kknt.
775
ta Mima. io
of Eraolea,
2 Ethelrod.
15 Ethel
reel.
38 Swith-
I'tUl.
2i Cyno-
Wlllf.
81 Offa,
16 Alrio,
776
IS
3
16 —
39 ■
22
22
17
777
14
4
17
•10
23 •
23
lg
778
15
1 AlfuoU.
18
41 •
84
24
19
779
16
o
19
42
25
25
20 —
7S0
17 .
3
20
43
26 —
26 •
2i —
781
IS .
-i ,
21
-14
27 -
27
22 —
ra
19
5
22
40
28
88
83
7S3
80 —
6
23
46 - —
29
89
84
781
21
7
24
-17
1 Bertric.
80
88 —
785
22
8
as —
48
2
la —
88
788
■23
9
26
49
;t
32
7S7
1 Giovanni
Galbajo.
10
27
6Q
-1
38 i
7SS
2
11
2S
51 ■ —
B 1
34
7S9
3
1 Osred.
89
52
b
36
30
790
4
1 Ethelred,
restored.
1 Ethel-
bert.
53
7
3Q
31 _
791
5
2
2
8
87
32
792
6
3
Conquered
by Offu.
1 Sigeric.
9
18
33
276
FEOM TIIE TEAE
EVBHTS AND EMINENT MEN".
776
780
781
7S2
rs3
Lonibardy; during his absence the Saxons advance into his northers provinces.
Death of Aurelius ; Silo and Adosinda inaugurated at Oviedo. The people of
Northumberland expel Alcred, and choose for their king Ethelred, son of Moll
Ethelwald. Death of Moawiyah Ben Salehi.
Death of Constantine Copronymus, Sep. 14. Adelgisus gains no support in his
claims on the Lombard crown Silo takes Alfonso, son of Froila, for his col-
league. Death of Almansor. The empress Irene favours the image-worshippers.
Offii extends the kingdom of Mercia and constricts his "Dyke."
Charlemagne defeats the Saxons, and conquers Bodgausus, duke of Friuli. Ha-
drian asserts the pretended " donation of Constantine," as a plea for urging
Charlemagne still more to aggrandize the see of Koine. The merchants of
Venice supply Italy and the West with the produce of the East. Amain begins
to flourish by cultivating the same commerce. The Slavonians who occupy the
north of Germany, pursue agriculture and trade ; Julin at the mouth of the
Oder prospers. Conspiracy of Nicephorus and his brothers against Leo IV. The
abbey-church of St. Denis, at Paris, completed by Charlemagne. Death of
Petwin, bishop of Whitherne.
Dispute between the pope and Leo, archbishop of Ravenna, settled by the inter-
vention of Charlemagne. Council and diet of Paderborn, to promote Christianity
among the Saxons, and regulate their government. The Venetians, in return
for the good government of their doge, appoint his son to be his colleague and
successor. Olfa defeats Cynewulf at Bensington, and takes the town. Ethel-
bert consecrated bishop of Whitherne.
Charlemagne conquers the northern part of Spain, between the Pyrenees and the
Ebro, and establishes the "Spanish March:" recalled thedce by a revolt of the
Saxons, on his return through the Pyrenees, his rear-guard is surprised by the
Gascons at Eoncesvalles ; many of his bravest officers fall there, and among
them his nephew Poland (Orlando), governor of Bretagne. The Franks begin to
fight on horseback, and the age of chivalry commences. Hadrian's letters con-
tinually importune Charlemagne for new concessions of land, or jurisdiction, to
the church. Alfwold dethrones Ethelred in Northumberland.
The Saxons defend themselves bravely under Witikind. Muhamad, son of Ynssef,
escapes from his prison in Toledo. The council of Duren, on the Eoer, decrees
the payment of tithes throughout Charlemagne's dominions.
Death of Leo IV. Irene rules the East in the name of his son, Constantine VI
(set. 10) ; she restores the worship of images. Paul IV. patriarch of CP. Char-
lemagne reduces the Saxons to obedience, and creates among them the bishoprics
of Paderborn, Verden, Munster, Halberstadt and Minden. Muhamad joins his
brother Casim in another rebellion among the Sierras of Eonda and Segovia.
Death of Ethelbert, archbishop of York; Eanbald succeeds him. Alhmund
dies, and Tilbert is appointed to the bishopric of Hexham. Cynewolf resigns
the bishopric of Lindisfarne, and Higbald is consecrated in his place.
Charlemagne visits Some : his two young sons are crowned by the pope, one,
king of Italy, and the other of Aquitam : Thassilon, duke of Bavaria, does
homage to him. Haroun al Easchid, the caliph's son, extends his conquests
to the Bosphorus. Irene purchases peace by an annual tribute.
Irene sends an army against the Slavonians, who are dispossessed of Salonichi
and other places in Greece. The Saxons again totally defeated. Flight of
Witikind into Denmark. Charlemagne holds a diet at Cologne. The Saracenic
rebels, though often routed, still make head against Abderahman. Charle-
magne endeavours to revive learning : he studies grammar under Peter of
Pisa, and invites Alcuin to France. Eginhard compiles his memoirs Paul
Warnefrid resides in the court of Arigisus at Beneventum, where he writes his
History of the Lombards. Death of Cynewolf. late bishop of Lindisfarne.
The Saxons make another struggle for independence, and are defeated in two
bloody battles by Charlemagne. Death of his mother, Bertha, and of his queen,
Ildegard, April 30. set. 26: he marries Fastrada. On the death of Silo, Alfonso
is excluded by intrigue from the Asturian throne, and Mauregatus placed on
it. Offa raises the kingdom of Mercia to a preponderating influence ; he builds
'the abbev of Bath, and corresponds with Charlemagne.
775 TO 792 A.D.
277
A.D.
784
7S5
7SG
787
7SS
790
792
Events and Eminent Men.
The Saxons, again defeated, are still unsubdued. Charlemagne excludes Venetian
merchants from his Italian and the Papal States. The mosaics and marbles
of Ravenna sent to Aix-la-Chapelle. The bishops of France forbidden by the
pope to take the field in Avar. The Spanish rebels dispersed by Abderahman's
victory atCastalona. Muhamad dies in great distress at Alarcon,near Toledo.
Cynewulf slain in battle ; Egbert, his rightful heir, retires into Mercia. The
caliph Al Mahdi expends 666,000 gold crowns in a pilgrimage to Mecca. Tara-
sius patriarch of CP.
Irene proposes a general council, to establish the worship of images. The Saxon
chiefs, Witikind and Alboin, submit to Charlemagne, and profess Christianity ;
three more bishoprics created at Bremen, Osnaburg, and Hildesheim. Sur-
render of Girona to Charlemagne. Abderahman, in a progress through Spain,
builds and endows mosques. Etheltruda, daughter of Ethelbald (king of Mer-
cia, slain a.d. 755), an abbess at Lucca. Death of the caliph Al Mahdi. Synod
of Cealchyth ; Lichfield made an archbishopric.
The council of CP. violently dispersed by the citizens and military. Charle-
magne represses a revolt in Bretagne ; three days of public thanksgiving for his
victories ordered by the pope. Abderahman builds the great mosque, and the
aljama, or court of justice, at Cordova; Casim, brought before him in chains,
is pardoned, and becomes a faithful subject. Arigisius, duke of Beneventum,
attacks Amalfi and is repelled by the citizens. Accession of Haroun Al
Raschid, on the death of Al Hadi,
The seventh general council, held at Nice, decrees the worship of images. The
dukes of Beneventum and Bavaria do homage to Charlemagne, and give their
sons as hostages ; Arigisus dies soon afterwards. Charlemagne invites from
Italy teachers of grammar and arithmetic, and singers who introduce into
France the Gregorian chant. Death of Abderahman, set. 60, his youngest son
his successor. Bertric marries Offa's daughter, Eadburga. Egbert received in
France by Charlemagne. A band of Danes, from three ships, attack England
for the first time. Edris Ben Abdallah founds the kingdom of Fez.
Grimoaldo, son of Arigisus, released and made duke of Beneventum, on condition
of acknowledging Charlemagne as his sovereign lord. Thassilon, preparing
for another contest, is deposed ; he and his son are condemned to become monks.
The Huns, or Avars, who occupy Pannonia, invade Bavaria and Friuli, and.
are repulsed. Bavaria, Friuli, and Liburnia added to the kingdom of France.
Charlemagne refuses to give his daughter Rotruda in marriage to the young"
Greek emperor. Irene sends an army under Adelgisus to attack Italy ; he is totally
defeated. Suleiman and Abdallah, the elder brothers of ELixem, conspire to raise
independent principalities in Spain. Death of Mauregatus.
Suleiman defeated at Bulche ; Abdallah surrenders Toledo, and is reconciled to
Hixem. Alfwold, king of Northumberland, slain.
Constantine divests Irene of all power, and puts his minister, Stauracius, to
death. Suleiman, again defeated, retires to Tangier in Africa. Osred expelled
from Northumberland, and Ethelred restored to the throne. Death of Lambert,
archbishop of Canterbury, who is succeeded by Athelard.
Campaign of Charlemagne against the Huns or Avars ; they are defeated by the
duke of Friuli. Hixem proclaims the Algineb, or holy war, in Spain ; his ge-
nerals retake Barcelona and Saragossa. (Asserted victory of Vereruundus near
Burgos ; very doubtful.) Vereruundus resigns his crown to Alfonso. An inunda-
tion of the Tiber destroys the Flaminian gate and the bridge of Antoninus.
Baldulf, bishop of Whitherue.
The progress of Charlemagne against the Huns stopped by a revolt of the
Saxons ; his natural son, Pepin, engages in a conspiracy, for which he is con-
fined in a monastery. Heresy of the Adoptians. Felix of Urgel, condemned by
the council of Ratisbon, recants his opinions. Offa murders Ethelbert, and
annexes East Anglia to Mercia ; in atonement for his crime, he levies a tax on
his subjects, to support the school founded by Ina at Rome ; this is afterwards
converted into " Peter's Pence." Charlemagne projects a canal, to unite the
Maine with the Danube. Osred returns from exile and is put to death. Mar-
riage of Ethelred and Elfieda.
278
FROM THE TEAS
A.D.
Hegira.
Eastern
Empire.
Popes.
Sp
Goths.
AIN.
Saracens.
France.
Arabia.
793
177
14 Constan-
tineVI.
22 Hadrian
I.
3 Alfonso
II.
7 Hixem,
or Hashem.
26 Charle-
magne.
8 Haroun Al
Raschid.
794
178
15
23
4
8
27
9
795
179—180
16
1 Leo III.
5
1 Al Ha-
kem I.
28
10
796
180—181
17
2
6
2
29
11
797
181—182
1 Irene.
3
7
3
30
12
798
182—183
2
4
8
4
31
13
799
183—184
3
5
9
5
32
14
800
184—185
4
6
10
6
33
Now empe-
ror of Ihe
West.
15
801
185—186
5
7
11 —
7
34
16
802
186—187
1 Nicepho-
rus I.
8
12
8
35
17
803
187—188
2 .
9
13
9
36
18
804
188—189
3
10 >
14
10
37
19
805
189—190
4
11 ■
15
11
38
20
806
190—191
5 —
12
16
12
39
21
807
191—192
6
13
17
13
40
22 —
808
192—193
7
14 ■
18
14
41
23
809
193—194
8
15 ■
19
15
42
1 Al Amin.
810
194—195
9
16
20
16
43
2
1
793 TO 810 A.D.
279
Repe-
tition
Bates
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
Doges op
Venice.
804
SOS
S07
7 Giovanni
Galbajo.
8 — -
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
1 Obelerio.
2
3
5
Denmaek.
810
1 Sigurd II
or Snogoye,
Nouthum- Britain or England.
BERLAND. ESSEX. WESSEX. MERCIA. KENT.
4 Ethel- 2 Sigeric. 10 Bertric. 39 Offa. 34 Alric.
red.
1 Erdulf.
2 ■
3
4
5
9
4 _
10
5 _
11
12
7 -
1 Alfwold.
8 -
2
9 —
Erdulf, re-
stored.
10 —
1 Eanred.
11 —
11 —
12
13
14
15
16
1 Egbert,
1 Egbert.
1 Cen-
wulf.
1 Eadbert
Pren.
1 Cutbred.
2
3
4
5
1 Baldred
280
FROM THE TEAB
D.
794
705
798
799
soo
Events and Eminent Men.
The Saracens recover Girona, cross the Pyrenees, and capture Narbonne. Alfonso
refuses to pay them the stipulated tribute, and defeats them at Ledos. Fruitless
attack on Grimoaldo, duke of Beneventum, by Louis and Pepin, sons of Char-
lemagne. Hixem decorates Cordova with fountains, bridges, and palaces.
Charlemagne abandons his projected canal. Lindisfarne pillaged by the Danes,
under Ragnar Lodbrok. Offa founds the abbey of St. Alban's.
On the approach of Charlemagne, the Saxons submit without a battle. The
Saracens driven from Oranges by the count of Toulouse. Felix disavows his
recantation, and is supported by Eliprand, archbishop of Toledo ; they are
condemned by a council at Francfort-on-the-Maine ; Alcuin > writes against
them. Hixem endeavours to abolish the Latin language, and establishes schools
for teaching Arabic. Death of Assan Ben Ahi Giafar, the Arabian poet.
Charlemagne founds the university of Paris. Ethelred, king of Northumber-
land, slain by his subjects. The Danes defeated at Wearmouth, and Ragnar
Lodbrok slain. Death of Charlemagne's queen, Fastrada; among the learned
whom he patronizes, are Ermoldus Nigellus and Theodolfus, abbot of Fleury,
afterwards bishop of Orleans.
Charlemagne ravages the country of the Saxons, to avenge the death of his ally,
Wilza,kingof theObotrites, he adorns Aix-la-Chapelle, and makes it the capital
of his dominions. Tudin, a chief of the Hnns, sues for peace. Another of their
chiefs defeated by Eric, duke of Friuli. Hixem dies, set. 38. Death of the Ara-
bian traveller, El Godei. The Danes infest Ireland. The emperor Constan tine
divorces his consort Maria, and marries Theodoca, one of her waiting-maids.
The moon eclipsed, Mar*ch 28.
The Saracens driven out of France ; Girona recovered from them. Charlemagne
transplants many thousand Saxons into France ; Alcuin obtains their release
from slavery. Pepin defeats the Huns and extends his father's empire to the
confluence of the Drave and Danube. A council at Friuli. Kenulph invades
Kent, and kills Eadbert Pren. Eanbald I. archbishop of York, succeeded by
Eanbald II. Death of Ceolwulf, bishop of Lindsey. Death of Offa, July 29, and
of his son Egbert a few months afterwards.
Constantine having made himself unpopular by his marriage, Irene deposes him,
puts out his eyes, and usurps the throne. Suleiman and Abdallah raise a
civil war against their nephew, Al Hakem ; Toledo declares in their favour.
The Franks take Barcelona, Saragossa, and Huesca. Sigeric, king of Essex,
goes to Rome. Paulus Diaconus becomes a monk at Monte Casino.
Al Hakem recovers Huesca and Lerida. Adalard, abbot of Corvey, a grandson
of Charles Martel, is the counsellor and vicegerent of Pepin in the government of
Italy. Felix of Urgel writes a Defence of his heresy; Paulinus of Aquileia replies.
Final conquest of the Avars or Huns ; the accumulated spoil of many years falls
into the hands of Charlemagne. Insurrection against Leo III.; he takes refuge
in France, and is conducted back to Rome by a French army. Al Hakem defeats
his uncles, and drives them into Tadmir (Murcia) and Valencia. The Balearic
isles under the protection of Charlemagne. Felix of Urgel again recants.
Charlemagne crowned emperor of the West by pope Leo, at Rome, December
25; his generals conquer Girona. Victory of Al Hakem in Tadmir ; Suleiman
slain ; Abdallah capitulates and retires to Tangier. Eadburga poisons Worr,
the friend of her husband, Bertric, who accidentally partakes the cup and dies ;
she takes flight to the court of Charlemagne, but ends her days soon afterwards
in great misery at Pavia. The West Saxons recal Egbert from France and
make him their king. In a Witenagemot at Winchester, the name of England
is given to his dominions. Haroun al Raschid sends to Charlemagne the
keys of Jerusalem, and many valuable presents. The dynasty of the Agla-
bites founded at Cairoan and Tunis.
Charlemagne adds his capitularies to the laws of Lombardy ; the Vulgar Era is
used in dating them ; he receives at Pavia an embassy from Haroun al Raschid ;
among the presents brought to him is an elephant. Barcelona surrenders to
Louis of Aquitain. A violent earthquake in Italy. Denmark becomes a settled
State mider Sigurd II. Death of Paul Warnefrid.
793 TO 810 A.D.
28]
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
SOI
610
Proposal to unite the two empires by the marriage of Charlemagne and Irene ;
conspiracy against her at CP. She is dethroned, Oct. 31, and banished to
Lesbos ; Nicephorus assumes the purple. Grimoald, duke of Beneventum,
asserts his independence. Alfonso adorns Oviedo with palaces and churches.
Al Hakem recovers Saragossa, Pampeluna, and Huesca : his general, Jusuf Ben
Amru, defeated and made prisoner. Haroun al Raschid murders the Barme-
cides. Death of Paulinus, patriai'ch of Aquileia. Beornmod bishop of Rochester.
The moon eclipsed, Dec. 20.
Treaty between Charlemagne and Nicephorus, to decide the limits of the two
empires. The independence of Venice recognized ; disputes between the doge
and the tribunes ; flight of the latter. Final submission and pacification of the
Saxons at Salz in Franconia, Irene dies at Lesbos. Nicephorus refuses the
tribute to the Saracens. Haroun al Raschid invades Phrygia. Death of Athel-
ard, archbishop of Canterbury ; Wulfred succeeds him. The archbishopric of
Lichfield suppressed by the synod of Cloveshoo.
Large colonies of Saxons transplanted by Charlemagne into distant parts of
his empire. Leo III. visits Aix-la-Chapelle. Godfrey, king of South Jutland,
attacks the Obotrites and burns Rerich. The Venetians expel their doge and
instal Obelerio in his place; Malamocco the most important seat of their go-
vernment and commerce. Al Hakem returns to Cordova ; treaty of alliance
between him and Edris Ben Edris, the young king of Fez. Death of Alcuin
Heraclea in Pontus reduced by Haroun al Raschid. Nicephorus, defeated and
wounded, agrees to an ignominious treaty of peace. Charlemagne attacks the
Bohemians ; their duke, Lecko, falls in battle. Massacre of Toledo, by order
of the Wali Amru. Treaty between Alfonso and Al Hakem. Defeat of the
Saracens in Catalonia. Death of Cuthred, king of Kent. Wineta, at the mouth
of the Oder, destroyed ; its people and trade removed to Julin (now Wollin).
Diet of Thionville : Charlemagne fises the division to be made of his empire
at his death, among his three sons. Death of Grimoald, duke of Beneventum.
The Franks recover Pampeluna, and as far as Tortosa. The Northumbrians
expel Erdulf, who flies to Charlemagne at Nimeguen ; Alfwolf usurps the
throne. Edris Ben Edris builds the city of Fez. Many citizens of Cordova put
to death for a plot against Al Hakem. Nicephorus patriarch of CP.
Haroun al Raschid founds public schools ; he sends another embassy to Charle-
magne with rich presents, among which is a curious clock of brass. The Sara-
cens of Spain repulsed, in their attempt on Sardinia and Corsica. Tortosa
besieged by the Franks. Cenwulf suspends Wulfred, archbishop of Canterbury.
The Danes infest Ireland. The designs of Pepin on Venice and Dalmatia lead
to war with Nicephorus. Occultation of Jupiter by the moon, Jan. 31.
Charlemagne assists Trasicon, king of the Obotrites, against Godfrey and the
Jutlanders. Godfrey constructs the first Danawerk on the Eyder. Normans
infest the coasts of the French empire ; large naval armaments prepared
against them. Al Hakem's son, Abderahman, delivers Tortosa. Alfonso
founds Santiago de Compostella. Charlemagne institutes " missi regii," iti-
nerant commissioners, to watch the administration of justice ; through his
intervention and that of the pope, Erdulf is restored to the throne of Nor-
thumberland. George Syncellus writes his chronology.
Nicephorus oppresses his empire by taxes, and makes war, at first successfully,
against Chunnus, king of the Bulgarians. Victory of the Obotrites and death
of their king, Trasicon. To check the inroads of Godfrey, Charlemagne
fortifies Hamburg. A Greek fleet repulsed at Comacchio. The Saracens attack
Corsica. Death of Haroun al Raschid ; contest between his sons for the throne.
Council of Aix-la-Chapelle. The sun eclipsed, July 16. Death of Erdulf, king
of Northumberland ; his son Eanred begins his troubled reign.
Pepin attacks Venice ; the citizens defend themselves ; soon after this he dies at
Ravenna, July 8, set. 33. After a victory gained by Alfonso, Al Hakem makes
peace with him and Charlemagne. Ambassadors from Nicephorus conclude at
Aix-la-Chapelle a treaty of peace between the two empires. Godfrey of Jutland
slain by his own people during a maritime expedition against Frisia.
282
TEOM THE YEAE
A.D.
H EGIRA.
Eastern
Empire.
Popes.
Spain.
Goths. Saracens.
Empire of
the West.
Arabia.
811
812
195—196
196—197
1 Stauraci-
us.
1 Michael I.
Rhangabe.
2
17 Leo III.
18
21 Alfonso.
11.
22
17 Al Ha-
kem I.
18
44 Charle-
magne.
45
3 Al Amin.
4
813
198
1 Leo V. the
Armenian.
19
23
19
46
1 Al Ma-
mun.
814
199
2
20
24
20
1 Louis I. le
D^bonnaire.
2
815
200
3
21
25 ■
21
2
3
S16
201
4
1 Stephen
V.(orIV.)
26
22
3
4
817
202
5
1 Pascal I.
27
23
4
5
818
203
6
2
28
24
5
6 —
819
204
7
3
29
25
6
7
820
821
205
206
1 Michael
II. the
Stammerer.
2
4
5
30 —
31
26
1 Abderah-
man II.
8
8
9
822
207
3
6
32
2
9
10
823
208
4
7
33
3
10
11 - —
824
209
5
1 Eugeni-
usll.
34
4
11
12 ■
825
210
6 — -
2
35
5
12
13
826
211
7
3
36
6
13
14
827
828
212—213
213—214
8
9
1 Valen-
tine.
1 Grego-
ry IV.
2
37
38
8
14
15
15
16
829
214—215
1 Theophi-
lus.
3
39
9
16
17
I
811 TO 829 A.D.
283
1 Repe-
tition
\DatP.s.
Doges of
Venice.
Denmabk.
Tusca-
ny.
North- England.
y^B~ Essex. Wessex. Mercia. Kent.
LAND.
811
1 Angelo
Partici-
aco.
18 Sigurd
II. or
SnogOye
3 Ean-
red.
13 Sigend
. 12 Egbert
!l6Cen- 7Baldred.
wulf. |
!
812
2
19
4
14
13
17
8
813
3
20
5
15
14
18
9
814
4
21
6
16
15
19
10
815
5
22
7
17
16
20
11
816
23
8
18
17
21
12
817
7
24
9
19
18
22
13
818
8
25
10
20
19
23
14
819
9
26
11 - —
.. -
20
(1 Ce-
J nelm.
1 lCeol-
L wulf.
15
820
10
27
12
22
21
2
16
821
11
28
13
23
22
lBer-
nulf.
17
822
828
12
13 —
29
30
1 Boni-
face II.
14
15
24
Conquered
by Eg-
bert.
23
24
2
1 Lude-
can.
18
Conquered
by Eg-
bert
824
14
lHardica-
nute I.
2
16
25
2
825
15
2
3
17
26
1 With-
laf.
■
826
16 —
3
4 —
18
27
2
827
1 Giustini-
ano Parti-
ciaco.
4 ■
5
19
28
3
828
2
5
6
20
29
4
829
1 Giovan-
ni Parti-
ciaco.
6
7
21
30
5
284
FROM THE YEAB
Events and Eminent Men.
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
Nicephorus defeated and slain by the Bulgarians, July 25; his son Stauracius
dies after a reign of six months; Michael is appointed his colleague and suc-
cessor, Oct. 2. Peace between Charlemagne and Godfrey's son, Hemming ; the
river Eyder made the boundary of their respective dominions. Revolt of the
Armorican Bretons repressed. The Venetians depose Obelerio and his brothers ;
the new doge transfers the seat of government to the island of Rivo Alto
(Rialto). Death of Charles, the eldest son of Charlemagne, Dec. 4.
Pepin's illegitimate son, Bernhard, created titular king of Italy ; Walla, a grand-
son of Charles Martel, is his minister. Charlemagne effects a general peace
by treaties with the Greek emperor, with Grimoald, duke of Beneventum, with
Al Hakem in Spain, and with Harold and Reginfried, the sons of Hemming,
in South Jutland. He calls upon his prelates for their opinions on the rite
of baptism, and adopts the treatise of Odelbert, archbishop of Milan. Wulfred
goes to Rome and pleads his cause before the pope, who orders him to be restored
to the archbishopric of Canterbury. Banchor, in Ireland, plundered by the
Danes.
Diet of Aix-la-Chapelle; Louis crowned as colleague and successor to Charlemagne.
The emperor Michael, defeated by the Bulgarians, retires into a monastery
and is succeeded by Leo, the Armenian. Crunnus ravages Thrace and takes
Adrianople. Al Amin dethroned by his brother Al Mamun. Egbert defeats
the Britons of Cornwall and South Wales ; St. David's burnt. African and Spanish
corsairs infest the islands and coasts of Italy ; the citizens of Amalphi and
Gaeta arm against them. Charlemagne calls the five councils (of Aries,
Chalons, Rheims, Mentz and Tours) to regulate the discipline of the church.
Wulfred returns to England. Cenwulph refuses to obey the papal mandate,
but at last allows Wulfred to resume his functions, with some limitations, on
his surrendering certain lands and paying a sum of money.
Death of Charlemagne, Jan. 28, set. 71. Louis restores to the Saxons some of their
lost privileges ; deprives Bernard of his able advisers, and grants an asylum
to Harold, after his expulsion from Jutland. The emperor Leo revives the edicts
against image-worship. Al Mamun protects the Shiites (sect of Ali) from
persecution, and patronizes literature. Death of Crunnus the Bulgarian.
Louis exacts an apology from pope Leo, for having exercised civil judicial power
in Rome; gives his son Lothaire the title of king of Bavaria, and to Pepin that
of Aquitain, and sends an army of Saxons and Obotrites to restore Harold in
Jutland. Al Hakem proclaims his son Abderahman, as his vicegerent and
successor; disaffection begins to prevail at Cordova. Theodorus patriarch of
CP. holds a council, which annuls all decrees against Iconoclasts.
Death of pope Leo ; his successor Stephen crowns Louis and Ermengard at
Rheims. The emperor Leo invades Bulgaria, and concludes peace with Omortag.
A council at Aix-la-Chapelle, regulates the Benedictine priories, and canonries
attached to cathedral churches. Louis sends commissioners to inspect monas-
teries. The Anglo Saxon college at Rome destroyed by fire. Agobard, arch-
bishop of Lyons protests against image worship. Al Mamun employs astrono-
mers to observe the sun's greatest declination, which is found to be 23—34.
Death of pope Stephen; he and his successor Pascal having been consecrated,
without first obtaining the imperial consent, Louis asserts his prerogative, but
confirms the elections. Lothaire associated with his father in the empire.
Bernard plots to defeat this; he and the other conspirators are imprisoned.
Al Hakem's cruelty drives many thousand Andalusians into Africa; some settle
at Fez ; others emigrate to Egypt. Benedict of Aniane introduces stricter rules
of monastic discipline. Ermoldus Nigellus writes a poetical chronicle of
his times. Al Mamun's liberality to the sect of Ali causes a revolt of his
subjects. Death of the historian Theophanes.
Bernard cruelly put to death, set. 19. Remorse of Louis. Death of the empress
Ermengard. A rebellion in Armorica suppressed. Turpin (or Tilpin, see a.d.
769), archbishop of Rheims, writes his romances.
Marriage of Louis to Judith, daughter of Guelph, a Bavarian nobleman, the
founder of that illustrious German family. (See a.d. 746.) Commotions in Pan-
811 TO 829 A.D.
285
A.D.
Events a*d Eminent Men.
821
S22
824
827
nonia and Gasccmy appeased. Death of Cenwulph, king of Mercia ; his son
Cenelm, set 7, murdered. Ceolwulph succeeds. The power of Mercia declines.
Leo banishes the monk Theodore Studites, for his defence of image-worship.
Leo assassinated, Dec. 25. Michael of Amorium usurps the throne. Abderah-
man wars against the Franks on the Ebro, he is recalled to Cordova by the
melancholy madness of his father Al Hakem. Louis gives to his son Lothaire
the title of king of Italy. Dynasty of the Taherites founded in Khorasan.
Diet of Nimeguen. Louis, youngest son of the emperor, created king of Bavaria
and Bohemia. Marriage of Lothaire to Ermengarda. Adalard restored to
his abbey of Corvey. Death of Al Hakem. Abdallah leaves Tangier to raise
a rebellion, submits to the new caliph Abderahman, and is again pardoned.
Bernulph usurps the throne of Mercia. Antonius I. patriarch of CP.
Diet of Attigni in Ardennes. Public Penance of Louis for his acts of injustice.
Walla re-appointed chief minister in Italy. Thomas, a Cappadocian slave, be-
besieges CP. Abderahman takes Barcelona and Urgel. The expatriated An-
dalusians (See a.d. 817) leave Egypt and settle in Crete, where they build
Candia. Rabanus Maurus, abbot of Fulda. Synod of Cloveshoo.
The Emperor Michael sends an embassy to Abderahman, and proposes a treaty of
alliance. Charles, afterwards called " the Bald," bora at Francfort. Voluntary
submission of the East Anglians to Egbert. Bernulf, king of Mercia, defeated
and slain in an attempt to regain his authority over them. Egbert subdues
Essex and Kent. Lothaire crowned at Rome.
Louis proceeds, with two of his sons, to tranquillize Armorica. He receives at
Rouen ambassadors from CP. Revival of discussions on image-worship. The
" Constitutions " of Lothaire regulate the various laws in Italy. Conflicts in
the Pyrenees between the Franks and Saracens ; the former defeated in the
Bort Xezar, or, Pass of Roncesvalles. A great Synod at Cloveshoo.
Bulgarian embassy to Louis. Ludecan, the successor of Bernulf, attacks the East
Anglians, is defeated and killed; Withlaf or Wiglaf, called to the throne of
Mercia, but driven out by Egbert. Council of Paris on image-worship. Claude,
bishop of Turin, writes against, Jonas of Orleans defends, it.
Harold of South Jutland baptized at Ingelheim ; receives from Louis a grant of
land at Rustringen in Friesland. On a visit to his country, Ansgar a monk of
Corvey attends him to preach Christianity in the North. Complaints made to
the council of Rome, that Charlemagne's institutions for the promotion of learn-
ing were neglected, and many places had no teachers. Abderahman provides
for the careful education of his sons, and establishes public schools throughout
Spain ; he repairs roads, embanks rivers, and constructs aqueducts, reservoirs
and baths. Among the learned whom he patronises are the poet Abdallah
Aben Xamin, and the traveller Yahye Ben Hakem. Dicuil, an Irish monk,
settled in France, writes " De Mensura Orbis Terrse."
The Saracens of Africa introduced by Euphemius into Sicily. Revolt of Merida
against Abderahman. Egbert subdues Mercia and Northumberland.
The insurrection of Merida quelled ; Toledo revolts. The Saracens conquer a
great part of Catalonia. Syracuse taken by them. Boniface, marquis of Tus-
cany, defends Corsica and invades Africa. Egbert allows the kings of Northum-
berland and Mercia to retain their titles, on their paying him tribute and
acknowledging his authority as Bretwalda. North Wales submits to him.
Death of Ethelwald, bishop of Lichfield. The moon eclipsed, Dec. 25.
Death of the emperor Michael, Oct. 3. Louis makes another division of his states,
giving a portion to his younger son Charles, and naming as his guardian Bernard,
duke of Languedoc. Lothaire, in an edict, reproves the clergy for their total
neglect of education and establishes masters in Florence, Turin, Verona, and
other places. The monk Dungallo, who had written a book in defence of image-
worship, is placed over the school of Pavia. The Saracens land in Calabria.
The doge of Venice, Giustiniani Particiaco, at his death bequeaths funds for
building the church of St. Mark. Death of Wulfred, archbishop of Canterbury ;
his successor, Theologild, dies soon after his appointment. Swithun, afterwards
bishop of Winchester, is Egbert's chief adviser and preceptor of his sons.
236
FEOM THE TEAB
A.D.
Hegiea.
Eastern
Empire.
Popes.
Arabia.
Spain.
Goths. Saracens
Doges op
Venice.
Empire
OF THE
West.
"830
831
215—216
216—217
2 Theo-
philus.
3
4 Gregory
IV.
5
18 Al Ma-
mun.
19
40Alfon-
sp II.
41
10 Abder-
ahman II
11
2 Giovan-
ni Parti-
ciaco.
3
17 Louis
I.leDeb-
onnaire.
18
832
217—218
4
6
20
42
12
4
19
833
218—219
5
7
1 Al Mo-
tassem.
43
13
5 ',
20
834
219—220
6
8
2
44
14
6
21 •
835
220—221
7
9
3
45
15
7
22
836
221—222
8
10
4
46
16
8
23
837
222—223
9
11
5
47
17
1 Pietro
Tradonico.
24
838
223—224
10
12
6
48
18
2
25 — -
839
840
224—225
226
11
12
13
14
8
49 —
50
19
20
3
26
iTAir.
lLo-
;haire I.
841
227
13
15
1 Al Wa-
thek.
51
21
5
2
842
228
1 Michael
III.
16
2
52
22
6
3
843
229
2
17
3
1 Kami-
rol.
23
7
4
844
' 845
230
231
3
4
1 Sergius
II.
2
5 — —
3 — —
24
25
___
9 _
5
6
846
232
5
3 ■
6
4
26
10
7
847
233
6
1 Leo IV.
1 Al Mo-
tawakkel.
5
27
11
8
848
234
7
2
2
6
2S
12
9
849
235
8
3
3
7
29
13
L0
850
236
9
4
4
1 Ordo-
nio I.
30
14
LI .
830 TO 850 A.D,
287
Repe-
tition
Dates
830
831
832
i
1 ]
France.
GrERMA
NY,
- Den-
mark.
Tusca-
ny.
SCOTLANr
NORTHUM- En^AND.
* BERLAND. WESSEX. MERCJA,
7 Hardi
Canute J
8
9
- 8 Boni
.1 face II
i 9
10
- Union of 22 Eanred. 31 Egbert
. thePicts
and Scots
by the 23 — 32
marriage
of Aycha
and Un- 24 33
garia.
. 6Withlaf.
7
8
833
10
11
1 Alpine
25
34
9
834
11 ■
12
2
26
35 ■
10
835
12
13
3
27
36
11
836
837
13
14
14
15
1 Ken-
neth M'
Alpine.
2
28
29
1 Ethel-
wulf.
2
12
13
838
15
16
3
30
3
1 Beort-
wulf.
839
16
17
4
31
4
2
840
1 Charles
the Bald.
1 Louis.
17
18
5
32
5
3
841
842
843
2
3
4
2
3
4
18
19
20-
19
20
21
6
7
8
33
Annexed
to the
kingdom
of Eng-
land.
6
IT ^_
8
4
5
6
844
5
5
21
22
9
9
7
845
6
6
22
23
10
10 _
8
846
7
7
23
24
11
11
d
847
8
8
24
1 Adal-
bert.
12
L2 i
10 —
848
9
9 —
25
2
L3
18 1
l —
849
10
10
26
3
14
4 1
2
850
11
LI
27
4
15
L5 Jl3 -
288
FEOM THE TEAS
830
831
\ 332
83G
8:35
838
840
84]
Events and Eminent Men.
Louis deposed by his three eldest sous, and restored by the diet of Niraeguen.
Bernard retires into Spain. Ansgar preaches Christianity in Sweden. Ceolnoth
archbishop of Canterbury. The emperor Theophilus hostile to image-worship.
Obelerio, the former doge of Venice, loses his life in an attempt to regain his
power.
Clemency of Louis to his sons and their abettors. Diets of Aix-la-Chapelle and
Thionville. Merida and Alisbona join the insurrection in Spain. Messina
taken by the Saracens ; Theodotus falls in battle against them. Paschasius
Radbert, abbot of Corvey, introduces the doctrine of Transubstantiation, and is
opposed by Rabanus Maurus, abbot of Fulda.
Renewed discord between Louis and his sons. Palermo and the greater part of
Sicily subdued by the Saracens. Omeya, the son of Abderahman, defeats the
insurgents near the river Alberche. The Danes land in the Isle of Sheppey.
John VII. patriarch of CP.
Louis a prisoner in the hands of his son Lothaire, who assumes full imperial
power. Defeat of the Spanish rebels at Maghazul. The Danes land in Wessex
from thirty-five ships, and defeat Egbert. The regular succession of Scottish
kings begins with Alpine. Death of the caliph Al Mamun.
Lothaire compelled by his brother to restore their father to his throne. Merida
submits to Abderahman. Ansgar appointed archbishop of Hamburg. Ber-
nard independent in Catalonia, under the title of count or marquis of Barcelona.
Diet of Thionville, degradation of Agobard, archbishop of Lyons, Ebbo of Rheims
and others, who had joined in the rebellion. Egbert defeats at Hengston a com-
bined army of Danes and Cornish Britons.
Death of Egbert. His successor Ethelwulf places his son Athelstan over Kent,
Essex, and Sussex. Baldimer, the Bulgarian king, releases his Greek prisoners.
Death of Walla, after being made abbot of Bobbio by Lothaire. Paschasius
Radbert writes his Life.
Theophilus invades Syria and destroys Sozopetra, the birth-place of Al Motassem.
Louis allots Neustria to his youngest son Charles. The Danes harass the
countries about the Meuse and Waal ; they are repulsed by the West Saxons at
Southampton, and defeat them on the isle of Portland. The Venetians compel
their doge to retire into a monastery ; they elect his successor. Pope Gregory,
during the distracted state of Europe, extends the power of the church, and uses
the forged " Decretals" for that purpose. A comet is seen at Easter-time.
Al Motassem defeats Theophilus and retaliates the fate of Sozopetra on Amorium.
Louis forms a league between his sons Lothaire and Charles ; death of his son
Pepin. The rebellion in Spain ended by the surrender of Toledo. The Danes
sail up the Loire and ravage the country as far as Tours ; they invade Kent,
and infest the marshlands of Lindsey and East Anglia.
Louis of Bavaria rebels ; deserted by his army, he submits to his father. Death
of Bernard, count of Barcelona. The Saracens of Spain fit out a fleet and
plunder Marseilles. The Venetians repress the piracy of the Dalmatians : butlose
their ships in an attack on the Saracens at Tarento. Theophilus sends ambas-
sadors to invite the assistance of Abderahman and Lothaire against Al Motassem.
Death of Louis le Debonnaire, at Ingelheim, June 20, set. 64; his three sons divide
his empire into three independent States, Charles taking France, Lothaire Italy,
with the title of emperor, and Louis Bavaria or Germany ; but they quarrel
about the limits of their respective territories, and the sons of Pepin claim Aqui-
tain. Louis seizes the German States allotted to Lothaire, who brings an army
across the Alps, to assert his rights ; negotiations and truces between the three !
brothers. The kingdom of Poland founded by Piast. Ethelwulf defeated by
the Danes at Carrum (Carhamton, in Somersetshire). Death of Claude, bishop
of Turin ; and of Agobard, former archbishop of Lyons.
Louis and Charles unite to resist the pretensions of Lothaire, and defeat him at
Fontenat, in Auxerre, June 25 ; both parties, weakened by this battle, continue
ineffectual hostilities. Rouen plundered by the Danes, under Hasting. Nomenoi
revolts in Bretagne and takes Rennes and Nantes. Southern Italy distracted
by the rival claims of Siconolfo and Radelgiso to the duchy of Beneventum.
Death of Al Motassem ; the splendour of the Arabian Caliphate declines. j
830 TO '350 A.D.
289
843
844
845
847
848
849
Events and Eminent Men.
Theophobus rejects the purple offered him by his soldiers, and is beheaded for their
crime. Death of Theophilus, Jan. 20 ;' his empress, Theodora, reigns in the
name of their son, Michael, set. 5 ; she punishes, by whipping and degradation,
John VII., and appoints in his place Methodius I. patriarch of CP.; a council
held there, Feb. 19, under her auspices, restores the worship of images. Inter-
view between Louis and Charles at Strasburg; they bind themselves by oath to
maintain their league, the former using the German, and the latter the Romance,
language. Lothaire agrees to hold a congress at Metz, for settlement of their
disputes. The Saracens, invited by Radelgiso to support his cause in Beneven-
tum, establish themselves at Ban. Kenneth completes the subjection of the
Picts, whose last chieftain, Wead, is slain in battle. Death of Eginhard, the
former secretary of Charlemagne. Death of Eanred, the last nominal king of
Northumberland.
Treaty of Verdun ; the three brothers fix the limits of their territories. Italy,
France, and Germany become distinct States. A portion of Germany assigned
to Lothaire, between the Rhine and the Meuse. The Danes (called by Arabian
writers Magioges, "people of Gog and Magog") land at Lisbon from fifty-four
ships, and carry off a rich booty. Continued strife in Southern Italy ; siege of
Beneventum by Siconolfo. Alfonso dies at Oviedo, set. 85.
The diet of Thionville confirms the territorial settlement made in the preceding
year at Verdun. Lothaire gives the title of king of Italy to his son Louis, who
is crowned at Rome. On the death of Pope Gregory, his successor, Buccaporci
(Pig's cheek), takes the name of Sergius II. Ramiro defeats the Saracens at
Clavigo, near Calagurris (Calahorra). The Danes infest the neighbourhood of
Cadiz and Seville ; Abderahman fits out a fleet to resist them.
The Paulicians, persecuted by Theodora, defend themselves, and fortify Tephrice.
Bogoris, king of the Bulgarians, negotiates with her and with Louis of
Germany. Pepin establishes his authority in the greater part of Aquitain, and
Nomenoi defeats Charles in Bretagne. Misenum taken by the Saracens, The
Danes repulsed at the mouth of the Parret. Ratramn or Bertram writes against
Transubstantiation. John Scotus Erigena the founder of scholastic theology.
The Saracens advance to the walls of Rome, and after plundering the country,
return and lay siege to Gaeta. The Danes, repulsed in Gallicia by Ramiro, take
the island of Noirmoutier, on the coast of Vendee. Spain afflicted by a great
drought and swarms of locusts. Ignatius, patriarch of CP.
The three brothers repress some growing jealousies by a conference at Mersen,
near Maestrecht. The Saracens driven from the siege of Gaeta by a violent
storm. Death of the caliph Al Wathek. Abderahman relieves the distress in
Spain by a remission of taxes and the construction of aqueducts and fountains.
Rabanus Maurus, abbot of Fulda, made archbishop of Mentz. The monk Gott-
schalk raises the Predestinarian controversy. Earthquake in Italy.
Louis, king of Italy, drives the Saracens out of Beneventum, and divides the
duchy between the two rivals. Pope Leo adds a new quarter to the city of
Rome, by surrounding the Vatican with walls. Bretagne independent under
Nomenoi. A council at Mentz condemns the doctrines of Go'ttschalk, and sends
him to Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims.
The Saracen pirates range at will through the Mediterranean ; they are defeated
at the mouth of the Tiber by the combined fleets of Naples, Gaeta, and Amalphi.
Leo fortifies Porto at the entrance of the river. Birth of Ethelwulf's youngest J
son, Alfred. Gottschalk sentenced by the council of Quiercy to be flogged and
to perpetual imprisonment.
Pepin strengthens himself in Aquitain by leagues with Saracens and Normans.
Roric, a nephew of Harold (see a.d. 826), collects a piratical armament in Friesland,
with which he attacks other coasts ; Lothaire purchases security for his own
lands, by granting Durstadt to him. The Saracens land in Provence and plunder
Aries. Abderahman paves Cordova and builds new palaces there ; he punishes
severely his Christian subjects who speak against Mahomet. Death of Ramiro.
Prudentius, bishop of Troyes, writes his annals and epistles. Druthmar, a dis-
ciple of Ratramn, writes a grammatical commentary on Matthew's Gospel.
290
FEOM THE YEAS
A.D.
Hegiba.
Eastern
Empire.
Popes.
AKABIA. t SPA1N'
1 Goths. Saracens.
Doges of
Venice.
Tusca-
ny.
S51
237
10 Michael
III.
5 Leo IV.
5AlMota-
wakkel.
2 Ordo-
nio I.
31 Abder-
ahman II.
15 Pietro
Trado-
nico.
5 Adal-
bert
652
238
11
6
3
1 Muha-
mad.
16
6
853
239
12
7
7
4
2
17
7
854
240
13
8
8
5
3
IS
8
855
241—242
14
1 Bene-
dict III.
9
6
4
19
9
S56
242—243
15
2
10
7
5
20
10
857
243—244
16
3
11
8
6
21
11
85S
244—245
17
1 Nicholas
I.
12
9
7
22
12
S59
245—246
IS
2
13
10
S
23
13
S60
246—247
19
3
14
11
9
24
14
861
247— 24S
20
4
1 Al Mo-
stanser.
12
10
25
15 ,
S62
S63
24S— 249
249—250
21
22
G
1 Al Mo-
stain.
2 . .
1 Alfon-
so III.
the
Great.
2
11
12
26
27
16
17
864
250—251
23
7
3
3
13
1 Orso
Particiaco.
IS
365
251-252
24 _
S
4
4
14
2 >
19 —
- 366
i
252—253
9
1 Al Mc-
taz.
5
15
3
20
851 TO 866 A.D.
291
Repe-
tition
Dates.
S51
S52
sr>;>
854
S55
S56
857
France.
12 Charles
the Bald
Italy. Germany.
861
862
864
12 Lo-
thaire I
1 Louis
II.
18
12 Louis.
20
Denmark,
28 Hardi-
canute I
29
30
31
16 Ken-
neth M'
Alpine.
England.
Wessex. Mercja
19
1 Gorni. 20
22
23
1 Donald
III.
1 Con-
stantine
16 Ethel,
wulf.
IS
14Beortwulf.
1 Burhred.
20
1 Ethel-
bald.
1 Ethel-
bert.
5 ! 1 Ethelred
I I.
u 2
292
FROM THE YEAB
A.D.
851
S52
853
854
855
857
Events and Eminent Men.
Charles recovers Aquitain, and imprisons Pepin at Soissons. The Danes ascend
the Rhine with 252 ships, and plunder Ghent, Cologne, Treves, and Aix-la-
''hapelle. A band of the same people defeated by ealdorman Ceorl, at Wiegan-
beorh ( Wemburg, near Plymouth). Another band, repulsed by Athelstan at
Sandwich, afterwards take the island of Thanet and winter there. Roric, with
350 sail, arrives in the Thames, puts to flight Beortwulf, king of Mercia, pillages
Canterbury and London, but is at last defeated by Ethelwulf, with great
slaughter, at Ockley, in Surrey. H^rispoe succeeds his father, Nomenoi, in
Bretagne.
Unsuccessful siege of Rari, by Louis. The pope completes and consecrates his
new town, which he names the Leonine City. He plants Corsican refugees in
the deserted town of Porto. Death of Abderahman, set. 65, leaving forty-five
sons and forty-two daughters by his numerous wives. His son and successor,
Muhamad, sends his general Musa to invade France, with whom Charles con
eludes an ignominious peace. The same general is defeated and wounded at Al-
baida, by Ordonio, who then assists a revolt raised by the people of Toledo.
Muhamad defeats his rebellious subjects and their Christian allies, near Toledo,
and lays siege to the city. Revolt of Musa and his son, Lobia, at Saragossa,
The Danes seize Nantes and Tours. They maintain their ground in Thanet,
against the men of Kent and Surrey. Ethelwulf defeats Rotri Mawr (Roderic
the Great), king of the Welsh Cymri, and penetrates to the isle of Anglesea,
He gives his daughter Ethelswith in marriage to Burhred, king of Mercia, and
sends his son Alfred to Rome, who is anointed king by the pope. Ansgar re-
turns to Sweden, and converts king Olof. Fabulous period of pope Joan.
The people of Aquitain offer their duchy to a son of Louis of Germany ; but Pepin,
having escaped from prison, places himself once more at their head. Muhamad
leaves his son Almondhir to blockade Toledo, and returns to Cordova. The pre-
destinarian controversy produces violent altercations. Gottschalk's tenets are
attacked by Hincmar and Scotus Erigena, and defended by Prudentius, Floras
Magister, and Remigius, archbishop of Lyons. With the exception of a few-
leading ecclesiastics, universal ignorance now prevails in Christendom.
Death of Lothaire, Sept. 28. His eldest son, Louis, is king of Italy and emperor
of the West ; the second, Lothaire, has the countries between the Rhine and
Meuse, which take from him the name of Lotharingen (now Lorraine), and the
youngest Charles, has Provence. The Toledans drive their besiegers back to
Talavera, whence they, in their turn, are compelled to retire within their own
walls. Ethelwulf visits Rome, with his son Alfred; he remains there a year,
restores the Anglo-Saxon school, and confirms the Rome-scot (afterwards Peter's
pence). On the death of Leo, the papacy is contested by Benedict and Anas-
tasius ; the former prevails. A band of Danes keep the isle of Sheppey through
the winter.
Ethelwulf visits Charles the Bald, and marries his daughter, Judith, set. 12, at
Verberie-sur-Oise ; on his return to England, Alstan, bishop of Sherbourne, and
Eanwulf, ealdorman of Somerset, force him to resign the crown of Wessex to
his son Ethelbald. The emperor Louis and his wife, Angilberga, visit Venice.
The Normans, under Hasting, carry their depredations as far as Paris. Un-
successful siege of Bari by the Beneventines. Ado, archbishop of Vienne.
Death of Rabanus Maurus. Inundation and pestilence at Rome.
The emperor Michael takes the government into his own hands, shuts his mother
up in a convent, appoints his uncle, Bardas, Csesar, and indulges intemperate!
habits, which acquire for him the surname of " the drunkard ;" he deposes Ig-
natius, and appoints Photius patriarch of CP. The Venetians take Comacchio,
to revenge an insult to a relative of their dogis.
On the death of Herispoe, the Bretons continue to assert their independence,
under Solomon. The Normans establish themselves on the Oise. While
Charles is unsuccessfully employed against these two enemies, his brother
Louis invades France, but is persuaded to withdraw his forces, by their nephew
Lothaire. Toledo submits to Muhamad. Garcias, a descendant of Aznar,
count of Arragon ; Sancho, surnamed Arista, founds an independent state in
Navarre. Death of Ethelwulf. Ethelbald mprrify bis stepmother, Judith.
851 TO 866 A.D.
293
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
Louis sends Teuton, abbot of Fulda, to the emperor and the pope, with an expla-
nation of his late proceedings, which his brother Charles still resents. Vanilon,
archbishop of Sens, censured for his treason. Pope Nicholas asserts the genu-
ineness of the forged Decretals, and imposes them on the ignorance of the age.
The Normans despoil many inland districts of France. Ethelbald compelled
by his people to divorce Judith, who is allowed to sell her " morgevgift" and'
return to her father. The Magioges (see a.d. 843), with a fleet of sixty ships, ''
again devastate the coasts of Spain.
Ordonio strengthens his kingdom. Muhamad, unable to make any impression
in that quarter, turns his arms against Navarre and Arragon, where he gains
some fortresses. Death of Ethelbald ; his brother Ethelbert succeeds. A large !
body of Danes, led by Weland from the banks of the Somme, land at Southamp-
ton and ravage Winchester ; they are repulsed by the ealdormen Gsric and
Ethelwulf. Ignatius appeals to the pope, who sends legates to CP. to inquire
into the appointment of Photius. Bogoris, king of the Bulgarians, converted
to Christianity. A severe winter ; the Hadriatic frozen. Iceland discovered
by the Northmen.
Al Mostanser instigates the Turkish guards to murder his father, Al Mota-
wakkel, and is raised by them to the caliphate. A band of sea-rovers, called
Wariiger, under Ruric (Roric ? see a.o. 850), land near Lake Ladoga, and esta-
blish themselves there. Death of Swithun, bishop of Winchester. Ordonio
takes Salamanca and Coria.
Charles the Bald disturbed by the short rebellions of his sons Louis and Charles ;
his daughter, Judith, widow of Ethelwulf, is carried off by Baldwin, who obtains
her father's pardon, and is created count of Flanders. Carloman revolts against
his father, Louis of Germany. Lothaire divorces Teutberga, and marries his
concubine Waldrada; the archbishops of Cologne and Treves support him
in the council of Aix-la-Chapelle against the condemnation of pope Nicholas and
Hincmar of Rheims. The pope* legates at CP., without his sanction, confirm
the appointment of Photius. Ruric conquers Novogorod and Kiow, and becomes
grand duke of Russia. The Ungri (Hungarians) obtain a permanent settlement
in Pannonia. Death of Ordonio, Dec. 27. Accession of Alfonso the Great.
The rebellion of Omar Ben Hafsun enables the Navarrese and Arragonese to
regain their lost ground. Al Mostanser killed by the Turkish guards, who place
Al Mostain on the throne.
Death of Charles of Provence ; his brothers divide his kingdom. Gorm conquers
Jutland. Nicholas annuls Lothaire's marriage, excommunicates the archbishops
of Cologne and Treves, deposes Photius, and declares Ignatius to be the patriarch
of CP. Harold Harfagr, king of Norway.
An edict of Charles the Bald, for the destruction of fortified castles, disregarded by
his nobles. Nicholas asserts his exclusive right to appoint and depose bishops.
The sovereigns and prelates of France and Germany resist his claim. The
emperor Louis occupies Rome with an armed force, but fails in his object. The
doge of Venice assassinated. Christianity, first introduced into Russia, makes
little progress.
Charles takes Pepin and reduces Aquitain. Lothaire submits to the papal
decree, and is for a time reconciled to Teutberga, but soon recalls Waldrada.
The Saracens of Bari commit great depredations in Italy. A naval armament
of the Russians against CP. dispersed by a storm. Zeid, the grandson of Mu-
hamad, and his army, treacherously massacred by Omar Ben Hafsun. A great
drought in Spain. The Danes occupy Thanet, and ravage East Kent. Bertario,
abbot of Monte Casino, poet and grammarian. Death of Ansgar, archbishop of
Hamburg and Bremen, and of Paschasius Radbert, abbot of Corvey.
The emperor Michael causes his uncle Bardas to be assassinated by Basil the
Macedonian, to whom he gives the title of Csesar. Almondhir, son of Muhamad,
storms Rosas and disperses the army of Omar, who escapes and conceals himself
in the mountains. The emperor Louis assembles a large force in Southern
Italy against the Saracens. Invasion of East Anglia by a numerous body of
Danes. Al Mostain murdered by the Turkish guard.
294
FROM THE YEAB
A.D.
[iEOIKA.
Eastern
Empire.
Popes.
Arabia.
Spain.
Goths. Saracens.
Doges of
Venice.
Tusca-
ny.
867
253—254
1 Basil I.
the Mace-
donian.
1 Hadrian
II.
2 Al Mo-
taz.
6 Alfon-
so III.
the
Great.
16 Muha-
mad.
4 Orso
Partici-
aco.
21 Adal-
bert
868
254—255
2
2
P.
7
17
5
22
869
255—256
3
3
1 Al Moh-
tadi.
8
18
6
23
870
256—257
4
4
1 Al Mo-
tamed.
9
19
7
24
871
258
5 — —
5
2
10 —
20
8
25
1
872
259
6
1 John
VIII.
3
11
21
9
26
873
260
7
4
12
22
10
27
874
261
8
3
5
13
23
11
28
875
262
9
4
6
14
24
12
29
878
263
10
5
7
15
25
13
30
877
264
11
6
I
8
(16
26 ~
14
31
878
265
12
I7-
9 —
17 -
27
15
82
867 TO 878 A.D.
295
Repe-
tition
Daks.1
871
S72
873
S74
875
S76
877
878
France.
28 Charles
the Bald
29
30
33
Italy.
13 Louis
II.
15 30
Germany.
28 Louis.
35
20
1 Louis II.
the Stam-
merer.
32
34
35
13 Gorm.
14
18
Scot-
land.
Con-
stantine,
10
Flanders,
! Baldwin
I.
England.
Wessex. Mercia
2 Ethel
red I.
16 Burn-
red.
1 Alfred
the
Great.
12
1 Charles
the
Bald. I
2 f 1 Louis II.
of Saxony
1 Car-
loman.
2
21
24 17 17
I
1 Ceol-
wulf.
Deposed
by the
Danes.
296
FROM THE TEAB
A.D.
867
Events and Eminent Men.
870
871
872
Michael III. assassinated, Sep. 24, by Basil, who ascends the throne of the East.
Photius assembles a council and excommunicates pope Nicholas ; he is after-
wards himself deposed by Basil, and Ignatius restored to the patriarchate.
Lothaire assists Louis with an army against the Saracens. Charles sends his
son. Louis the Stammerer, to govern Aquitain. Eberhard bequeaths the duchy
of Friuli to his son Unroco, by whose early death it passes to his brother Be-
renger. Muhamad sends an army by sea to attack Gallicia ; his fleet is wrecked
at the mouth of the Minho ; Alfonso pushes his conquests beyond Salamanca.
Death of pope Nicholas, who leaves the church of Rome more powerful than
ever before. The Danes, after wintering in East Anglia, go beyond the Humber
and take York. Death of Alstan, bishop of Sherbourne.
Louis commences the siege of Bari. Basil defends Ragusa and Dalmatia against
the Saracens. Chrysocheir, leader of the Paulicians, overruns Asia Minor and
pillages Nicomedia, Ancyra, and Ephesus. The Toulunides possess Egypt.
The Spanish Mohammedans defeated in an attempt to take Pampeluna. Notting-
ham taken by the Danes ; they are besieged there by Burhred, Ethelred, and
his brother Alfred, who allow them to return to York with all their booty.
Death of Ratramn. Anastasius the Librarian writes the life of Nicholas I.
Basil sends a fleet to assist in the siege of Bari, and offers terms to the Paulicians,
which they reject. Lothaire visits Rome to conciliate the pope ; on his return,
he dies at Piacenza, Aug. 10. Charles the Bald occcupies Lorraine. Louis of
Germany and the emperor Louis both assert their right of succession to the
vacant throne. Al Motaz, endeavouring to remove his Turkish guards, is de-
posed and slain by them. Alfred, set. 19 — 20, is " secondary," or assistant regent
to his brother. The Danes destroy Bardney in Lindsey ; are defeated in Kes-
teven, on St. Maurice's day, Sept. 22, by ealdorman Algar ; are reinforced by
Guntrum ; Algar slain in a second battle ; Croyland and Medehamstede (Peter-
borough) plundered. The eighth general council, held at CP., confirms the de-
position of Photius, and anathematizes all Iconoclasts. Gottschalk (see a.d.
849) dies in his prison;
Treaty between Charles the Bald and Louis of Germany for the division of Lo-
thaire's kingdom ; pope Hadrian makes vain efforts to secure a share for the
emperor Louis. The Saracens repulsed in an attempt to relieve Bari ; they take
the island of Malta. Death of the rebel Musa, and surrender of Saragossa to
Muhamad. Basil drives the Paulicians out of Asia Minor, and besieges Teph-
rice. The Bulgarians reject the supremacy of the pope, and accept an arch-
bishop from Ignatius. The Danes enter East Anglia under Ingwar and Ubba,
descendants of Ragnar Lodbrok (see a.d. 794), and take Thetford ; Edmund,
titular king of the country, slain by them : is afterwards canonized. The
Turkish guards again create a new caliph, and kill Al Mohtadi. Death of
Ceolnoth, archbishop of Canterbury ; Athelred succeeds him. Emigration of
Ingulf to Iceland.
Capture of 'Bari. Many revolts and disorders follow in Southern Italy. The
emperor Louis and empress Angilberga are treacherously surprised in Bene-
ventum by Adelgiso, and detained several days in captivity. Hincmar encou-
rages Charles the Bald to resist the authority assumed by the pope over the
bishops of France. Fall of Tephrice and death of Chrysocheir ; the Paulicians,
dispersed, carry their tenets into Europe. Lobia, son of Muza, persists in re-
bellion. The Danes proceed to the south of the Thames, where nine great
battles are fought against them at Reading, Englefleld, Wilton, and other
places. Bagsac, one of their kings, is slain, and nine of their jarls ; a treaty of
peace for Wessex is made with them. Death of Ethelred, April 23, and acces-
sion of Alfred the Great.
Louis of Germany relinquishes to the emperor Louis his portion of Lorraine. The
Saracens bring a large force into Italy and besiege Salerno. Almondhir carries
on an active warfare against Alfonso, but is successfully resisted. The Danes,
under Healfdene, take London ; Burhred makes peace with them for Mercia,
and pays them tribute. Yacoub Ebn Seis, the brazier, supplants the Taherites
in Persia, and founds the Sofiarian dynasty, Basil disciplines the army, im-
proves the finances, and reforms the empire.
867 TO 878 A.D.
297
873
874
875
876
877
Events and Eminent Men.
On the approach of the emperor Louis with an army, the Saracens raise the siege
of Salerno ; they land in Calabria, and commit great depredations. Basil and
the pope divert Louis from his intention of revenging himself on Adelgiso.
Italy, France, and Germany laid waste by locusts. A terrible drought suspends
all warlike operations in Spain. The Danes, after an incursion into Northum-
berland, winter at Torksey, in Lindsey. Organs introduced into the churches
of Germany.
Almondhir defeated by Alfonso, near the river Urbicus. The Danes conquer
Mercia, and set up Ceolwulf as their tributary king. Burhred dies at Rome,
and his queen Ethelswith at Pavia. Basil recovers many provinces of Asia
Minor from the Saracens.
Death of the emperor Louis, Aug, 12 ; Charles the Bald and Louis of Germany contend
for the succession ; the former, by granting new privileges to the church of
Rome, obtains the support of the pope, and is acknowledged as the king of Italy
and emperor of the West. The Saracens besiege Tarentum, ravage Cannae, and
defeat Adelgiso, duke of Beneventum. Healfdene leads his men into Northum-
berland, sets up Ricsig as nominal king, destroys Coldiugham, Tynemouth,
and Lindisfarne, and makes inroads into Strathclyde. Guthrum, Oskytil, and
Amuud, with another division of Danes, station themselves at Cambridge.
Alfred fits out a fleet and conquers in a sea-fight. Harold Harfagr overcomes
the Vikingr in Hasunfiord, and subdues the southern part of Norway. Rollo,
son of Rognwald, goes to England. Death of Ado, archbishop of Vienne.
Louis of Germany dies at Francfort-on-the-Maine, Aug. 28 ; division of his king-
dom among his three sons ; Bavaria to Carloman ; Saxony to Louis II. " the
Stammerer," and East France (Franconia and Swabia) to Charles " the Fat f
their uncle, Charles the Bald, attempting to dispossess them, is defeated at
Andernach, by Louis, Oct. 8. The troops of Basil, called by the citizens of Bari
to defend them against the Saracens, retain possession of the place, and found
a new province of the eastern empire. Almondhir again attacks Gallicia, and is
foiled by Alfonso. Omar Ben Hafsun comes out of his retreat, and recovers all
the strong places on the river Segre. The Danes take Wareham and Exeter.
Rollo's first settlement in Normandy. Ignatius sends a Greek patriarch to the
Christians in Russia. Successful campaign of Basil in Cappadocia and Syria.
Basil revises the laws of Justinian, and puts them into the Greek form of the
Basilika. The pope and Italian princes call on Charles the Bald to protect them
from the Saracens ; by creating hereditary benefices and titles, at the diet of
Quiercy-sur Oise, he raises a large army, with which he marches into Italy ; at
Pavia, hearing that Carloman was advancing with a strong force to claim the
kingdom, he retreats into Savoy, and, while crossing Mount Cenis, dies sud-
denly, Oct. 13, set. 54 ; his death attributed by some to a fever, by others to
poison. No emperor of the West for three years. Carloman acquires the crown
of Italy ; the pope, who opposes him, is driven from Rome by Lambert, duke
of Spoleto, and takes refuge in France. Boso, duke of Lombardy and Provence,
brother of the empress Richilda, marries Ermengarda, only child of the late
emperor Louis II. The Saracens repulsed in an attack on the island of Grado.
A large traffic in slaves carried on by the Venetians. Sergius II., duke of Naples,
leagues with the Saracens. Fresh swarms of Danes arrive at Wareham and
Exeter ; others take London and Essex ; Alfred defeats their fleet of 120 ships
at Swanewic (Swansea). Ubba winters in Dimetia (South Wales). Rollo visits
his countrymen in England. Alfred concludes a treaty of peace with the
sea-kings at Exeter. Ceolwulf is deposed, and the Danes occupy all Northum>
berland. Death of Ignatius ; Photius again patriarch of CP.
Carloman, detained by sickness in Bavaria, deputes Lambert, duke of Spoleto, and
Adalbert, of Tuscany, to act for him in Italy. The Saracens take Syracuse again,
and complete the conquest of Sicily. Almondhir besieges Zamora, but is driven
away by Alfonso. The Danes defeated at Cynwith : lose their war-flag of the
Raven ; numerous hosts arrive, and Alfred withdraws into the isle of Athelney;
after some months he collects his forces, and defeats the enemy at Ethandun
(Eddington). Peace concluded, and Guthrum embraces Christianity, taking the
name of Ethelstan. Rollo returns to France.
298
FROM THE YEA3
A.D.
Hegira.
266
267
Eastern
Empire.
Popes.
Arabia.
Spain.
Goths. Saracens.
France.
Germany.
879
880
13 Basil I.
the Mace-
donian.
14
8 John
VIII.
9
10 Al
Mota-
med.
11
18 Al-
fonso
III. the
Great.
19
28 Muha-
mad.
29
1 Louis
III.
Carlo-
man 1
2 2
4 Louis II.
of Saxony.
5
881
268
15
10
12
20
30 - —
3 3
6
882
883
269
270
16
17
1 Marinug,
or Martin
11.
2
13
14
21
22
31
32
Carlo-
man 4
alone.'
5
1 Charles
the Fat.
2
884
271
18
1 Hadri-
an III.
15
23
33
1 Charles
the Fat.
3
885
886
887
272
273—274
274—275
19
1 Leo VI.
the philo-
sopher.
2
1 Stephen
VI. (or V.
Murat.)
2
3
16
17
18
24
25
26
34
1 Almond-
hir.
2
2
3
4
4
5
1 Arnulf
888
275—276
3
4
19
27
1 Abdal-
lah.
1 Eudes
count of
Paris.
2
889
276—277
4
5
20
28
2
2
3
890
277—278
5
6
21
29
3
3
4 •
891
892
893
278—279
279—280
280—281
6
8
1 Formo-
sus.
2
3
22
IAIMo
tadhed.
2
30
31
32
4
5
6
4
5
6
894
281—282
9
4
3
33
7
7
8
895
282—283
10
5
f 1 Boni-
face VI.
I 18 days.
-1 Stephen
VII. (or
VI. Mu-
. rat.)
1 Roma-
nus.
4
34
8
8
9
896
897
283—284
284—285
11
12
5
6
35
36
9
10
9
Charles
IV., the
Simple 1
10 2
10
11
898
285—286
13
1 Theodo-
rus II.
20 days.
1 John
IX.
37
11
Charles
alone. 3
12
879 TO 898 A.D.
299
Repe-
tition
Dates.
887
897
Italy.
ICharles
the Fat,
Doges of
Venice.
16 Orso
Particiaco
1 Giovan-
ni Parti-
ciaco II.
Tusci
NY.
5 Adal-
bert.
1 Beren-
ger I.
duke of
Friuli.
2
Guy 1
3 2
5 4
7
Lambert 1
8 2
1 Pietro
Candiano
1 Pietro
Tribune
43
1 Adal-
bert II
2
3
5
6
Provence,
Bohe-
mia.
1 Boso.
2
3
Transju-
rane Bur
GUNDY.
Flan-
ders.
1 Bald-
win II,
Den-
mark.
1 Rudolf I
Louis, in
Lower
Burgun-
dy. 1
2 2
10 10
11 11
1 Borzi
voi.
2
25
Gorm
27-
Scot-
LAND.
28-
44-
18 Con
stan-
tine.
Aodb,
Eocha,
Grig,
their
years
uncer-
tain.
Eng-
land.
9 Alfred
the
Great.
1 Don
aid IV
300
FROM THE YEAB
A.D.
879
881
884
Events and Eminent Men.
Death of Louis the Stammerer, April 11.; his two sons reign conjointly. Carloman of
Bavaria disabled by paralysis, his brother, Charles the Fat, takes his place as
king of Italy. Boso assumes the title of king of Provence, Aries, and Bur-
gundy. The Danes occupy Chippenham and Fulham. Methodius forbidden by
the pope to perform the service of the church for the Slavonians in their own
language. The pope and Photius quarrel. Death of Constantine VIII., Ba-
sil's eldest son. Death of Ruric ; his son, Igor I., aet. 14 ; wardship of Oleg.
Death of Carloman of Bavaria ; his States are seized by his brother Louis, except
Carinthia, which is left to his natural son, Arnulf. The German and French
kings make war on Boso and besiege Vienne, which is defended by Ermengarda.
Guthrum-Ethelstan divides East Anglia among his followers. Hasting con-
ducts his band from Fulham into Belgium. Alfred, by treaty, gives the Danes
in England equal rights, and they acknowledge his supremacy. Methodius ob-
tains leave to use the Slavonic tongue in churches, if he first reads the gospel in
Latin or Greek. The sun eclipsed, March 14.
Charles the Fat, emperor of the West. Alfonso's victories followed by the em-
bassy of Dulcidius, and a truce of three years. A great earthquake in Spain.
Isembard, lord of La Perte, persuades Guntrum to invade France, where he is
defeated by Louis III., at Jaucourt, on the Somme.
Death of Louis of Saxony, Jan. 20 ; his brother, Charles the Fat, king of all Ger-
many. Hasting, defeated by Louis III. on the Loire, attempts to land in
Wessex, but is repulsed by Alfred's complete naval victory. Death of Louis
III., Aug. 3. Carloman sole king of France. Hasting, worsted at Norden, in
East Friesland, joins his countrymen, who had occupied Treves and Cologne.
Battle of Haslo. Charles gives up Friesland to the Danes. Vienne capitulates
to Carloman. Ermengarda permitted to return to Autun. Victory of Muhamad
at Aybar. Garcias, king of Navarre, and Omar Ben Hafsnn, slain. Death of
Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims. Albategni, the Arabian astronomer, observes
the autumnal equinox, Sept. 19. Oleg takes Smolensko.
A year of peace for England. Guthred rules the Danes in Northumberland.
Alfred sends Sighelm and Athelstan on missions to Rome and the Christian church
in India. Calib, son of Ben Hafsun, leagues with the Franks. The Saracens
destroy the abbev of Monte Casino, and murder the abbot, Bertario.
Carloman dies of a wound received from a wild boar; his brother (Charles the Sim-
ple) being only four years old, Charles the Fat unites France under his sceptre,
with Germany and Italy. The Danes go up the Scheldt to Louvain ; others land
in Kent, and besiege Rochester ; Alfred drives them back to their ships.
The emperor Charles protests against the consecration of the new pope, without
his consent. Godfrey, chieftain of the Danes in Friesland, is invited to a
conference, and treacherously slain. Battle of Hisna Xariz in the Pyrenees ;
Abdelhamid, general of the Saracens, taken, and his army cut to pieces. Al-
fred's ships defeated by the Danes at the mouth of the Stour, in East Anglia.
Death of Basil, March 1 ; his son and successor, Leo, banishes Photius, and ap-
points Stephen I. patriarch of CP. Long siege of Paris by the Danes ; Eudes
and Robert defend the city; the emperor Charles pays a large sum of money,
and the besiegers retire to Sens. Muhamad dies, aet. 65. Calib Hafsun takes
Saragossa and Toledo. Alfred repairs London, and is said to have founded the
university of Oxford ; he improves the laws and government of England. _ The
Ungri give the name of Hungary to Pannonia. Death of John Scotus Erigena,
after having been invited to England by Alfred.
The German nobles depose Charles and elect Arnulf, natural son of Carloman
of Bavaria. Death of Boso ; great confusion in France and Italy. The doge of
Venice resigns ; his successor, Pietro, falls in a battle with the Slavonians.
Death of Charles the Fat, Jan. 12. Eudes, king of France. Louis, son of Boso, suc-
ceeds to Aries, or Lower Burgundy, under the tutelage of his mother, Ermengarda.
Rudolf founds, in Switzerland and Savoy, the kingdom of Transjurane Burgundy.
Berenger, duke of Friuli, and Guy, duke of Spoleto, contend for the throne of
Italy. Almondhir slain in battle against Calib. Alfred begins his translations ,
from Latin into Anglo Saxon. j
879 TO 898 A.D.
301
Events and Eminent Men.
8P0
897
The sous of Abdallah rebel, and defeat his army near Jaen. Guy, after two
victories over Berenger, is elected king by a diet at Pavia ; they both exercise
royal power. The Ungri are joined by the Magyars, under Arfrad and other
tribes ; they become powerful, and defeat Simeon, king of the Bulgarians.
Southern Italy constituted a province of the Greek empire (see a.d. 876), and called
Lombardia. Bohemia, first organized by its duke, Borzivoi, is given by Arnulf
to his natural son, Zwentibold, duke of Moravia. Ermengarda obtains the pro-
tection of Arnulf for her son, who is crowned at Aries. Death of Adalbert I
duke of Tuscany. Revolt of the Carmathians in Eastern Arabia. Death of
Guthrum Ethelstan in East Anglia ; Eric succeeds him as chief of the Danes in
that province. Plegmund, archbishop of Canterbury, supposed to have com-
piled the early part of the Saxon Chronicle. England tranquil; Alfred's wise
measures produce security and order.
Guy of Spoleto crowned emperor of the West, Feb. 21. Arnulf defeats the Nor-
mans near Louvain. The Bohemians assert their independence, and expel
Zwentibold. Leo's general, Simbaticius, conquers Beneventnm. Death of
Photius. Alfred's daughter, Elfrith, married to Baldwin II., count of Flanders.
Fulke, bishop of Rheims, proclaims Charles IV., the Simple, king of France.
Eudes drives his young competitor into Germany. The principal towns in Italy
are fortified and defended by the citizens. George, the Patrician, succeeds
Simbaticius, and fails in his attempt on Capua. Abderahman, son of Abdallah,
leads the royal army against his brother, Muhamad. The tribe of Hamadan
acquires independence in Mesopotamia. Ismail Samini, sultan of Turkestan.
Guthred originates the palatine privileges of Durham. A comet is seen.
Arnulf employs Hungarian mercenaries to suppress the violence of Zwentibold ;
after which they harass Italy. Berenger applies to Arnulf for assistance. The
Greeks foiled at Salerno. Hasting aud Bibrn Jsernside bring large bodies of
Danes into Kent, and fortify Milton. Antonius II. patriarch of CP.
Arnulf's successful campaign in Northern Italy. Death of Guy: his son, Lam-
bert, emperor and king. Abderahman overcomes his rebellious brothers ; Mu-
hamad dies of his wounds, and Almutaraf is assassinated. Borzovoi, duke of
Bohemia, converted to Christianity. Alfred defeats the Danes at Farnham and
Bemfleet, and compels them to raise the siege of Exeter ; he restores to Hasting
his wife and sons, who were made prisoners.
Arnulf extends his conquests in Italy to Lucca. The Danes avoid an encounter
with Alfred ; some of them retire into the isle of Mersey, others up the river
Lea. Arnulf gives Lotharingen to Zwentibold. Nicholas I. patriarch of CP.
Arnulf takes possession of Rome, and is crowned emperor of the West ; he
besieges Spoleto, which is vigorously defended by Agetruda, Lambert's
mother; Berenger, and Adalbert, duke of Tuscany, conspire against him;
on his retirement into Bavaria, the Italian princes recover their States.
Berenger and Lambert divide Lombardy. Beneventnm regains independence
under its duke, Radelgiso. Eudes relinquishes the eastern province of
France to Charles the Simple, and recognizes his title. The Danes, having
lost all their ships in the river Lea, march to Bridgenorth, on the Severn. The
Bulgarians defeated by the Hungarians in three bloody battles. Pope Stephen
declares the election of his predecessor, Formosus, invalid, disinters his body,
and throws it into the Tiber.
The congress of Pavia ratifies the treaty between Berenger and Lambert. Pope
Stephen imprisoned and strangled. Alfred constructs a powerful navy, defeats
the Danes near the Isle of Wight, and puts a final stop to their incursions.
Death of Eudes. Charles the Simple, sole king of France. Adalbert, duke of
Tuscany, rebels against Lambert, is surprized, and made prisoner.^ Lambert
dies suddenly at the end of the year. Berenger adds Spoleto to his former pos-
sessions, and is undisputed king of Italy; he releases Adalbert, and restores
Tuscany to him. Contest for the papal chair between John IX. and Sergius ;
the former, after his consecration, calls a council, which annuls all the proceed-
ings of Stephen against Formosus. Sergius is banished. Death of Elstan
bishop of London.
302
FROM THE TEAB
1
A.D.
EIegira.
Eastern ]
Empire.
Popes.
Arabia.
Spain.
Goths. Saracens.
Prance.
Ger- j
MANY.
Italy.
899
286—287
14 Leo VI.
2 John
3A1 Mo-
38Alfon- 12 Abdal-
iCharles
1 Lou-
12 Be-
the phi-
IX.
tadhed.
jolllthe
lab..
IV. the
is III.
renger
losopher.
Great.
Simple.
I.
900
287— 2S8
15 •
1 Bene-
dict IV.
9
39 — -
13
5
2
13
Louis of
Arlesl
901
288—289
16
2
10 — -
40
14
6
3
14 2
902
289—290
17
3
1 Al
41
15
7
1
15 3
Moktafi.
903
291
18 —
1 Leo V.
1 months.
1 Chris-
topher.
2
42
16
8
5
16 4
904
292
19
1 Sergi-
us III.
3
43
17
9
10
6
17 5
905
293
20
2
4
44
18
11
7
18
906
294
21
3
5
45
19
12
8
19
907
295
22
4
6
46
20
13
9
20
908
296
23
5
IAIMo-
ktadir.
47
21
10
21
909
297
24
6
2
48
22
14
11
22
910
298
25
7
3
IGarcias
23
15
12
23
911
299
1 Alexan-
der.
1 Constan-
tine X.
Porphyro-
genitus.
1 Anas-
tasius
III.
4
2
24
16
1 Con-
rad,
duke
of
Fran-
conia.
24 ■
912
300
2
2
5
3
1 Abde-
rahman
III.
17
2
25
913
301
3
1 Lando.
6
1 Ordo-
nio II.
2
18
3
26
914
302
4
1 John
7
2
3
19
^
27
X.
915
303
5
2
8
3
4
20
5
28
916
304
6
3
9
4
5
21
6
29
917
305
7
4 ■
10
5
6
22
7
30
918
306—307
8
5
11
6
7
23
I Hen-
ry the
Fow-
ler.
31
919
307—308
9
Romanusl.
Lecapenus
and his
sons 1
6
12
7
8
24
2
32
920
921
308—309
309—310
10 2
11 3
7
8
13
14
8
9
9
10
25
26
3
1
33
34
Rudolf
of Bur-
gundy 1
922
310—311
12 4
9
15
10
11
1 RobertI
5
35 2
923
311—312
13 5
10
16
lFro-
ila II.
12
1 Rudolf
duke of
Burgun-
6
36 3
dy.
899 TO 923 A.D.
303
tition
Dates
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
921
922
928
Doges of
Venice.
Tuscany
12 Pietro
Tribuno,
1 Orso
Partici-
aco II.
2
10 Adal-
bert II.
1 Guido,
Burgun-
dy and
„Arles.
12 Rudolf
I.
Louis. 12
13 13
14 14
15 15
16' 16
Bohe-
mia.
18 18
19 19
20 20
21 21
22 22
23 23
24
1 Rudolf
II.
Flan-
ders,
21 Bald- 45Gorm
win II
Den-
mark.
1 Spitig
neus I
2
4
5
1 Wra-
tislausl.
2 -
3 -
4 -
5 -
31
1 Wen-
ceslausl
2
35 7
36 8
1 Bald-
win III.
Arnulf
I.
2 2
SCOTLAND
ENGLAND.
Donald 29 Alfred
IV. the
Great.
30
54 —
55 —
56 —
57 —
58
1 Constan-
tine III.
2 —
3 —
4 —
3 66
4 67
16
1 Edward
the Eldes,
2 —
304
FBOM THE YEA.B
A.D.
900
901
902
904
905
906
907
910
911
EVKNTS AND EMINENT MEN.
Luiiis, king of Lowei Burgundy, or Aries, enters Italy to claim the crown ; retires
on the approach of Berenger. Death of the emperor Arnulf ; his son, Louis
III. (called IV. by some) is proclaimed his successor, set. 7. The Hungarians
invade Italy, defeat Berenger near the Brenta, and penetrate to Modena.
Louis, again invited into Italy, is acknowledged king by some nobles. Zwenti-
bold killed in a revolt of the people of Lotharingen, who join the German king-
dom. Abdallah maintains peace with Alfonso ; but a large irregular force of
Saracens, having attacked the Christians, is defeated at Zamora.
Berenger retires into Germany. Louis of Aries emperor of the West. Embassy of
Abdallah, to renew his treaty with Alfonso. Death of Alfred the Great, Oct. 28,
set. 53. Ethelwold, son of Ethelbald, retires among the Danes of, Northumber-
land. Werfrith, bishop of Worcester. John of Corvey, abbot of Athelney.
Grimbald, provost of St. Omer's.
Louis, surprized by Berenger, is allowed to go into Provence, on taking an oath
not to return into Italy. Abdallah, unpopular for not making war on the
Christians of Spain, arrests and puts to death his son, Alcasim. Ismail Samani
conquers Persia. Leo's commander, Himerus, defeats the Saracens in a naval
action. The men of Kent repel an attempt of the Danes to land at Holm.
Leo V, elected pope, is deposed at the end of two months, and supplanted by his
chaplain, Christopher. Ermengarda, abbess of St. Sixtus, in Fiacenza. The
Carmathians plunder a rich caravan, and slay many thousand pilgrims.
Winchester cathedral consecrated. Death of Grimbald.
The Russians, with a large naval force, attack CP., and the Saracens Thessa-
lonica. Ethelwold conducts a Danish fleet to Essex.
Louis breaks his oath and advances into Italy; he is made prisoner by Berenger,
at Verona, and his eyes put out, after which he renounces the kingdom of Italy,
and is permitted to return to Aries. The emperor Leo, excommunicated by
Nicholas for having married a fourth wife, deposes the patriarch, and appoints
Euthyraius I. in his place. Egypt recovered from the Toulunides by Mohtafi's
general, Mohammed. Defeat of the Danes ; Ethelwold, and their king, Eohric,
slain. A comet is seen, Oct. 20. Death of Alfred's widow, Elswith.
The Hungarians defeated at Venice ; Berenger procures their departure from Italy
by a payment of money. The Saracens ravage Beneventum and Capua. The
Normans overrun the northern provinces of France. Peace concluded at Itch-
ingford with the Danes of East Anglia and Northumberland.
Bavaria desolated by the Hungarians Pope Sergius restores the Basilica of the
Lateran. Rebellion of Garcias against his father, Alfonso ; he is defeated at
Zamora, and imprisoned. The city of Chester rebuilt.
Mohammed al Mahdi founds the Fatimite empire in Egypt. Ineffectual league
of Beneventum, Capua, and Amain, against the Saracens of the Liris. Calib
Hafsun defeated, keeps Toledo. Death of Denewulf, bishop of Winchester.
The Beneventines apply to the emperor Leo for aid against the Saracens. Thu-
ringia invaded by the Hungarians ; the Landgrave Burchardt is slain ; he leaves
no issue, and his lands are given by the emperor to Otho, duke of Saxony.
Death of Suleiman, or Abu Ayub, the Arabian historian.
Alfonso resigns his crown to his sons ; Garcias takes the title of King of Leon ;
Ordonio has Gallicia. The Hungarians defeat Louis of Germany. The Nor-
thumbrian Danes break the peace, and are defeated at Tettenhall. Death of
Asser, bishop of Sherburn, the friend and biographer of Alfred. Frithstan,
bishop of Winchester. The Benedictine Abbey of Clugny,in Burgundy, founded.
Death of Louis, the last of the German Carlovingians ; Otho, duke of Saxony,
refuses the crown, and recommends Conrad, duke of Franconia. Rollo consoli-
dates his conquests in the North of France. The Danes of Northumberland
sustain a great defeat at "Wodnesfeld, in Staffordshire ; their kings, Eowils and
Halfdene, with many of their nobles, are slain. Edward equips a numerous
fleet; his daughter, Eadgift, is married to Charles the Simple. Death of the
emperor Leo ; he is succeeded by his son, Constantine X. (see Eckhel) set. 6,
called Porphyrogenitus, with his uncle Alexander for his colleague and acting
regent. Nicholas restored patriarch of CP. Hatto, archbishop of Mentz.
899 TO 923 A.D.
305
Death of the Greek emperor, Alexander; Zoe assumes the regency.- Alfonso
takes the field again to assist his sons, and gains his last victory, soon after
which, he dies at Zamora. Death of Abdallah, set. 72; he is succeeded bv his
grandson, Abderahmau III., son of Muhamad (see a.d. 894). Defeat of Calib
Hafsun. Berenger grants licences for the fortifications of monasteries and
castles. Rollo, on his conversion to Christianity, takes the name of Robert,
and receives by treaty from Charles the Simple, the province afterwards called
Normandy, of which he is the first duke. Death of inhered, ealdorman
of Mercia ; his widow, Ethelfled, daughter of Alfred, assists her brother Edward
in governing and fortifying Mercia, which is now incorporated with VVessex.
The sun totally eclipsed.
On the death of Garcias, Ordonio reunites Gallicia and Leon ; he invades central
Spain, and takes Talavera. Hertford, Witham, Tamworth, and Stafford, for-
tified. Mathuedoi, regent of Brittany, and his son, Alan, expelled by Rollo,
take refuge in England. Igor, son of Ruric, by the death of his guardian, Oleg,
is invested with the government of Russia.
Adrianople taken by the Bulgarians. Warwick and Edinburgh fortified. John X.
elected pope, through the intrigues of Theodora, a Roman courtezan.
Berenger declared emperor of the West, Louis still retaining the title. Edward
promotes the resort of students to Cambridge. Runcorn fortified.
Coronation of Berenger, March 24. The Saracens driven from their station on the
Liris. Wales invaded by the Mercians, and Brecknock taken.
Abderahman equips Meets to defend the coasts of Spain against the piratical
Saracens of Africa. The Danes of the Five-burghs break the peace and invade
Mercia ; Ethelfled repels them, and takes Derby. Haco, abbot of Fulda. Sara-
gossa submits to Abderahman. Death of Calib Hafsun, at Huesca. Invasion
of Fez by Musa Ben Abi Alifia.
Ordonio defeats the Saracens at St. Stephen's of Gormat, pursues them as far as
Badajos and Merida, and makes peace on his own terms. Ethelfled takes
Leicester; York submits to her. A fleet of Normans from Brittany repulsed by
Edward in the Severn. Death of Conrad ; Henry the Fowler, son of Otho, duke
of Saxony, elected king of Germany. Thurcytel submits to Edward-
Romanus Lecapenus confines Zoe in a convent, and makes himself joint emperor
with Const Porphyr., to whom he gives his daughter, Helena, in marriage, and
the title of Augustus to his three sons ; being seniors in age, they take pre-
cedence of the legitimate emperor, and one of them is styled Constantine IX.
{see Eckhel.) Edward takes Bedford from the Five-burghers.
Robert, count of Paris, Herbert of Vermandois, and other nobles of France, con-
spire against Charles the Simple. Edward fortifies Maldon. Thurcytel passes
over to join the Normans in France.
Abderahman overcomes the Christians of Leon and Castille in the valley of
Junquera. Ordonio recruits his army and retrieves this disaster by a victory
at Rivobrigse (Rioja). Rudolf of Transjurane Burgundy, invited into Italy by
some discontented nobles, is elected king, in opposition to Berenger, who calls
to his assistance some Hungarians. The Danes, endeavouring to destroy Ed-
ward's new fortifications, are repulsed at Towcester.
Charles the Simple deposed ; Robert, count of Paris, elected king of France.
Rudolf maintains his ground at Verona. Death of Ethelfled at Tamworth.
Mercia and North Wales submit to Edward. Adrianople again taken by the
Bulgarians.
Robert defeated by Charles at Soissons, and slain. Rudolf, duke of Burgundy,
is created king of France. Charles, put to flight, is confined at Peronne by the
duke of Vermandois ; his queen, Eadgift, and their son, Louis d'Outremer, take
I refuge with her father in England. Lotharingen is given up to Henry, king of
Germany. The Bulgarians besiege CP. Interview between Romanus and
Simeon; peace concluded, Berenger defeated at Fiorenzuola, near Piacenza,
by Rudolf ai.d the Italian nobles Klfwina, Etheltied's daughter, conspires
against her uncle in Mercia. is .removed into Wesse,x. Edward takes Manches-
ter. Death of Plegmund, archbishop of Canterbury ; Ethelm succeeds him,
On the decease of Ordonio, his brother, Froila, usurps the throne of Leon.
306
FBOM THE TEAB
Spain.
A.D.
Hegika.
Eastern
Empire.
Popes.
Arabia.
*** cf,t:
France.
Germa-
ny.
Italy.
924
312—313
14Constan-
11 John X.
17 Al
1 Al-
13 Ab-
2 Rudolf
7 Henry
4 Ru-
tine X.
Mokta-
fonso
derah-
duke of
the
dolf of
Porphyro-
der.
IV.
man
Bur-
Fowler.
Burgun-
genitus.
III.
gundy.
dy.
Romanusl.
Lecapenus
and his
sons. 6
925
313—314
15 7
12
18
2
14
3
8
5
926
314—315
16 8
13
19
3
15
4
9
IHugh
Count
of Pro-
vence.
927
315—316
17 9
14
20
4
16
5
10
2
928
316—317
18 10
1 Leo VI.
21
5
17
6
11
3
929
317—318
19 11
1 Stephen
VIII. (or
VII. Mu-
rat.)
22
6
18
7
12
4
930
318-319
20 12
2
23
7
19
8
13
5
931
319—320
21 13
UohnXI.
24
1 Rami-
roll.
20
9
14
6
932 320—321
22 14
2
1 Al
Kaher.
2
21 10
|
15
7
933
321—322
23 15
3
2
3
22 11
16
8
934
322—323
24 16
4
1 Al
Radhi.
4
23
12
17
9
935
323—324
25 17
5
2
5
24
13
18
10
936
325
26 18
lLeo
VII.
3
6
25
1 Louis
IV. d'Ou-
tremer.
1 Otho I.
the
Great.
11
937
326
27 19
2
4
7
26
2
2
12
938
327
28 20
3
5
8
27
3
3
13
939
328
29 21
1 Stephen
IX. (or
VIII. Mu-
rat.)
6
9
28
4
4
14
940
329
30 22
2
1 Al
Motaki.
10
29
5
5
15
941
330
31 23
3
2
11
30
6
6
16
942
331
32 24
1 Mari-
nus II.
3
12
31
7
7
17
943
332
33 25
2
4
13
32
8
8
18
944
333
34
3
1 Al Mo-
stakfi.
14
33
9
9
19
945
334
35
4
1 Al
Moti.
15
34
10 10
20
946
335
36
1 Agape-
tus 11.
2
16
35
11 11
21
947
336
37
2
3
17
36
12 12
|
1 Lo-
thaire.
924 TO 947 A.D.
307
Repe-
tition
Dates.
Doges of
Venice.
TUSCANY.
Burgundy
and
Arles.
Bohemia.
Flanders.
Den-
mark.
Scot-
land.
Eng-
land.
924
13 Orso
Particiaco
11.
8 Guido.
14 Rudolf
II.
Louis. 37
9 Wences-
laus I.
7 Baldwin
III., and
Arnulf.
70Gorra
21 Con-
stan-
tine
III.
1 Athel-
stan.
925
926
14
15
9
10
15 38
16 39
10
11
8
9
71
72
22
23
2
927
928
16
17
11
12
17 40
18
12
13
10
11
73
74
24
25
4
5
929
18
1 Lambert.
19
14
12
75
26 —
6
930
931
19
20
2
1 Boson.
20
21
15
16
13
14
76
77
27
28
7
8
932
933
1 Pietro
Candiano
II.
2
2
3
22
23
17
18
15
16
78
79
29
30
9
10
934
3
4
24
19
17
80
31
11 —
935
4
5
25
20
18
81
32
12
936
937
5 — -
6
1 Hubert.
2
26
1 Conrad.
1 Boleslas
I.
2
19
20
1 Harold
II., Blue-
tooth.
2
S3
34
13
14
938
939
1 Pietro
Badoero.
3
4
2
3
3
4
21
22
3
4
35
36
15
16
940
941
2
5
6
4
5
5
6
23
24
6
37
38
1 Ed-
mund I.
2
942
943
1 Pietro
Candiano
III.
2
7
8 —
6
7
7
8
25
26 —
'
39
40
3
944
945
4
9
10 ■
8
9
10
27
28
10
1 Mal-
colm I.
2
5
6
946
5
11
10
11
29
11
3
1 Edred.
947
6
12
11
12
30
ia —
4
2
x 2
303
FROM THE TEAB
A.D.
924
925 |
926
Events and Eminent Men.
929
930
931
932
934
935
Berenger assassinated in Verona. Rudolf sole king of Italy. The Hungarian
mercenaries plunder and burn Pavia, whence they proceed into the south of
France, and are overcome. The Danes of Northumberland, and Britons of
Strathcluyd, submit to Edward, soon after which he dies, at Farringdon, and is
succeeded by his son, Athelstan. After an ignoble reign of fourteen months,
Froila dies of the leprosy, and Alfonso, the rightful heir, obtains the throne. Muza
takes the city of Fez ; Alhasan Ben Edris continues to struggle against him.
The kingdom of Italy offered to Hugh, count of Provence. Guido, duke of Tus-
cany, marries Marozia, widow of the marquis Alberico. Athelstan gives his
sister in marriage to Sihtric, with a part of Northumberland. Wulfhelm arch-
bishop of Canterbury. Birth of Dunstan.
Burchardt. duke of Swabia, enters Italy to support Rudolf; is defeated and slain.
Hugh expels Rudolf, and is acknowledged king of Italy. Henry the Fowler con-
quers the Slavonians and establishes the margraviate of Brandenburg. Death
of Sihtric ; his lands revert to Athelstan, whose supremacy is recognized by Con-
stantine king of Scotland, Howel of the West Welsh, and Owen of Monmouth.
Hugh the Great, count of Paris, marries Eadhiid, sister of Athelstan.
The father of the historian, Liutprand, goes to CP. as ambassador from Hugh,
king of Italy. Death of Simeon, king of Bulgaria ; his son Peter makes peace
with the Greeks, and marries Maria, granddaughter of the emperor Romanus.
Tarentum taken by the Saracens. Toledo submits to Abderahman. Giafar
Ben Hafsun escapes, and forms a league with the Christians of Leon. Rollo
retires into a monastery; William I. Longuespee, duke of Normandy. Odo,
abbot of Clugny.
Guido and Marozia usurp supreme temporal power in Rome, and confine the pope
in a prison, where he dies. Giafar and his allies plunder Talavera. Tryphon
patriarch of CP. Death of Louis of Aries, emperor of the West. Union of the
Lower and Transjurane Burgundy.
Charles the Simple dies in his captivity at Peronne, Oct. 7, set. 50. Abderahman
assists the Edrisites in Fez. The Carmathian leader, Abu Taher, plunders
Mecca, and massacres the pilgrims. Death of Guido, duke of Tuscany.
Henry the Fowler besieges Prague, and is acknowledged superior lord of Bohe-
mia ; his son, Otho, marries Eadgith, sister of Athelstan. The forces of Abder-
ahman occupy Ceuta and Tangiers.
Hugh, king of Italy, takes his son Lothaire as his colleague. Alfonso retires
from the throne of Leon, and is succeeded by his brother Ramiro. Abderahman
proclaimed king at Fez. Alan of Brittany (see a.d. 913) returns from England
to his own country. Lambert, duke of Tuscany, supplanted by his brother
Boson. Death of Christopher, son of Romanus. Death of Frithstan, bishop of
Winchester ; Brinstan succeeds him. Marozia still rules in Rome, and makes
her son pope.
Hugh marries Marozia, and is expelled from Rome by her son Alberic, who con-
fines his mother, and his brother, the pope, in St Angelo, and governs the city.
Ramiro takes Madrid. The Saracens invade Castile, and are defeated at Uxama
(Osma). The caliph Al Moktader deposed and blinded. The Fatimites regain
Fez. Death of Rollo. Orso resigns the dogeshipof Venice.
Romanus makes his son, Theophvlact, aet. 16, patriarch of CP. Hugh besieges
Rome. The nobles of Italy propose to call Rudolf back to the throne ; Hugh
purchases his friendship by ceding to him a part of Provence. Imad al Doulah
establishes the Bowides in Persia. Edwin the Etheling perishes at sea.
Athelstan victorious in Scotland. Death of Brinstan, bishop of Winchester;
Elphege succeeds. Death of Harold Harfagj; Erik king of Norway.
Arnulf, duke of Bavaria, is invited into Italy, and retires defeated. Overthrow
of the Hungarians at Merseburg, by Henry the Fowler. Victory of Ramiro
and Ferdinand, count of Castile, over the Saracens near Auca (Occa) on the
Ebro. The caliph Al Kaher deposed.
The Venetians annex Comacchio to their territories. Aben Ishac Ben Omeya,
governor of Santarem, leagues with Ramiro ; their forces advance to Badajos
and Lisbon.
92 i To 917 A.B.
309
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
Events and Eminent Men.
Death of Henry the Fowler. Hugh lays siege to Rome again. Odo, abbot of
Clugny, negotiates between him and Alberic, who marries Alda, the daughter
of Hugh. Death of Kudolf (Raoul) king of France ; Louis, surnamed d' Outremer,
is called from his asylum in England (see a.d. 923), and placed on the throne.
Death of Gorm, king of Denmark, after a reign of 81 years. Erik, king of
Norway, dethroned for his cruelty, is succeeded by Haco the Good. Struggles
between Christians and idolaters in Bohemia ; the latter set aside Wenceslaus
and put Boleslas in his place. Hugh ejects Boson, and makes his own natural
I son, Hubert, duke of Tuscany. Abderahman builds his magniticent palace of
I Azahra. The African Saracens despoil Sicily; The caliphs of Bagdad sink
I into insignificance. Liutprand writes his history.
Death of Rudolf II. of Burgundy, ex-king of Italy.- Athelstan assists in esta-
blishing Louis on the throne of France, and Alan in Brittany. Montreuil taken
by Arnulf, count of Flanders. Confederation of Scots and Irish with the
Danes of Northumberland under Anlaf, totally defeated by Athelstan and his
brother Edmund, at Brunanburh (Bamborough ?), where the chancellor, Thur-
cytel, distinguishes himself.
Marriage of Hugh to Bertha, and affiancement of his son Lothaire to Adelaide,
the one widow, and the other daughter, of the deceased Rudolf. The Agrigen-
tines revolt against the Saracens in Sicily. Louis claims Lorraine, and is de-
feated by Otho. Arabian writers assert a victory gained by Abderahman at
Alhandic, and the capture of Zamora* this is supposed to be the battle dated
| by Mariana in 934, with a different result. War between Otho and Boleslas.
Winter, marquis of Istria, levies imposts on Venetian merchants, the repeal of
which the doge enforces by suspending all intercourse between the two States.
Zamora recovered by Ramiro, according to Arabian history. Odo of Clugny
mediates again between Hugh and Alberic. I
Berenger, marquis of Ivrea, escapes the hostile designs of Hugh, and takes refuge
in Germany. Strife begins between Louis and his nobles. Death of Athelstan,
Oct. 22 : his brother Edmund succeeds, set. 18.
Louis defeated by Huj,h, c uut of Paris, and Herbert of Vermandois. Treaty of peace
for five years between Ramiro and Abderahman. The Russians, under Igor,
attack CP., and are repelled by Romanus. The Northumbrian Danes break the
peace, and choose Anlaf for their king. Odo Severus archbishop of Canterbury.
Assisted by a Greek fleet, Hugh expels the Saracens from Fraxinet in Provence.
Death of Anlaf the Elder; Anlaf, the son of Sihtric, governs Northumberland;
Wulfstan, archbishop of York, supports him.
Marriage of Romanus, son of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, to Bertha, illegitimate
daughter of Hugh, king of Italy. William, duke of Normandy, assassinated ;
Louis endeavours to take the duchy from his son Richard. Edmund defeated
at Tamworth, afterwards overcomes Anlaf, and takes the Five Burghs. Dun-
stan appointed abbot of Glastonbury.
Romanus Lecapenus and his two sons deposed and banished; Constantine X.
Porphyrogenitus assumes the imperial power which he had lost, and appoints
his own son, Romanus, to be his colleague. Ahmed establishes the office of
Emir al Omra, which overrules the caliph of Bagdad. Abderahman improves
the harbour of Tortosa. Edmund reduces Northumberland to entire subjection.
Constantine of Scotland retires into a monastery.
Berenger arrives from Germany, and is welcomed by all the nobles of Italy ; he
leaves to Hugh and his son Lothaire the title of King. Louis compelled to
restore Normandy to Richard. Death of Igor ;' his widow, Olga, governs the
Russians during the minority of their son Swatoslaus. Edmund conquers Dun-
wallon, king of Strathcluyd ; Cumberland and Westmoreland granted as a fief
to Malcolm, king of Scotland. Crowland abbey restored, and a peal of bells in-
troduced there by Thurcytel.
Hugh withdraws into Provence. Edmund assassinated by Leofa at Pucklechurch,
in Gloucestershire, May 26, set. 24 ; his brother Edred succeeds.
Death of Hugh ; Lothaire marries Adelaide, and remains nominal king of Italy.
Edred marches an army into Northumberland and Scotland, and receives oaths
of suhmission in both countries.
310
PEOM THE TEAB
A.D.
1
Hegiba.
Eastern
Empire.
Popes.
Arabia.
Spain.
Goths. Saracens.
France.
Germa-
ny.
lTArv.
948
949
337
338
38Constan-
tine X.
Porphyro-
genitus.
39
3 Aga-
petus II.
4A1Mo-
ti.
5
18 Ra-
miro
II.
19
37 Abder-
ahman
III.
38
13 Louis
IV. d'
Outre-
mer.
14
13 Otho
I. the
Great.
14
2Lo-
thaire.
3
950
951
339
340
40
41
5
6
6
lOr-
donio
III.
2
39
40
15 —
16 —
15
16
4
1 Beren-
ger II.
Adal-
bert. 1
2 -2
952
341—342
42
7
8
3
41
17
17
3 3
953
342—343
43
8
9
4
42
18
18
4 4
954
955
956
957
343—344
344—345
345—346
346—347
44
45
46
47
9
10
1 John
XII.
2
10
11
12
13
5
1 San-
cho I.
the Fat.
2
3
43
44
45
46
lLo-
thaire.
2
3
4
19
20
21
22 =
7 7
958
347—348
48
3
14
4
47
5
23
9 9
959
348—349
1 Roma-
nus II.
4
15
5
48
6
24
10 10
960
349—350
2
5
16
6
49
7
25
11 11
961
950—351
3 —
6
17
7
1 Alha-
kem II.
8
26
12 12
Con-
962
351—352
4
7
18
8
2
9 - —
27
quered
by Otho.
963
352—353
1 Nice-
phorusll.
Phocas.
8
1 Leo
VIII.
19 —
9
3
10
28
964
353—354
2
1 Bene-
dict V.
20
10
4
11
29
965
966
354—355
355—356
3
4
1 John
XIII.
2
21
22
11 —
12
5
6
12
13 —
30
31
967
j 968
356—357
357—358
5 —
6
3
4
23
24
lRa-
miro
III.
2
8
14
15
32
33
|
969
970
359
360
1 John
Zimisces.
2
5
6
25
26
3
4
9
10
16
17
34
35
971
361
3-
7
27
5
ii_
18
36
948 TO 971 A.D.
311
Repe-
tition
Dates.
Doges of
Venice.
Tuscany
Akles oe
Burgun-
dy.
Bohemia.
Flanders
Den-
mark.
1
Scot-
land.
Eng-
land.
948
949
7 Pietro
Candianc
III.
8
13 Hubert
14
12 Conrad
13
13 Boles-
las I.
14
31 Baldwin 13 Ha-
III, and rold II
Arnulf. Blue-
tooth.
32 14
5 Mal-
, colm I
6
3Edred.
4
950
9
15
14
15
33 — —
15
7
5
951
10
16
15
16
34
1
16
8
6
952
11 —
17
16
17
35
17
9
7
953
12
18
17
18
36
18
1 Indulf.|' 8
954
13
19
18
19
37
19
2
9 —
955
14
20
19
20
38
20
3
1 Edwy.
956
15
21
20
21 _
39
21
4
2
957
16
22
21
22
40
22
5
3
958
17
23 —
22
23 —
41 r
23
6
4
959
960
1 Pietro
Candiano
IV.
2
24
25
23
24 —
24
25
42
43
24
25
8
1 Edgar.
2
961
3
1 Hugh.
25
26
44
26
lDuff.
3
962
4
2
26
27
45
27
2
4
963
5
3
27
28
46
28
3
5
964
6
4
28
29
47
29
4
6
965
966
8
5
6
29
30
30
31
1 Arnulf
II.
2
30
31
1 Culen.
2
7
8
967
9
7
31
1 Boles-
las II.
3
32 i
3
9
968
10
8
32
2
4
33 [
4
10
969
11
9
33 —
3
5
1
34 j
5
11
970
971
12
13
10
11
34
35
4
5- |
6
35
36
1 Ken-
neth III
2
12
13
312
FROM THE TEAR
949
950
951
953
955
956
957
958
Events and Eminent Men.
Lothaire applies to the emperor Constantine for protection. Liutprand sent by
Berenger on an embassy to CP. Eric, son of the Danish king Harold, is set
up as king of Northumberland, and expelled by Edred. Thurcytel resigns his
office of chancellor, endows the abbey of Crowland, and is appointed its abbot.
Dunstan is Edred's chief counsellor, and the royal treasures are committed to
his care in Glastonbury abbey.
Abdallah. son of Abderahman, and his friend, Abdilban, put to death for con-
spiracy. The aqueduct of Ecija completed. Eric, with his son Henry and his
brother Regnald, slain in the wilds of Stanmore, by Osulf, who is created earl
of Northumberland. Landing of Anlaf Cwiran in the north of England. Em-
bassy from CP. arrives at Cordova. Abderahman renews his attempt to
conquer Fez.
Death of Lothaire, Nov. 22 ; his widow, Adelaide, continues in Pavia. Berenger
and his son, Adalbert, crowned kings of Italy, Dec. 15. Otho victorious over
the Slavonians and Bohemians ; Boleslas tributary to him. Death of Rami-
ro II. Ordonio makes inroads into Lusitania as far as Lisbon ; he is repelled,
and the Saracens pursue him over the Douro at Setmanica (Simancas). Haco
the Good slain by Erik's son, Harold, who becomes king of Norway.
Adelaide, ill-treated and imprisoned by Berenger, escapes to Albert Azzo of Ca-
nossa, and solicits the protection of Otho, who marches an army into Italy,
rescues and marries her. Death of Elphege, bishop of Winchester.
Otho restores Italy to Berenger and his son; they do homage to him at the diet
of Augsburg, and cede to him the marches of Verona and Aquileia. Wulfstan
imprisoned by Edred at Jedburgh ; Thetford punished for the murder of its
abbot, Edelm.
On the birth of Otho's son by his second marriage, his eldest sou, Ludolf,
kindles a civil war in Germany; Berenger takes advantage of this, to besiege
Albert Azzo in Canossa, for the assistance which he had afforded to Adelaide.
Louis d'Outremer killed by a fall from his horse, Sep. 10, aet. 33 ; his eldest son,
Lothaire, set. 15, succeeds him, under the protection of Hugh, count of Paris.
Ludolf invites Hungarians to assist him in his war against his father. Death
of Alberic ; his son Octavian inherits his authority in Rome. Wulfstan, re-
leased from prison, is made bishop of Dorchester.
Battle of Augsburg. Otho drives the Hungarians out of Germany, and soon after-
wards conquers the Slavonians ; peace restored between him and his son. Hugh,
count of Paris, receives from Lothaire Aquitain and other accessions of terri-
tory. Ordonio III. dies soon after a victory obtained by him over the Saracens
at San Estavan. The Russian princess, Olga, baptized at CP. ; she carries
back into her own country some beginnings of civilization. Death of Edred.
The marriage of Edwy, son of Edmund, to Elgiva, is opposed by the clergy.
Flight of Dunstan into E'landers.
Death of Hugh, count of Paris ; his eldest son, Hugh Capet, inherits his titles
and power. Octavian, son of Alberic, elected pope, under the name of John XII.
Many provinces, including Armenia, recovered from the Saracens by the Greek
empire. Sancho takes refuge in Navarre from his discontented people, who for
a time place on the throne Ordonio, a son of Alfonso IV. Berenger raises the
siege of Canossa, on the approach of Ludolf at the head of an army sent by
Otho. Polyeuchus patriarch of CP.
Ludolf dies in Italy. Sancho, wishing to consult the physicians of Cordova, is
kindly received there by Abderahman, who assists his restoration to the throne
of Leon. Edgar Etheling governs Mercia under the supremacy of his brother.
Edwy places the new Benedictine monasteries under sequestration. Death of
Wulfstan.
Odo, archbishop of Canterbury, separates Edwy and Elgiva ; her face is seared
with hot irons, and she is banished to Ireland. Mercia, East Anglia, and Nor-
thumberland revolt, and make Edgar king.
Death of Constantine (imputed to poison), Nov. 15, set. 54. Elgiva returns from
Ireland, is barbarously mutilated by her persecutors, and dies at Gloucester ;
Edwy soon afterwards dies there also; his brother Edgar recals Dunstan, and!
makes him bishop of Worcester and London. j
948 TO 971 A.B.
313
961
962
Events and Eminent Men.
964
966
970
971
Many nobles and prelates of Italy repair to the court of Otho for protection
against Berenger. Nicephorus Phocas, general of the East, recovers the isle of
Crete from the Saracens. The traffic in slaves again prohibited in Venice.
Otho, master of Italy, is elected and crowned king. Death of Abderahman, set. 72.
On the death of Odo, Dunstan is appointed archbishop of Canterbury.
Otho and Adelaide crowned emperor and empress of the West, at Rome, by the
pope; their son, Otho II., titular king of Italy. Albert Azzo created count of
Keggio and Modena ; Oberto, founder of the house of D'Este, appointed count of
the palace. Nicephorus Phocas defeats the Saracens and recovers the former
provinces of the empire as far as the Euphrates. Al Hakem employs agents in
Africa and Arabia to purchase or copy MSS.; the catalogue of his library fills
44 vols. A great pestilence and fire in London; St Paul's Minster burnt.
Silver discovered in the Hartz mountains. Norway tributary to Denmark.
Death of the emperor Romanus, March 15, set. 24 ; his widow, Theophano, ap-
pointed regent-guardian of their two young sons, marries Nicephorus Phocas,
who had been previously proclaimed emperor by the army. The vices of
John XII. and his plots against Otho, cause him to be deposed by a council,
and Leo VIII. is appointed pope. Al Hakem attacks the frontiers of the king-
dom of Leon, on the Douro. Edgar invades North Wales ; defeat and death of
Idwal, son of Rotri Mawr; an annual tribute of 300 wolves' heads exacted from
the Welsh. Ethelwold, bishop of Winchester, promotes the Benedictine rule in
England ; the monasteries and minsters of Ely and Medehamstede are repaired :
the name of the latter changed to Peterborough. Fairs established in Flanders
and manufactures promoted.
Berenger and his queen surrender to Otho, and are sent prisoners to Bamberg
Adalbert escapes to Corsica. Revolt of Rome; the election of Leo VIII. is set
aside, and Benedict V. chosen pope. Death of John XII. Otho besieges and
takes Rome. Edgar displaces all married priests, and fills the church with
monks. John Zimisces expels the Saracens from Cilicia and Cyprus. Erik IV
king of Sweden.
Adalbert returns to Lombardy, is defeated, and conceals himself In the mountains
The two rival popes die, and John XIII. is elected. Al Hakem destroys the
vine-grounds in Spain, to check the drinking of wine ; he concludes a treaty of
peace with Sancho. Nicephorus and Zimisces carry their arms into Syria.
Disastrous attempts of the Greeks in Sicily.
John XIII., driven from Rome, is restored by Otho. Berenger dies at Bamberg ;
his widow, Willa, takes the veil. Antioch recovered, after 328 years' subjection
to the Saracens. Swatoslaus extends the dominions of the Russians to the
Black Sea, and invades Bulgaria.
Otho establishes his supremacy over Beneventum and Capua. The bishopric of
Prague founded by Boleslas II. Death of Abulfaragi AH, historian of the
Omeyan Caliphs. Sancho, king of Leon, poisoned by Count Gonsalvo.
Embassy of Liutprand, bishop of Cremona, to propose a treaty of marriage between
Otho's son and the daughter of the late emperor Romanus ; the haughty refusal of
Nicephorus causes Otho to attack the Greek provinces in Southern Italy. The
archbishopric of Magdeburg founded. The men of Thanet punished for having
plundered some traders who arrived from York. Fez conquered by the Fatimites.
Victory of Otho over the Greeks in Calabiia. Assassination of Nicephorus.
John Zimisces emperor; he takes for his colleagues Basil II. and Constantine
XL, sons of Romanus II. and Theophano. The Fatimite, Maiz Ad Din, esta-
blishes an independent caliphate in Egypt, and builds Cairo. Witikind, abbot
of Corvey, writes his History.
Zimisces begins his successful war against the Russians, and brings a large
colony of Paulicians from Armenia into Thrace ; treaty of peace between him
and Otho. After many struggles and vicissitudes, Navarre, under Sancho II.,
establishes independence. Basil I. patriarch of CP.
Defeat of the Bulgarians by Bardas Sclerus. Zimisces assents to the treaty of
marriage proposed again by Otho. The Venetians forbid the sale of arms and;
all munitions of war by their merchants to the Saracens. Death of Oskytel,
archbishop of York.
314
FROM THE YEAE
A.I).
972
Hegira.
Eastern
Empire.
Popes.
Arabia.
Spajn.
T T Navar- Sara-
Leon- re. cens.
France.
Germa-
ny.
362
4 John
1 Bene-
28 Al
6 Ra-
3Sancho
12 Al
19 Lo-
37 Otho
Zimisces.
dict VI.
Moti.
tniroIII.
II.
Ha-
kem
II.
thaire.
I. the
Great.
973
363
5
2
29
7
4
13 — -
20
1 Otho !
II.
974
364
1 Boni-
face VII.
1 month.
1 Dora-
nus II.
lAlTai.
8
5
14
21
2
975
365
7
1 Bene-
dict VII.
2
9
6
15
22 '
3
976
366
1 Basil II.
and Con-
stantine XI.
2
3
10
7
IHix-
emll.
23
4
977
367
2
3
4
11
8
2
24
5
978
368
3
4
5
12
9
3
25
6
979
369
4
5
6
13
10
4
26
7
980
370
5
6
7
14
11
5
27
8
981
371
6
7
8
15
12
6
28
9
982
372
7
8
9
1 Vere-
mund or
Bermu-
doll.
13
7
29
10
983
373
8
1 John
10
2
14
g
30
1 Otho
XIV.
III.
984
374—375
9
2
11
3
15
9
31
2
985
375—376
10
1 John
XV.
12
4
16
10
32
3
988
.376—377
11
2
13
5
17 - —
11—
1 Louis V.
4
le Faine-
ant.
987
377—378
12
3 \U
6
18
12
1 Hugh
5
Capet.
988
378—379
13
4
15
7
19 - —
13
2
6
939
379—380
14
5
16
8
20
14
3
7
990
380—381
15
6
17
9
21
15
4
8
991
381—382
16
7
1 Al
Kader.
10
22
16
5
9
992
382-383
17
8
2
11
23
17
6
10
993
383—384
18
9
3
12
24
18
7
11
994
384—385
19
10
4
13
1 Garci-
asll.
19
8
12
995
385—386
'20
11
1
5
14
2
20
9
13
972 TO 995 A.D.
315
titwn
Dates.
973
974
975
976
979
981
984
990
991
993
Doges of Tusca-
Venice. ny.
14 Pietro
Candiano
IV.
15 —
16 —
1 Pietro
Orseolo I,
2
1 Vitale
Candiano,
1 Tribuno
Memmo.
2
3
4
12 Hugh
13
14 - —
16
10
11
12
1 Pietro
Orseolo II.
Aeles
ob Bub-
gundy.
16 Con-
rad.
37
40
50
51
56
Bohe-
mia.
6 Boles- 8 Ar-
ias II. nulf II
1 Rudolf
III.
2 —
10
20
23
15
Den-
MAEK.
37 Ha-
rold II,
tooth.
Poland,
16
17
18
24
1 Bald-
win IV
2
3
40
48
1 Swein
I., the
Double
Beard-
ed.
9 Mise
co or
Miecis
las I.
10
11
Scot-
land,
20
1 Boles-
las I.
3 Ken-
neth
III.
Eng-
land.
18-
23- —
24
ICon
tan-
tinelV
1 Ken-
neth IV
14 Ed-
gar.
lEd-
'ward II
the Mar-
tyr.
2
1 Ethel
red II.
the Un-
10
316
FROM THE YEAH
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
983
Events and Eminent Men.
The emperor Otho defeats Harold, king of Denmark, who embraces Christianity.
Marriage of Otho II. at Kome. to Theophania, daughter of the late emperor
Romanus. William, count of Provence, expels the Saracens from Fraxinet.
Edgar anointed at Bath by the archbishops Dunstan and Oswald ; during his
annual review of his fleet (scip-fyrd), eight tributary kings do homage to him
at Chester : among whom are Kenneth of Scotland, and Howell of Wales. The
Saracens of Spain, attempting to recover Fez, are defeated at Tangier. Death
of Swatoslaus, and division of his territories among his sons. Jaropolk I.
herits Kiow.
Death of Otho I. at Mansleben, May 7, set. 61. Al Hakem sends a powerful
army into Africa under Galib. The empress Theophania introduces Greek
manners in Germany.
Influence of Crescentius in Rome. Benedict VI. imprisoned and strangled
Boniface VII., pope for one month, deposed and driven away to CP. Galib
restores the authority of Al Hakem in Fez and Western Africa. Antonius III.
patriarch of CP.
Otho destroys the Danawerk on the Eyder. Norway again independent. Henry II.
duKe of Bavar a, leagues with the Bohemians and Poles against Otho. DeatU o
Edgar; his son Edward elected by the chief ealdormen, A comet is seen.
Death of John Zimisces. Henry, duke of Bavaria, defeated by Otho and deposed,
takes refuge in Bohemia. Death of Al Hakem ; his reign is the most glorious
portion of the Saracenic dominion in Spain. Commotion in Venice, the doge
attempts to introduce mercenary troops, and is slain ; his palace burnt, with
St. Mark's and other churches.
Capture of Passau by Otho, and submission of Henry. The invasion of Lorraine
by Lothaire involves him in war with Otho. Muhamad Abdallah, afterwards
called Almansor, or " the Illustrious," governs Spain during the minority of
Hixem. Dunstan supports the Benedictines in their contest with the secular clergy.
Edward assassinated, March 18, set. 17, by order of his mother-in-law, Elfrida, at
the gate of Corfe Castle. During a council held at Calne, many of those present
are maimed or killed by the floor of the room giving way ; Dunstan and his
friends escape unhurt. Bardas Sclerus revolts, and takes Nice. Pietro Orseolp,
doge of Venice, retires into a monastery. Samuel, king of the Bulgarians, con-
quers Macedon and Thessaly.
Almansor collects a formidable army against the Christians of Leon. Galib falls
in single combat with Abdelmelic, governor of Toledo. Jaropolk, after having
slain his brother Oleg, drives Wladimir, or Wolodimir, from his heritage. The
northern pirates renew their depredations.
Treaty of peace, by which Lothaire leaves Lorraine in Otho's possession. Theo-
phania urges her husband to claim the Greek provinces in Italy ; he advances
with his army to Ravenna. Chester, Southampton and Thanet ravaged by the
Danes. Birth of Otho III. Defeat and flight of Bardas Sclerus. Wladimir
obtains the assistance of the sea-kings, returns, defeats his brother Jaropolk,
puts him to death, and becomes sole prince of Russia.
Otho visits Rome, with the empresses Adelaide and Theophania, advances into
southern Italy, and takes Salerno. Almansor defeats the Christian forces, and
captures Zamora. The Danes attack Padstow, and lay waste the coasts of
Devonshire and Wales. (The invitation of the Roman nobles to a feast and
their massacre by Otho, which many chronologies record this year, are called
by M.ara.tori fandonie (lies).
The Greek emperors invite the Saracens of Africa to oppose Otho. Battle of
Basientello, July 13, total defeat of the Germans and Italians ; Otho, taken pri-
soner, escapes by swimming. Great danger of the Christians in Spain; divided
by civil strife, and hard-pressed by the Saracens. Death of Ramiro III. The
isle of Portland ravaged and London burnt by the Danes. Erik the Icelander
discovers Greenland. Revolt of the Obotrites and Wenden.
Otho, while raising another army, dies at Rome, Dec. 6. Theophania governs in
the name of their young son, Otho III. Almansor takes Leon and Astorga.
Nicholas II. patriarch of CP.
S72 TO 995 A.D.
317
.D.
984
987
992
994
995
Events and Eminent Men.
Henry, duke of Bavaria, claims the wardship of young Otho, and seizes his person ;
he is compelled to abandon his pretensions. Gerbert of Aurillac, tutor of Hugh
Capet's son, Robert, is appointed Otho's preceptor. Pope John XIV. murdered
Almansor defeats Borel, count of Barcelona, and takes the city. Al Hassan,
the last Edrisite king of Fez, surrenders, and is treacherously beheaded by order
of Almansor. Death of Ethel wold, bishop of Winchester; Elphege II., or
Godwin, succeeds him. Death of Roswitha, the nun-poetess.
The kingdom of Fez a dependency of Spain. The death of the pretended pope,
Boniface, leaves the papal chair to be quietly filled by John XV. Harold driven
from the throne of Denmark by his son Swein.
Death of Lothaire. Almansor invades Navarre. Miseco, or Miecislas, duke of
Poland, converted to Christianity. Ethelred besieges Rochester.
Death of Louis V., May 21 : the last of the Carlovingian line. Charles, duke of
Lorraine, claims the crown of France ; the nobles give it to Hugh Capet,
John XV. driven from Rome by Crescentius, is protected by Hugh, duke of Tus-
cany, and restored. Almansor takes Osma and Alcobriga, in Castile.
Charles invades France and takes Laon. Robert, son of Hugh Capet, crowned as
his father's colleague. Defeat of the Bulgarians by the emperor Basil. Co-
imbra and Santiago taken by Almansor. Cosenza destroyed by the Saracens.
The factions of the Caloprini and Morosini distract Venice. Wolodomir, of
Russia, married at Cherson, to Anna, sister of the Greek emperor, and con-
verted to Christianity. Watchet, in Somersetshire, plundered by the Danes.
Death of Dunstan ; Ethelgar, archbishop of Canterbury. Rome contains forty
monasteries and twenty nunneries of the Benedictine rule, and sixty colleges of
canons.
The empress Theophania arrives at Rome and suppresses the seditions there.
Rural counts and barons begin in Germany and Italy, from their castles, to
make depredations on their neighbours. Almansor sets apart a fund to promote
literature ; learned men, from all parts of the East, resort to Cordova. Defeat
and death of Bardas Phocas ; submission of Sclerus.
Theophania, having restored the authority of her son in Italy, returns to Germany.
Ethelred sends an army to attack Normandy. Death of Ethelgar, archbishop
of Canterbury ; Sigric succeeds him. A comet is seen in the north, which dis-
appears and afterwards returns in the west.
Hugh Capet recovers Laon ; Charles of Lorraine is taken prisoner and dies.
Miseco, duke of Poland, and Hugh, duke of Tuscany, attend the court of Otho
and Theophania, during Easter, at Quedlinburg. Death of Theophania at Ni-
ineguen, June 16 Arnulf, archbishop of Rheims, deposed, and Gerbert ap-
pointed in his place. Death of the caliph Al Tai ; his successor, Al Kader,
restores the power and dignity of his office. Gerbert introduces the use of the
Arabian numerals, which he had learned at Cordova. A poetical tournament
held in Almansor's palace. Monthly roses first cultivated in Spain by the poet,
Muhamad Ben Alisei. The Anglian army defeated in Normandy ; a treaty of
peace under the mediation of the pope. The Danes ravage Ipswich and Maldon ;
a tribute raised for them by means of the "Danegild" tax.
Ethelred collects a fleet against the Danes and defeats them. Pietro Orseolo
concludes treaties, which promote the interests of Venice.
Almansor invades Gallicia, and carries away the bells from the church of San-
tiago as trophies The Danes take Bamborough and ravage Liudsey.
Hugh Capet maintains Gerbert in the see of Rheims against the opposition of the
pope Almansor invades Navarre. Olaf Tryggvason, king of Norway, and
Swein, king of Denmark, with a fleet of 94 ships, attack London, and are beaten
back by the citizens ; Ethelred concludes a treaty of peace with them.
Gerbert, deserted by Hugh Capet and deposed by the council of MouSon, is re-
ceived in Germany by Otho. After two victories, Almansor concludes a treaty
of peace with Bermudo. Death of Henry II. duke of Bavaria; his son Henrv
III., succeeds him. Sisinnius II patriarch of CP. Death of .Sigric, archbishop
of Canterbury; Alfric, the learned grammarian, is appointed in his phice. A
comet is seen.
318
FEOM THE TEAR
A.D.
Hegiba.
East-
ern Em-
pire. '
Popes.
Ara-
bia.
Spain.
T _. T Navar- Sara-
Leon- re. gens.
France.
Germany,
996
997
998
386—387
387—388
388—389
21 Basil
II. and
Constan-
tine XI.
22
23
1 Grego-
ry V.
2
^John
XVI., 10
months.)
3
6 Al
Ka-
der.
7
8
15 Vere-
mund
or Ber-
mudo
II.
16
17
3 Garci-
asll.
4
5
21 Hix-
em II.
22
23
1 Robert
II.
3
14 Otho
III.
15
16
999
1000
1001
389—390
390—391
392
24
25
26
1 Silves-
ter II.
2
3
9
10
11
1 Alfon-
so V.
2
3
6
1 San-
cholll.
2
24
25
26
4
5
6
17
18
19
1002
393
27
4
12
4
3 ■
27
7
1 Henry
II.
1003
1004
394
395
28
29
1 John
XVII.
6 months.
1 John
XVIII.
2
14
5
6 —
4 - —
6
28
29
8
9
2
3
1005
396
30
3
15
7
6
30
10
—
4
1006
397
31
4
16
8
7
31
11
5
1007
398
32
5
17
9
8
32
12
■
6
1008
399
33
6
18
10
9
33
13
7
1009
1010
400
401
34
35
1 Sergi-
usIV.
2
19
20
11
12
10
11
1 Muha-
mad II.
1 Sulei-
man Al-
mostain.
2
14
15
8
9
1011
402
36
3
21
13
12
3
16
10
1012
1013
403
404
37
38
1 Bene-
dict
VIII.
2
22
14
15
13
14
5
17
18
11
12
1014
405
39
3
24
16
15
6
19
13
1015
406
40
4
25
17
16
7
20
14
1016
407
41
5
26
18
17
1 Ali
Ben Ha-
mud.
21
15
i
996 TO 1016 A.D.
319
Repe-
tition
Dates.
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
Bohe-
mia.
Tus-
cany.
Akles
ok Bur-
gundy.
DEN-
MARK.
Po~ Russia I Sc0T"
LAND. KUSSIA- LANU.
Eng-
land.
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
6 Pietro
Orseo-
10 II.
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1 Ottone
Orseolo.
30 Boles-
las II.
Hugh
37-
38-
1 Boles-
las III
2
1 Jaro-
mir.
40
lAdal
bert
III.
2
9
10
1 Udal
ric.
10
11
12
13
lRi-
naldo,
4 Ru-
dolf
III.
8
Bald-
win
IV.
12 Swein
I., the
Double
Bearded.
13
25-
27-
27
29
1 Ha-
rold
III.
2
1 Ca-
nute.
5 Bo-
leslas
I.
17 Wla
dimir or
Wolodo-
mir the
Great.
18
1 Swato-
polk I,
2 Ken-
neth IV.
1 Mal-
colm II,
19 Ethel,
red II.
the Un-
ready.
20
37
38
1 Ed-
mund
Ironside
ICanute
320
FROM THE YEAB
A.D.
997
999
1000
1001
Events and Eminent Men.
1004
Death of Hugh Capet ; his son Robert succeeds, and marries his relation, Bertha,
Otho crowned emperor of the West and king of Italy. Crescentius banished
from Rome. Otho obtains the papal chair for Bruno, under the designation of
Gregory V. The emperor Basil defeats the Saracens in Syria. Revolt of Zeir
Ben Atia in Fez. Geisa, duke of Hungary, converted to Christianity; his son,
Waik, baptized by the name of Stephen. The Vikingr attack Stade. Wulfstan
bishop of London. Richard II. duke of Normandy. Suidas writes his Lexicon.
Crescentius returns to Rome, and is excommunicated by Gregory, who takes
flight to Pavia. The bishop of Piacenza is set up as pope, with the title of
John XVI. Otho subdues the Slavonians of Brandenburg. Stephen succeeds
his father as duke of Hungary. The Venetians conquer the coast and islands of
the Hadriatic as far as Ragusa, and their doge styles himself duke of Dalmatia.
Abdelmelic, son of Almansor, defeats Zeir Ben Atia. The Danes burn the
abbey of Tavistock. Adalbert, bishop of Prague, killed while preaching in Prussia.
Otho conducts Gregory back to Rome ; Crescentius is beheaded, and the anti-pope
John imprisoned. Gerbert is appointed archbishop of Ravenna. Robert resists
the papal annulment of his marriage, for which he is excommunicated, and his
kingdom laid under interdict ; he resigns Bertha, and is married to Constance,
daughter of William, count of Aries. The authority of the Spanish caliph
fully restored in Fez ; Zeir Ben Atia retires among the Moors. The cities of
northern Italy begin to be independent. Dorsetshire invaded by the Danes.
Death of Otho's aunt, Mathilda, abbess of Quedlinburg, and regent during his
absence. Ardouin, marquis of Ivrea, declared a public enemy by the emperor,
and deprived of his States. Gerbert elected pope, as Silvester II. Mahmoud
of Ghizni takes the title of sultan, and extends the Turkish empire into India.
Death of Veremund ; his son, Alfonso V., eet. 5, has Gonsalvo for his guardian
and regent. Death of Adelaide, widow of Otho I. The Danes overrun and
plunder Kent. The son of the doge of Venice marries Maria, niece of the Greek
emperors. Sergius II. patriarch of CP.
Otho founds the archbishopric of Gnesna in Poland. The emperor Basil conquers
Bulgaria. Stephen takes the title of king of Hungary. Defeat and death of
Olaf Tryggvason. Norway divided by Denmark and Sweden. Zeid Ben Atia
slain in battle with a Moorish tribe. Almansor defeats the Christians at Hisn
I Dhervera. The Persian poet, Ferdusi, writes his Shah-nameh, or Book of Kings.
J The citizens of Rome refuse to admit Otho within their walls: on the approach
of his army they open the gates to him. Two Icelanders, Biorn and Leif, dis-
cover the northern coast of the continent, afterwards called America. Victory
of the Danes at Alton ; the high-steward Ethelwerd, slain, supposed to be the
I " Patricius Fabius Quaestor Ethelwerdus," who made a Latin version of the Saxon
} Chronicle to the year 975
Death of Otho III. Jan. 23. Henry, duke of Bavaria, elected king of Gemiany
I Ardouin, marquis of Ivrea, obtains the crown of Italy. Bari, besieged by the
| Saracens, is relieved by the Venetians. Robert, king of France, inherits the
I duchy of Burgundy. Union of the Christian princes in Spain ; Almansor totally
defeated by them atCalat Anosor, is wounded, and dies soon afterwards, set. 65.
I Ethelred marries Emma, sister of Richard III., duke of Normandy; he makes
a truce with the Danes, and pays them tribute, after which he orders a general
massacre of them in England, on St. Brice's day, Nov. 13. Death of Ardulf,
archbishop of York. Pope Silvester founds a school at Bobbio, cultivates mathe-
matics and astronomy, and endeavours to revive learning, for which he is
accused of magic and necromancy.
Death of Silvester II. May 11. Abdelmelic succeeds to the offices held by his
father. Almansor, defeats the Christians at Lerida. Swein invades England to
avenge the massacre of his people ; Exeter and Wilton plundered. Wulfstan,
archbishop of York. Avicenna, Med. Arab. fl. Death of Abbo, monk and as-
tronomer. A comet seen.
Henry transfers the duchy of Bavaria to Henry IV., brother of his queen, Cune-,
gonda;] he defeats Ardouin, conquers lxany parts of Italy, and is crowned king
at Pavia. Swein ravages East Anglia, burns Norwich and Thetford, and is|
driven back to his ships by L'lfky^l.
t)96 TO 1016 A.D.
32:
A.D.
1005
1006
1007
1003
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
Events and Eminent Men.
Boleslas of Poland attacks Bohemia; Henry repels him. Salerno defended by
its citizens against the Saracens. Famine and pestilence desolate Europe.
Death of Giovanni Orseolo, son of the doge of Venice, followed by that of his
wife, Maria. The Danes withdraw from England. A very bright comet appears.
Baldwin, count of Flanders, seizes Valenciennes. The bishop of Wiirtzburg opposes
Henry's design of a bishopric at Bamberg. A truce of two years between the
hostile parties in Spain. The Danes return and lay waste all England. Ethelred's
army defeated at Kennet ; he retires into Shropshire, and obtains peace by
. paying tribute. Death of Alfric ; Elphege II. succeeds him in the archbishopric
of Canterbury. Death of the Saxon poet, Kenulf, bishop of Winchester.
Henry restrains the encroachments of Baldwin, founds the bishopric of Bamberg,
and continues the war against Boleslas. Fulbert, bishop of Chartres, esta-
blishes a school of theology. Birth of Pietro Damiano at Ravenna.
Henry prevents the election of his brother-in-law, Adalbert, to the archbishopric of
Treves, and dispossesses Henry of the duchy of Bavaria. Ardouin regains
Pavia and other parts of Italy. Abdelmelic is defeated by the Christians, and
dies ; the ambition of his brother, Abderahman, causes his own death, and is
the beginning of long civil commotions in Spain. Muhamad Ben Hixem
seizes and imprisons the caliph Hixem. Ethelred prepares a fleet for the
defence of his country. Death of Aimoin, the monk-historian of France.
Muhamad usurps the caliphate of Spain, is defeated by Suleiman, chief of the
African guards, and beheaded. Suleiman, supported by Sancho, king of Na-
varre, proclaimed caliph. Hixem, released, reigns nominally in Cordova. Ethel-
red's fleet dispersed by a storm ; Wulfnoth rebels ; fresh incursions of the Danes.
The Christian princes in Spain regain their lost territories, by assisting alter-
nately the different factions of the Saracens. Ulrkytel defeated by the Danes
at Ringmere, in East Anglia; Thetford, Cambridge, and Northampton burnt by
them; another band of them defeated in Scotland by Malcolm.
Dedication of the church of Bamberg. Revolt of Melo at Bari against the Greek
catapan, Basilius. Suleiman besieges Cordova. All the southern parts of
England plundered and laid waste by the Danes. Canterbury taken, and arch-
bishop Elphege carried away a prisoner.
Henry deposes Jaromir, and creates Udalric duke of Bohemia. The new pope,
Benedict VIII., driven from Rome by an anti-pope, takes refuge in Germany.
Suleiman gains possession of Cordova ; the fate of Hixem unknown. The Danes
put Elphege to death, and receive a tribute of 48,000 pounds of silver. Thorkill
enters into the service of Ethelred.
Henry concludes peace with Boleslas and marches into Italy. Swein takes London
and nearly the whole of England : Ethelred and his queen repair to her brother,
Richard, in Normandy. Living, or Leovinga, archbishop of Canterbury.
Benedict VIII. conducted back to Rome by Henry, whom he crowns emperor of
the West. Victory of the emperor Basil over the Bulgarians, and barbarous
treatment of his prisoners ; death of their king, Samuel. Ali Ben Hamud takes
arms against Suleiman. The Almogawares, or adventurers, sail from Lisbon
to explore the Atlantic. A great inundation in England and Flanders. Death
of Swein at Gainsborough, Feb. 3 ; his son, Harold, succeeds him in Denmark.
Ethelred returns to England and drives out Canute.
Death of Ardouin. Sigeferth and Morcar treacherously slain at Oxford. Canute
lands at the month of the Frome. Death of Wladimir of Russia.
The Saracens repulsed at Luni, in Tuscany, by pope Benedict; they besiege Sa-
lerno, and are defeated by the aid of a band of Norman pilgrims returning from
Jerusalem. Defeat and death of Suleiman ; Ali Ben Hamud caliph of Spain.
Stephen gives a code of Laws to Hungary. Death of Ethelred, at London, April
23, set. 49 ; after many battles, his son, Edmund Ironside, is foiled by the
treachery of Edric, ealdorman of Mercia, and by treaty divides his kingdom
with Canute. Edmund assassinated, Nov. 30. Canute becomes king of all
England, and by the death of his brother, Harold, succeeds to the throne of
Denmark. Swatopolk, grand duke of Russia, defeated by his brother, Jaroslav,
prince of Novgorod, seeks an asylum in Poland, with his father-in-law, Boleslas.
The Bulgarians defeated by the emperor Basil. Mugehid Edim attacks Sardinia.
322
FBOM THE TEAB
A.D. 1
Hegiba.
East-
ern Em-
pire.
POPE8.
Ara-
bia.
Spain.
Nav- Sara-
Leon. AEEE. CENS.
France.
Bohe-
mia.
Ger-
many.
1017
408—409
12 Basil
6 Bene-
27 Al
19 Alfon-
18
I Abder-
22 Ro-
6U-
16Hen-
II. and
dict
Ka-
so V.
San-
ahman
bert II.
lalric.
ryll.
Cons tan-
VIII.
der.
cho
IV.
tine XI.
III.
1018
409—410
43
7
28
20
19
2
23
7
17
1019
410— 411J44
8
29
21
20
3
24
3
ID
1020
411—412
45
9
30
22
21
4
25
9
19
1021
412—413
46
10
31—
23
22
lAlCa-
sim.
1 Yahye
Ben Ali,
26
lO-
20
1022
413—414
47
11
32
24
23
1 Abder-
ahman
V.
27
ll
21
1023
414—415
48
12
33
25
24
1 Muha-
mad
III.
28
12
22
1024
415—416
49
1 John
34
26
°5
1 Yahye
29
13
1 Con-
XIX.
Ben Ali,
restored.
rad II.
1025
416—417
50 Con-
stantino
alone.
2
35
27
26
2
1 Hixem
III.
30
14
2—
1026
417—418
51
3
36
28
27
2
31
15
3— —
1027
418—419
52
4 - —
37
29
28
3
32 — -
16
4
1028
419—420
1 Roma-
nus III.
Argyrus.
5
38
1 Bermu-
do or Ve-
remund
III.
29
4
33
17
5- —
1029
420—421
2
6
39
2
30
5
34
18
i
1030
421—422
3
7
40
3
31
6
35
19
7 i
1031
422—423
4
8
1 Al
Kaim.
4
32
lGeh-
war.
1 Henry
I.
20
H
3
1032
423—424
5
9
2
5
33 ■
2 —
2 —
21
9— j
i
1033
425
6
1 Bene-
dict IX.
3
6 —
34
3
3
22
to-!
1034
426
1 Michael
2
4
7
35
4
4
23
11 — 1
IV. the ,
1
Paphla-'
1
j
gonian. j
1035
1427
!2~~
!3
5
8
1 Gar-
cias
III.
5 —
I5 —
1
24
12
1036
428
3
1 4 —
6
9
Annexed
2
6
6
25
13
2037
j
429
1
4
U —
!
7
to Cas-
tile.
3
7_"
lBre-
tislas
I.
11
1017 TO 1037 A.D.
322
Repe-
tition
Dates.
I Doges
of Ve-
nice.
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
9 Ottone
Orseolo.
1 Pietro
Barbo-
lano.
2
1 Dome-
nico Fa-
bianico.
2 —
Tusca-
ny.
or Bur-
gundy.
4 Rinal-
do.
1 Boni-
face II.
25 Ru-
dolf III
29
Bald-
win
IV.
30
Annexed
to Ger-
many.
Flan-
ders.
Den-
mark,
Sweden
lOAnund
Jacob.
11
2 Ca-
nute.
26 Boles-
las I.
1 Miecis-
las II.
Hun-
gary.
Russia
18 Ste-
phen,
30-
31-
1 Bald-
win V
2
lHar-
daca-
nute.
2
8
33
9
34
Eight
years of
anarchy.
Domestic
and fo-
35
36
reign pre-
tenders
strive for
the
throne.
37
3Swa
topolk
I.
1 Jaro-
slav I.
2-
Scot-
LAND.
15
Mal-
colm
II.
16
17
18
27-
29-
Eng-
LAND.
2 Ca-
nute.
1 Dun-
can I
2
4 —
5—
f?
1 Harold
I. Hare-
foot.
324
FROM THE TEAR
A.D.
1018
Events and Eminent Men.
1020
1023
1024
1025
1027
Melo engages a band of Normans to assist his revolt in Apulia. Mugehid driven
out of Sardinia by the Pisans and Genoese ; his fleet nearly destroyed by a
storm ; the Pisans remain masters of the island. Abderahman proclaimed
caliph of Spain. Ali drowned in a bath by his attendants ; his brother, Alca-
sim, opposes Abderahman. Canute marries Emma, the widow of Ethelred ; the
sons of Edmund are sent to Stephen of Hungary. The traitor Edric slain.
The Bulgarians finally subdued. Basilio Bugiano sent with a large force to
oppose Melo and the Normans, in Apulia. Yahye, son of Ali, claims the king-
dom of Cordova. Swatopolk restored at Kiow by the arms of Boleslas ; Canute
holds a witenagemot at Oxford, to settle the tribute and laws ; London pays
£10,500, and the rest of England £72,000.
Melo and the Normans, after three victories, are totally defeated 'at Cannse.
Melo retires into Germany. The Normans enter the service of Guimar, duke of
Salerno. Great confusion in Spain. Yahye brings in a large body of Moors
(Mauritanians), and drives his uncle, Al Casim, from Cordova. Abderahman
makes a firm stand in Valencia. Canute goes to Denmark, and introduces a
more regular system of government. Olaf II., kin0, of Norway, makes Drontheim
his residence. Swatopolk, finally expelled from Russia by Jaroslav, dies among
the Carpathian Mountains. Death of Living, or Elfstan, archbishop of Canter-
bury ; Edelnoth succeeds him. Eustathius, patriarch of CP.
Death of Melo, at Bamberg. The pope visits the emperor Henry, and requests
him to stop the progress of the Greeks in Italy ; Rudolf arrives from Normandy
with a troop of followers, and offers his services against them. Yahye and
Al Casim agree to share the kingdom between them. Canute returns to England,
and holds a witenagemot at Cirencester
The catapan Bugiano takes the fort of Garigliano, and kills its commander, Batto
he releases his Norman prisoners. Henry enters Italy with an army. Abder-
ahman falls in a battle near Granada. Al Casim, expelled by the people of
Cordova, is imprisoned by Yahye. Canute banishes the jarl Thurkyl. Death
of Elfgar, bishop of Elmham.
After having gained some advantages in Apulia, Henry returns to Germany.
Abderahman Ben Hixem acknowledged caliph by the greater part of Spain.
Thurkyl, reconciled to Canute, is appointed his viceroy in Denmark. Guido
Aretino invents his musical scale.
Abderahman assassinated by his cousin, Muhamad, who usurps the throne. Death
of Wulfstan, archbishop of York ; Elfric succeeds him.
Death of the emperor Henry, July 13 ; Conrad, duke of Franconia, elected by a
diet to succeed him. Muhamad poisoned by his oppressed subjects, and Yahye
recalled to the caliphate. The jarl Ulf marries Canute's sister, Estrith ; and
earl Godwin, Ulf's sister, Githa.
Death of the emperor Basil; his brother, Constantine, remains sole ruler of the
East. The crown of Italy, offered in succession to several French princes, is
refused by them. Yahye falls in battle against the Wali of Seville. Hixem,
brother of Abderahman V., is elected caliph. Canute goes to Denmark ; is de-
feated in the river Helga by the Swedes and Norwegians ; the emperor Conrad
cedes Schleswig to him, through the mediation of Unwan, archbishop of Ham-
burg. Murder of the jarl Ulf. Alexis, patriarch of CP. Birth of Roderigo
Diaz del Bivar (the Cid).
Conrad, by his firmness, dissipates a conspiracy formed against him by the
Swabian count, Guelph, and other German nobles ; he is crowned king of Italy.
Pandulf employs Norman auxiliaries to gain possession of Capua. Failure of
an expedition sent by Constantine against Sicily. The Venetians banish their
doge, Ottone Orseolo. The Rabitos, or frontier-knights, bind themselves by a
row, to resist the progress of the Christians in Spain during the civil war of the
Saracens. England recovers from past disasters under Canute's wise govern-
ment; after having settled the affairs of the north, he goes on apilgrimage to Rome.
Conrad crowned emperor at Rome ; Canute, and Rudolf, king of Burgundy, attend
the ceremony. Contest between the archbishops of Milan and Ravenna for the
privilege of walking on the right-hand side of the emperor; he grants the
Normans a licence to defend Southern Ttaly against the Greeks. Robert (h
1017 TO 1037 A.D.
325
A.D.
Events and Eminent Mi
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
10ST
diable), duke of Normandy, discards Canute's sister, Estrith (Ulfs widow),
whom he had married, and by Arlot, daughter of a townsman of Falaise, has a
son William, afterwards "the Conqueror" of England. Wippo, Conrad's secre-
tary, writes his Life of that sovereign. Death of Romoaldo, institutor of the
Camaldulensian Order. Pandulf surprises Naples, and expels its duke, Sergius.
Death of Constantine XI., Nov. 12, get. 70; his daughter, Zoe, marries Romanus
Argyrus, who succeeds to the empire. Alfonso V. killed at the siege of Viseu ;
the caliph Hixem makes his first entry into Cordova. Conrad's son, Henry,
crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle. Canute conquers Olaf. king of Norway. Perse-
cution of the Paulicians of Montfort. Death of Fulbert, bishop of Chartres.
Sergius recovers Naples, and grants Aversa (the ancient Atella) to the Normans,
with the title of Count to their leader, Rainulf. Reyca continues the revolt
of Bari. Canute rebuilds and endows the abbey of Bedericsworth (St. Edmund's
Bury), and constructs the " King's Delf," between Peterborough and Ramsey.
Defeat of the emperor Romanus by the Saracens. War between Conrad and
Stephen of Hungary. Pandulf of Capua engages the services of the Normans,
and gives them lands taken from the abbey of Monte Casino. Death of Olaf.
The Saracens driven out of Syria. Death of the caliph Al Kader. Hixem, the
last of the Omeya line, retires into private life ; Spain divided by the Moorish
chieftains into many States, the principal of which, Cordova, is governed by
Gehwar. Death of Robert, king of France. Canute invades Scotland ; Malcolm
submits. Godwin created earl of Kent. The Venetians depose their doge, and
recal Ottone Orseolo, whose brother, the patriarch of Grado, acts as vice-doge.
Rudolf bequeaths to Conrad the kingdom of Burgundy. Civil wars begin among
the Moors of Spain. Ottone Orseolo dies still in exile, and Domenico Fabianico
is elected doge. Death of Elfsy, bishop of Winchester ; Alwyn succeeds him.
Bermudo and Sancho unite their families by a treaty of marriage. Alberico, a
count of Tusculnm, purchases the papal chair for his son, ten years old, who takes
the name of Benedict IX. The " Truce of God" instituted. Canute rebuilds the
abbey of St. Benedict de Hulmo. Glaber of Clugny writes his Chronicle.
Romanus poisoned by Zoe, who marries Michael the Paphlagonian, and raises him
to the throne. Eudes, duke of Champagne, nephew of the deceased Rudolf,
claims the kingdom of Burgundy, but is overcome by Conrad, whose son, Henry,
also defeats Udalric, duke of Bohemia. Poland torn by factions on the death of
Miecislas ; his widow, Richiensa, takes refuge in Germany, and his son, Casi-
mir, in the monastery of Clugny.
On the death of Sancho, king of Navarre, his territories are divided among his sons ;
the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon are founded ; the former by Ferdinand I.,
and the latter by Ramiro I, Bona, in Africa, taken by the Pisans. Commotions
in Milan, caused by the tyranny of archbishop Aribert, lead to great confusion
and discord throughout northern Italy, Death of Canute, Nov. 11, at Shaftes-
bury ; his eldest son, Hardacanute, succeeds him in Denmark, and the younger,
Harold, in England. Robert (le diable) dies on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land,
and his son, William, set. 8, becomes duke of Normandy.
Marriage of Henry, son of Conrad, to Canute's daughter, Gunhild. Battle of Campo
Malo between the factions of Italy ; Conrad arrives to repress these disorders.
Alfred the Etheling lands with a body of Normans at Sandwich, is made pri-
soner by Godwin, and put to death at Ely. Marriage of Boniface, duke of
Tuscany, to Beatrice, daughter of Frederic, duke of Upper Lorraine ; splendid
festivities at Marengo. Death of the retired caliph, Hixem.
Conrad condemns Aribert and other bishops to repair the wrongs they have done ;
resistance of the bishops; siege of Milan; commotions at Parma. Eudes, in
the absence of Conrad, seizes Bar le Due ; is defeated and slain, Sept. 17, by
Gonthelon, duke of Lorraine. Bermudo falls in battle against Ferdinand, who con-
quers Leon and annexes it to his kingdom of Castile. Gehwar, unable to produce
tranquillity by negotiation, attempts it, without success, by force of arms. Harold
expels Canute's widow, Emma, from England ; she is hospitably received at
Bruges by Baldwin, count of Flanders, and his consort Adela. Hardacanute
not having claimed the share reserved for him, Harold is crowned king of all
England. Death, of Avicenna, the Arabian physician.
326
FROM THE TEAR
A.D.
Hegiba. 1
East-
sen Em-
pire.
Popes.
Ara-
bia.
Spain.
Cas- Aba- J^av-
tile. gon. arre.
Saba-
CENS.
Fbance.
Bohe-
mia.
Geb-
MANY.
1038
1039
430
431
5 Mi-
chael
IV. the
Paphla-
gonian.
6
6 Be-
nedict
IX.
7
8A1
Kaim.
4Fer-'
di-
nand
I.
5
4Ra-
miro
I.
5
4Gar-
cias
III.
5
8Geh-
war.
9
8 Henry
I.
9
2Bre-
tislas
I.
3
15 Con-
rad II.
1 Hen-
ry III.
1040
432
7
8
10
6
6
6
10
10
4
2
1041
433
lMi-
shael V.
Cala-
phates.
' 1 Zoe
and
Theo-
9
11
7
7
7
11
11
1042
1043
1044
434
435
436
dora.
lCon-
stantine
XII.
Mono-
machus.
2
3
1C
11
1 Sil-
vester
III., 3
months
1 Gre-
gory
VI.
2
12
13
14
8 — -
10
12
1 Mu-
ll am ad
Ben
Geh-
war.
2
12
13
14 —
6
7
8
4
9
10
10
1045
437
4
15
16
11
12—
11
12
11
12
3
15 —
16
9
10 —
1046
438
5
1 Cle-
ment
1047
439
6
II.
2
17
13
13
13
5
17
11
9
1048
440
7 —
lDa-
masus
18
14
e-
18 ■
12
10
1049
441—442
8
II.
1 Leo
19
15—
15
15
7
19
13
11
1050
442-443
9
IX.
2
20
16
16
16
8
20
14
12
1051
443—444
10
3
21
17
17
17
21
15
13
1052
1 1053
11
4
22
18—
18
10
22
16
14
,445—446
12
5
• ■
1 San-
cho IV.
11
23
17
15
1038 TO 1053 A.D.
327
Repe-
tition
Dates.
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
Tusca-
CANY.
Flan-
ders.
Den-
mark.
Swe- Po-
DEN. 1 LAND.
Hun-
gary.
Russia
SCOT-
* LAND
Ens-
land.
1
!
1038
7 Dome-
nico Fa-
bianico.
12 Boni-
face II.
3 Bald-
win V.
4 Harda
Canute
15 A-
nund
Jacob
\
1 Peter
20Jaro
slav I
-6 Dun-
can I
4 Harold
I. Hare-
foot. J
1039
8
13
4
5
16
2
21
1 Mac-
beth.
1 Harda
canute.
1040
9
14
5
6
17
3
22
2
2
1041
10
15
6
7
18
lCa-
simir
I.
1 Sam-
uel
Abo.
23
3
|
1042
1043
11
1 Dome-
nicoCon-
tareno I,
16
17
7
8
1 Mag-
nus,
king of
Nor-
way.
2
2
2
3
24
25
4
5
1 Ed-
ward
the Con-
fessor.
2
20
1044
2
18
9
3
21
1 Peter
restored.
26
6
3
1045
3 -
19
10 —
4
22
5
2
27
7
4_
1046
4
20
11
5
23
6
1 An-
drew.
28
8
5 —
104
5
21
12
;
1 Sweyn
Ul.Es-
tritson.
24
7
2
29
9—
._
1048
1049
6
22 — —
n —
2
25
8
9 — -
3
4
30
31-
7 —
a-!
7 —
23
14 )
26
1
11
1050
8
24
*_!
4 —
27—j
10
5
32
12
._|
1051
9
25
16
5
1 Ed-
mund
the
Aged.
2
3
11
6
33
,3—
1C
1052
1053
10
11
1 Frede-
ric.
2
17
18
6
12
13
7
8
34
35
15
11 —
12
:m
FROM THE TEAE
A.D.
1038
1041
1042
1043
1044
Events and Eminent Men.
1046
Conrad dispossesses Pandulf of Capua, and gives it to Guimar; he confirms the
Normans in their fortress of Aversa ; they are employed by the Greek general,
Maniaces, in his invasion of Sicily. William de Hauteville (Bras de fer) dis-
tinguishes himself. Disease attacks Conrad's army, and compels him to return
to Germany. Death of Gunhild. Ramiro, on the death of his brother Gon-
salves, annexes Sobrarba to Aragon. Almondar, the Moorish king of Saragossa,
assassinated at Granada. Death of Stephen , king of Hungary. Bretislas, duke of
Bohemia, invades Poland. Togrul Beg, grandson of Seljuk, expels the Gazne-
vides and conquers Persia. Hardacanute prepares to claim the throne of
England and arrives in Flanders. Death of Ethelnoth, archbishop of Canter-
bury ana Elfric, bishop of Elmham ; Eadsine succeeds the former.
Death of Conrad at Utrecht, June 4. The siege of Milan raised. The Normans,
disappointed of their reward in Sicily, return into Italy, elect Ardum for their
leader and seize many places in Apulia. Defeat of an English army by the
Welsh prince Griffith, son of Llewellyn. Death of Harold at Oxford, March 17.
Hardacanute sets sail from Het Zwyn (Sluys), enters the Thames, and is ac-
knowledged as king by all parties. Duncan, king of Scotland, defeated and
slain by Macbeth. Battle of Clontarf, near Dublin ; the Danes totally defeated.
Brian Boroimhe and his son, Murdoch, fall in the hour of victory.
Maniaces deprived of his command in Sicily ; nearly the whole island recovered
by the Saracens. Rainulf and Arduin establish their head quarters at Melfi.
Reconciliation between the emperor Henry and archbishop Aribert. Ferdinand
takes Viseu and Coimbra. . -. .
Death of the emperor Michael IV. The Normans defeat the Greek catapan
Dulchianus, near the river Labento, and at Cannae. All the nobility of Milan,
and the archbishop, are driven out by the populace. Hardacanute levies op-
pressive taxes on the English ; tumults in Worcestershire. Edward, the son of
Ethelred, recalled into England from Normandy. The Poles call Casimir from
his monastery to reign over them. Peter, king of Hungary, deposed, and
Samuel Abo usurps the throne.
Expulsion of Michael V. ; Zoe and Theodora's joint reign of two months ; the latter
retires. Zoe marries Constantine XII. (see Eckhel). and makes him emperor;
twelve Norman chieftains divide among them the greater part of Apulia,
with Melfi for their common capital; Maniaces is sent again to command
against them. Milan blockaded by the expelled nobles. Ramiro attacks Na-
varre, and is defeated by Garcias. Hardacanute falls in a fit during a feast at
Lambeth, and dies, June 8. The Saxon line restored by Edward the Confessor.
Magnus the Good, king of Norway, obtains the crown of Denmark.
Revolt of Maniaces; driven out of Italy by the Greeks and Normans, he is killed
at Durazzo. CP. is for the fourth time attacked by the Russians. The em-
peror Henry marries Agnes, daughter of William, duke of Poitiers. Marriage
of Edward the Confessor to Godwin's daughter, Edgitha ; his mother, Emma, is
incited by Stigand, bishop of Elmham, to plot against him ; she is deprived of
her wealth, and the bishop of his see. Death of Gehwar, king of Cordova;
quiet accession of his son. Michael I. Cerularius patriarch of CP.
Peace restored at Milan. The Normans, in the pay of Guimar, prince of Salerno
and Capua, invade Calabria. The Roman people expel Benedict IX. for his
vices. Silvester III is pope for three months. Gregory VI. buys the papal
dignity. Eadsine resigns the archbishopric of Canterbury, which is given to
Siward, abbot of Abingdon. Stigand restored.
Sweyn Estritson, son of Ulf Jarl, and Canute's sister, Estritha, having failed in
his attempts on the crowns of England and Denmark, is received at Bruges,
by Baldwin, count of Flanders ; his sister, Gunhild, and her sons, banished from
England. The Wends of North Germany invade Jutland, and are defeated by
Magnus. Ferdinand of Castile exacts tribute from his Moorish neighbours
Death of Aribert, archbishop of Milan ; of Elfward, bishop of London
Alwyn of Winchester ; the latter is succeeded by Stigand
and
- i m iters Italy with his army. Council of Sutri ; the three rival popes set
aside, and Clement II. elected. Henry receives the imperial crown at Rome. De- 1
1033 TO 1053 A.D.
129
A.D.
1049
1051
1053
Events and Eminent Men.
feat of the catapan Eustasius, at Trani, by the Normans. Death of William Bras
de fer; his brother, Drogo, is elected leader and count. Birth of Matilda,
daughter of Boniface, duke of Tuscany. Ferdinand extends his conquests to
Madrid and Toledo. Sweyn, a son of earl Godwin, and Griffith, prince of North
Wales, invade the western counties of England ; Lothen and Irling i»fest the
eastern coast. Death of Siward ; Eadsine returns to Canterbury. Hermann
Contractus writes his Chronicle. A severe winter. Peter resigns Hungary to
the emperor ; the people call to the throne Stephen's nephew, Andrew.
A council held at Rome condemns simony, and declares no election of a pope to be
valid without the emperor's sanction. The archbishops of Ravenna and Milan
again dispute for precedence. The emperor restores Capua to Pandulf, confirms
Drogo and Rainulf in their titles and possessions, and gives the duchy of Ca-
rinthia, with the march of Verona, to Guelph, the third count of that name.
The marquis Albert Azzo II., an ancestor of the D'Este family, marries
Guelph's sister, Cunegunda. Magnus killed by a fall from bis horse. Sweyn
Estritson succeeds on the throne of Denmark, and Harold II. in Norway. God-
win's son, Sweyn, goes to Bruges.
On the death of Clement II., the deposed pope, Benedict IX., intrudes himself
again, but withdraws after the election of Damasus II., who dies twenty-three
days after his consecration, and the papal throne remains vacant till the fol-
lowing year ; these two popes are supposed to have been poisoned. Edward
displeases his people by his partiality to the Normans. Robert, a monk of
Jumieges, is made bishop of London. A violent earthquake in England. Death
of the historian Glaber.
Rebellion of Baldwin, count of Flanders, and Godfrey, duke of Lorraine ; the
imperial palace at Nimeguen burnt; they are defeated, and submit to Henry.
Leo IX. elected pope by the diet of Worms, takes with him to Rome the monk
Hildebrand. Beorn, brother of Sweyn, king of Denmark, murdered at Dart
mouth, by Sweyn, Godwin's son. The Danes lose their power in England.
Leo IX. visits Apulia, to hear the complaints of the people against the Normans.
Councils of Rome and Vercelli. Berenger of Tours condemned and imprisoned
for denying the doctrine of Transubstantiation ; his adversary, Lanfranc, prior of
Bee, in Normandy, obtains celebrity. Birth of Henry's son, Henry, the future em-
peror. Sweyn pardoned by Edward, and restored to favour. Death of the empress Zoe.
The emperor Constantine, urged by Leo to check the Normans in Italy, orders
Argyrus, son of Melo, to oppose them. Drogo is assassinated ; his brother
Humphrey takes his place. Bloody affray between the people of Dover and the
retinue of Eustace, earl of Boulogne. Banishment of earl Godwin and his sons.
Robert, promoted to the archbishopric of Canterbury, on the death of Eadsine,
refuses to ordain Spearhafoc (Sparhawke) bishop of London. Gregory, bishop
of Vercelli, excommunicated for adultery, obtains absolution from the pope
The bishop of Spires summoned before the council of Mentz on a like charge.
Leo visits Germany, endeavours to stop the war between Henry and Andrew
king of Hungary, and to obtain assistance from the former against the Normans
Beneventum is ceded to him in exchange for lands given to the bishop of
Bamberg. William appointed bishop of London in the place of Sparhawke.
Reconciliation of Godwin and his sons with Edward. Archbishop Robert, with
the Norman bishops and nobles, driven out of England. Final abolition of
the Danegild. William, duke of Normandy, visits Edward ; on his return,
Ingulph accompanies him as his secretary. Death of Canute's widow, Emma.
Stigand is made archbishop, of Canterbury. Peter Damiano distinguishes him-
self in the church. Death of Boniface, duke of Tuscany. Leofric and Godiva
(Godgyfu) noted for their liberality at Coventry.
Battle of Civitella, June 18. Leo IX. defeated and made prisoner by the Normans,
under Humphrey, count of Apulia, Richard, count of Aversa, and Robert Guis-
card. Henry's young son created duke of Bavaria, and acknowledged king of
Germany. Death of earl Godwin; his son, Harold, succeeds to his titles and
power. Michael Cerularius attacks the doctrines and ceremonies of the Romish
church, and disputes the authority of the pope. Garcias, king of Navarre, falls
in battle against his brother Ferdinand.
330
FEOM THE TEAR
A.D.
1054
1055
1056
1057
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
446—447
447—448
448—449
449—450
450—451
451—452
452-453
453—454
i
454—4551
I
455-456
456—457
459
East-
ben Em-
PIEE.
1067 460
Popes,
1 Theo-
dora.
Mi-
chaelVI.
Stratio-
ticus.
1 Isaac
I. Coni-
nenus,
1 Con-
stantine
XIII.
Ducas.
2
6 Leo
IX
1 Vic-
tor II.
1 Ste-
phen
X.(or
IX.,
Mu-
rat.)
2
1 Be-
nedict
X.
1 Ni-
colas
II.
1 A-
lexan-
derll
ARA-
BIA.
24 Al
Kaim
20
Ferdi-
nand
I,
21
27-
23-
29-
1 Eudo- 7-
cia.
Spain.
Cas- Aba- Nav- Saba-
tile. gon. abbe. cens.
20 Ra
miro
L
25-
26-
27-
1 San- 31-
cho II.
the
Brave.
2San-
cho
IV.
12 Mu-
hamad
Ben
Geh-
war.
13
Fbance,
Bohe-
mia.
24 Hen-
ry I.
25
15-
37-
1 San-
cho I.
27
28
IMu-
hamad
Almu
ate-
did.
2
18
Bre-
tislas
I.
lSpi-
tigne-
usll
1 Philip
I.
Geb-
MANY.
16 Hen
rylll
IHen-,
ry IV.
i
I
lWra-
ti,sla:
II.
1054 TO 1067 A.D.
331
tition
[Dates.
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1000
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
12 Do-
menico
Conta-
reno I.
Tusca-
ny.
15
16
18
20
3 Fre-
deric.
1 Ma-
tilda.
Flan-
debs.
19 Bald-
win V.
20
Den-
mark.
Swe-
den'.
8 Sweyn 4 Ed
III. Es- mund
tritson. the
Aged.
24
25
12
24
25
27
30
Po-
land.
14 Ca-
simir
I.
HlJNGA
BY.
13
1 Sten-
kil.
9 An-
drew,
1 Isas-
lavl
Scot-
land.
Mac-
beth.
Eng-
land.
IBo-
leslas
II.
13
14
1 Mal-
colm
III.
Can-
more.
2
13 Ed-
ward
the Con-
fessor.
14
1 Bela .7 5-
I.
1 Bald-
win VI.
the
Good.
21
IHa
co the
10-
1 Solo-
mon.
14-
12-
17
18
20
1 Ha-
rold U
lWil-
Uiam
UheCcn-
^■queror.
2
On. Ma-
tilda.
332
FROM THE TEAR
1055
1056
1057
1058
Death of Constantine Monomachus; Theodora resumes the sceptre of the East,
Breach between the churches of Rome and CP. Leo IX. and Michael Cerula-
rius mutually excommunicate each other. Hildebrand begins to have great
influence at Rome. Death of Leo IX., April 19 ; the papal throne vacant nearly
a year. Death of Jaroslav of Russia. Marriage of Godfrey, duke of Lorraine,
to Beatrice, widow of Boniface, duke of Tuscany. Defeat of the Scots under
Macbeth, by earl Siward, at Lanfanan. Aldred, bishop of Worcester, sent to
Cologne, to bring home Edward, son of Edmund Ironside.
Hildebrand, now sub-deacon of Rome, is deputed to confer with Henry on the
ehoice of a new pope : Gebhard, bishop of Eichstadt, is chosen, and takes the
name of Victor II. Death of Frederic, the young duke of Tuscany; his sister,
Matilda, only eight years of age, succeeds him, under the guardianship of
Beatrice and Godfrey ; Henry claims the duchy as a fief of the empire, and de-
tains Beatrice in captivity ; a diet held at Roncaglia ; Guelph IV. ancestor, in
the direct line, of the houses of Brunswick and D'Este. War between Pisa and
Lucca ; battle of Vaccoli. Death of earl Siward. Togrul Beg drives the
Bowides from Bagdad.
Death of Theodora, the last of the Macedonian dynasty, Aug. 22, set. 76; Michael
Stratiotieus succeeds •ft. Death of the emperor Henry III., Oct. 5, set. 39 ;
he is succeeded by his son, set. 6, under the regency of the empress Agnes,
assisted by pope Victor. Leofgar, bishop of Hereford, defeated and slain by the
Welsh, under Griffith, at Cleobury ; Harold, and Leofric, earl of Coventry, repel
the invaders, and bring them to terms of peace. Battle of Dunsinane ; Macbeth
loses his crown and his life.
Michael VI. resigns the Eastern Empire to Isaac Comnenus. Baldwin, count of
Flanders, and Godfrey, duke of Lorraine, submit to the imperial authority;
Beatrice is restored to her husband. Death of Humphrey; Robert Guiscard
assumes the command of the Normans in Apulia. Death of pope Victor. Ed-
ward, son of Edmund Ironside, returns to England, and dies soon after; Harold,
son of Earl Godwin, is designated heir to the throne. Hildebrand is made a
cardinal. Peter Damiano appointed bishop of Ostia. Cedrenus writes his
History. Death of Leofric, earl of Coventry.
Roger, brother of Robert Guiscard, arrives in Italy; they conquer Calabria.
Robert divorces Alberada, the mother of Bohemond. On the death of Stephen,
the bishop of Veletri is irregularly elected pope, and takes the name of Bene-
dict X. Hildebrand returns from Germany, and with Peter Damiano, and the con-
currence of the empress Agnes, assembles a council at Sienna, to choose another
pope. Elfgar, son of Leofric, is banished ; with the aid of a Welsh prince,
Griffith, anda Norwegian fleet, he obtains the restoration of his rank and lands.
Isaac Comnenus deposes Michael Cerularius, and appoints Constantine III. pa-
triarch of CP., after which he himself retires into a monastery, and resigns the
empire to Constantine Ducas. The bishop of Florence elected pope by the
council of Sienna, as Nicholas II. ; he seeks the friendship of the Normans,
gives Capua to Richard, count of Aversa, and the title of duke of Apulia and
Calabria to Robert Guiscard. The council of Rome decrees that future popes
shall be elected by the cardinals, but confirmed by the people and clergy of
Rome, and by the emperor. Berenger subscribes at Rome a recantation of his
heresy, which he retracts on his return to France ; fresh controversy between
him and Lanfranc. Nicholas first disputes the right of the emperor to appoint
the bishops of Germany, The deposed pope, Benedict, is degraded and confined
in a monastery. Hildebrand attains the dignity of archdeacon of the Romish
church.
Death of Henry I. king of France; his son, Philip, eight years old, succeeds,
with Baldwin, count of Flanders, for regent. Robert Guiscard, and his brother,
Roger, take Reggio, and complete the conquest of Calabria. Muhamad Almu-
atedid takes Cordova by treachery, and becomes the most powerful of Moorish
princes in tpain; Muhamad Ben Gehwar dies of grief. Stenkil founds a new
dynasty in Sweden. Andrew killed in battle by his brother, Bela, who mounts
the throne of Hungary.
1054 TO 1067 A.D.
333
1061
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
The Normans invade Sicily and take Messina. Harold's brother, Tostig, earl of
Northumberland, accompanies Aldred, archbishop of York, to Rome, and compel
the pope to confirm his appointment to that see, by threatening to stop the;
payment of Peter's pence. On the death of Nicholas, Hildebrand incites the
cardinals to elect Alexander II. without the imperial consent ; he is supported
by the Norman princes, by Godfrey, the acting duke of Tuscany, and Desi-
derius, abbot of Monte Casino. The empress Agnes nominates the bishop of
Parma, Cadalo, as antipope ; his cause is maintained by the count of Tusculum,
the cardinal Ugo Bianco, and the bishops of Lombardy ; great ferment in Ger-
many and Italy. In Tostig's absence, Malcolm invades Northumberland.
Godfrey drives Cadalo from Rome, and secures the papacy to Alexander. Hanno
archbishop of Cologne, seizes the emperor Henry, and makes himself regent.
Agnes retires to Rome, penitent, and is pardoned by Alexander. Discord
between Robert and Roger Guiscard, appeased by the division of Calabria
between them. Richard takes the city of Capua. Lanfranc abbot of Caen.
Robert Guiscard takes Tarentum. Roger totally defeats a numerous army of
Moors in Sicily. The naval forces of Pisa break into the harbour of Palermo
and carry off a rich booty. Cadalo re-asserts his claim to the papacy, and takes
possession of S. Angelo, in which he is besieged. Death of Togrul Beg; his
nephew, Alp Arslan, succeeds him. Harold and Tostig defeat the Welsh:
death of their prince, Griffith. A council at Rome condemns the prevailing
simoniacal dealings in church benefices and the licentious lives of the priest-
hood. Adalbert, archbishop of Bremen, insinuates himself into the favour of
Henry IV. Xiphilin, patriarch of CP. Michael Psellus educates the son of
Constantine Ducas. Adam of Bremen writes his history.
The Normans subdue the greater part of Sicily and besiege Palermo, but without
success. Ferdinand of Castile achieves his last victories over the Moors of
Catalonia and Valencia. Almamoun, king of Toledo, seizes Valencia, and
deposes his son-in-law, Almudafar. Pilgrimage of Siegfried, archbishop of
Mentz, and other prelates, to the Holy Land, accompanied by 7000 armed men.
Death of Ferdinand, Dec 27 ; by his will, his territories are divided among his
three sons ; Sancho, the eldest of them, inherits Castile. Cadalo escapes from
the castle of S. Angelo. Hildebrand is the prime mover of the papal pro-
ceedings. Desiderius enlarges and decorates the monastery of Monte Casino.
Rebellion in Northumberland and Wales ; Tostig takes flight to the court of
Baldwin, in Flanders ; Harold restores tranquillity. Dedication of Westminster
Abbey, by its founder, Edward the Confessor ; the Anglo-Saxon laws are col-
lected and digested by his orders. Alp Arslan conquers Armenia.
Death of Edward the Confessor, Jan. 5. Harold proclaimed king, Jan. 6 ; his
brother, Tostig, lands at Scarborough, with a large army of Flemings and
Norwegians ; they are totally routed by Harold, Sep. 25, at Stanford Bridge, on
the river Derwent ; Tostig, and Harold Hardrada, king of Norway, are slain.
Landing of William, duke of Normandy, at Pevensey, Sep. 29. Battle of
Hastings, and death of Harold, Oct. 14. William the Conqueror crowned king
of England, Dec. 25. Richard, count of Aversa, invades the papal states, and
retires on the approach of Godfrey with an army from Tuscany. Henry enters
Italy with a large force, which he suddenly withdraws. Adelbert, archbishop of
Bremen, abuses his influence over the young prince, and is banished from the
court. Hanno, archbishop of Cologne, aggrandizes his family ; his relation,
Conrad, whom he had appointed to the see of Treves, is killed by the people.
A large comet appears, April 24, and remains visible more than 20 days. Mag-
nus II. and Olaf III. succeed their father on the throne of Norway.
Death of Constantiue Ducas ; the empress Eudocia appointed to rule during the;
minority of her son Michael. Ramiro I. invades Castile, is defeated and slain.
Conquests of the Almoravides in Africa. Foundation of Battle Abbey by king
William; he visits Normandy. Flight of Edgar Etheling to Scotland; his
sister, Margaret, is married to Malcolm. Council of Mantua ; Hildebrand denies
the imperial right to interfere in the election of a pope; Cadalo again asserts
his claim, which is rejected by the council. Robert Guiscard besieges Bari.
Marriage of the emperor Henry to Bertha, daughter of Otlio, marquis of Susa.
334
FROM THE FEAR
A.D.
1068
1070
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
Hegiea.
461
462
East-
ern Em-
pike.
1 Roma-
nus IV.
463
465
470
471
472
473
474—475
475-476
476-477
nes.
2 -
1 Mi-
chael
VII.
Ducas.
Popes
8 A-
lexan-
derll
Ara-
bia.
Spain.
Cas- Ara- Nat- Sara-
tile. GON. ARRE. CENS.
38 Al
Kaim
1 Nice-
phorus
III. Bo-
tani-
atea.
2 —
1 Alex-
ius I,
Comne-
nus.
1 Gre-
gory
VII.
42-
43-
44-
1 Al
Mok-
tad.
2
4 San
choll
Brave,
5
1 Al-
fonso
VI.
2 San- 16
choI.[ San-
! cho
I IV.
I
3 17
1 Mu-
hamad
Almo-
ata-
mad.
2
France
Philip
10
10 8 11
21-
ISan
choV
14-
15-
16
Bohe.
MIA.
8Wra
tislas
II.
10
12 17
Ger- j
MANY.
13
Hen
rylV
15-
24
27-
28 J
1068 TO 1083 A.D.
335
\Repe-
1 tition
'Dates
i
I 1068
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
j 1079
1080
1081
10S2
1033
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
26 Do-
menico
Conta-
reno I.
27
1 Dome-
nico
Silvio.
Tusca-
ny.
14 Ma-
tilda.
15
16
28
Flan-
ders.
2 Bald-
win VI.
the
Good.
lArnulf|24
III.
1 Ro-
bert I.
the Fri-
sian
Den-
mark.
22Sweyn
III. Es-
tritson.
Swe-
den.
3Hi
the!
25
27
1 Ha-
rold IV
1 Ca-
nute II
13
Years of
confu-
sion.
Haco's
sons,
Inge
and
Hal-
stan,
and his
son-in-
law,
Blot-
Sweyn,
divide
the
king-
dom.
Po-
land,
11 Bo
leslas
II.
12-
Hun-
GARY.
6 So-
lomon.
Rus-
sia.
15 Isas-
lavl
13 8 17 \h-
lLa
dislas'
I.
2-
3-
lGei-
sa I.
19.
20-
lWla-
dislas
I.
2-
SCOT-
LAND.
13 Mal-
colm
III.
Can-
more.
14-
lWse-
wolod.
Eng-
land.
3 Willi-
am the
Con-
queror.
23-
15
16
17
I Death
JofQu.
\ Ma-
tilda,
Nov.l
336
FEOM THE YEAB
A.D..
10G9
1070
1072
1073
1075
Events and Eminent Men.
The empress Eudocia marries Romanus Diogenes, and raises him to the throne.
Victory of Roger, at Michelmir, in Sicily. The Saracens convey intelligence
to the besieged in Palermo by carrier-pigeons. Perpignan built by Sancho,
the your.g king of Aragon. Edgar Etheling and his Scotch allies de-
feated by William ; the curfew-bell introduced by him. Alp Arslan conquers
Georgia.
The Turks penetrate into Phrygia : are driven back by Romanus. The emperor
Henry calls a council at Mentz to annul his marriage ; Peter Damiano, the
papal legate, prevents the divorce. Attempt to assassinate Robert Guiscard in
his tent before Bari. William the Conqueror seizes Maine, on the death of its
count, Herbert. York burnt by the Danes, Edgar Etheling, and earls Wal-
theof and Cospatric : William arrives in the winter with his army, on which
they betake themselves to their fleet in the Humber. Morocco founded by Abu
Bekir, ameer of Lamtuna. Death of Aldred, archbishop of York. The medical
school of Salerno flourishes. Isaslav, expelled by his subjects, is restored by
Boleslas, king of Poland.
Sancho, king of Castile, defeated in his attempt to subdue his Christian neigh-
bours. Ismail, king of Toledo, fails in his attack on Seville. Yuzef Ben Taxfir
raises the power of the Almoravides in Africa. War between the Pisans and
Genoese. Death of Godfrey; his widow, Beatrice, governs Tuscany in the
name of her daughter, Matilda. Stigand deposed, and Lanfranc appointed
archbishop of Canterbury. Death of Baldwin, count of Flanders, father of
Matilda, queen of England. Olaf III. builds Bergen and Stavanger, and pro-
motes the commerce of Norway.
The emperor Romanus defeated and made prisoner by Alp Arslan. Michael
Ducas {Parapinaces) succeeds ; his brothers, Andronicus I. and Cons tan tine (XII.
according to some) are his nominal colleagues. Romanus, released from his cap-
tivity, is blinded, and dies. Roderic, the Cid, restores victory to Sancho II.
Count Roger defeats the Greek fleet; Bari surrenders to Robert Guiscard ; the
two brothers extend their conquests in Sicily. The emperor Henry gives the
duchy of Bavaria to Guelph IV., an ancestor of the Brunswick family. Re-
bellion of earls Edwin and Morcar ; William surrounds them with his fleet in
the isle of Ely, and captures them. Philip, king of France, defeated at Mount
Cassel, by Robert, the Frisian.
The Norman chiefs take Palermo and reduce all Sicily. Sancho II. assassinated
atZamora; his brother, Alfonso, succeeds him. Alp Arslan assassinated; his
son, Malek Shah, inherits the throne of the Seljukians. William the Conqueror
invades Scotland ; Malcolm submits to him. Death of Peter Damiano.
Hildebrand elected pope, takes the name of Gregory VII.; he forbids the sale of
church benefices in Germany. The Saxons and Thuringians revolt against the
emperor Henry. Marriage of the countess Matilda to Gosselon, son of the late |
duke Godfrey. Lissa, taken by the Normans, is recovered by the Venetians, j
Isaslav, again expelled from Russia, takes refuge in Germany. Slavizo king
of Croatia.
Gregorv VII. excommunicates Robert Guiscard for not doing homage to him;
is acknowledged liege lord of Hungary by Solomon: threatens Philip of France,
and sends his legates to admonish the emperor Henry ; he suggests the first
idea of a general crusade against the Turks. Soliman conquers Asia Minor,
and founds the Seljukian kingdom of Roum or Iconium. Edgar Etheling makes
submission to William the Conqueror.
The emperor Henry defeats the Saxons at Hohenburg, and begins his resistance to
the pretensions of Gv^.srory. The council of Rome decrees all ecclesiastical
appointments to be invalid, if not made by the pope. Robert Guiscard again
excommunicated. Isaslav makes Russia a fief to the Roman see, in the hope of
being assisted to regain his throne. Ralph Guader fails in his attempted re-
bellion against William, and escapes to Flanders. Ingulph, abbot of Croyland,
writes his history. Comus I. patriarch of CP.
The diet of Worms, held by the emperor Henry, deposes the pope, Gregory; the
council of Rome excommunicates the emperor, and absolves his subjects from their \
1068 TO 1083 A.D.
337
A.D.
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
Events and Eminent Men.
allegiance. Assassination of Gosselon, husband of the countess Matilda, and
death of her mother, Beatrice ; she takes on herself the government of Tuscany
and her Italian States. Henry gives Lower Lorraine to his son Conrad, and
Antwerp to Godfrey of Bouillon. Sancho IV. murdered by his brother, at Za-
mora; Sancho I. of Arragon seizes Navarre. William the Conqueror invades
Brittany and besieges Dol ; he is defeated by Philip, king of France. Earl
Waltheof beheaded. Death of Sweyn, king of Denmark. Isaslav, on the
death of his brother, Swiatoslav, is restored in Russia by Boleslas, king of
Poland. William gives the abbey of Westminster to Vitalis, abbot of Ber-
nay. Atsiz. Malek Shah's lieutenant, conquers Syria from the Fatimites of
Egypt and takes Jerusalem. The Seljukian Turks persecute the Christian
pilgrims.
Submission of Henry to Gregory at Canossa. The diet of Forcheim elects Rudolf,
of Swabia, king of Germany. Henry prepares for war against his rival ; Ma-
tilda supports the cause of Gregory. Robert Guiscard takes Salerno. Nice-
phorus Botaniates and Nicephorus Bryennius rebel against Michael, and
advance to attack CP. Gregory exacts an annual tribute from Alfonso, king of
Castile. Peace concluded between William and Philip. A great fire in
London. Nestor writes his Chronicles of Russia. Lambert, of Aschaffenburg,
writes his German annals.
Michael resigns the Eastern empire, and retires as bishop to Ephesus. Nicephorus
Bryennius defeated by Botaniates, who obtains the throne. Battle of Melrich-
stadt; Henry defeated by Rudolf; they both appeal to Gregory, who sends
legates to arbitrate between them ; he excommunicates Nicephorus Botaniates.
Robert Guiscard besieges Beneventum. Aben Abed, king of Seville, takes
Murcia. Tower of London founded. Isaslav slain in battle; his brother,
Wsewolod, succeeds him.
Rudolf invades Westphalia. Henry gives Swabia to Frederic of Hohenstauffen.
Aben Omar, vizir of Aben Abed, conquers Malaga, and concludes a treaty of
alliance with Alfonso of Castile. Boleslas of Poland excommunicated by Gre-
gory and expelled by his subjects. Rebellion of Robert in Normandy, against
his father, William, who is wounded at the siege of GerberoL The New Forest
planted. The Gelalaean era begins, March 15.
Battle of Fladenheim, Jan. 27; the emperor Henry defeated; he is excommu-
nicated and deposed, and the title of Rudolf recognized by a council held at
Rome, March 9 ; he calls a council at Brixeu, Jan. 25, by which Gregory i»
deposed, and Guibert, archbishop of Ravenna, elected pope, under the name of
Clement III. Battle of Zeiz, on the Elster, Oct. 15. Rudolf, mortally wounded
by the lance of Godfrey of Bouillon, dies at Merseburg; the army of the
countess Matilda is defeated near Mantua on the same day. Henry's party gains
strength. Gregory retires to Aquino, is reconciled to Robert Guiscard, and
removes the excommunication from him. The Domesday survey of England
commenced. Walcher, bishop of Durham, with many of his attendants, killed
at a gemot.
Alexius Comnenus drives Nicephorus into a monastery, and occupies his throne,
Henry invades Italy and takes Rome. The German princes elect Hermann,
of Luxemburg, for king, and gain a victory at Hochstadt. Robert Guiscard
attacks the Eastern empire, and defeats Alexius, at Durazzo. Alfonso enters
the kingdom of Toledo, and is driven back by Alaftas, king of Badajos. William
makes war on the Welsh. Osmond, bishop of Salisbury, compiles the mass*
book for his church. Eustratus Garidas patriarch of CP.
Durazzo taken by the Normans, Feb. 8; Robert returns to Italy, leaving his son,
Bohemond, to prosecute the war. William arrests his brother, Odo, bishop of
Bayeux and earl of Kent, and seizes his wealth;
Bohemond defeats Alexius in two battles, and besieges Larissa : is compelled to
retreat. Henry presses his attack on Rome. Robert is detained in Apulia by
the revolt of Cannee and other cities. Alfonso lays siege to Toledo. William
imposes a tax of six shillings on every hide of land. Fierce tumults in Glaston-
bury abbey.
338
FROM THE TEAB
1 J li East-
A.D. iHegira. ern Em-
j 1 PIRE.
Popes.
Ara-
bia.
Spain.
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors
tile. gon. arre.
France
Bohe Ger-
MIA. MANY.
1084
477—478
4 Alex-
ius I.
Comue-
nus.
12
Gre-
gory
VII.
10 Al
Mok-
tadi.
13 Al-
fonso
VI.
18
i San-
chol.
9 San-
cho V
17 Mu-
hamat
Almo-
ata-
rnad.
25 Philip
24
Wra-
tislas
II.
!29
Hen-
ry IV.
j
1085
478—479
5
13
11
14
10
18
26
25
30
1086
479—480
6
1 Vic-
tor
III.
12
15
20
11
19
27 — »
26
31
10S7
480-481
7
2
13
16
21
12
20
28
27—
32
1088
1089
481—482
482—483
8
9
1 Ur-
ban
II.
2
14
15
17
22
23
13
14
21
22
29 —
30
33
1090
483—484
10
3
16
19—
24
15
23
31
30
35 *
1091
484—485
11
4
17
20
25
16
1 Yus-
sef the
Almo-
ravide.
32
31
36
1092
485—486
12 —
5
18
21
26
17
2
33
1 Con-
rad I.
37
1093
486—487
13
6
19
22
27
18
3
34
lBre-
tislas
II.
38
1094
487—488
14
7
1 Al
Mor-
tader.
23
1 Pe-
dro I.
1 Pe-
dro I.
4
35 ■
2—
39
1095
488—489
15
8
2
24
2
2
5
36
3
40
1096
489—490
16
9
3
25
3
3
6
37
4
41
1097
491
17
10
26
4
7
3S
5
42
1098
492
18
11
5
27
5
8
39
1
6—
43
1084 TO 1093 A.D.
339
Repe-
tition
Doges
of Ve-
Tusca-
Flan-
Den-
Swe-
Po-
Hun-
Russia.
Scot-
Eng-
Dates,
nice.
ny.
dees.
mark.
den.
land.
gary.
land.
land.
1084
iVitale
Faledro,
30 Ma-
tilda,
14 Ro-
bert I.
the Fri-
sian.
5 Ca-
nute II.
6 La-
dislas
I.
8
Wla-
dislas
I.
7 Wse-
wolod.
29 Mai-
colm,
Can-
more.
19 Wil-
liam
the Con-
queror.
Dec. 25.
1085
2
31
15
6
Civil
7
9
8
30
20
1086
3
32
16
1 Olaf
III.
war
and
anar-
chy
con-
tinue.
8
10
9 .
31 .
21 ■
d. Sep.
9, 1087,
ajt. 59.
1087
108S
4
5
33
34
17
18 —
2
3
9
10
11
12
10
11
32
33
i Wil-
liam
II. Ru-
fus.
Sep. 26.
2
1089
6
35
19
4 —
11
13
12
34
3
1090
7
36
20
5
12
14
13
35
4
1091
8
37
21
6
13
.5—
14
36
5 —
1092
9
38
22
7
14
16
15
37 —
6
1093
10
39
1 Ro-
bert II.
8
15
17
1 Swa-
topolk
II.
1 Do-
nald
Banc.
7
1094
11
40
2
9 - —
16
18
2
2
8
1095
12
41
3
1 Erik I.
17
1 Colo-
man.
3
3 — -
9
1096
1 Vitale
Michele
I.
2
42 ■
4
2
1°
2-
4 ■
4
10-
1097
43
5
3
19
8
5
5
11
1098
3
44
4
20
£
6
1 Edgar.
12
z 2
340
FROM THE YEAR
1085
1088
10S9
1090
1091
Rome surrenders to Btenry, March 21. Clement III. is consecrated, and crowns
the emperor, March 31. Gregory is hesieged in S. Angelo ; on the approach of
Robert Guiscard, Henry and Clement retire into Lombardy. Robert embarks
again for Albania, and obtains a great victory over the Greek and Venetian
fleets. Vitale Faledro, by his intrigues and bribes, causes the doge to be
deposed, and is himself elected to fill the place. Alfonso takes the city of
Toledo. Aben Omar, accused of treachery, takes refuge among the Christians.
The Carthusian order founded by Bruno, at La Chartreuse. Nicholas III.
patriarch of CP.
Death of Robert Guiscard, in Cephalonia, July 17 ; abandonment of his enter-
prize, and division of his States between his sons, Bohemopd and Roger.
Death of Gregory VII., at Salerno, May 25 ; the papacy vacant till the following
year. Aben Omar captured by Abn Abed, and beheaded.
Guelf, duke of Bavaria, with the Saxons and Swabians, besieges Wiirzburg ;
Henry attacks them, and is defeated. Desiderius, abbot of Monte Casino, is
elected pope, and takes the office very reluctantly with the name of Victor III.
The Mohammedans of Spain invite Yussef, the chief of the Almoravides of
Africa, to assist them. Alfonso is defeated at Zalacca. The Domesday Book is
completed ; William visits various parts of his kingdom, and passes over into
Normandy. Canute's preparations to invade England are stopped by a revolt of
his subjects, in which he is slain, at Odensee. Edgar Atheling retires among
the Normans of Apulia. Soliman, the Seljukian of Roum, falls in a battle
against Thuthusch, prince of Damascus; he is succeeded by his son, Kilidsch
Arslan Death of Marianus Scotus, monk of Fulda, and writer of Chronicle.
The diet of Spires makes a fruitless effort to restore peace in Germany. Rome
alternately occupied and lost by the two rival popes; Victor withdraws to
Monte Casino, where he dies, Sept. 16. Yussef returns to Africa ; the Christian
forces rally under Roderic, the Cid, defeat the Mohammedans at Alcoraza, and
take Huesca. William invades France, and soon afterwards dies at Rouen. His
eldest son, Robert, inherits Normandy; and his second, William, secures the
throne of England. Godfrey of Bouillon created duke of Lower Lorraine. Mag-
nus III., king of Norway.
Augsburg taken by Guelf, duke of Bavaria. Henry defeated by Egbert, marquis
of Saxony. Death of the imperial pretender, Hermann. Otho, bishop of
Ostia, elected pope, March 8, with the title of Urban II. Syracuse taken by
Roger ; he appeases the dissensions between his nephews Bohemond and Roger.
Yussef is re-called into Spain by the Mohammedan princes ; their jealousies and
discord render his assistance unavailing. Odo rebels in favour of his nephew
Robert ; he and his partisans are captured by William Rufus in Rochester Castle,
and sent to Normandy. Death of the empress Bertha. Death of Berengarius.
Henry excommunicated by Urban ; many German princes come over to him.
Marriage of the countess Matilda to Guelf V., son of the duke of Bavaria.
Guibert resigns his pretensions to the papacy. Alfonso drives the Mohamme-
dans from the siege of Alid, near Loi-ca, and compels Yussef to re-embark for
Africa. Maine revolts against William Rufus. Death of Lanfranc ; William
keeps Canterbury and other sees vacant for several years, and appropriates their
revenues. Marriage of the emperor Henry to Adelaide, a Russian princess,
widow of Otho, marquis of Brandenburg. A violent earthquake in England,
Aug. 11. The disease, called St. Anthony's fire, breaks out in Lorraine.
Henry invades Italy, and lays siege to Mantua. Roger completes the conquest of
Sicily, and undertakes an expedition against Malta. Yussef returns to Spain
with a large army, attacks the Mohammedan princes, and conquers Granada.
Hassan, Subah of Nishapur, in Chorasan, collects a band of Carmathians, who
are named after him, " Assassins." William Rufus invades Normandy, andtakes
St. Valery.
Mantua and Ravenna surrender to the emperor Henry. Yussef conquers Seville
and Almeria, sends Almoatamad a prisoner to Africa, and becomes siipreme
ruler in Mohammedan Spain. Peace between William and hie brother Robert ;
Malcolm invades England, and is driven back.
1084 TO 1098 A.D.
341
A.D.
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
109S
Events and Eminent Men.
Death of Malek Shah, followed by civil wars and partition of his dominions.
William Rufus fortifies Carlisle. The Nominalist heresy of Rascellinud con-
demned by the council of Soissons. Valencia betrayed to the Almoravides by
Ahmed Ben Gehaf; king Alcadir slain. The castle of S. Angelo held by
Guibert's party, and his title to the papacy is still asserted by Henry.
Rebellion of the emperor's son Conrad ; he is crowned king of Italy at Milan.
Ynssef conquers Badajos, and puts to death king Almetuakel. Malcolm invades
England, and is killed near Alnwick, by Roger de Mowbray. Donald Bane
usurps the throne of Scotland. William, alarmed by a fit of illness, nominates
bishops to the vacant sees ; he appoints, for Canterbury, Anselm, a native of
Aosta, and abbot of Bee, who had been distinguished in the Nominalist contro-
versy, by writing in support of the Realist doctrines.
The empress Adelaide leaves her husband, and accuses him of ill-treatment before
the council of Constance. Philip, king of France, is excommunicated by the
councils of Rheims and Autun, for divorcing his queen Bertha, and espousing
Bertrade. Peter the Hermit goes on his pilgrimage to Jerusalem. The Cid, in
alliance with a body of Mohammedans, retakes Valencia; Ahmed Ben Gehaf
is burnt alive. Saacho, king of Aragon and Navarre, falls in battle; he is
succeeded by his son Pedro. War renewed in Normandy. Prince Henry returns
to England. Duncan, son of Malcolm, is accepted in Scotland as king, is soon
afterwards killed, and Donald Bane restored.
Peter, on his return from the Holy Land, is commissioned by Urban to preach a
general crusade. Council of Placentia, March 1, and of Clermont, Nov. 18.
Philip and Henry are again excommunicated. All classes, except ecclesiastics,
are called upon to take the sign of the cross. Great excitement in France.
The Balearic Islands submit to the Almoravides. Guelf V. separates from
the countess Matilda; he and his father abandon the pontifical party and join
the emperor's. Henry of Besancon marries Alfonso's daughter Theresa, and is
created duke of Portugal. Barkiarok. Malek Shah's son, recovers Syria from
his uncle Thuthusch. Robert, earl of Northumberland, fails in his rebellion,
and is confined in Windsor castle. Marriage of Conrad to Matilda, daughter of
Roger, count of Sicily.
Four tumultuary bands of crusaders, numbering together 273,000, depart for Pa-
lestine, led by Peter the Hermit, Walter de Pexejo, and his nephew, Walter the
Pennyless, the priest Gottschalk, and William the Carpenter. Most of these I
perish in Hungary and Bulgaria : some return ; a few remaining thousands pass
the Bosphorus, and are massacred by the sultan Kilidsch Arslan. A more re-|
gular military force proceeds, by different routes, under Godfrey of Bouillon,
Hugh de Vermandois, Raymond of Toulouse, Stephen of Chartres, Bohemond,
prince of Tarentum, and his cousin Tancred, Robert, count of Flanders, Robert,
duke of Normandy, who pledges his duchy to his brother William, to raise
money for his outfit, and Godfrey's brothers, Eustace and Baldwin. Amalfi re-
covers her independence. The Fatimite Aphdal expels the sons of Ortok from
Jerusalem.
Alexius, suspicious of the crusaders, obtains from their chiefs an oath of fealty.
He secures for himself the city of Nicaea, conquered by their arms, June 20.
Battle of Dorylseum, July 4. Siege of Antioch, Oct. 21. Quarrel of Tancred
and Baldwin in Cilicia. The latter separates from the main army, and founds
the principality of Edessa (or Orfa). William Rufus expels Anselm from Eng-
land, in defiance of the papal legate. Westminster Hall built. Henry pro-
tects the German Jews. Death of Albert Azzo, marquis of Lombardy, more
than 100 years old ; by his first marriage with Cunegonda he was father o
Guelf IV., the progenitor of the Brunswick family ; and from that with Gar
senda was born Fulk, from whom the family of Este descends. A comet visi
ble, Oct. 1.
Antioch surrenders, June 3. The Turkish general Kerboga defeated, June 28
Edgar, son of Malcolm, established on the throne of Scotland by Edgar Athel
ing, with an English army. Urban holds a council at Bari, to condemn the do©
triues of the Greek church ; Anselm takes a prominent part in the proceedings
342
PEOM THE TEAS
A.D.
Hegiba.
East-
ern Em-
pire.
Popes. Ara-
bia.
Spain.
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors,
tile. gon. abbe.
France.
}
Bohe-
mia.
Ger-
many.
1099
1100
193
194
19 Alex-
ius I.
Comne-
nus.
20
1 Pas-
cal II.[
j
6A1
Mor-
tader.
7
28 Al-
fonso
VI.
29
6 Pe-
dro I.
7
6 Pe-
dro I.
7
9Yus-
sef the
Almo-
ravide.
10
40 Phi-
lip I.
41 —
7Bre-
tislas
II.
lBor-
gevoy
II.
44
Henry
IV.
45
1101
495
21
3
8
30
8
8_
11
42
2
1102
496
22
4
31
9
9
12
43
3
47
1103
497
23
5—
10
32
10
10
13
44
4
1104
1105
4S8
499
24 —
25
6
7
11
12
33
34
1 Al-
fonso
I, el
Batal-
lador.
2
1 Al-
fonso
I.
2
14
1 Ali
Ben
45
46
5
6
49
1106
1107
500
501
26
27
13
14
35
36
4
3—
Yus-
sef.
2
3
47
48
7
lSwa-
topolk
1 Hen-
ry V.
9
1108
502
28
10
15
37
5
5
4
1 Louib
VI. le
II.
2
3
1109
503
29
11
16
lUrra-
ca and
Alfon-
so VII
6
6
5
Gros.
2
lLa-
dislas
II.
4—
1110
504
30
12
17
2
7
7
6
3
2
5
1111
505
31
13
18
3
8
8
7
4
3
6
1112
£06
32
14
19
4—
5
9
10
8
9
5
6
7
10
5
1113
507—508
1 33
15
20
1114
508—509
34 —
21
6—
11
11
10
7
6
9 k
1115
509—510
35
17
22
7
12
12
11
8
7
10
1116
510—511
36 18
23
8
13
13
12
9
8
11
1
_ < —
1 — , — J
1099 TO 1116 A.D.
343
Repe-
tition
Dates.
1099
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
Tusca-
ny.
4 Vitale
Michele
45 Ma-
tilda.
1100
5
46 —
1101
6
47 ■
1102
1103
1 Orde-
lafo Fa-
ledro.
2
48
49
1104
3
50
1105
4
51
1106
5
52
1107
6 —
53
1108
7 ■
54
1109
8
55
1110
9
56
1111
10
57
1112
11
58
1113
12
59
1114
13
60
1115
14
1116
15
1
Den-
mark.
7 Ro- 5 Erik
bert
18
IBald
win
VII.
2
1 Niels
or Ni-
cholas.
2-
3-
Swe-
DEN.
Poland.
21 La-
dislas I,
22
1 Phi-
lip and
Inge II
2
1 Boles-
las III
Hunga-
ry.
5 Colo-
man.
Russia.
7 Swa-
topolk
II.
12 —
13 —
14 —
15 —
16 —
17 —
18 —
19 —
1 Ste-
phen II
2
1 Wla-
dimirll.
Monoma-
chus.
2
Scot-
land,
Eng-
land.
2.Ed-|l3Wil-
gar. liamli.
\Rufus,
(Sep. 26.
3 id. Aug.
2.pet.43.
lHenryl,
Aug. 5,
m. Nov.
12, Ma-
tilda, of
Scotland.
4
. Prince
Wil-
liam.
5-
1 A-
lexan-
der I.
2
344
if ROM THE TEAB
1103
1104
1105
1106
Jerusalem besieged by the Crusaders, June 7, taken July 15. Godfrey of Bouillon
elected king, July 23. The Fatimite array from Egypt defeated at Ascalon,
Aug. 12. Godfrey frames the Assise of Jerusalem for the government of his
kingdom. The military Order of the Knights Hospitallers founded; Gerard,
count d' Avesnes, is their first Provost or Grand Master. Arnulf, first patriarch
of Jerusalem under the Christians. Urban obtains possession of the castle of
S. Angelo ; holds a council at Rome, by which all his adversaries are again ex-
communicated ; dies, July 29. The diet of Aix-la-Chapelle excludes Conrad,
and appoints his brother Henry to be successor to their father in Germany.
Peace restored in Sweden, through the mediation of the Danish king, Erik ;
Haco's son, Inge, is seated on the throne. William Rufus conquers the pro-
vince of Maine! Death of Osmund, bishop of Salisbury. The Cid, after
having defended Valencia five years, dies there, and is buried at Burgos.
Anna Comnena writes the history of her father's reign.
Death of Godfrey of Bouillon, July 18; his brother. Baldwin, prince of Edessa,
elected king of Jerusalem. Anselm, archbishop of Milan, the bishop of Pavia, and
Count Albert of Biandrate, lead a numerous reinforcement to Palestine. Death of
Guibert (Clement III.); new antipopes arise, one of whom assumes the name of
Sylvester IV. William Rufus accidentally slain in the New Forest. Henry 1.
renews the laws of the Confessor, and unites the Norman and Saxon races by
his marriage with Matilda, grand-daughter of Edmund Ironside. Valencia,
abandoned by the soldiers of the Cid, after his death, is taken by the Almora-
vides. Pietro della Colonna, the first of that family who is named in history,
loses some of his patrimony in a contest with the pope. Anselm is reinstated
at Canterbury by king Henry.
Death of Conrad, king of Italy ; the countess Matilda, without the title, exercises
the power of queen ; Ferrara submits to her. Milan and other cities in Lom-
bardy, become independent municipalities. Death of Roger, count of Sicily ;
his widow, Adelaide, rules, as guardian of her two sons, Simon and Roger; the
latter, now only four years old, eventually obtains the sovereignty. Guelf,
duke of Bavaria, and William, duke of Aquitain, conduct a large body of cru-
saders to the East. United with those who set out in the preceding year, they
are met by Kilidsch Arslan, on entering Asia Minor, and all cut to pieces or
dispersed. Anselm escapes to CP. and dies there, and Guelf in the island of
Cyprus. Robert, duke of Normandy, on his return from Palestine, invades
England. Treaty of peace between him and Henry. Charter of London
granted.
The excommunication of the emperor Henry is again repeated. Pascal obtains
from the countess Matilda a deed of gift of all her States to the Church.
Disputes respecting the right of investiture begin between Henry Land arch-
bishop Anselm. Rebellion of the earl of Shrewsbury. Coloman, king of
Hungary, conquers Croatia and Dalmatia.
Yussef 's son Ali recognized as heir to the thrones of Spain and Africa. Death of
Magnus III., king of Norway ; Sigurd I. succeeds. Erik makes Lunden the
i metropolitan see of Denmark, and sets out for Palestine. Robert of Normandy
visits his brother Henry. Anselm goes to Rome.
Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, defeats the Turks and takes Ptoleraaig (Acre),
War renewed between Henry and his brother Robert in Normandy. The em-
peror Henry's son, incited by the papal party, rebels against his father.
Interview between the emperor Henry and his son at Elbingen ; a diet is called,
to be held at Mentz, for the settlement of their dispute. King Henry takes
Caen and Bayeux in Normandy. Death of Erik, king of Denmark, in Cyprus.
The pretended "gift of Constantine" first alleged. Death of Yussef Ben
Taxfin in Africa, set. 100. Defeat of the Turks in an attempt to retake Jeru-
salem; Bohemond made prisoner.
The emperor Henry resigns his crown, soon after which he dies at Liege, Aug, 7.
His son after having obtained the throne, asserts his right to appoint bishop;.
Alexius' claims Antioch. Bohemond is released by the Turks, returns to Europe
and marries Constance, daughter of Philip, king of France. Battle of Tinche-
1099 TO 1116 A.D.
345
A.D.
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
Events and Eminent Men.
bray ; Robert is made prisoner and sent to Cardiff castle, where he ends his |
days. King Henry annexes Normandy to his dominions. A comet seen in the (
S.W., Feb. 16. Death of Kilidsch Arslan. Venice suffers from two destructive
fires, and Malamocco swept away by an inundation.
Bohemcnd lands in Epirus, and besieges Durazzo. Pascal holds a council at
Troves, where he urges a new crusade ; the question of the investitures is
angrily discussed. King Henry returns to England from Normandy. Death of
Edgarj king of Scotland ; his brother Alexander succeeds.
Alexius is aided by the Venetians ; Bohemond abandons the siege of Durazzo,
and concludes a treaty of peace, which stipulates a free passage by land for the
crusaders ; after this, he returns to Otranto. AH defeats the Christians at Ur-
cesia (Ucles), between Toledo and Cuenca ; Alfonso's young son Sancho is slain.
Death of Philip, king of France.
Baldwin, assisted by a Venetian fleet, takes Tripoli. Contract of marriage be-
tween Matilda, daughter of Henry, king of England and the emperor Henry
V. The disputed castle of Gisors, in Normandy, causes war between England
and France. Death of Alfonso VI. He is succeeded by his daughter Urraca ; her
husband, Alfonso, king of Aragon and Navarre, is acknowledged in Castile as
Alfonso VII. ; her young son, Alfonso, by a former marriage, is king of Gallicia.
Portugal declared independent, and the hereditary succession established in
count Henry's family. Ahmed, the Mohammedan king of Saragossa, is de-
feated and slain by Alfonso. Ali, repulsed in the siege of Toledo, returns to
Africa. Amadeus, count of Maurienne, becomes count of Savoy. Death of
Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury.
The Princess Matilda is sent into Germany with her dowry. The emperor Henry
marches into Italy with a powerful army. Treaty between Pascal and the
Norman princes of Apulia and Capua.
Henry enters Rome ; bloody contests between his soldiers and the people. Pas-
cal, a prisoner, resigns the right of investiture, and crowns the emperor.
Death of Roger, duke of Apulia; he is succeeded by his son William II. Bo-
hemond, while preparing to return to Antioch, dies, and is buried at Canosa.
Henry visits the countess Matilda, and appoints her his vicegerent in Italy.
Alfonso repairs Soria, Uxama, and other cities ; he quarrels with Urraca, and
imprisons her. The earl of Anjou seizes the province of Maine. John IX.
patriarch of CP.
The Lateran council annuls the concessions made by the pope ; great commotions
follow. Urraca escapes ; her partisans in Castile are defeated by her husband ;
she flies to her son in Gallicia. Death of Henry, count of Portugal ; his widow,
Theresa, becomes Regent, for their young son, Alfonso. The king of France
supports the earl of Anjou ; war between him and Henry I. Tancred dies at
Antioch. Death of Inge, king of Sweden; his two sons reign conjointly. Pes-
tilence in England.
The Order of Knights Hospitallers confirmed by a papal Bull. Marriage of
Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, to Adelaide, widow of Roger, count of Sicily. Death
of Swatopolk, duke of Russia ; his brother Wladimir II. succeeds. Bernard,
get. 23, becomes a monk, in the convent of Citeaux.
Conquest of the Balearic Isles by the Pisans. Mantua revolts, is besieged and
taken by the countess Matilda. Marriage of the emperOT and Matilda of Eng-
land celebrated at Mentz. War in Wales ; king Henry erects castles there, to
secure his conquests. A comet appears at the end of May. Pascal claims the
right of investiture in Hungary ; opposition of the clergy. Death of Coloman.
Death of the countess Matilda, July 24, set. 69. The inheritance of her States is
disputed by the emperor and the pope. The Pisans carry away rich spoils from
Majorca and Minorca, but retain possession of Ivica. The chief men of Nor-
mandy swear allegiance to William, son of Henry I.
The emperor Henry takes possession of Matilda's lands. He is excommunicated
by another council held in the Lateran, by which Pascal's concessions are
again annulled. King Henry I. supports his nephew, Theobald de Blois, against
the king of France.
346
FROM THE TEAB
1
East-
Spain*.
< 1
A.D.
Hegira.
ern EM-
Popes.
Ara-
Cast- Aba- Nav- Moors.
France.
Bohe-
GrEB-|
FIRE.
bia.
TILE. GON. ARRE.
mia.
MANY J
1117
311—512
37 Alex-
19
24 Al
9Urra-'
14 Al-
14 Al-
13 All
10 Louis
9La-
12
ius I.
Pascal
Mor-
ca ana
fonso
fonso
Ben
VI. U
dislas
Hen-
Comne-
II.
tader.
Alfon-
I. el
I.
Yus-
CrTOS.
II.
ry V.
nus.
soVII.
Batal-
lador.
sef.
1118
512—513
IJohnll.
or Calo-
Joan-
nes.
IGe-
lasius
II.
1 Al
Mo-
star-
shed.
10
14
11
10
13—
1119
513—514
2
lCal-
listus
II.
2
11
16
16
15
12
11
14 1
1120
514—515
3
2
3
12
17
17
16 —
13
12
15— — j
1121
515—5161
516—517
5
3
4
13
14
18
19
17
18
14
15
13
11
i
16 j
i
17 *
5
19
1122
1123
517—518
6
5
6
15
20
20
19
16
15
18~ 1
1124
518-519
7
lHo-
norius
11.
7
16
21
21
20
17
16—
19 1
t
1125
519—520
8
2
8
17
22- —
22
21.
IS —
1 Scbi-
eslas
I.
lLo-
thaire
II.
1126
520—521
9
1
3
9
18 Al-
fonso
alone.
23
23
22
19
2 (
!
1127
1128
521—522
522—523
10
11
10
11
19
20
°1
24
25
23
°0
3 ■
3 '
5
25—
24
21
4
4—
1129
524
12
6
12
21
26
26
25
22
5
5— ■
1130
525
13
1 Inno-
cent
II.
13- —
22
27
27
26
23
6
6
1131
1132
1133
1134
526
527
528
529
14
15 ■
16
17
11
°3
28—
28
27 —
24
3
15
16
17
°9
29
30 ■ ■
28
29
25
8
8
25 ■
26
30
26
9
9
1 Ra-
lGar-
30
27
10
10 — -
miro
cias
II.
IV.
11S6
530
18 — -
"
1A1
Ras-
hid.
27
2
31
28
11
11
1117 TO 1135 A.D.
347
Dates,
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1163
1134
1135
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
1 Dome-
nico Mi-
chele;
Tusci
NY.
Held by
the em-
perors,
and go-
verned
by tbeir
stewards
or depu-
ties.
10
1 Pietro
Palano.
Conrad
has at
this time
the title
of mar-
quis,
from the
emperor,
and Al-
bert
from the
pope.
7 Bald-
win
VII.
ICharles
the Good.
Den-
mark
13
Niels
or Ni-
cholas
14
1 Hen-
ry of Ba-
varia.
2
3
4
5 —
6
7
8
1 Wil-
liam
Glito.
1 Thi-
erry.
2
Swe-
den.
5 Phi-
lip
II.
7 Inge
II.
alone
Poland,
17-
18 1
25-
27-
16 Bo-
leslas
III.
18
19
20
21
Hunga-
ry,
4 Ste-
phen II.
Rus-
sia.
, 5 Wla
dimir
II. Mo-
mma-
7
29-
lErik
II.
lRa-
wald,
IKol,
25
Scot-
land,
11
Alex-
ander
I.
12-
14 —
I Ma-
tislafl.
1 Bela 7 ■
II. I
3 —
4 —
5 —
6 —
Eng-
land.
1 Da-
vid I
18 Hen- 1
ryl. |
Aug. 5.
19 — ■
Qu. Ma-
tilda d.
May 1.
m.Feb.2,
Adelaide
of Lou-
vain.
23
24
25
27
28
1 Jaro-
polk II.
2-
10
33
34
(b. Hen-
ry II.)
35
36
d.Dec.1,
set. 67.
1 Stephen
26 Dec. '
|Qu. Ma- 1
tildaof
Bou- I
\lcgne. |
348
FROM THE TEAR
A.D.
1118
Events and Eminent Men.
1119
1122
1123
1124
The emperor Henry marches to Rome; the pope retires to Monte Casino, and
thence to Beneventum. Second coronation of Henry hy the archhishop of
Braga, who is excommunicated for the act. League between Alfonso and the
Moorish king of Saragossa; the Almoravide general, Mez-deli, is defeated and
slain by them ; they take Lerida. The doge of Venice falls at Zara, in defending
Dalmatia against the Hungarians. A violent earthquake in Italy.
Death of Alexius Comnenus, Aug. 15. Accession of his son John. Anna Com-
nena, detected in a conspiracy against her brother, is pardoned with her hus-
band Bryennius. Baldwin I., king of Jerusalem, dies at Rhinoscorura (El Arisch).
Baldwin II. (de Bourg), count of Edessa, is elected in his place. The Order of
Knights Templars founded by Sir Hugh de Pagano. Saragossa taken by Al-
fonso. On the death of Pascal, the Cardinals elect Gelasius II.;' the emperor
appoints the archbishop of Braga to assume the papal dignity under the name
of Gregory VIII. This gives rise to the factions afterwards called the Guelfs
and Ghibelins. Zonaras, imperial secretary and captain of the guards at CP.,
writes his History.
Henry I. re-establishes his ascendancy in Normandy by his victory at Brenneville ;
Baldwin, count of Flanders, the ally of Louis, is mortally wounded in this battle.
Interview of Henry with pope Callistus at Gisors. The long war begins be-
tween Genoa and Pisa. Defeat of the Turks at Antioch by Baldwin II. and the
Knights Hospitallers, and on the Mseander by the emperor John. Henry I.
resists the papal claim to investiture in England ; banishment of Thurstan,
archbishop of York. Death of Gelasius II. The new pope, Callistus II., holds
a council at Rheims. Prince William, Hem-y's son, is married to Matilda,
daughter of Fulk, count of Anjou. Florence of Worcester writes his Chronicle.
Calatayud taken by Alfonso.
Peace between Henry I. and Louis. Prince William, on his way to England, is
drowned off Barfieur, Nov. 26, with many young nobles. The antipope with-
draws from Rome to Sutri ; Callistus takes possession of the Lateran. Marriage
of Roger, count of Sicily, to Alberia, daughter of Alfonso, king of Castile.
Rebellion of Cordova ; followed by the revolt of El Mehedi, in Africa, which
begins the power of the Almohades. Siege of Sutri, by the army of Callistus,
and surrender of the antipope, Gregory. Norbert founds the order of Premon-
stratensian canons. The people of Saxony rise against the emperor. Roger,
count of Sicily, invades Calabria and Apulia. Matilda, the bride-widow of
Prince William, returns to her father. Abelard builds the convent of Paraclete.
The moon eclipsed, April 4.
The emperor John drives the Petchenegans out of Thrace. The dispute between
the emperor Henry and the pope, respecting the right of investiture, compro-
mised by the diet of Worms. Abelard, accused of heresy at the council of
Soissons, is condemned to burn his writings. Malta taken by Roger, count of
Sicily. Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, and Jocelyn de Courtenay made pri-
soners by the Saracens.
A general council, held in the Lateran, confirms the agreement made at Worms.
Alfonso makes an incursion into Murcia and Granada. The Almohades lay
siege to Morocco ; are repulsed by Ali. War renewed in Normandy by the re-
bellion of some powerful barons ; king Henry takes their castles. Roger,
bishop of Salisbury, is his prime minister. The pope refuses to sanction the elec-
tion of William of Curbeil to the archbishopric of Canterbury, till his assent
is purchased by a large sum of money. The emperor John refuses to confirm
the privileges of Venice ; the Venetians send a large army into the East, which
encounters an Egyptian fleet off Joppa, and obtains a great victory.
Louis, king of France, supports William, son of duke Robert, in his claim on Nor-
mandy ; the oriflamme is first used by him as the royal standard Earl Waleran
and others of the confederate nobles are made prisoners by king H enry. The
Genoese capture a rich Pisan convoy on its voyage from Sardinia. Tyre taken
by the Crusaders, assisted by the Venetians, to whom a third part of the city
is allotted ; they conquer Rhodes and Chios, and extend their commerce in the
East Death of Eadmer, abbot of St. Alban's.
1117 TO 1135 A.D.
S4£
1125
1126
1127
1130
1131
1132
Events and Eminent Men.
Death of the emperor Henry, at Utrecht, May 22 ; his widow, Matilda, returns to
England. Election of Lothaire, duke of Saxony, to the imperial throne ; the
dukes of Swabia and Franconia refuse to acknowledge him. Treaty of peace
concluded by king Henry in Normandy. Punishment of the mint-men in
England, for issuing bas« coin. The Venetians take the islands of Samos and
Andros, and the town of Spalatro, in Dalmatia; triumphant return of the doge
to Venice. Piombino taken by the Genoese. Otho, bishop of Bamberg, founds
the bishopric of Julin (Wollin), in Pomerania. Controversy between Abelard
and Bernard. Death of Wladimir Monomachus, grand-duke of Russia.
Lothaire gives the duchy of Saxony to Henry IV., duke of Bavaria. Death of
Urraca; her son, Alfonso, reigns alone in Castile. King Henry leaves Normandy,
and brings his prisoners with him to England.
Marriage of Henry's daughter, Matilda, to Geoffrey Plantagenet, son of Fulk,
count of Anjou (Aug. 26) ; she is acknowledged, by the English nobles, heiress
to her father's throne. Charles, earl of Flanders, slain ; his province is given
by Louis to William, son of Robert, former duke of Normandy. Death of Wil-
liam, duke of Apulia; his territories become subject to Roger, great count of
Sicily, who is excommunicated by the pope. Baldwin, ransomed from captivity,
attacks Aleppo, and is defeated by Zenghi, Atabek of Mosul.
William, earl of Flanders, slain at the siege of Alost.. Conrad, duke of Fran-
conia, crowned king of Italy at Milan ; excommunicated by the pope, he never
acquires any sovereign power. Roger overcomes the papal resistance, and is
acknowledged duke of Apulia and Calabria.
Peace concluded between Henry I. and Louis. Death of El Mehedi, chief of the
Almohades ; his vizir, Abdelmumen, succeeds him. Henry gives liberty to
earl Waleran and his other prisoners, and restores their lands to them. A
council held in London, makes decrees for the celibacy of the clergy, which, by
the king's permission, are disregarded.
On the death of Honorius, the cardinals divide into two factions, one of which
elects Innocent II., and the other the antipope, Anacletus II.: the latter gains
possession of the Lateran, and is consecrated there; Innocent takes refuge in
France, and holds a council at Clermont. Roger crowned king of Sicily, at
Palermo. Ali defeated by the Almohades, in Morocco, and his son, Taxfm, by
Alfonso, in Andalusia. The Chronicle of Simon of Durham ends.
| Baldwin, defeated near Damascus, dies, and leaves the kingdom of Jerusalem to
his son-in-law, Fulk, count of Anjou. Death of Bohemond II., count of Edessa ;
Jocelyn de Courtenay succeeds him. Alfonso bequeaths Aragonto the Knights
Hospitallers and Templars; but his will is not carried into effect. Amalfi and
Naples submit to Roger. Interview of pope Innocent with Henry, king of
England, at Chartres ; Lothaire is crowned by him at Liege.
Lothaire arrives in Italy, and expels Conrad ; pope Innocent joins him at Ronca-
glia. Treaty of peace between the Genoese and Pisans. Alfonso lays siege to
Fraga. The Charters of Henry I. give security to English industry. The
Flemings, who had before purchased and carried away the wool of our eastern
counties, about this time introduce the art of spinning it into yarn, at Worstead,
in Norfolk, and manufacture stuffs from it in the city of Norwich.
Birth of Matilda's son, afterwards Henry II. Lothaire conducts Innocent to
Rome, and is there crowned emperor by him. Tuscany and its dependencies
given to Lothaire's son-in-law, Henry Guelf, duke of Bavaria and Saxony. Ana-
cletus, still retaining all the fortified posts in Rome, Innocent again retires to Pisa.
Alfonso, el Batallado?; defeated and slain by the Moors, at Fraga; the kingdoms of
Aragon and Navarre choose separate sovereigns, who are protected by Alfonso,
king of Castile. Robert, king Henry's brother (see 1106), dies in his captivity.
Erik, son of Erik I. having been proclaimed king by the people of Schleswig, |
defeats Niels and his son, Magnus. Leo Stypiota, patriarch of CP.
Stephen of Blois, grandson of William the Conqueror, obtains the throne of Eng-
land on the death of Henry I. The Pisans take Amalfi, and ruin its com-
merce ; a copy of Justinian's pandects is said to have been discovered there, and
made known in Italy. Roger, king of Sicily, defeats the Pisans at La Fratla,
and recovers the towns wlii c h they had conquered. Peace restored in Germany. |
350
FROM THE YEAR
A.D.
Hegira.
East-
ern Em-
pire.
Popes
Ara-
bia.
Spain.
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors
tile. gon. arre.
France
Bohe-
mia.
Ger-
many.
1136
531
19 John
II. or
Calo- Jo-
annes.
7 In-
nocent
II.
1 Al
Mok-
tafi.
28 Al-
fonso
VII.
3Ra-
miro
II.
3Gar-
cias
IV.
32 Ali
Ben
Yussef
29 Louis
VI. to
&ros.
12 So-
bies-
las I.
12 Lo-
th aire
II.
1137
532
20
8
9
lPe-
tronil-
la and
Ray-
mond
i
33
1 Louis
VII.
13
13
1138
1139
533
534
21 •
'22
9
10
3
4
30
31
II.
2
3
5—
6
34
35
3
14
15
1 Con-
rad
III.
2 —
1140
535
23
11
5
32
7
36
4
1 La-
dislas
III.
3
1141
536
24
1
12- —
6
33
5
8
37
5
2
4
1142
537
1
'25
13
7_
34
35
36
37
6
7
8
9
38
1 Tax-
fin Ben
Ali.
2
1 Ab-
delmu-
men.
6 -
3
4
5
5
6
7
8
1143
1144
1145
538
539
540-541
1 Ma-
nuel I.
Comne-
nus.
2
3
lCe-
lestin
II.
1 Lu-
cius
II.
1 Eu-
genius
III.
8
10
10- — -
11
12
8
9
1146
541—542
4
2
11
38
39
10
11
13
14
2
3
10
11
7
8
1147
542—543
5
3
12
10
1148
543—544
6
4
13
40
12—
15
4
12
9—
11
1149
544—545
' 7
5
14
41
13
16
5
13
10
12
1150
545—546
8
6
15
42
14
lSan-
cho
VI.
6
14
11
13
1 1151
546—547
9 —
7
16
43
15—
2— —
7
15
12
14
1136 TO 1151 A.D,
351
| Repe-
tition
'.Dates.
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
Tusca-
ny.
Flan-
ders.
Den-
mark.
Swe-
den.
Po-
land.
Hunga-
ry.
Rus-
sia.
Scot-
land.
Eng-
land.
2 Ste-
phen,
Dec. 26.
1 1136
i
7 Pietro
Polano.
4 Henry
of Bava-
ria.
9 Thi-
erry.
2 Erik
II.
3Kol.
35 Bo-
leslas
III.
6Bela
II.
5 Jaro
polk II
13 Da
vidl
1137
8
5
10
1 Erik
III.
4
36
7
6
3
; use
1139
1140
9 — —
10
11 - —
6
1 Udel-
ric.
2
11
12
13 —
4
lSver-
ker I.
2
3
1 La-
dislas
II.
2
3
8
9
10
1 Wse-
wolod
II.
2
15
16
17
5
1141
12 .
3
14
5
4
1 Geisa
II.
3
18
7
1142
13
4
15
6 — -
5
5
2
4
19
8
1143
14
5
16
7
6
6
3
5
20
9
1144
15
6
17
8
7
7
4 —
6
21
10
1145
16
7
18 ■
9
8
1 Bo-
leslas
IV.
5
7
22
11
1146
17
8
19
10
9
2
6
1 Igor
II.
1 IsSs-
lav II.
2
23
12
1147
18
9
20
1 Sweyn
IV.
1 Ca-
nute III.
2
10
3
7
24
13
1148
1 Dome-
nico Mo-
rosino.
10
21
11
8
3
25
14
1149
2
11
22
b
12
5 —
9
4
26
15
1150
3
12
23
4
13
6
10
5
27
16
1151
4
13
24
5
14
7
11
6
28
17
352
EEOM TJIS YEAH
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
1138
1139
1142
Lothaire marches into Italy with a large army. The empress Matilda resists
Stephen's usurpation, and invades Normandy ; David, king of Scotland, support,,
her cause, hut is conciliated by Stephen. Baldwin de Redvers holds out in
Exeter; he is brought to terms.
Roger is driven out of Apulia and Calabria. The emperor and pope Innocent,
each claims the conquered provinces ; they compromise their dispute by jointly
creating Rainulph count of Apulia. Lothaire conducts Innocent to Rome, and,
on his return to Germany, dies in the Tyrol, Dec. 3. Roger, having recruited
his army in Sicily, recovers most part of his lost territories ; but sustains a de-
feat from Rainulph, near Ragnano. Bernard, abbot of Clairvaux. endeavours
to mediate between them. Ramiro affiances his daughter Petronilla, only two
years old, to Raymond, count of Barcelona ; resigns the kingdom of Aragon to
them, and retires into a monastery. Death of Louis VI. (le Gros) ; his son, set.
8, succeeds him. Stephen repels an invasion of the Welsh. Raymond of
Poitiers receives the principality of Antioch ; it is claimed by Roger, and at-
tacked by the emperor John, who is repulsed with great loss.
Death of the antipope Ana-letus ; his partisans elect another, whom they style
Victor III. : in a few months they all submit to Innocent. Conrad, duke of
Franconia, is elected emperor of Germany, and founds the Hohenstaufen dy-
nasty ; from his castle of Wiblingen, his party take the name of Ghibelins,
which is extended to all their supporters in Italy. His opponent, Henry
Guelf, is put under the ban of the empire, and deprived of his duchies of
Bavaria and Saxony; hence the papal party are called Guelfs (see 1118); long
wars and commotions ensue. David, king of Scotland, invades England, and
is defeated (Aug. 22) by the earl of Albemarle in the " Battle of the Standard,"
near Northallerton, in Yorkshire. Boleslas divides Poland among his sons ;
the eldest, Ladislas, endeavours to deprive his brothers of their shares. Ali
sumirons his son Taxfin from Spain, to support him against the Almohades in
Africa. Death of the historian, Geoffrey of Monmouth
Pope Innocent taken prisoner by Roger, near S. Germano ; a treaty of peace fol-
lows, by which Roger's title is confirmed, and his son created duke of Apulia.
Tuscany is taken from Henry Guelf; the people of Saxony maintain his autho-
rity, and prepare to restore him in Bavaria ; he dies suddenly at Quedlinburg,
and transmits his rights to his son. Henry the Lion. Alfonso, duke of Portugal,
gains a great victory over the Moors at Ourique, on the river Corbes, and as-
sumes the title of king. The empress Matilda arrives in England, and prepares
to assert her claim by arms, assisted by Robert, earl of Gloucester, a natural
son of Henry I.
Duke Guelf, uncle of Henry the Lion, defeated by Com-ad, at Weinsberg. Arnold
of Brescia denounces at Rome the corruptions of the church. Stephen be-
sieges the earl of Chester in Lincoln castle. The Genoese acquire possession
of Ventimiglia. The canon law is introduced into England. The council of
Sens condemns the doctrines of Abelard. Guarnarius, or Werner, teaches the
civil law at Bologna.
Battle of Lincoln, Feb. 2 ; Stephen defeated and carried away prisoner to Bristol.
His brother, the bishop of Winchester, abandons his cause, and crowns Matilda.
Robert, earl of Gloucester, afterwards captured, is exchanged for Stephen.
Suger, former minister of Louis le Gros, writes the history of that monarch.
Diet of Francfort. Henry the Lion acknowledged duke of Saxony. His rival,
Albert, the Bear, created Margrave of Brandenburg. Bavaria given to Henry
of Austria; he is opposed by duke Guelf VJ., who receives subsidies from the
kings of Hungary and Sicily, to assist him in prosecuting his claim. Matilda,
besieged in Oxford, escapes to Wallingford. Fulk, king of Jerusalem, killed by
a fall from his horse. His son, Baldwin III. a*t. 13, succeeds under the regency
of the queen mother, Melusine. Death of Abelard ; he is buried in the mo-
nastery of Paraclete, where Eloisa is abbess.
The emperor John, preparing again to attack Antioch, dies, April 8, of a wound I
received while hunting near Anazarbus. Commotions at Rome. Arnold ofj
Brescia endeavours to restore the senate and ancient form of government.!
1136 TO 1151 A.a.
353
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
11M
Events and Eminent Men.
Death of Innocent II., Sept. 24. Contest between Louis VII. and the pope, for
the appointment of the archbishop of Bourges ; the king is attacked by Theobald,
count of Champagne; besieges Vitry; 1300 persons are burnt in a church.
Matilda retires to Normandy. General insurrection of the Moors in Spain!
against the Almoravides. Death of Ali. The people of Padua are compelled
by the Venetians to restore the Brenta to the channel which they had closed.
Geisa, king of Hungary, invites German emigrants to join the former colony of
that people in Transylvania. Death of the historians, William of Malmsbury,
and Ordericus Vitalis. Michael II. patriarch of CP.
Edessa stormed by Zenghi. Taxfin totally defeated in Africa, by Abdelmumen.
Wars of the Italian cities ; Venice against Ravenna ; Verona and Vicenza
against Padua and Treviso ; Florence and Pisa against Lucca and Sienna.
Pope Lucius II. killed by a stone, in attempting to suppress the new senate. His
successor, Eugenius III., withdraws from Rome ; after an absence of some i
months, he tranquillizes the people, and returns to the city. Zenghi assassi- 1
nated ; he is succeeded by his son Noureddin. Abdelmumen takes Morocco, I
and sends an army into Spain.
Prince Henry inherits Anjou and Maine, by the death of his father, Geoffrey.
Normandy submits to him. Death of his uncle, Robert, earl of Gloucester, Oct.
31. Eugenius again leaves Rome ; he employs the abbot Bernard to preach
another crusade ; abbot Suger vainly dissuades Louis from such an undertaking.
The Almohades take Seville. Roger attacks the coast of Africa : after which
he invades Greece, and plunders Corfu, Corinth, Athens, and Thebes. The
silk-weavers of Greece are transported to Palermo. Alfonso carries his arms
into Murcia. Comus II. patriarch of CP.
Eugenius urges the second crusade. Diet of Francfort. Conrad's son, Henry,
declared his successor. Duke Guelf resigns to Henry the Lion his claim on
the duchy of Bavaria, and accompanies the emperor and king of France to the
Holy Land. Unfortunate result of their expedition. Treachery of the emperor
Manuel. Lisbon taken by Alfonso of Portugal. The kings of Castile, Aragon,
and Navarre, assisted by a Genoese fleet, take Almeria. Moscow built by
George Dolgorucki, prince of Suzdal. Comus deposed, and Nicholas IV. patri-
arch of CP.
Unsuccessful sieges of Damascus and Ascalon, by the Christians. The emperor
Conrad and the king of France prepare to leave Palestine. AmadeUs, count of
Maurienne, or Savoy, dies in Cyprus; he is succeeded by his son, Humbert III.
Tortosa reduced by Raymond ot Barcelona and the Genoese. The Almohades
take Cordova. King Stephen refuses to send bishops to the council of Rheims,
for which all England is laid under an Interdict. Boleslas, king of Poland, ex-
communicated. George Antiochenus, the Sicilian admiral, anchors his fleet be-
fore CP., and plunders the vicinity.
Louis, returning by sea from his crusade, is captured by the Greeks, and rescued
by the Sicilian fleet ; Roger receives him hospitably at Potenza, in Calabria.
The emperor Manuel and the Venetians recover Corfu and other islands ; they
defeat the Sicilians in a naval engagement. Eugenius establishes himself in
Rome. Bernard, reproached for the failure of the crusade preached by him, is
defended by Otho of Frisingen. Noureddin defeats the Christians near the
Orontes. Raymond, prince of Antioch, slain.
Eugenius again driven from Rome. The Venetians expel the pirates, and regain
Pola and the coast of Dalmatia. The Milanese defeated by the people of
Cremona, at Castelnuovo, and lose their caroccio. Victory of Manuel over the
Servians, who become vassals of the Eastern empire. Bernard dedicates to
Eugenius his five books, " De Consideratione."
Manuel invades Hungary, crosses the Danube, grants a truce to Geisa, and carries
a large booty to CP. Peace concluded between the emperor Conrad and
duke Guelf. Death of Conrad's son, Henry. League between Modena and
Parma. Conquests of Abdelmumen in Africa. Vacarius teaches the Roman
law at Oxford. Gratian, a Benedictine monk of Bologna, frames the canon law.
A papal legate arrives in Norway, and makes Drontheim an archbishop's see.
Theodore II. patriarch of CP.
2 A
354
PROM THE YEAB
A.D.
1152
1153
1154 I
1155
1156
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1167
1168
Hegiea,
547—548
548—549
549—550
650—551
551—552
554—555
555—556
East
ern Em-
pire
10 Ma-
nuel I.
Conine-
nusi
11
557
558
560
561
562
563
564
23
Popes.
8 En
genius
1 Ana-
stasi-
us IV
1 Adri-
an IV
lAlex
ander
III.
2
Ara-
bia.
17 Al
Mok-
tafi.
19-
1 Al
Mos-
tanjed
2—
Spain.
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors,
tile. gon. arre.
44 Al-
fonso
VII.
19-
20-
1 San- 21-
cho
III.
Leon
Ferdi-
nand
II. 1
1 Al-
fonso I
VII.
2 |
2 3 23-
4 24-
16 Pe-
tronil-
la and
Ray-
mond.
17
122-
4 5 25
| 1 Al-
fonso
II.
9—10
10—11
11—12
3 San-
cho
VI.
8Ab-
delmu-
men.
lYuzef
Abu
Jakub,
France.
16 Louis
VII.
13 La-
dislas
III.
16
17-
27
28
29-
Ger-
1IANY
1 Fre-
deric
I. BarA
baros-
sa.
2
1152 TO 1168 A.D.
355
Repe-
tition
Dates,
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
5 Dome-
nico Mo-
rosino.
Doges
of Ve
nice.
14 Udel-
ric.
1 Guelf
8 —
1 Vitale
Michele
II.
2 —
Tusca-
ny.
25 Thi-
erry.
27
29 —
30 —
31
32 —
33
34
1 Philip
of Al
eaefi.
Den-
mark.
6 Ca-
nute
III.
10
1 Wal-
demar
I.
15 Sver-
ker I.
lErik
IX.
2
Swe-
den.
ICharles
VII.
1 Canute
Ericson
Po-
land
8Bo-
leslas
IV.
13-
Hun-
GARY,
12Gei-
sa II.
7 Isas-
lavll.
15-
17 —
18-
1 Ste-
phen
III.
2
1 Ste-
phen
IV.
2
lKos-
tislav,
29 Da-
vid I.
Apr. 27
1 Mal-
colm IV,
May 24
2
13-
lMs-
tislav
II.
2
Scot-
land,
18 Ste-
phen.
Dec. 26.
rf.Oct.25,
et. 49.
1 Henry
II. Plan-
tagenet.
Dec. 19.
Qu. Ele-
anor of
Guyenne.
2 —
3 —
4
I. Rich-
ard Gmur
de Lion.
12
1 Wil
liam,<Aa
Lion.
Dec. 9.
2
Eng-
land.
15
2 a 2
356
FEOM THE TEAE
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1158
1159
Events and Eminent Men.
Death of the emperor Conrad, at Bamberg, Feb. 15; his nephew, Frederic (Bar-
barossa), is unanimously elected by the nobles of Germany and Italy, at the'
Diet of Frankfort, March 4. Eugenius returns again to Rome. Roger takes I
Tunis, Bona, and other towns, on the coast of Africa. The synod of Beaugency .
divorces Louis VII., March 18, from his queen Eleanor, who marries, May 18,
prince Henry, duke of Normandy, and transfers to him her inheritance of Guy-
enne and Poitou. He lands in England with a large army, to claim the crown.
Death of the abbot Suger, many years minister of state in France.
Death of pope Eugenius. Lodi and other cities invite the emperor's protec-
tion against Milan. Pacification of Germany; Bavaria restored to Henry
the Lion; Tuscany given to his uncle Guelf; Austria erected into a duchy
for Henry IX., who had held Bavaria for twelve years. Death of king
Stephen's son Eustace; treaty of Winchester, Aug. 18; the crown of England
secured to Henry on Stephen's death. Ascalon taken by Baldwin III.
Noureddin conquers Damascus. Al Edrisi writes his " Nubian Geography.''
Death of Bernard, abbot of Clairvaux. Cinnamus writes his History of the
Greek Empire.
On the decease of Anastasius, Nicholas Breakspear, the only Englishman who
ever filled the papal chair, is elected, and takes the name of Adrian IV. Death
of Roger, king of Sicily ; accession of his son, William I., called the Bad. The
emperor Frederic enters Italy with a numerous army, and holds a Diet at Ron-
caglia. Conclusion of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
Frederic takes Tortona; quarrels with Adrian, submits by holding the pope's
stirrup ; is crowned at Rome, June 18 ; returns to Germany. Arnold of Brescia
is given up to Adrian, and burnt. The Apulians revolt; the Greek emperor
sends Michael Palaeologus with an army to assist them, and conquers the greater
part of their province and Calabria. Thomas a Becket, chancellor to Henry II.
Lucas Chrysoberges patriarch of CP.
The emperor Frederic marries Beatrice, daughter of Rinaldo, count of Bur-
gundy. Death of Michael Palaeologus. William recovers Bari, and other
towns ; concludes a treaty of peace with the pope. The Milanese repair
the fortification* of Tortona; defeat the Pavians. A Bull of pope Adrian
submits Ireland to Henry II. Kilidsch Arslan II. sultan of Iconium. The
Carmelite order founded by Berthold. Granada conquered by the Almohades.
Geoffrey, brother of Henry II., renounces his claims on Maine and Anjou, for a
pension.
Adrian, in a letter to the emperor, asserts Germany to be a papal benefice ; Fre-
deric resists the claim. On the death of Alfonso VII., his sons divide his terri-
tories ; Sancho takes Castile, and Ferdinand Leon. Almeria recovered by the
Moors. Wales submits to Henry II. Waldemar, king of Denmark, builds
Copenhagen. The bank of Venice established. Andrew, son of George Dol-
gorucki, becomes prince of White Russia. Erik IX. of Sweden conquers the
coast of Finland, and builds Abo.
Second march of Frederic into Italy ; capture of Milan ; Diet of Roncaglia ; the
Glossators, Bulgarus, Martino Gossia, Jacopo of Bologna, and Ugolino da Porta,
assert the imperial j urisdiction ; the office of podesta created ; the alienation of
lands to the church prohibited. Adrian puts a different interpretation on
his letter. Stefano, the Sicilian admiral, defeats the Greek fleet, and attacks
Negropont. A truce for thirty years concluded between the two powers.
On the death of his brother, Geoffrey, Henry II. claims and obtains the
county of Nantes. Sancho, king of Castile, dies, and leaves his kingdom to
his son, Alfonso, only three years old. The Order of the knights of Ca
latrava founded. Death of Otho of Freisingen, the chronicler. Tunis taken by
Abdelmumen.
Renewed discord between the emperor and pope. Death of Adrian. Election of
Alexander III. by the cardinals. Frederic supports an antipope, Victor IV.
The Milanese refuse obedience to the imperial podesta, and are declared enemies
of the empire. Henry II. claims the county of Toulouse; war ensues between
him and Louis VII. Michael III. patriarch of CP.
1152 TO 1168
A.D.
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1168
Events and Eminent Men.
Council of Pavia, called by the emperor, declares Victor to be pope ; tbey are all ex-
communicated by Alexander. Conspiracy of the nobles against William, king
of Sicily ; his favourite, admiral Maio, is assassinated. Abdelmumen passes
over from Africa to Spain. Gebel Tarik (Gibraltar) fortified by his engineer,
Alhaug Yahix.
Peace concluded between Henry II. and Louis VII. They acknowledge Alexan-j
der as pope ; the kings of Denmark, Norway, Bohemia, and Hungary, declare
in favour of Victor. The siege of Milan commenced by the emperor. Badajos,
Beja, and Beira, taken by the Moors. William, surprized and made prisoner
by the conspirators, is released by the people of Palermo ; death of his young
son, Boger. Henry II. limits the papal authority in England.
Surrender and destruction of the city of Milan. All Lombardy submits to Fre-
deric. Flight of Pope Alexander into France. Combats of the Genoese and
Pisans, in Constantinople. Death of Baymond, king of Aragon ; Alfonso, his
young son, by Petronilla, succeeds, under his mothers regency. Thomas a
Becket, appointed archbishop of Canterbury, resigns the chancellorship, and
opposes the king's ecclesiastical reforms. Death of Baldwin III., king of Jeru-
salem ; he is succeeded by his brother, Amalrich, or Amaury.
Council of Tours. Alexander declares void all the acts of his opponents. Strin-
gent decrees against the heretics of southern France (called Manicheans, Pauli-
cians, and afterwards Albigenses). Monks and regular canons forbidden to
leave their monasteries for the purpose of teaching civil law, physics, and
medicine. Henry II. obtains from Thomas a Becket and the other bishops, a
promise of submitting to the ancient laws of the realm. Death of Abdelmu-
men, set. 63. His son, Yuzef Abu Jakub, is acknowledged sovereign of the
Almohades, in Africa and Spain. Benjamin of Tudela's Travels (1160 to 1173).
Pope Alexander fixes his residence in the city of Sens. The church of Motre
Dame, at Paris, founded. The Turks first enter Egypt.
League of Verona and other cities, to regain their freedom, supported by the
Venetians; the emperor retires before their army. Henry II. convokes an as-
sembly of barons and prelates, at which the " Constitutions of Clarendon " are
enacted. They are condemned by Alexander III., on which Thomas a Becket
revokes his promise to observe them, and flies to the abbey of Pontigny, in
France. Death of the anti-pope, Victor IV. The imperial party elevate Pas-
cal HI. in his place. Commotions in Sardinia ; the emperor is called upon to
appoint a king. Death of Peter the Lombard (a native of Novara), bishop of
Paris, and "Master of the Sentences." About this time flourish the Chroni-
clers, Boger Hoveden, Balph de Diceto, and Giraldus Cambrensis. Banulph
de Glanville, one of the Justiciaries of Henry II., writes a Digest of Laws and
Customs.
A diet at Ulm, under the imperial auspices, puts an end to a fierce intestine war
among the German nobles. Pope Alexander returns to Bome. War between
Genoa and Pisa. Henry II. forbids, under severe penalties, all appeals to the
pope. Becket excommunicates him and all who conform to the " Constitutions
of Clarendon."
The emperor Frederic reinforces his army and returns into Italy. Death of Wil-
liam, king of Sicily ; accession of his son, William II., the Good, set. 10 ; his
mother, Margaret, is regent. Alfonso of Portugal takes Evora.
Ancona invested by the imperial army. General league of the Lombard cities.
Frederic defeats the Sicilian auxiliaries of pope Alexander, and takes Bome.
He retires in consequence of an epidemic disease, which destroys the greater
part of his troops. Dermot, king of Leinster, solicits the support of Henry II.
against his rival, Buderic O'Connor.
Success of the Lombard league ; they found a new city, named Alessandria, in
honour of the pope. Frederic retreats into Germany. Death of the anti-pope
Pascal III. ; another, styled Callistus III., is set up. Amalric invades Egypt,
takes and pillages Heliopolis. Noureddin's generals, Shiracouh and Saladin
are called in, and defeat the Christians. Canute, son of Eric, kills Charles VII.,
and seizes the throne of Sweden.
i
358
FROM THE YEAB
AD.
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1167
East-
ern Em-
pire.
27 Ma-
nuel I.
Comne-
nus.
28
11 A-
lexan-
der
III.
567
568
569
570
571
572
573—574
574—575
575—576
577—578
578—579
579—580
580—581
581—582
582—583
583-584
37
1 Alex-
ius Com-
nenusll
2 -
1 An-
dronicus
1 Isaac
Ange-
lus.
2
3
10 Al
Mos-
tan-
jed.
1 Al
Most-
adhi.
2
Spain.
Castile ARA- NAV- MOORS.
&Leon. GON. ARRE.
France.
1 Luci-
us III
2
1 Ur-
ban
III.
2
1 Gre
gory
VIII.
2 mos
1 Cle
ment
III.
12 Al- |
fonso
Vlll.of
Castile.
Ferdi-
nand
II. of
Leon.13
13—14
15—16
16—17
17—18
18—19
19—20
8 Al-
fonso
II.
10-
20
San-
cho
VI.
7Yuzefi33 Louis
Abu
Jakub.
25-
20—21 16
9 21—22
10 22—23
1 Al
Naser.
24—25
25—26
26—27
27—28
28—29
29—30
30—31
32-
33
Bohe-
mia.
37-
Ua-
kub Al-
mansor
2
VII.
85
38
37-
38
1 Pbilip
Augus-
tus.
2 -
La-
dislas
III.
31-
18 Fre-
deric
I. Bar-
baros-
sa.
34
ISobi-
eslas
II.
Ger-
many
1 Fre-
deric
2
9-
10—
30— —I
31-
32-
33-
34-
35
1169 TO 1187 A.D.
359
Repe-
tition
Dates,
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
Tusca-
ny.
Flan-
ders.
Den-
mark.
Swe-
den.
Poland
Hun-
gary
Russia
Scot-
land
Eng-
land.
1169
UVitale
Michele
II.
17Guelf
2 Philip
of Al-
sace.
13
Wal-
deniar
I.
2 Canute
Ericson.
25 Bo-
leslas
IV.
8 Ste-
phen
IV.
3 Msti-
slav II
5Wil
liam
the
Lion.
Dec. 9
16 Hen-
ry II.
Dec. 19.
1170
15
18
3
14
3
26
9
4
6
17
1171
16
19
4
15
4
27
10
5
7
18
1172
1173
1174
17
1 Sebas-
tiano
Ziani.
2
20
21
22
5
7
16
17
18
5
6
7
28
lMie-
cislas
III.
2
11
1 Bela
III.
2- —
IWladi-
mir III
1 Roman
2
8
9
10
19
20 —
21
1175
3
23
8
19
8
3
3
3 -—
11
22
1176
4
24
9
20
9
4
4
4
12
23
1177
5
25
10
21
10
1 Casi-
mir II.
the Just.
5
1 Swato-
slav III.
24
1178
6
26
11
22
11
2
6
2
14
25 —
1179
1180
1 Orio
Mas tro-
pe tro.
2
27
28
12
13
23
24
12
13
3
4
7
8
3 ■
4
15
16
26 —
27
1181
3
29
14
25
14
5
9
5
17-^—
28
1182
1183
4
5
30
31
15
16
1 Ca-
nute
IV.
2
15
16
6
10
11
6
18
19
29
30
1184
6
32
17
3
17
8
12
8
20
d. Prince
Henry.
31
1185
7
33
18
4
18
9
13
9
21
32
1186
8
34 —
19
5
19
10
14
10
22_
33
1187
9
35
20
6
20
11
15
11
23
34
1
360
FROM THE TEAS
Events and Eminent Men.
1170
1172
1173
1174
1177
Milan rebuilt and fortified. The Lombards, the pope, and the Greek emperor,
coalesce against the emperor Frederic. Treaty of Montmirail between the kings
of England and France. Richard Strongbow, earl of Chepstow, with Maurice
Fitzgerald, and other knights, land in Ireland, and take Wexford, Waterford,
and Dublin. Shiracouh, master of Egypt, assumes the office of vizir. Waldemar,
king of Denmark, takes the island of Rugen. Catania, in Sicily, destroyed by
an earthquake. First commercial treaty between the Greek empire and Genoa.
Compromise between Henry and Thomas a Becket, who is permitted to return ;
he is assassinated, Dec. 29. Failure of Frederic's pacific overtures to the pope.
The emperor Manuel's unsuccessful expedition against Damietta. Saladin
takes Gaza. Peter Waldo, a citizen of Lyons, founds a preaching society,
called afterwards Waldenses.
Henry II. lands with an army at Waterford; his own knights, and many native
chiefs, do homage to him for their lands. Two cardinals are sent by the pope
to investigate the circumstances of Thomas k Becket's death. The emperor
Manuel seizes the property of the Venetians in his States, and Stephen, king
of Hungary, takes from them Zara, Spalatro, and other places in Dalmatia.
The Venetians fit out a large fleet, recover Zara, take Ragusa, and attack Ne-
gropont. Death of Shiracouh ; his nephew, Saladin, becomes supreme in Egypt,
nominally as the representative of Noureddin. End of the Fatimite caliphs.
The Venetians fail in their attempt on Chalcis, but take the island of Scios ;
the plague breaks out in their fleet. Embassy of Henry Dandolo to the Greek
emperor. Henry II. involved in great troubles through Becket's death.
Henry II. divides Ireland into counties, and regulates the government ; he appears
before the papal legates, and receives absolution for Becket's death ; his queen,
Eleanor, jealous of Fair Rosamond, incites her sons, Henry, Geoffrey, and
Richard, to rebel against their father ; Louis, king of France, supports them,
and William of Scotland invades England. The Venetians return with only
seventeen ships of their large fleet, and infect their city with the plague ; the
citizens revolt ; the doge is slain, and Sebastiano Ziani elected in his place.
Death of Amalric, king of Jerusalem; his son, Baldwin IV., succeeds, set 13;
Raymond III., count of Tripoli, is his guardian.
Frederic descends into Italy with a large army ; he fails in hi* attack on Ales-
sandria. Ancona besieged by the archbishop of Mentz and a Venetian fleet ;
William Adelard, a citizen of Ferrara, and Aldruda, countess of Bertinoro, at
their own expense collect a body of troops and relieve the place. Henry II.
does penance at Becket's tomb ; he quells the insurrection of his sons, imprisons
his queen ; Louis signs a treaty of peace ; the king of Scotland is defeated at
Alnwick, and made prisoner. The leaning tower of Pisa erected. Treaty of
peace between Venice and the Greek empire. Death of Noureddin ; Saladin
becomes independent sultan of Egypt.
The German army in Italy greatly reduced by the severe winter; to gain time
for fresh reinforcements to arrive, Frederic negotiates for peace ; under his
mediation, the war between Genoa and Pisa is ended by an equal division of the
island of Sardinia.
Battle of Legnano, May 29 ; after this defeat, the emperor makes serious propo-
sitions for peace. War renewed between Manuel and Kilidsch Arslan, of
Iconium ; defeat of the former at Myriokephalon. Henry II. sends his son,
prince John, to Ireland, but soon recais him. The North of Italy agitated by
the heresy of the Cathari. The first stone bridge, across the Thames at London,
commenced by Peter Coleman. Marriage of Joan, daughter of Henry II., to
William, king of Sicily.
Meeting of the emperor and pope at Venice ; a definitive peace concluded between
them ; a truce of six years with the Lombard cities, and of fifteen with the king
of Sicily. Manuel concludes and breaks a treaty of peace. John Vataces
defeats the Turks on the Mseander, and peace is again restored. Henry II.
divides England into six circuits, through which he sends justices in Eyre
twice a year, to administer the laws in each county. Waldemar, king of Den-
mark, destroys Julin (Wollin). Chariton, patriarch of CP.
1109 TO 1187 A.D.
361
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
1178
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1187
Submission of the antipope Callistus. Alexander returns to Rome ; the senate
allowed to remain, but subordinate to him. The king of Sicily sends a fleet to
assist the Christians in Palestine. The emperor Manuel marries his daughter,
Maria, to Rayner, son of the marquis of Montferrat, and his son, Alexius, to
Agnes, daughter of Louis VII, The emperor Frederic takes possession of Bo-
hemia. Theodosius Borradiotes, patriarch of CP.
The elerenth general council, or third Lateran, decrees that the true pope must
be elected by two-thirds of the cardinals. The Waldenses are excommunicated,
and their translation of the Bible suppressed ; the archbishop of Lyons perse-
cutes them. Saladin attacks Jerusalem, and is repulsed by Baldwin.
Death of the emperor Manuel; his son, Alexius, succeeds, set. 13; family dissen-l
sions and intrigues weaken the empire. Henry the Lion dispossessed of all}
his States, except Brunswick and Liineburg, which his descendants still hold.
Death of Louis, king of France ; his son, Philip Augustus, set. 15, inherits the
throne, and resists the attempts of his uncles to rule over him. The pope urges
the sovereigns of Europe to engage in a new crusade. An antipope, styling
himself Innocent III., is captured and banished. The pointed Gothic style of
architecture is introduced about this time.
Zara surrenders to Bela, king of Hungary, who recovers all Dalmatia and Croatia
Nicetas Choniates writes his History. The Jew, Maimonides, is physician to
Saladin at Cairo.
Andronicus acquires the chief administrative power in the Greek empire. Henry
II. is again harassed by his sons ; the eldest demands immediate possession of
Normandy. The Jews expelled from France. Death of Waldemar, king of
Denmark.
By the murder of Alexius, Andronicus becomes emperor of the East. Prince
Henry, eldest son of Henry II., dies without issue. The freedom of the
Lombard cities secured by the peace of Constance. Baldwin IV., disabled by
leprosy, resigns the crown of Jerusalem to his nephew, Baldwin V., under the
regency of Raymond, count of Tripoli. Saladin takes Damascus, Aleppo, and
Mosul, and sets aside the Turkish sultan. Theodosius deposed by Andronicus ;
Basil II. patriarch of CP.
Diet of Mentz; the functions and dignities of the electors of Germany settled.
Lucius III. driven from Rome by the turbulence of the people. The emperor
Frederic pays a pacific visit to the cities of Italy. Council of Verona ; excom-
munication of the Roman people and of the Waldenses. Embassy from Je-
rusalem to solicit assistance against Saladin. Siege of Santarem ; Yuzef Abu
Jakub defeated by Alfonso, king of Portugal, and dies of his Wounds. Renaud
de Chatillon defeated in au attempt to surprize Mecca and Medina. Raymond
concludes a truce with Saladin.
Tumults at CP. ; Andronicus murdered ; Isaac Angelus made emperor. The
crusade preached in France ; Henry II. refuses to take part in it ; his third
son, Geoffrey, duke of Brittany, is killed in a tournament at Paris, soon after
which his widow, Constance, gives birth to a son, named Arthur. The Sici-
| lians take Durazzo and Thessalonica, which they are soon obliged to abandon.
I Death of Alfonso, king of Portugal, set. 90; his son, Sancho I., succeeds him.
IMarriage of the emperor's son, Henry, to Constance, heiress of the throne of
| Sicily ; they are crowned king and queen of Italy at Milan. Revolt of the
j Bulgarians and Wallachians ; they attack CP. Conrad of Montferrat, who had
i married the sister of Isaac Angelus, defeats them, and saves the city. Death of
j Baldwin V. ; his mother, Sybilla, inherits the crown of Jerusalem, and shares
i it with her husband, Guy of Lusignan. Nicetas II., patriarch of CP.
(The truce in Palestine broken by Renaud de Chatillon. Battle of Tiberias ; Guy
of Lusignan made prisoner. Saladin takes Jerusalem, Oct. 2. Death of
Raymond, count of Tripoli. Siege of Tyre ; Conrad of Montferrat repels the
attack of Saladin. The emperor and pope again at variance ; invasion of the
papal States ; death of Urban III. ; his successor, Gregory VIII. , urges a new
crusade, and dies two months after his election. Giraldus Cambrensis, and'
William of Tyre, write their Histories. York minster founded.
362
TEOM THE TEAR
A.D.
Hegira.
East-
ern Em-
fire.
Popes.
1188
584—585
4 Isaac
Ange-
lus.
2 Cle-
ment
III.
1189
585—586
5
3
1190
586—587
6
1191
587—588
7
1 Ce-
lestin
III.
1192
588—589
8
2
1193
590
9
3
1194
591
10
4-
1195
592
1 Alex-
ius III.
5
1196
593
2
6
1197
594
3
7
1198
595
4
1 In-
nocent
III.
1199
596
5
2
1200
597
6
3
1201
598
.7
4
Spain.
Castilb Ara- Nav- Moors,
&Leon. gon. arre.
9 Al
Na-
ser.
si Al
ion so
Vill.of
Castile
Alfonso
IX. of
Leon. 1
32—2
11 33—3
12 34—4
13 35—5
14 36—6
29
30
37—7
38—8
-9
27 Al
fonso
II
1 Pe-
dro II.
I
40—10 2
41—1 1
42—12
43—13
44—14
39San
cho
VI.
lSan-
cho
VII.
2
5 Ja-
kub Al
man-
sor.
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
1 Mo-
hamad
Abdal-
la.
2
France. Bohe-
I MIA.
9 Philip llFre-
Augus-I deric
tus. |
20
1 Con-
rad
II.
lWen-
ceslas
II.
Ger-
many
37Ffe
deric
I. Bar-
baros-
sa.
lHen
ryVI.
2
3
1 Hen-
ryBre-
tislas.
2
5
3
1 Lad-
6
7
islas
IV.
1 Pre-
8 — —
mislas
I. or
Otto-
car I.
2
Va-
cant.
Con-
3
test
be-
tween
Phi-
lip of
Swa-
4
bia
and
Otho
of
Bruns-
"-
wick.
1188 TO 120] A.D.
363
Repe-
tition
Daws.
1188
1190
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1201
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
10 Orio
Mastro-
petro
1 Henry
Dando-
lo.
2
Tusca-
36Gnelf.
Flan- Den-
ders. mark,
21Philip
of Al
42
1 Philip,
2
10
1 Mar-
garet I.
and
Baldwin
VIII.
1 Bald-
win IX.
7 Ca-
nute
IV.
Swe-
den.
21 Ca
nute
Eric-
son.
25-
26
23
29-
POLAND.
12 Casi-
mir II.
the Just
15
1 Lessek
I.
Hunga-
ry.
16 Bela
III.
17
Rus-
sia.
12 Swii-
toslav
III.
Scot-
land.
18
1 Eme-
ric.
lSver-
kerll.
1 Ruric
II.
24
Will
son, the
Lion
Dec.
25
Eng-
land.
28-
31-
32-
3 — 33
34 10
35 Hen-
rvll.
Dec. 19,
d. July 6j
jet. 56.
1 Rich-
ard I.
Coeur d
Lion.
Sep. 3.
2
3 —
i. Be
rengaria
of Na-
varre.
4 —
37-
d. Apr. 6,
set. 42.
1 John,
May 27.
Qu. Avi>
2 Maylg
m. Isa-
bella of
Angou-
leme.
3 Maya
364
FBOM THE TEAB
A.D.
1183
1192
Events and Eminent Men.
Clement III. sends cardinal-legates to move all the States of Europe to the
crusade. The emperor Frederic takes the cross, collects a numerous army, and
negotiates with Isaac Angelus to secure a safe passage through the Byzantine
empire. Guy of Lusignan is set free by Saladin, Conrad, of Montferrat, defends
Tripoli. The Bulgarians compel the Greeks to abandon the siege of Lobitza.
Prince Richard is encouraged by Philip Augustus to rebel against his father ;
war ensues between England and France. Clement again makes Rome the
papal residence, by a treaty with the senate. Kilidsch Arslan II. expelled by
his sons; Kutbeddin Malek Shah reigns in Iconium as his share of the empire,
The third crusade. Frederic begins his march April 23 ; he is impeded by and
defeats, the Greeks; winters in Thrace. Guy of Lusignan lays siege to Acre;
distress of the besiegers relieved by a fleet of Danes, Frisians, and Flemings.
Henry II., unsuccessful in his war, makes peace, and dies soon afterwards, at
Chinon. Massacre of the Jews in London and other cities. Sancho, king of
Portugal, takes Silvas and Beja. Death of William II., king of Sicily. Tan-
cred, natural son of Roger, is invited by the Sicilians, and supported by the
pope, against Constance and her husband.
Frederic storms Adrianople and Demotria; Isaac Angelus submits, and provides
a fleet at Gallipoli to convey the crusaders across the Hellespont ; they are re-
sisted by Kutbeddin, and take Iconium. Frederic is drowned in the river
Calycadnus(Salef), June 10 ; his son, Frederic, duke of Swabia, leads the army to
Antioch, where they suffer great distress, and many thousands perish. Richard
intrusts the regency of England to Longchamp, bishop of Ely, and Hugh, of
Durham ; he embarks with his forces at Marseilles, and Philip Augustus at
Genoa ; they pass the winter in Sicily, where they quarrel, and are reconciled.
Many battles between Saladin and the besiegers of Acre. Death of Guy's wife,
Sybilla, and their two children ; her sister, Isabella, is divorced, and marries
Conrad, count of Montferrat, who thus acquires his claim to the titular kingdom
of Jerusalem. Tancred conquers Apulia ; the count of Andria, Henry's ge-
neral, defeated and slain at Ascoli. King Richard claims the dowry of his sister,
Joan, widow of the late king of Sicily. Leontius Thootocites, patriarch of CP.
Duke Frederic, with his remaining troops, joins the Christian camp before Acre ;
Philip Augustus arrives April 20. Richard conquers the island of Cyprus, and
gives it to Guy of Lusignan ; he lands in Palestine, June 8. Surrender of Acre,
July 17. Marriage of Richard, in Cyprus, to Berengaria, daughter of Sancho,
king of Navarre. Saladin defeated at Arsouf; Jaffa and Ascalon surrender to
the Christians. Philip Augustus returns to France. Guy retains the title of
king of Jerusalem for life, to be inherited by Conrad. Assassination of Conrad.
Richard quarrels with the Austrian prince, Leopold. The Order of Teutonic!
knights founded. Henry VI. crowned at Rome; besieges Naples; loses his
army by sickness, and withdraws ; the archbishop of Cologne and duke of Bo-
hemia die there. The Sicilians drive away the fleets of Genoa and Pisa;
reconquer Apulia ; the empress Constance, made prisoner at Salerno, is released
by Tancred. Pope Celestin allows the Romans to destroy Tusculum ; the ex-
pelled inhabitants build Frascati. Prince John expels the regents appointed
by his brother, and assumes their authority. The Moors recover the cities
taken from them by the king of Portugal. Berne, in Switzerland, built. Hugo
Falcandus writes his History of Sicily. Dositheus, patriarch of CP.
Richard advances towards Jerusalem ; battle of St. George's day ; the Order of
the Garter said to have been originated by him; the attack on Jerusalem aban-
doned ; a treaty concluded with Saladin ; Richard leaves Palestine ; ship-
wrecked near Aquileia, he is seized by the archduke of Austria, and imprisoned
by the emperor Henry. Conrad's widow marries Henry of Champagne, and
transfers to him her titular sovereignty, which Guy relinquishes for that of
king of Cyprus. Philip Augustus, on his return, intrigues with Prince John,
and invades Normandy; he is repulsed by the garrison of Rouen. The
emperor Isaac defeated by the Bulgarians. Henry Dandolo elected dogo of
Venice. Roger Hoveden, and Benedict, abbot of Peterborough, write their
Chronicles.
.188 TO 1201 A.D.
365
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
1195
1197
1198
1200
1201
The pope threatens to excommunicate the princes who bold king Richard in cap-
tivity. John attempts to occupy his brother's throne ; is resisted by the
barons. Death of Saladin, March 24, set. 57 ; his three sons divide his empire.
Acre, given to the Knights Hospitallers, is called St. John d'Acre. The Bulga-
rians plunder Varna, Anchialus, and other towns. The Christian princes ir
Spain settle their differences, and unite against the Moors. Discord and wars
among the municipal republics of Italy. George II. Xiphilin, patriarch of CP.
Richard, released for a ransom of 150,000 marks, returns to England, May 13
declares war against Philip Augustus, and lands in Normandy with his army :
pardons his brother John. Tancred dies of grief for the loss of his eldest son,
Roger ; his other son, William, is proclaimed, but is soon overpowered by the
emperor Henry, who conquers Apulia and Sicily. Battle between the Genoese
and Pisan fleets in the harbour of Messina. The Bulgarians defeat the emperor
Isaac at Arcadiopolis, and advance to Adrianople.
The emperor Isaac dethroned by his brother, Alexius. Battle of Alarcos, July 19 ;
Alfonso VIII., defeated by the Moors; 20.000 prisoners released by Jakub
Almansor. Philip, brother of the emperor Henry, marries Irene, widow of
young Roger of Sicily, and daughter of Isaac Angelus ; he receives from his
brother Tuscany and all the territories vacant by the death of duke Guelf.
The emperor Henry's young son, Frederic, elected king of the Romans, the
duchy of Swabia given to Philip. Revolt of the Sicilians quelled with great
cruelty; the count of Acerra put to death. Calatrava taken by the Moors, and
Toledo threatened. Azzo, marquis of Este, leads the Guelf faction in Ferrara.
Joannice, king of the Bulgarians.
Richard concludes a truce for five years with Philip Augustus. Fresh discord
between the Christian princes favours the progress of the Moors in Spain ; they
take Madrid and Alcala de Henares. Death of the emperor Henry, at Messina,
Sep. 28. Death of Peter Waldo.
Contest for the crowns of Germany and Italy, between Philip of Swabia, sup-
ported by the Ghibelins, and Otho of Brunswick, son of Henry the Lion, who
is chosen by the Guelfs. Frederic, son of the late emperor, is acknowledged in
Sicily, with his mother, Constance, as regent, and on her death, pope Innocent III,
the successor of Celestin. The March of Ancona, and duchy of Spoleto, annexed
to the papal States. Florence becomes an independent Republic. Battle of
Gisors ; Richard's war-cry, " Dieu et mon Droit." Death of Henry of Cham-
pagne ; his widow, Isabella, marries Henry, duke of Brabant, and soon after-
wards, Almeric, who had succeeded his brother Guy as king of Cyprus, and now
unites to it the titular sovereignty of Jerusalem. Fulk of Neuilly preaches
another crusade. John X., patriarch of CP.
Richard mortally wounded atChalus, in Limoges ; John usurps the throne, to the
exclusion of Geoffrey's son, Arthur of Britanny, who is acknowledged in Maine,
Poitou, and Touraine. A quarreL between Parma and Placentia inflames a
general war among the Lombard cities. Averroes, the Arabian physician, fl. at
Morocco. Saladin's brother, Safadin, usurps the dominions of his nephews.
Treaty between king John and Philip Augustus, who forsakes Arthur. John
divorces his queen, Avisa, daughter of the earl of Gloucester, and marries Isa-
bella, daughter of the duke of Angouleme. Alfonso, king of Castile, takes Biscay,
Alava, and Guipuscoa from Sancho of Navarre. Marquard claims the guardian-
ship of Frederic, under the will of the deceased emperor ; pope Innocent sends
an army, and defeats him near Palermo. Holstein conquered by Canute, king
of Denmark. Innocent compels Philip Augustus to take back his queen, Inge-
burga, whom he had divorced. The cathedral of Rouen rebuilt.
Preparations for the fourth crusade ; treaty of the nobles of France and Flanders
with Venice. Innocent III. decides in favour of Otho, as emperor of Germany ;
the adherents of Philip protest. Marquard obtains the regency of Sicily, and
dies soon after ; his place is taken by Capparone. Alexius, srm of the deposed
Isaac Angelus, escapes and comes to Italy. Death of Constance, mother of
prince Arthur. Saxo Grammaticus writes his Danish history. Marriage of
Alfonso, king of Leon, to Garsenda, daughter of Alfonso of Castile.
366
FROM THE YEAE
A.D.
1
Hegira.
East-
ern Em-
Popes.
Ara-
Spain.
Castilk Ara- Nav- Moors.
France.
Bohe-
Ger-
pire.
bia.
& Leon. GON. ARRE.
mia.
many.
1202
599
S Alex-
ius 111.
5 In-
nocent
III.
23 Al
Naser.
45 Al-
fonso
VIII of
Castile.
Alfonso
IX.
Leon.la
7 Pe-
dro
II.
9 San-
cho
VII.
5 Mo-
hamad
Abdal-
la.
23Philip
Augus-
tus.
6 Pre-
mislas
I. or
Otto-
car I.
Still
1203
600
1 Isaac,
restored.
6
24
46-16
*—
10
6— -
24
7
con-
tested.
1204
601
1 Bald-
win I.
7
25—
47—17
9
11 —
7
25 -
8
1205
1206
602
603
2
1 Hen-
3
26
27
48 18
m
12
13
8
9
26
27
9
10
9
49—19 U
ry.
1207
604
2
10
28
50—20
12
11
10
28
11
1 Phi-
lip of
Swa-
bia.
1208
605
3
11
"9
51—21
13
15
11
29
12
lOtho
IV.
1209
606-607
4
12
30
52—22
11
16- —
12
30
13
2
1210
607-608
5
13
31
53—23
IS—
17
13
31
14
o
1211
1212
608—609
609-610
6
14
15
32
33
54—24
55—25
16
17
18
19
14
15
32
33
16
j[
1213
610—611
8
16
34-
56—26
Uas.
I.
20
1 Yusef
Almo-
stansir.
34
17
6—
1214
611—612
9
17
35
1 Hen-
ry I.
27
2
21
2
35
18
7
1215
612—613
10
18
36
2—28
3
22
3
36 —
19
1 Fre-
deric
IX.
1202 TO 1215 A.D.
367
Eepe-
1202
1203
1204
1205
( Doges
! of Ve-
nice.
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1215
11 Hen-
ry Dan-
dolo.
12 —
13 10
Tusca-
CANY.
8 Philip.
1 Pietro
Ziani,
10
Flan-
ders.
11
Portu-
gal.
24 San-
cho I.
25
1 Alfon
soli.
9 Bald-
win IX.
1 Jane
and Fer-
dinand
Den-
mark.
10
1 Wal-
demar
II.
Swe-
den.
4Sver-
ker
II.
Po-
land
3 Les
sek I.
10 — -
lErik
X.
Hun-
gary.
7 Erne- 8 Panic
ric. II
Russia
1 Wla-
dislas
II.
1 An-
drew II
Scot-
land.
Willi
&m.,the
Lion.
Dec. 9
10
■ '39-
41-
42-
1 Wse-
wolod
III.
1 Ms-
tislas
III.
Eng-
land.
48-
1 A-
lexan
derll
Dec. 4.
2
4 John,
May 23. i
5 May 15.
I
June 3.
|
7 M ay 19.
8 May 11
b. Hen-
ry III.
9May31
10 May lo.
HMay7.
12 May 27-
13 May 12-
14 May*
L5May2i
17 May 29.
368
FROM THE TEAB
A.D.
1204
1206
1207
Events and Eminent Men.
1209
Boniface of Montferrat chosen general of the crusade ; departure of the fleet
from Venice, Oct. 2. Siege of Zara. The expedition winters in Dalmatia.
Philip of Swabia urges the crusaders to replace his father-in-law, Isaac Angelus,
on the throne. Dandolo disregards Innocent's threat of excommunication.
Prince Arthur made prisoner by John, and murdered. Papal interdict on the
kingdom of Leon, because Alfonso refuses to annul his marriage.
The young Alexius joins the crusaders. Constantinople taken, July 18. Restor-
ation of Isaac Angelus; his son proclaimed with him Alexius IV. Judgment
of the French peers against John for the murder of Arthur; his lands in
France are occupied by Philip Augustus.
Tumults at CP. The Greeks elect Mourzoufie for emperor. Isaac and his son,
Alexius, are put to death. The Latins again besiege and take the city, April 9;
they make Baldwin, count of Flanders, emperor. Division of the empire;
Boniface has the kingdom of Thessalonica. The Venetians obtain many im-
portant maritime districts, which increase their trade. Many Greeks take re-
fuge in Asia. Theodore Lascaris, son-in-law of Alexius Angelus, takes the title
of emperor, at Nicsea. Alexius Comnenus founds the empire of Trebizond.
Pedro, king of Arragou, goes to Rome, and does homage to the pope as his liege
lord. A papal legate is sent to crown Joannice king of Bulgaria, who acknow-
ledges the supremacy of the Roman pontiff. Geoffrey de Villehardouin writes his
Chronicle of the Fourth Crusade. Thomas Morosini, first Latin patriarch of C P.
Baldwin, defeated and made prisoner at Adrianople by the Bulgarians and re-
volted Greeks, dies in captivity. His brother, Henry, victorious in Bithynia,
is recalled to oppose these enemies. Death of Henry Dandolo, at CP., June 1.
The four bronze horses are carried to Venice. Boniface sells Crete to the Ve-
netians. William de Champlitte founds the principality of Achaia, in the Morea.
Otho de la Roche, duke of Athens. The Greek despotat of Epirus under Michael
Angelus. Normandy submits to Philip Augustus.
Henry of Flanders elected emperor of CP. He endeavours vainly to remedy
the civil and ecclesiastical confusion in his dominions. Temporising policy of
Innocent; the Venetians resist his interference, and disregard his threats'.
John lands with an army at Rochelle, and takes Angers ; on the approach of the
French, he suddenly decamps. Disputes commence respecting the nomination
to the vacant see of Canterbury. Otho, defeated in a great battle by Philip,
takes flight to England. Raymond of Toulouse is compelled to withdraw his
protection from the Waldenses ; they are furiously persecuted. First intro-
duction of the Inquisition. Hugh I. succeeds his father, Amalrich, in Cyprus.
The titular kingdom of Jerusalem descends to Mary, daughter of Isabella and
Conrad (see a.d. 1190), who conveys it by marriage to John De Brienne.
Temugin, acknowledged chief of all the Mongol tribes, takes the name of
Dschingis-khan, and begins his victorious career. Death of the historian
Nicetas. Michael IV. patriarch of the Greek church at Nicsea. University of
Paris founded. .
Philip of Swabia acknowledged by the princes of the empire, and by the pope.
Stephen Langton consecrated archbishop of Canterbury by Innocent; resistance
of king John. Boniface slain in a skirmish with the Bulgarians ; his second
son, Demetrius, succeeds to the kingdom of Thessalonica. Mark Sanudo con-
quers Naxos, and founds his duchy in the Archipelago. Death of Joannice,
king of the Bulgarians. Francis John Bernadoni founds the Franciscan order
of Mendicant Friars.
Assassination of Philip, at Bamberg, by the count of Wittelsbach ; Otho is unani-
mously elected by the diets of Halberstadt and Francfort. Tuscany ceases to
be a separate state, except the republic of Florence. Riniari Dandolo defeats
the attempts of the Genoese on the island of Crete. King John persists in
rejecting Stephen Langton, for which Innocent lays an interdict on the kingdom
of England. Peter de Castellan, the papal legate, assassinated ; crusade against
count Raymond, and the heretics of southern France, now called Albigenses,
Marriage of Otho to Beatrice, daughter of his late rival, Philip ; he cedes to
the pope all the lands of the deceased countess Matilda, and other territories in
TO 1215 A.D.
369
Events and Eminent Men.
Italy ; he is crowned at Rome and Milan; his German attendants quarrel with
the Romans, and jealousy arises between him and Innocent. Salinguerra,
leader of the Ghibelins at Ferrara, expels the marquis Azzo and the Guelfs.
Innocent keeps Frederic, the young king of Sicily, strictly under his tutelage,
and marries him to Constance, daughter of Pedro of Arragon. Excommuni-
cation of king John. Defeat of the Scots in an invasion of England. The
count Raymond submits to the council of Valence ; his lands and heretical sub-
iects are despoiled by Simon de Montfort and his crusaders. Henry, emperor
of CP., holds the parliament of Ravenika. The Christian princes in Spain re-
store peace among themselves, and unite in the league of Mallen.
Otho claims the kingdom of Sicily, and retains some of the lands which he had
agreed to give up : he is excommunicated by the pope. Kaikhosrou, sultan of
Iconium, is defeated by Theodore Lascaris, and falls in battle. Geoffrey de
Villehardouin, nephew of the historian, obtains the principality of Achaia.
Expedition of king John into Ireland. The council of Paris condemns fourteen
heretics to the flames ; orders the works of Aristotle to be burnt, and forbids
all future translations, or reading of them. Dschingis-khan invades China.
The Venetians monopolize the trade of the East.
Innocent arrogates universal dominion ; endeavours to transfer the empire of
Germany to Frederic of Sicily, his ward and pupil ; and absolves the English
people from their oath of allegiance to John. Mohamad collects large forces
against the Christians, and lays siege to Salvalierra. The emperor Otho con-
quers Apulia. King John subdues a rising of the Welsh under Llewellyn, i
The papal legate, Pelagius, irritates the Greeks in CP. The marquis Azzo
recovers his influence in Ferrara
Otho returns to Germany. Frederic of Sicily arrives there, collects a powerful
party, and makes a league with the king of France. Innocent issues a Bull,
deposing king John, and giving the crown of England to Philip Augustus.
Sal vatierra surrenders to Mohamad; after which (July 16) he is totally routed
by the combined Christian forces, on the Navas (plains) de Tolosa, and takes
flight to Africa. Fall of the Almohades in Spain. Death of Azzo, marquis
D'Este; his son, Aldrovandino, inherits his titles and power.
King John, threatened by Philip Augustus, and deserted by his barons, submits
to the pope, and does homage for his crown, to the legate Pandulf. Pedro, king
of Aragon, assists Raymond of Toulouse, and is slain in the battle of Muret,
which Simon de Montfort gains against the Albigenses. Mohamad dies at Mo-
rocco; the minority of his son. Yusef, favours the progress of Alfonso in Spain.
Battle of Castiglione ; the Milanese defeated by the citizens of Cremona. Theo-
dore III. eastern patriarch.
Battle of Bouvines ; Otho, supported by an auxiliary force of English and Flem- 1
ings, is defeated by Philip Augustus, and retires into his hereditary States. I
Meeting of barons at Bury St. Edmund's ; Stephen Langton urges them to j
demand from John a charter of liberties. War renewed between the Byzantine |
and Nicsean emperors. Henry takes Lentianes by storm, and puts to death its
defenders, the brother and son-in-law of Theodore Lascaris. Death of Alfonso,
king of Castile. After a struggle of twelve years, Innocent compels Alfonso of
Leon to divorce his queen, but acknowledges the legitimacy of their children.
Birth of Roger Bacon. Theodore, despot of Epirus.
Magna Charta signed by John at Runnymede, June 19. Innocent attempts to
annul it by a Bull, which Langton refuses to publish, and the barons disregard.
John revokes the charter, hires foreign mercenaries, and takes the castle of Ro-
chester. Frederic II. crowned king of Germany at Aix-la-Chapelle. Innocent exacts
from him a promise to give up the kingdom of Sicily to his young son, Henry, and
to undertake a crusade in the Holy Land. The Twelfth General Council (Fourth
Lateran) decrees Transubstantiation to be a doctrine of the church, enforces
auricular confession, and transfers the greatest part of the lands of count Ray-
mond to Simon de Montfort. The priests of the Byzantine empire permitted to
celebrate divine service in the Greek language, if they inculcate the papal supre-
macy. Maximus I. and Manuel I., eastern patriarchs. Origin of the Dominicans.
_ , __
370
FEOM THE TEAR
A.D.
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
613—614
1223
1225
615-616
616—617
617—618
620—621
621—622
62;
624
East-
ern Em-
pire,
1 Peter
of Cour-
tenay
3 —
4 -
. Robert-
1 Ho-
norius
III.
37 Al
Naser.
Ara-
bia.
Spain.
Castile Ara- Nav- MOORS
&Leon. gon. ARRE.
3 Hen-
ry I.
ofCas-
tile.
Alfon-
GO IX.
of Le-
on. 29
1 Fer-
di-
nand
III.
2—31
3—32
4—33
5—34
43 6-35
8—37
1 Al
Zaher,
1 Al
Mos-
tan-
ser.
1 Gre- 2
£ory
IX.
4 Jas. 23San-
I. I cho
VII.
4 Yusef|37Pliilip
Almo-
stansir
'28
11 30-
34-
1 Abul
Melic.
1 Ab-
dallah
Moha-
mad.
2
1 Abu
lola.
Augus-
tus.
43
1 Louis
VIII.
1 Louis
IX.
Saint
Louis,
Port-
ugal.
Geb-
MART,
6 Al-
fonso
II.
ISan-
cho II
2Fre
derio
II.
11-
1216 TO 1227 A.D,
371
Repe-
tition
Dates.
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
l2Pietro
Ziani
11 Jane
and Fer-
dinand.
Bohe-
mia.
20 Pre-
mislas
or Otto-
car I
13
12
14 - —
13
15 - —
14 —
16 — -
15
17
16
18
17
19
18
20
19
21
20 - —
22 —
21
Den-
mark.
15 Wal-
demar
II.
27
38
23
25
26
Swe-
den.
Uohn
28 17
lErik
XI.
Po-
land
23Les-
sek I.
24-
25-
Hun-
GARY,
12 An
drew
II.
31-
lBo-
leslas
V.
20
Russia. | Scot-
land.
3 Mstis-
las III
1 Wla-
dimir
IV.
2
lexan-
derll
Dec. 4
10-
Eng-
land.
18 John.
May 19.
d. Oct. 19,
set. 49.
1 Henry
III.
Oct. 28.
13 11
2 b 2
372
FROM rr IT i: TEAK
1219
1221
1222
Invited by the English barons, Louis, son of Philip Augustus, lands with an
army. John, marching from Lynn-Regis into Lincolnshire, loses his baggage
and many of his men in the quicksands ; he retires to Newark, and dies of vex-
ation. Innocent designs, by his personal exertions, to mediate a peace between
the Genoese and Pisans, and engage them in the projected crusade , on his road
he dies at Perugia, July 6. Death of Henry, emperor of CP. Peter de Cour-
tenay, husband of his sister Yolande, while absent in France, is elected to
fill the vacant throne. Frederic calls his son Henry into Germany. By the
death of Aldrovandino in 1215, his brother, Azzo VII., having become marquis
of Este, the power of the family declines.
William, earl of Pembroke, marshal and regent of England, defeats Louis near
Lincoln, who returns to France. Peter de Courtenay crowned at Rome; is made
prisoner by Theodore, despot of Epirus ; Yolande governs in bis name. The
pope obliges Andrew, king of Hungary, to begin the fifth crusade. The city of
Toulouse refuses to admit Simon de Montfort, and recalls count Raymond.
Haco V., king of Norway.
Death of Otho of Brunswick. Frederic seizes the palatinate of the Rhine. Arter
some fruitless attempts in Palestine, John de Brienne leads the crusaders
against Egypt; they take the port and outworks of Damietta. The sultan
Saphadin dies of vexation. Simon de Montfort killed while besieging Toulouse ;
his son, Amaury, continues the Avar. The earl of Pembroke, in the name of
Henry III., orders Magna Charta to be publicly read and obeyed. A Bull of
Honorius forbids the teaching of the civil law in the university of Paris. Wal
demar, king of Denmark, conquers Livonia and Courland, and is master of
nearly all the southern coast of the Baltic, including Hamburg and Lubeck.
Dschingis-khan invades Carisme, and drives the sultan Mohammed out of the
field. Geoffrey de Villehardouin II. succeeds his father in Achaia.
The city of Damietta taken by the crusaders, and Cairo threatened. Death of the
earl of Pembroke ; Peter des Roches, bishop of Winchester, and Hubert de
Burg, succeed him as joint regents of England. Dschingis-khan takes Samar-
kand, and sends his son, Toushi, to conquer Kipzak. The sultan Mohammed is
succeeded by his son Gelaleddin. Peter of Courtenay dies a prisoner in Epirus,
and the empress Yolande at CP. Their eldest son, Philip, count of Namur, re-
fuses the imperial crown.
Henry, son of Frederic, elected king of the Romans. Frederic crowned emperor
at Rome. Honorius stipulates that the crown of Germany and Sicily shall
never be united, that the lands of the countess Matilda shall be given up to the
church, and that the emperor shall undertake at once the promised crusade.
Malek-kamel, son and successor of Saphadin, offers to the crusaders in Egypt
favourable terms of peace, the acceptance of which is prevented by the violence
of the legate Pelagius. The king of Hungary returns to his States, and finds
his son, Bela, at the head of a rebellion against him. Robert, second son of
Peter and Yolande, elected emperor of CP. Flourishing period of English
minstrels, French troubadours, and German minnesingers. Westminster Abbey
rebuilt. The cathedrals of Salisbury and Amiens commenced. Death of Mark
Sanudo ; his son, Angelo, is second duke of Naxos.
The advice of John de Brienne is over-ruled by Pelagius, and the Christian army
in Egypt utterly ruined ; Damietta given up to the Turks. Honorius threatens
to excommunicate the emperor for not joining the crusade. Frederic sends out
an armament of forty galleys under the count of Malta, who arrives too late.
He visits Sicily ; holds a parliament at Messina, and promulgates good laws for
the government of that kingdom. Germanus II., patriarch of the Greek church.
The nobles and citizens of Milan, by their mutual jealousies, increase the con-
fusion among the Lombard cities ; the marquis Azzo regains his power in
Ferrara. Marriage of Alexander, king of Scotland, to Jane, eldest sister of
Henry III. Building of the cathedral of Burgos.
Death of Theodore Lascaris ; John Ducas Vataces succeeds him. Theodore,
despot of Epirus, conquers Thessalonica, and takes the title of emperor. Honorius
fails in his project of a congress at Verona, to organize a new crusade ; he issues
1216 TO 1227 A.D.
373
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
Events and Eminent Men.
a Bull, declaring Henry III. of age. Death of the empress Constance. Andrew
appeases the troubles of Hungary by his Golden Bull, granting privileges to
the nobles and clergy. Battle between the Genoese and Pisan fleets in the har-
bour of Acre. Death of Raymond, count of Toulouse ; his son recovers nearly
all his paternal states. Gelaleddin is driven over the Indus by Dschingis-khan,
who remains master of all Carizme. The university of Padua founded. Alaed-
din, sultan of Iconium. Brescia nearly destroyed by an earthquake. The mar-
quis Azzo and the Guelfs again expelled from Ferrara by Salinguerra. Death
of Alexius, emperor of Trebizond; his son-in-law, Andronicus Ghidos, succeeds.
Honorius assembles a congress at Ferentino ; the emperor Frederic pledges him-
self to proceed on the crusade within two years, and to marry John de Brienne's
daughter, Yolanthe. Death of Philip Augustus. Henry III. claims from
Louis VIII. the restitution of Normandy. Death of Yusef Almostansir ; leaving
no successor, the civil war of the Alfitna commences among the Almohades.
The first Norwegian parliament, or storthing, held by Haco V. at Bergen.
Waldemar, king of Denmark, taken prisoner by the duke of Schwerin.
Louis invades Poitou, and takes La B,ochelle. Amaury de Montfort cedes his
claims on Toulouse to him. Battle of Pemaneon ; Vataces defeats the emperor
Robert, and extends his conquests to the Hellespont. Theodore, emperor of
Thessalonica, takes Adrianople, The Mongols advance from Kipzak to the river
Kalka, near the mouth of the Don; defeat of the Russians and their allies;
their prince, Mstislas, is slain; the conquerors ravage the south of Russia, and
then retire over the Wolga. Abulmelic, after a reign of eight months in
Murcia, is deposed by Abdallah Mohamad. The Christians invade Valencia,
and take Huejada. Marriage of John de Brienne to Berengaria, sister of the
king of Castile.
Honorius, annoyed by the senate, retires from Rome to Tivoli. Frederic obtains
another delay of two years for his crusade ; he marries Yolanthe at Brindisi, j
and claims the kingdom of Jerusalem, in virtue of her right, inherited from her I
deceased mother (see a.d. 1206). William, count of Montferrat, dies while at-
tempting to recover Thessalonica for his brother, Demetrius ; the expedition
fails. Magna Charta confirmed by Henry III. He sends his uncle, the earl of I
Salisbury, and his brother, Richard, earl of Cornwall, to defend Poitou and Gas-j
cony. The council of Bourges decrees another crusade against Toulouse. The
Lombard cities renew their league, secretly encouraged by the pope. Frederic
orders the students at Bologna to remove to his new university at Naples.
Waldemar regains his liberty by a ransom of 45,000 marks, and relinquishing
most of his conquests. Peace concluded between the Byzantine and Nicsean
emperors.
Louis VIII. dies at Montpensier, in Auvergne, while prosecuting the crusade
against Toulouse ; his widow, Blanche of Castile, assumes the regency for her
son, Louis IX. Honorius mediates a treaty between Frederic and the Lombard
cities ; the decree against the university of Bologna is revoked. Otho de la
Roche resigns the duchy of Athens to his nephew, Guy de Roy. Waldemar re-
conquers Rendsburg and Ditmarsh. Death of John Bernadoni, or Francis of
Assisi; divisions and disputes among the Franciscans.
Death of Honorius; Gregory IX., who succeeds him, vehemently urges the
crusade. Frederic embarks ; the sickness of his army, the death of the land-
grave of Thuringia, and his own bad health, cause him to land again ; he is
excommunicated by the pope. Great disorders in Italy ; Eccelino da Romano
drives the Guelf party out of Verona and Vicenza. Henry III. offends his
subjects by his partiality for foreigners ; he is obliged to dismiss from his council
Peter des Roches, bishop of Winchester, and others Waldemar defeated by
the duke of Saxony at Bornhovet. Death of Dschingis-khan ; four of his sons
divide the empire, among whom Octai is supreme, or Great Khan. Demetrius,
titular king of Thessalonica, dies in Italy. The emperor Frederic writes in
Latin, "De Arte venandi cum avibus." The German epic romances, the HeU
denbuch (Heroes' Book) and Niebelungen lied (Song of the Niebelungen), composed
about this time.
374
FROM THE YEAB
A.D.
Hegi-
HA.
East-
ern Em-
• PIRE.
Popes.
Ara-
bia.
Spain.
Castile Ara- Nav- Moors.
& Leon. gon. arre.
France.
Port-
ugal.
Ger-
many.
1228
626
1 John
de Bri-
enne.
2 Gre-
gory
IX.
3 Al
Mos-
tan-
ser.
12 Fer-
dinand
III. of
Castile.
Alfonso
IX. of
Leon. 41
16Jas.
I.
35San-
cho
VII.
2 Abu-
lola.
3 Louis
IX.
Saint
Louis.
6San-
choll.
14Fre-
deric
II.
1229
627
2
3
4
13 42
reunited.
17
36
3
4 — —
7
15
1230
628
3
4
5
14
18
37
4
5
8
16 j
1231
629
4
5
6
15
19
38
5
6
9
17
1232
630
5
6
7
16
20
39
1 Aben
Hud.
7
10
18
1233
631
6
7
8
17
21
40
2
8
11
19
1234
632
7
8
9
18
22
1 The-
obald
I.
3
9
12
20
1235
633
9
10
19
23
2
4
10
13
21
1236
634
9
10
11
20
24
3
5
11
14
22
1237
635
1 Bald-
win II.
11
12
21
25
4
lMu-
hamad
I.
12 —
15-
23
1238
636
2
12
13
22 ■
26
5
2
13
16
H
1228 TO 1238 A.D.
375
Repe-
tition
Dates
1228
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1257
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
24Pietro
Ziani.
Flan-
ders.
and Fer-
dinand.
1 Jaco- 24
po Tie-
polo.
27
28 Jane
alone.
30
32
Bohe-
mia.
32 Pre-
mislas
or Otto-
car I,
1 Wen-
ceslas
III.
Den-
mark.
27 Wal-
demar
II.
7 Erik
XI.
Po-:
LAND
2 Bo-
leslas
V.
30
31
13 8
Hun-
gary.
24 An-
drew
II.
25-
Russia.
5 Wla-
dimir
IV.
Scot-
land.
15 A-
lexan-
der II.
Dec. 4.
Eng-
land.
13Henry
III.
37 17
27-
30 11
IBela
IV
1 Jaro-
slav II
20
21
m. Elea-
nor of
Pro-
vence.
22
376
FROM THE YEAR
A.D.
1228
1229
Events and Eminent Men.
1230
1231
Frederic departs for Palestine ; the pope again excommunicates him, absolves
his subjects from their allegiance, declares a crusade against him in Apulia and
Sicily, and sends John de Brienne with an army to reduce those countries.
Frederic lands at Acre. Death of Robert de Courtenay ; his brother, Baldwin,
the rightful heir, being only nine years old, the barons of Romania elect John
de Brienne, ast. 80, emperor for life, under a convention that Baldwin is to be
his successor. Death of Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury; his suc-
cessor, Edmund, preserves Magna Charta from infringement. The empress
Yolanthe dies in giving birth to her son Conrad.
The papal army makes great progress in Apulia. Frederic at Acre ; the Hospi-
tallers and Templars are forbidden by the pope to obey him ; he concludes a
treaty, by which the sultan restores Jerusalem and other cities ; he hastens
back to Italy, and recovers the territories taken from him in his absence. The'
proceedings of Gregory cause much dissatisfaction through all Christendom.
Close of the crusade against the Albigenses ; count Raymond gives up all his
lands west of the Rhone, and affiances his only daughter and heiress to Alfonso,
brother of Louis. The council of Toulouse interdicts to laymen the reading of
the Scriptures, and organizes a more effectual Inquisition for the suppression of
heresy. The Folkunger grow powerful in Sweden, and for a time expel Erik
from the throne.
Reconciliation of the emperor and pope. First arrival of the Teutonic knights m
Prussia. Unsuccessful expedition of Henry III. in France. Death of Alfonso,
king of Leon ; under his son, Ferdinand III., that kingdom is reunited to Castile.
Ferdinand pushes his conquests to Jaen. The pope gives the government of
Spoleto and Ancona to Milo, bishop of Beauvais. A great flood in Rome, Feb. 1,
followed by a pestilence. Theodore, emperor of Thessalonica, defeated, made
prisoner, and blinded by Asan, king of Bulgaria; his brother, Manuel, usurps
his throne. Michael II. despot of Epirus. The Livonian Knights of the Short
Sword conquer Courland. The Lithuanians give the title of Great Prince to
their leader, Ringold.
Gregory issues severe Bulls against heretics, forbids laymen to dispute on the
doctrines of faith, and gives new privileges to the religious orders. The Domi-
nicans and Franciscans contend for superiority in the University of Paris.
Thorn, on the Vistula, founded by the Teutonic Knights. John de Brienne
arrives at CP. Negotiations for the union of the Greek and Latin churches.
Death of Elizabeth, daughter of Andrew, king of Hungary, and widow of Louis
VI., landgrave of Hesse ; the cathedral of Marburg dedicated to her. The Al-
magest of Ptolemy translated into Latin by order of the emperor Frederic. The
Zuyder Zee formed. Orthogrul obtains from Alaeddin, sultan of Iconium, a
settlement between the Sangarius and Mount Olympus, for 400 families of
Oghusian Tartars, who had been driven from Khorasan by Dschingis-khan ;
from these the Ottomans descend.
Henry III. dismisses Hubert de Burg, and recalls the bishop of Winchester. The
emperor Frederic meets Salinguerra and Eccelino da Romano at Ravenna, to
concert measures against the marquis Azzo and the Lombard cities, Gregory
establishes tribunals of the Inquisition at Toulouse and Carcassone. Asan
drives Manuel from Thessalonica, releases his prisoner, Theodore, whose
daughter he marries, and places her brother John on the throne. Abulola retires
into Africa and dies ; with him the reign of the Almohades in Spain ceases.
Aben Hud takes Granada ; the Moors in Spain distracted by civil wars ; Fer-
dinand attacks them in Seville, and James, king of Aragon, takes the Balearic
islands. The Carismians cross the Tigris and Euphrates. The Mahometans of
Syria request assistance from the Christians. Gregory, by a Bull, directs the
Knights of Palestine to obey the emperor Frederic as king of Jerusalem.
University College, Oxford, founded by William, archdeacon of Durham. The
first commercial company, called " the Steel-yard Society," established in
London. Large flights of locusts in Italy.
Rebellion of the English barons against the foreign favourites of Henry III.
Commotions in Rome and Sicily. The friar Giovanni of Vicenza preaches
1228 TO 1238 A.D.
377
1234
1236
1238
Events and Eminent Men.
peace among the jities and States of Italy ; assembly of their deputies on a
plain near Verona ; a treaty of concord signed, which lasts only six days. John
de Brienne makes war on John Vataces, and recovers some fortresses in Asia.
Amadeus IV. succeeds his father, Tommaso, count of Savoy. The Dominican,
Conrad of Marburg, the first Inquisitor in Germany, put to death for his cruelty
The convent of Port Royal founded. Coal first discovered near Newcastle.
Assassination of the earl of Pembroke ; the bishop of Winchester and his officers
are again expelled. Rebellion of Henry, son of the emperor Frederic. The
five books of Canon Laws, or Decretals, published by Raymond de Pennafert.
Gregory driven from Rome by the senate and citizens, who resist his temporal
power and seize his revenues ; he appeals to the emperor and other princes for
assistance. League of John Vataces with Asan, the Bulgarian ; the empire of
Thessalonica suppressed. Northern China conquered by the Mongols. Death
of Sancho VII., king of Navarre; he is succeeded by his nephew, Theobald,
count of Champagne. Marriage of Andrew, king of Hungary, to Beatrice,
daughter of Aldrovandino, late marquis of Este. Erik overcomes the Folkunger,
and regains the throne of Sweden. The citizens of Rome attack Viterbo, and
are repulsed by the united forces of the empire and the church. The bishop of
Winchester, a refugee in Italy, commands the papal army.
Marriage of the emperor Frederic to Isabella, youngest sister of Henry III., at
Worms ; he forbids the extravagant payments usually made on such occasions
to buffoons, mimics, and players. Submission of his son, Henry, who is degraded
by the diet of Mentz, and imprisoned. Death of Andrew, king of Hungary; his
son, Bela, defeats the duke of Austria, to whom the crown was offered by some
nobles, and imprisons his mother-in-law, Beatrice; she escapes to her family in
Italy, where she gives birth to a son, named Stephen. John Vataces crosses the
Hellespont and conquers the Thracian Chersonesus; he joins the Bulgarians
and threatens Constantinople. Ubeda surrenders to Ferdinand, king of Castile.
The Golden Horde of Mongolians establish themselves on the plain of Kipzak,
or Kapzak, under Batou, grandson of Dschingis-khan. John I. (Avouchos)
emperor of Trebizond.
William, bishop of Valence, uncle of queen Eleanor, obtains great influence over
Henry III., and brings many of his countrymen to England. The parliament of
Merton rejects the canon law : " Nolumus Leges Anglise mutari." The emperor
Frederic begins war against the Lombard cities, and, aided by Eccelino da Ro-
mano, takes Verona and Vicenza. Cordova and part of Andalusia conquered by
Ferdinand. James, king of Aragon, attacks Valencia. Batou invades Russia;
his approach causes Asan to withdraw from Romania, that he may protect Bul-
garia. Alaeddin, sultan of Iconium, poisoned by his son, Gajaseddin Kaik-
hosrou II., who succeeds him.
Battle of Cortenuova, Nov. 27 ; the Carroccio of the Milanese is sent by Frederic to
Rome and placed in the Capitol ; their Podesta, Pietro Tiepolo, son of the doge
of Venice, is made prisoner and put to death. The Venetians declare against
the emperor; Conrad, his second son, is elected king of the Romans. Aben Hud
is murdered by his generals ; civil war rages fiercely among the Moors ; Muha-
mad Aben Alahmar establishes the kingdom of Granada. The Livonian knights,
defeated by the Lithuanians, join the Teutonic knights in Prussia, who extend
their conquests.. Death of John de Brienne. Baldwin II. visits Flanders to
implore assistance from Western Europe. Asan changes his policy, and supports
the falling empire of the Latins in Romania. The salt-works of Wilicska in
Poland formed.
Frederic fails in his siege of Brescia. The marquis of Este defeated at Padua.
League of Venice, Genoa and the pope against the emperor. Valencia taken
by the king of Aragon, Sep. 29. Batou conquers Kiow, drives Wladimir from
his throne, and sets up Iaroslav as a vassal of the Golden Horde. Death of
Malek al Kamel, sultan of Egypt. Manuel I., called the Great Captain, em-
peror of Trebizond. Death of Peter des Roches, thirty-two years bishop
of Winchester. The Merines in Africa, under Muarref Mohamad, rise in
power.
378
FEOM THE TEAR
A.D.
Hegira.
1239
637
1240
63S
1241
639—640
1242
640—641
1243
641—642
1244
642—643
1245
643—644
1246
644-645
1247
645—646
1248
646-647
East-
ern Em- Popes,
pire
3 Bald-
win II,
^Gre-
gory
IX.
14-
lCe-
lestin
IV
Va-
cant.
1 In
nocent
IV
10
12
Ara-
bia.
14 Al
Mos-
tan-
1 Al
Mo-
star
Spain.
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors,
tile. gon. arre.
France
23Fer-
di-
nand
III.
24-
25-
27Jas
I.
28-
29-
26 130
27-
30-
31-
31-
32-
3 The-
obald
3Mu-
hamad
I.
14 Louis
IX.Sai?t<
Louis.
16
18
19
20
21
Port-
ugal.
17 San
cho
II.
18
19-
20-
Ger-
MANY
25 Fre-
deric
II
26
27-
24-
1 Al-
fonso
III.
34
1239 TO 1248 A.D.
379
Repe-
tition
Doges
of Ve-
Flan-
Bohe-
Den-
Swe-
Poland.
Hunga-
Rus-
Scot-
Eng-
Dates.
nice.
debs.
mia.
mark.
den.
ry.
sia.
land.
land.
1239
11 Jaco-
po Tie-
polo.
34 Jane.
10 Wen-
ceslas
III.
38
Wal-
demar
II.
18 E-
rik
XI.
13 Bo-
leslas V.
5 Bela
IV.
2 Jaro-
slav II.
26 A-
lexan-
der II.
Dec. 4.
24Henry
III.
Oct. 28.
b. Ed-
ward I.
June 16.
1240
1241
12
13 —
35
36
11 —
12 —
14
15
7
3
4
27
28
25
26
lErik
IV.
20—
1242
14 _
37
13
2
21
16
8
5
29
27 ■
1243
15
38 —
14
-
22
17
9
6
30
28
1244
16
1 Mar-
garet
II.
15
\
23
18
10
7
31
29
1245
17
2
16
5—
24
19 _
11
8
32
30
1246
18 —
3
17
6
25
20
12
9
33
31
1247
19
4
18
7
26
21 ■
13
lSwa-
toslav
III.
34
32 —
1248
20
5
19 —
27
22
14
2
35
33
380
FEOM THE YEAH
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
1240
1241
The emperor, having married his natural son, Enzio, to Adelaide, heiress of the
two principalities of Torri and Gallura, creates him king of Sardinia; Gregory
claims the island, and excommunicates Frederic, denouncing him as a heretic
and atheist, and absolving his subjects from their allegiance. Frederic justifies
himself in a manifesto drawn up by his chancellor, Peter de Vineis. The Ve-
netians and Bolognese take Ravenna. Theobald of Navarre (the troubadour king),
with the counts of Bar and Montfort, undertakes a crusade in the Holy Land;
he breaks the truce with the sons of Malek el Kamel, who defeat him and
capture Jerusalem ; he returns with the loss of his noble companions and two-
thirds of his forces. Disputes begin between Sancho, king of Portugal, and his
nobles and clergy. Baldwin II. returns to CP. with a large army, raised by the
sale of the holy crown of thorns and other relics to the king of France, who
builds the Sainte Chapelle for their reception. Many heretics burnt this year.
Elbing built by Conrad, landgrave of Thiiringen, grand master of the Teutonic
Knights. Bela permits the Cuman fugitives to settle in Hungary.
Gregory proclaims a crusade against the emperor ; he sends ecclesiastics into other
countries to raise money ; in England they obtain benefices and offices that
produce 70,000 marks yearly. The Venetians and marquis Azzo d'Este take
Ferrara ; Salinguerra is treacherously seized by the papal legate and sent to
Venice, where he soon dies a prisoner, set. 80. Frederic recovers Ravenna and
Faenza : Alessandria submits to him ; he ravages the papal States and Tuscany;
Florence holds out. Simon de Montfort, and Gilbert, earl of Pembroke, are the
favourites of Henry III. ; his brother, Richard, earl of Cornwall, visits Pales-
tine, redeems Jerusalem from its captors., repairs its fortifications, and induces
the sultan to renew the truce for two years. Alfonso, son of Ferdinand, concludes
the treaty, by which his father's supremacy is established in the Moorish king-
dom of Murcia. Waldemar founds the bishopric of Revel, creates the Danebrog
Order of Knighthood, and publishes his code of laws. Baldwin, in his campaign
against Vataces, loses almost all his possessions in Asia ; his Latin auxiliaries,
receiving no pay, abandon him. Rebellion of count Skule, in Norway, suppressed
by Haco V. The Swedes in Finland make encroachments on Russia. The
students of Oxford, ill-treated by the townspeople, withdraw to Cambridge.
Ferdinand founds the university of Salamanca, and transfers to it the schools
established by his grandfather, Alfonso, at Palencia. Methodius II. patriarch
of the Greek church.
A Pisan and Sicilian fleet, by order of Frederic, captures (May 3) twenty-two Genoese
galleys, in which cardinals, prelates, and ambassadors, summoned by Gregory,
were proceeding to hold a council at Rome ; the prisoners are confined in Naples
and Apulia. The emperor takes Beneventum and besieges Genoa by sea and
land; the citizens defend themselves bravely. The Mongolians, of the Golden
Horde, ravage Hungary, Poland, and Silesia ; Bela is driven by them into Dal-
matia. Frederic, wishing to be at liberty to oppose these invaders, employs the
earl of Cornwall, on his way home from Palestine, in fruitless negotiations with
the pope for peace. Death of Gregory, Aug. 21. Celestin IV. survives his election
only eighteen days ; the papal chair remains vacant twenty months. Henry
III. disgusts his subjects by his favours to foreigners and infringements of
Magna Charta ; the parliament refuses to grant him money. Eleanor, daughter
of Geoffrey, duke of Brittany, and grand-daughter of Henry II., the rightful
heiress of the crown, dies in Bristol castle, where she had been confined thirty-
nine years. Death of Waldemar, king of Denmark ; his three youngest sops
make war on their elder brother, Erik. Caloman inherits the throne of Bul-
garia, on the decease of his father, Asan. John Vataces is recalled from the
siege of Thessalonica, by the approach of the Southern Mongols towards Ana-
tolia. Alexander Newski, son of Jaroslav, defeats the Swedes near the Neva.
Death of Snorro Sturleson, composer of the Edda.
Henry III. lands in France, and is defeated by Louis at Taillebourg and Saintes,
July 21 and 22. The Mongolians repulsed at Olmutz, in Moravia, begin to
retreat. Aldermen first elected in London. Thomas Wykes and Walter Hem-
ingford write English Chronicles. Gerard Von Malsberg, grand master of the
Teutonic Knights in Prussia.
1239 TO 1248 A.D. S8I
1243
Events and Eminent Men.
Frederic urges the cardinals to appoint a pope, and releases some of his prisoners
to attend the conclave. Innocent IV. elected, June 24. Negotiations for peace
again abortive. Enzio, with an imperial army, is repelled by the Milanese ;
assisted by a Pisan fleet, he relieves Savona, besieged by the Genoese. A truce
for five years concluded between England and France. Richard, earl of Corn-
wall, marries Sancha. daughter of the earl of Provence. Death of Hubert de
Burg. Denia surrenders to the Aragonese. Muhamad gives up Jaen to Fer-
dinand, and places the kingdom of Granada under his protection. Batou evacu-
ates Hungary, and returns to Kapzak ; Russia remains tributary to the Golden
Horde. The Carismians overrun Syria ; defeat the combined forces of the
Christians and Ayoubites near Gaza; capture and pillage Jerusalem. The
pope gives Prussia to the Teutonic Knights, and erects four bishoprics there.
Matthew Paris, monk of St. Alban's, writes his History. Robert Grossetete,
bishop of Lincoln, theol. aniphil.
Innocent IV. escapes from Rome, and fixes his court at Lyons. Louis IX., in a fit
of sickness, vows to undertake a crusade. Death of John, despot of Thessalonica ;
his brother, Demetrius, succeeds. Mark Sanudo II. duke of the Archipelago.
Gajaseddin Kaikhosrou, sultan of Iconium, defeated by the Mongols at Kou-
sadac. Baldwin II. again visits the West, to beg for support. Henry, count of
Hohenlohe, grand master of the Teutonic Knights. Manuel II. patriarch of the
Greek church. Alexander de Hales, " the Irrefragable Doctor," cultivates theo-
logy and Arabic literature.
Innocent holds the Thirteenth General council at Lyons, where he excommunicates
and deposes the emperor Frederic, and Sancho, king of Portugal ; deputies from
the nobles and clergy of England appear there, and protest against the extor-
tions practised on them by the papal emissaries ; they declare King John's act.
of submission to have been made without the consent of his subjects, and there-
fore not valid ; Baldwin pleads before the council for assistance. Louis pledges
many of his nobles against their will to join him in a crusade. Death of
Caloman, king of Bulgaria. John Vataces extends his empire both in Asia and
Europe. Origin of the Hanseatic League. Westminster Abbey completed by
Henry III. Thomas Aquinas studies at Paris. Death of Roderic Ximenes, arch-
bishop of Toledo and historian of Spain, while returning from the council of Lyons.
Conference at Clugny between Louis and Innocent; the latter refuses all terms of
accommodation short of Frederic's unconditional submission ; he urges the
election of a new emperor in Germany; the temporal princes oppose this: the
archbishops of Mentz, Cologne, and Treves elect Henry landgrave of Thilringen,
Frederic's son, Conrad, collects an army, which is defeated ; the duke of Bavaria
takes up his cause. The papal agents form conspiracies in Apulia, which
Frederic in person puts down. Great discontent in England, France, and Italy,
in consequence of the large contributions exacted by Innocent from the clergy,
to defray his expenses. Ferdinand lays siege to Seville ; the Moors of Granada
assist him. with an army under Muhamad. Xativa surrenders to the king of
Aragon. John Vataces conquers Thessalonica, and annexes it to his empire.
William de Villehardouin, prince of Achaia, takes Corinth. Peter de Vineis dis-
missed from office, fined, and imprisoned.
Death of Henry of Thiiringen; at the instigation of Innocent, the ecclesiastical
princes elect William, count of Holland, and crown him king of the Romans at
Aix-la-Chapelle. Parma, recovered by the papal party, is besieged by Frederic.
The English parliament, offended by the obstinate attachment of Henry III. to
his foreign favourites, refuses to grant him supplies ; remonstrates also agai
the large sums levied in the kingdom by the pope, and resists the payment of
them. Seville surrenders to Ferdinand.
The emperor is obliged to raise the siege of Parma, Feb. 18. Louis IX. sails with
his crusaders, and winters in Cyprus; Blanche of Castile regent during his
absence. The Portuguese expel their king, Sancho, who dies at Toledo, and Is
succeeded by his brother, Alfonso. William de Villehardouin takes Nauplia
and Monemvasia, and completes the conquest of the Morea. The Genoese sur-
prise Rhodes. Henry III. dismisses the parliament, and raises money by forced
loans and the sale of his jewels.
382
FROM THE TEAB
A.D.
Hegira.
East-
ern Em-
fire.
Popes.
Ara-
bia.
Spain.
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors,
tile. gun. arre.
France.
Port-
ugal.
Ger-
many.
1-449
647—648
13 Bald-
win II.
7 In-
nocent
IV.
7 Al
Mo-
sta-
sem.
^Fer-
di-
nand
III.
37Jas.
I.
16
The-
obald
I.
13 Mu-
ll am ad
I.
24 Louis
I X. Saint
Lov.is.
2 Al-
fonso
III.
35Fre-
deric
II.
1
1250
648—649
14
8
8
34
3S
17
14
25
3- —
36
d. Dec.
13.
1 Con-
radlV.
1251
1252
649-650
650-651
15
16
9
10
18
15
16
26
27 - —
1
2
3
10
1 Al-
fonso
X.
40
1253
651—652
17
11
11
2
41-
1 The-
obald
II.
17
28
6
4
1254
652-653
18
1 A-
lexan-
der
IV.
12
*—
42
2
18
29
7
1 Wil-
liamof
Hol-
land.
1255
653—654
19
2
13
43
3—
19
30
1256
1257
654—655
656
20
21
3
4
14
15
44
45
1
20
21
31
32
9
10-
3
lRich-
ard,
earl of
Corn-
wall.
6
5
Sa-
voy.
1258
657
22
5
6 Bo-
nifacio
Rolan-
do.
46
6
22
33
11
2
1249 TO 1258 A.D.
383
Repe-
tition
1249
1250 I 2
1252
1254
1257
1258
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
1 Mari
uo Moro-
sino.
1 Rani-
eri Ze-
no.
Flan-
ders.
6 Mar
garet II.
Bohe-
20 Wen-
ceslas
III.
21
1 Otto-
car II.
Den-
mark.
9 Erik 28 E-
IV. rikXl
Swe-
den.
1 Abel
1 Chris-
topher
1 Wal-
deniar.
Po- Hun-
land. GARY
23 Bo-
lesl,
V.
27-
28-
15 Be-
lalV
Russia
1 An-
drew
II.
18-
29 21
Scot-
land.
Eng-
land.
1 Alex- 341 ienry
ander III.
HE Oct. 28.
July 9.
1 Alex-
ander I
Newski.
37
38
6 39
4 7 40
5 7-
10
43
384
FROM THE YEAB
A.D.
1249
Events and Eminent Men.
The crusaders land in Egypt and take Damietta. Enzio defeated and made pri-
soner at Fossalta, May 26 ; he is detained in captivity at Bologna for the rest of
his life (23 years). Eccelino da Romano conquers Relluno and the marquisate
of Este. Birger Jarl restores the ascendancy of the Folkunger in Sweden
Michael Scott translates the works of Aristotle. Albert the Great teaches at
Cologne. Death of William of Anvergne.
Battle of Mansourah, April 5 ; total defeat of the crusaders ; Louis and the re-
mainder of his army made prisoners ; they obtain their liberty by restoring
Damietta and binding themselves to abstain from further hostilities. They
retire to St. John d'Acre. The Mamelukes assassinate the sultan, Turan Shah,
and make themselves masters of Egypt ; Ibeg, their first sultan, Death of the
emperor Frederic, in Apulia, Dec. 13, set. 5S ; his son, Conrad, succeeds as king
of Sicily, and is acknowledged as king of Germany by most of the temporal
princes; his rival, William of Holland, obtains little authority, although sup-
ported by the ecclesiastical States and the papal party. Frederic, by his will,
leaves his natural son, Manfred, regent of Sicily in Conrad's absence. The
marquis Uberto Pelavicino distinguishes himself by the advantages which he
gains for the citizens of Cremona in their contest with Parma. On the death
of Erik XI., Birger Jarl places his young son, Waldemar, on the throne of
Sweden, and makes himself regent ; he introduces the mariner's compass among
the navigators of the Baltic. Erik IV. of Denmark assassinated by his
brother Abel, who obtains the throne. The college of the Sorbonne founded at
Paris. The north transept of York minster begun. Florence adopts a demo-
cratic government and peace between Guelfs and Ghibelins.
Innocent returns to Italy; visits Genoa, Milan, and other cities, and fixes his
residence in Perugia: he excommunicates Conrad, and excites rebellions in
Sicily and Apulia, which Manfred quells. Eccelino da Romano and Uberto Pe-
lavicino continue to support the Ghibelin party ; Conrad comes to Italy.
Mangou succeeds Gujak as Great Khan of the Moguls. Poppo von Osterna,
Grand Master of the Teutonic knights in Prussia. John Vataces recovers
Rhodes from the Genoese. The English laws are introduced into Wales. The
citizens of London pay 500 marks for the privilege of having their mayor sworn
before the barons of the Exchequer. Some lands in the Strand, held of the
Crown by a farrier, are made over to the corporation, and from this time the
sheriffs tender the annual rent of six horse-shoes and nails.
Conrad passes into Apulia, having made pacific overtures, which are rejected by
Innocent, he attacks the adherents of the papal party, takes Capua, and lays
siege to Naples. The Lombard cities, being no longer in fear of Frederic, begin,'
to quarrel among themselves. Death of Ferdinand of Castile, at Seville, Mav
30; accession of his son, Alfonso, the philosopher. Abel, king of Denmark,
falls in battle against the North Frisians ; his brother, Christopher, takes the
throne. Andrew, grand-duke of Russia, is expelled by the Golden Horde, and his
brother, Alexander Newski, raised in his place. Memel built by the Teutonic
knights. Mendog, chief of the Lithuanians, is baptized, and takes the title
of king.
Naples surrenders to Conrad. Innocent offers the kingdom of Sicily to Richard,
earl of Cornwall, who declines it; Henry III. proposes his son, Edmund;
Charles of Anjou treats for it with the pope. A parliament held, May 3, in
Westminster Hall, denounces the penalty of excommunication on all who violate
Magna Charta, and resists the taxes imposed by papal authority for crusades.
Grossetete, bishop of Lincoln, refuses to admit a canon appointed by the pope,
and protests against the power assumed by Innocent ; this prelate dies soon
afterwards. Louis, still in Palestine, sends the friar Rubruquis on an embassy
to Mangou at Karakorum ; he is accompanied hy Haithon, Christian prince of
Armenia; alleged conversion of the Great Khan. Brancaleone enters on his-
office as senator of Rome. The Astronomical Tables of Alfonso, king of Castile,
are framed. Muhamad founds the Alhambra at Granada, and introduces the
I manufacture of silk among his people. Death of Blanche of Castile, regent of
! France.
1*249 TO 1258 A.D.
385
Events and Eminent Men.
Death of Conrad, May 21, and of Henry, youngest son of the late emperor Ire-
deric. William of Holland is acknowledged as king by the German princes.
Conrad's son. Conradin, only two years old, is proclaimed king of Sicily ; his
guardian, Berthold, marquis of Homburg, resigns the trust to Manfred, who,
having no means of resistance, submits to Innocent. The pope advances with a
strong force into Apulia. Manfred is driven to take up arms, obtains possession
of Nocera and the public treasury, collects an army, and defeats the papal troops
at Foggia. Innocent dies at Naples. Louis returns from his crusade to France,
and represses the disorders which had arisen in his kingdom. Alfonso conquers
Xeres, Medina Sidonia, and other cities in the south of Spain. Death of John
Vataces, Oct. 30 ; the empire of Nicsea devolves on Theodore Lascaris II. ; the
historian, George Acropolita, is his chancellor. Birger fortifies Stockholm, and
regulates the internal government of Sweden. Ottocar, king of Bohemia, heads
the crusade, proclaimed by pope Innocent, against the remaining pagans in
Prussia ?.nd Courland.
The papal governor, Ruffo, is expelled by the citizens of Messina. Manfred in-
tercepts a large convoy, the loss of which obliges the cardinal-legate to agree to
terms of peace ; Alexander refuses to ratify them, having concluded his treaty
for giving Sicily to Edmund, son of Henry III. ; this is set aside by the English
parliament not granting the money f r carrying it into effect. Prince Edward
visits Spain, and is knighted at Burgos by Alfonso, king of Castile, to whose
sister, Eleanora, he is affianced. Theodore Lascaris recovers from the Bulga-
rians all their conquests south of Mount Hsemus. Bills of exchange in favour
of Italian merchants, drawn at Rome on the English bishops and abbots, which I
they are compelled to pay. Arsenius I. Greek patriarch. KOnigsberg built by j
Ottocar. " ;
Death of William of Holland, in battle against the Frisians ; no candidate aspires I
to the crown of Germany. Manfred acquires possession of Sicily. The marquis
Azzo recovers the d'Este territories and takes the city of Padua. Hulagou,
brother of the Great Khan Mangou, invades Persia, extirpates the tribe of "the
Assassins" in that country, and proclaims himself sultan. William de St.
Amour, condemned by the pope for his book against the Dominicans, is obliged
to take night from Paris. Bonaventura, general of the Franciscans. The Au-
gustin Order of Mendicant Friars established. George Acropolita made pri-
soner at Prilapos by Michael II., despot of Epirus. Brancaleone imprisoned by
the Romans.
Richard, earl of Cornwall, is elected king of the Romans by some of tlie German
princes, and crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle ; the others choose Alfonso of Castile ;
the reign of both is only nominal. The Milanese expel their nobles and give
Martin della Torre absolute power over them-; the commons of Genoa appoint
Bocca.negra their captain. Algarve conquered by Alfonso ; he quarrels with
his brother, Henry, who retires among the Moors at Tunis. Portugal placed
under an interdict by the pope, in consequence of Alfonso III. having divorced
his queen and married another.
Under the influence of Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, " the Mad Parliament''
is held at Oxford ; the " Provisions of Oxford" are enacted ; twenty-four barons
form a council to advise or command the king. Manfred crowned king of Si-
cily. Death of Theodore Lascaris ; his son, John, set. 9, succeeds to the throne
of Nictea, under the guardianship of the patriarch Arsenius. The people of
Rome restore Brancaleone to his office, who dies soon afterwards. The fortified
castles raised by the Roman nobles in the city are destroyed. Eccelino defeats
the papal forces at Corticella, takes the legate prisoner, and gains possession of
the city of Brescia. Hulagou stomas Bagdad, puts to death Al Mostasem, the
last of the caliphs, carries his arms into Syria, and takes Damascus. Defeat of
the Genoese by the combined fleets of Venice and Pisa, near Acre; the pope
mediates a peace between them. A proclamation of Henry III. to the people
of Huntingdon, affords the first specimen of Early English. Birth of Osman,
or Othnian, the founder of the Ottoman power.
2 c
386
FEOM THE YEAR
A.D.
1259
1260
Hegi-
658
660
1262 661
12G8
1265
664
1267 , 666
1268
667
23 Bald-
win II.
East-
ern Em-
pire.
lexan-
der
IV.
1 Mi-
chael
(VIII.)
Palaso-
lo^os.
Popes
1 Ui
ban
IV.
1 Cle-
ment
IV.
Sa-
voy.
7 Bo-
nifa-
cio Ro-
lando.
1 Pe-
ter.
lPhi
lip I.
Spain.
Cas- Aka- Nav- Moobs,
tile. gon. aeee.
8 Al-
fonso
X.
47Jas
I.
50-
7 The- 23 Mu-
obald hamad
II. I.
21-
26-
16 55 15-
29-
32-
France,
34 Louis
IX.Saint
Louis.
35
14-
42
Port-
ugal,
12 Al-
fonso
III.
GkRSIA"
NY.
3 Rich
ard, earl
of Corn-
wall.
12
1259 TO 1268 A.D.
387
titwn
Dates.
1259
1260
1264
1265
1268
Doges
op Ve-
nice,
8 Rani-
eri Ze-
no.
12
13
15
1 Loren-
zo Tie-
polo.
Flan-
DEB8.
16
Mar-
garet
II.
21-
22-
BOHE-
MIA.
7 0t-
tocar
II.
14-
Den-
MABK.
lErik
V.
12
13
Swe-
den.
10 Wal-
demar,
37
15
16
18
Poland.
33 Boles
laaV.
35
40
42
HtTNGA-
BY.
25 Bela
IV.
Russia. Scot-
land.
8 Alex
ander I
Newski.
28
30
32
34
10
1 Jaro-
slav
III.
11 A-
lexan-
der
III.
July9,
44 Hem
rylll.
ct. 2t:.
Eng-
land.
14-
4S-
19-
46.
51
52-
53-
2 c 2
388
EBOM THE TEAS
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
1259
1260
1263
1262
1263
Treaty of Abbeville concluded between Henry III. and the king of France. Rich
ard, king of the Romans, returns to England. Michael Paloeologus obtains the
guardianship of John Lascaris, and usurps the throne. Uberto Pelayicino joins
a general league against Eccelino da Romano, who is defeated, and dies of his
wounds ; the cities and States held by him regain their freedom. On the re-
commendation of Martin della Torre, the Milanese appoint the marquis Uberto
for their podesta ; he continues to support the Ghibelins. The archbishop of
Lund raises a rebellion against Christopher, king of Denmark, who is expelled,
and dies in exile ; his son, Erik, inherits the crown. Manfred is excommu-
nicated by the pope. Kublai succeeds Mangou as Great Khan of the Mongols.
Death of the historian Matthew Paris. The despot of Epirus defeated by
Michael Palseologus at Pelagonia; William, prince of Achaia, made prisoner.
Acropolita regains his liberty.
Henry III. is dispensed by the pope from his oath to observe the "Provisions,"
and prepares to resist the barons. With the assistance of Manfred, the Ghi-
belins gain possession of Florence ; Alberico da Romano, brother of Eccelino,
and his family, are made prisoners, and cruelly put to death. Michael Palceo-
logus besieges CP., makes a truce with Baldwin, and leaves Strategopulus in
command of the army in Thrace. On the death of Ibeg, the Mamelukes choose
Bibars for sultan, who drives the Mongols out of Syria, and takes Damascus
and Jerusalem. Henry III. attempts to establish a university at Northampton.
The Lithuanians and Prussians renew their struggle against the Teutonic
knights.
In the absence of the emperor Michael, Strategopulus takes CP. by surprise,
July 25 ; flight of Baldwin. The Greek empire restored. The Genoese, by
treaty, obtain Pera and Galata, Smyrna, the ports of the Crimea, and other naval
stations, with many commercial privileges ; the Venetians are excluded from
the Black Sea. Death of Alexander IV., May 25; his successor, Urban »V.,
excommunicates the Genoese, for their alliance with the Greek heretics. Mar-
riage of Manfred's daughter, Constance, to Pedro, son of James, king of Aragon,
Muhamad, king of Granada, breaks his alliance with Alfonso, and encourages
the Moors of Andalusia and Murcia to rebel against him. The Order, or Guild,
of the Virgin Mary, founded at Bologna. Segarelli and the sect of Apostolicals
denounce the licentious clergy.
Urban resists the proposal of some German princes to elect Conradin king of the
Romans ; he offers the crown of Sicily to Charles of Anjou, brother of Louis IX.
Marriage of Philip, eldest son of Louis, to Isabella of Aragon. Urban exacts
securities that France shall not assist Manfred. Lucca joins the league of the
Ghibelins in Tuscany, who all acknowledge Manfred's supremacy. The Ge-
noese depose Boccanegra. Martin della Torre again absolute at Milan ; Uberto
Pelavicino rules Cremona, Brescia, and Placentia ; Mastino della Scala obtains
authority in Verona. Stephen of Hungary (see 1235) acquires a rich dowry with
Traversara of Ravenna, and on her death marries Tommasina de'Morosini of Ve-
nice. The kingly power is restored to Henry III. by parliament ; his son,
Edward, brings a foreign army to support him ; beginning of the civil war
between him and the barons. William, prince of Achaia, is released on ceding
three fortresses to the emperor Michael. Excommunication of Michael by
the patriarch Arsenius. Haco, king of Norway, defeated in his invasion of
Scotland ; he acquires the sovereignty of Iceland and Greenland.
Henry III. and the barons refer their disputes to be settled by the arbitration of
Louis IX. Urban's hatred of the house of Swabia distracts all Italy ; he rejects
all terms of accommodation, and finally concludes the treaty by which Sicily
and Apulia are given to Charles of Anjou. The citizens of Milan refuse to
admit Otho Visconti, whom the pope appoints their archbishop ; an interdict is
laid on the city. Death of Martin della Torre; his brother, Philip, is elected
in his room. Naval battle off Negropont ; the Venetians defeat the Genoese.
Alfonso reduces Xeres and the other revolted cities. Mark Sanudo il. dies at
Melos, and is succeeded by William I., fourth duke of Naxos. Andronicus II.
fifth emperor of Trebizond. Death of Haco V. ; the kingdom of Norway inhe-
12!>9 TO 1208 A.D.
389
Events and Eminent Men.
rited by Magnus VII. Balliol college. Oxford, founded. Alexander Newski
visits the Golden Horde to obtain pardon for the people of Novogorod and
Wladimir, who had rebelled against their conquerors ; he dies on his journey
homeward. Hanno von Hangerhausen, grand master of the Teutonic knights in
Prussia. Victory of the Lithuanians at Durben.
De Montfort and the barons refuse to accept the award of Louis. Battle of Lewes,
May 14 ; Henry III. and his son Edward, Richard, king of the Romans, and his
eldest son, Henry, are made prisoners. Urban appoints Charles of Anjou senator
of Rome ; a crusade proclaimed against Manfred. Interdicts so frequent, that
they lose their effect. Death of Urban, Oct. 2, at Perugia ; the papal see vacant
four months. The marquis Azzo dies, set. 50; his son, Obizzo, is elected at Fer-
rara. The king of Granada makes peace with Alfonso, and pays him tribute. John
de la Roche duke of Athens. Merton college, Oxford, founded. Cimabue, father
of the modern school of painting in Florence (1240 — 1300). Death of Vincent
de Beauvais, compiler of the Speculum Majus, the first attempted Encyclopaedia.
A parliament Jan. 22, to which knights of the shires, citizens and burgesses, are
summoned; the origin of Representative Government in England. Prince Edward
released; the earl of Gloucester joins the royal party; battle of Evesham,
Aug. 4 ; De Montfort and his son slain; the authority of the king restored.
Charles of Anjou arrives at Rome, and is crowned king of Apulia and Sicily; he
is followed by an army of crusaders under Robert of Flanders and from the
Guelf cities of Italy. Death of Philip della Torre ; his power in Milan is
transferred to Napoleon, another member of the family. The emperor Michael
quarrels with the Genoese, and makes a treaty with Venice. Birth of Dante.
Battle of Benevento, Feb. 26 ; defeat and death of Manfred ; Charles of Anjou
acknowledged king ; his pride and oppression offend his new subjects. Clement
IV., by a Bull, claims the disposal of benefices in Christian lands and their
revenues while vacant. A Genoese fleet captured by the Venetians at Trapani
in Sicily. Magnus, king of Norway, cedes the Hebx'ides and the Isle of Man to
Scotland. Death of Birger Jarl, regent and benefactor of Sweden. George
sixth emperor of Trebizond. The emperor Michael banishes the patriarch Ar-
senius to Proconnesus, and appoints Germanus III. Pachymer, the Byzantine
historian, is sent, with others, to read his sentence to the deposed patriarch.
Kenilworth castle taken by Henry III.; he holds a parliament there. The lands
of the rebellious barons are confiscated ; some of them take refuge in the Isle
of Ely. The pope appoints Charles of Anjou viceroy of Tuscany, and the citizens
of Florence give him the government of their city for ten years. Treaty of
Viterbo ; the dethroned emperor, Baldwin, cedes to Charles of Anjou the suze-
rainty of Achaia, and William de Villehardouin betroths his infant daughter,
Isabella, the heiress of the principality, to Philip, Charles's second son. The
confederates threaten the Greek empire; Michael sends an embassy to Rome
with proposals for a reunion of the two churches. Conradin, invited by the
Ghibelin party and the discontented subjects of Charles, enters Italy with an
army ; a large part of Sicily declares in his favour. Louis IX. projects another
crusade. Roger Bacon proposes to the pope a reformation of the calendar. Ger-
manus resigns the patriarchate of CP., and is succeeded by Joseph I., who
absolves the emperor from his excommunication ; this is followed by the
Arsenite schism, which divides the Greek church nearly fifty years.
The barons in the Isle of Ely submit to Henry III., July 29. Henry of Castile
appointed senator of Rome, Louis IX., by a Pragmatic Sanction, resists the
papal claim to nominate bishops in France. Conradin is joined by Henry of
Castile and other nobles, and collects a powerful army ; he is defeated at Tagli-
acozzo, Aug. 23 ; made prisoner, and beheaded at Naples, Oct. 29 ; the family of
Hohenstaufen, or Swabia, ends with him. Charles, after his victory, executes
such barbarous vengeance, that his brother Louis and pope Clement protest
against his cruelties ; he resumes the office of senator of Rome. Antioch and
Joppa taken by Bibars. Death of Clement IV., at Viterbo, Nov. 29 ; the
discord of the cardinals keeps the papal chair vacant two years. A second
treaty between the Greek empire and Venice.
390
FEOM THE TEAR
A.D.
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
Hegiba
670
671
672—673
673—674
674—675
675—676
676—677
677—678
East-
een Em-
pire.
9 Mi-
chael
(VIII.)
Palceo-
logos.
13
18
Popes.
Va-
cant.
1 Gre-
gory
X.
Iimo-
centV.
4 mos.
Adri-
an V.
5 wks.
\ John
XX. or
XXI.
1 Ni-
colas
III.
Sa-
voy.
2 Phi
lip I.
Spain-.
Cas- Aba- Nav- MoobS,
tile. gon. abbe.
18 Al-
fonso
X.
10-
61-
25-
27-
57Jas.
I.
58-
1 Pe-
dro
III.
17
Theo-
bald
II.
lHen
ry I.
Uo-
anna.
33 Mu-
hamad
I.
84-
Fbance
lMa-
hamad
II.
44 Louis
YSL.Saint
Louis
1 Philip
III.
Port-
ugal.
Ger-
many,
22 Al-
fonso
III.
13
Rich
ard,
earl of
Corn-
wall.
14 —
26—
lRu
dolfof
Habs-
burg.
30-
31-
1269 TO 1278 A.D.
391
titiori
Bates,
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1277
1278
Doges
op Ve-
nice.
2 Loren-
zo Tie-
polo.
Flan-
dees.
Bohe-
mia.
26 Mar-
garet II
28
1 Jaco-
po Con-
tareuo.
Den-
mark.
17 Otto- 11 Erik
car II. V.
18
Swe-
den.
20
Wal-
de-
mar.
22-
Po
LAND.
43 Bo-
leslas
V
30
22
33
16
23
25
1 Wen-
ceslas
IV.
46-
Hun-
GARY.
35 Be-
lalV.
1 Ste-
phen
V.
Rus-
sia.
7 Jaro-
slav III
Scot-
land.
21 A-
lexan-
derlll
July 9.
Eng-
land.
54 Henry
III.
Oct. 28
1 La- 1 Vas-
dislas sili I.
111.
27-
48-
50-
1 Mag-
nus I.
52-
24-
1 Dmi-
tri.
6 2
27'
26-
56
57
.Nov.16,
1 Ed-
ward I.
Nov. 20.
Qu. Elea-
nor of
Castile.
2
2S 6
392
FROM THE YEAR
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
1270
1271
1273
The pope's legate preaches the crusade to the parliament assembled in April at
Northampton ; another, held Nov. 18, at Marlborough, enacts many new laws.
Henry Bracton writes De Legibus Anglid. Richard visits Germany, and ex-
ercises authority as king of the Romans ; he regulates the tolls to be paid by
vessels on the Rhine. Nocera taken by Charles ; its walls thrown down, and
its Saracen population distributed in distant provinces ; he calls a meeting at
Cremona of deputies from the cities of Lombardy, and proposes himself their
general, protector, or governor : they decline his offer. Death of the marquis
Uberto Pelavicino. Napoleon della Torre raises the Guelf family of Fissiraga
to power in Lodi. The Moors in Spain invite the assistance of the African
Merines. Alfonso, king of Portugal, acquires the sovereignty of Algarve. St.
Edmund's Hall, Oxford, founded. Roger Bacon forbidden to teach at Oxford,
and confined to his monastery.
Louis IX., by his laws, called " Establishments," suppresses the wager of battle,
and provides for a regular administration of justice. Last of the Crusades.
Louis lands in Africa, and besieges Tunis ; the plague breaks out in his army ;
he dies Aug. 25 ; his son, the duke of Nevers, the papal legate, with many
nobles and soldiers, perish. Charles, king of Naples, arrives with another ar-
mament, and concludes a treaty, by which the Tunisian sovereign is bound to
pay him tribute ; the whole fleet returns, and on its passage is thrown by a
storm on the coast of Sicily at Trapani ; Charles seizes the wrecked vessels of
his French and Genoese allies, and appropriates the plunder to his own treasury ;
Theobald, king of Navarre, dies Dec. 5, while returning from this expedition.
Prince Edward perseveres in the crusade, and lands at Acre ; during his absence,
the incapacity of his father and turbulence of the barons create great disorders
in England. Commotions in Genoa ; the families Doria and Spinola obtain the
ascendancy, and support the Ghibelin party. The Bolognese merchants refuse
to pay a toll levied by Venice on their goods; war between the two States.
Edward drives Bibars from the siege of Acre, and takes Nazareth ; an attempt is
made to murder him. Philip III. and Charles of Naples visit Rome to urge
the election of a pope; in their presence, Guyde Montfort, governor of Tuscany,
son of Simon, late earl of Leicester, kills Henry, son of the earl of Cornwall,
March 13, in a church, during the celebration of mass ; the assassin is allowed
to escape. Philip inherits the remaining part of the county of Toulouse, east
of the Rhone. Death of Richard, earl of Cornwall and king of the Romans, at
Berkhamstead, Dec. 12 ; Alfonso of Castile continues to claim the title, but has
no authority in Germany. Marco Polo, the Venetian, sets out, with his father
and uncle, on their travels into Tartary. John de Joinville writes his Memoirs
of Louis IX.
Edward concludes a truce with Bibars for ten years, and leaves Palestine ; he is
quietly proclaimed king Nov. 20, four days after his father's death ; he remains
for some time in France. The new pope urges another crusade to the Holy
Land, and summons for the purpose a general council to be held at Lyons. The
Genoese Guelfs apply to Charles of Naples for assistance. Death of Enzio,
king of Sardinia (see 1249), in his prison, at Bologna. Ottocar, king of Bohemia,
refuses the crown of Germany. The king of France grants a patent of nobility
to his silversmith. Some Castilian nobles, detected in a conspiracy against Al-
fonso, retire to Granada.
Edward I. demands justice on the assassin of his cousin Henry; Guy de Montfort
is excommunicated by the pope ; the same punishment is inflicted on the citizens
of Genoa, Pavia, and Asti, and the marquis of Montferrat, for their league to
resist the tyranny of Charles of Naples. Rise of the house of Habsburg ;
Rudolf elected king of the Romans, and crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle. Kublai is
assisted in his conquest of China by mangonels, which the Polos construct for
him. The pope claims and receives the county of Venaissin, as his share
of the lands taken from Raymond of Toulouse, by the crusade against the Al-
bigenses. The Merines arrive in Spain. Death of Muhamad I., king of Granada;
interview between his son, Muhamad II., and Alfonso, at Seville ; a treaty con-
j eluded. Elmacin, the Arabian historian, fl. The burning of sea-coal prohibited
I in England.
1269 TO 1278 A.D.
393
127;
Events and Eminent Men.
1275
1276
1277
I 1278
Edward I. lands at Dover Aug. 2 ; is crowned with his queen, Eleanora, at West-
minster, Aug. 19 ; sends commissioners into the counties to reform the admi-
nistration of Justice. A council (Fourteenth General) held at Lyons. The
ambassadors of Michael Palaeologus acknowledge the supremacy of the pope,
and effect a temporary union of the two churches ; the patriarch Joseph, refusing
I his assent, is deposed, and John Veccus appointed in his place. Regulations
' made for the future proceedings of the conclave in electing a pope; James I.,
| who had been king of Aragon 62 years, attends the council, and wishes to be
crowned: this is refused, because he had not paid the tribute to the Roman see,
promised by his father in 1204. The title of Rudolf of Habsburg recognized on
his securing to the church all its claims in Italy. The cession of the county
of Venaissin confirmed. Gregory fails in his exhortations to another crusade.
The tide of fortune turns against Charles of Naples; his fleets are defeated by
the Genoese ; and the coalesced States, assisted by Alfonso of Castile, take Ales-
sandria. Thomas Aquinas, " the angelic doctor," dies on his way to the council of
Lyons, and Cardinal Bonaventura, the " seraphic," while attending its sitting.
The "Chronicles of St. Denis" are presented to Philip III. Alfonso has an in-
terview with the pope at Beaucaire, and claims to be acknowledged king of the
Romans. Hartmann von Heldrungen, Teutonic grand master in Prussia.
Diet of Augsburg. Ottocar, king of Bohemia, put to the ban of the empire, is
deserted by his allies. Alfonso, threatened with excommunication, resigns his
claim ; death of his eldest son, Ferdinand. Abu Jusef, king of the Merines,
brings over a large force from Africa to assist the king of Granada. Defeat of
the Castilians at Ecija, count Nunez slain; and of the Aragonese, near Mastos,
in Jaen, Sancho, archbishop of Toledo, slain ; Alfonso arrives and stops the
progress of the conquerors. Pedro, son of James, king of Aragon, secretly
employs John of Procida to promote his designs on Sicily (see 1261). Edward I.
persecutes the Jews. The Venetians prohibit marriage between the doges and
foreigners. William de la Roche duke of Athens. Marco Polo allowed by
Kublai to introduce Christian missionaries into China. Gregory has an inter-
view with Rudolf at Lausanne, Oct. 6, and again urges him to another crusade.
Ottocar resigns the duchy of Austria to Rudolf. A truce between Alfonso and
Abu Jusef. Eleanor, daughter of the late Simon de. Montfort, on her way to
marry Llewellyn, prince of Wales, is detained in England, and Edward leads
an army into Wales. The Visconti obtain possession of Como ; all Lombardy
distracted by civil wars, earthquakes, floods, famine and pestilence, followed by
a severe winter of four months. Novogorod joins the Hanseatic league, and be-
comes an important seat of commerce. Death of James, king of Aragon, July
27, after a reign of 63 years. Death of three successive popes, Joanna, queen
of Navarre, three years old, is affianced to Philip, the eldest son of the king of
France ; her territories are occupied and governed by Frenchmen. )
Edward subdues Wales as far as Snowdon. Jealousy between Rudolf and Charles
of Naples. Ottocar endeavours to recover Austria. Napoleon della Torre de-
feated and made prisoner by the Visconti, who establish their power in Milan.
Isabella de Villehardouin, on the death of her father, becomes princess of
Achaia ; Charles of Naples assumes the government, in virtue of her betrothal
to his son Philip. Death of Bibars, Sultan of Egypt ; Kalaoun succeeds him.
Battle of Marchfeld, Aug. 26; Ottocar defeated and slain; Bohemia is left to his
son, Wenceslas ; Austria annexed to the house of Habsburg. Rudolf resigns
the exarchate of Ravenna to the pope ; Nicholas desires to check Charles of
Naples, and advance his relatives, the Orsini. Charles threatens to attack
the Greek empire ; but Nicholas, as his suzerain, forbids him; death of his
son Philip; he still retains the government of Achaia. Llewellyn does homage
to Edward ; he marries Eleanor de Montfort. Siege of Algesiras ; Alfonso
repulsed. Waldemar expelled by his brother Magnus, the first who styles
himself king of the Swedes and Goths. The Prussians submit to the Teutonic
knights. Final extinction of the Almohades in Africa by the Merines. Kublai
appoints Mar-Sachis, a Nestorian Christian, governor of Changhianfu, in Manji
(Southern China), who builds there three churches for his sect.
394
FEOM THE YEAB
A.D.
Hegira.
East-
ern Em-
Popes.) Port-
Spain.
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors
France
BOHE
Ger-
pire.
UGAL.
TILE. GON. ARRE.
MIA.
many.
1279
678—679
19 Mi-
chael .
VIII.
Palseo-
logos.
3 Ni-
colas
III.
lDi-
onysi-
us.
28 Al-
fonso
X.
4 Pe-
dro
III.
6 Jo-
anna.
7Mu-
hamac
II.
lOPhilip
III.
2Wen
cesla:
IV.
- 7 Ru-
dolf of
Habs-
burg.
1280
679—680
20
2
29
5
?"
8
11
3
8
d.Aug
22.
1281
680—681
21
1 Mar-
tin IV
Feb.22
3
30
6 -
8_
9
12 — -
4__
1282
681—682
22
d.Dec.ll
1 Andro-
nicus II.
2
4
31
7
9^-
10
13
10
1283
682—683
2
3
5
32
8
10
11
14
6
11
1284
683-684
3 —
6
1 San-
cho
IV.
9
11
12
15
7
12
1285
684—885
4
5
d.Mar.
28.
1 Ho-
7
2
1 Al-
fonso
III.
12
IS
1 Philip
IV. the
Fair.
13
1286
685-686
5
norius
IV.
Apr.2.
2
8
3 — ^
2
13
14
2-
9
1 —
| 1287
686—687
6
3
d.Apr.
3.
9- —
4
3
14
15
3
10
15 !
1288
687—688
7
1 Ni-
cholas
IV.
Feb.22
10
5
4
15
16
4
11
16
1289
1290
689
690
8
9
o
11
12
5
6
16
17
17
18
5
6
12——
17 - ...
3
13
18
1
1
1279 TO 1290 A.D.
395
Repe-
tition
Dates.
Doges
op Ve-
nice.
Savoy.
Flan-
ders.
Den-
mark.
Swe-
den.
Po-
land.
Hunga-
ry.
Russia.
Scot-
land.
Eng-
land.
1279
1 Gio-
vanni
Dan-
dolo.
12Philip
I.
36 Mar-
garet II.
21 E-
rik
V.
2 Mag-
nus I
1 Les-
sekll.
8 Ladis-
las III.
4 Dmi-
tri I.
31 A-
lexan-
der
III.
July9.
8 Ed-
ward I.
Nov. 20.
1280
2
13
IGuy
de Dam-
pierre.
22 — ^
3
2—
9
5
32
9
1281
3 — -
14
2
23
4
3—
10
6
33
10
1282
1283
15
Id
21 —
5
4
11 -
7
8
31
11
12
5
4
25
5
12
35
1284
6
17 •
5
26
7
6—
13
9
36
13
b. Ed-
ward II.
April 25.
1285
?"
1 Ama-
deus IV.
6
27
8
14
10
37
14
i
j 1286
i
8
2
7 ■
lErik
VI.
9 — -
8 — -
15
11- —
1 Mar-
garet.
March
16.
15
j 1287
i
' 1288
9
10- —
3 - —
4 —
8
9
2
3—
lO-
ll
16
17
12
13
2
3
16
17
10
1289
1290
1
1 Pietro
Grade-
nigo.
2
5
6
10
11
12
1 Bir-
ger.
lLa-
dislas
Lok-
tek.
1 Pre-
mis-
es.
18
1 An-
drewIII.
the Ve-
netian.
14
15
18
19
5
5
396
FROM THE YEAR
Events and Eminent Men.
Edward obtains from his parliament the first Statute of Mortmain ; he gives up
Normandy to the king of France. John of Procida foments the discontent of
Sicily. The conquest of Southern China completed by Kublai. Camerino, in
the March of Ancona, nearly destroyed by an earthquake.
Nicholas proposes to erect kingdoms in Tuscany and Lombardy for two of his
family ; his projects are dissipated by his early death, after which many of the
Orsini lose the .offices in which he had placed them. The Annibaldeschi claim
to be senators of Rome. Through the treachery of Tibaldello di Zambrasi, Fa-
enza is made subject to the Bolognese. The count of Savoy fixes his residence
at Turin. The emperor Michael assists the agitation created by John of Procida
in Sicily. A parliament, held Nov. 7, passes the Quo Warranto Act. John
Comnenus, seventh emperor of Trebizond, secures the independence of his
State. Marienburg on the Vistula built. The Langue d'oui, or modern French,
begins to supplant the early Roman Langue d'oc. Death of Albertus Magnus.
Erik II., the Priest-hater, king of Norway.
The papal chair vacant six months ; Charles of Naples procures the election of
his creature, Martin IV. ; league of Orvieto between them and Venice, against
the Greek empire. Excommunication of the emperor Michael. Charles punishes
the disaffection of Sicily by more cruel oppression. Edward prepares again to
invade Wales ; holds a parliament at Worcester, and removes his law-courts
from Westminster to Shrewsbury. Revolt of Sancho in Castile; he seizes Cor-
dova, and enters into a league with the king of Granada ; his father, Alfonso,
forms an alliance with the Merines. Othmau begins to be dangerous in Bithy-
nia. Marriage of Erik, king of Norway, to Margaret, only child of Alexander,
king of Scotland. Segarelli imprisoned for heresy.
The Sicilian Vespers, March 30 ; massacre of the French and general revolt of
the island. Charles besieges Messina ; Peter of Aragon and John de Procida
arrive with an army; Charles retreats into Calabria; his fleet is destroyed by
the Catalan admiral, Roger de Loria. Peter proclaimed king of Sicily ; he and
his people are excommunicated, and an interdict laid on their lands. The mar-
quis Guido da Montefeltro defends Forli with success against the Guelfs ; Ti-
baldello di Zambrasi slain in the attack. War between Genoa and Pisa; all
Italy torn by intestine strife ; excommunications and interdicts are fulminated
in all directions ; the nope and cardinals burnt in effigy at Perugia. Llewellyn,
defeated by Edward a"t Llandewyer, falls in battle ; Aberconway castle built.
Rudolf invests his son Albert with the duchy of Austria. Death of Michael Pa-
lseologos ; his son and successor, Andronicus, breaks the union of the Eastern
and Western churches. The Danish nobles extort from the king their first
Handfeste, or charter of privileges. Robert of Gloucester writes his English
Chronicle in rhyme. Veccus deposed, and Joseph I. restored as patriarch of CP.
Peter invades Calabria, and takes Reggio. Victory of Roger de Loria at Malta.
The king of France sends troops into Italy to assist Charles. The pope declares
Aragon to be forfeited by Peter, and offers it to Charles de Valois, second son of
Philip. Submission of Forli, and dispersion of the Ghibelin refugees. Wales
finally subdued ; Llewellyn's brother, David, put to death by Edward. Schism in
the Greek church ; council of Adrymettum ; contest for the patriarchate ; Joseph
deposed, and Gregory II. appointed. Burchard von Schwenden, grand master of
the Teutonic knights, reduces the Sudauer, the last Prussians who resist.
Queen Eleanora gives birth to a son at Caernarvon castle, April 25, afterwards
Edward II., from whom the eldest son of the king of England takes the title of
prince of Wales. The statute of Winchester makes the Hundred answerable
for robberies committed in the day-time ; watch and ward instituted. Charles,
prince of Salerno, defeated and captured by Roger de Loria, in a naval battle off
Naples, June 5. Marriage of the emperor Andronicus to Violante, afterwards
named Irene, daughter of William, marquis of Montferrat, who resigns as her
dowry, the nominal sovereignty of Thessalonica, conquered by the Byzantines
in 1222. Death of Alfonso X., June 21 ; his son, Sancho, takes the throne, ex-
cluding the family of his deceased elder brother, Ferdinand. The power of
Pisa is irretrievably broken by the great naval victory of Genoa, off Melora,
Aug. 13. Foundation of Peter-house college, Cambridge.
1279 TO 1290 A.D.
397
A.D.
1285
1286
12S7
1238
1290
Events and Eminent Men.
The death of Charles at Foggia, Jan. 7, frees Sicily from all future attacks ; his
son, although still a prisoner in Aragon, is acknowledged as his successor in the
kingdom of Naples. Roger de Loria takes Gallipoli and Taranto. Pope Martin
dies at Perugia, March 29. The king of France invades Catalonia ; takes Rosas
and Girona ; his fleet is destroyed and his supplies intercepted by Roger de
Loria ; he abandons his enterprize, and ends his days at Perpignan, Oct. 6, set. 40:
he is succeeded by his son, Philip le Bel, set. 17, who, in right of his child-wife,
is also king of Navarre. Peter also, after having recovered Rosas and Girona,
dies, Nov. II ; his eldest son, Alfonso, inherits Aragon, and his second, James,
becomes king of Sicily. Edward I. defines the limits of each court of law, and
regulates the administration of justice in the counties. The citizens of Pisa
invite the protection of Florence. Westminster Abbey completed. Death of
Abu Jusef, chief of the Merines and king of Morocco. The charter of London sus-
pended; police regulations made for inn-keepers and brokers. Nicholas Sanudo
I. fifth duke of Naxos. Usurpation of Theodora at Trebizond.
Death of Alexander, king of Scotland ; his grand-daughter, Margaret, " the fair
maid of Norway," set. 3, is the heiress of his throne. Erik V., of Denmark,
murdered by the nobles, is succeeded by his son. Alfonso takes the Balearic
Islands from his uncle, who had assisted the French invasion of Aragon. The
gabelle, or salt-duty, first introduced in France. Death of the historian Abul-
pharagius, primate of the Jacobite church. Segarelli released from prison, but
his sect is prohibited by the pope.
Edward L, in Guyenne, mediates a treaty of peace between Aragon and France
and the liberation of Charles, king of Naples; the pope prevents its ratification,
and dying soon afterwards, April 3, the papal chair remains ten months unoc-
cupied ; while disputing in their choice, six cardinals fall victims to the
malaria, and the rest disperse. Robert, count d'Artois, regent of Naples, prepares
an armament to recover Sicily : it is destroyed by Roger de Loria, June 23, at
Castellamare; among the prisoners is Guy de Montfort (see 1271), who i-s kept
in confinement till his death. Matteo Visconti appointed captain of Milan.
The Genoese destroy the shipping and magazines in the harbour of Pisa, Lao-i
dicea taken by Kelaoun. The Jews fined and banished from England.
The treaty between Aragon and France brought to a conclusion by Edward, at
Oleron, in Beam ; Charles, restored to liberty, resumes the title of king of
Sicily, which he had resigned. Count L'golino de Gherardeschi deposed at Pisa,
and starved to death in a dungeon, with two of his sons and three grandsons,
Gbizzo, marquis d'Este, elected perpetual lord of Modena. Othman takes Do-
rylseum and Melangia.
The pope releases Charles from all the obligations of the treaty, by which he re-
gained his freedom, and authorizes Charles de Valois to persist in his claim
to the crown of Aragon. Roger de Loria besieges Gaeta. The kings of England
and France succeed in effecting a truce of two years between Sicily and Naples.
Edward I", dismisses and fines some of his judges, convicted of corruption. Ke-
laoun takes Tripoli. The right of Ferdinand's son, Alfonso de la Cerda, to the
throne of Castile is supported by a strong party. Mission of the Franciscan de
Monte Corvino from the pope to Kublai. Athanasius I. patriarch of CP.
Margaret, the young queen of Scotland, dies on her passage from Norway ; the
succession to her throne is disputed by Balliol, Bruce, and Hastings, descended,
from the three daughters of David, earl of Huntingdon, brother of William the
Lion. Ladislas of Hungary assassinated by some Cumans, whom he had
offended; he is succeeded by Andrew III., called the Venetian, from the place
of his birth (see 1235, 1262); the pope sets up against him Charles Martel, son of
the king of Naples by a sister of Ladislas. William, count of Montferrat, cap-
tured by the citizens of Alessandria, is confined in an iron cage, in which he
soon dies. The Genoese plunder the harbours of Pisa and Leghorn. Manorial
rights in England regulated by a new law. A university founded at Lisbon.
Conrad von Feuchtwangen gi-and master of the Teutonic knights in Prussia.
Guy IL fifth duke of Athens. Poland distracted by various pretenders to the
throne. Segarelli and the Apostolicals are again persecuted.
— J
39.8
FEOM THE YEAB
A.D.
Hegi-
RA.
East- J
EBN EM-
tire.
Popes.
Port-
ugal.
Spain.
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors,
tile, gon. arre.
France.
Bohe-
mia.
Ger-
many,
1291
691
10 An-
dronicus
II.
4 Ni-
cholas
IV.
Feb. 22.
13 Di-
onysi-
us.
8San-
cho
IV.
1 Jas.
11. the
Just.
18 Jo-
anna.
19 Mu-
hamad
II.
7 Philip
IV. the
Fair.
14
Wen-
ceslas
IV.
19 Ru-
dolf of
Habs-
burg.
d.July
15.
1292
692
11
5
d. Apr. 4.
14
9
2
19- —
20
8
15
1 A-
dol-
phu3
ofNas-
sau.
1293
693
12
15
10
3— —
20
21
9
16—
2—
1294
1295
694
695
13
14
1 Celes-
tin V.
July 5.
1 Boni-
face
VIII.
Dec. 24.
2
16
17
11
1 Fer-
di-
nand
IV.
4
5
21
22
22
23
10
11
17
18
■
3
1296
696
15 — —
S
18—
a—
23 — -
24
12
19
i\297
1298
697
698
16
17
1
24
25
13 .» .
20
1
i
5
20
4
8
25—
26
14 — .
21
1 Al-
bert of
Aus-
tria.
\
699
18
6
21
26
27
15
22
1
1299
129i TO 1299 A.D,
399
Repe-
tition
Dates.
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
Sa-
voy.
Flan-
debs.
Den-
mark
Swe-
den.
Po-
land.
Hun-
gaby.
Russia. Scot-
I LAND.
Eng-
land.
1291
3 Pietro
Grade-
nigo.
7 Ama-
deus IV
12 Guy
de Dam-
pierre.
6 Erik
VI.
2Bir
ger.
2Pre-
mis-
las.
2 An-
drew
III.
the Ve-
netian.
16Dmi
tril.
20 Ed-
ward I.
Nov. 20.
d. Qu. E-
leanor.
1292
4 —
8
13 ■
7
3
3
3
17 —
1 John
Balliol.
Nov. 17
21
1293
1294
5 —
6
9 —
10
14
15
1
5
18
1 An-
drew-
Ill.
2
3
22
1
23
9
6
5
1295
7 —
11
16 .
10
6
lLa-
dislas
re-
stored.
6
2
4
24
1296
8
12
rr —
11
7
2
7
3
Subject
to Eng-
land.
25
1237
1298
1299
9 —
10
11
13
14
15
i
1
18 —
19
20
12
12
3
4
5
8
9
L0 —
4
5
26
27
28
w.Sep. 12
Marga-
ret of
Eiance,
e —
10 —
14
6
400
FROM THE YEAH
A.D.
1291
1292
1293
1295
Events and Eminent Men.
Tlie disputed succession in Scotland is referred to the decision of Edward I. ; he
claims and receives from the competitors homage as their suzerain. Alfonso,
king of Aragon, concludes a treaty of peace with France, at Aix, in Provence ;
but, before it can be executed, he dies June 18, and is succeeded by his brother,
James, who appoints their younger brother, Frederic, regent of Sicily. Gerace,
in Calabria, taken by the Sicilians. Clialil, son of Kelaoun, terminates the
Christian kingdom in Palestine by the capture of Acre (May 18), Tyre, and Bey-
rout ; the surviving Hospitallers and Templars take refuge at Limisso in Cyprus.
Robert Blum, a Templar under the Italian name of Roger di Flor, is degraded by
the Order, and retires to Genoa, where he fits out a private galley, and seeks his
fortune as an adventurer. Nicholas vainly tries to arouse Europe to another
crusade. Death of Rudolf; the nobles of Germany refuse to elect his son
Albert. Queen Eleanor dies at Hornby, in Lincolnshire, Nov. 28 ; a cross is
erected at every resting-place of her funeral procession on its way to West-
minster. Isabella de Villehardouin marries Florenz of Hainault.
Edward awards the crown of Scotland to John Balliol, who does homage to him at
Newcastle. Adolphus of Nassau elected king of Germany and crowned at Aix-
la-Chapelle, June 24. The efforts of Nicholas IV. to stimulate another crusade
are stopped by his death, after which the dissensions of the cardinals keep the
church without a head two years and three months. The Castilians, after de-
stroying a Moorish fleet at Tangiers, return to Spain and take Tarifa. The
Florentines besiege Pisa, and are repulsed by Guy da Montefeltro. Roger de
Loria defeats the viceroy of Naples in Calabria, invades Greece, and takes the
island of Scios. Charles Martel, routed at Zagrab, leaves Hungary. Masoud
II., sultan of Iconium, defeated by the Mongols, retires to CP. Death of Roger
Bacon.
Balliol hesitates to obey a summons from Edward to appear in London. War
between England and France. Guyenne seized by Philip. An encounter be-
tween some Genoese and Venetian merchant-galleys near Cyprus occasions a
long war between these two States. Athanasius deposed ; John XII. patriarch
of CP.
Edward forms an alliance with Adolphus, king of Germany, and Guy, count of
Flanders, against France. Peter da Morrone, a poor hermit, is elected pope, as
Celestin V. ; at the end of five months he abdicates, to make way for Boniface
VIII. The Genoese, under Niccolo Spinola, capture a Venetian fleet and take
Canea, in the isle of Candia. Don Juan, Sancho's brother, with an army of
Merines from Africa, besieges Tarifa ; the place is successfully defended by
Don Guzman ; death of his son. The Merines give up Algesiras to the king of
Granada, and withdraw from Spain. The Hospitallers fortify Limisso, and
begin to create a navy. Death of Kublai; the supremacy of his tribe ceases;
the khans of Zagatai, Persia, and Kapzak, become independent. Jacopo da
Varagine, archbishop of Genoa, writes the " Golden Legend."
Balliol renounces his feudal subjection to England, and enters into a league with
the king of France. Edward holds a parliament, to whieh all the boroughs i
send deputies, and vote supplies. Death of Sancho, king of Castile, at Toledo,}
April 25; his widow, Maria, is regent to their son Ferdinand, who succeeds,
set. 10. Treaty of Anagni ; James, king of Aragon, resigns Sicily to Charles of!
Naples; the people of the island proclaim his brother Frederic, with theirj
mother, Constance, for regent. Death of Charles Martel, and of Otho Visconte,'
archbishop and lord of Milan. Marco Polo returns to Venice from his travels]
in the East. ' |
Battle of Dunbar, April 27. Balliol, made prisoner, resigns his crown. The
Scotch parliament does homage to Edward at Berwick ; the earl of Surrey is
appointed governor of Scotland; the crown and sceptre of the kingdom are
brought to London, and the coronation-stone from Scone placed in Westminster
Abbey. A papal Bull forbids ecclesiastics to pay taxes imposed by temporal
princes ; the kings of England and France resist this, and compel the clergy to
pay ; the former, by placing out of the protection of the law those who refuse,!
and the latter, by prohibiting the export of money from his dominions. Edward,]
■ I
1291 TO 1299 a.d.
401
Events and Eminent Men.
having obtained supplies from his parliament, sends an army into Guyenne,
under his brother, the earl of Lancaster. Coalition of France, Navarre, Aragon,
Portugal, and Granada, with the malcontent princes Alfonso and Juan, against
the young king of Castile ; his mother, with the assistance of Juan Lara,
maintains the throne. The Sicilians and their king are excommunicated
by the pope; they invade Calabria, where they take Squillace and other
towns. Civil war in Genoa; the Ghibelins Doria and Spinola expel the
Guelfs Grimaldi and Fiesco. The Venetians take Caffa in the Crimea from
the Genoese. John, duke of Brabant, institutes the society of Merchant
Adventurers.
Edward having levied arbitrary taxes on wool and leather, the earls, Bohun of
Hereford (Constable) and Bigod of Norfolk (Marshal), refuse to join his
army; and the parliament passes an Act, Confivinatio Cartarum, Aug. 1, de-
creeing, that no taxes shall be raised without the consent of the knights,
citizens, and burgesses in parliament assembled ; this Act receives the royal
assent, Guy, count of Flanders, is defeated by the French, and loses Furm s ;
Edward passes over with a large force to succour his ally ; during his absence,
the Scotch, under Sir W. Wallace and the earl of Moray, gain the battle of
Cambuskenneth, and drive the English out of their country. Roger de Loria
takes Otranto ; he is recalled by James of Aragon, who visits Rome, promises
to make war on his brother Frederic, gives his sister Violante in marriage to
Robert, duke of Calabria, is invested by the pope with the sovereignty of Sar-
dinia and Corsica, and appointed to command a crusade against the Holy Land
Philip is excommunicated, because his law, against the export of coin, stops the
papal revenues derived from France. Boniface deposes the cardinals Jacopo
and Pietro dalla Colonna, excommunicates the whole family, and confiscates
their property. The Grimaldi and Fieschi continue to molest Genoa, and seize
Monaco. Alexius II. seventh emperor of Trebizond. Dionysius of Portugal with
draws from the league against Castile. Godfrey von Hohenlohe grand master
of the Teutonic knights in Prussia. On the death of Masoud II., he is suc-
ceeded by Alaeddin II., the last of the Seljukian sultans. Death of Florenz ot
Hainault, leaving a daughter, Maud, heiress of the principality of Achaia.
Boniface prohibits the dissection of dead bodies for the study of anatomy at
Bologna.
A truce of two years between England and France. Wallace penetrates with his
victorious bands as far as Durham, but retires at the approach of Edward, who
gains a decisive victory at Falkirk, July 22, and re-establishes his power
Scotland. Battle of Rosenthal, between Worms and Spires, July 2. Adolphus
of Nassau defeated and slain by Rudolf's son, Albert, who is elected king by
the diet of Francfort, and crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle, Aug. 24. Naval victory
of the Genoese, under Lamba Doria, Sep. 8, off the Dalmatian island, Curzola";
the Venetian fleet destroyed ; the admiral, Andrea Dandolo, taken, dies
of grief; Marco Polo, who commanded a galley, is conveyed a prisone?
to Genoa, where he writes his Travels. Boniface proclaims a crusade against
the Colonna family. Roger di Flor enters into the service of Frederic, king
of Sicily.
The Scotch refer their cause to the pope. James of Aragon, Avith a fleet under
Roger de Loria, makes war on his brother Frederic ; the Sicilians defend them-
selves valiantly, with varied success. The papal crusaders obtain possession of
Palestrina, the impregnable fortress of the Colonna family, by a capitulation ;
having gained his end, Boniface breaks his word, refuses the promised amnesty,
and the Colonna are dispersed in Sicily, France, and other countries. Matteo
Visconte mediates peace between Genoa and Venice ; also with Pisa ; and
among most of the cities of Italy ; these treaties exalt Genoa ; the armed vessels
of her rivals are excluded for a stated period from the Mediterranean and Black
Seas. Othman invades the territory of Nicomedia ; the commencement oi
the Ottoman empire. The Mongols occupy Palestine, and offer Jerusalem to the
Christians. Raymond Lully, a native of Majorca, writes philosophical works.
which are afterwards condemned as heretical.
~2d
402
FROM THE YEAR
A.D.
Hegira.
East-
ern Em-
Popes.
Port-
Spain.
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors
France
Bohe-
Ger-
pire.
ugal.
tile. gon. arre.
mia.
many.
1300
700
19 Ari-
el ronicus
II.
7 Bo-
niface
VIII.
Dec.24
22 Di-
onysi-
us.
6 Fer-
di-
nand
IV.
lOJas.
II. the
Just.
27 Jo-
anna.
28 Mu-
hamac
II.
16Philip
IV. the
Fair.
23
Wen-
ceslas
IV.
3 Al-
berto/
Aus-
tria.
1301
1302
701
702
20 .
21 .
8
9
23
8
11
28
29
IMu-
hamac
III.
AbuAb-
dallah.
17
IS
24
12
25
5
1303
703
22
1 Be-
nedict
XI.
Oct.22.
25—
9
13
30
2
19
26
6
1304
704
23
d.July
Va-
cant.
26
10
14
31
3
20
27
7
1305
705—706
24
1 Cle-
ment
V.
June
15.
27
11
15
1 Lou-
is Hu-
tin.
4
21
lWen-
ceslas
V.
1306
706-707
25
2
28
12
16
2
5
22
1 Ru-
dolf of
Aus-
tria.
9
1307
707—708
26
3—
29
13
17
3
6
23
1 Hen-
ry of
Carin-
thia.
10
1308
708—709
27
30
14
18
1
7
21
2
1 Hen-
ry VII.
o/Lux-
em-
burg.
13wU TO 1308 A.D.
403
Repe-
tition
Dates.
1300
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
12Pietro
Grade-
nigo.
1301 13
1302
1305
1306
1308
Savoy
16 Ama
deus IV.
19
20 — - >25
Flan-
dees.
21 Guy
de Dam-
pierre.
22
Den-
mark.
15 Erik
VI.
24
1 Robert
III.
23 3
19 15
SWE-
11 Rir
ger.
20
21
20 ,24 I 4 — - 23 19
♦
Po-
land
Hun-
gary,
11 An-
drew
III.
the Ve-
netian.
IChas,
I.Ro
bert.
1 La-
dislas
again
re-
Russia
7 An-
drewIII
10
1 Mi-
chael II.
Scot-
land.
Subject
to Eng-
land.
Eng-
land.
29 Ed-
ward I
Nov. 2C
30
1 Ro-
bert I.
Bruce.
Mar. 25
35
.July 7
1 Ed-
ward II.
July 8
2
n. Isa-
bella of
France.
2 d 2
404
FROM THE YEAR
A.D.
1300
Events and Eminent Men.
1301
1303
Boniface claims Scotland as a fief of the papal see ; he proclaims a jubilee, and
attracts innumerable pilgrims to Rome by his plenary Indulgence. Roger de
Loria defeats a Sicilian fleet, and takes the admiral, Conrad Doria. Robert, duke
of Calabria, besieges Messina ; the diseased state of his army compels him to
return to Naples ; Violanta mediates a truce of six months between her husband
and her brother. A party among the magnates of Hungary espouses the cause
of Charles Robert, son of Charles Martel ; he is proclaimed in Dalmatia and
Croatia. Florence, prosperous and rich, is divided by the factions of the
Bianchi (whites), under Vieri de' Cerchi and the Neri (blacks), headed hy Corso
de' Donati ; the former have the ascendancy, and reject the pope's offered medi
ation. The Poles expel Ladislas, and take Wenceslas, king of Bohemia, for
their sovereign. G-uy, count of Flanders, is defeated and made prisoner by
Philip's brother, Charles de Valois. Dante Alighieri (1266—1321) finishes his
Divina Comedia. Villani begins to write his Chronicle. Universities founded
at Lyons and Lerida. Cardinal Napoleone Orsino, by order of Boniface, be-
sieges Gubbio and expels the Ghibelins. The marriage of Galeazzo, son of
Matteo Visconte, to Beatrice, sister of Azzo VIII., marquis d'Este, celebrated
with great pomp. Segarelli burnt at Parma ; the Apostolicals, under their new
leader, Dolcino, retire into Dalmatia. William de Villaret elected grand master
of the Hospitallers. The name of Lollards first given to a charitable society at
Antwerp, who lulled the sick by singing to them.
The English parliament denies the right of the pope to intermeddle in the affairs
of Scotland. Philip of France imprisons the bishop of Pamiers, appointed by
the pope ; quarrels with Boniface. Death of Andrew III., king of Hungary,
the last of the race of Arpad ; supported by the papal influence, Charles Robert
is crowned as his successor ; Wenceslas, son of the king of Bohemia and Poland,
is invited by a powerful party to oppose him. Boniface invites Charles of
Valois into Italy, to assist his ambitious schemes, and flatters him with the hope
of obtaining the imperial crowns of the East and the West. Under the plea of
restoring peace Charles is admitted into Florence, where he allows the Neri to
ill-treat and drive out their opponents ; Dante is among the expelled. Marriage
of Philip of Savoy to Isabella de Villehardouin. The Hospitallers in alliance
with the Mongols, enter Jerusalem, but establish no permanent occupation.
Othman defeats Andronicus at Baphseon, near Nicomedia.
The Scotch appoint Comyn regent, and make another effort to regain independence.
Boniface issues a violent Bull against Philip, who burns it, accuses him of si-
mony and heresy, and refuses to acknowledge him as pope. Another expedition
of Charles of Valois ends in a treaty, by which Frederic is recognized king of
Sicily, and marries Leonora, daughter of Charles of Naples. Expulsion of
the Visconti from Milan, and return of the Dalla Torre. The first assembly of
the States General in France, April 10. Defeat of the French by the Flemings
at Courtrav, July 11. Flavio Gioja said to have invented the mariner's compass
at Amalfi {see 1250).
Edward makes peace with France, and marches again into Scotland. Philip de-
mands a general council, to hear his charges against the pope, by whom he is
excommunicated and his subjects absolved from their allegiance. Boniface is
surprized at Anagni, by William de Nogaret ; after being kept some days a pri-
soner, he is allowed to return to Rome, where he dies, (Jet. 11. Roger di Flor
forms, out of the mercenaries who had served in Sicily, his Catalan Grand Com-
pany, and is employed by the Greek emperor : he receives the title of grand
duke, leads his forces agains.t the Mongols and Turks, and establishes himself
at Cyzicus. The Visconti make a vigorous, but unsuccessful, effort to reinstate
themselves at Milan. Siegfried von Feuchtwangen grand master of the Teu-
tonic knights in Prussia. Athanasius restored patriarch of CP.
The regent Comyn submits to Edward ; Wallace continues the struggle. Philip
defeats the Flemings, Aug. 18. Benedict XI. reverses many of the acts of
Boniface, and endeavours to restore peace; he dies after a reign of nine months,
and the dissensions of the cardinals keep the papal chair vacant. A great part
of Florence, burnt by the violence of the factions. Wenceslas renounces the
] 300 TO 1308 A.D.
405
Events and Eminent Men.
1308
crown of Hungary. Roger di Flor defeats the Mongols, enters Philadelphia, and
stations himself at Ephesus. Dolcino and the Apostolicals return to Italy, and
fix themselves on a mountain near Vereelli. Albert oppresses Switzerland; ty-
ranny of his bailiff, Gessleiv Birth of Petrarch.
Wallace, taken prisoner, is executed as a traitor, Aug. 23. Philip procures the
papacy for Clement V., who summons the cardinals to meet him at Lyons. The
kings of Castile and Aragon divide Murcia by the treaty of Campillo. On the
death of Joanna, her eldest son, Louis, by her marriage with Philip of France
(see 1276), inherits Navarre. Siege of Magnesia by the Catalans ; they occupy
the Thracian Chersonesus. Wenceslas, king of Bohemia and Poland, dies ; La-
dislas Loktek once more regains the Polish throne. Death of John, marquis of
Montferrat; his States are inherited by his nephew, Theodore, son of his sister
Violanta, and the emperor Andronicus (see 1284). Azzo VIII., marquis d'Este,
marries Beatrice, daughter of Charles II. of Naples ; many States form a
league against him. Clement restoi'es the cardinals della Colonna, whom Bo-
niface had degraded. Otho of Bavaria, grandson of Bela IV., claims the crown
of Hungary. Uzbek, grand khan of the Golden Horde.
Robert Bruce, grandson of the first claimant, is crowned king of Scotland, and
dispossesses the English of great part of the country ; Aymer de Valence defeats
him near Johnston ; three of his brothers are taken, and condemned as traitors.
The Bulls of Boniface against Philip are revoked. Clement urges a general
crusade, and demands a tenth of all ecclesiastical revenues for the purpose;
Philip recommends him to be less exorbitant. William de Villaret projects the
acquisition of Rhodes. The marquis d'Este loses his ascendancy in Modena
and Reggio. The Dorias expelled from Genoa by the Spinola party. The Ca-
talans fortify Gallipoli; other adventurers join them ; Roger di Flor is created,
Caesar. Death of Wenceslas V., the last male of the reigning family in Bohemia ; !
Rudolf of Austria claims the crown. A crusade against the Apostolicals. Od
complaint made by the nobility and gentry, the use of sea-coal is prohibited in
London and the suburbs. John Sanudo I., on the death of his brother Nicholas,
is induced to leave a hermitage, and becomes sixth duke of Naxos.
Edward banishes Piers Gaveston. Robert Bruce defeats the earl of Pembroke ;
Edward marches against him ; dies at Burgh on the Sands, set. 67. Edward II.
recalls Gaveston, and creates him earl of Cornwall. Conference of Philip and
Clement at Poitiers. Charges against the Templars ; the grand master, Molay,
and all the knights in France, imprisoned and their possessions seized. Fulk
de Villaret, grand master of the Hospitallers, collects a force in Europe, and
begins operations against Rhodes. Roger di Flor assassinated at Adrianople,
and many of the Catalans massacred ; they make Rocafert captain of the Grand
Company, commence hostilities against the empire, defeat Andronicus at Aspros,
and over-run Thrace. Gessler killed by William Tell. On the death of Budolf,
Henry, duke of Carinthia, takes the crown of Bohemia. Dolcino, his wife, and
many of his followers, are burnt alive; dispersion of their sect. John dalle Carceri
marries Florence Sanudo, and succeeds as seventh duke of Naxos. Peter de
Langtoft's Chronicle ends.
Marriage of Edward II. to the daughter of the king of France, Jan. 23 ; crowned
at Westminster, Feb. 24 ; the earl of Lancaster and the queen demand the
removal of Gaveston ; Edward appoints him governor of Ireland. Albert of
Austria assassinated by his nephew; the electors of Germany choose Henry,
count of Luxemburg, for their king. Origin of the Swiss confederation; union
of Werner Stauffacher of Schweiz, Walter Furst of Uri, and Arnold von
Melchthal of Unterwalden. Ferdinand of Castile takes Gibraltar, and by a
treaty of peace acquires other territory in Granada. Philip assembles the
States General at Tours, to sanction his proceedings against the Templars.
Death of the marquis d'Este ; contest among his family; the Venetians support
his grandson, Fulk, to obtain Ferrara. Dionysius removes the university from
Lisbon to Coimbra, and encourages literature. Vasco Lobeira writes his
I Amadis de Gaul. Otho of Bavaria relinquishes his pretensions in Hungary.
Walter de Brienne succeeds Guy TI. as sixth duke of Athens.
406
FEOM THE YEAB
A.D.
Hegiba.
East-
ern Em-
pire.
Popes
Port-
ugal.
Spain.
Cas- A.ra- Nav- Moors.
tjle. gon. arbe.
France.
Bohe-
mia.
Ger-
many.
1309
1
709—710
28 An-
dronicus
II.
5 Cle-
ment
V.
June
15.
31Dio-
nvsi-
us.
^Fer-
di-
nand
IV.
19Jas
II. the
Just.
5 Lou-
is Hu-
tin.
lNa-
zar.
25Philip
IV. the
Fair.
3 Hen-
ry of
Carin-
thia.
2 Hen-
ry
VII.
o/Lux-
em-
burg.
1310
710—711
711—712
29
30
6
7
32
33
16
17
20
21
7—
2
3
26
27
Uohn
ofLuXr
em-
burg.
2
1311
712—713
31
8
1 Al-
°2
8
28
3
1312
fonso
XI.
1313
713—714
32 —
9
35
2—
23
9—
lAbul
Walid,
or Is-
mail.
29
1
6
1314
1315
714—715
715—716
33
34
d. Apr.
20.
Va-
cant.
36
37
3
4
24
25
10
11
2
3
1 Louis
lL.Hutin.
2
6
Con-
tested
by
Fre-
deric
(HI.)
of
1316
1317
716—717
717—718
35
36
Uohn
XXII.
Aug.7.
2
38
39
6
26
27
Uohn
I.
5 days.
1 Jo-
anna
II.
2
4- —
5
Uohn I.
5 days.
1 Philip
V. the
Long.
2
7
8
Aus-
tria
and
Louis
(IV.)
of Ba-
varia.
1318
718—719
37
3
40
7
28
3
6
3
9
1319
1
719—720
38
41
29
4
7
i
10
.
1309 TO 1319 A.D.
407
■ Repe-
tition
Doges
of Ve-
Savoy.
Flan-
Den-
Swe-
Po-
Hun-
' Russia. [ Scot- | Eng-
Dates.
nice.
ders.
mark.
den.
land
gary.
LAND.
LAND.
1309
21 Pietrc
Grade-
nigo.
25 Ama-
deus IV
5 Robert
III.
24 Erik
VI.
20 Bir-
ger.
5 La-
dislas
again
re-
stored
9Chas
I. Ro-
bert.
6 Mi-
chael II.
4 Ro-
bert I
Bruce
March
25.
3 Ed-
ward
II.
July 8.
1310
22
26 — -
6
25
21
6
10
7
5
4
1311
1 Mari-
no Gior-
gio.
27
7
26
22
7
11
8
6
5
1312
1 Gio-
vanni
Soranzo
28
8
27
23
8
12—
9 —
7
6
1313
2
29
9
28
24 — -
9
13
10
8
b. Ed-
ward
III.
Nov.12.
1314
3
30 .
10
29 ■
25
10
14
11
9
8
1315
4
31
11
30
26
11
15
12
10
9
1316
5
32
12
31
2f
12
16
.3-
11
10
1317
6 - —
33
13
32
28
13
17
14
12
11
1318
34
14
33
29 —
14
15
15
1 Jurij
III.
13
14 — -
12
13
1319
8
35
15
Vacant.
1 Mag-
nus II.
Smek.
19
408
FROM THE YEAR
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
1310
1312
1313
Edward II. recalls Gaveston, who offends the barons again by his insolence. Re-
moval of the papal see to Avignon. Clement issues a Bull, in which he declares
Ferrara to be a fief of the church, excommunicates the Venetians, lays an in-
terdict on their lands, places them out of the protection of all laws, human and
divine, and authorizes Christians* to seize their persons, sell them for slaves,
and rob them of their property, in all parts of the world; his legate preaches a
crusade against them, collects a large force and drives them from Ferrara, which
is not restored to any of the d'Este family, but governed for the pope by Robert,
who had just succeeded his father, Charles II., as king of Naples. Bajamonte
Tiepolo endeavours to form a Guel? party at Venice, fails, and is expelled. At
the diet at Spires, the imperial cities of Germany are for the first time repre-
sented. Marienburg in Prussia is made the seat of the Teutonic knights. The
Catalans are repulsed in their attack on Tbessalonica ; their leader, Rocafert,
is treacherously seized by the Neapolitan admiral, Thibaut de Sipoys, and
starved to death in a dungeon at Naples. Rebellion in Granada ; Muhamad III.
resigns his crown to his brother Nazar.
Commissioners are appointed by parliament to exercise the royal power in
England ; they banish Gaveston. Henry obtains the throne of Bohemia for
his son John, and proceeds with a numerous retinue and army to Italy ; he
restores Matteo Visconte at Milan, and endeavours to allay the violence of the
two factions ; Robert, king of Naples, and chief of the Guelf party, secretly
opposes him. An attempt of the Ferrarese to regain their independence, is sup-
pressed by the legate, cardinal Pelagrua. with great cruelty and rapine The
councils of Mentz, Ravenna, and Salamanca, acquit the Templars accused before
them ; at Paris and Senlis they are condemned ; many of the knights are burnt
alive. The city of Rhodes is taken by the Hospitallers, and the conquest of the
island completed. The Catalan Grand Company enter into the service of Walter
de Brienne, duke of Athens. Arnold di Villa Nuova teaches the distillation of
spirits of wine.
Edward again recalls Gaveston, retires to York, and protests against the ordi-
nances of the commissioners ; the barons arm against him. Henry and his
queen, Margaret, are crowned at Milan ; the party of the Dalla Torre, suspected
of plotting new disturbances, are driven from that city; Matteo Visconte regains
full power there. Henry makes many fruitless efforts to restore peace among
the Italian cities ; the plague breaks out in his army ; his queen, Margaret, falls I
a victim to it at Genoa. The Fifteenth General Council, at Vienne, in Dauphiny,
suppresses the Order of Knights Templars, condemns the Beghards and Be- \
guines of Flanders, and refuses to entertain the charges brought by the king of
France against the late pope Boniface. Walter dc Brienne quarrels with the
Catalans, and is defeated and slain by them in a battle on the banks of the Ce-
phissus ; they conquer the duchy of Athens, and appoint Roger Deslau grand
duke. Niphon I. patriarch of CP.
Gaveston made prisoner at Scarborough, conveyed to Warwick, and beheaded,
July 1 ; peace between Edward and the barons. The council of Vienne con-
tinues its sittings till May 6 ; the act for suppressing the Templars published
April 3 ; their possessions divided among several sovereigns, and part assigned
to the Hospitallers. Robert, king of Naples, seizes the principal forts in Rome ;
Henry is, nevertheless, crowned in the Lateran church by three cardinals. The
new emperor enters into a treaty of alliance with Frederic of Sicily, and gives
him one of his daughters in marriage. Karl Beffartof Treves, grand master
of the Teutonic Order in Prussia. Hertford college, Oxford, founded.
Robert Bruce takes Inverness and besieges Stirling; a truce between England
and Scotland. Philip restrains Clement from excommunicating the king of
Naples for his violence in Rome. The emperor Henry, in conjunction with the
Genoese and Sicilians, prepares to attack Robert, but dies suddenly at Buon-
convento, near Sienna, Aug. 24, jet. 49 Nazar, king of Granada, deposed by his
nephew, Abul Walid. Robert appointed governor of Florence for five years.
Marriage of Louis of Burgundy to Maud of Hainault, heiress of Achaia. Birth
of Boccacio. Rudiger von Manesse, of Zurich, forms his Collection of Poems.
1309 TO 1319 A.D. 409
1314
1317
1318
1319
Events and Eminent Men.
Battle of Eannockburn, June 25 ; the independence of Scotland established.
Louis of Bavaria, and Frederic, son of the late Albert of Austria, are elected
by two opposite parties kings of Germany, and make war on each other.
Cement appoints the king of Naples senator of Rome and viceroy of Italy ;
protected by him, the Guelf faction prevails ; the Ghibelins maintain their
struggle at Pisa, Lucca, and other places. Death of Clement V. ; the dissen-
sions of the cardinals keep the papal see vacant again nearly two years and
four months. Death of Philip le Bel ; he is succeeded by his son, Louis Rutin
(the Quarrelsome), already ten years king of Navarre. Fruitless expedition of
the king of Naples against Sicily ; repulsed at Trapani, he agrees to a truce of
three years. Molay, grand master of the Templars, is burnt alive at Paris,
protesting to the last the innocence of his Order. The Hospitallers conquer
the islets near Rhodes, and settle the government of their little State. Exeter
College, Oxford, founded by Stapleton, bishop of Exeter.
The earl of Lancaster, the king's cousin, takes the direction of public affairs in
England. Edward adopts a new favourite, Hugh le Despenser. Robert Bruce
invades England, takes Berwick, is repulsed at Carlisle, and returns to Scotland ;
his brother, Edward, lands with an army in Ireland. Matteo Visconte and
Uguccione dalla Faggiuola defeat Philip and Peter, king Robert's brothers, and
repress the Guelfs in Lombardy and Tuscany. The three Swiss cantons
defeat Leopold of Austria at Morgarten, Nov. 16. Othman attempts to recover
Rhodes ; he is bravely repelled by the knights, with the assistance of Amadeus
of Savoy. Mondini de' Luzzi teaches anatomy. England afflicted by a grievous
famine.
Edward Bruce crowned king of Ireland ; his brother, Robert, goes over with an
army to support him, but soon withdraws. Death of Louis X. ; his posthumous
son, John, lives only five days. The Salic Law is established, to exclude
females and their descendants from the throne of France. Joanna, daughter of
Louis, inherits only Navarre. Philip V., second son of Philip IV., takes the
French throne. The predominance of French cardinals, created by Clement V.,
secures, eventually, the election of another French pope, and the continuance
of the papal see at Avignon. John XXII. appoints eight more cardinals, of
whom seven are French. The Genoese conclude a commercial treaty with
Alexius of Trebizond, which secures their trade in the Black Sea. John XIII.
patriarch of CP.
Another expedition of Robert against Sicily ends in another truce. The citizens
of Ferrara expel Robert's garrison, and restore the government of the marquis
d'Este. Violent commotions in Genoa The Swedish king, Birger, by the
j murder of his two brothers, causes a rebellion of his people.
Battle of Dundalk, Oct. 5; Edward Bruce defeated by Lord Birmingham, and
I slain ; termination of the war in Ireland. Philip obtains from Joanna, a child,
get. 8, the cession of Navarre and Champagne, which had been united since the
time of Theobald I. (ax. 1234); of the former, she regains possession, but the
latter remains annexed to the crown of France Genoa, besieged by the
Ghibelins, is relieved by king Robert, who is appointed governor of the city for
ten years. Giotto (1276—1336) the first painter of portraits from life.
A truce of two years between England and Scotland. Bruce excommunicated by
the pope ; the Scotch parliament resists all papal interference in their affairs.
The siege of Genoa is raised, and king Robert goes to Avignon ; after his de-
parture, the Ghibelins, Doria and Spinola, return and renew the attack. Brescia
submits to a governor appointed by Robert. The Castilians invade Granada,
and are defeated with great loss ; their two princes, Juan and Pedro, are slain.
Dionysius of Portugal gives the confiscated possessions of the Templars in his
kingdom to a new military Order, of Christ. On the death of Erik, the throne
of Denmark remains for a time vacant. Birger deposed and banished by the
Swedes : they elect Magnus Smek, set. 3, who is also king of Norway. Michael,
grand duke of Russia, is put to death by the khan of Kapzak, who places Jurij
on the throne. Louis of Bavaria gives the marquisate of Lusatia to the king
of Bohemia.
410
FEOM THE YEAR
A.D. Hegiba,
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
722
72g
724
725
726
727
1327
East-
ern Em-
pike.
An-
dronieus
II.
40
5 John
XXII
Aug.7
41
42
44
45
1 Atl-
dronicuS
III.
I!
Popes
Port-
ugal.
42 Di-
onysi-
us.
7 ,44
Spain.
Cas- Aba- Nav-
tile. gon. arbe.
9 Al-
fonso
XI.
13
1 Al-
fonso
IV.
the
30Jas.' 5 Jo-
II. the anna
Just. II.
31-
32-
1 Al-
fonso
IV.
11-
jra.Phi-
lip
Count
d'Ev-
Moobs.
Feance.
Bohe-
mia.
8 Abul
Walid
or Is-
mail.
5 Philip
V. the
Long.
11
John
of Lux-
em-
burg.
9
6
12
10
ICharles
IV. le
Bel.
13
11
2
14
12
3
15
IMu-
hamad
IV. Ben
Ismail.
4
16
2
5
17
3
6
18
Ger-
many
Still
con-
tested
lLou
LSlV.
of Ba-
varia.
1 Philip
VI.de
Valois.
1320 TO 1328 A.D.
41 i
tition
Dates.
1320
1321
1322
1324
1325
1326
1327
Doges
of Ve- Savoy. Flan
nice. DEES.
9 Gio- 36 Ama-
vanni deus IV.
Soranzo.
10
Den-
mark.
16 Ro-
bert III.
1 Louis
I.
14
1 Ed-
ward.
1 Chris-
topher
II.
Swe-
den.
2 Mag-
nus II
Smek.
PO- HUNGA-[ Rus-
LAND. RY. i SIA.
16 La-
dislas
again
re-
stored.
18-
SCOT-
LAND,
1 Fran-
cesco
Dando-
lo.
20
Charles
I.Ro-
bert.
21-
10-
2Jurij[15Ro
III.
bert I
Bruce
March
25.
Eng-
land.
14 Ed- I
ward II.1
July 8. 1
1 Dmi-
tri II.
27
1 Alex
ander
II.
llvanl.
Kalita,
or the
Purse,
21-
18
19
Jan. 20.
1 Ed-
ward
IIL
Jan. 25.
2
m. Phi-
lippa of
Hai-
nault.
412
FROM THE TEAR
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
1321
1323
The favours heaped by Edward on Despenser and his father excite the jealousy
of the earl of Lancaster and other barons. Robert, by his intrigues, prevents a
settlement of the contest in Germany, in order to promote his ambitious designs
in Italy; he sends Philip de Valois with a French army to oppose the Visconti,
who compel him to return without having obtained any advantage. The siege
of Genoa is still continued. The long and prosperous reign of Dionysius in
Portugal is troubled by the discontent of his son. Christopher, brother of Erik,
obtains the vacant throne of Denmark by a capitulation with the nobles.
The barons obtain from the parliament an act of attainder and banishment
against the Despensers ; the king collects an army, reverses the act, and recalls
the exiles. Andronicus the younger, assisted by John Cantacitzene and Sir-
yannes, commences a civil war against the emperor, his grandfather; peace
concluded between them at Rhegion : the war renewed in the autumn, and
Heraclsea besieged. Siryannes returns to the service of the old emperor.
The besiegers of Genoa defeat an army landed against them by king Robert.
Andoria. Galeazzo Visconte lays siege to Cremona. Dante, still an exile from
Florence for his Ghibellinism, dies, set. 56, at Ravenna, where he had been be-
friended by Guido Novello da Pollenta.
Edward II. defeats the barons at Boroughbridge ; the earl of Hereford slain ; the
earl of Lancaster made prisoner and beheaded at Pontefract, March 23; Hugh
le Despenser acquires for himself a large part of the forfeited estates. Queen
Isabella, while resident in the Tower of London, first sees Mortimer, who is
brought a prisoner, to be confined there. The property of the English Templars
seized, Jan. 7 ; the knights are dispersed in monasteries, and pensions allowed
them. Sir John Mandeville travels in the East, 1322 to 1356. Death of Philip,
king of France ; leaving only daughters, he is succeeded by his brother, who
unjustly claims also Navarre; resistance of the Navarrese ; battle of Beotibata,
in a pass of the Pyrenees. Death of Maria, queen-dowager of Castile. Treaty
of Epibates between the emperor Andronicus and his grandson. Battle of
Muhldorf, or Ampfing; Frederic of Austria is taken prisoner by Louis of Ba-
varia (Sep. 28), who from this time reigns sole king of Germany. Cremona
surrenders to Galeazzo Visconte ; his brother, Marco, defeats a papal and Nea-
politan army at Bassignano ; their father, Matteo, his family, and adherents,
are excommunicated by the pope, who publishes a crusade against them, con-
fiscates their property, and authorizes their enemies to seize their persons and
sell them as slaves. Robert and the pope offer to recognize Frederic of Austria
as king of Germany, if he will give active support to their plans ; he sends his
brother Henry with an army, who, on arriving at Brescia, leams the real nature
of the party strife raging in Italy, and marches back again. Matteo Visconte
resigns his power to his son, Galeazzo, and retires to the monastery of Crescen-
zago, where he dies, June 27, set. 72.
Unsuccessful invasion of Scotland by Edward; a truce of thirteen years concluded
between the two countries. Through the influence of Isabella, Mortimer is
allowed to escape. Louis of Bavaria invests his son with the margraviate of
Brandenburg, vacaut by the extinction of the family of Albert the Bear, who
had held it since 1134. The siege of Genoa raised. The papal legate takes
Alessandria and Tortona, and besieges Milan. Louis sends some German
troops to assist the Visconti ; the assailants are repulsed with great loss. The
pope excommunicates Louis, and declares his election void.
Queen Isabella visits France, to arrange the dispute between her husband and
brother respecting Guyenne ; Edward cedes the province to his eldest son, who
goes over to do homage for it. Commencement of Isabella's guilty intimacy
with Mortimer ; they plot to overthrow the Despensers. Diet of Nuremberg ;
Louis protests against the papal assumption of power in Germany, and appeals
to a general council. Galeazzo defeats the combined army at Vavrio, and takes
Monza ; he offers terms of peace, which Robert makes the pope reject. Alfonso
takes the government of Castile into his own hands. James, king of Aragon,
claims Sardinia under the gift of Boniface VIII., in 1297, and invades the
island. Werner von Orselsn grand master of the Teutonic Order in Prussia.
Birth of Wickliffe.
1320 TO 1328 A.D.
413
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
1327
1828
Charles desires Isabella to leave his court; she withdraws to Hainault, where she
j affiances her son, Edward, to Philippa, daughter of the count, whom she engages
to assist her with an army. Frederic of Austria, by the treaty of Traussnitz,
renounces the crown of Germany, and is released from prison. Castmccio of
Lucca, and Azzo, sun of Galeazzo Visconte, defeat the Florentines and their
allies at Cappiano and take their general, Raymond da Cardona. Robert be-
sieges Palermo, and returns to Naples, unable to accomplish his object. Siege
of Cagliari, in Sardinia, by the Aragorie.se ; the Pisans make a vain effort to
relieve the place. Abul Walid is slain in a revolt at Granada, and succeeded
by his son.
Isabella lands with her army in Suffolk, Sep. 24, and is joined by many nobles.
Flight of Edward into Wales ; the Despensers are taken and hanged ; the
king is conveyed a prisoner to Kenilworth castle. Leopold of Austria, and the
pope, annul the treaty of Traussnitz ; Frederic surrenders again to Louis, who
treats him as his friend. The pope incites Ladislas, king of Poland, and Ge-
dimin, duke of Lithuania, to attack the Teutonic knights, and invade Branden-
burg. Clare Hall, Cambridge, founded by Dr. Richard Baden. Parma and
Reggio submit to the papal legate. The Florentines give the government of
their city for five years to Robert's son, Charles, duke of Calabria. Death of
Othman ; Prusa taken by his son Orchan. Death of Roger Deslau ; the Ca-
talans invite Manfred of Sicily to be grand duke of Athens. Florence Sanudo,
by her second marriage, conveys the duchy of Naxos to Nicholas IT.
Edward II. deposed by Parliament, Jan. 7 ; his son refuses the crown, unless re-
signed by his father; this being accomplished, Jan. 20, Edward 111., who had
just entered his fourteenth year, is proclaimed Jan. 25 ; his mother and Mor-
timer rule in his name. Robert Bruce invades England, but retires before the
English army; Edward displays early proofs of valour ; his father is brutally
murdered by his keepers in Berkley castle, Sep. 21, a±t. 43. Modena submits
to the legate. Conference at Trent between Louis and the leaders of the
Ghibelins ; he advances to Milan, and is crowned king of Italy, May 31 ; he j
quarrels with Galeazzo Visconte, and imprisons him at Monza ; the citizens
of Pisa shut their gates against him, but yield, after a siege, and pay a heavy I
contribution. The Genoese, in the service of king Robert, take Ostia ; Sciarra
Colonna defends Rome. The pope fulminates more violently against Louis, in
whose defence, the Franciscan, William Occam, Marsilius of Padua, and John
of Janduno, by their writings, deny the temporal authority of the Roman bishop
over Germany and other countries. Cecco d'Ascoli burnt at Florence, for
heresies discovered in his poetry. Rainulph Tiigden concludes his Poly-
chronicon. Origin of the Goldsmiths' and Skinners' Companies in London.
Isabella and Mortimer odious to the nation ; he concludes a treaty of peace,
recognizing the complete independence of Scotland. The marriage of Edward
to Philippa of Hainault is solemnized at York. Death of Charles, king of France,
Jan. 31, get. 34; his crown descends to Philip, son of Charles de Valois, second
son of Philip III. (see 128?i; unable to claim Navarre, he marries Joanna to
Philip, count d'Evreux, who reigns jointly with her. The Flemings revolt ;
are defeated by the king of France, at Mount Cassel, Aug. 23, and reduced to
submission. Louis crowned emperor at Rome, Jan. 17, by the bishops of Venice
and Aleria; he holds an assembly of the people, April 18, at which it is decreed
that every pope must reside in Rome. John XXII. is deposed, and Nicholas V.
elected. Galeazzo Visconte is liberated, and dies ; his son, Azzo, succeeds him.
The Ghibelins lose two important leaders by the death of Sciarra Colonna
and Castmccio of Lucca ; the Guelfs also lose king Robert's son, Charles, duke
of Calabria, leaving only two young daughters. Luigi da Gonzaga obtains the
lordship of Mantua, and Cane dalla Scala that of Padua. Third rebellion of An-
dronicus the younger ; he takes CP., and his grandfather resigns the throne to
him. Alexander II. of Russia provokes the Golden Horde by a massacre of the
Tartars ; Uzbek expels him, and gives the principalities of Moscow, Novogorod,
and Wladimir, to Ivan, brother of Jurij, who takes the title of grand prince of
Moscow, and makes that city the capital of his dominions. Death of Nicholas
Trivet, historian of the house of Anjou.
414
FROM THE YEAR
A.D.
Hegira.
1330
1331
1332
730
731
1335 736
733
734
1336
1337
1338
East-
ben Em-
pire.
2 An-
dronicus
III.
Popes
14
John
XXII.
Aug.7.
3 15
16-
5
19
i. Dec.
4.
1 Be-
nedict
XII.
Dec/20
2
737
738—739
739—740
740—741
11
Port-
ugal.
5 Al-
fonso
IV.
the
Brave.
18 Al-
fonso
XI.
Spain.
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors.
TILE. GON. ARRE.
France,
21-
22-
3 Al-
fonso
IV.
14 Jo-
anna
II;
25-
15-
1 Pe-
dro
IV.
27-
28
5Mu-
hamad
IV- Ben
Ismail.
lYusef
Ben Is-
mail.
19 2
22-
24-
2 Philip
VI. de
Valois,
20
John
of Lux-
em-
burg.
7 112
Bohe-
mia.
22-
Ger-
MANY
8 Lou-
is IV
o/Ba
varia
26-
12-
13-
18-
1329 TO 1339 A.D.
415
1330
1333
1334
1335
1336
1339
Doges
or Ve-
nice.
2 Fran-
Dando-
lo.
1337 10
1338 11
1 Barto-
lommeo
Grade-
nigo.
Savoy.
1 Aimon
the Pa-
cific.
Flan-
ders.
8 Louis
I.
Den- Swe-
MAEK. DEN.
10
Chris-
topher
II.
Count
ofHol-
stein,
re-
gent.
11
Mag-
nus II
20
Po-
land,
25 La-
dislas
again
26
1 Ca-
sunn
111.
Hunga-
ry.
Charles
I. Ro-
bert.
Rus-
sia.
2 Ivan
I. Ka-
lita, or
85
Scot-
land.
24 Ro-
bert I.
Bruce.
Mar. 25.
d.June7,
1 David
1 I.Bruce
June 7
10-
Eng-
LAND.
3Ed-
wardlll.
Jan. 25.
4 —
b. Ed-
ward the
Black
Prince.
J une 15.
10
41G
FROM THE YEAE
1330
1331
1332
Mortimer provokes the enmity of the harons ; he arrests Edmund, earl of Kent,
the king's uncle. Louis alienates the minds of the principal Ghibelins; the
Viscouti and D'Este treat with the pope; the antipope Nicholas abjures, and is
imprisoned at Avignon. Death of Frederic of Austria. Louis returns to Ger-
many. The independence of Navarre secured by the convention which Joanna
and her husband sign at their coronation in Pampeluna. Orchan blockades
Niceea, and defeats Andronicus at Pelekanon. The Danes expel their king,
Christopher, and place on the throne Waldemar, the young duke of Schleswig,
under the regency of Gerard, count of Holstein. Andronicus conquers Chios
from the Genoese family of Zacharia. Birth of Geoffrey Chaucer. Death of
Robert Bruce ; he is succeeded by his son, David, set. 5.
The earl of Kent beheaded, March 9, and the earl of Lancaster imprisoned. Edward
resolves to take the government into his own hands. Isabella and Mortimer are
surprized in Nottingham castle ; he is executed at Tyburn, Nov. 29, and she is
confined for the rest of her life at Castle Rising, in Norfolk. John-, king of
Bohemia, while negotiating with the duke of Carinthia, at Trent, is invited by
the Guelfs of Brescia to take the command of their city. Christopher recovers
the throne of Denmark. Nicasa surrenders to the Ottomans: Andronicus
concludes a treaty of peace with them. On the death of Manfred, his brother,
William, holds the dukedom of Athens. Andronicus III. succeeds his father,
Alexius II., in the empire of Trebizond. The Seljouk Turks ravage the coast
of Greece ; their armament is defeated near Mount A thos, by a combined fleet
of Venetians, Neapolitans, Rhodians, and other Christian powers. Dominico
Catagna, and a Genoese colony, manufacture alum at Phocsea. Alfonso of
Castile involves himself in many troubles by his illicit attachment to Eleanora
de Guzman.
Edward redresses the grievances ot his people, and restores a strict administration ,
of justice. John of Bohemia recalls the banished Ghibelins to Brescia, and
reconciles' the two factions ; many other cities in Lombardy place themselves
under his government: the chiefs of the contending parties, jealous of his
power suspend their differences, and coalesce against him. The Genoese call
upon Robert of Sicily to assist them in their war with Aragon. Luther, duke
of Brunswick, grand master of the Teutonic Order in Prussia ; the Poles and
Lithuanians defeated at Plowcze. Death of Abulfeda (Ismail, prince of Hamah),
Arab. Hist, and Geog. Jane de Valois. countess of Hainault, visits her daughter
Philippa. John Kempe is invited to bring Ids servants and apprentices from|
Flanders, to join the weaving colony, already founded at Norwich in 1132 ; they
are patronized bv the Queen
Edward Balliol claims the crown of Scotland, collects an English army, and lands,!
on the coast of Fife ; the earl of Marre, the regent, defeated and slam, Aug. 11 ;l
the young king, David, and his affianced bride, Jane, sister of the king of!
England, take refuge in France. Edward Balliol crowned at Scone, Sep. 27 ; is'
soon afterwards defeated at Annan, by Sir Archibald Douglas, and driven into
England. The deposed emperor, Andronicus, dies in a monastery, as the monk
Antony, Feb. 13, set. 74. John of Bohemia goes to Avignon, and has daily,
secret conferences with the pope ; his garrison is driven out of Brescia. Great
disorders follow the death of the Trebizontine emperor, Andronicus; his brother,
Basil, occupies the throne by the exclusion and murder of Manuel II. The
!f Turks attack Trebizond, and are totally defeated. Lucern joins the Swiss con-
federacy. Gibraltar retaken by the Moors.
Edward III. enters Scotland with a powerful army, and lays siege to Berwick,
battle of Halidown Hill, July 19; the regent Douglas defeated and slain; Ber-
wick surrenders, and is annexed to England ; Balliol, restored, does homage to
Edward as his superior lord. The papal legate besieges Ferrara, and is repulsed
with immense loss by Azzo d'Este and his brothers. John of Bohemia, dis-
appointed in his designs on Italy, returns to his own kingdom. Charles Robert
I of Hungary claims the kingdom of Naples ; .the dispute is settled by a treaty
I of marriage between the two branches of the family. The Merines of Africa,
! who had taken Gibraltar, are besieged by Alfonso ; Muhamad, king of Granada,
1329 TO 1339 A.D.
41/
A.D
1334
1337
1338
1339
Events and Eminent Men.
relieves the fortress, and is assassinated ; he is succeeded by his brother, Yusef.
John XIV. patriarch of CP Siryannes assassinated. Death of Christopher,
kin$ of Denmark. Dietrich Burggraf von Altenburg, grand master of the
Teutonic knights in Prussia. Andrew, second son of Charles Robert, king of
Hungary, is affianced, set. 7, to Joanna, grand-daughter of Robert, king of Naples,
presumptive heiress of the throne, and is sent into Italy to be educated.
Balliol holds a parliament at Edinburgh, Feb. 19 ; excites the hatred of the Scotch ;
takes refuge at Carlisle, Dec. 24 ; Sir Andrew Murray regent Edward receives
the banished Robert, count d'Artois, at his court, and prepares secretly to assert
his imaginary claim to the throne of France, by alliances with Flanders and other
States. The papal legate loses Bologna and most of the cities which he had
taken. John XXII., at his death, leaves Italy distressed and impoverished by
his ambitious schemes, while in his own treasury are found eighteen millions of
gold florins, and the value of seven more in plate and jewels. Denmark a prey
to anarchy ; Gerard, count of Holstein, exercises a disputed power as regent.
The Genoese, in alliance with the knights of Rhodes, and Nicholas Spezza-
banda, duke of Naxos, defeat an attempt made by Andronicus and his Turkish
auxiliaries against Phocsea. Nicolo Acciaiuoli, a Florentine banker, acquires
lands in the Morea, in payment of loans to the house of Anjou.
Edward again conducts Balliol into Scotland ; the defenders of the country main
tain themselves among the mountains. Gonzaga of Mantua obtains possession
of Reggio, and Azzo Visconte, of Como and Crema; death of Beatrice d'Este. The
Genoese expel king Robert's governor, and take for their captains RafaeleDoria
and Galeotto Spinola. Louis of Bavaria makes overtures to the new pope, which
Benedict wishes to accept, but is over-ruled by the kings of France and Naples.
The violence of the factions in Italy much abated. A quarrel arises between
Padua and Venice for some salt-works on the banks of the lagunes. James van
Artevelde, a brewer of Ghent, having driven the count of Flanders into France,
rules that province. Birth of Timour, or Tamerlane, May 7.
Edward obtains the support of Van Artevelde ; he raises money by grants from
parliament, and confiscating the wealth of the Lombard merchants. The
prince of Wales created duke of Cornwall. Edward coins gold florins. The
Venetians obtain possession of Padua, and give the city to Marsilio da Carrara.
Azzo Visconte takes Brescia. Death of Frederic, king of Sicily; his son, Peter
II., succeeds him. The Moguls ravage Thrace. Andronicus defeats the Alba-
nians, and conquers the despotat of Epirus. Oriel college, Oxford, founded.
Petrarch's first visit to Rome. Birth of Froissart A remarkable comet appears.
Edward sails from the Orwell with a fleet of 500 ships, July 15 ; lands his army
at Antwerp on the 22d ; has an interview with the emperor at Coblentz ; is ap-
pointed vicar of the empire ; confers privileges on the city of Ghent, and
assumes the title of king of France. Benedict XII., at the instigation of Philip,
renews the excommunication of the emperor ; the Electors at Rense, near Mentz,
issue a declaration, that Germany is an independent empire, over which the
pope has no jurisdiction ; a diet at Francfort ratifies this manifesto. Robert,
king of Naples, makes another unsuccessful attack on Sicily. Orchan takes
Nicomedia. Death of William, duke of Athens ; his brother John succeeds him.t
Edward invades France and encamps at Vironfosse ; marches back into Flanders,
and disbands his army ; returns to England, and obtains a grant of money from
parliament, on condition of redressing grievances and giving privileges to the
boroughs. Mastino dalla Scala cedes Treviso to the Venetians; his disbanded
mercenaries form themselves into the first condottiere company known in Italy ;
they are employed by Lodrisio Visconte in an attempt to surprize Milan ; he is
defeated, and made prisoner. Death of Azzo Visconte, set. 37 ; he is succeeded
by his uncle, Luchino. Robert defeats the Sicilian fleet and conquers the Lipari
Islands ; Asti is taken from him by John Palseologus, marquis of Montferrat,
who restores the expelled Ghibelins. Simone Boccanegra, the first doge elected
at Genoa. Katharine of Valois, regent of Achaia, employs Niccolo Acciaiuoli
as her prime minister. Secret mission of Barlaam from CP. to Avignon ; he
teaches Petrarch Greek, and brings into the West the literature of Greece.
2 B
418
FEOM THE TEAS
A.D.
1340
1341
741—742
1343
1344
1346
1346
Hegira.
743—744
744—745
745—746
746—747
147—748
1347 748-749
East-
ern Em-
pire.
13 An-
dronicus
III.
1 John
V. Pa-
lseolo-
gus.
John
VI. Can-
tacu-
zene.
Popes.
7 Be-
nedict
XII.
Dec. 20.
d. Apr.
25.
1 Cle-
ment
VI.
May 7.
Port-
ugal.
16 Al-
fonso
IV.
the
Spaih.
Ca8- Ara- Nav- Moors,
tile. gon. arre.
29 Al-
fonso
XI.
30
19-
21-
81-
32-
5 Pe-
dro
IV.
34-
35-
27-
28
10-
France
25 Jo- 8Yusef 13Philip
anna Ben Is- VI. de
II. mail. Valois.
26
29-
31-
32-
13-
16
17
Bohe
MIA.
31
John
ofLuX'
em-
burg,
19
Louis
IV. of
Bava-
20
34 22
Ger-
many
35
36
IChas,
I.
23-
lChaa
IV.
1340 TO 1347 A.B.
419
Repe-
tition.
Dates.
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
2 Barto-
lommeo
Grade
nigo.
Sa-
voy.
12 Ai-
mon the
Pacific.
14 21
Den-
MABK.
1 Wal-
demar
III.
20
lAndrea] 1 Ama-
Dando- |deus VI.
lo.
22
Swe-
den.
Po- HtTNGA
LAND. KY.
22 Mag-
nus II.
24
25
8Ca-
simir
III
Charles
I. Ro-
bert
Rtrs- 1 Soot-
land
1346
1 Louis
II.
1 Louis
I.
^Da-
vid II.
Bruce
June7
14 Ed-
ward
III.
Jan. 25.
b. John
ofGaunt.
Eng-
land.
27 13
7 28
IS-
IS -
16-
17 -19
14— 5
15
2 e 2
420
FROM TILE TEAS
A.D.
1340
Events and Eminent Men.
1341
1342
1343
On his return to Flanders, Edward encounters and destroys a large French fleet,
June 24 ; 230 ships taken ; he besieges Tournay ; a truce concluded, Sep. 3,
through the mediation of Jane, dowager-countess of Hainault. Queen Philippa
accompanies ber husband ; their son, John of Gaunt (or Ghent), is born in the
city from which his name is taken ; he is afterwards duke of Lancaster. The
Moors of Granada and Fez besiege Tarifa ; the kings of Castile and Portugal
relieve the place, and defeat the besiegers with great loss near the river Guada-
celito. A long civil war follows the death of Basil, emperor of Trebizond ; his
widow, Irene, first occupies the throne. On the death of the regent Gerard,
Waldemar, Christophers son, obtains the crown of Denmark. The plague, or
black death, introduced into Italy from the East, spreads over Europe. Foun-
dation of Queen's College. Oxford, by queen Philippa's confessor, Kobert de
Eglesfield. Death of the Biblical Commentator, Nicholas de Lyra.
Quarrel of Edward with Stratford, archbishop of Canterbury, and the clergy. The
parliament, with their vote of supplies, pass an act, limiting the king's prero-
gative, which he annuls by a proclamation; he supports the claim of John de
Montfort to the county of Bretagne, in opposition to Charles de Blois, who
receives the province from the French king ; De Montfort is made prisoner by
Philip at Nantes. Death of Andronicus ; Anne of Savoy regent for her son,
John V., set. 9, is supported by the grand admiral, Apokaukus, and the patriarch,
against Cantacuzene, who proclaims himself emperor. Mastino dalla Scala
cedes Lucca to Florence, which the Pisans oppose by a war. Among the hostages
given by Florence is Giovanni Villani, the future historian. Petrarch receives
the crown of laurel in the capitol. Controversy between Barlaam and the monks
of Mount Athos. Ludolph K6nig von Weitzau, grand master of the Teutonic
knights in Prussia. Niccolo Acciaiuoli returns from the Morea to Italy.
Jane de Montfort, in her husband's captivity, defends Bretagne, is besieged in
Hennebonne, and relieved by the arrival of English succours. Campaign in
Bretagne ; death of Robert d'Artois ; Edward besieges Yannes. Lucca sur-
renders to the Pisans. Walter de Brienne, titular duke of Athens, appointed
captain of Florence, makes peace with Pisa. Italy infested by condottiere bands :
league of the States against them. The Castiliaus lay siege to Algesiras.
Death of Peter, king of Sicily ; his brother, John, duke of Randazzo, as regent
for his young son Louis, successfully defends the island. Charles Robert, king
of Hungary, is succeeded by his son Louis. Cantacuzene escapes into Servia ;
Stephen Dushan supports him with an army, and lays siege to Serres. Cola di
Rienzo accompanies the embassy sent from Rome to the new pope, Clement VI,
David Bruce returns to Scotland, and assumes the government.
The papal legates mediate a truce of three years betweeu England and France,
and their allies. Clement renews the excommunication of the emperor Louis,
and makes such arrogant demands, that the diet rejects them indignantly, and
resolves to resist them strenuously. Death of Robert, king of Naples ; his
grand-daughter, Joanna, is crowned without her husband, Andrew of Hungary,
for whom she manifests an extreme aversion ; her sister, Maria, is married to
Charles, duke of Durazzo. The Florentines expel Walter de Brienne and es-
tablish a popular government. The band, called duke Warner's company, after
levying heavy contributions in Italy, receives a large sum to withdraw into
Germany. Algesiras surrenders to Alfonso of Castile, who concludes a truce for
ten years with the king of Granada. The Greeks and their Bulgarian auxili-
aries besiege Demotica ; Cantacuzene invites the assistance of the Turks, who
relieve the place, and from this time form a permanent settlement in Europe.
Magnus, king of Sweden, appoints his second son. Haco VIII., set. 5, king of
Norway. Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, founded by the countess of Pembroke.
Some nobles of Bretagne and Normandy are treacherously seized and put to death
by Philip ; breach of the truce : the earl of Derby defeats the count de Lisle at
Bergerac, in Guyenne, and reduces a great part of Perigord. Apokaukos fails in
his attempt against Demotica. The Servians join the imperialists against Canta-
cuzene, and are defeated by the Turks. The knights of Rhodes destroy a Turkish
fleet at Pallene, and assist in the capture of Smyrna by the Venetians and the
1340 TO 1347 A.D.
42
~T"
A.D. l'i
Events and Eminent Men.
king of Cyprus. The nobles of Genoa expel Boccanegra, and appoint a doge of!
their own order, Giovanni da Mr.rta. Clare Hall, Cambridge, rebuilt and endowed i
by Elizabeth de Burg. Edward holds a tournament at Windsor. The Madeira j
islands first discovered by an Englishman, named Masham. Gold nobles coined j
by Edward. Parliament, by the "Statute of Provisors," forbids the inter-
ference of the pope in bestowing benefices and livings in England.
Peter, prince of Portugal, marries Inez (or Agnes) de Castro, and retires with
her to the banks of the Mondego. The earl of Derby defeats de Lisle at
Auberoche, and takes him prisoner. Van Artevelde slain in a popular tumult, j
Andrew of Hungary murdered at Aversa, Sep. 18 ; Joanna is accused of having
instigated the deed. The Genoese refer their intestine disputes to Luchino Vis- j
conte. Clement employs Uberto Delfino to preach a crusade against the Turks, I
but without effect. Apokaukos murdered by his prisoners. Stephen Dushan I
takes Serres. Henry Dusner von Arfoerg, grand master of the Teutonic knights
in Prussia. The Grocers' Company established in London. Andrea Daudolo,
doge of Venice, and Giovanni Villani, write their Chronicles.
Edward embarks his army at Southampton, July 4, and lands at La Hogue, July 12. ,
Battle of Crecy, Aug. 25; cannon first used by the English ; the Black Prince, I
83t. 16, displays great courage ; among the slain in the French ranks, is John,
king of Bohemia, for some years blind ; his crest and motto have from that time
been retained by the prince of Wales, as a memorial of this victory. Edward
lays siege to Calais. David Bruce is defeated, taken prisoner, and his army
destroyed, Oct. 17, at Neville's Cross, near Durham, by queen Philippa ; she joins
her husband in the camp before Calais. Clement VI. induces some princes to
elect for emperor Charles, marquis of Moravia, and son of John, king of Bo-
hemia ; he is crowned at Bonne, escapes from the field of Crecy, and inherits his
father's crown. Louis of Bavaria is still supported by a large majority of the
princes. Louis of Hungary demands satisfaction for the murder of his brother ;
he advances with an army to support the revolt of Zara, but is defeated by the
Venetians, to whom the city again submits. Luchino Visconte acquires Parma
and Piacenza. Clement excommunicates Waldemar, king of Denmark, for
having undertaken a pilgrimage to the Holy Land without his permission.
Cantacuzene secures the friendship of Orchan, by giving him his daughter in
marriage ; he advances to the gates of CP. The Genoese take the island of
Scios, and expel the Greek garrison at Phocsea. The pope gives Louis, count
of Clermont, grandson of Alfonso de la Cerda, licence to conquer the Canary,
or Fortunate, Islands, and to take the title of king. The university of Heidel-
berg founded. The church of St. Sophia at CP. greatly injured by an earthquake.
Charles de Blois made prisoner at La Roche-Darien, by Jane of Montfort; his
countess, Jane de Penthievere, continues the struggle; surrender of Calais,
Aug. 4 ; Eustace de St. Pierre and his five fellow-citizens are saved through the
intercession of Philippa and her son ; this age of heroines softens the harshness
of chivalry. Charles of Bohemia attempts to conquer the Tirol, is defeated by
the marquis Louis of Brandenburg. Death of Louis of Bavaria, Oct. 11 ;
the crown of Germany is offered to Edward III., who declines it ; Charles IV.
is left undisputed king of Germany. Louis of Hungary claims the throne of
Naples, and arrives in Italy to support his pretensions. Joanna marries
Louis, prince of Tarento ; renounces her claims on Sicily, and makes a treaty
with Louis, king of that island. Clement threatens to excommunicate the
king of Hungary, who defies his fulminations. Niccolo, or Cola di Rienzo,
tribune of Rome, May 20 : reforms many abuses ; is celebrated and counselled
by Petrarch ; defeats the exiled nobles, Nov. 20, when seven of the Colonna
family are slain ; dazzled by his success, commits many extravagant acts, loses
the support of the people, abdicates and takes flight, Dec. 15. Cantacuzene
enters CP., Feb. 3, and concludes a treaty on the 8th with Anne of Savoy;
he is acknowledged emperor ; is crowned May 13, and marries his daughter,
Helena, on the 21st, to the young excluded emperor, John V. Casimir gives the i
first code of laws to Poland. The king of Denmark sells Esthonia to the
Teutonic knights. St. Stephen's chapel, Westminster, rebuilt by the king. I
Isidore I. patriarch of CP. 1
422
FEOM THE TEAE
! A.D. Hegira
1348
1349
1350
749—750
750—751
751—752
1351 752—753
1352
1353
1354
753—754
755
756
East-
ern Em-
fire.
2 John
VI. Can-
tacu-
Popes. Port-
ugal.
7 Cle-
ment
VI.
May 7
24 Al-
fonso
IV.
the
Brave.
25-
'26
11
d. Dec.
6.
1 In-
nocent
VI.
Dec. IS.
27-
28 .
1 John
V. re*
stored.
30
SPAIN.
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors,
tile, gon. arre.
37 Al-
fonso
XI.
IPe
ter the
Cruel
13 Pe
dro
IV.
14s
18-
33 Jo-
anna
II.
16 Yu-
sef Ben
Ismail,
IChas. 17-
II.
the
Bad.
18-
21 Phi-
lip VI.
de Var
22
1 John
II. the
Good,
20-
IMu
hamad
V. Ben
Yusef.
France,
Bohe-
mia
3Chas
L
2Chas.
IV,
Ger-
many
1348 TO 1354 A.B.
423
tition
Dates
1348
1349
1350
1361
1352
1353
1354
Doges
op Ve-
nice.
Savoy.
FLAN-
DERS.
Den-
mare
GAndreal 6 Ama- 3 Louis 9Wal
Dan- I deus II. demar
dolo. VI. HI-
1 Mari-
no Fali-
ero.
12
Swe-
den.
30 Mag-
nus II.
Smek.
31 17
Po-
land,
16 Ca-
simir
III.
HUNGA-
7 Louis
I.
11 82
6 12.
7 13
33
20
35
18-
Russia. Scot-
land
10 21
20 Da
vidll
Bruce,
June7,
Eng-
land.
22 Ed-
ward
III.
Jan. 25.
1 I wan
II.
26
25 27
424
FROM THE TEAR
A.D,
1348
1349
1350
1351
Events and Eminent Men.
A truce between England and France. Louis of Hungary takes possession of
Naples; Joanna and her husband take refuge in Provence; the plague raging
in Italy, obliges the conqueror to return into his own country ; he puts to death
the duke of Durazzo and takes with him the child, Charles Martel, his brother
Andrew's son. and many Italia' nobles. Joanna sells Avignon to the pope, who
gives her husband the title of king ; they return to Naples, War between Can-
tacuzene and the Genoese of Galata ; the Greek fleet captured before CP. ; the
senate of Genoa orders the colony to desist from hostilities. Pedro of Aragon,
held for a time in captivity by a conspiracy of his nobles, is rescued by his
people ; he makes new laws, extending the privileges of the commons, and
limiting the power of the crown and the grandees. The count of Clermont fits
out a fleet in Catalonia, for his expedition to the Canary Islands j the state of
France and the defenee of his lands compel him to relinquish the undertaking.
Joan, daughter of Edward III., affianced to Peter of Castile, dies of the plague
at Bordeaux, on her way to Spain. Niccolo Acciaiuoli is appointed by Joanna
hereditary grand seneschal of Naples and count of Amalfi. Duke Warner again
appears in Italy, with his band, and is taken into the Neapolitan service. A
great mortality caused throughout Europe by the plague ; 50,000 are buried
during the year in the Charter-house yard of London ; in the month of October
Saragossa loses 300 daily ; two-thirds of the population of Florence perish ;
among its victims is Giovanni Villain, the historian ; his Chronicle is continued
by his brother Matteo ; this plague suggests to Boccacio the idea of his De-
cameron. Caius and Gonville College, at Cambridge, founded by Edmund
Gonville. Interview of Rienzo with the king of Hungary at Naples.
Edward defeats a plot to betray Calais, Jan. 1 ; he conquers in single combat the
French knight, Eustace de Ribaumont. Institution (or revival, see 1192) of
the Order of the Garter, April 23. Louis of Naples recovers the greater
part of his kingdom, but loses it again through the defection of duke Warner,
who takes pay of the Hungarians. Death of Luchino Visconte; his brother,
the archbishop John, becomes governor of Milan and its dependencies. Joanna
of Navarre dies in France ; her son, Charles, receives the surname of the Bad, or
the Cruel, for his severities in repressing some disorders in his provinces. Cle-
ment declares the Flagellants to be heretics, and issues a Bull against them.
Bartolo da Sassoferrato, eminent as a jurist. After a series of rapid revolutions,
Alexius Comnenus III. is acknowledged emperor (the seventeenth) of Trebizond.
Dauphiny annexed to France, on condition that the king's eldest son should be
called the Dauphin. Giinther, count of Schwarzberg, is elected king by some of
the German princes, but resigns at the end of four months.
Death of Philip, king of France ; the reign of his brother, John, is disturbed by the
intrigues of Charles of Navarre. Alfonso of Castile is carried off by the plague
in his camp before Gibraltar, March 26; his son, Peter, set. 16, by his ferocious
acts obtains the surname of the Cruel. Louis of Huugary again over-runs the
kingdom of Naples, which he evacuates under a treaty mediated by the pope.
On the death of Giovanni da Murta, Giovanni di Valente is elected doge of
Genoa. The seizure of some Venetian ships by the Genoese at Caffa, in the
Crimea, leads to a furious naval war. Cantacuzene, protected by a Turkish
force, enters Thessalonica, and recovers part of Macedonia from the Servians ;
he pays his Turkish mercenaries with money sent from Russia to repair the
church of St. Sophia ; Callistus I., the newly-appointed patriarch of CP.,
connives at the act, but the clergy are very indignant. The Hungarians
are improved by their intercourse with Italy; vines are planted at Tokay.
Clement, at the end of fifty years, repeats the jubilee; Rienzo in disguise visits
Rome.
The law of high-treason defined by a special Act of the English parliament.
Zurich joins the Swiss confederation, and is placed at the head of the cantons ;
the abbot of St. Gall forms an alliance with them. Peter the Cruel puts to death
Eleanora de Guzman, and persecutes her family. John Visconte, having obtained
possession of Bologna, Clement, after threats of excommunication and interdict,
accepts a sum of money, and grants the investiture. Rienzo seeks Charles IV.
1348 TO 1354 A.D.
425
A.D.
1352
1353
Events and Eminent Men.
1354
at Prague, and is transferred by him to the custody of the pope at Avignon.
The Genoese fleet, under Paganino Doria, plunders many Venetian towns on the
Adriatic and in Negropont ; the Venetians and their ally, the king of Aragon,
send a powerful army into the Archipelago. Cantacuzene leaves John V.
at Thessalonica, and returns to settle the religious disputes at CP. Nice-
phorus Gregoras, the historian, is confined in the monastery at Chora, and ill-
treated for his heresy. Winrich von Kniprode grand master of the Teutonic
knights in Prussia ; industry and commerce begin to flourish in that country ;
schools and hospitals are established there. Corpus Christi, or Benedict,
College, Cambridge, founded ; also Trinity Hall, by William Bateman, bishop of
Norwich.
The parliament, by a statute of Praemunire, still farther limits the papal power
in England. Naval battle in the Bosphorus, Feb. 13 ; the Genoese defeat the
Venetians and Aragonese under Nicoletto Pisani, assisted by the Greek fleet ;
they compel Cantacuzene to sign a treaty, May 6, which gives them the entire
command of the Black Sea. John V. is encouraged by his partizans of Thessa-
lonica to commence war against Cantacuzene. Glaris and Zug join the Swiss
league. Death of Obizzo, marquis d'Este ; he is succeeded by his son, Aldro-
vandino III.
Alliance of Genoa with Louis of Hungary; their fleet, commanded by Antonino
Grimaldi, defeated by the Venetians and Aragonese off Linghiera, in Sardinia,
Aug. 29; the Genoese, in despair, place themselves under the protection of John
Visconte ; he restores their confidence, and improves their city ; among other
useful works, he erects for them a public clock. Fra Moriale, a knight of
Rhodes, collects a condottiere band in Italy ; Deodati de Gozon, grand master of
the Order, not being able to check such private adventures of his knights,
resigns his office. Marriage of Peter the Cruel to Blanche de Bourbon ; in three
days he deserts her, and devotes himself to his mistress, Maria de Padillia.
John V. is driven to the isle of Tenedos by the Turkish allies of Cantacuzene,
who breaks his treaty with Anne of Savoy, and proclaims his own son, Matthew,
joint emperor. The canton of Berne accedes to the Swiss confederation. Simeon,
grand duke of Russia, dies of the plague ; his nephew, Iwan II., does homage to
the Golden Horde, as his successor. Death of Maximus Planudes, the Greek
collector of the fables ascribed to iEsop.
Robert Stuart, regent of Scotland, surprises the town of Berwick. Rienzo ap-
pointed senator of Rome ; puts t death Fra Moriale ; fails in his attempt on.
Palestrina ; is assassinated, Sep. 8. The cardinal Albornoz restores order in
Rome. Petrarch accompanies an embassy sent by John Visconte to Venice,
which endeavours without success to restore peace between that republic and
Genoa. Paganino Doria captures or destroys the Venetian fleet at Sapienza, in
the Morea, Nov. 4, and takes the admiral, Pisani, prisoner. Death of Andrea
Dandolo, Sep. 7. Marino Faliero elected doge of Venice. Sicily distracted by
two rival factions and a minor's reign ; Niccolo Acciaiuoli conquers Palermo,
Trapani, and a large part of the island for the king of Naples. Death of John
Visconte ; his nephews, Matteo, Bernabo, and Galeazzo, jointly succeed him.
John V., assisted by some Genoese ships, surprizes CP., and regains his throne.
Cantacuzene retires into a monastery as the monk Joasaph. Nicephorus Gre-
goras is released from his confinement. The patriarch Callistus having been
deposed by Cantacuzene for refusing to crown Matthew, John V. deposes Phi-
lotheus, who performed the ceremony, and restores Callistus. Charles IV. in-
troduces a feudal constitution in Bohemia ; he proceeds to Italy and arrives at
Mantua, but refuses to join the league against the Visconti. Yusef, king of
Granada, is stabbed by a madman in a mosque ; his son, Muhamad, succeeds
him. Inez de Castro murdered by order of her husband's father, Alfonso, king
of Portugal. Peter of Castile imprisons his queen. Suleiman, son of Orchan,
repairs the walls of Gallipoli, which had been thrown down by an earth-
quake, and brings over a colony of Turkish families, who permanently
occupy the place. The title of lord mayor given to the chief magistrate of
London.
426
FEOM THE TEAS
A.D.
1356
1357
1358
1361
1362
Hegi-
II East-
ern Em-
pire,
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
1363 765
2 John
Y. re-
stored.
Popes.
4 Inno-
cent VI.
Dec. 18.
Spain.
Port- Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors
ugal. tile. gon. arre.
31 Al-
fonso
IV.
the
Brave.
6Pe
ter the
Cruel
1 Pe-
ter I.
the Se-
vere.
10
d.Sep.12.
1 Urban
V-
Oct. 31
20 Pe
dro
IV.
4 11
25 12
7Chas.
II. the
Bad.
2Mu-
hamad
V.Ben
Tusef.
France
6 John
II. the
Good.
llsmail 10
II.
Bohe-I Ger-
MIA. MANY,
10
Chas
I.
9Chas,
IV.
1 Abu
Said.
11 15 It
I . i
1 Mu- 13
hamad
V. re-
stored.
18 17-
1355 TO 1363 A.D.
427
'Repe-
tition
Dates.
Doges
op Ve-
nice.
Savoy.
Flan-
ders.
Den-
mark.
Swe-
den.
Po-
land.
r ■"'
Hun-
gary.
IRussia
Scot-
land.
1 1
| Eng-
land.
1355
1 Gio-
vanni
Grade-
nigo.
13 Ama-
deus VI
10 Louis
II.
16
Wal-
demar
III.
37
Mag-
nus II.
Smek.
23 Ca-
siruir
III.
14 Louis
I.
3 Iwar
II.
27 David
11.
Bruce.
June 7.
29 Ed-
ward
III.
Jan. 25.
1356
1 Gio-
vanni
Delfino.
14
11
17
38
24
15
4
28
30
1357
1358
1359
2
3
15 — .
16 —
17 —
12
13 —
14
39-
10
25
ft6
16
17
18
5
6
1 Dmi-
tri III.
29
30
31
31
32
33
19
20
41- —
27
1360
1361
5
18
19
15
16
21
1°
28
19
20
2
32
34
1
|
J5
1 Lo-
renzo
Celso.
22
13
1
1362
2
20
17
21
1 Dmi-
tri IV.
34 — :
$6 - —
1S63
3
21
18
24 — -
15
31
22
2
35— <
i
17
428
FROM THE YEAB
A.D.
1355
Events and Eminent Me».
1356
1358
1359
Charles, king of Navarre, is treacherously seized and imprisoned in France ; his
brother Philip, and Geoffrey d'Harcourt, enter into alliance with Edward III.
War renewed. The prince of Wales conducts an army to Guyenne, crosses the
Garonne, and over-runs Languedoc. Edward lands at Calais," and invades the
northern provinces ; he comes back to England, repels an incursion of the Scotch,
recovers Berwick, and advances to Edinburgh ; Balliol resigns to him his claims
on the crown of Scotland, for a pension. Charles IV. is crowned at Milan
Jan. 6, and at Rome April 5. Marino Faliero, doge of Venice, accused of a con-
spiracy against the nobles, is beheaded, April 17, set. 80, on the great staircase of
the ducal palace. The Venetians conclude a disadvantageous peace with the
Genoese ; the latter employ their fleets on the coast of Africa, and take Tripoli.
Death of Louis, the young king of Sicily ; his brother, Frederic, at a still more
tender age, is supported by the Aragonese. Matteo Visconte dies, Sep. 26 ; his
two brothers continue to act in concert.
Battle of Poictiers, Sep. 19 ; John, king of France, taken prisoner by Edward, the
Black Prince ; the dauphin Charles escapes, and assumes the government during
his father's captivity. The Golden Bull, prepared by Bartolo da Sassoferrato, is
promulgated by the emperor, as the fundamental law of the Germanic consti-
tution. General resistance of Northern Italy to the brothers Visconti ; the
marquis of Montferrat takes Asti from them ; the Genoese recover their inde-
pendence, and re-elect their former doge, Simon Boccanegra. Louis, king of
Hungary, renews his hostilities against the Venetians. Matthew Cantaeuzene
struggles to regain his lost throne. John V- obtains the friendship of Orchan.
Wickliffe publishes his "Last Age of the Church." Sir John Mandeville
returns from his Travels, and writes his account of them.
The prince of Wales brings his prisoners to London, and is triumphantly received,
May 24. Edward concludes a treaty with the captive king, which the dauphin
rejects. Distress of France ; Charles of Navarre escapes from his prison, and
makes active war ; the States create internal discord by their endeavours to
restrict the royal prerogative. David, king of Scotland, is released for a ransom,
after a confinement of eleven years. Peter I., having succeeded his father, Al-
fonso, on the throne of Portugal, punishes the murderers of Inez de Castro, and
transfers her remains to the royal sepulchre of Alcobaca, with funeral honours.
Louis of Hungary takes Zara, Trau, and Spalatro, from the Venetians. Count
Lando, chief of another irregular band, is employed by the league against the
brothers Visconti, whose army is defeated on the Oglio with great loss. The
rebellion of Louis, duke of Durazzo, obliges Acciaiuoli to raise the siege of
Catania, and return to Naples. Cardinal Albornoz recalled from Rome to Avignon. ,
Matthew Cantaeuzene is given up to John V. by the Servians, and compelled to '
abdicate. Timour's first campaign against the Irakians.
Violent commotions in France; the authority of the dauphin disregarded; the
marshals of Normandy and Burgundy murdered ; insurrection of the peasantry,
or war of La Jaquerie ; Edward's lieutenant, the Captal de Buche, rescues the
dauphin's wife and the ladies of her court from their violence at Meaux. Edward
respects the truce to which he had agreed in his treaty with the king. Peter
of Aragon supports Henry de Trastamare, son of Eleanor de Guzman {see 1330
and 1351), in his claims on the crown of Castile. Peter the Cruel puts to death
his brother, Ferdinand, with others of the royal family, John, prince of Aragon,
and many Castilian grandees. The Venetians by a treaty of peace resign Dal-
matia and Istria to the king of Hungary, and agree to style their doge only
duke of Venice, expunging from his title their share of the empire of Romania,
acquired in 1204. Peace concluded between the Visconti and their enemies.
The duke of Durazzo reconciled with the king of Naples. Cardinal Albornoz
again sent as legate to Rome. Orchan's son, Suleiman, killed by a fall from
his horse. The barony of Corinth granted to Niccolo Acciaiuoli.
Edward's terms of peace not being accepted, he invades France again, and lays
siege to Rheims. Pavia surrenders to Galeazzo Visconte ; Bernabo besieges Bo-
logna. Innocent makes a vain effort to restore peace between Castile and
Aragon, and turn their arms against the infidels. Peter continues his atrocities,
1355 TO 13C3 a.D.
429
1360
1361
Events and Eminent Men.
and puts to death his aunt, Eleanor, queen of Aragon. Muhamad, king of Gra-
nada, deposed hy his brother, Ismail, retires into Africa. Death of Orchan; his
son, Amurath, or Murad I., becomes sultan of the Ottomans. Timour takes
Samarcand, and conquers Maveralnaher, or Transoxiana. Margaret, daughter of
Waldemar, king of Denmark, betrothed to Haco, king of Norway. John of
Gaunt marries Blanche, daughter of the earl of Lancaster, great-grandson of
Henry III., and receives the title of duke of Lancaster.
Edward desists from his attack on Rheirns, and advances unopposed to the gates
of Paris; treaty of peace signed at Bretigui, May 8; the king of France set
free, for a large ransom ; his daughter, Isabella, is betrothed to the young son of
Galeazzo Visconte, who assists him in paying the stipulated price for his libera
tion ; the lands of Vertus in Campagne are settled on the son, with the title of
count. Bologna is given up to the legate, cardinal Albornoz ; Bernabo, defying
threats of excommunication, persists in the siege, till he is driven away by a
body of Hungarians, invited by the legate ; these auxiliaries plunder the terrl
tories of Modena and Parma. The condottiere Anichino di Mongardo infests
Naples. Ismail, the usurper of Granada, is slain by his chief minister, Abu
Said, who seizes the throne. Amurath takes Ancyra and Demotica. Wickliffe's
controversy with the Mendicants at Oxford. John Milicz, archdeacon of Prague,
opposes the prevalent superstition and errors of the age. Cantacuzene retires
to Mount Athos, and writes his History. Boccacio introduces Leontius Pilatus
to teach Greek at Florence.
The insurrectionary bands in France defeat the royal army under James
Bourbon, at Brignais, near Lyons, April 2. Blanche de Bourbon, get. 25, poisoned
by order of Peter the Cruel, in her prison at Medina Sidonia, with her companion,
Isabella Lara, widow of prince John of Aragon ; Maria de Padillia, Peter's fa-
vourite mistress, dies soon afterwards. Bernabo Visconte renews the siege of
Bologna; the king of Hungary refuses farther assistance against him. The pope
and the marquis of Montferrat invite into Italy a number of soldiers disbanded
from the English army. The violence of the plague suspends all military
operations ; the doge of Venice dies of it, and Aldrovandino d'Este ; during the
minority of his son, Obizzo IV., his brother, Nicholas, takes the reins of govern-
ment. Galeazzo Visconte founds the university of Pavia. Muhamad leaves Africa
and comes to Ronda ; he is proclaimed again at Malaga, and applies to Peter
of Castile for support. Amurath takes Adrianople, and makes it his residence.
Edward forms Guienne and the adjoining provinces into the principality of Aqui-
tain, for his son, the Black Prince ; he celebrates his fiftieth year by a general
amnesty, and a confirmation of Magna Charta. An Act of parliament orders
the French language to be discontinued in law pleadings and documents, and
English to be used in all the courts. Death of Louis, king of Naples ; Joanna
marries James of Aragon, son of the deposed king of Majorca, but stipulates
that he shall not assume the regal title. Abu Said visits Peter of Castile to
ask his friendship, and is treacherously slain by him ; Muhamad re-ascends the
throne of Granada. The Desht-Jitteh, or Getes, begin to manifest their jealousy
of Timour. Philotheus restored patriarch of CP.
The king of France returns to England, on account of some difficulties in executing
the treaty. London is visited by the king of Cyprus, who is endeavouring to
incite Europe to a new crusade ; David of Scotland, being there also at the same
time, Edward III., his son, the Black Prince, and the three foreign sovereigns,
are entertained by Sir Henry Pikard, who had been lord mayor in 1357. Ber-
nabo Visconte is excommunicated by the pope, and defeated by the League ; the
forces of his brother, Galeazzo, are routed by the marquis of Montferrat, as-
sisted by Otho of Brunswick and the English mercenaries ; count Lando slain
at Novara. The English enter into the service of the Pisans, and obtain a
victory for them over the Florentines. Gabriel Adorno elected doge of Genoa.
Marriage of Haco, king of Norway, to Margaret, the future "Semiramis of the
North" ; the Swedes, displeased by this marriage, offer their throne to Albert of
Mecklenburg, a son of Magnus Smek's sister. Amurath turns his arms against
the Bulgarians and Servians: from the former he takes Philippopolis, and from
the latter Serres. Timour's first catupaigr against the Getes in MMv^ralnaher.
430
FEOM THE TEAE
A.D.
Hegira.
East-
ern Em-
Popes.
Port-
Spain.
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors.
France.
Bohe-
Ger-
pire.
ugal.
TILE. OON. ARRE.
mia.
many.
1364
766
11 John
V. re-
stored.
3 Ur-
ban V.
Oct.31
8 Pe-
ter I.
the
Severe.
^Pe-
ter the
Cruel.
29 Pe-
dro
IV.
16
Chas.
II. the
Bad.
3Mu-
hamad
V. re-
stored.
1 Chas.
V. the
Wise.
19
Chas.
I.
18
Chas.
IV.
1365
767
12
4
9
16
30
17
4 —
2
20
19
1366
768
13
5
10
17
31
18
5
3
21
20
1367 769
!
14
15 ■
6
1 Fer-
di-
nand.
2
18
19
32
33
19
20
6
4
5 - —
22
23
21
1368 770
!
16
3
1 Hen-
ry II.
34
21
8
6
24
23
1370
772—773
17
9
d-Dec.
19.
i Gre-
4
2
35
22
9
7 —
25
24—
gory
XI.
Dec.30
2
36
10
26
1371
773—774
18
5— ■ —
23^—
1372
774—775
19
•
<-
37
11
9
27
26
1364 TO 1372 A.D.
431
Repe-
tition
Bates,
1364
1368
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
DOGES
of Ve-
nice.
4 Lo-
renzo
Gelso.
1 Marco
Cornaro.
Savoy.
22 Ama-
deus VI.
Flan-
ders.
19 Louis
II.
Den-
ma RK.
25 Wal-
demar
III.
Swe-
den.
1 Al-
bert.
1 An-
drea
Conta-
reno.
24
25
21
27
6
27 24 30 ,
25
Po-
land.
32 Ca-
simir
III.
Hun-
gary.
33-
35-
36-
Louis
I.
Rus-
sia.
3 Dmi-
tri IV.
Scot-
land.
Da-
vid II
Bruce.
June 7.
37.
Eng-
land.
38 Ed-
ward
III.
Jan. 25
29
26
27 ,33
6 37
1 Lou
is.
28—
29-
30-
40
41 —
b. Rich-
ard II.
b. Hen-
ry IV.
40-
41.
42-
43
I. Qu.
Philip-
1 Ro-
bert II
Stuart.
Feb. 22,
,46
432
FEOM THE TEAS
1365
1366
1368
Events and Eminent Men.
The king of France dies, April 8, in the palace of the Savoy, at London. Bertrand
du Guesclin defeats the army of the king of Navarre in Normandy, and takes
its commander, the Captal de Buch, prisoner; he is himself afterwards defeated
and captured, Sep. 29, at Auray, by the Breton forces under John Chandos ; the
count Charles de Blois is slain, and John de Montfort is acknowledged duke of
Brittany. France harassed and plundered by " Companies" of disbanded soldiers,
commanded by Sir Matthew Gournay, Sir Hugh Calverly, and others. Treaty
of Union between Bohemia and Austria. Peace between the Visconti and the
Italian States Sir John Hawkwood takes the command of the English in the
pay of Pisa ; they are defeated by the Florentines ; a treaty of peace follows
between the two republics. Albert takes the throne of Sweden. Chaucer writes
his Canterbury Tales. Carlsbad founded.
Peter the Cruel renders himself so odious to his subjects, that Henry de Trasta-
mare revives his claim to the throne of Castile, and obtains permission from
Charles V. of France to enlist the " Companies" in his service j Du Guesclin
negotiates with their leaders, and organizes the army. Marriage of Leopold,
duke of Austria, to Verde, daughter of Bernabo Visconte. Death of Niccolo
Acciaiuoli. Frederic of Sicily recovers Palermo and Messina. The king of
Cyprus and the knights of Rhodes, with some Venetian and English volunteers,
surprize Alexandria, which they abandon, taking with them a large booty.
Haco invades Sweden ; he is defeated by Albert at Enkifiping, and his father,
Magnus, made prisoner. A treaty of commerce between Amurath and the re-
public of Ragusa. Timour quarrels with his brother-in-law, Houssein. Uni-
versity of Vienna founded. The monastery of Sumelas, near Trebizond, endowed
by Alexius III.
The pope claims the tribute, which had been previously paid by England ; an Act
of parliament, 40 Edward III., resists the demand, and declares the concessions
made by king John to be illegal and invalid. Du Guesclin marches to Avignon,
extorts a large sum from the pope, leads his forces into Castile, expels Peter,
and places Henry on the throne; the tyrant takes refuge in Guienne, and
appeals to the Black Prince. A new league formed against the Visconti ; Bernabo
by a large army overawes Genoa. Petrarch, by his letters, supports the people
of Rome, urging the pope to make their city his residence again; Urban orders
his palaces to be prepared for his reception. Alexius III. of Trebizond defeated
by the Turkoman tribes ; the imperial notary, Panaretos, writes his Chronicle
of that empire. Wickliffe dismissed from the wardenship of Canterbury Hall.
Houssein, defeated by Timour, retires to Balkh.
The Black Prince espouses the cause of Peter, recalls the " Companies" from
Henry's army, defeats him at Najara, April 3, takes Du Guesclin prisoner,
restores Peter to his throne, and restrains the cruelty of the perfidious tyrant,
who, in return for the services rendered him, refuses the stipulated pay to his
allies ; Edward leaves him to his fate. Birth, at Bourdeaux, Jan. 6, of Richard,
son of the prince of Wales, by his marriage with his cousin, Joan, the Fair Maid
of Kent, daughter of Edmund, earl of Kent {see 1329, 1330). Urban returns to
Rome. Death of cardinal Albornoz. Marriage of Marco, son of Bernabo Vis-
conte, to Isabella, daughter of Stephen, duke of Bavaria. After a short recon-
ciliation between Timour and Houssein, and a defeat of the Getes, their war is
renewed ; Timour takes Balkh ; Houssein made prisoner, is tried by sound of
trumpet, condemned and put to death by three of Timour's chiefs. Death of
Peter, king of Portugal ; he is interred at Alcobaca, in the tomb of Inez de
Castro The Kremlin of Moscow built by Dmitri IV.
The nobles of Aquitain refuse to pay the taxes levied by the Black Prince for the
charges of his Castilian campaign, and appeal to the king of France. Bertrand
du Guesclin is set at liberty, collects another army, and returns to Spain ; Peter
is supported by the Moors of Granada. Alarmed by the progress of Amurath,
John. V. treats with Urban for the re-union of the two churches. The king of
Cyprus visits Rome, to urge a crusade ; the pope tries in vain to rouse the West
against the Ottomans. The emperor Charles marches into Italy and levies
contributions. Marriage of Violante, daughter of Galeazzo Visconte, to Lionel,
1364 TO 1372 A.D.
433
duke of Clarence, second son of Edward III.; Petrarch, present at the festi-
vities, is placed at the "tahle of the princes ;" the death of Lionel soon follows.
Beruabo Visconte makes an inroad on the Mantuan territories. Timour conquers
the Getes, and is inaugurated sovereign of Balkh ; the chiefs all make submis-
sion to him. Milicz is imprisoned at Rome for preaching his doctrines.
The king of France breaks the treaty of peace, by citing the prince of Wales to
answer for his conduct towards his subjects ; Edward answers that he will
attend at the head of 60,000 men. War renewed ; Edward III. appeals to the
parliament, who grant subsidies, and urge him to re-assume the title of king
of France. Death of Queen Philippa, at Windsor, Aug. 14, and of Blanche, wife
of John of Gaunt. Peter the Cruel defeated, March 14, and slain March 23, at
Montiel, near Almagro, set. 35. Henry is acknowledged king of Castile ; the
king of Portugal claims the throne. John of Gaunt marries Constance, Peters
eldest daughter, and in her right he also claims the crown of Castile ; her
sister Isabella becomes the second wife of Edmund, earl of Cambridge, fourth
son of Edward III. The emperor John V. visits Rome, and conforms to the Ca-
tholic church, without obtaining the expected succours. The emperor Charles
returns to Germany. Bernabo Visconte takes Sir John Hawkwood and his
band into his pay. On the death of Lionel, duke of Clarence, De Spenser, with
some English retainers, takes possession of the lands given by Galeazzo as his
daughter's dowry, and sells them to the marquis of Montferrat ; the marquis
takes De Spenser and his followers into his service.
The declining health of the prince of Wales causes his return to England ; most
of the territories acquired by his and his father's victories are recovered by
Charles V. Du Guesclin recalled from Spain and appointed constable of France ;
Chandos, constable of Guienne, falls in battle ; the Captal de Buch made pri-
soner ; Sir Robert Knolles marches his army, unopposed, from Calais to Paris,
but obtains no permanent advantages. Henry, the new king of Castile, fails in
an attempt to take Ciudad Rodrigo from the Portuguese, who invade his kingdom,
while he has to defend himself against the king of Granada, and the united
forces of Aragon and Navarre. Urban V. returns to Avignon, where he dies,
Dec. 19 ; his successor, Gregory XL, continues to reside there. Galeazzo Vis-
conte takes Casal from tbe marquis of Montferrat. On the capture of San-
Miniato by the Florentines, Filippo Borromeo, one of its citizens, takes refuge
in Milan, and is the founder of an illustrious family. The Genoese depose
Gabriel Adorno, and elect Domenico da Campofregoso. Death of Casimir, king of
Poland, the last of the Piast dynasty ; the Poles elect Louis, king of Hungary,
to be their sovereign, by a. capitulation on which their constitution is based.
The emperor John V. detained at Venice for payment of his debts, released by
his son Manuel ; he returns with disgrace to CP. The Getes invade Maveral-
naher, but retire on Timour's approach ; the Carismians resist him. Angelo,
son of Niccolo Acciaiuoli, mortgages Corinth to his relation Nerio. Wickliffe
denies the pope's right to tribute from England. The first stone of the Bastile
laid, April 22, by Aubriot, provost of Paris.
The English parliament petitions the king to employ no churchmen in any office
of the State, and threatens to resist by force the oppressions of papal authority.
Death of David, king of Scotland, Feb. 22, set. 47 ; he is succeeded by Robert,
the first of the Stuarts, son of his sister Margery. Bernabo Visconte obtains
possession of Reggio. Wickliffe receives the degree of Doctor of Divinity at
Oxford. Ferdinand, king of Portugal, offends his people by his marriage with
Eleanor Tellez Sir Walter Maury builds the Carthusian monastery in London j
(La Chartreuse), now the Charter-house.
Siege of Rochelle by Bertrand du Guesclin; the earl of Pembroke, proceeding with
a fleet and army to relieve the place, is captured by the Castilian admiral, Boc-
canegra, and a French fleet. Peace concluded between Naples and Sicily. A
quarrel for precedence between the consuls of Venice and Genoa, in Cyprus,
leads to a new war. Death of John Palseologus, marquis of Montferrat. The
Cammians submit to Timour. Haco, having again invaded Sweden, obtains
the release of his father Magnus, who soon afterwards dies in Norway.
2 F
434
FROM THE YEAR
A.D.
1375
Hegira
775-776
776—777
1379
1380
779—780
780—781
781—782
782— 7S3
East-
ern Em- Popes. Port-
fire. UGAL.
20 John
X. re-
stored.
4 Gre-
gory
XI.
Dec.30
23
24
25
d. Mar.
27.
1 Ur-
ban VI.
Apr.9.
Cle-
ment
VII. 1
Oct.31.
2 2
7 Fer-
di-
nand.
10
13
Spain.
Cas- Ara- Nav- M*oors,
tile. gon. arre.
ryll
droIV.
25
Cha8.
II. the
Bad.
26-
28-
10-
Uohn
I,
29
30-
32-
12 Mu-
hamad
V. re-
stored.
France. BohE'
MIA.
10 Chas.
V.the
Wise.
13
19 1 Chas. 3 8 1
vi. | I
28
Chas.
I.
30-
32-
lWen-
ceslas
IV.
Ger-
many
27
Chas,
IV.
lWen
ceslas
1373 TO 1380 A.JJ.
435
j Repe-
tition
'Dates.
1373
1374
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
7 An-
drea
Conta-
reno.
Savoy.
31 Ama-
deus VI
32
28 Louis
II.
10
1378
1379
1880
13
U 38
Den-
MAKK.
34 Wal-
demar
III.
Swe-
den.
35
30
10 Al-
bert.
Po-
land.
4 Lou
is.
Hun-
gary.
1 Olaf 13
IV.
35
37
32
34
35 5
32
Louis
I
33-
34 14
Russia. | Scot- Eng-
land, land.
12 Dmi- ) 3 Ro
trilV I bel-
li.
Stuart.
Feb.22
47 Ed-
ward
III.
Jan. 25.
10-
18-
5 49-
15
83-
10-
2 f 2
50-
d. Prince
ofWale
51
d. June
21.
1 Rich
ard II
June 22
436
FBOM THE YEAB
1374
1376
1377 |
John of Gaunt lands at Calais with a large force, and marches to the South ; the
French avoid a general battle, but harass him by constant skirmishes; he
reaches Bordeaux with his army so diminished, that he desists from farther
enterprizes. Henry of Castile invades Portugal, besieges Lisbon, and compels
Ferdinand to sign a treaty of peace. Gregory exacts a tenth of the ecclesiastical
revenues in many countries, to defray the expenses of the war against the Vis-
conti; he excommunicates them, and takes Sir John Hawkwood into his service;
all Lombardy is desolated by these contests. The Venetians make war on
Francesco da Carrara, lord of Padua ; the dukes Albert and Leopold of Austria,
and Louis, king of Hungary and Poland, send him an auxiliary force, but he is
compelled to subscribe a humiliating treaty of peace. The Genoese attack
Cyprus and take Famagosta ; the king is obliged to own himself their feudatory,
and pay them an annual tribute. Gregory forbids the knights of Rhodes to
assist the attack on Cyprus, and assigns to them an annual payment out of the
tithes of that island, for the defence of Smyrna. Birth of John Huss, July 6, at
Hussinetz, in Bohemia. Winchester College founded by William of Wykeham.
The ravages of the plague dispose the belligerent States to lay down their arms.
A truce is concluded between England and France. Castile and Aragou are
reconciled by the treaty of Almazan. The Visconti and their enemies agree to
a truce. Bernabo's hunting excursions are as oppressive as his wars ; he keeps
5000 hounds at the expense of his peasantry, and punishes with death all in-
fractions of his game-laws. Wickliffe is appointed one of seven ambassadors
to represent to the pope the grievances of the church in England. Death of
Petrarch, at Arqua, near Padua, July 18, set. 70.
Death of Waldemar, king of Denmark: Margaret claims the throne for her son,
Olaf, set. 5, to which her sister's son, a younger Albert, of Mecklenburg, also
pretends. The papal legate makes an inroad on the territory of the Florentines,
who engage Sir John Hawkwood in their service, and repel the invasion. Death
of James of Aragon, third husband of queen Joanna. The emperor John V., sum-
moned to the Ottoman camp, leaves his son, Andronicus, as regent, who conspires
to retain the throne, and unites with Saoudgi, eldest son of sultan Amurath;
the two rebels are overcome by their fathers, and are both deprived of their eyes.
Andronicus, to gain the support of the Genoese, cedes to them the island of
Tenedos. New College, Oxford (first called St. Mary of Winchester), founded
by William of Wykeham ; he is employed by Edward III. to build a new castle
at Windsor, for which each county in England is assessed to furnish its quota
of workmen. Death of Boccacio, set. 6?.
Death of the Black Prince, June 8, pet. 46 ; the parliament, fearing intrigues against
the rights of his young sou, petition the king to remove from court his
mistress, Alice Pierce, and John of Gaunt; Edward complies, and declares
Richard Prince of Wales and heir to the crown. The Florentines excite a ge-
neral revolt in the papal States, and obtain possession of Bologna, for which
they are excommunicated, an interdict laid on their city, and all Christians are
authorized to seize a Florentine whenever they find him, rob him of his property,
and sell him for a slave. Gregory hires a mercenary force of Bretons, which
he sends to recover his dominions; he then leaves Avignon, embarks at Mar-
seilles, and arrives in Italy. Joanna, queen of Naples, marries Otho, duke of
Brunswick, but withholds from him the regal title. Wenceslas, son of the em-
peror Charles, is elected king of the Romans. The States of Denmark choose
Olaf for their king, under the regency of his mother, Margaret. The blind
Andronicus is confined by his father in the tower of Anemas. Death of Frederic
III., king of Sicily, July 27; his daughter, Maria, succeeds him, as queen of
that island and duchess of Athens. Muhamad cultivates the arts at Granada,
constructs the Azake, or public hospital, and embellishes the city with other!
buildings. Wickliffe appointed parish-priest of Lutterworth and prebendary of
Westbury , charges of heresy against him are sent to Rome. Macarius, pa-
triarch of CP.
Death of Edward III., at Richmond, eat. 64; his grandson, Richard, sat. 11, is
crowned, July 16; the parliament appoints a council of regency, composed of
three bishops, two earls, and four knights ; for the first time the members of the
1373 TO 1380 A.D.
437
1378
1379
Events and Eminent Men.
1380
House of Commons choose a speaker ; Peter Delamere is selected for the office ;
they banish Alice Pierce, and confiscate the estates given her by the late king.
The truce with France expires, and is not renewed. Gregory makes his entry
into Home, Jan. 17, but soon afterwards fixes his residence at Anagni ; his over-
tures are rejected at Florence. Charles of Navarre persists in his ambitious
schemes ; his kingdom is invaded by the Castilians, and he loses most of his
provinces in France; Cherbourg is held by the, English ; his sons, Charles and
Peter, and his daughter, Joanna, are captured by the French ; the first, on his
way to join his father's army, and the two last, at Breteuil, in Normandy ; they
are taken to Paris, and kindly treated by the king, their uncle.
Fruitless incursions of Sir Hugh Calverley, governor of Calais, into Picardy, and
the duke of Lancaster into Brittany. Death of Gregory XL, followed by the
" Great Schism of the West," After having appointed Urban VI., the cardinals
annul their act, protesting that they were overawed by the people of Rome, and
elect Clement VII. ; both popes maintain their respective claims, and excom-
municate each other and their opponents ; Urban resides at Koine, Clement at
Avignon, and all Europe is divided; England adheres to Urban, and France to
Clement ; Urban creates twenty-six new cardinals. Death of the emperor Charles
IV., at Prague, Nov. 29; his son, Wenceslas, succeeds him in Germany, and
inherits Bohemia ; Sigismund has Brandenburg, and John. Lusatia. Death of
Galeazzo Visconte, Aug. 4; his son, John Galeazzo, count of Vertus, succeeds
him, and obtains possession of Asti ; Bernabo marries his daughter, Valentina,
to Peter Lusignan, king of Cyprus. Silvester de'Medici heads a revolt of the
people of Florence, which is soon suppressed. The Genoese imprison their
doge, Campofregoso, and elect Niccolo di Guarco ; their countrymen at Galatn
assist the escape of Andronicus, who again rebels. The Venetians endeavour
to acquire Tenedos; their admiral, Victor Pisani, defeats the Genoese fleet, com-
manded by Louis del Fiesco. Wickliffe, condemned by a papal Bull, escapt s
imprisonment, through the protection of the duke of Lancaster, and the decease
of Gregory.
A. capitation, or poll-tax, imposed on the people of England by the parliament, |
April 25. The two popes come to open war ; Urban proclaims a crusade against \
his rival and queen Joanna ; he employs the company of St. George, by whom
the Bretons, in the service of Clement, are defeated, and the castle of S. Angelo
taken. Peace between Castile and Navarre, followed by the death of Henry.
May 30, set. 47 ; he is succeeded by his son John. The emperor John V. is made
prisoner by his son, Andronicus, who usurps the throne ; the Venetians propose
to liberate the captive, and obtain from him an order for the delivery of Tenedos
into their hands ; their fleet is totally defeated near Pola, May 6, by the Ge-
noese, whose admiral, Lucian Doria, falls in the battle ; his successor, Peter
Doria, advances to attack the city of Venice, and makes himself master of Chi-
ozza and Malamocco ; the Venetians sue for peace, which is refused to them ;
they are roused by this to most vigorous exertions for self-defence. Francesco
da Carrara lays siege to Treviso, which is relieved by Bernabo Visconte. Charles
of Durazzo, sent by Louis of Hungary against the Venetians, is diverted by
Urban VI. to attempt the conquest of Naples. The disciples of Wickliffe form
themselves into a society of itinerant preachers, to whom the name of Lollards
(borrowed from Antwerp, see 1300) is given. Nilus patriarch of CP.
The duke of Gloucester, the king's youngest uncle, marches with 10,000 men from
Calais to Brittany; the duke of Burgundy, at the head of a large army, avoids
a battle. Death of Bertrand du Guesclin, July 13. Charles V. dies, Sep. 16,
succeeded by his son Charles, aat 12 ; the oppressive measures of the young
king's uncles cause violent commotions through all France. Urban excommu-
nicates Joanna, and absolves her subjects from their allegiance to her; at his
instigation, Charles of Durazzo, or dalla Pace, marches with his Hungarian army
to attack Naples, and arrives at Rome. The Genoese fleet and army at Chiozza
surrender to the Venetians. Francesco da Carrara again besieges Treviso. Death,
of the Venetian admiral, Victor Pisani. On the decease of Haco, his widow, j
JcB1
Margaret, undertakes the regency of Norway for her son Olaf. Timour inva las
Persia. Wickliffe commences his English translation of the Scriptures.
438
FROM THE YEAR
A.D.
13S1
13S2
7S3— 7S4
784-785
7S5-7S6
13S4 786—787
loSo
13-o
1&57 790
East-
ern Em- Popes
28 John
V. re-
stored.
4 Ur-
ban
VI.
A.pr.9
Cle-
ment
VII. 4
Oct.31
30
31
32 IS &
789
Port-
ugal.
^Fer-
di-
nand,
3 John
I.
1 John
I.
Spain1.
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors. France. Bohe-
tile. gon. arre.
46Pe-|33 120 Mu-
7 160
dro J Chas.
IV. ) II. the
\£ad.
34-
34 10—1
hamad
V. re-
stored.
23-
51 38 25 •
'UoknlChasJ26-
I i- •! ni.
theXo-\
I lie.
2 Chas.
VI.
4 Wen- 4Wen-
ceslas ceslas
IV
Ger-
many
10
1381 TO 1387 A.D.
439
"Repe-
tition
Dates.
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
Savov.
Flan-
ders.
Den-
mark.
Swe-
den.
Po-
land.
Hun-
gary.
Russia.
Scot-
land.
Eno.
LAND.
5 Rich-
ard II.
June 22.
1381
15 An-
drea
Conta-
reno.
39 Ama-
deus
VI.
36 Louis
II.
r
6 Olaf
IV.
18 Al-
bert.
12
Louis.
40
Louis
I.
20 Dmi-
tri IV.
11 Ro-
bert II.
Stuart,
Feb.22.
1382
lMi-
chele
Moro-
sino.
1 Anto-
nio Ve-
niero.
40
37
7
19
1 Ma-
ria.
1 Ma-
ria.
21
12
6
m, Anne
of Bohe-
mia.
1383
2
1 Ama-
deus
VII.
38
Annex-
ed to
Burgun-
dy.
8
20
2
2
22
13
7
1384
3
2
9
21
lHed-
wig.
3
23
14
8
^Naples.
, .,i
1385
4
3
lLa-
dislas.
10 - —
22
2
4
24
15
9
1386
5 —
4 —
2
11
23
a
and
Ladis-
las II.
25
16
10
1
1387
6
5
3
1 Mar-
garet.
*_
4
6
with
Sigis-
mund.
26
17
11
440
FROM THE YEAR
1381
1382
Events and Eminent Men.
'The people of England exasperated by the poll-tax; the abbey of Bury St. Ed-
mund's plundered by the mob. Insurrection of Wat Tyler ; London in posses-
sion of his lawless multitude ; while threatening the king in Smithfield, he is
killed by the lord mayor, Walworth ; Richard's courage and presence of mind
put an end to the rebellion. Another band, under John the Litester, is overcomes
and dispersed, near Northwalsham, by De Spenser, bishop of Norwich {see 1369).
The Venetian admiral, Carlo Zeno, restores the maritime ascendancy of the re-
public ; its rulers abandon their designs of territorial aggrandizement, and to
save Treviso from Francesco da Carrara, give it up to Leopold, duke of Austria.
Peace concluded under the mediation of Amadeus of Savoy. Patents of nobility
given to thirty citizens of Venice, who had distinguished themselves in defence
of the city. Charles of Durazzo conquers Naples and occupies the throne ; Jo-
anna and her husband remain captives ; her dominions in Provence are given by
pope Clement to the duke of Anjou. League of the free cities in Germany to
maintain their privileges. Francis Crispo assassinates Nicholas III., duke of
Naxos, and seizes the duchy. Through the intercession of the king of Castile,
the family of Charles of Navarre are liberated from their confinement in Paris.
The duke of Lancaster holds a court of minstrels at Toulouse. An Act of par-
liament surreptitiously obtained against heretics. John V. escapes from his
prison ; under the protection of Amurath, he is restored to his throne, and reigns
at CP. as joint emperor with his son, Andronicus, who resides at Selymbria.
The chancellor of Oxford prohibits Wickliffe's preaching against Transubstan-
tiation. ;
Marriage of king Richard, Jan. 14, to Anne, sister of Wenceslas, king of Germany
and Bohemia. Expedition of the duke of York to assist the Portuguese in their
war against Castile, and support John of Gaunt's claim to the crown of that
kingdom ; Portugal obtains an honourable peace, but the claim of the English
prince is disregarded. Defeat of the Flemings at Rosebecque, near Ypres, by a
French army. Continued tumults in France ; insurrection of the Maillotins at
Paris. The duke of Anjou attacks Charles, the new king of Naples, who puts
Joanna to death, and engages Sir John Hawkwood in his service. Death of
Louis, king of Hungary and Poland ; he is succeeded by his daughter, Maria,
betrothed to Sigismund, margrave of Brandenburg. The doctrines of Wickliffe
are condemned as heretical by Courtenay, archbishop of Canterbury ; he is com-
pelled to retire from Oxford to Lutterworth ; the young queen, and her mother-
in-law, Joan, widow of the Black Prince, save him from severe punishment.
Urban appoints the bishop of Norwich commander of a crusading force ga-
thered in England against the supporters of Clement. Conrad Zbllner von
Rothenstein, Teutonic grand master in Prussia. The English parliament repeals
the Act of the preceding session against heretics.
Unsuccessful crusade of the bishop of Norwich in Flanders. Urban visits Naples,
where he obtains dignities, lands, and advantageous marriages for his relatives.
The plague destroys a great part of the duke of Anjou's army, and deprives him
of his most important ally, Amadeus VI. of Savoy. Tumults in Genoa; the
doge, Niccolo di Guarco, is deposed, and Leonardo de Montano appointed in his
place.Ferdinand, king of Portugal, marries his only child, Beatrice, to John I.
of Castile ; on his death, Oct. 20, set. 43, the Portuguese resist the union of the
two kingdoms, and elect John, natural son of their former sovereign, Peter I.
The emperor Wenceslas attempts to reform the dissolute habits of the priest-
hood, and is hated by them. Turkistan conquered by Timour.
On the decease of Louis, count of Flanders, his territories descend by inheritance
to Philip, duke of Burgundy, and constitute henceforth part of that duchy. The
duke of Anjou dies at Bari ; the remains of his army disperse. The arrogance
of Urban produces discord between him and Charles of Naples. The duke of
Austria sells Treviso to Francesco da Carrara. John of Castile invades Portugal
and besieges Lisbon. Birth of Henry of Viseu, son of John, king of Portugal. '
The Poles transfer their crown from Maria to her sister, Hedwig. Manuel,
second son of Johu V., crowned joint emperor at CP. Death of Wickliffe, Dec. 30,
at Lutterworth. The Fishmongers' Company in London founded.
1381 TO 1337 Y^.D.
44
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
Fruitless expedition of Richard II. into Scotland ; the Scotch make an incursion
into England to as little purpose ; their French auxiliaries return home. Sir
John Holland, son of the princess of Wales by her first marriage, and half-
brother to the king, kills Lord Stafford in a private quarrel; Richard refusing to
pardon the murderer, his mother dies of grief at Wallingford. Battle of Alju-
barrotte, near Leyria, July 29 ; 30,000 Castilians defeated by 2500 Portuguese,
commanded by their king, and the constable Nunho Alvarez Pereira ; the inde-
pendence of Portugal established ; the convent of Batalha built to commemorate
this victory. Urban in Nocera ; six cardinals, accused of a plot against him, are
degraded, imprisoned, and put to the torture ; he excommunicates Charles, and
lays Naples under an interdict ; Charles orders the interdict not to be observed,
and besieges Nocera ; Urban escapes to Salerno, and thence by sea to Genoa.
Charles, invited to Hungary, leaves Naples to his son, Ladislas, under the re-
gency of his mother, Margaret. Fall of Bernabo Visconte ; treacherously seized
by his nephew, John Galeazzo, he soon afterwards dies in prison, Dec. IS,
aet. 66 ; all his dominions submit to John Galeazzo, who relieves them from op-
pressive taxation, restores their privileges, and becomes the greatest potentate
in Italy.
Robert de Vere, earl of Oxford, king Richard's favourite, is created marquis of
Dublin, duke of Ireland, and governor of that island, for life. Michael de la
Pole, earl of Suffolk, and chancellor, is impeached by parliament, and deprived
of his office. John of Gaunt charged with disloyalty ; the queen intercedes for
him, and he is allowed to take an army to Spain ; he lands at Corunna, July 25,
| and in alliance with the king of Portugal, to whom he marries his daughter, Phi-
lippa, invades Castile to claim the crown. The duke of Gloucester, Richard's
uncle, induces parliament to appoint a commission of fourteen persons to execute
the sovereign power in the kingdom for a year. The king of France collects a
large armament at Sluys to invade England ; some of his ships are taken by the
English, and the rest dispersed by a storm. At the intercession of the king of
England, Urban pardons Adam Easton, one of the accused cardinals ; the other
five are barbarously murdered, without any proof of their guilt, and protesting
their innocence to the last ; two other cardinals, fearing his violence, escape,
and join his rival, Clement. Charles of Durazzo assassinated, in Hungary;
queen Maria imprisoned. Urban give3 Naples to Louis, son of the late duke
of Anjou. At the request of her subjects, Hedwig marries Jagellon, grand-duke
of Lithuania, who takes the name of Ladislas II., and unites his territories to
Poland ; the Lithuanians abandon paganism. Battle of Sempacb, July 9 ; Leo-
pold of Austria totally defeated by the Swiss. Timour conquers Georgia. Nerio
Acciaiuoli, governor of Corinth, obtains possession of Athens and Thebes.
i Urban's conduct provokes the disrespect of the Genoese ; he retires to Lucca.
i Marriage of Joanna of Navarre to John V., duke of Brittany, Sep. 11. The
Duomo of Milan built by John Galeazzo Visconte.
Consultation of Richard II. at Nottingham, with Sir Robert Tresilian and the
other judges; they declare the late commission to be a criminal act, and the
authors of it punishable with death. The duke of Gloucester, and Henry, earl
of Derby, John of Gaunt's eldest son, accuse the king's friends and ministers
of treason, and eompel them to flight ; the duke of Ireland retires to the Ne-
therlands. Charles the Bad, king of Navarre, accidentally burnt to death, Jan. 1,
at Pamplona, set. 56 ; his son, Charles the Noble, inherits the throne. Peter IV.,
king of Aragon. dies, Jan. 5, at Barcelona, get. 76, is succeeded by his son, John I.
Civil war in Naples ; Margaret maintains courageously the rights of her son
Ladislas ; Otho of Brunswick, at first employed against her, enters into her
service. John Galeazzo Visconte, assisted by Sir John Hawkwood, takes Ve-
rona and Vicenza ; marriage of his only daughter, Valentina, to Charles de
Valois, brother of the king of France. Death of Olaf, the young king of Den-
mark and Norway, set. 17 ; his mother, Margaret, is acknowledged queen of
both countries. Sigismund, with a Bohemian army, liberates Maria, and takefa
upon himself the government of Hungary. The conquests of Amurath extend
from Cilicia in the East, to Albania in the West. Antonius IV. patriarch of CP.
442
FROM THE TEAR
Hegi
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1398
793
794
East-
ern Em- Popes,
pire.
35 John
V. re-
stored.
796
797
800
801
Port-
ugal
HUrban
VI.
April 9.
Clement
VII. 11
Oct. 31
Urban
d. Oct. is.
1 Boni-
face IX.
Nov. 2.
Clement
VII. 12
2 13
1 Ma- 3 14
nuei II,
6 John
I.
4 15
5 16
XIII. 1
Sep. 28.
Spaix.
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors
tile. gon. arre.
10
John
I.
1 Hen-
ry III
2 John
I.
2Chas.
III
the
Noble
9 4
1 Mar
tin I.
27 Mu
hamad
V. re-
stored
28-
France
9 Chas
VI.
29-
lYusef
II. Ben
Muha-
mad.
12
Bohe-
mia.
Ger-
many.
11 11
Wen- Wen
ceslas ceslaib
IV.
1 Mn- 17
hamad
VI.
BenYu-
sef.
18
19
20-
1388 TO 1398 A.D.
443
Repe-
tition
Dates.
1388
1392
1394
1395
1397
1398
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
7 Anto-
nio Ve-
niero.
1389 8
1300
Savoy.
Naples. Den-
mark.
6 Ama-
deus
VII.
4 La-
dislas.
2 Mar-
garet.
1 Ama- 7
deus
VIII. I
14
10
Swe-
den.
25 Al-
bert.
1 Mar-
garet,
Qu.of
Den-
mark
and
Nor-
way.
2
Po-
land.
5Hed-
wig
and
Hun-
gary.
7 Ma-
ria
with
Ladis- Sigis-
ias II. mund
Rus-
SIA.
27Dmi
tri IV,
8 1 1 Vas
sili II
lSi-
gis-
mund
alone.
Scot-
land.
18 Ro-
bert II.
Stuart.
Feb. 22.
19
20 —
d. Apr
1 Robert
III.
April 19.
2 -
10-
11-
Eng-
land.
12 Rich-!
ard II. j
June 22.'
14
17
18 -
rf.Q.Anne.
19
20
m. Isabel
la of
Valois.
22
444
TllOM THE YEAR
1.390
1391
1393
Events and Eminent Mhk.
Violent proceedings of the duke of Gloucester's party; the judges, Sir Robert
Tresiliari, and Sir Nicholas Brembre, with Lord Beauchamp of Holt, Sir James
Berners, Sir Simon Burley, and others, unjustly executed for treason. Battle of
Otterburne (Chevy Chace). Aug. 15; a private feud, not a national quarrel ; the!
earl of Douglas slain by Percy {Hotspur), who is afterwards made prisoner; the'
result of the day uncertain. Urban claims the kingdom of Naples; while pro-j
ceeding at the head of an army to put down the two contending parties, he is
thrown from his mule, and lamed ; his troops mutiny and disperse, and he is
conveyed to Rome. Overthrow of the house of Carrara by a powerful league;
John G-aleazzo Visconte takes Padua, and the Venetians recover Treviso. The
Swedes offer their crown to Margaret.
Richard II. asserts his right to govern for himself; he gives the office of chan-
cellor to William of Wykeham. John of Gaunt resigns his pretensions to Castile,
and returns to England. On the death of Urban, the schism is continued by the
election of Boniface IX. Marriage of Ladislas, the king of Naples, to Constance,
daughter of Manfred, count of Chiaramoute ; his rival, Louis of Anjou, is crowned
at Avignon by Clement. The duke of Bourbon and a Genoese fleet unsuccess-
fully attack Tunis. Albert, king of Sweden, defeated and made prisoner at
Falkioping, by Margaret, who reigns over the three northern kingdoms. The
Servians defeated at Kossova by Amurath, who is killed after the battle by
one of the conquered nobles ; his son, Bajazet I. (Aderim), succeeds him. Victory
of the Swiss at Nafels ; the Austrians treat for-peace.
Cession of the duchy of Guienne by Richard II. to John of Gaunt, for life. The two
popes mutually excommunicate each other. Boniface makes great efforts to
support Ladislas in defending Naples against Louis of Anjou. John Galeazzo
Visconte attacks Bologna ; the Florentines send Sir John Hawkwood to oppose
him, and assist Francesco Novello da Carrara to recover Padua. Venice and
Ferrara join the league against Visconte. Another jubilee replenishes the
papal treasury. Jacopo da Campofregoso doge of Genoa. Conrad von Wallen-
rode Teutonic grand-master in Prussia. Bajazet compels John V. to destroy new
fortifications which he is constructing, and summons Manuel to attend him with
a Greek contingent at the siege of Philadelphia, which surrenders to him. Ma-
nuel III., eighteenth emperor of Trebizond, succeeds his father, Alexius.
The transfer of Guienne causes dissatisfaction among the people ; Richard revokes
the grant. Sir John Hawkwood, by his skilful manoeuvres, foils the Milanese!
in their war against Florence and Padua. Death of the emperor John V. Ma-
nuel escapes from Bursa, and succeeds his father, only as a vassal of the!
Ottomans. Witold, an independent Lithuanian prince, maintains a harassing I
warfare against the Teutonic knights ; Henry Bolingbroke, earl of Derby, leaves ]
England, and assists the Order as a volunteer in these campaigns. Marriage of j
Maria, queen of Sicily, to Martin, nephew of John I. of Aragon. Death of Mu-
hamad V., king of Granada ; his son, Yusef, succeeds him.
The Liberties of London, seized by Richard, are restored through the queen's in-
tercession and the submission of the citizens. Robert de Vere, Richard's
former favourite, accidentally slain during a boar-hunt in Brabant. The par-
liament confirms the " Statute of Provisors," and by other Acts restrains the j
papal power. The king of France attacked by fits of melancholy madness ; his
uncles resume the government; cards are invented, or introduced, for his amuse- 1
ment in his lucid intervals. Through the mediation of Boniface, and Caracciolo, :
grand master of Rhodes, a treaty of peace terminates the hostilities in Northern j
Italy, but the coalesced States maintain their union to guard against the en-
croachments of Visconte. By the death of queen Maria, Sigismund becomes
sole sovereign of Hungary. Ladislas appoints Witold grand-duke of Lithu-
ania. Timour attacks the Golden Horde in Kapzak. University of Erfurt
founded. Antonio di Montaldo doge of Genoa.
A rebellion in Ireland. Visconte makes a vain effort to drain the Lake of Mantua,
by diverting the waters of the Mincio. Violent commotions in Genoa ; four rivals
attempt to expel Montaldo from the dogeship ; he retains the office. Origin of
the Mercers' Company in London.
1388 TO 1398 A.D.
4 45
A.D.
1395
1398
Events and Eminent Men.
Death of Anne of Bohemia, the "Good Queen Anne," at the palace of Shene, in
Richmond, June 7, set. 27. Sigismund favours a revolt of the Bohemian nobles,
who keep his brother, Wenceslas, for a time in captivity, but soon set him free
again. Death of Clement VII. ; his cardinals elect Benedict XIII., and the
schism continues. Renewed discord at Genoa ; doges rise and fall almost monthly.
Sir John Hawkwood dies in the service of Florence, and is interred there with
funeral honours. Death of Constance of Castile, wife of John of Gaunt ; also oft
the countess of Derby, his son's wife. Nerio Acciaiuoli obtains the title of duke
of Athens, and dying soon afterwards, leaves his territories to his natural son,
Antonio. Conrad von Jungingen grand master of the Teutonic knights in
Prussia. Nicholas de Clemangis, rector of the University of Paris, publishes
his work Be Buina Ecclesice, exposing the corruptions of the church.
Richard, endeavouring in person to suppresss the Irish insurrection, is recalled to
England by the agitation arising from the spread of Wickliffe's doctrines ; the
favourers of them appeal to parliament. Vain attempt of the university of
Paris to heal the schism of the church. John Galeazzo Visconte obtains from
Wenceslas the titles of duke of Milan and count of Pavia. Ladislas fails in his
efforts to dislodge Louis of Anjou from the city of Naples. Death of John, king
of Aragon ; his brother, Martin, succeeds him.
Marriage of Richard II., at Calais, Nov. 1, to the French king's daughter, Isabella
of Valois, only nine years old. A truce for 25 years concluded between England
and France. John of Gaunt marries Katharine Swinford, daughter of Paon de
Rouet, a knight of Hainault ; their son, John Beaufort, and other children, born
before their marriage, are legitimized by the king and the pope. Battle of Ni-
copolis, Sep. 28 ; Sigismund, king of Hungary, with a confederate army of French
princes and nobles, other European chivalry, and knights of Rhodes, defeated
by Bajazet, The Greek emperor sends Emanuel Chrysoloras to implore as-
sistance from the Christians of the West ; after having completed his mission,
the ambassador is engaged by the government of Florence to teach Greek. The
Genoese place themselves under the protection of France. Margaret obtains
the recognition of her sister's grandson, Erik the Pomeranian, as her successor
in Denmark. The dissection of dead bodies in the surgical schools in France
authorized by a royal edict. A council at London condemns the doctrines of
Wickliffe. Cnllistus II. patriarch of CP. The convent of La Certosa, near
Pavia, built by the duke of Milan.
The duke of Gloucester arrested on a charge of high treason, and sent to Calais,
where he dies suddenly. The earl of Arundel beheaded; the earl of Warwick
banished. Henry Bolingbroke, earl of Derby, created duke of Hereford, the earl
of Nottingham duke of Norfolk, and other peers receive higher titles. Ladislas
recovers the Terra di Lavoro, and other portions of the kingdom which Louis of
Anjou had occupied. Hostilities recommenced by the duke of Milan against
the Florentines and Gonzaga of Mantua, who are supported by their allies.
The Teutonic knights commence a naval war, and take Wisby. Union of
Calmar, June 17 ; Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, agree to a treaty, by which
they are combined into one kingdom; Erik is crowned as its future head.
Quarrel of the dukes of Hereford and Norfolk ; they are both banished by Richard.
Mortimer, earl of March, presumptive heir to the throne, and governor of Ireland,
is slain by a rebel force in that island. Wenceslas and the French government,
in concurrence with the council of Paris, ineffectually endeavour to terminate
the schism of the church; France withdraws from obeying Benedict. Peace
concluded, May 11, between the confederates and the duke of Milan; he fails in
an attempt to surprize Pisa. Ladislas gains the support of Marzano, the ad-
miral of Naples, and many other influential nobles. Marshal Boueicault arrives
at CP. with a fleet and troops to assist the emperor Manuel. Bloody strife in
Genoa ; the French governor, the bishop of Meaux, withdraws to Savona. The
Teutonic knights complete their conquest of the Isle of Gothland ; Margaret
attempts, without success, to recover it from them, but by the treaty of Copen-
hagen obtains the right of redeeming it for an equivalent. John Huss, professor
of theology at Prague. Froissart writes his Chronicles. Matthew I. patriarch
of CP. '
446
FROM THE TEAR
AJ>.
Hegira.
1399
802
1400
803
1401
804-805
1402
805—806
1403
806—807
1404
807-808
1405
808-S09
1406
1
809—810
East-
ern Em-
pike.
9 Ma-
nuel II.
13
Popes,
16
11 Bo-
niface
IX.
Nov.2.
Bene-
dict
XIII. 6
Sep .28
12—
13—
14—
15-10
16
d.Oct.l
1 In-
nocent
VII.
Oct.17.
Bene-
dict
XIII.
11
2—12
3-
rf.Nov.6
lGre
gory
XII.
Nov.
30.
diet
XIII
13
Port-
ugal.
17
John
I.
18-
Spain.
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors
tile. gon. arre.
10
Henry
III.
13
16-
Uohn
II
5 Mar- 13
tin I. Chas.
III.
the
Noble,
16-
18-
4Mu
hamad
VI.Ben
Yusef.
France
20 Chas
VI.
21
24
27
Bohe-
mia.
22
Wen-
ceslas
IV.
25-
27-
Ger-
MANY
22
Wen-
ceslas
1 Ru-
pert,
Count
Polar
tine.
2
28
1399 TO 1406 A.D.
447
Repe-
tition
Dotes.
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
Savoy.
Naples.
Den-
mark.
Swe-
den.
Po-
land.
Hunga-
ry.
Rus-
sia.
Scot-
land.
Eng-
land.5
1399
1400
18 Anto-
nio Ve-
niero.
lMi-
chele
Steno.
9 Ama-
deus
VIII.
10
15 La-
dislas.
16
13
Mar-
garet.
If
11
Mar-
garet,
Qu. of
Den-
mark
and
Nor-
way.
12
16 La-
dislas
alone.
17
8 Sigis-
mund
alone.
11
Vassi-
li II.
12
10 Ro-
bert III.
Apr. 19.
11
23 Rich-
ard li.
June 22 to
Sep. 29.
1 Henry
IV.
Sep. 30.
2
1401
2
11
17
15
13
18
10
13
12
3
1402
3
12
18
16
11
14
13
4
m. Joanna
ofNavarrc.
1403
1404
5
13
14
19
20
17—
18—
15
16
20—
21
12
13
14
15
5 — - 1
6 ■
16
1405
6
15
21
19
17
22
14
17
16
7
1406
7
16
22
20
18
23
15
18-—
1 James
8--
J
April 4. j
i
i
l
!
44$
FROM THE TEAK
1399
1401
1402
Events axd Esuxksfi Mex.
Death of John of Gaunt ; his lands are withheld by Richard from his son, the
banished duke of Hereford. Richard embarks for Ireland, leaving the duke of
York regent. The new duke cf Lancaster claims his inheritance and lands,
July 4, at Ravenspur5 in Yorkshire, with a few attendants, who, by the accession
of his friends, are soon increased to a numerous army. Richard returns from
Ireland, is deserted by his army, surrenders himself to Henry, Aug. 20, is de-
posed by the parliament, Sep. 29, and sent a prisoner to Pontefract castle ;
Henry IY. takes the throne. Benedict, besieged in Avignon by a French amiy,
surrenders, and promises to abdicate on condition of Boniface doing the same.
The San Severini come over to Ladislas, and assist him to recover the city of
Naples ; Louis of Anjou, deserted by all. returns to Provence. Gherardo d'Ap-
piano sells Pisa to the duke of Milan. Marshal Boucicault returns to France,
Dec. 10; the emperor Manuel accompanies him to seek assistance in Western
Europe, leaving his nephew, John of Selymbria, regent at CP. By the death of
his queen, Hedwig, Ladislas II. becomes sole sovereign of Poland. Timour
takes Delhi, and returns from the conquest of Hindostan to Samarcand. The
Bianchi, or White Penitents, produce a great impression in Northern Italy ; the
hymn, " Stabat mater dolorosa," is first composed and sung by them in their pro-
cessions. Death of John Y., duke of Brittany ; his widow, Joanna, governs the
duchy for her young son, John YI.
A plot against Henry IY. defeated; the earls of Kent, Salisbury, and Huntingdon,
lords Luniley and Spenser, and other conspirators, suffer death; the young queen,
Isabella, who had taken part in it, is made prisoner, and confined at Haver
inge-atte-Bower ; soon after this event, Richard is murdered, pet. 34. Marriage of
Henry's eldest daughter, Blanche, to Louis of Bavaria. Wenceslas, deprived of
his German crown, retains that of Bohemia ? Frederic, duke of Brunswick
chosen as his successor, is killed in a fray ; the electors then appoint Rupert of
Bavaria, count Palatine. The emperor Manuel, received with great honours at
Yenice. visits France and England. The jubilee at Rome is disturbed by an in-
surrection of the Colonna family; the plague carries off many of the pilgrims;
Boniface forbids the Bianchi to enter Rome, and suppresses their processions.
Bajazet's designs against CP. are interrupted by the approach of Timour, who
! invades Syria and sacks Aleppo. Death of Chaucer.
Revolt of Owen Glendower in Wales. The Scots invade England, retire on
the advance of Henry, and are pursued by him to Edinburgh. Isabella,
Richard's virgin-widow, refuses a proposal of marriage with Hemy. prince of
Wales, and is allowed to return to France. An Act of parliament is passed for
the Dunishment of heretics ; its first victim is William Sawtre, parish priest of
St. Osyth, London, who, for denying Transubstantiation, and professing the
principles of Wickliffe, is burnt" alive in Smithfield, Feb. 19. Rupert enters
Italy to repress the ambition of the duke of Milan, and is defeated by him.
(Jet. 21 ; Leopold, duke of Austria, is taken prisoner. Marshal Boucicault
appointed governor of Genoa, restores order there. Timour takes Damascus and
Bagdad. Huss confessor to the queen of Bohemia. Birth of Francesco Sforza,
July 23. at S. Miniato. Death of Froissart ; his Chronicle is continued by Mon-
strelet, from 1400.
Marriage of Henry IY., at Eltham, April 3, by proxy, to Joanna of Navarre,
widow of the duke of Brittauy. Defeat of the Scots by the Percies at Homedon
Hill; Archibald, earl of Douglas, Morduc, earl of Fife, the earls of Angus,
Murray, and Orkney, with many other nobles and gentry, captured. Henry
offends the earl of Northumberland, by forbidding him to ransom his priso-aers.
Wenceslas, unpopular with his subjects, is for a time held in captivity by his
brother. Sigismund, and restored to freedom ; Ladislas of Poland refuses the
crown of Bohemia, which is offered to him. Sigismund sells the province of
Neumark, on the right bank of the Oder, to the Teutonic knights. Rupert
returns to Germany. The duke of Milan obtains possession of Bologna, and at
the summit of power is carried off by the plague, Sep. 3, at Marignano, set. 55 ;
his sons divide his dominions; the eldest, Gian Maria, succeeds to Milan andj
the title. Death of Maria, queen of Sicily ; her husband, Martin, remains j
1399 TO 1406 A.D,
449
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
II
sole sovereign of the island. Timour invades Asia Minor. Battle of Angora, or
Ancyra, July 28; Bajazet totally defeated and made prisoner, dies in captivity ;
civil wars follow among his sons. The " Confrerie de la Passion" licensed by
royal letters patent to exhibit sacred dramas, or Mysteries, in France. Death of
Sir John Gower, the English poet. A large comet is seen.
1403 Queen Joanna arrives in England : her marriage is again solemnized at Win-
chester, and she is crowned at Westminster, Feb. 26. The earl of Northum-
berland releases his prisoner, Douglas; conspiracy between them and Owen
Glendower, to place Mortimer, earl of March, on the throne. Battle of Shrews-
bury, July 21 ; defeat of the confederates, Harry Percy (Hotspur) slain ; Henry
of Monmouth, prince of Wales, performs his noviciate in arms; the earl of
Northumberland pardoned. The power of the Visconti declines; Bologna and
Perugia are recovered by pope Boniface; Sienna and other cities revolt; the
Guelf and Ghibelin factions revive ; Florence and Venice prepare to take ad-
vantage of these disorders. Ladislas of Naples, invited by some nobles to
Hungary, finds Sigismund too firm on his throne, and abandons the enterprize.
Return of the emperor Manuel to CP. from an unsuccessful journey ; Marshal
Boucicault, having escorted him with a Genoese fleet, provokes the Venetians,
and is defeated by their admiral, Carlo Zeno, near Modon. An Act of parliament
restricts the dealings of merchant strangers, who visit England. A Bohemian
knight, Hieronymus Faulfisch (Jerome of Prague), returns from Oxford to his own
country, and, in conjunction with John Huss, preaches Wickliffe's doctrines.
• Laonicus Chalcocondylas records the observations made in the West, by the
i ! emperor Manuel and his followers.
I 'Henry IV. and the lords oppose a petition of the House of Commons, that the re-
! venues of the church should be applied to the service of the State. On the
| ! death of Boniface, the Roman cardinals elect Innocent VII. ; Benedict persists
! in not abdicating, and the schism goes on. The Visconti continue to lose their
i | possessions. The Venetians obtain Vicenza, and Verona surrenders to Fran-
! I cesco da Carrara. The elector of Mentz and other German princes join in the
I I league of Marbach, to oppose Rupert. Death of Philip, duke of Burgundy ; his
son, John the Fearless, is involved in a struggle with the duke of Orleans, for
the regency of France. Margaret claims Holstein and Schleswig on the demise
of Gerard VI. The Teutonic knights obtain Samogitia from the king of Poland,
and reach the summit of their prosperity. Timour returns to Samarcand, and
celebrates his triumph.
Insurrection of the earl of Northumberland, and Scrope, archbishop of York ; the
earl escapes into Scotland ; the archbishop is taken, condemned by a civil judge,
Sir William Fulthorpe, and beheaded. Owen Glendower defeated by the prince
of Wales, at Monmouth, May 11; still maintains himself in his mountain-
retreats. Venice conquers Padua and Verona ; Francesco da Carrara and his
sons are murdered, and the family becomes extinct. Timour, on his march to
China, dies at Otran, April 1, set. 69; his vast conquests fall in pieces. Wal
singham writes his English History. The duke of Albany, brother of the kinsj
of Scotland, usurps absolute power, and puts to death his eldest nephew, David.
The estates of the earl of Northumberland confiscated ; the Isle of Man granted
to Sir John Stanley. An Act of parliament prohibits any one, not possess-
ing twenty shillings a year in land, from apprenticing his sons to any
trade.
1 ifK) Philippa, daughter of Henry IV., goes to Denmark, contracted in marriage to
Erik, Margaret's destined successor Robert, king of Scotland, sends his
youngest son for security to France, who is captured on his way by the English.
On the death of Robert, April 4, the young prince, set. 9, succeeds to the throne
as James I., but is detained and educated in London ; the duke of Albany, mean-
while, is regent. Death of Innocent VII., and election of Gregory XII. Gerson,
chancellor of the university of Paris, proposes a general council, to terminate
the schism of the church. Pisa conquered by the Florentines, Oct. 9. Death of
Henry III., king of Castile, Dec. 25. set. 27 ; his brother, Ferdinand, is appointed
regent to the infant king, John II.
. - - -
450
FROM THE TEAR
A.D.
Hegira.
1407
810-811
1408
811—812
1409
812-613
1410
813—814
1411
914-815
1412
815—816
1413
816—817
1414
817—818
East- ! Spain,
ern Em- Popes.1 Port- Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors
pire. ugal. tile. gon. aree.
17 Ma-
nuel II
2 Gre-
gory
25
John
I.
XII
Nov. 30.
Bene-
dict
XIII.
14
Sept.28.
3_15 26
4-16 27-
1 A-
lexau-
derV.
Junel5.
5-17
d. A-
lexan-
der,
May 3.
Uohn
XXIII.
May 17-
6—18
2 John
XXIIL,
8—20
9—21 32-
5-
2 John
II.
13
Mar-
tin I.
21
Chas.
III.
the
Noble
1 Fer-
di-
nand
the
Just.
12 Mu-
hamad
VI.
BenYu
sef.
lYusef
III.
BenYu-
sef.
France
28 Chas
VL
30
31
34
35
BOHE'
MIA.
Wen
ceslas
IV.
34-
35-
Ger-
MANY
8Ru
pert,
Count
Pala-
tine.
10
1 Si-
gis-
raund
1407 TO 1414 A.D.
451
Eepe-
tition
Dates.
' DO\?E3
of Ve-
nice.
Savoy. INaples.
Den-
mark
Save- Po-
DEN. 1 LAND
Hunga-
ry.
Russia
. Scot-
land
Eng-
land.
1407
8Mi-
chele
Steno.
17 Ama-
deus
VIII.
23 La-
dislas.
21
Mar-
garet
19 Mar-
garet,
Queen of
Denmark
and Nor-
way.
|24 La-
; dislas
III. ■
' alone.
16 Sigis-
mund
alone.
19 Vas
sili II
- 2Jas
I.
Apr. 4
9 Hen-
ry IV.
Sept- 30.
1408
9
18
24
22
20
25
17
20
3
10
1409
10
19 — -
25
23
21 •
26
18
21
4
a-
1410
11
20
26
24
22
27
19
22 >
5
12 |
1411
12-
21
27
25
23
28
20
23
6
13
1412
13
22
28
1 E-
rik
VII.
1 Erik
XIII.
29
21
24
7
14
1413
14
23
29
2
2
SO '22
1
25
8 — -
i Mer. 20.
1 Hen-
ry V.
Mar. 21.
1414
1 Tom-
maso
Moce-
nigo.
24
I
1 Joan-'
nail.
3
3
31
23
26
9
2
1
1
2 g 2
452
FROM THE YEAB
1407
1408
Events and Eminent Men.
The earl of Northumberland and lord Bardolf, endeavouring to raise another re-
bellion, are defeated and slain at Braruham, by Sir Thomas Rokesby. Death of
OwenGlendower; Wales becomes tranquil, and Henry's reign from this time
undisturbed. The government of France distracted by the animosities of the
leading families ; the duke of Orleans assassinated at the instigation of the duke
of Burgundy. The rival popes agree to a conference at Savona, which Gregory
at last evades. Bajazet's sons, Suleiman, Isa, and Mousa, gradually restore
portions of his subverted empire, but remain at enmity with each other* Ulrich
von Jungingen grand master of the Teutonic Order in Prussia.
Valentino, widow of the duke of Orleans, demands justice on her husband's as-
sassins ; the duke of Burgundy, proclaimed an enemy of the State, occupies Paris
with his army, and drives out the royal court. The two popes interchange
hollow professions of a desire for peace, but neither abdicates , France renounces
obedience to either of them ; Benedict takes flight to Perpignan ; Gregory fixes
himself at Lucca. Ladislas of Naples takes possession of Rome. The cardinals
of both parties retire to Pisa, and call a general council for the following year.
The Venetians obtain Patras in the Morea. Death of Martin, king of Sicily ;
his father inherits the island, and unites it to the kingdom of Aragon. Sforza da
Cortignuola, father of Francesco, distinguishes himself in the service of Niccolo
d'Este, marquis of Ferrara, and defeats Ottobuono, lord of Parma and Reggio,
but sustains afterwards a check.
Council of Pisa; the two popes refuse to appear; they are deposed, and Alexander
V. elected, who is obeyed as the true pope by the greater part of Europe ; Gre-
gory is still reverenced in Bavaria, Friuli, and Naples, and holds his council at
Cividale. Benedict is upheld by Aragon, and calls his council at Perpignan.
The three popes mutally excommunicate, revile, and condemn each other, and
all their opponents. The adherents of Alexander dispossess Ladislas of the city
of Rome. Unsuccessful attempt of Boucicaul't to surprise Milan ; during his
absence the Genoese overpower and expel their French garrison, and place them-
selves under the protection of the marquis of Montferrat; the marshal returns
to France. Sforza overcomes Ottobuono, who is treacherously slain. Parma
and Reggio submit to Niccolo d'Este ; Sforza rewarded for his services by the
lordship of Montecchio. Louis of Anjou, under the auspices of pope Alexander,
revives his pretensions to the throne of Naples. A grand tournament in London
between the marshal of Hainault and the earl of Somerset ; the mystery of " the
Creation of the World" is exhibited by the parish clerks. Huss and Jerome
make many converts at Prague ; the orthodox professors and students secede,
and found the university of Leipzig.
The Commons again urge Henry IV. to use the temporalities of the church for
the benefit of the people, and petition for a mitigation of the Acts against he-
retics ; the king rejects their prayer, and orders the execution of Bradby, a
condemned Lollard, in consequence of which, they refuse to vote supplies. The
young duke of Orleans marries the daughter of the count dArmagnac, whence
his faction takes the name of Armagnacs, and fiercely contends with the Bur-
gundians ; both parties court the alliance of the king of England. Death of
pope Alexander; John XXIII. elected in his place; new excommunications are
fulminated by the papal trio. Louis of Anjou is recognized at Rome ; his fleet,
conveying an army from Provence, on its way to Naples, is totally defeated and
driven back by the Genoese allies of Ladislas. On the decease of Rupert, Si-
gismund, brother of Wenceslas, and king of Hungary, is raised to the throne of
Germany ; some of the electors choose Jodocus, or Josse, margrave of Moravia,
whose death soon after puts an end to the dispute. War between Castito and
Granada ; Antequera surrenders to the regent Ferdinand. Death of Martin,
king of Aragon, the last of his ancient line : five candidates claim the vacant
throne. The Teutonic knights defeated at Tannenberg by the Poles and Lithu-
anians, July 15, with great loss; their grand master falls in the battle; his
successor, Henry von Plauen, concludes a treaty at Thom. by which he re-
linquishes Samogitia. Bajazet's son, Suleiman, is surprised by his brother,
Mousa, and slain. Euthymius II. patriarch of CP. The Cordwainers' Company
(workers in Spanish leather from Cordova) founded in London.
1407 TO 1414 A.D.
453
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
Henry IV. supports the duke of Burgundy by an auxiliary force under the earl
of Arundel. Pope John excommunicates Ladislas, who is defeated by Louis, at
Roccasecca, May 19 ; through want of money and provisions, the conqueror is
compelled to retreat, and goes back to Provence. The Aragonese appoint nine
judges or commissioners, to examine and decide on the claims of the candidates
for their crown, Appenzel invites the protection of the Swiss cantons against
the abbot of St. Gall. War between Hungary and Venice. John. Huss excom-
municated, and forbidden to preach. University of St. Andrew's founded. The
Guildhall, London, built.
Henry IV. transfers his alliance from the Burgundians to the Orleanista. The
prince of Wales insults the chief justice, Sir William Gascoigne, and is com-
mitted by him. Sforza leaves the papal service, and enters into the Neapo-
litan ; a treaty of peace ensues between Ladislas and John XXIIL, who
mutually recognize each other. Gregory is desired by the king of Naples
to leave Gaeta, and removes to Rimini, The cruelties of Gian Maria Visconte,
duke of Milan, provoke a conspiracy, and he is assassinated; his brother,
Philip Maria, re-unites all that remains of their father's extensive dominions.
The Hungarians penetrate to Treviso, but are defeated by the Venetians, who
recover part of Friuli. Antonio Doria, with a Genoese fleet, infests the coast
of Catalonia. The Aragonese commissioners decide in favour of Ferdinand,
who, on ascending the throne awarded to him, resigns the regency of Castile.
Margaret, set. 60, dies at Flensburg, while negotiating a treaty with the princes
of Holstein and Schleswig ; Erik succeeds, in virtue of the Union of Calmar
Sigismund urges a reform of the church, and is supported by Gerson in calling
for a general council to carry it into effect. John Huss publicly burns, at
Prague, a papal Indulgence ; he and Jerome protest against the doctrine and
sale of them.
Death of Henry IV., at Westminster, set. 47. Henry V. discards his former asso-
ciates, and reforms his conduct. Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham, head of the
Wicklimtes, condemned to death by the bishops, escapes into Wales, Civil
war of the two factions in France ; atrocious murders in Paris; the whole king-
dom desolated. Ladislas takes forcible possession of Rome, the castle of S. An-
gelo, Ostia, Viterbo, and most of the papal States. The pope retires to Florence
and Bologna, holds a conference with Sigismund at Lodi, and agrees to call a
general council at Constance. George Adorno doge of Genoa. The duke oi
Milan leagues with Genoa and other States against Sigismund, and prevents his
receiving the iron crown of Italy. A council held at Rome, before the pope's
departure, condemns again the writings of Wickliffe, excommunicates John
Huss, and lays an interdict on every place that harbours him. Michael Kuch-
meister von Sternberg, Teutonic grand-master, persecutes the Hussites in
Prussia. Mahomet, son of Bajazet, overcomes his brothers, re-unites Anatolia
and Romania, and restores the Ottoman empire. Leonardo Bruno Aretino, the
future historian of Florence, is epistolary secretary to John XXIII.
Sir John Oldcastle engages in a conspiracy, which is detected; he again escapes,
but many of his confederates suffer death. Henry asserts his claim to the
crown of France, and makes exorbitant demands, to which he receives an in-
sulting reply. The parliament again recommends that the church lands should
be seized, to supply the wants of the king's treasury ; 110 alien priories are sur-
rendered to him. The royal party in France, and the duke of Burgundy, suspend
their hostilities for a time by the treaty of Arras. Ladislas threatens to besiege
the pope in Bologna, but is dissuaded by the Florentines ; he dies, Aug. 6, set. 39,
and is succeeded by his sister, Joanna, widow of William, son of duke Leopold
of Austria. The Neapolitan army retires from Rome, but retains the castle of
S. Angelo. Sigismund returns from Italy to Germany, is crowned at Aix-la-
Chapelle, and attends the council of Constance, Seventeenth General Council,
which is opened by the pope, Nov. 5 ; his two rivals refuse to appear in person,
but send their representatives. Peter d'Ailly urges the reforms recom-
mended by the university of Paris. Erik renews the war against Holstein and
Schleswig.
4bA
FEOM THE TEAE
A.D.
Hegtra.
| East-
ern Em-
pire.
Popes.
Port-
ugal.
Spain.
Cas- Aha- Nav- Moors,
tile. gon. arre.
France.
Bohe-
mia.
Ger-
many.
1415
818—819
25 Ma-
nuel II.
22 Be-
nedict
XIII.
Sept.28.
John
depo-
sed,
May 29.
Gre-
gory
abdi-
cates,
July 4-
33
John
I.
10
John
II.
4 Fer-
di-
nand
the
Just.
29
Chas.
III.
theNo-
ble.
8Yusef
III.
Ben Yu-
sef.
36 Chas.
VI.
38
Wen-
ceslas
IV.
6Si-
gis-
mund.
1416
819—820
26
27 —
23
24
1 Mar-
tin V.
Nov. 11.
34
35
11
12
1 Al-
fonso
V. the
Wise.
2
30
31
9
10
37
38
39
40
1417
821
1418
822
28
2—25
36
13—
3
32
11
39
41
—
1419
823
1
1
29
3—26
37
14
4
33
12 —
40
lSi-
gis-
muncL
10
1420
824
30
4—27
38—
15
5
34
13
41
2
11
1421
825
31
32
5—28
6—29
39
40
16
17
6
35
36
14
15
42
1 Chas.
VII.
3
12
1422
826
1423
827
33
7—30
41
I
i
18
37
2
hamad
VII. el
Hayza-
ri.
1415 TO 1423 A.D.
Repe-
tition
; Doges
of Ve-
Sa-
Naples.
Den-
Swe-
Po-
Hunga-
Rus-
Scot-
Eng-
Dates.
nice.
voy.
mark.
den.
land.
ry.
sia.
land.
land.
1415
1 2 Tom-
maso
Moceni-
go.
25 Ama-
deus
VIII.
2 Joan-
na II.
4 Erik
VII.
4 Erik
XIII.
32 La-
dislas
II.
24 Sigis-
mund.
27Vas-
sili II
lOJas
I.
April 4-
3 Hen-
ry v. !
Mar. 21. ,
1418
1417
3
26
27 —
8
4
6
6
5 —
6
33
34
25
26
11
12
4
29
1418
5
28
5
7
7
36
27
30
13
6
1419
6
29
6
8 —
8
36
28
31
14
7
1420
7 —
30
7
9
9
37-
29
32
15
8
rn. Ka-
tharine
of Va-
lois.
1421
6
31
8
10
10
38-
30 ■
33
16- —
9
b. Hen-
ry VI.
1422
9
6"
9
11
11
39
31
34
17—
70
I Hen-
ry VI.
Sept- 1
1423
1 Fran-
33
10
12
12
40
32
35
18
2
cesco |
Foscaro.j
456
FROM THE YEAR
1415
I 1417
1418
1419
The earl of Cambridge, lord Scrope, and others, beheaded, for designing to rebel
in favour of Mortimer, earl of March, the rightful heir to the throne. Henry
embarks at Southampton, Aug. 13, invests Ilarfleur, Aug. 17, which surrenders,
Sep. 26; Battle of Agincourt, Oct. 15; Queen Joanna goes in procession from
St. Paul's to Westminster, to return thanks for the victory. A truce granted to
France. Henry returns to England, and makes his triumphal entry into London,
Nov. 23. The king of Portugal engages in a maritime enterprise, and takes
Ceuta ; he discontinues the use of the Julian period in his dominions, and
introduces the computation of time from the Christian sera. John resigns the
popedom, revokes his resignation, is deposed by the council of Constance, and
imprisoned for the rest of his life ; at last he formally submits. Gregory ab-
dicates voluntarily, is allowed to retain the dignity of cardinal, and made go-
vernor of the March of Ancona. Benedict refuses to lay down his office, and
resists the entreaties, as well as the threats, of Sigismund and Ferdinand, king
of Aragon, who repair to Perpignan, and hold a conference with him. John Huss
and Jerome of Prague are invited to Constance, furnished with a safe-conduct by
Sigismund ; the council perfidiously asserts that no civil power can protect he-
retics, and by their decree, Huss perishes in the flames, July 6. Joanna, queen
of Naples, marries James of Bourbon, who deprives her of all authority,
puts to death her chamberlain and favourite, Pandolfo Alopo, and imprisons
Sforza. The restless Genoese appoint two new doges in succession, the last of
whom is Tommaso da Campofregoso. The emperor Manuel visits the Morea, and
attempts to fortify the Isthmus of Corinth.
An attempt of the French to recover Harfleur is repelled by the duke of Bedford.
Visit of Sigismund to London and Paris ; he concludes a treaty of alliance with
Henry, hoping to acquire the former kingdom of Aries. The late disasters of
France render the animosities of the two factions more virulent. Ferdinand of
Aragon, infirm in health before his journey to Perpignan, dies on his return,
April 2, and is succeeded by his son, Alfonso, whose patronage of letters has
obtained for him the surname of the Wise. Jerome of Prague, victim of the
same treachery, shares the fate of his brother-reformer, Huss, May 30; their
disciples in Bohemia take up arms to defend the liberty of conscience. Joanna
of Naples regains her freedom; her husband is compelled to dismiss his French
guards, and renounce the regal title ; Sforza is liberated, and receives again the
office of constable, with new grants of land ; Ariano and some other fiefs are
given to his son, Francesco. Joseph II. patriarch of CP. George Gemisthus
Pletho attempts to revive the Platonic philosophy, and reform Greek society.
Isabella, queen of France, quarrels with the Armagnacs and her son, the dauphin,
Charles ; she is confined at Tours, and invites the assistance of the duke of Bur-
gundy, who liberates her, and conquers a great part of the kingdom. The
council of Constance elects the cardinal Otho Colonna to be pope, who takes the
name of Martin V. ; Benedict still contumaciously opposes him. The ex-pope,
Gregory, dies, Oct. 13. Sforza, with a Neapolitan army, dislodges the condot-
tiere Braccio from Rome ; his son, Francesco Sforza, performs his first feat of
arms, Oct. 16, and displays the courage of a veteran. Sir John Oldcastle is ap-
prehended, and suffers death in Smithfield. The Hussites elect Ziska for their
leader. Alexius IV. nineteenth emperor of Trebizond. Gypsies in Transylvania.
Henry renews the war in France, conquers the greater part of Normandy, and lays
siege to Rouen ; the queen and duke of Burgundy negotiate with him ; they
obtain possession of Paris, and of the king's person ; dreadful massacre of their
opponents; the count d'Armagnac and many of the nobility butchered by the
populace in their prison ; the dauphin and his adherents transfer their seat of
government to Poitiers. Close of the council of Constance, April 22 ; the new
pope returns to Italy, attended by Sigismund and a numerous train. The duke
of Milan, Philip Maria Visconte, condemns his wife, Beatrice Tenda, to be be-
headed, for alleged infidelity.
Sm-render of Rouen, Jan. 19 ; Henry pursues his victorious career. The dauphin
beguiles the duke of Burgundy by a treaty, and when they meet, causes him to
be assassinated, Aug. 18, Great irritation throughout France. Philip, duke of
14 10 TO 1423 A.D.
457
Events and Eminent Men.
Burgundy, and the queen open new negotiations with Henry. Martin V., invited
to Florence, fixes his residence there. The ex-pope, John, escapes, is pardoned.
and dies. James of Bourbon returns to France. Sforza appointed gonfalonier
of the church, recovers Spoleto from Braccio. The duke of Milan, through his
general, Carmagnola, concludes peace with Genoa, and regains Bergamo. Death
of Wenceslas ; his brother, Sigismund. inherits Bohemia ; the Hussites refuse
to acknowledge him, and storm the town-hall of Prague ; the Venetians are suc-
cessful in their war against him, and take Belluno, and other towns. Queen
Joanna, of England, accused of witchcraft, is arrested by the duke of Bedford,
confined at Pevensey, and deprived of all her possessions. Sir Richard Whit-
tington, third time lord mayor of London.
The treaty of Troyes, May 24, disinherits the dauphin, declares Henry heir to the
crown of France, and regent during the life of Charles VI., whose daughter,
Katharine de Valois, he marries, June 3 ; he subdues Sens, and other towns,
and takes possession of Paris. Henry of Viseu, prince of Portugal, grandson
of John of Gaunt (see 1386), promotes the study of navigation at Sagrez, near
Cape St. Vincent, and sends out squadrons, by one of which the island of Madeira
is discovered. The influence of Alvarez de Luna over John of Castile causes
troubles in that kingdom. Pope Martin encourages Louis III., of Anjou, to claim
the crown of Naples, and assists him with an army. Joanna applies to Alfonso
of Aragon for protection, and adopts him as heir. Braccio submits to the pope,
and recovers Bologna for him. Carmagnola re-annexes Cremona, Parma, and
Brescia, to Milan. The Venetians conquer Friuli and Dalmatia. The pope
makes his entry into Rome, Sep. 30. Sigismund besieges the Hussites in
Prague, and is defeated by them at Wissehrad, July 14.
Battle of Bauge" ; a division of the English army defeated by a Scotch auxiliary
brigade, under the earl of Buchan ; the duke of Clarence slain ; Henry repairs
the disaster, besieges Meaux, and drives the dauphin beyond the Loire. Jo-
anna and Alfonso engage Braccio, who stops the progress of Louis. The
Florentines obtain Leghorn. Genoa surrenders to Carmagnola. Death of sultan
Mahomet, and accession of Amurath I. John de' Medici gonfalonier of Florence.
Flight of Jaqueline of Brabant into England. Namur united to Burgundy.
Surrender of Meaux, May 2. Death of Henry V., at Vincennes, Aug. 31, set. 35 ;
his son, nine months old, is proclaimed king of England and France, Humphrey,
duke of Gloucester, protector of the former kingdom, and John, duke of Bedford,
regent of the latter. Death of Charles VI., Oct. 22, set. 53 ; the dauphin
crowned at Poitiers, as Charles VII. Before his death, Henry does justice to
the queen-dowager, Joanna, and orders the restitution of her lands. Alfonso puts
an end to Martin's hostilities, by threatening to recognize again Benedict XIII.
Peace restored to Naples ; Sforza and Braccio unite in its defence ; Louis at
Rome. Carmagnola governor of Genoa. The Hussites offer Bohemia to La>
dislas, king of Poland, and Witold, duke of Lithuania ; Korybut, nephew of the
former, is sent to them. Marriage of Albert, duke of Austria, to Elizabeth,
daughter of Sigismund. Paul Bellizer von Russdorf Teutonic grand-master ; the
dissensions of the High and Low Germans weaken the Order ; they are defeated
by the Poles and Lithuanians, and lose Sudauer. Gypsies first appear in Italy.
League against France renewed at Amiens, April 17 ; the duke of Bedford marries
Anne, sister of the duke of Burgundy. Defeat of the French and Scotch, at,
Crevant sur Yonne, by the earls of Salisbury and Suffolk. James, king of
Scotland, released after a captivity of seventeen years, marries a daughter of
the earl of Somerset. Joanna, and her favourite, the seneschal Caracciolo,
quarrel with Alfonso, whose adoption she annuls, and takes Louis of Anjou in
his place ; war ensues. Alfonso, during a voyage to Aragon, attacks and plunders
Marseilles. The duke of Milan supersedes Carmagnola, and appoints Guido
Torello to command the Genoese fleet sent to assist the queen of Naples. Amu-
rath besieges CP., and for the first time uses cannon, ill-constructed and ill-
served ; he is compelled to raise the siege. The death of Yusef, king of Granada,
and accession of his son, Muhamad el Hayzari (the left-handed), followed by
tumults and rebellions. The council summoned at Pavia is transferred to Sienna.
458
FEOM THE TEAS
AD.
Hegi-
East-
ern Em-
Popes.
Port-
Spain.
Cas- Aba- Nav- Moors.
France.
Bohe-
Ger-
Ri.
pire.
ugal.
TILE. GON. ARRE.
mia.
many.
1424
828
34 Ma-
nuel II.
8 Mar-
tin V.
Nov. 11-
Benedict .
XIII. 31
Sept. 23.
d Nov. 29.
Clement
VIII. 1
42
John
1.
19
John
II.
9 Al-
fonso
V.the
Wise.
38
Chas.
III.
the
Noble.
2 Mu-
ll am ad
VII. el
Hayzo>
ri.
3 Chas.
VII.
6Si-
gis-
mund.
15 Si-
gis-
mund.
1425
829
1 John
VI.
9 2
43
20
10
1 Blan-
che II.
and
John
11.
3
4
7
16
,1426
830
2
10— 3
44
21
11—
2
4
5
8—
17- —
1427
831
3
11 4
45
22
12
3 >
5
6
9
18
1428
832
4 13 5
46
23
13
1429
833
5
13
Clement
resigned,
July 26.
47
24
14
5
7
8
11
20
1430
834
6
14
48
25
«_
s-
8
9
12
21
1431
835
7
d.Feb. 19
1 Euge-
nius IV
March 3-
49
26
16—
7
9
10
13
22
1432
836
8
2
|
50
27
17
8
10
11
14
n —
1424 TO 1432 A.D.
459
I Repe-
tition
Bates.
1424
Doges
op Ve.
NICE.
1428
1429
1430
1432
2 Fran
cesco
Foscaro,
Savoy.
34 Ama
dens
VIII.
Naples.
11 Joan-
na II.
Den-
mark
13 E-
rik
VII.
Swe-
den.
13 E-
rik
XIII.
Po-
land,
40
42
18
16-
41 La-
dislas
II.
42-
Hun-
GARY.
34
43-
18 18
19-
20-
19 21
45-
35
36
37
Russia
36 Vas-
sili II
1 Vas-
sililll.
Scot- Eng-
land, land.
19Jas.I.[3Menry
April 4- VI.
Sept.
49-
22
4 23
10
27 11
460
FROM THE YEAS
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
1424
1425
1426
1428
Defeat of the combined French and Scotch armies by the duke of Bedford, at
Verneuil, Aug. 27 ; the earls of Buchan and Douglas, the counts of Aumale,
Tonnerre, and Ventadour, slain ; the duke of Alencon, the marshal La Fayette,
and many nobles, taken prisoners. The duke of Gloucester offends the duke of
Burgundy, by marrying Jaqueline, duchess of Brabant, and claiming her here-
ditary States of Holland and Hainault. Visit of the duke of Bedford to England,
to appease this quarrel. Naples taken by the Genoese allies of queen Joanna.
Sforza Attendolo drowned in crossing the river Pescara ; his son, Francesco,
takes the command of his forces. Defeat and death of Braccio, at Aquila. Pe-
rugia recovered by the pope, and Capua restored to Naples. The duke of Milan
defeats the Florentines, dismisses Carmagnola from his service, and appoints
the cardinal Jacopo Isolani governor of Genoa. The council of Sienna dissolved,
and ordered to be held in 1431, at Basle. Death of Benedict XIII.: two refrac-
tory cardinals continue the schism by electing Clement VIII. in his place.
Death of Ziska, the Hussite general ; Procopius Rasa conducts the war against
Si»-ismund. The emperor concludes an ignominious treaty of peace with Amu-
rath.
Dissension between the duke of Gloucester and the bishop of Winchester, composed
by the duke of Bedford. Reconciliation with the duke of Burgundy. The duke
of Britanny withdraws from the English alliance ; his brother, the count of
Richemont, is appointed, by king Charles, constable of France. Queen Katharine
marries Owen Tudor, and retires into private life. League of Florence and
Venice against the duke of Milan ; he takes Francesco Sforza into his service,
and they employ Carmagnola. Death of the emperor Manuel, set. 77 ; his son,
John VI., inherits the empire, reduced now to the city of CP., a few neighbouring
towns, Thessalonica, and part of the Morea. Charles III., of Navarre, is succeeded
by his daughter, Blanche, and her husband, John, brother of Alfonso of Aragon.
John de' Medici is sent ambassador from Florence to Venice. John and Hubert
van Eyck, masters of the early Flemish school, invent painting in oil. Death
of Peter d'Ailly, archbishop of Cambray, and chancellor of the university of
Paris. Poggio Bracciolini (1380 — 1459) revives literature.
Siege of Montargis ; the earl of Warwick compelled to abandon it by the bastard
of Orleans, afterwards count de Dunois The duke of Bedford forces the duke of
Britanny to break off his alliance with France. Carmagnola takes Brescia; the
dukes of Savoy and Mantua join the league against Milan. The pope creates
twelve cardinals, among whom is Beaufort, bishop of Winchester. The Hussites
extend their conquests into Saxony and Meissen. John, king of Navarre, Henry,
prince of Aragon, and the principal nobility of Castile, combine against Alvarez
de Luna. Bursbai, sultan of Egypt, makes Cyprus tributary, and threatens
Rhodes. The university of Louvain founded. Muhamad el Hayzari is ex-
pelled by his cousin, Muhamad el Zaquir (the drunkard), who for a short time
occupies the throne of Granada as Muhamad VIII. Lubeck and the Baltic
Hanse Towns support the duke of Holstein against Erik.
The constable de Richemont withdraws from the French court, disgusted by the
deference of Charles to his minister, de la Tr6mouille. The duke of Milan gives
up Vercelli to the duke of Savoy, and induces him to secede from the league.
Under the mediation of Sigismund and the pope, Venice and Florence agree to
a congress at Ferrara, to treat of peace with Milan. Alvarez de Luna banished
from the court of Castile. The Hussites defeat an army of the empire at Mies.
Lincoln College, Oxford, founded by Richard Fleming. Constantine, the fa-
vourite brother of the emperor John VI., appointed despot of Clarentza, in the
Morea ; the historian, Phranza, is in his service as great chamberlain.
The siege of Orleans is begun by the earl of Salisbury, who is killed by a cannon-
ball ; the earl of Suffolk takes the command. Peace concluded at Ferrara, April
18 ; Brescia, Bergamo, and part of the lands of Cremona, are ceded to Venice.
Francesco Sforza, accused of* treachery, is saved by his friend, Guido Torello,
but remains two years unemployed. Alvarez de Luna recalled by the king of
Castile. The usurper of Granada is put to death, and Muhamad VII. restored
to the throne. The Hussites carry their victorious arms into Silesia. Death of
John de' Medici, founder of the illustrious family at Florence.
1424 TO 1432 A.I5.
461
Events and Eminent Men.
1431
Battle of Herrings, Feb. 12 ; Sir John Fastdlfe brings a convoy of stores to the
camp before Orleans ; Joan of Arc l-elieves the city, May 4 ; the siege raised,
May 8; the earl of Suffolk taken prisoner at Jergeau. Defeat of the English,
at Patay, June 13; the lords Talbot and Scales taken; Sir John Fastolfe dis-
graced. Coronation of Charles, at Rheims, July 17. Henry VI. crowned at
Westminster, Nov. 6. Termination of the schism of the West ; Clement VIII. ,
abdicates, and is appointed by the king of Aragon bishop of Majorca. Brabant i
added to the duchy of Burgundy. The Hussites refuse to negotiate for peace 1
with Sigismund. Death of Gerson, chancellor of the university of Paris.
Henry VI. is taken over to France, and crowned at Paris, Dec. 17. Joan of Arc ,
made prisoner at Compiegne by the Burgundians (May 24), is sold by them to |
the duke of Bedford. The Florentines besiege Lucca, and are repelled by Fran- '
cesco Sforza, secretly employed by the duke of Milan. Venice and Florence
renew their league. Thessalonica taken by Amurath. Poggio Bracciolini writes
his Dialogue Dp, Varietate Fortunes. Philip, duke of Burgundy, institutes the
Order of the Golden Fleece, on his marriage with Isabella, daughter of John,
king of Portugal, and to commemorate the manufacturing prosperity of the Ne- [
therlands. Phranza, sent on an embassy to the Ionian Islands, is captured by &\
Catalan cruizer, and obliged to ransom himself and his companions.
•Joan of Arc, condemned for sorcery and heresy, is dishonourably and inhumanly
burnt at Rouen, Jan. 14. The English power in France declines rapidly. Eii-
genius, on taking the papal chair, deprives the Colonna family of their offices,
in which his predecessor, Martin, had placed them; their resentment and rebel- '
lion cause great disturbance at Rome ; their rivals, the Orcini, are patronized, i
Venice and Florence again at open war with the duke of Milan ; the Venetian ,
general, Carmagnola, routed by Francesco Sforza, at Soncino, May 17, and their
fleet on the Po destroyed, near Cremona, May 23 ; their ally, the marquis oft
Montferrat, defeated by Sforza, is saved from entire ruin by his relation, Ama-
deus, duke of Savoy. The combined fleets of Venice and Florence defeat the i
Genoese near Portofino, Aug. 27. Carmagnola is suspected of treachery by thej
Venetian government. Sigismund is crowned king of Italy, at Milan, Nov. 25. j
Muhamad refuses to pay his stipulated tribute ; the Castilfans invade Granada;
Alvarez de Luna defeats the Moors on Mount Elvira; Yusef Aben Alahman, j
proclaimed king, dies in six months, and Muhamad is restored. Victory of the
Hussites at Tauss, over the army of the empire. Opening of the council of
Basle, under the presidency of Julius Cesarino, July 23 ; first session, Dec. 14 ;
this, the Eighteenth General Council, commences its proceedings by declaring
itself, in all spiritual matters, superior to the pope. The German prelates
present a memorial on the grievances of their church, previously agreed to by a
national synod, held at Mentz. Nicholas de Clemangis urges the reforms before
recommended by Gerson and d'Ailly. Cosmo de' Medici, inheritor of his father's
wealth, uses his influence in Florence to promote the arts and literature, and
j collects around him the learned men of Italy. Agnes Sorel first introduced at
| the court of Charles VII. A violent earthquake in Spain.
JThe count of Dunois takes Chartres, and relieves Lagni. Death of the duchess
i of Bedford, and marriage of the duke to Jaqueline of Luxemburg. Defection
of Philip, duke of Burgundy, from the English cause. Eugenius commands the
council to assemble at Bologna ; they disobey his orders, and continue to hold
their sittings at Basle ; he refuses the imperial crown to Sigismund. Carmagnola
imprisoned at Venice, put to the torture, and beheaded, May 5. The king of
Aragon arrives with a fleet in Sicily, and renews his project of obtaining the
succession to Naples. Boleslas, the successor of Witold, the Lithuanian prince,
commences hostilities against Poland ; Ladislas deposes him. and places
Witold's brother, Sigismund, on the throne. The Portuguese navigators, sent
out by prince Henry, discover the Azores. The wars of the Hanse towns, and
Holstein, with Denmark, open the trade of the north to the English and Hol-
landers. Bertrandon de la Brocqnie?-e, a Burgundian knight, visits the East,
and on his return writes an account of his travels. ^Eneas Sylvius secretary to
the council of Basle.
462
FBOM THE TEAR
A.D.
1433
1434
1435
Hegiea
1437
1438
839—840
840-841
841—842
842—843
845—844
■ BmT-
'ebk Em-
pike.
9 John
VI.
10
Popes
3Eu
geni-
us IV.
Mar.3,
15
Felix
V. 1
Nov. 17-
I SPAIN.
Port- Cas- Aba- Nav- Mooes,
ugal. tile. oon. arre.
1 Ed
ward,
or Du-
arte.
1 Al-
fonso
V. the
Afri-
can.
28
John
II.
18 Al-
fonso
V. the
Wise.
20-
22-
9Blan-
chell
and
John
II.
lO-
ll Mu-
haniad
VII. el
Hayza-
France*
12 Chas.
VII
18
Bohe-
mia.
15 Si-
gis-
mund
19
rf.Dec.S
1 Al-
bert.
Gee-
many.
24 Si-
mund.
26-
27-
28
rf.Dec.S
1 Al
bert
II.
1433 TO 1439 A.D.
463
1433
11 Fran-
cesco
Foscaro,
1435
1437
1438
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
15
Savoy.
43 Ama-
deus
VIII.
20 Joan-
na II.
45
48
Naples.
1 Al-
fonso of
Aragon.
Den-
mark,
22 E-
rik
VII,
Swe-
den.
22 E-
rik
XIII
23-
50 La-
dislas
II.
La-
dislas
III.
25-
26
25-
17
Pope Fe-
lix V
1 Chris-
topher
III
28
Po-
land,
42 Sigia-
mund.
43
Hun-
gary.
45
46
d- Dec. 8.
1 Eliza-
beth and
Albert
of Aus-
tria.
Russia.
9 Vassi-
li III.
10
12
13
14
Scot-
land.
28 Jas.
April 4-
30-
31-
Eng-
land.
12 Hen-
ry VL
Sept. 1.
14
1 Jas.
II.
Feb. 21.
15
16
18
464
FROM THE TEAR
1433
1455
1436
Consress of Arras ; the English, commissioners withdraw ; the duke of Burgundy
claims manv concessions from Charles VII., and continues to treat with him ;
he acquires Holland and Hainault Nicholas, marquis d'Este, the pacificator of
Italv, mediates a treatv, -which the belligerents sign at Ferrara, April 26. Si-
gismund crowed emperor at Rome, May 31. The duke of Milaa secretly au-
thorizes Francesco Sforza to occupy the March and city of Ancona. The Hussite3
divide into two sects, the Calixtines and Taborites ; the former, satisfied by the
concessions made to them by the council of Basle, secede from the league. The
peasants of Dalecarlia revolt : Engelbrechtson, a nobleman, places himself at
their head, and drives Erik's officers out of Sweden. Cosmo de Medici founds
the universitv of Florence : through the intrigues of his enemies, he is banished.
The Portuguese, for the first time, explore the coast of Africa beyond Cape Bo-
iador. Death of John I., king of Portugal, Aug. 12, set. 77 : he is succeeded by
his son, Edward. Belgrade given up to Sigismund by the Servians.
The council of Basle limits and defines the papal authority. Eugenius confirms
the March of Ancona to Francesco Sforza for his life, and appoints him gon-
falonier of the church. Nicholas Fortebraccio takes Rome ; Eugenius escapes
in disguise, and retires to Florence. Cosmo de' Medici recalled by the Florentines,
and his enemies are banished. The Calixtines join the imperial army, and
defeat the Taborites at Bohmisch-Brod. Death of Louis of Anjou ; Joanna is
beset bv adverse factions. Amadeus, duke of Savoy, retires into a hermitage
at Ripaglia, near the Lake of Geneva, leaving the regency of his States to his
cons. Death of Ladisl is, king of Poland, set. 90 ; the States assume the re-
gency durinsr the minoritv of his son.
The treaty of Arras concluded. Sep. 22. The duke of Burgundy announces to the
English council his alliance with the king of France. Death of queen Isabella,
Sep! 30, and of the duke of Bedford, Dec. 14: his office of regent is taken by the
duke of York. The annats. or first-fruits, hitherto paid to the pope, are abolished
by the council of Basle. The condottiere Fortebraccio is defeated and slain at
Capo del Monte. Death of queen Joanna ; she bequeaths her dominions to
Resmier d' Aniou, who, being a prisoner in the hands of the duke of Burgundy,
sends his queen, and his son, Louis, to take possession ; the pope asserts his
claim, and supports it by an army. Alfonso, king of Aragon, another compe-
titor, lavs sieee to Gaeta": in a naval battle with the Genoese, near the isle of
Ponza. Aus. 5. he is defeated and made prisoner, with his brother, the king of
Navarre, and mauv of his principal nobles: the captives are sent to Milan ;^ the
duke releases them without a ransom, and enters into a league with Alfonso
against the pope. The Genoese, angry at losing the fruits of their victory,
expel their Milanese masters, and restore their own independent government.
Alfonso's brother, don Pedro, takes Gaeta. The Calixtines, deceived in the ex-
ecution of their treaty, reunite with the Taborites: Sigismund concedes the
fourteen points demanded by them, on which they submit to him, and allow
him to enter Prague. Erik, by a treaty of peace, relinquishes the greater part
of Schleswie to the duke of "Holstein. and makes concessions at Stockholm,
which rest-re tranquillitv in Sweden. War renewed in Granada : the Castilians
take Huesca. Charles Canutson. regent, or statholder, in Sweden. Death of
Antonio, duke of Athens ; his widow employs Chalcocondylas ^father of the his-
torian) to negotiate with Amurath, for his support ; Phranza is sent by Con-
stantine to treat with him for the surrender of Athens and Thebes.
Paris retaken bv the French. The duke of Burgundy besieges Calais, but retires
on the approach of the duke of Gloucester. Eugenius, invited to return to
Rome, fixes his residence at Bologna. Genoa joins the league of Florence and
Venice : Francesco Sforza is taken into their service. Alfonso arrives at Gaeta,
and is acknowledged by many towns in the Abbruzzo and other provinces.
Treatv of Iglau between Sigismund and the Hussites. Erik withdraws from
the o-overnment. but returns at the request of his subjects. The duke of Glou-
cester separates queen Katharine from Owen Tudor ; she is compelled to retire
to the abbev of Bermondsev ; her husband confined in Newgate ; their three
=ons committed to the care 6f the earl of Suffolk's sister. Remarkable seTerity
U33 TO 1439 A.D.
40/)
143S
1439
of the winter. Feud of the cantons Schweiz and Glaris against Zurich, for the
county of Toggenburg. Constantine visits Constantinople, and is selected
by his brother as heir to the imperial throne. Nerio II. expels Antonio's widow
from Athens, and banishes Chalcocondylas. Jaqueline of Luxemburg, widow of
the duke of Bedford, marries Sir Richard Woodville; they are the future parents
of Elizabeth, queen of Edward IV.
Triumphal entry of Charles VII. into Paris. James I., of Scotland, set. 40, mur-
dered at Perth, April 20, by his uncle, the earl of Athol ; during the minority
of his son, Sir William Crichton and Sir Alexander Livingston are regents of
the kingdom. The council of Basle summons the pope to appear and answer
various charges brought against him ; he answers by a Bull, dissolving the
council, and calling another at Ferrai-a, where he invites the Greek emperor,
John, to attend, and arrange for the union of the two churches. Death of the
emperor Sigismund, Dec. 8, set. 70 ; his daughter, Elizabeth, and her husband,
Albert of Austria, succeed him in Hungary; Albert is also chosen king of Ger-
many and Bohemia ; the greatness of the House of Hahsburg begins. Death
of Joanna of Navarre, queen-widow of Henry IV., at Havering Bower, July 9,
set. 67, and of queen Katharine, in Bermondsey Abbey, set. 36. All Souls1
College, Oxford, founded by Cnicheley, archbishop of Canterbury. Origin of
the Vintners' Company in London. Erik retires to Wisby. Unfortunate expe-
dition of the Portuguese against Tangier; prince Ferdinand, taken by the
Moors, dies in captivity. Phranza is employed by Constantine to negotiate
with Amurath.
Albert crowned king of Hungary, Jan. 1, recognized by the diet of Francfort,
March 20, and soon afterwards crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle. The fathers of the
council of Basle continue their sittings, declare Eugenius contumacious, and
decree the suspension of his authority. The council of Ferrara opened; Jan. 8,
by cardinal Nicholas Albergati ; declares that of Basle at an end ; the pope arrives
there, Jan. 27, and the Greek emperor, John, March 4, followed by the patriarch
of CP., and the prelates of his church. The pragmatic sanction of Bourgea
declares the pope subordinate to a general council, and annuls his fiscal rights
in France. Kegnier d'Anjou regains his liberty, and arrives in Naples. All
Italy is distracted by the petty wars of its different States. The duke of Milan
induces Sforza to return to his service, by promising to give him his daughter
in marriage. Cosmo de' Medici goes as ambassador to revive the cooling friend-
ship of Venice for Florence. The plague rages in all parts of Europe ; it is
aggravated in England and Fiance by a direful famine. Laurence Koster, of
Haerlem, originates the first idea of printing, by cutting letters on blocks of
wood, and produces his Speculum, humanae. Salvationis. Edward (Duarte), king of
Portugal, dies pf the plague, at Thomar, Sep. 19, set. 47; his son, Alfonso, set. 6,
has his uncle, Henry of Viseu, for his guardian and regent. Some Hussites
offer the crown of Bohemia to Casimir of Poland ; he brings an army to support
them ; they are defeated by Albert, at Tabor.
Eugenius removes his council from Ferrara to Florence, where an ostensible union
of the Latin and Greek churches is signed, July 6. The council of Basle de-
poses Eugenius, June 25, and renews the schism of the church by electing Ama-
deus, the hermit-duke of Savoy, who accepts the papal dignity under the name
of Felix V. ; all the parties to this proceeding are excommunicated. Albert of
Austria undertakes an expedition against the Turks, which is interrupted by
his sudden death, Oct. 27 ; his widow, Elizabeth, gives birth to a son, named
Ladislas, who is sent into Austria to be brought up. The Venetians, hard
pressed in their war, send ambassadors to Florence ; the gonfalonier, Cosmo
de' Medici, renews the league with them- Francesco Sforza, irritated by the
broken promises of the duke of Milan, engages in tL;ir service, and restores
victory to their arms. The Danes depose Erik, and elect his nephew, Chris-
topher, to be their king. The Russian patriarch, Isidore, on his return from
Florence, is deposed by his indignant countrymen. Amurath conquers Servia,
but fails in his attempt on Belgrade. Masaccio, the Florentine painter, prepares
the way for the modern style of that school. The Drapers' Company, London,
founded.
2h
466
FROM THE TEAB
A.D.
1440
1443
Hegiea.
844—845
845— S46
846-847
847—848
1444 S4S— S49
1445
1446
S49-850
850—851
851—852
East- I
een Em- Popes
piee
16 John
VI.
18
20
lOEu-
geni-
usIV
Mar. 3.
Felix
V. 2
Nov. 1
Poet
ugal
13— 5
3 Al-
fonso
V. the
Afri-
can,
15— 7
16—
23 *F*-*3-:10-
I 1 Ni-
'cholasj
V-
Mar. 6.
Felix
Spain.
Cas- Ara- Nav- Mooes
tile. gon. aeee.
35 25 Al- 16Blan
Tohn fonso fe11-
V.th
Wise
II.
3o-
27-
38 28
30-
32-
and
Jolinll
Johnll.
alone.
23-
18 Mu-
hamad
VII. el
20-
21
22 ■
1 Mu-
hamad
VIII.
Aben
Ozmin
Feance.
19 Chas.
VII.
20
Bohe- Ger-
siia. many.
lLa-
dislas
III.
1 Fre-
deric
IV.
1440 TO 1447 A.D.
467
Repe-
tition
Dates.
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1UZ
1446
1447
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
18 Fran-
cesco
Foscarc-!
Savov.
50 Ama
deusVIII.
Pope Fe-
lix V
20
21
23
52
53
54
Naples. Den-
mark.
6 Alfon-
so of
Aragon.
2 Chris
topher
III.
Swe-
den.
I Chris
topher.
Po-
land.
7 La
dislas
III.
56
57 Ha
10
Hun-
gaby.
1 Eli-
zabeth,
and
Ladis-
lasIV.
king of
Poland.
Russia.
16 Vas-
sili III.
1 Ca-
simir
IV.
8
3d. E
liza-
beth.
Ladis-
Scot-
land.
4 Jas. II.
Feb. 21.
18
5 20
1 La-
dislas
king
o/ Bo-
hemia.
Eng-
LAND.
19 Hen-
ry VI.
Sep.l.
b, Edward
IV.
10-
2 H 2
23
let of
Anjou.
26
468
tfllOM THE YEAB
1442
The duke of Orleans, taken prisoner at Agincourt, is released for a ransom. Death
of the earl of Warwick, while regent in France. Revolt of the dukes of Bourbon
and Alencon, with many other nobles, against Charles VII. Frederic, count of
Tyrol, elected king of Germany. The Bohemians choose Albert's infant son,
with two regents : Meinhard, a Catholic, and Ptarsko, a Hussite. At the
request of her subjects, under the advice of John Huniades, Elizabeth marries
Ladislas, king of Poland, and associates him on the throne of Hungary. Al-
fonso of Aragon takes Aversa and besieges Naples. The Swedes elect Christo-
pher for their sovereign. The Greek emperor is received with great dissatis-
faction on his return toCP.; no real union of the churches is effected. The
Turks attack Rhodes, and are defeated by the knights. League of Marienwerder
against the Teutonic Order ; the grand master resigns. Metrophanes II.
patriarch of CP.
The Castilian grandees, and Henry, prince of Asturias, compel the king, by force
of arms, to dismiss »\lvarez de Luna. Death of Blanche, queen of Navarre ;
her rights descend to her son, Charles, prince of Viana ; his father retains the
throne, and long discord ensues between them. A general peace concluded in
Italy. The generals of the duke of Milan claim portions of his territories ; he
puts an end to their pretensions, by marrying his daughter, Bianca, to Francesco
Sforza. The Venetians, by treachery, obtain Ravenna. Death of Nicholas,
marquis d'Este. Henry VI. founds King s College, Cambridge, and Eton College.
Conrad von Erlichshausen Teutonic grand master in Prussia. Hadji Kerai
separates from the Golden Horde, and establishes the independent khanate of
Crim Tartary, or the Crimea, where he has long to contend with the Genoese.
Intrigues and cabals of the cardinal-bishop of Winchester against the duke of
Gloucester ; the duchess, for imputed witchcraft, is condemned to do penance
in St. Paul's church, and to be imprisoned for life ; her confessor, Boling-
broke, and Margery Jordan, of Eye, are hanged for alleged participation
in her crime. Alfonso takes the city of Naples, and the whole kingdom submits
to him. Regnier d'Anjou returns to Provence. Death of Elizabeth ; her hus-
band, Ladislas, remains king of Hungary ; his general, John Huniades, by his
victories, repels the Ottoman invasion of Transylvania. George Castriot(Scan-
derbeg) distinguishes himself in the Ottoman army. The African Moors redeem
some of their countrymen from captivity in Portugal, by paying their ransom
in gold-dust and black slaves, from the coast of Guinea ; this gives rise to the
slave-trade. John Faust improves Roster's invention, sets up a press at Mentz,
and begins by printing the Tractatus Petri Hispani. Amurath resigns the sceptre
to his son, Mahomet il., and retires to Magnesia. Christ College, Cambridge,
founded.
Close of the council of Basle. Eugenius leaves Florence, and fixes his residence
again in Rome ; he acknowledges Alfonso, king of Naples, and employs him to re-
cover the Mai-ch of Ancona for him from Francesco Sforza ; this produces a new
war. Sforza defeats his most able adversary, Niccolo Piccinino, at Monteloro,
Nov. 8. Scandei-beg escapes from the Ottomans, seizes Croya, and maintains
an independent principality in Albania. John Huniades crosses the Danube,
takes Nissa (Naissus) and Sofia, and defeats the Ottoman army, at Kunobitza.
in the defiles of the Balkan, Dec. 24; Amurath is recalled from his retirement,
and resumes the command.
Cardinal Beaufort prevails over the duke of Gloucester in the English councils;
under his influence, the earl of Suffolk concludes a treaty with France, May 2S, j
and negotiates a treaty of marriage between Henry VI. and Margaret, daughter |
of Regnier <!' Anjou ; the county of Maine ceded to her uncle. At the request of
Frederic, king of Germany, the dauphin, assisted by his best generals, employs [
a part of the French army against Switzerland. Battle nf St. Jacob's on the
P.irs, near Basle, Aug. 26; for ten hours 1600 Swiss resist 30,000 veterans, and
all perish ; the conquerors lose 10,000 men, and are deterred from encountering
more of such resolute defenders of their country. The duke of Burgundy purchases i
Luxemburg. George von Podjebrad succeeds Ptarsko as the Hussite co-regent
of Bohemia. The victories of Huniades induce Amurath to solicit peace ; treaty j
1440 TO 1447 A.D.
469
1445
Events and Eminent Men.
1446
1447
of Segedin ; Servia restored ; the Hungarian frontier evacuated, and a truce fo?
ten years concluded ; the papal legate, Julian Cesarino, persuades Ladislas to
break the truce. Battle of Varna, Nov. 10; triumph of the Ottomans ; the king
and the legate perish; Huniades escapes, Amnrath retires again to Magnesia.
Piccinino sustains another defeat at Montemilone, and his son, Francis, who is
made prisoner, at Monte Olmo, Aug. 23; Niccolo repairs to Milan, by desire of
the duke, and dies there, Oct- 15. John Guttenberg invents cut metal types
and commences printing the first edition of the Bible. Birth of Leonardo da
Vinci. - Death of Brunelleschi, the architect, and of Leonardo Bruno Aretino:
the secretary and historian of Florence ; both patronized by Cosmo de' Medici
the Library of Florence founded by him. The Portuguese discoveries are ex-
tended to Cape Verde. First entrance of the Cossacks into Eussia.
The marriage of Henry and Margaret, already celebrated by proxy, is duly so-
lemnized on her arrival in England, April 22 ; the queen joins the duke of Glou-
cester's enemies. The earl of Suffolk created a duke. Variance between Sforza
and his father-in-law, the duke of Milan. To fill their vacant throne, the Hun-
garians elect Ladislas, the young son of Albert, already king of Bohemia, and
appoint John Huniades regent. The Poles offer their crown to Casimir, duke
of Lithuania, who for some time refuses, but at last accepts it. Eugeniu
deposes the archbishops of Cologne and Treves, for their adherence to the council
of Basle. The insubordination of the Janizaries compels Amurath to leave his
retreat again ; he leads them to attack the Morea. Chalcocondylas, now in the
service of Constantine, is deputed to propose terms of peace, and imprisoned by
Amurath for his arrogant demands. Vassili, grand prince of Moscow, is taken
prisoner by the Golden Horde. Gregory III. patriarch of CP. The king of Gra-
nada is deposed by his nephew, Muhamad Aben Ozmin; another of his nephews,
Muhamad Aben Ismail, is encouraged by the king of Castile to claim the throne
Owen Tudor, having escaped from his persecutors into Wales, is appointed by
Henry VI. keeper of the royal parks of the principality.
The electors of Germany, assembled at Francfort, threaten to declare for Felix V.,
unless Eugenius restores the deposed archbishops, and acknowledges the liberties
of their national church. The Hungarians call upon Frederic to give up to them
their young king, and on his refusing, invade Austria. iEneas Sylvius is the tutor
of Ladislas in Frederic's court. Sforza, excommunicated by Eugenius, and hard-
pressed by the papal and Neapolitan forces, is supported by Florence and Venice.
Amurath breaks through the fortified hexamilion of the isthmus of Corinth ; Con-
stantine is allowed to retain his despotat, as a tributary of the Porte ; Laonicus
Chalcocondylas witnesses these operations, afterwards described by him. Alexius
IV. murdered by his son, John IV., who occupies his throne, as twentieth emperor
of Trebizond. Cardinal Bessarion promotes the study of Plato's philosophy.
Syropolus writes his History of the Council of Florence. George von Peurbach
professor of astronomy at Vienna. The embankment of the river Meuse gives
way, near Dordrecht, April 17 ; a large tract of country is inundated, many thou-
sand lives lost, and the Lake of Bies-Bosch formed.
The duke of Gloucester murdered at Bury St. Edmund's, Feb. 28 ; his enemy,
cardinal Beaufort, dies six weeks afterwards. The county of Maine is given up;
Sir Francis Surienne, the governor of Mans, resists, but is forced to surrender
by the count Dunois. By the advice of jEneas Sylvius, Eugenius assents, by a
concordat, to the demands of the German electors, soon after which he dies,
Feb. 23, and is succeeded by Nicholas V. Death of Philip Maria, duke of Milan,
the last of the Visconti, Aug. 13 ; his son-in-law, Sforza, claims the inheritance
of his States, which is disputed by Alfonso, king of Aragon and Naples, Charles,
duke of Orleans, and other princes. The Milanese restore their republican go-
vernment, and appoint Sforza their captain ; he musters a powerful army ;
Pavia submits to him, and he takes Piacenza by storm. Amurath leads a large
force against Scanderbeg, and besieges Croya, but is discomfited, and withdraws.
The new pope, Nicholas V., patronizes men of learning, and founds the Library
of the Vatican. The first grammar-schools established in London. The Ha-
berdashers' Company, London, originated.
470
FBOM THE TEAS
AJ).
Hegika.
East-
ern Em-
pire.
Popes.
Port-
ugal.
Spain.
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors,
tile. gon. arre.
France.
Bohe-
mia.
Ger-
many.
1448
852—853
1 Con-
stantine
XIV.
2Ni- J
cholas
V.
Mar. 6.
Felix
V. 10
Nov.17.
1 Al-
fonso
V. the
Afri-
can.
43
Johnll.
33 Al- '24
fotiso Johnll.
V. the]
Wise.]
4 Mu-
hamad
VIII.
Aben
Ozmin.
27 Chas.
VII.
9 La-
dislas
III.
9 Fre-
deric
IV.
1449
854
2
3
Felix
abdi-
cates,
April 7.
12
44
34-^
25
5
28
10
10
1450
855
3 •
4
13
45- —
35
26
6
29
11
11 — -
1451
1452
856
657
4 ■
5
5
8
il-
46
47
36—
27— —
30
12
12
ls
37
28
8
31 -
13
13
1453
858
Fall of
CP.
7
16
48—
38
29
9
32
14
14
Otto-
man Em-
pire.
1454
859
3 Maho-
met II.
4
8
17
1 Hen-
ry IV
the
Weak
39
30
1 Mu-
hamad
IX.
Aben
Ismail.
33 —
15
15
1455
860
|
5
9
ICal
listns
III.
April Hi
IS
2
i
40 — -
31
i
2
34
16
16 — -
■
1
1
J
1448 TO 1455 A.D.
471
Dates.
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
26 Fran
cesco
Foscaro
27
Savoy.
29 1 Loui
58 Am a-
deusVIII.
Pope Fe-
lix V.
abdicates
pope.
14Alfon
so of
Aragon.
Den-
mark.
1 Chris- IChas
tianl. VIII.
SWE-
DEN.
Po-
land.
4Ca-
simir
IV.
Hun-
gary.
4La-
dislas
of Bo-
hemia
Rus-
sia.
24 Vas-
sililll
25-
lO-
ll 11
27 15
Scot-
land.
12Jas.II.
Feb. 21.
Eng-
land.
27 Hen-
ry VI,
Sep. 1,
30-
18
31
32 -
b. Edward
Prince of
Wales,
b. Richard
HI.
19 |S4
472
FEOM THE TEAK
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
1451
Surienne, receiving no pay, subsists his troops at free quarters in Britanny ; the
duke demands compensation; Charles VII. supports his claim, and prepares to '
renew his war against England. The English nation, tired of the contest, and
the government, influenced by the queen and her favourites, make no provision i
for the defence of their French provinces. Frederic of Germany, without the
concurrence of the diet, agrees to another concordat at Vienna, in which be sa-
crifices some of the privileges gained by the former. Sforza defeats the Vene-
tians at Garavaggio, Sep. 15 ; quarrels with the Milanese ; enters into a league
with Venice, and prepares to conquer Milan. Death of John Pala?ologus VI.;
accession of his brother, Constantine, the last emperor of CP. Dissolution
of the Union of Calmar ; on the decease of Christopher, the Swedes and Nor-
wegians take Charles Canutson for their king ; Christian, duke of Oldenburg,
is chosen by the Danes Vassili, grand prince of Moscow, after his release by
the khan of the Golden Horde, is seized by Dmitri Schemjaka, and de-
prived of his sight; his boyars regain the throne for him. Queen's College,
Cambridge, founded by queen Margaret. Huniades defeated by Amurath at
Cossova.
War renewed in France ; Charles and his generals conquer Normandy ; the duke
of Somerset surrenders Rouen, and retreats to Harfleur, Nov. 4. Richard Plan-.
tagenet, duke of York, suppresses a rebellion in Ireland, and renders himself I
popular by the mildness of his government. Amadeus, duke of Savoy, resigns
his papal title, and goes back to his hermitage, at Ripaglia. The Venetians
league with the Milanese against Sforza; he persists in his enterprize, and
blockades Milan. Death of Ulug Beg, grandson of Timour, celebrated for his
study of astronomy and chronology. Louis von Erlichshausen, Teutonic grand-
master in Prussia. George von Podjebrad expels his colleague, Meinhard, and
governs Bohemia by himself alone.
A small reinforcement sent by the English government into France, is dispersed
by the count de Clermont, at Formigny. The conquest of Normandy is com-
pleted, and the count Dunois invades Guienne. General discontent prevails in
England. The queen's arrogance and partiality for France render her unpopular;
her minister and favourite, the duke of Suffolk, is accused of treason, banished,
and murdered at sea ; his successor, the duke of Somerset, is equally disliked.
Insurrection of Jack Cade suppressed, by the defeat of the rebels near Rochester,
and the death of their leader, killed by Iden, a gentleman of Sussex. Public
attention begins to be fixed on the duke of York's personal merits, and his prior
right to the throne, derived from his mother, the daughter of Philippa, the only
child of the duke of Clarence, second son of Edward III., while that of the Lan-
caster family descends from John of Gaunt, Edward's third son. Milan surrenders
to Sforza, and he is proclaimed duke. Pope Nicholas mediates peace between
Alfonso and the republics of Florence and Venice. Another jubilee at Rome ;
200 persons smothered or drowned by the pressure of the crowd on the bridge of
S. Angelo ; the large sum collected on this occasion is employed by Nicholas in
works of charity and public improvements. The Portuguese colonize the Azores.
Death of Agnes Sorel. The crown of Norway transferred from Charles, king of
Sweden, to Christian, king of Denmark.
The weakness of Henry, the influence of the queen, and the treachery of the
ministers, allow Guienne to be conquered by Dunois, without a struggle. The
duke of York returns from Ireland ; the parliament petitions for the removal of
the duke of Somerset and his colleagues. Death of Amadeus, duke of Savoy,
late Felix V., Jan. 7. The pacific spirit of Nicholas V. gives Italy the first year
of tranquillity known there for many ages ; among his new edifices are the
palace of S. Maria Maggioi'e, and the church of S. Theodore. Venice, however,
is -preparing a league against the duke of Milan, who forms alliances with
Florence, Genoa, and Mantua. The flourishing commerce of the Venetians
makes them rich and powerful. Death of Amurath ; his son and successor, Ma-
homet II., prepai-es to attack CP. Embassy of Phranza to Trebizond and
Georgia, to negotiate a marriage for Constantine.
1448 TO 1455 A.D.
473
1454
The duke of York raises an army ; after an interview with the king in Kent, he
retires to his castle, at Wigmore, on the borders of Wales. A deputation of
Gascon lords invites the support of the English government to restore their
province to its former allegiance. Frederic, king of Germany, is married at
Rome, to Eleanora, sister of the king of Portugal; he receives from Nicholas
the imperial crown, and the iron crown of Italy, visits Alfonso at Naples, and
creates the marquis Borso d'Este duke of Modena and Reggio. War begins
between the Venetians and the duke of Milan, and their allies. Mahomet
erects a fort at Asomaton, on the Bosphorus, within five miles of CP. Isidore,
the former patriarch of Russia, now a cardinal, arrives at CP., and celebrates,
in St. Sophia, a new Union of the Greek and Latin churches. Great preparations
are made on both sides for the siege and defence of CP. League of amity between
the Swiss confederacy and France. Peter Sch'afer, Faust's son-in-law, introduces
the use of cast metal types. Struggle between James II. of Scotland and the
nobles ; he stabs the earl of Douglas with his own hand, in Stirling Castle.
John of Navarre disinherits his son, the prince of Viana.
Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury, is sent to Guienne with S000 men ; Bordeaux and
other towns open their gates to him ; he is defeated and slain, set. 80, at Cas-
tillon, July 20. The English have now lost all their possessions in France,
except Calais* The birth of Edward, prince of Wales, Oct. 13, prevents that
amicable adjustment of the duke of York's claims, for which he had been willing
to wait. Mahomet forms the siege of CP., April 6 ; takes the city by assault,
May 29; death of the emperor Constantine; final extinction of the Roman
empire. Mahomet grants toleration to the Christians, and appoints Gennadius
II. patriarch of the Greek church. Conspiracy of Porcaro at Rome ; forbearance
of Nicholas ; obstinacy of the conspirators ; they are condemned and executed.
Kindness of Nicholas to the fugitives from CP. ; they assist the progress of
literature in Italy. Sforza invites Regnier d'Anjou to oppose Alfonso of Naples;
war of plunder and devastation in Tuscany and Lombardy. The emperor Fre-
deric gives up the custody of young Ladislas, who is crowned at Buda and
Prague. Alvarez de Luna, after having been 33 years all-powerful in Castile,
is abandoned by the king to his enemies, accused of various crimes, condemned,
and beheaded at Burgos, July 5. Austria created an archduchy by the em-
peror.
Mental aberration of Henry VI. ; committal of the duke of Somerset to the
Tower ; the duke of York appointed protector. Hostilities cease between Eng-
land and France, without any formal treaty of peace. Regnier d'Anjou returns
to France. Treaty of peace between Milan and Venice concluded at Lodi,
April 9 ; Alfonso refuses his adhesion. The Prussian cities of the Marien-
werder league (see 1440) renounce their allegiance to the Teutonic knights,
and place themselves under the protection of the king of Poland. The knights
of Rhodes refuse to pay the tribute demanded by M-ahomet. The University of
Glasgow founded. Death of John II., king of Castile, at Valladolid, July 20,
set. 49 ; his son, Henry, succeeds him. Muhamad Aben Ismail takes the throne
of Granada from his cousin ; provokes war with Castile : is defeated, and loses
Fort Ximena.
Recovery of king Henry ; release of Somerset ; the protectorate annulled ; begin-
ning of the civil war ; the Yorkists take the White Rose for their party emblem,
and the Lancastrians the Red ; victory of the former at St. Alban's, May 22 ; the
duke of Somerset, earls of Northumberland and Stafford, and lord Clifford, slain ;
the king made prisoner; the duke of York re-appointed protector by the parlia-
ment. Nicholas prevails on Alfonso to assent to the peace of Lodi, Jan. 26, and
to join him, with Milan, Florence, Venice, and the other Italian States, in a
league for resisting the Ottoman power ; soon after which, this, the best of the
popes, dies, March 24 ; Alfonso Borgia, elected in his place, takes the name of
Callistus III. Edmund, earl of Richmond, eldest son of Owen Tudor and queen
Katharine, marries Margaret Beaufort, daughter and heiress of John Beaufort,
duke of Somerset, grandson of John of Gaunt. The Douglas family, overcome
in their contest with the king, take flight into England.
474
FROM THE YEAR
A.D.
Hegi-
EA.
Otto-
man Em-
pire.
Popes.
Port-
ugal.
Spain.
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors
tile. gon. arre.
France
BOHE
MIA.
Ger-
many
1456
861
6 Maho-
met II.
2 Callis-
tus III.
April 8.
19 Al-
fonso
V. the
Afri-
can.
3 Hen-
ry IV.
the
Weak.
41 Al-
fonso
V. the
Wise.
32
Johnll
3Mu-
hamad
IX.
Aben
Ismail
35 Chas.
VII.
17 La
dislas
III.
^Fre-
deric
IV.
1457
862
7
3
20
4
42
33
4
36 —
18 '
1456
863
8
4
d. Aug. 8.
IPiusII.
Aug. 21.
21
5
Uohn
II.
hing of
Navar-
re,
34
hing of
Arngon
5
37
1 George
von Po-
diebsad
19
14S8
864
9
2
22
6—
2
35
6
38
2
20
1460
865
i
10
3
23
7
3
38
7
39
3
21
1461
14*32
866
867 J
11
12
5
8
9
4
5
37
38
8
9
1 Louis
XI.
2
4
5
22
23
25
1463
868
13
6
26
10
6
39
10
3
6
24
1456 TO 1463 A..D.
475
Repe-
tition
Dates.
1456
1457
Doges
ok Ve-
nice,
34 Fran-
cesco
Foscaro.
1 Pas-
quale
Malipi-
1458 2
1459
1460
1461
Savoy,
Louis
Naples,
L Chris-
toforo '
Moro. '
1463
22Alfon-
so of
Aragon
23
1 Ferdi
nand I.
Den-
mark.
9 Chris
tian I.
10
Swe-
den.
9Chas
VIII.
10
Po-
land.
Hun-
gary.
12 Ca
simir
IV
12 La
dislasV
king of
Bohe
tnia.
Russia. Scot-
land.
32 Vas-
sili III
13
12
14
1 Mat-
thias
Corvi-
nus
Huni-
20Jas,
II.
Feb. 21,
Eng-
land.
35 Hern
ryVL
Sep. 1
18-
34
35
36
37
I Iwan
III.
22-
23-
37-
b. Hemy1
YII,
rf.Aug.3
Uas
III.
Deposed
1 Ed-
ward IV.
March 4,
476
FROM THE YEAS
A..D.
In the duke of York's absence, the queen induces the lords to reinstate Henry in |
his full regal power, The demands of the German princes for a better-secured reli- 1
gious freedom are frustrated by the arts of ^Eneas Sylvius, and the subservience of
the emperor. Callistus fails in his efforts to excite a crusade against the Turks, j
Athens and Thebes conquered by Mahomet. Siege of Belgrade ; Mahomet is
repulsed by Huniades, who dies in a month after his victory. iEneas Sylvius,
bishop of Sienna, obtains from Alfonso the redress of some grievances in his
diocese. Naples and the south of Italy visited by a most destructive earth-
quake. Magdalen College, Oxford, founded by William of Waynflete, bishop
of Winchester. A large comet seen in June and July.
The duke of York, and the earls of Salisbury and Warwick, escape a plot to seize
their persons ; the two first to their respective castles, and the third to his go-
vernment of Calais. The electors of Germany, dissatisfied with their emperor's
want of energy, propose to appoint a king of the Romans, as his coadjutor. Al-
fonso, king of Aragon and Naples, makes war on Genoa, and quarrels with the
pope. The council of Ten, at Venice, depose their doge, Francis Foscaro, after
a reign of 34 years ; on hearing the bells ring to celebrate the election of his
successor, he dies of grief. The eldest son of Huniades kills his enemy, count
Cilly, is condemned and executed ; his brother, Matthias Corvinus, is imprisoned
in Bohemia. Death of Ladislas ; his two thrones are disputed, and not filled
till the next year. An Ottoman fleet plunders some maritime villages in Scio
and Rhodes. Charles VTIL, expelled from Sweden by the archbishop of Upsal,
retires to Dantzic ; Christian restores, for a short time, the Union of Calmar,
and is crowned at Stockholm. The Book of Psalms, ffom the press of Faust
and Schiifer, at Mentz, is the earliest printed work with its date. Isidore II.
patriarch of CP.
Apparent reconciliation of the York and Lancaster parties, celebrated by a pro-
cession to St. Paul's. Siege of Genoa. Death of Alfonso V., at Naples, June 27,
set. 64; his natural son, Ferdinand, succeeds him in Naples; his brother, John,
king of Navarre, unites that kingdom with Aragon and Sicily. Pope Callistus
claims Naples, and endeavours to rekindle war in Italy, prevented by his death,
Aug. 9 ; his successor, iEneas Sylvius (Pius II.), acknowledges Ferdinand,
strives to preserve peace, and unite all States in resistance to the Turkish ag-
gressions. Matthias, son of Huniades, is called by the Hungarians from his
prison to ascend their throne. George von Podiebrad is chosen king of Bohemia.
David, twenty-first and last emperor of Trebizond, succeeds his brother, John,
to the exclusion of his nephew, Alexius, a minor, set. 4. Pocock, bishop of
Chichester, deposed for favouring the opinions ofWickliffe. Laurentius Valla,
and George of Trebizond, are among the learned men whom Alfonso V. patro-
nized. Death of Edmund, earl of Richmond (see 1455), leaving an infant son,
afterwards king Henry VII. Jehosaphat I. patriarch of CP.; the succession of
patriarchs is from this time very uncertain: ...
Civil war renewed in England ; the Yorkists, under the earl of Salisbury, defeat
the Lancastrians, with the death of their commander, Lord Audley, at Blore
Heath, Sep. 23 ; the earl of Warwick brings over his forces from Calais ; the
Yorkists assemble at Ludlow ; on the desertion of Sir Andrew Trollop, they
disperse ; the duke goes to Ireland, and Warwick returns to Calais. Pius calls
a congress at Mantua, but cannot form a general league against the Turks.
Ferdinand is disturbed in Naples by rebellious nobles, and the hostilities of
John, son of Regnier, duke of Anjou. Pietro da Campofregoso is killed in an
attempt to recover Genoa. Silesia submits to Podiebrad. Death of Poggio
Bracciolini, Oct. 30, and of Gianozzo Manetti, eminent for his proficiency in
Hebrew, Greek, and Latin. Franciscus Philelphus writes his History, and John
Hardyng his Chronicle of England. The Genoese, driven from Phocsea and
Pera, establish alum-works in the isle of Ischia ; others are planted by John
di Castriot, for the pope, at Tolfa, near Civita Vecchia.
Warwick lands in Kent with another army ; defeats the royalists at Northampton,
July 10 ; the duke of Buckingham, earl of Shrewsbury, lords Beaumont and
Egremont, and Sir William Laurie, fall in the battle ; lord Grey de Ruthin deserts
1456 TO 1463 A.D.
477
Events and Eminent Men.
1462
1463
and joins the conquerors ; the king is taken prisoner. The duke of York attends
the parliament, Oct. 7 ; is declared heir to the crown, which Henry is to retain
for his life ; the queen obtains an army in Scotland, and is joined by the
northern barons ; battle of Wakefield, Dec. 24; the duke of York defeated and
slain ; his second son, the earl of Rutland, killed by lord Clifford ; the earl of
Salisbury wounded, taken prisoner, and beheaded. James II., of Scotland, killed
by the bursting of a cannon, at the siege of Roxburgh Castle, Aug. 3, set. 29 ; his
son, a minor, set. 7 ; contest for the regency. Civil war between the emperor
Frederic and his brother, Albert. Thurgau conquered by the Swiss. Defeat, of
Ferdinand, on the river Sarno, July 7 ; the pope and Sforza send him reinforce-
ments. Christian, king of Denmark, inherits Holsteinand Schleswig. Mahomet
expels the despots Demetrius and Thomas, and conquers the Morea. The Por-
tuguese penetrate to the coast of Guinea, and discover the Cape de Verde
Islands. The Aragdnese nobles demand that the prince of Viana shall be de-
clared heir to the throne ; his father imprisons him. Guttenberg completes his
first edition of the Bible, begun 1444. The university of Basle founded.
Battle of Mortimer's Cross, near Ludlow. Feb. 2 ; Edward, the new duke of York,
defeats Jasper, earl of Pembroke, and disperses his army ; Owen Tudor is taken
prisoner, and beheaded. Second battle of St. Alban's, Feb. 17; the earl of War-
wick is routed, and the king falls again into the hands of his own party ; on the
approach of the duke of York, the royalists retreat into the northern coun-
ties. Henry VI, dethroned, and Edward IV. proclaimed, March 4. Battle of
Towton, near York, March 29 ; after this total defeat, Henry and Margaret es-
cape into Scotland, and obtain a promise of assistance by giving up Berwick.
Coronation of Edward, June 29 ; his title is confirmed by the parliament, Nov. 4, i
and an Act of attainder passed against all the Lancastrians. Death of Charles
VII. of France, July 22, set. 58; his son, Louis XL, involves himself in a contest
with his principal nobles. The Genoese recover their independence, and quarrel
in the choice of doge ; three are successively elected in the first year. Scander-
beg, having concluded peace with Mahomet, brings a body of Albanians to sup-
port Ferdinand in Naples. Mahomet takes Sinope and Trebizond ; the dethroned
emperor, David, is sent, with his family, to Mavronoros, near Serres. Death of
the prince of Viana: he bequeaths his rights in Navarre, to his sister, Blanche;
Ferdinand, John's second son, becomes hereditary prince of Aragon. Sir John
Grey, of Groby (lord Ferrers), husband of Elizabeth Woodville, dies of his
wounds, received in the second battle of St. Alban's ; his estates are confiscated,
and his widow goes to her mother, at Grafton castle. Prince Henry of Viseu,
father of Portuguese naval enterprize, dies at Sagrez, Nov. 13, set. 77 ; before his
death, he sends Peter Covilham and Alfonso Paiva, overland, to explore India.
Queen Margaret goes to France to seek assistance. A French force takes Aln-
. wick castle, The emperor Frederic, besieged in Vienna, is relieved by George,
king of Bohemia. Gibraltar taken from the Moors by John Guzman, duke of
Medina Sidonia. Blanche, heiress of Navarre, is betrayed by her father into j
the hands of her sister, Eleanora, wife of Gaston de Foix, immured in the castle |
of Orthes, and poisoned. John of Anjou defeated by Ferdinand, at Troja, Aug. 18, 1
Accession of Iwan III., grand prince of Moscow. Gallant defence of Lesbos by I
Raymond Zacosta, grand master of Rhodes; Mahomet takes Mitylene,
Escape of Margaret and her French auxiliaries from shipwreck, at Bamborough ;
they are joined by a force from Scotland; are defeated by lord Montague.
April 24, at Hedgeley Moor ; again totally defeated, and their party ruined,
at Hexham, May 15; flight of Margaret and her son to Flanders; Henry is
concealed by his friends in Lancashire. John of Anjou, abandoned by his best
general, Jacopo Piccinino, leaves Naples to king Ferdinand, and withdraws
to the isle of Ischia. Pius excommunicates George of Bohemia, and retracts
all the opinions and measures which he advocated when secretary to the |
council of Basle. Conference between the kings of France and Castile, at Foil-
tarabia; the artful policy of Louis XI. prolongs discord in Spain. The em-
peror renounces his claims on Hungary. Matthias Corvinus defeats the Turks
in Bosnia.
478
FltOM. THE YEAR I
;
A.D.
Hegiea.
Otto-
man Em-
pire.
Popes.
Port-
ugal.
SPAIN.
Cas- Ara- Nay- Moors,
tile. gon. arre.
France.
Bohe-
mia.
Gee-
many.
1464
869
14 Maho-
met II.
7 Pius
II.
rf-Aug.8
lPaul
II.
Aug, 31.
27 Al-
fonso
V. the
Afri-
can.
11 Hen-
ry IV.
the
Weak.
7 John
II.
king of
Navar-
re.
40
Johnll.
king of
11 Mu-
hamad
IX.
Abenls-
mail.
4 Louis
XI.
7 George
von Po-
diebrad
25Fre-
deric
IV.
1465
870—871
15
2
28
12
8
41
12
5 ■
8
26
1466
871—872
16
3
29
13
9
42
1 Abul
Hassan.
6
9
27
1467
372—873
17 ■
4- —
14 .
10
&3
2
7
10
28
1468
873-874
18
5
31
15
11
44
3
8
11
29
1469
1470
S74— 875
875—876
19
20
6
7
32
33
16
17
12
13
45
46
4
5
9
10
12
30
13
31—
1471
1
876—877
21
<fJuly26
1 Six-
tusIV.
Aug. 9.
34
18
14
47
6
11
lLa-
dislas
I .
32
1
L.
. -
1464 TO 1471 A.D.
479
Repe-
tition
Dates.
1464
1465
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
Chris-
toforo
Moro.
1468
1469
1470
Savoy. Naples. I Den-
14 Louis. 7 Ferdi
nand I.
1 Ama
deus IX,
INiccolo
Trono.
17 Chris
tian I.
18
SWE- Po-
DEN. LAND.
17Cha
VIII.
19
20
12
19
20 Ca-
simir
IV.
Hun-
gary
7 Mat-
thias
Corvi-
mis
Huni
ades.
24
22
2C
Rus-
sia.
ilwan
III.
Scot-
land.
5 Jas.
III.
Aug 3
24-
lSten
S tu re,
Protector,
12-
Eng-
LAND.
4 Ed-
ward IV,
M ch4.
m. Eliiabetb
Woodville
*. princess
Elizabeth.
9 8
10
10 !
!. EdwardV.'
480
FROM THE TEAR
Events and Eminent Men
The earl of Warwick is sent to negotiate a treaty of marriage between the king
and the princess Bona, of Savoy. Romantic interview and marriage of Edward
and Elizabeth Woodville (see, 1436 and 1461) ; he presents her as queen to his
court at Reading, Sep. 29. Henry is betrayed into the hands of his enemies, and
confined in the Tower of London. Contest between John II. and the Catalonian
nobility; they invite Pedro, prince of Portugal, to take the throne of Aragon.
Henry IV. declares his daughter, Joanna (supposed to be illegitimate), heiress
of Castile ; Pacheco, marquis of Villena, the archbishop of Toledo, and the prin-
cipal grandees, conspire to maintain the rights of his brother, Alfonso, and his
sister, Isabella. Pius goes to Ancona to assemble an armament against the
Turks ; he dies there, Aug. 15, and the expedition is abandoned. Sforza makes
himself master of Genoa. John of Anjou returns to France. Death of Cosmo
de' Medici, Aug. 1, ffit. 75 ; his son, PietiO, inherits his wealth, but not his ability.
Charles VIII. restored in Sweden. The Ironmongers' Company established in
London.
Coronation of the queen at Westminster, in May ; her great uncle, the count de
St. Pol, attends the ceremony with a splendid retinue'. The earl of Warwick takes
offence at Edward's marriage. League " For the Public Good" in France,
headed by the count de Charolais, sen of the duke of Burgundy, againt Louis
XL; battle of Mont-lhery, July 16; Louis, by the treaty of Conflans, concedes
more than he means to perform. The conspirators in Castile proclaim Alfonso
king. Jacopo Picciniuo treacherously murdered at Naples by king Ferdinand,
with the connivance of the duke of Milan. Death of Louis, duke of Savoy ;
his son, Amadeus, succeeds him. Civil war in Sweden ; Charles again expelled.
Matthias Corvinus invites Bonfinius, and other learned men, from Italy to Hun-
gary ; he founds the University and Library of Buda (Ofen, or Pestb). Death
of Laurentius Valla.
Birth of the princess Elizabeth (the future queen of Henry VII.), Feb. 11. Many
of the ancient nobility are jealous of the Woodville family. The king's
brother, George, duke of Clarence, attaches himself to Warwick, and marries his
daughter. Storza sends his son. Galeazzo Maria, with troops to assist the king
of France; dies, March 8, set, 65., and is^quietly succeeded by his son. The
Pitti of Florence attempt to overthrow the Medicr; with the assistance of the
new duke of Milan the conspirators are discomfited and driven out of the city.
Matthias Corvinus is urged by the pope to execute the sentence of excommuni-
cation and deposition against George von Podiebrad, and claim the crown of Bohe-
mia for himself. The Teutonic knights, worn out by their long warfare, agree to
the treaty of Thorn ; the greater part of their former territories is incorporated
with Poland, and the grand master holds the remnant as a fief of that kingdom,
with Konigsberg for his residence. Athens taken by the Venetians, under
Victor Capello. On the death of Pedro, prince of Portugal, the Catalonian rebels
offer the throne to Reguier d' Anjou. John Muller Regiomontanus composes his
Ephemerides. Incorporation of the Merchant Tailors' Company, London.
Edward forms an alliance with Charles the Bold, the successor of his father, Philip,
duke of Burgundy. Charles VIII. is again restored to his throne in Sweden.
Death of Scanderbeg, at Lissus, Jan. 17 ; Mahomet conquers Albania. Birth
of Erasmus, at Rotterdam. Sir John Fortescue educates prince Edward at Angers.
Marriage of the king's sister, Margaret, to the duke of Burgundy, and league with
the duke of Britanny. Death of Alfonso, brother of Henry, king of Castile;
their sister, Isabella, is declared heiress of the throne. Misgovernment of Ga-
leazzo Maria, duke of Milan ; his mother, Bianca, retires in disgust to Cremona,
and dies there ; he marries Bona, sister of the duke of Savoy (the intended queen
of England); her brothers disapprove the connection, but it is concluded by
Louis XL Regnier d' Anjou, too old to undertake the expedition, sends his son
John to Aragon ; he brings with him a French auxiliary force. At the Polish
diet of Petrikow, two deputies are admitted from each Palatinate. Cardinal
Bessarion gives his large collection of MSS. to found the Library of Venice.
Iwan III. repels an invasion of the Golden Horde, and prepares the independ-
ence of Russia.
1464 TO 1471 A.D.
481
Insurrection in Yorkshire ; the insurgents march southward, and defeat Herbert,
the newly-created earl of Pembroke, near Banbury. July 26 ; the earl of Warwick
and duke of Clarence come from Calais and offer their services to Edward, who
accepts them ; many nobles are murdered on both sides, in this at first trivial
quarrel. Isabella, the heiress of Castile, marries Ferdinand, prince of Aragon;
her brother, Henry, offended by this, revokes the proclamation which he had
made in her favour, and transfers the succession again to his queen's (alleged
illegitimate) daughter, Joanna ; the grandees of the kingdom resist the change.
James III., of Scotland, marries Margaret, daughter of the king of Denmark,
and receives as her dowry the Shetland and Orkney Islands, redeemable for
60,000 florins, which not being paid, the islands remain attached to Scotland.
Matthias Corvinus is proclaimed king by the Catholics of Bohemia ; George
von Podiebrad preserves his throne, by the election of Ladislas, son of the king
of Poland, for his successor. Death of Pietro de' Medici, Sep. 3; his sons, Lo-
renzo and Julian, inherit and share the influence of the family in Florence.
Heinrich Reuss von Plauen grand master of the Teutonic Order. About this
time, Peter Covilham (see 1461), his companion having died in India, penetrates
into Abyssinia, and is detained there.
Rebellion and defeat of Sir Robert Welles, at Stamford, in Lincolnshire, March 13.
Warwick and the duke of Clarence escape to France, and enter into a treaty
with Louis XI. and queen Margaret; marriage of prince Edward to Warwick's
daughter, Anne Neville. The duke and earl land at Dartmouth, in Sept., with a
French army ; the king meets them with his forces near Nottingham, is de-
serted by the marquis of Montague, and takes flight to King's Lynn, where he
embarks for Flanders. Henry VI. restored ; Warwick and Clarence appointed
regents, Oct. 9 ; the queen takes refuge in the sanctuary at Westminster, where
the prince, afterwards Edward V., is born, Nov. 1. Death of John of Anjou,
Dec. 16, at Barcelona ; the Catalonians persist in their rebellion. Charles VIII.
of Sweden dies, leaving the affairs of the kingdom in great disorder. Negro-
pont, gallantly defended by the Venetians under Erizzo, is taken by Mahomet,
July 1-2 ; the pope forms a holy league against the Turks, with Naples, Milan,
Florence, and Modena ; Venice and the knights of Rhodes enter into an alli-
ance with Uzan Hasan, sultan of Persia. Gaston, son of Gaston de Foix and
Eleanor, accidentally killed in a tournament, set. 26. Printing introduced in
the Sorbonne at Paris ; the first book issued from the press is " Gasparini Per-
gamensis Epistolce." Marsilius Ficinus teaches the philosophy of Plato ; warm
discussions begin between its advocates a nd those of Aristotle's doctrines. Acade-
mies are founded at Rome, Florence, and other cities. Pomponius Lsetus collects a
society to study the antiquities of Pome; he is imprisoned and persecuted for
his unguarded enthusiasm. Platina writes his History of the Popes. Heinrich
Reffle von Richtenberg grand master of the Teutonic Order.
Edward obtains assistance from his brother-in-law, the duke of Burgundy ; lands
at Ravenrpur, in "Yorkshire, March 25; is admitted into London, April 11;
again consigns the unfortunate Henry to the Tower, and receives the homage
of the citizens, April 13; battle of Barnet, Easter-day, April 14; the duke of
Clarence deserts Warwick, who is defeated and slain; Margaret and her son
land on the same day at Weymouth, are defeated and made prisoners, May 4,
at Tewksbury ; the young prince, set. 18, murdered ; his mother committed to
the Tower, where Henry, set. 50, is killed by Richard, duke of Gloucester, May 1.
Death of George von Podiebrad. set. 48; Ladislas mounts the throne of Bo-
hemia. Alfonso, king of Portugal, conquers Tangier and Arzilla, and forms
the province of Algarve " beyond the sea," for which the surname of the African
is given to him. Death of Gaston de Foix. Borso d'Este created duke of Fer-
rara by the pope. The duke and duchess of Milan visit Florence, and are
magnificently entertained in the palace of Lorenzo de' Medici. William Caxteti
sets up his first printing press in the Almonry of Westminster Abbey. Sten
Sture, nephew of the late king, defeats Christian near Stockholm, and is elected
protector of Sweden Death of Thomas a Kempis.
2 i
482
FROM THE YEAS
A.D.
Hegika.
Otto-
man Em-
Popes
Port-
Spain.
Gas- Ara- Nav- Moors.
France.
Bohe-
Ger-
pire.
ugal.
tile. gon. arre.
mia. MANY.
1472
877—878
22 Maho-
met II.
2 Six-
tusIV.
Aug- 9
35 Al-
fonso
V. the
Afri-
can.
19 Hen-
ry IV.
theWeak
15
Johnll
king of
ArngO/l
48
jjolmll
kiHXOf
7 Abul
Hassan
12 Louis
XL
2La-
dislas
IV.
33Fre-
deric
IV.
1473
878—879
23
3
36
20
16
49
8
13
3
34
1474
879—880
24
4
37
1 Fer-
dinand
and Is-
abella.
17
50
9
14
4
35—
1475
880-881
25
5
38
2
18
51
10
15
5 — -
36
1476
881—882
26
6
39
3
19
52
11
16
6
37 r
1477
8S2— 883
27
7
40
4
20
53
12
17
r
38
. 1478
1479
883-884
884-885
28
29
8
9
41
5
21
54
13
14
18
19
g
89
42
Union
tile and
6
of Gas-
Aragon
Saxo-
1 Elea-
nor de
Foix.
1 Fran-
cis Phoe.
ny.
b.l5.
1480
885-886
30
10
43
7
17 Er-
2 —
15 20
10
il
1
nest.
I
!
1
1472 TO 148.) a.d.
483
Repe-
tition
Doges
of Ve-
Savoy.
Naples.
Den-
Swe-
Po-
Hun-
Russia.
Scot-
Eng-
Dates.
nice.
mark.
den.
land.
28 Ca-
sirair
IV.
GARY.
15 Mat-
thias
Corvi-
nus Hu-
niades.
land.
land.
1472
2Niccolo
Trono.
1 Fili-
berto.
^Ferdi-
nand I.
25
Chris-
tian I.
2 Sten.
Sture
Protes-
tor.
11 I wan
III.
13 Jas.
III.
Aug. 3.
12 Ed- |
ward IVj
March 4- :
t. Richard. >
dukeof
York-
1473
INiccolo
Marcel lo-
2
16
26
3
29—
16
12
14
13 j
1
|
1474
1 Pietro
Moce-
nigo.
3
17 "
27
4
30
17
13 —
15
J
14
b. Prince
Edward,
son of the
duke of
Glouces- .
ter. |
1475
2
4 .
18
28
5
31
18
14
16
is — ;
i
1476
1 Andrea
Vendra-
mino.
■
5
19
29
6
32
19
.-
„_
I
16 1
1
1477
2
6 —
20
SO
7—
33
20
16
18
/
17
1478
1 Gio-
vanni
Moce-
nigo.
7 —
21
31
8
34
21 -
17
19
18
1479
2
8
22
32
9
35
22 —
18 —
20
19 1
1480
S
9
23
33
10
1
36
23
19 .
21
1
20
I
2 i 2
484
FROM THE TEAS
1473
1474
Henry, the young earl of Richmond (see 1453), is sheltered, with his uncle, the
earl of Pembroke, in Brittany. The Catalonian insurrection finally quelled.
With some limitations, the Union of Calmar is renewed, hut Sten Sture remain.-
protector of Sweden. The combined fleets of Venice, Naples, and the pope
drive the Turks out of the Archipelago, and plunder Smyrna. Death of cardinal
Bessarion. The Universities of Ingoldstadt and Treves founded. The Court
of Common Pleas decides, that entails of land may be barred by a common
covery. A bed of alum, discovered at Volterra, in Tuscany, is claimed and
appropriated by the government of Florence. Louis XL effects the dissolution
of the league " For the Public Good," but has still to contend with the duke of
Burgundy, whose power is increased by the addition of Guelderland and Zutphen
to his dominions. Philip de Comines enters into the service of Louis. Strife
between Silvester, archbishop of Riga, and the Teutonic knights in Livonia.
Marriage of Richard, duke of Gloucester, to Anne of Warwick, widow of prince
Edward. New commotions arise in France ; the duke d'Alencon is arrested, and
the count d'Armagnac assassinated ; the king wishes to have the duke of Bur-
gundy excommunicated ; the parliament of Paris forbid the intervention of the
pope. The Turks carry their depredations to the borders of Friuli. The
printing of musical notes introduced. Birth of Copernicus.
Alliance of Edward with the duke of Burgundy, and secret treaty with the count
of St. Pol, constable of France ; preparations for war. Death of Henry, king of
Castile, Dec. 11, set. 45; his sister, Isabella, and her husband, Ferdinand, com-
mence their joint reign. Alfonso, king of Portugal, is affianced to Joanna, and
claims the kingdom of Castile : he takes Zamora. Birth of prince Edward, son of
the duke of Gloucester, at Middleham Castle. The emperor Frederic refuses to give
the duke of Burgundy the title of king ; war between them ; Charles conquers Lor-
raine, and Louis XI. expels Regnier from Anjou. Caxton publishes his first book,
" The Game and Playe of the Chesse," Birth of Ariosto, and of Michael Angelo.
Edward embarks his army at Portsmouth, June 20, and lands at Calais ; his allies
fail in their engagements ; a truce concluded, Aug. 29, followed by the peace of
Pecquigni ; queen Margaret ransomed, and restored to her father. The duke of
Burgundy reconciled to Louis, gives up to him the count of St. Pol, who is con-
victed of treason, and beheaded. Year of jubilee at Rome ; a new papal decree
having ordained the recurrence of the festival four times in each century;
the concourse of pilgrims small. Sixtus alienates many lands of the church to
endow members of his family : vain protests of the cardinals. The Venetians
become masters of the island of Cyprus. Caff a, and the other Genoese ports in
the Crimea, taken by the Turks; Meugheli Kerai, khan of the Crim Tartars,
becomes tributary to them ; they are defeated at Rakowitz, by Stephen, vaivode
of Moldavia. Catharine Hall, Cambridge, founded.
The duke of Burgundy invades Switzerland ; is defeated at Granson, near the
Lake of Neuchatel, April 5, and at Murton, or Morat, June 20. Ferdinand of
Castile recovers Zamora, and defeats Alfonso near Toro; Alfonso applies to
Louis XL for assistance, which he cannot obtain. Death of Isabella, duchess of
Clarence. Marriage of Matthias Corvinus to Beatrice, daughter of Ferdinand
of Naples. Assassination of Galeazzo Maria Sforza, duke of Milan, Dec. 26 ; he
is succeeded by his son Gian Galeazzo Maria, get. 8, under the regency of his mo-
ther, Bona. The Turks invade Croatia; Scodra, or Skutari, in Albania, is
bravely and successfully defended against them by Antonio Loredano. Sten Sture
founds the University of Upsal ; he checks the nobility and priesthood by sum-
moning deputies of the towns and peasantry to attend the national Diet. The
Greek grammar of Constantine Lascaris printed at Milan. Lorenzo de' Medici
sends Janus Lascaris to collect MSS., and patronizes Demetrius Chalcocondylas
and Angelo Politiano ; the Platonic academy of Florence rises under his auspices.
Sir Peter d'Aubusson elected grand master of Rhodes.
Edward IV. conceives suspicions against his brother, the duke of Clarence, which
are encouraged by Richard, duke of Gloucester; two of his friends, Burdet and
Stacy, are tried and executed. Richard, the duke of York, the king's second
son, set. 5, is affianced to Anne Mowbray, set. 3, heiress of the duke of Norfolk.
1472 TO 1480 A.D.
485
A.D.
1478
Events and Eminent Men.
The duke of Burgundy aspires to conquer Lorraine, and lays siege to Nancy ;
he is attacked by the Swiss, defeated, and falls in battle, Jan 5. Louis XL seizes
part of his dominions ; the rest are transferred to the house of Austria, by the
marriage of his only daughter, Mary, with Maximilian, son of the emperor Fre-
deric. War renewed between the emperor and Hungary. Marriage of Ferdinand
of Naples to Joanna, daughter of the king of Navarre and Aragon. Matteo del
Fiesco raises a revolt at Genoa, and is discomfited by Prospero A-dorno. Iwan
III. discontinues the tribute to the Golden Horde. The progress of the Turks
alarms Venice. Martin Truchses von Wetzhausen Teutonic grand master in
Prussia. First attempt to translate the Bible from the Vulgate into German.
Condemnation and death of the duke of Clarence, Feb. 18. Conspiracy of the
Pazzi and others, abetted by Sixtus IV., against the Medici ; Julian assassinated,
April 26, in the cathedral of Florence, during the elevation of the host; Lo-
renzo, slightly wounded, escapes; most of the conspirators massacred by the
people ; the rest judicially punished. The pope lays an interdict on the city,
for having put to death the archbishop of Pisa, and imprisoned the cardinal
legate, accomplices in the crime; he then, with Ferdinand of Naples, makes
war on the Florentines, who are supported by Louis XL, the regent of Milan,
Venice, Ferrara, and Rimini; the emperor Frederic and Matthias Corvinus send
ambassadors to protest against the conduct of the pope ; he disregards their
remonstrances, and urges the Swiss to invade Milan. The Genoese restore their
ancient form of government, and elect Battistino Fregoso for their doge. Abul
Hassan refuses to pay tribute, and renews the war with Castile. Matthias Cor-
vinus obtains Moravia, Silesia, and Lusatia ; he protects the Bohemian Brethren,
descendants of the Hussites. Iwan III. takes Novogorod, and puts an end to its
republic.
Variance between the king of Scotland and his nobles ; his brother, the duke of
Albany, escapes into England. Death of John II., king of Aragon and Navarre,
at Barcelona, Jan. 19, set. 82; his son, Ferdinand, inherits Aragon and its de-
pendencies, which are now united with Castile, under Ferdinand and Isabella ;
his daughter, Eleanora, by her mother's right, succeeds in Navarre, but enjoys
the fruit of crime (see 1461, 1462) for a very short term, dying at Tudela, Feb. 12 ;
the crown descends to her grand-son, Francis Phcebus de Foix. Alfonso of Por-
tugal defeated at Albuera, Feb. 24, makes peace with Castile ; Joanna takes
the veil at Coimbra. Pope Sixtus demands of the Florentines the expulsion of
Lorenzo de' Medici, and that he shall be sent a prisoner to Rome. Lodovico
Sforza il Moro, uncle of the young duke, is admitted into Milan, and acquires
great power there. Lorenzo de' Medici goes, Dec. 5, to Naples, and treats in
person with king Ferdinand. The Venetians agree to a peace with the Turks ;
they give up Lemnos, Skutari, and other strong places ; retain Nauplia, Mo-
nemvasia, and other fortresses in the Morea, and pay a tribute for the liberty
of trading in the Black Sea. Matthias Corvinus repulses the Turks at Weis- 3
senburg, in Transylvania. The archbishop Silvester, defeated by the Livonian :
knights, dies in captivity. Christian founds the University of" Copenhagen. I
John Burchard, of Wesel, imprisoned by the archbishop of Meutz, for op- j
posing indulgences and other practices of the church. Lincoln College, Oxford, ]
founded 1427, completed by Rotherham, bishop of Lincoln.
Lorenzo de' Mediei obtains the friendship of Ferdinand ; treaty between them, .
March 6 ; anger of the pope. Siege of Rhodes by the Turks, May 23 ; D'Au- '■
busson and his knights repel them with great loss in a general assault, July,
26. They take Otranto by storm, Aug. 21. Sixtus meditates flight into France,
forgives Ferdinand, forgoes his animosity against Lorenzo de' Medici, and con-
cludes a treaty with Florence, Dec. 3. Lodovico Sforza drives away the ministers
and friends of his late brother, and rules absolutely, in the name of his nephew ;
the duchess Bona withdraws from Milan. The Inquisition introduced into Spain
by cardinal Mendozas. War renewed between the emperor Frederic and Matthias
Corvinus. Death of Reguier d'Anjou ; his daughter, Margaret, late queen of
England, resigns all her claims on his States to Louis XL, for a pensron, and re-
tires to Dampierre, near Saumur.
486
FROM THE YEAE
A.D.
1481
1482
Otto- |
Hegi- |man Em- Popes.
pire.
1 Baja-
zet II.
HSixtus
IV.
1 John
II. the
Perfect.
2
4rf.Ang.12. 4-
1 Inno-
cent VIII.
Aug 29.
Port-
ugal.
8 Fe.r-
dinanci
and Is-
abella.
Spain.
Nav- Moors. |Feax
ARRE.
3Fran-jl6Abnl21 Louis
:,s Fhoa- iHassan. I XL
891
1487 893
1 Ca-
tharine
and
Jehn
d'Al-
bret.
-|2-
13-
1 Abu
Abdal
lah.
Abdal-
lah el
Zagal. 1
Bohe-
mia.
11 La-
dislas
IV.
42Fre-
deric
IV.
43-
1 Chas.
VIII.
Ger-
many.
18 Er-
nest.
Sax
AXO-j
NY. I
1 Fre-
deric
III.
48-
1481 TO 1487 A.D.
487
Repe-
tition
Dates.
1482
Doges
op Ve-
nice.
4 Gio-
vanni
Moce-
nigo.
14S4
j 1485
1487
1 Marco
Barba-
rigo.
1 Agos-
tino Bar-
barigo.
10 Fili-
berto.
1 Chas.I.
2
Naples
24Ferdi-
nand I.
Den-
mark.
Po-
DEN- LAND,
11 Sten
Sture
Protec-
tor.
28
37 Ca-
simir
IV.
HlJNGA
BY.
24 Mat- 20 1
thias
Corvi-
jnus Hu- !
>niades. '
Rus-
sia.
Scot-
land.
30
25
17-
28
22 Jas.
III.
Aug. 3.
Eng-
land.
21 Ed-
ward IV
March i-
22
25-
24-
26
25-
26-
23
d. April 9
• Edward V J
April 9 to
June 25.
1 Rich-
ard III.
June 26.
Q. Anne of
Warwick.
d.Q Anne
3
d Aug. 2:
1 Hen-
ry VII.
Aug- 22.
2
n. Elizabeth!
of York.
b- Prince
Arthur- |
488
FROM THE YEAE
Events and Eminent Men.
Treaty of marriage between the dauphin of France and the princess Elizabeth of
York ; Louis breaks the contract, and urges the king of Scotland to make war
on England Maine and Provence united to France. Death of Alfonso V., king
of Portugal, at Cintra, July 28, set. 49 ; his son, John II., from the events of his
reign, receives the surname of the Gh-eat, or the Perfect. The parliament of Evora
restricts the privileges of the nobility. All the States of Italy (except Venice)
unite with the kings of Castile and Aragon, Portugal, and Hungary, in a general
league, and recoA-er Otranto from the Turks, Sep. 10. Freyburg and Solothurn
join the Swiss confederacy. Death of Christian I. ; his son, John, succeeds him
on the throne of Denmark. The Nogay Tartars crush the Golden Horde in the
battle of Bielawesch ; the independence of Russia is established. Riga resists
the Teutonic knights. Death of Mahomet II., May 31 ; his son, Bajazet II.,
and Dschem (or Zizim) contend for the succession ; the former prevails ; the
latter takes refuge in Egypt. The plague proves fatal to Francis Philelphus,
and to Bartolommeo Platina, librarian of the Vatican. Caxton prints, " The
Boke of Tulle of Olde Age" (Cicero de Senectute).
James of Scotland prepares to invade England : Archibald Douglas {Bell the Cat),
and other disaffected lords, refuse to proceed ; they hang Cochran, earl of
Mar, and other royal favourites, on Lauder Bridge ; the king is made prisoner,
but released on the approach of the dukes of Gloucester and Albany, with an
English army, who recover Berwick {see 1461), advance to Edinburgh, and
enforce a treaty of peace. Seclusion of Louis XI. in his castle of Plessis les
Tours ; his son, the dauphin, set. 12, is affianced to Maximilian's daughter,
Margaret, set 3. Defeat of the Moors in Granada ; Alhama taken and Loxa
besieged ; revolt of Abu Abdallah against his father. The Venetians commence
a war against the duke of Ferrara, which for a time embroils Italy, till the pope,
who had sided with them, concludes a treaty of peace, Dec. 12. Matthias Cor-
vinus takes Heimburg and Brack. Zizim" seeks an asylum in Rhodes, and
passes thence into France. Christian's second son, Frederic, claims Schleswig,
under his father's will ; his brother, John, divides the duchy with him. The
(i Policronicon" printed by Caxton. Birth of G2colampadius. Death of Mar-
garet of Anjou. Establishment of the Clothworkers' Company, London.
Death of Edward IV., April 9, set. 42; accession of his son, Edward V., set. 13.
Usurpation of Richard III., June 26. Murder of Edward, and his brother, the
duke of York, in the Tower ; their mother, with her daughter, takes refuge in
the sanctuary at Westminster ; her brother, earl Rivers, and other members of
the Woodville family, put to death, June 13. Lord Hastings beheaded. Jane
Shore condemned to do penance, and reduced to poverty. Conspiracy of the duke
of Buckingham, and Henry, earl of Richmond ; Buckingham detected and ex-
ecuted, Nov. 3 ; Richmond returns to Britanny. Death of Louis XL, at Plessis
les Tours, Aug. 30, set. 60; his son, Charles VIII., set. 13, succeeds, under the)
regency of his sister, Anne, married to the Sire de Beaujeu, brother of the duke
of Bourbon. The Union of Calmar renewed ; Sweden and Norway acknowledge
John I., but the former retains Sten Sture as protector, or administrator. The
Venetians, disregarding all the remonstrances of other States, continue their
hostilities against Ferrara ; pope Sixtus excommunicates them for persisting in
the course, which he at first abetted and concurred in. Conspiracy among the
nobility of Portugal to reverse the orders of the parliament of Evora ; the
duke of Braganza and many others beheaded. Abul Hassan compels the
Spaniards to raise the siege of Loxa ; repulses them at Malaga ; fails in his
attempt to recover Alhama. Abu Abdallah taken prisoner at Lucena, is re-
leased by Ferdinand, and encouraged to persist in his rebellion. Birth of Martin
Luther, Nov. 10, at Eisleben, in the county of Mansfeld. Caxton's English
translation of the Lord's Prayer. Birth of Rabelais.
Death of prince Edward, son of Richard III. The queen dowager, Elizabeth, is
persuaded to leave her sanctuary, and place herself and her daughters in the
hands of the usurper. The earl of Richmond withdraws from Britanny into
France, where many English exiles join him. The regent of France assembles
the States General at Tours, which manifest a very independent spirit. The
MSI TO
•J 80
A.D.
1486
Events and Eminent Men
intestine discord of the Moors assists the progress of Ferdinand in Granada.
Abul Hassan resigns his crown to his brother Abdallah t% Zagal, (the vigorous,)
who has to contend with his nephew, Abu Abdallah (called by Christian writers
Boabdil). Peace re-established in Italy by the treaty of Bagnalo, Aug. 7 ; the
duke of Ferrara is compelled to relinquish to the Venetians Rovigo and other
portions of his hereditary States. Pope Sixtus persecutes the Colonna family ;
puts to the torture and beheads the prothonotary Lodovico ; favours the Orsini ;
gratifies the cupidity of his own relations, and more particularly promotes the
ambitious designs of his nephew (or son) count Girolamo Riario ; his projects
are interrupted by his death, Aug. 12, when the persecutions, which he had in-
stituted, cease, and his favourites are exposed to the animosity of the Romans.
Birth of Ulrich Zuinglius. Christopher Columbus applies in vain to John II.
of Portugal, and Henry VII. of England, to afford him the means of exploring
the Western Ocean.
Death of queen Anne, March 16, set. 31. Richard applies to the pope for a dis-
pensation to marry his niece, Elizabeth of York. Landing of the earl of
Richmond, at Milford Haven, Aug. 7. Battle of Bosworth, Aug. 22 ; Richard
slain, aet. 33. Accession of Henry VII. ; Coronation, Oct. 30. His uncle,
Jasper Tudor, earl of Pembroke, created duke of Bedford ; Lord Stanley, ear-1 of
Derby, and Edward Courtenay, earl of Devonshire. Ferdinand takes Ronda and
other towns, and again lays siege to Loxa. Birth of Katharine of Aragon, future
queen of England, at Alcala de Henares, Dec. 16. Matthias Corvinus takes
Vienna and Neustadt. Rebellion of the barons of Naples against the heavy
taxes imposed on them. Moncenigo, doge of Venice, dies of the plague. The
sweating sickness, from Sep. 21 to the end of Oct., carries off two lord mayors,
a sheriff, six aldermen, and many thousand other persons, in London. Wynkyn
de Worde prints his Polycronicon. Columbus opens his views to Ferdinand of
Spain, and receives no encouragement from him. A great eclipse of the sun,
March 16.
The houses of York and Lancaster united by the marriage of Henry to Elizabeth,
daughter of Edward IV., Jan. 18 ; birth of Arthur, prince of Wales, Sep. 20.
Henry unpopular ; insurrection of lord Lovel and the Staffords put down by the
duke of Bedford ; imposture of Lambert Simnel ; he is crowned at Dublin.
The duke of Orleans having quarrelled with the regent, and retired into Bri-
tanny, a war is kindled between that duchy and France ; siege of Nantes.
Maximilian, archduke of Austria, elected king of the Romans. Surrender of
Loxa ; Ferdinand defeats Abdallah el Zagal, and lays siege to Velez Malaga.
The Aragonese are excited to revolt by the severities of the Inquisition, and
put to death the chief inquisitor, Peter Arbue. Innocent encourages the rebel-
lion in Naples, and invites the duke of Lorraine to claim that kingdom ;
Ferdinand of Spain, the duke of Milan, and Lorenzo de' Medici, unite their
good offices to preserve peace in Southern Italy. Bartholomew Diaz reaches,
but does not pass, the southern extremity of Africa, to which he gives the
name of Cabo Tormentoso (Cape Stormy), afterwards called the Cape of
Good Hope. Death of George of Trebizond, translator of the Greek Fathers into
Latin.
Margaret, duchess of Burgundy, sends troops to support Lambert Simnel ; he
lands in Lancashire ; battle of Stoke, near Newark, June 6 ; the earl of Lincoln,
lord Lovel, and the leaders of the rebellion, perish in the field ; Simnel is spared,
and employed as a turnspit in the king's kitchen. Coronation of the queen,
Nov. 20. Henry's offered mediation, to settle the dispute in France, is rejected.
Surrender of Velez Malaga ; the dissensions of the Moors still assist the progress
of Ferdinand, and after taking other towns, he invests New Malaga. Lorenzo
de' Medici recovers Sarzana from the Genoese ; they place themselves again
under the protection of the duke of Milan. Marriage of Lorenzo's daughter
Maddalena, to Franceschetto Cibo, the pope's son. Iwan III. takes Cazan, and
makes its khan prisoner.
490
FROM THE TEAR
A.D.
Heoi-
RA.
2 t 9
Popes.
Bohe-
mia.
France.
Port-
ugal.
Spain,
Castile Nav- MoORS
&ABAGON. ARRE.
Ger-
many.
Saxo-
ny.
1488
894
8 Baja-
zet II.
5 In-
nocent
VIII.
Aug. 29
18 La-
dislas
IV.
6 Chas.
VIII.
8 John
II. the
Perfect
15 Ferdi-
nand and
Isabella
6 Ca-
tharine
and
John
d'Al-
bret.
5 Abu
Abdal-
lah.
Abdal-
lah el
Zagal. a
49Fre-
deric
IV.
3 Fre-
deric
III.
1489
895
9
19
7
9
16
7
6 — 6
50
4
1490
896
10
7
20
king- of
Hun-
gary.
8
10
17
8
7 7
51
5
1491
897
11
8
21
9 —
11
18
9
8
52
6
1492
898
12
9
rf..Julv25.
1 A-
lexan-
der VI.
Aug.ll.
22
10
12
19
10
Con-
quered
by Fer-
dinand.
Bran-
den-
53
7
1493
1
899
13
2
23
11
13
20 — -
11
burg.
lMax-
imili-
an I.
8
ISJohn.
1494
900
14
3
24
12
14
21
12
19
2 .
9
1495
901
15
4
25
13
1 Ema-
nuel.
22
13
20
i
3-
/
1488 TO 1495 A.D.
491
Repe-
tition
Do «E8
op Ve-
Sayoy.
Naples.
Den-
Swe-
Po-
Hun-
Russia
Scot-
Eng-
Dates.
nice.
3 Agos-
tino
Barba-
mark
den.
land
gary.
land.
land.
1488
7Chas.I.
31 Ferdi-
nand I.
8 John
I.
18Sten
Sture
Protec-
44 Ca-
simir
IV.
31 Mat-
thias
Corvi-
27lwan
III.
1 James
IV.
June 11.
4 Hen-
ry VII.
Aug- 22.
rigo.
tor,
nus
Huni-
ades.
1489
4 — -
1 Chas.
II.
32
9
19
45
32
28
2
5
/"•Princess
Margaret.j
1490
5
2
33
10
20
46
1 Ladis-
las VI.
king of
Bo/tetiiia.
29
3-
6
|
1491
6
3
34
11
21
47
2
30
4
7 !
b. Henry ■
VIII. j
1492
7 —
4
35
12
22
Uohn
Albert.
3_
31 —
5
8
1493
8
5
36
13
23
2
4
32
6
9
1494
6
1 Alfon-
so 11.
14
24
3
5
33
1
10
I
1495
10
7 ■
1 Ferdi-
nand II.
15
25
4
6
34 1
*i
11— j
1
!
4'-) 2
FROM THE TEAR
A.D.
1489
1490
1491
1492
Events and Eminent Men.
James III. of Scotland defeated by his barons near Bannockburn, and murdered
in Beaton's Mill. June 11 ; his son inherits the crown. Defeat of the Bretons,
at St. Aubin, July 28; the duke of Orleans prisoner. Death of Francis II.,
duke of Brittany ; distress of his subjects, and contests for the hand of his
daughter, Anne. Malaga submits to Ferdinand ; he advances against Guadix
and Almeria. Zizim, Bajazet's brother, is at his own desire conveyed to Civita
Vecchia,. The Homer of Demetrius Chalcocondylas printed at Florence.
Birth, Nov. 29, of the princess Margaret, the future queen of James IV. of Scot-
land. Henry VII, sends an auxiliary fo-rce into Brittany; confusion in the
province ; intrigues for the marriage of the duchess ; return of the English army.
Bartholomew, brother of Christopher Columbus, tries to arouse maritime en-
terprise in England. Surrender of Guadix, Almeria, and Baza, to the Spaniards.
Reception of Zizim by the pope, March 14. Creation of cardinals. D'Aubusson,
grand master of Rhodes, and John, son of Lorenzo de' Medici, eet. 14, afterwards
pope Leo X. Ferdinand of Naples excommunicated and deposed, for refusing
to pay his annual tribute to the pope ; marriage of his grand-daughter, Isa-
bella, to the duke of Milan. Death of John Wessel, professor of theology at
Groningen. Johann von Tieffen, grand master of the Teutonic Order.
Anne of Brittany betrothed to Maximilian, king of the Romans. Death of Al-
fonso, son of the king of Portugal, by a fall from his horse, during the festivities
after his nuptials with Isabella, eldest daughter of the Spanish sovereigns.
Abdallah el Zagal gives up to Ferdinand his remaining territories, and retires
to an estate allotted to him ; his nephew still holds out in Granada. War
between Bajazet and Kaitbai, sultan of Egypt; both send ambassadors to,
Rome ; the Ottoman requesting the pope to keep his brother, Zizim, in safe cus-
tody, and offering a pension for his maintenance ; the Egyptian proposing that he |
should be released, and supported in his claim to the throne. Death of Mat- i
thias Corvinus, set. 47 ; Ladislas, king of Bohemia, is elected by the Hungarians ;
Maximilian contends unsuccessfully for the crown, but recovers the Austrian \
provinces which Matthias had conquered. Marriage of Lodovico Sforza il Moro \
to Beatrice of Ferrara. A more perfect German version of the Bible is
published. Elizabeth, widow of Edward IV., retires into the convent of Ber-
mondsey.
Queen Elizabeth gives birth, at Greenwich, June 28, to a son, afterwards Henry
VIII. Charles VIII. sends back to her father his affianced bride, Margaret;
compels Anne of Brittany to break her engagement to Maximilian, and marries
her himself; this unites Brittany to France ; Henry VII. and Maximilian league
against him. To prepare for a war, Henry levies a benevolence on his people, and
the parliament, Oct. 27, grants a supply. Ferdinand begins the siege of Granada.
The rivalry of the two lately-married princesses, Isabella and Beatrice, is the
beginning of discord in Milan. Marriage of the duke's sister, Anna Sforza,
to Alfonso d'Este, son of the duke of Ferrara. After a struggle of many years,
Riga submits to the Livonian knights of the Teutonic Order.
Henry lands his army at Calais, Oct. 6, and lays siege to Boulogne. Chaides agrees
to pay him 745,000 crowns, and an annual tribute of 25,000 ; peace is concluded,
and France retains Brittany. Imposture of Perkin Warbeck ; he lands at Cork
and gains partisans ; is invited to the court of France ; dismissed after the peace
of Estaples; received and protected by the duchess of Flanders. Surrender of
Granada, Jan. 2 ; end of the dominion of the Moors in Spain ; Abu Abdallah
receives a pension, and retires into Africa. After seven years of application,
Columbus obtains from Ferdinand, in his camp before Granada, the means of
undertaking his voyage of discovery ; sails from Palos. Aug. 3; arrives, Oct. 12,
at one of the Bahama islands, which he names S. Salvador, after which he
reaches Cuba and Hispaniola. Death of Lorenzo de' Medici, April 7, eet. 44 ;
hi-.- eldest son, Pietro, takes his station in Florence. The cardinal Rodrigo
Borgia, elected pope, takes the name of Alexander VI. On the death of Ca-
simir, aet. 64, the Poles choose his son, John Albert, to succeed him The queen
dowager, Elizabeth, dies in the convent of Bermondsey. Expulsion of the
Jews from Spain.
1488 TO 1495 A.D.
493
Events and Eminent Men.
Many of the English nobility, deceived by Perkin Warbeck, concert measures
in his favour; Sir Robert Clifford insinuates himself into their confidence, and
betrays their schemes ; he discovers and publishes the history of the impostor.
Death of the emperor Frederic, Aug. 20, ast. 78 ; his son, Maximilian, succeeds'
him ; the first who takes the title of emperor of Germany, without bein°
crowned at Rome ; he marries Bianca Maria Sforza, sister of the duke of Milan,
and concludes a peace with France at Senlis ; by which Artois and Franche Comte'
the dowry of his daughter, Margaret, are restored to him. Charles VIII. restores
also to Spain, by the treaty of Narbonne, the counties of Roussillon and Cerdagne.
Cadiz given up to Ferdinand. Columbus arrives at Lisbon, March 4, and is re-
ceived by Ferdinand and Isabella at Barcelona, April 15 ; commences his second
voyage, Sep. 25. The pope divides the yet undiscovered regions of the New
World between the Spaniards and Portuguese, by a line, which, in the progress
of discovery, he is obliged to correct, by removing it 370 leagues further west-
ward. Defeat of the Turks in Transylvania, by Ladislas, and in Syria, by Kaitbai
The duke of Milan being now of full age, his uncle, Lodovico, intrigues to
retain his power as regent; he creates discord between the pope and Ferdinand
of Naples, and invites the king of France to revive the Anjou claim on that
crown. The Court of Requests instituted in London.
Henry punishes the Flemings for their support of Perkin Warbeck, by stopping
their trade with England. Sir William Stanley, and other favourers of the
pretender, are condemned and executed. Sir Edward Poynings, governor of Ire*
land, induces the parliament of that country to pass the Act,\vhich bears his
name, giving full force there to all tke laws of England. Warbeck fails in an
attempt to land in Kent. Ferdinand of Naples prepares to resist the threat-
ened invasion, but dies, Jan. 25, set. 70; his son, Alfonso, conciliates the pope.
Charles sends agents into Italy, one of whom is Philip de Comines. The Neapo-
litan fleet defeated near Genoa, Sep. 8. Death of the duke of Milan (supposed
to be poisoned by his uncle), Oct. 22, sat. 25 ; his widow, Isabella, and her children,
are sent to the castle of Pavia ; to the exclusion of her eldest son, the emperor
Maximilian invests Lodovico with the dukedom. Submission of Florence to
Charles, and expulsion of Pietro de' Medici and his brothers, Nov. 9. Zizirn is
placed by the pope in the castle of S. Angelo, and the knights who had attended
him are sent back to Rhodes. Aldus Manutius sets up his press at Venice.
Death of John Ficus de Mirandola, set. 33, and of Angelo Politiano, tat. 40.
Warbeck retires to Flanders ; is unsuccessful in Ireland; favourably received by
James IV. in Scotland, and married to Katharine Gordon, daughter of the earl
of Huntley. Charles enters Rome, Jan. 1 ; he is urged to depose Alexander,
whose scandalous mode of life had given universal ©ffence, but concludes a treaty
with him, and continues his progress, Jan. 28. Alfonso resigns the crown of
Naples, Jan. 23, to his brother Ferdinand, and retires to a monastery at Mazzara
in Sicily, where he dies, Nov. 19. Zizim, who by treaty had been delivered
into the hands of Chaides, is carried off by a slow poison, previously administered
to him. Cardinal Caesar Borgia, given by the pope a*, a hostage, makes his
escape. Ferdinand retires to the isle of Ischia; Charles enters Naples, Feb. 24;
alarmed by his rapid success, the emperor Maximilian, Ferdinand of Spain the
pope, Venice, and Lodovico of Milan league against him ; leaving a part of his
army to occupy his conquests, Charles quits Naples, May 20 ; reaches Rome,
June 1 ; the pope retires to Perugia •. Charles breaks through the allied forces,
posted on the river Taro to intercept him, July 6 ; arrives at Turin; concludes
a separate treaty with Lodovico, at Vercelli, Oct. 10, and returns to France.
Pisa regains independence. Supported by a Spanish and papal army, under
Gonsalvo Fernandez di Cordova, and Prosper Colonna, Ferdinand II. enters
Naples again, July 7, and recovers a great part of his kingdom. The diet of
Worms establishes the Imperial Chamber of Wetzlar. Wirtemburg created a
duchy. John, king of Portugal, oppressed by grief for the loss of his son, Alfonso
(see 1490), and the pope's refusal to legitimize his natural son, George, dies of the
iropsy, at Albuera, Sep. 14 ; his cousin, Emanuel, succeeds. Jamaica discovered
by Columbus, May 3. Alliance of the Valais with Switzerland.
494
FROM THE YEAR
A.D.
1496
1497
1438
1499
Hegiba.
903—904
904—905
905—906
906—907
1501 907—908
Otto-
man Em-
1502 908—
16 Baja-
zet II.
17
Popes
5 Alex
ander
VI.
Aug. 11
19
Bohe-
mia.
26 La-
dislas
IV.
king of
Hun-
gartf
14 Chas
VIII.
29
30-
31-
11-
1 Louis
XII.
Port-
ugal.
Spain.
Cas- Nav-
tile. arke.
2Ema
nuel.
23Fer-|l4Ca
dinaud
and Is-
abella
24-
tharine
and
John
d'Al-
bret.
15-
Ger-
MANY
4 Max
imili-
an I.
26-
27-
16-
17-
18-
20-
Saxo-
NY.
HFre-
deric
III.
Bran-
den-
burg.
SlJohn
23
Uoa-
chim I,
16-
17-
1496 TO 1502 A.D.
495
Repe-
tition
Dates.
1499
1500
1501
1502
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
11 Ag03-
tino
Barba-
rlgo.
Savoy.
1 Philip
II.
1 Fili-
berto II
Naples
1 Fre-
deric.
15
1 Leo-
nardo
Lore-
dano.
Den-
mark.
Swe-
den.
Po-
land.
Conquer-
ed by-
France
and
Spain.
Bruns-
wick
LUNE-
BURG.
25 Hen-
ry I.
16 26 Sten 5 John
John I. Sture (Albert.
I Protec-
| tor. <
1 John
II. king
of Den.
mark and
Norway.
18-
20-
HuNGA
RT.
7 Ladis-
las VI.
king of
enua.
35 1 wan
III.
Scot-
land.
9 Jas.
IV.
Junell
Eng-
land.
12 Hen
ry VII
Aug. 22.
10-
10
lAlex-
ander.
12
37-
38 =
13-
40-
15 18
14 —
b Princess
Mary
15
16
17
Prince
Arthur to
Katharine
ofAragon.
m. Princwa
Margaret
to James,
king of
Scotland.
d. Prince
Artaor.
496
FEOM THE TEAE
1496
1497
The king of Scotland, with Warbeck, makes an inroad into Northumberland, but
retreats before an English army. Encouraged by the success of Columbus, Henry
sends out John Cabot, and his son, Sebastian, on a voyage of discovery. Co-
lumbus returns from his second voyage. Marriage of Philip, son of the emperor
Maximilian, and Mary of Burgundy (see 1477), to Joanna, second daughter of
Ferdinand and Isabella. The duke tie Montpensier, French viceroy in Naples,
dies at Pozzuolo, Oct. 19; his garrisons capitulate, and return to France.
Ferdinand, on the point of regaining full possession of his kingdom, dies, O'ct. 5,
and is succeeded by his uncle, Frederic. The Venetians , occupy Brindisi,
Otranto, and other ports, as security for subsidies advanced by them. Maximilian
enters Italy with an army ; quarrels with the Venetians, and returns to Germany.
Emanuel, in his treaty of marriage with Alfonso's widow, Isabella, eldest
daughter of the Spanish sovereigns, agrees to expel all Jews and Mohammedans
from Portugal; he tits out an expedition, under Vasco de Gama, to explore the
eastern seas ; departure from Belem, July 9. The Florentines besiege Pisa.
Jesus College, Cambridge, founded by John Alcock, bishop of Ely.
Insurrection in Cornwall; the rebels, headed by lord A u die y, march into Kent,
encamp at Eltham, are defeated on Blackheath, June 22 ; the leaders ai-e ex-
ecuted, the multitude pardoned. The Scottish king makes another invasion,
finds Norham castle well defended, and goes home again ; a truce concluded,
and Warbeck dismissed ; the Flemings refuse him shelter, on which Henry
allows them to renew their commercial intercourse with England. The adventurer
still gathers some adherents in the West, with whom he attempts to besiege
Exeter; his followers submit to the king's army at Taunton, and he takes
refuge in the sanctuary at Beaulieu, in the New Forest. The marriage of
Emanuel and Isabella is solemnized. Sep. 30. Maximilian's daughter, Margaret
{see 1491), is married in April, at Burgos, to John, the only son of Ferdinand
and Isabella ; in Oct. the young prince dies. Sten Sture offends the Swedish
nobility, is defeated, and deprived of his protectorate, by John, who enforces the
union of Calmar, is crowned at Stockholm, and his son. Christian, is declared
his successor. Divorce of the pope's daughter, Lucretia Borgia, from John
Sfcrza. The church lands of Benevento and others are secularized by the
pope, re-constituted into a duchy, and given to his 'son, John, who is assas-
sinated seven days afterwards ; the crime is imputed to his brother, Caesar
Borgia, who had laid aside his cardinal's purple, and resumed the position of a
layman. The Grisons allies of the Swiss cantons. Vasco de Gama passes the
Cape of Good Hope, and arrives at Calicut. The Medici repulsed from the
gates of Florence. Birth of Philip Melancthon. Cabot discovers Newfound-
land, and the coast of North America, as far as that part now called Virginia.
University of Aberdeen founded. Maximilian licenses the fairs of Leipzig.
Surrender of Warbeck ; he confesses his imposture; his life is spared, but he is
exposed to the derision of the populace, and detained in custody. A fit of apo-
plexy ends the life of Charles VIII , at Amboise, April 7, set. 28 ; the succession
goes into the Orleans family, and Louis XII. takes the throne of France; by
grants to Caesar Borgia, and creating him duke of Valence, he obtains a papal
Bull for his divorce from his first wife, a daughter of Louis XL, and marries
Anne of Brittany, widow of his predecessor; he asserts his claims to the duchy
of Milan, and the kingdom of Naples. Columbus, in his third voyage, discovers
Trinidad. Vasco de Gama, having laid the foundation for the Portuguese empire
in India, returns to his country. Birth of Henry's daughter, Mary, the future
queen of Louis XII., and afterwards married to the duke of Suffolk. The Ve-
netians, under the pretence of assisting Pisa, endeavour to gain possession of it
for themselves; the duke of Milan aids the Florentines in prosecuting the siege.
Savonarola, a Dominican, with two of his disciples, burnt at Florence, May 23,
by desire of the pope, for preaching the necessity of reform in the church ; his
Life written by John Francis Picus Mirandola. Frederic, duke and erector of
Saxony, grand master of the Teutonic Order. An Act of parliament forbids the
Company of Merchant Adventurers to exclude other merchants from the trade
of the Low Countries.
1496 TO 1502 A.D. 497
A.D.
1500
1501
Events and Eminent Mi
Warbeck plots with the earl of Warwick to effect their escape from the Tower;
hanged at Tyburn, Nov. 16 ; the earl, the last of the male line of the Planta-
KenetS; beheaded, Nov. 28. The Florentines, unsuccessful against Pisa, behead
their general, Paolo Vitelli. Alliance of France and Venice, conquest of Milan ;
flight of Lodovico Sforza into Germany, with his family and treasure ; entry of
Louis, Oct. 6; Cremona acquired by the Venetians. Jean Jaques Trivulee,
marshal of France, governor of the conquered State. Voluntary submission oi
Genoa. The emperor Maximilian makes war on the Swiss is defeated, and
concludes a treaty of peace at Basle. The Turks enter the Venetian States, and
ravage Friuli. Ojeda, a former companion of Columbus, and Amerigo Vespucci,
a Florentine, are employed by Emanuel to explore the New World : they
discover Brazil ; and Amerigo, writing an account of their voyage, caHs the new
continent after himself, America. Death of Marsilio Ficiiro, translator of
Plato, and restorer of Greek philosophy, in Italy, Oct. 1. Ferdinand compeis
all the Moors in his kingdom to embrace Christianity, or quit the land.
Henry VII., to avoid the plague raging in London, takes his family to Calais ;
interview there with Maximilian's son, Philip, governor of the Netherlands ;
projected marriage of his son, just born at Ghent (the future emperor Charles V.)
with Henry's young daughter, Mary. The oppression of the French provokes a
revolt in Milan; Lodovico Sforza returns with an army of Swiss mercenaries,
by whom he is at last betrayed into the hands of his enemies, and consigned for
the remaining ten years of his life to the castle of Loches, in Berry. The year
of jubilee affords a pretext for the sale of Indulgences in all countries, without
requiring the purchasers to visit Rome. Murder of Alfonso of Aragon, third
husband of Lncretia Borgia, ascribed to her brother, Csesar. Columbus, the
victim of false accusations, is brought back to Spain a prisoner. Pedro Alvarez
Cabral sails from Lisbon, March 8, with a fleet of thirteen ships, destined for
India; driven by storms out of his course, he arrives at Brazil, and shares the
glory of being its first discoverer; pursuing his voyage, he visits Quiloa, Mo-
zambique, and the eastern coast of Africa. Corte Peal, also sent out by the
king of Portugal, explores the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Labrador, as far as
Hudson's Bay. Modon and Coron taken from the Venetians by the Turks. The
Florentines renew the siege of Pisa, which they again abandon with great loss, j
War of independence in Ditmarsch ; the king of Denmark defeated at Meldorf.
Marriage of Arthur, prince of Wales, to Katharine, daughter of Ferdinand and
Isabella of Spain, Nov. 14, and of the princess Margaret, to James, king of
Scotland. Maximilian forms the Aulic Council. Conquest and partition of
Naples by France and Spain; the armies commanded by the duke de Nemours,
and Gonsalvo de Cordova ; the duchy of Anjou given to Frederic, which he
holds till his death, Sep. 9, 1504. The pope creates his son, Csesar, duke of Ko-
magna, having aided him in acquiring possession of the territory by force,
fraud, perfidy, and murder; Faenza, the last city that holds out, capitulates on
terms that are violated, and its lord, Astorgio de' Manfredi, a youth of 17, bar-
barously put to death. Sten Sture regains his ascendancy in Sweden. The
duke of Saxony, as grand master of the Teutonic Order, refuses homage to
Alexander, who succeeds his brother, John Albert, on the throne of Poland.
Basle and Schafhausen join the Swiss confederacy. Ismail I. founds the Son
dynasty in Persia. Luther studies at Erfurt.
Death of prince Arthur, April 2, set. 16 ; his young widow retires to the palace of
Croydon ; the king projects her marriage to his son, Henry, now prince of Wales.
Sebastian Cabot returns from his voyage; his report encourages Eliot, and
some Bristol merchants, to undertake expeditions Columbus, on his fourth
voyage, reaches the isthmus of Panama. Continued atrocities of Caesar Borgia ;
by the same course of villany he makes himself master of Urbino and other
cities ; marriage of his sister, Lucretia, to her fourth husband, Alfonso d'Este,
son of the duke of Ferrara. The kings of France and Spain begin to quarrel
about the division of their plunder. Juan de Nova Castella, the Portuguese
admiral, returning from India discovers the island of St Helena, May 21. Henry
VII. builds his chapel in Westminster. University of Wittenberg founded.
__ __
498
FEOM THE YEAB
A.D.
1503
Hegiba
909-910
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
£610
910—911
911—912
912—913
913—914
914—915
915—916
016—917
Otto-
man Em-
pibe
Popes
23 Baja
zetll.
24
25
27
28
29
12 A
lexan-
derVI.
Aug. 11
d. 18.
1 Pius
III.
Sept. 22
rf.Oct. ir
1 Ju-
liusll
Nov. 1.
2
Port
UGAL.
9Ema-
nuel.
10
12-
31
d . Isa-
bella.
32Fer-
dinand
alone,
33
14 35
16-
Spain
Nav-
21 Ca-
tharine
and
John
d'Al-
bret.
Bohe-
mia
33 La
dislas
IV,
king of
Hun.
ary
34-
25-
37-
27-
35
36 — -
37-
Bran-
DEN-
BURO,
5 Joa-
chim
I.
10-
Saxo-
NY.
18Fre-
deric
III.
19-
Bruns- Ger-
wick. many.
26 Hen
ry I.
22
12-
24
31.
11 Max
imilian
I.
12
13
14
15
18
17
18
1503 TO 1510 A.D.
499
Repe-
tition
Dates,
150-1
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
Doges
op Vb-'
NICK.
3 Leo-
nardo
Lore-
dano.
10
Savoy.
7 Fili-
berto II
ICharles
III.
France.
6 Louis
XII
Den-
mark
23
John I
24-
25-
26-
27-
SWE-
DEN.
1 Svante
Sture,
Protec-
tor.
Po-
land.
3Alex-
ander.
1 Si-
gis-
mund
I.
Hunga-
ry.
HLadis
las VI
king of
15
16
43-
lVas
sili IV
16
19
Russia,
42Iwan
III
16Jas.
IV.
Junell
Scot-
land.
20-
22
2 K 2
Eng-
land.
19 Hen-
ry VII.
Aug:- 22.
d. Queen
Elizabeth.
22
23
d. Apr. 21.
1 Henry
VIII.
April 22.
m. Katha
rine of
Aragon,
>00
FROM THE TEAB
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
1504
lo05
1506
Death of queen Elizabeth, Feb. 11, after giving birth to a princess, who survived
only a few days. Pope Julius grants a dispensation for the prince of Wales,
set. 12, to be contracted in marriage to Katharine, his brother's widow, set 18 ;
the contract is signed. Henry employs Empson and Dudley to extort money
from his subjects. Alexander VI. dies suddenly, set. 72, while he and his son
are contriving still greater enormities; his successor, Pius II., lives only 22
days after his election. Julius II. deprives Csesar Borgia of his ill-gotten spoils,
and imprisons him. Gonsalvo de Cordova defeats the French, April 28, at Ci
rignuola, where the duke de Nemours is killed; enters Naples, May 14; takes
the fort Del' Uovo, by springing a mine ; gains a decisive victory, Dec. 28, on
the Garigliano, where Pietro de' Medici loses his life, and the whole kingdom of
Naples becomes subject to Spain. The Portuguese commander, Albuquerque,
on his way to India, discovers Zanzibar. Death of DAubusson, grand master of
Rhodes, June 30, set. 80. Death of Sten Sture ; Svante Sture succeeds to his
influence in Sweden, and is supported by the people, in opposition to the crown,
the nobility, and the priesthood. Peace concluded between Iwan III. and the
Teutonic knights of Livonia. Venice makes peace with the Turks, and cedes
to them Santa Maura.
A parliament, Jan. 25 ; the Commons appoint Dudley their speaker; a subsidy is
voted to the king, though he is known to be in no want of money. Death of
Isabella, queen of Spain, Nov. 26, set. 53 ; the kingdom of Castile passes to her
daughter, Joanna, and her husband, Philip; in their absence, Ferdinand still
continues to govern. Columbus returns from his fourth and last voyage. Treaty
of Blois ; proposed betrothal of Charles, set. 4 (son of Philip, see 1500), to Claude,
daughter of Louis XIL, whose dowry is to consist of Britanny, Franche Comte,
and Milan. Maximilian's daughter, Margaret, who, after the death of her first
husband (see 1497), married Filiberto, duke of Savoy, is, by his death, again a
widow. The Venetians, jealous of the new Indian trade of the Portuguese,
incite the Mamelukes of Egypt, and Zamorin, sovereign of Calicut, to commence
hostilities against them. Csesar Borgia is released from confinement on con-
ditions which he violates, is again captured and sent a prisoner to Spain, where
he soon afterwards dies in a skirmish, in Navarre ; while the other domains taken
from him are restored to the church, Venice retains Faenza and Rimini. The
citizens of Naples resist by violence the introduction of the Inquisition. Pope
Julius begins to practise the nepotism which he condemned in his predecessor.
Pisa is again besieged by the Florentines.
The intrigues of the earl of Suffolk in Flanders cause many arrests in England,
and some executions ; among those who suffer death is Sir James Tyrrel, the
accomplice in the murder of Edward V. and his brother. Henry, prince of
Wales, by his father's desire, signs a secret protest, June 27, against his mar-
riage with his brother's widow. Peace between France and Spain ; Louis XII.
claims Milan, and gives up all that he holds or claims in Naples, as the dowry
of his niece, Germaine de Foix, who is married to Ferdinand. Death of Iwan
III., by whom the Russian empire is now consolidated. Luther becomes a monk
at Erfurt, and begins his Scriptural researches, Francesco de Almeira, Portuguese
viceroy, establishes factories along the coast of Malabar, and his fleets interrupt
the Egyptian and Venetian commerce.
Philip and Joanna, on their way to assume the government of Castile, are driven
by a storm into the harbour of Weymouth ; entertained at Windsor ; negotiations '
there ; the earl of Suffolk given up to Henry, and confined in the Tower ; pro-
posed marriage between Henry and Margaret, Philip's sister; revived project of
uniting his son, Charles, to the princess Mary ; neither contract signed. Death
of Philip, at Burgos, Sep. 25, set. 28; insanity of his widow ; their son, Charles,
set. 6, is declared heir of Spain and the Netherlands, and Ferdinand, set. 3, of the
Austrian States ; the minority of Charles, and the incapacity of his mother,
leave his grandfather, Ferdinand, still the actual king of Castile ; the emperor
Maximilian, standing in the same degree of relationship, claims the regency ;
angry discussions follow. The States General of France forbid the alienation of
the provinces, contemplated by the treaty of Blois, and annul the contract; the
1503 TO 1510 A.D.
501
A.D.
1509
1510
Events and Eminent Men.
princess Claude is affianced to Francis, count of Angouleme, pi-eemnptive heir
to the throne. Pope Julius leads his army against Perugia and Bologna ; en-
couraged by him, the Genoese expel their nobles and the French. Ferdinand
of Spain visits Naples. The sugar-cane brought to Hispaniola from the Canaries.
Death of Columbus, at Valladolid, May 20, set. 64. Bramante d'Urbino begins St.
Peter's, at Rome ; Julius lays the first stone, April 18. The University of
Francfort on the Oder founded by the elector of Brandenburg. Ladislas secures
the eventual union of Hungary with Austria, by the double betrothment of his
just-born son, Louis, to Maria, the youngest daughter of the deceased Philip, arrd
of his own daughter, Anna, to Maria's brother, Ferdinand. The Great Harry,
the first ship of the royal navy of England.
Margaret of Savoy, appointed governess of the Netherlands, concludes a commer-
cial treaty with England ; Wolsey negotiates with her. Louis XII. comes to
crush the revolt in Genoa; conference between him and Ferdinand at Savona.
Gonsalvo returns to Spain. Portuguese settlements formed on Ormus by Al-
buquerque, and on Ceylon by Lorenzo de Almeida; Madagascar visited by
Tristan d'Acunha. Ximenes, archbishop of Toledo, created a cardinal, and
minister to Ferdinand. Margaret, mother of Henry VII., gives an additional
endowment to Christ College, Cambridge.
The emperor Maximilian enters Italy with an army ; the Venetians refuse him a
passage ; after some months of unsuccessful war, he concludes a truce, leaving in
their hands Trieste, and many other places ; the league of Cambray concluded
Dec. 10, by Margaret, regent of the Netherlands, and the cardinal de Rohan, am-
bassador of France and legate of the pope ; the emperor, the kings of France and
Spain, and the pope, coalesce against Venice ; they are afterwards joined by the
dukes of Savoy, Mantua, and Ferrara. Luther professor of philosophy at Wit-
tenberg. By the advice of Covilham, the Abyssinians send Matthew, an Ar-
menian merchant, to request the assistance of the Indian Portuguese against
the Mahometans.
Death of Henry VII., at Richmond, April 21, set. 52; Henry VIII. marries Ka-
tharine of Aragon, June 3 ; they are crowned at Westminster, June 24. Pro-
clamation to encourage complaints ; arrest of Empson, Dudley, and their accom-
plices. Wolsey, employed by Henry VII. just before his death, on a mission to
Maximilian, at Brussels, is introduced to the new king by Fox, bishop of Win-
chester. The Venetians endeavour, by concessions, to avert the storm which
threatens them ; their overtures rejected ; they prepare to defend themselves ;
are totally defeated, at Agnadello, May 14, by Louis XII., and lose all their late
acquisitions. The other confederates jealous of France ; the Venetians recover
Padua, and rise again in power. Pisa taken by the Florentines, June 8. Cam-
paign of cardinal Ximenes in Africa ; Oran taken. Diego Columbus, son of
"Christopher, governor of Spanish America. Albuquerque refers the Abyssi-
nian envoy to the government at Lisbon. St. John's College, Cambridge, founded
by Margaret, mother of Henry VII., soon after which she dies, June 29. Lu-
ther preacher at Wittenberg. Erasmus visits Oxford. Death of the historian,
Philip de Comines. St Paul's School, London, founded by Dr. Colet.
The court of Henry VIII. the scene of gaiety, in which the treasures of his
father are profusely lavished. Wolsey dean of Lincoln, and almoner to the
king. Act of attainder against Empson and Dudley ; they are executed, Aug. 17.
Pope Julius designs his Holy League against France, in which he is joined by
Venice, and the Swiss ; he makes war on the duke of Ferrara ; courts Henry VIII.
Ferdinand of Spain, desists from the war in Italy, and prosecutes that in Africa,
where he conquers a large portion of the northern coast. Maximilian acts in con-
cert with Louis XII., and calls a council at Tours, at which some cardinals attend.
The Spaniards form their first settlement on the mainland of America, at Pa-
nama. The Portuguese conquer Goa, and extend their commerce to Sumatra.
Cardinal Ximenes founds the Universities of Alcala de Henares (Complutum)
and Santiago de Compostella. Luther, on a deputation to Rome, witnesses the
corruption in the papal court. Erasmus teaches Greek at Cambridge.
502
FROM THE TEAR
1511
Hegira
917—918
1512 91&-919
920
1514
H21
1515
1516
922
023
Otto-
man Em- Popes,
31 Baja-
zet II.
lSeliml,
9 Juli-
us II.
Nov.l.
d.Feh.20.
1 Leo
X.
Mar.ll.
l7Em-
anuel
Pobt-
UGAL.
20-
22-
Spain.
38Fer-
dinantL
10-
Nav-
ARRE.
Bban
BOHE- DRN-
MIA. BURG.
29 Ca-
tharine
and
John
d'Al-
bret.
Con-
quered
by Fer-
DUKES
op Ba-
varia
41 La-
dislas
IV.
king of
Hun-
gary,
6 Wil-
liam I
■13-
IChas
I.
moa-
clrim I
1 Lou
is I.
ki-lg of
Hwi-
if /try.
15-
Sax-
ONY.
26Fre-
deric
III.
34 Hen
ryl.
35-
r,o-
Bruns-
WICK.
Ger-
many.
19 Maxi-
milian I
20
21
22
20-
23
1511 TO 1516 A.D.
503
tition
Dates.
1512
1514
1515
1518
DOGES
of Ve-
nice.
11 Leo-
nardo
Lore-
dano.
15
i<?
Savoy.
Feance.1 Den-
14 Louis 31 John
XII. I.
9Svanti
Sture,
Pro-
tector
1 Sten
Sture,
the
Younger
1 Fran-
cis I.
1 Chris-
tian II.
SWE-
DEN.
PO- .
LAND.
HUNGA
RY.
6 Si- 22Ladis-
gis- las VI.
mund king of
Bohemia.
2.']
10-
Rus-
sia.
7Vassi
lilV.
Scot-
land.
24,Tas.
IV.
Jane 11.
25
Eng-
land.
3 Henry
VIII.
April 22.
26-
1 Louis 12-
II. king
of Bohe.
8 —
APrinceU
Mary.
504
FEOM THE TEAB
A.D.
1511
Events and Eminent Men.
1513
Queen Katharine gives birth to a son, Jan. 1, who dies in February. Pope Julius
conducts in person the siege of Mirandola, during a most severe winter; enters
the breach, Jan. 21; loses Bologna, May 21; defeated by Trivulce, retires to
Ravenna. Gaston de Foix, governor of Milan, and the emperor Maximilian,
continue hostilities against Ferrara and Venice. The council of Tours removed
to Pisa, and thence to Milan, is excommunicated by Julius. Ferdinand of Spain
joins the Holy League, and prevails on Henry VIII., by a treaty, signed Dec. 20,
to co-operate with him. The Portuguese establish themselves at Malacca,
which becomes the centre of their trade with the neighbouring islands, and with
China. Bajazet wishes to resign his sceptre to his eldest son, Achmet; the Ja-
nizaries demand the sultanship for his younger and more warlike son, Selim.
Nicholas Machiavelli secretary of state at Florence.
Henry VIII. declares war against France, and obtains a subsidy from the parliament.
The marquis of Dorset lands an English army at Fontarabia, and is deceived by
Ferdinand, who conquers Navarre for himself, instead of joining his allies to in-
vade Guienne ; the English forces return home in disgust. An indecisive sea-fight
near Brest. Raymond de Cardona, viceroy of Naples, with a combined Spanish
and papal army, besieges Bologna ; Gaston de Foix raises the siege, Feb. 7 ;
recovers Brescia and Bergamo from the Venetians, Feb. 19; gains the battle of
Ravenna, April 11, and falls on the field in the hour of victory, set. 24. The
cardinal John de' Medici is taken prisoner by the French. Ravenna, Faenza,
Rimini, Foidi, and other cities, surrender to the conquerors. Julius opens his
Lateran council, May 3. The emperor Maximilian breaks off his alliance with
France ; his troops join the Swiss in invading Milan, and restoring the duchy to
Maximilian Sforza, son of Lodovico, the former duke. Rescue of the cardinal
John de' Medici; he and his brother are conducted to Florence by the Spanish
army, where they resume the former influence of their family. Giano Fregoso
expels the French from Genoa, and is appointed doge. Alfonso, duke of Ferrara,
invited to Rome under the semblance of pardon, is treacherously imprisoned by
Julius ; Fabrizio and Marco Colonna, who had pledged their word for his safety,
forcibly release him, and secure his return to Ferrara. On the death of Svante
Sture, his son, Steno, is elected protector by the Swedes. Albert von Branden-
burg Culmbach, Teutonic grand master, refuses homage to Poland. Selim oc-
cupies the Ottoman throne ; Bajazet and his other sons are put to death.
Florida discovered by the Spaniard, Juan de Leon.
Invasion of France by Henry VIII. , June 30; Wolsey attends as secretary; the
emperor Maximilian joins the English army, Aug. 12 ; siege of Terouanne ;
victory of Guinegate {Battle of Spurs), Aug. 16; surrender of Terouanne, and of
Tournay, Sep. 24; the administration of the revenues of the see given to
Wolsey ; Scotch invasion of England ; defeat and death of James IV., by the
earl of Surrey, on Flodden Field, Sep. 9 ; Henry returns to London, Oct. 22.
Louis XII. concludes a truce for a year with Ferdinand, and an alliance, offensive
and defensive, with Venice. Death of pope Julius ; John de' Medici elected,
takes the name of Leo X. ; appoints Peter Bembo and Jacopo Sadoleto his
secretaries, and Alfonso, duke of Ferrara, gonfalonier of the church. Having
obtained Parma and Piaceuza from the duke of Milan, he engages for the
defence of that duchy a large body of Swiss, who totally defeat the French ge-
nerals La Tremouille and Trivulce, at Novara, June 6. The Venetians defeated
by Prospero Colonna, near Vicenza, Oct. 7. Palermo made the seat of the Si-
cilian viceroyalty, and of a tribunal of the Inquisition. The canton of Appenzel
added to the Swiss League. Death of John, king of Denmark, set. 59; his son,
Christian II., succeeds him, but is not acknowledged in Sweden. Vasco Nunez
de Balboa crosses the isthmus of Darien, and reaches the Pacific Ocean. Reuchlin
accused of heresy for preserving Hebrew books from the flames. Brazen-Nose
College, Oxford, founded by William Smith, bishop of Lincoln, and Richard
Sutton. Henry VIIL declines to prosecute the war against his sister, Margaret,
on whom the regency of Scotland devolves for her son, James V. Sir Fabricius
Caretto grand master of Kli odes.
1511 TO 1516 A.D.
505
Events and Eminent Men.
Peace between England and France, Aug. 7. Death of the French queen, Anne of
Brittany, Jan. 9 ; marriage of her daughter, Claude, to Francis, count of Angou-
leme (see 1506), May 18, and of Louis XII. to Mary, sister of Henry VIII., Oct.
9. Anne Boleyn is one of her suite ; his other sister, Margaret, marries
Douglas, Earl of Angus, on which the Scottish nobles appoint the duke of
Albany regent; another son of Henry and Katharine, born Nov., dies in a few
days. The French lose all their remaining forts in Italy ; Leo X. deceives the
duke of Ferrara, and keeps Modena and Reggio. The Venetians still make
head alone against their numerous enemies. The council of Pisa, or Milan,
after having been transferred to Lyons, is finally closed, having effected nothing ;
that of the Lateran continues its sittings, but its protection of ecclesiastical
abuses hastens the coming Reformation. Smolensko renounces its subjection
to Poland, and becomes part of Russia. Ambassadors from Portugal present to
Leo X. an elephant, a panther, with other animals and products of their new
territories in the East. Sultan Selim defeats the Persian Shah Ismael at Kal-
deroon, Aug. 17, and takes Tauris. Mulhausen admitted an ally by the Swiss
Cantons. Death of Bramante d'Urbino. Raffael.le continues the building of St
Peter's. Henry VIII. sets the example of emancipating his serfs. Peter Hunne
convicted of heresy ten days after his death; his body is disinterred and burnt
in Smithneld, Dec. 20. Reuchlin defended by Melancthon against his accusers,
and acquitted by Leo X. Wolsey archbishop of York.
Death of Louis XII., Jan. 1, set 53 ; he is succeeded by his son-in-law, Francis I.:
his young widow marries Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, with whom she re-
turns to London, and they are kindly received by Henry and Katharine. Anne
Boleyn is retained in the service of queen Claude. Wolsey created cardinal,
papal legate, and lord chancellor. League against France by the emperor, the pope,
Ferdinand of Spain, Florence, Milan and the Swiss Cantons. Francis enters
ItaYy, recovers Genoa, defeats the allies at Marignano, Sep. 13 and 14; the duke
Maximilian Sforza relinquishes Milan to him, and retires into France on a pen-
sion. The Venetians take Bergamo and Peschiera, and besiege Brescia. Con-
ference between Francis and Leo X. at Bologna ; peace concluded between them.
Francis abandons the Pragmatic Sanction and agrees to a new Concordat ; the
pope promises to restore Modena and Reggio to Alfonso d'Este, and again deceive
nim. Marriage of Juban de' Medici to Filiberta of Savoy. Christian of Denmark
marries Isabella, daughter of the late archduke of Austria, Philip. Gonsalvo
de Cordova dies at Grenada, Dec. 2. Albuquerque, on his return from Ormus to
Goa, rinding himself superseded by Lopez Suarez, dies of vexation. Rio de la
Plata discovered by Juan Diaz de Solis.
Birth of the princess (afterwards queen) Mary at Greenwich, Feb. 18. Margaret,
Henry's sister, takes refuge at his court from the troubles in Scotland, leaving
her son, James V., under the care of the regent, Albany. Death of Ferdinand,
king of Spain, Jan. 23, 33t 64, be Is succeeded by his eldest grandson, Charles
(see 1506). Continued hostilities in Italy; the emperor Maximilian enters with
a large army, which want of money compels him to disband. The Venetians
take Brescia and besiege Verona. Francis concludes a treaty of peace at Noyon
with the emperor and the king of Spain, and atFreyburg with the Swiss Cantons.
Death of Julian de' Medici ; Leo seizes by force the duchy of Urbino, and gives
it to his nephew, Lorenzo ; he narrowly escapes being captured by some
Moorish pirates on the coast near Civita Lavinia. On the death of Ladislas,
his son, Louis, inherits Bohemia and Hungary. Revolt of Sicily. Death of
John d'Albret, the expelled king of Navarre ; his son, Henry, is allowed by
Francis to retain the small province north of the Pyrenees with the title of king,
Selim invades Syria ; Khansou Ghori, sultan of Egypt, defeated and slain near
Aleppo. Erasmus publishes his Greek Testament, with a Latin translation and
notes. Corpus Christi College, Oxford, founded by Richard Fox, bishop of Win-
chester.
506
FROM THE TEAS
AD.
1518
Hegi-
RA.
925
1519
Otto-
man Em-
pire.
6SelimI.
Popes
5 Leo
X.
Mar.ll.
1520 927
1521
23 E-
manu-
el.
Port-
ugal.
2Chas.I.
1 Soli-
man II.
25-
Spain.
Dukes
op Ba-
varia.
10 Wil-
liam I.
2 Lou-
is I.
king of
Hungary.
42
Emper-
or of Ger-
many.
Chas. V.
26-
Uohn
d.Dec.l HI
Bohe-
mia.
Bran-
den-
burg.
19 Joa- 32Fre-
chiml. deric
III.
12-
114-
Saxo-
ny.
21-
22-
40 Hen-
ry I.
34-
Bruns-
wice.
25
Maxi-
milian
I
41.
Ger-
many
IChas
V.
king of
Spa'
1517 TO 1521 A.D.
507
lition
Dates
1517
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
17 Leo-
nardo
Lore-
dano.
1518
1519
1520
1521
IS
Savoy. France
14 Chas.
III.
15
3 Fran- 5 Chris
cis I. tian
Den-
mark.
20
1 Anto-
nio Gri-
mani.
18
8
king of
Sweden.
Swe-
den.
6Sten
Sture,
Younger.
Po-
land.
12 Si
gis-
mund
I.
7 113-
14-
Hun- I Russia,
GARY.!
2Louis
II. king
of Bo-
hemia.
13Vassi-
lilV.
Scot-
land.
5James
V.
Sep. 9.
Eng-
land.
9 Henry
VIII.
April 22.
4 15
1 Chris-
tian II.
king of
Denmark-
16
12
13
508
FROM THE TEAB
A.D.
1518
1519
Events and Emivkut Men.
Luther resists in Wittenberg, Oct. 31, the sale of Indulgences by Tetzel, a Do-
minican friar, employed to carry into effect the papal Bull. The Lateran council
having reversed the acts of Constance and Basle, closes, March 16; this apparent
restoration of the pope's power animates the opposition to him ; Leo creates
thirty-one cardinals, July 31, from whom he obtains 200,000 golden ducats. The
duke of Urbino regains his duchy, and again expelled, is allowed to retire to
Mantua, with his personal property and his library. Verona surrenders to mar-
shal Lautrec, Jan. 26, who restores it to Venice ; Francis renews his league
with the republic. Cardinal Petrucci beheaded for attempting to poison Leo X.;
his accomplice, cardinal Bendinello de' Sauli, is condemned to perpetual impri-
sonment. Charles, king of Spain, leaves the Netherlands, and arrives at Villa
Viciosa, Sep. 19 ; cardinal Ximenes dies at Roa, set. 80, having printed, at his
own expense, the Polyglot Bible, named Complutensian, from the university of
Complutum (Alcala de Henares), where he is interred in the church of St. Ilde-
fonso. The revolt of Sicily suppressed. Gustavus Troil, archbishop of Up-
sal, deposed for endeavouring to restore the Danish government in Sweden.
Egypt conquered by the Ottomans. The Portuguese trade with China at Macao ;
negro slaves introduced into Hispaniola. " Evil May-day ;" more than 200
London apprentices condemned for a riot against foreigners ; at the intercession
of Queen Katharine and the king's two sisters, they are pardoned, except the
ringleaders. The sweating sickness rages in London.
Oxford the royal residence, during the disease in London. Henry, by a treaty
with Francis, restores Tournay, and agrees to a marriage between the princess
Mary and the dauphin; the children are solemnly betrothed, Dec. 16. Wolsey
receives from Francis a pension of 12,000 livres, as an equivalent for the
revenues of the see of Tournay ; he is appointed sole legate, and is now at the
summit of his greatness ; the proceedings of his legatine court excite popular
discontent, and are checked by the king. Peace concluded between the emperor j
and Venice. Christian II. invades Sweden. LeoX. eludes the performance of his
promise to restore* Modena and Reggio ; fails to excite a crusade against the
Turks ; the clergy resist the tax of the tenth of their incomes, imposed by him
for that purpose. Luther defends himself before the Diet of Augsburg ; he refuses
to retract, and writes his letter to the pope ; he is supported by Frederic, -elector
of Saxony. Melancthon professor of Greek at Wittenberg. Another German
translation of the Scriptures is printed. Leo X. issues a Bull, Nov. 9, forbidding
all disputes about Indulgences. Conquest of Arabia by the Turks. Horuc
and Hayraddin Barbarossa found the piratical States of Barbary. Silveyra
opens the Portuguese trade with Bengal. Dr. Linacre obtains letters patent
from Henry VIII., Oct. 23, for the establishment of the Royal College of Phy-
sicians in London.
Death of the emperor Maximilian, Jan. 12, set. 6(X The kings of France and Spain
compete for his crown ; Henry VIII. becomes a candidate too late, and withdraws.
Charles I. of Spain, elected June 28, is Charles V. in Germany ; the two com-
petitors strive for pre-eminence in Europe: both seek the alliance of the king of
England, and the favour of his minister ; Henry inclines first to Francis, and
stands godfather to his second son, Henry. During the vacancy of the empire,
Frederic of Saxony, as regent, represses the turbulence of the Wiirtemburg
duke Ulrich, and encourages Luther, who denies at Leipzig the pope's supre-
macy; Melancthon, O3colampadius, and Carlstadt take part in the controversy;
Zuinglius denounces at Ziirich the sale of Indulgences and corruptions of the
church; the town-council support him. Death of Lorenzo de' Medici, the papal
duke of Urbino ; his consort, Maddalena, dies nearly at the same time, in giving
birth to a daughter, Katharine, the future queen of France. Leo annexes Ur-
bino to the States of the church, and sends his cousin, the cardinal Julius, to
Florence ; instead of giving up Modena and Reggio, he attempts to take Ferrara
itself from the duke. The Genevan reformers, oppressed by the duke of Savoy,
apply to Freyburg for assistance, and call their union Eidgenossen (oath-
colleagues), which the French form into Huguenots. The Diet of Thorn declares
war against the Teutonic knights. Fernando Cortes attacks Mexico. Leo-
nardo da Vinci, on a visit to Francis I., dies in his arms, set. 75. Spain and .
1517 TO 1521 A.D.
509
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
Portugal both claim the Moluccas. Fernando de Magelhaens sails on his ex-
pedition. Death of Dean Colet, founder of St. Paul's School. Magdalen Col-
lege, Cambridge, founded by the duke of Buckingham.
Henry agrees to meet Francis at Ardres, near Calais; the emperor Charles arrives
unexpectedly in England, May 25, and is cordially entertained by the king and
his aunt, queen Katharine, at Canterbury ; he secretly ingratiates himself with
Wolsey, by promising to assist in making him pope at the next vacancy.
Henry and his court proceed to Calais, May 30. Field of the Cloth of Gold,
June 3—24. Interview of Henry and Katharine with Charles, and his aunt,
Margaret, governess of the Netherlands, at Gravelines and Calais, July 10—
14. Coronation of Charles, as emperor, at Aix-la-Chapelle, Oct. 22. Defeat of
a plot, instigated by Leo X., to assassinate the duke of Ferrara. The Flemings,
appointed by Charles to offices in Spain, cause commotions among the grandees,
as well as the people. Steno Sture defeated and killed in the battle of Bogesund.
Christian crowned at Stockholm, Nov. 8; cruel massacres in Sweden; Gustavus
Vasa escapes to Dalecarlia. The Turkish preparations for invading Hungary
are stopped by the death of sultan Selim, at Adrianople, set. 54 ; he is succeeded
by his son, Soliman. Luther publishes his treatises, " On the Babylonish Cap-
tivity of the Church," and " On Christian Liberty ;" Leo issues a Bull of excom-
munication against him, June 16, which Luther burns publicly, at Wittenberg,
Dec. 10. Eck defends the Romish church ; Miltitz endeavours to conciliate the
reformers. Cortes takes the city of Mexico, which he is afterwards obliged to
abandon. Death of Montezuma. Magelhaens, after having passed through the
Straits which bear his name, discovers the Ladrone and Philippine Islands ;
he is killed by the natives. The Portuguese send Roderigo de Lima to treat
with the Abyssinians, who now need no assistance ; he is detained in the country,
with his physician, Bermudez, and other attendants. Death of Raffaelle d'Ur-
bino, set. 37. Publication of the Complntensian Polyglot.
The duke of Buckingham executed for high-treason, May 17 ; the office of con-
stable of England, inherited by him from the Bohuns, is forfeited by his attain-
der, and never renewed. Francis begins war against Charles, by invading
Navarre; Henry and Leo offer to mediate; congress at Calais, of no avail;
Wolsey meets the emperor at Bruges, Nov. 24, and concludes a treaty with him
and the pope. The title of "Defender of the Faith" given to Henry by Leo X.,
for his book against Luther. Leo first treats with Francis, and urges him to
commence hostilities against Spain, then forsakes him, and enters into an accord
with the emperor, May 8. Charles and Francis command against each other in
Flanders; the chevalier Bayard distinguishes himself. The French, under
Andr£ Lesparre, are repulsed at Logrono ; he is defeated and made prisoner,
at Reniega, and the Spaniards recover Navarre. Lautrec abandons Milan on
the approach of Prospero Colonna : Francis Maria Sforza, son of Lodovico, is
appointed duke. Leo turns his arms against Alfonso of Ferrara, whom he excom-
municates, and lays an interdict on his lands ; the duke, in a printed manifesto,
exposes the treachery and iniquity of the papal proceedings ; he is saved by the
death of Leo, who is attacked by illness, Nov. 25, and dies, Dec. 1, set. 46. Solemni-
zation of the double marriage {see 1506), destined to unite Hungary and Bohemia
with Austria. Soliman commences his war against Hungary, and takes Belgrade.
Death of Emanuel, king of Portugal, set. 52 ; his son, John, succeeds him. Livonia
an independent duchy, under Walter von Plettenberg, provincial grand master of
the Teutonic knights ; truce with Poland concluded at Thorn. Cortes completes
the conquest of Mexico; death of Guatimozin. After the death of Magelhaens,
Cano conducts the squadron to the Moluccas. Diet of Worms, April 4 ; Luther \
appears and defends himself, April 16 ; edict condemns him and his writings, j
May 8 ; Frederic of Saxony places him in safety at Wartburg, where he begins '■■
his German version of the Bible; Melancthon publishes an exposition of hist
doctrines; Erasmus settles at Basle, and takes a middle course in the great!
controversy. Ignatius Loyola, wounded at the siege of Pampeluna, forms his'
first ascetic habits. Gustavus Vasa and the Dalecarlian peasants rout the army i
of Christian. On the death of their grand master, Carretto, the Rhodian
knights elect in his place Sir Philip Villers de Hale Adam. i
510
FROM THE YEAR
A.D.
1522
Hegi-
1523
930
1524
931
1525 932
1526
1527
934
Otto-
man Em-, Popes.
P1EE. ,
3 Soli- I 1 A-
manll. drian
VI.
Jan. 9.
2—
rf.Sep.14.
1 Cle-
ment
VII.
Nov, 19.
Port-
ugal.
2John
III.
7Chas.I.
emper-
or of Ger-
many,
Chas. V.
Dukes
OF BA
VARIA
15 Wil-
liam I
12
18-
B-OHE
MIA.
7 Lou
is I.
king of
Hun-
gary.
10
united
to
Hun-
gary
and
Aus-
tria.
Prus-
2 Al-
bert.
Bran-
den
BURG.
Saxo-
ny.
24Joa-
chiml
26
37Fre-
deric
III.
Bruns-J Ger-
45 Hen
ryl.
46.
Uohn
50-
MANY.
4Chas.
V.
king of
Spain,
1522 TO 1527 A.D.
511
Repe-
tition
Dates.
1522
1523
1524
1525 3
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
2 Anto-
nio Gri
mani.
Savoy.
19 Chas.
III.
] Andrea 20
Gritti.
1526
152?
Fbance.
8 Fran
cis I.
Den-
mark.
10 Chris
tian II
king of
lFrede-
rid.
Swe-
den.
10
3 Chris
tian II
king of
1 Gusta-
vus
Vasa.
2 — > 19.
Po-
land.
17 Si-
gis-
mund
I.
Hun-
gaby.
7 Lou-
is IT.
mia.
Russia.
18 Vas-
sili IV
Scot-
land.
lOJas.
V.
Sep.£>.
12
Eng-
land.
14Hen-
xy Vlii,
Apr. 22i
12-
1 Fer.
dinand
of Aus-
tria,
2 23
22
512
FROM THE YEAR
A.D.
1522
1524
1525
Events and Eminent Men.
Charles breaks his promise to Wolt*ey, and obtains the papacy, Jan. 19. for
Adrian VI., his former tutor, leaving Germany under the vicariate of his
brother, Ferdinand, and the Netherlands well governed by his aunt, Margaret,
he visits England again, May 26 ; soothes Wolsey by new promises and bribes ;
prevails on Henry to declare war against France ; embarks at Southampton,
July 6, and arrives at Santander, July 23 ; his presence restores order and tran-
quillity. The earl of Surrey, with a fleet and army, invades France ; plunders
Morlaix, besieges Hedin, and comes back, after a fruitless campaign. War
with Scotland , the regent, Albany, advances to Solway Frith ; his army refuses
to proceed, and he concludes a truce with lord Dacres. Prospero Colonna defeats
Lautrec, at La Bicocca, April 22; takes Genoa, May 30; the French are driven!
out of nearly all Italy. The duke of Urbino recovers his States. Rhodes |
surrenders to the Turks, Dec. 20; De ITsle Adam, and his surviving knights, j
retire into Sicily. The Diet of Nuremberg sends to the pope a memorial of
grievances, and demands a general council. Hasty changes, promoted by Carl-
stadt, produce disturbances at Wittenberg. Luther emerges from his retreat to
appease them; he publishes his New Testament, and his Reply to Henry VIII.
Cano returns with the ships of Magelhaens by the Cape of Good Hope, and
arrives at Seville, having completed the first circumnavigation of the globe, in
1154 days. Death of Reuchlin, aet. 67. Anne Boleyn is recalled from France,
and appointed maid of honour to queen Katharine.
Henry assembles a parliament, April 15; Sir Thomas More speaker; supplies
sparingly granted ; the time of levying them arbitrarily anticipated. Venice,
and the duke of Ferrara, join the league against Francis; the enemies who
attack him on all sides, gain no permanent advantage. Flight of the duke of
Bourbon into Germany. Admiral Bonnivet commands the French army in
Italy, with the chevalier Bayard under him ; they make no important progress.
Death of Adrian VI., Sep. 14; Julius de' Medici elected, Nov. 19, takes the
name of Clement VII. Wolsey sees the emperor's insincerity, and turns against
him. Death of Prospero Colonna, Dec. 30 ; the duke of Bourbon takes the
command in Italy. Gustavus Vasa king of Sweden. Christian, expelled by
his subjects, takes refuge in Flanders: Frederic, duke of Holstein, is called t»>
the throne of Denmark and Norway. Luther's opinions are widely propagated
in the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Prussia, Poland, and Hungary. A trans-
lation of the Bible is circulated in the Netherlands. Pilgrimage of Loyola to
Palestine. Insurrection of the German peasants, headed by Munzer. Death of
William Lily, the grammarian, first master of St. Paul's School.
Retreat of Bonnivet ; death of Bayard; the French driven out of Italy; the duke
of Bourbon invades Provence ; siege of Marseilles. Charles's allies jealous of
his success. Francis collects a large army, and passes Mount Cenis ; the im-
perialists retire into Italy ; the French re-occupy Milan, and besiege Pavia :
Venice maintains neutrality ; Clement concludes a secret treaty for himseif
and Florence, with Francis. Treaty of Malmo ; the independence of Sweden
recognized ; the union of Calmar dissolved; Denmark and Norway remain united :
the island of Gothland given up to the Danes. Vassili makes unsuccessful
war on the Tartars of Casan. Baber, a descendant of Timur, reigning in CabuL
takes Lahore. First discovery of Peru, by Pizarro and Almagro. Luther ab-
jures his monastic vows ; his monastery is secularized by the elector of Saxony.
League of Ratisbon; cardinal Campeggio induces some German princes and
bishops to support the established religion. Controversy begins among the Re-
formers respecting the Eucharisfc; Carlstadt withdraws to Strasburg, where
Martin Bucerand Fabricius Capito adopt his opinions Melancthon, professor
of theology, at Wittenberg. The New Testament translated into Danish. Loyola
returns from his pilgrimage and studies at Barcelona. Birth of Camoens.
Henry Fitzroy, the king's natural son, by lady Talbois, is created duke of Rich-
mond and Somerset ; queen Katharine, annoyed by Wolsey's ostentation, pro-
vokes his resentment ; he insinuates into Henry's mind doubts as to the validity
of their marriage, and excites his admiration of Anne Boleyn ; her father is
created viscount Rochford, and treasurer of the household. Pavia defended by
Antony de Lpyva; the duke of Bourbon, marquis of Pescara, and I.annny, viceroy
1522 TO 1527 A.D.
513
A.D.
1526
Events and Eminent Men.
1527
of Naples, march to its relief; battle of Pavia, Feb. 24 : Francis taken prisoner, i
and his army destroyed ; Louis de la Tremouille, the admiral Bonnivet, and the !
duke of Albany, regent of Scotland, slain ; among the prisoners are Henry, the i
titular king of Navarre, and Ferdinand Castriota, marquis of S. Angelo, a de-
scendant of Scanderbeg. Francis conveyed to Madrid ; the Spaniards, masters of I
Milan, leave the duke only a nominal sovereignty ; they refuse to let the pope
have Reggio ; he negotiates with Venice. Charles gives his youngest sister,
Katharine, in marriage to the king of Portugal, to whose sister, Isabella, he also
contracts himself. Henry VIII. breaks off his alliance with Spain, and concludes
a treaty, Aug. 30, with Louisa, mother of Francis, and regent. Great discontent
excited in England by the king's attempt to raise money without authority of
parliament; the insurgents submit, and are pardoned. Albert., the Teutonic
grand master, embraces Lutheranism, secularizes the lands df the Order, and is
declared duke of Prussia. Death of Frederic, elector of Saxony ; his successor,
John, assists the Reformation. The mass abolished in Zurich. Luther marries
Katharine de Bora. The insurgent peasants defeated at Frankenhausen, and
Munzer beheaded. The Order of Capuchins takes its rise. Wolsey uses his
legatine power to suppress several small monasteries, and with their revenues
endows Christ Church College, Oxford, as also a school at his birth-place,
Ipswich ; he presents to Henry his new palace at Hampton Court,
Treaty of Madrid, for the release of Francis, Jan. 17; he arrives in France,
March IS ; refuses to surrender Burgundy ; concludes the treaty of Cognac, or
Holy League, with the Venetians, the pope, and other Italian States, May 22, to
which Henry VIII. accedes. Marriage of Charles to Isabella of Portugal, at
Seville, March 3 ; he promises Milan to the duke of Bourbon. Soliman invades
Hungary ; battle of Mohacz, Aug. 26 ; defeat and death of Louis, set. 20 ; some
magnates elect John von Zapolya, vaivode of Transylvania, to be his successor,
others acknowledge the claim of Ferdinand, archduke of Austria, who is quietly
received in Bohemia ; civil war enfeebles Hungary, and assists the progress of
the Turks ; the union of these two kingdoms to the house of Habsburg dates from
this time. The elector of Saxony, and Philip, landgrave of Hesse, enter into a
league at Torgau, which other princes join at Magdeburg, for their mutual
support in the exercise of the reformed religion. The Diet of Spires resolves,
that all the States of Germany are free to choose their own religion; the arch-
duke Ferdinand, as vicar of the empire, signs and promulgates the decree. Con-
ference between Reformers and Papists, at Hamburg. Publication of Luther's
German Liturgy, and Tyndal's English version of the New Testament. Loyola
studies at Alcala de Henares ; his zeal excites the jealousy of the Inquisi-
tion. Francis Guicciardini, a Florentine officer, is actively employed in the wars,
of which he afterwards writes the History. Hans Holbein comes to London.
Rome stormed by the imperialists, May 6; the duke of Bourbon killed while
mounting to the assault; dreadful massacre and pillage ; the pope a prisoner
in S. Angelo. A new treaty between England and France, May 29 ; stipulation,
that Francis, or his son, the duke of Orleans, shall espouse the princess Mary.
Wolsey's embassy, July 11 — Sep. 16. The question of Henry's marriage begins
to be publicly discussed. Mission of Dr. Knight, to negotiate with the pope
for a divorce ; he is admitted to him in S. Angelo. The Medici expelled from
Florence, and the republican government restored. The duke of Ferrara takes
Modena, and the Venetians Ravenna. Lautrec, with a French army, re-enters
Italy ; conquers Genoa, Alessandria, Novara, Pavia, and nearly all the duchy of
Milan; marches towards Rome. After many negotiations for ransom and peace,
Clement escapes in disguise from his confinement, Dec. 8, and reaches Orvieto.
Ferdinand crowned king of Hungary, at Buda ; John von Zapolya retires first
into Poland, and then among the Turks. Marriage of Henry d'Albret, titular
king of Lower Navarre, to Margaret, sister of Francis I., distinguished for her
talents, and her patronage of learned men. The Diets of Odensee, in Denmark,
and Westeras, in Sweden, establish religious liberty. Albert, duke of Prussia,
marries Dorothea, princess of Denmark. Philip, landgrave of Hesse, founds,
at Marburg, the first Lutheran university. Death of Nicholas Machiavelli, set. 5S.
2 L ~
514
EBOM THE YEAB
A.D.
Hegiba,
Otto-
man Em-
Popes.
Port-
Spain.
Bava-
Prus-
Bran-
den-
Saxo-
Bruns-
Ger-
pire.
ugal.
ria.
sia.
burg.
ny.
wick
many,
1528
935
9 Soli-
man II.
6 Cle-
ment
VII.
Nov. 19.
8 John
III.
13Chas
I. em-
peror oj
Germa-
ny.
21 Wil-
liam I
4 Al-
bert.
30Joa-
chim
I.
4 John
51 Hen-
ry I.
10
Chas.
V.
king oj
Spain.
1
1529
936—937
10
7
9
14
22 —
5
31
5
52
1
i.—i
1530
937—938
11
8
10
15
23
6
32
6
53
i
i
12~~^
1531
938—939
12
9
11
16 ,
24
7
33
7
54
13
1532
939-940
13
10
12
17
25
1 John
Frede-
1 Er-
nest I.
11
ric.
1533
940—941
14
11—
13
18
26- —
9
35
2
2
15
*528 TO 1533 A.D.
515
tition
Dates
1528
15^9
1530
1531
1532
1533
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
6Andrea
Gritti
Savoy.
25 Chas
III.
26
France
14 Fran-
cis I.
28
30
Den-
Swe-
den.
6Frede-6Gusta-
ric I.
vus
Vasa.
Po-
land
23 Si-
gis-
mund
I.
24-
Hun-
GARY.
Fer-
dinand
1. of
Aus-
tria-
25-
10
27-
RUSSTA,
24 Vas-
sili IV.
25
SCOT-
LAND.
16Jas.
V.
Sept. 9
27
28
1 Iwan
IV.
19-
Eng-
LAND.
20 Hen-
ry VIII
April 22.
22
20-
21-
1
2 l 2
n. Anne
Boleyn.
25 — —
i.Princess
Elizabeth.
516
FROM THE TEAS
A.D.
I5^y
Events and Eminent Men.
Lantrec and the Venetians invade and nearly conquer Naples. Andrew Doria
after defeating and capturing a Spanish fleet, suddenly withdraws from assisting
this enterprize, and returns to Genoa. Lautrec, and his successor, the marquis
de Saluces, die of the plague, which carries off many thousands of the French
army ; the imperialists, under the prince of Orange, recover the whole kingdom.
The duke of Brunswick hrings a large reinforcement to Leyva, in Milan ; takes
Pavia ; is repulsed at Lodi ; the plague attacks his men, and he returns to
Germany. The emperor Charles V., although so powerful, is so, poor, that he
cannot pay his armies, and they suhsist by plunder. The Venetians, under the
duke of Urbino, retake Pavia. Andrew Doria restores the independence of
Genoa. The pope, overawed by Charles, and veering as the fortune of war
changes, temporizes in the affair of Henry's divorce ; after long hesitation, the
king's envoys, Gardiner and Fox, obtain from him a commission for the car-
dinals, Campeggio and Wolsey, to try the question. James V. of Scotland frees
himself from the power of the Douglas family, and banishes them; commence-
ment of the Reformation in that kingdom; Patrick Hamilton condemned by
Beaton, archbishop of St. Andrew's, and burnt. Visit of De ITsle Adam to Henry
VIII., who recommends him to accept Malta for the seat of his Order. Death
of Albert Durer, the head of the German School, set. 57.
Campeggio and Wolsey open their commission, May 23 ; Katharine appeals to the
pope, who evokes the cause to Pome. Treaty of Barcelona, between the emperor
and the pope, June 29, stipulates for the restoration of the Medici at Florence.
Peace between Charles and Francis, concluded at Cambray, Aug. 5, by Margaret,
governess of the Netherlands, and Louisa of Savoy. Charles arrives at Genoa
Aug. 12; in his progress through Italy, makes peace with Venice, and other
States; meets Clement, at Bologna, Nov. 5. Florence refuses submission to the
Medici, and is besieged by the prince of Orange. Fall of Wolsey, Oct. 18; Sir
Thomas More appointed chancellor. First interview of Henry with Dr.
Thomas Cranmer, fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge, by whose advice the
opinions of all the universities in Europe are taken, on the validity of his mar-
riage with his brother's widow. The parliament, Nov. 3, passes Acts for re-
forming and regulating the clergy ; impeaches Wolsey ; Cromwell defends him
ir the House of Commons. The Moluccas are given up to Portugal by Charles V.
Pizarro invades Peru. Soliman overruns Hungary, besieges Vienna, Sep. 22,
is forced to retire, Oct. 15. John von Zapolya is crowned at Buda. Diet of
Spires ; the reformers deliver a protest against its decisions, April 19, and are
thence called Protestants. First meeting at Schmalkalden. Conference at
Marburg, Oct. 1. The Va.lais joins the Swiss confederacy. Oecolampadius
completes the Reformation at Basle. Hans Holbein patronized by the new
chancellor, Sir Thomas More. Birth of Palestrina.
Cranmer and Anne Boleyn's father, now earl of Wiltshire, convey to the pope the
opinions of the universities, and Henry's notice, that he will not admit any
citation to Rome. Death of Wolsey, at Leicester Abbey, Nov. 28, set. 59. Co-
ronation of Charles at Bologna, as king of Italy, Feb. 22, and as emperor (the last
crowned out of Germany), Feb. 24. Filibert, prince of Orange, killed in a battle
before Florence ; surrender of the city, Aug. 12, after a siege of ten months ;
Alexander de' Medici appointed chief magistrate for life, with the title of duke
of Penna ; the office made hereditary in his family. The isles of Malta and
Gozo, and the city of Tripoli, in Africa, given to the Knights Hospitallers, for
the permanent residence of their Order, March 23. Charles decides in favour of
the duke of Ferrara, Dec. 21, his long struggle against the papal claims on his
States. Luther draws up the Articles of Torgau. The Confession of Augsburg
presented by the Protestant princes, June 25, to the Diet held in that city. Final
decree of the Diet, Nov. 19, against the Protestants. Mendoza first viceroy of
Spanish America. The duke of Savoy besieges Geneva, to restore the bishop,
Avho had been expelled by the Reformers. Death of Andrea del Sarto, of the
Florentine School, set. 42. The poet Vida, who had been patronized by Leo X.,
is still favoured by Clement. Death of Margaret, governess of the Netherlands,
set. 50. Death of Sannazarius.
1528 TO 1533 A.D.
51*
A.D.
1532
1533
Events and Eminent Men.
A parliament, Jan. 16; the attorney-general indicts the clergy for having in-
fringed the " Statute of Provisors;" they throw themselves on the king's mercy,
are heavily fined, and pardoned; in their supplication, they address him as
"supreme head of the church." Katharine resists every effort made to give her
consent to a divorce ; Henry finally separates from her, June 14 ; she retires to
Ampthill. Ferdinand, the emperor's brother, is elected king of the Romans:
crowned at Francfort, Jan. 11. Clement resists the emperor's award till Oct. 12,
when he gives up Modena to the duke of Ferrara, hut from that time he begins
to incline again in favour of Francis. Berne, Freyburg, and Zurich, compel the
duke of Savoy to abandon the siege of Geneva. The Catholic cantons defeat
the Zurichers, at Cappel ; Zuinglius slain, set. 47. Christian II., encouraged by
his brother-in-law, the emperor, lands in Norway, and claims his lost throne.
The Protestant princes unite in the league of Schmalkalden. Bullinger succeeds
Zuinglius, and establishes the reformed worship in Zurich. Death of Oeco-
lampadius, set. 49. Michael Servetus publishes a treatise on the Errors of the
Trinity. Death of Louisa of Savoy.
A parliament, Jan. 15, prohibits the payment of annats, or first fruits, to the see
of Rome. Henry, again cited by the pope, refuses to attend or to send a proxy ;
renews his treaties with Francis, during an interview with him at Calais and
Boulogne, Oct. 11 ; is married to Anne Boleyn, Nov. 14, by Rowland Lee, afterwards
bishop of Coventry ; appoints Cranmer archbishop of Canterbury ; Sir Thomas
More resigns the office of chancellor, May 16, which the king gives to Sir Thomas
Audley. The Ottomans advance again towards Germany; the Diet of Nurem-
berg secures religious liberty to the Protestants, till the meeting of a Free
General Council, and raises a large army to oppose the invaders ; on the approach
of this force Soliman retires. Definitive annexation of Britanny to France.
The Florentines are persuaded by the historian, Guicciardini, and Baccio Va-
lori, to surrender their liberties, May 1, and appoint Alexander de' Medici
their absolute ruler and duke. Ancona treacherously seized by the papal general,
Gonzaga. Clement arrives at Bologna, Dec. 8, to hold another conference with
the emperor, who urges him strenuously to call a general council. Christian II.
is captured by the Danes, and confined in Sonderburg till his death, in 1559.
Albert, duke of Prussia, is put to the ban of the empire, but maintains himself
against the German knights. John Calvin, or Chauvin, a native of Noyon,
begins to preach at Paris. Conquest of Terra Firma ; Porto Bello and Cartha-
gena founded ; mines of Zacotecas discovered. Christ-Church College, Oxford,
additionally endowed by Henry. The Protestant clergy introduce the custom of
attiring themselves in black.
Appeals to Rome prohibited by act of parliament, Feb. 4. Archbishop Cran-
mer opens his consistorial court at Dunstable, M ay 10 ; declares Henry's marriage
with Katharine unlawful and invalid, May 23 ; ratifies that with Anne Boleyn.
May 28 ; she is crowned, June 1 ; birth of the princess Elizabeth at Greenwich,
Sep. 7. The pope declares all Cranmer's proceedings null and void. Francis
endeavours to mediate between Henry and Clement. The conference at Bologna
continues to the end of February with little satisfaction to either the emperor Or
pope. Ambassadors from Portugal arrive there, accompanied by Alvarez,
chaplain of Roderigo de Lima (see 1520), who, released from Abyssinia, misrepre-
sents the sentiments of David, king of that country. Charles returns to Spain.
Meeting of the king of France and the pope at Marseilles, Oct. 11. Marriage of
Henry, duke of Orleans, second son of Francis, to Katharine de' Medici, Oct. 27.
Death of John George, marquis of Montferrat, last of the family of Palseologus ;
leaving no heir, great contentions arise for the succession, which are referred to
the emperor's decision. Cortes conquers Cuzco and Quito, the capitals of Peru.
Margaret, queen of Navarre, sister of Francis, avows heretical opinions; her
mysteries, farces, and novels give a great impulse to the literary efforts of France.
The Gargantua of Rabelais published. The writings of Henry Howard, earl of
Surrey, and Sir Thomas Wyatt refine the English language, and inspire a taste
for poetry in the higher orders. Death of Ariosto, set. 59
51S
FBOM THE YEAR
A..D.
Hegiba.
Otto-
man Em-
Popes.
Port-
Spain.
Dukes
of Ba-
Prus-
Bran-
den-
Saxo-
Bruns-
Ger-
1
1
fire.
15 Soli-
man II.
i
Cle-
ment
VII.
rf.Sep 25
IPaul
III.
Oct. 12.
ugal.
varia.
sia.
burg.
ny.
wick.
many.
| 1534
941—942
14 John
III.
19Chas
I. em-
peror of
Germa-
ny.
27 Wil-
liam I.
10 Al-
bert.
36 Joa-
chim I.
3 John
Fre-
deric.
3 Er-
nest 1
i6Chas.
V.
kivg of
Spain.
1535
942—943
16
2
15
20
28
11
1 Joa-
chimll.
4—
4— —
17—
1536
943—944
17
3
16
21
29
12
2
5
5
18
1537
944—945
18
4
17
22
30
13
3
6
6
19—
1538
945—946
19
s-
18—
23
31
4
7
7
20
1539
946—947
20
19
24
32
15
5 —
8
8
21
1540
947-948
21
7
20
25 —
33
16
6
9
22—
1534 TO 1540 A.D.
519
Repe-
tition
Dates.
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
12 An-
drea
Gritti.
Savoy.
France.
Den-
mark.
Swe-
den.
Po-
land.
Hun-
gary.
Russia.
Scot-
land.
1
Eng-
land.
1534
31 Chas.
III.
20 Fran-
cis I.
1 Chris-
tian III.
12Gus-
tavus
Vasa.
29Si-
gis-
mund
I.
9 Fer-
dinand
I. of
Aus-
tria.
2 Iwan
IV.
22James
V.
Sep. 9.
26 Hen-
rv VIII.
April 22.
1535
13 ,
32
21
2
:s_
30
10
3
23
27
1536
j
14
33
22
3 — -
14
31
11-
4
24 —
28
d. Anne
Boleyn.
m, Jane
Seymour,
j 1537
!
I
15
34
23
4
15_
32
12
5
25
29
b. Prince
Edward,
tf, Jane
Seymour.
1538
16
35 - —
24 ■
5
16
33
u_
6
26
30
1539
1 Pietro
Lando.
36
25
6
17
34
7
27
31
1540
2
37
26
7
18
35
15
S- —
28
32
m.Anne of
Clevea,
divorced,
m. Katharine
Howard-
520
FROM THE YEAB
> 1535
1536
Events and Eminent Men.
The parliament, Jan. 15, confirms all Cranmer's sentences, and settles the suc-
cession to the crown on the issue of the king's second marriage, March 30.
Decree of the pope and cardinals against Henry, March 23. Another parliament,
Nov. 3, declares the king to be the only supreme head on earth of the English
church, and completes the final breach with Rome; Sir Thomas More, and
Fisher, bishop of Rochester, refuse to take the new oaths ; are committed to the
Tower, and attainted. Revolt of the earl of Kildare in Ireland,, encouraged by
the emperor, is suppressed. Elizabeth Barton, the maid of Kent, and the accom-
plices of her imposture, executed, April 20. Death of Clement ; cardinal Alex-
ander Farnese, elected pope, takes the name of Paul III. Hayraddin Barbarossa,
after having ravaged the coast of Italy, takes Tunis. The new pope fails in an
attempt to seize Camerino for his son, Peter Louis ; creates his grandson, Alex-
ander, a cardinal, set. 14. Death of Alfonso, duke of Ferrara ; his son, Hercules II.,
succeeds him. Christian III. inherits Denmark on the death of his father,
Frederic I. The Sound opened to the Netherland merchants. Lubeck and the
Hanse Towns make war on Denmark and Sweden, and excite revolts in favour of
Christian II. Expulsion of the bishop of Geneva. The duke of Savoy fails in
an attempt to restore him. Francis supports the Protestants in Germany, and
persecutes them in France. The Anabaptists, under John of Leyden, gain pos-
session of Minister. Loyola collects his first religious society in Paris. First
complete edition of Luther's German Bible published in three vols. fol. Death
of Antonio Allegri Correggio, head of the school of Parma, set. 40. Nicholas
Copernicus, a native of Thorn, studies the true system of the universe. Tyn-
dal retires to Antwerp; his translation of the New Testament is bought up
and publicly burnt by Tonstal, bishop of London. Canada discovered by Cartier,
a French navigator.
Persecution of all who deny Henry's supremacy ; Fisher, after being created a car-
dinal, is beheaded, June 22, and Sir Thomas More, July 6, set. 53. Cromwell,
appointed vicar-general, sends commissioners for the visitation of monasteries.
The pope excommunicates Henry, and lays his kingdom under an interdict, Aug.
30 ; these once-dreaded fulminations are treated with contempt in England, and
disregarded in other countries. Deputies from Florence complain to the em-
peror of the usui-pation and misgovernment of Alexander de' Medici. Successful
expedition of Charles V. and AndreAV Doria against Tunis and Bona. Death of
Francis Sforza, duke of Milan ; John Paul Sforza, a natural son of Ludovico il
Moro, claims the succession, and dies suddenly at Florence. Leyva takes pos-
session of the duchy for the emperor. Francis revives his claim and enters
Savoy. Cortes founds Lima; the Peruvians revolt; Almagro attacks Chili.
Paraguay settled by the Spaniards, and Buenos Ayres built. Truce between Fer-
dinand and John von Zapolya. Christian III. and Gustavus Vasa defeat the
revolted Danes and the Hanse Towns at Assens and near Bornholm. Calvin
publishes the first exposition of his tenets. Olivetan translates the Scriptures
into French. Tyndal and Miles Coverdale publish a more correct English ver-
sion of the Bible. James V. of Scotland refuses to meet Henry and concert
common measures for shaking off the yoke of Rome. The use of tobacco first
known in Europe.
Death of Katharine at Kimbolton, Jan. 6, set. 50. The parliament, Feb. 4, passes
an act for suppressing the lesser monasteries ; 376 of them granted to the king.
The union between England and Wales completed. The convocation orders a
new English version of the Scriptures, under the superintendence of Cranmer,
Latimer, and other prelates. Anne Boleyn, accused of infidelity, committed to
the Tower, May 2, without any proof of crime ; some of her attendants are exe-
cuted, her brother, viscount Rochford, beheaded, May 17, and she undergoes the
same fate, May 19. Marriage of Henry to Jane Seymour, May 20. The parlia-
ment, June 8, settles the succession on the issue of this union. Insurrections in
Lincolnshire, Yorkshire, and other parts, excited by the priesthood ; suppressed
by the duke of Norfolk. Charles offers Milan to the duke of Angouleme, third
son of Francis, who demands it for his second son, the duke of Orleans ; war con-
tinued. The king of France takes Turin and attempts to surprise Genoa. The
1534 TO 1540 A.D.
521
A.D.
1537
1538
Events and Eminent Men.
emperor invades Provence, loses half his array and his best general, Leyva, by
sickness and want, marches back to Italy, and embarks for Spain, Nov. 15.
Montferrat given to the duke of Matttua. Sudden death of the dauphin ; on sus-
picion of having poisoned him, Count Sebastian Montecuccoli is cruelly put to
death. James V. marries Magdalen, eldest daughter of Francis, who dies soon
after her arrival in Scotland. Copenhagen surrenders to Christian III. Peace
with the Hanse Towns ; order restored, and the Protestant religion established
in Denmark. The League of Schmarkaldeu renewed for ten years. The pope
endeavours to support his authority by a new Bull, In cmnd Domini. The ana-
baptists of Munster suppressed ; John of Leyden put to death, June 2. Calvin
preaches at Ferrara, is expelled, and settles at Geneva. Death of Erasmus, set.
69. Reginald Pole, Peter Caraffa, and Jacopo Sadoleto, created cardinals.
Final subjugation of Peru; discovery of Caliiornia by Cortes. Death of Garci-
laso de la Vega.
Continued insurrections in England ; the leaders executed by martial law. Lords
Hussey and Darcy beheaded. Birth of Edward, prince of Wales, Oct. 12'; death
of Jane Seymour, Oct. 24. Alexander de' Medici assassinated; Jan. 6 ; Cosmo
succeeds him. Truce for three months between France and Spain, Nov. 14,
Castro in Apulia taken and plundered by the Turks ; they recommence war
against Venice, and attack Corfu. Under the influence of his favourite sultana
Roxalana, Soliman concludes a treaty with Francis I. Ignatius Loyola and his
disciples are favourably received at Rome. Conquest of New Grauada.
General suppression of monasteries, and destruction of relics in England. Lambert
disputes with the king in Westminster hall, and is burnt; some anabaptists
undergo the same punishment; tne marquis of Exeter and others executed foi
a conspiracy with cardinal Pole. Congress of Nice. Truce for ten years
between France and Spain, June 18 ; accidental but friendly interview of Charles
and Francis at Aigues Mortes. League against the Turks ; sea-fight off Prevesa ;
Doria abandons his Venetian allies to be defeated by Barbarossa. The lakes
Lucrinus and Avernus destroyed, and the Monte Nuovo formed, by a volcanic
eruption, Sept. 29. Conquest of Arabia by the Turks. Marriage of James V. to
Mary, daughter of the duke of Guise. Dissensions among the Spaniards in
America ; Almagro killed by Pizarro. League of Nuremberg between the em-
peror and the Roman catholic princes of Germany. Peter Bembo created a cardinal.
The parliament, April 28, passes the law of the six articles, confirms the surrender
of the monasteries, and provides for new bishoprics. The English translation of
the Bible allowed to be freely circulated. Anne of Cleves arrives in England,
Dec. 27. The heavy taxes imposed on the Flemings cause a revolt at Ghent ;
on his way to suppress this insurrection, Charles passes through France, and
arrives at Fontainebleau at the end of the year. The Venetians treat with the
Turks for peace. Dissolution of the Spanish Cortes. Cranmer's Bible published.
Calvin, at the head of the church of Geneva, founds the university there. The
monastery of St Bartholomew, in London, converted into a hospital.
Marriage of Henry to Anne of Cleves, Jan. 6. Disgrace of Cromwell, attainder
and execution, July 28. Divorce of Anne ; she passes the rest of her life in Eng-
land, quietly retired, and enjoys her dowry. The king marries Katharine Howard,
Aug. 8. Protestants and Catholics are alternately persecuted, according to the
royal caprice. The parliament, April 12, confirms these measures and suppresses
the Knights Hospitallers in England. Charles V. at Paris, Jan. 1, promises Milan
to the duke of Orleans ; gives it, Oct. 12, to his own son, Philip. Submission of
the Flemings ; they are punished by still heavier taxes, and the citizens of
Ghent ai-e deprived of their franchises and privileges ; many take refuge in Eng-
land. Pea.ce concluded between Venice and the Ottoman porte; the republic,
surrenders Napoli di Romania, Malvasia, and all her remaining possessions in
the Morea. Death of John von Zapolya ; his infant son, John Sigismund, is sup-
ported by the Turks in opposition to Ferdinand. Orellana explores the river
of the Amazons ; Cortes returns to Spain. The society of the Jesuits organized,
and their statutes approved by the pope. Trinity College, Cambridge, founded by
Henry VIII. Cherry trees brought from Flanders, and planted in Kent. Death
of Guicciardini, set. 58.
522
FEOM THE TEAR
A.D.
1541
1542
948—949
949—950
1543
1544
1545
1548
1547
950—951
951—952
953
954
955
Otto-
man Em-
pire.
22 Soli-
man II.
25
26
27
28
Popes,
Port-
ugal.
8 Paul
III.
Oct. 12.
21 John
III.
10
13
14
26Chas
I. em-
peror
of Ger-
many.
Chas.
V.
27-
23-
24-
27-
Spain
28-
31-
Dukes
op Ba-
varia.
Prus-
sia.
34 Wil-
liam I.
17 Al-
bert.
35
18
36
19
37
20—
38
21
30
22
40
23
Bran-
den
BURG
7 Joa-
chim
II.
Saxo-
ny.
10 John
Frede-
10
Bruns-
wick.
10 Er-
nest I.
11.
12-
lHen
ryll.
and
Wil-
liam.
Ger-
many.
23Chas,
V.
king of
Spain.
27-
28-
1541 TO 1547 A.D.
523
Repe-
tition
Dates.
1542
1544
1545
1546
1547
Doges
op Ve-
nice.
3 Pietro
Lando
Savoy.
38 Chas.
III.
France.
27 Fran-
cis I.
28
Den-
mark.
8 Chris-
tian III
40
1 Fran
cesco
Donato.
Swe-
den.
Po- IHtjn-
LANB. i GARY.
19 Gus- 36 Si-
tavus
Vasa. mundl.
20-
30
42
43
44
32
1 Henry
II.
37-
12
22-
23-
16Fer-
dinand
I. of
Aus-
tria-
POTS'SIi
9Iwan
IV.
Scot-
land.
V.
Sjept. 9,
40-
18-
Enq-
LAND.
33 Hen-
ry VIII.
April 22
b2-
20-
21-
30 34
d. Dec. 14- d.Katbarii
1 Mary. Houard,
Katha-
rine Parr,
Lady Lft-
timer.
15-
37
d Jan, 25
1 Ed-
ward VI
Jau. $3.
524
FROM THE TEAE
A.D.
1541
1542
1543
1544
Events and Eminent Men.
An insurrection in Yorkshire, supposed to have heen instigated by cardinal de la
Pole, causes his mother, the dowager countess of Salisbury, to be beheaded, May
27. Portions of the monastic revenues applied to endow new bishoprics ; West-
minster, Peterborough, Chester, Gloucester, and Oxford founded. The history of
I Katharine Howai'd's early life revealed to the king. Two French envoys, on
their way to Constantinople, seized and killed in Italy ; Francis demands satisfac-
tion, and contracts leagues with Denmark, Sweden, and the Protestant States of
Germany. During a conference at Lucca, Sep. 10, the emperor 'again urges the
pope to hold a general council. Contrary to the advice of Andrew Doria, Charles
| undertakes his disastrous expedition against Algiers, Oct. IS— Dec. 3. Soliman
defeats Ferdinand and takes Buda ; he adds Hungary to the Ottoman empire, and
give i only Transylvania to the son of Zapolya. Diet of Ratisbon ; the first
" Interim" refers the religious controversies to a general council. Maurice, duke
of Saxony, although a Protestant, refuses to join the League of Schmalkalden.
The king of Portugal invites Francis Xavier and other Jesuits to undertake
missions in his colonies. Pizarro assassinated by Almagro's son, who is exe-
cuted by the governor, Decastro. Death of Carlstadt, the reformer of Basle ; and
of the mysticist, Theophrastus Paracelsus.
The parliament, Jan. 6, passes bills of attainder against Katharine Howard and the
viscountess Rochford, who are beheaded, Feb. 13. War with Scotland, defeat of
the Scottish army at Solway, Nov. 24 ; birth of Mary, queen of Scots, Dec. 8 ;
death of her father, James V., Dec. 14. Cardinal Beaton obtains the regency in
her name. Henry takes the title of king of Ireland, that island being erected
into a kingdom by act of parliament. The bishopric of Bristol instituted. War
renewed between France and Spain ; the dauphin besieges Perpignan, and
is I'epulsed ; armies march, plunder and destroy the defenceless, but make no
conquests. The pope issues a Bull, May 22, calling a general council to as-
semble at Trent, Nov. 1 ; approved by the Diet of Spires, the meeting deferred ;
Gardiner endeavours to restrict the reading of the translated Scriptures, Cranmer
successfully resists the attempt The Portuguese admitted to trade with Japan;
Francis Xavier and his brother Jesuits arrive in India. Las Casas delivers to
Charles V. a protest against the cruelties practised on the native Americans ;
courts are established for their protection. The South of Europe devastated by
flights of locusts. Syracuse and other towns in Sicily nearly destroyed by
earthquakes.
Treaty with Scotland for the marriage of prince Edward to the young queen ; ob-
structed by cardinal Beaton and the French party. Henry is reconciled to the '
emperor, and concludes a league with him against France. The parliament, Jan. j
22, grants supplies, and enacts that the king's book, " The Erudition of a Christian j
Man," is to be received as the standard of religious faith. Marriage of Henry to ;
Katharine Parr, widow of lord Latimer, July 12. The pope, offended by the em- j
peror's league with a heretic, seeks an interview with him, which Charles j
avoids ; they meet for a few hours at Busseto, June 22. and part unsatisfactorily, j
Paul disappointed in his project of obtaining Milan for his son. Campaign of I
Charles against the duke of Cleves, ally and general of Francis. Siege of Nice I
by the French, under the count d'Enghien, assisted by a Turkish fleet under!
Barbarossa. Progress of the Turks in Hungary; Gran, Fiinfkirchen and Stuhl-!
weissenburg submit to them. Marriage of Philip, prince of Spain, to Maria,
daughter of the king of Portugal. Hermann, archbishop and elector of Cologne, |
favom-s the protestant opinions, and invites Melancthon and Bucer to reform his
church. Death of Copernicus, set. 70 ; in fear of persecution, he defers till his last
days the publication of his great work, De Orbium Coslestium Eevolutionibus. An-
drew Vesalius of Brussels publishes his celebrated work on Anatomy, with plates
by Titian. Death of Luther's adversary, Eck, prorector of the university of
j Ingolstadt.
iQueen Katharine prevails on Henry to restore his daughters, Mary and Elizabeth,
I to the right of succession, which is enacted by the parliament, Jan. 14. Gardiner,
1 bishop of Winchester, fails in an attempt to prejudice the king against Katharine
i on account of her adhering to the Protestant faith. War with Scotland ; the earl
TO 1517 A.D.
>25
A.D.
1546
1547
Events and Eminent Men.
of Hertford, after taking Edinburgh, Haddington, and other towns, abandons them,
and returns to England. Defeat of the imperialists by the French, at Ceresuola,
April 14. War with France; Henry entrusts the regency to his queen, and
lands at Calais, July 14; takes Boulogne, Sept. 14, and besieges Montreuil. The
emperor advances to the river Marne, and concludes a separate treaty of peace
with Francis at Crespy, Sep. 18. Henry returns to England, Sep. 30. The pope,
Nov. 30, calls the council of Trent to meet March 25. The Diet of Spires
makes concessions to the Protestants, which irritate the pope. Holstein and
Schieswig divided by the king of Denmark with his brothers. The Diet of
Westeras declares the throne of Sweden hereditary in the family of Gustavus
Vasa, and Protestantism to be the religion of the land. Cranmer is permitted to
publish an English litany. The university of K&nigsberg founded. Birth of Tasso.
The French attempt a landing in England ; are repulsed near the Isle of Wight,
and return to their own ports. The parliament, Nov. 23, places at the king's dis-
posal the revenues of the universities, and of all similar institutions. The
queen intercedes for Cambridge, of which, as well as of Oxford, the endowments
are preserved. Death of the duke of Orleans, get. 23, soon after having received
the emperor's promise of his daughter, Maria, with the duchy of Milan for her
dowry. The pope alienates Parma and Placentia to his son, Peter Louis Farnese,
with the title of duke. The council of Trent, the nineteenth and last general
council, opened Dec. 13. Persecution of the Waldenses. Discovery of the mines
of Potosi. Birth of Don Carlos of Spain, July 8.
Peace with France and Scotland, at Campe, June 7. Disease inflames Henry's
petulance ; but to the last he protects Cranmer. Persecution of Anne Askew
and others. Queen Katharine, although most affectionate, escapes only by
great prudence from the machinations of Gardiner and Wriothesley. The duke
of Norfolk and the earl of Surrey committed to the Tower. Death of Luther,
Feb. 18, get. 62. The archbishop of Cologne deprived of his see by the pope, and
of his electorate by the emperor. Diet of Ratisbon. The Protestants reject the
acts of the council of Trent. The elector of Saxony and landgrave of Hesse put
to the ban of the empire. League between the emperor and the pope, June 22.
Charles collects an army, and commences hostilities against the Protest-
ants. Maurice, the Protestant duke of Saxony, sides with him and attacks the
electorate. The duke of Wirtemberg, the elector palatine, and many imperial
cities, submit. Protestants persecuted in Scotland ; Wishart burnt ; assassina-
tion of cardinal Beaton, May 28. Socinus founds an Anti-Trinitarian Society in
Italy. Death of the cardinal Peter Bembo, set. 76, and Jacopo Sadoleto. Death
of Hayraddin Barbarossa. Death of Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk. Birth
of Tycho Brahe. St. Bartholomew's Hospital incorporated by Henry VIII.
The earl of Surrey beheaded, Jan. 19. A bill of attainder passed, Jan. 14, against
the duke of Norfolk, who is saved by the death of the king, Jan. 28, set. 56.
The earl of Hertford created duke of Somerset, regent or protector to Edward VI.,
set. 10. Wriothesley, earl of Southampton, deprived of the chancellorship and
excluded from the council. The new government promotes the Reformation.
War with Scotland ; defeat of the Scots at Pinkey, Sep. 10. The parliament,
Nov. 4, repeals the law of the six articles, and most of the arbitrary acts passed
during Henry's reign. Marriage of queen Katharine to Sir Thomas Seymour,
the protector's brother. Death of Francis I., March 31, set. 53; he is succeeded
by his son, Henry, whose queen is Katharine de' Medici. Conspiracy of Fiesco,
count of Lavagna, at Genoa, Jan. 2. The pope's son, duke of Parma, suspected of
being an accomplice in this plot, is assassinated, Sep. 10; his son, Octavius, suc-
ceeds him. The emperor detaches the marquis of Brandenburg from the Pro-
testant league ; defeats them at Miihlberg, April 24 ; the elector of Saxony
made prisoner, is deprived of his States; the landgrave of Hesse treacherously
seized after the battle. The pope orders the council to be transferred from Trent
to Bologna ; the emperor forbids the prelates of Germany to remove. Insurrection
of Naples against the introduction of the Inquisition. Cranmer's first book of
Homilies published. John Knox preaches in Scotland. Lselius Socinus retires
from Italy into Switzerland. St. Alban's Hall, Oxford, founded. Birth of
Cervantes.
526
FEOM THE YEAR
A.D.
1548
Hegi-
RA.
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
957
958
960
Otto-
man Em-
pire.
29 Soli-
man II.
Popes. Port-
j 7GAL.
1
15Paul2SJohn
III. iHI.
Oct. 12
31
16
rf.Nov.ll
Uu-
lius
HI.
Feb. 8
Pukes
Spain, op Ba-
va.sia.
29-
30-
31-
33Chas
I, em-
veror
of Ger-
many,
Chas.
V.
41 Willi
am I.
34-
36-
37-
Prus-
SIA.
24 Al
bert.
Bran-
DEN-
3URG
42
25-
1 Albert
III.
39
14 Jo
acbim
II.
Saxo-
ny.
Bruns- G er-
WICK. MAN7,
IMau- 3 Henry
rice. II. and
Wil-
liam.
28-
17-
20 2
30Chas.
V.
king of
Spain.
31-
1 An
gustus
33-
34'
1548 TO 1554 A.D.
527
titicra
Dates.
Doges
of. Ve-
nice.
Savoy.
France
Den-
mark.
Swe-
den,
Po-
land
Hun-
gary
Russia,
Scot-
land.
Eng-
land.
1548
4 Fran-
cesco
Dona to
45 Chas
III.
46
2 Henry
II.
15Chris
tian III
26 Gus-
tavus
Vasa,
lSi-
gis-
mund
II.
Au-
gus-
tus.
23Fer-
dinand
Aus-
tria.
16 Iwan
IV.
17
7 Mary
Dec. 14.
2 Ed-
ward VI
Jan. 28-
1550
1551
1552
1553
1864
1 Marco
Antonio
Trevi-
sano.
1 Fran-
cescoVe-
48
1 Ema-
nuel Fi-
liberto.
25-
26-
27-
18
19
10
31-
21
22
12
13
C
7
rf. July 6.
IMary
July 6.
m. PMlip
of Spam.
528
FROM THE YEAH
A.D.
1548
1548
Events and Eminent Men.
1550
I !i_!
Progress of the Reformation in England ; images removed from churches ; the
communion service introduced. The queen of Scotland taken to France and affi-
anced to the dauphin ; a French force arrives in Scotland, besieges Haddington,
is driven back by the earl of Shrewsbury. Death of queen Katharine ; her hus-
band, now lord Seymour, and high admiral, quarrels with his brother; intrigues
of Dudley, earl of Warwick; Seymour committed to the Tower. Marriage of
Jane d'Albret, daughter of Henry, king of Navarre (see 1527), to Anthony
Bourbon, descended in the male line from Louis, first duke of Bourbon, son of
Robert, fifth son of Louis IX. The emperor gives the electorate 'of Saxony to
duke Maurice, leaving to John Frederic only Thnringen ; he holds a Diet at Augs-
burg, where he issues another " Interim," that satisfies neither Protestants nor
Catholics; the pope very indignant that a temporal prince should frame a reli-
gious creed ; he endeavours to contract a new alliance with the king of France,
who visits Italy, but finds the principal States very averse to war. Charles calls
his son Philip into Germany ; gives his daughter, Maria, in marriage to his
brother Ferdinand's son, Maximilian, whom he deputes as his vice-gerent in
Spain. The Leipsic " Interim," prepared by the elector Maurice, is accepted by
some Protestants. Bucer, Fagius and other learned foreigners in Oxford, assist
in reforming the English church. The university of Jena founded. Introduc-
tion of the orange-tree from China into Portugal.
Lord Seymour beheaded, March 20. The Book of Common Prayer adopted. The
clergy allowed to marry. Discontent of the people ; in Devonshire the insur-
gents are defeated by lord Russel. Rett's rebellion in Norfolk, suppressed by
the earl of Warwick. Gardiner and Bonner committed to the Tower. Conspiracy
in the council against Somerset ; he is sent to the Tower, and resigns the protec-
torship ; fined and released, Dec. 23. The earl of Warwick, head of the council.
Lord Rubse) created earl of Bedford. The pope resumes Parma, which his grandson
Octavius refuses to give up ; death of Paul III. Nov. 10, set. 82; the papal chair
vacant three months. Draguts Rais, the successor of Barbarossa, besieges Tripoli,
which is defended by the knights of Malta. Francis Xavier goes to Japan. The
Jesuits arrive in Brazil. Somerset House built by the protector.
The council concludes peace with France and Scotland, March 24 ; Boulogne re-
stored. Agreement for a marriage between Edward VI. and Elizabeth, daughter
of the French king. Gardiner deprived of the see of Winchester. The bishopric
of Westminster united to London, and given to Ridley. Conception built, for
the seat of government in Chili. Giorgio Vasari, a Florentine artist, publishes
his Lives of the Painters. Death of Paul Fagius. Birth of Sir Edward Coke.
Arbitrary proceedings of the regency to enforce religions uniformity. More bishops
displaced. The princess Mary endeavours to escape to her cousin, the emperor,
who, by his protest, obtains for her permission to celebrate mass privately. War-
wick created duke of Northumberland. The duke and duchess of Somerset, with
many of their friends, accused of conspiracy, Oct. 16 ; he is brought to trial,
Dec. 1, and condemned. The duke of Parma invites the support of the Fi*ench
king ; the pope concludes a league with the emperor. Charles employs force to
establish his " Interim," in Germany ; many of his friends are alienated. The
elector Maurice forms a secret combination with many Protestant princes. The
Turkish fleets ravage the coast of Sicily ; fail in an attack on Malta ; but compel
the knights to surrender Tripoli. Ferdinand obtains possession of Transylvania.
The council of Trent opened again, May, 1. Henry II. recalls all the French
prelates. Death of Martin Bucer, set. 60. Socinus goes into Poland. The Steel-
yard Company (see 1232) lose their privileges. St. Thomas's Hospital, London,
founded. Origin of Shrewsbury school.
Execution of Somerset, Jan. 22, "followed by that of many of his friends. Parlia-
ment, Jan. 23, passes the first Act to make provision for paupers ; after sitting five
years, refuses to concur in some of Northumberland's measures, and is dissolved,
April 15. Instructions to sheriffs to influence the electors in their choice of
members. Tonstal deprived of the bishopric of Durham. The king attacked
by the measles and small-pox, which bring on symptoms of a consumption. The
elector Maurice concludes his treaty with the king of France and the German
1548 TO 1554 A.D.
A.D.
1553
1554
EVENTS AND EMINENT MEN.
princes, Jan. 15; occupies the passes cf the Tyrol, and surprises the emperor at
Inspruck, who escapes with difficulty to Willach; the fathers of the church take |
flight from Trent. April 28; treaty of Passau ; the landgrave of Hesse is set at j
liberty, the " Interim" revoked, and religious freedom secured to the Protestants, j
The king of France takes Metz, Toul, Verdun, and all Lorraine; prohibits the
exportation of money, and threatens to shake off the yoke of Rome : the pope,
finding his treasury empty, concludes a separate treaty, April 29, leaving the
duke of Parma in possession of his States. Soliman recommences war in Hun-
gary, takes Temeswar and Vesprim, is repulsed at Eger. Andrew Doria is
obliged to retire before a Turkish fleet, July 15, leaving seven of his ships.
Death of Paul Jovius the historian, of Francis Xavier, the Jesuit missionary,
and of Hermann, the deposed archbishop of Cologne. French tragedy originated
by the Cleopatra of Etienne Jodelle. Death of Leland the antiquary.
The parliament, March 1, divides the diocese of Durham ; its regalities are given
to Northumberland. A new settlement of the crown, June 21, excludes the prin-
cesses Mary and Elizabeth, as well as the young queen of Scotland, and gives the
succession to the next heiress, the ladv Jane Grey, wife of lord Guildford Dud-
ley, and eldest daughter of Henry Grey, marquis of Dorset and duke of Suffolk,
bv his marriage with Frances Brandon, only surviving child of Mary, second
daughter of Henry VII., married (see 1514 i5) to Charles Brandon, duke of Suf-
folk. Sir James Hales refuses to sign the patent ; Cecil, secretary of state, at-
tests the king's signature. Death of Edward VI., July 6, »>t. 16. Lady Jane Grey
proclaimed against her will. Mary escapes to Framlingharn, asserts her claim,
and is supported by the nation. Retirement of lady Jane Grey, July 16. North-
umberland beheaded, Aug. 22. Imprisonment of lady Jane, her husband and father.
The Catholic religion restored. The duke of Norfolk and the deposed bishops
released; Gardiner lord chancellor. The parliament, Oct. 5, repeals all the
statutes of the late reign with regard to religion. Negotiations for the queen's
marriage with the emperor's son, Philip. The emperor is driven from the siegf
of Metz, and leaves the king of France in possession of all his conquests. Albert
margrave of Brandenburg, persists in a predatory warfare against the Catholics
he is defeated at Sievershausen bv the elector Maurice, and compelled to lay down
his arms ; but the conqueror falls in the battle The French, supported by a Tur- j
kish fleet, conquer the greater part of Corsica from the Genoese. Jane of Navarre
(see 1548) gives birth to a son at Pan. the future Henry IV. of France. An En-
glish captain, Canseller, discovers the passage round the North Cape to Arch-
angel ; the czar Iwan encourages the trade thus opened. The Spaniards penetrate |
to New Mexico, and the Portuguese extend their settlements in Brazil to the |
river Plata. Socinus preaches successfully in Poland. Michael Servetus per-
secuted at Vienne in Dauphiny for his "Christianismi Restitutio," escapes to
Geneva, meaning to seek refuge in Poland ; under the influence of Calvin, he is
condemned and burnt there. Birth of Edmund Spenser. Death of Rabelais, set. 70.
Edward VI. founds Christ's Hospital. London; incorporates and adds to the en-
dowments of St. Bartholomew's and St Thomas's.
The treaty for Mary's marriage signed. Jan. 15. Sir Thomas Wyatt fails in his
rebellion, and is executed, Feb. 6 ; the princess Klizabeth sent to the Tower.
Lady Jane Grey, set. 17, and her husband, beheaded, Feb. 12 ; her father, Feb. 23.
The parliament, April 5, reunites the bishopric of Durham, to which Tonstal is
restored ; refuses to revive the laws of the six articles, and against heresy, is dis-
solved, May 5. Philip arrives at Southampton, July 10 ; is married to the
queen at Winchester, by bishop Gardiner, July 25. The new parliament, Nov.
12, allows the legate, cardinal Pole, to reconcile hngland to the pope; but
stipulates, that the alienated church property shall be secured to its present
holders ; Philip is not permitted to be crowned, or to have any authority in the
country. His father gives up to him Naples and Sicily. The Saxon princes
settle their differences by the treaty of Naumburg. Andrew Doria, now set. 84,
recovers the greater part of Corsica for the Genoese. Birth of Sir Philip Sidney.
Mary of Guise, the queen-mother, regent, in Scotland. Trinity College, Oxford,
founded by Sir Thomas Pope. Death of Holbein, set 56.
2 M
530
JfBOM THE YEAB
A.D.
1555
1556
1557
1559
Hegi-
RA.
963
965
967
1560 968
Otto-
man EM-
PIRE.
37
36 Soli-
man II
41
Popes.
6 Julius
III.
Feb. 8.
d. Mar. 5.
1 Mar-
cellusll.
April 9.
d.April 30.
1 Paul
IV.
May 23.
Port-
ugal.
IS John
111.
40Chas
I. em-
peror of
Germa-
ny.
Chas.
V.
Chas.
resigns.
1 Phi-
lip II.
1 Se-
bas-
tian.
5
4- Aug.18.
1 Pius
IV.
Dec 24-
Dukes
of Ba-
varia.
6 Al-
bert
III.
Prus-
SIA.
31 Al-
bert.
21 Joa-
chimll.
34-
35-
Bran-
DEN-
BURG.
SAXO-
NY.
3 Au-
gus
tus.
24.
Bruns
WICK.
10 Hen-
ry II.
and
Wil-
liam.
12 Wil
liam
alone.
13.
14.
15.
GER-
MANY
37Chaa~
V.
king oj
Spain.
1 Fer
dinand
I.
1555 TO 15G0 A.D.
531
Repe-
tition
Dates.
1555
1556
1557
DOGKS
of Ve-
nice.
2 Fran
cesco
Veni-
ero.
1 Loren
zo Pri-
uli.
1558
1559
Savoy.
5 Eman-
uel Fi-
liberto.
Franci
9 Hen-
ry II.
Den-
mark.
Swe-
den.
22 Chris- 33 Gus-
tian III. tavus
Vasa.
23 —
Po-
land.
Hun-
gary
34
lGiro-
lamo
Priuli.
1 Fran
cis II.
1 Chas.
IX.
24
1 Frede-
ric II
8Si-
gis-
ound
II.
Au-
gustus.
30Fer-
dinand
r „/
■Aus-
tria.
Russia. Scot-
land.
23 I wan
IV.
37
1 Erik
XIV.
10 !32_
United
to Ger-
many.
WlR-
TEM-
BERG.
9 Chris-
topher
25
liMary
Dee. 11
Eng-
land.
3 Mary.
Jury r
16-
27
rf. Nov 17
1 Eliaa-1
beth.
Nov. 17.
2 M 2
532
FROM THE YEAE
1555
1556
1557
1558
Lamina! PoLe recommeucLs uiai tne i^ugiisJi Protestants snuma De ninuij
treated ; Gardiner urges severity ; his opinion prevails, and a court for the trial
of heretics is opened under his presidency, Jan. 28. His first victim, John Rogers,
a prebendary of St. Paul's, is burnt in Smithfield, Feb. 4. Ridley and Latimer
suffer at Oxford, Oct. S: seventy-two are sacrificed at the stake this year. The
pope demands the restitution of church-lands and Peters pence; Mary gives up
all that are still held by the crown. The parliament, Oct. 21, refuses a subsidy,
and rejects bills proposed for facilitating persecution. Death of Gardiner, Nov.
12. Heath, archbishop of York, appointed chancellor. Philip leaves London,
Aug. 26; sails from Dover, Sep. 4: receives the Netherlands, by his father's re-
signation, Oct. 25, and appoints the duke of Savoy governor. The Diet of Augs-
burg, Sep. 25, confirms the treaty of Passau and the religious freedom of the
Protestants. Death of Julius III., Feb. S, and of Marcellus II., April 30; their
successor, Paul IV. (cardinal John Peter Caraffa, founder of the Theatmes and
restorer of the Inquisition), although now set. SO, begins to create general con-
fusion by his arrogance and nepotism ; despoils the Colonna family, gives their
lands and dignities to his own relatives ; and enters into a league with the king
of France to take Naples from the emperor. Cosmo de' Medici, having assisted
the Imperialists to take Sienna, in expectation of obtaining it for himself, is
disappointed by Charles V., who gives it to his son Philip. Death of Henry
d'Albret; Lower Navarre descends to his daughter, Jane, and her husband, An-
tony de Bourbon Sternhold and Hopkins complete the version of the Psalms in
English metre. Death of Polydore Virgil. John Knox, with Calvin at Geneva.
Cranmer suffers at Oxford, March 21, aet. 67. The total number of Protestants burnt
in England this year is 94 ; many others fined, imprisoned, or their property con-
fiscated. Cardinal Pole appointed archbishop of Canterbury; is deprived oi
his legatine power by the pope. A truce for five years concluded be \v< e i the
emperor and the king of France, at Versailles, Feb, 5. Charles V. resigns Spain
and all its dependencies to his son, Philip, Feb. 6. In Sept. he gives up the im-
perial dignity to his brother, Ferdinand, king of the Romans, and retires to the
monastery of St. Just, near Placencia, in Spain. Paul IV. claims the disposal of
the German empire, and deters the electors from acknowledging Ferdinand's title ;
lie administers the government in his brother's name. The pope absolves the
king of France from the obligations of the truce just concluded, and prevails upon
him to renew the war, according to his treaty, for the conquest of Naples. Philip
cedes Piacenza to the duke of Parma, and obtains his alliance ; he sends the duke
of Alva to invade the papal territories , the duke of Guise brings a French army
to assist the pope, and induces the duke of Ferrara to join him. Death of Ignatius
Loyola, set. 65, and of Johan. Sleidan, the historian of the Reformation.
Philip arrives in England, March 20; having obtained a declaration of war against
France, June 7. he departs, July 7. The earl of Pembroke is sent to the Nether-
lands with 10,000 men, and joins the army commanded by Emanuel Filibert, duke
of Savoy. Defeat of the French at St. Quentin, Aug. 10; their commander, the
constable Montmorency, taken prisoner. To commemorate this victory, Philip
afterwards builds the Escurial, and proposes to give the queen's sister, Elizabeth,
in marriage to the duke of Savoy. Henry II. recalls the duke of Guise from
Italv, and the pope is compelled to make peace, Sep. 14. Inquisitorial powers
granted to Bonner for punishing heresy, are exercised by him with revolting
barbaritv; 79 victims perish at the stake this year. Congregation of reformers
in Scotland. Deed of union signed at Edinburgh, Dec. 3. Ambassadors from
Russia conclude a commercial treatv at London. May 1. Death of Anne of Cleves,
in her palace at Chelsea, July 16, set. 41. The College of St. John the Baptist, Ox-
ford, buirrbV Sir Thomas White, an alderman of London, and Gonville College,
Cambridge, enlarged by Dr. John Cains. Sir John de Valette, elected grand
master of the knights of Malta, founds the city and fortress which bear his name.
Calais taken by theduke of Guise, Jan. 7. The parliament, Jan. 20. grants supplies.
Unsuccessful expedition against Brest: victory of the Spaniards at Gravelines,
July 13. assisted by the English fleet. Mam age of the queen of Scots to the
dauphin Francis. April IS. Elizabeth refuses proposals of marriage, made by
J555 TO 1560 A.D.
533
A.D.
1559
1560
Events and Eminent Men.
the king of Sweden, for his son Erik. Bonner having condemned 39 more to the
flames, is stopped by the death of queen Mary, Nov. 17, set. 43, and the acces-
sion of Elizabeth, who turns away from him when he is presented to her ; she
adds eight Protestant members to her council of state, and appoints Sir Nicholas
Bacon lord chancellor, and Sir William Cecil secretary of state ; releases all who
are imprisoned, and recalls all who are exiled; orders the celebration of mass to
be discontinued in her chapel, and the service to be read in English. Philip
makes her an offer of marriage, which she rejects. Ferdinand I. is acknowledged
as emperor, and crowned at Frankfort, March 14. Charles V. celebrates his own
obsequies ; soon after which, Sep. 21, he dies in his retirement, get. 59. The bel-
ligerents in Flanders agree to a suspension of arms, Oct. 17. Death of cardinal
de la Pole, Nov. 18 ; a pestilential fever carries off twelve bishops. Death of the
philologist Julius Caesar Scaliger. The Salters' Company, London, founded.
Coi'onation of Elizabeth, Jan. 15; the surviving bishops, all Catholics, refuse to
officiate ; the bishop of Carlisle is prevailed on to perform the ceremony. The
pope denies her right to the crown; she recalls her ambassador from Rome.
The Protestants greatly predominate in the new parliament, Jan. 25, and restore
the religious institutions of Edward VI., May 8. Dr. Kitchen, bishop of Landaff,
takes the oath of supremacy ; all the other bishops refuse, and are degraded ;
Mathew Parker archbishop of Canterbury. Peace of Cateau Cambresis, April 2.
Philip marries Isabella, the French king's daughter, who had been previously
promised to his son, Don Carlos. Savoy restored to Emanuel Filibert, who marries
Margaret, sister of Henry II. Return of Philip to Spain, leaving his sister,
Margaret, duchess of Parma, governess of the Netherlands; he refuses the order
of the Garter, sent by Elizabeth. Henry II., accidentally wounded at a tourna-
ment, dies, July 20, aet. 41 ; his son, Francis II., husband of Mary Stuart, succeeds,
set. 16; France is governed by his mother. Katharine de' Medici, and his wife's
uncles, the duke of Guise and the cardinal of Lorraine. John Knox returns
from Geneva, and promotes the Reformation in Scotland: the queen regent
opposes it by persecution, and French troops are sent to support her ; the lords
of* the congregation apply to Elizabeth for assistance. In Spain the Inquisition
begins its reign of terror; the archbishop of Toledo is imprisoned; cardinal
Granville, bishop of Arras, attempts to introduce the tribunal into the Nether-
lands ; the resistance of the people is encouraged by William of Nassau, prince
of Orange, and the count Egmont. The councillor, Anne Dubourg, the first
victim of persecution in France, suffers on the Place de Greve, Dec. 23. The
people of Rome break open the prisons of the Inquisition, set free its captives,
pull down part of its palace, and destroy its records. The pope is compelled by
the notorious vices of his nephews to banish them from Rome; he dies soon
after this, set. 84, and is succeeded by cardinal John Angelode' Medici, lJius IV.
The Index Expurgatorius, or list of books prohibited by the council of Trent,
is carried into effect by a papal commission. Cardinal Henry, regent of Por-
tugal, allows the Jesuits to educate hisnepnew, and govern the kingdom.
Elizabeth sends a fleet and army to assist the Scotch reformers. Death of the
queen regent, June 10. Treaty of Edinburgh, July 5. The French evacuate
Scotland, and stipulate that Mary shall renounce her claim on the throne of
England. Mary and her husband refuse to ratify this treaty. Her subjects
abolish the mass, and establish the Presbyterian church. Rebellion of Shan
O'Neale in Ireland. Ascendancy of the House of Guise in France ; league of
Amboise against them ; arrest of the king of Navarre and the prince de Conde.
Death of Francis II., Dec. 5; his brother, Charles IX., succeeds, aet. 10; Kath-
arine retains the regency, and coalesces with the reformers to counteract the
Guise family ; the duke de Conde" is saved, the constable de Montmorenci re-
called, and the king of Navarre appointed lieutenant-general of the kingdom.
Pius IV. acknowledges the emperor Ferdinand. Death of Gustavus Vasa,
Sep. 29, 33t. 70 ; his son, Erik, succeeds him ; his younger sons have Finland, East
Gothland, and Sudermania. Deathof Andrew Doria, Nov. 25 aet. 94; andofMelanc-
thon, get. 63. Birth of Arminius. Annibale Caracci, and Maximilian de Bethune.
afterwards the duke of Sully. Westminster School founded by Elizabeth.
534
FROM THE YEAB
A.D.
Hegira.
Otto- 1
man Em- Popes.
Port-
Spain.
Bava-
Prus-
Bran-
den-
Saxo- Bruns-
Ger-
|
pire.
42 Soli-
man II.
ugal.
ria.
sia.
burg.
NY.
WICK.
many.
1 1561
969-970
3 Pius
IV.
Dec. 24
5 Se-
bas-
tian.
6 Phi-
lip II.
12 Al-
bert
III.
37 Al-
bert.
27 Jo-
achim
II.
9 Au-
gustus.
16 Wil-
liam.
4 Fer-
dinand
I.
1562
970—971
43
4
6
7
13
10
17
5
1563
971—972
44
5
7,
8
14
39
29
11
18
6
1564
972-973
45
6
8
9
15
40
30
12
19
1 Max-
imili-
an II.
1565
973-974
46
rf.Dec,9
»
10
16
41
31
13
20
2
1566
974—975
1 Selim
II.
1 Pius
V.
Jan 7
10
11
17
42
32
14
21
1567
975—976
11
12
18
43
33
22
1561 TO 1567 A.D.
535
Repe-
tition
Dates.
1561
1562
1564
1565
1566
Doges
op Ve-
nice.
3Giro-
lamo
Priuli.
Savoy.
nuel Fi-
liberto.
France,
Den-
mark.
2 Chas. 3 Fre-
IX. deric II.
I
1 Pietro
Lore-
dano.
4
15
Swe-
den.
2 Erik
XIV.
Po-
land,
14 Si-
gis-
mund
I I.Au-
gustus
15-
Wir-
TEM-
BERG.
12
Chris-
topher
I
Russia.
Scot-
land.
29Iwan20Mary
IV. Dec. 11.
Eng-
land.
4 Eli-
zabeth
Nov- 17.
22
32-
24
July 24
I James
VI.
536
PROM THE YEAH
,.A.D.
i
I 1561
1562
1563
Eve?:ts and Eminent Men.
Return of queen Mary to Scotland, Aug. 19 ; she is molested by John Knox and
her subjects, for her adherence to the Catholic faith, and seeks the good-will of
Elizabeth, but offends her by still withholding her assent to the treaty of Edin-
burgh. The wise government of Elizabeth lays the foundation of England's
power and prosperity, and gives free scope to the spirit of the nation ; she
declines many proposals of marriage ; lord Robert Dudley, a son of the late
duke of Northumberland, becomes her favourite ; she imprisons the earl of
Hertford, son of the late protector Somerset, for having married, without her
consent, Katharine, the younger sister of lady Jane Grey. The conference of
Poissy inflames religious discord in France. The king of Navarre and Mont-
morenci join the Guise faction, obtain possession of the young king's person,
and constrain the queen-regent to act with them. Edict against the reformers',
now called Huguenots (see 1519) ; Conde and Coligni prepare to take up arms.
The members of the Caraffa family, convicted of many crimes, are condemned
to death by the pope, March 3, and the sentence executed. The council of
Trent re-opened, March 10. Depredations of Dragut, the African corsair, in
Sicily and Tuscany. Pius repairs the fortifications of Ancona, Civita Vecchia,
and Rome. Cardinal Granvelle, created archbishop of Malines, thwarts the
mild government of the duchess of Parma in the Netherlands. Naples harassed
by the Spanish Inquisition. Gotthard Kettler, Livonian grand master of the
Teutonic knights, converted to Protestantism, erects Courland and Semgallen
into a duchy for himself. Esthonia and Revel are given up to Sweden, and the
rest of Livonia to Lithuania. Death of Peter Martyr. Birth of Francis Bacon.
Merchant Tailors' School instituted.
Submission and pardon of Shan O'Neale. Elizabeth supports the Huguenots ; is at-
tacked by the smallpox. Edict of St. Germain in favour of toleration. Massacre
of Huguenots at Vassy, March 1. Conde and Coligny collect their forces at
Orleans ; Rouen is taken from them by Antony of Navarre, who dies of a
wound received there ; arrival of English auxiliaries, Sep. 20 ; Havre de Grace
given up to them. Defeat of the Huguenots at Dreux ; the hostile commander,
Montmorenci, is made prisoner by them, but their own general, Cond£, falls into
the hands of the adverse party. Jane d'Albret, on the death of her husband,
encourages the reformed religion in Navarre, and educates her son, Henry, in
that faith. The re-opened council of Trent begins its first session, Jan. 18.
Turin and other towns occupied by the French are given up to the duke of
Savoy ; birth of his son, Charles Emanuel. Maximilian, son of the emperor
Ferdinand, elected king of the Romans. Truce for eight years between Ferdi-
nand and Soliman. Poland and Russia attempt to take Esthonia from Sweden.
Discussions and dissensions of Protestant sects. The elector Palatine leaves
the Lutheran for the Calvinistic creed, and introduces the Heidelberg cate-
chism. Paul, son of Aldus Manutius, prints at Rome. Birth of Lopez de la
Vega. Death of Lselius Socinus.
Elizabeth evades compliance with the request of parliament, Jan. 12, for a set-
tlement of the succession to the crown ; they vote a subsidy for the payment
of her troops in France. Assassination of the duke of Guise, by Poltrot de
Mere, at the siege of Orleans, Feb. 24; compromise of Amboise between the two
factions, March 19 ; they unite to take Havre de Grace from the English ; the
plague breaks out in the garrison ; the earl of Warwick capitulates ; his in-
fected army brings the disease into England ; Elizabeth concludes a peace with
the queen-regent. Plans of the Guise family for marrying the queen of Scot-
land to some foreign prince; Elizabeth proposes her favourite, Dudley, now
created earl of Leicester. Close of the council of Trent, Dec. 4. The citizens
of Milan resist successfully Philip's design of introducing the Inquisition among
them. Prejudiced against his son, Don Carlos, he invites the archdukes Rudolf
and Ernest, sons of his cousin, Maximilian, to reside in his court ; he begins to
build the Escurial. Siege of Oran, by Dragut ; the knights of Malta assist in
repelling him. The duchess of Parma supports the complaints of the Nether-
lands against Granvelle's intolerance. War between Denmark and Sweden.
Diet of Wilna and Synod of Pinkzow, in Poland ; the Socinians establish a sepa-
1561 TO 1567 A.D.
53;
A.D
Events and Eminent Men.
1564
1565
1566
1567
rate church ; they make proselytes in Transylvania. The queen of Navarre
disregards a citation to Rome, and is excommunicated.
Lord Henry Darnley, son of the earl of Lenox, proposed as a husband for the
queen of Scots ; Elizabeth at first approves, and then capriciously objects.
David Rizzio, Mary's music-master, becomes her secretary and favourite.
Death of the emperor Ferdinand, July 25, a?t. 61 ; his son and successor, Maxi-
milian, establishes a general toleration. Katharine de' Medici commences a
visitation of the provinces of France, with her son, Charles IX. Pius IV.
confirms the acts of the council of Trent, and carries into effect the reforms
ordered. A numerous sect in England objects to the ceremonies of the church
and vestments of the clergy, and takes the name of Puritans. A royal edict in
France fixes the commencement of the year on the first of January. Death of
Calvin, May 2/, set. 55, and of Michael Angelo Buonarotti, set. 90. Birth of
Shakspeare and of Galileo. The building of the Tuileries commenced. A co-
lony of Huguenot emigrants planted in Florida by Ribaut, of Dieppe. The
Manillas, ceded by Portugal to Spain, receive the name of the Philippines.
Marriage of the queen of Scotland to lord Darnley, July 27; rebellion, and banish-
ment of the earl of Murray and other lords; they are disowned by Elizabeth.
Conference at Bayonne, between Katharine de' Medici and the duke of Alva ;
plot for the extermination of Protestants. Philip institutes a rigorous persecution
in all his States ; attempts to enforce the decrees of the council of Trent in the
Netherlands by means of the Inquisition. Siege of Malta by the Turks, under
Mustapha Pasha, May 18 ; valiant defence of the grand master, de Valette,
and his knights; Dragut slain, June 18 ; siege raised, Sep. 20. Death of Pius
IV., Dec. 9. Death of Conrad Gessner, the naturalist of Zurich, set. 49.
Murder of Rizzio, March 9. Birth of James, son of queen Mary, June 19. The
English parliament, Sep. 30, again urges the settlement of the succession, which
Elizabeth evades, by declaring her intention to marry ; Paul Wentworth dis-
tinguishes himself in the House of Commons. Through the influence of Carlo
Borromeo, cardinal Michele Ghislieri is elected pope, Pius V., Jan. 7; having
been grand Inquisitor, his elevation is unpopular at Rome. The " Compromise of
Breda," a protest against the measures of Philip, is presented to the regent of
the Netherlands, by 300 nobles ; they are answered by a reproof, as beggars
(gueux), whence they take the name of Geusen, and prepare for an armed re-
sistance. The Turks invade Hungary, and take Zigeth ; Soliman dies in his
camp, during the siege, Sep. 4, sat. 71 ; Selim, his son by Roxalana, succeeds,
and puts to death his five brothers. The Catholic princes contribute to repair the
fortifications of Malta, and complete the new city of La Valetta. Death of
Diana of Poictiers, the former mistress of Henry II. Death of the poet, Vida.
Elizabeth dissolves the parliament, Jan. 2 ; reproves them for wishing the suc-
cession settled. Murder of Darnley, Feb. 10; accusation and acquittal of Both-
well, April 12 ; he carries Mary off to Dunbar, April 24 ; they are married,
May 15; insurrection of lord Hume; Bothwell, put to flight, escapes to Den-
mark ; Mary made prisoner at Carberry Hill, June 15 ; resigns the crown to
her son, with the earl of Murray for regent, July 24 ; the Scotch parliament
ratifies these proceedings, and condemns Mary as an accomplice in the murder
of her husband. Pius V. fills the dungeons with prisoners brought from all
parts of Italy, to be tried by the Inquisition ; the archbishop of Toledo is brought
to the castle'of S. Angelo. Philip sends the duke of Alva with an army to the
Netherlands ; the counts Egmont and Horn are arrested ; the prince of Orange
escapes into Germany ; the duchess of Parma resigns her office, and returns
to Italy. Renewal of the civil war in France ; Conde and Coligny fail in their
attempt to seize the king's person ; they are defeated at St. Denis, Nov. 10 ;
their adversary, the constable de Montmorenci, is killed. Edict of the queen of
Navarre in favour of Calvinism. The French colonists in Florida are expelled
or killed, by the Spaniards, as heretics. Massacre of the Sture family in Sweden
by Erik. Peace concluded between the Turks and the German empire. The
Royal Exchange, London, founded by Sir Thomas Gresham, Sep. 7. Origin
of Rugby School. Caraccas, in Venezuela, built by the Spaniards.
538
EEOM THE YEAS
A.D.
Hegira.
Otto-
man Em-
Popes.
!
Port- Spain.
Bava-
Prus-
Bran-
den-
Saxo-|bruns-
Ger-
pire.
UGAL.
ria.
sia.
burg.
NY. j WICK.
many.
1568
976—977
3 Selim
II.
3 Pius
V.
Jan. 7.
12 Se-
bas-
tian,
13PM-
lipll.
19 Al-
bert
III.
1 Fre-
deric
Albert
34Joa-
chim
II.
16 Au-
gus-
tus.
23 Wil-
liam.
5Max-
imili-
anil
1569
977—978
4
4
13
14
20
2
35- —
17
24
6
1
1570
978—979
5
14
15
21
3
36
18
25
7
1571
979—980.
6
6
15
16
22
4
Uohn
George.
19
26
8
1572
i
980—981
7
7
d. May 1-
1 Gre-
gory
XIII.
May 13.
16
17
23
5
2
20
27
9
1.573
981—982
8
2-
17
18
24
6
a
21
28
10
1
1
1
!
1568 TO 1573 A.D.
539
1 Repe- i Dooes
1 tition of Ve-
Dates. nice.
1568
1569
1570
2 Pietro
Lore-
dano
Savoy.
16 Ema-
nuel Fi-
liberto.
1572
1573
1 Luigi
Moce-
nigo.
France
9 Chas.
IX.
Den-
mark.
10 Fre-
deric II
SWE-
DEN.
1 John
III
Po-
land,
12 13
I
I
13 14
4 24-
21 Si-
gis-
mund
II. Au-
gustus
22-
WlR-
TEM-
BERG.
1 Louis
III.
Rus-
sia.
Scot-
land,
36Iwan 2Jas
VI
July 24
Eng-
land.
11 Eliza-
beth, j
Nov. 17.
25
1 Hen-
ry of
Valois,
5 — m
16
540
FROM THE YEAB
A.D.
1570
Events and Eminent Men.
Escape of Mary from Loch Leven castle, May 2 ; defeat of her army at Langside,
near Glasgow, May 15; she lands at Workington, in Cumberland, May 16;
Elizabeth refuses a personal interview. Mary is placed at Bolton, under the
care of lord and lady Scrope ; the regent Murray accuses her of participation in
her husband's murder ; conference at York, Oct 4 ; removed to Hampton Court ;
she declines to answer the charge; her residence transferred to Tutbury. Fal-
lacious negotiations for a marriage between Elizabeth and the archduke Charles
of Austria. Don Carlos of Spain, delivered by his father, Philip, into the hands of
the grand Inquisitor, Jan. 18, dies in prison, July 30 : death of his step-mother,
queen Isabella (or Elizabeth), in premature child-birth, Oct. 3. New edicts
against the Moors, still resident in Spain, provoke a rebellion, which affords a
pretext for cruel persecutions. Alva's sanguinary tribunals in the Netherlands
drive thousands of the wealthiest and most industrious of the population to
emigrate into England ; the counts Egmont and Horn beheaded, June 5- Wil-
liam, prince of Orange, enters Brabant with an army, and is driven back. His
brother. Louis of Nassau, is defeated at Groningen. Peace of Longjumeau,
between the Huguenots and Catholics, is broken in six months by an attempt to
arrest Conde and Coligny, and a new edict for religious uniformity. Pius V.
renews the Bull, " In Coena Domini," and endeavours to exalt the papal power to
its former height. Carranza, archbishop of Toledo, condemned to death by the In-
quisition. Some ships, conveying money from Spain to the duke of Alva, are
detained by Elizabeth at Southampton and Plymouth, Dec. 29. The conduct of
Erik, king of Sweden, betrays insanity; he is deposed, and his brother, John,
takes the throne. Death of Roger Ascham, set 53, of bishop Coverdale, set. 81,
and of Las Casas, set. 94. Death of Albert, first duke of Prussia.
Projected marriage of the queen of Scots to the duke of Norfolk ; she is removed
to Coventry, he is committed to the Tower. Insurrection of the earls of Nor-
thumberland and Westmoreland, and Leonard Dacre : flight of the leaders into
Scotland ; dispersion and severe punishment of their followers ; release of Nor-
folk, under a solemn pledge to abandon his design. Defeat of the Huguenots at
Jarnac. by Henry of Anjou, younger brother of Charles IX., March 13. Assas-
sination of the duke of Conde ; his nephew, Henry of Navarre, now set. 16,
becomes the head and hope of the party. Coligny defeated at Moncontour.
Oct. 3. Pius V. ordains severe reforms in church and state ; allows no Jews in
his territories, except in Rome and Ancona ; offends the emperor, the king of
Spain, and the duke of Savoy, by creating Cosmo de' Medici, and crowning him
grand duke of Tuscany, and disregards their protests against this and other
measures. Maximilian sends the archduke Charles into Spain, to dissuade
Philip from his cruel treatment of the Netherlands, but to no purpose ; Alva
continues his barbarous course. Luis de Ataide revives the waning power of
Portugal in India ; capture of Onore. Frederic Albert, the duke of Prussia,
being a minor, of weak intellect, the elector of Brandenburg is associated with
him, and obtains the reversion of the duchy from the king of Poland. De-
structive explosion of a powder-magazine at Venice. Return of Camoens to
Lisbon. Cardinal Carlo Borromeo, archbishop of Milan, narrowly escapes as-
sassination in his oratory, Oct. 26.
The pope excommunicates Elizabeth, and commands her subjects not to obey her,
Feb. 25 ; a man is hanged for fixing up this idle Bull in London. Assassination
of the earl of Murray, Jan. 23 ; anarchy in Scotland ; the earl of Sussex, with
an English army, restores order ; the earl of Lenox appointed regent. Treaty
of St. Germain-en-Laye, Aug. 15, gives treacherous security to the Huguenots.
The revolt of the Moors in Spain suppressed by John of Austria ; marriage of
Philip to his fourth queen, Anne, daughter of the emperor Maximilian, at Se-
govia, Nov. 12, and of her sister, Isabella, to Charles IX., king of France, Nov. 26,
Invasion of Cyprus by the Turks ; the powerful allied fleet collected for its
defence remains inactive through the discord of its commanders, while Nicosia
and the greater part of the island are conquered. Maximilian gives up Tran-
sylvania to John Sigismund. The treaty of Stettin restores tranquillity in the
northern kingdoms. Introduction of the Spanish Inquisition into America. The
1568 TO 1573 A.D.
541
A.D.
1571
1572
Events and Eminent Men.
city of Ferrara nearly destroyed by an earthquake, Nov. 16. The Royal Ex-
change, London, tpened by queen Elizabeth's visit to Sir Thomas Gresham.
Death of Benvenuto Cellini, a?t. 70. Earl Thomond, encouraged by the pope,
and the king of Spain, to prepare a rebellion in Ireland, is detected, and escapes
into France.
A parliament, April 2 ; the House of Commons claims liberty of speech for its
members; the Puritans keep alive the spirit of independence; laws passed, de-
claring it treason to call tlie queen a heretic, or to publish any Bull or absolution
of the pope. Delusive negociations for a marriage between Elizabeth and tha
duke of Anjou. Alva opens a secret intercourse with the queen of Scots, and en-
gages the duke of Norfolk in a new conspiracy ; the duke and the bishop of Ross
are committed to the Tower. The partisans of Mary seize the castle of Edin-
burgh ; murder of the earl of Lenox at Stirling, Sep. 4. The earl of Marre ap-
pointed regent ; concludes a truce with the queen's party. Charles IX. offers his
sister, Margaret, in marriage to young Henry of Navarre, and deceives the Hugue-
nots by his pretended friendship. Philip resists the jurisdiction claimed by the
pope in Sicily. General emigration of the Moors from Spain. The surrender
of Famagosta leaves the Turks masters of Cyprus; they are signally defeated
in the Gulf of Lepanto, Oct. 7, by the combined fleets of Spain, the pope, Venice,
Genoa, and the knights of Malta, commanded by John of Austria Completion of
the new city of La Valetta ; the knights take possession of it, Aug. 18. Death
of John Sigismund of Transylvania ; Stephen Bathori succeeds him. Noronha,
Portuguese viceroy at Goa. The Thirty-nine Aiticles adopted as the rule of the
church of England. Harrow school founded. Birth of Kepler. Jesus College,
Oxford, founded by Dr. Hugh Price ; endowed by queen Elizabeth.
Trial and condemnation of the duke of Norfolk, Jan. 12 ; the queen hesitates to ex-
ecute the sentence ; is urged by the parliament, May 8; he is beheaded, June 2.
Mary is subjected to a more rigorous confinement. Cecil, now lord Burleigh, ap-
pointed lord treasurer. The earl of Northumberland is given up by the Scotch
regent, and executed, Aug. 22. Death of the earl of Marre, Oct. 28; earl Morton
succeeds him as regent ; surrender of Edinburgh castle ; pacification of Scotland,.
Elizabeth concludes a treaty with Charles IX., April 11. The leading Huguenots
are induced to assemble at Paris : Jane, queen of Navarre, is poisoned there, June
10; her son Henry, now king of Navarre, is married to Margaret of Valois, Aug.
18. Massacre of St. Bartholomew, Aug. 24. Death of Pius V., May 1 ; his suc-
cessor, Gregory XI II., orders a public thanksgiving for the barbarous murders
committed atParis; rejoicing in Spain on the same occasion; mourning in England.
The revolted Netherlander fit out ships against the Spanish commerce ; Wil-
liam of Orange combines them into a systematic plan of operation, under th8
name of Water geusen ; they take the Brie.l and Flushing, and are joined by most
of the cities in Holland and Zealand. Maximilian gives up the government of
Hungary to his son Rudolf, who is crowned as his successor. Sigismund Au-
gustus dies without issue, and the race of Jagellon is extinct ; the throne of Pt
land becomes elective, and several months elapse before it is filled. Death of John
Knox, set. 67. A new star or comet visible sixteen months in the constellation
Cassiopeia. The Lusiad of Camoens published. Death of Sepulveda, the Spanish
historian. Birth of Inigo Jones.
The nobility and gentry of England offer to raise an army and avenge the slaugh-
tered Huguenots ; Elizabeth more cautiously supports the Protestants in France
and the Netherlands. In France they take arms again, and oblige the duke of
Anjou to raise the siege of La Rochelle, June 25; by a fourth treaty of peace,
they stipulate for the free exercise of their religion ; in Holland, Alva takes Haar-
lem, after a vigorous defence, for which he puts its inhabitants to the sword;
Alkmaar successfully resists him ; he is recalled by Philip ; the duke of Medina-
celi refuses his post. The Polish Diet elect Henry, duke of Anjou. for their king,
May 9, but require him to sign a compact, securing to them full civil and reli-
gious liberty. Tunis taken by a Spanish expedition under don John of Austria.
Peace concluded between Venice and the Ottoman porte. Manilla built and made
the seat of a Spanish viceroy. Death of the French chancellor, L'tlopital.
542
FROM THE YEAE
AJ).
Hegiba.
Otto-
man Em-
Popes-
Port-
Dukes
of Ba-
WlR-
TEM-
Prus-
Bran-
den-
Saxo-
Bruns-
Ger-
pire.
ugal.
varia.
BERG.
sia.
burg.
ny.
wick.
many.
1574
982—983
1 Amu-
rath III.
3 Gre-
gory
XIII.
May 13.
18 Se-
bastian.
25 Al-
bert
III.
7 Lou-
is III.
7 Fre-
deric
Albert.
4 John
George.
22 Au-
gustus.
29 Wil-
liam.
11 Max-
imili-
an II.
1575
983—984
2
*-
19
26
8
8
5
23
30
12
1576
984—985
3
5
20
27
9
9
6
24
31
lRu-
dolfll.
1577
986
4
6
21
28
10
10
7
25
32
2
1578
987
5
7
1 Hen-
ry the
cardi-
nal.
29
11
11
26
33
1579
988
6
8—
2
1 Wil-
liam II.
12
12
9
Ti _
34
4
1580
989
7
9
Annex-
ed to
Spain.
2
13
10
6—
Hol-
1581
990
S
10_
land.
3
14
11
29
36
3 Wil-
liam
Prince
ofO-
range.
1582
991
9 —
11
4
4
15
15
J
12
30
37
7——
15&
992
10
12
5
5
16
16
13
31 38
1 (
-
1574 TO 1583 A.D.
M3
Repe-
tition
Dates.
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1581
1582
1583
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
5 Luigi
Moce-
nigo.
1 Sebas-
tiano
Veniero,
1 Nicco-
lo da
Ponte.
Savoy.
22 Ema-
nuel Fi-
liberto.
23
25
France
1 Hen-
ry 111.
1 Chas.
Emanu
ell.
Spain.
19Philip
II.
Den-
MAHK.
16 Fre-
deric II.
18
10
25
21
22
27
28
Swe-
den.
7 John
III.
10
Po- Rtrs-
LAND. 8IA.
2 Hen-
ry of
Valois,
1 Ste-
phen
Bath-
42 I- 8 Jas
wan VI
IV. July 24,
Scot-
land.
3 45
44-
10-
Eng-
liAND.
17 Eli- '
zabeth.1
Nov. 17. '
18-
19.
24
25
14
16
5 47 13
14-
50-
51 17-
i
25-
544
FROM THE TEAB
A.D.
Events and Emtnent Men.
1576
1577
1578
The duke d'Alencon and many moderate Catholics, calling themselves Politiques,
join the Huguenots. Death of Charles IX., May 30, set. 24 ; his brother, Henry
III., leaves Poland, resigns the crown, and takes that of France. Louis de Reque-
sens, viceroy of the Netherlands, fails in his siege of Leyden. The Turks recover
Tunis and Goletta. Sebastian of Portugal, set. 20, undertakes his first African ex-
pedition. Death of Sultan Selim ; his son, Amurath, murders his brothers. Birth
of Ben Jonson. Death of the cardinal de Lorraine, and of the Roman printer,
Paul Manutius. Faustus Socinus promulgates his doctrines at Basle. The king
of Denmark fortifies Kronenburg, and levies the Sound dues.
The revolted Netherlanders offer the sovereignty of their provinces to queen Eliza-
beth, which she refuses, but mediates for them with Philip. Holland and Zea-
land appoint the prince of Orange their Statholder. The vacant throne of Poland
is filled, July 15, by the election of Stephen Bathori, prince of Transylvania. A
Jubilee held at Rome. Tasso resides at the court of Ferrara. and publishes hi<>
" Jerusalem Delivered." The university of Leyden founded. Great jealousy
and contention among the petty princes of Italy for title and precedence. Death
of archbishop Parker; the see of Canterbury given by Elizabeth to Grindal.
Henry of Navarre quits Paris, abjures the Catholic faith, and places himself at the
head of the Huguenots. A fifth treaty signed at Loches, or Beaulieu, gives them
religious liberty. The duke of Guise organizes at Peronne the Catholic League,
and the king, by placing himself at its head, renews the civil war. Death of Re-
quesens ; Don John of Austria succeeds him. His troops mutiny for want of pay,
and plunder Antwerp ; all the provinces, except Luxemburg, combine for mutual
defence by the " Pacification of Ghent." Vain attempts of Don John to nego-
tiate. The emperor Maximilian prosecutes his pretension to the crown of Po-
land, is attacked at the Diet of Ratisbon by palpitation of the heart, and dies sud-
denly, Oct. 12, set. 69; his son, Rudolf, succeeds him. The plague devastates
Italy ; 70,000 die at Venice, and among them, set. 99, the celebrated artist, Titian.
Martin Frobisher sails, June 11, to seek a north-west passage; fails, and returns.
Stephen Bathori marries Anne, sister of the late king Sigismund Augustus.
War between the Ottomans and Persia. University of Helmstadt founded. Peter
Wentworth imprisoned for his speech in the House of Commons. The laburnum
brought into England from Hungary. Birth of John Fletcher, the dramatist.
Elizabeth suspends Grindal for favouring the Puritans. A sixth treaty between
the Huguenots and the king of France signed at Bergerac. The States of the
Netherlands invite the archduke Matthias to be their governor ; the prince of
Orange acts as his lieutenant. Don John seizes Namur. Drake commences his
voyage round the world, Nov. 15. The high sheriff and 300 persons die of the
gaol-distemper, during the assizes at Oxford. Birth of Rubens. The Spanish
poet, Alonso de Ercilla, publishes his " Araucana." Many of Titian's finest works
perish in a destructive fire at Venice, Dec. 20 ; the church of the Redeemer built
there, to commemorate the ceasing of the plague.
Alliance between Elizabeth and the Netherlands concluded. Jan. 6 ; the English
auxiliaries under Norris repulse Don John at Rimenant. Victory gained by him
at Gemblours, followed by the submission of Limburg and Louvain. Amsterdam
taken by the Hollanders. The southern provinces separate from the northern,
and invite the duke of Anjou. Death of Don John of Austria; he is succeeded
by the duke of Parma. James, king of Scotland, takes the government into his
own hands. The pope sends troops to assist the Catholics in Ireland ; inter-
cepted by Sebastian, king of Portugal, and taken by him against the Moors ; he
is defeated in the battle of Alcazarquivir, and perishes in the river Elmahassen ;
his uncle, the cardinal Henry, takes the throne. Settlements formed at Congo,
Loango, and Angola, to supply Brazil with slaves. The emperor Rudolf revokes
the concessions made to the Protestants. A conspiracy in Florence, against
tlie grand duke, foiled. Alliance between Poland and Sweden against Iwan
IV. of Russia. The Norwegians attempt to interrupt the English commerce
with Archangel ; Elizabeth asserts the right freely to navigate all seas. The
first stone laid of the Pont Neuf at Paris. California explored by Drake.
First colony planted in Virginia by Gilbert. Tulips introduced into England.
1574 TO 1583 A.D.
545
1581
15S2
The Seven Northern Provinces of the Netherlands contract the Union of Utrecht
the Ten Southern submit to the duke of Parma, as viceroy of Spain ; he takes
Maestricht, and massacres many of the inhabitants. Brussels, Antwerp, Ghent
Cambray, and Tournay still resist. Philip II. prepares a powerful armament to
support his claim to the crown of Portugal. Elizabeth enters into a treaty of
commerce with the sultan, and establishes the Turkey Company. Stephen Ba-
thori and the Swedes expel the Kussiaus from Livonia, Esthonia, and Ingria,
and penetrate to Polozk. Bianca Capello captivates the grand duke of Florence,
and is eventually married by him. Tasso is confined as a lunatic by the duke
of Ferrara. Death of Camoens, Sir Thomas Gresham, and the lord-keeper, Sir
Nicholas Bacon.
Elizabeth is visited by the duke of Anjou, and receives proposals of marriage from
him. She imprisons the earl of Leicester, for having married the widow of the
earl of Essex without her consent. Drake returns from his voyage, Nov. 3 ;
banquet to the queen on board his ship ; she confers knighthood on him. The
pope and the king of Spain send an army into Ireland ; total defeat of the in-
vaders. Intrigues of the duke of Guise in Scotland, and arrest of the late
regent, Morton. Annexation of Portugal to Spain, on the death of Henry, the
aged cardinal-king. Philip sends his sister, Margaret, again into the Nether-
lands, to assist her son, the duke of Parma, in the government, snd offers a
reward for the assassination of the prince of Orange. Death of the duke of
Savoy; he is succeeded by his son, Charles Emanuel. Jermak Timofejew, with
a band of Cossacks, commences the conquest of Siberia. Pope Gregory converts
the Baths of Dioclesian into a granary. Colleges, for the education of English
papists, formed at Rome, Douay, and Rheims. The Essays of Montaigne pub-
lished. Death of Palladio. Birth of Usher, afterwards archbishop. Kepler
and Tycho Brahe prepare their Astronomical Tables, called Rodolphine, in
honour of the emperor.
Fallacious negotiations between Elizabeth and the duke of Anjou. Trial and ex-
ecution of earl Morton. The Seven United Provinces issue their declaration of
independence at the Hague, nominate the duke of Anjou as their sovereign, with
William, prince of Orange, statholder. The duke of Parma obliged to raise
the siege of Cambray ; he objects to the co-regency of his mother; she retires
into Italy. Iwan of Russia requests the pope to mediate between him and Ste-
phen Bathori. The University of Edinburgh founded by the town council,
with funds given by Robert Reid, bishop of Orkney. Quarrel between the.
knights of Malta and their grand master, Cassiere, referred to the pope. Plots
of the Jesuits against Elizabeth ; Parsons banished, and Campian executed.
Grindal restored to his see by Elizabeth. Death of Ralph Holinshed. Birth of
lord Herbert of Cherbury.
Elizabeth finally dismisses the duke of Anjou ; he is recognized as sovereign of
the Netherlands at Antwerp, but acquires no real power. Seizure of king
James, by the " Raid of Ruthven ;" the University of Edinburgh confirmed and
endowed by him. Correction of the calendar by Gregory XIII. ; Oct. 5th made
the 15th. Expedition of Antonio of Portugal against the Azores, defeated by the
marquis Santacroce ; massacre of his prisoners. Failure of Charles Emanuel's
projected attack on Genoa. Stephen Bathori, by his truce with Iwan, retain?
Courland, Livonia, and all his conquests. Origin of the Academy Delia Crusca.
at Florence. Death of the duke of Alva, set. 74. Birth of David Teniers, the
elder. Louis Lilio, of Verona, first suggests, and Christopher Clavius completes,
the new or Gregorian calendar. Death of Buchanan, the historian, set. 76.
Elizabeth claims the sovereignty of Newfoundland, and fortifies St. John's. Con-
viction and suicide of Somerville, for an attempt on her life. Death of Grindal ;
Whitgift, primate, acts strenuously against the Puritans. King James escapes
from his confinement; Walsingham's embassy to study his character. The
duke of Anjou fails in his attempt on Antwerp, and retires into France, covered
with disgrace. The duke of Parma restores the authority of Philip in a great
part of the ten southern provinces. Joseph Scaliger, " De Emendatione Temportcm,''
rejects the Gregorian era. A truce between Sweden and Russia leaves the
former in possession of all the conquered Baltic provinces. Birth of Grotius.
2 N
546
FROM THE YEAB
A.D.
Kegira.
! Otto-
man Em-
pire.
Popes
Hol-
land
Bava-
ria.
WlR-
TEM-
BERG.
Prus-
sia.
Bran-
den
BURG.
Saxo-
ny.
Brums
WIOK.
Ger-
many.
15S4
993
11 Amu-
rath III.
13Gre
gory
XIII.
May 13
6 Wil-
liam
II.
17 Lou
is III
17Fre-
deric
Albert.
14 John
George
32 Au-
gustus.
39 Wil-
liam.
9Ru-
dolfll.
1585
994
12
rf.Apr.10
1 Six-
tus V
April24
7
18
18
15
33^-
40
10-
1586
995
13
2
1 Earl
of Lei-
cester.
8
19
19
16
1 Chris-
tian I.
41
11—
1587
996
11
3
1 Mau-
rice of
Nattan,
9
20
20
17
2
42
12
1588
99?
15 - —
4
2-
10
21
21
18
3
43
13
1589
1590
998
999
16
17
6d.
Aug. 27
1 Ur-
ban
VII.
Sep. 15.
1 Gre-
gory
XIV.
Dec. 5.
11
12
oo
22
23
19
20
1
44
45
14
15—
4
23
5
1591
1000
IS
rfOct.15
1 In-
nocent
IX.
Oct. 29.
rf.Dec.30
5
13
°1
24
21
1 Chris-
tian II.
46-
16
1593
1001
19
1 Cle-
ment
VIII.
Jau. HO.
6
14
25
25
22
2
lEr-
nestll.
17—
1593
1002—1003
20
2
7
15
1 Fre-
iericl.
26
23
3
2
18
1584 TO 1593 A.D.
547
Repe-
tition
Dates
1584
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
1586
1587
1588
1590
1591
1592
1593
7 Nicco
lo da
Ponte.
1 Pas-
quale Ci
cogna.
Savoy.
5 Chas
Ema-
nuel I.
France
11 Hen-
ry III.
12
13
29PM-
lip II.
1 Henry
IV. of
Navarre.
32-
33-
Den-
MAUK
26Fre-
deric
II.
27-
SwE-
DEN.
17 John
III.
29-
1 Chris
tian
IV.
35-
37-
Po-
LAND,
22
10 Ste-
phen
Bath-
on.
12-
lSi-
mund
III
lFeo-
dor I.
Iwano-
witsch.
Scot-
land.
18 Jas.
VI.
July 24,
Eng-
land.
27 Eli-
zabeth
Nov. 17.
20-
1 Sigis
mund \ king of
22
23.
30
31
8 25
26.
10
34
2 n 2
548
FROM THE TEAS
1585
Events and Eminent Men.
1586
Conspiracies against Elizabeth ; national association in her defence ; Throgmorton
and Parry suffer death for treason. The queen of Scots more strictly confined.
The Spanish ambassador, Mendoza, dismissed. Raleigh conducts a second
colony to Virginia. The prince of Orange assassinated, at Delft, by Balthazar
Gerard, July 10 (June 30) ; his second son, Maurice, takes his place as leader of
the war, but at first without any official title. The duke of Parma lays siege
to Antwerp. Death of the duke of Anjou ; Henry of Navarre becomes lawful
heir to the crown of France ; the Guise faction and the League attempt to set
him aside ; hostilities renewed against the Huguenots ; " war of the three
Henries." Death of Iwan IV. of Russia; he is succeeded by his son, Feodor.
Emanuel College, Cambridge, founded by Sir Walter Mildmay. Simon Bu-
dseus disseminates anti-Trinitarian doctrines in Lithuania, and is expelled from
his church. Death of Carlo Borromeo, archbishop of Milan. Birth of John
Pym, Selden, and Albert Count Wallenstein.
Treaty between Elizabeth and the United Provinces ; Leicester sent with an
auxiliary force. Drake and Frobisher, with a powerful fleet, attack the
Spanish settlements in the West Indies. Ambassadors from Japan received at
Rome by Gregory XIII., who dies soon afterwards, set. 84, and is succeeded by
Sixtus V. The French king, by his edict of Nemours, revokes all the conces-
sions made to the Huguenots ; the prince of Conde obtains assistance from Eli-
zabeth, and with an English fleet relieves La Rochelle. Pope Sixtus attempts,
by a Bull, to repudiate Henry of Navarre's claim to the succession in France.
Antwerp, reduced by famine, surrenders to the duke of Parma. Davis explores
the north-eastern coast of America. Abbas the great, sultan of Persia, defeats
the Turks, and takes Van. The duke of Northumberland, committed to the
Tower, on a charge of treason, is found dead by a pistol-wound. Death of Carlo
Sigonio, the historian. Birth of Richelieu, afterwards cardinal. Death of
Tallis, father of English musicians. Coaches first used in England.
Babington's conspiracy detected and punished. Trial and condemnation of the
queen of Scots, Oct. 25. Success of Drake in Hispaniola, St. Domingo, and
Florida ; he returns with a valuable booty, and brings back the Virginian co-
lonists ; they introduce potatoes and tobacco into England. Cavendish sails on
his expedition. Leicester appointed statholder ; victory at Zutphen ; death of
Sir Philip Sidney, get. 32, Sep. 22. The king of France jealous of the intimate
connection between the duke of Guise and Philip of Spain. Sixtus V. intimi-
dates all Italy by his severity ; improvement and decoration of Rome under his
auspices. Death of Stephen Bathori, king of Poland ; Sigismund, crown prince
of Sweden, and Ernest, archduke of Austria, contend for the throne. Death
of Octavius Farnese, duke of Parma; his son and successor, Alexander, solicits,
but cannot obtain, leave to resign his command in the Netherlands.
Mary, queen of Scots, beheaded, Feb. 8, set. 44. Misconduct of Leicester ; loss of
Sluys and Deventer ; he is recalled and replaced by lord Willoughby; prince
Maurice appointed statholder. Preparations of Philip to invade England ;
Sixtus issues a new Bull, and proclaims a crusade against Elizabeth. Expedi-
tion of Drake against the Spanish harbours ; fleet destroyed at Cadiz ; he
returns with rich prizes. Cabal of " the Sixteen" at Paris. Henry of Navarre
defeats the royal army at Coutras, under the duke de Joyeuse, Oct. 20 ; his
German allies are repulsed by the duke of Guise, at Vimori, Oct. 27, and at
Anneau, Nov. 24. Sigismund acknowledged by the prevailing party in Poland.
Continued imbecility of Frederic Albert,. duke of Prussia; George Frederic, of
Anspach, appointed administrator. Death of Francis, grand duke of Tuscany,
and his duchess, Bianca Capello, both hf poison. Death of John Fox, author
of the " Book of Martyrs." Birth of Vondel, the Dutch dramatist.
The Spanish Armada sails from Lisbon, May 29 ; enters the channel, July 19 ;
totally defeated and ruined. To make its disasters more widely known, lord
Burleigh establishes the first newspaper, The English Mercury, Aug. 10. Assas-
sination of the duke of Guise, set. 38, and of his brother, the cardinal. Sigis-
mund, king of Poland, defeats Ernest, at Bitschin, and takes him prisoner.
Death of the earl of Leicester, set. 56,' and of the painter, Paul Veronese, set. 56.
Birth of Hobbes. Cardinal Baronius publishes his Annates Ecclesiastici.
1584 TO 1593 A.D.
549
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
Events and Eminent Men.
Cavendish returns with great wealth, plundered from Spanish settlements during
his voyage round the world. Expedition of Drake and Norris to support don
Antonio in Portugal, without any important result. Marriage of the king of
Scotland to the princess Anne of Denmark. The king of France unites his army
with that of the Huguenots to oppose the League now headed by the duke ot
Mayenne; he is assassinated at St. Cloud by Jaques Clement, July 31, set. 38.
The king of Navarre takes the title of Henry IV. ; the Guise faction attempts
to supplant him, by calling his uncle, the cardinal of Bourbon, to the throne, as
Charles X Victory of Henry over Mayenne at Arques, near Dieppe, Sep. 21.
Death of Katharine de' Medici, at Blois, Jan. 5, set. 70. The stocking-frame in-
vented by the Rev. Wm. Lee, of Cambridge.
Henry IV. defeats the League at Ivry near Evreux, March 14, and lays siege to
Paris • march of the duke of Parma to its relief. Death of the cardinal of Bour-
bon • Philip II., in defiance of the Salic law, proposes his daughter Isabella as
queen of France. Invasion of Provence by Charles Emanuel of Savoy. Prince
Maurice drives the Spaniards out of all the Seven United Provinces, and recovers
Breda. Death of Walsingham, ast. 89 ; and of the French jurist, Cujacius. Lope
de Vega begins, about this time, to produce his dramas. The first paper-mill in
England established bv John Spillman, at Dartford in Kent. Death of Sixtus V.,
set. 69 ; his successor, Urban VII., dies twelve days after his election, and is fol-
lowed by Gregory XIV. . ,, T,'T iv v ■
Elizabeth sends an army under the earl of Essex to assist Henry IV. ; they besiege
Rouen, which is relieved by the duke of Parma. Naval enterprise of lord
Charles Howard; courageous death of his vice-admiral, Sir Richard Grenville.
G'-egory XIV. fulminates a Bull against Henry. Prince Maurice takes Nim-
wegen. Elizabeth founds and endows Trinity College, Dublin. Capt. Lancaster
sails for the East Indies, on a private trading speculation. English ships pursue
the whale-fishery at Cape Breton. Telescopes improved and brought into
general notice by Z. Jansen of Middelburg. Stowe, Speed, Camden, and bpelman,
English chroniclers and antiquaries,/.; and De Thou (Thnanus) in France.
Death of Pellegrino Pellegrini, the Bolognese artist. The murder of Feodor s
brother, Dmitri, by Godunow, prepares the extinction of Ruric's race in Russia.
Elizabeth assists Henry IV. with an army under Sir John Norris. His general,
Lesdiguieres, checks the duke of Savoy in Provence. Marshal Biron is wounded
before Rouen. The new pope, Clement VIII., refuses to let Henry s ambassador
enter Rome, and obliges the Venetians to give up Marco Sciarra, who had sought
their protection. Death of the duke of Parma at Arras, Dec. 2, set. 47. The
'Turks invade Hungary, and are defeated at Sissek. Death of John III., king ot
Sweden ; he is succeeded by his son, Sigismund, already king of Poland ; he being
a Catholic, the diet at Upsal declares Lutheranism to be the established re-
ligion of the country. Visit of Elizabeth to Oxford. The bridge of the Rialto
and the Place of St. Mark constructed at Venice. The university of Paderborn
founded ; the sale of books introduced at the fair of Leipzic. Faustus Socmus
prevails upon the Unitarians in Poland to adopt a uniform system jof discipline
and worship. The Theatre F:
of Gassendi.
Francois built. Death of Montaigne, set. 59. Birth
Sir Edward Coke, solicitor-general, and speaker of the house of Commons ; Eliza-
beth restrains their freedom of debate ; Wentworth and three other members
imprisoned ; she dictates to them arbitrary laws against Puritans and Catholics.
Henry IV. conforms to the Catholic faith. Clement refuses to grant him abso-
lution • Philip continues his intrigues with the League against him, and his
attempt to make his daughter queen of France. The parliament of Pans declares
against female succession and foreign interference. Elizabeth reproaches
Henry's abjuration ; accepts his apologies, and enters into a new treaty ot closer
alliance with him. Progress of the Turks against the emperor ; the Venetians
construct the fortress of Palma Nuova, as a barrier against thern Contest be-
tween Protestants and Catholics for the bishopric of Strasburg. Death of Chris-
topher Marlowe. Sidney-Sussex College, Cambridge founded by F. Sidney,
countess of Sussex. Marischal College, Aberdeen, founded by George Keith, ean
marischal. Whalebone first used in England.
550
EROM THE TEAB
A.D.
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1600
1601
1003—1004
1004—1005
1005-1006
1006—1007
1007—1008
1008—1009
1009—1010
1010—1011
1011—1012
Otto-
man Em- Popes,
pire.
21 Amu-
rath III
1 Maho-
met III.
3 Cle-
ment
VIII.
Jan- 30.
8 Mau-
rice of
Nassau
9 —
Hol-
land.
10-
12-
16-
DUKES
of Ba-
varia.
16 Wil-
liam
II.
1 Max-
imi-
lian.
WlB-
TEM-
BERG.
2 Fre-
deric
I.
Pbus-
SIA.
27 Fre-
deric
Albert.
29-
32-
8 33-
Bran-
DEN-
BURG,
24 John
George-
25-
Sax-
ONY.
4 Chris-
tianll
1 Joa
chim
Fre-
deric,
Bruns-
wick
3 Er-
nest
II.
Ger-
many.
19 Ru
dolfll
20-
■
25-
12 11-
I
27-
1594 TO 1602 A.D.
551
Repe-
tition
Doges
of Ve-
Savoy.
France.
Spain.
Den-
Swe-
Po-
Russia.
Scot-
Eng-
Dates.
1594
nice.
MAEK.
den.
land.
land.
land.
10 Pas-
quale Ci-
cogna.
15 Chas.
Emanu-
el I.
6 Henry
IV. of
Navarre.
39Phi-
lip 11.
7Chris-
tian
IV.
3 Sigis-
mund
king of
Poland.
8 Sigis-
mund
III.
king of
Sweden.
11 Feo-
dor I.
Iwano-
mtsch.
28 J as.
VI.
July 24.
37 Eli-
zabeth.
Nov. 17.
1595
1 Marino
Gri-
mani.
16
7
40
8—
4 - —
9
12
29
38
1596
2 ■
17
8
41- —
9
5
10
13 —
30
39
1597
3
18
9 ■
42 — -
10
6
11
14
31
40 __
1598
4
19
10
lPhi-
lipIII.
11
7 .
1,2
1 Boris
Godu-
now.
32
41
1599
5
20
11 =.
2
12
8
13
2
33
42
1600
6
21
12
3
13
9
14
3 —
34
43 -
1601
7
22
13
4
14
10
15
4
35—
44
1602
8
23
14
5
15
11
1
16 i 5
1
36
45
552
FROM THE TEAB
1594
1596
1597
Events and Eminent Men.
Attempts to assassinate Elizabeth are promoted by Philip's ministers and generals
in the Netherlands ; her remonstrances against such proceedings are disregarded
by him. Birth of Henry, eldest son of king James. The duke of Guise and
the chief nobility of France tender their allegiance to Henry IV. Paris and
most of the principal cities open their gates to him; with the assistance of Sir
John Norris and his English auxiliaries, he recovers the strong places in Bri-
tanny, occupied by Spanish garrisons ; Sir Martin Frobisher is killed at the taking
of Brest : attempt of Jean Chatel to murder Henry ; the Jesuits are expelled
from France. Ernest, brother of the emperor Kudolf, is appointed by Philip
viceroy of the Netherlands. Maurice obtains many advantages, takes the city of
Groningen, and consolidates the power of the United Provinces. The Protestant
League formed in Germany, at Heilbron. Sigismund, at his coronation, is bound
by an oath to preserve the Protestant church in Sweden ; after a short residence,
he returns to Poland, and leaves the administration in the hands of his uncle,
Charles, duke of Sudermania. Surrender of Raab to the Turks. -Death of Tin-
toretto, «et. 82, and of the musical composer. Palestrina, set. 65. Birth of John
Hampden and Nicholas Poussin. The Falkland Isles discovered by Hawkins.
Elizabeth recalls her forces from France and Holland for the defence of her own
States. Some Spaniards land in Cornwall, and are defeated. Tyrone, supported
by Philip, rebels in Ireland ; Sir John Norris is sent against him. Arnold d'Ossat
and cardinal du Perron negotiate a reconciliation between Henry IV. and the
pope ; his authority gains ground in France ; a truce concluded with the duke of
Savoy ; war declared against Philip. Death of archduke Ernest ; count of Fuentes,
viceroy of the Netherlands, invades Picardy. On the recommendation of Cor-
nelius Houtman, the Dutch form their East India Company, establish their first
factory in Java, and attack the Spanish and Portuguese, both by arms and com-
mercial rivalry. The Italian States send reinforcements to the emperor against
the Turks, who are defeated, and Gran recovered from them. Death of Sultan
Amurath III.; his son, Mahomet III., commences his reign by murdering his
brothers and his father's wives. Tasso, invited by the pope to be crowned in the
Capitol, dies at Rome, before the ceremony can be performed, April 26, set. 51 ,
Oranges first known in England.
Albert, brother of the late archduke Ernest, governor of the Netherlands, surprises
Calais. Elizabeth renews her treaties with Henry IV. and the United Provinces,
and sends another army, under Sir Thomas Baskerville, to assist the former.
Birth of king James' daughter Elizabeth. Alexander de' Medici, archbishop of
Florence, is deputed by pope Clement, to protest against Henry's alliance with
the heretical Elizabeth, and endeavours to make peace between him and Philip.
Sir Francis Vere governor of Flushing and the cautionary towns, which Elizabeth
still retains. Marseilles surrendered to Henry ; the dukes of Mayenne, Nemours,
and Joyeuse submit to him ; Maximilian de Bethune, marquis de Rosny, (after-
wards duke of Sully) becomes his adviser and prime minister. Unsuccessful
enterprise of Sir Francis Drake and Sir John Hawkins against Porto Rico ; both
commanders die from the effects of the climate and fatigue. Cadiz taken and
plundered by the earl of Essex and lord Thomas Howard. Sir Walter Raleigh's
fruitless expedition into Guiana. Sultan Mahomet places himself at the head of
the Ottoman army, takes Eger (Erlau), and defeats the Christian army at Ke-
resztes. Birth of Des Cartes. The laurustinus and oleander brought into Eng-
land.
Lord Thomas Howard created earl of Nottingham ; to soothe the offended pride of
Essex, Elizabeth makes him earl marshal. Sir Robert Cecil, second son of lord
Burleigh, is appointed secretary of state. Failure of Essex and Raleigh in their
projected attack on Ferrol ; the English and Spanish fleets both dispersed by
storms. Victory of prince Maurice at Turnhout. Amiens surprised by the
Spaniards, March, 11 ; recovered by Henry, Sep. 15. Transylvania relinquished
to the emperor Rudolf, by Sigismund Bathori. On the death of Alfonso d'Este,
Clement VIII. claims the duchy of Ferrara, and excommunicates Caasar, the
rightful heir. Birth of Van Tromp. The pope attempts to settle the Anti-
Jesuit controversy, afterwards called Jansenist.
159-1 TO 1602 A.D.
553
A.D.
1598
1599
Events and Eminent Men.
1601
1602
Death of Sir John Norris ; defeat of Sir Edward Bagnal by Tyrone on the Black-
water. Elizabeth resents the insolence of Essex by a box on the ear. Clifford
and other adventurers molest the coasts of Spanish America. Treaty of Vervins
between Henry IV. and Philip, May 2. Edict of Nantes, April 13. Philip mar-
ries his daughter Isabella to the archduke Albert, and resigns the sovereignty of
the Netherlands to them ; soon after which he dies in the Escurial, Sep. 13, set.
73. His son, Philip III., makes the duke of Lerma his prime minister. By his
system of government, the ancient Cortes are gradually abolished, and" all
national assemblies suppressed throughout the Spanish dominions. Eliza-
beth refuses to make peace without the United Provinces, and concludes another
treaty with them. Raab recovered from the Turks, with Vesprin and other towns.
Discontent in Sweden, the regent is encouraged to assume sovereign power;
Sigismund lands with an army to restore his authority, is defeated, and returns
to Poland. By the death of Feodor the line of Ruric becomes extinct ; Boris
Godunow founds a new dynasty. Caesar d' Este compelled to relinquish Ferrara
to the pope, remains duke of Modena. Whale-fishing commences at Spitzbergen.
The Bodleian library at Oxford founded. Death of lord Burghley, set. 78, of Ed-
mund Spenser, the poet, aat. 45, and of Henry Stephens, printer, and author of the
Thesaurus, set. 70. Birth of G. L. Bernini, the sculptor. The Globe theatre in
Southwark built ; Shakspear performs there in his own plays.
Essex, lord-lieutenant of Ireland, fails to suppress Tyrone's rebellion ; returns to
London; is disgraced, and earl Mountjoy appointed in his place. The Spanish
general Mendoza attempts to invade Dutch Gnelderland, and is repulsed by
Maurice. Divorce of Henry IV. from Margaret de Valois. Death of his mistress
Gabrielle d'Estr^es. Sully restores order in the finances of France. The Im
perial general Von Schwartzenberg besieges Buda, and defeats the efforts
of the Turks to relieve the place. Birth of Vandyke, Oliver Cromwell, and
Blake.
Successful commencement of Mountjoy's Irish government. Trial of Essex ; he is
pardoned, and regains Elizabeth's favour; he begins a new course of intrigue
with king James of Scotland and the Puritans. Francis, afterwards lord Bacon,
first distinguishes himself by his conduct in the trial of Essex. Birth of James'
son, afterwards Charles I. Henry IV. marries Mary de' Medici ; conquers Savoy.
Prince Maurice besieges Nieuport, defeats the archduke Albert, but raises the
siege. Sigismund commences war against his Swedish subjects in Livonia. The
English East India Company established. Birth of Brian Walton and Claude
Lorraine. Death of Richard Hooker, ret. 47. The nature and power of electricity
more clearly ascertained by Dr. Wm. Gilbert of Colchester.
Insurrection of Essex, Feb. 8 ; he is brought to trial, condemned, and beheaded,
Feb. 25, set. 34. Interview of Elizabeth with the marquis of Rosny (Sully), at
Dover. Landing of the Spaniards at Kinsale, Sep. 23 ; Mountjoy compels them
to surrender, reduces Tyrone to complete submission, and restores tranquillity in
Ireland. A parliament held, Oct. 27. Debate on monopolies ; Francis Bacon
defends them ; the queen consents to their abolition. Poor-law of 43 Eliz. passed.
Secret negotiation between Sir Robert Cecil and king James, prepares the way
for the quiet accession of the latter. Peace concluded at Lyons between Henry
IV. and the duke of Savoy. Prince Maurice takes Remberg. The archduke
Albert commences the siege of Ostend. An armament collected by the maritime
States against Algiers, under Gianandrea Doria, is dispersed by adverse winds.
Death of Tycho Brahe, set. 55. The first English factories established on the
Malabar coast. Birth of Calderon.
An expedition, under admiral Sir Richard Levison, against the coast of Spain,
returns with rich prizes. The duke de Biron beheaded for conspiring against the
king of France. Failure of the duke of Savoy in an attempt to seize Geneva.
The privileges of the Dutch East India Company confirmed by the States Ge-
neral ; many Portuguese settlements taken. Death of Agostino Caracci, painter
and engraver, set. 44. Birth of Mazarine, afterwards cardinal. Artichokes in-
troduced into England from Holland, asparagus from Asia, and cauliflowers from
Cyprus. St. Mary Magdalen Hall, Oxford, founded.
554
FROM THE TEAB
A.D.
Hegiea.
Otto-
man Em-
pire.
Popes
Hol-
land.
Bruns
WICK
WlR-
TEM-
BERG.
Prus
SIA.
Bran-
- DEN-
BURG.
Saxo-
ny.
Bava
RIA.
- Ger-
many.
1603
1012—1013
1 Ach-
med I.
12 Cle-
ment
VIII.
Jan. 30
17Mau-
rice, oj
Nassau
^Er-
nest
II.
HFre
dericl
36Fre
deric
Albert
- 6 Joa-
chim
Fre-
deric.
13
Chris
tian
II.
8Max
imili
an.
- 28 Ru-
- dolf
II.
1604
1013—1014
2
13
18
13
12
3*
7
14
9
29
1605
1014—1015
3
14 a.
Mar. 4.
1 Leo
XI.
April 1.
A 27.
lPaul
V.
May 16.
19
14
13
38
8
15
10
1606
1015—1016
4
2
20
15
14
39
9
16 — -
11
31
1607
1016—1017
5
3
21
16
15
40
10
17
12
32
1608
1017-^1018
6
4
22
17
Uohn
Fre-
deric.
41
Uohn
Sigis-
mund.
18
13
33
ie&>
1010
7 —
5
23
18
2
12
2
L9
14
34
1610
1020
8
6
24
IP
3
13
3 '.
JO
15-, —
55-
1603 TO 1610 A.D.
555
Repe-
tition
Dates,
1604
1605
1606
1607
160S
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
9Marino
Grima-
ni.
Savoy.
24 Chas,
Ema-
nuel I.
1 Leo-
nardo
Donato.
Fbance
15 Hen
ry IV. of
Navarre.
Spain.
6 Phi
lip
III.
Den-
mark
25
27
17
1610
31
16
Chris-
tian
IV.
Swe-
den.
Po-
land.
12 Sigis
mund,
king of
Poland.
1 Chas.
IX.
17 Si
gis-
mund,
king of
Sweden.
6Boris United
Godu- to Eng-
now
18
dep. in
Sweden.
19-
Rus-
sia.
Scot-
land.
Eng-
land.
1 Louis 13-
XIII.
22-
23
21 ■
5 22
1 Vas-
sili
Shu-
iskoy..
Grand
Dukes
of Tus-
cany.
17 Ferdi.
nand I.
18
45 Eli-
zabeth
d. Mar,24
Great
Britain
1 James I
March 24.
Qu.Anae
of Den-
mark.
20
24-
22 6
1 Cosmo
II. de'
Medici.
5-H
556
FROM THE TEATS
A.D.
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
Events and Eminent Men.
Death of queen Elizabeth, at Richmond, March 24 (April 3, n.s), sat. 69. Acces-
sion of James I., who takes the title of king of Great Britain ; coronation at
Westminster, July 25. Embassy of Rosny. Treaty between James and Hen-
ry IV for the support of the United Provinces. Conspiracy and apprehension
of lords Gray and Cobham, Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir Edward Parham, and others.
Sir Edward Coke, attorney-general, prosecutes them. Re-admission of the
Jesuits into France. Meeting of the Protestants of Germany at Heidelberg;
league among them renewed. By the death of George Frederic of Anspach, the
administration of Prussia devolves on Joachim Frederic, elector of Brandenburg.
Sir Robert Cecil, secretary of state, created earl of Salisbury. The JSasUicon
Doron repuolished. Death of Dr. William Gilbert, the improver of electricity.
King James presides at a religious disputation in Hampton Court, which produces
no result. A new translation of the Scriptures, and a corrected form of Common
Prayer adopted. Death of archbishop Whitgift ; Bancroft, who succeeds him,
treats the Puritans with great severity. A parliament held, 'March 19, recog-
nizes the king's title, eviuces much spirit in asserting its own privileges and
the liberties of the people. Rapid progress of general information and public
opinion. Peace concluded with Spain, Aug. 18. The Gunpowder Plot projected,
and preparations made to carry it into execution. After a siege of three years,
Ostend taken by the marquis Spinola. Prince Maurice reduces Sluys by famine.
The Dutch begin their conquest of the Molucca islands. The emperor Rudolf
persecutes the Protestants in his German States and in Hungary. The cruelties
of Boris Godunow provoke revolt in Russia. The Swedes depose Sigismund,
and place his uncle, the duke of Sudermania, on the throne. Arminius, professor j
of divinity at Leyden, dissents from the doctrines of Calvin, and is opposed by j
Gomarus. Cervantes publishes the first part of his Don Quixotte. Death of t
Faustus Socinus. The plague rages violently in London.
The Gunpowder Plot detected, Nov. 5 ; Catesby and Percy slain, in an attempt to
raise a rebellion in Warwickshire ; Garnet, superior of the Jesuits, Sir Everard
Digby, Rookwood, Guy Fawkes, and other conspirators, arrested, and suffer death
for their crime. The earl of Northumberland, suspected of participation, is fined
and imprisoned ; the lords Mordaunt and Stourton fined. Pope Paul V. threatens
to excommunicate the doge of Venice, for having exercised civil jurisdiction
over the church. The Turks gain advantages in Hungary, and recover Gran;
they sustain great defeats in their war with Persia. Victory of Sigismund over
the Swedes, at Kirchholm, in Livonia. Charles IX. builds Gothenburg, Umea,
and Uleaborg, and encourages industry and commerce. A pretender in Russia
is for a time believed to be Dmitri, the murdered brother of Feodor ; suicide of
Boris Godunow. Birth of Sir William Davenant, Sir Thomas Browne, and Edmund
Waller. Death of Theodore Beza, aat. 86.
Meeting of parliament, Jan. 22 ; a new oath of allegiance ordered, which Paul V.
forbids the English Catholics to take. The first Act passed for making the New
River. Companies chartered for settlements in Virginia, which is again, and
successfully, colonized. The French establish themselves in Canada. New
Holland discovered by the Dutch. The emperor Rudolf concludes the peace of
Comom with the Turks ; by the pacification of Vienna, he secures to Protestants
the free exercise of their religion. Interdict laid by the pope on the Venetian
States ; the Republic treats the Bull with contempt, and orders all religious ob-
servances to be continued as usual. Paul threatens war, and Venice prepares to
resist him. The cardinals Bellarmine and Baronius write in defence of the
church, and Paul Sarpi (Fra Paolo) vindicates the measures of the republic. The
false Dmitri is put to death, and Vassili Shuiskoy raised by the boyars to the
throne of Russia. Death of Justus Lipsius, set. 79. Birth of Corneille and
Rembrandt.
King James, in a speech to parliament, recommends the union between England
and Scotland; the question debated by Sir Francis Bacon and Sir Edward Coke;
the measure not carried. Increasing importance of the House of Commons; its
Journals begin to be regularly kept. Discussion on the oath of allegiance be-
tween king James and cardinal Bellarmine. Insurrection of Reynolds in North
1603 TO 1610 A.D.
.557
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
1608
amptonshire against inclosures. Visit of Christian, king of Denmark, to his
sister, the queen of England. The archduke Matthias endeavours to obtain the
abdication of his brother, Rudolf. Naval victory of the Hollanders over the
Spaniards off Cape St. Vincent. Negotiations for peace begin between the king
of Spain, the archduke Albert, and the United Provinces, and are broken off.
Davis penetrates into the Straits which still bear his name. The building of
Whitehall commenced, by Inigo Jones. The University of Giessen founded.
Under the mediation of Henry IV., the pope desists from his pretensions and
his intended hostilities against Venice ; the republic gives up its prisoners, but
maintains its jurisdiction over ecclesiastics ; the Jesuits remain excluded from
its territories. Richelieu appointed bishop of Lucon. Attempted assassination
of Fra Paolo, supposed to have been instigated by cardinal Borghese. Conclu-
sion of the Memoirs of the President de Thou, commencing from 1543, Death
of cardinal Baronius, set. 69. Birth of the duke of Ormond, and de Ruyter.
King James improves the government of Ireland, and offers the forfeited lands in
the province of Ulster to Protestant settlers. Hudson explores the bay since
named after him. Sir Thomas Chaloner discovers the alum rock at Guisborough
near Whitby in Yorkshire, obtains workmen from Italy, and establishes the
alum-works there. Wirtemberg, Hesse Cassel, Baden and other Protestant
States, enter into a league, of which the Elector Palatine, Frederic, is the chief,
The emperor Rudolf gives up Hungary to his brother Matthias, whom the people
of that country choose for their king, but stipulate for religious liberty. Death
of Thomas Sackville, Earl of Dorset, 33t 81. Birth of Milton, of Monk ( afterwards
earl of Albemarle), and Hyde (afterwards earl of Clarendon). Quebec built
Many puritans emigrate to Virginia, under Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George
Somers ; the latter driven by a storm among the Bermudas, forms a settlement
on one of them, named after him Somers' Island. The king of Spain and arch-
duke Albert, reduced to extremities and unable to continue the war, recognise
the independence of the Seven United Provinces, and under the mediation of
Great Britain and France, conclude with them a truce for twelve years, March
30 (April 9, n.s.). The Dutch, by levying heavy tolls at the mouth of the
Scheldt, transfer the commerce of Antwerp to Amsterdam and Rotterdam.
Death of Arminius, set. 49; his doctrines are advocated by Uitenbogart and
Episcopius ; the Gomarians or Calvinists are favoured by prince Maurice and
the States General ; violent controversies are carried on. The Catholic princes
of Germany confederate at WiU'zburg, and place Maximilian, duke of Bavaria,
at the head of their league. Charles Emanuel of Savoy fails in a second attempt
to seize Geneva; he endeavours to engage Henry IV. in an attack on the duchy
of Milan. Another false Dmitri appears in Russia, supported by Sigismund,
king of Poland, and the Cossacks : Vassili is besieged in Moscow ; Charles IX.
of Sweden comes to his assistance, and drives the Poles out of Northern Russia.
Hugh Middleton begins to cut the channel for the New River. Copper coin
first issued from the Mint in London. Death of Joseph Scaliger, set. 69, and of
Annibale Carracci, set. 49. The king of Spain expels all the Moors, the most
industrious and wealthy, of his subjects.
Meeting of Parliament, Feb. 19 ; the Commons restrict the supplies, and begin
to limit the royal prerogative. Henry IV. assassinated by Ravaillac, May 4
( 14, n.s.), set. 57. His measures for opposing the growing power of Austria are
suspended ; his widow, Mary de' Medici, regent, is governed by that power and
Spain; the duke of Sully treated with coldness and neglect. Struggle in Ger-
many for the duchies of Julich, Cleves, and Berg ; the Protestants meet at
Halle and extend their League. The Arminians present a Remonstrance to the
States General against the opposition which they encounter, and are thence-
forth styled Remonstrants. Batavia built by the Dutch on the island of Java;
quarrels commence between them and the English factories. Anarchy in Russia;
Vassili imprisoned, dies in confinement: Sweden and Poland contend for ascen-
dancy. The invention of the thermometer ascribed to Fra Paolo, to Sanctorio,
and to Drebbel of Alkmaar. Death of archbishop Bancroft. Birth of viscount
Falkland.
558
FROM THE YEAB
A.D.
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
Hegi-
BA.
1021
1022
1023
Otto-
man Em
PIRE.
1025
1026
9 Ach-
medl.
10
13
14
1027 1 Mue-
tafa I.
1028
llOsman
II.
Popes,
7 Paul V
May 16-
10
Hol- Bruns-
land. wick.
25 Mau
rice, of
Nassau,
30
31
1 Chris.
tian I
Wir-
TEM-
BERG
4 John
F
deric.
10-
Prus-
SIA.
Bban-
DEN-
BURG.
44 Fre-
deric
Al-
bert.
45-
United
to
DEN-
BURG.
4John
Sigis-
mund
lO-
ll 8-
Duke I
of i
Prus-
Saxo-
ny
Uohii
George
III.
Bava-
ria.
^Max-
imilian.
Ger-
many
36 Ru
dolf
II.
1 Mat-
thias.
1611 TO 1618 A.D.
559
tition
Dates.
1611
Doges
op Ve-
nice.
6 Leo-
nardo
Donato
1 Marc-
antonio
Memo,
Savoy.
32 Ckas.
Ema-
nuel I.
33
France
2 Louis
XIII.
34
35
1 Gio-
vanni
Bembo
37
1 Nicolo
Donato.
1 Anto-
nio Pri-
uli.
Spain,
14 Phi
lip III
Den-
mark.
24Chris
tian IV
26
27
20-
SD
Swe- Po- Russia,
den. land.
1 Gus- 25 Si
tavus gis-
Adol- mund
phus,
30
■|31
27-
Anar-
chy.
1 Mi-
chael
III.
Roma-
Grand _,
Duees of Great
Tcbcant.) Britain,
3 Cos- !9 James I-
mo II.,
de' Me-
dici.
10 -
d. Henry,
Prince of
Wales
31-
12
14
15
560
FROM THE YEAE
1611
1612
1615
Events and Eminent Men.
The province of Ulster settled and cultivated by English and Scotch Protestants
Baronets first created ; they purchase their titles. Robert Carre, favourite of
king James. Marriage of lord Beanchamp and lady Arabella Stuart ; they are
imprisoned in the Tower. The States General deprive Vorstius, a Remonstrant,
of his professor's chair at Leyden, by desire of king James. Rudolf relin-
quishes Bohemia to his brother Matthias, who is crowned at Prague. Death of
Charles, king of Sweden; his son, Gustavus Adolphus, Bet. 17, takes the throne,
and makes Axel Oxenstiern his prime minister. Sully retires into private life,
and writes his Memoirs. The Order of the Fathers of the Oratory founded at Paris
by Berulle. Settlement of the Jesuits in Paraguay. Thomas Sutton purchases
the Charter House (see a. p. 3371 ) of the duke of Norfolk, which he endows as a
school and hospital. The present authorized English version of the Bible com-
pleted and brought into use. Death of the duke de Mayenne. Birth of lord
Fairfax, of Gronovius, of James Harrington, and of Turenne (afterwards
marshal).
Death of Henry, prince of Wales, Nov. 6, set. 19. Robert Cecil, earl of Salisbury
dies, set. 49, and his place, as prime minister, is. filled by the earl of Suffolk.
Resistance of the Scotch church to episcopal jurisdiction. The queen regent
of France sets herself in opposition to the Huguenots, and is guided by Con-
cini. Death of the emperor Rudolf, Jan. 20, n.s., set. 60; his brother, Matthias,
already king of Hungary and Bohemia, is elected emperor at Francfort, June 13.
The Portuguese establish a factory at Ormus. Sir Robert Shirley, after a long
residence in Persia, returns as ambassador and negociates a treaty of commerce
between Great Britain and that country. Hickes's Hall built for the use of the
Middlesex magistrates. Death of Sir Thomas Bodley, founder of the Library
at Oxford. Birth of the duke of Montrose, of Sir Henry Vane, and Samuel
Butler.
Marriage of the princess Elizabeth to Frederic V-, elector Palatine. Carre,
created by the king first viscount Rochester, and then earl of Somerset, marries
the divorced countess of Essex ; at their instigation, Sir Thomas Overbury is
committed to the Tower and secretly poisoned. The duke of Savoy claims and
invades the duchy of Moutferrat, Bethlem Gabor obtains the sovereignty
of Transylvania. Michael III. founds the dynasty of Romanow in Russia.
Ineffectual conference of the Remonstrants and Calvinists at Delft. Wadham
College, Oxford, founded by Nicholas and Dorothy Wadham. Birth of the
duke de la Rochefoucault, of Murillo the Spanish painter, and of Jeremy Taylor
(afterwards bishop). English factories at Surat in India, aud at Gombroon on
the Persian gulf. Piracies of the Buccaneers on the coasts of America.
Meeting of parliament, Apr. 5 ; the Commons vote no supplies, but endeavour to
abridge the power of the crown ; the king dissolves them in anger, June 6, and
imprisons some of the members. Thomas Leggatt burnt in Smithfield for
Arianism, and Edmund Whiteman at Burton on Trent. Agitation in France ;
assembly of the States General; the parliament of Paris condemns a book by
the Jesuit Suarez, on the papal power ; the pope threatens, and the young king,
now of age, is obliged to apologise. An equestrian statue of Henry IV., pre-
sented by Cosmo, grand duke of Tuscany, is placed on the Pont Neuf. The
church of St. -Peter's at Rome completed. The elector of Brandenburg conforms
to the Protestant faith, The Persians, assisted by the English, expel the Por-
tuguese from Ormus. Destructive inundations of the sea in Lincolnshire and
Norfolk. The New River water brought to London ; Hugh Middleton knighted,
but ruined by the undertaking. Logarithms invented by lord Napier. The
university of Groningen established. Birth of De Retz (afterwards cardinal).
Death of Brantome, and of Isaac Casaubon, set. 55. Pietro della Valle com-
mences his travels in. Persia. Beaumont and Fletcher/.
rhe murder of Sir Thomas Overbury discovered; trial and condemnation of the
criminals ; the two principals, Somerset and his countess, are pardoned ; their
accomplices suffer death. Visit of king James to Cambridge ; he there sees
George Villiers, who becomes his favourite, and is rapidly promoted. Lady '
Arabella Stuart dies, still a prisoner in the. Tower. Sir Edward Coke quarrels'
, I
1811 TO 1618 A.D.
561
Events and Eminent Men.
with Villiers, and is displaced from his office of Chief Justice. Marriage of
Louis XIII. to Anna Maria Mauricia, daughter of Philip III. of Spain; and of
her brother, afterwards Philip IV., to Isabella, sister of the French king. The
prince of Conde* places himself at the head of the Huguenots ; preparations for
war on both sides. The piracies of the Uscocchi, subjects of Austria, lead to
hostilities between the Venetians and Imperialists. The duke of Savoy defends
himself against the attack of the Spanish governor of Milan. Coffee in use at
Venice. Birth of Salvator Rosa, and of Richard Baxter. The palace of the
Luxemburg at Paris built by the queen regent Death of Francis Beaumont,
cEt. 60, and of Aquaviva, author of the school system of the Jesuits.
Flushing, the Briel, and Rammekins, " the cautionary towns," given up to the
Dutch by king James. Richelieu secretary of state. The prince of Conde"
seized and imprisoned. Pedro de Toledo, governor of Milan, prosecutes the
attack on Savoy. Baffin explores the bay to which his name has been given.
Death of Shakspeare, ast. 52, and of Cervantes, in great misery, a>t. 69. Birth
of Carlo Dolce. St. Mary's Hall, Oxford, founded.
King James visits Scotland ; holds a parliament there, June 13, and a meeting of
the bishops and clergy at St. Andrew's, July 10; his efforts in support of epis-
copacy cause a great ferment in the country ; on his return to London he pub-
lishes his " Book of Sports," and orders a more cheerful observance of the
Sunday. Bacon created viscount St. Albans, and appointed lord chancellor.
Sir Walter Raleigh, released from the Tower, engages a band of adventurers to
seek a gold mine in Guiana. Influence of De Luynes over Louis XIII, Assas-
sination of Concini, marshal d'Ancre; Mary de' Medici sent to Blois; Richelieu
attends her there. Peace of Stolbova; Sweden obtains Carelia and Ingria.
The emperor Matthias adopts his cousin, Ferdinand, son of the late archduke
Charles, and resigns Bohemia to him ; he is crowned at Prague, and begins to
oppose the Protestants of that kingdom. The terms of a general peace settled
in Italy. The centenary of the Reformation celebrated in Germany by a Pro-
testant jubilee. Death of the president De Thou, jet. 64, and of John (lord)
Napier, set. 67. Birth of Algernon Sidney, and of Bossuet.
Proposed marriage of prince Charles to a Spanish princess. Villiers, now duke of
Buckingham, rules the king. The earl of Suffolk fined and imprisoned for
peculation. Sir Walter Raleigh, on his return from his unsuccessful enterprise,
beheaded, Oct. 29, set, 66; the queen intercedes in vain for him. The General
Assembly in Scotland agrees very reluctantly to the Articles of Perth, in favour
of religious ceremonies. France distracted by the three factions of the court,
the queen-mother and the Huguenots. Italy agitated by the " Spanish Trium-
virate," Ossuna, viceroy of Naples ; Toledo, governor of Milan ; and Bedmar,
ambassador at Venice. Conspiracy for betraying the latter city, the foundation
of Otway's " Venice preserved." Toledo recalled by Philip. Ferdinand takes
from the Bohemian Protestants their privileges ; they arm themselves against
him, May 23, under count Von Thurn ; are supported by an auxiliary force under
count Mansfeld, and make themselves masters of the kingdom; commence-
ment of the Thirty Years' War. The emperor Matthias relinquishes Hungary to
Ferdinand. Death of Frederic Albert, the imbecile duke of Prussia ; annexa-
tion of his territories to the Electorate of Brandenburg. Disgrace of the duke
of Lerma ; his son, the duke d'Uzeda, supplants him as minister to Philip III.
Prince Maurice aims at absolute power in the United Provinces. The synod of
Dortrecht condemns the doctrines of Arminius and denies toleration to the Re-
monstrants ; the grand Pensionary Oldenbarneveld, Grotius, and other eminent
members of the sect are imprisoned. First voyage of the Danes to India, and
settlement at Tranquebar. A patent granted for a machine, called a " fire en-
gine," for raising ballast and water, nearly on the principle of the steam engine.
Death of cardinal de Perron, set. 62. Birth of Abraham Cowley. Music culti-
vated in England ; William Bird, composer of " Non nobis Domine," and other
sacred music ; Dr. John Bull, professor of music at Gresham College ; and
Orlando Gibbons, composer of madrigals and church music.
562
FROM THE TEAK
A.D.
1619
1620
1032
1623
1024 1034
1625
1035
1036
Otto- J
man Eh- Popes.
2 0smanU5Paul
II. V.
May 16-
d. Jan.
1 Grego-
ry XV,
Feb. 9.
1 Mus-
tafa I.
restored.
1 Amu
rath IV
rf.JulyS.
1 Urban
VIII.
Aug. 6,
Hol-
land.
Bruns-
wick.
WlR-
TEH-
BERG.
33 Mau-
rice of
Nassau.
9 Chris-
tian I.
12 John
Fre-
deric.
34
10 — -
13
35
11
14
36
12
15
37
13
16
38
14
17
1 Fre-
deric
Hen-
ry.
15
18
Par-
ma.
28 Ra-
nuccio
Far-
30-
1 Ed-
ward.
1 George
Wil-
liam.
9 John
George
Saxo-
ny.
12-
13-
Bava-
Ger-
ria.
many.
24Max-
imilian.
1 Fer-
dinand
II.
25
2
26
3
27 —
4
28
5
29
6
30
7
1619 TO 1625 A.D.
563
Repe-
tition
Dates.
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1625
DOGBS
of Ve-
nice.
2 An-
tonio
Priuli.
Savoy.
40 Chas
Ema-
nuel I.
41
Fbance.
Den-
mark.
42
43
10 Louis 22 Phi-
XIII. lip III
11
lPhilip
IV.
32 Chris
tian IV
33
1 Fran-
cesco
Conta-
1 Gio-
vanni
Cornaro,
15
16
35
Swe-
den.
9Gus-
tavus
Adol-
phus.
Po-
land
gis-
mund.
34-
37
13 37-
35-
DtJKES
op Tus
CANY.
7 Mi-
chael
III.
Boma-
10-
llCosmo
II. (
Medici.
12
1 Ferdi-
nand II.
de' Me-
dici,
GrKBAT I
BbitainJ
17James
L
March 24 J
d.Q.Aniie
18
19
15-
12.
,20
21
23 d.
March 27
lChas.1.
March 27,
i, Henri-
etta Mwia
orFrance-,
2 o2
564
FROM THE YEAE
A.D.
1619
1820
1621
J622
Events and Eminent Men.
Death of queen Anne, at Hampton Court, March 3, set. 43. Mary de' Medici
escapes from Blois, assisted by the duke d'Epernon; Richelieu effects a reconci-
liation between her and her son. The duke de Conde" is released. Death of the
emperor Matthias, March 20, set. 62 ; election of his cousin, Ferdinand, at Franc-
fort, Aug 28. The Bohemians give their crown to the elector Palatine,
Frederic V. King James refuses to assist his son-in-law, or even to acknowledge
his new title: he is recognized by the Venetians, who enter into a league with
the duke of Savoy and the United Provinces, to check the power of Austria.
Invasion of Hungary by Bethlem Gabor. The new emperor is besieged in Vi-
enna by the Bohemians, and reduced to great extremity, when some troops sent
by the grand duke of Tuscany arrive and relieve him ; the duke of Bavaria and
the elector of Saxony espouse his cause ; the elector of Brandenburg refuses to
take any part in the struggle now commencing. Oldenbarneveld beheaded,
Mav 13, jet. 72. Grotius condemned to imprisonment for life. The States Ge-
neral defeat the arbitrary designs of Maurice. The circulation of the blood
discovered by Dr. William Harvey. Dulwich College founded, by Edward
Alleyne. A large comet visible 28 days. Death of Ludovico Caracci, set. 64.
Birth of Le Brun, of Colbert, and the duke of Schomberg. Sir Francis Crane
assisted by the king to establish a manufactory of tapestry at Mortlake.
A Spanish army from the Netherlands, under the marquis of Spinola, conquers
the Palatinate of the Rhine. Maximilian, duke of Bavaria, overthrows the Bo-
hemians in the battle of Prague, Nov. 9, n.s. The elector Frederic, deprived of
his acquired kingdom and of his hereditary territories, takes refuge at Rhenen, in
Dutch Guelderland. The duke of Ossuna, suspected of a design to seize the
sovereignty of Naples, is recalled to Spain, and replaced by the cardinal Borgia.
The duke of Feria, Spanish governor of Milan, occupies the Valteline, to support
the revolt of the Catholics against the Protestant government of the Grisons.
Amboyna taken by the Dutch from the Portuguese. Manfredonia surprised and
plundered by the Turks. Gustavus Adolphus marries Maria Eleanor, princess
of Brandenburg. Buxtorf, the Hebrew scholar, fl. Birth of John Evelyn, of
Philip Wouvermans, and of Andrew Marvell. Perukes introduced at the French
court. Silk first manufactured in England.
Vain remonstrances of king James against the seizure of the Palatinate. Meeting
of parliament, Jan. 30; reform of abuses in monopolies, patents, and licences.
The lord chancellor, Bacon, confesses his acceptance of presents or bribes; is
deprived of his office, lined, and imprisoned ; the king restores him to liberty,
remits his fine, and allows him a pension. Villiers, brother of the duke of Buck-
ingham, Yelverton, attorney-general, and many others, convicted of malversa-
tions. Second meeting of parliament, Nov. 14 ; quarrel with "the king ; he tears
their protest from their journals. Failure of Louis XIII. in his attempt to take
Montauban from the Huguenots ; successful operations of their chiefs, the dukes
de Rohan and de Soubise ; death of the constable of France, duke de Luynes.
Expiration of the cruce in the Netherlands ; the Dutch refuse to renew it. Death
of archduke Albert ; his widow, Isabella, continues to govern, and the prepara-
tions for war are directed by Ambrose Spinola. The duke of Holstein. gives an
asylum to the expatriated Remonstrants, and builds for them the town of Fried-
erichstadt, on the Eyder ; many of them settle in farming establishments, called
Hollandereys, and improve the system of agriculture in the duchy. Death of
Philip III., March 31, ait. 43 ; his son, Philip IV., set. 16, is governed by his mi-
nister oiivarez. The Benedictine congregation of St. Maur receive their
statutes from the pope, and commence their literary labours. Death of cardinal
Bellarmine, set. 79. Birth of Louis, prince of Conde, of La Fontaine, of Heneage
Finch (earl of Nottingham), and of Antony Ashley (earl of Shaftesbury). Escape
of Grotius from the castle of Leeuwensteen.
The king dissolves the parliament, Jan. 6 ; imprisons Sir Edward Coke, belden,
Pym and other members; sends some, against their will, to hold offices in
Ireland and makes Sir John Saville comptroller of the household ; relaxes the
severity of the laws against Catholics ; assists the elector Palatine with money to
attempt the recovery of his dominions. Three armies raised; one under count;
1619 TO 1625 A.D,
565
Events and Eminent Men.
Mansfeld defeats Tilly at Wiesloch : but George, duke of Baden, is defeated at
Wirapfen, and the elector of Brunswick at II Ochst ; Tilly devastates the Pala-
tinate of the Rhine, with horrid barbarity. The duke de Lesdiguieres constable
of France, and Richelieu made a cardinal ; the edict of Montpellier restores peace
on the basis of the edict of Nantes. Bergen-op-Zoom saved by prince Maurice
from the attack of Spinola. The Congregation De Propaganda fide established
by the pope. Othman II. strangled by the Janizaries, and Mustafa restored.
Death of Paul Sarpi (Fra Paolo), aet. 70, and of John Bull, Mus. D , set. 59. Birth
of Moliere.
Prince Charles, attended by Buckingham, visits Madrid, to negotiate in person for
his marriage with a Spanish princess ; the treaty broken off. The electoral dig-
nity of the Palatinate transferred to Maximilian of Bavaria; the imperialists
everywhere triumphant ; the war apparently at an end ; count Mansfeld alone re-
mains in arms. The valuable library of Heidelberg transported to Rome and Vien-
na. The intrigues of discordant factions in the French court prepare the way
for Richelieu to become prime minister. The son of the murdered Oldenbarneveld
and other Remonstrants attempt to avenge their wrongs by a conspiracy against
Maurice; they are detected and punished. Death of Mariana, the historian of
of Spain, set. 86, of William Bird, set. 48, and of William Camden, set. 72. Birth
of Pascal. The sultan Mustafa deposed again, and killed, is succeeded by Os-
man's brother, Amurath IV.
A better understanding prevails between James and the parliament on its meeting,
Feb- 29. War with Spain. Count Mansfeld has the command of an English
army destined for the Palatinate ; failure of his expedition. Impeachment of the
lord treasurer Cranfield, earl of Middlesex. Treaty of marriage between prince
Charles and Henrietta Maria, sister of Louis XIII. Richelieu, prime minister,
takes a more decided part in the politics of Europe ; concludes a treaty with the
United Provinces ; conference at Susa ; alliance of France with the duke of
Savoy and with Venice ; a French army, under the marquis de Coeuvres, takes
possession of the Valteline. Peace between the emperor and Bethlem Gabor, to
whom Ratibor and Oppeln are ceded, on his relinquishing his claim to the king-
dom of Hungary. Success of the Dutch in their naval enterprises against the
coasts of Spanish America. Spinola lays siege to Breda. Massacre of the
English in Amboyna by the Dutch. Death of the earl of Nottingham sat. 88, and
of the duke of Ossuna. Manhattan, or New Amsterdam (now New York),
founded by Dutch emigrants. Bacon, in his retirement, writes his Novum Or-
ganum, and De Augmentis Scientiarum. Pembroke College, Oxford, founded by
Thomas Teesdale and Richard Wightwick.
Death of James I., at Theobald's, March 27, set. 59. Marriage of Charles I., May 1,
by proxy, at Paris, to Henrietta Maria, daughter of the late Henry IV. ; arrival
of the queen at Dover, June 13. Meeting of parliament, June 18; adjourned to
Oxford, on account of the plague, Aug. 1 ; offends the king, and is dissolved,
Aug. 12. Alliance, with France ; the English fleet, under Sir John Pennington,
refuses to act against the Protestants of Rochelle. Unsuccessful expedition
against Cadiz. The islands of Barbadoes and St. Christopher occupied by
English settlers. Richelieu commences vigorous measures against the Hugue- |
nots, and takes from them the Isle de Rhe. A French anny, under Lesdiguieres, .
joins the duke of Savoy in an ineffectual attack on Genoa. Alliance between the
king of Denmark and the German Protestant States. The emperor's son, Fer-
dinand III., crowned king of Hungary. Bi-eda surrenders to Spinola. Death of
the statholder, prince Maurice, set. 59 ; he is succeeded by his brother, Frederic
Henry, who causes the intolerant laws against the Remonstrants to be repealed.
The plague afflicts most parts of Europe ; so violent in London, that the courts
of justice hold their Michaelmas sittings at Reading. Death of John Fletcher,
the dramatist, sat. 49, of the duke of Lerma, of the Spanish historian, Herrera,
of the Flemish painter, Peter Breughel, set. 56, of Orlando Gibbons, set. 42, and
of Sir John Davies, sat. 55. Birth of Bartholomew D'Herbelot, of Carlo Ma-
ratta, the landscape painter, of Cassini, of De Witt, of Paul Potter, and the earl
of Sandwich. Grotius, a refugee in Sweden, writes De Jure Belli et Pacis.
566
FROM THE YEAR
A.D.
Hegira.
Otto-
man Em-
Popes. Spain.
Francs.
Bruns-
WlR-
TEM-
Bran-
den-
Saxo-
Bava-
Ger-
pire.
wick.
BERG.
burg.
ny.
ria.
many.
1626
1036—1037
4 Amu-
rath IV.
4 Ur-
ban
VIII.
Aug. 6
6 Phi-
lip
IV.
17 Louis
XLU.
16 Chris.
tian I.
19 John
Frede-
ric.
8 George
Wil-
liam.
16 John
George
1.
31 Max
imilian
8 Fer-
dinand
II.
1627
1037—1038
5
5
7
18
17
20
9
17
32—
9
1628
1038-1039
6
6
8
19
18
lEber-
hard
III.
10
33
10
1629
1039—1040
7
7
9
20
19
2
11
19
34-
11
1630
1040—1041
8
8
10
21
20
3
12
20
35
12
1631
1041—1042
9
9
11
22 —
21
4
13
21
36—
13
1632
1042—1043
10 —
10
12
23
22
5—
14
22
37
14-
1626 TO 1G32 A.D.
.67
Repe-
tition
Dates.
1627
Doges I
op Ve- ■ Savoy,
nice.
2 Gio-
vanni
Coraa-
ro.
1629
1630
1631
1632
47 Chas.
Ema-
nuel I.
48
Dukes , Dukes
op op Tus-
Parma. cany,
5 Ed-
ward.
6 Fer-
dinand
II. de'
Medici,
INiccolo
Conta-
1 Fran-
cesco
Erizzo
1 Victor
Ama-
deus I.
Den-
mark.
39Chris
feianlV
40
Swe-
den.
Po-
land
16 Gus- 40 Si
tavus
Adol-
phus.
45
18-
gis-
mund
42-
liUSSIA
14 Mi-
chael
III. Ro-
manow,
Hol-
land.
Great
Britain.
2 Fre-
deric
Hen-
ry-
2Chas. ij
March 27.1
20-
17
1 La- 20
isl
IV.
4. Charle:
II.
§68
FROM THE TEAS
Events akd Eminent Men.
1627
1628
1629
Charles I. crowned, Feb. 2. Meeting of parliament, Feb. 6. The earl of Arundel
committed to the Tower ; protest of the Lords. Buckingham impeaches the earl
of Bristol, and is impeached by the earl and by the Commons ; pending this
process, he is elected chancellor of the university of Cambridge. Remonstrances
of the Commons ; dissolution of parliament, June 11. The king endeavours to
raise a supply by arbitrary impositions of tonnage, poundage, loans, and ship-
money ; imprisonment of Sir John Corbet, Sir Edmund Hampden, and others
Rivalry and jealousy of Buckingham and Richelieu. Peace with the Huguenots.
Treaty of Moncon; the Valteline restored to the Grisons. Conspiracy against
Richelieu ; the count de Chalais beheaded. Christian IV. takes the command
of the Protestant army, and is defeated by Tilly, at Lutten, on the Barenberg
Victory of Wallenstein over Mansfeld, at Dessau. The duke of Urbino gives
his territories to the pope. French settlements formed in Senegal and Guy-
ana. The convent of Port Royal {see 1233) refounded by the abbess Arnauld
Bacon, while on a visit to the earl of Arundel, at Highgate, dies, April 9, set. 65.
Death of Lesdeguieres, constable of France, set. 83, and of William Snell, a
Dutchman, who discovered the refraction of rays of light. Birth of Robert
Boyle.
Unpopularity of Charles I.; resistance to his arbitrary measures. He engages in
a war against France. Buckingham's ill-concerted and unfortunate attack on the
Isle de Rhe\ Louis XIII encouraged by Richelieu to besiege Rochelle ; opera-
tions commenced, Aug. 10. Wallenstein defeats the Protestants, commanded
by the marquis of Baden ; conquers Pomerania, Holstein, Schleswig, and pene-
trates into Jutland. Death of the duke of Mantua; the disputed succession to
his States prepares a new war in Italy ; the duke of Savoy revives his claim to
the duchy of Montferrat. Success of the Dutch admiral, Hein, in Brazil;
he founds Essequibo, in Guyana. Boston, in North America, built by English
emigrants. Death of Gruter, set. 67. Birth of Madame de Sevigne\ and of
Bossnet.
Meeting of parliament, March 17. Petition of Right receives the royal assent.
Proceedings of the Commons against the duke of Buckingham and Dr. Main-
waring. Supplies voted to relieve Rochelle. Failure of two expeditions under
the earls of Denbigh and Lindsay. Buckingham assassinated by Felton, at
Portsmouth, Aug. 23, set. 46. Surrender of Rochelle, Oct. 30, n.s. France
prepares to support the claim of the duke de Nevers to Mantua ; league against
him of Spain, Austria, and Savoy. Charles Emanuel invades Montferrat, and
Gonzales de Cordova, governor of Milan, lays siege toCasal. Venice assembles
an army to act in concert with the French. Spinola called from the Netherlands
to assist in the Italian war. Frederic Henry takes Bois-le-duc, Maestricht, and
Wesel ; Tuivnne first studies under him the art of war. Hein captures a
richly-laden Spanish fleet off Cuba. Wallenstein conquers all the German
Baltie provinces, and is invested by the emperor with the duchy of Mecklenburg.
First English settlement on the bay of Massachusetts. Death of the Persian
sultan, Shah Abbas. Death of Fulk Greville, lord Brooke, set. 84, and of Mal-
herbe, the French lyric poet, sat. 72. Birth of John Bunyan, Sir William Tem-
ple, and Francis de Montmorency, afterwards marshal and duke of Luxemburg.
Meeting of parliament, Jan. 20 ; censures on the favour shewn by the church to
Arminian doctrines; Oliver Cromwell calls them "flat popery;" protest against
tonnage and poundage ; the speaker, Sir John Finch, forcibly held in the chair,
while the Commons pass their "Remonstrance," March 2 ; Charles dissolves the
parliament, March 10, and attempts to raise money and govern without it ; Sel-
den, Holies, and other members imprisoned. Peace with France, April 14;
proclaimed, May 29 ; Louis XIII. and Richelieu enter Savoy : treaty of Susa
concluded with the duke ; siege of Casal abandoned by the Spaniards. War
against the Huguenots renewed in Languedoc. Submission of the duke de
Rohan, June 27 ; pacification of Nismes establishes religious liberty, July 14.
The king of Spain and the emperor of Germany refuse to ratify the treaty, of
Susa. Spinola appointed governor of Milan. The Valteline occupied by the
Austrians. War continued in Italy. Blockade of Mantua. The emperor, by
1626 TO 1632 A.D.
569
A.D,
1630
Events and Eminent Men.
an "Edict of Restitution," requires maDy church lands to be given up by the
Protestants ; resistance of Brandenburg and Saxony. The provinces conquered
by Wallenstein are restored to the king of Denmark by the peace of Lubeck.
Application of the German Protestants to Gustavus Adolphus. New Hampshire
colonized. Wouter Van Twiller, governor of New Amsterdam. Corneille,
83t. 23, composes his first comedy, Melite. Death of John Speed, set. 74. Birth
of Huygens and Van Tromp.
Birth of Charles, prince of Wales, May 29. Peace with Spain, Nov. 5 ; proclaimed
29ch. Sir Thomas Wentworth, created earl of Strafford and prime minister!
deserts the popular cause and supports the royal prerogative. Charles resorts'
to violent expedients for obtaining money, and sends the marquis of Hamilton
with an auxiliary force, to assist in recovering the Palatinate. Laud, bishop of
London, introduces pompous and superstitious ceremonies into the church.
Wallenstein dismissed from his command, and his troops disbanded. Gustavus
Adolphus lands in Germany with a Swedish army, June 24 ; bis rapid progress •
Magdeburg recovered by the Protestants. Louis XIII. and Richelieu return
into Savoy, and are masters of the country; the duke Charles Emanuel dies,
July 26, set. 69. Mantua taken and sacked by the imperialists. Richelieu
frustrates another plot against him. Death of Kepler, set. 59, and of the
marquis Spiuola, set. 61. Birth of Isaac Barrow, Tillotsou, and the marquis of
Halifax.
Charles revives monopolies, sells patents and privileges to new companies, and
imposes a stamp on cards. A large subscription raised to repair and improve St.
Paul's cathedral. Mary de' Medici, implicated in the plot against Richelieu, re-
tires to Brussels ; her son, Gaston, duke of Orleans, joins her there ; the duke of
Lorraine is driven from his States. Treaty of Barenwald between Prance, Swe-
den, and the German Protestants, against the emperor ; between France and the
United Provinces against Spain. Capture of Magdeburg by Tilly, and cruel
massacre of its inhabitants, May 10. The elector of Saxony carries his arms
into Bohemia. Battle of Breitenfeld, or Leipsic, Aug. 28 (Sept. 7, n.s.). Tilly
defeated and made prisoner by Gustavus Adolphus. The Swedes take Halle,
the catholic bishoprics in Thuringen and Franconia, the city of Mentz, and pe-
netrate through Alsace and Swabia to the confines of Bavaria. Treaty of
Cherasco, April 6; Mantua restored to the duke of Nevers; Montferrat divided
between him and the duke of Savoy, who cedes Pignerol to France. Connecticut
granted to lords Say and Broke. Death of the Italian historian, Davila, set. 55,
of Sir Hugh Middleton, the projector of the New River, of Michael Drayton,
set. 69, and of Sir Robert Cotton, the collector of the Cottonian Library, set 61.
Birth of Dryden.
Extended jurisdiction given by Charles to the council of York; he confirms, by
proclamation, the orders of Elizabeth and James for the nobility and landed
proprietors to reside on their estates in the country. Richelieu's enemies en-
deavour to prevail by force of arms : the duke of Orleans submits, and again
leaves France ; marshal de Marillac beheaded ; the duke de Montmorency, de
feated by marshal Schomberg at Castelnaudry, undergoes the same punish
ment, Oct. 30. Tilly restored to liberty, encounters the Swedes on the river
Lech, is totally routed, and dies of his wounds. Gustavus Adolphus takes Mu-
nich, May 17 ; is called to defend Saxony against Wallenstein ; battle of Liit-
zen, Nov. 6 (16, n.s.) ; Gustavus Adolphus falls, set. 38, in the hour of victory ;
Bernard of Saxe Weimar takes the command, and, in conjunction with Gustavus
Horn, completes the triumph of the Protestants. Death of Sigismund, king of
Poland, set 66; his son, Ladislas IV., repels an attack of the Russians on
Smolensko and the recently acquired provinces. A colony of English Catholics,
under lord Baltimore, settled in Maryland. Expulsion of the Portuguese from
Abyssinia. The Dutch acquire the island of St. Eustatia. Death of Edward
Fairfax, the translator of Tasso. Birth of John Locke, of Sir Christopher Wren,
of Mabillon, afterwards one of the benedictines of St. Maur, of Samuel Puffen-
dorf, of Spinoza, of John George Grsevius, and of Compton, afterwards bishop
of London.
570
FROM THE YEAB
A.D.
1634
1635
1636
Hegiea.
1638
1639
1640
1044—1045
1045—1046
1046-1047
1047—1048
1048—1049
1049—1050
1050—1051
1052
Otto-
man Em-
pire.
Popes.
11 Amu-
rath IV.
12
11 Ur-
ban
VIII.
Aug. 6.
12-
13
15
1 Ibra-
him.
Spain. Frahcb-
13PM-
lipIV.
24 Lou-
is XIII
16-
20-
21-
27'
28-
BntJNS
■WICK.
lFre
deric
II.
WlB-
TEM-
BEBG.
6Eber
hard
HI.
13
14 2
Bran-
den-
burg
15
George
Wil-
liam.
18-
1 Fre-
deric
Wil-
liam,
the
Great.
Saxo-Bava-
NY. I RIA
23 John 38
25-
26
28-
29-
31-
Maxi-
milian
40-
41-
42-
43-
45-
Ger-
many,
^Fer-
dinand
II,
16-
1 Fer-
dinand
III.
1
1633 TO 1G41 A.D.
571
Repe-
tition
Dates.
Doges
op Ve-
nice.
Savoy.
Dukes
of
Parma.
Dukes
op Tus-
cany.
Den-
mark.
Swe-
den.
Po-
land.
Russia.
Hol-
land.
Great
Britafn.
1633
3 Fran-
cesco
Erizzo.
4 Victor
Ama-
deus.
12 Ed-
ward.
13 Fer-
dinand
II. de'
Medici.
46 Chris-
tian IV.
l Chris-
tina.
2 La-
dislas
IV.
21 Mi-
chael
III.
Rama-
now.
9 Fre-
deric
Henry.
9Chas.I.
March i?'
b Jas 11.
1634
4
5
13
14
47
2
3—
22
10-
10
1635
isse
5
6^-
6 —
14
15
15
16
48
49
3 •
4
23 ■
24 —
11
12
11
i
12
5
1637
7
1 Fran-
cis Hya-
cinth.
16
17
50 — -
5
6
25 —
13
13
1638
8— >
ICharles
Emanu-
el II.
17 — —
18 ■ — -
51 - —
6
7
26
14
14 .
1639
9
2
18
19 —
52
7
8—
27
15
15
Portu-
gal.
1640
10
is —
1 John
IV.
duke of
Brrugcinia.
20
53
8
9—
28 —
16
16
1641
11
2
i
21
54
9
10—
29
17
1?
572
FROM THE YEAR
A.D.
1633
1634
1635
1637
1638
Birth of prince James, afterwards duke of York, and king. Gaiety of Charles's
court. Vandyke patronized ; paints some of his finest portraits. The king- visits
Scotland; is crowned at Holyrood House, June 18; holds a parliament, June 20;
obtains supplies, and Acts favourable to episcopacy. Death of Abbot, archbishop
of Canterbury ; Laud succeeds; Juxon bishop of London. Charles renews his
father's permission for all lawful sports on Sunday evenings. The influence of
Spain declines ; Richelieu fails in his attempt to unite the Italian States in a
confederacy. Christina, ajt. 6, queen of Sweden ; Oxenstiern, regent, pursues
the policy of Gustavus Adolphus ; treaty of Heilbron with France. The Pro-
testants maintain their ascendancy in Germany, but the Palatinate is not re-
stored to the elector. By the death of the archduchess Isabella, the Catholic
Netherlands revert to Spain. Galileo compelled by the Inquisition to reject
the Copernican system. Birth of Lully.
Writ for levying ship-money. Arbitrary proceedings of the star-chamber; Prynne
punished for his Histriomastiz. Death of the attorney-general, Noy, and of Sir
Edward Coke, set. 84. The archduke Ferdinand defeats the Swedish general,.
Horn, at Nordlingen, Sept. 6, n.s., and retrieves the Catholic cause in Germany.
Wallenstein assassinated at Egra, set. 50. The Dutch take Curacoa. A wind-
mill for sawing timber, prohibited in London.
Noblemen and country gentlemen fined by the Star-chamber for not residing on
their estates. Proclamation against hackney-coaches standing in the streets.
Capture of Treves by the Spaniards ; Louis XIII. declares war against them and
the emperor; contracts a new alliance with Holland. The marshals de Chatii-
lon and de Bresse defeat prince Thomas of Savoy at Avein, near Luxemburg.
A French army occupies the Valteline. Peace of Prague, between the emperor
and the electors of Saxony and Brandenburg. Guadeloupe and Martinique ap-
propriated by France. Grotius sent to Paris as ambassador from Sweden.
Richelieu patron of the Academie Francoise, founded by Balzac, Vaugelas, and
other learned men ; and of the Jardin des Plantes, formed by De la Brosse.
Death of Lope de Vega, aet. 73, and of Old Parr, Nov. 15, set. 152. Birth of
Madame de Maintenon, of Ruysdael, and of Stillingfleet.
The lords Salisbury and Westmoreland, and Sir Christopher Hatton, fined for
encroachments on the royal forest-lands. Resistance to ship-money ; the judges
declare the impost lawful. John Hampden tries the question. The Spaniards
invade Picardy, and advance towards Paris. War renewed in Italy. The vic-
tory of the Swedish general, Banner, at Wittstock, gives the preponderance in
Germany again to Protestants. Failure of an attempt to assassinate Richelieu.
The university of Utrecht founded. Corneille produces his " Cid," at the Theatre
Francois. Calderon succeeds Lope de Vega as the popular dramatist of Spain.
Birth of Boileau.
Continued severities of the Star-chamber ; Prynne is again its victim for sedition,
together with Burton, Bastwick and Lilburne. Williams, bishop of Lincoln,
prosecuted at the instigation of Laud. Judgment given against Hampden ;
the levy of ship-money generally unpopular. Restrictions on emigration ; eight
ships detained in the Thames, in which Hampden, Pyrn, Oliver Cromwell, and
many other opponents of the government, are prevented leaving the country.
The introduction of a liturgy into the church of Scotland violently obstructed;
some of the bishops escape into England. Death of the emperor Ferdinand II.,
set. 59. Great efforts of France ; all its invaders repelled. Breda recovered from
the Spaniards by the Statholder. The intolerance of the Jesuits causes a revolt
in Hungary. Death of the duke of Savoy ; contest for the regency during the
minority of his son. The Cossacks of the Don take Asof from the Turks. Des-
cartes publishes his philosophical system. Birth of Tillernont. Tavernier
travels in Persia.
Hampden's case argued in the court of Exchequer, and decided against him. The
Covenant signed in Scotland ; Charles obliged to give way ; episcopacy abolished
in that country : the liturgy withdrawn ; the articles of Perth, canons, and
high commission, repealed. The French invade Spain, and besiege Fontarabia ;
are forced to retire. Death of Richelieu's counsellor and agent, father Joseph.
1033 TO 1611 A.D.
573
A.D.
163!)
Events and Eminent Men.
1641
The Swedes, under Banner, are driven hack into Pomerania by Gallas. Bernhard
of Weimar defeats the imperialists at Rheinfeld, and takes Brisach ; the French
establish themselves in Alsace. Birth of the Dauphin, afterwards Louis XIV.,
Sept. 5, N.S. Death of Ben Jonson, set. 64, of Cornelius Jansen, bishop of Ypres,
and the duke of Rohan, set. 59. Birth of Malebranche and Vauban.
Charles threatens to oppose the French and Dutch in Flanders. Richelieu
assists the Covenanters with money; they raise an army, commanded by the
earlofLeven; the king advances to Berwick; pacification of Dunse, June 17 ;
the Scotch parliament. Aug. 31, excludes the bishops ; want of money obliges
Charles to disband his army ; the Scotch claim other immunities, and prepare
to renew hostilities. Death of Bernhard of Weimar ; the French take his army
into their pay, and occupy his conquests. Banner puts Gallas to the rout, pene-
trates into Silesia and Bohemia, and approaches Vienna. Prince Thomas of
Savoy, a competitor for the regency, takes Turin. Van Tromp captures or de-
stroys two Spanish fleets in the Downs between Nieuport and Dunkirk, Sept. 16
and Oct. 31, n.s. The " Cinna " and "Horace" of Corneille are brought out.
Death of Robert Burton, set. 63, and Sir Henry Wotton, xt. 71. Birth of Racine.
Parliament assembles, Apr. 13 ; complains of gi'ievances, and votes no supplies;
dissolved, May 5. The Scotch enter England, Aug. 20 ; Conway routed by them
at Newburn, Aug. 28, and Newcastle occupied. The king goes to York, Aug. 29 ;
holds a council of peers there, Sep. 24; negotiations at Ripon transferred to
London. The Long parliament meets, Nov. 3 ; impeachment of Strafford. Nov.
11 ; Prynne and other victims of the Star-chamber set at liberty, Nov. 28;
enter London in triumph; ship-money voted illegal, and the judgment against
Hampden reversed, Dec. 9 ; Laud impeached, Dec. 18; the judges make com
pensation for their unjust sentences, Dec. 22; the lord keeper, Finch, escapes to
Holland, and secretary Windebank to France. Arras taken by the French ; their
general, D'Harcourt, conquers Turin. Revolt of Catalonia. Portugal throws off
the yoke of Spain, and calls the duke of Braganza to the throne. Banner de
feats the imperial general De Werth, and nearly surprises the emperor and the
Diet atRatisbon. Death of George William, elector of Brandenburg and duke
of Prussia, set. 45 ; his son, Frederic William, enters into the Protestant al
liance with Sweden ; regains his States, and prepares the eminence of Prussia.
English factories in Surinam, and Dutch in Malacca. The university of Abo
founded. First performance of the " Polyeucte " of Corneille. Death of Rubens
set. 63, and of Philip Massinger, set. 55. Birth of the duke of Orleans.
The Parliament votes money for the Scotch army, Feb. 3. Sir Robert Berkeley,
one of the judges of the King's Bench, impeached and arrested in his court ii
Westminster hall, Feb. 14. Charles adopts conciliatory measures ; Pym chan
cellor of the exchequer ; Hampden tutor to the prince of Wales ; the act for
I Triennial parliaments receives the royal assent, Feb. 16. Subsidies granted.
The Star-chamber abolished, and its rolls cancelled. Trial of lord Strafford
March 22; bill of attainder passed by the Commons, Apr. 21; by the Lords,
May 8 ; the king refuses his assent, but is obliged to comply ; Strafford beheaded,
May 12, aet. 48. Visit of Charles to Scotland, Aug. 8. attended by a committee,
of whom Hampden is one. Parliament adjourns, Sept. 9, having appointed a
committee, with Pym as chairman, to watch public affairs during the recess.
Rebellion in Ireland and massacre of the English, Sept. 23. Parliament reassem-
bles, Oct. 20. Remonstrance of the Commons, Nov. 22. The king returns from
Scotland, Nov. 25. Tumult of the apprentices in Westminster, Dec. 28 ; the
name of " Roundheads " given to the popular party. Twelve bishops impeached,
for denying the legality of Acts passed In their absence. Dec. 30. Death of the
Swedish general, Banner ; Torstenson arrives with reinforcements, and succeeds
him. Catalonia and Rousillon invite the French. Portugal concludes treaties
of peace and alliance with France and Holland; the Dutch retain their colonial
conquests. Dispute between John IV. and the pope, respecting the Portuguese
bishoprics. Death of the duke of Sully, set. 81, of Sir Henry Spelman, set. 79, of
Vandyke, get. 42, and of Domenichino Zampieri, set. 60. Birth of William, lord,
Russell, and of Louvois, afterwards war-minister to Louis XIV.
574
FEOM THE YEAH
A.D.
Hegi-
RA.
1642
1643
1644
1645
1053
1054
1055
1066
Otto-
man Em-
pire.
3 Ibra-
him.
Popes.
20 Urban
VIII.
Aug- 6.
Spain. France.
d. July 29,
1 Inno-
cent X.
Sept. 15.
Bruns-
wick.
WlR-
TEM-
22Phi- 33 Louis 7 Fre- 15 Eb-
lipIV. XIII. derie erhard
III
24-
25-
1 Louis
XIV,
Bran
DEN-
BURG.
3 Fre-
deric
Wil-
liam,
the
Great.
10-
17-
Saxo-
ny.
3-2 John
Geo- I.
33-
Bava-
KIA
47
Maxi-
mili-
an.
Ger-
many
6 Fer-
dinand
III.
35-
1642 TO 1645 A.D.
5/5
Repe- 1
tition
1642
Doges
of Ve-
nice,
Savoy.
Portu-
gal.
Tusca-
ny.
Den-
mark.
Swe-
den.
Po-
land.
Rus-
sia.
Hol-
land.
Great
Britain,
12 Fran-
cesco
Erizzo,
5Charles
Emanu-
el II.
3 John
IV. duke
ofBra-
ganza.
22Ferdi
nand II
de' Me-
dici.
1643
1644
1645
15
55 Chris-
tian IV.
10
Chris-
tina.
11 La
dislas
IV.
30 Mi-
chael
III.
Roma-
18 Fre
deric
Henry.
i-JhaaJ,
arch #.
56
25
57
58
19
14-
1 A
lexis.
20
20
576
FEOM THE TEAB
A.D.
1643
Events and Eminent Men.
Charles irritates the Parliament and the nation, by attempting to arrest lord
Kimbolton and five members of the House of Commons, Pym, Hampden, Hollis,
Hazelrig, and Strode, Jan. 4; they are conducted in triumph by the people to
take their seats, Jan. 11. The king leaves London the next day; the peers
forbid lords Essex and Holland to attend him. Marriage of the princess Mary
to the prince of Orange ; the queen embarks with her at Dover for Holland,
Feb. 16. The Tower, Portsmouth, and Hull, occupied by parliamentary forces.
Charles arrives at York, and attempts to levy tonnage and poundage by pro-
clamation, March 19. The gates of Hull closed against him by Sir John Ho-
tham, Apr. 23. Parliament calls out the militia ; the king countermands the
order, May 5. A new great seal made and intrusted to commissioners, May 22.
The queen sends a supply of arms and ammunition from Holland, June 2. Es-
sex appointed commander of the forces by the parliament, and the earl of
Northumberland admiral, July 12. The gates of Coventry shut against the king,
Aug. 20; he sets up the royal standard at Nottingham, Aug. '22 ; takes Lin-
coln, Aug. 25. Essex collects his army at Northampton, Sept. 2. Prince Ru-
pert, son of the expelled elector Palatine, and nephew to the king, defeats a
detachment near Worcester, Sept. 23. Battle of Edgehill, Oct. 23 ; victory
claimed on both sides ; the earl of Lindsay, the king's general, and Sir Edmund
Verney, his standard-bearer, slain ; and on the other side, lord St. John. The
Parliament invites the Scots, Nov. 7. Prince Kupert makes a sudden advance
towards London; is repulsed at Brentford, Nov. 15. Charles takes up winter
quarters at Oxford, and Essex at Windsor, Dec. 1. Louis XIII. takes Perpig-
nan. Death of Mary de' Medici, at Cologne, July 3. Cinqmars and De Thou
beheaded for a conspiracy against Richelieu, who dies, Dec. 4, set. 57. The car-
dinal Mazarine prime minister. Torstenson defeats the Austrians at Breiten-
feld, near Leipsic, penetrates into Moravia, and takes Olmiitz. Tranquillity
restored in Savoy under the regency of Christina, the young duke's mother, and
the protection of France. Asof recovered by the Turks. Tasman discovers
Van Diemen's land, and names it in honour of the governor of Batavia. Hob-
bes, a refugee in France, writes his " Leviathan." Death of Galileo, set. 78, and
of Guido Reni, set. 67. Birth of Henry Dodwell, of Holt, afterwards chief jus-
tice, and of Isaac Newton.
The civil war in England protracted by skirmishes or sieges. The queen lands in
Yorkshire, with money and ammunition, Feb. 22. Sir William Waller defeats
the royalists, under lord Herbert, near Gloucester, March 23. The parliament's
general, lord Fairfax, overcome by the earl of Newcastle, at Bramham Moor,
March 29 ; Reading surrenders to Essex, April 26. The earl of Stamford de-
feated, at Stratton, in Cornwall, by the king's forces, under Sir Ralph Hopton,
May 16; the royalist general, Goring, and a detachment made prisoners at
Wakefield, May 21. Taunton and Bridgewater surrender to the parliament.
June 5. The Scotch League and Covenant adopted by the Commons, June 15.
In an encounter with prince Rupert, atChalgrove, near Oxford, Hampden receives
a mortal wound, June 18, of which he dies, June 24, sat. 49. Lord Fairfax de-
feated by the earl of Newcastle, on Atherton Moor, June 29. Edmund Waller,
the poet, fined for a plot to betray London to the king, July 5. Sir William
Waller defeated at Lansdown, near Bath, July 5, and again at Roundway Down,
near Devizes, July 13. Prince Rupert takes Bristol, July 26. Gloucester, de-
fended by colonel Massey, and relieved by Essex, Sept. 5. Oliver Cromwell,
and young Sir Thomas Fairfax, distinguish themselves in a victory gained at
Horncastle. Judge Berkeley released, on payment of a fine, Sept. 12. First
battle of Newbury, Sept. 20. Essex repulses an attack, and continues his march
towards London ;"the earls of Sunderland and Caernarvon are slain, and lord Falk-
land, set. 3#. The earl (now marquis) of Newcastle besieges Hull, and is driven
from his trenches by the garrison, Oct. 12. Death of Pym, Dec. 8, set. 59.
The king and Essex in winter quarters at Oxford and Windsor. Death of Louis
XIII., May 14, n.s., set. 42 ; his son, Louis XIV., succeeds, set. 5; regency of the
queen-mother, Anne of Austria, assisted by cardinal Mazarine. The governor of
the Spanish Netherlands, De Mello, invades France, is defeated at Rocroy, May
L642 TO 1645 A.D.
57'
Events akl Eminent Men.
19, by the duke d'Enghien ; his army of veterans annihilated. Victory of Dutlin-
gen, gained over the French by Von Werth. Turenne, created marshal, receives
the command in Germany. Torstenson conquers llolstein. Negotiations com-
mence at Munster. Disgrace and death of the Spanish minister, Olivarez ;
he is succeeded by his nephew, Louis de Haro. George Racoczy, prince of
Transylvania, supports the revolted Hungarians. Cayenne colonized by the
French. Van Diemen sends De Vries and Schaep to explore the ocean north of
Japan. Death of the Remonstrant leader, Uitenbogart. Birth of Gilbert
Burnet, afterwards bishop of Salisbury.
A royalist army, brought from Ireland, surprised and captured by Sir Thomas
Fairfax, at Nantwich, Jan. 15 ; colonel George Monk one of the prisoners.
The Scotch, under the earl of Leven, cross the Tweed at Berwick, Jan. 19.
The king calls a parliament at Oxford, Jan. 22 ; many heads of houses and
fellows expelled from Cambridge; archbishop Laud brought to trial, March 12;
gallant defence of Latham house by the countess of Derby ; relieved by prince
Rupert, March 25. Lord Hopton defeated by Sir William Waller, at Cheriton
Down, near Winchester, March 29. Bellasis, governor of York, taken by lord
and Sir Thomas Fairfax, at Selby, April 11. The Oxford parliament dismissed,
April 16. Siege of York, April 20 . Sir William Waller recovers Arundel
castle from lord Hopton ; William Chillingworth, made prisoner there, dies a
few days afterwards, set. 42. The king retreats from Oxford, May 22 ; birth of
his youngest daughter, the princess Henrietta, at Exeter, June 16. Prince Rupert
raises the siege of York, July 2 ; is totally defeated the next day, at Marston
Moor, chiefly through the courage and skill of Cromwell. The marquis of New-
castle, witli his family, and his lieutenant-general. Sir William Davenant,
retire to Holland. Surrender of York, July 5. The queen embarks at Fal-
mouth, for France, July 14. Esses, surrounded by the royalists at Lostwi-'
thiel, in Cornwall, escapes by sea; his soldiers, under Skippon, surrender, are!
disarmed and released, Sept. 1. Second battle of Newbury. The king retreats!
to Wallingford, Oct. 27; recovers his artillery and returns to Oxford, Nov. l.j
Laud, acquitted by the Peers, is attainted of high treason by the Common',
Nov; 16. Cromwell's self-denying Ordinance, Dec. 9. Sir Roger L'Estrange, j
condemned for an attempt on Lynn, is reprieved, and imprisoned in Newgate j
Dec. 25. Sir Thomas Fairfax commander-in-chief of the parliamentary forces,
Dec. 31. Victories of Turenne and the duke d'Enghien over the imperial ge-
neral, Mercy, at Rothweil and Freyburg. Mentz and Philipsburg surrender to
them. Gallas follows the Swedes into Jutland ; is totally defeated by Torstenson,
who returns and occupies Bohemia again. Naval victory of the Swedes and
Dutch over the Danes off Laaland. Sas van Ghent and Hulst taken by the
Statholder. A Maltese galley, with a Turkish vessel, which it had captured,
having been admitted into the port of Candia, leads to a war between the Vene-
tians and Turks. Death of cardinal Bentivoglio, set. 65, and of the Remonstrant
Episcopius
Sir John Hotham and his son beheaded, Jan. 2 ; unwilling assent of thfl peers to
Laud's attainder, Jan. 4: he is beheaded, Jan. 10, set. 72 ; negotiations at Ux
bridge, Jan. 30 ; broken off, Feb 24. Charles takes Leicester, and marches to
Daventry, May 31. Battle of Naseby, June 14; the king's cause utterly despe-
rate; the earl of Montrose takes arms for him in Scotland, Sep. 1. Bristol taken
by Fairfax and Cromwell, Sept. 9. Prince Rupert leaves England* Latham house
surrendered by the countess of Derby, Dec. 4. Turenne, defeated by Mercy
at Marienthal, is joined by the duke d'Enghien ; they retrieve the disaster
by a great victory at Nordlingen. Torstenson gains the battle of Janowitz,
and besieges Brunn ; from ill-health he resigns the command to Wrangel. The
king of Denmark subscribes the treaty of peace at BrOmsebro. The count
d'Harcourt defeats the Spaniards, and takes Balaguier. Alexis, set. 15, succeeds
his father, Michael Romanow, in Russia; pernicious influence of his tutor, the
boyar MorouzoiT. The greater part of Candia conquered by the Turks. Death of
Sir Richard Baker, the chronicler, set. 77, of the earl of Arundel, of Grotius, I
set. 62, and of Carre, earl of Somerset. Birth of Gronovius.
__ __
57?
FROM THE TEAK
A.D.
Hegi
BA.
1646 1057
1647 1058
1648
1649
1650
1060
1061
Otto-
man Em-
pike.
7 Ibra-
him.
Popes.
3 Inno- 26Phi-
cent X. lip IV,
Sept. 15 1
Feance
4 Louis
XIV
HFre-
deric
II.
WlR-
TEM-
BEEG.
19 Eb- 7 Fre
erhard deric
Bean-
den-
BUEG.
III.
1 Maho
met IV,
30-
1 Chris-
tian
Louis
Willi
am, the
Great,
20-
Sax-
ONY.
36 John
George
I.
Bava
KIA.
51
Maxi-
mili
37-
10-
40-
Gee-
MANY.
10 Fer-
dinand
III.
12-
13-
14.
1646 TO 1650 A.D.
579
Repe-
tition
Doges
op Ve-
Savof.
Portu-
Tusca-
Den-
Swe-
Po-
KUfsiA
Hol-
Great
Dates
nice.
gal.
ny.
JIAKK
den.
14 Chris
tina,
land
-15 La
dislas
IV.
1
land
Britain
1646
1 Fran
cesco
Molino
- 9 Chas
Eraanu
el II,
7 John
IV. duke
of Bra-
ganza
26 Ferdi
nand II.
de' Me-
dici.
-59
Chris-
tian
IV.
2 Alexis
1
22Fre
deric
Hen-
ry.
22ChasJ.
March 27 .
1647
2 - —
10
8
27
60
15
16-
S
1 Wil-
liam
II.
1648
3
11
9
28
1 Fre-
deric
III.
16 - —
Uohn
Casi-
mir.
4
2
24
1649
4
12
10
29
17
2
5
3
i
beheaded
Jan. 30.
1 Com-
mon-
wealth.
Jan. 30. j
1660
5- —
13
LI
30 -~-
3
18
1
3— *. .
6
1
The
3tat-
nolder-
?hip
acant.
2
V William
III.
1
1 .
1
2 p 2
580
FEOM THE YEAB
A.D.
1646
184?
1648
Events and Eminent Men.
Dartmouth taken by Fairfax, Jan. 18. Lord Hop ton disbands his army, March
14 ; Lord Ashley, attempting to join the king at Oxford, is routed at Stow-on-the-
Wold, March 21 ; Charles gives himself up to the. Scots at Newark, May 5. The
marquis of Worcester surrenders Raglan castle; Aug. 19. The duke of Ormond
yields Dt.blin. Montrose, defeated by David Leslie, retires to the continent.
Death of the earl of Essex, Sep. 14, set, 50. Fairfax returns to London, Nov. 12.
Success of the French in Flanders ; Courtrai, Mardyk, Furnes, and Dunkirk;
taken. Turenne and Wrangel compel the elector of Bavaria to a treaty of neu«
tralityat Ulm. The Swedes, under Konigsmark, take Prague. The count d'Har-
court attempts the siege of Lerida. Death of the prince de Conde ; his son.
Louis, the duke d'Enghien, inherits the title. Birth of Leibnitz and Flamstead.
Charles is placed by the Scots in the hands of the commissioners sent by the par-
liament, Jan. 30; is conducted to Holmby house, in Northamptonshire, Feb. 16.
LHssensions between the Presbyterians and Independents i the former, prevailing
in the parliament, vote the disbanding of the army, April 17 ; the latter, headed
by Cromwell, Fairfax, and Ireton, rule the army, and refuse to lay down their
arms. Cornet Joyce conducts the king to the camp, June 4 ; compensation de-
manded by the army for their services, June 5 ; and the expulsion of Denzil
Hollis, Sir William Waller, and nine other Presbyterians from the House of Com-
mons, June 23. Tumults in London. The speakers o'f the Lords and Commons,
with many members of both houses, place themselves under the protection of the
troops at Hounslow, July 26 ; propositions for the settlement of the nation, framed
by Ireton, are submitted to the king, and rejected, Aug. 1 ; the army occupies
London ; restores the two speakers to their chairs. Fairfax governor of the
Tower. Flight of the eleven impeached members, most of them beyond sea,
Aug. 7. Hampton Court assigned for the king's residence, Aug. 16; he escapes
to Titchfield, Nov. 11, and to the Isle of Wight, where he is confined in Carisbroke
Castle ; four bills sent to him for the royal assent, Dec. 4, which he refuses. The
prince of Conde foiled in an attempt on Lerida, Insurrection in Palermo sup-
pressed. Masaniello revolts in Naples, July 7 ; is assassinated, July 16. The
oppression of don John of Austria provokes another rebellion, Nov. 15 ; the
duke of Guise, invited by the people, is defeated, and sent a prisoner to Spain,
Death of the statholder, Frederic Henry ; he is succeeded by his son, William
II. Peter Stuyvesant, governor of New Amsterdam. Hnyghens invents and
applies the pendulum to clocks. Madame de Scudery, French novelist- George
Fox founds the Society of Friends, or Quakers. Birth of Peter Bayle.
Vote of the Commons, that no addresses be made to the king, Jan. 3. The parlia-
ment of Scotland raises an army in his favour, March 10. Rising of the royalists
in Wales, under colonel Langhorne, March 13 ; defeated by Cromwell, May 8; a
similar attempt in Kent put down by Fairfax, at Maidstone, May 31 ; another at
Stamford, in Lincolnshire, quelled by colonel Wade, June 7; a large part of the
fleet deserts, and gives itself up to the prince of Wales, in Holland. The Scotch
army, commanded by the duke of Hamilton, enters England, July 13 ; Sir Mar-
maduke Langdale and Sir Philip Musgrove levy forces, which are dispersed by
Cromwell at Preston, Aug. 17 ; he defeats the duke of Hamilton, who surrenders,
with a large part of his army, at Uttoxeter. Cromwell marches to Edinburgh,
and puts down all resistance in Scotland. Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George
Lisle attempt to make head in Essex ; are besieged in Colchester castle by Fair-
fax, taken and shot, Aug. 28. Commissioners, sent by the parliament to New-
port, open negotiations with the king, Sept. 18. Cromwell returns into England
with his army, Nov. 20. Treaty of Newport broken off, Nov. 27 ; remonstrance
of the army, demanding that the. king be brought to justice, N6V. 30; he is
removed by colonel Ewen to Hurst castle ; the army enters London, Dec. 2., Re-
solution of the Commons, that the concessions offered by the king are a sum
oient ground for the settlement of the kingdom, Dec. 5 ; the Presbyterian
members of the House excluded by "Pride's purge," Dec 6; Cromwell comes to
London and receives the thanks of the Commons, Dec. 7 ; the king brought by
colonel Harrison from Hurst castle to Windsor, Dec. 23; a committee of the Com-
mons appointed to consider their form of proceeding, Dec. 25 ; a solemn fast,
646 TO 1650 A.D. 581
Events and Eminent Men*.
Dec. 27 ; charges against the king drawn up, Dec. 28 ; major Pitcher, a royalist,
shot in St. Paul's church-yard, Dec. 29. The elector of Bavaria breaks the treaty of
Ulm ; is compelled to renew it by the victory of Wrangel and Turenne at Som-
mershausen. Conde defeats the archduke Leopold at Lens in Artois, Aug. 20. Civil
war of the " Fronde " in France ; day of the barricades, Aug. 26. The treaty of
Minister, or Peace of Westphalia, Oct. 24, m s., puts an end to the Thirty Years'
War in Germany. Religious Liberty secured to the Protestants. The greater
part of the Palatinate restored to the son of Frederic V. The independence of
the Seven United Provinces and of Switzerland recognized. Brandenburg ac-
quires a part of Pomerania, Magdeburg, Halberstadt, Minden, &c. ; Sweden, a
part of Pomerania, Wismar, Bremen, and Ve-rdeu ; France, Alsace, and other terri-
tories. Spain continues hostilities against France and Portugal. Pope Innocent
governed by his sister-in-law, Olympia Maldachini ; he issues a Bull, declaring
the treaty of Munster null and void ; no attention is paid to it. Death of Chris-
tian IV., March 9, set. 71 ; the prerogatives of his son, Frederic III., are much
restricted by the nobility. Death of Ladislas, king of Poland, set 53; his bro-
ther, John Casimir. is elected. Sultan Ibrahim punished by deposition and death ;
the accession of his son, Mahomet 111., only four years old, is followed by anarchy.
Leo Allatius proposes his plan for re-uniting the Eastern and Western churches.
Death of lord Herbert of Cherbury, eet. 67. Birth of Humphrey Prideaux.
The Lords refuse to concur in the proceedings against the king, Jan. 2 ; the
Commons vote themselves competent to act alone, Jan. 4 ; commissioners ap-
pointed, Jan. 6; protest of the Scotch; Fairfax withdraws, Jan. 8; Bradshaw,
chief justice of Chester, made lord president of the high court of justice, Jan. 10 ;
the king removed from Windsor to St. James's, Jan. 15 ; brought before the
court, denies its jurisdiction, Jan. 20; is condemned, Jan. 27 ; execution of the
sentence before Whitehall, Jan. 30, set. 49. The Commons abolish the House o£
Lords, Feb. 6; a council of State appointed, Bradshaw president, and Milton
foreign secretary, Feb. 14 ; the duke of Hamilton, earl Holland, and lord Capel,
beheaded, March 2. The prince of Wales takes the title of Charles II., at
the Hague, is proclaimed by the parliament in Scotland, and by the earl of
Ormond in Ireland, March 19 ; the earl of Pembroke elected knight of the shire
for Berks, lord Salisbury a member for Lynn, and lord Howard for Carlisle,
April 16; sale of dean and chapter lands, April 30, and of erown lands, July
!6 ; Cromwell, lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Aug. 16 ; takes Drogheda, and mas-
sacres the garrison, Sept. 11. The treaty of Ru>eil restores internal peace in
France, but Conde" forms a more powerful " Fronde." The Spaniards recover Ypres
and St. Venant ; the count d'Haroourt take-s Maubeuge and Conde. George Fox
imprisoned at Nottingham. Death of Fred. Spanhein, and of Gerard John Vos-
sius, set. 72. Birth of Somers. '
Scotch commissioners meet prince Charles at Breda, March 15. The marquis
of Montrose lands in Scotland, April 20; is defeated, taken prisoner, and
hanged, May 21. Cromwell returns from Ireland and resides in St. James's palace,
May 31. Charles arrives in Scotland, June 23 ; having taken the covenant,
he is proclaimed king, July 15. Cromwell passes the Tweed, July 22. Battle of
Dunbar, Sep. 3 ; victory ,'of Cromwell. Death of the princess Elizabeth, at Caris-
broke castle, Sep. 8, set. 15. Edinburgh castle surrenders,Dec. 24; the remnant of
the Scotch army retires to Stirling. The statholder fails in an attempt to seize
Amsterdam, and obtain absolute power ; he dies of the small-pox ; eight days
afterwards, his son. William III., is born; the States-General rule without a
statholder. The princes of Conde and Conti, and the duke de Longueville,
arrested ; Turenne takes refuge in Flanders, and assists Leopold in his war
against France ; they are defeated by marshal Duplessis Praslin, at Rothel,
Dec 15. Christina causes her cousin, Charles Gustavus, son of the duke of Deux-
Ponts, to be recognized as her successor; Descartes, invited by her to Stockholm,
dies there, Feb. 11, set. 54. Settlement of North Carolina. The Jesuits accuse
the Jansenists of heresy. Birth ot Madame Dacier, and of John Churchill, after-
wards duke of Marlborough. The Dutch take possession of the Cape of Good
Hope.
562
FEOM THE TEAI
A.D.
Hegt-
RA.
1651
1062
1652
1063
1653
1064
1654
1065
1655
1066
1656
1067
Otto-
man Em-
pire.
4 Maho-
met IV.
Popes.
8 Inno-
cent X
Sept. 15.
rf.Jan. 7.
1 Alex-
ander
VII.
April 7-
Spain,
3lPki-
lipIV
France.
9 Louis
XIV.
Brdns
WICK.
WlR-
TEM-
BERG.
33 11
12
1657 10S8
1069
10
37-
4 Chria- 24 Eb-
tian erhard
Louis, i III.
25—
Bran-
den
BURG
28-
12Fre-
derie
Willi-
am, the
Great,
Saxc-
41 John
George
I.
42-
Bava-
ria.
1 Fer-
dinand
Maria,
Ger-
many.
^Fer-
dinand
III.
16"
44-
45 ! 5-
1 John
George
II.
19-
1651 TO 1657 A.D
583
Repe-
tition
Dates.
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
Savoy.
Portu-
gal.
Tus-
cany.
Den-
mark.
Swe-
den.
Po-
land.
Kussia.
Hol-
land.
Great
Britain,
1651
6 Fran-
cesco
Molino.
14 Chas.
Emanu-
el II.
12 John
IV. duke
of Bra-
ganza.
31Fer-
dinand
II. de'
Medici.
4 Fre-
deric
III.
19 Chris-
tina.
4 John
Casi-
mir.
7 Alexis
The
Stat-
holder-
3hip
vacant.
3 Com-
mon-
wealth.
Jan. 30
1652
7
15 ■
13
32
5
20
5
8
4
1663
8
16
14
33
6
21
6
9
Johnde
Witt,
Grand
Pen-
sionary.
g
1 Oliver
Crom-
well,
Protector.
Dec 16.
1654
9
17
15
34
7
1 Chas.
X. Gus-
tavus.
7
10
2
1655
1 Carlo
Conta-
rino.
18
16
35
8
2
8
11
3
1656
1 Fran-
cesco
Cornaro-
1 Ber-
tuccio
Valiero.
19
1 Alfon-
so VI.
36
9
3
9
12
4
1657
2
20
2
37
10
4
10
13
5
A
584
FROM THE YEAE
A.D.
1651
16M
and Eminent Men.
Charles crowned at Scone, Jan. 1. Cromwell crosses the Forth, takes Perth, and
advances to the North, July 31. Charles invades England and enters Carlisle,
Aug. 6; Cromwell pursues him, leaving a part of his army, under Monk, to besiege
Stirling, which surrenders. Aug 14. Charles reaches Worcester, Aug. 22. Crom-
well overtakes him, Aug. 28; battle of Worcester, Sept. 3. Charles a fugitive at
Whiteladies. Hampton Court and alarge estate voted to Cromwell, Sept. 12; grants
to other officers. Ireton refuses to accept any, till the debts of the State are paid.
Limerick surrenders. Quarrel with the Dutch about the right of fishing, the mas-
sacre at Amboyna, and colonial encroachments. Charles evades his pursuers ; es-
capes on one occasion, concealed in an oak-tree ; lands at Fescamp in Normandy,
Oct. 17. Ireton dies of the plague at Limerick, Nov. 26. Navigation Act, Dec. 1.
The island of St. Helena occupied by the English. Louis XIV., set. 13, declared
to be of age ; the princes released from prison, but continue hostile to the court.
Cardinal Mazarine retires to Cologne. Tur.enne returns to his allegiance. Conde,
acting in concert with the Spaniards, lays siege to Cognac, which the count
d'Harcourt compels him to abandon. Naval victory of the Venetians over th
Turks near Scio, June 24. Death of John Ford, get. 65. Birth of Thomas Otway
and of Fenelcn.
Project of Chief Justice St. John, ambassador at the Hague, for a close coalition
between Great Britain and the United Provinces. The Dutch ambassadors
leave England, June 30 ; war between the two republics; sea-fight near Ply-
mouth, Aug. 16. Blake defeats de Witt and de Ruyter on the coast of Kent, Oct,
22; is surprised in the Downs by Van Tromp, Nov. 29; who takes six English
ships, drives the rest up the Thames, and sails through the channel with a broom
at his mast-head. Mazarine recalled by Louis ; Conde- defeats Turenne near
the Faubourg St. Antoine, and enters Paris, July 2 ; the cardinal retires again to
Sedan; the duke de Lorraine abandons the Fronde. Conde quits Paris and goe.:
to the Spanish Netherlands, Oct. 18. The cardinal de Retz imprisoned at Vin
cennes. Don John of Austria takes Barcelona, Oct. 13, and suppresses the re-
volt of Catalonia. The archduke Leopold recovers Gravelines and Dunkirk
The Dutch fortify the Cape of Good Hope. Death of Inigo Jones, set. 80, and
of Petavius, set. 69. Birth of Tallard, afterwards marshal,
A naval engagement of three days, Feb. 18—20, in which Blake gains a great vic-
tory over Van Tromp. Cromwell marches a file of musqueteers into the House
of Commons, takes the mace from the table, pulls the speaker out of the chair,
dismisses the members, and locks the doors. End of the long Parliament, April
20. A naval victory off the North Foreland, June 2, of the English, commanded
by Monk, over Van Tromp. The English admiral Deane killed ; twenty Dutch
ships captured, and the rest chased into their own harbour. Ambassadors arrive
from Holland to treat of peace, June 20. Cromwell, by his own summons, collects
the assembly or council called " Barebones Parliament," July 4 Blake and
Monk defeat the Dutch on the coast of Holland, July 29; thirty of their men-of-
war destroyed. Van Tromp falls in this battle, set. 56. An Act for the so-
lemnization of marriages by justices of the peace, Aug. 24. The "Barebones"
resign their authority to the council of officers, Dec. 12 ; who draw up " The In-
strument," by which they appoint Cromwell " Lord Protector," Dec. 16. Maza-
rine, recalled by Louis to Paris, regains his former influence in the government.
End of the civil wars of the Fronde. John de Witt, grand pensionary of Hol-
land, presides over the administration of the United Provinces. A papal Bull
condemns the doctrines of the Jansenists. Birth of Villars, afterwards marshal,
and of Fleury, afterwards cardinal.
The French ambassador arrives to treat for an alliance with Great Britain, March
27. Peace concluded with the United Provinces, April 5 ; all Cromwell's demands
are conceded, and by a separate article, De Witt, on the part of the province of
Holland, stipulates that the prince of Orange, shall not be appointed statholder.
General Monk commands in Scotland. The brother of the Portuguese ambas-
sador executed for murder, July 10. Charles leaves Paris and retires to Cologne,
Parliament assembles, Sept. 3 ; refuses to make the protectorship hereditary, Oct.
19. Fleetwood marries Cromwell's daughter, the widow of Ireton, and is made go-
1651 TO 1G57 A.D.
585
Events and Eminent Men.
vemor of Ireland. Death of Cromwell's mother, daughter of Sir Richard Stewart,
Nov. 17. Pai-liamentary inquiry into the opinions of John Biddle, the father of
English Unitarians, Nov. 30. First meeting of Quakers in London. Cond£ com-
mands the Spanish forces in Flanders; is defeated at Arras by Turenne, who
takes Quesnoy ; Louis XI V. present at the capture of Stenay sur Meuse. Chris-
tina, eat. 28, resigns the crown of Sweden to her cousin, June 16 ; her chancellor,
Oxenstiern, retires and dies, set. 71. The Cossacks, oppressed in Poland, place
themselves under the protection of Russia. The Portuguese, De Vieyra, recovers
Brazil from the Dutch. Death of Selden, Oct. 30, set. 70.
Parliament dissolved by Cromwell, Jan. 22. Admirals Penn and Venables fail in
an attack on St. Domingo, April 13 ; take Jamaica, May 3. Blake commands the
Mediterranean ; obtains redress from the grand duke of Tuscany ; compels Al-
giers and Tunis to give up their English captives, and desist from piracy Vane,
Bradshaw, and,other leading republicans, imprisoned. The press subjected to a
licenser. Treaty with France, Oct. 24. Turenne takes Landrecy, Conde, Mau-
beuge, and other towns. The Spanish general, Caracena, obliged to raise the
siege of Reggio. Prince Thomas of Savoy, and the duke of Modena, with a
French army, besiege Pavia ; they abandon the attempt, Sept. 15. The Venetians
destroy a Turkish fleet in the Dardanelles, June 21 ; unsuccessful siege of Na-
poli di Romania. The governments of England and Holland, and the Hugue-
nots of France, interfere effectually to stop the persecution of the Waldenses by
the duke of Savoy. Christina embraces the Catholic faith, and is received with
great solemnity at Rome, Dec. 19. The Swedes, Russians, and Cossacks. over-
run Poland ; flight of John Casimir into Silesia. Death of Usher, archbishop of
Armagh, March 31, set. 75, and of Gassendi, xt. 63. Birth of Montfaucon.
War declared by Spain against Great Britain, Feb. 16 ; Blake captures or destroys
a Spanish fleet near Cadiz ; parliament meets, Sept. 17 ; makes it treason to at-
tempt the life of the Protector, Oct. 27 ; debates on offering to him the title of
king ; punishes Nay lor, a quaker, for blasphemy, Dec. 17. Campaign of Tu-
renne against the prince of Conde. Death of prince Thomas of Savoy ; the duke
of Modena conducts the war in Italy. The Venetians destroy a Turkish fleet,
June 26, but lose their admiral, Lorenzo Marcello ; take the islands of Lemnos and
Tenedos. Truce of Wilna between Russia and Poland ; Smolensko and the other
conquests of Ladislas restored to Russia. Death of John IV., king of Portugal,
set, 52 ; he is succeeded by his son. While defending themselves at home,
against Spain, the Portuguese lose their best colonies ; Colombo in Ceylon, and
Calicut in Malabar, taken by the Dutch. Alliance of the elector of Brandenburg
with Sweden ; he releases his duchy of Prussia from its feudal allegiance to Po-
land. The Jansenists of Port Royal are controverted by the Jesuits ; a papal Bull
is issued against them; Antony Arnauld expelled from the Sorbonne. Pascal
writes his " Provincial Letters." Death of bishop Hall, set. 82. Birth of Halley .
Detection of Syndercombe's plot to assassinate Cromwell, Jan. 19 ; treaty of alli-
ance with France, March 23 ; decision of parliament to offer the crown to the
Protector, April 13 ; Lambert, Pride, Desborough, Fleetwood, and other officers,
petition him not to accept it, April 20; he finally refuses it May 8; Blake
destroys a fleet, in the harbour of Santa Cruz ; returning home, he dies within
sight of the English coast, Aug. 17, set. 58 ; marriage of Cromwell's youngest
daughter to a grandson of the earl of Warwick, Nov. 11 ; and of his daughter
Mary, to viscount Faulconbridge, Nov. 17 ; he creates anew house of lords, Dec.
11. Death of the emperor Ferdinand III., Apr. 2, set. 49 ; his son Leopold inherits
Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary ; the imperial throne vacant till the follow-
ing year. John Casimir, by the treaty of "Welau, recognizes the independence
of Prussia, cedes Elbing, and detaches the elector of Brandenburg from Sweden.
Denmark declares war against Charles Gustavus, who leaves Poland, and invades
Jutland. Christina, during a visit at Paris, causes Monaldeschi, one of her suite,
to be assassinated. The Venetians lose Lemnos and Tenedos : their captain-
general, Mocenigo, falls in an encounter with the Turks. They purchase aid
from the pope and Louis XIV., by readmitting the Jesuits into their city. Death
of Dr. William Harvey, set. 79. Birth of Le Clerc and Fontenelle.
586
FIIOM THE YEAR
A.D.
1659
1660
1661
1662
Hegiea.
1070—1071
1071—1072
1072—1073
1072-1074
Otto
MAN EM
PIRE.
llMaho-
met IV.
Popes. Spain,
4Alex-|38Phi-
anderiipIV
VII.
April 7
France
39.
42-
Bbons
wick.
11
Chris-
tian
Louis,
Wir-
TEM-
BERG
31 Eb
erhai'd
III.
19
32 20
33-
Bran-
DEN-
BURG.
19Fre-
deric
Willi-
am, the
Great.
Saxo
3 John
George
II
Bava-
ria,
8 For-
dinand
Maria
10
Ger-
many
1 Leo
poldl
1658 TO 1662 A.D.
587
1658
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
1 Gio-
vanni
Pesaro.
1 Dome
nico
Conta-
reno II
Savoy.
21 Chas
Emanu-
el II.
Portu-
gal.
3 Alfon
so VI.
Tusca-
ny.
38 Ferdi-
nand II.
de' Me-
dici.
Den-
ma kk
11 Fre-
deric
III.
1661
3 24
1662
Swe-
den.
5Chas
X. Gus-
tavus.
40
Po-
land
HJohn
Casi-
mir.
IChas.
XI
HOL-
LAND
14 Alexis. John
de
Witt
Grand
Pen-
sion-
ary.
Great
Britain.]
14
Oliver
Crom-
er ell, Pro-
tector.
!. Sep 3.
I Richard
Caomwell.
Sep. -
17
3
18
1 Chas.
II. re-
stored,
May 26.
Regnal
Year,
12, Jan .30
A.Georgel,
2(13%
m. Kath'i
rine of
Braganza.
i-Q- Mary
588
FROM THE YEAR
A.D,
1658
Events and Eminent Mi
The two houses of parliament assemble, Jan. 20; are dissolved, Feb. 4 ; a plot of
the cavaliers discovered, March 17 ; colonel Saxby dies in the Tower, reputed
author of a pamphlet " Killing- no Murder ;" an English force under Reynolds
co-operates with Turenne in Flanders ; they defeat Conde in the battle of the
Dunes, June 14; Dunkirk surrenders, and is given np to the English; capture
of Ypres, Oudenarde, and other towns: Cromwell projects the partition of the
Spanish Netherlands with France ; death of his favourite daughter, Mrs. Clay-
pole, Aug. 6; he is attacked by illness at Hampton Court, Aug. 12; removes to
Whitehall, where he dies, Sept. 3, set. 59 ; his son, Richard, declared Protector
Leopold elected emperor of Germany, July 18. Charles Gustavus crosses the
Belts on the ice, appears before Copenhagen, and compels the king of Denmark
to sign the peace of Roskild, Jan. 3 ; breach of this treaty ; the Swedes be-
siege Copenhagen. War renewed in Lithuania between the Poles and Rus-
sians. Aurungzebe dethrones his father, Shah Jehan, and occupies the Mogul
sovereignty of India. Expulsion of the Socinians from Poland ; some join the
Unitarians of Transylvania ; others are received among the Arminians in Hol-
land. Birth of Purcell and of Charles, earl of Peterborough.
Meeting of parliament, Jan. 27 ; cabals of republicans, army, and royalists, create
confusion; by desire of Fleetwood and the Wallingford-house party, Richard
dissolves the parliament, April 22 ; withdraws to Hampton Court, and ceases
to exercise authority ; the government still carried on in his name ; the remain-
ing members of the Long oi Rump parliament reassemble, with Lenthal for
speaker, May 6. Treaty of the Hague, alliance of England, France, and Hol-
land, May 21. Richard submits to the parliament and receives a pension, May
25 ; his brother, Henry, lieutenant of Ireland, submits, June 22. Charles re-
moves from Brussels to Calais, Aug. 1. A royalist club, called "the Sealed
Knot," prepares an insurrection, which is suppressed by Lambert at Namptwich,
Aug. 19 : the officers threaten the parliament, Oct. 5 ; the parliament cashiers
them, Oct. 12 ; Lambert deposes the parliament, Oct. 13 ; a military Committee
of safety, Oct. 26 ; Monk disapproves their proceedings, and secures Berwick,
Oct. 29. Death of Bradshaw, Oct. 31. Monk declares for the parliament against
the officers, Nov. 2 ; he summons a convention in Scotland, Nov. 17 ; Lambert
marches to Newcastle to oppose him, Nov. 18 The governor of Portsmouth and
admiral Lawson declare for the parliament, Nov. 24. Fairfax assembles a meet-
ing on Marston Moor, which demands a free parliament, Dec. 24. Lambert's
forces desert him, and join Fairfax who takes possession of York, and conv
municates with Monk. Peace of the Pyrenees, between France and Spain, Nov. 7.
Pope Alexander offended because his ministers were not allowed to take part in
this treaty. Trie Dutch, Poles, and Prussians assist the king of Denmark, and
compel Charles Gustavus to abandon the siege of Copenhagen. The prince de
Conde" is restored to his dignities and possessions, and the duke of Savoy to
his States. Performance of Moliere's first play, "Les Preeieuses Ridicules."
Birth of Francis Fagel.
Monk enters England with his army, Jan. 1; marches into London, Feb. 4; restores
the Presbyterians to their seats in the House of Commons, and is appointed
general of the forces, Feb. 21. Lambert committed to the Tower, March 6.
Parliament dissolved, and a Council of State constituted, March 16. Charles
removes to Breda, and, through Sir John Grenville, communicates with Monk,
April 4. The New, or Convention Parliament, meets, April 25 ; Charles's letters
are laid before the two houses, and they acknowledge him as king, May 1-. Sir
Matthew Hale and Prynne recommend limitations to the royal power ; their sug-
gestions are over-ruled ; the city of London and the fleet declare for Charles II.,
May 3 ; he is proclaimed, May 8, and in Ireland, May 14 ; lands at Dover,
May 25 ; makes his entry into London, May 29, but in all public acts the year
of his reign is dated from the day of his father's death. An act passes to con-
stitute the convention a parliament, June 1. Nineteen of the judges of Charles I.
are induced to surrender by a promise of pardon, June 6 ; this promise is violated,
and they are brought to trial, Aug. 29. The duce of York re-married to Anne.
Hyde, daughter of lord chancellor Clarendon, Sept. 3. Cessation of hostilities
against Spain, Sep. 29. Death of the duke of Gloucester, <et 21. Harrison,
1658 TO 1662 A.D.
1662
Scrope, Hugh Peters, and seven others, executed, Oct. 9. Episcopacy restored ;
Juxon, archbishop of Canterbury, Oct. 25. The bodies of Oliver Cromwell,
Bradshaw, Ireton, and Pride, disinterred, exposed on the gallows at Tyburn, and
buried there, Dec, 8 ; their heads placed on the top of Westminster Hall, and
their estates forfeited. Parliament dissolved, Dec. 29. Birth of George Louis,
May 21, son of Ernest Augustus, duke of Brunswick Liineburg, and Sophia,
daughter of the elector palatine, and of Elizabeth, daughter of James I. of Eng-
I land ; this prince afterwards elector of Hanover, and George I. of England.
j Marriage of Louis XIV. to Maria Theresa, daughter of the king of Spain, June
9 ; she renounces all right of succession to any of her father's dominions. Death
I of Gaston, duke of Orleans, son of Henry IV., at Blois, Feb. 2. Charles Gus-
! tavus dies, Feb. 13, set. 39, leaving the crown to his son, Charles XL, jet. 5, under
the regency of the queen-mother, Ulrica Eleanora. The treaties of Oliva, May
3, and of Copenhagen, June 6, restore peace in the North. The Diet of Den-
mark confers absolute power on the king, and the hereditary succession of his
family, Oct. 16. Sir William Petty and the Hon Robert Boyle, with other
learned men. who had held meetings in Wadham College, Oxford, assemble in
London and found the Royal Society. Tea used in London. Boileau writes his
first Satires. Death of Scarron, and of the Spanish painter, Diego Velasquez
Silva, set. 61. Birth of Sir Hans Sloane and Thomas Southerne.
The Scotch parliament assembles, Jan. 1 ; conference at the Savoy, March 25.
Charles II. crowned, April 23. The English parliament meets, May 8. Episco
pacy renewed in Scotland; the League and Covenant rescinded. Sis Robert
Holmes takes possession of Manhattan, or New Amsterdam, and gives it the
name of New York. All the m«mbers of the House of Commons required to take
the sacrament. The League and Covenant burnt by the hangman all over Eng-
land, May 22. The earl of Argyle beheaded, May 28. Many acts of parliament
burnt by the hangman in Westminster Hall. Treaty of alliance with Portugal,
June 23. Confiscation of the estates of deceased regicides, July 12 ; lord Monson,
Sir Henry Mildmay, and Robert Wallop, imprisoned for life. The bodies of
Pym, Cromwell's mother, his daughter, Mrs. Claypole, and others, removed from
Westminster Abbey to the churchyard, Sept. 12. The bishops resume their seats
in the House of Lords, Nov. 20. Corporation Act , Dec. 20. Death of cardinal Ma
zarine, March 9, set. 59; Louis XIV. governs henceforth himself. Fouquet
prosecuted. Colbert appointed comptroller-general. Marriage of Philip, duke of
Orleans, only brother of Louis, to Henrietta, youngest daughter of Charles J. of
England, April 1. Birth of the dauphin, Nov. 1, and of the Spanish prince,
afterwards Charles II., Nov. 6. Death of the Spanish minister, de Haro; Don
John of Austria invades Portugal. The Mexicans expel the viceroy Gal ve3. Peace
of Cardis, between Sweden and Russia. Bossuet preaches before Louis. Death
of Thomas Fuller, set. 55, and of Brian Walton, bishop of Chester, and compiler
of the Polyglot, set. 61. Birth of llarley, afterwards earl of Oxford. St. Evre-
mond withdraws from France to England. Jules Hardouin Mansard builds and
embellishes Versailles.
Meeting of parliament, Jan. 10. Miles Corbet, Okey, and Bar.stead, seized at Delft,
in Holland, and brought to England, April 16 ; executed, April 19. ' Acto<f Uni-
formity, May 17. Marriage of Charles II. to Katharine ot Braganza, May 21 :
Bombay, Tangier, and free trade with Brazil, are ceded to England, as part of
her dowry. Sir Henry Vane beheaded, June 14, set 50. Lambert, condemned
and reprieved, passes the rest of his life (30 years) in Guernsey. The Act of
Uniformity comes into operation, Aug. 24; 2000 Presbyterian and Independent
ministers ejected. Death of Lenthal, set- 71. The wheels of wagons or-
dered to be four inches broad, Oct. 10. Dunkirk sold to the French, Oct. 17.
Rigorous enforcement of the Corporation Act. The walls of Coventry, Glou-
cester, Leicester, Northampton, and Tauaton, destroyed. Birth of Mary, daughter
of the duke of York, and afterwards queen. The dukedeCrequi, French ambas-
sador at Rome, insulted by the papal guards ; Louis demands satisfaction. Death
of Blaise Pascal, set. 39. Birth of Richard Bentley, and of Atterbury, afterwards
bishop of Rochester. The Charter of the Royal Society granted. Molieres
" Ecole des Femmes" represented, and Dryden's first play, " The Wild Gallant."
590
FBOM THE TEAE
A.D.
Hegiea.
Otto- j
man Em- Popes. Spain
pire. 1
Feance
Bkctns
WICK.
| WlBr
TEM-
BERG.
IBeait-
1 DEN
j BURG.
Saxo-
ny.
L
bava
EI A.
Ger-
many.
1663
1074— 1 075
16Maho-
met IV-
9 Alex,
ander
VII.
April 74
43Phi-
lip IV.
21 Louis
XIV.
16
Chris-
tian
Louis.
36 Eb-
erharc
III.
24Fre-
j deric
Willi-
\&m,the
8 John
George
II.
l3Fer-
dinanc
Maria
6 Leo-
pold I.
1684
1665
1075—1076
1076—1077
17
18
10
11
44
lChas.
II.
22
23
17
lGeo.
Willi-
am I
37
38
i
1
1
|
26
9 1
10
15
1666
1077-1078
19
12
2
24
2
39
27
11
16
9—
1667
1078—1079
20
13
</.May22.
1 Cle-
ment
IX.
June22
3
25 - —
3
40
28
12
17
10
1668
!
1079-1080
21
2
26 ,
41
29
13
11
i
1
1663 TO 1668 A.D.
591
Repe- J
tition
D9GES
of Ve-
Savoy.
Portu-
Tusca-
Den-
Swe-
Po- Russia.
Hol-
Great
Dates.
nice.
gal.
ny.
mark.
den.
land. |
land.
Britain.
1663
5 Dome-
nico
Conta-
feno II.
26 Chas.
Eenanu-
ellL
8 Alfon-
so VI.
43 Fer-
dinand
11. de'
Medici.
^Fre-
deric
III.
4Chas.
XI.
16 John
Casi-
mir.
19 Alexis
John
de
Witt,
Grand
Pensi-
onary.
4 Chas.
II. re-
stored,
May 29.
Regnal
Year,
16, Jan.30<
1664
6
27
9
44
17
5
17
20
D (16).
1665
7 - —
28
10
45 —
6
18-
21
6 (17). m
b . Q.Anne.
1666
8
29
11
46
19—
7
19
22
7 (18).
1667
9 —
30
1 Pedro
II.
47
20
8
20
23
8 (19).
1668
10
5.
2
48
21
21
24
8(20).
592
JEOM THE TEAS
1663
1664
I 1065
Events anp Eminent Men.
Meeting of parliament, Fob. IS; address of tlie Commons against any indulgence'
to Dissenters, Feb. 27 ; proclamation ordering popisb priests to quit England, !
April 2. The profits of the post-office and wine-licences granted to the duke of i
York, April 28. Review of 4000 guards, the whole standing army, in Hyde
Park, July 4. The earl of Clarendon offends the duchess of Cleveland, Charles's
mistress ; failure of the earl of Bristol's attempt to accuse him of high-treason,
July 10; ashamed of this proceeding, Bristol retires from public life, but the
duchess undermines the chancellor in the king's favour. A Bill, for the better
observance of the Sabbath, stolen from the table of the House of Lords, loses the
royal assent, July 27. The dissensions between Louis XIV. and the pope become
more serious; the French take possession of Avignon and the Comtat Venaissin.
Don John of Austria takes Evora ; his advance towards Lisbon is arrested by a
defeat which he sustains from the duke of Schomberg, at Estremoz. The Dutch
possess themselves of all the Portuguese East Indian empire, except Goa and
Diu. Progress of the Turks in Hungary ; they take Neuhausel, and approach
Germany. The sittings of the Diet of Ratisbon are made permanent, Dec. 23,
and large forces collected to oppose the invaders. Colbert improves the finances,
manufactures, commerce, marine and colonial system of France. Death of arch-
bishop Juxon, set. 79. Birth of Daniel Defoe, of Massillon, of prince Eugene,
and of lord Torrington, the English admiral.
Thomas Brewster fined and imprisoned for publishing seditious libels, one of
which is Milton's Defence of tiie People of England, Feb. 15. Meeting of par-
liament, March 16; the Triennial Act remodelled to meet the king's wishes,
April 6; the Conventicle Act passed, May 37. Satisfaction demanded from the
Dutch for the damages done to English merchants, June 1. The duke of York
makes reprisals on the commerce of the United Provinces, and captures many
of their ships, Dec. 4. A new session of parliament, to raise supplies for war,
Nov. 24 ; the clergy, made subject to the general taxes of the country, cease to
tax themselves in convocation. The pope submits to all • the demands of Louis
XIV., and hostilities are averted by the treaty of Pisa, Feb. 12. The united
forces of Germany, France, and Italy, repel the advance of the Talks ; the great
victory gained by Montecuccoli, the general of the allies, at St. Gotthard on the
Raab, Aug. 1, is followed by the peace of Temeswar. Ambassadors from Russia
arrive in Venice. East and West India companies formed in France ; colonies
planted in Cayenne, Martinique, Guadaloupe, St. Lucie, and Canada. The Order
of La Trappe founded by De Ranee. Death of Buxtorf. Birth of Matthew
Prior, and of Alberoni, afterwards cardinal. A comet appears, Dec. 24.
Parliament prorogued, after having voted large supplies for the war now declared
against the Dutch, March 4. The duke of York takes the command of the fleet,
April 21. The great plague breaks out in St. Giles's, London, April 26. Vic-
tory over the Dutch fleet off Harwich, June 3; admiral Opdam perishes in his
ship, which is blown up. The court removed to Salisbury, July 27. Bartholomew
and Stourbridge fairs prohibited, Aug. 7. 10,000 deaths in London during the
week ending Sept. 19. Parliament meets at Oxford, Oct. 9. The plague abates,
Dec. 12 : the mortality estimated at 130,000. The bishop of Munster, ally of
England, makes a fruitless invasion of the United Provinces. Annexation of
the Tyrol to Austria. Victory of a French fleet, commanded by the duke de
Beaufort, over the Algerines. Death of Philip IV., Sept. 17, set. 60. The crown
of Spain descends to his snn, Charles II., bet. 4 ; his mother, Maria Anne of Aus-
tria, the regent, is governed by the Jesuit, Nitiiard. Defeat of the Spaniards
by the Portuguese at Villa Viciosa, June 17- The university of Kiel founded.
Death of Nicholas Poussin, set. 71. The duke de la Rochefoucault publishes his
" Maximes." The London Gazette established. Commencement of the " Journal
des Savans" at Paris. Birth of Victor Amadeus, son of the duke of Savoy.May 1 4.
War declared by France against Great Britain. Alliance between Denmark and
the United Provinces, Jan. 26. War against France proclaimed in London,
Feb. 10. Obstinate, but indecisive, sea-fight of four days, June 1—4, between
the British fleet, commanded by Monk, duke of Albemarle, and prince Rupert,
and the Dutch, under De Ruyter and Cornelius Van Troup ; the grand peusi-
1663 TO 1668 A.D.
593
Events and Eminent Men.
onary, de Witt, present in this battle, invents chain-shot ; another engagement
between the same admirals, July 25, 26; complete victory of the English ; De
Ruyter saves part of his ships in his own harbours; Van Tromp deprived of his
commission; the English masters of the channel; admiral Holmes destroys a
large Dutch fleet in the Vlie ; the French admiral, De Beaufort, unable to join
the Dutch, shelters his fleet in Brest. Great fire of London, from the morning of
Sunday, Sept. 2, till Thursday 6 ; 200,000 sufferers encamp in the fields about
Islington and Highgate ; property destroyed valued at £7,385,000. Meeting of
parliament, Sept. 21 ; both houses address the king to enforce the laws against
priests and papists. War declared against Denmark, Oct. 1. Rebellion of the
Scotch presbyterians against episcopacy, defeated on Pentland Hill, Nov. 27
Charles suspected of a leaning towards Catholicism. Death of Anne of Austria
{see 1615), mother of Louis XIV., Jan. 20, set. 65. Marriage of the emperor Leopold
to Margaret Theresa, daughter of Philip IV. Cleves, Mark, and Ravensberg de-
finitively assigned to the elector of Brandenburg; Juliers and Berg to the duke
palatine of Neuburg. The Academie des Sciences founded at Paris. The har-
bour of Cette constructed, near the mouth of the Rhone. Moliere's " Misaiv
thrope" brought out. William Penn joins the Society of Friends. Death of the
painter, Giovanni Barbieri Guercino. set 56.
jAn Act of parliament for rebuilding London, aided by a tax of twelve-pence on
every ton of coals brought into the city, Jan. 18- The first Insurance office
against Fire, set up by Dr. Barton. Negotiations for peace commence ; while
they are in progress, the Dutch, under De Ruyter, sail up the Thames and
Medway, surprise Sheerness and Chatham, and destroy some ships, arsenals, and
stores, June 11. Peace of Breda concluded, July 10; proclaimed in London,
Aug. 24 ; national discontent ; the great seal taken from the earl of Clarendon,
Aug. 30 ; meeting of parliament, Oct. 10 ; the Commons declare it to be illegal
in judges to fine juries for their verdicts, Aug. 16. The first stone of the new
Royal Exchange laid by the king, Aug. 23. Impeachment of Clarendon fails,
Nov. 12 ; he withdraws to France, Nov. 30; is banished by act of parliament,
Dec. 19. Louis XIV., in despite of the renunciation made in his marriage-
contrast {see 1660), claims the Spanish Netherlands ; the power of Spain so re-
duced, that no resistance can be made, and he takes possession of the country ;
Conde, Turenne, Louvois, now war-secretary, conduct the enterprise. Alfonso,
king of Portugal, set aside for imbecility ; his brother, Pedro, marries his destined
queen, Maria Francisca of Savoy, and assumes the government under the title
of regent, during the life of Alfonso, who is secluded at Cintra. De Witt's hos-
tility to the prince of Orange causes dissensions in the United Provinces. Truce
between Poland and Russia ; the Cossacks of the Don make a furious inroad ;
John Sobieski distinguishes himself against them. Vigorous siege of Candia by
the Turks. Earthquake in Dalmatia and Albania, April 6 : Ragusa and Cattaro
destroyed. Milton publishes his Paradise Lost. The Tartuffe of Moliere, and
Andromaque of Racine, produced. A French translation of the Scriptures by
the scholars of Port Royal, published at Amsterdam, condemned by the pope;
persecution of the translators. Death of bishop Jeremy Taylor, set. 54, of Abraham
Cowley, set. 49, of Bochart, set. 68, and of Hottinger. Birth of Jonathan Swift.
Triple ailianee between England, Holland, and Sweden, against the ambition of
Louis XIV., negotiated by Sir Wm. Temple and De Witt, Jan. 13; under the
mediation of these powers, peace is concluded between France and Spain at
Aix la Chapelle, May 2, n.s. James, duke of York, avows his conversion to
Catholicism. England mediates the treaty of Lisbon, Feb. 13, N.s., by which
Spain recognizes the independence of Portugal. John Casimir resigns the crown
of Poland and retires to France ; his successor not elected till the following year.
The Freuch invasion drives many emigrants from Flanders to England, one of
whom, named Brewer, instructs English manufacturers in the art of dyeing.
The first collection of La Fontaine's Fables published. Death of Philip Wou-
vermans, set. 48, and of Sir Wm. Davenant, Poet Laureate, set. 63. Birth of
Boerhaave, Fabricius, and Le Sage. Morgan, the Buccaneer, takes Portobello, and
plunders Spanish America. Dryden, Poet Laureate and Royal Historiographer.
2 Q
594
FEOM THE TEAK
A.D.
Hegi
1669 1080
i 1081
1670
1671
1673
1081
10S2
1082
10S3
10S3
1084
1085
| Otto-
man Esr-
Popks. Spain.
1086
22Maho4 3 Cle-
met IV. ment
IX.
June 22-
rf.Dec. 9-
1 Cle-
ment X
April 29,
5Chas
II.
•24
25
27
Fkance
27 Louis
XIV
Bruns-
wick.
Wik-
TEM-
BERG.
5 Geo,
Wil-
liam I.
42 Eb-
erhard
III.
Bran-
den-
burg.
46 34
30 Fre-
deric
Willi-
am, the
Great.
.
Saxo-
ny.
14 John
George
II.
16-
Ba-
VARIA
19Fer
dinand
Maria
20-
10-
1 Wil
liam
Louis,
21-
Ger-
MANY
12Leo-
poldl
17-
1669 TO 1674 A.D.
595
Repe-
tition
Dates.
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
Savoy.
Portu-
gal.
Dukes
of Tus-
cany.
Dew- 1 Swe-
MARK. | DEN.
Po-
land.
Russia.
Hol-
land
Great
Britain
1669
UDome-
nico
Conta-
reno II.
32Chas
Emanu-
el II.
3 Pedro
II.
49 Fer-
dinand
TI. de'
Medici,
22 Fre-
deric
III.
10
Chas
XI.
1 Mi-
chael
Wis-
nowis-
ki.
25 Alexis.
John
de
Witt
Grand
Pensi-
onary
10 Chas,
II. re-
stored,
May 29.
Regnal
Year,
21, Jan. 30.
1670
12
33
4
1 Cos-
mo III.
1 Chris-
tian V.
11 — -
2—
26 «
11 (22).
1671
13
34
5 ■
2
2
12
3
27
12(23).
1672
14
35 — -
6 .
3
3
13
4
28
1 Wil-
liam
III.
Stat-
holder.
13 (24).
1673
15 — —
36
7
4
4
14
5
29 - —
2
14(25). j
1674
16
37
5
6
15
l John
III.
Sabi-
esky.
30
15 (26).
1
1
1
1
i
2 Q 2
596
FROM THE YEAR
A.D.
1669
Events and Eminent Men.
Meeting of Parliament, Feb. 8 ; the duke of Buckingham, lord keeper Bridgman, and
Sir Matthew Hale wish to mitigate the laws against non-conformists ; resistance
of the Commons ; address to the king for a proclamation against conventicles ;
inquiry into the miscarriages of the Dutch war; dispute on privilege between
the two houses, May 11 ; proclamation against conventicles, July 10; the union
between England and Scotland recommended by the king, Oct. 19 ; prorogation
of Parliament, Dec. 11. Death of Henrietta Maria, widow of Charles I., Aug. 31
(Sept. 10), set. 60 ; funeral oration by Bossuet, Nov. 7. Nithard expelled from
Spain by Don John of Austria. Election of Michael Wisnowiski to the Polish
throne. Candia taken by the Turks, Sept. 6 ; grief for this event terminates
the life of Clement IX., Dec. 9 ; the papal chair vacant more than four months.
Locke draws up a constitution for Carolina. Opening of the new Royal Exchange,
Sept. 28 ; of the Theatre at Oxford, gift of archbishop Sheldon, and built by
Wren, July 9. Cosmo de' Medici, son of the grand duke of Tuscany, visits Eng-
land, April 5. Marshal Turenne abjures the Protestant for the Catholic faith.
Cassini invited to Paris by Colbert. Boileau's Art of Poetry published. Death
of the painter Pietro da Cortona, set. 73, and of Leo Allatius.
Charles's government directed by " The Cabal," consisting of Sir Thomas Clifford,
lord Ashley (afterwards earl of Shaftesbury), the duke of Buckingham, lord
Arlington, and the earl of Lauderdale. Parliament assembles, Feb. 14 ; the
Lords erase from their journals the proceedings, which were the subject of dis-
pute, and forego all claim to original jurisdiction in civil matters, Feb. 22 ; a
new conventicle Act passed, April 11. Non-conformists and quakers persecuted ;
Penn and Mead tried, acquitted, fined for contempt of court. Intrigues of Louis
XIV. in England ; visit of Charles's sister, the duchess of Orleans, who prevails
upon him to enter into a secret alliance with France, May 15 ; she brings Que-
rouaille, who becomes his favourite mistress, is created duchess of Portsmouth,
and obtains unbounded influence over him. Charles and his ministers sell them-
selves to Louis. Sudden death of the duchess, after her return, at St, Cloud,
June 30, set. 26. Buckingham's mission to France. Sir William Temple- re-
called from the Hague. Charles obtains subsidies on pretence of carrying out the
Triple Alliance. Outrage on the duke of Ormond by Blood, Dec. 4 ; and on Sir
John Coventry by the duke of Monmouth, and some of the courtiers, Dec. 25
Louis seizes the duchy of Lorraine ; compels the Algerines to release their
French captives and desist from piracy. William III. appointed captain-ge-
neral by the United Provinces. The pope acknowledges the sovereignty of the
house of Braganza, and abandons his claims to the appointment of bishops in
Portugal. The Hungarian Magnates conspire against religious aud fiscal oppres-
sion ; detected, and many suffer dea-th. Protracted strife in the conclave ; car-
dinal Altieri elected, April 29, by the name of Clement X. Francesco Morosino,
accused of having neglected the defence of Candia, is acquitted by the senate of
Venice. Puffendorf a diplomatic agent in the service of Sweden. Moliere's
" Bourgeois Gentilhomme," and Racine's " Berenice," put on the stage. Death
of George Monk, duke of Albemarle, Jan. 4, set. 62 ; of Prynne, who had beer,
appointed keeper of the records in the Tower; and of Henry Jenkins of York-
shire, said to be 170 years old. Birth of the duke of York's natural son, James
Fitzjames, afterwards duke of Berwick ; of William, afterwards earl Cowper, and
of count Zinzendorf, afterwards Austrian chancellor.
The Commons resent the injury done to Sir John Coventry, one of their members-,
by an act against malicious maiming and wounding, March 6. Death of Claren-
don's daughter, duchess of York, and mother of the future queens Mary and
Anne, March 31, set. 34 ; the duke publicly attends mass. The Commons resist
alterations made by the Lords in a tax on sugar, and claim the exclusive power
of framing money bills, April 17 ; provision made for the clergy of the parishes
destroyed by the late fire. Parliament prorogued without having voted supplies,
April 22. Attempt of Blood to steal the crown and regalia from the Tower,
May 3 ; he is pardoned and pensioned by the king. The building of the Monu-
ment, commenced by Wren. Louis employs Vauban to construct fortresses in
the Netherlands. New creations of nobility in Denmark, and revival of the
TO 1674 A.D.
59/
1673
1674
Events and Eminent Men.
Order of Danebrog. Bossuet publishes his "Exposition de la Doctrine ds
l'pjglise Catholique." Death of lord Fairfax; set. 60; of the earl of Manches-
ter ; of John Gronovius, set. 60 ; of Merrick Casaubon, prebendary of Canter-
bury. Birth of Richard Steele, and Colly Gibber. Greenwich observatory built.
Charles seizes all the money in the exchequer, and stops the repayment of loans
and deposits ; great confusion and commercial distress ensue, Jan. 12. Treaty
between England and France against Holland, Feb. 12. Unsuccessful attack by
Sir Robert Holmes on the Dutch fleet from Smyrna, March 14. The king suspends
the penal laws against dissenters, March 16. War declared against the United
Provinces, March 17. A force, under the duke of Monmouth, sent to co-operate
with Louis. Battle of Southwold, or So'lebay, May 28 ; the earl of Sandwich
(admiral Montague) killed, set. 47. Sweden joins the league against Holland,
April 14. Louis, with a formidable army, headed by the first generals of the age,
crosses the Rhine, June 2 (12 n.s,), and in a few days conquers the provinces of
Utrecht, Guelderland and Overyssel. The Dutch impute their misfortunes to
the Grand Pensionary, John De Witt, whom they massacre, set. 74, and his
brother Cornelius. William III. is made statholder by the popular cry; he
rejects the terms offered by Louis, and saves Holland by opening the sluices and
inundating the country. The emperor of Germany, king of Spain, elector of
Brandenburg, and duke of Cleves, join in a league against Louis. Rimini, An-
cona, and many towns in Italy, laid in ruins by an earthquake. Invasion of
Poland by the Turks and Cossacks ; Michael purchases peace by ceding Kami-
nieck, Podolia, and the Ukraine. Birth of Addison, and of Congreve. The
Academy of Music, at Paris, founded by Lully.
Meeting of parliament, Feb. 5 ; the Commons annul elections during the recess
by writs under the great seal, and order the speaker to issue new writs, Feb. 10 ;
address the king to revoke his declaration of indulgence, Feb. 19 ; he gives an
evasive answer, Feb. 23 ; they repeat their address, Feb. 27 ; the king complies,
March 8; Shaftesbury joins the popular party; the Test Act passed, March 29 ;
the duke of York and lord Clifford refuse the Test, and resign. Prince Rupert
appointed tocommand the fleet; three indecisive naval combats, the last in this
war, May 28, June 4, and Aug. 11. Dismissal of Shaftesbury, June 9. The Com-
mons address the king against the duke of York's marriage with Mary Beatrice
of Modena, Aug. 20 ; these nuptials, urged by Louis and the pope, are never-
theless celebrated at Modena, Sep. 30, n.s., the earl of Peterborough being the
duke's proxy. While preparing an address against a standing army, against
the French alliance, and the Dutch war, the Commons are stopped by a proro-
gation, Nov. 4. The statholder recovers Naarden, joins the imperial army,
under Montecuccoli, and they take Bonn ; Louis reduces Maestricht, but finding
his enemies advancing in his rear, retreats, and abandons all his conquests. The
Polish Diet annuls the treaty made in the preceding year, and gives the command
to John Sobiesky, who defeats the invaders at Choczim ; death of Michael
Wisnowiski, Nov. 10. Death of Salvator Rosa, set. 58, and of Moliere, aet. 51.
Birth of Isaac Watts, and of Nicholas Rowe. Exhibition of works of art at
Paris ; those of Claude Lorraine, Le Brun, and Van der Moulen, distinguished.
Parliament asembles, Jan. 7. Examination of Buckingham and Arlington, at
the bar of the Commons, Jan. 14 ; resolutions against a standing army, Feb. 7 ;
prorogation, Feb. 11; peace with Holland, Feb. 28; the English contingent
remains with Turenne's army, in which Churchill, set. 24, as a captain, learns
the art of war. Sir William Temple, re-appointed ambassador, remonstrates with
Charles against his late policy ; finds the statholder and the States not disposed
to treat with Louis for peace. Campaign of Turenne in the Rhenish provinces
against the duke of Lorraine and the elector of Brandenburg. Battle of Senef,
near Charleroi, between Conde" and the statholder, Aug. 1 ; sieges of Oudenarde
and Grave. Louis conquers Franche Comte. Sobiesky elected king of Poland.
Death of Milton, ait. 66, of Henry Cromwell, set 47, of Hyde, earl of Clarendon,
at Rouen, set. 66, and of Rembrandt, set. 68. Birth of De Crebillon, of Potter,
afterwards archbishop, of viscount Townsliend, and of Slingeland, afterwards
Pensionary. The lands of Maintenon given by Louis to Scarron's widow.
598
FROM THE TEAE
A.D.
Hegi-
RA.
1087
Otto-
man Em-
pire.
Popes-
Spain
France.
Bruns-
wick.
WlR-
TEM-
BERG.
Bran-
den-
burg.
Saxo-
ny.
Bava-
ria.
Ger-
many.
1875
28Maho-
met IV.
6 Cle-
ment X
April 29.
HChas
II.
33 Louis
XIV.
11 Geo.
Wil-
liam I.
2 Wil-
liam
Louis.
36 Fre-
deric
Willi-
am, the
Great.
l'O John
George
II.
25 Fer-
dinand
Maria.
18Leo-
pold I.
1676
1088
29
7
d. July 22.
1 Inno-
centXl.
Sepu 21.
12
34
12
3
37
21
26
19
1677
1089
30
2
13—
35
13
lEb-
erhard
Louis.
38
22
27
20
1678
1090
31
3
14
36
14 .
2
39
23
28
21
1679
1091
32
4
15
37
15
3
40 —
24
1 Max-
imilian
Eman-
uel-
22
1680
!
1092
33
5
16
38 - —
16
4—
41
Uohn
George
111.
2
23
1675 TO 1680 A.B.
599
Repe-
tition
Dates.
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
Savoy.
Portu-
gal.
Dukes
of Tus-
cany.
Den-
mark.
Swe-
den.
'PO-
LAND.
I"
Russia. 1 Hol-
ILAND.
Great
Britain
1675
INiccolo
Sagredo.
1 Victor
Ama-
deus II.
9 Pedro
II.
6 Cos-
mo III.
6 Chris-
tian V.
16
Chas.
XI.
2 John
III.
Sobi-
esky.
31 Alexis
4 Wil-
liam
III.
Stat-
holder.
16 Chas.
II. re-
stored,
May 29-
Regnal
Year,
27, J an 30.
1676
1 Luigi
Conta-
rino.
2 -
10
7 ^-T'.
7
17—
3— —
lFeo-
dor HI.
5_
17 (28).
1677
2
3
11
8
8
18
4
2
6—
18 (29).
1678
3
4
12
9
9
19
5
3
7
19 (30).
1679
4
5
13
10
10
20
-
4
°-
20 (31).
1680
5
14
11
11
21
7
6
9
21 (32).
600
FROM THE YEAR
A.D.
167S
Events and Eminent Men.
The bones of two children discovered under a staircase in the Tower, supposed to
be the remains of Edward V. and his brother, March 16. Dr. Gilbert Burnet
grves evidence before the Commons against his former patron, the duKe of Lau-
derdale, April 13. Dr. Shirley's appeal to the Lords against Sir John Fagg, a mem-
ber of the Commons, May 15 ; disputes between the Houses cause a prorogation,
June 9. Second meeting of parliament, Oct. 14; disputes revived, prorogation for
fifteen months, Nov. 22. Turenne killed by a cannon-ball, at Salzbach, July 27; re-
treat of his army under his nephew, De Lorges ; marshal de Crequi takes Dinant, is
afterwards defeated at Consarbruck, and made prisoner at the surrender of Treves
to the allies. At the close of the campaign, Conde retires from active service.
Death of the duke of Lorraine ; his nephew, Charles Louis, succeeds to his com-
mand in the imperial army. The Swedes invade Brandenburg, and are defeated
by the elector at Fehrbellin. Denmark joins the confederacy against France.
Negotiations for peace commence at Nimwegen, under the mediation of England. I
The rebuilding of St. Paul's cathedral, London, commenced by Sir Christopher I
Wren; the first stone laid, June 1. The water-works of Marly constructed to j
supply the fountains of Versailles. Pere la Chaise confessor of Louis XIV. The
duchess de la Valliere takes the veil in the convent of Chaillot. Death of James
Gregory, set. 37, and of Lightfoot, set. 74. Birth of Samuel Clarke, and of Hoadley,
afterwards bishop of Winchester,
Coffee-houses in London closed by royal proclamation, Jan. 8; popular discontent;
the order revoked. Charles, pensioned by Louis, withdraws to Windsor, Feb. 7.
England tranquil. The town of Wem, in Shropshire, nearly destroyed by fire,
Oct. 8. Continued persecution of the Quakers. Barclay publishes his "Apolo-
gy." De Ruyter killed, eat. 69, in a combat with the French in the Mediterra-
nean. Progress of the French in the Spanish Netherlands ; on the Rhine they
lose Philipsburg. Louis revives the old pretensions of France in Sicily ; Mes-
sina, where he had been proclaimed, is blockaded by the Dutch and Spanish
fleets. Revolt of count Tekeli in Hungary. Peace between Poland and Turkey,
Oct. 27. Cardinal Odescalchi elected pope Innocent XI. Death of the czar
Alexis, set. 46 ; he is succeeded by his son, Feodor. Death of the marquis of New-
castle, set. 84, and of Bulstrode Whitelocke, set. 71. Birth of Robert Walpole.
Trial and execution of Brinvilliers, notorious for her murders by poison in Paris.
Discussion on the legality of the parliament, assembled, Feb. 15. Buckingham,
Salisbury, Wharton, and Shaftesbury, sent to the Tower ; the three first retract,
and are released ; Shaftesbury remains a prisoner thirteen months. The Com-
mons urge the king to resist the aggrandizement of France, and promise to
support him, May 8. William, prince of Orange, arrives in London, Oct. 23 ;
is married to the princess Mary, eldest daughter of the duke of York, Nov. 4. |
Valenciennes, Cambray, St. Omer, and Freyburg, taken by the French ; the
prince of Orange defeated by the duke of Orleans and marshal Luxemburg, at
Mount Cassel, April 11. The Hungarian insurgents apply to the Poles for as-
sistance. Don John of Austria, minister in Spain, vainly endeavours to reform
the system of government. The Swedes lose most of their possessions in Ger-
many ; repel the invasion of the king of Denmark in the battles of Halmstadt,
Lund, and Landskrona ; naval victories of the Danes, and conquest of Gothland
and Rugen. Death of James Harrington, set. 66, of Isaac Barrow, set. 47, and of
Spinoza, set. 45. Birth of James Thornhill, Racine retires to Port Royal.
Meeting of parliament, Jan. 28 ; supplies voted ; an army raised. The United
Provinces, distrusting Charles, hasten the conclusion of peace ; treaty of Nim-
wegen, between them and France signed July 31 (Aug. 10, n.s.); Spain accedes,
Sept. 17. Titus Oates and Dr. Tongue accuse the Jesuits of a conspiracy, called
the "Popish Plot," Aug. 12; general consternation in England. Parliament as-
sembled, Oct. 21. Murder of Sir Edmundbury Godfrey, Oct. 17. Numerous
arrests of Catholic lords, priests, and private individuals ; vehement resolution
of the Commons, Oct. 31 ; an Act passed to exclude papists from both houses of
parliament, Nov. 30. Parliament dissolved, after having sitten eighteen years,
Dec. 30. Louis withdraws his forces from Messina ; severe punishment of the
citizens by the Spaniards. The Swedes defeated by the Danes, at Uddewalla.
1675 TO 1680 A.D.
601
Events and Eminent Men..
First war between Russia and Turkey. Death of Andrew Marvel, set. 58< Birth
of St. John, afterwards viscount Bolingbroke, of Thomas Sherlock, afterwards,
bishop of London, of Simon Ockley, and of Farquhar. Ducange publishes his
Latin Glossary, and La Fontaine his second Collection of Fables.
A new parliament summoned, Jan. 25 ; active zeal of the anti-popery party in the
elections The duke of York, by the king's desire, removes to Brussels, Feb. 28.
Meeting of parliament, March 6 ; executions of individuals convicted on the evi-
dence of Oates and his associates, and more arrests. The Commons protest against
the pardon granted by the king to the earl of Danby, March 23 ; impeach five Ca-
tholic lords confined in the Tower, April 4 ; the earl of Danby again committed,
April 15. The two parties are called Whigs and Tories, the former a Scotch term
for low, seditious fanatics, and the latter an Irish designation of the despoiled
papists, who subsisted by plunder ; by Sir William Temple's advice, the king
forms a council of an equal number of each, with the earl of Shaftesbury, leader
of the Whigs, as president, April 21. Resolution of the Commons against the
duke of York, April 27. Sharpe, archbishop of St. Andrew's, murdered by Balfour
and other Covenanters, May 1. A Bill prepared by the Commons to bar the duke
of York's accession, May 15. The Habeas Corpus Act, framed by Shaftesbury,
receives the royal assent, and parliament is prorogued, May 27. Graham of
Claverhouse defeated by the Covenanters, at Drumclog, June 1 ; they are routed
at Bothwell bridge by the duke of Monmouth, 22. More papists executed ; Sir G.
Wakeman and others, acquitted through the detection of perjury in Oates's
evidence against them, July 13 The duke of York recalled by the king, Sept. 2.
The Meal-tub plot brought out by Dangerfield, Oct. 23. Queen Elizabeth's ac-
cession celebrated, Nov. 17. The emperor and his allies accede to the treaty of
Nimwegen, Feb. 5. Peace between Sweden, Denmark, and Brandenburg, Sept. 2.
Bossuet writes his Universal History, to assist the education of the dauphin.
Death of Don John of Austria, the last hope of Spain, Dec. 17 ; of Henry Olden-
burg, secretary of the Royal Society, and first publisher of the Philosophical
Transactions ; of Hobbes, Dec. 4, set. 91, and of the Cardinal de Retz, set. 65.
Petitions for assembling parliament not attended to by the king. The grand jury of
Middlesex discredits the evidence of Dangerfield, and ignores his charge against
the countess of Powis, May 11. The publication of newspapers and pamphlets,
without a licence, decided by the judges to be illegal, May 16. Acquittal of lord
Castlemaine, accused by Oates and Dangerfield, June 23. The Scotch conven-
ticlers dispersed, and their leader, Cameron, killed, July 23 ; lady Tempest and
Mrs. Preswicks tried at York for complicity in the plot, and acquitted, Aug. 2.
Lords Shaftesbury, Russell, and Cavendish, with others, appear in the Court of
King's Bench, in Westminster Hall, where they present the duke of York as a
popish recusant, and the duchess of Portsmouth as a national nuisance ; the
judges get rid of the presentment by dismissing the grand jury. Parliament
assembles, Oct. 21. Inquiries into the plot renewed ; Dangerfield examined by
the Commons, Oct. 26 ; they bring in a Bill to exclude the duke of York from the
throne, Nov. 2 ; information given before them of a popish plot in Ireland, Nov.
11. The Lords reject the exclusion bill, Nov. 15. Viscount Stafford brought to
trial before the house of Peers, Nov. 30 ; convicted on the testimony of Oates
and other infamous witnesses, Dec. 7 ; beheaded, Dec. 29. Marriage of the dau-
phin, March 7, to Maria Anna Christina, daughter of the late Ferdinand Maria,
elector of Bavaria. Louis issues edicts, restricting the religious liberty of the
Huguenots, and, by his Chambers of Re-union, makes new claims in Flanders and
Alsace. By the death of the archbishop of Magdeburg, the absolute sovereignty
of his territories is vested in the elector of Brandenburg. The Diet of Stockholm
gives the power of legislation wholly to the king ; he marries Ulrica Eleanora,
daughter of the king of Denmark. The pope claims the revenues of vacant
benefices in France, and is resisted by Louis. Death of Denzil Hollis, a>t. 83,
of the duke de la Rochefoucault, £et. 67, of Samuel Butler, set. 68, of the earl of
Rochester, set. 32; of Sir Peter Lely, set. 63; of Gerard Dow, set. 67, of Bernini,
ast. 82, and of the imperial general, Montecuccoli, Oct. 17. Birth of the duke
of Ripperda. Sir Christopher Wren, president of the Royal Society.
602
FROM THE TEAE
A.D.
1681
Hegi
1094
1683
1095
1684
1097
Otto-
man Em-
I PIRE.
34Maho-
met IV.
35
36
37
Popes.
6 Iirno-
centXl
Sept. 21
Spain
i?Chas
II.
20-
France,
Bruns-
wick.
i9 Louis
XIV
|43
Wtr-
TEM-
BERG
17 Geo. 5Eber-
Wil- hard
liani I. Louis.
20.
Bran-
den- Saxo-|Bava-
urg. ny. ria.
12 Fre
deric
Willi
am, the
Great.
2 John 3Max-
George
III
imUian
Em an-
uel.
Ger-
many,
24Leo
poldl
25-
,27
46
[681 TO 1685 A.D.
603
Repe-
tition
Dates.
BOOTES
op Ve-
nice.
Savot.
Portu-
gal.
Tusca-
ny.
Den-
mark.
Swe-
den.
Po-
land.
RlTH-
S1A.
Hol-
land.
Great
Britain,
1681
6 Luigi
Conta-
rino.
7 Victoi
Ama-
deus II.
15 Pedro
II,
12 Cos-
mo III
^Chris-
tian V.
22
Chas.
XI.
8 John
III.
Sobi-
esky.
6 Feo-
dorlll.
10 Wil-
liam III
Stair
holder.
22 Chas.
II. re-
stored,
May '29.
Regnal
Year, '.
33, Jan.30.
1682
7 • —
8
16
13
13
23
9
1 1 wan
V. and
Peter I.
11
23 (34).
1683
8
9
17
14 — -
14
24
fc>
2 1
12
24 (35).
b. Geo.IJ.
1684
IM.Ant.
Giusti-
qiani.
10
18
15
15
25
11
-
13
25 (36).
1685
2 —
11
19
16 ~—
16 —
2*
12
14
d. Feb" 6
Uas.II.
Feb. 6.
Qu. Maria
Beatrice
ofModeca.
604
FROM THE TEAR
lA.D.
1681
Events and Eminent Men.
1682
16S3
The Cornnons resolve to grant no supplies, till an Act be passed to exclude the
duke of York, Jan. 7 ; the king prorogues parliament, in anticipation of which
the Commons pass strong resolutions, 10. Pitzharris committed to Newgate
for a libel, Feb. 28; removed to the Tower, March 11. New parliament meets
at Oxford, 21 ; Exclusion Bill again introduced, and parliament dissolved, 28; the
king publishes a defence of his proceedings, April 8 ; answered by Somers, Alger-
non Sidney, and Jones. Lord Wn, Howard charged with having written
Fitzharris's libel, June 12; Shaftesbury imprisoned, July 2. The prince of
Orange arrives in England, 23. The duke of York, high commissioner, opens the
Scotch parliament, 28. Oates turned out of Whitehall, and deprived of his pen-
sion, Aug. 30. An order in council for relieving the French refugees, Sept. 7.
The indictment against Shaftesbury thrown out by the grand jury, Nov. 24 ; re-
joicing of the citizens. Argyle, convicted of high treason in Scotland, escapes
from prison, Dec. 19. Louis, in time of peace, compels the duke of Mantua
to sell Casal to him ; seizes Strasburg, Sept. 30, and blockades Luxemburg ;
sends an expedition against Algiers. The canal of Languedoc, completed by the
engineer Riquet, May 1 ; opened, 19. A national council convoked in France to
settle the dispute with the pope. The duke of Medina Celi minister in Spain.
Diet of Odenburg ; the emperor's concessions divide the patriots; Tekeli applies
to the Turks. Peace between Russia and the sultan. Bcssuet bishop of Meaux.
Mabillon publishes " De Re Diplomatica." Death of Ruysdael, set. 46 ; his pupil,
Hobbima, fl. Birth of Edward Young and John Law, First museum of natural
history in London.
Order of council forbids intercourse with the duke of Monmouth, May 8 ; sets aside
the sheriffs-elect of London, and obtains two others favourable to the court party,
July 15 : corporations remodelled by writs of Quo Warranto, and juries packed, to
pervert the course of justice; Shaftesbury withdraws to Holland, Oct. 19. Death
of prince Rupert, Nov. 30, set. 62. Penn colonizes Pennsylvania, and founds Phila-
delphia. The council of French clergy adopts the four propositions of Bossuet,
by which the Gallican church is declared independent, and the papal authority
merely spiritual ; the pope resists. Tekeli, assisted by the Turks, maintains
his contest ; defence of Munkatz by his countess. Death of the czar Feodor ; his
sister, Sophia, regent in the name of her brothers, I wan V., of weak intellect, and
Peter I., st. 10. The protests of Spain, England, and Holland, oblige Louis to
desist from the blockade of Luxemburg ; admiral Duquesne bombards Algiers.
The Turks collect an army for the invasion of Germany ; the emperor enters into
alliance with Sobiesky and other princes. Death of Heneage Finch, earl of
Nottingham, lord chancellor, Dec. 18, set. 61, of the duke of Lauderdale, set. 66,
of Sir Thomas Browne, set. 77, of Murillo, set. 64, and of Claude Lorraine, set. 82.
Birth of Wm.Pulteney, afterwards earl of Bath, and of Archibald, duke of Argyle.
A penny-post first established in London by a private individual, named Murray.
Death of Shaftesbury at Amsterdam, Jan. 22, set. 62 , new charters granted to
corporate towns, April 7 ; proceedings against the corporation of London, May 2 ;
the charter forfeited, June 12; Rye-house plot, 14; submission of the city of Lon-
don ; the king to have a veto on the election of lord mayor, sheriffs, and other
officers, 18 ; arrest of lord Wm. Russell, 28 ; trial and condemnation, July 13 ;
beheaded in Lincoln's Inn Fields, set. 42, 20 ; decree of the university of Oxford
against the doctrine of resistance, 24; marriage of the princess Anne to prince
George of Denmark, 28 ; Jeffreys lord chief justice of the King's Bench, Sept. 28 ;
the municipal franchises of London forfeited, and the magistates and officers ap-
pointed by royal commissions, Oct. 4 ; Algernon Sidney arraigned, Nov. 7 ;
tried, 21 ; condemned, 26 ; beheaded on Tower Hill, set 66, Dec. 7 ; the Duke of Mon-
mouth pardoned, but banished to Holland, 25. George Augustus, son of the elector
of Hanover, and afterwards George II. of England, born, Nov. 10. Siege of Vienna
by the Turks, July 14; they are compelled to retire with great loss, by John So-
biesky, and the confederated princes of Germany, Sept. 12 ; defeated again at Bar-
kan, and Gran taken from them, Oct. 27 ; the grand vizir, Kara Mustapha,
strangled for his failure. Louis renews his hostile courses against Spain and Ger-
many ; another league at the Hague to resist him. Death of his queen, Maria
1681 TO 1685 A.D.
605
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
1685
( Theresa, June 30, set. 45 ; Madame de Maintenon his favourite mistress. Death of
; Colbert, Sept. 6, set. 64 ; the office of marine secretary given to his son Seignelay.
I First descent of the Mississippi by the French from Canada, and establishment
of Louisiana. Algiers again bombarded by Duquesne, June 27. Death of AI-
i fonso, the deposed king of Portugal, of De Mezeray, the historian, set. 73, and of
1 Izaak Walton, the Complete Angler, set. 90. Birth of Conyers Middleton, of
I Reaumur, and of Belleisle, afterwards marshal.
|A severe frost for thirteen weeks, ending Feb. 5 ; a fair held, and an ox roasted on
j the ice of the Thames. John Hampden fined £40,000 for a misdemeanour; the
earl of Danby admitted to bail, and the catholic lords released, Feb. 12 ; lord
| Petr<> died a month before ; Sir Samuel Barnardiston fined £10,000 for a misde-
meanour, Feb. 14 ; Tangier abandoned and the fortifications demolished, April 2 ;
the castle of Dublin burnt, 7 ; the new charter resisted at Nottingham, May 2 ;
John Duttou prosecuted by the duke of York for defamation, and fined £100,000,
3; Plymouth accepts a new charter, July 7; many other corporations do
the sanie. More aggressions of Louis XIV. ; Luxemburg. Courtrai, and Dix-
mude, forcibly occupied by his troops ; Genoa bombarded by his fleet. Spain
too weak to resist, and the emperor occupied by his Turkish war. agree to the
treaty of Ratisbon ; Strasburgand Luxemburg ceded to France ; Holland assents.
The duke of Lorraine besieges Buda, and defeats the seraskier, July 25. The
Venetians join the league ; take the island of Santa Maura, and Prevesa. The
king of Siam sends an embassy to France. Bayle begins his journal, " Nouvelles
de la Republique des Lettres." Death of Corneille, Feb. 17, aet. 78. Birth of
Handel, of Berkeley, afterwards bishop of Cloyne, of earl Bathurst, and of
Talbot, afterwards lord chancellor. Le Fort tutor of the czar Peter.
Death of Charles II., at Whitehall, Feb. 6, set. 55. His illegitimate descendant;
are, the dukes, of Grafton, from Henry Grafton, son of Barbara Villiers ; of
St. Alban's, from Charles Beauclerc. son of Nell Gwynne ; and of Richmond, from
Charles Lennox, son of Louisa Querouaille, duchess of Portsmouth. Acces-
sion of James II. ; his secret advisers are a cabal of catholic lords and father
j Petre, of whom the earl of Sunderland is the mover. He promises to maintain
1 the existing laws, but breaks them by ordering the continuance of taxes which
| had expired with the late king, Feb. 9, and by going publicly to mass, 12. His
I imprudence is blamed even by the pope and the Spanish ambassador. Proclama-
l ! tion for the discharge of imprisoned recusants, April 16 ; he claims the arrears
of his brother's pension from Louis XIV., and solicits its continuance. Con>
nation of the king and queen, 23. Titus Oates condemned to another fine, whip-
ping and pillory, May 6. Meeting of parliament ; the Commons, a packed, sub
servient assembly, chiefly elected under the new charters, 19. Rebellion of Argyle
in Scotland. Dangerfield condemned to a fine, pillory and whipping, 30, dies of
a wound received during the execution of his sentence, June 1. The duke of
Monmouth lands at Lyme, June 11. Argyle defeated and captured, 17 ; beheaded
at Edinburgh, 30. Parliament, having voted supplies, is adjourned, July 2. Battle
of Sedgemoor, 6. Monmouth beheaded, 15, set. 36. Jeffries arrives at "Win-
chester, Aug. 27 ; judicial massacre perpetrated by him and Kirke in the western
counties. Alderman Cornish and others condemned for high treason, Oct. 19 ; Mrs
Gaunt burnt ; other prosecutions and executions follow. Parliament meets, Nov.
! ! 9 ; the king demands supplies to maintain a larger army ; the Commons offend
him by intimating a desire that he will appoint no more recusant officers, 17
The doge of Genoa, and four senators, summoned to Paris, submit to the terms
dictated by Louis. Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, Oct. 22; the decay of France
commences by the emigration of industrious and wealthy Protestants, to England
(3-ermany, and Holland ; Brandenburg is enriched by their skill in various arts.
Tripoli and Tunis bombarded by the French fleet Successful campaign of th_
dnke of Lorraine against -he Turks ; Neuhaussel, Tokay, Eperies, and other
fortresses are recovered. The Venetians, under Francesco Moresino. take Coron
and other places in the Morea. Sedition of the Strelitz in Russia. Death of
Sir John Marsham, set. 83, of Edmund Castel, author of the Lexicon Heptaglot-
ton, set. 79, and of Thomas Otway, set. 34.
606
FKOM THE TEAK
A.D.
Hegi-
Otto-
man Em-
Popes.
1
Spain. France.
Bruns-
TEM-
Bran-
den-
Saxo- Bava-
Ger-
RA.
pire.
wick.
BERG.
burg.
NY.
MA.
many,
1686
1098
39Maho-
met IV,.
11 Iuno-
cent XI.
Sept. 21.
22Chas.
II.
44 Lores
XIV.
22 Geo.
Wil-
liam I.
10 Eb-
erhard
Louis.
47Fre-
deric
Wil-
liam,
the
Great.
7 John
George
in.
? Maxi-
milian
Ema-
nuel.
29Leo-
pold I.
1687
1099
1 Soli-
man III.
12
23
45
23
11
48
8
1
1688
1100
2
13
24
46
24
12
1 Fre-
deric
III.
9
10
31
1689
1101
1102
3 _
rf.„Ausr.l2.
1 Alex-
ander Tin
Oct. 6.
25
47
25
13
2
10
11
32
1690
1102
1103
4
2
26
48
—
14 —
3
11
12
33
1691
1103
1104
1 Ach-
med II.
d. Feb. 1.
1 Inno-
centXII.
July 12.
27
49
27
15
4
1 John
George
IV-
13
34 — -
1692
1104
11Q5.
2
2
2S
50
28
Elect-
ors ow
Hano-
ver.
16
5
2
14
35
1693
1105
1106.
3
3
29
51
1 Er-
nest
Augus-
tus.
17
6
3
15
36 — -
i
1686 TO 16S3 A.D.
607
Repe-
tition
Dates.
16S7
16S8
16S9
1690
J 691
1692
1692
Doges
op Ve-
nice.
3M.Ant.
Giusti
niani.
Savoy. Portu-
gal.
12 Victor
A made
us II.
1 Fran
cesco
Moro-
sino.
20 Pedro
II.
Tusca-
ny
4 17
I
22
17 Cos-
mo III
18
Saye-
DEN.
tiaa V.
Chas.
XI.
28
29-
Po-
LAND
13 John
III.
Sobi-
esky
20
20
22
31-
32-
5IwanV.
and Pe-
ter I.
Hol-
land,
15
Willi-
amlll.
Stat-
holdeA
2Jas.lI.
Feb. 6-
Great
Britain.
1 Peter
alone, the
Great
18-
,20-
18
king of
Great
Britain
4 —
a6.Dec.23.
". Pr. Jas.
the Pre.
tender.
1 Willi-
am III.
and
Mary II.
Feb. 13.
A, Prince
William,
duke of
Glouces-
ter.
21 4
608
FROM THE TEAB
I
A.D.
1686
Event? and Eminent Men.
1687
Catharine Sedley, the king's favourite mistress, made maid of honour to the queen,
and created countess of Dorchester. Jan. 21. Catholic officers appointed in the
Irish army, and exercise such power, that many Protestants withdraw to England, i
Feb. 12; several of the judges dismissed, and replaced by others more submis-
sive to the royal will, April 21; they give their opinion that the king has the
power to dispense with penal laws, June 21. An army collected on Hounslow
Heath, and a popish chapel erected in the camp. Many Catholics sworn of the
privy council, and installed in various offices, July 17. An ecclesiastical com-
mission opened, Aug. 3 ; Compton, bishop of London, objects to its jurisdiction,
31 ; is suspended, Sept. 9. The earl of Castlemaine sent ambassador to
Rome. The earl of Rochester refuses to conform to the Catholic church, and is
dismissed from his office. The prince of Orange originates the League of Augs-
burg, by which the principal continental States unite to resist the encroachments
of France. The disputed succession to the Palatinate of the Rhine affords a
ground of quarrel. Buda taken by the duke of Lorraine, Sept. 2, and other im-
portant fortresses in Hungary recovered from the Turks. Modon, Navarino, and
Napoli di Romania, surrender to the Venetians. Russia joins the alliance against
the Turks. The duke of Savoy instigated by Louis XIV. to persecute the Wal-
denses and proscribe all religions but the Catholic in his States. Madame de
Maintenon founds the College of St. Cyr, for the education of the female nobility
of France. Death of Louis, prince de Conde, Dec. 1 1, aet. 65, of Sir William
Dugdale, the Antiquary, set. 81, of Carlo Dolci, set. SO, and of Otto von Guericke,
inventor of the air-pump and electrical machine. Birth of Thomas Carte.
The university of Cambridge refuses to admit Francis, a Benedictine monk, recom-
mended by the king, Feb. 9. James's natural son, by Mrs. Churchill, the duke
of Marlborough's sister, created duke of Berwick, March 11. All penal laws and
tests suspended, and liberty of conscience proclaimed, April 4. The vice-chan-
cellor and senate of Cambridge summoned by the ecclesiastical commissioners,
9. Mandate to elect Antony Farmer president of Magdalen College, Oxford,
11. Settlement of French refugees in Spital-fields, and establishment of
the silk manufacture, 15. The vice-chancellor of Cambridge deprived of his
office, May 27. Address of the benchers and barristers of the Middle Temple, in
support of the king's dispensing power, June 9. The vice-president of Magdalen
College, and one of the fellows, suspended, 22. Dissolution of parliament,
July 2. Arrival of the pope's nuncio ; the duke of Somerset dismissed for re-
fusing to introduce him to an audience with the king, 3. A second royal
mandate resisted by Magdalen College, Aug. 14 ; the fellows expelled, Nov. 16 ;
Dr. Gifford, the Catholic bishop, appointed president by the king, Dec. 31. Con-
tinued success of the Germans in Hungary; conquest of Transylvania and Scla-
vonia ; battle of Mohacz, and total rout of the Turks, Aug. 12 ; surrender of
Munkatz and other fortresses ; the Diet of Presburg declares the crown hereditary
in the house of Austria, Oct. 11, and acknowledges the emperor's son, Joseph,
set. 9, as king, Dec. 3. The Venetians complete the subjugation of the Morea;
take Lepanto, Corinth, and Athens; during the siege of the last, the Parthenon
is injured by the explosion of a powder-magazine. From these reverses com-
mences the decline of the Ottoman power; infuriated by them, the people of
Constantinople dethrone the sultan, Mahomet, and raise his brother, Soliman, to
his place. The pope annuls the privileges claimed by foreign ambassadors in
Rome ; Louis XIV. refuses to give them up, and sends the marquis of Lavardin,
as his representative, with an armed retinue of 750 attendants, Nov. 16. The
Quietist heresy of Michael Molinos condemned by the Inquisition, and its author
imprisoned. First publication of Newton's Principia. The palace of Versailles
completed. Death of the poet Waller, get. 82, of Lully, the founder of the
French opera music, set. 54, and of Sir William Petty, one of the founders oi the
Royal Society, set. 64.
Tames orders the English regiments serving in Holland to return home ; the States
General refuse to comply, Jan. 17. Pi-otestant charity schools formed in London,
March 25. A second declaration of liberty of conscience issued, April 27; or-
dered to be read in all churches and chapels, May 4 ; seven bishops petition
1686 TO 1689 A.D.
609
Events and Eminent Men.
against this order, 18; are committed to the Tower, June 8. Birth of James,
prince of Wales, afterwards the Pretender, 10. Trial and acqui'ttal of the bishops,
29; two judges dismissed for having given opinions unfavourable to the prose-
cution ; meeting at the earl of Shrewsbury's', to request the assistance of the
prince of Orange, 30. Secret association among the officers of the army to re-
sist the proceedings of James. Death of the lord mayor ; the king appoints his
successor, Sept. 4 ; he attempts too late to retrace his steps and conciliate his
subjects ; reinstates the bishop of London, and many magistrates whom he had
displaced, 26. The prince of Orange publishes a memorial, drawn up by Dr.
Burnet, Oct. 1. The king restores the charter of London, 2 ; dissolves the
ecclesiastical commission, 11 ; gives back the rights of Magdalen College, 12;
restores the ancient charters and franchises of corporations, 17. The prince of
Orange sails from Helvoetsluys, 19 ; is driven back by adverse gales ; sails again,
Nov. 1; lands at Torbay, 5; arrives at Exeter, 8; is joined by many lords and
gentlemen, with a large military force ; James comes to Salisbury, 19 ; is de-
serted by the duke of Grafton, lord Churchill, and a great part of his army, 22 ;
returns to London, 24 ; is abandoned by the princess Anne and her husband, 26.
The queen and her infant son are sent to France, Dec. 8. The king embarks at
Whitehall, and throws the great seal into the Thames, 10. Meeting at Guildhall,
and declaration of confidence in the prince of Orange, 11 ; the common council send
a deputation to him, 12 ; he arrives at Windsor, 14. The king detained at Fever-
sham and Drought back to London, 16 ; conveyed under an escort of Dutch troops to
Rochester, 17 ; William arrives at St James's, 18; is congratulated by all the heads
of the nation, 20. James embarks again, 23 ; is landed at Ambleteuse, and proceeds
to St. Germain's. Aconventionsummonedtomeetonthe twenty-second of January-
and in the meantime the prince is authorized to administer the government, 26.
The French ambassador ordered to leave London, 30. The French ambassador con-
ducts himself with such arrogance at Rome, that the pope recalls his nuncio from
Paris ; Louis places a guard over him, and prevents his departure. Belgrade
taken by the elector of Bavaria, Sept. 6. Prince Louis of Baden defeats the
pasha of Bosnia, recovers Gradisca, and reduces the Ottoman empire within
still narrower limits. The Venetians make further progress in Dalmatia. Fran^
cesco Morosino, elected doge for his eminent services, loses his credit by fail-
ing in an attack on ^egropont. Disputed election of the bishop of Cologne-
Louis XIV. takes advantage of the German armies being employed against the
Turks, to commence war ; Philipsburg, Mentz, and all the most important places
on the Rhine, submit to him ; his general, Louvois, lays waste the Palatinate
with fire and sword. Death of Frederic William, elector of Brandenburg, founder
of the kingdom of Prussia, jet. 68, of the duke of Ormond, July 21, aat. 81, of the
duke of Buckingham, ast. 61, of John Bunyan, set. 60, of R. Gudworth, set. 71,
of the French opera- writer, Quinault, set. 54, of the French admiral, Duquesne,
deprived of his commission by the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and dying i
a Protestant, his son was obliged to convey his body into Switzerland for in-
terment. Birth of Alexander Pope.
Meeting of the Scotch nobility and gentry in London ; they concur in all the
measures adopted in England, and that a convention shall be held in Scotland,
on the 14th March, for the same purpose, Jan. 8 ; the English convention as-
sembles, 22; the Commons resolve that James II. having broken the origi- j
nal compact between king and people, and abdicated the government, the throne
is vacant, 28 ; the Lords adopt the resolution, Feb. 2 ; the princess of
Orange arrives, 12 ; both houses agree to confer the sovereignty on William
and Mary ; after having given their assent to the Declaration of Rights, they
are proclaimed, 13; a new privy council formed; twelve able judges ap-
pointed. Sir John Holt being chief justice, 14; nine bishops, many of the in-
ferior clergy, and some high-tory lords, object to the limitations on the royal j
authority, and refuse to take the new oaths of allegiance and supremacy, March
1. Burnet made bishop of Salisbury, 9. The late king lands at Kinsale,
in Ireland, and is joined by Tyrconnei, March 12. Suspension of the Habeas
Corpus Act. Reversal of lord William Russell's attainder, 16. Corona-
_
610
FEOM THE YEAB
A.D.
1689
conti-
nued.
Events axd Eminent Mejt.
tion of William and Mary, April 11. Death of the late judge and chancellor,
Jeffreys, in the Tower, June 18. Toleration Act for the relief of Dissenters
passed, June 19. Address of the Commons for war against France, June 25.
James holds a parliament at Dublin, June 29. A deputation from the Scotch
Convention received by William and Mary at Whitehall, May 11. Great Britain
joins the League of Augsburg, now solemnly ratified at Vienna, May 12. Battle
of Killycrankie, May 26; the Jacobite Highlanders defeat general Mackay, but
their leader, viscount Dundee, being killed, they lay down their arms and are
pardoned. 3000 Protestants attainted by the Irish parliament, July 28. Epis-
copacy abolished in Scotland, July 22. Birth of William, son of the princess
Anne and prince George of Denmark, July 27; created duke of Gloucester.
Defence of Londonderry by the Rev. George Walker ; relieved by Kirke, July 30.
Parliament pays £600,000 to the States General, for the expenses of their expedi-
tion, Aug. 20 Alliance, offensive and defensive, concluded, Aug. 28. The non-
juring bishops suspended, Oct 13. The Commons appoint a committee to inquire
into the judicial murders of lord William Russell and Algernon Sidney, Oct. 19.
The Bill of Rights made an Act of parliament, and papists excluded from the
throne, Dec. 16. The duke of Lorraine called from Hungary to defend Germany
against Louis. Successes of the allies ; prince Waldeck defeats Humieres, takes
Liege, and forces the lines of Courtray. Mentz, Kaiserswerth, and Bonn, reco-
vered from the French. Noailles repulsed by Villa-Hermosa, in Catalonia.
Prince Louis of Baden defeats the Turks at Patochin, Aug. 30 ; takes Nissa,
Sept. 24, and Widdin. Peter I., set. 17, defeats a conspiracy against him, con-
fines his sister, Sophia, in a convent, spares his brother, I wan, but takes the
government of Russia into his own hands ; Le Fort his adviser and chief mir
nister. Death of Innocent XL, 83t. 68; cardinal Ottoboni, elected pope, takes
the name of Alexander VIII. Louis renounces the obnoxious privileges which
he bad claimed for his ambassador in Rome, and recalls the marquis of Lavardin.
Fenelon, preceptor of the duke of Burgundy, the dauphin's son, set. 7. Keath of
Christina, the retired queen of Sweden, at Rome, April 19, set. 63; her large col-
lection of MSS, given to the Vatican ; and of Daniel Elzivir, the last of that
family of eminent printers. The " Esther" of Racine performed in the college of
St. Cyr. Defoe supposed to be the writer of " Weekly Memorials," the earliest
specimen of an English Review. Birth of Montesquieu, and of Samuel Richard-
son. Casimir Leszinsky accused of atheism, and burnt at Warsaw.
Parliament dissolved, Feb. 6. Lauzun disembarks in Ireland with a French armyj
March 14. A new parliament assembles, in which the tories prevail, March 20. i
William announces his intention of borrowing money on the security of the re-
venue; origin of the funding system. Churchill, now earl of Marlborough, sent
with an army to join the Dutch. Reversal of the Quo Warranto against tbe city
of London, and restoration of its ancient municipal rights, May 20. William
lands at Carrickfergus, June 11. James leaves Dublin to join his army, June 16.
An English and Dutch fleet, commanded by the earl of Torrington, defeated off
Beachy, by the French admiral. Tourville, June 30. Battle of the Boyne, July)
1. The duke of Schomberg, and Walker, the defender of Londonderry, fall in'
the field. James embarks at Waterford, and returns to France, July 4. Dublin, ,
Drogheda, and Waterford, surrender. Siege of Limerick, Aug. 8. The earl of|
Torrington deprived of his command and confined in the Tower, Aug. 9. Wil-
liam raises the siege of Limerick, Aug. 3<?: returns to England, Sept. 10. The
earl of Marlborough arrives in Ireland, Sept. 21, takes Cork, Sept. 28. Meeting
of parliament, Oct. 2 ; larger supplies voted, Oct. 9. The earl of Torrington
tried and acquitted, but dismissed the service, Dec. 19. Avignon restored to the
pope by Louis. Death of the imperial general, the duke of Lorraine. Battle
of Fieurus, July 1 ; the prince of Waldeck defeated by marshal Luxemburg.
The duke of Savoy joins the league against France, and is induced by England
and Holland to restore the Waldenses, and grant toleration to Protestants; he
is defeated by marshal Catinat, at Staffarda, Aug 18; loses Saluzzo, Cham-
berry, and Snza, Nov. 12. The Venetians take Monemvasia. The new vizir,
Mustapha Kioprili, recovers Nissa, Widdin, and Belgrade, and makes Tekeli
1689 TO 1693 A.D.
611
prince of Transylvania. The English factory at Calcutta established. Death
of Le Brun, set. 71, of Nathaniel Lee, set. 33, and of Robert Barclay, the Quaker
Apologist, set. 42. Birth of Mary, daughter of Pierrepoint, duke of Kingston,
and afterwards Lady Mary Wortley Montague. Locke publishes his "Essay
concerning Human Understanding."
King William proceeds to Holland, Jan. 16. Congress at the Hague, Jan. 26 ; I
deprivation of the primate, Sancroft, and the non-juring bishops, Feb. 1. William
joins the army in the Netherlands, March 12 ; returns to England, April 13; sets I
out again for Holland, May 1. Tiliotson, archbishop of Canterbury, May 31. j
Victory of general Ginkel, at Aghrim, over the Irish and French, under St. Ruth, |
July 22. Death of Tyrconnel, at Limerick, Aug. 14. Surrender of Limerick to
Ginkel, by treaty, and cessation of hostilities in Ireland, Oct. 3; he is created '
earl of Athlone. William returns to Kensington, Oct. 19 ; holds a parliament,
Oct. 22. Death of pope Alexander VIII., set. SO; his successor, cardinal Pigna-
telli, takes the name of Innocent XII. Surrender of Mons to the French, April 7,
and of Urgel, in Catalonia ; bombardment of Barcelona and Alicant by their
fleet; their progress in Savoy is checked by the arrival of German auxiliaries to
support the duke. Battle of Salankemen, on the Danube, Aug. 18 ; total defeat
of the Turks by prince Louis of Baden ; the vizir, Mustapha Kioprili. killed.
Death of the French war minister, Louvois, July 6, of the Dutch admiral, Cor-
nelius Van Tromp, set 62, of Dr. Edward Pococke, set. 87, of Richard Baxter, set. 76,
of Robert Boyle, set. 64, of Sir William Pulteney, aet. 78, of Samuel Basnage,
and of George Fox, the first Quaker. Birth of Thomas Herring, afterwards arch-
bishop of York and Canterbury. First performance of Racine's " Athalie."
Louis threatens to invade England. Mission of colonel Parker. Plot to assas-
sinate king William. Massacre of the Macdonalds, at Glencoe, Feb. Discord
between the queen and her sister; Marlborough dismissed from his offices.
j William embarks for Holland, March 5. The queen- dowager, Katharine of Bra-
| ganza, returns to Portugal, March 30. Battle of La Hogue, May 19 ; total defeat
of Tourville by admiral Russell; his -fleet destroyed, a.nd the project of in-
vading England frustrated. Battle of Steenkerke, July 24. King William
defeated by marshal Luxemburg. Detection of the assassination-plot, and execu-
tion of the chevalier de Grandval, Aug. 4. Marlborough, the bishop of Rochester,
and other lords, committed to the Tower on a false charge of treason. The. king
leaves Holland and lands at Yarmouth, Oct. 18. Parliament assembles, Nov. 4 •
the Lords protest against the arrest of Marlborough and the other members of
their house; they are released, Nov. 17. The king refuses his assent to a Bill
for Triennial Parliaments, which had passed both houses. Namur taken by the
French, June 5. Charleroy besieged by marshal Boufflers ; relieved by the
elector of Bavaria, Oct. 20. The duke of Savoy invades Dauphiny. Gross Wa-
radin taken from the Turks, June 3. The pope issues a Bull, condemning the
nepotism of his predecessors, and forbidding it in future, June 28. Patkul
outlawed and banished by the king of Sweden, for presenting a petition from the
nobles of Livonia. Ernest Augustus, duke of Brunswick Liineburg, and husband
of Sophia, grand-daughter of James I. of England (see 1613 and 1660), created
elector of Hanover, Dec. 19. Commencement of the lectures founded by the
Hon. Robert Boyle. Destructive earthquake at Port Royal in Jamaica. Insur-
rection of the negroes in Barbadoes, Nov. 11. Death of Elias Ashmole, the an-
tiquary, and founder of the Ashmole-an Museum, at Oxford. Birth of Butler,
afterwards bishop of Durham, and of Arthur Onslow.
Young convicted of having forged the paper on which the charge had been made
against Marlborough and others, Feb. 7. Somers appointed lord keeper. The
king embarks for Holland, March 31. Admiral Rooke defeated, and part of his
convoy captured by Tourville, off (Jape St. Vincent, May 18. The allied army,
commanded by William in person, defeated by Luxemburg, at Landen, July 19
(29 n.s.). Bombardment of St. Malo, by commodore Benbow, Sept. 19. The king
arrives at Kensington, Oct. 30, and changes many of his ministers Meeting of
parliament, Nov. 7 ; a farther augmentation of the army voted, Dec. 20. The
French take Huy and Charleroy in the Netherlands, and defeat the duke of
_ . _____ _
612
FROM THE TEAK
A.D.
1
Hegi-
Otto-
man Em-
Popes. Spain.
France.
Han-
WlR-
TEM-
Bran-
den-
Sax-
Bava-
Ger-
BA.
PIBE.
over.
BEEG.
burg.
ony.
ria.
many.
1694
1106
1107
4 Achr
med II.
4 Inno-
centXII.
July 12.
30Chas.
II.
52 Louis
XIV.
2 Er-
nest
Au-
gustus.
18 Eb-
erhard
Louis.
7 Fre-
deric
III.
1 Fre-
deric
Augus-
tus I.
16
Maxi-
milian
Ema-
nuel.
37 Leo-
pold I.
1695
1107
1108
1 Mus-
tafa II.
5
31
53
3
19
8
2
17
38
1696
1697
1108
1109
1109
1110
2
3
6
32
33
54
55
20
21
9
10
39
40
5
19
king of
Poland
1698
1110
1111
4
8
34
56
lGeo.
Louis.
22.
11
5
20
41
1699
1111
1112
5
9
35
57
2
23
12
6
21
42
1700
1112
1113
6
10
d Sept. 27.
lCle-
mentXI.
Nov. 23.
1 Phi-
lip V.
58
3
24
13
takes
the
title of
kingof
Prus-
22
43
1701
1113
1114
7
2
2
59
4
25_
sia.
lFre-
dericl.
8
23
44
1702
1114
1115
8 - —
3
3
60 -^—
5
26
2
9
24
45
1703
1
1115
1116
1 Ach-
med III.
4
4
61
6
27
3
10
25
I
46-
1694 TO 1703 A.D.
613
Repe-
Doges
tition
op Ve-
Savoy.
PORTU-
Tusca-
Den-
Swe-
Po-
Kussia.
Hol-
Great
Dates.
nice.
GAL.
ny.
mark.
den.
land.
land.
Britain.
1694
1 Silves-
20Victor
28 Pedro
25Cosmo
25
35Chas.
21 John
6 Peter
23 Willi-
6 Willi-,
tro Va-
Amade-
II*
III.
Chris-
XI.
III.
theGreat.
III.
am III.
liero.
usll.
tian V.
Sobi-
esky.
king- of
Great
Britain-
Feb. 13.
d Q-Mary
Dec 28
1695
2
21
29
26
26
36
22
7
24
7 Willi-
am III.
alone.
1696
3
22
30
27
27
37
23
8
25
s
8
1697
4
23
31
28
28
IChas.
XIIo
1 Fre-
deric
Aug.
elector
of Sax-
ony,
9
26
9
1698
5 — —
24
32
29
29
2_
2
10
27 —
10
1699
6 —
25
33
30
1 Fre-
deric
IV.
3 -
3
11
28
11
1700
1 Luigi
Moce-
nigo I.
26
34
31
2
4
4
12
29 — -
12
d. William
duke of
Glou-
cester,
1701
2
27 —
35
32
3
5—
5-
13
30
13
1702
3
28
36
33
4
g
6
14
John
14
Willi-
rf.Marcb.8.
a,m,here-
1 Anne.
ditary
Stathol-
March 8
der of
Friesland.
Heinsi-
1
astGrrand
1703
4
29
37
34 ! 5
7
7 ■
15
Pension-
ary of
2
1
Holland.
i
614
FROM THE YEAR
A.D.
1693
conti-
nued.
1695
Events and Eminent Men.
Savoy at Marsaglia, or Orbazzano, near Pignerol, Oct. 4. Distress of France
from famine and the expense of the war. Louis makes overtures of peace through
Denmark, which are rejected ; he ends the long dispute respecting the bishoprics
by yielding to the pope. Innocent XII. prohibits the sale of offices in his court,
Oct. 23. Earthquake in Sicily, and violent eruption of Etna ; Messina, Syracuse,
and Catania nearly destroyed. Antony a Wood fined for some passages in his
"Athena? Oxonienses," and expelled the university. Rymer's first warrant for
compiling the Fasdera, granted by queen Mary. Death of Sancroft, the deprived
archbishop, set. 77, and of Ludlow, the republican general, in exile at Vevay,
in Switzerland, set. 91. Birth of James Bradley, and of the count De Saxe.
Locke publishes his " Thoughts concerning Education."
The royal assent refused to a Bill excluding placemen from parliament,- Jan. 25.
Origin of the Bank of England, April 25. The king embarks for Holland, May 6.
Unsuccessful attack on Brest, June 8. Stamp-duties commenced, June 28.
Bombardment of Dieppe, July 12 ; Havre de Grace, July 16, and Dunkirk, July
26. A new charter granted to the East India Company, Sept. 28. Return of the
king, Nov. 2. Meeting of parliament, Nov. 12. Queen Mary attacked by the
small-pox, Dec. 21. The Triennial Act passed, Dec. 22. Death of the queen,
at Kensington, Dec. 28, set. 33. The allies recover Huy. Desperate condition
of Spain ; Barcelona invested by sea and land ; saved by the English fleet,
under admiral Russell ; at his approach Tourville retires to Toulon, and Noailles
raises the siege. The duke of Savoy besieges CasaL The doge, Francesco Mo-
rosino, on his way to undertake another campaign, dies at Napoli di Romania,
Jan. 6, set. 74. The czar Peter employs Brant, a Dutch shipwright, to build him
a vessel at Archangel, in which he acquires practically the art of navigation.
The University of Halle founded. Naples greatly injured by an earthquake,
Sept. 8. Death of Puffendorf, set. 62, of David Teniers, the younger, set. 84, and
pf archbishop Tillotson, Nov. 22, set. 64. Birth of Voltaire, and of Philip, earl
of Chesterfield. Tournefort publishes his Elements of Botany.
Commissioners appointed for the building of Greenwich Hospital, March 4.
Reconciliation of the king and the princess Anne, March 5. The House of
Commons inquires respecting bribes received by its members, March 7 ; expulsion
of the speaker, Sir John Trevor, March 12. Parliament prorogued, May 3.
Meeting of the Scotch parliament, May 9 ; inquiry into the massacre of Glencoe.
William embarks for Holland, May 12. St. Malo bombarded by lord Berkeley,
July 5; Brussels by marshal Villeroi, Aug. 13. Namur surrenders to king Wil-
liam, Sept. 2; he arrives in England, Oct. 10; dissolves parliament, Oct. 11.
The whig interest prevails in the elections. New parliament meets, Nov. 22. Re-
coinage of silver, Dec. 10 ; thirty shillings of the old coinage worth no more than
a guinea. Death of marshal Luxemburg, set. 67. The English admiral, Russell,
threatens the coast of Provence, and keeps marshal Catinat in check, while the
duke of Savoy takes Casal, July 9. The sultan, Mustafa II., takes the field in
person ; the campaign is favourable to the Turks in Hungary, and against the
Venetians in Dalmatia. The czar Peter fails in his attack on Asof. Death of
Huygens, aet. 66, of D'Herbelot, set. 70, of the French artist, Mignard, set. 85, of
Lafontaine, set 74, of Purcell, set 37, of viscount Stair, set. 88, and of the marquis
of Halifax, set. 65. Fenelon, archbishop of Cambray.
Discovery of a plot to assassinate the king, Feb. 14 ; association for his defence,
Feb. 25. James arrives at Calais with French troops to invade England, March 2 ;
is deterred by admiral Russell's fleet ; trial and punishment of the conspirators.
Parliament prorogued, April 27. William embarks for Holland, May 5 ; returns
after an inactive campaign, Oct. 6. Meeting of parliament, Oct. 20. Sir John
Fenwick condemned by Bill of attainder, for participation in the conspiracy,
Nov. 9. Sixpence a month taken from every seaman's wages to support Green-
wich Hospital. Eddystone Lighthouse built. A board appointed for the ma-
nagement of trade and plantations : John Locke chief commissioner. A Bill for
licensing the pi-ess rejected by the Commons. Destruction of the French ma-
gazines at Givet, by the earl of Athlone, and the Dutch general, Coehorn. Louis
concludes a separate treaty of peace with the duke of Savoy, and makea over-
1G93 TO 1699 A.D.
CI5
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
1687
tures to the allies. Ambassadors from Venice arrive in London and acknowledge
William III. The czar Peter renews his attack and takes Asof. Death of So-
biesky, king of Poland, set. 67 ; the elector of Saxony and the prince of Conti
are candidates for the vacant throne. Death of La Bruyere, sat. 52, and of
Madame de Sevigne, set. 69. Birth of James Keith, afterwards marshal, and of
- Henry Pelham.
Sir John Fenwick beheaded, Jan. 28. William goes to Holland, April 26. Con-
ference at Byswick opened, Jan. 29. Negotiation between the earl of Portland
and marshal Boufflers, at Brussels, July 26. Peace of Ryswick signed, Sept. 11 ;
ratified by king William at Loo, Sept. 15 ; proclaimed in London, Oct. 19 ; ratified
by the German empire, Oct. 22. Triumphal entry of William in London, Nov. 13 ;
the Commons reduce the army contrary to his wishes, Dec. 11 ; fix the civil list
at £700,000. The duke of Vendome takes Barcelona, which is restored to Spain
by the treaty of Ryswick. Signal defeat of the Turks at Zenta, by prince
Eugene, of Savoy, Sept. 11, n.s. Death of Charles XL, king of Sweden, April
15, set. 42 ; his son, Charles XII., set. 15, takes the government into his own
hands. The elector of Saxony, on being chosen by the Diet king of Poland, is
required to join the Catholic church. The czar Peter commences his travels
in Europe, and works as a ship-carpenter at Saardam, in Holland ; has an inter-
view with^king William at Utrecht. An Act of Parliament passed for completing
St. Paul's Cathedral ; it is opened for divine service, Dec. 2. First publication
of Bayle's Dictionary, at Rotterdam. D'Herbelot's " Bibliotheque Orientale"
published after the death of its author. Birth of William Hogarth, and of
Anson, afterwards admiral.
The czar Peter visits England, Jan. 11. The earl of Portland ambassador at
Paris, with Matthew Prior for secretary, Jan. 14. Address of the Commons to
the king, for the discouragement of the woollen manufacture in Ireland, and the
promotion of the linen, June 10. A new East India Company formed, July 5 ;
afterwards united to the old. Parliament dissolved, July 7. The king goes to
Holland, July 20. Partition of the Spanish monarchy, settled by a treaty between
Great Britain, France, and the United Provinces, Aug. 19. A Scotch colony
established on the isthmus of Darien, Nov. 4. William returns, and parliament
assembles, Dec. 9 ; John Archdale, a quaker, elected for Wycombe, refuses to
take the oaths, and a new writ is issued ; resolution of the Commons, for dis-
missing the king's Dutch guards, Dec. 16. Death of Ernest Augustus, first
elector of Hanover ; he is succeeded by his son, George Louis, afterwards George
I. of Great Britain. Negotiations at Carlowitz for peace with the Turks. Peter
recalled to Russia by a revolt of the Strelitz guards, destroys or disbands them
entirely; he loses his minister, Le Fort, who dies, set. 64. Violent eruption of
Vesuvius, in June. Society for Propagating Christianity formed in London.
Controversy between Bossnet and Fenelon, on the mystical doctrine of Molinos
and Madame de Guyon. Death of Tillemont, set. 61. Birth of Maclaurin, of
Metastasio, and of Warburton, afterwards bishop of Gloucester.
Message of William to the Commons for retaining his Dutch guards, March 18 ;
refused as unconstitutional, March 24.- The king embarks for Holland, June 2 ;
returns, Oct. 18. Meeting of parliament, Nov. 16. Dr. Watson deprived of the
bishopric of St. David's, for simony. The Commons resolve to apply the for-
feited estates in Ireland, and the revenues of that country, to the public service,
Dec. 14. Treaty of Carlowitz concluded, Jan. 26. Death of Christian V., king
of Denmark; his son and successor, Frederic IV., joins Poland and Russia in a
league against Sweden. Joseph Ferdinand, son of Maximilian, elector of Ba-
varia, and destined heir of the crown of Spain, dies, Feb. 6, set. 7 ; the question
of the Spanish succession is again thrown open. Peter introduces the computa-
tion of time in Russia by the Christian era, but adheres to the old style.
Dampier explores the north-west coast of New Holland. Fenelon's doctrines
condemned by a papal Bull ; his " Telemachus" published in Holland. Massillon
the popular preacher in France. Death of Racine, «et, 60, and of William St£l«
lingfleet, set. 64.
616 FROM THE YEAH
A.D- Events ajsd Eminent Men.
1701
1702
The Commons present to the king their resolutions respecting the Irish forfeitures
Feb. 21 ; they tack them to their Land-tax Bill, March 9 ; while they are
preparing an address, requesting the king to dismiss all foreigners from his
council, parliament is suddenly prorogued, March 11 ; the great seal taken from,
lord Somers, and resignatijn of lord Shrewsbury, May 21. Resolutions of the
Scotch parliament in support of the colony in Darien. The king goes to Hoi
land, July 5. Death of the duke of Gloucester, July 29, set. 11. Parliament
dissolved, July 19. A second partition treaty assigns the crown of Spain to the
emperor's second son, Charles, archduke of Austria, March 25 ; offended by this,
Charles II. bequeaths his dominions, undivided, to the duke of Anjou, second son
of the dauphin; he dies, Nov. 1, set. 39, on which Louis XIV., regardless of the
treaty to which he was a party, causes his grandson to be proclaimed king at
Madrid, by the title of Philip V. Charles XII., assisted by an English and
Dutch fleet, lands in Zealand, Aug. 4; dictates his own terms of peace to the
king of Denmark, at Travendal, Aug. 19 ; proceeds to repel the Russian invasion
of Ingria; lands at Pernau, Oct. 17. Battle of Narva, Nov. 30; Peter totally de-
feated, compelled to raise the siege, and retire. The king of Poland invades
Livonia, and besieges Riga. Death of Innocent XII., aet. 85 ; his successor, car-
dinal Albani, takes the name of Clement XI. Peter abolishes the patriarchate,
declares himself head of the Russian church, and restrains the power of the
priesthood. Death of Dryden, set. 69, and of Sir William Temple, set. 72. Birth
of James Thomson.
Mr. Harley chosen speaker of the new House of Commons, Feb. 10 ; a convocation
held : the upper and lower houses disagree ; resolution of the Commons, on which
the Act of Settlement and the Hanoverian succession are founded, March 12 ;
protest against them by the duchess of Savoy, daughter of the duke of Orleans/
by Henrietta, youngest daughter of Charles I. (see 1644 and 1661) ; no notice is
taken of her protest and claim to the throne. Both houses condemn the Parti-
tion Treaty, March 20: the Commons address the king to remove from his
council lord Somers, and the other ministers by whom it was advised, April 22.
Captain Kidd and his mates convicted of piracy, and executed, May 23. The
Kentish Petition, and Defoe's pamphlet, " Legion," in defence of it, voted by the
Commons to be seditious and libellous. Articles of impeachment against lord
Somers, May 14. The Act of Settlement receives the royal assent, June 12 ;
dispute of the two houses respecting the impeachment, June 13. Lord Halifax
impeached, June 14. Acquittal of lord Somers, June 17 ; the charges against the
other lords dismissed, June 24. The king sails for Holland, July 1. Death of
James If., at St. Germain's, Sept. 16, set. 68; his son is acknowledged by Louis
XIV. as James III., king of England. William orders the French ambassador
to quit London, and recalls the earl of Manchester from Paris ; the "Grand Alli-
ance" concluded by him with the emperor and the States General. General
indignation throughout England against Louis. William returns from Holland,
Nov. 5. Parliament dissolved, Nov. 11; violent struggle of the two political
parties, and great bribery in the elections. Patriotic speech of the king to the
new parliament, answered by loyal addresses in the same spirit, Dec. 30. The
empesor claims Naples and Sicily ; marches an army, under prince Eugene, into
Italy, and commences the "Spanish Succession" war ; Catinat defeated by Eugene
at Carpi, July 9, and Villeroi at Chiari, Sept. 1. Charles XII. takes Mittau,
expels the Saxons from Livonia, conquers Courland, and invades Lithuania.
The czar Peter employs Patkul, and invites German officers ; he builds fleets on
the lakes Pe.ipus and Ladoga ; his general, Sheremetef, defeats the Swedes uuder
Schlippenbach, near Dorpat. The elector of Brandenburg assumes the title of
king of Prussia, as Frederic I. Revolt of Ragoczy, in Hungary. Death of the
duke of Orleans, the first of the present line, set. 61.
Death of William III., March 8, set. 52. Queen Anne's first speech to parliament
recommends the Union between England and Scotland, March 11. Marlborough
appointed captain-general, March 15 ; sent ambassador to the Hague, March 28-
The queen crowned, April 23. War declared against France and Spain, May 4.
Parliament dissolved, July 2. Order of council prohibits the sale of offices, July I
1700 TO 1703 A.D.
617
A.D
1703
Events and Eminent Men.
19. The States General give the command of their army to Marlborough ,
drives the French out of Spanish Guelderland, Aug. 2. The duke of Ormond'and
Sir George Rooke fail in their attack on Cadiz, Aug. 15. Marlborough takes Venlo,
Sept. 25, Ruremonde, Oct. 6. Benbow's unsuccessful enterprise in the West
Indies, and death, Oct. 8. Vigo surprised by the English and Dutch fleets ; the
Spanish galleons captured or destroyed, Oct. 12. Boufflers abandons Liege to
Marlborough, Oct. 14 ; the citadel stormed, Oct. 23. The new parliament as-
sembles ; Harley chosen speaker, Oct. 20. Commissioners appointed to treat for
the Union of England and Scotland, Oct. 22. Marlborough escapes from a
French party, by whom he had be«n seized, Nov. 5. The borough of Hendon
disfranchised for bribery. Marlborough returns, and receives the thanks of par-
liament, Nov. 28 ; is created a duke, with a pension, Dec. 10. Prince Eugene
surprises Cremona, and carries off marshal Villeroi a prisoner, Feb. 1 ; is
obliged, by the duke de Vendome, to raise the siege of Mantua, Aug. 1. Philip
V. arrives in Naples, April 16; joins the Gallo-Spanish army in Lombardy on
the day of its victory at Santa Vittoria, July 26. The elector of Cologne admits
French garrisons into his fortresses ; the imperial general, the prince of Nassau
Saarbruck, takes Kayserswerth from thern, and prince Louis of Baden, Landau.
The elector of Bavaria declares against the emperor, and takes the city of Ulm.
On the death of William III. the anti-Orange party prevails in the United Pro-
vinces, and they appoint no statholder, except in Friesland, where the hereditary
claim of his cousin, John William Friso, is recognized ; the republic is governed
by the States General, and they by lieinsius, grand pensionary of Holland.
The principality of Orange reverts to the crown of France. Enthusiasm of the
Camisards ; persecution and revolt of the Protestants in Languedoc. Charles
XII. invades Poland, enters Warsaw, defeats the king, Augustus, at Clissau,
July 20, and demands of the Poles his deposition. The king of Prussia abolishes
serfdom in his States, founds the Order of the Black Eagle, and establishes the
Academy of Berlin, under the superintendence of Leibnitz. The czar Peter defeats
a project of the Swedes against Archangel ; takes Noteburg, on Lake Ladoga ;
makes Mentchikof its governor, his first official appointment ; from the small
town of Marienburg, in Ingria, Katharine, a peasant girl, set. 17, the future
empress of Russia, is carried off a captive, and becomes the slave and concu-
bine of Sheremetef. Peter celebrates a triumph in Moscow ; Romodanofski vice-
czar. Death of the earl of Sunderland, set. 61, and of the French admiral, Jean
Bart.
Dispute between the Lords and Comnsons respecting the public accounts, Feb. 4
Daniel Defoe punished for his pamphlet, •' The Shortest Way with the Dis-
senters," Feb. 25. Parliament prorogued, Feb 27. Violent debates in the Scotch
parliament on a motion by Andrew Fletcher, of Saltoun, respecting the Hancve-
rian succession, May 6. Bonn taken by the duke of Marlborough, May 14 ; Huy,
Aug. 27; Limburg, Sept. 27. Meeting of the English parliament, Nov. 9 ; a violent
storm during the whole week, from Nov. 26 to Dec. 1. The archduke Charles
claimant of the Spanish crown, arrives in London, Dec. 23. Methuen treaty of
commerce between England and Portugal. The king of Portugal joins the alli-
ance against France and Spain. The French cross the Rhine, take Kehl and
Brisach, unite with the Bavarian army, defeat the imperialists in the first battle
of Hochstadt, Sept. 20, and take Augsburg ; marshal Tallard defeats the prince
of Hesse Cassel at Spires, and recovers Landau. The archduke of Austria as-
sumes the title of Charles III., king of Spain, and prepares to invade that king-
dom, assisted by the English, Dutch, and Portuguese. The elector of Bavaria
takes Inspruck, but is driven out of the Tyrol by the peasantry. The duke of
Savoy declares against France. Charles XII, defeats Augustus at Pultusk,
May 1, takes Thorn, and calls a Polish Diet at Warsaw to elect a new king.
The czar Peter takes Nientschantz, and lays the foundation of Petersburg, May
27, to be the future capital of his empire. Revolt of the Janizaries ; the sultan,
Mustafa, resigns to his brother, Achmed. Death of Dr. Robert Hooke, aet. 68,-
and of Grsevius, set. 71. Birth of John Wesley. Isaac Newton president of the !
Royal Society.
618
FKOM THE YEAR t
A.D.
1704
Hegi-
1116
1117
1118
1708
1709
1710
1120
1121
1123
Otto-
man Emi
PIRE.
2 Ach-
med III,
5Cle
ment
XI.
Nov -23
5 Phi
lipV
France
62 Louis
XIV.
01
65
Portu-
gal.
38 Pedro
II.
UohnV
67 4
Wm-
TEM-
BERG.
28 Eb-
erhard
Louis.
dericl
Prus-
sia.
Saxo
NY.
4Fre-lllFre-
30-
33-
5 ;34-
8
deric
Augus-
tus I.
king
of Po-
land
RIA.
Maxi-
milian
Ema-
nuel.
16-
29 3
Ger-
many.
47 Leo-
pold I.
1 Jo-
seph I,
31-
32-
1704 TO 1710 A.D.
619
\ztepe-
' tition
JDates.
Doges
op Ve-
nice.
Savoy.
Tusca-
ny.
Den-
mark.
Swe-
den.
Po-
land.
Russia.
Hol-
land.
Han-
over.
Great
Britain.
1704
5 Luigi
Moeeni-
gol.
30Vietor
Ama-
deus II.
35 Cos-
mo III.
6 Frede-
ric IV.
8 Chas.
XII.
1 Sta-
nislas!.
16 Peter
the Great
Hein-
sius,
Grand
Pensi-
onary
of Hol-
land.
7 Geo.
Louis.
3 Anne.
March 8.
1705
6
31 —
36 — -
■
9
2
17
8
4
1708
7
32
37
8
10
3
18
9
5
1707
8
33
38
9
11
4
19
10
b. Prince
Frede-
ric.
6
1708
9
34
39
10
12 —
5
20
11
d. Prince
George of
Denmark.
1709
1 Gio-
vanni
Corna-
roll.
35
40
11
13
1 Fre-
deric
Au-
gustus,
resto-
red.
21
12
8
1710
2
36 —
41
12
14
22
~
13
9 •
620
FROM THE YEAR
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
1706
Inquiry of the House of Lords into the Scotch plot betrayed by Simon Fraser
lord Lovat, Jan 29. Queen Anne's Bounty instituted, Feb. 7. Parliament pro-
rogued, April 3. The duke of Marlborough proceeds to join his army, 7.
Simon Fraser confined by Louis XIV. in the Bastile. An English force, under the
duke of Schomberg, and a Dutch, under general Fagel, sent to Portugal. Marl-
borough marches into Germany to support the emperor, May 8. Sir George Rooke
fails in his attempt on Barcelona, 18. Marlborough and prince Louis of Baden
force the Bavarian lines, at Schellenberg, and take Donawert, July 2. Gibraltar
surrenders to Sir George Rooke, 22. The parliament of Scotland protests against
the inquiry of the English lords into the Scotch plot. Battle of Blenheim, Aug.
13, n.s. Marlborough and prince Eugene annihilate the French and Bavarian
armies, take marshal Tallard, with most of his generals, prisoners, recover
Augsburg, reconquer all the country between the Lech and the Rhine, and save
the empire. The French and Spaniards besiege Gibraltar, Oct. 22 ; Marlborough,
created a prince of the empire, visits Berlin and the Hague, arid returns to Eng-
land. The English and Dutch armies, ill-supported by the Portuguese, cannot
make head against the duke of Berwick ; Schomberg resigns the command in
disgust, and is replaced by the earl of Galway. After the battle of Blenheim,
the elector of Bavaria takes refuge in Flanders, where he is governor for the
king of Spain ; the electress surrenders Bavaria to the emperor, and retires to
Venice. Prince Louis of Baden takes Landau again. The Hungarian malcon-
tents become formidable. The French overrun the duchies of Savoy and Mo-
dena. Charles XII. recommends to the Polish Diet Stanislas Leczinski, who
is elected king. Augustus, by a sudden attack, seizes Warsaw, which, on the
approach of Charles, he again abandons, and takes flight to Dresden. The czar
Peter fortifies Cronslot, or Cronstadt, for the defence of his new city ; takes Dor-
pat, July 23, Narva, Aug. 20, and conquers all Ingria. Death of John Locke,
set. 72, of Bossuet, set. 77, of Sir Roger L'Estrange, set. 87, of Bourdaloue, the
French pulpit- orator, and of the Veronese cardinal, Noris, one of the Librarians
of the Vatican. Birth of Richard Pococke, afterwards bishop of Meath, and of
David Hartley. Galland translates into French the " Thousand and One Nights"
(Arabian Nights' Entertainments). The first volume of Rymer's '' Fosdera "
published, and Swift's " Tale of a Tub." The " Boston News Letter," the first
newspaper published in North America.
The duchess of Marlborough attaches queen Anne to the Whig party ; Woodstock
presented to the duke by the nation ; the mansion built by the queen, designed
by Sir John Vanbrugh. Parliament prorogued, March 5. Sir John Leake and
Sir Thomas Dilkes capture or destroy many of the French fleet before Gibraltar,
and raise the siege, 10. The duke of Marlborough proceeds to resume the com-
mand of his army, 15. Parliament dissolved, April 5. The queen visits Cam-
bridge, and confers knighthood on Isaac Newton, 10. The earl of Peterborough
and Sir Cloudesley Shovel proceed with a powerful armament to Spain, in May.
Marlborough forces the French lines at Tirlemont, July 18 ; the Dutch general
refuses to act with him in improving this victory, and is recalled by the States.
The earl of Peterborough arrives before Barcelona, Aug. 22 ; storms the fort
Montjuich, Sept. 6 ; the duke of Hesse Darmstadt killed in the assault ; Barce-
lona surrenders, Oct. 4 ; the earl pursues a rapid course of conquest in Catalonia
and Valencia, where Charles III. is received as king. The new parliament as-
sembles, Oct. 25; Whig majority. The duke of Marlborough invited by the
emperor to Vienna, concerts with him the plan of military operations for the
ensuing year, Nov. 12 ; is splendidly entertained, and invested with the princi-
pality of Mindelheim ; visits Berlin and Hanover, and arrives at the Hague, on
his way to London, Dec. 14. The cry of the " Church in danger." raised in Eng-
land by the Tories and Jacobites ; the Lords and Commons address the queen,
assuring her that no such danger exists, Dec. 14. The imbecility of the king
of Portugal unfits him for government ; his sister, Katharine of Braganza,
widow of Charles II. of England, dies suddenly, while regent, Dec. 31, set. 67.
Death of the emperor Leopold, May 5, set. 65 ; he is succeeded by his son, Joseph.
Marshal Villars crosses the Rhine, Aug. 6 ; is driven back by prince Louis of
1704 TO 1707 A.D.
621
A.D.
1706
1707
Events and Eminent Men.
Baden, ?rho takes Hagenau. Prince Eugene takes the command in Italy ; in-
decisive battle of Cassino,. Aug. 16 ; the duke of Savoy, reduced to great extremity,
remains firm in his alliance. The Portuguese invade Spain, and besiege Badajos,
but without success. The French admiral, St. Paul, captures an English mer-
chant-fleet, but is killed in the engagement, Aug. 31. The Swedes fail in an
attack on Petersburg, June 25 ; their general, Levenhaupt, defeats the Russians
at Gemauers, July 28, but is compelled by want of supplies to retreat to Riga ;
the czar takes Mittau, Sept. 14. Death of Luca Giordano, art. 76, and of John
Ray, the naturalist, set. 77. Birth of count Daun, of William Murray, afterwards
earl of Mansfield, and of Henry Fox, afterwards Lord Holland. Defoe employed
in secretly negotiating the Union at Edinburgh.
The merchants of London raise a loan of £500,000, proposed by the duke of Marl-
borough, to assist the emperor and the duke of Savoy, Jan. 4. Parliament pro-
rogued, March 10. First meeting of the commissioners to treat for the Union of
England and Scotland.April 10. Victory of Marlborough at Ramillies, May 12, o.s.,
followed by the conquest of all the Netherlands. Barcelona hard pressed by the
French and Spaniards ; Sir John Leake and the earl of Peterborough compel them
to raise the siege, May 11. The earl of Galway and his Portuguese allies take
Alcantara, and, having forced the duke of Berwick to retire, enterMadrid, June 24.
The articles of the Union signed by the commissioners, July 22. The last Scotch
parliament convened, Oct. 21. Mrs. Masham begins to obtain the queen's favour,
and introduces Harley to private audiences. The duke of Marlborough arrives
in London, Nov. 18. The French take Nice, Jan. 4, and form the siege of Turin
in June ; pi'ince Eugene arrives, and joins the duke of Savoy in August. Battle
of Turin, Sept. 7; the French, totally defeated, lose all their conquests in Italy.
The duke of Savoy recovers his States, and obtains Montferrat. Charles III. is
proclaimed in Milan, the Netherlands, and Madrid; but not arriving in time to
support the earl of Galway and the Portuguese, he loses the latter city, which
Philip V. er -ers again, Aug. 5. Death of Pedro II., king of Portugal, Dec 3,
set. 60 ; he is succeeded by his son, John V. The electors of Bavaria and Co*
logne are put to the ban of the empire, and deprived of their dominions, April
29. Louis proposes to treat for peace ; his offers are rejected, Oct. 21. The
Swedish general, Renschild, defeats the Saxons and Russians at Fraustadt, Feb. 6 ;
Charles XII. invades Saxony, and dictates the treaty of Altranstadt to Au-
gustus, Sept. 14, who resigns formally the crown of Poland, and gives up the
Livonian patriot, Patkul, into the hands of his bitter enemy. Mentchikof do-
feats the Swedes at Kalisch, Nov. 19. Peter fails in his attack on Vyborg, in
Carelia. Death of John Evelyn, sat. 86, and of Peter Bayle, set, 59. Birth of
Benjamin Franklin. Defoe commences his "Review of the State of the English
Nation," the parent and model of the Tatler, Spectator, and subsequent Essays.
The articles of the Union sanctioned by the Scotch parliament, Jan. 16 ; the Act
receives the royal assent, in England, March 6. Battle of Almanza, April 14 ;
the earl of Galway, with his Dutch and Portuguese allies, totally defeated by
the duke of Berwick. Parliament prorogued, April 24. Interview between
Marlborough and Charles XII. at Leipsic, 30. The Union between England and
Scotland, May 1. The queen receives an embassy from the czar Peter, at whose
request she intercedes with Charles XII., but ineffectually, for the life of PatkuL
France, on the verge of ruin, saved by the mismanagement of the allies. The
earl of Peterborough withdraws from Spain, where his advice is disregai'ded.
Sir Cloudesly Shovel, with his fleet, assists the passage of the Var, and invasion
of Provence, by the duke of Savoy and prince Eugene, July 10; this enterprise
abandoned, Sept. 1. The cautious generalship of Vendome affords Marlborough
no opportunity to gain further advantages on the side of the Netherlands ; the
duke puts his army into winter quarters, Oct. 8, and attends conferences at Franc-
fort and the Hague, on his way to England. Admiral Shovel, returning home
from •tfie Mediterranean, wrecked with three of his ships on the Scilly Isles,
Oct. 22, »t. 56. Meeting of the first united parliament of Great Britain, 23 ; in-
quiry into the mismanagement of the last campaign, Nov. 19 ; a cftu'k in secre-
tary Harley's office detected in betraying secrets of State to the French .
622
FROM THE TEAK
!
A.D.
1707
conti-
nued.
1708
1709
Evejtts A.vr» Emtjiest Massr.
government, Dec. 31. The imperialists take Naples, and proclaim Charles III.
Ragoczy calls a Diet at Onod, which declares the throne of Hungary vacant.
Neufchatel in Switzerland awarded to the king of Prussia. Charles XII. returns
from Saxony into Poland. On his march visits the elector at Dresden. Mas-
sacre of the peasantry in Massovia. Treaty with Mazeppa. Murder of Patkul.
Private marriage of the czar Peter to Katharine. He transports the inhab-
itants of Narva and Dorpat into the interior of his empire. Birth of Frederic
Louis, prince of Hanover, afterwards prince of Wales, Jan. 20, o.s. Death of
Vauban, set. 69, of the earl of Stair, set. 59, of William Sherlock, dean of St,
Paul's, set. 66, of Antonio Verrio, of William Vanderveld the younger, set. 74,
and of Aurungzebe, set. 90. Birth of Buffon, of Linnreus, of Carlo Goldoni, Of
Leonard Euler, and of Henry Fielding.
Secretary Harley dismissed ; St. John succeeded by Robert Walpole ; Sir Simon
Harcourt resigns the attorney-generalship. Feb. 11. The Pretender sails
from Dunkirk with a French army, March 6 ; arrives on the coast of Scotland,
but is driven back by Sir George Byng, and obliged to abandon the enterprise
Parliament prorogued, April 1 ; dissolved, 11. Conference of Marlborough and
prince Eugene at the Hague. Capture of Spanish galleons by commodore
Wager, May 28. The French surprise Ghent and Bruges, July 5 ; are defeated
in the battle of Oudenarde, 11 ; their lines between Ypres and the Lys destroyed,
15. Artois and Picardy laid under contribution by Marlborough ; consternation
in Paris. Arrest of the Russian ambassador in London for debt, 27. Siege of
Lisle by the allies, Aug 11 ; Prince Eugene wounded, Sept. 21. General Webb
repulses an attack made on his convoy at Wynesdale, 2S. The town of Lisle
surrenders, Oct. 23. Death of prince George of Denmark, at Kensington, 28,
set. 55. Sir John Leake and general Stanhope take the islands of Sardinia and
Minorca. The new parliament assembles ; Sir Richard Onslow, speaker, Nov.
18 ; lord Somers, president of the council ; Addison, Irish secretary ; a law passed
for the protection of foreign ambassadors. Incorporation of the United East
India Company of Great Britain. The citadel of Lisle surrendered by marshal
Bouffiers, Dee. 9. Ghent, Brages, and all Flanders recovered by the allies, 30.
The elector of Bavaria attempts to surprise Brussels, but retreats precipitately.
Dismissal of the French minister, Chamillard. The duke of Savoy recovers
the frontier fortresses and Alpine passes yet held by the French. On the death
of the duke of Mantua, the emperor claims the reversion of his States ; he
asserts other rights in Italy and in the church of Germany, which the pope
threatens to resist by force of arms ; overawed by the imperial general, Daun,
and the English fleet, Clement disbands his troops, submits to the emperor's
demands, and grants the investiture of Naples and Sicily to Charles III. March
of Charles XII. into the Ukraine, against the. advice of Piper and Renschild ;
he gains a fruitless victory at Golovtchin, July 4, and takes Mohilef; but one
of his armies under Lagercrona is defeated by Mentchikof at Dobro, Sept. 20 ;
and he fails in his engagement to meet his general, Levenhaupt, who loses all
his baggage and artillery at Leisna ; the Cossacks abandon Mazeppa, and choose
another hetman. Defeat of Ragoczy and the Hungarians at Trentschin. Bohemia
obtains a vote in the Diet, and the long-disputed title of Hanover to a seat in
the electoral college finally admitted. The parliament and archbishop of Paris
resist a papal Bull on the Jansenist controversy. Expulsion of the Jesuits from
Holland. Death of bishop Beveridge, sat. 71. Birth of William Pitt, afterwards
earl of Chatham.
The two houses of parliament address the queen, requesting her to marry again,
which she declines, Jan. 28. Proposals of peace made by Louis, Feb. 28. Par-
liament prorogued, April 21. Marlborough and viscount Townshend plenipo-
tentiaries to treat for peace ; the negotiations broken off, June 9. Marlborough
and Eugene collect their forces at Lisle, 18; take Tournay, July 30; defeat mar-
shals Villars and Bouffiers at Malplaquet, Sept, 11 ; Mons surrenders to them,
Oct. 21. Sacheverel's sermon at St. Paul's, Nov. 5. Meeting of parliament, 15.
Saciieverel is impeached by the House of Commons, Dec. 15, and made of import-
ance by their persecutions. The whig ministry becomes unpopular^ and is
1707 TO 1710 A.D.
623
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
1710
undermined at court by Mrs. Masham and Haiiey. Commencement of a severe
frost, which continues three months, 25. The pope makes farther concessions
to the emperor, and acknowledges Charles III. king of Spain. Obstinacy of
Charles XII. Peter collects his forces and surrounds the Swedes. Battle of Pul-
towa, July 8, n.s. Escape of Charles to Bender, and surrender of the remnant
of his army, 10. Peter takes Elbing, reconquers Poland, and restores Augustus
to the throne. Stanislas takes refuge in France. The king of Denmark visits
Italy ; returns in haste to renew war with Sweden after Charles's defeat. All
the Swedish possessions in Germany are threatened by the combined forces of
Russia, Prussia, Denmark, and Saxony. Many distressed inhabitants of the
Palatinate of the Rhine emigrate to England. Steele publishes, under the assumed
name of Isaac Bickerstaff, the first number of the " Tatler," April 2. Copyright
Act (For the Encouragement of Learning, 8 Anne, c. 19). The " Daily Courant,"
the first daily newspaper, published. Port-Royal suppressed, in consequence of
the support given by its inmates to Jansenism. Death of Win. Bentinck, earl of
Portland, of Pere La Chaise, and of Sir Edward Seymour, forty-eight years
M.P , set 75. Birth of Samuel Johnson,
Overtures of Louis for peace again rejected, Jan. 2. Death of Admiral Sir George
Rooke, 28. Mission of Mr. Whitworth to Moscow, to apologize for the arrest
of the Russian ambassador, and appease the czar's anger, Feb. 16. Trial of
Sacheverel, 27. The Dutch having agreed to negotiate, the duke of Marlbo-
rough arrives at the Hague, March 7 ; conferences of Gertruydenburg commence,
11. Sacheverel sentenced not to preach for three years, 25 ; his sermon burnt by
the hangman, 27. Parliament prorogued, April 5. Marlborough and prince
Eugene take Montaigne, 18. The queen alienated from the whigs. Lord Sun-
derland dismissed, and lord Dartmouth made secretary of State, June 14. Two
students of Dublin college fined and expelled for having defaced the statue of
William III., 25 Surrender of Douay to the allies, 26. The negotiations at
Gertruydenburg broken off, July 20. Sir John Norris, after having defeated an
attempt of the French to recover Sardinia, takes Cette in Languedoc, but
abandons the enterprise, 23. The whig ministers dismissed ; Harley chancellor
of the exchequer ; Matthew Prior becomes a commissioner of trade and planta-
tions, Aug. 8. Marlborough retains his command of the army ; takes Bethune,
30. Parliament dissolved, Sept. 28. The Irish parliament address the lord-
lieutenant for union with that of Great Britain. The allies take St. Venant,
30 ; Aire, Nov. 9. Meeting of the new parliament, 25. The act of 9 Anne, o.
5, fixes the qualifications for knights of the shire, and representatives of cities
and boroughs. Censure of the late ministers for the support afforded by them
to the Palatine emigrants. Three officers cashiered for drinking confusion to the
duke's enemies, Dec. 10. The earl of Peterborough appointed ambassador to
Vienna, 26. Marlborough arrives in London, 28 ; does not receive the usual
thanks from Parliament ; is mentioned with contempt and derision by the tory
majority in the House of Commons, and reviled by their faction in the country.
Leibnitz attempts to unite the Anglican church and the German protestants. Vic-
tory of Almenara gained by Charles, July 27, and of Saragossa, Aug. 20 -T that city
opens its gates to him ; he enters Madrid, Sept. 28. The duke de Vendome takes
the command of the French army in Spain. Philip recovers Madrid. General
Stanhope and the English division surrounded at Brihuega and captured, Dec. 10.
Stahrembergandthe Austrians defeated at Villa Viciosa, 20. The king of Denmark
invades Sweden, and is repulsed by Steiubock at Helsingborg. The czar Peter
celebrates his victories by another triumphal procession and public festival at
Moscow ; his prisoners are sent to Siberia ; proceeding in his course of conquest,
he takes Riga, Revel, all Livonia, Esthonia, and the island of Oesel. Charles
XI L, in his retreat at Bender, prevails upon the sultan to declare war against
Russia, Nov. 20. Great Britain and the United Provinces offer their mediation,
which Charles refuses to accept. Ragoczy, finally defeated at Romhany, withdraws
from Hungary. Colonel Nicholson takes the French settlement of Port-Royal
in Acadia, and gives it the name of Annapolis, Death of the chief-justice Sir
John Holt, set. 68, of Thomas Bettertou. the actor, set. 75, and of the Duchess
de la Valli^re. South-Sea Company originated, May 6.
624
FBOM THE TEAB
A.D.
Hegi-
1124
1712
1126
1714
1127
1128
1.716
1129
Otto-
man Em- Popes
pire
Spain.
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Nov.23.
13-
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France. Portu-
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35 Eb-
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king
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i
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4 23-
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37 j 5
38 6
1711 TO 1716 A.D.
625
Repe-
tition
Dates.
Doges
op Ve-
nice.
Savoy.
Tusca-
ny.
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mark.
Swe-
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1711
i
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March 8.
1712
1713
38
39
king of
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1715
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626
FKOM THE TEAS
A.D.
1711
Events and Eminent Men.
Mrs. Masham appointed to the office about the queen's person, hitherto held by
the duchess of Marlborough, Jan. 18. The Duke of Argyle sent as ambassador
to Charles III., and commander of the British forces in Spain. Inquiry of the
Lords and Commons into the disasters of the Spanish campaign, Feb. 2. Marl-
borough returns to his army. Harley wounded in the council-chamber with a
}:en-knife by Guichard, while under examination, March 8. Death of the earl of
Rochester, May 2. An expedition sails to attack Canada, 4. Harley created
earl of Oxford, 24 ; lord- treasurer, 29. Report of the Commons, accusing the late
ministers of mismanagement, June 4. Parliament prorogued, 12. A capital of
four millions raised for the South-Sea-Company, under a royal commission, 27.
By skilful tactics, and without losing a man, Marlborough drives the French from
the lines of Arleux, which Villars deemed impregnable, Aug. 5. The bishop of
Bristol appointed lord privy-seal, Sept. 3. The siege and surrender of Bouchain,
Marlborough's last achievement, 13. The king of France makes new proposals
of peace, 27. Prior sent to negotiate privately at Fontainebleau. Marshal Tal-
lard, a prisoner since the battle of Blenheim, released on his parole, Oct. 4. Pre-
liminaries settled in London, 6. The expedition against Canada, shattered by
storms, returns to Portsmouth, 9. Marlborough arrives in London, 18. Secretary
St. John notifies to the allies that the queen had agreed to treat for peace, and
appointed Utrecht for the place of congress, 20. Meeting of parliament, Dec. 7.
Marlborough, Robert Walpole, and Cardonnel accused of having appropriated
public monies to their own use, 21; the duke dismissed from all his offices; Walpole
and Cardonnel expelled from the House of Commons. Twelve new peers created,
30. Death of the emperor Joseph from the small-pox, April 17, n.s. set. 33 ; his
brother, Charles VI. (entitled Charles III. in Spain), elected at Frankfort to succeed
him, Oct. 12. Change in the politics of Europe, favourable to a general peace ;
but the new emperor and the elector of Hanover oppose the intended congress at
Utrecht. Gerona surrenders to the French, Jan. 31 ; they are masters of nearly
all Spain before Charles embarks at Barcelona for Germany, Sept. 27. The duke
of Argyle returns to England. The Danes seize the duchy of Bremen, and, in
I conjunction with the Saxons, invade Swedish Pomerania. The treaties of Nagy-
I Haroly and Szathman establish permanent tranquillity in Hungary and Tran-
sylvania. Public nuptials of the czar Peter and Katharine ; he concludes a
treaty with Demetrius Cantemir, hospodar of Moldavia ; crosses the Pruth ; is
surrounded by the Turks and Tartars ; is saved by the negotiations of Katha-
rine with the grand vizir. Azof restored to the Turks ; dissatisfaction of the
sultan. Continued intrigues of Charles XII. at Pender. The dauphin Louis,
only son of Louis XIV., dies of the small-pox, April 14, set. 50 ; his eldest son.
Louis, duke of Burgundy, takes the title of Dauphin. Rio Janeiro taken by
the French admiral, Duguai Trouin, Jansenism causes violent dissensions in
the French church. Le Tellier, a Jesuit, succeeds Pere la Chaise, as royal con-
fessor. Death of Boileau, set. 75, and of Henry Dodwell, set. 69. Birth of David
Hume, and of Boscawen, afterwards admiral. Addison publishes the first
number of the " Spectator," March 1. John William, Prince of Orange Nassau,
accidentally drowned, July 14 ; his young son, William Charles Henry, succeeds
him as hereditary statholder of Friesland.
The duke of Ormond appointed captain-general of the British army, Jan. 1. Prince
Eugene arrives in London, and endeavours, without success, to persuade the
qne"en not to negotiate for peace, 5. The plenipotentaries assemble at Utrecht,
8. Robert Walpole committed to the Tower, 17. Conferences at Utrecht opened
by the bishop of Bristol, chief of the English embassy, 29. The Lords address
the queen, disapproving the terms offered by France, Feb. 16 ; the Commons ad-
dress her, complaining of the undue burdens imposed on Great Britain by the
other allies during the war, March 4. Prince Eugene leaves England, 13. The
duke of Ormond takes the command of the army in the Netherlands, April 9;
receives an order from the queen to engage in no hostilities, May 10 ; the Dutch
complain of this order to the bishop of Bristol, who consents to the siege of
Quesnoy, 28. The proposed articles of peace laid before parliament by the queen,
June 6. Quesnoy invested by the allies, 8. Marlborough challenges lord Paulet ;
1711 TO 1713 a.d. 627
A.D,
Events a^d JIvrrsENT Mr
the duel prevented, 16. Parliament prorogued, 21. Surrender of Quesnoy July
4. Secretary St. John created viscount Bolingbroke. Dunkirk given Up to the
English, 7. The duke of Ormond separates his troops from the allied array 10
A cessation of arms between England and France proclaimed, 17. The negoti-
ation at Utrecht suspended by a quarrel between the servants of the Frenchand
Dutch ministers, 27. Bolingbroke, accompanied by Matthew Prior negotiates
at Paris, prolongs the truce, and agrees to an allowance of £60,000 y pari y to the
widowed queen of James II. Aug. 17. The English troops in Spain leave the
allied army Sept. 8. The duke of Hamilton and lord Mohun killed in a duel
Nov 15. Marlborough leaves England, 30. A Spanish ambassador arrives in
London Dec 5. 1 he truce renewed, 7. The duke of Shrewsbury proceeds as
ambassador to France, 27. The States-General adopt the terras of peace agreed
to by Great Britain, 29. A French ambassador reaches London, 31. After the
duke of Ormond' s departure, prince Eugene besieges Landrecy, July 16 ; a de-
tachment of his army, commanded by lord Albemarle, is completely defeated by
Villars at Denain, 24 ; he loses Marchiennes, 31 ; raises the siege of Landrecy
Aug. 21. Douay surrenders to the French, Sept. 8; Quesnoy, Oct. 4; Bouchain'
19. The small-pox proves fatal to the dauphiness of France, Feb. 12, to her
husband, 18, set. 30 ; and to their eldest son, the duke of Brittany, March 8 ■
their youngest son, Louis, born Feb. 15, 1710, becomes dauphin. Philip V. re-
nounces for himself and his descendants all claim to the crown of France, Nov
5. Steinbock defeats the Danes, Poles and Saxons at Gadebusch. The 'perse-
cution of the Toggenburg protestants by the abbot of St. Gall, causes violent
commotions among the cantons of Switzerland. The electors of Bavaria and
Cologne are relieved from the ban of the empire. The first stamp-duty on news-
papers imposed by the Act 10 Anne c. 19 ; so many of these publications are
discontinued, that it is called the " Fall of the Leaf." Whiston, professor of
mathematics at Cambridge, expelled for avowing Arian opinions. Controversy
of Samuel Clarke and Waterland on the same subject. Death of Richard Cronv
well, set. 90 ; of Sidney, earl Godolphin, of the duke de Vendome, of the duke of
Leeds, 83 1. 81, and of Cassini, 33t. 87. Birth of Rousseau, and of the prince of
Prussia, Jan. 24, afterwards Frederic the Great. First edition of Pope's "Raoeof
the Lock " published.
Parliament meets and adjourns, Jan. 8; second adjournment, Feb. 17. Treaty of
Utrecht signed, March 30. Parliament assembles, and both houses approve the
articles of the treaty laid before them by the queen, April 9. Proclamation ofl
peace in London, May 5. Sacheverel preaches before the Commons, 29. Th^
living of St. Andrew's, Holborn, is given him by the queen, and he is then for-
gotten. The Commons address the queen to have the Pretender removed from
Nancy, where he had been received by Stanislas, June 25. The duke of Ormond
appointed governor of Dover Castle and lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 26
Atterbury made bishop of Rochester and dean of Westminster, July 3 Parlia-
ment prorogued, 16 ; dissolved, Aug. 8. Rivalry of Oxford and Bolingbroke ; the
latter encourages the queen's displeasure at the elector of Hanover not agreeing
to the treaty ot Utrecht. Dr. Robinson, bishop of Bristol, translated to the see
ot London The new parliament assembles, but the opening is deferred in con-
sequence of the queen's illness, Dec. 11. The emperor persists in the war, but
agrees to evacuate Spam, and the empress, whom he had left at Barcelona is
conveyed by the English fleet, under admiral Jennings, to Genoa, April 2. Phi-
lip, in the event of his line failing, acknowledges the duke of Savoy as heir to
the crown of Spain. The citizens of Barcelona hold out against Philip, and
sustain a siege. Sicily is given to the duke of Savoy by the treaty of Utrecht,
with the title of king ; he is conducted to Palermo by admiral Jennings, Oct. 10
and crowned there, Dec. 24. The French take Landau, Aug. 20, and Freyburg,
Nov. 26 ; the emperor inclines to peace; prince Eugene and marshal Villars be-
gin to negotiate at Rastadt, 28. Altona burnt by the Swedish general, Steinbock ■
he surrenders, with his army, to the Danes, at Tonningen. The Russian diplo-'
matist, Tolstoy, under the mediation of England and Holland, concludes a defi-[
2 s 2
628
FEOM THE YEAB
A.D.
1713
conti-
nued.
1714
1715
Events and Eminent Men.
nitive treaty of peace with Turkey. Charles XII. resists the desire of the
sultan for his return to Sweden, is besieged in his house at Bender, and conveyed
a prisoner to Adrianople. Intrigues of baron Gortz. The Russians take Stettin,
and deliver it to the Prussians. Death of Frederic, the first king of Prussia,
set. 56 ; the royal title of his son, Frederic William, is recognized by the con-
gress of Utrecht, and part of Guelderland given to him. The papal Bull Unige-
nitus, against Jansenism, Sept, 10, is resisted by the cardinal de Noailles, arch
bishop of Paris, and increases the confusion in the church of France. Discovery of
the remains of Herculaneum, buried under the ashes of Vesuvius in the year 79.
Death of cardinal Maratti, set. 88, of Compton, bishop of London, set. 81, of Antony
Ashley Cooper, earl of Shaftesbury, at Naples, Feb. 14, set. 42, and of Thomas
Rymer, Dec. 14, Birth of Diderot, of Sterne, of Edward, afterwards admiral and
lord Hawke, and of John, earl of Bute. First performance of Addison's " Cato,"
April 14. The Clarendon Press at Oxford, established with the profits of Claren
don's " History of the Rebellion," completed and opened in Oct. Pope's " Wind
sor Forest" and " Ode on St. Csecilia's Day" published.
Opening of parliament by the queen, Mai'ch 2 ; Steele expelled from the House of
Commons for passages in the " Englishman" and " Crisis," 11 ; the Lords address
the queen to interpose with the king of Spain in favour of the Catalans, April. 6,
The electoral prince of Hanover summoned to parliament as duke of Cambridge.
12. The ambassador Schutz, who had applied for the writ, is forbidden to ap-
pear at court. The death of the princess Sophia, June 8, a3t. 84, leaves her son,
George Louis, under the Act of Settlement, heir to the British throne. Dr. Sa-
muel Clarke, accused of heresy by the lower house of convocation, is dismissed
from his post of chaplain to the queen, 23. Parliament prorogued, July 9 ; the
altercations of Oxford and Bolingbroke lead to the dismissal of the former from
all his offices, 27. Illness of the queen, 29; she makes the duke of Shrewsbury
lord treasurer, 30 ; dies at Kensington, Aug. 1, set. 49 ; council of regency in-
stalled; Addison secretary ; George I. proclaimed; parliament assembles; the
members take the oaths of allegiance. The duke of Marlborough returns to
London, 4. The Pretender gees to Paris, but Louis refuses to see him, 14. Par-
liament prorogued, 25 ; Bolingbroke removed from office, 31. The king arrives
at Greenwich, Sept. 18; makes his public entry into London, 20; the duke of
Ormond refused an audience, and deprived of all his appointments, 19. A new
privy council assembled, Oct. 1 ; the duke of Marlborough and the whig ministers
restored to their places, 5 ; coronation, 20; the ambassadors of all foreign States
recognize king George. An order issued to the clergy to abstain from politics
in their sermons, Dec. 11. Treaty of Rastadt signed, March 6 ; of Baden, Sept.
5 ; Philip V. acknowledged king of Spain and the Indies ; Charles VI. adds to his
dominions the Netherlands, Naples, Sardinia, and Milan. Surrender of Barcelona
to the duke of Berwick, Sept. 12 ; Majorca refuses to submit ; the remaining privi-
leges of the Catalans are taken from them. Death of the queen of Spain ; Philip
marries Elizabeth, or Isabella, of Parma, who refuses to enter Madrid, till his
favourite, the duchess Orsini, is dismissed. Alberoni prime minister in Spain,
Death of the duke of Berry, grandson of Louis XIV., who legitimizes his own two
natural sons, the duke of Maine and the count of Toulouse, and by his will de
clares them capable of inheriting the crown. Victor Amadeus resists the papal
claim in Sicily, and defies the Bull issued against him. Charles XII. removed
by the Turks to Demotica ; escapes, Nov. 1 ; reaches Stralsund, 22. Sweden is
unable to oppose Peter, who conquers Finland and the isles of Aland ; his admiral
Apraxin, defeats the Swedish admiral, Erenschild, and takes him prisoner.
Triumph at Petersburg. Birth of Charles Pratt, afterwards earl Camden, and
of George Whitfield. Worcester College, Oxford, founded. Pope publishes the
first volume of his " Homer."
Parliament dissolved, Jan. 5. 150 houses burnt down, and fifty lives lost, in Bil-
lingsgate, 13. The new parliament opened by the king, March 21. Bolingbroke
withdraws to France, 25. Prior examined before the privy council, April 1.
Death of the lord treasurer, the earl of Halifax, May 15 ; the earl of Carlisle
succeeds him, IS. A fleet, under Sir John Norris, sent to the Baltic. Inquiry
1713 TO 1716 A.D.
629
A.D.
INVENTS AND EMINENT MEN.
into the late negotiations, July 9. Prior taken into custody. Ormond retires to
France, 21 ; he is impeached hy the Commons, together with Oxford, Boling-
broke, and Strafford, July 9; Oxford committed to the Tower, 16. Threatened
invasion of the Pretender. Riot Act passed, and Habeas Corpus Act suspended,
20. A fleet fitted out, under Sir George Byng, and troops encamped in Hyde
Park, 31. The earl of Mar collects the Jacobites in Scotland, Aug. 1. Acts of
attainder against Ormond and Bolingbroke, 20. The earl of Mar proclaims the
Pretender at Aboyne, Sept. 3. The earl of Arran, brother to the duke of Ormond,
elected chancellor of Oxford, against the prince of Wales, 9. Lord Lansdowne, six
members of the House of Commons and others, arrested. Parliament prorogued,
21 ; Robert Walpole, chancellor of the exchequer, in conjunction with lord Towns-
hend, leads the administration, Oct. 12. Tumults and insurrections in various
parts of the kingdom ; a body of rebels, collected in the northern counties, de-
feated at Preston by generals Carpenter and Willis: their commander, Forster,
with the earl of Derwentwater, viscount Kenmure, lord Widdrington, and 200
oiher noblemen and gentlemen, made prisoners, Nov. 13 ; on the same day,
the indecisive battle of Dumblaine, or Sheriffmuir, between the duke of Ar-
gyle and the earl of Mar; the duke recovers Perth and Dundee, 30 ; Dutch auxi-
liaries arrive at Leith, Dec. 4; general Cadogan at Stirling, 10 ; the Pretender
lands at Peterhead, near Aberdeen, 25. A severe winter; the Thames frozen.
Death of Louis XIV., Sept. 1, set. 77 ; his great grandson, Louis XV., succeeds
him, 83t. 5 ; the duke of Orleans regent. Majorca submits to Philip, July 14.
The Barrier-Treaty between the United Provinces and Austria, under the medi-
ation of Great Britain, signed at Antwerp, 5 (16) Nov. Decline of the commerce
and power of the Venetians ; the Turks commence war against them, and con-
quer the Morea. Siege of Stralsund by the Russians and Saxons ; Charles XII.
escapes to Sweden ; he loses the isle of Rugen, Nov, 17 ; Stralsund surrenders, i
Dec. 22. The elector of Hanover purchases the duchies of Bremen and Verden j
of the Danes. The Poles resist the taxes imposed on them to pay for the war
of Augustus against Sweden. The prince of Wales governor of the South-Sea
Company, Feb. 18 ; an Act passed for increasing their capital, Sept. 21. Dr.
Gibson made bishop of Lincoln, Dec. 17, and Benjamin Hoadley, of Bangor, 21.
Richard Steele knighted. Rowe appointed poet laureate. Close of the Spectator,
Aug. 2. Le Sage publishes Gil Bias. Death of bishop Burnet, Ma:-ch 27, set. 72,
of Tennyson, archbishop of Canterbury, of Fenelon, »3t. 64, of Malebranche, ast. 77,
of Partridge (or Hewson), the astrologer, to whom Swift gave a ridiculous noto-
riety. Birth of Gellert. Total eclipse of the sun, April 22, o.s.
Meeting of parliament, Jan. 9 ; Forster expelled from the House of Commons, 10.
The Pretender, the earl of Mar, and others, embark for France ; their troops dis-
perse, and the rebellion is suppressed, Feb. 4. The lords who wei'e taken at
Preston, having pleaded guilty, are condemned to death, 9. The prince of Wales
elected chancellor of Trinity College, Dublin, 17. The earl of Nithisdale es-
capes from the Tower, 23. Derwentwater and Kenmure beheaded, 24 ; many of
their associates are executed at Liverpool. Bolingbroke, secretary of State to
the Pretender, is displaced by him, 25. The earl of Arran chosen high-steward
of Westminster by the dean and chapter, 28. Forster escapes from Newgate to
France, April 10. Serious illness of the duke of Marlborough, May 4. The
Septennial Act passed, 7 ; the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act expires.
Lord Powis and others admitted to bail, 26; forfeited estates valued at £1,652,450.
Parliament prorogued, June 26. The Dutch auxiliaries return home, 29. The
king embarks for Germany, leaving the prince of Wales guardian of the king-
dom, July 7 ; the duke of Argyle deprived of his places ; his pension, and that
of the earl of Nottingham, taken from them, 29. Lord Wintoun escapes from the
Tower, Aug. 2. Five rebels executed at Lancaster and Preston, others are trans-
ported to the colonies, and the rest discharged, Oct. 2 ; the marquis of Huntly
pardoned, Nov. 4. A destructive fire near Limehouse Bridge, Dec. 4. Discord
and intrigues in the ministry; Stanhope obtains lord Townshend's post of secre-
tary of State, 12. Alliance of the emperor and the Southern States to assist
Venice against the Turks ; prince Eugene defeats them at Peterwaradin, Aug. 5,
630
FEOM THE YEAIi
A.D.
Hegi-
j Otto-
man Em-
Popes.
Spain
France.
Portu-
WlR-
TEM-
Prus-
Saxo-
' r
Bava-
Ger-
EA.
pire.
gal.
BERG.
sia.
ny.
ria.
many.
1717
1130
15 Ach-
med III.
18 Cle-
ment XI
Nov. 13.
18PM-
lipV.
3 Louis
XV.
12 John
V.
41 Eb-
erhard
Louis.
5 Fre-
deric
Willi-
am I.
24Fre-
deric
Augus-
tus I.,
king of
Poland
39Max-
iuiilian
bmau-
uel-
7Chas.
VI.
1718
1131
■6
19 19 j 4
13
42—
6
25
40 — -
8- —
1719
1132
17 —
20
20
14
43
7
26 — :
41
9
1720
1133
IS
21
21
6
15
44
8
27
42
10
1721
1134
1135
19
rf.Mar.19-
1 Inno-
cent
XIII.
MayS.
22
7 —
16
45
9
28
43
11
1722
1135
1136
20
2
23
8 _ 17
i
46
10
29
44
12
1723
1136
1137
9
IS
47
11
30 .
45
13
91
1724
1137
113S
22
d.Mar. 7.
i Bene-
dict
XIII.
May -29.
25
( Ijouis
7Mos.)
10
19
48
12
31
14
1725
1138
1139
23
2
26
11 20
49
13
32
47
15-
1726
1139
1140
24
3
27
12 |-21
1
50—
14
33
1 Chas.
Albert.
16
1717 TO 1726 A.D.
631
1718
1720
1724
1726
9 Gio- 43Victov
A made-
Coma- us II.
oil. ■ khieof
Sicily.
Tus-
• CANY.
48Cosmo
III.
Den-
mark
19Fre-
cleric
IV.
Swe-
Po-
den.
land.
21 Chas.
9 Fre-
XII.
deric
Augus-
tus I.
elector
of Sax-
ony.
29 Peter
the Great
Hod-
land
Willi-
am V. in
Pries-
land.
1 Sebas-
tian o
Moce-
nigo.
1 Carlo
Razzini.
king of
Sardittia
52
Han-
over,
20Geo,
Louis,
king of
(i-rst
Bri-
tain
Great
Britain
4 Geo. I
Aug. l.
53 24
1 Gio-
vanni
Gastone
1 Ulrica
Elea-
1 Fre-
deric.
30 ■ lin Gro- 21 ' 5 .
ningen.
22-
32
35
17 1 Katha-
rine I.
in Guel-
derland,
23-
25-
i.Pr.Wm
Augustus
duke of
Cumber
land.
9
26
10
27
11
28
12 •
29
13
632
FROM THE YEAR
A.D.
1716
conti-
nued.
1717
1718
Events and Eminent Men.
and takes Temeswar, Oct. 13 ; they are finally expelled from Hungary, and raise
the siege of Corfu ; Santa Maura is recovered hy the comhined Christian fleet.
Law originates his banking and Mississippi scheme ; the. arrival of two richly-
laden ships, Nov. 30. inspires confidence in his project. Charles XII. invades
Norway, and is repulsed ; he enters into the intrigues of baron Gortz and Alheroni
against Great Britain. Second visit of Peter to Holland, accompanied by Katha-
rine. Lady Mary Wortley Montague accompanies her husband on his embassy to
Constantinople. Hans Sloane created a baronet. Christopher Wren displaced
from his office of clerk of the works. Death of lord Somers, set. 67, of Dr. South,
set. 83, of Dr. Williams, founder of the Red Cross Street Library, set. 72, of
Leibnitz, set. 70, of Gronovius, set. 71, and of William Wycherly, set. 76. Birth
of Thomas Gray, and of Barthelemy.
The king returns from Germany, Jan. 18. Townshend lord-lieutenant of Ireland,
24. Gyllenburg, the Swedish ambassador, implicated in Gortz's plot, is arrested,
and his papers seized, 29 ; Gortz himself is imprisoned at the Hague. The Pre-
tender ordered to leave Avignon, Feb. 6, retires to Modena, and thence to Urbino.
Parliament meets, 20. The king announces his Triple Alliance with the regent
of France and the States of Holland, and lays before the two houses the docu-
mentary evidence of the intrigues of Gortz. Gyllenburg sent in custody to
Sweden, March 25 ; Townshend dismissed ; Walpole, Methuen, and Pulteney,
resign, April 10 ; Stanhope and Sunderland, heads of the government ; Addison
secretary of State ; parliament adjourns, 16. Sir George Byng, with his fleet,
arrives in the Baltic, where he finds no preparations made in Sweden for em-
barking an army, 30. Objections raised in the lower house of convocation to some
doctrines of the bishop of Bangor, May 3. Parliament meets, 6 ; first project of
a sinking fund for the liquidation of the national debt, June 22. Trial of the
earl of Oxford, 24 ; acquittal, July 1 ; he takes his seat again in the House of
Lords, 3 ; parliament prorogued, 15. Gyllenburg exchanged for Mr. Jackson,
the British resident in Sweden, Aug. 15. The eai'l of Peterborough seized at
Bologna by two emissaries of the Pretender, and carried to Urbino, where he is
liberated, Sept. 11. Parliament assembles, Nov. 21. Quarrel between the king
and his son ; the prince ordered to quit St. James's palace, 29. Prince Eugene de-
feats the Turks, Aug. 16, and takes Belgrade, 22 ; the Venetians recover Prevesa.
Philip V., amidst the security of profound peace, surprises and conquers the
island of Sardinia. Law obtains extended privileges for his bank. Peter visits
Paris; he is suspected of taking part in the plot of Gortz, and coolness ensues
between him and George I. Destructive inundations in Holland, East Friesland,
and Holstein. Death of the duke of Shrewsbury, set. 50, of Thomas Parnell, set.
3S, and of Lloyd, bishop of Winchester, set. 91, one of the prelates sent to the
Tower by James II. Birth of Amherst and Rodney, and of D'Alembert. George
Bubb authorized by A.ct of parliament to take the name of Doddington.
Frederic, son of the prince of Wales, set. 11, created duke of Gloucester, Jan. 10.
The king elected governor of the South Sea Company, Feb. 3. Parliament pro-
rogued, March 21. Death of Mary Beatrice, widow of James II., May 7, set. 60.
Sir George Byng, with his fleet, sails for the Mediterranean, June 3. The con-
vention between Great Britain and France, afterwards the Quadruple Alliance,
signed at Paris, July 7 ; is joined by the emperor and Victor Amadeus, king of
Sicily, 22. The Spanish admiral, Castagnedo, attacks Sir George Byng near
Syracuse, who captures or destroys the greater part of his fleet, 31. Bentley,
master of Trinity College, Cambridge, ejected by the senate, Oct. 17; appeals to
the privy council, 30. Parliament meets, Nov. 11. War declared against Spain,
Dec. 16. The war of the emperor and Venetians against the Turks terminated
by the.peace of Passarowitz, June 24 ; intrigue of Alberoni to prolong the contest,
fails ; he is foiled in a pl*ot against the regent of France ; the Spanish ambassador,
Cellamare, ordered to leave Paris. Law's Company declared the Royal Bank.
The Spaniards invade Sicily. Charles XII. renews his attack on Norway; is
killed while besieging Fredericshal, Nov. 30, set. 36. Peter persecutes his eldest
son, Alexis ; compels him to renounce the succession to the throne, and puts him
to daath, July 7, sat. 28. William Charles Henry, prince of Orange, elected he-
1716 TO 1720 A.D.
633
A.D.
1719
Events and Eminent Men.
reditary statholdef of the province of Groningen. The abbot of St. Gall submits
to the protestant cantons. Foundation of New Orleans, capital of Louisiana.
Death of William Penn, set. 74, and of Nicholas Howe, poet laureate, eat. 45.
Birth of Horace Walpole, and of Johann J. Winckelmann. Addison, from ill-
health, resigns his office, March 14.
Accession of the United Provinces to the Quadruple Alliance, Feb. 8. Motion of the
duke of Somerset for limiting the Peerage, 28. The pretender invited to Madrid,
and acknowledged king of Great Britain, March 25. An expedition, under com-
mand of the duke of Ormond, sails from Cadiz, and is dispersed by storms. Two
frigates arrive on the coast of Scotland and land 400 men, with some of the
banished lords, April 4. Parliament prorogued, 18. The king goes to Hanover,
May 11. The earl of Mar arrested at Geneva, 21. Negotiations with Sweden.
Sir John Norris sails for the Baltic, with a fleet, June 7. The Spaniards in
Scotland, joined by seme Highlanders, are defeated at Glenshiels, and surrender,
10. An English squadron assists the French in taking St. Sebastian's, Aug. 1 ;
capture of Vigo by lord Cobham, Oct. 1. Sir George Byng co-operates with the
Austrians in recovering Messina, and destroys the remaining naval force of the
Spaniards in Sicily, 19 ; treaty of Stockholm ; Bremen and Verden ceded to
Hanover, Nov. 9. The king returns to London, 14. Meeting of parliament, 23 ;
peerage Bill brought into the House of Lords, 25; rejected by the Commons,
Dec. 7. War between France and Spain ; the duke of Berwick takes Fontarabia
and St. Sebastian's ; the province of Guipuscoa submits to him. The Austrians
in Sicily defeated at Francavilla, June 20 ; they are reinforced and take Mes-
sina ; the Spaniards prepare to evacuate the island. Philip V. dismisses Albe-
roni, and negotiates with the allies, Dec. 5. The States of Sweden restore the
ancient constitution, and elect for queen Ulrica Eleanora, youngest sister of
Charles. GSrtz is beheaded. The coast of Sweden is ravaged by the Russian
fleet ; many towns are pillaged or burnt. France convulsed by the Mississippi
delusion. Opposition of the Dutch to an East India Company, founded by the
emperor at Ostend. Death of Madame de Maintenon, set. 84, of widow Bowles,
set. 124, of Addison, June 17, set. 47, of Sir Samuel Garth, of Flamsteed, set. 73,
of Dupin, of Qnesnel ; Halley succeeds Flamsteed as Astronomer Royal. Defoe
publishes his Robinson Crusoe. Toland defends the doctrines of Spinoza. Mar-
riage of the Pretender to Clementina Sobieski, daughter of the late king of
Poland ; the pope gives them a palace at Rome. Sir Thomas Lombe establishes
his silk-throwing machine at Derby.
The terms of the Quadruple Alliance accepted by the king of Spain, Jan. 26 ;
cessation of hostilities, Feb. 28. The South Sea Company Act passed, April 7.
The king and the prince of Wales reconciled by the duke of Devonshire and
Robert Walpole, 23. By Sir John Blount's arts, South Sea Stock rises to 890,
June 2. The earl of Mar liberated at Geneva. Parliament prorogued, 11 ; pro-
clamation against bubble-projects ; Townshend president of the council ; Walpole
paymaster of the forces. The king embarks for Germany, 15. Rage for specu-
lative schemes; seventeen petitions for joint-stock patents rejected by the
council, July 12 ; proceedings ordered against old companies, which had exceeded
the powers granted to them, Aug. 15 ; South Sea Stock raised by the directors
to 1000, 24 ; declines to 800, 26 ; the bubble bursts, stock down to 150, Sept. 30.
The king returns to England, Nov. 10. Parliament meets, Dec. 8 ; inquiry into
the proceedings of the South Sea Company, 12 ; proposition of Walpole for re-
storing public credit, 21. Birth of the Pretender's son, Charles Edward. Law's
Mississippi scheme explodes ; he quits France. The king of Spain gives up
Sicily, which the emperor re-unites to Naples ; the duke of Savoy receives Sar-
dinia in exchange ; from this time, he and his successors are styled king of Sar-
dinia. The plague at Marseilles ; benevolent exertions of the bishop, Belzunce.
Ulrica Eleanora, with the consent of the States, transfers the crown of Sweden
to h'ffr husband, Frederic, prince of Hesse Cassel. Peace concluded with Denmark,
Prussia, and Poland; alliance with Great Britain ; truce with Russia. Birth of
Tobias Smollett.
634
FROM THE TEAR
1723
X724
The directors of the South Sea Company taken into custody, Jan. 24. The chan-
cellor of the exchequer, Aislabie, resigns ; earl Stanhope, while defending himself
in the House of Lords, bursts a blood-vessel, and dies, Feb. 5 ; his office of secre-
tary of State given to lord Townshend, 8 ; report of the committee of inquiry,
16 ; Aislabie, and other members implicated, expelled the House of Commons,
March 8 ; Walpole lord treasurer and chancellor of the exchequer, April 2. Birth
of the prince of Wales's son, William Augustus, afterwards duke of Cumberland,
15. The estates of the South Sea directors and others, to the amount of more
than two millions, forfeited for the relief of the sufferers, 17. Treaty of
peace and commerce with Spain, June 16. Parliament prorogued, Aug. 10. In-
oculation for the small- pox introduced by Lady Mary Wortley Montague. Par-
liament assembles, Oct. 19. Law arrives in England, 20. Peace between Sweden
and Russia. Death of Clement XL, set. 72 ; cardinal Conti elected pqpe, takes the
name of Innocent XIII. Death of Matthew Prior, sot. 57, and of Huet, bishop of
Avranches, set. 91. Birth of Robertson, the historian, of Ferdinand, duke of
Brunswick, and of Mark Akenside.
Parliament prorogued, March 7 ; dissolved, 10. Death of the earl of Sunderland,
April 19. A conspiracy in favour of the Pretender, detected by the regent of
France, and disclosed by him to the king, May 8; loyal address of the city of
London, 9. Death of the duke of Marlborough, June 16, set. 72 ; having no son
his title descends to his eldest daughter, Harriet, countess of Godolphin. At-
terbury, bishop of Rochester, committed to the Tower, Aug. 24; Christopher
Layer, the earl of Orrery, and lords Grey and North, accused of treason and
committed, Sept. 29. The new parliament assembles, Oct. 9 ; the Habeas Corpus
Act suspended, 11. The duke of Norfolk apprehended, 24 ; conviction of Layer,
Nov. 21. A congress proposed to be held at Cambray, for a final settlement of
the affairs of Europe. Contracts of marriage between Louis XT. and Maria
Victoria, daughter of Philip V., and between Louis, prince of Asturias, and Ma-
demoiselle de Montpensier, daughter of the duke of Orleans. Coronation of
Louis XV., at Rheims, Oct. 23 ; cardinal Dubois, archbishop of Cambray, is
prime minister to the regent. The czar Peter takes advantage of the disturbed
state of Persia, to extend his conquests on the shores of the Caspian Sea ; he
visits Astracan, and occupies the pass of Derbend. The prince of Orange elected
hereditary statholder of Dutch Guelderland. Count Zinzendorf takes the Mo-
ravian Brethren under his protection. Death of John Toland, set. 52.
An act passed to prohibit the subscription of English subjects to the Ostend com-
pany; Layer executed, May 17; the duke of Norfolk admitted to bail, 26 ; the
bishop of Rochester banished, 27 ; Bolingbroke restored to his honours and es-
tate, but not to his seat in the House of Lords ; parliament prorogued ; the king
goes to Hanover; is involved in intricate negotiations with all the continental
States ; agitation in Ireland respecting a copper coinage issued under a patent
granted to William Wood, Sept. 21 ; return of the king, Dec. 28; the State allow-
ance, called Regium Donum, granted to dissenters. Louis XV., declared of age,
takes the government into his own hands, Feb. 22 ; on the death of cardinal
Dubois, Aug. 10, the late regent, the duke of Orleans, takes the post of prime
minister, but dies, Dec. 2, set. 50 ; the duke of Bourbon succeeds him, and con-
tinues the same friendly policy towards Great Britain. Charles VI. obtains
from his hereditary States their acknowledgment of his Pragmatic Sanction,
which secures the succession to his daughter Maria Theresa. Dr. Mead's new
edition of the " Christianismi Restitutio " of Servetus, burnt by order of Gibson,
bishop of London, May 29 ; the " Fable of the Bees," by Dr. Bernard Mande-
ville, presented as immoral by the Middlesex grand jury. Voltaire's " Henriade "
published, and the first part of Muratori's " Rerum Italicarum Scriptores." Death
of Sir Christopher Wren, set. 91, of Susan Centlivre, set. 56, of Leuwenhoek, the
inventor of the microscope, of earl Cowper, set. 53, and of Sir Godfrey Kneller,
set. 75. Birth of Wm. Blackstone, Joshua Reynolds, Adam Smith, and Richard
Price.
Parliament meets, Jan. 9 ; tranquillity and prosperity of Great Britain. The court
of King's Bench, by & Mandamus, restores Bentley to his former position at Cam-
1721 TO 172G A.D.
635
Events and Eminent Men.
bridge, Feb. 7 ; lord Carteret appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland, April 1 ; par-
liament prorogued, 24. Wood's coinage assayed by Sir Isaac Newton, master of
the Mint, and the outcry against it declared to be groundless, -July 24 ; the king
founds a professorship of modern history, with a salary, in Oxford and in Cam-
bridge, Aug. 18; meeting of parliament, Nov. 12. After two years spent in
adjusting preliminaries, the Congress of Cambray meets. Philip V. retires to
the monastery of St. Ildefonso, and resigns the crown to his eldest son, Louis,
Jan. 16, who dies of the small-pox, Aug. 31; Philip resumes the crown, but
leaves the government to his queen. Massacre of Protestants at Thorn, insti-
gated by the Jesuits ; their intrigues provoke d general desire for the suppression
of their order, in which even pope Innocent concurs; his death interrupts the
measure in contemplation for that purpose. Cardinal Orsino elected, as Benedict
XIII., to succeed pope Innocent XIII. The king of Prussia founds his establish-
ments at Potsdam. Katharine crowned empress of Russia, May 18; she afterwards
narrowly escapes being punished with death for infidelity ; her chamberlain.
Moens, is beheaded. The twenty-four monthly preachers of Whitehall chapel
appointed. Harding, the printer of Swift's "Drapier's Letters," prosecuted.
Thomas Payne fined for a libel. Death of Harley, earl of Oxford, jet. 63;
of dean Prideaux, ast. 76; of Sacheverel ; and of Thomas Guy, founder of
Guy's hospital, set. 80. Birth of Klopstock, of Smeaton, of Emanuel Kant,
of viscount Townshend, and Guy Carleton. Execution of the notorious Jack
Sheppard.
Impeachment of lord chancellor Macclesfield, for embezzlement and corruption,
Feb. 13 ; fined £30,000, May 6 ; the order of the Path revived, 27 ; parliament
prorogued, 31 ; tumults at Glasgow on account of the malt tax, June 25 ; the king
embarks for Hanover, July 3; the Highlanders disarmed, Oct. 15. Louis XV.
annuls his marriage contract to Maria Victoria of Spain, now only set. 7, and
marries Maria Leczinski, daughter of Stanislas, late king of Poland : the queer,
of Spain, offended, sends back to France the daughter of the late duke of Orleans,
destined bride of her son Carlos ; the congress of Cambray breaks up ; the duke
of Ripperda negotiates an alliance between Austria and Spain. July 17, in which
Spain acknowledges the Pragmatic Sanction. Unsuccessful efforts of the Arago-
nese to regain their ancient privileges. Treaty of Herrnhausen, or Hanover,
between Great Britain, France, and Prussia, Sept. 3. Jubilee at Rome ; Ber-
nardino Perfetti receives the laurel-crown in the Capitol ; council held in the
Lateran. Death of Peter the Great, Jan. 28, set. 52; Katharine, assisted by
Mentchikof, is proclaimed empress. Death of Rapin de Thoyras. set. 64. Birth
of Richard, afterwards admiral and earl Howe ; of Charles Townshend; of Au-
gustus, afterwards admiral and lord Keppel ; and of Clive, the future general in
India. Orator Henley begins to distinguish himself. Execution of Jonathan Wild.
The king returns to England. Jan. 3 ; opens parliament, 20; the vote of the House
of Commons, to increase the number of seamen, shows that Walpole has secured
a large majority in favour of his measures, March 24 ; the arrest of the duke of
Ripperda, in the house of Mr. Stanhope, English ambassador at Madrid, causes
a misunderstanding between the two governments, May 17 ; parliament pro-
rogued, 24; admiral Hosier prevents the sailing of the Spanish treasure-galleons
from Porto Bello, J une 3 ; fruitless attempt of Spain to blockade Gibraltar.
Philip, duke of Wharton, at Madrid, in the service of the Pretendei-, June 10.
Sir Charles Wager with a fleet in the Baltic, 15 ; death of Sophia Dorothea, of
Zell, consort of George I., and mother of George II., Nov. 2, get. 60; repudiated
by her husband, and confined in the castle of Ahlen, in 1694, she was never ac-
knowledged as queen. Holland accedes to tile League of Hanover. Prussia secedes,
and, with Russia, joins the alliance of Austria and Spain Louis XV. dismisses
the duke de Bourbon, and employs cardinal Fleury, who relieves the financial
embarrassments of France, by a prudent economy and pacific foreign policy. Earth-
quake at Palermo, Sep. 1. Voltaire banisned, repairs to England. Death of Sir
John Vanbrugh, oat. 56. Birth of James Wolfe, afterwards general. Publica-
tion of "Gulliver's Travels," by Swift, and of Thomson's "Winter," the first
of his " Seasons."
636
EEOM THE TEAE
A.D.
Hegi-
EA.
Otto-
man Em-
fire.
Popes.
Spain.
France.
Portu-
gal.
Prus-
sia.
WlR-
TEM-
BERG.
Saxo-
ny.
Ba-
varia.
Ger-
many
1727
1140
1141
25 Ach-
oiedlll.
4 Bene-
lictXIll.
May 29-
28PM-
lipV.
13 Louis
XV.
22 John
V.
15 Fre-
deric
Wil-
liam I.
51 Eb-
erhard
Louis.
34Fre-
deric
Augus-
tus I.
king-
of Po-
land
2Chas.
Albert
17Chas.
VI.
1728
1141
1142
26
5
29
14 — -
23 — -
16
52
35
3
)
18-J
1729
1142
1143
27
6
30
15
24
17 —
53
36
19
1730
1143
1144
1 Mah-
mud I.
d. Feb 21
1 Cle-
ment
XII.
July 12-
31
16
25 •
18
54
37
6
20
1731
1144
J 1145
2
2
32
17
26
19 —
55
38
6
21
1732
1145
1146
3
3
33
18
27
20
56
39 ■
7
22
1733
1
1146
1147
4
i
4
34
19
28
21
IChas.
Alex-
ander.
1 Fre-
deric
Augus-
tus 11.
king of
Poland-
8
23
1727 TO 173S A.D.
637
Repe-
tition
Dates.
Doges
of "Ve-
nice.
Sar-
dinia..
Tusca-
ny.
Den-
mark.
Swe-
den.
Po-
land.
Russia.
Hol-
land.
Hano-
ver.
Great
BRITAIN.
1727
5 Carlo
Ruzzini.
53Victor
Amade-
us II.
5 Gio-
vanni
Gastone.
29 Fre-
deric
IV-
8 Fre-
deric.
19 Fre-
deric
Augus-
tus I.
elector
of Sax-
ony.
1 Peter
II.
Hein-
sius,
Grand
Pensi-
onary.
1 Geo.
Au-
gus-
tus I.
king oj
Great
Britain
The
George I.
d. June 1L
lGeo. II.
June 11 .
Qu.Wilhel-
mina Caro-
line of
Anspach.
1728
6
54
6
30
9
20
2
sove-
reigns
of
Great
Bri-
tain
are
hence-
forth
2
1729
7
55
SI
10-
21
3
elec-
tors of
Hano-
ver
till
1837.
3
1730
8
|
1 Chas.
Eman-
uel.
8
1 Chris-
tian VI.
11
land-
grave
of
Hesse
Cassel.
22 —
1 Anne.
4
1731
9
2
9
2
12
23
2
5
1732
10
3
10
3
13
24
3
6
1783
11 — -
4
11
4
14
1 Fre-
deric
Acgus-
tus II.
elector
of Sax-
ony.
4
7
638
FROM THE TEAR
A.D.
1727
1728
1729
1730
Events and Eminent Mi
Opening of parliament, Jan. 17 -, the hostile designs of Spain and Austria an-
nounced by the king; Hessian troops taken into pay, and a subsidy voted
to the landgrave, Feb. 13 ; the Spaniards prepare to besiege Gibraltar, 22 ; the
emperor^ complains of the imputations against him, March 4 ; explanations
at the diet of Ratisbon, April 7; Sweden and Denmark join the alliance of
Great Britain and France, April 16. Sir John Norris sails with a fleet to the
Baltic, 2S; parliament prorogued, May 15 ; the pacific policy of Walpole and
Fleury effects the signature of preliminaries between all the discordant States,
except Spain, at Paris, 20 ; the king sets out for Hanover, June 1 ; he is attacked
by illness on his journey, and dies at Osnabriick, 11, set. 68 ; George II. pro-
claimed, 15 ; parliament assembles, 27 ; is prorogued, July 17 ; dissolved, Aug. 7 ;
the king and queen crowned, Oct. 11. Spain persists in hostilities, and attempts
ineffectually to besiege Gibraltar. Death of Katharine of Russia, May 17, ait.
39 ; she is succeeded by Peter, son of the murdered Alexis (see 1718). Mentchikof,
through the influence of the Dolgoruki, is sent to Siberia. Edward Cave
taken into custody of the serjeant-at-arms, for having published an account of
the proceedings in the House of Commons. The " Beggar's Opera " produced by
Gay. Death of Sir Isaac Newton, March 20, aet. 85; of the ex-chancellor, lord
Harcourt, aet. 67, and of admiral Hosier, while serving in the West Indies. Birth
of John Howard, of Turgot, of Thomas Gainsborough, of John Wilkes, and of
Charles Jenkinson, afterwards lord Hawkesbury and earl of Liverpool. Sir Hans
Sloane President of the Royal Society. Violent eruption of mount Vesuvius,
Nov. 7.
Meeting of the new parliament, Arthur Onslow speaker, Jan. 23 ; preliminaries of
peace with Spain; siege of Gibraltar raised, April 23; parliament prorogued, May
28 ; the duke de Ripperda escapes from Spain and arrives in London, Oct. 11. The
congress of Soissons meets, June 1 ; is transferred to Fontainebleau, Dec 18.
Berkeley, dean of Deny, fails in an attempt to found a college in the Bermudas.
A great part of Copenhagen is destroyed by fire, Oct. 20. Behring discovers the
Straits to which his name is given. Prosecution of the Rev. Thomas Woolston
for his "Discourse on Miracles." Death of marshal Tallard, aet. 76 ; of admiral
Hopson, from the effects of the West Indian climate ; and of Dr. John Wood-
ward, founder of the Wood wardian professorship of natural philosophy at Cam-
bridge. Birth of Oliver Goldsmith, Robert Orme, and James Cook, the navi-
gator. Ephraim Chambers publishes his Cyclopaedia.
Meeting of parliament, Jan. 21 ; inquiry into the state of the prisons, Feb. 18;
publication of debates prohibited, 28 ; complaints of Spanish depredations,
March 14; parliament prorogued, May 14; departure of the king for Hanover,
leaving the queen regent, 17 ; proceedings against Dr. Bentley revived at Cam-
bridge, June 2 ; the king returns, Sep. 12 ; treaty with Spain signed at Seville,
28 ; sentence against the Rev. Thomas Woolston, chief-justice Raymond having
declared Christianity to be "part of the law of the land," Nov. 28. The con-
gress at Soissons terminated by the treaty of Seville. Fire at Constantinople :
12,000 houses and 7000 people perish, Sep. 27. Death of Congreve, set. 59, of
Sir Richard Steele, set. 58, of Dr. Samuel Clarke, set. 54, of Antony Collins, set.
53, of J. F. Buddseus, set. 62, and of the Jesuit Hardouin, set. 82. Birth of Gott-
hold Ephraim Lessing. Pope's " Dunciad " published.
Parliament meets, Jan. 13 ; is prorogued, May 15 ; the charter of the East India
Company renewed ; lord Townshend retires from public life, leaving Walpole
undisputed head of the ministry. Plot of the negroes in South Carolina to
murder their masters. The emperor, offended by some of the articles of the
treaty of Seville, collects an army in Milan. The queen of Spain hires English
ships to convey her troops into Italy. Revolt of Corsica against the Genoese.
Death of pope Benedict XIII., sat. 81 ; his successor, cardinal Corsini, takes the
name of Clement XII. The king of Sweden, by the death of his father, inherits
the landgraviate of Hesse Cassel. Six German princes at this time occupy
foreign thrones. Victor Amadeus, king of Sardinia, set. 64, resigns the crown to
his son, Charles Emanuel, Sept. 3. Death of Frederic IV., king of Denmark,
Oct. 12, aet. 54 ; accession of his son Christian VI. The czar Peter II., the last
male of the Romauoff dynasty, dies of the small-pox, Feb. 9, set. 15; he is I
1727 TO 1733 A.D.
639
1.733
Events and Eminent Men.
succeeded by Anne, second datlgflter of Iwan V. Frederic, prince royal of
Prussia, set. 18, is imprisoned by bis father, and bis friend Katte beheaded.
Sultan Achmed III. deposed by the janizaries, and his nephew raised to the
throne, Sept. 17. Bonneval introduces European discipline into the Turkish
army. Colley Cibber made poet laureate. Reaumur introduces his thermo-
meter. The printing of Voltaire's Charles XII. prohibited in France. Death
of Laurence Ensden, poet laureate, of Laurence Echard, set. 59. Birth of the
marquis of Rockingham, of Sol. Gesner, and of Edmund Burke. Commencement
of the publication of Zedler's Lexicon, the first complete Encyclopsedia.
The king opens parliament, Jan. 21 ; treaty with the emperor ; he dissolves his
Ostend company, and Great Britain guarantees his " Pragmatic Sanction,"
March 5 ; the use of Latin in law proceedings abrogated by the Act of 4
Geo. II. c. 26; parliament prorogued, May 7 ; the first execution for forgery,
June 4 ; Blandford in Dorsetshire, and Tiverton in Devonshire, nearly destroyed
by fire, 5 ; Wm. Pulteney struck out of the list of privy councillors and justices
of the peace, July 1. Death of the duke of Parma ; Carlos of Spain succeeds
him, and is also acknowledged as heir to the duchy of Tuscany. The pope's
claim to Parma and Placentia is set aside. Victor Amadeus makes a vain
effort to regain his crown. Charles Emanuel liberates his States from the tem-
poral authority asserted in them by the pope. Formation of the Swedish East
India company, at Gothenburg. Chili convulsed during 27 days, by an earthquake:
Santiago nearly ingulphed. First publication of the " Gentleman's Magazine,"
by Edward Cave. Origin of Methodism, by the preaching of Wesley and Whit-
field. Death of Daniel Defoe, set. 68 ; of Elizabeth Cromwell, daughter of Richard
and grand-daughter of Oliver, set. 82 ; of John Horsley, author of " Britannia
Romana;" and of Charles Boyle, earl of Orrery, editor of the controverted
" Epistle of Phalaris," and after whom George Graham named his astronomical
machine. Birth of Wm. Cowper. of Henry Cavendish, of Adam, afterwards ad-
miral and viscount Duncan, and of George Washington, Feb. 11.
Pacific speech of the king on opening parliament, Jan. 13; grant to Sir Thomas
Loin be for having introduced the silk-engine, April 3 ; parliament prorogued,
June 1 ; the king sets out for Hanover ; queen Caroline regent, 3 ; he returns,
Sept. 26; James Oglethorpe embarks with a colony for Georgia, in America, Nov. 6.
Successful expedition of the Spaniards, under the count de Montemar, against
Oran. Carlos arrives at Parma. Death of Victor Amadeus, Oct. 31, set. 66. Biren,
the favoured lover of the czarina, rules Russia. Ripperda, prime minister in Mo-
rocco. Benjamin Franklin publishes "Poor Richard's Almanac." Voltaire's
" Zaire " first performed. A new theatre opened in Goodman's fields, Oct.2.
Foundation laid of a new edifice for the Bank of England, Aug. 3. Death of
bishop Atterbury, set. 70 ; of the earl of Macclesfield, set. 65 ; and of John Gay,
set. 40. Birth of Lalande, of Haydn, of Warren Hastings, and of Edward
Thurlow, afterwards lord chancellor.
Meeting of parliament, Jan. 16 ; the English government refuses to join the Dutch
in stopping the East India commerce of the Danes and Swedes ; the Excise law
proposed to the Commons, March 14 ; violent opposition to the measure ; petition
of the city of London against it, April 11 ; Walpole abandons the project, par-
liament prorogued, June 11 ; arrival of the prince of Orange, Nov. 7; his mar-
riage to the princess royal deferred by his illness. Death of Frederic Augus-
tus, king of Poland, Feb. 1, set. 63; through the influence of France, Stanislas
Leczinsky is elected to succeed him, Sept. 12 ; Austria and Russia support an
opposite faction in the choice of Frederic Augustus II., son of the deceased king,
Oct. 3 ; Stanislas retires to Dantzic The war of the Polish succession follows ;
Spain and Sai'dinia assist France ; Great Britain and Holland neutral. Charles
Emanuel and marshal Villars conquer Milan ; the French, under the duke of
Berwick, cross the Rhine, and take Kehl. Berkeley, on his return from the Ber-
mudas, made bishop of Cloyne. Publication of Pope's " Essay on Man." Death
of Lord Torrington, aet. 70 ; of Mandeville, aet. 63 ; of Matthew Tindal, set. 76,
and of Thomas Woolston, set. 64. Birth of Frederic, lord North ; of Wieiand,
of Samuel Horsley, afterwards bishop of St. Asaph; and of Joseph Priestley.
640
EEOM THE TEAR
A.D.
1
Hegi-
Otto-
Man Em-
POPE&.
i
Spain. France.
PORTU- PRUS-
WlR-
TEM-
SaxoJBava*
1
Ger-
BA.
pire.
I
GAL. SIA.
BERG.
NY.
RIA.
many.
1734
1147
1148
5 Mah-
mud I.
5 Cle-
ment XI I.
July 12.
35PM-
lipV.
20 Louis
XV.
29 John V
l22Fred-
eric
Wil-
liam 1
2 Chas.
Alex-
ander.
2Fred
Augus
tus 11
khig
of Po-
land.
9Chas
Al-
bert.
24Chas.
VJ.
i
1735
[
1148
1149
6
6
36
21
30
23
3
3
10
25
f
1736
1149
1150
7
7
87 ■
22
31
i4
4
4
11
26—
i
1737
1150
1151
8
8
38
23
32
25
1 Chas.
Eugene.
5
12
1
27
1738
1151
1152
9
9
39
24
33
26
2
6
13
28—
1739
1152
1153
10
10
40
25
j
34
27--
3
14- — -
29
i
1734 TO 1739 A.D.
6*1
Repe-
tition
Dates.'
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
Sar-
dinia.
Tusca-
ny.
Den-
mark.
Swe-
den.
Po-
land.
Rus-
sia.
Hol-
land.
Na- 1 Great
ples. .Britain.
1734
12 Carlo
Ruzzini.
5 Chas
Eman-
uel.
12 Gio-
vanni
Gastone.
5 Chris-
tian VI.
15 Fre-
deric,
land-
grave of
Hesse
Cassel.
2 Fre-
deric
Augus-
tus II.
elector
of Sax-
ony.
5 Anne.
Hein-
sius,
grand
pen-
sion-
ary.
8Geo.II.
June 11. j
m. Prin-
cess
Anne.
1735
1 Luigi
Pisani.
6
13
6
16
3
6
1 Carle
9
1736
2
7
14
7
17
4
7
2
10
ni, Pri.nce
of Wales.
1737
3
8
1 Fran-
cis II.
8
18
5
S
3
11
d. Queen j
Caroline
t>. Pr. Au-
Kusta.
1738
4
9
2
9 —
19
6
9
4
,-.-3
l«.Geo.lIIi
i
1
1739
5
1
10
3
10
'20-
?
10
5
13 — -
l> Pr.Udw,!
Au^ustusll
i
642
FROM THE TEAK
A.D.
1734
Events and Eminent Men.
Parliament meets, Jan. 17 ; motion for the repeal of the Septennial Act negatived,
March 13; marriage of the Princess Royal to the prince of Orange, 15: the
prince naturalized, 21 ; an act against stock-jobbing, 28 ; parliament prorogued,
April 11 .; dissolved, 18 ; departure of the prince and princess for Holland, 22 ;
Dr. Bentley deprived of his mastership by the bishop of Ely, visitor of Trinity
college, 27 ; charge of undue influence in the election of the sixteen Scottish
peers, June 4 ; the new bank of England opened in Threadneedle street, 5. The
imperialists under count Mercy arrive in Italy and cross the Po, May 2 ; marshal
Villars resigns his command, 27, and dies at Turin, June 27, set. 81 ; indecisive
battle at Parma ; Mercy killed, 29 ; the French under marshal Broglio surprised
and defeated at Quistello on the Secchia, Sept. 15 ; Charles Emanuel gains the
victory of Guastalla, 19 ; Carlos enters Naples, and is proclaimed king, May 10 ;
Montemar brings an army from Spain to support him, and defaats the Austrians
at Bitonto, 27 ; takes Gaeta, Aug. 7 ; Charles Edward, son of James' Stuart, the
Px'etender, serves in this Spanish army , prince Eugene takes the command to
oppose the French on the Rhine, but cannot save Philippsburg, which surrenders,
July 21 ; the duke of Berwick killed by a cannon-ball during the siege, June 12,
set. 64; prince Eugene, «t. 71, retires from active service. Dantzic surrenders
to the Russians and Saxons, June 29; Stanislas escapes into Prussia and resigns
his pretensions to the crown of Poland. Dr. John Sterne, bishop of Clogher,
builds and furnishes the printing office of the Dublin university. Montesquieu
publishes his " Considerations sur la Grandeur et la Decadence des Romains,"
and the Abbe Dubos, his History of the French Monarchy. Death of lady
Masham, and of Sir James Thornhill, get. 57. Birth of John Jervis, afterwards
earl St. Vincent, and of Granville Sharpe. University of Gottingen founded.
The new parliament assembles; Arthur Onslow speaker, and treasurer of the
Navy, Jan. 14; a petition against the return of the Scotch peers dismissed, Feb
10 ; the king embarks for the continent, May 9. Sir John Norris sent with a
fleet to Lisbon, to compose a dispute between Spain and Portugal, 27 ; the vice
master of Trinity refuses to read the sentence against Dr. Bentley, which was
therefore never enforced, June 14; parliament prorogued, Aug. 1 ; the king re-
turns, Oct. 16. Carlos lands in Sicily, May 18 ; the island submits to him, and "
is crowned, July 3. Preliminaries of peace signed at Vienna, Oct. 3; Lorraine
and Bar given to Stanislas, during his life, and to France at his death ; the
duke of Lorraine compensated by Tuscany ; Carlos acknowledged king of the
Two Sicilies Paoli takes the lead in erecting an independent republic in Cor-
sica. The king of Spain's youngest son, Louis Antonio, set. 9, is made a cardinal
and archbishop of Toledo. Maria Clementina, wife of James Stuart, the Pre-
tender (see 1719), dies at Rome, Jan. 18. The forfeited estates of the earl of Der-
wentwater given to Greenwich hospital, May 15; a marble statue of the king,
by Rysbrach, placed on the parade there. Bancroft's Hospital founded by the
Drapers' Company. Linnaeus publishes his " Systema Naturas." Voltaire's " Let-
tres Philosophiques " burnt by the hangman. Death of Thomas Hearne, the an-
tiquary, set. 57 ; of the earl of Peterborough, set. 77, and of Dr. Arbuthnot. Birth
of Augustus, duke of Grafton, of the marquis Beccaria, of Wm. Woollett, and of
James Beattie.
Parliament opened by the king Jan. 15 ; the tide rises so high in the Thames, that
Westminster hall is flooded and the counsel conveyed from the courts in boats,
Feb. 16 ; count Kinski, the imperial ambassador, celebrates the marriage of the
archduchess Maria Theresa, by a splendid fete at Somerset House, 18 ; the sta-
tutes against witchcraft repealed, March 5 ; captain Porteous fires on the mob at
Edinburgh, April 14; William Pitt and George Lyttleton distinguish them-
selves as parliamentary orators by panegyrics on the prince of Wales, 16 ; mar-
riage of the prince to Augusta of Saxe Gotha, 27 ; anew Mortmain Act passed,
and parliament prorogued, May 19 ; the king goes to Hanover, 22 ; Porteous con-
demned for murder, June 22 ; reprieved by the queen-regent; dragged from his
prison by the people, and hanged on a sign-post, Sept. 7 ; treaty for keeping a
body of Hessian troops in British pay, Oct. 23. Marriage of Maria Theresa to
Francis, duke of Lorraine, afterwards grand-duke of Tuscany, Feb. 12. Austria
1734 TO 1739 A.D.
643
A.D,
1738
1739
Events and Eminent Men.
and Russia coalesce in a war against the Turks and Tartars; the Russian
general Lascy takes Asof, and ravages the Crimea. Dissensions between the
Spaniards and Portuguese in America. Baron Neuhof, a Prussian, arrives in
Corsica, and is elected king, by the title of Theodore I. A papal Bull issued
against Freemasons. Maupertuis, Clairaut, and other French Academicians pro-
ceed into the North, to examine the figure of the earth. Parliamentary debates
published in the " Gentleman's Magazine," arranged by William Guthrie from
the reporters' notes. Death of prince Eugene of Savoy, set. 72 ; of Bernard
Lintot, the publisher of the principal part of Pope's works, set. 61 : and of Jacob
Tonson the elder, the noted bookseller. Birth of James Watt, and of John Home,
afterwards Home Tooke. The Roman antiquities found in the excavations at
Herculaneum and Pompeii, collected in the museum of Portici. Glass lamps
used in the streets of London.
The king compelled by stress of weather to land at Lowestoff, Jan. 14 ; parliament
meets, Feb. 1 ; dispute between the king and the prince of Wales, 22 ; the Por-
teous Bill, for punishing the city of Edinburgh, June 1 ; theatres placed under the
control of the lord chamberlain ; parliament prorogued, 2. Birth of Augusta,
daughter of the prince of Wales, and afterwards duchess of Brunswick, Aug. 11 ;
the prince of Wales, desired to leave St. James's palace,withdraws to Kew, Sept. 10 ;]
death of queen Caroline, Nov. 20, set. 55. Death of John Gaston, the last of the Me-
dici, July 9, set. 67 ; Francis Stephen resigns Lorraine to Stanislas, and beccmes
grand-duke of Tuscany. Munich, the Russian general, takes Oczakow. Biren
the favourite of the empress Anne, is made duke of Courland. Death of John
Hutchinson, set. 53 ; of the duke of Ripperda, set. 57 ; of Wm. Bowyer the elder,
set. 74 ; and of lord chancellor Talbot, set. 53, who is succeeded by lord Hard-
wicke. Potter appointed archbishop of Canterbury. Foundation of Ratcliffe's
library, Oxford, by his trustees, May 12. Sir John Bernard, lord mayor. Birth
of Edward Gibbon, of Charles Hutton, and of Joseph Nollekens. The palace
of Ildefonso founded by Philip, king of Spain. Fleet market opened.
Meeting of parliament, Jan. 24 ; William Pitt appointed one of the prince of
Wales's gentlemen of the bedchamber, Feb. 21. Debate on the Spanish depre-
dations, and address to the king, March 28 ; parliament prorogued, May 20 ;
birth of George Augustus, son of the prince of Wales, and afterwards George HI.j
May 24, o.s. June 4, n.s. ; collision between the Hanoverians and Danes at Stein-
horst, Oct. 4 ; compromised by the king. The Definitive treaty, confirming the pre-
liminaries of 1735, signed at Vienna, Nov. 18. French auxiliaries, invited by the
Genoese, arrive in Corsica ; flight of Theodore ; Hiacinto, father of Pascal Paoli,
still maintains the contest. Orsova taken by the Turks. The Russians demo-
lish the fortifications of Oczakow, and abandon the place. Sweden divided by the
French party of the " Hats," and the Russian of the '■ Caps ;" the former prevail. |
Publication of Muratori's " Antiquitates Italise medii iEvi," and Warburton's'l
" Divine Legation of Moses." Death of Boerhaave, set. 70, of viscount Towns-
hend, set. 64, and of Beaursobre, tat. 79. Birth of Wm. Herschel, of Charles,!
afterwards marquis Cornwallis, and of James Macpherson. Wesley forms his fir. t
society in London .
Meeting of parliament, Feb. 1 ; the Spanish convention approved by a small ma-
jority in the House of Commons, March 4 ; secession of the leaders of the oppo-l
sition ; resolved by the Commons, that the publication of their debates is a breach
of privilege, April 20 ; parliament prorogued, June 14 ; the king of Spain refuses!
to perform his part of the agreement; an order of council authorizes reprisals to I
be made, July 10; the Spanish ambassador leaves London, Sept. 5; war proclaimed
against Spain, Oct. 23. Parliament called together, Nov. 15; admiral Vernon takes |
Portobello, 20. The Austrian general Wallis defeated by the Turks at Krotzka, !
July 22; the Russians take Choczim and Jassy : a treaty of peace, highly ad-
vantageous to Turkey, is concluded at Belgrade, Sept. 22. A large French
army under Maillebois reduces nearly the whole island of Corsica. Nadir Shah
invades India and takes Delhi. Death of Sir Thomas Lombe, of Pergolesi, and
of R. Keiser, the founder of the German Opera. Birth of Wm. Vincent, and
of Charles Francis Dumourier, the French general.
^ _ _ ,
644
FROM THE TEA.B
A.D.
Hegi-
RA.
1740
1154
1741
1155
1742
1156
1743
1157
1714
1158
1745
1159
1746
1160
1747
1161
1748
1162
Otto
man Em- Pofes
pike
11 Mah-
mud I.
Cle-
ment
XII.
d.Feb6
1 Be-
nedict
XIV
Aug!/
41PM-
lipV
14 |4.
Spain
42-
16 6 146-
France.
26 Louis
XV.
'28
Portu-
gal.
Prus-
sia.
1 Fre-
deric
II. the
Great.
7 j 1 Fer-32
tiinaud
VI
4.2-
4(3-
Wir-
T EM-
BERG
4Chas
Eu-
gene.
Saxo
NY.
8 Fre-
deric
Augus-
tus II
king
of Po-
land.
10 14
11 15
Bava
RIA.
15
Chas.
Albert.
17
empe-
ror of
Ger-
many,
1
Maxi-
milian
Jo-
seph I.
Ger-
many.
50 Chas
VI.
i. Oct. 20
vacant
1 Chas,
VII. of
1 Fran
cis I.
grand
duke of
Tuscany
1740 TO 1748 A.D.
645
"Repe-
tition
Dates.
1741
1743
1746
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
6 Luigi
Pisani
1 Pietro
Grima-
Sardi-
NIA.
HChas
Eman-
uel.
7
Tusca-
ny.
4 Fran
cis II.
DEN-
MARK.
llChris-
tian VI,
Swe-
den.
21Fre-
deric,
land-
grave
of
Hesse
Cassel.
evijit'roi
of
Germany,
Po-
land
8 Fre-
deric
Augus-
tus II.
elector
of Sax-
10-
si;
Hol-
land.
1 I wan Hein-
VI. I sius,
Grand
Pension-
ary.
1 Eliz
abeth.
26 13
1 Frede
ric V.
L2 j 3
29 16
Na-
ples.
S-
1 Wil-
liam IV.
Stat-
holder.
Great
Britain]
14 Geo. I
II. I
June ll.|
b. Princess
Eliza Ca-
roline-
»«■ Prin-
cessMary
17
. Prince
William
Henry.
IS
11 19
b. Prince
Henry
Frederic
20
m. Prin-
cess
Louisa.
22 |
•Princes*
Louisa j
Anne-
646
FROM THE TEAR
i 1740
1741
Birth of Eliza Caroline, daughter of the prince of Wales, Jan. 10; a severe winter ;
Thames frozen; navigation re- opened, Feb. 20; parliament prorogued, April
29 ; the king sets out for Hanover, May 6 ; marriage of his second daughter,
Mary, to Frederic, prince of Hesse Cassel, 8 ; admiral Anson sails for the South
sea, Sept. 18. Sir Chaloner Ogle and lord Cathcart proceed with an expedition
against Spanish America, Oct. ; the king returns and opens the last session of
this parliament, Nov. 18. Death of pope Clement XII., set. 88; he is succeeded
by cardinal Prospero Lambertini, as Benedict XIV. The emperor Charles VI.,
the last male of the house of Habsburg, dies of the cholera, Oct. 20, set. 55, having
just entered the thirtieth year of his reign; he is succeeded in his hereditary
States, in virtue of the Pragmatic Sanction, by his eldest daughter, Maria Theresa,
who takes the title of queen of Hungary, and proclaims her husband, Francis,
co-regent. The imperial throne remains for a time vacant. Death, of Frederic
William, king of Prussia, May 31, set. 51 ; his son, Frederic II., to whom the
surname of the Great has since been given, claims and takes possession of some
lordships in Silesia. The czarina Anne compels prince Galitzin to marry a girl
of low birth, builds them a palace of ice, and celebrates the wedding with many
strange ceremonies; she dies, Oct. 28, set. 47, bequeathing the empire to her
great nephew, Iwan VI., an infant two months old, and appoints Biren regent and
guardian. The general Munich conspires against Biren, sends him to Siberia,
and gives the regency to Anne, mother of the young czar, Nov. 28. A treaty
concluded between Russia and Prussia ; and annulled in three weeks by Oster-
mann, who supplants Munich, and induces the regent Anne to form an alliance
with the queen of Hungary. The elector of Bavaria lays claim to the hereditary
States of Austria. The French retain Corsica. Death of Thomas Tickell, set.
54, of Daniel Waterland, set. 57, of Philip Baratier, set. 20, of count Zinzendorf,
set. 70, of Sir William Wyndham, set. 53, and of Ephraim Chambers. Birthj of
John Rennel, and of Henry Dundas, afterwards viscount Melville. The first cir-
culating library in London, established by Wright, 132 Strand. Samuel (Dr.)
Johnson prepares the parliamentary debates for the " Gentleman's Magazine."
Motions for the removal of Sir Robert Walpole, defeated in both houses of parlia-
ment by large majorities, Feb. 13 ; Great Britain, as guarantee of the Pragmatic
Sanction, is called upon by Maria Theresa to furnish the troops stipulated by
treaty for her defence, April 8 ; the Danish and Hessian mercenaries are placed
at her disposal ; the king secures the neutrality of Hanover, by agreeing to vote
for the elector of Bavaria as emperor. Parliament prorogued, 25; dissolved, 28
the king goes to Hanover, May 6; misconduct and failure of admiral Vernon and
general Wentworth in their attack on Carthagena ; letters to important com-
mercial cities dispatched daily (Sundays excepted), instead of three times per
week, June 24; Woolwich military academy instituted, 25; arrival of the king
from Hanover, Oct, 20; royal speech on the opening of the new parliament,
Dec. 4 ; Sir Robert Walpole defeated on the question of the Westminster
election. Maria Theresa gives birth to a son, the future emperor Joseph
II., March 13. The king of Prussia takes Breslan, Jan. 3; defeats the Aus-
trians at Molwitz, April 10, and is master of all Silesia. A French army enters
Germany, is joined by the Bavarians and Saxons, and invades Bohemia. Prague
is taken by assault, Nov. 26, and Charles Albert, elector of Bavaria, is crowned
there, king of Bohemia, Dec. 9. Maria Theresa is crowned at Presburg, June
14, and appeals to the loyalty of the Hungarians ; great enthusiasm is excited
among them, and in Austria, for her defence. The king of Sardinia embraces
her cause; he and George II. are the only two sovereigns who respect their
obligations, as guarantees of the Pragmatic Sanction. Holland remains neutral.
The kings of Spain and Naples collect an army at Orbitello, and prepare to in-
vade Milan. Another revolution places Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great,
on the throne of Russia ; the child Iwan and his parents are imprisoned ; Munich
and Ostermann sent to Siberia ; war with Sweden. Death of J. G. Heineccius, set.
60 ; of Thomas Emlyn ; of Charles Rollin, set. 80 ; of Montfaucon, set. 86 ; oi D. E.
Jablonski ; and of Thomas Morgan. Two distinct sections of Methodists formed
under Wesley and Whitfield. Garrick's first appearance on the stage at Ipswich.
J740 TO 1744 A.D.
647
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
1743
Mr. Pulteney's motion for a committee on the management of the war, defeated by
a majority of only three, Jan. 21 ; on the question of the Chippenham election
Sir Robert Walpole is left in a minority of sixteen, Feb. 2 ; parliament adjourns
for fifteen days., 3 ; Walpole created earl of Orford, 'with a pension of £4,000 i
year, 8 ; resigns all his offices, 11 ; partial change of ministers ; the earl of Wil
mington, lord treasurer, and Mr. Sandys, chancellor of the exchequer, 17 ; Mr. Pul
teney takes no office, but a seat in the cabinet ; vote of the Commons for a com
mittee to inquire into the conduct of the late government, March 23 ; motion for
the repeal of the Septennial Act negatived, April 15 ; the committee of inquiry de-
feated by the Lords, May 25 ; the earl of Orford withdraws from public life, and
spends his remaining years in retirement ; Pulteney, created earl of Bath, loses
his influence ; parliament prorogued, July 15; Dr. Hoadley made archbishop of
Armagh and primate of Ireland, Oct. 29; parliament re-assembles, Nov. 16;
treaty between Great Britain and Prussia, 18. Charles Albert, elector of Bavaria,
chosen emperor, at Frankfort, Jan. 24 ; protest of the queen of Hungary ; her
army invades his electorate and takes Munich, Feb 13; through the mediation
of George II., she concludes a treaty of peace with the king of Prussia at Breslau,
ceding to him the greater part of Silesia, June 11 ; and with the elector of Sax-
ony. The French and Bavarians are expelled from Bohemia. Campaign of the
king of Sardinia against Reggio and Modena ; a Spanish army occupies Savoy,
but is driven back by him into France. The Swedish army surrenders to the
Russian general Lascy at Helsingfors ; Finland submits to him. Charles Peter
Ulrich, duke of Holstein, refuses the offer of succeeding to the crown of Sweden,
and is nominated by Elizabeth heir to that of Russia. Death of queen Ulrica
Eleanora. Death of Halley, set. 86, of Bentley, sat. 80 ; of William Somerville, Bet.
50 ; of Massillon, set. 79. Garrick performs at the theatre in Goodman's Fields.
Parliament prorogued, April 21; the king departs for Germany, 27; takes the
command of the combined anny at Aschaffenburg, June 9 ; defeats the duke de
Noailles at Dettingen, 16. Treaty between Great Britain and Russia, 23 ; the
earl of Orford still the private adviser of the king ; on his recommendation Mr.
Pelham is appointed first lord of the treasury, in the room of the earl of Wil-
mington, deceased, aet. 71, July 26. The chapel of Henry VII. in Westminster
Abbey closed for the day, to prevent Catholic devotions at the shrine of Edward
the Confessor, Oct. 12; public rejoicing on the return of the king, Nov. 15; par-
liament opened, Dec. 1 ; Henry Fox appointed a lord of the treasury, 22. Charles
Edward Stuart joins the expedition preparing in France against Great Bri-
tain, Dec. Death of cardinal Fleury, Jan. 29, aet. 90. The policy of France
becomes more warlike, and the profligacy of the court unrestrained. After the
battle of Dettingen, the French withdraw from Germany; the Austrians cross
the Rhine, enter Alsace and Lorraine ; another army under count Traun supports
the king of Sardinia against the Spanish general count de Gages. Admiral
Matthews with a British fleet compels the king of Naples to neutrality, and by
blockading Genoa, intercepts a Spanish convoy of artillery and ammunition.
Peace of Abo. Russia restores the greater part of Finland to the Swedes, on
condition of their electing Adolphus Frederic, duke of Holstein Gottorp and
bishop of Eutin, as successor to their throne. Death of the duke of Argyle, set.
65, and of Richard Savage, set. 43. Birth of Joseph Banks, of Antony Laurence
Lavoisier, and of Wm. Paley. Muratori completes his " Antiquitates Italise."
Johnson ceases to report the Debates in parliament, writes his Life of Savage.
The British fleet under admiral Matthews encounters the French and Spanish off
Toulon ; but, through the misconduct of some of his officers, the combined squad-
rons escape, Feb. 9 ; the king informs parliament of the preparations in France
to support the Pretender, 15; the French expedition arrives off Dungeness, 24 ;
on the approach of Sir John Norris, sails away ; is destroyed or damaged by a
storm ; the enterprise is abandoned, and Charles Edward returns to Paris. War
declared by France against Great Britain, March 20, and in London against
France, 31. Court martial on the officers of the Mediterranean fleet; some are
cashiered; parliament prorogued. May 12; commodore Anson returns, having
sailed round the globe and made many rich prizes, June 14 ; the treasure brought
home by him, amounting to £1,250,000, is conveyed to the Tower in thirty-two
648
FROM THE TEAR
A.D. !
1744 I
conti-
nued.
Events and Eminent Men.
wagons, July 4. Lord Carteret, created earl Granville, resigns his office of
secretary of State, Nov. 22 ; session of parliament begins, 27 ; the " Broad Bottom
Ministry," formed by a coalition of parties ; Pelham retains the lead , Pitt ex-
cluded by the king's personal dislike, supports the government ; Bubb Dodding-
ton treasurer of the navy. The emperor solicits peace, the preliminaries settled
at Hanau, under the mediation of Great Britain, are rejected by Maria Theresa;
a new league formed against her. Louis XV. declares war against her and the
United Provinces ; takes the field in person, and invades the Netherlands ; at-
tacked by serious illness at Metz, he receives from his subjects the surname of
Le Men aime. The king of Prussia renews hostilities, invades Bohemia, and
takes Prague; on the approach of an Austrian army under prince Charles of
Lorraine, he withdraws into Silesia. The emperor recovers Bavaria. The king
of Sweden, as landgrave of Hesse Cassel, joins the confederacy. 'Prince Lob-
kowitz drives the Spaniards out of Lombardy into Naples ; the forces of that
kingdom arrest his progress at Velletri. Under the dominion of Prussia the
Protestants of Silesia are freed from the restraints imposed by Austria, and in-
crease in numbers. Incorporation of Worcester College, Oxford. Death of Alex-
ander Pope, set. 56, and of Sarah, widow of the great duke of Marlborough, set.
85. Birth of Johann Gottfried Herder.
motion for annual parliaments negatived in the Ilonse of Commons by 145 to 113,
Jan. 24. Conspiracy of the negroes in Jamaica discovered and punished, Feb. 2.
Marshal Belleisle brought a prisoner to Windsor castle, 19. Death of Robert
Walpole, earl of Orford, March 18, jet. 71. The duke of Cumberland takes the
command of the allied army in Flanders, April 9 ; is defeated by marshal de
Saxe at Fontenoy, 30. Parliament prorogued May 2 ; the king goes to Hanover,
10. Louisbourg and the isle of Cape Breton taken from the French, July 17.
Two Spanish ships, with three millions of dollars, captured, July 30. Charles
Edward Stuart, with some Scotch partisans, sails from Port St. Nazaire, 14, and
lands in the Hebrides. Marshal Belleisle exchanged, Aug. 12. The king returns
from Hanover, 31. Rebellion in Scotland, the Pretender proclaimed at Perth,
Sept. 4 ; at Edinburgh, 16. Sir John Cope defeated by the Highlanders at Pres-
ton Pans or Glaidsmuir, 21. Admiral Rowley commands the Mediterranean
fleet, bombards Genoa, 26; Finale and St, Remo. Meeting of parliament, Oct.
18. Habeas Corpus act suspended, 21. Unanimity and enthusiasm of England to
oppose the rebellion; 60,000 volunteer to take arms. The duke of Cumberland
returns from the Netherlands with part of his army. Charles Edward enters
England, Nov. 6 ; takes Carlisle, 15. Admiral Rowley attacks Bastia, and com-
pels the Genoese governor to give it up to the revolted Corsicans, 17. Charles
Edward reaches Lancaster, 24 ; the earl of Derwentwater and other Jacobites,
on their way from France to Scotland, are captured and brought to Deal, 25;
the rebels occupy Manchester-, 28. The duke of Cumberland arrives at Litchfield.
The rebels at Macclesfield, Dec. 1 ; at Derby, 4 ; general Wade arrives at Weth-
erby, and threatens their rear, 5 ; they commence their retreat, 6 ; return to
Manchester, 9 ; to Preston, 12 ; leave their English adherents to garrison Carlisle,
19 ; arrive at Glasgow, 25 ; surrender of Carlisle to the duke of Cumberland, 30.
Death of the emperor Charles Albert, Jan. 20, set. 48; his son secures Bavaria,
and obtains peace from Maria Theresa, by giving his vote to her consort Francis,
who is elected emperor at Frankfort, Sept. 13 n. s., and crowned, Oct. 4. The king
of Prussia defeats the Austrians and Saxons atFriedberg, Sohr, andPirna; conquers
the electorate of Saxony ; under the mediation of Great Britain, concludes a treaty
of peace at Dresden, Dec. 25; restores Saxony, is confirmed in possession of
Silesia, and acknowledges the new emperor. After their victory at Fontenoy,
the French subdue the greater part of the Austrian Netherlands ; in conjunction
with the Spaniards, they conquer Savoy, Parma, and Milan. Charles Peter Ul-
rich the destined heir of the Russian empire, marries Sophia Augusta, princes-s
of Anhalt Zerbst, who, on her being adopted into the Greek church, takes the
name of Katharine, by which she afterwards becomes so celebrated. Death of
Swift, set. 78, and of Wm. Broome, set. 56. Birth of William Scott, afterwards
lord s'towel. The " Biographia Britannica " undertaken by John Campbell.
1744 TO 1748 A.D.
649
A.D,
1747
Events and Eminent Men.
The king calls upon the parliament to assist t'he Dutch, who are threatened by
France, Jan. 14. General Hawley defeated by the rebels at Falkirk, 17; the
duke of Cumberland arrives at Edinburgh. Changes in the ministry, Feb. 10 ;
the duke of Newcastle and his friends recalled, 14. Mr. Pitt appointed to office,
22. Battle of Culloden, April 16 ; the rebellion crushed ; Charles Edward
conceals himself among the mountains, and eventually escapes to France; many
of his adherents are made prisoners. The Commons vote £40,000 a year to the
duke of Cumberland, May 14. Mr. Pitt made a privy councillor, 31. The admi-
rals of the Mediterranean fleet tried for their conduct in the engagement of Feb.
1744 ; Lestock acquitted, June 3. The Highlanders forbidden by Act of par-
liament to wear their national dress, Aug. 12. Lords Kilmarnock and Balmerino
beheaded , 18 ; many inferior officers are executed at York, Carlisle, and other
places, and the privates transported. Madras surrenders to the French, Sept.
14. Admiral Matthews dismissed the service, Oct. 22. Parliament re-assembles,
Nov. 18. Charles Ratcliffe, who had assumed the forfeited title of earl of Derwent-
water, beheaded, Dec. 8. An expedition against L'Orient obtains no signal success,
and returns to England, Oct. 17. The French take Brussels, Antwerp, Namur,
and all the Austrian Netherlands ; marshal Saxe defeats the allied army at Rau-
coux, Oct. 1. The king of Sardinia and the Austrians drive the French out of
Italy; victory of S. Lazzaro, June 4; of Potto Freddo, Aug. 9; surrender of
Genoa, Nov. 9 ; invasion of Provence, 22 ; the Genoese recover their city, Dec.
10. Deatli of Philip V., July 9, set. 63 ; his son, Ferdinand VI., succeeds. Mar-
riage of Louisa, youngest daughter of George II., to Frederic, prince of Denmark ;
his accession to the throne follows soon after, on the death of his father, Chris-
tian VI., Aug. 6, set. 47. The marchioness de Pompadour, mistress of Louis XV.
Lima destroyed by an earthquake, and Callao by a sudden elevation of the sea.
Death of Colin Maclaurin, set. 50; of Thomas Southern, set. 86, of Francis Fagel,
set. 87, and of count Ostermann, ret. 70. Birth of William Jones. Fielding's
novel of " Tom Jones" produced.
Lord Lovat beheaded, set. 80, April 9. Edward Cave brought before the House of
Commons for publishing their debates, 30. Admirals Anson and Warren defeat
the Freneh fleet off Cape Finisterre, May 3 ; Anson made a peer. Forty French
ships captured by commodore Fox, off Cape Ortegal, June 16. Parliament pro-
rogued, 17 ; dissolved, 18. Charles Edward Stuart received by the pope, and his
brother, Henry Benedict, created cardinal of York, July 3. Admiral Hawke
defeats the French fleet off Belleisle, Oct. 14. Meeting of the new parliament,
Nov. 10 ; the ministry popular. The French invade Dutch Brabant and threaten
Zealand. The prince of Orange appointed hereditary statholder of the United
Provinces, May 2. Marshal Saxe defeats the duke of Cumberland at Laffeld,
June 20. Bergen op Zoom surrenders, Sept. 16. Siege of Genoa by the Austrians,
March 31 ; raised, June 10. The chevalier de Belleisle defeated and slain at
Exilles, July 8. Louis XV. makes overtures of peace ; negotiations commence
at Aix- la Chapelle. Death of Archbishop Potter, A-t. 73, of Thomas Hutcheson,
aet. 53, «,nd of Michael Mattaire, set. 79. Birth of Samuel Parr. Territorial im-
munities and hereditary jurisdiction abolished in Scotland.
Prorogation of Parliament, and departure of the king for Hanover, May 13 ; birth
of Louisa Anne, daughter of the prince of Wales, 29. A cessation of hostilities
proclaimed, Aug. 10; admiral Knowles defeats a Spanish squadron off the
Havanna, Oct. 1 ; admiral Boscawen fails in an attack on Pondicherry, 6 ; peace
of Aix la Chapelle, 7 ; return of the king, Nov. 23 ; parliament opened, 29. The
prince of Wales and lord Bolingbroke direct the opposition, who condemn the
articles of the treaty. Charles Edward Stuart, resisting the stipulation for his
removal from Paris, is imprisoned at Vincennes, Dec. 10 ; he submits, and is re-
ceived by the papal legate at Avignon. Maestrecht besieged by the French,
April 16 ; surrendered on the signature of the preliminaries, 30, in pledge for
the ratification of the treaty. Deatli of James Thomson, set. 48; of Christopher
Pitt, aet. 29, and of Dr. Isaac Watts, set. 74. Birth of Charles James Fox, of
Goethe, of Cuthbert Collingwood, afterwards admiral and lord, and of John Mit-
ford, afterwards lord Eedesdale. Richardson publishes his " Clarissa Harlowe."
650
EROM THE TEAR
A,D.
Hegi-
Otto-
man Em-
Popes.
Spain.
France.
Portu-
Prus-
Wir-
TEM-
Sax-
Bava-
Ger-
RA.
pire.
gal.
sia.
BERG.
ony.
ria.
many.
1749
1163
20 Mah-
mud I.
10 Be-
nedict
XIV.
iu-. 17-
4 Fer-
dinand
VI.
35 Louis
XV.
44 John V
lOFre-
deric
II. the
Great.
13
Chas.
Eu-
gene.
^Fre-
deric
Augus-
tusll.
kivg
of Po-
land.
5
Maxi-
milian
Jo-
seph I.
5 Fran-
cis I.
grand-
duke of
Tus-
cany.
1750
1164
21
11
5
36
1 Joseph
Eman-
uel.
11
14
18
6
1751
1165
22
12
6
37
2
12
15
19
7
7
1752
1166
23
13
7
38
3
13
16
20
8
8
1753
1167
1168
24
14 —
8
39
4
14
17
21
9
9
1754
1168
1169
1 Os-
man III.
15
9
40
5
15
18
22
10
10
1755
1169
1170
2
16
10—
41 —
6 —
16
19
23
11
1
11
1
1749 TO 1755 A.D.
651
Repe-
tition
Dates.
1750
1752
Doges
of Ve-
nice.
9 Pietro
Grimani
11
Venice
ceases to
have any
influence
on the
course of
events in
Europe.
The suc-
cession of
Doges has
no longer
any inte-
rest. The
republic
is finally
absorbed
in the
conquests
of France
in 1797.
Sar-
dinia,
20
Chas.
Ema-
nuel.
Tus-
cany.
13 Fran-
cis II.
emperor
of Ger-
many.
Den-
mark.
4F«
Swe-
den.
23-
lAdol-
plms
Fre-
deric
30Fre-
deric,
land-
grave
of
Hesse
Cassel.
Po-
land.
17Fre
deric
Au-.II
elector
of Sax
ony.
20-
RUSSIA,
9 Eliza-
beth.
Hol-
land.
3 Willi
am IV.
stat-
1 Willi
am V.
Naples
15 Carlo
Gbeat
Britain,
23 Geo.
II.
June 11
24 —
b. Prince
Frederic
William.
> Princess
Caroline
Matilda.
28
652
FROM THE YEAB
L..D.
1749
Events and Eminent
1750
1751
1752
Parliament prorogued, June 13 ; meets again, Nov. 16. Hotly contested election in
Westminster, Dec. 8. England and other parts of Europe infested by flights of
locusts, and a distemper among cattle. Death of lord Cobham, <et. 74, of Am-
brose. Philips, set. 74, and of William Ged, who attempted unsuccessfully in 1731
to introduce the art of stereotype or block-printing. Birth of Alfieri, of La
Place, of John Playfair, of Edward Jenner, of Jeremy Bentham, of Mirabeau,
of Fitzgibbon, afterwards lord Clare, and of Tippoo Saib. A French theatre in-
troduced in London. Buffon publishes the first part of his " Histoire Naturelle."
Rousseau receives a prize from the academy of Dijon for his Essay on the Arts
and Sciences.
A riot at Tiverton against the introduction of Irish worsted yarns, Jan. 16. A
shock of an earthquake in London, March 8. The compensations awarded for
the Scotch heritable jurisdictions paid at the Exchequer, April 4. ' Reduction of
the rate of interest on the national debt. Parliament prorogued, 12. The king
goes to Hanover, 16. Birth of Frederic William, the prince of Wales' fifth son,
May 24. The state of the prisons in England produces malignant fevers. The
excessive heat in the middle of July causes a general drought and a great de-
struction of fish by the drying up of inland waters. The Pretender secretly
visits London in September, and retires disappointed. Westminster bridge
opened, Nov. 17. Bounties granted and a company formed, to encourage the
British white herring and cod fisheries. Discussions with France relative to the
boundary line between Nova Scotia and Canada. Intrigues of M. Dupleix in India.
Treaty of commerce with Spain. Death of John V., king of Portugal, July 31,
set. 61 ; his son, Joseph Emanuel, succeeds. Death of Marshal Saxe, aet. 56, of Dr.
Conyers Middleton, ajt. 67, and of Ludovico Antonio Muratori, ret. 78. Birth of
Thomas, afterwards lord Erskine, of Charles Butler, of John Philpot Curran, of
William Windham, of Thomas Graham, afterwards lord Lynedoch, of Abraham
Gott.lob Werner, of Edward Whitaker, of Ali Pacha, and of Kleber the French
general. Dr. Johnson publishes his first " Rambler."
Parliament meets, Jan. 17. Death of Frederic, prince of Wales, March 20, set. 44.
A royal message recommends provision to be made for a regency, in the event of
the crown descending to a minor, April 26. Debates on the Westminster elec-
tion, and committal of Mr. Murray to Newgate. Prince Frederic of Hesse Cas-
sel, husband of the princess Mary, turns Roman Catholic. Parliament prorogued,
June 24. Birth of Caroline Matilda, fourth daughter of the late prince of Wales,
and afterwards queen of Denmark, July 22. The act of parliament 24 Geo. II.
c. 23, orders the Gregorian, or New Style (see 1582), to be used in Great Britain
and Ireland, in and after the year 1752. Death of the king's son-in-law, the stat>|
holder, William IV., Oct. 22, set. 40 ; his widow, the princess Anne, administers]
the authority inherited by their son, William V., set. 3. Parliament assembles,
Nov. 14. Debate on the Westminster election resumed, and Mr. Murray again
committed to Newgate, 20. Death of the king's youngest daughter, Louisa,
queen of Denmark. Dec. 8, aet. 27. Death of Henry St. John, viscount Boling-
broke, Nov. 15, set. 73. Mr. Clive distinguishes himself in India ; takes Arcot,
repulses the assault of Rajah Saib, Oct. 14 ; defeats the French and their Indian
allies at Aranie, Dec 3. The " Ecole Militaire" established at Paris. Death
of Frederic, king of Sweden and landgrave of Hesse Cassel, April 5, aet. 75 ; lie
is succeeded in Sweden by Adolphns Frederic, duke of Holstein Gottorp (see
1743). Death of D'Aguesseau, chancellor of France, set. 83, of Captain Coram,
originator of the Foundling Hospital, of Dr. Doddridge, set. 50, and of cardinal
Alberoni, set. 88. Birth of R. B. Sheridan, and of John Scott, afterwards lord
Eldon. Diderot and D'Alembert commence the publication of the " Encyclo-
pedic" Theodore, nominal king of Corsica, imprisoned in London for debt.
Commencement of the legal year, Jan. 1, instead of March 25. Parliament pro-
rogued, March 26. The king goes to Hanover, 31. Introduction of the New-
Style throughout the British dominions, by omitting eleven nominal days
after Sept. 2, and dating the next day Sept. 14, instead of the third. Richmond
park opened to the public, Dec. 20. M. D'Anteuil and the French forces under
his command srirrender to major Lawrence and Mr. Clive. Chunda Saib, nabob
of Arcot, slain. Death of Jospph Butler, bishop of Dnrham, aat, 60, of Thomas,
1749 TO 1755 A.D.
65;
A.D.
1754
Events and Eminent Men.
Stackhouse, set. 72, and of William Whiston, set. 85. Birth of Gaetano Filan-
gieri, and of Thomas Chatterton. Franklin, by his electrical kite, ascertains
the nature of lightning, and invents the conductor. Execution of Elizabeth Jef-
freys for the murder of her uncle. March 11, and of Miss Blandy, for poisoning
her father, April 6.
Sir Hans Sloane dies, Jan. 11. 8Bt. 93; his library, antiquities, and collection of
natural curiosities form the commencement of the British Museum. Parliament
meets, Jan. 11. Act passed for naturalizing Jews, May. Dr. Cameron executed
for his participation in the Scotch rebellion, June 7. Act for the prevention of
clandestine marriages, 25 Geo. II. c. 33. Registration bill thrown out by the
Lords, Parliament prorogued, June. Riots against turnpikes and the high
price of bread. Parliament opened by the king, Nov. 15. First meeting of the
trustees of the British Museum, Dec. 4. The king of Prussia regarded with
jealousy by other potentates. Amicable termination of the discussions between
him and George II. respecting East Friesland and the Silesian loan. Secret
alliance between Austria and Russia. Continued disagreement between Gr,eat
Britain and France, respecting the limits of Nova Scotia. The New Style
adopted in Sweden, March 1. Handel's "Messiah" performed in the chapel of
the Foundling Hospital, May 1. Death of Berkeley, bishop of Cloyne, set. 69.
Birth of Dugald Stewart and William Roscoe. Richardson's " Sir Cbarles
Grandison" printed in Ireland before publication. Imposture of Elizabeth Can-
ning.
A squadron dispatched to the East Indies under admiral Watson, Jan. 22. Death
of Mr. Pelhain, March 6, set. 58. The duke of Newcastle lord treasurer, and Mr.
Legge chancellor of the exchequer. Parliament prorogued, April 6 ; dissolved,
8. Murray attorney-general, 20 Encroachments of the French in North
America. Washington, colonel of a provincial regiment, sent from Virginia to
drive them from the Ohio, is defeated and made prisoner, July 3 ; the remon-
strances of the English ambassador disregarded by the French government.
The new parliament opened, Nov. 14. Wm. Pitt and Henry Fox unite in oppo-
sition to the minister. Dupleix recalled from India and replaced by Godehen,
who concludes a provisional treaty with the English governor at Pondicherry,
Dec. 26. Birth of the dauphin's son, afterwards Louis XVI., Aug. 23. Pascal
Paoli heads a revolt in Corsica against the Genoese. Death of Thomas Carte,
set. 68, of Henry Fielding, set. 47, of Johan Jacob Wetstein, set. 61, of Edward
Cave, set. 63, and of Dr. Richard Mead, set. 81. Birth of Talleyrand, of Francis,
lord Rawdon, afterwards earl of Moira, and marquis of Hastings ; of Charles, lord
Whitworth, and of George Crabbe. Hume commences the publication of his
History of England.
Great preparations for war made in England ; general Braddock takes troops to
Virginia, Jan. 14. Parliament prorogued, April 25. Admiral Boscawen s'ails
with his fleet for Newfoundland, 27. The king goes to Hanover, 28. Capture of
the Alcide and Lys by Boscawen. The French ambassador recalled. Braddock
defeated and slain near fort Du Quesne, July 9. Expedition of general Johnson
against Crown Point, Aug. 8 ; he defeats the French under baron Dieskau, and
takes him prisoner. Return of the king from Hanover, Sept. 15. Treaty with
the empress of Russia, 30. Earthquake at Lisbon, Nov. 1. Mr. Fox appointed
secretary of State, 10. Parliament assembles, 13 ; sanctions the treaties entered
into by the king ; votes £100,000 for the relief of the sufferers at Lisbon, 28.
Eddystone Lighthouse burnt, Dec. 4. The king of France prepares to attack
Hanover, which Russia is to defend. The king of Prussia declares that lie will
resist the entrance of any foreign troops whatever into Germany. Birth of the
dauphin's son, afteinvards Louis XVIII., Nov. 17. Ministry of count Kaunitz at
Vienna, and of Don Ricardo Wall at Madrid. The Jesuits banished from court,
in Spain and Portugal. Death o* Mosheim, set. 60, and of Montesquieu, set. 66.
Birth of George Ponsonby, and of Lefevre, afterwards French marshal. Publi-
cation of Johnson's Dictionary. Mr. Beckford's mansion at Fonthill destroyed
by fire, Feb. 12. Quito in Peru overthrown by an earthquake, April 21. The
marble 3tatue of Sir Isaac Newton, byRoubilliac, placed in the chapel of Trinity
Collego. Cambridge, July 4.
654
FliOM THE YEAF
A.D.
Hegi-
Otto- 1
man Em- Popes.
Spain
France
PORTU
Prus-
Wtr-
TEM.
Saxo- Bava
- Ger-
RA,
pjre.
GAL.
sia.
BERG.
NY.
RIA.
many.
1756
1170
1171
3 Osman
III.
17 Bene-
dictXIV'
Aug. 17-
llFer-
dinand
VI.
42 Louis
XV.
7 Josepl
Eman
uel.
17 Fre-
deric
II. the
Great.
20Chas
Eugene
24Fre
deric
AugU8
tus II
king
of Po.
land.
- 1-Max
imiliar
Joseph
^Fran-
cis I.
Grand
dukeof
Tus-
cany.
1757
1171
1172
1 Musta-
fa III.
18
12
43
8
18
21
25
13
13
1758
1172
1173
2
rf.May3.
1 Cle-
ment
XIII.
July 6.
13
44
9
19
22
26
14
1759
1173
1174
3
2
1 Chas
HI.
45
10-
20
23
11
15
1760
1174
1175
4
3
2
46
11
21
24
28
16
16
1761
1175
1176
5
4
3
47
12
22
25
29
17
17
1762
1176
1177
6
5
48
13
23
26
30
1
18
18
1763
1177
1178
7
6
5
49
14-J
24
27
1 Fre-
deric
Augu3-
usIII.
19
19
j
1756 TO 1763 A.D.
655
Repe-
tition
Dates.
Sardi-
nia.
Tusca-
ny.
Den-
mark.
Swe-
den.
Po-
land.
Russia.
Hol-
land.
Naples.
Great
Britain.
1756
27 Chas.
Eman-
uel.
20 Fran-
cis II.
emperor
of Ger-
many.
llFrede-
ric V.
6 Adol-
phus
Frederic
24 Fre-
deric
Augus-
tus II.
elector of
Saxony.
16 Eliza-
beth.
6 Wil-
liam V.
22 Carlo
30 Geo. II.
June 11.
1757
28
21
12
7
25
17
7
23
31
1758
29
22 — -
13
8
26
18 — -
8
24
32
1759
30
23 — -
14 —
9
27
19 — -
9
1 Ferdi-
nand IV.
33
d. Princess
of Orange.
d. PrincesB
Elizabeth
Caroline.
1760
31
24
15
10 —
28
20
10 —
2 —
34-
d. Oct. 25.
1 Geo. Ill,
Oct 25.
1761
32
25
16
11
29
21
11
3
2
m. Queen
Charlotte.
1762
33
l
26 ■
17
12
30
1 Peter
III.
1 Katha-
rine II.
12
4
h. Geo. IV.
1763
34
27
IS
13
Anar-
chy.
2 - —
13
5
4
b, Frederic,
duke of
York.
656
FKOM THE YEAB
A.D.
1756
1757
Events and Eminent Men.
The hostile acts of the last two years lead to the Seven Years' War. Treaty be-
tween Great Britain and Prussia, Jan. 16. British vessels seized in the French-
ports, and their crews imprisoned, Feb. 17. General embargo on all shipping in
British ports, March 3, Admiral Byng sails for the Mediterranean, April 7.
The French land in Minorca, IS. War declared against France, M-ay 18. Byng
makes a feeble attack on the French fleet, 20 ; fails to relieve Minorca, and' re-
turns to Gibraltar ; is superseded by Sir Edward Hawke, June 16. Calcutta
taken by Rajah al Dowlah ; sufferings of the prisoners in the Black Hole, June
18. Colonel Bradstreet defeats the French on the Onondaga, July 3. General
Blakeney surrenders Minorca, 7. Parliament, prorogued, 18. Lord Loudoun
takes the command of the forces in North America, 29. Admiral Byng confined
in Greenwich Hospital, Aug. 9. Fort Oswego taken by the French under Mont-
calm, 16. The attorney-general Murray appointed lord Chief-Justice and baron
Mansfield, Nov. 6. The duke of Newcastle resigns ; Mr. Pitt and his friends are
called into office, 11. Parliament meets, Dec. 2. Mr. Fox resigns; Mr. Pitt takes
his place as secretary of State, 4. Admiral Byng brought to trial at Portsmouth,
27, Colonel Clive and admiral Watson proceed up the Ganges, and prepare
to recover Calcutta. Alliance of Austria, France, and Russia. The king of
Prussia takes possession of Saxony ; the elector retires to Warsaw ; his army
surrenders; the Prussians enter Bohemia; battle of Lowositz ; both armies
claim the victory, and both retreat. Conspiracy in Sweden to render the king
absolute. Brahe, Horn, and other nobles beheaded. Death of Theodore, nomi-
nal king of Corsica. Birth of Kosciusko, of Sarah Kemble, afterwards Mrs.
Siddons, of Aug. Wm. Iffland, of Mozart, and of Gambier, admiral and lord. The
Foundling Hospital, London, opened for the reception of children, June 2.
Scarcity of corn in England ; Acts passed to relieve it. Calcutta re-taken by ad-
miral Watson and colonel Clive, Jan. 1. Byng condemued, 28 ; warrant for his
execution, Feb. 6. Rajah al Dowlat compelled to sign a treaty of peace. Byng
executed, March 14. The French fort of Chandernagore on the Ganges taken,
28. P-itt and Legge dismissed from office, April 9. Battle of Plassy, June 23.
Rajah al Dowlab defeated and deposed; he is put to death by Meer Jaffier.
Pitt restored to office and placed at the head of the ministry, 28. Parliament
prorogued, July 4. The duke of Cumberland commands the allied army in Han-
over ; allows the French under marshal D'Estrees to pass the Weser, 10 ; is de-
feated by him at Hartenbeck. 25. Inactivity of Loudoun, and progress of the
Freneh in North America. Montcalm takes Fort William Henry, Aug. 9. Han-
over, Gottingen, and Cassel oceupied by the French, 10. Death of admiral Wat-
son, 16. The duke of Cumberland capitulates at Closter Seven, Sept. 8. Expe-
dition against the coast of France ; the isle of Aix taken, Sept. 23; attack on
Rochfort abandoned ; return of the expedition ; the duke of Cumberland resigns
his commissions, Oct. 11. Sir John Ligonier commander-in-chief, 29. Parliament
opened, Dec. 1. The king of Prussia, conqueror at Prague, May 6, beaten at
Kolin, 18. Prussia invaded by the Austrians, French, Russians, and Swedes.
Frederic, by his victory, at Rosbach, Nov. 5, drives out the French. Marshal
Lehwald defeats the Russians at Norkitten, Aug. 13, on which they retreat pre-
cipitately ; repels the Swedes, and invades Pomerania. The Austrians advance
to Berlin, Oct. 17 ; retire before the prince of Anhalt Dessau ; take Schweidnitz,
Nov. 12; defeat the prince of Bevern, 22 ; take Breslau, 25; are defeated by
Frederic at Lissa, Dec. 5 ; Breslau surrenders to him, 21 ; he recovers Silesia.
The convention of Closter Seven renounced. The Hanoverian army re-assembles
under prince Ferdinand of Brunsvyick, who drives the French back to Zell. At-
tempt of Damiens to assassinate Louis XV., Jan. 5. Death of David Hartley,
ast. 53, of Fontenelle, set. 100, of Reaumur, set. 74, of Paul Ernest Jablonski, set.
64, of Calmet, aet. 85, of Colley Gibber, poet laureate, set. 86, of Thomas Ru&-
diman, set. 83, of archbishop Herring, ait. 66, of Allan Ramsay, aet. 71, and of the
Prussian marshal Schwerin at the battle of Prague. Birth of the duke of Ar-
tois, afterwards Charles X. of France, Oct. 9, of Samuel Romilly, of George
Tiernev, of Canova, of Lafayette, of Charles Abbott, afterwards Speaker and
lord Colchester, of Henry Aldington, afterwards Speaker and lord Sidmouth,
1756 TO 1759 A.D.
657
A.D
Events and Eminent Men.
of John P. Remble, and of Edward Pellew, afterwards lord Exmouth. The
Royal Library, founded by Henry, son of James I., presented by the king to the
British Museum. Strawberry Hill press established by Horace Walpole. The
Jesuits excluded from the court of Lisbon.
Admiral Boscawen sails for America, Feb. 19 ; Sir Edward Hawke for the bay of
Biscay ; commodore Holmes, by his operations in the Dollart, causes the French
to evacuate Embden ; they surrender Minden to the prince of Brunswick, March
14. First forgery of Bank of England notes by Richard Vaughan, 27. Admiral
Osborne takes or destroys the squadron of the marquis Du Quesne off Carthagena,
28. A French armament, destined for America, driven on shore in Basque Roads
by Sir Edward Hawke, April. Fort Louis and Senegal taken by captain Marsh,
23. The French general Lally arrives in India, and makes himself master of
Fort St. David's, May. Landing of an English expedition in Cancalle bay, under
the duke of Marlborough, and destruction of the French ships and stores, June 6.
Close of the parliamentary session, 20. Prince Ferdinand having driven the
French out of Hanover and Hesse, defeats them at Creveld, 23, and takes Dus-
seldorf. The duke of Marlborough sent with reinforcements to the allied army in
Germany. Lord Howe killed in a skirmish with the French in America, July
5 ; general Abercrombie repulsed by them at Ticonderoga, 8. Louisbourg and
cape Breton taken by Boscawen and Amherst, 27. Brigadier-general Wolfe
first distinguished in this siege. Admiral Pococke attacks the French fleet and
drives it out of the Indian seas, Aug. 3. Cherbourg taken, and its works de-
stroyed, by the English, 8. The nabob of Arcot submits to Lally, Oct. 4. Death
of the duke of Marlborough at Munster, 10. Meeting of parliament, Nov. 23.
Brigadier Forbes takes fort Du Quesne, now Pittsburgh, 25. New treaty with
Prussia, Dec. 7. Lally besieges Madras, 14. The isle of Goree surrenders to
commodore Keppel, 22. The king of Prussia recovers Schweidnitz ; besieges
Olmutz ; retires into Bohemia ; takes Konigingratz ; defeats the Russians at
Zorndorf, Aug. 25 ; is defeated by the Austrian marshal Daun, at Hochkirchen,
and his general Keith slain, Oct. 14. Death of pope Benedict XIV, a-t. 84; his
successor, cardinal Rezzonico, takes the name of Clement XIII. Attempt to
assassinate the king of Portugal, attributed to the Jesuits. Death of John Dyer,
set. 58, and of Joseph Ames, secretary of the Antiquarian Society, ast. 70. Birth
of Horatio Nelson, of Samuel Whitbread, of John Joseph Gall, and of Noah
Webster. Magdalen Hospital, London, opened, Aug. 10. The duke of Bridge-
water's canal commenced by James Brindley.
Death of the king's eldest daughter, Anne, princess of Orange, Jan. 12, set. 50.
Surat taken by captains Maitland and Watson, Feb. 19. The siege of Madras
abandoned by Lally, 16. The Bank of England issues £15 and £10 notes, March
31. The English take Masulipatam, April 7; Guadaloupe, 20. Prince Ferdi-
nand repulsed by the French at Bergen, 17. Frederic North appointed a lord
of the treasury. Parliament prorogued, June 2. The French take Marburg,
June 3, recover Hesse, and advance into Hanover. Majority of George, prince of
Wales, 4. Havre de Grace bombarded by admiral Rodney, July. Prince Ferdi-
nand retires with the allied army to the Weser, 15 ; discord between him and lord
George Sackville, successor of the duke of Marlborough in command of the
British troops ; the English take fort Niagara, 24 ; Ticonderoga, 27 ; Crown
Point, Aug. 1. Battle of Minden, Aug. 1 ; the French evacuate Hanover and
Hesse, and retire to Giessen and Friedberg. The allies re-occupy Marburg.
Boscawen defeats the French fleet in Lagos Bay, 17. Death of the princess Eli-
zabeth Caroline, daughter of the late Frederic, prince of Wales, Sept. set. 19.
General Wolfe defeats the French on the heights of Abraham, and falls in the
hour of victory, sat. 33, Sept. 13; the French general Montcalm is slain.
Quebec surrenders, 18. The French fleet, defeated by admiral Pococke, retires to
Mauritius, 27. Meeting of parliament, Nov. 13. Sir Edward Hawke's victory
over Conflans, near Belleisle, 20. The Russians defeat the Prussians at Zu-
lichau, July 23 ; at Cunersdorf, Aug. 12. The Austrians take Leipsic and
Dresden. The Prussian general Finck surrenders with his army to count Daun.
Death of Ferdinand VI., king of Spain, Aug. 10, set. 46 ; his throne is inherited by
__
658
FEOM THE YEAB
1759
conti-
nued.
his brother Charles, king of the Two Sicilies, who resigns that sovereignty to his
third son, Ferdinand, set. 8. Punishment of the nobles who attempted to assassi-
nate the king of Portugal. The pope forbids the civil power to proceed against
the Jesuits, who were accomplices ; the whole Order is expelled from Portugal,
and its property forfeited. Death of Handel, set. 75, and of Wm. Collins, set. 39.
Birth of Richard Porson, of Robert Burns, of Schiller, of Wm. Pitt, of lord Gren-
ville, of Wm. Wilberforce, of lord Lauderdale, of John Pratt, afterwards marquis
Camden, and Mary Wolstonecraft. Edmund Burke recommends to Dodsley the
publication of the " Annual Register," and for several years writes the historical
portion of it. Voltaire retires to Ferney, and Rousseau to his hermitage of
Montmorency. Eugene Aram convicted of murder, Aug. 3.
Death of George II., set. 77 ; accession of his grandson, Geo. III. Coh Coote defeats
Lally, and takes Arcot, Feb. 9. Thurot lands at Carrickfergus, 21 ; re-embarks,
is intercepted by captain Elliott, slain in the battle, and his ships taken, 28.
Court-martial on lord George Sackville ; he is dismissed the service, April 22.
The French besiege Quebec, May 11. Commodore Swanton destroys their ships
in the river St. Lawrence, 16 ; they raise the siege, 17. Parliament prorogued,
22. The duke de Broglio brings large reinforcements, and takes the command
of the French army in Germany. Prince Ferdinand retires to Fritzlar; ad-
vances to Ziegenhain, June 24 ; the French regain the castle of Marburg, and
penetrate into Hesse; are defeated by prince Ferdinand at Warburg, July 31.
Montreal surrenders to general Amherst, and the conquest of Canada is com-
pleted, Sept. 7. The hereditary prince of Brunswick lays siege to Wesel, is de-
feated at Campen, Oct. 15. Prince Ferdinand posts his army to the north of the
Weser; the French occupy Cassel, enter the electorate, and take Gbttingen and
Limbeck. Parliament opened ; memorable speech of George III., Nov. 18. Siege
of Pondicherry commenced by colonel Coote, Dec. 8. Laudohn defeats the
Prussians at Landshut, June 23 ; takes Glatz and lays siege to Breslau ; is re-
pulsed by prince Henry. Frederic fails in an attempt on Dresden, July 19 ; defeats
Laudohn at Psaffendorf, Aug. 14. The Austrians and Russians take Berlin, Oct.
9. Frederic defeats Daun at Torgau, Nov. 3. Carvalho, marquis de Pombal,
prime minister in Portugal, resists the interference of the pope in favour of the
Jesuits. The first stone laid of Blackfriars bridge, London, Oct. 31. Death of
count Zinzendorf, the patron and bishop of the Moravians, at Herrnhut, set. 601
Birth of John Rennie, Thomas Clarkson, and Richard, afterwards marquis Wel-
lesley. Destructive eruption of Vesuvius, Feb. 21. Earl Ferrers hangod at Ty-
burn for murder, May 5. Fire in Portsmouth dockyard, July 3.
Marriage of George III. to Charlotte Sophia, princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz,
Sept. 8 Coronation, 22. Pondicherry surrenders to colonel Coote, Jan. 16;
Mahe taken, Feb. ; at the close of the session, Mr. Onslow, speaker of the Com-
mons 30 years, retires on a pension, March 18. Parliament dissolved, 21. Legge,
chancellor of the exchequer, dismissed, 22. Lord Bute secretary of State, 25.
Belleisle taken by commodore Keppel, June 7. Hyder Ali founds the Mysore
kingdom. Ferdinand maintains his ground in Hanover. Wm. Pitt resigns; a
pension is given to him, and the title of baroness Chatham to his wife, Oct. 5.
The new parliament assembles, Sir John Cust, speaker, Nov. 3. The Austrians
reduce Schweidnitz, and the Russians Colberg. Frederic, almost at the last ex-
tremity, is saved by the death of Elizabeth, empress of Russia, Dec. 25, o.s.
The " Family Compact" concluded by the Bourbons of Spain, France, Naples,
and Parma, Aug. 15. Chauvelin denounces the Jesuits ; Louis XV. demands the
suppression of their Order, which the pope refuses. Auto da Fe at Lisbon, in
which Malagrida and fifty others are burnt, Sept. 29. Death of Thomas Sher-
lock, bishop of London, set. 82, of Benjamin Hoadley. bishop of Winchester, set.
83, of Charlevoix, set 77, of Stephen Hales, a?t. 84, of Dr. John Taylor of War-
rington, set. 67, of Thomas Simpson, set. 51, of Samuel Richardson, set. 72, of ad-
miral Boscawen, set. 50, of the duke of Argyle, set. 79, of marshal Belleisle,
set. 78, and of Beau Nash, set. 87. Birth of John Opie, of Kotzebue, and of John
(afterwards Sir John) Moore. Transit of Venus over the sun, observed by xMas-
kclyne at St. Helena, June 6. Opening of the duke of Bridgewater's canal.
1759 TO 1763 a.d.
659
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
1762
1763
Birth of the prince of "Wales, afterwards George IV., Aug. 12. War declared by
Great Britain against Spain, Jan. 4 ; by Spain, 18. Martinico, St. Lucia, St.
Vincent, and other West Indian islands taken from the French, Feb. A violent
hurricane, by which several whales are driven on the coast of Essex and Kent,
24. The island of Granada taken from the French, April 5. The duke of New-
castle resigns, and lord Bute succeeds him, May 29. The Havanna surrenders
to lord Albemarle and admiral Pococke, Aug. 14; they conquer the island of Cuba.
The hereditary prince of Brunswick defeated by the French at Johannisberg, 30.
The duke de Nivernois arrives in London to treat for peace, Gept. 10. Manilla and
the Philippine Islands surrender to the British, Oct. Prince Ferdinand of Bruns-
wick takes Cassel, Nov. 1; recovers a great part of thelandgra-viate, and concludes
a suspension of hostilities with the marshals D'Estrees and De Soubise, at Kir-
cheim on the Ohm. The duke of Bedford signs the preliminaries of peace at
Fontainebleau, Nov. 3. Parliament meets, 25. The articles of the treaty, vehe-
mently condemned by Pitt and defended by Fox, are approved by a large majority
of the Commons. Death of Elizabeth, empress of Russia, Jan. 5, n.s., set. 51 :
her successor, Peter III. (see 1742), withdraws the Russian forces from Germany,
and concludes peace with the king of Prussia, April 7, which is immediately
followed by a treaty between Prussia and Sweden. Frederic unites his armies
against Austria, recovers Schweidnitz, and becomes master again of Silesia.
Spain declares war against Portugal, June 15; the count of Lippe and other
officers, sent by the British government, reform the Portuguese army and defend
the country. Peter III. deposed by his wife (see 1745) and the Orlofs, July 9, o s.,
and murdered, 19, set. 33 ; she ascends the throne of Russia, as Katharine II. The
Jesuits suppressed by several parliaments in France. Persecution and judicial
murder of Calas at Toulouse ; Voltaire ably exposes the iniquity of the process.
Death ef Bradley, aat. 69, of lady Mary Wortley Montague, set. 72, of Crebillon,
set. S8, and of lord Anson, set. 65. Birth of Spencer Perceval, of William Cob-
bett, of John Theophilus Fichte, and of Charles Abbott, afterwards lord Tenter-
den. The "North Briton" commenced by John Wilkes, in opposition to the
ministry of lord Bute. The " Emile" of Rousseau condemned by the Sorbonne.
William Beckford elected lord-mayor of London. The Professorship of Belles
Lettres instituted at Edinburgh, and given to Dr. Hugh Blair. Great excitement
created by the imposture of the "Cock-lane ghost."
Birth of Frederic, duke of York, Aug. 16. A British and Portuguese expedition
against Buenos Ayi-es fails, June 1. Definitive treaty of peace between Great
Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal, signed at Paris, Feb. 10. The naval and
colonial supremacy of Great Britain established. Lord Bute resigns, and is suc-
ceeded by George Grenville, April 8. Mr. Fox created lord Holland, 16. Pro-
ceedings commenced against the printers and publishers of the " North Briton,"
No. 45, 20 ; arrest of Wilkes, 30. The colonelcy of the Buckinghamshire militia
taken from him, May 4; he is released, under the Habeas Corpus Act, by order of
chief-justice Pratt, 6 ; actions tried before the same judge, in which fourteen jour-
neymen printers of the "North Briton" obtain verdicts for £2000 damages
against the king's messengers, for false imprisonment, July 6. Unsuccessful
interviews of Mr. Pitt with the king, to form a government, Aug. 29. The duke
of Bedford head of the ministry, Sept. 9. Parliament opened, Nov. 15. Popular
tumult to prevent the burning of the " North Briton" by the hangman ; Wilkes
obtains £1000 damages for the seizure of his papers under a general warrant,
which chief justice Pratt declares to be illegal, Dec. 6.. Wilkes withdraws to
France, 24. Progress of the British in India against the native chiefs ; Patna
taken, Nov. 6. The treaty of Hubertsburg closes the Seven Years' War, Feb. 15.
Prussia retains Silesia. Death of Frederic Augustus II., king of Poland, Oct. 5,
33t. 67 ; a year of anarchy follows : his third son, Charles, whom he had appointed
duke of Courland, is displaced by Katharine, to make room for Biren, whom
Peter III. had recalled from banishment Death of the earl of Granville, set.
73, of Charles Wyndham, earl of Egremont, and of William Shenstone, set. 49.
Birth of Jean Paul Richter, of the empress Josephine, of prince Poniatowski, of
Joanna Baillie, of Talma, of lord Edward Fitzgerald, and of Moreau.
■ 2u~2 ~~
660
FBOM THE YEAB
A.D.
Hegi-
Otto-
man EM-
Popes.
Spain.
France.
POBTU-
PitUS-
WlB-
TEM-
Saxo-
Ba-
Geb-
BA.
Fl BE.
GAL.
BERG.
ny.
varia
MANY.
1764
1178
1179
8 Mus-
tafa III.
7 Cle-
ment
XIII.
July 6.
6
Chas.
III.
50 Louis
XV.
15 Jos.
Eman-
uel.
25 Fre-
deric
II. the
Great.
28
Chas.
Eu-
gene.
2Fre
deric
Aukus
tuslll
20Maxi
milian
Jos. I
30Fran-
cis I.
Grand
duke of
Tus-
cany.
1765
1179
1180
9
8
7— -
51
16
26
21
1 Jo-
seph II
1766
1180
1181
10
9
8
52
17
°7
30
1
22
2- —
1767
i
1
1181
1182
11 —
10
9
S3 —
18
28
31
5
23
3
1
1768
1182
1183
12
11
10
54
19
29
32
6
24
4
1769
1184
13
i. Feb 2
1 Cle-
ment
XIV.
May 19
11
m —
20 —
30
33
5
1770
1185
14
2
12
56
21
31
34
8
26
6
1771
1186
15
3
13
57
22 -—
32
35
9
27
7
17F4 TO 1771 A.D.
661
Repe-
tition
Dates
1764
1766
1767
1768
Sar-
dinia.
35 Chas
Eman-
uel.
36
Tusca-
ny.
28 Fran-
cis IX
1 Leo-
pold.
1770
1771
42
Na-
ples.
6 Fer-
dinand
IV
Den-
mark
19Fre
deric
V
Swe-
den.
Po-
land,
14 1 Star
Adol- nislas
phus
Fre-
deric.
1
Chris
tian
VII.
10-
13-
Russia.
3 Katha
rine II.
18-
19
20-
1 Gus-
tavus
III.
Hol-
land.
14
Willi-
am V.
stall-
holder
16 — -
17-
India.
British Go
Vernors.
lLord
Clive.
18-
20-
10
Great
Britain
5Geo.HI
Oct. 2i>.
William
IV.
d. the duke
of Cumber-
land and
prince Fre-
deric Wil-
7 —
b. Princess
Royal
m- Princess
Caroline
Matilda.
8
ft. Prince
Edward
d. Prince
Edward
Augustus,
duke of
York
ft- Princess
Augusta
Sophia-
See Events. 10
11 —
6- Princess
Elizabeth
12
ft Prince
Ernest
Augustus.
m- Duke ol
Cumber-
land.
662
FEOM THE TEAB
A.D.
1764
Events and Eminent Men.
Wilkes expelled the House of Commons, Jan. 2(X Debate on " general warrants,"
Feb. 15. The royal assent given to the Grenville Act for taxing the American
colonies, April 5. Battle of Buxar ; the nabob of Oude and the Mogul army
defeated by colonel Munro, Oct. 22. Commodore Byron sails on his voyage of
discovery, June 21. A royal edict totally suppresses the Jesuits in France ;
protest of the pope, in defence of the Order. Joseph, son of the emperor Francis,
elected king of the Romans. Under the influence of Prussia and Russia, Stan-
islas Augustus, count Pouiatowski, is chosen king of Poland by the Diet. Death
of Madame de Pompadour, set. 42, of Robert Dodsley, set 61, of count Algarotti,
set. 52, of Sir John Barnard, set. 79, of Pulteney, earl of Bath, set. 82, and of Wm.
Hogarth, set. 67. Birth of Charles, afterwards earl Grey, of Bernadotte, after-
wards king of Sweden, of Wm. Conyngham, afterwards lord Plunkett, and of
Sidney, afterwards Sir Sidney Smith. Winckelmann publishes his History of
Ancient Art, and marquis Beccaria his Treatise on Crimes and Punishments.
First improvement of the steam-engine, by James Watt
Birth of the king's third son, William Heniy, afterwards duke of Clarence and
William IV., Aug. 21. The opposition of the American colonies to the Gren-
ville Act, referred to by the king in his speech on the opening of parliament,
Jan. 10. The royal assent given to the American Stamp Act, March 22 ; discus-
sions on the Regency Bill, brought in on the first manifestation of the king's
malady, April Lord Clive commander-in-chief and governor of Bengal, May 3.
The marquis of Rockingham's ministry commences, July 10 ; Edmund Burke,
his private secretary, brought into parliament for Wendover. Chief-justice
Pratt created lord Camden. Bengal, Bahar, and Orixa, ceded to the E. I. Com-
pany by the treaty of Allahabad, Aug. 12. Death of William Augustus, duke
of Cumberland, Oct. 31, set. 44. The American Stamp Act comes into operation,
Nov. 1 ; the West Indian islands submit to it, but the Northern Colonies resist,
and stop all trade with their mother-country. Parliament meets, Dec. 17. Death
of prince Frederic William, the king's youngest brother, 29, set. 15, and of James,
the Pretender, son of James II., at Rome, 30, set. 77. The sovereign rights of
the duke of Athol in the Isle of Man purchased by parliament. Death of the
emperor Francis, Aug. 18, set. 56. Maria Theresa continues to govern her
hereditary States, and her son, Joseph II., succeeds as emperor ; Tuscany is given
to her second son, Leopold. The innocence of Calas, and injustice of the sen-
tence against him, publicly declared in France ; death of the dauphin, Dec. 20,
set. 36 ; his son (afterwards Louis XVI.) takes the title. Death of Dr. Richard
Pococke, bishop of Meath, set. 64, of David Mant, set 67, and of Dr. Edward
Young, set 64. Birth of James, afterwards Sir James Mackintosh, and of
Etienne Macdonald, afterwards French marshal and duke of Tarentum. Les-
sing publishes his Laocoon, and Mably his Observations on French History.
The old mulberry-tree before Shakspear's house at Stratford-on-Avon cut down.
Marriage of the king's youngest sister, Caroline Matilda, to Christian VII., king
of Denmark, Oct. 1. Birth of Charlotte Augusta Matilda, princess royal, after-
wards queen of Wirtemberg, Sept. 29. Parliament meets, Jan. 14 ; repeals the
American Stamp Act, Mareh 8. Byron returns from his voyage, May 9. Pro-
rogation of parliament, June 6. Pitt empowered by the king to form a new ad-
ministration, July 12. Wallis and Carteret sail to explore the Southern Ocean,
26. The new ministers enter upon office, and their chief takes the title of earl of
Chatham, Aug. 2. The government of the country much disordered and weak-
ened by the numerous changes in the last six years. The dividend on East
India stock advanced to ten per cent, Sept". 26. Distress and riots caused by the
high price of bread ; embargo on the exportation of corn, by order of council.
Parliament meets, Nov. 11. Act of indemnity for the advisers of the em-
bargo, Dec. 16. The winter unusually severe. Death of Frederic V., king of
Denmark, Jan. 14 ; he is succeeded' by his son, Christian VII. Death of Stan-
islas Leczinsky, former king of Poland, Feb. 23, set 89; his duchy of Lorraine
is annexed to the crown of France. Bougainville sent out by the French govern^
ment on a voyage of discovery. Count Lally, late governor of the French pos-
sessions in the East Indies, beheaded at Paris, May 8. Tumults in Spain, occa-
1764 TO 1768 A.D.
663
A.D.
1767
1768
Events and Eminent Mev.
eioned by a royal edict For changing the national costume ; the minister Squi-
laci dismissed, and Aranda appointed in his place ; death of the queen-dow-
ager, Elizabeth, or Isabella, of Parma, set. 74. The Diet of Poland, influenced by
the papal nuncio and the French ambassador, refuses all concessions to the Dis-
sidents, or Protestants, on whose behalf Russia and Prussia interfere ; the first
step towards the partition of Poland. William V., declared of age, takes upon
himself the government of Holland. Death of John Leland, set. 75, of Quin, the
actor, set. 73, of Samuel Chandler, set. 73, of the Austrian field-marshal, count
Daun, set. 61, and of Wm. Caslon, the type-founder, set. 74. Birth of Anne Louisa
Germaine Necker, afterwards baroness De Stael, of T. R. Malthus, of Nicholas
Vansittart, afterwards lord Bexley, and of Grouchy, afterwards French marshal.
Birth of the king's fourth son, Edward Augustus, afterwards duke of Kent, Nov. 2.
Death of the king' 3 eldest brother, Edward Augustus, duke of York, at Monaco,
Sept. 17, eet. 28. The reduction of the land-tax voted by the Commons, in oppo-
sition to the ministers, March 2. A dividend of 12£ percent, on East India stock
declared, May 6 ; rescinded by Act of parliament, June 24. The Commons re-
solve to impose duties on various articles imported into British America, June 2.
Parliament prorogued, July 2. Lord Chatham's popularity and health decline.
Lord Clive returns from India, July 15 ; unsettled state of the Company's affairs
in that country, after his departure ; alliance with the Mahrattas and the Nizam ;
war with Hyder Ali. Death of Charles Townshend, chancellor of the exchequer,
Sept. 2, set. 42. Riots of the Spitalfields weavers, Oct. 14 ; of the colliers at
Stourbridge, Nov. 14 ; and in other parts of the country, distressed by the high
prices of provisions. Parliament opened, Nov. 24. Lord North, chancellor of
the exchequer, Dec. 1. Public prayers for the king and royal family in Roman
Catholic chapels, for the first time since 1688, 20. Marriage of the statholder to
Frederica Sophia Wilhelmina, daughter of Augustus William, brother to the
king of Prussia. The Jesuits in Spain and Naples forcibly removed to the
Papal States. Increased confusion in Poland ; the Russian general Repnin,
absolute in Warsaw, imprisons Zaluski, bishop of Kiof, with other leaders of the
Catholic party, and compels the Diet to pass an Act of Toleration, Nov. 19. Kath-
arine, in the name of her son Paul, resigns Holstein Gottorp and Schleswig to
Denmark, Otaheite discovered (or revisited) by Wallis. Death of Dr. James
Grainger, set. 44 Birth of Maria Edgeworth, of Andrew Jackson, afterwards
American president, of Augustus Wm. Von Schlegel, of Joseph Bonaparte, of
Joachim Mnrat, afterwards king of Naples, and of Oudinot, afterwards marshal
and duke of Reggio. About this time was born Saoud, grandson of Abdel Wahab,
and chief propagator of the Wahaby sect. The House of Lords order the printing
of their journals, parliamentary records, and of the Domesday Book. An im-
proved telegraph invented by Richard Lovell Edgeworth, The spinning engine
invented by James Hargra.ve.
Birth of the king's second daughter, Augusta Sophia, Nov. 8. The duke of Grafton
at the head of the ministry, Jan. 20 ; Lord Chatham retains the privy seal, but
without influence ; the duration of the Irish parliament limited to eight years,
Feb. 2. Parliament prorogued, March 10 ; dissolved, 12. Six students expelled
from Oxford, for Methodism. Wilkes elected for Middlesex, 28 ; committed to
the King's Bench prison. The new parliament assembles, May 10 ; strangers
excluded. Riot in St. George's Fields of a mob collected to conduct Wilkes to
the House of Commons. Parliament prorogued, 21. Wallis returns from his
voyage, 26. The outlawry of Wilkes reversed by the Judges, June 8 ; he is
fined and imprisoned again for republishing his libels, 18. London disturbed by
continued riots and processions in his favour. Lieutenant Cook sails from
Deal in the Endeavour, accompanied by Joseph Banks and Dr. Solander, Aug 6.
The king of Denmark visits England and dines with the lord mayor, Sept. 23.
Lord Chatham resigns office, Oct. 15, and the earl of Shelburne, 21. Resistance
of the Americans to the taxes imposed on them ; tumults in Boston; Gen. Gage
sent to coerce them. Parliament meets, Nov. 8. The Royal Academy founded ;
Sir Joshua Reynolds, first president, knighted, Dec. 18. Death of Maria Lec-
zinsky, queen of France, June 24. Corsica ceded to France by Genoa. A great
scasc'ity in France. Free trade in corn is permitted. The Jesuits expel U-.d from
662
FEOM THE YEAB
A.D.
1764
1765
1766
Events and Eminent Men.
Wilkes expelled the House of Commons, Jan. 2(X Debate on " general warrants,"
Feb. 15. The royal assent given to the Grenville Act for taxing the American
colonies, April 5. Battle of Buxar ; the nabob of Oude and the Mogul army
defeated by colonel Munro, Oct. 22. Commodore Byron sails on his voyage of
discovery, June 21. A royal edict totally suppresses the Jesuits in France;
protest of the pope, in defence of the Order. Joseph, son of the emperor Francis,
elected king of the Romans. Under the influence of Prussia and Russia, Stan-
islas Augustus, count Pouiatowski, is chosen king of Poland by the Diet. Death
of Madame de Pompadour, ajt. 42, of Robert Dodsley, set. 61, of count Algarotti,
set. 52, of Sir John Barnard, set. 79, of Pulteney, earl of Bath, set. 82, and of Wm.
Hogarth, ret. 67. Birth of Charles, afterwards earl Grey, of Bernadotte, after-
wards king of Sweden, of Wm. Conyngham, afterwards lord Plunkett, and of
Sidney, afterwards Sir Sidney Smith. Winckelmann publishes his History of
Ancient Art, and marquis Beccaria his Treatise on Crimes and Punishments.
First improvement of the steam-engine, by James Watt.
Birth of the king's third son, William Henry, afterwards duke of Clarence and
William IV., Aug. 21. The opposition of the American colonies to the Gren-
ville Act, referred to by the king in his speech on the opening of parliament,
Jan. 10. The royal assent given to the American Stamp Act, March 22 ; discus-
sions on the Regency Bill, brought in on the first manifestation of the king's
malady, April. Lord Clive commander-in-chief and governor of Bengal, May 3.
The marquis of Rockingham's ministry commences, July 10 ; Edmund Burke,
his private secretary, brought into parliament for Wendover. Chief-justice
Pratt created lord Camden. Bengal, Bahar, and Orixa, ceded to the E. I. Com-
pany by the treaty of Allahabad, Aug. 12. Death of William Augustus, duke
of Cumberland, Oct. 31, set. 44. The American Stamp Act comes into operation,
Nov. 1 ; the West Indian islands submit to it, but the Northern Colonies resist,
and stop all trade with their mother-country. Parliament meets, Dec. 17. Death
of prince Frederic William, the king's youngest brother, 29, set. 15, and of James,
the Pretender, son of James II., at Rome, 30, set. 77. The sovereign rights of
the duke of Athol in the Isle of Man purchased by parliament. Death of the
emperor Francis, Aug. 18, set. 56. Maria Theresa continues to govern her
hereditary States, and her son, Joseph II., succeeds as emperor ; Tuscany is given
to her second son, Leopold. The innocence of Calas, and injustice of the sen-
tence against him, publicly declared in France; death of the dauphin, Dec. 20,
set. 36 ; his sou (afterwards Louis XVI.) takes the title. Death of Dr. Richard
Pococke, bishop of Meath, set. 64, of David Mant, set. 67, and of Dr. Edward
Young, set. 64. Birth of James, afterwards Sir James Mackintosh, and of
Etienne Macdonald, afterwards French marshal and duke of Tarentum. Les-
slng publishes his Laocoon, and Mably his Observations on French History.
The old mulberry-tree before Shakspear's house at Stratford-on-Avon cut down.
Marriage of the king's youngest sister, Caroline Matilda, to Christian VII., king
of Denmark, Oct. 1. Birth of Charlotte Augusta Matilda, princess royal, after-
wards queen of Wirtemberg, Sept. 29. Parliament meets, Jan. 14 ; repeals the
American Stamp Act, Mareh 8. Byron returns from his voyage, May 9. Pro-
rogation of parliament, June 6. Pitt empowered by the king to form a new ad-
ministration, July 12. Wallis and Carteret sail to explore the Southern Ocean,
26. The new ministers enter upon office, and their chief takes the title of earl of
Chatham, Aug. 2. The government of the country much disordered and weak-
ened by the numerous changes in the last six years. The dividend on East
India stock advanced to ten per cent., Sept*. 26. Distress and riots caused by the
high price of bread ; embargo on the exportation of corn, by order of council.
Parliament meets, Nov. 11. Act of indemnity for the advisers of the em-
bargo, Dec. 16. The winter unusually severe. Death of Frederic V., king of
Denmark, Jan. 14 ; he is succeeded'by his son, Christian VII. Death of Stan-
islas Leczinsky, former king of Poland, Feb. 23, set. 89; his duchy of Lorraine
is annexed to the crown of France. Bougainville sent out by the French govern;
ment on a voyage of discovery. Count Lally, late governor of the French pos-
sessions in the East Indies, beheaded at Paris, May 8. Tumults in Spain, occa-
1764 TO 1768 A.D.
663
A.D.
1767
1768
Events and Eminent Men.
eioned by a royal edict for changing the national costume ; the minister Squi-
laci dismissed, and Aranda appointed in his place ; death of the queen-dow-
ager, Elizabeth, or Isabella, of Parma, set. 74. The Diet of Poland, influenced by
the papal nuncio and the French ambassador, refuses all concessions to the Dis-
sidents, or Protestants, on whose behalf Russia and Prussia interfere; the first
step towards the partition of Poland. "William V., declared of age, takes upon
himself the government of Holland. Death of John Leland, set. 75, of Quin, the
actor, set. 73, of Samuel Chandler, set. 73, of the Austrian field-marshal, count
Daun, set. 61, and of Wm. Caslon, the type-founder, set. 74. Birth of Anne Louisa
Germaine Necker, afterwards baroness De Stael, of T. R. Malthus, of Nicholas
Vansittart, afterwards lord Bexley, and of Grouchy, afterwards French marshal.
Birth of the king's fourth son, Edward Augustus, afterwards duke of Kent, Nov. 2.
Death of the king'3 eldest brother, Edward Augustus, duke of York, at Monaco,
Sept. 17, set. 28. The reduction of the land-tax voted by the Commons, in oppo-
sition to the ministers, March 2. A dividend of 12£ per cent, on East India stock
declared, May 6 ; rescinded by Act of parliament, June 24. The Commons re-
solve to impose duties on various articles imported into British America, June 2.
Parliament pi'orogued, July 2. Lord Chatham's popularity and health decline.
Lord Clive returns from India, July 15 ; unsettled state of the Company's affairs
in that country, after his departure ; alliance with the Mahrattas and the Nizam ;
war with Hyder Ali. Death of Charles Townshend, chancellor of the exchequer.
Sept. 2, set. 42. Riots of the Spitalfields weavers, Oct. 14 ; of the colliers at
Stourbridge, Nov. 14 ; and in other parts of the country, distressed by the high
prices of provisions. Parliament opened, Nov. 24. Lord North, chancellor of
the exchequer, Dec. 1. Public prayers for the king and royal family in Roman
Catholic chapels, for the first time since 1688, 20. Marriage of the statholder to
Frederica Sophia Wilhelmina, daughter of Augustus William, brother to the
king of Prussia. The Jesuits in Spain and Naples forcibly removed to the
Papal States. Increased confusion in Poland ; the Russian general Repnin,
absolute in Warsaw, imprisons Zaluski, bishop of Kiof, with other leaders of the
Catholic party, and compels the Diet to pass an Act of Toleration, Nov. 19. Kath
arine, in the name of her son Paul, resigns Holstein Gottorp and Schleswig to
Denmark. Otaheite discovered (or revisited) by Wallis. Death of Dr. James
Grainger, set. 44 Birth of Maria Edgeworth, of Andrew Jackson, afterwards
American president, of Augustus Wm. Von Schlegel, of Joseph Bonaparte, of
Joachim Murat, afterwards king of Naples, and of Oudinot, afterwards marshal
and duke of Reggio. About this time was born Saoud, grandson of Abdel Wahab,
and chief propagator of the Wahaby sect. The House of Lords order the printing
of their journals, parliamentary records, and of the Domesday Book. An im-
proved telegraph invented by Richard Lovell Edgeworth, The spinning engine
invented by James Hargrave.
Birth of the king's second daughter, Augusta Sophia, Nov. 8. The duke of Grafton
at the head of the ministry, Jan. 20 ; Lord Chatham retains the privy seal, but
without influence ; the duration of the Irish parliament limited to eight years,
Feb. 2. Parliament prorogued, March 10 ; dissolved, 12. Six students expelled
from Oxford, for Methodism. Wilkes elected for Middlesex, 28 ; committed to
the King's Bench prison. The new parliament assembles, May 10; strangers
excluded. Riot in St. George's Fields of a mob collected to conduct Wilkes to
the House of Commons. Parliament prorogued, 21. Wallis returns from his
voyage, 26. The outlawry of Wilkes reversed by the Judges, June 8 ; he is
fined and imprisoned again for republishing his libels, 18. London disturbed by
continued riots and processions in his favour. Lieutenant Cook sails from
Deal in the Endeavour, accompanied by Joseph Banks and Dr. Solander, Aug 6.
The king of Denmark visits England and dines with the lord mayor, Sept. 23.
Lord Chatham resigns office, Oct. 15, and the earl of Shelburne, 21. Resistance
of the Americans to the taxes imposed on them ; tumults in Boston; Gen. Gage
sent to coerce them. Parliament meets, Nov. 8. The Royal Academy founded ;
Sir Joshua Reynolds, first president, knighted, Dec. 18. Death of Maria Lec-
zinsky, queen of France, June 24. Corsica ceded to France by Genoa. A great
scaEfiity in, France. Free trade in corn is permitted. The. Jesuits expelled from
666
FEOM THE TEAB
A.D. I Hegi-
1772 1187
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
Otto-
man Em
fjre.
16 Mas
tafa III
1 Abdul
Ahmed.
4 Cle-
ment
XIV.
May 19.
I
Spain. France
d.Sept.2?
Pius VI.
Feb. 15.
14
Chas.
III.
15-
58 Louis
XV.
16-
1 Louis
XVI,
Portu-
gal.
23 Jos.
Eman-
uel.
Prus-
sia.
33Fred
eric II.
,26
3 27
1 Maria
Frances-
ca and
Pedro III.
WlR-
TEM-
berg.
SAXO-
NY.
Chas.
Eu-
37-
1SUS
5 111,
Bava-
23 Max-
imil-
ian Jo
seph I
11 129-
13 31
Ger-
many
8 Jo-
seph II
40-
41-
33-
1772 TO 1777 A.D.
667
Repe-
tition
Sar-
1
Tusca-
Na-
Den-
Swe-
Po-
Russia.
India.
Hol- JBritiskGo- Great
1
Dates.
dinia.
ny.
ples.
mark.
den.
land.
land
VERNORS.
Britain
1772
43 Chas
| Eman-
1 uel.
8 Leo-
pold.
14Fer-
dinanc
IV.
7 Chris-
tian
VII.
2Gus
tavus
III.
9 Sta-
nislas
Augus-
tus.
11 Ka-
tharine
II.
22 Wil
liamV
stat-
holder
1 Warren
Hastings
13 Geo .III.
Oct. 25.
' d- Princess
of Wales.
m. Duke of
Glouces-
ter.
1773
1 Victor
Amade-
us HI.
9 —
15
8 —
3
10
12
23
2
14
b. Prince
Augustus
Frederic.
1774
2
10
16
9—
4
11 —
13
24
3
15
b. Prince
Adolphus
Frederic
1775
3
U
17
10
5
»_
14
25
4
16
d. Matilda,
git e en of
Denmark.
1776
4
12
18
11
6
13
15
26
5 —
17
b Princess
Mary.
*. Prince
William
Frederic of
Glouces-
ter.
1777
5
13
19
12
7
1
16
1
27
6 1
18
b. Princess
Sophia,
668
FROM THE TEAB
A.D.
1773
Events and Eminent Men.
Death of Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, widow of the late Frederic, prince of Wales, and
mother of George III., Feb. 8, sat. 53. Marriage of the duke of Gloucester to lady
Waldegrave publicly declared, Sept. 17. Opening of parliament, Jan. 21. Silver
cups presented by the Common Council of London to aldermen Crosby, Wilkes,
and Oliver, 22. A petition from some of the clergy and other professional men
for relief from subscribing the Thirty-nine Articles, rejected by the Commons,
Feb. 6. The king's message to parliament, 20 : produces the Royal Marriage Act,
12 George III. c. 11. Second voyage of capt. Cook, with the "Resolution" and
"Adventure ."April 9. Increasing disorders in the administration of Indian affairs ;
Parliamentary investigation commences. Warren Hastings appointed Governor
of Bengal, 13. A Bill for the Relief of Dissenters introduced, May 8 ; passed by
the Commons, rejected by the Lords. Parliament prorogued, June 9. Beck-
ford's statue placed in Guildhall, 11. Commercial panic in London, caused by
the bank of Neal, Fordyce and Co. stopping payment, 16. Judgment of lord Mans-
field in favour of the negro Somerset, 22. Granville Sharpe commences his efforts
for the abolition of the slave trade. Bachelors of Arts relieved from signing the
Thirty-nine Articles at Cambridge, 23. Commotions in North America ; exten-
sive smuggling ; the populace of Rhode Island burn a revenue cutter attempting
to interfere. Five supervisors appointed by the directors to investigate the
state of the Company's affairs in India ; are ordered not to proceed there, Dec. 1
Arrest of Struensee and Brandt in Denmark. Charges made against the queen „
her brother, George III., sends a fleet to protect her, by which she is conveyed
to Germany, and retires to Zell. Struensee and Brandt beheaded. Count
Bernstorf recalled ; dies of an apoplectic fit, set. 60 ; his nephew, count Andrew
Peter Bernstorff, is appointed minister in his place. Revolution in Sweden ;
Gustavus obtains absolute power. First partition of Poland by Russia, Austria,
and Prussia ; dispersion of the confederates ; confiscation of their estates. Ne-
gotiations between the Russians and Turks at Fokshani ; transferred to Bucha-
rest. Gregory Orlof, supplanted in the favour of the empress, returns suddenly
te Petersburg and regains his influence. Death of Ernest John Biren, former
duke of Courland, set. 85, of James Brindley, projector of the duke of Bridge-
water's and other canals, set. 56, of Wm. Borlase, the antiquary, set. 77, and of
Emanuel Swedenborg, in London, eet. 83. Birth of Louis Antoine Henri, duke
d'Enghien, of Richard, afterwards general lord Hill, of Samuel Taylor Coleridge,
of David Ricardo, of John Singleton Copley, afterwards lord Lyndhurst, of Fre-
deric Von Schlegel, of J. M. W. Turner, and of Suchet, afterwards general in
the French army. Sir John Pringle succeeds James West, in the chair of Pre-
sident of the Royal Society. Junction of the Birmingham, Staffordshire, and
Worcestershire canals, Sept. 7. Dr. Priestley communicates to the Royal So-
ciety his Observations on different kinds of air.
Birth of the king's sixth son, Augustus Frederic, afterwards duke of Sussex, Jan.
27. Meeting of parliament, 19 , a motion to shorten the duration of parliaments
negatived, 26. The lord mayor discontinues the official commemoration of the
death of Charles I., 30. The university of Oxford rejects the modification of
the Thirty-nine Articles adopted by Cambridge, Feb. 4. A motion to the same
effect lost in the House of Commons, 23. War with the Caribs of St. Vincent's
closed by acts of great cruelty. Charges brought against lord Clive in the
House of Comnaons, May 7. Aet for regulating the government of India. The
governor of Bengal made governor-general of all the settlements ; this extensive
power vested in Warren Hastings, June 16. Visit of the king to Portsmouth,
22 ; voyage of capt. Phipps in search of a North-west passage, 2. Parliament
prorogued, July 1. Return of capt. Phipps, Sept. 20. Cargoes of tea destroyed
by the people of Boston in Ameriea, Dec. 18. The Society of Jesuits totally
abolished by a papal Bull, July 21. Death of Charles Emanuel III., king of
Sardinia, Jan. 20, set. 72 ; he is succeeded by his son, Victor Amadeus III.
Denmark obtains Holstein in exchange for Oldenburg and Delmenhorst. Ne-
gotiations at Bucharest broken off. The Russians advance over the Danube,
fail in an attack on Varna, and recross the river. Rebellion of Pugatchef,
who personates Peter III., and finds many supporters. Death of Philip Dormer
1772 TO 1774 A.D.
669
AD.
1774
Events and Eminent Men.
Stanhope earl of Chesterfield, set. 79, of Dr. Hawkesworth, «t. 58, of Andrew
trice of Exeter, set. 83, and of George, lord Lyttleton, est. 64. Birth of Louis
£tohppe, duke of Orleans, afterwards king of the French, Oct. 6 ; of Wm
Henry Harrison, afterwards president U.S., of prince Metternich, of Frederic
Cuvie*, of Sismonde de Sismondi, of Francis Jeffrey, of Henry, Lord Holland
of Lord Cloncurry, and of Henry Hunt. Bruce returns from Abyssinia.
Dr. Pnestley receives the Copley medal from the Royal Society. The Runcorn
locks on the duke of Bridgewater's canal opened, June 10. A slight eruption of
Moeltammo, a volcanic mountain near Holywell in Flintshire, Feb. 4 Guatemala
destroyed by an earthquake, J;ec. 15; it is deserted by its surviving inhabitants
who build a new city ot the same name at the distance of eight leagues Tne
empress Katharine orders the universal practice of inoculation for &the emall-nox
at Petersburg. ' F
Birth of prince Adolphus Frederic, seventh son of George III., and afterwards
duke of Cambridge, Feb. 24. Parliament opened, Jan. 13 ; the petition of the
Massachusetts assembly presented by Dr. Franklin, dismissed by the privy-
council ; he is removed from his office of deputy post-master-general for the
colonies, 29. The Rev. John Home (Home Tooke) summoned before the Com-
mons for his Letter to the Speaker, Feb. 1 1 ; the House of Lords, on an appeal,
decides that the common law of Copyright was abrogated by the statute of
1709 (8 Anne c. 19), 22. Charles James Fox dismissed from his office, 28. The
thanks of the Commons given to John Howard, high sheriff of Bedfordshire, for
his attention to the general state of prisons, March 4; Act passed for their im-
provement (14 Geo. III. c. 59) ; Bill for closing the port of Boston, brought into
the House of Commons, March 14 ; this and two other coercion Acts are passed, and
general Gage sent as governor of Massachusetts, with four regiments to reinforce
the army in America. Elijah Impey appointed chief-justice of the new court of
judicature in Bengal, March 22. A motion for taking into consideration the tea-
duty calls forth Burke's celebrated speech on American taxation, April 19.
General Gage dissolves the Massachusetts assembly, May 17. The London
booksellers petition for an amendment of the Copyright Act ; a Bill passes the
Commons, but is thrown out by the Lords, June 2. An Act for the government
of Canada gives force to the French laws there and religious liberty to the
Catholic population. Parliament prorogued, 22. Captain Furneaux, of the " Ad-
venture," the companion of captain Cook, returns to England, July 14. The
Falkland islands abandoned by the English, Sept. 1. The first congress of the
American States meets at Philadelphia, and issues its Declaration of Rights, 5 ;
George Washington delegate from Virginia. Parliament dissolved, 30. Wilkes
elected lord mayor, Oct. 8. Lord Clive, mortified by the charges brought against
him last year, terminates his own life, Nov. 22, set. 49. A violent storm
causes great damage on the eastern coast, 25. The new parliament opened, 29.
Wilkes allowed to take his seat for Middlesex. Death of Ganganelli, pope
Clement XIV., supposed to have been poisoned by the ex-Jesuits, Sept. 22, set,
69 ; a splendid copy of the works of Piranesi had been presented by him to
George III. The papal chair remains vacant for five months. Death of Louis
XV., May 10, set. 64, caused by the small-pox ; his grandson, Louis XVI*., com-
mences his reign by popular measures ; his new minister of finance, Turgot, in-
troduces many beneficial reforms ; his measures fail, from the exhausted state
of the treasury, the impoverished condition of the people, the opposition of the
queen, and the intrigues of the duke de Choiseul. Pombal provides for Portugal
a better system both of colonial and internal government. Death of the sultan
Mustafa III., set. 59 ; his brother, Abdul Ahmed, perseveres in the war, contrary
to the advice of his ministers and generals. The Russians cross the Danube in
June, take Silistria, and surround the grand vizir in his camp at Shumla. Treaty
of peace signed at Kutchuk Kainardji, July 21. Katharine and her general
Romantzof profess magnanimity, and restore many conquests ; but Russia gains
immense advantages. Pugatchef's rebellion suppressed. Death of Oliver Gold-
smith, set. 43, of Henry, first lord Holland, father of Charles James Fox, set. 69, j
of Condamine, the French traveller, set. 73, of Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin, mur-i
670
FHOM THE TEAR
A.D.
1774
con-
tinued.
1775
Events and Eminent Men.
dered in Tartary, ret. 31, of Faul Whitehead, set. 64. Birth of Robert Southey,
and of Wm. Mitford. Goethe, by his " Sorrows of Werther," obtains the pa
tronage of the duke of Saxe Weimar. Lavoisier publishes his first experiments
and discoveries. Theophilus Lindsey, having resigned the valuable living of Cat
terick, forms the Unitarian congregation of Essex Street chapel, London. The
tomb of Edward I., in Westminster Abbey, opened by the Antiquarian Society
Macklinthe actor fails in an attempt to prosecute some who had hissed him off
the stage. Watt, in partnership with Boulton, founds his establishment at Soho,
and makes farther improvement in his Steam- Engine.
Death of Caroline Matilda, the king's sister and queen of Denmark, at Zell, May
10, set. 24. Buckingham house purchased for the queen, Jan. 17. Lord Chatham
urges unsuccessfully conciliatory measures towards the Americans, 20. A pe-
tition from the London merchants presented to the Commons, 23. A powerful
fleet fitted out, 25. Lord Chatham renews his proposition without effect, Feb. 1.
Warm debates in the Commons, 9. Burke's resolutions negatived, March 22.
Act to exclude the colonists from fishing in Newfoundland, 30. Wilkes, as lord-
mayor, presents the city of London address to the king, for the removal of his
ministers and a change of policy towards America, April 10. Lord Effingham
resigns his commission, refusing to act in a military capacity against the colo-
nists, 12 ; first hostilities at Lexington ; general Gage, with a great loss of men,
destroys the magazines collected there, 19. Second American congress assem-
bles ; orders an army to be raised, and issues a paper currency, May 10 ; the
forts of Ticonderoga and Crown Point surprised by the Americans, 17. Parlia-
ment prorogued, 26. Act of Congress for the perpetual Union of the States, 29 ;
George Washington appointed general-in-chief of their forces, June 16; battle
of Bunker's Hill, near Boston ; the Americans repulsed, and the suburb of
Charles-Town burnt by general Gage, 17; appeal of the American congress to
the people of England, July 7. Captain Cook in the " Endeavour" arrives at Ports-
mouth, 31. Outrages of the White Boys in Ireland, Aug. Manchester, Lancaster,
Liverpool, and Leicester address the king in support of his measures, Sept. 13.
The merchants of London and Bristol petition for the termination of the contest,
Oct. 11; Counter-petition from London, 14. Meeting of parliament, 26 ; the duke
of Grafton, lord privy-seal, declares his dissent from the coercive policy of hi
colleagues ; resigns his office, Nov. 9; lord George Sackville made secretary of
State/lO. The American general Montgomery surprises Montreal, 12; general
Gage returns, and arrives in London, 13. Burke's conciliatory measures again re-
jected by the Commons, 16 ; lord North brings in a bill prohibiting all trade what-
ever with the revolted colonies, 20 ; Montgomery killed in an unsuccessful attack
on Quebec, Dec. 31. Benares ceded to the English, by the nabob of Oude. Cardinal
John Augelo Braschi elected pope Pius VI. The emperor Joseph II. is resisted
by the nobles of Moravia and Bohemia, in his attempt to relieve the peasantry
from the burdens of road-labour. The king of Denmark stops all intercourse
between his subjects and the American proviuces. Potemkin, Katharine's new
favourite, violates the treaty with the Turks. Death of Allen, lord Bathurst,
set. 91, and of John Baskerville of Birmingham, set. 69. Birth of Dan. O'Con-
n?ll, T. F. Dibdin, Charles Lamb, J, J. Audubon, C. Malte-Brun, and Harriet
Mellon, afterwards Mrs. Coutts and duchess of St. Alban's. Stereotype-printing
first attempted at Philadelphia, by Dr. Franklin's nephew, Benjamin Mecon.
Pestalozzi introduces the Fellenberg system of education. The tunnel of Nor-
wood, nearly two miles long, on the Chesterfield canal, opened, May 8. Sher-
idan's " Rivals" performed for the first time, Jan. 17. Drury Lane Theatre, re-
built under the direction of Garrick, re-opened, Sept. 22. Lavater's first "Frag-
ments in Physiognomy " published. D' Anville appointed geographer to the king
of France Invention of the mule for spinning cotton, by Samuel Crompton.
Birth of the king's fourth daughter, Mary, April 25 ; and of prince Wm. Frederic,
Jan. 15, son of the duke of Gloucester, and her future consort. Hessian troops
hired to serve in America, Feb. 16. Viscount Pitt, earl Chatham's son, resigns
his commission, to avoid fighting in an unjust cause, 20. Wilkes loses his elec-
tion for chamberlain of London. General Carleton obliges the Americans to
1774 tc 1777 A.D.
671
A.D.
1777
Events and Eminent Men.
withdraw from Canada, March 6. Washington obliges general Howe to evacuate
Boston, 17. Motion of Wilkes for a reform in parliament negatived, 20. Trial
of the duchess of Kingston for bigamy, April 15. The English fleet repulsed at
Charleston in Carolina, June 28. Declaration of Independence by Congress, July
4; population of these colonies 2,614,300 ; landing of the British troops on Staten
Island, 9. Riots of weavers at Shepton Mallet, to destroy machinery, 10. Captain
Cook sails on his third voyage. General Howe drives the Americans from Long
Island, Aug. 27 ; takes New York, Sept. 15 ; American squadron defeated on lake
Champlain, Oct. 11 ; victory of general Howe on White Plains, 29. Opening of
parliament, 31 ; the king's troops take Rhode Island, Dec. 8 ; Washington cap-
tures a body of Hessians in New Jersey, 25. The transactions of this year in
the East Indies furnish the charges subsequently brought against Warren
Hastings. Col. Upton concludes the treaty of Poorunda with the Mahrattas.
Lord Pigot, governor of Madras, imprisoned by the members of his council.
Many peers created or promoted ; Sir Edward Hawkemade lord Hawke, and Sir
Jeffrey Amherst, lord Amherst. Franklin ambassador from America to France ;
a fleet equipped at Brest ; Malesherbes retires from office ; Turgot is dis-
missed ; Necker appointed comptroller-general of finance. The emperor Jo-
seph establishes religious liberty in his dominions. Portugal breaks off all in-
tercourse with the States of America. Potemkin ceases to be the personal
favourite of the empress Katharine; recommends Zavadofsky as his succes-;
sor, and retains all his political power. The anti-monastic spirit spreads in
Italy ; many monasteries are suppressed by the king of Naples. Martini com-
pletes his Italian version of the Scriptures, sanctioned by, and dedicated t®, Pius
VI. The Society of Illuminati founded at Ingolstadt by Weishaupt. Death of
David Hume, set. 65, of James Ferguson, set 66, and of John Harrison, inventor
of the time-piece. Birth of B. G. Niebuhr, of Sir H. Parnell, afterwards lord
Congleton, and of Geo. Birkbeck. Edward Jenner first notices the anti-varid-
lous influence of the cow-pox. Bougainville returns from his voyage. Gibbon
publishes the first vol. in 4to. of his " Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," and
Adam Smith his " Wealth of Nations." Garrick retires from the stage, June 10
and disposes of his interest in Drury Lane Theatre to R. B. Sheridan and others.
Henry Dundas appointed lord-advocate of Scotland, March 4. Dr. Beilby Por-
teou's made bishop of Chester. Freemasons' Hall opened, May 20. The Ob-
servatory on Calton Hill, Edinburgh, founded, July 22.
Birth of the king's fifth daughter, Sophia, Nov. 3. The arrears of the civil list
paid by a vote of the Commons, April 9. Lord Pigot dies in confinement at Ma-
dras, 17. Sir Fletcher Norton's address to the king on the subject of the civil
list grant, May 7. Lord Chatham, brought down to the House of Lords, wrapped
in flannel, makes another ineffectual motion to stop hostilities in America, 30.
Parliament prorogued, June 6. The Rev. John Home (Tooke) convicted of a
libel and imprisoned, July. 4. Defeat of the Hessians by general Starke, at
Benington, 16 ; of Washington, by general Howe, at Brandywine, Sept. 11 ; lord
Cornwallis takes Philadelphia ; the Congress removes to Lancaster, 26 ; victory
of general Burgoyne at German Town, Oct. 3 ; he is surrounded by the Ameri-
cans under general Gates at Saratoga, and compelled to surrender with his army,
17. Parliament meets, Nov. 20. Habeas Corpus Act suspended, Dec. 11. The
French government secretly supports the Americans ; the marquis La Fayette
and many officiers proceed to join them, April 4. Death of Joseph Emanuel,
king of Portugal. Feb. 24, set. 63 ; his daughter, Maria Francesca, shares her
regal power with Pedro, her uncle and husband ; they dismiss Pombal, revoke
his reforms, and restore the influence of the priesthood. The emperor Joseph
visits Paris, and the king of Sweden Petersburg. Division of the Crim Tartars
into two parties, the Russian and the Turkish ; each has its own khan. Death of
Albert von Haller, set. 79, of Wm. Bowyer, set. 78, and of Samuel Foote, the actor,
set. 56. Birth of Thomas Campbell, of Joseph Hume, of Lucien Bonaparte,
of Henry Clay, uiid oi .N icholas C. Tinuall. Execution of Dr. Dodd for lorgery,
June 27. In a cause tried belore lord Mansfield, the chevalier d'Eon is alleged
to be a female, July 1.
672
FROM THE YEAB
A.D.
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
Hecu-
ba.
1194
1195
1197
1198
Otto-
man Em-
pike.
5 Abdul
Ahmed.
10
Popes. Spain
4 Pius
VI.
Feb. 15
20Chas.
III.
France.
5 Louis
XVI.
22-
25-
Portu- Prus
GAL. SIA.
2 Maria
Frauces-
ca aud
Pedro III.
39Fre-
deric
II. the
Great
40-
43-
WiR-
tem-
BERG.
liChas.
Eu-
43-
Saxo-
ny.
16Fre-
deric
Augus-
tus 111.
44 18-
Bava-
RIA.
IChas
Theo-
dore.
Ger-
many,
14 Jo-
seph
II.
16-
1778 TO 1783 A.D.
673
' Repe-
; tition
177-9
1781
Sar-
dinia.
6Victoi
Ama-
deus
III.
Tvs- Na-
CANY. PLES.
14 Leo-
pold.
1782
10 —
1783
20Fer-
dinand
IV
Den-
mark.
13
Chris-
tian
VII.
Swe-
den.
8Gus-
tavus
III.
Po-
land.
15 Sta-
nislas
Augus-
tus.
23-
10-
RlTSSIA.
17 Ka-
tharine
II.
18
Hol-
land.
28 Wil-
liam V.
stat-
holder.
29-
India.
BritishGo-
VERNORS.
7 Warren
Hastings
19 |so 9
12 19 21
20 22
33-
Great
Britain.
19 Geo. III.
Oct 25.
20
. Prince
Octavius.
21
b Prince
Alfred.
22
23
d. Prince
Alfred.
24
b. Princess
Amelia.
d. Prince
Octavius.
2 x
674
FROM THE TEAli
Nootka Sound discovered by captain Cook, Jan. 15. Manchester, Liverpool, Edin-
burgh, Glasgow, and other cities raise regiments by private subscriptions ; the
Common council of London refuses to do the same, 16 ; lord Abingdon moves that
this mode of raising troops is unconstitutional and illegal ; the Lords reject his
motion, Feb. 5. The king of France recognizes the independence of the Ame-
rican States, and enters into alliance with them, 6. The earl of Carlisle and
others appointed commissioners to treat for a reconciliation with the colonies,
March 9. The French ambassador leaves London, 10, and lord Stormont returns
from Paris ; embargo on French ships, and the militia embodied, 27. The duke
of Richmond recommends the recognition of the independence of the colo-
nies ; lord Chatham opposes this in his last speech; falls down in a fit, and is
carried out of the House, April 7. Paul Jones with an American privateer in
fests the coasts of Cumberland and Scotland; attacks Whitehaven ; general
Howe resigns his command in America, and is succeeded by Sir Henry Clinton
14. The king visits Chatham, and reviews the First regiment of Royals, 25. The
treaty with France is received in America, May 2. Lord Mansfield decides that
the Postmaster-General is not answerable for the loss of money enclosed
letters, S. Death of the earl of Chatham, 11, set. 70. The royal assent given to
the Act, IS Geo. III. c. 60, introduced by Sir George Saville for mitigating the
laws against Roman Catholics, 28. Thurlow lord chancellor, June 1. Parlia-
ment prorogued, after having passed some Acts introduced by Burke, for the
relief of Irish trade, 3. Publicfuneral of the earl of Chatham, 9. Alexander Wed-
derburne Attorney-general, 18. Refusal of the American congress to treat with
the English commissioners. !7 ; the king's troops evacuate Philadelphia, 18; are
conveyed by lord Howe's fleet to New York, 30 ; arrival of the French admiral
D'Estaing in the Delaware, J uly 1 1 ; indecisive naval engagement off Ushant, be-
tween Keppel and D'Orvilliers, 27 . partisan warfare, in which the American loyal-
ists destroy Wyoming, and the Virginians lay waste the Canadian settlements
on the Mississippi ; surrender of Pondicherry to the British, Oct. 11. La Fayette
challenges the earl of Carlisle, who declines to be answerable, as a private indi-
vidual, for expressions used by the Commissioners collectively in a public docu-
ment ; the Commissioners leave America, Oct. ; the Sandwich Islands discovered
by capt. Cook, Nov. 26. Parliament meets, 26. General Burgoyne demands a
court-martial and parliamentary inquiry into his conduct ; both are refused ; he
is deprived of his military commands. Charles Jenkinson secretary at war,
Dec. 10. On the death of Maximilian Joseph, Bavaria descends by inheritance
to the elector Palatine, Charles Theodore ; Austria claims some portions of Ba-
varia ; the emperor Joseph takes forcible possession of them ; the king of Prussia
advances with a large army to oppose him, but retires into Silesia. Spain and
Holland negotiate secretly with the American States. The Dutch ambassador in
London complains of seizures made by English cruizers. Russia marches an
army into the Crimea ; Turkey threatens war ; peace preserved through the me-
diation of France and Prussia. Death of Linnseus, aet. 71, of Dr. Arne, aet. 68, of
Voltaire, May 30, get. 85, of Rousseau, July 2, aet. 66, and'of Piranesi, set. 67. Birth
of Henry Brougham. The Theatre at Saragossa burnt down ; 600 lives lost, Dec.
17. Sir Joseph Banks, knight of the Bath, a baronet, and president of the
Royal Society.
Birth of prince Octavius, the king's eighth son, Feb. 23. The New Year's
Storm, followed by along and severe frost, Jan. 1. The chapel of Greenwich
Hospital burnt, 2. The principal cities in Scotland pass resolutions against the
concessions made to Roman Catholics, 8. No-popery riots at Edinburgh and
Glasgow, Feb. 2. Admiral Keppel, accused of misconduct in the battle off Ushant,
is acquitted by a court-martial, 11. Capt. Cook killed by the natives of Owyhee,
14. Sir Hugh Palliser, the accuser of admiral Keppel, resigns all his employ-
ments, 17. Act 19 Geo. III. c. 44, passed for the relief of Protestant Dissenters.
Petition of the university of Oxford against it, March 30. French attack on the
island of Jersey repulsed, May 1 ; the British troops occupy Stoney Point and
Verplank; Washington retreats, 30 ; hostile manifesto of Spain, June 16; the
island of St. Vincent taken by the Freneh, 17. Parliament prorogued-, July 3.
1778 TO 1780 A.D.
675
1780
Naval action in the West Indies between Byron and D'Estaing, 6 ; Stoney
Point recovered by the American general Wayne, 15 The Victualling
office, Plymouth, burnt, 22. The admission of foreigners to the dockyards pro-
hibited, 30. Senegal and Goree taken from the French, Aug. 8; the combined
French and Spanish fleets masters of the Channel ; invasion of England threat-
ened; siege of Gibraltar commenced. Riots in Manchester, to destroy the ma-
chinery used in spinning cotton, Oct. 9 ; the Irish volunteers support the parlia-
ment to obtain freedom of trade, 12. The Spanish port of Omoa, in the bay of
Honduras, plundered by the English, 16. The Americans and French repulsed
at Savannah. The Dutch allow Paul Jones to take his prizes into their harbours,
29. Resolutions of the Lancashire magistrates on the benefit derived from the
use of machinery, Nov. 11. Great agitation in Dublin, 15. Wilkes elected
chamberlain of London, 22. Meeting of parliament, 25 ; lord North introduces
his measures of concession to Ireland, Dec. 13. The members of the Madras
council, who imprisoned lord Pigot, brought to trial and convicted of a misde-
meanour, 20. Great county meeting at York, to petition for economy in tbe
national expenditure, 30. Through the mediation of France and Russia, the im-
pending war in Germany is averted by the peace of Teschen, May 13. The
marquis de Pombal tried at Lisbon and imprisoned for life. Death of Thomas,
lord Lyttleton, set. 36, of Richard Grenville, earl Temple, the friend of Wilkes ;
of David Garrick, set. 62, of Warburton, bishop of Gloucester, set 81, and of Dr.
Armstrong. Prince Wm. Henry (duke of Clarence), set. 14, a post-captain in the
royal navy. Sir Robert Walpole's Houghton collection of pictures sold to the
empress of Russia. Birth of Humphrey Davy, of Jacob Berzelius, of Thomas,
afterwards lord Denman, of Wm. Lamb, afterwards lord Melbourne, and of the
present lord Gough. Publication of Johnson's " Lives of the Poets," and
Lessing's " Nathan the Wise." Mesmer introduces " Animal Magnetism."
Eruption of Vesuvius, Aug. 10. Execution of the Rev. Hen. Hackman, for the
assassination of Miss Reay, April 18.
Birth of the king's ninth son, Alfred, Sept. 22. Lord North refuses to present tbe
petition of the " Protestant Association," tendered to him by lord George Gordon,
Jan. 4. Meeting of the Middlesex freeholders, for retrenchment, 7. Rodney
defeats the Spanish admiral Langara, and relieves Gibraltar, 16. Westminster
meeting, to reduce the public expenditure, Feb. 2. The Madras councillors who
imprisoned lord Pigot are fined £1,000 each, and discharged, 11. The popular
cry obliges the ministers to originate the Act for instituting a Commission of
Accounts ; Mr. Dunning carries his celebrated resolution on the " Influence of
the Crown," April 6. Rodney's victoiy over the count de Guichen, near Mar-
tinique, 17. Meeting of the " Protestant Association," in Coachmakers' Hall,
May 28 ; rejection of their petition by the House of Commons, June 2. "No
Popery" riots finally quelled, 9. Lord George Gordon committed to the Tower.
The dukes of Gloucester and Cumberland received at court for the first time
since their marriages, 15. The count de Rochambeau arrives with a French
army at Rhode Island, 10. Parliament prorogued, July 8. Alexander Wedder-
burne, created lord Loughborough and chief-justice of the Common Pleas, presides
in the special commission for the trial of the rioters, 15. Lord Cornwallis de-
feats the American general Gates at Camden, Aug. 16. Parliament dissolved,
Sept. 1. Hyder Ali defeats the Company's troops and conquers the Carnatic,
10. Major Andre hanged by the Americans as a spy, (Jet. 2. Laurens captured
on his passage to Holland and committed to the Tower; his papers disclose the
negotiations between the Dutch and Americans, 6. Hyder Ali takes Arcot, 30.
Meeting of the new parliament, 31 ; Sir Fletcher Norton deprived of the Speak-
ership by ministerial influence; Mr. Cornwall appointed. Lord George Gordon
indicted for high treason, Nov. 10. War declared against Holland, 20. Captain
King, the successor of captain Cook, returns to England, with the "Resolution,"
and "Discovery," Dec. 13. Frederic, duke of York, bishop of Osnaburg, and
a colonel in the army. Louis XVI. abolishes the torture. Meeting of Joseph
11. and the empress Katharine at Mohilow. Death of Maria Theresa, Nov. 29,
set. 63 ; her son, Maximilian appointed coadjutor to the elector of Mentz. The
_ . 2x2
6/6
FROM THE TEAR
A.D.
1780
con-
tinued.
J 1781
1782
Events and Eminent Men.
Jesuits obtain settlements in Prussia and Russia, Katharine instigated by
France to form the coalition called the " Armed Neutrality." Death of Sir
William Blackstone, set. 57, of Sir John Fielding, and of the marquis de Pombal,
set. 81. Birth of Thomas Moore, of the French lyrist Berenger, of lord Henry
Petty, the present marquis of Lansdowne, of Wm. Ellery Channing, of J. B.
Sumner, the present archbishop of Canterbury, of Thomas Chalmers, of Chas.
Manners Sutton, afterwards Speaker and viscount Canterbury, of Palafox, and
count Mole\ The manufacture of muslins introduced at Manchester.
The French land in Jersey ; captured or destroyed by the militia under major Pier-
son, who falls in the battle, Jan. 6. The Dutch Island of St. Eustatia taken by
admiral Rodney ; prizes estimated at three millions sterling, Feb. 2. De-
merara and Essequibo surrender. Trial of lord George Gordon ; defended by
Erskine, and his offence not being high treason, he escapes punishment, 5. Burke's
reforms introduced, 15 ; supported by the first parliamentary efforts of Wm. Pitt.
viscount Maitland (afterwards earl of Lauderdale), and Sheridan; lost on the
second reading, 27. Warm debates on lord North's budget, March 7. Un-
profitable victory of lord Cornwallis over the American general Green at Guild-
ford, 16. Pensacola taken by the Spaniards, May 10 ; and Tobago by the French.
The charter of the Bank of England renewed, June 1. Motion of Fox, seconded
by Pitt, for terminating the war, 12; lord Macartney, governor of Madras, 22.
Sir Eyre Coote defeats Hyder Ali, July 1. Parliament prorogued, 18. Execu-
tion ot De la Motte, a French spy, 27. Battle off the Dogger-bank, between
admiral Parker and the Dutch, Aug. 5. Hyder Ali defeated, 27. The Dutch
settlement of Negapatam taken. Battle of Eutaw Springs. General Arnold
burns New London in Connecticut, Sept. 8. Warren Hastings concludes the
treaty of Chunar with the nabob of Oude, 19. Surrender of Lord Cornwallis
to Washington, at Yorktown, Oct. 29. Sir Guy Carleton, commander-in-chief.
The French recover St. Eustatia, Nov. 20. Parliament meets, 27. A Common
Hall in London, Dec. 6; followed by meetings in Westminster, Middlesex,
Southwark, and Surrey, against the government policy. The ministerial ma-
jority, in the House of Commons, reduced to 41, on Sir James Lowther's motion,
12. Lord George Germaine intimates that the Cabinet had abandoned the idea
of subduing the Americans, 14. The Charter of the E. I. Co. renewed till 1794.
The emperor abolishes serfdom ; gives religious liberty to his subjects; reforms
monasteries ; restricts the papal power, and forbids the publication of Bulls in
his dominions without his sanction. He and the king of Prussia join the Armed
Neutrality. Necker publishes his financial statement ; retires from office.
France and Spain continue the siege of Gibraltar ; admiral Darby supplies the
garrison with stores and reinforcements. Death of lord Hawke, set. 68, of
Turgot, set. 54, of Lessing, set. 52, of J. Ernesti, set. 74, of Edward Capell, set.
68, and of Dr. Robert Watson, get. 51. Birth of Francis Chantrey, of John, the
present lord Campbell, of Henry Hallam, of Stamford Raffles, of lord Mahon,
and of David Brewster. The planet Georgium Sidus, or Uranus, discovered by
Herschel at Bath, March 13. The first Sunday School instituted at Gloucester
by Robert Raikes. Kant publishes his new system of Metaphysics. Conven-
tion of the Irish Volunteers at Dungarvan.
Death of prince Alfred, Aug. 20, set. 2. The king refuses to receive the London
remonstrance on the throne ; indignantresolutionsof the Livery, Jan. 31. Minorca
taken by the Spaniards, Feb. 5. General Conway's motion against the war
negatived by a majority of only one, 22. Resignation of lord North, March 19 ;
marquis of Rockingham, prime minister ; Charles Fox, foreign secretary ; Burke,
paymaster-general of the forces; Sheridan, under secretary, 30; Lloyd Kenyon,
attorney-general. Acts passed to exclude contractors from the House of Commons,
to disqualify government officers for voting at elections, to reform the Civil List,
and make other retrenchments. The Dutch refuse overtures for peace ; the Rus-
sians offer to mediate, April 3. The French fleet, under De Grasse, defeated by
Rodney, 12. Grattan's "Declaration of Rights" adopted by the Irish parlia-
ment. 16. Adams, American ambassador at the Hague, 19. The Middlesex
election resolutions erased from the Journals of the Commons, May 6. Wilkes
1780 TO 1783 A.D.
67?
Events and Eminent Men.
now of little importance. Pitt's motion for Reform, supported by Fox, lost by
a majority of twenty. 7. Concessions to Ireland introduced by Fox. 18. Death
of Charles Weutworth, marquis of Rockingham, July 1, «3t. 52. Lord Shelburne,
prime minister. Fox and his friends resign. Pitt, chancellor of the exchequer ;
Dundas, treasurer of the navy ; Pepper Arden, solicitor-general, 10. The Ba-
hama Islands taken by the Spaniards. Parliament prorogued, 11. Defence
of Gibraltar by General Eliott and Sir Roger Curtis, against the grand attack of
the French and Spaniards, Sept. 13; the siege raised ; the Ville de Paris, with
others of Rodney's prizes and some of his own fleet, lost in a violent gale, Oct. 5.
Great Britain acknowledges the independence of the United States. Provisional
treaty of peace arranged with Dr. Franklin at Paris, Nov. 30. Parliament meets,
Dec. 5. Hyder Ali defeated by Sir Eyre Coote, June 2 ; dies, and is succeeded
by his son, Tippoo Saib, Dec. 11. The Irish parliament purchase an estate for
Mr. Grattan. National Bank established at Dublin. Gilbert's Act, for the
management of workhouses in England. The pope visits Vienna and endea-
voursto divert the emperor from his course of reform ; Joseph perseveres ; founds
new schools ; and encourages industry. Ostend and Trieste free ports. The
Inquisition abolished in Tuscany and Naples. French troops enter Geneva to
settle the differences between parties; many families emigrate to England and
Ireland. Death of Henry Home, lord Karnes, get. 86, of Daniel Bernouilli, get. 82,
of Dr. Solander, set. 46, and of Sir John Bringle, late President of the Royal
Society, sat. 75. Birth of lord Althorpe, of Frederic Robinson, afterwards earl of
Ripon, of Thomas Wilde, afterwards lord Truro, and of Daniel Webster. The Royal
George sinks at Spithead, with admiral Kempenfeld and the crew. Monument
to the late earl of Chatham erected in Guildhall. London. Dr. Thomas Percy,
bishop of Dromore, April 20; and Dr. Richard Watson, of Llandaff, June 11.
Birth of the king's sixth daughter and last child, Amelia, Aug. 8. Death of prince
Octavius, May 3, set. 4. Preliminaries of peace with France and Spain signed
at Versailles. Jan. 20; militia disbanded, Feb. 1. Order of St. Patrick insti-
tuted, 5. Coalition of Fox and North ; the address to the king seconded by Mr.
Wilberforce ; amendment carried by a majority of four, 17. Resignation of
lord Shelburne, 21. Coalition ministry, April 2. Majority of 144 against Pitt's
motion for Reform, May 7. Parliament prorogued, July 6. Trade with America
regulated by an order of Council, Sept. 5. Peace proclaimed, 15. Convention of
the Volunteers at Dublin, Nov. 10. Meeting of parliament, 11. The prince of
Wales takes his seat. Fox introduces his India Bills, 18. New York evacu-
ated by the British, 26 ; Washington disbands his army, appeases their dis-
content, resigns his command, and retires to Vermont. Debate on the India
Bills, 29. First parliamentary efforts of Erskine and John Scott, the first de-
fending and the last opposing the measure ; the Bills pass the Commons, and
are read a first time by the Lords, Dec. 9 Interview of lord Temple with the
king, 11. The Bills thrown out by the Lords, 17. Coalition ministry dis-
missed, 18. Wm. Pitt, set. 24, prime minister, 23. General Matthews defeated
and slain by Tippoo Saib, assisted by the French under Bussy ; on the con-
clusion of peace, they withdraw their forces, and the English raise the siege of
Cuddalore. The Anti-Orange party of Holland, supported by France, attempt
to curtail the Statholder's power; the king of Prussia interferes. Joseph II.
and Gustavus III. visit the pope. Treaty of commerce between Sweden and
the American republic. The Russians take possession of the Crimea and the
Kuban. Perfidious massacre of the Tartars by Potemkin. Death of Dr.
Wm. Hunter, set 65, of John Dunning, lord Ashburton, set. 52, of Leonard Euler,
set. 76, and of D'AIembert, aat. 66 Birth of Simon Bolivar, of Reginald Heber,
afterwards bishop of Calcutta, of Louis Spohr, and of Andre Dupin. Pilatre du
Rosier and D'Arlande ascend at Paris, in Mongolfier's first fire-balloon, Nov. 2.
Mr. Spalding and his assistant perish in a diving-bell in Ireland, June 1. Hoff-
mann, a native of Alsace, avails himself of Ged's polytype invention A
patent granted to Henry Johnson and Mr. Walter of the "Times.," for stereotype
or logographic printing. The first volume of " L'Art de verifier les Dates apres
Jesus Christ," published by the Benedictine Francis Clement.
673
FROM THE YEAE
A.D.
I-Iegj-
ra.
i Otto-
Imast Em-
pire.
Popes.
Spain,
France
Portu-
gal.
Prus-
sia.
45Fre-
deric
II. the
Great.
WlR-
TEM-
BERG.
48
Chas.
Eu-
gene.
1
Sax-
ony.
1
Bava
UIA.
Ger-
many.
1784
1199
11 Abdul
Ahmed.
1
10 Pi us
VI.
Feb 15.
26Chas.
III.
11 Louis
XVI.
8 Maria
Frances-
ca and
Pedro
III.
22 Fre-
deric
Augus-
tus III.
7Chas
Theo
dore.
20 Jo-
seph
11.
1785
1200
1201
12
11
27
12 —
9
46
49
23
'8
21
1786
1201
1202
13
12
28
13
10
d. Pedio.
lFred.
Wm.
11.
50
24
9
22
1T87
1202
1203
14
13
29
14
11
2
51
25
10
23
1788
1203
1204
15
14
lChas.
IV.
15
12
3
52
26
11
24
1789
1204
1205
1 Selim
III.
15
2
16
13
4
53
27
12
25
1784 TO 1789 A.D.
679
I Repe-
tition
Dates.
1784
1786
1787
1788
Sar-
dinia,
^Vic-
tor
Ama-
deus
III.
Tus-
cany.
20 Le
opold
Naples
26 Fer-
dinand
IV.
Den-
ma kk
19
Chris-
tian
VII.
Swe-
den.
14
Gusta
vus
III.
Po-
land.
21 Stanis-
las Au-
gustus.
23 Kath
arine II,
Hol-
land.
1789
25-
30
Stanis
las, the
shadow
of a king
till the
final par
tition of
Poland,
in 1795.
Ameri-
ca nPre-
DENTS.
1 George
Wash-
ngton.
34 Wil
liara V
stat-
holder.
35
28
India
BritishGo-
VERNORS.
13 Warren
Hastings,
36 lEarlCorn-
wallis
Great
Britain.
25 Geo.
III.
Oct 25
28
680
FROM THE TEAR
A.D.
1784
Events and Eminent Men.
Struggle of the new ministry against a majority of the Commons. Pitt introduces
his India Bill, Jan. 14 ; rejected, on going into committee, by a majority of eight ;
a meeting of independent members attempts in vain to reconcile political
parties, Feb. 2. Vote of the House of Lords to support the ministry, 4. Popu-
larity of Pitt ; the thanks of the Common Council of London voted to him, 10.
Address of the House of Commons to the king for the removal of ministers, '20 ; a
repi'esentation to the throne, for the same purpose, carried by a majority of one,
March 8. Mutiny Bill passed, 9. Parliament prorogued, 24; dissolved, 25.
Many of the leading coalitionists lose their seats. Meeting of the new parlia-
ment, May 18 ; large majority for ministers. Agitation in Dublin, June 7. The
attorney-general, Fitz-G-ibbon, prevents the assembly of a national congress.
Riots at Edinburgh caused by high price of corn, 10. Pitt's Commutation Act
introduced, 21 ; his budget, 30. Restoration of the estates forfeited in 1745.
India Bill again brought forward, July 9 ; passed by large majorities. Board of
Control established. Parliament prorogued, 18. Treaty of Mangalore with
Tippoo Saib. Great increase of trade with the American States. The convey-
ance of letters by mail-coaches, devised by major Palmer. Birth of the prince
of Asturias, afterwards Ferdinand VII. of Spain, Oct. 14, The emperor Joseph's
design of re-opening the Scheldt is opposed by Prussia, Sweden, and Hol-
land. Turkey is overawed by his alliance with Russia, gives up the Crimea, and
yields to all Katharine's demands. Potemkin builds Kherson (now Odessa) ;
death of her minister, count Panin, and of her favourite. Lanskoy. Gustavus III.
visits Paris, and concludes a treaty of commerce. Prince Louis of Brunswick,
the statholder's minister, yields to the democratic party, and withdraws from Hol-
land. The crown prince Frederic, from the imbecility of his father, Christian
VII., becomes regent of Denmark. De Grasse, on his return to France, is brought
to trial and banished from Paris. Death of Dr. Samuel Johnson, set. 75, of Sir
Geo. Savile, set. 58, and of Diderot, set. 71. Birth of John, viscount Palmerston,
of John Louis Burckhardt, of Bugeaud, the French marshal, and of John, the
present earl of Westmoreland. Commemoration of Handel in Westminster
Abbey, May 26. Ascent of Lunardi from Moorfields, Sept. 15, and of Blanchard
and Jeffries, Nov. 30. Iceland desolated by an eruption of Hecla for nearly 12
months, The first school for the blind established at Paris, by Valentine Hatty.
David founds a new school of painting in France. The " Diary " of Bubb Dod-
dington published.
English newspapers prohibited in France, Jan. 1. Parliament meets, 25. Pitt's
motion for reform negatived by a majority of 74, April 18. John Adams
first ambassador from America, presented to the king, June 1. Warren Has-
tings having resigned his governorship of India, Feb. 8, arrives in London,
June 16 ; Sir John Macpherson and Sir Archibald Campbell are left to act as his
deputies. Trial of Dr. Shipley, dean of St. Asaph's, for the publication of Sir
Wm. Jones's " Dialogue on Government." Erskine's powerful pleading in his
defence, Aug. 6. Parliament prorogued. Critical state of the French finances ;
affair of the queen's diamond necklace ; arrest of the cardinal de Rohan. Treaty
of the emperor Joseph II. to obtain Bavaria in exchange for Belgium; his plan
defeated by Prussia and other States ; he deprives the papal nuncios of all au-
thority in Germany. The Philippine Company established in Spain. Opening
of the canal of Kiel or Knopp, to unite the river Eyder and the Baltic. Kath-
arine's new favourite, Yermolof, endeavours to alienate her from Potemkin.
Death of col. Oglethorpe, set. 102, of Moses Mendelsohn, set. 56, of Wm. White-
head, poet laureate, set. 70, of lord George Sackville, set. 69, of Louis Philippe,
duke of Orleans, set. 60, and of the Abbe de Mably, set. 76. Birth of David
Wilkie, of Hannah Gurney, afterwards Mrs. Fry, and of Henry, the present lord
Hardinge. Howard sets out on his travels to visit the Plague hospitals, Dec. 18.
The rev. Thos. Warton appointed poet-laureate. La Perouse proceeds on his
voyage to explore the Northern Pacific. Beaumarchais's edition of Voltaire's
works suppressed in France. Paley's " Moral and Political Philosophy " pub-
lished, Weishaupt, chief of the 111 uminati, expelled from his professor's chair
1784 TO 1787 A.D. 681
Events and Eminent Men.
at Ingolstadt. Balloon expeditions ; Blanchard and Jeffries cross the Straits of
Dover, Jan. 7; disastrous fate of Pilatre du Rosier, June 15; Mr" Arnold
precipitated into the Thames ; major Money ascends at Norwich, falls into the
German Ocean, is saved by a revenue cutter.
Opening of parliament, Jan. 24. Earl Cornwallis appointed governor-general of
India, Feb. 24. Ministerial plan for fortresses, opposed by Sheridan in an eloquent
speech, and lost by the Speaker's casting vote, 27. Pitt's Sinking Fund unani-
mously adopted, March 29. Impeachment of Warren Hastings moved by Burke,
April 4; he defends himself at the bar of the House, May 1. Lord George
Gordon a convert to Judaism, 4. The Commons decide not to proceed on the
first article against Hastings, respecting the Rohilla war, June 1 ; the second, or
Benares article, moved by Fox and supported by Pitt, is adopted by the House,
13. The prince of Wales reduces his expenditure to pay his debts, July 11.
Margaret Nicholson attempts to stab the king, Aug. 2. Royal visit to Oxford,
16. Board of trade appointed ; first president, Charles Jenkinson, created lord
Hawkesbury, Sept. 2. Treaty of commerce with France, 26. Death of the
king's aunt, Amelia Sophia Eleanora, second daughter of George II., set. 76, Nov.
A black colony sent from London to found the settlement of Sierra Leone, Dec.
9. Death of Frederic II., king of Prussia, Aug. 17, set. 75 ; he is succeeded by
his nephew, Frederic Wm. II. The emperor Joseph gives a new code of laws to
his subjects, in which the punishment of death is almost abrogated, and orders
the German language to be used instead of Latin, in the services of the church.
The king of Sweden abolishes the torture. Potemkin compels Katharine to
send Yermolof on his travels, and to take Momonof in his place. Revolt of the
Mamelukes in Egypt suppressed by the grand vizir. Congress of German
archbishops, at Ems, and council of Italian prelates at Pistoja ; both restrictive
of papal supremacy. The university of Bonn founded. Death of Dr. John ;
Jebb, set. 50, of cardinal de Solis, 83t. 110, of Gilbert Stuart, set, 44, of Jonas i
Hanway, set, 74, and of admiral lord Keppel, set. 61. Birth of Victoria Maria
Louisa, daughter of the prince of Saxe Coburg, and now duchess of Kent, Aug.
17. Birth of Karl M. von Weber, of D. F. Arago, of C. J. Blomfield, the present
bishop of London, of Sir Robert H. Inglis, of B. R. Haydon, and of the present
admiral Sir Charles Napier. Loss of the Halsewell, East India ship, June 6.
Meeting of Dissenters to petition for a repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts,
Jan. 5. Parliament assembles, 23. Sheridan moves the charge against Wrarren
Hastings for his treatment of the Begums of Oude, Feb. 7. The treaty of com-
merce with France discussed by the Commons, and approved by a majority of 76,
12.- Consolidation of Customs, 26. Beaufoy's motion for the relief of Dissenters
negatived by a majority of 78, March 2S ; the debts of the prince of Wales
brought before parliament by alderman Newman The prince's marriage to
Mrs. Fitzherbert denied by Fox, April 20. The articles of impeachment against
Warren Hastings presented by Burke at the bar of the Lords, May 10. The
Commons agree to pay the debts of the prince, 21. Commodore Philipps sails
with convicts to New South Wales, 23. Parliament prorogued, 30. Lord George
Gordon convicted of two libels, June 6. Bishopric of Nova Scotia erected, Aug.
11. A fleet equipped to support the statholder, and other preparations for war
terminated by a convention with France, Oct. 30. Parliament opened, Nov. 27.
Riot at Worcester, to prevent the spinning of wool by machinery, Dec. 1. The
ideas of civil liberty imbibed by La Fayette and his companions in America, dis-
seminated in France, prepare the Revolution. Louis, in wa.nt of money, calls
the first assembly of the Notables, Feb. 22. M-. de Calonne's plan of finance re-
jected ; he resigns, and withdraws to England, April 20. De Brienne, archbishop
of Toulouse, prime minister. The Notables close their sittings, May 25. The
Parliament of Paris refuses to register the royal edicts, and demands an as-
sembly of the States General, July 6 ; is banished to Troyes, Aug. 15 ; recalled,
Sept. 20p; civil and political rights conceded to Protestants, Nov. 19. The stat-
holder expelled from Holland ; returns to the Hague, brought back by a Prussian
army, with the concurrence of Great Britain. France unable to interfere. The
innovations of Joseph II. in Belgium are opposed by the States of Brabant, and
682
FROM THE TEAB
A.D.
1787
con-
tiuuid.
1788
Events and Eminent Men.
he is obliged to revoke them. Journey of the empress Katharine to the Crimea.
Joseph II. meets her at Kherson; alliance against Turkey. Romantzof declines
to share the command with Potemkin. The Turks declare war, and attempt
to land at Kinburn ; Suwarof defeats them. The pope annuls the resolutions
adopted at Ems and Pistoja. The constitution of the American States framed by
a commission, at the head of which are Washington, Franklin, and James
Madison ; accepted at first by only three States. The duke of Rutland, viceroy
of Ireland, dies at Dublin. Death of Sir Wm. Draper, of Father Boscovich,
set. 76, of Soame Jenyns, set. 83, of Robert Lowth, bishop of London, set. 77, of Ed-
mund Law, bishop of Carlisle, set. 84, of the count de Vergennes, aet. 68, of Dr.
Richard Jebb, set. 67, of the Rev. Paul Maty, set. 42, and of Anna Maria Yates,
the actress, set. 59. Birth of De Lacy Evans, of Wm. Etty, and of M. Guizot.
Herschel discovers two satellites of the Georgium Sidus. Home Tooke publishes
his " Diversions of Purley." Wedgwood manufactures his imitations of Etrus-
can vases. Beilby Porteous, bishop of London, Thurlow of Durham, and Pre
tyman of Lincoln. The Swedenborgian " New Jerusalem Church " formed. A
shark caught in the Thames, Dec. 1. John Christopher Adelung professor at
Leipzig and librarian to the elector of Saxony.
Lord George Gordon (set. 38) sentenced to five years' imprisonment, Jan. 28. Death
of Charles Edward Stuart, grandson of James II., at Rome, Jan. 31, set. 68
Petition of the London Common Council for the abolition of the slave trade.
Feb. 1. The trial of Warren Hastings commences in Westminster Hall, Feb. 13.
Burke's opening speech occupies four successive days. The Begum charge
introduced by Mi-. Adam, April 15 ; summed up by Sheridan in a speech of
five days. The Benares charge opened by Fox, 22 ; concluded by Mr. Grey, 25.
Resolution of the Commons, moved by Pitt, to take the African slave trade into
consideration during the next session, May 9. Lord Mansfield, thirty-two years
chief justice, resigns, and is succeeded by lord Kenyon, June 3. Compensation
awarded to American loyalists, 8. Royal visit to Cheltenham, 12. Sir John Scott
solicitor-general, 18. Pepper Arden, master of the rolls. Close of the parlia-
mentary session, July 12. Sir Wm. Scott advocate-general, Sept. 3. Symptoms
of the king's mental malady, Oct. Celebration of the centenary of the Revo-
lution, Nov. 5. The king's illness publicly known, 12. Parliament assembles;
report made by the physicians and privy council, Dec. 4. Debate on the Re-
gency, 10. Pitt's resolutions carried, 16; his letter to the prince of Wales, 30.
Attempt of the French government to establish the cour pWniere. Protest of
the parliament of Paris, and arrest of some of its members, May 3. National dis-
content, aggravated by a general scarcity, arising from a hail-storm, which destroys
vineyards, orchards, and harvest, July 13. De Brienne resigns, Aug. 25. Necker
recalled to office, 27. Edict for convoking the States-General, Sept. 27. Second
assembly of the Notables, Nov. 6. Decree that the Tiers Mat shall compose
one half of the States Genei-al. Alliance of Great Britain, Prussia, and Hol-
land ; they cause the Danes to retire, who, at the instigation of Katharine, had
invaded Sweden and laid siege to Gothenburg. Gustavus III. makes war on
Russia and threatens Petersburg ; his fleet is repulsed and blocked up in Swea-
borg, and the progress of his army stopped by the fortress of Fredericshamm.
The emperor Joseph interferes with the university of Louvain, and is again em-'
broiled with his Belgian subjects ; unsuccessful in his operations against Turkey,
he gives the command of one of his armies to marshal Laudon, who conquers
Bosnia. The Russians, under Potemkin and Suwarof, take Otchakof ; massacre
and pillage of its inhabitants, Dec. 16. Death of Charles III., king of Spain,
Dec. 13, set. 72; accession of his son, Charles IV. Florida Blanca, minister.
The American constitution accepted by eight more of the States ; the quakers
of Philadelphia emancipate their slaves, Jan. 1. Death of Shipley, bishop of
St. Asaph, K»t. 74, of Sir Ashton Lever, of James Stuart, " the Athenian." set. 75,
of Sol. Gesner, set. 58. of Le Clerc, count de Buffon, set. 81, of Thomas Gains-
borough, sat. 61, of George Joachim Zollikoffer, set. 58, of count De Grasse, and
of admiral Greig, commanding a Russian fleet. Birth of lord Byron, Jan. £2,
of lord Fitzroy Somerset, afterwards lord Raglan, of Robert Peel, of Basil Hall,
and of Theodore Hook. M. de Lesseps. landed on the coMst of Kamtschatka,
1787 TO 1789 A.D.
683
Events and Eminent Men.
brings to Paris the last intelligence ever received of La Perouse or of his ships
"LaBoussole" and " L' Astrolabe." Pugilism patronized by the royal princes
and many men of eminence ; the death of a prize-fighter in a match at Brighton,
Aug. 6, causes the prince of Wales to withdraw. »amuel Horsley bishop of
St. David's. The Abbe Barthelemy publishes his Anacharsis. Mdlle. Necker,
afterwards baroness de Stael, writes in defence of Rousseau. Charles Macklin,
set. 89, fails in an attempt to repeat his performance of " Shylock."
Mr. Cornwall, speaker of the Commons, dies, Jan. 2, and is succeeded by Mr. Wm.
Grenville, 5. The Regency Bill introduced, Feb. 3. The king recovers, 19;
national rejoicing, March 10 ; public thanksgivings, April 23. Mutiny of the
" Bounty," 28. Beaufoy's second motion negatived by a majority of twenty, May
8. Prince William Henry created duke of Clarence, 9. Duel between the duke
of York and col Lenox, 26. Mr Grenville secretary of state, June 5. Hen.
Addington, speaker, 8. Dr. Withers convicted of a libel on Mrs. Fitzherbert,
July 14. Royal visit to Weymouth, 16. The duty on newspapers increased,
Aug. 21. Royal visit to Plymouth, 27. Address of the London "Revolution
Society " to the French National Assembly ; sermon of Dr. Price at the Old
Jewry chapel, Nov. 5. A printer convicted of a libel on the duke of York, 23.
Perryman, printer of the " Morning Herald," convicted of a libel on the Commons,
Dec. 8. Stockdale tried for the same offence; Erskine's eloquence works upon the
jury to acquit him, 9. Election of the States-General in France ; clubs formed ;
that of Brittany constitutes eventually the association of Jacobins ; commotions
in the Faubourg Saint Antoine, Apr. 29 ; at Marseilles, 30 ; meeting of the
States-General, clergy 291, nobles 270, Third Estate 584, May 4 ; the three Orders
united into one body, are declared, on the motion of the Abbe Sieyes, to be the
National Assembly, June 17 ; meeting in the tennis-court, and oath to provide a
new constitution, 20 ; royal sitting ; the king commands the assembly to sepa-
rate ; encouraged by their president Bailly and by Mirabeau, the members refuse
to obey, 23 ; the king yields, 27 ; dismisses Necker, July 11 ; popular agitation, and
destruction of the Bastille, 14; flight of the count d'Artois, of the prince de
Conde, of the duke de Broglio, and other nobles, to Coblentz : emigration com-
mences ; La Fayette commander of the national guard, and Bailly mayor of Paris-,
16; violent excesses of the populace, 22; Necker recalled, 28; abolition of privi-
leged orders, Aug. 4; declaration of rights presented to the king, 13 ; freedom
of conscience and liberty of the press decreed, 24; festival of the military
officers at Versailles, Oct. 1 ; scarcity of provisions at Paris ; the mob proceeds
to Versailles, attacks the palace and massacres the guards, 6 ; the king and the
royal family brought to Paris ; are followed by the National Assembly, who com-
mence their sitting in the Riding School of the Tuileries, 12 ; church property
taken for the service of the State, Nov. 2 ; the parliament suspended, 3 ; issue
of assignats, Dec. 17; the domains of the crown and estates of emigrants taken
for the public use, 22. Revolt of the Belgians. Commotions in Hungary. The
prince of Coburg and Suwarof defeat the Turks at Fokshani, July 31 ; at Mar-
tinesti, Sept. 18 ; Laudou takes Belgrade, Oct. 6 ; blockades Orsova ; Potemkin
defeats Hassan pacha at Tobac, takes Bender and Akerman, and invests Ismail.
Death of sultan Abdul Ahmed, April 7, set. 64; his nephew, Selim III., takes the
throne. Gustavus ITI. abrogates the privileges of the Swedish nobility, estab-
lishes the absolute power of the crown, and renews the war in Finland. Poland,
encouraged by Prussia, makes an effort to shake off the yoke of Russia. The
constitution accepted by all the States of America; Washington elected presi-
dent, and Adams, vice-president, April 14. Death of Fletcher Norton, lord
Grantley, of Joseph Vernet, set. 75, of the Abb£ de l'Epee, pet 77, of Thos. Day,
the author of " Sandford and Merton," set. 41, of John Elwes the miser, and of
the Pretender's natural daughter, duchess of Albany. Birth of lord Nugent, of
Horace Vernet, of Silvio Pellico, of the present archbishop Whately, of Neander, i
and of Mary Russell Mitford. Herschel discovers two satellites of Saturnl
Opening of the Stroud canal, Nov. 19. Bacon's groupe, representing the Thames
and its attributes, placed in the quadrangle of Somerset House, April 13.
Howard's Account of the Lazarettos of Europe published. The Opera House in
the Haymarket burnt, June 18, and the. Manchester theatre, 19.
684
FBOM THE TEAR
A.D.
Hegi
1205
1206
1206
1207
1792
1207
1208
1793
1208
1209
Otto- I
man Em- Popes.
PIKE.
2 Selim
III
L6 Pius 3Chas. 17 Louis
VI. IV. XVI,
Feb. 15.
France. Portu
gal.
public,
Sept- 22.'
2
Fran
cesca
Prus-
sia.
5 Fre-
deric
Wm.II
WlR-
TEM-
BERG.
54Chas
ugene
56-
1 Lou-
is Eu-
eue.
Saxo-Bava
NY. RIA.
28Fre-|13Chas.
deric I Theo-
dore.
S0-
Ger-
MANY,
1 Leo-
pold
II.
15 lFran
!cis II,
1790 TO 1793 A.D.
685
R epe-
tltioti
Sardi
Tus-
Naples.
Den-
Swe-
Ameri-
can Pre
Russia.
1 India.
Hol-IBritishGo-
Great
Dates.
NIA.
cany
mark
den.
sidents
LAND. VERNORS.
Britain.
1790
lSVic-
tor
Arna-
deus
III.
1 Fer-
dinanc
III.
32 Fer-
dinand
IV.
25
Chris-
tian
VII.
20Gus
tavus
III.
- 2 George
Wash-
ington.
29 Kath
arine II
■40 Wil
liam V
stat-
holder
5 EarlCorn-
wallis.
31Geo.III.
Oct- 2.5,
d duke of
Camberland.
l> Leopold,
prince of
SaxeCoburg.
17 91
19
2
33
26
21
3 —
30
41
6 _
32
m, duke of
York.
1792
20
3— -
34
27
1 Gus-
tavus
IV.
4
31
42
7
33
1793
21—
4
35
H
2
5 Re-
elected.
32
43
1 Sir John*
Shore.
34
*
i
i
1
i
I
1
• i
i
686
FROM THE TEAR
Events and Eminent Men.
Parliament opened, Jan. 21. J. Walter, publisher of the " Times," fined for libels
on the dukes of York and Clarence, Feb. 3. First dissension in the House of
Commons between the Foxites and Burkites, respecting the French Revolution,
9. The trial of Warren Hastings proceeds languidly, 16. Resolutions of the
London Common Council to support the Corporation and Test Acts, 25. Majority
ISO against Fox's motion for their repeal, March 2 ; Flood's, for parliamentary
reform, withdrawn, 4 ; the improved revenues of India stated to the Commons
by Mr. Dundas, 31 ; Pitt's Budget, April 25. Misunderstanding with Spain
respecting Nootka Sound, May 6. Parliament dissolved, June 12. Home Tooke
unsuccessful candidate for Westminster, July 2. Retirement of Wilkes from
Middlesex. The fall of the Bastille commemorated by a large assemblage at the
Crown and * nch-rv, lord Stanhope presiding, 14. Burke publishes his "Reflec-
tions on the French Revolution " and Thomas Paine his " Rights of Man;
Death of the king's brother, Henry Frederic, duke of Cumberland, 'set. 45, leaving
no issue, Sept. 18. The new parliament assembles; Addington speaker, Nov.
26; decides to proceed with the trial of Warren Hastings. Dec. 17. War com-
menced in the Mysore against Tippoo Saib. Execution of the marquis de
Favras, the first judicially-condemned victim of the Revolution in France, Jan.
18 ; tumults in the southern provinces ; France divided into eighty-three de-
partments ; the National Assembly completes the new constitution, to which the
king and all the deputies swear fidelity, Feb. 4; monastic vows interdicted, 13;
rights of primogeniture abolished, 24 ; municipality of Paris created, May 1 ; on
the motion of M. de Talleyrand, bishop of Autun, uniformity of weights and mea-
sures established, 8 ; the assembly, though apposed by Mirabeau, asserts its right
to make peace or war, 22 ; titles, armorial bearings and seignorial distinctions
abolished, June 19 ; the church organized as a civil institution, July 12; grand
federation of the Champ de Mars, 14 ; Talleyrand celebrates high mass ; justices
of peace appointed, Aug. 5; trial by jury, 16; resignation of Necker, Sept. 4;
all ecclesiastics and public functionaries required to swear fidelity to the nation,
the law, and the king, Nov. 27 ; Louis, after long hesitation, assents to the civil
constitution of the church, Dec. 26. Declaration of independence by the Belgian
provinces ; congress of Brussels convened, June 4. The discontents of the Hun-
garians appeased by the restoration of their ancient privileges. Joseph main-
tains his edicts for religious toleration and the abolition of vassalage ; he dies,
Feb. 20, aet. 49 ; his brother, Leopold, grand duke of Tuscany, succeeds him in
the hereditary States, and is elected emperor of Germany, Sept. 30 ; lie resigns
Tuscany to his second son, Ferdinand ; his troops occupy Orsova, April 16, and
advance against Widdin and Griurgevo ; congress of Reichenbach, June 27.
Great Britain, Prussia, and Holland agree to assist in suppressing the Belgian
rebellion; the privileges of the States are restored ; Brussels submits, Dec. 3.
Negotiations for peace between Austria and Turkey commence at Szistova.
Russia persists in the war; Suwarof storms Ismail, Dec. 22 ; horrid slaughter of
the inhabitants, 26. Repnin crosses the Danube into Bulgaria. After several
indecisive conflicts between the Swedish and Russian fleets, the former obtains
a complete victory in Swenka Sound, July 10. The peace of Warela follows.
The States of Ohio and Tenessee founded in North America, Aug. 14. Death of
Benjamin Franklin, April 17, set. 85, of John Howard, set. 63, of Adam Smith, ait.
67, of Dr. Robert Henry, sat. 72, of Dr. Wm. Cullen, jet. 78, of lord Heathfield, set
72, of Dr. Thos. Warton, poet-laureate, aet. 62, of general Roy, the ordnance
surveyor, of the Austrian field-marshal, Gideon Ernest Laudon, set. 74, of Dr.
Antony Addington, the speakers father, set. 77, of Philip Yorke, second earl of
Hardwicke, set. 70, and of the Scotch heroine, Flora Macdonald. Birth of prince
Leopold of Saxe Coburg, now king of Belgium, Dec. 16, of the present Sir John
Hersehel, of Odillon Barrot, of Spring Rice now lord Mounteagle, of Father Mat-
thew, of Edmund, now admiral Lyons, and of J. R M'Culloch. Sir Joshua Rey-
nolds resigns the presidency of the Royal Academy, Feb. 8. Galvanism dis-
covered by Louis Galvani of Bologna. Wm. Pulteney institutes a professorship!
of Agriculture at Edinburgh, April 14. The Forth and Clyde canal opened,
July 28. The trigonometrical survey of Kent made by general Roy. Mr. Pitt
1790 TO 1791 A.D.
687
Events and Eminent Men.
1791
High Steward of the University of Cambridge. William Wyndham Grenville
created lord Grenville. Henry James Pye, poet-laureate ; the omission of the
New Year's Ode by his predecessor, facetiously celebrated by Peter Pindar (Dr.
Wolcot). Scipio Eicci, bishop of Pistoja and Prato, deposed by the pope. Bos-
well's Life of Johnson published.
Marriage of Frederic, duke of York, to Frederica, crown-princess of Prussia, Sept.
29. General Abercrombie defeats Tippoo Saib's army, and takes Cananore,
Jan. 9. A Bill introduced in the House of Commons to relieve some of the
Catholic disabilities ; Fox, Pitt, and Burke agree in condemning all laws which
attach penalties to opinions, Feb. 21. The government of Canada regulated by
a new act, March 4; Mr. Walter of the "Times" pardoned and liberated, 9;
naval armament in anticipation of a war to check the ambition of Russia ;
motion of Wilberforce for the abolition of the slave trade, 18. Burke quarrels
with Fox, and joins the ministerial party, May 6. The colony of Sierra Leone
protected by act of parliament, 12. Victory of Lord Cornwallis over Tippoo Saib,
15. Fox's Libel Bill postponed till next session, 20. The claims for private
property seized at the capture of St. Eustatia in 1782, nllowed by the privy
council, 26. The charges against Warren Hastings concluded by the managers,
30; he enters upon his defence, June 2 Dundas, secretary of state, 8. Par-
liament prorogued, 10. Meetings to celebrate the French revolution interrupted
by popular violence ; riots at Birmingham, July 14. Application of the nabob
of Arcot to the Court of Chancery against the East India Company, 27 ; some of
the Birmingham rioters capitally convicted, Aug. 25. The buckle-makers of
Birmingham petition against the use of shoe-strings, Dec. 21. The emperor of
Germany calls upon France to restore the feudal rights of which some princes
of the empire had been deprived in Alsace; the National Assembly orders
additional troops to be raised, Jan. 28. The emigrant princes collect forces at
Coblentz and Worms; first ordination of constitutional bishops at Paris by
Talleyrand, Feb. 25 : threats of the pope, March 10. Death of Mirabeau, April 2,
set. 42, the first of the great men interred in the new church of St. Genevieve,
called by the Assembly the Pantheon. M. Guillotin introduces the machine for
decapitation, which bears his name, May 31. Flight of the king and royal
family, June 20 ; they are stopped at Varennes and brought back to Paris, 25 ;
his eldest brother escapes to Mons ; order for all emigrants to return within two
months, July 9. The remains of Voltaire conveyed to the Pantheon, 11. Second
federation, 14 ; Bailly and La Fayette disperse a tumultuous assemblage, calling
for the deposition of the king, 17. Treaty of Pilnitz between the emperor and
the king of Prussia for the restoration of the royal authority in France, Aug. 27.
The constitution remodelled, Sept. 3 ; accepted by the king, 13 ; Avignon and
the Venaissin annexed to France ; and the claims of the German princes in Al-
sace disallowed, 23. Last sitting of the National or Constituent Assembly, 30 ;
the new constitution comes into operation ; meeting of the Legislative Assem-
bly, elected under the influence of the clubs, Oct. 1. Insurrections in La Ven-
dee and Brittany ; massacres at Avignon, Marseilles, and Aix ; Petion mayor of
Paris, Nov. 17. The emperor of Germany protests against the rejection of his
demands, Dec. 3, Gustavus III. offers to lead a crusade against France. Roch-
ambeau and Luckner appointed to command the armies of the north and of the
Rhine, Dec. 16. Treaty of Szistova between Austria and Turkey concluded,
Aug. 4. A new constitution adopted by the king and Diet of Poland, which
gives offence to Katharine. Victory of Repnin over the Turks at Matschm.
Death of Potemkin. Oct. 15, sat. 55. Plato Zubof, a new favourite, succeeds to
his position. The States of Vermont and Kentucky founded by the American
Union. Death of John Wesley, 83t. 88, of Mozart, set. 35, of Francis Grose, set.
60, of Dr. Richard Price, sat. 68, of Thomas Thurlow, bishop of Durham,
of George, third earl of Orford, of J. D. Michaelis, set 74, of Selina, countess
of Huntingdon, ast. 84, and of Catharine Macaulay Graham, set. 58. Birth of
lord John Russel, of Theodore Kfirner, of Richard Lalor Sheil, and of H. H.
Milman. Vancouver's voyage of discovery. Cowper's translation of Homer
published. The Albion Milis, near Blackfriars Bridge, destroyed by fire, Mar. 3.
688
FROM THE TEAK
Events and Eminent Men.
1792
Meeting af parliament, Jan. 31. Pitt's budget oration on the flourishing state of
the country and the prospect of a durable peace, Feb. 17. The parliament house
at Dublin destroyed by fire, 28. Tippoo Saib, totally defeated by lord Comwallis
and geueral Abercrombie, concludes a treaty of peace and gives his sons as
hostages, March 19. The owners of property destroyed by the Birmingham
rioters recover heavy damages from the county, April 5. Vote of the Commons
for a gradual abolition of the slave trade, 26. Fox's act decides the power of
juries in trials for libel, 30. The " Friends of the People " associate to obtain
parliamentary reform. M. Chauvelin, the French ambassador, requests the
mediation of Great Britain, to avert from his country the hostilities of other
States, May 2. Royal proclamation against the publications of various societies,
and their correspondence with the French Assembly, 21. Mr. Whitbread's
motion for inquiry into the conduct of the Birmingham magistrates negatived ;
lord Thurlow resigns the great seal, which is put in commission ; act for es-
tablishing police offices in the metropolis ; parliament prorogued, June 15.
Public meeting in London of the friends of Poland, Wm. Smith, M.P., in the
chair, Aug. 2. Earl Gower, the British ambassador, recalled from Paris, 17.
Ruinous speculations in canal-shares, which are suddenly depressed by the pros-
pect of war. Lord Macartney departs on his embassy to China, Sept 26. Nearly
4000 emigrants, chiefly ecclesiastics, arrive in London from France, during this
month. Three of the mutineers of the " Bounty " executed at Portsmouth, Oct.
29. Loyal association formed by John Reeves, Nov. 29; lord Edward Fitz-
gerald dismissed from the army; royal proclamation calling out the militia;
meeting in Merchant- tailors' hall expressive of attachment to the British con-,
stitution ; the original declaration deposited in the records of the Tower, Dec. 1;
public alarm ; the guards doubled, 6. Meeting of parliament three weeks before
the appointed time, 13 ; secession of the alarmists from the whig party ; the
preparations for war approved by overwhelming majorities. Thomas Paine,
now a member of the French National Convention, prosecuted before lord Kenyon,
and found guilty of a libel in his "Rights of Man," 18. Lord Grenville intro-
duces the Alien act, 19 ; during the debate, Burke, to heighten the effect of his
oratory, produces a dagger, and throws it on the floor. Ministry of Roland and
the Girondists in France ; war declared against Austria, April 20. The French,
repulsed in their first invasion of Flanders, put to death their general Dillon ;
success of La Fayette at Maubeuge and of Luckuer at Menin, June 20. Louis
dismisses the Girondists ; the Jacobins and republican party, under Robespierre,
Danton, and Marat, become bolder. La Fayette, at the bar of the Legislative
Assembly, denounces the proceedings of the clubs and demands their dissolution,
28. The Prussians invade France, the Assembly proclaims " the country in
danger," July 11. Third federation in the Champ de Mars, 14. The volun-
teers of Marseilles arrive in Paris and introduce their patriotic hymn, composed
by Rouget de ITsle. The emperor and king of Prussia meet at Mentz, 23.
Manifesto of the duke of Brunswick, 25. Declaration issued by the French
princes at Bingen, Aug. 2. The Prussians at Thionville, 5. Frightful massacres
commence in Paris, instigated by Danton, Tallien, Billaud-Varennes, Collot
d'Herbois, and Santerre, 10. The palace of the Tuileries stormed ; Louis and
his family conducted to the Temple. Decree of the Assembly for a National
Convention, 13. Roland and some of the Girondists recalled to office, 14. La
Fayette withdraws from France with some of his staff, 20 ; they are seized by
the German outposts and imprisoned, first at Weael, then at Magdeburg, and
lastly at Olmutz. Longwy and Verdun taken by the Prussians, 23. Atrocious
outrages in Paris, Sept. 2, and succeeding days; murder of the princess Lam-
balle. The Prussians in Champagne, 14 ; Kellermann defeats them at Valmy,
20. Dumourier defeats Clairfait in Flanders. Opening of the National Con-
vention, 21 ; the Jacobin majority occupy the highest benches and are styled
" the Mountain ;': vain efforts of the Girondists to restrain their violence. The
king deposed and France declared a republic, 22 ; the executive power lodged
in the committee of the constitution, of which Sieyes, Condorcet, Thomas Paine,
Brissot, Barrere and Danton are members. 29. The king of Sardinia,
1792 TO 1793 A.D.
689
L.D.
1793
Events and Eminent Men.
joined the league against France, loses Savoy and Nice. The Prussians com-
mence their retreat, 30. The French general Custine takes Spires, Worms, and,
Mentz. Victory of Dumourier at Jemappes, Nov. 6. He conquers Belgium and'
enters Brussels, 13. Savoy incorporated with France, as the 84th departmental.
Decree of the Convention for the trial of Louis XVI., Dec. 3. Death of the
emperor Leopold II., March 1, set. 45 ; his son, Francis II., inherits Austria and
is elected emperor of Germany, July 14. John, prince of Brazil, Regent of Por-
tugal. Assassination of Gustavus III., March 6, aet. 46 ; his son, Gustavus IV.,
succeeds, set. 13; his uncle, the duke of Sudermania, regent. Katharine con-
cludes the treaty of Jassy with the Turks, Jan. 9. Turns her armies against
•the Poles ; the king of Prussia deserts them and joins her, to share the spoil
Washington founded, to he the seat of American government. Death of Sir
Joshua Reynolds, set. 69, of Sir Richard Arkwright, set. 59, of lord Rodney, set.
75, of John earl of Bute, set. 79, of Frederic earl of Guildford (lord North), set.
59, of John Smeaton, set. 69, of general Burgoyne, and of Paul Jones, set. 50.
Birth of Amelia Adelaide, daughter of the duke of Saxe-Meiningen and after-
wards queen of Great Britain, Aug. 13 ; of John Lambton, afterwards earl of Dur-
ham, of Mastai Ferretti, afterwards pope Pius IX., of Percy Bysshe Shelley,
and of Sir James Graham. Benjamin West president of the Royal Academy.
Dugald Stewart's "Philosophy of the Human Mind" published, and Bruce's
Travels. The factory at Lanark on the Clyde, established by David Dale. Wil-
liam Cobbett commences his career by publishing " Peter Porcupine," at Phila-
delphia.
M. Chauvelin, the French ambassador, ordered to leave London, Jan. 24. The
king's message causes a warm debate in the Commons, 28. The English govern-
ment refuses to negotiate, 30. War declared by the Convention, Feb. 1 ; by
Great Britain, 11. Alexander Wedderburn, lord Loughborough and chancellor,
Sir John Scott, attorney-general, Sir John Mitford, solicitor-general. Pacific
propositions of Fox negatived, 18. First embarkation of troops for Holland, 26.
Treaty of commerce with Russia, March 25. The duke of York-, commander
of the-British forces, attends a, military council at Antwerp to settle the plan
of the campaign, April 8. The bank of England begins to issue £5 notes, 12.
Tobago taken by the English, 14. Mercantile embarrassments relieved by an
issue of exchequer bills, 25. Mr. Grey's motion for parliamentary reform sup-
ported by only 41 in a full house, May 6. Expulsion of Wm. Frend, fellow and
tutor of Jesus College, Cambridge. The British army assists in defeating the
French at St. Amand, 8, and in the siege of Valenciennes, 23. Board of Agri
culture appointed on the motion of Sir John Sinclair, 31. Dumourier arrives
in London and is ordered to leave the kingdom, June 14. Surrender of Valen-
ciennes, July 26. A " British Convention " meets at Edinburgh, Aug. 4. General
Lake defeats the French at Lincelles, 18. Severe sentence of ti-ansportation
for fourteen years passed on Mi\ Muir, a young advocate of the Scotch bar, for
lending a copy of Paine's " Rights of Man," 30. Sir John Shore succeeds mar-
quis Cornwallis as governor-general of India, 6. Pondicherry taken from the
French, 28. Toulon surrendered to lord Hood, 28. Defeat of the Duke of York
—at Dunkirk, Sept. 7. Lord Macartney arrives at -Pekin, 14. Numerous , pro-
secutions for political opinions ; Mr. Palmer, Unitarian minister,, sentenced at
Perth to seven -years' transportation, 17. English embassy dismissed from
China, Oct. 7. St. Domingo occupied by the English, Oct. 12. Messrs. Robin-
son fined for selling Paine's "Rights of Man," Nov. 26. Mr. Winterbotham, a
dissenting minister, sentenced to four years' imprisonment and fined, for two
sermons, 27. Marriage of the duke of Sussex to lady Augusta Murray, Dec. 5.
Toulon evacuated by lord Hood, 19. The first ambassador from Turkey arrives
in London, 20. Trial of Louis XVI. before the convention, Jan. 7 ; sentence
of death, 20, executed, 21. Coalition of the principal European States against
France. Civil war in La Vendee. Dumourier defeated at Neerwinden, abandons
the Netherlands, March 18; declares against the Convention, 25; takes refuge
in the Austrian camp, accompanied by Louis Philip, duke of Chartres, son of
the duke of Orleans, April 4. Committee of Public Safety installed at Paris,
690
FROM THE TEAB
A.D.
Hegi-
Otto-
man Em-
Popes.
Spain.
France.
Portu-
Prus-
WlR-
TEM-
Saxo-
Bava-
Ger-
RA.
pire.
gal.
sia.
BERG.
ny.
ria.
many.
1794
1209
6 Selim
III.
.'0 Pius
VI.
Feb. la.
7Chas.
IV.
3 Re-
public.
Sept 22.
18 Ma-
ria Fran-
ceses,
her son
John
Regents
9 Fre-
deric
Wil-
liam
II.
2Louis
Eu-
gene.
32Fre-
deric
Augus-
tus III.
17
Chas.
Theo-
dore.
3 Fran-!
cis II. i
I
1795
1210
7
21
8
4
19 4
10
1 Fre-
deric
Eu-
gene.
33 — -
IS
4
1796
1211
8
22
9
5
20 5
11
2
34
19
ft
1
1797
1212
9 —
23
10
6-
21 6
1 Fre-
deric
Wil-
liam
III.
1 Fre-
deric
II.
e — ;
1
1
1
1
1794 TO 1797 A.D.
691
Repe-
tition
Dates.
1794
1795
1796
1707
Sar-
dinia
22Vic-
tor
Ama-
deus
III.
23
IChaa
Eman-
uellV.
2 —
Tus-
cany.
5Fer
dinand
III
Na-
ples.
36Fer-
dinand
IV
Den-
MAKK.
Swe-
den.
29 Chris- 3 Gus-
tlaaVII. tavus
IV.
Ameri-
canPrE'
SIDENTS
37-
6 George
Wash-
ington.
Rus-
sia.
33 Ka
tharint
II.
- 7
34-
Hol-
LAND.
44 Wil-
liam V,
stat-
holder.
India |
BritishGo- Great
vernors. Britain,
Sir John
Shore.
lPanL
1 John
Adams.
Bata
vianRe-
PUBLIO,
35 Geo.
III.
Oct. 25-
SG
Princ«
of Wales.
37
* Princess
Charlotte
of Walee.
n- Prin-
cess
Royai-
2 y2
692
FEOM THE TEAR
A.D.
1793
conti-
nued.
Events and Eminent Men.
with absolute power, 6. Struggle of factions ; the Girondists finally overpowered
by the Jacobins, and the Reign of Terror commences, June 2. Revolt of the
departments of the Gifonde and Calvados, of Lyons and Marseilles ; the Ven
deans take Saunrur and Augers ; fail in their attack on Nantes, and retreat to
the coast, 20. Another new constitution submitted by the Convention to the
vote of the people, 24. Marat assassinated by Charlotte Corday, July 14 ; she
is guillotined, 17. Mentz retaken by the Prussians, 22. The new constitution
adopted by the nation, Aug. 10 ; but never carried into effect. The levy en
masse ordered ; military enthusiasm of the people. Carnot appointed conductor
of the war, 16. General Custine executed for the loss of Mentz, 28. Clairfait
takes le Quesnoy and Cambray, Sept. 10. Victory of the' duke of Brunswick at
Pirmasens, 14. Lyons taken by the republicans; vindictive barbarity of the
conquerors; thousands butchered by the guillotine, drowning, and grape-shot,
Oct. 8. Wurmser forces the lines of Weissemburg, 13. The prince of Coburg
defeated by Jourdan at Wattignies, 15. Mock trial and execution of Marie
Antoinette, 16, of Brissot and the Girondists, 31, of the duke of Orleans, Nov.
6, of Madame Roland., 8, of Bailly, 11 ; suicide of M. Roland. The Convention
decrees the worship of the goddess of Reason, Nov. 10 ; introduces the new
calendar, 24. The duke of Brunswick gains the battle of Kaiserslautern, 30.
The churches of Paris shut up, Dec. 1, are soon reopened. Napoleon Bonaparte
distinguishes himself at Toulon (set. 24), and is appointed general of brigade, 19.
The French recover the lines of Weissemburg, 27. Second partition of Poland.
Washington re-elected president. Death of the earl of Mansfield, *et. 89, of
Dr. Robertson, set. 73, of John Hunter, set. 65, of A. F. Busching, set. 69, of
Henry Laurens, president of the first American congress, and of lord George
Gordon, in Newgate, set. 43. Birth of C. L. Eastlake and of J. F. La Harpe.
Volta makes known his galvanic battery.
Political prosecutions continue ; Wm. Skirving sentenced in Scotland to 14 years'
transportation, Jan. 6. Maurice Margarot to the same, 13. Parliament meets,
21. Increased armaments and new taxes voted, Feb. 2. Motion for a mitiga-
tion of the sentences on political offenders, negatived, 4. Hamilton Rowan con-
demned to two years' imprisonment and fined, 10. Volunteer corps raised, March.
Joseph Gerald sentenced to 14 years' transportation, 13. Martinique taken by
Sir Charles Grey, 1.6. The marriage of the duke of Sussex to lady Augusta
Murray, declared void. The freedom of London voted to marquis Cornwallis on
his return from India, and a pension of £5,000 a year settled on him by the
Company. The sons of Tippoo Saib restored to him, 29. Thos. Walker of
Manchester tried for high treason and acquitted, April 2. Guadaloupe taken,
22. Subsidies voted to Prussia, Holland, and other States, 28. Home Tooke
and others arrested ;on charges of constructive treason, May 20. A royal mes-
sage denounces seditious societies, and parliament suspends the Habeas Corpus
Act, 23. The British troops in Flanders harassed by repeated attacks ; repulse
the French at Espierres, 22 ; victory of lord Howe over the French fleet, June 1 ;
Pascal Paoli, assisted by lord Hood, establishes the dominion of Great Britain
in Corsica, 18. Royal visit to. Portsmouth, 30. Lord Moira joins the duke of
York in Flanders with a strong reinforcement, July 8. The seceding Whigs
join the administration, 11. Burke retires from parliament and receives a pen-
sion. Destructive fire in Ratcliffe Highway, 21; and at Tiverton, Aug 3 ;
Astley's amphitheatre burnt, Sept. 17. The duke of York defeated at Bois le
Due, 14, and at Boxtel, 17, retreats over the Meuse, 21, and takes post atRhenen,
behind the Waal, where he loses many men from fatigue and disease. The
State trials for constructive treason commence ; the attorney-general, Sir John
Scott, opens his charge in a speech of nine hours ; Erskine puts forth all his
powers in defence of the accused, Oct. 22 ; acquittal of Hardy, Nov. 5 ; Home
Tooke arraigned, 16; Pitt and Sheridan examined for the defence; prisoner
acquitted, 20, Treaty of commerce with the United States, 29. Thelwall ac-
quitted, and the remaining prisoners dischai'ged, Dec. 5. Lord Fitzwilliam
appointed viceroy of Ireland, 10; earl Spencer first lord of the Admiralty, 17.
Parliament opened, 30. A pacific amendment to the address, moved by Wilber-
1793 TO 1795 A.B
693
force, and supported by Mr. Bankes, negatived by a majority of 171. Negro
slavery abolished by the National Convention, Feb. 4 ; revolt of the Blacks in
St. Domingo under Toussaint L'O overture ; ferocious hostilities in La Vendee ;
the royalist leader, La Roche Jaquelein, slain. The Spaniards are driven back
from Koussilon; reign of Robespierre ; atrocities of the Revolutionary tribunal ;
mission of Carrier, Tallien, and other Jacobins into the provinces ; slaughter
everywhere ; Hebert, Anacharsis Cloots and others of the Cordeliers party, ex-
ecuted, March 24; Guillotin, who introduced the engine of death, suffers by it at
Lyons, 28 ; Danton, Camille Desmoulins, Fabre d' Eglantine and others, April 5 ;
victory of Massena in Piedmont, 7 ; Hoche expels the allies from Alsace. The
emperor Francis takes Landrecy. 24. Pichegru invades Belgium, 26 ; Condorcet
escapes, is captured, and ends his life by poison, set. 51. Lavoisier sacrificed, set.
51, May 8 ; Elizabeth, sister of Louis XVI., 10 ; Jourdan defeats the allies at
Fleurus, June 26 ; the balloon-telegraph used in this battle; ascendancy of the
French in Geneva, July 19 ; Robespierre denounced by Tallien, 27 ; beheaded,
with 71 of his party, 28; end of the Reign of Terror; the Committee of Public
Safety re-established, Aug. 24; the Jacobin Club suppressed, Nov. 11 ; the
French cross the Pyrenees and invade Spain. Pichegru takes Conde and com-
pletes the conquest of Belgium, 30 ; Daendels crosses the Waal and invades
Holland, Dec. 25. The king of Prussia having secured his subsidy from England.
negotiates with France for peace, 27. Kosciusko animates the Poles to resist
their oppressors ; after a noble struggle, he is defeated, wounded, and made pri-
soner, Oct. 4. Suwarof takes Praga, and butchers the inhabitants, Nov. 5 ; fall
of Poland. Death of Gibbon, set 57, of Sir Win. Jones, set. 48, of the marquis
Camden, set. 81, of James Bruce, set. 64, of Geo. Colman, set. 61, and of count
Kaunitz, former chancellor of Austria. Birth of George Fitzclarence, afterwards
earl of Munster, of Michael Faraday, of Edward Everett, the American, of Geo.
Grote, ofC. S, Lefevre, and of George Cruikshank. Robert Southey's "Joan
of Arc " published. • Opening of the new Drury Lane theatre, April 12.
Marriage of the prince of Wales to his cousin, Caroline Amelia Augusta, second
daughter of the duke of Brunswick, April 8. Embargo on all Dutch ships in
English ports, Jan. 19. The statholder and his family arrive in London, 26. Lon-
don petition presented to the Commons against interference in the internal go-
vernment of France. A parliament assembles in Corsica, Feb. 9. A severe winter
closed by a rapid thaw and extensive floods, 10. Alliance with Russia, 18. Earl
Fitzwilliam, thwarted in his measures for the relief of the Irish Catholics,
resigns the viceroyship, 21 ; his successor, marquis Camden, arrives in Dublin,
March 31. Liberal settlement made by the Commons on the prince and princess
of Wales, to enable him to pay his debts. Victory of admiral Hotham in the
Mediterranean, March 14. The wreck of the British army reaches Bremen,
and embarks there to return home, April 14. Warren Hastings acquitted, 23;
the E. I. Company pay the expenses of his trial, more than £70,000, and settle,
on hinva pension of £5,000 a year. Formation of Orange Clubs in Ireland, and
the Society of United Irishmen, June. Lord Bridport defeats the French fleet
off L'Orient, 22. Unfortunate expedition of emigrants to Quiberon bay, July 21.
The Dutch settlement of Trincomalee in Ceylon surreuders to colonel Stewart,
Aug. 26. An abundant harvest relieves the long-prevailing scarcity, 31. The
Cape of Good Hope taken by admiral Elphinstone and general Craig, Sept. 23.
Openiug of parliament, Oct. 29. The king insulted by the populace clamouring
for peace ; Acts passed to prevent seditious meetings, Nov. Amsterdam taken
and Holland conquered by Pichegru, Jan. 19. Peace between France and Tus-
cany, Feb. 9. Submission of Charette and part of La Vendee, 17 ; fruitless efforts
of the Jacobins to regain the ascendancy, April 1. The king of Prussia abandons
the coalition and concludes the treaty of Basle with the French republic, 5, The
United Provinces remodel their government as the Batavian republic ; alliance,
offensive and defensive, with France, May 16 ; a second effort of the Jacobins
repressed by the national guards, 20; the revolutionary tribunal abolished, 31 ;
Louis Charles, son of Louis XVI., still confined in the Temple, dies, June 8, set.
10; his eldest uncle takes the title of Louis XVIII. ; liberation of his sister,
694
FROM THE TEAB
A.D.
1795
conti-
nued.
1796
Events and Eminent Men.
Maria Theresa, set. 17, in exchange for the deputies whom Dumourier had betrayed
into the hands of the Austrians, 30. Luxemburg surrenders to the French, 12;
in Spain they take Bilbao and advance to Vittoria, July 17 ; their progress is
stopped by a treaty of peace concluded at Basle, 22 ; the new constitution of the
year 111. approved by the Convention and submitted to the nation, Aug. 22;
peace with the landgrave of Hesse Cassel, 28. Dusseldorf taken, Sept. 6 ; Man-
heim, 20. The elector of Hanover concludes peace with the French republic ; the
constitution accepted by the people, 23 ; suppression of all Clubs, 30. The Aus-
trian Netherlands united to France and divided into nine departments, Oct 1 ;
rising of some of the sections of Paris put down by Bonaparte with his artillery,
4 and 5. Wurmser recovers Manheim ; Clairfait defeats Jburdan at Hochst, 11 ;
at Mentz, 29. Victory of Scherer over the Austrians at Loano, Nov. 23 ; armistice
for three months. Inauguration of the new constitution, Oct. 28 ; a legislative
chamber of 500 ; a council of Ancients of 250 ; and an Executive Directory of
five, of whom Barras and Carnot are the most influential. Power of Godoy in
Spain; he assumes the title of Prince of Peace. Final partition and extinction
of Poland. Courland annexed to Russia. Death of Josiah Wedgwood, aet. 64,
of Barthelemy, set. 80, of Jas. Boswell, set. 55, of Rob. Bakewell, set. 69, of Dr.
Kippis, set. 72, of J. G. Zimmermann, set. 72, of Wm. Smellie, a?t. 55, and of Aid.
Sawbridge. Birth of Thos. Arnold, afterwards master of Rugby school, of T. N.
Talfourd, afterwards judge, and of Jas. Polk, afterwards American president.
Return of Vancouver from his voyage, Sept. 13. Mungo Park sets out to explore
Africa, May 22. Brothers, the pretended prophet, sent to a lunatic asylum.
Birth of the princess Charlotte of Wales, Jan. 7. Wm. Stone tried for high treason
and acquitted, 28. The king insulted by the populace on his return from Drury
Lane theatre, Feb. 1. Amboyna taken, 16. Irish Insurrection Act passed, March
10. Demerara taken by gen. White, April 22. Separation of the prince and prin-
cess of Wales, 30. Parliament prorogued, May 19 ; dissolved, 21. Insurrection in
Corsica, June 8. The isle of Elba taken by commodore Nelson, Aug. 9. Capture
of a Dutch fleet in Saldanha bay, by admiral Elphinstone, 17; the king, on opening
the new parliament, announces his intention to treat for peace, Oct. 6. War with
Spain, 11. Lord Malmesbury sent to Paris, 13. The British abandon Corsica, 22.
The duke of Portland's circular excites apprehensions of an invasion, Nov. 5.
Loyalty Loan subscribed, Dec. 1. Debate of the Commons on advances of
money made to the emperor without the sanction of parliament, 7. A French ex-
pedition sails for Ireland, 18 ; dispersed by a storm. Lord Malmesbury's pro-
posed basis of a peace rejected, 19 ; seven French ships arrive in Bantry bay and
make their way back to Brest, 26 ; lord Malmesbury returns to London, 29.
Bonaparte, set. 27, appointed general-in-chief of the army of Italy, Feb. 23; mar-
ries Josephine Tascher, widow of viscount Beauharnais, March 8 ; assignats
superseded by " mandats territoriaux," 18. Hoche terminates the war in Vendue ;
death of Charette, 29 ; Bonaparte's first victory at Montenotte, April 11, at Mil-
lessimo, 14, Mondovi, 22 ; conspiracy of Babeuf, May 10; battle of Lodi, 11 ; peace
with Sardinia, June 3 ; Kleber defeats the Austrians at Altenkirchen, 4; Massena
occupies Verona, Ferrara, and Bologna, 19 ; treaty with the pope ; Moreau crosses
the Rhine, 24 ; takes Kehl, July 1. The archduke Charles falls back on the
Danube ; Wirtemberg and Baden make peace ; victory of Bonaparte at Castig-
lione, Aug. 5: the archduke Charles defeated by Moreau at Neresheim, 10 ; de-
feats Bernadotte at Neumarck, 23 ; and Jourdan at Wurzburg, Sept. 3 ; the young
French general Marceau slain ; Jourdan falls back to the Lahn ; victory of Bona-
parte at Roveredo, 4; Wurmser shuts himself up in Mantua, 19 ; peace with
Naples, Oct. 10; the Cispadane republic constituted, 16; skilful retreat of Mo-
reau to Hiiningen, 26 ; the archduke Charles lays siege to Kehl ; victory of Bona-
parte over Alvinzi at Areola, Nov. 15, 16, 17. Alliance of France with Tippoo
Saib and with Spain, Aug. 19. Death of Victor Amadeus III., king of Sardinia,
Oct. 16, set. 49; his son, Charles Emanuel, succeeds. Visit of Gustavus IV. to
Petersburg ; he refuses the matrimonial alliance offered to him. Death of the
empress Katharine, Nov. 17, set. 67 ; her son and successor, Paul, recalls to court
the still surviving friends of his father : birth of his son Nicholas, July 2 ; giveb
1795 TO 1797 A.D.
695
Events and Eminent Men.
liberty to Kosciusko and the imprisoned Poles. Washington announces to the
American States his intention of retiring into private life. Death of Robert
Burns, set. 37, of Raynal, set. 84, of Jas. Macpherson, set. 59, of Samuel Whitbread,
set. 76, of Dr. Thomas Reid, set. 87, of Sir Hugh Palliser, governor of Greenwich
Hospital, set. 75, and of Gerald and Skirving, two of the exiled reformers. The
telegraph erected on the Admiralty, London. Pretended discovery of Shakspear
papers by Ireland ; his play of " Vortigern " produced at Drury Lane theatre.
Halhed's MSS. purchased by the British Museum. German literature excites
attention in England ; translations of Burger's " Leonora " appear by Wm. Taylor,
Walter Scott, and others. Popularity of Kotzebue's plays and Schiller's tragedies.
Marriage of the princess royal to Frederic, duke, afterwards king, of Wirtemberg,
May IS. Victory of Sir John Jervis and Nelson over the Spanish fleet off Cape
St Vincent, Feb. 14. Trinidad taken by Sir R. Abercrombie, 21. Scarcity of
specie ; many country banks stop payment. A body of French landed in Pem-
brokeshire, made prisoners by the country people, 22. The Bank of England
restricted from cash payments by an order in council, 26; parliamentary in-
quiry, 28; report, March 2, followed by Restriction Act; issue of one pound
notes, 4 ; of Spanish dollars, 10. Mutiny in the fleet at Spithead, April 6 ;
appeased by lord Howe, 26; mutiny at the Nore, May 22. 3 per cent, consols,
46. Kosciusko arrives in London, 30. The mutineers return to their duty,
giving up Richard Parker and other ringleaders, June 12; execution of Parker,
30. Lord Malmesbury negotiates at Lisle, July 1. Close of the parliamentary
session, 20, Nelson's unsuccessful attack on Santa Cruz, 24. Return of lord
Malmesbury, Sept. 20. Lord Mornington created baron (afterwards marquis)
Wellesley, and governor-general of India, Oct. 10. Victory of admiral Duncan
over the Dutch fleet off Camperdown, 11. Parliament assembles, Nov. 2 ; seces-
sion of Fox and his friends. Coinage of seven-shilling pieces, Dec. 2. Lebeau,
one of the French Directory, places himself at the head of the Theophilanthro-
pists. Kehl surrendered, Jan. 9 ; victory of Bonaparte at Rivoli, 14 ; capitula-
tion of Mantua, Feb. 2 ; of Ancona, 9 ; the States of the church conquered, 17 ;
treaty of peace concluded with the pope at Tolentino ; Avignon and the Venaissin
ceded to France, 19 ; the archduke Charles takes the command in Italy ; is de-
feated by Bonaparte on the Tagliamento, March 16 ; Trieste occupied by the
French, 24 ; Klagenfurt, 29 ; Hoche crosses the Rhine at Neuwied, April 17, and
Moreau near Strasburg, 20 ; their progress is stopped by the preliminaries of
peace, at Leoben, 18 ; Venice conquered, May 12 ; Genoa, 22 ; the Cisalpine and
Ligurian republics formed ; Barthelemy takes the place of Letourneur as Direc-
tor ; execution of Babeuf, 25 ; commotions at Paris, Sept. 4 ; Augereau establishes
the ascendancy of the moderate party ; deportation of the violent to Cayenne ;.
death of Hoche at Wetzlar, IS, set. 29 ; definitive treaty of Campo Formio, Oct.
17. Venice given up to Austria ; the Ionian isles to France ; La Fayette and
his companions released from Olmutz ; return of Bonaparte to Paris, Dec. 5.
Congress of Rastadt meets to arrange a treaty with the German empire, 9.
Commotions at Rome ; the French general Duphot killed ; Joseph Bonaparte,
ambassador there, restores order, 26. Death of Fred. Wm. II., king of Prussia,
Nov. 16, set 53 ; he is succeeded by his son. First hostilities between the pasha
of Bagdad and the Wahabys. Death of Burke, set. 67, of Wilkes, set. 70, of
Horace Walpole, earl of Orford, set. 79, of Wm. Mason, set. 72, of Dr. Wm. En-
field, set. 57, of lord Amherst, set. 81, of prince Ferd. of Brunswick, set, 76, of capt.
Stedman, historian of Surinam, set. 52, of Chas. Macklin, the actor, set. 98, of
Mary Godwin (Wolstonecraft), set. 38, and of Peter Thelluson, whose will causes-
the legislature to limit accumulation of property after the testator's death. Birth '
of Mary Godwin (afterwards Shelley), of Charles Lyell, and of Connop Thirl-
wall, now bishop of St. David's. Sir John Shore created lord Teignmouth.
Count Rumford institutes his prize for discoveries in the nature of heat and
light. Fall of a part of Stonehenge. Francis and Firmin Didot obtain patents
in France for stereotype printing. The first newspaper printed at Constantinople.
The "Anti- Jacobin" commenced by George Canning and his friends. Retirement
of Miss Farren from the stage, April 1.
696
FROM THE TEAB
A.D.
Otto
Hegt- man Em- Popes.
fire,
1213
1214
1SO0
1801
1215
10 Selhn
III.
24 Pius
VI.
Feb- 15-
Spain. France
11
Chas.
IV.
7 Repub-
lic.
Sept. 22.
Portu-
gal.
22 Maria
Fran-
cesca,
her son
Johu
Regent. ;
25
Aag-29
1 Pius
VII.
Mar- 13.
1216
1217
Napo-
leon Bo
naparte
First
Consul. |
13-
Prtjs-
SIA.
2 Fre-
dei-ic
Wm.
III.
2 Fre- J36Fr
deric
II.
WlR-
TEM-
BERG.
Saxo- Ba-
varia.
_-21
deric! Chas.
Aurus- Theo-
tuslll. dor6i
25 10
1 Maxi-
milian
Joseph
II
7Fran-
cis II
Ger-
many
10-
1798 TO 1801 A.D.
697
Repe-
tition
Dutt-s.
1798
1801
Sar-
dinia.
3Chas.
Enian
uellV
Tusca- ' Na-
NY. PLES.
9 Ferdi
nand
III.
10
Etru-
RIA.
1 Louis
Den-
mark.
40Fer- 33
dinand Chris-
! tian
i VII.
IV.
7 Gus- 2 John
tavus Adami
IV.
34^
42 ,35-
Ameri
Swe- canPre-
i>en. sidents.
Rus-
sia.
3 Paul
Batavi-
an Re.
PUELIC.
India.
British Go-
vernors
10
1 Thos.
Jeffer-
son.
lAlex
ander
1 Lord
Wellesley,
39 George
III.
Oct. 21
Great
Britain.
698
FROM THE TEAS
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
Silver tokens issued by the Bank, Jan. 1. The Assessed Taxes trebled, 4. " The
Majesty of the People," a toast given by the duke of Norfolk, for which he is
dismissed from his posts in Yorkshire. A voluntary subscription of more than
£1,500,000 raised for the defence of the country, supposed to be in danger of in-
vasion, Feb. 6. Earl Moira, in the Irish House of Lords, recommends a concili-
atory policy, 19 ; his advice disregarded ; cruel proceedings of the government ;
numerous arrests ; the people prepare for rebellion ; O'Connor, O'Coigley, and
others apprehended at Margate, March 1. Redemption of the land-tax, April 2.
Wilberforce's motion for the abolition of the slave-trade negatived by a majority
of four, 3. The duke of York commander-in-chief, 5. The committee of the
London Corresponding Society arrested, 20. Lord Wellesley assumes the go-
vernment of India, May 17. Expedition to Ostend under general Coote and capt.
Home Popham ; the sluices and canal destroyed, 19. O'Coigley executed on
Penenden heath ; his fellow-prisoners acquitted, 21. Arrest of lord Edward
Fitzgerald and the brothers Sheares. Dublin declared in a state of insurrection.
Lady Edward Fitzgerald ordered to quit the kingdom ; the rebels repulsed at
Carlow and Naas, 24 ; take Wexford and Enniscorthy. Fox struck out from the
list of privy-councillors, for repeating the duke of Norfolk's toast, 25. Havre de
Grace bombarded by Sir R. Strahan. Duel between Pitt and Tierney, 27. The
British quit St. Domingo, 28. Lord Edward Fitzgerald dies of his wounds,
June 3; execution of Sir Edward Crosbie and others, 4; general Nugent de-
feats the rebels at Ballynahinch, and puts down the insurrection in Ulster, 12 ;
marquis Cornwallis appointed viceroy of Ireland, 20; battle of Vinegar hill ; ge-
neral Lake recovers Wexford, 21. Parliament prorogued, 29. Prosecution of
Johnson, Flower, and others for selling Gilbert Wakefield's answer to the bishop
of Llandaff, July 17. Execution of the Sheares and others, 19 ; the lord-lieutenant
publishes an amnesty, and discourages the violence of the Orangemen. Battle of
the Nile, Aug. 1 ; Nelson created a peer, Oct. 6. Landing of general Humbert
with a French force at Killala in Ireland, Aug. 22 ; they surrender to general Lake,
Sept. 8. Sir J. B. Warren captures a French fleet conveying more troops to
. Ireland, Oct. 1'2 ; Theobald Wolfe Toone, taken in one of these ships, is tried by
a court-martial, and kills himself. Minorca surrenders to general Stuart, Nov. 15.
Malta blockaded, and Gozo taken by a part of Nelson's fleet. Opening of par-
liament, 20. Napper Tandy arrested at Hamburg, 24. Income-tax introduced,
Dec. 4. Treaty with Russia. Suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act renewed
19. Dissensions in Switzerland furnish a pretext for the entrance of a French
army, Jan. 17. General Berthier takes possession of Rome, Feb. 15 ; the pope
is expelled and a republic established ; Berne capitulates to Brune, April 12 ; the
ancient Swiss confederacy abolished, and the Helvetian republic proclaimed ;
Geneva incorporated with France, 26 ; mission of Talleyrand to Constantinople ;
Bonaparte sails from Toulon on his Egyptian expedition, May 19 ; takes Malta,
June 12 ; Alexandria, July 2 ; battle of the Pyramids, 21 ; Cairo taken, 22. The
works of art brought from conquered States, collected in the Louvre. Com-
mencement of a new eoalition. Turkey declares war against France, Sept. 11 ;
a Neapolitan army drives the French from Rome, Nov. 26 ; is defeated by Mac-
donald at Civita Castellana, Dec. 4 ; the French occupy Piedmont, and Charles
Emanuel retires into Sardinia, 9; Championnet recovers Rome, 15 ; invasion of
Naples ; the emperor Paul is elected grand-master of the knights of Malta, joins
the coalition, and enters into a treaty with Turkey, 23. The American States
resist the right claimed by France of seizing British subjects and manufactures
in neutral ships ; Washington is called from his retirement to organize their
means of defence. Death of Stanislas, late king of Poland, at Petersburg, Feb.
12, set. 66, of Thos. Pennant, set. 72, of capt. Gecrge Vancouver, of Galvani, set.
61, of J. H. Eckhel, Director of the Vienna Cabinet of Medals, set. 61,
of Christian Frederic Schwartz, the missionary, set. 72, of J. Z. Holwell, one
of the survivors of the Calcutta massacre, set. 87, of John Palmer, the actor, eet.
53, while performing at Liverpool, and of Thomas Muir, set. 33, having escaped
from Sydney and found an asylum at Chantilly, near Paris. Birth of Don Pedro
of Portugal, afterwards emperor of Brazil, of Adolphe Thiers, of J. Fennimore
1798 TO 1799 A.D.
699
Events and Eminent Men.
Cooper, of Henry Labouchere, and Thomas Hood. Herschel discovers foui
more satellites of the new planet. Gas-lights introduced by Watt and Boulton.
The life-boat invented by Greathead. Andrew Bell and Joseph Lancaster in-
troduce their systems of education. The disputed will of Sir Geo. Downing
decided in favour of the university of Cambridge, June 9. Sir Win. Scott
appointed judge of the Admiralty court, Dec. 27. Sotheby's translation of Wie-
land's " Oberon " published.
Mission of Sir Sidney Smith to Constantinople, Jan. 2. Assassination of the
British envoys at Benares by Vizir Ali, 14. A royal message to parliament
recommends the union between Great Britain and Ireland, 22; resolutions
adopted by both Houses, form the basis of the measure, 31. Gilbert Wakefield
sentenced to two years' confinement in Dorchester jail for his pamphlet, Feb.
21. Severe frost for many weeks ; travelling impeded by deep snow. Sir
Sidney Smith captures the French flotilla at Acre, and conducts the defence of
the fortress, March 18. Lord Thanet and R. Ferguson fined and imprisoned for
attempting to rescue O'Connor, April 15. Prince Edward created duke of Kent,
and prince Ernest duke of Cumberland, 23. Seringapatam taken ; death of
Tippoo Saib ; conquest of Mysore, May 4. The editor and others connected with
the " Courier," fined and imprisoned for animadversions on the emperor Paul, 30.
Parliament prorogued, July 12. Sir R. Abercrombie lands with a British army
at the Helder, Aug. 27 ; surrender of the Dutch fleet in the Texel, 30 ; defeat of
general Brune, Sept 10 ; the duke of York arrives with a reinforcement of
Russians and takes the command, 13 ; he is defeated by Brune at Bergen near
Alkmaar, 19 ; again, Oct. 6 ; evacuates Holland, 20. Parliament assembles,
Sept. 24. Commodore Trowbridge blockades Civita Vecchia ; the city of Rome
is surrendered to him by the French garrison, 27 ; capture of Spanish galleons
richly laden, Oct. 16. Lord Wellesley created a marquis, Dec. 2. Offer of
peace made from France, rejected by lord Grenville, 25. Marriage of Louis
Antony, duke d'Angouleme, eldest son of the count d'Artois (Charles X.), to his
cousin, Maria Theresa, daughter of Louis XVI., at Mittau in Courland, the
residence assigned to their uncle (Louis XVIII.) by the emperor Paul, June 10 ;
the city of Naples taken by Championnet, Jan. 26. The Parthenopean republic
established. Bonaparte commences his march towards Syria, Feb. 4; gains the
battle of El Arisch, 8 ; the Turks, assisted by a Russian fleet, take the Ionian
Isles, March 1. The French under Jourdan and Bernadotte cross the Rhine, and
the archduke Charles the Lech, 4 ; declaration of war by the Directory against
Austria and Tuscany, 22 ; Bonaparte having taken Gaza and Jaffa, lays siege to
Acre, 18; the archduke defeats Jourdan at Stockach, 22, and drives him back to
the Rhine ; the French under Scherer defeated by general Kray in a series of
battles, near Verona, 28— 30 ; at Magnano, April 5. The congress of Rastadt
breaks up, 8; assassination of the French ministers, 28; Suwarof arrives in
Italy, 14; defeats Moreau at Cassano, 27 ; Milan taken by the allies, 28; Bo-
naparte repulsed by Sir Sydney Smith, raises the siege of Acre, and returns into
Egypt, May 20. Victory of Suwarof on the Adda, 27 ; Macdonald abandons
Naples, June 5 ; is defeated by Suwarof on the Trebbia, 17 ; discord in the Di-
rectory, 18 ; Talleyrand retires from the office of foreign affairs ; the govern-
ment disorganized and distracted ; cardinal Ruffo enters Naples and inflicts a
barbarous vengeance on the French party, 20. A Turkish army lands at
Aboukir, and is routed by Bonaparte, July 24 ; battle of Novi ; the French
general Joubert defeated and slain, Aug. 15; another Russian army, under
Korsakof, arrives in Switzerland, 17 ; Bonaparte gives up the command in
Egypt to Kleber and embarks for France, 24. Death of Pius VI., a prisoner at
Valence in France, 29, set. 82. Suwarof marches into Switzerland, Sept. 8. The
archduke Charles compels the French to abandon the siege of Philipsburg, 12.
Massena defeats Korsakof at Zurich, 25. The emperor Paul recalls his forces ;
Suwarof leaves Switzerland, Oct. 5. Landing of Bonaparte at Frejus, 8 ; enthu-
siastically welcomed at Paris ; Sieyes and Fouche" concert with him a change
of government ; effected by military force, Nov. 9. Ancona taken by the Aus-
trians, 13, Coni, Dec. 4; new constitution, 13; Bonaparte first consul, Camba-
'00
FROM THE YEAR
1799
C07i(i
nuf.d,
1800
ceres second, and Le Brim third ; Talleyrand minister for foreign affairs, Carnot
for war, and Pouche" for police ; Sieves rewarded by an estate. Mental derange-
ment of the queen of Portugal ; her son John, Regent since 1792, assumes sove-
reign power. Death of Washington, at Mount Vernon, Dec. 14, set. 67, of Kien
Long, emperor of China, set. 90, having reigned 64 years, of James Burnet, lord
Monboddo, set. 85, of Spallanzani, set. 70, of Marmontel, set. 79, of Etienne Mongol-
fier, of John Tweddell, at Athens, set. 30, of Richard, earl Howe, set. 74, of Wm.
Melmoth. set. 89, of John Bacon, the sculptor, set. 59, of Cornelius de Pauw, set.
60, of Beaumarchais, aet. 67, of Wm. Curtis, the botanist, set. 53, of Dr. Towers,
set. 62, and of Wm. Seward, set. 52. Birth of Joseph Francis Oscar, now king of
Sweden, July 4, and of E. G. S. Stanley, the present earl of Derby. The Royal
Institution founded. Vaccination (see 1776) publicly introduced by Dr. Jenner.
The entire skeleton of a mammoth found on the bank of the , Oby, near the
Frozen Ocean, Aug. 2. A subterranean forest discovered on the coast of Lincoln-
shire. Transit of Mercury, May 7. Sugar extracted from the beet-root by the
Prussian chemist, Achard. La Place commences the publication of his
" Mecanique Celeste," and George Cuvier his " Comparative Anatomy."
The Union, opposed in the Irish House of Commons by Grattan, Curran, and
Plunket, is approved by a majority of 42, Jan. 15 ; lord Castlereagh, secretary,
active in promoting the measure. The Lords, by 79 to 6, and the Commons, by
260 to 64, approve the rejection of the French overtures, 22. Sir Sidney Smith,
in concert with the grand vizir, concludes a treaty with general Kleber for the
evacuation of Egypt by the French, 24. General distress and riots in many
places, caused by the high price of bread. A common hall in London, on the
motion of Mr. Waithman, petitions for peace, Feb. 19. The British government
refuses to ratify the Egyptian treaty, March 20 ; final agreement of the Irish
parliament to the Union, 27. Lord Keith blockades Genoa, Apr. 5. Hatfield
fires at the king in Drury-lane theatre, May 11. The Act of Union receives the
royal assent, July 2. Capture of a Danish frigate and convoy by a British
squadron, 25. Parliament prorogued, 29. Close of the last Irish parliament,
Aug. 2. Failure of an attack on Ferrol, by Sir Edw. Pellew and Sir Jas. Pul-
teney, 25. Manifesto of the emperor Paul against the seizure of neutral ships
by British cruisers, 29. Surrender of Malta to the British, Sept. 5 ; the em-
peror Paul claims the island as grand master, and seizes all British property in
Russia, Nov. 7. Opening of parliament, 9. Revival of the Armed Neutrality
by the Northern powers, Dec. 15. Close of the session, preparatory to the meeting
of the first United parliament, 31. Pursuant to the Act of 1751, this not being
leap-year, the difference between the Old and New Styles becomes twelve days,
from March 1. Dispute respecting the close of the century; Lalande decides
that Dec. 31, 1800, is the last day of the 18th century. Final pacification of La
Vendue by the treaty of Lucon, Jan. 17. Marriage of Joachim Murat to Bona-
parte's sister, Caroline, 20. Kleber defeats the grand vizir at Heliopolis,
March 20, drives him into Syria, and restores the French dominion in Egypt.
Massena, defeated by Melas, at Voltri, Apr. 18, retires into Genoa. The arch
duke Charles resigns the command of the Austrian army; marshal Kray
succeeds him ; Moreau crosses the Rhine, 25; conquers at Engen. May 3 ; at Mos-
kirch, 5 ; at Biberach, 9. Melas takes Nice, and threatens to cross the Var, 11 ;
Bonaparte having collected his army of reserve at Dijon, leaves Paris to take
the command ; passage over the G reat St. Bernard, 23 ; entry into Milan, June 2 ;
the Cisalpine Republic restored, 4 ; Massena surrenders Genoa, 5 ; Melas falls
back ; is checked by Lasnes at Montebello, 9 ; battle of Marengo, 14 ; Desaix slain,
set. 32; armistice, 16; Genoa and all the fortresses of Piedmont and Lombardy
given up to Bonaparte ; assassination of Kleber ; Menou takes the command in
Egypt, 14; Moreau enters Munich, July 2; armistice of Parsdorf, 15; prolonged
by the convention of Hohenlinden, Sept. 20. The differences between France
and the American States adjusted by treaty, 30. The French take possession
of Tuscany, Oct. 15. Hostilities renewed in Germany and Italy, Nov. 28; battler
of Hohenlinden, Dec. 3 ; Moreau crosses the Inn, 14 ; takes Salzburg, 15 ; defeats |
the archduke John on the Trann, 18 ; a new armistice concluded at Steyer, 25 ;
1799 TO 1801 A.D.
701;
Events and Eminent Men.
conspiracy against Bonaparte detected, Oct. 10 ; attempt to kill him by an in-
fernal machine, Dec. 24. Conclave at Venice ; cardinal Gregory Barnabas Chi-
aramonte elected pope Pius VII., March 13. The republic of the Ionian Isles
formed ; their constitution drawn up by Capo a'Istria, First meeting of the
American congress at Washington. Death of Mrs. Elizabeth Montague, the
chimney-sweeper's friend, set. 80, of Dr. Jos. Warton, set. 78, of Wm. Cowper,
set. 69, of Mallet du Pan, set. 52, of Sir George Staunton, of Dr. Hugh Blair,
set. 83, and of the Russian Suwarof, set. 70. Birth of Thomas Babington Macau-
lay, of Franklin Pierce, now president of the United States, of his predecessor,
Millard Fillmore, ana of George Bancroft. First meeting of the Royal Insti-
tution, March 11 ; Humphrey Davy professor of chemistry. Downing College,
Cambridge, founded and chartered. Russell and Tavistock Squares, London,
commenced. St. George's Chapel, Windsor, completed. Earl Stanhope intro-
duces his impi'oved printing-press.
Union of Great Britain and Ireland, Jan. 1. George III. renounces the title of
"king of France," and removes the quartering of the lilies from the royal arms,
3. An embargo laid on all Russian, Danish, and Swedish vessels, 14. The E.I.
Company grant a pension of £5000 a year to marquis Wellesley, 15. The first
imperial parliament of the United Kingdom assembles, 22. The French go-
vernment refuses to clothe or maintain the French prisoners in England, 31.
Lord Grenville announces' that ministers had tendered their resignation, Feb. 10;
a return of the king's malady delays the intended change, 16. Liberation of the
prisoners confined by the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, March 2 ; mar-
tial law continued in Ireland, 12 ; recovery of the king, and appointment of the
Addington ministry, 17. Sir Ralph Abercrombie lands with his army in Egypt,
8; battle of Alexandria, 21; death of Abercrombie, set. 63; general Hutchinson
takes the command, and completes the victory. The shareholders of the Bank
of England receive a bonus of Five, in addition to the annual dividend of Seven,
per cent., 19. Prussia joins the Northern Confederacy. The Danes occupy Ham-
burg and Lubeck, and exclude English vessels from the Elbe ; pacific con-
ferences begin between lord Hawkesbury and M. Otto. The emperor Paul mur-
dered, March 23, set. 47 ; his son, Alexander, liberates the English ships and their
crews, and writes to the king, proposing a reconciliation. Sir Thos. Duckworth
captures the Danish and Swedish West India islands, 30. Attack on Copen-
hagen by Nelson, Apr. 2 ; truce concluded ; the Prussians occupy Hanover and
Bremen, 3. The Habeas Corpus Act again suspended; Acts against seditious
meetings and of indemnity for ministers, passed, 14 ; capture of St. Eustatia, 21 ;
Home Tooke returned to parliament for Old Sarum, May 1 ; is allowed to sit,
but an Act is passed to exclude in future from the House of Commons all persons
in holy orders, 17. The Danes evacuate Hamburg and Lubeck, 23 ; the em-
bargo taken off Russian, Danish, and Swedish ships in Great Britain, June 1 ;
treaty, concluded by lord St. Helen's at Petersburg, dissolves the Armed Neu-
trality, 17. Cairo surrendered to the English, and treaty signed for the evacuation
of Egypt by the French, 27. " Close of the parliamentary session, July 2. Sir Jas.
Saumarez defeats the French and Spaniards in successive engagements, 6 — 13;
Madeira taken by col. Clinton, 24; Nelson attacks the Boulogne flotilla, Aug. 4,
15, 16; preliminaries of peace signed by lord Hawkesbury and M. Otto, Oct. 1;
general Lauriston brings the ratification, 10. Meeting of parliament, 29 ; discus-
sion of the treaty of peace; Grenville and Windham opposition, Nov. 3. Deport-
ation of 130 republicans, accused of being concerned in the infernal machine plot,
Jan. 4 ; armistice of Treviso, 16. Peace of Luneville, between Austria and France,
Feb. 9. Spain declares war against Portugal, 22 ; the king of Naples, by the
treaty of Florence, consents to exclude the English from all his ports, March 18 ;
treaty between France and Spain ; Tuscany taken from Ferdinand III. and given
to Louis, son of the duke of Parma, with the title of king of Etruria, 21. Concordat
between France and thepope; the Catholic church restored, but under the control
of the State, July 15. The regent of Portugal submits to France and Spain, and by
the treaty of Badajos agrees to shut his ports against the English, Sept. 29. French
treaty with Russia, Oct. 4 ; with Turkey, 9. New constitutions adopted by the Ba-
702
FBOM THE TEAR
A.D.
1803
1804
1805
1806
Hegi-
BA.
1217
1218
1218
1219
1219
1220
1220
1221
1222
Otto-
man Em-
pire.
14 Selim
III
15
16
18
Popes
3 Pius
VII.
Mar.13.
Spain
15
Chas.
IV,
17-
18-
Fbance
11 Re-
public.
Sept. 22.
Napole-
on Bona-
parte
First
Consul.
12
1 Napo-
leon Em-
peror.
king of
Italy.
Portu-
gal.
26Maria
Fran-
cesca,
her son
John,
Regent 11
6 Fre-
deric
Willi-
amlll.
27 12
28 13
29 14
30 15
Prus-
sia.
WlR-
TEM-
BERG,
Fre
dericll
10-
Saxo-
NY.
40Fre-
deric
ugus-
SlII
41-
43-
Bava
RIA.
4Max
imili
an Jo
seph
II.
Ger-
many.
11 Fran
cis II.
12
13 -
Emperor
of Aus-
tria.
lFrancial.
1802 TO 1806 A.D.
703
tition
Dates
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
Sar-
dinia
1 Vic-
tor
Eman-
uel
Etru-
2Louis
Na-
ples.
44 Fer-
dinand
IV.
iChas.
Louis.
36-
46
47-
Uo-
seph
Napo-
leon.
Den-
mark
37
Chris
tian
VII.
41-
Swfi-
DEN.
Ameri-
canPre
sidents
11 Gua- 2 Thos.
tavus Jeffer-
IV. Son.
5 Re-
Rus-
sia.
2Alex-
ander.
Batavi-
an Re-
public.
India.
BritishGo-
VERNOBS.
5 Lord Wei
lesley.
11
Schim-
melpen-
ninck
Pension-
ary.
Hol-
land.
1 Louis
Napoleon
king.
1 Marquis
Cornwallis
1 Sir Geo.
Barlow.
Great
Britain,
43 Geo.
III.
Oot.25.
44
45
d duke of
Glouces-
ter.
47
'04
FROM THE YEAR
1801
con-
1802
tavian and Helvetian republics. Thomas Jefferson elected president of the U. S.,
after a warm contest with Burr. The planet, or asteroid, Ceres, discovered by
Piazzi, Jan. 1. Capt. Flinders explores the southern coast of New Holland.
First attempt to navigate a steam-boat on the Thames, and to construct a tunnel
beneath the bed of the river. Death of Gilbert Wakefield, soon after his
liberation from Dorchester jail, set. 46, of John Caspar Lavater, set. 60, and of
Robert Orme, set. 73. 'Birth of lord Ashley, now earl of Shaftesbury, of Vil-
liers, now earl of Clarendon, of Fox Maule, now lord Panmure, of Rich. Cobden,
of J . A. Roebuck, and of the late marshal St. Arnaud. Lord Loughborough,
created earl of Rosslyn, resigns the chancellorship ; is succeeded by Sir John
Scott as lord Eldon, and Sir Edward Law attorney-general. Sir William Grant
master of the Rolls. Nelson allowed to take the title of ,duke of Broate.
Cobbett leaves America ; publishes in London his " Porcupine," and soon after-
wards his " Weekly Register."
Mutiny in Bahtry bay : six of the ringleaders executed, Jan. 15. Execution of
governor Wall for murder, 28. Sir John Mitford, created baron Redesdale and
chancellor of Ireland ; he is succeeded as speaker of the Commons by Charles
Abbott, Feb. 10. Death of Francis, duke of Bedford, March 2, set. 37; Fox's
oration in praise of him, 16. The duke of Kent appointed governor of Gibraltar,
24. Definitive treaty of peace signed at Amiens, 27. The Commons vote
£900,000 to pay the debts of the civil list, 29 ; reject the claim of the prince of
Wales to the arrears of his revenue from the duchy of Cornwall, 31. Death of
lord lveynon, Apr. 2, set. 69. Income tax repealed, 5; Bank Restriction Act re-
newed, 9 ; Sir F. Burdett's motion for inquiry into the conduct of the late minis-
try negativpd by 207 to 39, 12. Sir Edw. Law, created lord Ellenborough,
succeeds lord Kenyon as chief justice, 13; Spencer Perceval attorney-general.
Peace proclaimed in London, 29 ; the treaty approved by the Lords, 122 to 16, lord
Grenville dissentient, and by the Commons, 276 to 20, Mr. Windham opposing,
. May 13. Fire at Woolwich, 20-. - BUI for the abolition of bull-baiting thrown
out by the Commons, 24 ; Canning's motion against the importation of slaves
.into Trinidad negatived, 27; vote of £10,000 ;to Dr. Jenner, and £1200 to Great-
head, June 3 ; parliament prorogued, 28 ; dissolved, 29; the opponents of the
peace unpopular ; Windham and others unseated, July. Newspaper war ; those
of England .prohibited in France, Aug. 25. Reception of Mr. Fox at the Tui-j
leries, Sept.1 3. Audreossy, the French ambassador, arrives in London, Nov. 6.
The new parliament assembles, 16. Despard's plot, 19 ; he and the other con-
spirators are committed, 29. Treaty of Bassein, in India, with the Peishwa,
Dec. 31. Marriage of Louis Bonaparte to Hortense de Beatiharnais, daughter of
Josephine, Jan. 9. The Italian republic succeeds the Cisalpine, and elects
Bonaparte president, 26 ; the Concordat adopted by the legislative body, Apr. 8 ;
inaugurated in the church of Notre Dame, 18. System of public instruction in
France organized, May 1 ; the Legiou of Honour created, 19. Toussaint l'Ou-
verture is' made prisoner in Haiti by general L.eclerc, and sent to France ; Bo-
naparte elected consul for ten. years, May 8, for life, Aug. 2; other changes in
the constitution tending to monarchy, 4. Piedmont annexed to France, Sept. 11.
A. French army occupies Switzerland, Oct. 21 ; after the submission of Des-
salines, Leclerc and many of his army die of the yellow fever ; the insurrection
is renewed in Haiti, Nov. 2. Charles Emanuel IV. resigns the crown of Sar-
dinia to his brother, Victor Emanuel, June 4. Commotions in the Ionian Islands.
The planet, or asteriod, Pallas, discovered by Dr. Olbers, March 28. Death of
Dr. Geddes, sat. 65, of Joseph Strutt, set. 53, of col. Barre, of Dr. Erasmus Darwin,
set. 81, of the earl of Clare, aet 53, of Dr. Moore, set. 72, of Samuel Arnold, Mus. D.,
aet. 63, and of M. De Calonne, set. 68. Birth of Miguel, son of the regent of
Portugal, of lord George Bentinck, .of .the present earl Grey, of Victor Hugo, of
Cavaignac, afterwards French general, and of the present cardinal Wiseman.
The first No. of the " Edinburgh Review " published, Oct, 1 ; Chateaubriand's
" Genie du Christianisme," and Madame De StaeTs "Delphine." M. Garnerin
descends in a parachute, Sept. 21.
1802 TO 1803 A.D. 705
Events and Eminent Men.
The Royal Jennerian Institution founded, Jan. 29. Bank Eestriction continued,
Feb. 7. Conviction of col. Despard and his associates, 9; execution, 21. Provi-
sion made for paying the debts of the prince of Wales, 16. Peltier eloquently
defended by Mr. Mackintosh, but convicted of a libel on Bonaparte, 21. Royal
message to parliament announcing preparations for renewing the war with
France, March 7 ; scene at the Tuileries ; Bonaparte tells lord Whitworth that
Great Britain cannot, single-handed, resist him, 13 ; lord Whitworth leaves
Paris, May 12, and general Andreossi, London, 16 ; embargo on French and Ba-
tavian ships, 17. English declaration of war, 18 ; British residents and travellers
in France detained by Bonaparte, 22. The war approved by the Lords and
Commons, 23 ; Hanover declared neutral by the king, 28 ; is surrendered to the
French general Mortier, June 3 ; the Elbe and Weser are closed against the En-
glish and blockaded by them ; great distress ensues at Hamburg ; war with the
Batavian republic, 7 ; property-tax renewed, 13 ; Bonaparte threatens invasion ;
plan for an army of reserve submitted to parliament, 18 ; national enthusiasm
for self-defence ; universal arming of volunteers ; St. Lucia taken by the En-
glish, 22 ; Tobago, 30. Mr. Tierney and Mr. Hobhouse join the Addington
ministry. Application of the prince of Wales for military employment refused,
July 21. Tumultuary insurrection at Dublin ; lord Kilwarden and his nephew
killed ; apprehension of Emmet and other leaders, 23. Patriotic meetings at
the Royal Exchange, 26 ; at Hackney, Aug. 2. St. Pierre and Miquelon taken
by the English, 3. Parliament prorogued, 12. Mahratta war : commencement
of Wellington's military career : as Sir Arthur Wellesley, he takes Poonah and
Ahmednuggur, Aug. 12 ; gains the victory of Assaye, Sept. 23. Robert Emmet
executed, 19. Demerara and Berbice surrender to general Grinfield and com-
modore Hood, 25. Agra taken by general Lake, Oct. 17. Delhi conquered, and the
Great Mogul is pensioned by the E. I. Company. Volunteers reviewed by the
king in Hyde Park, 26, 28. Meeting of parliament, Nov. 22. General Rocham-
beau, driven out of Haiti by Dessalines, Christophe, and Petion^ is taken, with
the remains of his army, by admiral Duckworth, 30. Victories of Sir A. Wei- 1
lesley over Scindiah and the rajah of Berar at Argaum, Nov., and at Gawulgurh,
Dec. 14, followed by a treaty of peace, 30. The volunteers of Great Britain
amount to 379,945 men, A new constitution given to Switzerland by Bonaparte's
Act of Mediation : nineteen cantons, a federal Diet, and a Landammann for chief j
magistrate, Feb. 19. Censorship of the press in France, Sept. 27. Secularization
of the ecclesiastical States in Germany ; Salzburg given, with the electoral
dignity, to Ferdinand, the dispossessed duke of Tuscany. The dukes of Baden
and Wirtemberg, and the landgrave of Hesse Cassel, created electors : only
eight of the ancient imperial cities retain their independence. Louisiana sold
by France to the United States. Death of Louis, the new king of Etruria,
Oct. 9, set. 29 ; his widow, Maria Louisa, governs as regent for their son, Charles
Louis, set 4. The troubles of the Ionian Islands settled by a new constitution.
The emperor Alexander appoints the duke de Richelieu governor of Odessa. The
Wahabys take Mecca and attack Djidda. Death of Francis, duke of Bridge-
water, set. 77, of La Harpe, ret. 85, of Klopstock, get. 76, of Herder, set. 62, of Al-
fieri, set. 54, of Sir William Hamilton, »t, 73, of Wra. Woodfall, a»t. 58, of John
Hoole, the translator of Tasso, set. 76, of Jas. Beattie, set. 68, of Dr. Ralph Grif-
fiths, editor of the " Monthly Review," set. 83, of Joseph Ritson, set. 51, and of
Henry Swinburne. Birth of Edwin Landseer,. of R. W. Emerson, of Wm. Smith
O'Brien, of Robert Stephenson, civil engineer, and of Etienne Arago. Sir James
Mackintosh recorder of Bombay. Craniology promulgated by Dr. Gall. Malthus
publishes his Essay on Population, and Brougham his " Colonial Policy." The
British and Foreign Bible Society founded by lord Teignmouth. The skeleton
of a mammoth discovered at Harwich. The Caledonian canal commenced, May
1. Fulton tries his steam-boat on the Seine, Aug. 9. The first printing press
in New South Wales established at Sydney by George Howe. Col. Montgomery
killed in a duel, by capt. Macnamara, April 6. Embezzlement of Exchequer
bills by the Bank-clerk, Aslett, April 28. Execution of the notorious swindler
John Hatfield, Sept. 3. Astley's amphitheatre burnt, Sept. 2. The Lyceum,
London, lighted by Winsor. with coal-gas.
2 z
706
FROM THE YEAB
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
The king's malady returns, Feb. 14. Capt Dance repulses the French admiral
Linois's attack on the homeward-bound East India fleet, 15. Progressive
recovery of the king, March 14. Pitt and Fox unite in opposing the Adding-
ton ministry, April 16 ; Pitt authorized by the king to form a new administra-
tion, May 7 ; sacrifices the cause of Catholic emancipation, and resumes his
former offices, 12 ; Fox excluded by the king. George Canning treasurer of the
navy ; Wm. Huskisson a secretary of the treasury ; Wm. Cobbett convicted of
a libel on the Irish government, 26. Alteration of the corn-laws introduced by
Mr. Western, June 20. Wilber force's Slave-trade Bill read a third time in the
Commons, 28 ; thrown out by the Lords. Parliament prorogued, July 31. Bonus
of five per cent, on Bank shares, Sept. 20. Naval fete to the king at Weymouth,
29. Failure of the catamaran attack on the Boulogne flotilla. Oct. 2 ; capture
of Spanish frigates with their cargoes of treasure, 5; Sir George Rumbold
seized by a French detachment at Hamburg, 25. Conciliatory interview between
the king and prince of Wales, Nov. 12. Holkar defeated by general Fraser, near
Deeg, 15 ; by general Lake at Furruckabad, 17 ; the armed force of the United
Kingdom, nearly 700,000 men. Spanish declaration of war, Dec. 12. Pichegru,
Moreau, and others accused of a conspiracy and arrested at Paris, Feb. 15. The
duke d'Enghien seized by French soldiers at Ettenheim in the duchy of Baden,
March 15 ; murdered by a mock-trial at Vincennes, 20, set. 32 ; Pichegru found
strangled in his prison, April 5. The emperor Alexander and the king of
Sweden urge the German States to demand satisfaction for the violation of the
territory of Baden, May 7. The Code Napoleon adopted: Bonaparte proclaimed
emperor by the title of Napoleon I., 18. The emperor Alexander demands the
evacuation of Hanover and Naples, and compensation for the king of Sardinia,
July 21 ; his ambassador, M. d'Oubril, leaves Paris, Aug. 28. The empire of
France made hereditary in the family of Napoleon, Nov. 6 ; he and Josephine
are crowned by the pope, Dec. 2. Francis II. annuls the elective title of emperor
of Germany, and as Francis I. decrees that of emperor of Austria to be hereditary
in his family, Aug. 11. The American vice-president Burr kills general Hamilton
in a duel. Dessalines assumes the title of James I., emperor of Haiti. Medina
taken by the Wahabys ; Saoud despoils the tomb of Mahomet ; Abou Nokta
plunders the towns of Yemen. Professor Harding, Gottingen, discovers the planet,
or asteroid, Juno, Sept. 6. Granville Sharpe founds the " Bible Society." The
" Frugality Bank" of Tottenham, instituted by Priscilla Wakefield, gives rise
to Savings' Banks. Death of Dr. Priestley, at Northumberland in Pennsylvania,
set. 71 ; of lord Camelford, killed in a duel by capt. Best, aet. 29, of Necker, 33t.
72, of lord Duncan, set. 73, of R. Potter, translator of ^Eschylus, aet. 83, of Jacob
Bryant, aat. 89, of Emanuel Kant, set, 80, of Pepper Arden, lord Alvanley, ait.
59, of Dr. Percival, aat. 64, of Geo. Morland, aet 40, of aid. Boydell, set. 85,
and of C Bannister the actor, aet. 63. Massey v. the marquis of Headfort,
damages, £10,000. Trial of the Gordons for the abduction of Mrs. Lee. Aslett,
the Bank-clerk, condemned and reprieved. First appearance of the young
Roscius, Betty.
The emperor Napoleon addresses a letter to the king with proposals of peace,
which are declined, Jan. 2. Mr. Addington, created viscount Sidmouth, with
some of his friends, joins the administration, 11. Parliament meets, 15. Opening
of the London Docks. 30. The combined French and Spanish fleets fail in an
attack on Dominica, Feb. 2. Dr. Chas. Manners Sutton archbishop of Canter-
bury, 23; Dr. Henry Bathurst Bishop of Norwich, Mar. 9. The fheriffs
of London, Scholey and Domville, committed to Newgate by the House of
Commons, for partiality to Sir Francis Burdett in the Middlesex election, 11.
Defeat of Holkar, by lord Lake, at Bhurtpore, Apr. 2. Trotter's peculations dis
covered. Charges against lord Melville brought forward by Mr. Whitbread ;
carried by the Speaker's casting vote, 6. Treaty of Petersburg prepares the
third coalition against France, 11. Death of William, marquis of Lansdowne,
May 7, aet. 69. Catholic petition presented to the Lords by lord Grenville, re-
jected by 178 to 49, 10: by.Fox to the Commons, supported by Grattan, rejected
by 336 to 124, 13. Lord Melville defends himself at the bar of the Commons,
1804 TO 1806 A.D.
70?
Events and Eminent Men.
June 11 ; is impeached, 25. Hamilton Rowan arraigned for treason, pleads the
king's pardon, July 1. Lords Sidmouth and Buckingham resign, 10 ; parliament
prorogued, 12. Sir Robert Calder intercepts the French and Spanish fleets, and
takes two of their ships, 22. Marquis Cornwallis succeeds marquis Wellesley
in India, and begins a more pacific policy, 29. Death of the king's brother,
Wm. Henry, duke of Gloucester, Aug. 25, set. 62. Marquis Cornwallis dies at
Ghazipore, Oct. 5, set. 67 ; Sir Geo. Barlow administers the Indian government.
Battle of Trafalgar, 21 ; death of Nelson, set. 47 ; destruction of the French and
Spanish fleets ; admiral Gravina killed ; Villeneuve puts an end to his own
life ; Collingwood succeeds Nelson ; four ships that escape are taken off Ferrol
by Sir Richard Strachan, Nov. 4; Sir R. Calder reprimanded for not having
made his victory of July 22 more complete, Dec. 23. Treaties of peace with
Scindiah and Holkar, 24. New constitution of the Batavian Republic : Schim-
melpenninck pensionary, March 15. The Italian Republic made kingdom of Italy,
Napoleon king, 18; crowned at Milan, May 26 ; Eugene Beauharnais, viceroy.
The Ligurian Republic annexed to France, June 4. Lucca erected into a prin-
cipality, and given, with Tuscany and Piombino, to Napoleon's sister, Elise, and
her husband, Bacciocchi, 23. The emperor at Boulogne repeats his boastful
threats of invading and crushing England, Aug. 4 ; breaks up his camp, 27 ;
Austria joins the coalition. General Mack crosses the Inn and invades Bavaria,
Sept. 8. Treaty of neutrality with Naples, 21. Napoleon leaves Paris, Sept. 24 ■
advances into "Germany ; violates the neutral territory of Anspach, Oct. 3 ;
crosses the Danube, 6. Mack at Ulm ; a division of his army is beaten at Wer-
tingen ; another at Gunzburg, 9 ; Augsburg taken by the French, 10 ; Munich,
12 ; victory of Ney at Elchingen, 14 ; Mack surrenders his army and fortresses,
20 ; Napoleon enters Vienna, Nov. 12. The Russians join the Austrian army of
reserve in Moravia. Battle of Austerlitz, Dec. 2. Armistice, 6. Negociations at
Presburg. Hanover given up to Prussia, 15. Treaty of Presburg, 26. The em-
peror of Austria deprived of all his Italian dominions, of the Tyrol, and other
provinces in Germany. The electors of Bavaria and Wirtemberg take the titles
of kings ; an English and Russian army having landed in Naples, Napoleon
declares that Ferdinand IV. " has ceased to reign," By a decree of Sept. 9, the
Gregorian calendar is to be used again in France, from Jan. 1,1806. Jefferson
re-elected president of the American States. The Wahabys possess the greater
part of Arabia, and make incursions into Mesopotamia. Salisbury plain, and
many other waste lands in England, brought into cultivation. Martello towers
erected for the defence of the coast. The aqueduct of the Ellesmere canal, in
the vale of Llangollen, completed by Mr. Telford. The British and London In-
stitutions founded. A machine for sweeping chimneys invented by Smart.
Death of Paley, set. 62, of Schiller, set. 46, of professor John Frederic Gmelin,
set. 57, of Anquetil du Perron, set. 74, of lord Rosslyn, set. 72, of Dr. Bisset, set. 46,
of Chappe, inventor of the telegraph, set. 42, of Mungo Park, set. 34, of Henry
Samson Woodfall, set. 66, and of John Almon, set. 6S. Birth of Edw. Lytton
Bulwer, now Sir E. B. Lytton, of lord Mahon, of B. D'Israeli, of Samuel Wil-
berforce, now bishop of Oxford, of Wm. H. Ainsworth, and of G. Sand. Jerome
Bonaparte, having married Miss Paterson, an American lady, she is not allowed
by Napoleon to enter France. Mde. De Stael visits Italy, and writes " Corinne."
The Circus (now the Surrey theatre) burnt, Aug. 12. Philips and Lee, of Man-
chester, light their factory with gas.
The Cape of Good Hope surrenders to Sir David Baird and Sir Home Popham,
Jan. 8. Public funeral of lord Nelson, 9. Meeting of parliament, 12. Capture
of a French squadron by Sir J. Duckworth, 20. Death of William Pitt, 23, set.
47 ; vote of the Commons for his interment in Westminster Abbey at the national
expense, 27 ; grant for the payment of his debts, Feb. 3. New administration
formed, of " All the Talents," 5. Fox foreign secretary ; lord Grenville first lore
of the treasury ; lord Henry Petty (the present marquis of Lansdowne) chancellor
of the exchequer, and Erskine lord chancellor. Monument to Wm. Pitt voted
by the common council of London, 6. Note from Fox to Talleyrand, on an offer
made to assassinate Napoleon, 20. Funeral of Pitt. 22. Trial of general Picton,
: : : 2 z 2
708
FEOM THE YEAJi
A.D.
1222
1223
1808
1223
1224
1224
1225
1810
1225
1226
Otto-
Van Em-
pire.
1 Musta
fa IV.
IMah.
mud II
Popes. Spain
8 Pius
VII.
Mar- 13
20Chas.
IV.
Uo-
seph
Napo-
Fkance,
4 Napo-
leon, em-
peror,
and king
of Italy.
Portu-
gal.
31 Maria
Fran-
cesca,
Pr. John
Regent 16.
Prus-
sia
llFre
deric
Wm.
III.
33 18
34 19
WlR-
TEM-
BERG.
11 Fre-
deric
II,
king.
Saxo- Bava-
NY. RIA.
45Fre-
deric
Aug.
III.,
king.
9 Max-
imilian
Joseph
II.,
king.
Aus-
tria.
4 Fran
cis 1.
13-
14-
1807 TO 1810 A.D.
709
Repe-
tition
Dates,
1807
Sar-
din
6 Vic-
tor
Ema-
luell
1809
1810
Etru- Na-
RIA. PLES.
Uni-
ted to
the
king-
dom of
Italy.
Den-
mark
2 Jo- 42
seph Chris-
Napo-j tian
leon. I VII.
1 Jo-
achim
Miirat.
Swe-
den.
RUS-
SIA.
Ifi Gus- 7 Alex
tavus
IV,
lFre
deric
VI.
Hol-
land.
2 Louis
Napo-
leon,
Ameri-
canPre
SIDENTS
IChas.
XIII
7Thos
Jeffer-
India.
British Go-
vernors,
lLordMinto.
Great
Britain.
48 George
III.
Oct- 25.
1 James
Madison.
51
d. princess
Amelia.
710
FROM THE TEAB
A.D.
1806
conti-
nued.
Events and Eminent Men.
1807
for having allowed torture in Trinidad, 24. Debates in parliament on the intro-
duction of chief justice Ellenborough to a seat in the cabinet, Mar. 3. Admiral
Linois and his ships taken by Sir J. B. Warren, 13. Pacific overture from Tal-
leyrand to Fox, 26. The king of Prussia occupies Hanover, Apr. 1. Mr. Windham
proposes a new system for the army, 3. War declared against Prussia. Charges
against marquis Wellesley by Mr. Paul, 24. Trial of lord Melville, 29. The
late lord Nelson's brother created an earl, with a parliamentary grant, May 12.
" Delicate investigation" of charges made against the princess of Wales, 22.
Abolition of the slave-trade voted by the Lords, on the motion of lord Grenville,
and by the Commons, on the motion of Charles James Fox, June 10. Lord Mel-
ville acquitted, 12. Buenos Ayres taken by Sir Home Popham, 27 ; mutiny of
the sepoys at Vellore, July 10. Victory of Maida over the Erench general,
Regnier, gained by British troops, under general Stuart, landed in Calabria, 4.
Buenos Ayres retaken by the Spaniards, Aug. 12. Death of Fox, Sept. 13, jet. 58.
The negotiations with France, conducted, bylord Lauderdale, are brought to aclose;
Stock Exchange exultation, Oct. 6. Boulogne attacked with Congreve rockets.
Lord Howick foreign secretary, 8. The remains of Fox deposited in Westminster
Abbey, 10. Dissolution of parliament, 24. The new parliament meets, Dec. 15.
Treaty of commerce with the United States, 31. Eugene Beauharnais marries
the princess Augusta of Bavaria, Jan. 14. The king of Naples retires into Sicily,
protected by a British fleet and army, 15. Napoleon returns to Paris, 20. The
column on the Place Vendome, the Arc de l'Etoile, and many other public
works, constructed. Mollier minister of Finance. Joseph Bonaparte seated on
the throne of Naples, Feb. 15. Venice annexed to the kingdom of Italy, Mar. 4.
Guastalla given to Napoleon's sister, Pauline, and her husband, prince Bor-
ghese, who sells it to the kingdom of Italy. Talleyi-and, prince of Benevento,
Bernadotte, of Ponte Corvo, and Berthier, of Neufchatel. Murat, grand duke of
Berg, 15. Louis Napoleon king of Holland, June 5. Confederation of the Rhine,
Napoleon protector, July 12. Jewish Sanhedrim at Paris, Aug. 12. Palm, the
bookseller of Nuremberg, shot by order of Napoleon, 26. Fourth coalition against
France. The king of Prussia demands that the French troops should retire
within the Rhine ; sets out to join his army, Sept. 21. Napoleon leaves Paris,
26 ; first hostile encounter at Schleitz, Oct. 9. Battles of Anerstadt and Jena, 14.
Napoleon enters Potsdam, 25; Berlin, 28; prince Hohenlohe lays down his arms.
Nov. 6; Blticher surrenders at Liibeck, 7 ; Magdeburg taken, 8. The duke of
Brunswick dies, at Altona, of the wounds which he received at Jena, 10 ; Na-
poleon refuses to let him be interred in the ancestral vault of his famity. The
French occupy Hanover, 14. Mortier takes possession of Hamburg, and con-
fiscates all British property, 19. Napoleon issues his Berlin decree for the
Blockade of England, 21 ; enters Poland, 28 ; concludes a treaty with the elector
of Saxony, to whom he gives additional territories and the title of king, Dec. 11 ;
received with enthusiasm at Warsaw, 15. Arrival of the Russian army. Battle
of Pultusk, 26. War between Russia and Turkey. Mehemet Ali aspires to in-
dependence in Egypt. Dessalines assassinated by Christophe and Petion ; they
dispute between themselves the empire of Haiti, and establish separate go-
vernments. Death of William V., prince of Orange, the expelled statholder of
Holland, set. 58, of John Christopher Adelung, set. 72, of lord Thurlow, set. 74, of
bishop Horsley, sat. 73, of lord Macartney, set. 69, and of Henry Kirke White,
get. 21. Birth of Louis Kossuth. The sarcophagus of Alexander the Great
brought from Egypt by Dr. Edw. Clarke. The fossil remains of a crocodile dis-
covered at Doddridge, in Gloucestershire. The loom invented by Jacquard, a
mechanic of Lyons, purchased of him by an imperial decree, for the public use.
Fulton's steam-boats ply on the river Hudson, at New York. The East India
Docks opened, Aug. 4. Execution of Richard Patch for the murder of his part-
ner, Apr. 8.
An order of council prohibits all trade between ports occupied by the French, Jan.
7. Lord Minto appointed governor-general of India. The island of Cura^a
taken from the Dutch. Sir Samuel Romilly introduces his Freehold Estates
Bill, 28. Montevideo taken by Sir Samuel Auchmuty, Feb. 2. Bill for the
1806 TO 1808 A.U.
711
Events and Eminent Men.
1808
Abolition of the Slave-trade read a second time in the House of Lords, 5. Sir J.
Duckworth passes the Dardanelles with his fleet, 19. Mr. Whitbread proposes
measures for popular education and the amendment of the Poor Laws. The
British fleet returns through the Dardanelles, March 1. Lord Howick brings in
a Bill, enabling Catholics to hold commissions in the army and navy, 5. Sir
Home Popham reprimanded for having withdrawn forces, without orders, from
the Cape of Good Hope, to attack Buenos Ayres, 6. The king objects to lord
Howick's Bill ; it is postponed, 18. British troops under general Eraser land
in Egypt, and take Alexandria, 20. The royal assent given to the Act for the
Abolition of the Slave-trade, 25. Dismissal of ministers ; the duke of Portland,
first lord of the Treasuiy ; Spencer Perceval, chancellor of the Exchequer ; Eldon,
lord-chancellor; Canning, Foreign secretary; and Castlereagh for the Colonies ;
Sir Arthur Wellesley, Irish secretary. Pai'liamentary explanations of lords
Grenville and Howick, 26. Address of the London corporation, thanking the
king for his care of the Protestant religion, April 22. Parliament dissolved, 29.
Repulse of the British by the Turks at Rosetta, May 21. Encounter between
the Leopard and Chesapeake, June 21. Opening of the new parliament, 26 ;
ministerial majority in the Lords, 160 to 67, in the Commons, 350 to 155. Pro-
clamation of president Jefferson closing American harbours against British
ships of Avar, July 2. Defeat of general Whitelocke at Buenos Ayres, 5. Parlia-
ment prorogued, Aug. 14. Expedition against Copenhagen; bombardment com-
mences, Sept, 2 ; surrender of the city and fleet, 5. The British evacuate Egypt.
23. Heligoland taken from the Danes. The empei-or Alexander breaks off all
intercourse with Great Britain, and lays an embargo on British ships, 28.
Louis XVIII. leaves Russia and takes up his residence at Gosfield hall in
Essex, Oct. 30. Milan decree against English commerce, Nov, 11 ; retorted by
another Order of Council, 21. The Danish West India islands taken by Sir Alex.
Cochrane, Dec. 22. Madeira given up to commodore Hood and general Beres-
ford, 24. Breslau submits to the French, Jan. 7. Silesia conquered ; battle of
Mohrungen, 25 ; of Eylau, Feb. 8 ; surrender of Dantzic, May 26 ; battle of Fried-
land, June 14 ; Konigsberg occupied, 16. Napoleon at Tilsit, 22 ; interview with j
Alexander ; treaty of Tilsit, July 8. Alexander joins the " Continental System."
Hanover, Hesse Cassel and the adjacent countries, constituted the kingdom of
Westphalia, for Jerome Bonaparte. The grand duchy of Warsaw given to the
king of Saxony. Secret agreement that Finland, Moldavia, and Wallachia are to
be annexed to Russia. The French occupy Swedish Pomerania, July 13 ; Ragusa,
Aug. 14. A large French army admitted into Spain to act against Portugal, Oct.
17. The prince regent of Portugal and the royal family embark for Brazil, 27 ;
Junot enters Lisbon, 30 ; the best troops of Spain, under the marquis Romana,
are sent into the north of Europe. Napoleon goes to Italy, after a short stay
at Paris, Nov. 16. Cession of Etruria to the kingdom of Italy, Dec. 12*
Revolt of the Janizaries ; sultan Selim deposed, and his nephew, Mustafa IV.,
placed on the throne. Death of Anne Amelia, duchess of Saxe Weimar, the
patroness of German literature, set. 68, of Henry Benedict, cardinal of York, the
last of the Stuarts, set. 82, of Markham, archbishop of York, set. 90, of Pascal
Paoli, set 82, of Abraham Newland, Bank cashier, set. 77, of the duke of Rich-
mond, set. 73, of Lalande, set. 75, of John Bernouilli, set. 63, of John Opie, set. 45,
of De Lolme, set. 62, of the Abbe" Edgeworth, set. 62, of Dr. Willis, and of marquis
Townshend, set. 83. The planet or asteroid, Vesta, discovered by Dr. Olbers,
March 29. Winsor's experiment with gas-lights on the wall of Carlton gardens,
June. 4; in Golden Lane, Aug. 16. Byron publishes his "Hours of Idleness,"
and Sismonde de Sismondi his Italian History. Mde. De Stael ordered to leave
France; The chapel of Henry VII. repaired. Execution of Holloway and
Meeting of parliament, Jan. 21. Inquiry into the attack on Copenhagen refused
| by the Commons, 253 against 108, Feb. 3 ; by the Lords, 127 to 73, Feb. 8. De-
[ bate of the Commons on the marquis Wellesley's Indian administration ; lord
I Folkstone's vote of censure rejected", and thanks given, by 180 to 20, March 9.
I General Whitelocke dismissed the service, 20. Lord Castlereagh's plan for re-
712
FROM THE YEAB
1S08
conti-
nued.
Events and Eminent Men.
1809
cruiting the array and raising a local militia, adopted, April 23. Sir John Moore
sent with an army to assist the king of Sweden ; returns without having landed
his troops. Manufacturing districts petition for peace. Riot of distressed
weavers at Manchester, May 24 A Spanish deputation arrives from Gijon, to
request the assistance of Great Britain against the aggressions of France, 30;
lord Collingwood co-operates with the Spanish patriots and captures the French
fleet at Cadiz, June 4. Treaty with Spain and release of the prisoners, July 4
Public dinner to the Spanish deputies at the London tavern, Aug. 4 ; great en-
thusiasm in England. Sir Arthur Wellesley sent with an army, lands in Por-
tugal, defeats Junotat Vimiera, 21. Admiral Keats brings the marquis de Ro-
mana and his troops from the Baltic to be conveyed to Spain, 24. Sir Hugh
Dalrymple, having arrived in Portugal, takes the command, and concludes the
convention of Cintra. The French evacuate the country, 30. A Russian fleet
in the Tagus surrenders to Sir Chas. Cotton, Sept. 3. The emperors Alexander
and Napoleon offer to treat for peace, which England refuses, unless the king of
Sweden and the Spanish patriots be admitted as parties to the negotiation, Oct.
12. Popular dissatisfaction with the Convention of Cintra ; meeting in West-
minster, 20. British troops land at Corunna, 25. Court of Inquiry respecting
the Convention meets at Chelsea, Nov. 17. Alexander Davison convicted of
peculation and imprisoned, Dec. 8. Flushing, Wesel, and other frontier for-
tresses annexed to France, Jan. 23. The Russians invade Finland, Feb. 21. A
new French nobility organized, March 1 ; intrigues of Napoleon in Spain ; Murat
enters with an array, 10; insurrection at Aranjuez, 17; Manuel Godoy dis-
missed. Charles IV. abdicates in favour of his son, Ferdinand VII., 19. Murat
occupies Madrid, 23. Rome and the States of the Church seized by the French,
April 2. The royal family of Spain persuaded to meet Napoleon at Bayonne,
30 ; they resign their rights ; Charles and the queen are sent to Fontainebleau,
and Ferdinand to Valencay. Joseph Bonaparte gives up the crown of Naples to
Joachim Murat, and is created king of Spain. Th'e Russians take Abo, Swea
borg, and all the strong places in Finland. Insurrection at Madrid ; suppressed
| by Murat with great slaughter, May 2 ; general rising in Spain against the
French ; the Junta of Seville assumes the government in the name of Ferdinand
VII. Joseph Bonaparte enters Spain with another army, July 9. Bessieres de-
feats the patriots at Medina del Rio Seco, 14 ; surrender of general Dupont and
his army to Castanos at Baylen, 20 ; Joseph abandons Madrid and takes the
crown jewels with him to Burgos, Aug. 1 ; heroic defence of Saragossa by Pala-
fox, 15. Meeting of Alexander and Napoleon at Erfurt, Sept. 27. Napoleon
proceeds to Spain with a numerous veteran army, Nov. 7; at Burgos, 10; at
i Espinosa, 12 ; at Tudela, 23 ; enters Madrid, Dec. 4 ; abolishes the Inquisition
and suppresses two-thirds of the monasteries ; leaves Madrid, 22. Truce in
Finland, Nov. 20. Death of Christian VII., king of Denmark, March 12, set.
59 ; succeeded by his son, Frederic VI. Another revolution at Constantinople ;
Selim III. put to death ; Mustafa IV. dethroned, and his brother, Mahmud II.,
made sultan. Death of Charles, first earl of Liverpool, set 81, of Richard Poi-
son, set. 49, of Hurd, bishop of Worcester, set. 88, of Dr. Beddoes, set: 48, of Dr.
Hawes, founder of the Humane Society, set. 72, of Angelica Kaufmann, set. 68, of
Clara Reeve, set. 70, of Mde. Cottin, of lord Lake, of Dr. John Whitaker, set. 73,
of Theophilus Liudsey, set. 85, of Guy Carleton, lord Dorchester, set. 84, of Sir
Henry Grey, and of John Home, set. 86. Birth of Louis Napoleon, son of the
king of Holland, and now emperor of France. Humphrey Davy decomposes fixed
alkalies by means of galvanism. Napoleon visits Wieland and Goethe at Wei-
mar ; the latter accepts from him the decoration of the Legion of Honour.
Covent Garden theatre burnt, Sept. 20 ; first stone of a new edifice laid by the
prince of Wales, Dec. 31. Major Campbell hanged at Armagh, for having killed
capt. Boyd in a duel, Oct. 2.
Retreat of the British army from Salamanca ; battle of Corunna, Jan. 14 ; the
French repulsed ; death of Sir John Moore, set. 43 ; his troops embark. Parlia-
ment meets, 19. Col. Wardle brings forward his charges against the duke of
York, 27. Examination of Mary Ann Clarke. Martinique taken from the
I ll
1808 TO 1810 A.D.
713
Events and Eminent Men.
French. Feb. 23. The duke of York resigns his office of Commander-in-Chief,
which is given to Sir David Dundas, March 25. Destruction of a French fleet
in Basque Roads by lords Gambier and Cochrane, April 12. Sir Arthur Wei-
lesley takes the command of the British army, at Lisbon and general Beresford
of the Portuguese, 22. Charges against lord Castlereagh and Mr. Perceval, of
having trafficked in parliamentary seats, dismissed by the Commons, 25. Val-
entine Jones convicted of frauds in his public office, May 26. Parliament pro-
rogued, June 21. Battle of Talavera, July 28 ; Sir A. Wellesley defeats Victor ;
three fresh armies coming on his rear, compel him to fall back on Portugal" ; ex
pedition to Walcheren ; landing, Aug. 10 ; surrender of Flushing, 15 ; Sir Arthur
Wellesley created viscount Wellington, 26. Duel between lord Castlereagh
and Mr. Canning, Sept. 21. The Ionian islands taken by lord Collingwood, Oct.
1. The commencement of the 50th year of the king's reign celebrated by a ju-
bilee, 25. Death of the duke of Portland, 30, set. 71. Perceval, prime minister ;
marquis Wellesley, foreign secretary ; viscount Palmerston, war secretary, Robert
Peel an under secretary ; lord Grenville elected chancellor of Oxford^ Dec. 11
Half the army in Walcheren having been carried off by disease, the works of
Flushing are destroyed, and the island abandoned, 25. Joseph Bonaparte returns
to Madrid, Jan. 22. Napoleon arrives at Paris, 23 ; Soult takes Ferrol, 27 ; Pa-
lafox surrenders Saragossa, Feb. 21. Ciudad Real submits to Sebastiani, March
27 ; Oporto to Soult, 29. War renewed by Austria. Revolt of Hofer in the
Tyrol, April 8. The archduke Charles passes the Inn, 9. Napoleon at Iugol-
stadt, 18, takes Landshut, 21 ; battle of Eckmiihl by Davoust, 22 ; Ratisbon
taken, 23. Vienna bombarded, May 10 ; capitulates, 13 ; decree for annexing
Rome to France, 17. The viceroy Eugene enters Triest, 18, and Lefebvre, In-
spruck, 19. Battles of Aspern and Essling, 21, 22 ; marshal Lasnes killed. Eu-
gene defeats Jellachich, 25 ; joins the main army, 27 ; Marmont arrives from
Dalmatia, June 3. The pope excommunicates Napoleon, 10, and is carried off a
prisoner to Savona, July 6. Battle of Wagram, 6; armistice, 11. Napoleon
dispenses titles and domains to his generals, and pensions to the wounded and
widows of the slain, Aug. 15. Treaty of Vienna, Oct. 1 1. Mortier defeats the
Spaniards at Ocana, Nov. 19. Cordova and Seville fall. Divorce of Napoleon
and Josephine, Dec. 16. Gustavus IV., deposed by the Swedes, retires into
Switzerland, March 13 ; his uncle, the duke of Sudermania, appointed king,
Charles XIII., June 5. West Bothnia and the isles of Aland conquered by the
Russians • peace of Fredericshamm, Sept. 17. The nobles of Russia, impoverished
by the stoppage of their trade with England, and the empress-mother influence
Alexander against Napoleon ; his contingent arrives too late to assist in the
Austrian war ; his army is defeated by the Turks near Silistria, and compelled
to evacuate Bulgaria, Sept. 26. James Madison elected president of the U. S. ;
his negotiations with Great Britain come to no satisfactory conclusion. R&s el
Kheyme, a piratical station of the Wahabys on the Persian Gulf, is destroyed
by an English expedition from Bombay ; Abou Nokta, one of their chiefs, is
surprised and slain by the Turk Sherif Hamoud. Death of John, marquis of
Lansdowne, set. 44 ; his brother, the present marquis, inherits the title. Death of
Thomas Paine, set. 72, of Matthew Boulton, set. 81, of Haydn, set. 76, of Sir Fred.
Morton Eden, and of Miss Anna Seward, set, 62. Birth of Mendelsohn, the com-
poser, of Mazzini, of Wm. Gladstone, and of Canrobert, the French general.
Statue of the duke of Bedford erected in Russell Square. Tunnel of the Hud-
dersfield canal completed. Capt. Manby invents his apparatus for saving
wrecked mariners. Merino sheep brought into England by the king. The
first No. of the Quarterly Review published, April* Prof. Herbert Marsh
revives the Divinity Lectures at Cambridge. Fire at Christ Church Col-
lege, Oxford, March 3. Drury Lane theatre burnt, Feb. 24. The new Covent
Garden Theatre opened, Sept. 17 ; O. P. resistance to the advanced prices of
admission.
Guineas told at 22s. 6d., Jan. 3. Parliament opened, 23. Lord Porchester's
motion for inquiry into the Walcheren expedition, carried by 195 to 186, 26. Gua-
daloupe taken by gen. Beckwith and admiral Cochrane, Feb. 5. Capt. Lake dis-
714
FROM THE YEAR
A.D.
1811
1812
|| Otto- I
Hegi- man Em- Popes.
ka. PIKE.
1226
1227
1227
1228
1813
1228
1229
Spain
4 Mah- 12 Pius
mud II. VII.
Mar. 13
13-
14-
4 Jo-
seph
Napo-
leon.
8 Napo
eon, em-
peror-,
and king
Of Italy. .Regent.ZO
Fkanoe.IPorto-
GAL.
35 Maria
Fi-an-
cesca.
Pr. John
36-
Peus-
SI A.
^Fre-
deric
Wm.
III.
Wtr-
tem-
bekg.
15Fre-
deric
II.
Saxo-Bava-
NY. i BIA.
49Fre-l3Max
deric
Augus-
tus HI
imilian
Joseph
II.
37 22
51-
Aus-
TBIA,
8
Fran-
cis I.
1C-
1811 TO 1813 A.D.
715
Repe-
tition
Dates.
Sardi-
nia.
lOVic-
tor
Ema-
nuel 1.
Na-
ples.
4 Joa-
chim
Murat.
Den-
mark,
4 Fre
deric
VI.
Swe-
den.
3Chas
XIII.
Rus-
sia.
HAlex
ander,
Holland
Annexed
to France
Ameri- j India.
can Pre- British Go-
sidents. vernors.
3 James
Madison.
Great
Britain.
5LordMinto. 52Geo.III.
Oct. 25,
Prince of
Wales, re-
gent. 1
5 re-elected,
lLord
Moira.
53
54 3
d. Augusta,
duchess of
Brunswick.
716
FROM THE YEAB
A.D.
1810
conti-
nued.
Events and Eminent Men.
missed the service for having left a sailor on the desert island of Sombrero, 7.
Amboyna surrenders to an expedition from Madras, 17 ; strangers excluded
during the Walcheren inquiry, 21 ; popular excitement John Gale Jones com-
mitted to Newgate by the Commons. Mr. Perry, editor of the Morning Chron-
icle, pleads his own cause against an indictment for libel, and is acquitted. Lord
Chatham, censured by the Commons for his conduct in the Walcheren expedi-
tion, resigns the Master-generalship of the Ordnance, March 2. Lord Porches-
ter's resolutions negatived, 21. Sir F. Burdett's letter, 24 ; he is committed to
the Tower by the Commons. Riots in London, April 6. Meeting and petition
of Westminster, 17. Mr. Brand's motion for parliamentary reform negatived by
234 to 115, May 21. The duke of Cumberland attacked and wounded ; death of
his Italian valet Sellis, 31. Parliament closes, June 21. Sir F. Burdett libe-
rated, avoids the procession prepared for him. Wm. Cobbett fined and impri-
soned for a libel on the flogging of soldiers, July 2. The islands of Bourbon and
Mauritius taken by col. Keats and adm. Rowley, 3. General Coxe surrenders
Almeida to Massena, Aug. 27. O'Connell, at a meeting in Dublin, moves for a
repeal of the Union, Sept. 1. Sir John Stuart repels an invasion of Sicily from
Naples, Sept. 17. Lord Wellington repulses Massena at Busaco, 27 ; occupies
the lines of Torres Vedras, Oct. 9. The London corporation order a statue of
Geo. III. to be placed in the council-chamber, 31. The last access of the king's
malady officially notified to the lord-mayor, Nov. 1. Parliament meets. Death
of Amelia, the king's youngest daughter, 2, aet, 27. The late king of Sweden
arrives in London, 12. Massena commences his retreat from Santarem, 14.
Lucien Bonaparte and his family land at Plymouth, Dec. 18. The ministerial
resolutions adopted by the Lords and Commons, as the basis of an Act to appoint
the prince of Wales regent, 20. The church service of plate stolen from St.
Paul's cathedral, 24. Napoleon's continental system causes great commercial
embarrassment and reverses as well in other countries as in England,
during the last months of this year; many eminent merchants commit
suicide, among them Abraham Goldsmid and Francis Baring. The once
wealthy Paul Benfield dies at Paris, in the deepest indigence. The Spanish
Junta retreats to Cadiz and convokes the Cortes, Feb. 1. The papal States incor-
porated with France, and Rome called the second city of the empire, 17. The
king of Holland is obliged to interdict all communication between his subjects
and Great Britain, March 16. Marriage of Napoleon to the arch-duchess Maria
Louisa, at St. Cloud, April 1. Victor besieges Cadiz; Suchet takes Lerida,
May 14. Dutch Brabant and Zealand united to France, 15. Fouche" dismissed,
and Savary, duke of Rovigo, made minister of police, June 3. Abdication of
Louis Napoleon, July 2. Holland annexed to France, and Amsterdam declared
the third city of the empire, 9. Ciudad Rodrigo taken by Ney, 10. Decree for
the burning of all English manufactures, Aug. 18. The Cortes assemble at
Cadiz, Sept. 24. The Abbe" Maury appointed archbishop of Paris, in defiance of
the pope, Oct. 14; The Valais added to France, Nov. 12. All maritime Ger-
many, from Holland to the Elbe, with the free cities of Hamburg, Bremen, and
Liibeck, included in the empire, Dec. 13. Death of Louisa Amelia of Mecklen-
burg Strelitz, queen of Prussia, July 19, set. 34. Charles Augustus, crown-
prince of Sweden, dies suddenly, May 28 ; count Fersen, suspected of having
caused his death, is murdered by the populace, June 20. The French marshal
Bernadotte, with the consent of Napoleon, is chosen heir to the crown, Aug. 21 ;
he takes the name of Charles John, and becomes a Protestant. Sweden is com-
pelled to declare war against Great Britain, Nov. 17. The Russians take the
Turkish fortresses on the Danube, and advance to the Balkan. Alexander breaks
up the continental system ; admits colonial produce and excludes French manu-
factures, Dec 31. Revolt of the Spanish colonies in America. Death of lord
Collingwood, set. 60, of Sir Francis Baring, set. 74, of Wm. Windham, aet. 60, of
Henry Cavendish, aet. 79, of Caleb Whiteford, set. 76, and of the chevalier D'Eon,
aet. 82. Birth of Ferdinand, the present king of Naples, Jan. 12, and of Alfred
Tennyson, now poet-laureate. Lyon Levy throws himself from the Monument,
Jan. 18.
1810 TO 1812 A.D. 717
Events and Eminent Men.
Lueien Bonaparte settles at Ludlow, in Shropshire, Jan. 3. The Regency Act
passed. The executive power assumed by the prince of Wales. The custody of
the king's person committed to the queen, Feb. 5. Exchequer bills advanced to
relieve commercial distress, March 1. Proclamation against the Catholic com-
mittee in Ireland, 3. Battle of Barossa ; Victor defeated by Sir Thomas Graham,
5. Massena retreats to the Mondego. The duke of Gloucester elected chancellor
of Cambridge, 26. The British garrison of Anholt, 150 men, repulse an attempt
of 4000 Danes to recover the island, 27. Nelson's monument in Guildhall com-
pleted, Apr. 27. Capt. Barrie destroys a French squadron in Lazone Bay, May 1.
Wellington pursues Massena, and defeats him at Fuentes d'Onore, 6 ; takes Al-
meida, 10. Guineas publicly sold for a pound note and seven shillings; Mr.
Horner moves for a resumption of cash payments ; Mr. Vansittart carries, by a
large majority, his counter-resolutions, declaring gold and paper money to be of
equal value, 13. Lord Sidmouth's Dissenters' Bill opposed by lord Holland, and
withdrawn, 9. Battle of Albuera ; Soult defeated by Beresford, 16. Encounter
of the British sloop of war, Little Belt, with the American frigate, President.
The Speaker's committal of Sir F. Burdett declared by the Judges to be legal,
17. Perceval abandons his proposed duty on raw cotton, 20. J. Drakard, editor
of the Stamford News, fined and imprisoned for a libel on military flogging, 25.
The duke of York again commander-in-chief; lord Milton's vote of censure
negatived by 296 to 47, June 6. Lord Stanhope's Act prohibits the passing of
gold coin and bank-notes for more or less than their specified value, July 2 ;
lord Ellenborough, by his judgment in the case of De Yonge, decides that the
practice had not previously infringed any statute, 4. Decision of the Lords on
the Berkeley peerage ; the claim of William Fitzharding Berkeley disallowed ;
the title descends to Thomas Morton Fitzharding, the eldest son of the late earl,
born in wedlock. A new clause in the Mutiny Act authorizes courts-martial to
dispense with flogging. Parliament prorogued, 26. Batavia and all the Dutch
settlements in Java surrender to Sir Samuel Auchmuty, Aug. 26. General Hill
defeats the French general Gerard, at Arroyo del Molino, near Merida, Oct. 28.
Luddite riots in Nottinghamshire and the adjacent counties, Nov. Suchet takes
Tortosa, Jan. 2 ; Soult takes Olivenca, 22, and Badajos, March 11. Birth of the
king of Rome, 20. The pope refuses to cousecrate the French bishops ; a na-
tional council held by cardinal Fesch effects a compromise, Aug. 5. Napoleon
visits the Northern Provinces, Sept. 19 ; issues a decree for the censorship of
the press, 26. The union of the duchy of Oldenburg to France, Feb. 18,
completes the alienation of Alexander from Napoleon ; he relaxes in his opera-
tions against Turkey, to collect his forces for wa-rwith France. The continental
system causes great discontent in Sweden, and Charles John begins to assume
an independent tone. Christophe proclaimed Henry I., king of Haiti. The dis-
cussions between the British government and the United States become more
serious. Massacre of the Mamelukes by Mehemet AH ; he sends an expedition
to Yembo against the Wahabys. Death of the duke of Albuquerque, ambas-
sador from the Spanish Junta to Great Britain, of the duke of Grafton, set, 76, of
Hemy Dundas, viscount Melville, set. 71, of Dr. Treadway Nash, pet. 87, of Dr.
Neville Maskelyne, astronomer-royal, set. 79, of Henry Hoppner, set. 75, of Robert
Raikes, the founder of Sunday-schools, est. 75, of Robert Mylne, the architect of
Blackfriars Bridge, set. 77, of Dr. Percy, bishop of Dromore, set. 83, of Sir Peter
Parker, admiral of the fleet, set. 96, of Richard Cumberland, set. 80, of professor
Peter Simon Pallas, set. 70, of John Leyden, set. 36, and of Sir Francis Bourgeois,
set. 56, who leaves his collection of paintings and other property to DulwichCollege.
Birth of David Maclise, of John Bright, now M.P., and of the present duke of
Newcastle. The duke of Clarence admiral of the fleet, and John Pond astro-
nomer-royal. The first stone laid of the Strand, now Waterloo Bridge, Oct. 11.
Murder of the Marr family, Dec. 7, and of the Williamsons, 19 ; the supposed
murderer, Williams, hangs himself in prison. A comet of unusual magnitude
appears inSept., and is visible three months.
Parliament assembles, Jan. 7 ; settlement of the royal household, and provision
made for the princesses, 16. B. Walsh expelled by the Commons for breach of
718
FROM THE TEAK
A.D.
1812
conti-
EVENTS AND EMINENT MEN.
trust, 18. Ciudad Rodrigo stormed by lord "Wellington, 19. The restrictions
imposed by the Regency Act terminate, Feb. 1. The regent's letter to the duke
of York, inviting a coalition of parties. Lords Grey and Grenville refuse to join
the Perceval ministry ; marquis Wellesley resigns ; lord Castlereagh foreign
secretary, 13. Dan. Eaton sentenced to imprisonment and pillory for publishing
Paine's works, March 1. Wellington created an earl ; takes Badajos by storm,
April 6. Much disturbance in the manufacturing districts of Lancashire
and Yorkshire ; machinery broken, factories attacked, and murders perpetrated.
Bellingham assassinates Mr. Perceval, May 11 ; tried, 15; executed, 18. Alrna-
rez taken by gen. Hill, 19. Long negotiations to form a ministry end in the
appointment of the earl of Liverpool, first lord of the treasury, -with Mr. Van-
sittart, chancellor of the exchequer, Robert Peel, secretary for Ireland, June 9.
Lord Moira made governor-general of India. Declaration of war against
Great Britain by the American congress, 18. Lord Wm. Bentinck, captain-
general of Sicily, promotes the establishment of a free constitution in that
island; the king appoints his son regent, and the queen withdraws. On the
motion of Canning, seconded by Castlereagh, the Commons resolve, by 225
against 106, to take into consideration, next session, the laws affecting the Ca-
tholics, 22 ; the same resolution, opposed by lord Eldon, is negatived by the
Peers, 126 to 125. The orders in council of 1807 and 1809, revoked as far as they
regard the U. S. of America, 23. Treaty of peace and alliance between Great
Britain, Russia, and Sweden, concluded at Orebro, July 18. Battle of Sala-
manca, 22 ; Wellington totally defeats Marmont ; enters Madrid, Aug. 12 ; is
created a marquis. An American army, under gen. Hull, invades Canada ; is
surprised and captured at Fort Detroit by gen. Brock, 16. The American frigate
Constitution takes the Guerrtere, an English ship of inferior force, 19. After
a siege of two years and a half, the French retire from before Cadiz, 25 ; are ex-
pelled from Seville, 27. Parliament dissolved, Sept 29. War declared against
the U. S., Oct. 11. The American frigate United States captures the English
Macedonian, 25. The new parliament assembles, Nov. 24 ; opened by the
prince regent, 30. John and Leigh Hunt fined and imprisoned for a libel in the
" Examiner," Dec. 9. Wellington, not having been able to take the castle of
Burgos, falls back to Freynada ; the Cortes appoint him generalissimo of the
Spanish armies. The French re-occupy Madrid. Suchet takes Valencia, Jan. 9.
Treaty of Napoleon with Prussia for an auxiliary force against Russia, Feb. 24;
the same with Austria, March 24 ; he takes possession of Swedish Pomerania
and Riigen. The Cortes proclaim a free constitution for Spain, 19, Peace of Bu-
charest between Russia and Turkey ; the Pruth the boundary of the two empires,
May 29. Napoleon declares war against Russia, June 22 ; passes the Niemen,
near Kowno, with an army of 570,000 men, and 1180 cannon, 24; the Russians
retire ; he occupies Wilua, 28 ; Witepsk, July 28 ; battle of Smolensko, Aug. 17
of the Borodino, Sept. 7. Murat enters Moscow, 14, and Napoleon, 15; the city
set on fire by order of the governor, Kostopchin ; the French are unable to ex
tinguish the flames ; nine-tenths of Moscow consumed ; the first snow falls,
Oct 13 ; Napoleon commences his retreat, 18 : his army perishes by thousands
after a disastrous march, he arrives at Smolensko, Nov. 9 ; conspiracy of Mallet
at Paris detected and punished ; passage of the Beresina with great loss, 26 — 29.
Napoleon dates his 29th bulletin from Malodeozeno, Dec. 3 ; he gives up the com-
mand to Murat at Smorgony, and departs, 5 : consternation of France on the re-
ceipt of his bulletin, 17 ; he arrives at Pans, 19; only 40,000 men, the wreck of
this immense army, reach Wilna, in a state of entire destitution: pursued by
their enemy, they retreat to Kowno, and thence to KSnigsberg ; the Prussian ge-
neral, York, capitulates, with his division, off deserts to the Russians, 31. Death
of John Home Tooke, set. 76, of Christian Gottlob Heyne, set. 83, of E. Malone,
set. 71, of Richard Kirwan, of John Jacob Griesbach, set. 67, of John Walter,
proprietor of the " Times," set. 74, and of G. F. Cooke, the actor, set. 57. Birth
of Charles Dickens, and of Charles Mackay. Mrs. Siddons takes leave of the
stage, June 30. The new Drury Lane theatre opened, Oct. 10. Zera Colburn
exhibits his extraordinary powers of calculation. The first stone of the Plymouth
1812 TO 1813 A.D.
719
Events and Eminent Men.
breakwater placed, Aug. 12. Sale of the Roxburghe library. The Towntey mar-
bles purchased for the British Museum. A submarine forest discovered at Mor-
laix. Byron's Childe Harold and Niebuhr's History of Rome published.
Fourteen rioters executed at York, Jan. 10. The Commons address the prince
regent, approving his assertion of maritime rights in the discussions with the
U. S., Feb. 18. The office of vice-chancellor created, and given to Sir Thomas
Plumer, 22. Resolution to inquire into the claims of the Catholics, moved by
Mr. Grattan, and carried by 264 to 224, 25. Part of the sinking fund applied to
defray the charges of the year, March 3. Treaty for a subsidy to Sweden sanc-
tioned. Renewal of the E. I. C. charter. The trade to India thrown open. The
China monopoly continued, 22. Death of Augusta, duchess-dowager of Bruns-
wick, the king's sister, and mother of the princess of Wales, 23, set. 76 ; charges
against the princess are again brought forward and disproved. The monument
to Wm. Pitt in Guildhall completed, 27. Sir John Murray defeats Suchet at
Castella, April 13. A vault opened at Windsor, in which the remains of Henry
VIII. and Charles I. are found, 28. First sitting of the vice-chancellor, May 5.
A Bill to repeal the penal laws against Unitarians, brought in by Mr. Wm.
Smith, passes both houses unopposed. A Bill for the relief of the Catholics,
founded on Mr. Grattan's resolutions, is opposed by the Speaker in a committee
of the whole house, and thrown out, 24. Forts Erie and George abandoned to the
Americans, 27. The " Shannon," commanded by capt. Broke, captures the Ame-
rican frigate " Chesapeake," June 1. Advance of Wellington ; the French
abandon Madrid. Battle of Vittoria, 21 ; Joseph and Jourdan, totally routed,
retreat to the Pyrenees. Parliament prorogued, July 22. Pampeluna besieged
by Wellington, 24. Soult defeated in the battle of the Pyrenees, 28: driven over
the Bidassoa, Aug. 2. St. Sebastian stormed, 31 ; its castle taken, Sept. 8. The
British army under Wellington enters France, Oct. 8. Pampeluna surrenders,
31. Meeting of parliament, Nov. 4. Soult driven back to Bayonne. Welling-
ton's head quarters at St. Jean de Luz, 10. The prince of Orange embarks for
Holland, and the Dutch prisoners in England are released, 28. Parliament ad-
journs till March, Dec. 20. Lord Castlereagh proceeds to join the allied sove-
reigns, 27. Earl Moira enters on the government of India, Oct. 4. Conscription
of 350,000 men in France, Jan. 11. Murat gives up the command of the French
troops in Prussia to Eugene Beauharnais, 16 ; they cross the Oder, and reach
Berlin, Feb. 21. The king of Prussia retires to Breslau ; meets Alexander, and
concludes with him the treaty of Kalisch, 28. All Germany prepares to throw
off the yoke of France. Austria negotiates secretly with Great Britain and
Russia, March 20. Napoleon endeavours to conciliate the pope, 23 ; sets out to
join his army, Apr. 15 ; battle of Lutzen, May 2; of Bautzen, Wurtchen, and Hoch-
kirchen, 19—22 ; armistice of Poischwitz, June 3 ; congress of Prague, July 5 ;
the news of Wellington's victories raises the demands of the allies ; convention
with Austria, 9. Charles John lands with an army of Swedes in Pomerania ; the
congress breaks up, Aug. 9. Austria declares war against France, 15. Moreau
arrives in the allied camp from America, 16. Oudinot defeated by Charles John
at Grossbeereu, 23 ; Ney by Bliicher on the Katzbach, 26. Napoleon repulses the
attack of the main army on Dresden; Moreau killed, 27. Ney defeated at
Dennewitz, Sept. 6 ; Vandamme and his division made prisoners ; retreat of Mac-
donald. Napoleon abandons Dresden, and concentrates his forces at Leipsic ;
Bavaria declares against him, Oct. 8; decisive victory of the allies at Leipsic,
16 — 19; the Saxon and Wirtemberg troops quit the French ranks, and join the
allies ; capture of the French rear-guard, 20,000 men, on the bank of the Elster.
Prince Poniatowski drowned, in attempting to escape. Flight of Jerome from
Cassel, 26. The Confederation of the Rhine is dissolved ; the legitimate princes
of Germany re-occupy their States. The king of Prussia promises hi's subjects
a representative government, 27. Battle of Hanau, 30. Napoleon breaks
through the Bavarian army under Wrede ; crosses the Rhine with the
wreck of his army, Nov. 2 ; and returns to Paris. Charles John besieges
Davoust, in Hamburg, and occupies Holstein. Bulow enters Holland, and pro-
claims the prince of Orange at Amsterdam, Dec. 1. Declaration of the allied
720
FROM THE YEAB
A.D.
1814
Hegi-
1229
1230
1815
1230
1231
1816
1231
1232
' Otto- {
MAN EM-]P0PES.ISPAIN.
pire. j
7 Mah-
niud II.
15Pius
VII.
Mar. 13-
1 Fer-
dinand
VII.
Bour-
bons
re-
stored
France
1 Louis
XVIII
Bour-
bons re-
stored.
Portu-
gal.
i Maria ISFre
Pbus-
Frances-
ca. Pr.
John
Regent. 23
deric
Wm
111.
WlR-
TEM-
•n I,
1 RFre.
deric
II.
39 24
I John
VI.
Sax-
ONT
52 Fre-
deric
Augus-
tus III.
19-
lWil
Ham.
Bava-
ria.
^Max-
imilian
Joseph
II.
Aus-
tria.
11 Fran
cis I.
18-
13.
1814 TO 1817 A.D.
721
Repe-
tition
Dates.
Sar-
dinia.
Tus-
cany*
Na-
ples.
Den-
mark.
Swe-
den.
Rus-
sia.
Nether-
lands.
Ameri-
canPre-
S1DENTS.
India.
BritishGo-
VERNORS:
Great
Britain.
181
13Vic-
tor
Ema-
nuel I.
1 Fer-
dinand
III.
again.
Grand
Dukes
7 Joa-
chim
Murat.
7 Fre-
deric
VI.
6 Chas.
XIII.
^Alex-
ander.
1 Wil-
liam I.
6 James
Madison.
2 Lord
Moira.
55 Geo. III.
Oct- 25.
Prince of
Wales re.
gent. 4
1815
14
re-
stored.
2
1 Fer-
dinand
IV.
again.
8
15
2
7
3
56 5
m. Duke oj
Cumber-
land.
1816
15
3
2
9 — -
8
16
3
8-
4
Created
marquis
Hastings.
57 6
m- Princess
Charlotte
of Wales.
m Princess
Mary.
1817
16
4
3
10
17
4
1 James
Monroe.
5
58 7
d. Princess
Charlotte
of Wales-
3 A
722
FROM THE YEAR
A.D.
1813
con-
tinued.
1814
Events and Eminent Men.
sovereigns at Francfort, 4. Treaty of Valencay } Napoleon liberates Ferdinand
VII., and sends him to Spain, 11. Another conscription for 300,000 men in
France. The legislative body demurs to order the additional taxes demanded
by Napoleon, 15. Schwartzenberg and the Austrian army enter France through
Switzerland, 21. Joachim Murat abandons Napoleon ; opens the ports of Naples
to English vessels, and negotiates with the allies. The Spanish Cortes abolishes
the Inquisition. Death of Christopher Martin Wieland, jet 80, of Granville
Sharpe, set. 79, of Henry James Pye, poet-laureate, aet. 69, of Jaques Delille, the
French poet, ast. 75, of Jas. Wyatt, the architect, set. 70, of J. L. Lagrange, set.
77, of Bodoni, the celebrated printer of Parma, aet. 73, of the Russian field-
marshal, Kutusof, June 21, and of the methodist preacher, William Huntington,
set. 69. The poet laureateship, declined by Walter Scott, conferred on Robert
Southey. Thos. Moore publishes his Irish melodies ; Mde. de1 Stael her "Ger-
many," and Sismonde de Sismondi his History of the Literature of Southern
Europe. The patriotic songs of Frederic Schlegel and Charles Theodore Kbrner
popular in Germany. Murder of Mr. and Mrs. Bonar, May 31.
Treaty between Great Britain and Joachim Murat, Jan. 5 Sir Thos. Graham,
w-ith a British fouce, and the Prussians, under Billow, defeat the French near
Breda, 12 The Custom-house at London burnt, Feb. 12 Berenger's fraud on
the Stock-exchange, 22. Battle of Orthes, 27 ; Soult defeated by Wellington ;
treaty of Chaumont, between Great Britain and the allies, March 1. Sir Thos.
Graham fails in an attack on Bergen-op-Zoom, 8 Marshal Beresford enters
Bordeaux ; the mayor and chief inhabitants declare for the Bourbons, 12. Parlia-
ment meets after the adjournment, 21. The duchess of Oldenburg, Alexander's
sister, visits London. Deputies from Bordeaux arrive to invite Louis XVIII. to
France, 25. Capture of the American frigate Essex, 29. Battle of Toulouse,
Apr. 10, fought by Wellington and Soult, in ignorance of the events at Paris ;
the latter is defeated and retreats ; sally of the French from Bayonne ; Sir John
Hope wounded and taken prisoner; close of the Peninsular war, 14. Genoa
surrenders to lord Wm, Bentinck, 17. Louis XVIII. enters London in state, 20 ;
embarks at Dover and lands at Calais, 24 ; convention for the cessation of hosti-
lities between Great Britain and France. Wellington created a duke, with an
annuity of £13,000, and a grant of £300,000 to purchase an estate, May 1. Dr.
Thos. Fanshaw Middleton consecrated at Lambeth first bishop of Calcutta, 8.
Sir John Hope, created lord Niddry 5 Sir Thos. Graham, lord Lynedoch ; Sir Sta-
pleton Cotton, lord Combermere; Sir Richard Hill, lord Hill; Sir W. L. Beres-
ford, lord Beresford ; and Sir Edward Pellew, viscount Exmouth, 17. Treaty of
Paris, 30. Visit of the emperor Alexander and king of Prussia to the prince
regent, accompanied by Bliicher, Platoff, Metternich, and other distinguished
men, June 7; London illuminated three nights; civic banquet at Guildhall, 18 ;
departure of the visitors, 27. Lord Cochrane convicted of participation in the
Stock Exchange fraud, and expelled the House of Commons ; the electors of
Westminster declare their belief of his innocence, and choose him again for
their representative. The princess Charlotte of Wales refuses to marry the
hereditary prince of Orange ; her mother, not permitted to appear at court, deter-
mines to leave England, and travel. National thanksgiving for the peace, July 9.
Act for the better preservation of the peace in Ireland, introduced by Mr. Peel,
and passed ; parliament prorogued, 30. Jubilee in the Parks, Aug. 1 ; the princess
of Wales embarks at Worthing, 8. Sir A. Cochrane and general Ross take the
city of Washington, 24 ; destroy the public buildings and ships of war, and re-
embark, 30 ; the British flotilla, on lake Champlain, captured by the Americans,
Sept. 11 ; General Ross fails in an attack on Baltimore, and is killed, 13. The title of
elector laid aside, and that of king of Hanover assumed, Oct. 11. War in India
with the Nepaulese, Nov. 1. Lord Castlereagh attends the congress of Vienna as
the representative of Great Britain ; Mr. Canning appointed ambassador to Lisbon.
Parliament opened, 8. Peace between Great Britain and the U. S. concluded at
Ghent, Dec. 24. Bliicher crosses the Rhine at Manheim, Jan. 1. Murat joins
the coalition against France, 11 ; treaty of Kiel , Denmark makes peace, and
cedes Norway to Sweden, 14. Napoleon restores the pope to liberty, and allows
N3 TO 18L5 A.D. 723
Events and Eminent Men.
him to return io Rome, 23. Blucher joins Schwartzenberg at Langres, and the
sovereigns of Austria, Prussia, and Russia, repair to the head-quarters of their
army, 25. Napoleon arrives at Chalons sur Marne, and maintains an active
struggle, in a series of almost daily combats, by which he sometimes retards the
progress of the allies, but in the end they always gain ground ; negotiations
commence at Chatillon, Feb. 4, terminate without result, March 18. By a false
movement to St. Dizier, 20, Napoleon leaves the road open in front of the allies,
and they immediately advance ; the empress Maria Louisa retires with her son
to Blois, 29 ; defeat of Marmont and Mortier, at Montmartre, 30 ; the allies oc-
cupy Paris, 31 ; the senate decrees the deposition of Napoleon, Apr. 1 ; he abdi-
cates at Fontainebleau, 6. The prince of Orange installed at Amsterdam sovereign
of the Netherlands. Louis XVIII. declared king of France by the senate, 10.
The isle of Elba assigned to Napoleon, and the duchy of Parma to Maria
Louisa, 11; she quits France, 26; he embarks at Frejus, 28. Louis enters
Paris, May 3. Ferdinand VII. dissolves the Cortes, abolishes the constitution,
restores the Inquisition, and treats the defenders of their country with the
basest ingratitude, 4 — 10 ; death of the former empress, Josephine, at Malmaison,
29, get. 51. By the treaty of Paris, 30, France is reduced to the limits of 1792,
Belgium united to Holland, to constitute the kingdom of the Netherlands,
Savoy and Piedmont restored to the king of Sardinia, Tuscany to its former
grand duke, Ferdinand III., and Lombardy given up to Austria. Constitutional
charter of Louis, June 4 ; the pope re-establishes the Jesuits, Aug. 7, and the
Inquisition, 15. The Storthing of Christiania votes the union of Norway with
Sweden, Nov. 22L The congress of Vienna, opened Nov. 1, sits through the
winter. Death of Maria Carolina, queen of Sicily, set. 62, of Dr. Burney, set. 88,
of Benj. Thomson, count Rumford, set. 62, of lord Minto, of De Ligne, set. 79; and
of Chas. Dibdin, the nautical and patriotic song writer, set. 66. The delusions
of Johanna Southcott terminate in her death, Dec. 27, set. 62, but are still
upheld by her credulous votaries. London generally lighted with gas. First
printing of the " Times" by Konig's steam-engine, Nov. 28. Col. Quintin tried
on a charge of cowardice and acquitted. Roseberryv. Mildmay, damages £10,000.
The Order of the Bath new-modelled and extended, Jan. 2. Repulse and death of
general Pakenham at New Orleans, 8. Capture of the American ship President,
by the Endymion, 15. Mr. D'Esterre killed in a duel with O'Connell, 31. Par-
liament re-assembles after the recess, Feb. 9. Mr. Robinson's Corn-law brought
forward, 17, Candy in Ceylon taken by general Brownrigg, 19. Popular tu-
mults in opposition to the proposed Corn-law, 28. The regent and both houses
of parliament declare their resolution to oppose, the restoration of Napoleon in.
France ; the British army collected in the Netherlands, March 30. Wellington
arrives and takes the command, April 5 ; battle of Ligny ; Blucher driven back
to Wavre, June 16 ; Ney attacks Wellington at Quatre Bras, and is repulsed ;
the duke of Brunswick killed ; Wellington falls back to keep up his communi-
cation with Blucher, 17 ; battle of Waterloo, final overthrow of Napoleon, 18 ;
Paris invested by Wellington and Blucher, 29, surrendered to them by Davoust,
July 3. The Commons, 126 to 125, refuse a grant to the duke of Cumberland on
his marriage. Parliament prorogued, 11. Napoleon, at Rochefort, gives himself
up to capt. Maitland of the Bellerophon, 15 ; arrives at Torbay, 24 ; is conducted
to Plymouth, 26 ; sails for St. Helena, under the care of admiral Cockburn, in the
Northumberland, Aug. 8. Marriage of the duke of Cumberland to Frederica
Caroline, widow of the prince of Salms Braunfels, 29 ; disapprobation of the
queen. The prince regent refuses to join the " Holy Alliance," Sept. 26. Arrival
of Napoleon at St. Helena, Oct. 15. Riot of sailors at Sunderland for increase
of wages, 21. Fire at the Mint, 31. The Protectorate of the Ionian Islands
given by treaty to Great Britain, Nov. 5. Second treaty of Paris, 20, An allied
force of 150,000 men, commanded by the duke of Wellington, hold seventeen
French fortresses for five years. Peace in India with the Nepaulese, Dec. 12.
The king of Saxony restored to his States, on the sacrifice of a third part of
them to Prussia, Jan. 23. Napoleon leaves Elba, Feb. 26 ; lands at Cannes,
March 1 ; arrives at Lyons, 8, is joined by Ney, 17. The allied sovereigns
. _ __, - - - _
724
FROM THE YEAR
A.D.
1815
conti-
nued.
1816
Events and Eminent Men.
declare against him. Louis XVIII. withdraws from Paris to Ghent, 19. Na-
poleon enters Paris, 20. The Congress of Vienna recognizes the independence
of Switzerland, formed of 22 Cantons, and finalty adjusts the union of Holland
and Belgium, 19. The duke and duchess of Angouleme fail in an attempt to raise
the departments in their favour, and retire from France. April 11. Ferdinand
VII. joins the European alliance, May 2. Napoleon endeavours to fortify his
power hy liberal measures, and alters his former constitution by an "Additional
Act," which is solemnly inaugurated by a " Champ de Mai." June 1. La Roche
Jaquelin perishes in an effort to support the Bourbon cause in La Vendue, 4. A
new German Confederation organized, 8 The Act of the Vienna Congress
completed and signed, 9. Napoleon leaves Paris to join his army, 12 ; returns
after the battle of Waterloo, 20; departs for Rochefort, 29. , Louis XVIII. re-
enters Paris, July 8. The allied sovereigns arrive there, 10. Protest of the
Belgian prelates against the equality of religious rights established in the Ne-
therlands, 28. Marshal Brune, set. 52, massacred by a royalist mob at Avignon,
Aug. 2. Marshal Berthier commits suicide by throwing himself from a window
at Bamberg. Execution of col. Labedoyere, 10. Dismissal of Fouche. Sept. 19,
and of Talleyrand, 24 ; the duke de Richelieu minister. The baroness Valerie de
Krudener persuades the emperor Alexander to form the " Holy Alliance," in
which he is joined by Austria and Prussia, 28. Marshal Ney shot, Dec. 7, set.
46. Escape of Lavalette, 20. Murat declai-es in favour of Napoleon, and drives
the pope from Rome, March 22; is defeated at Modena, April 11 ; again at To-
lentino, and escapes to Corsica, May 3. The pope returns to Rome, 10. Ferdi-
nand IV. restored at Naples, June 3; Murat attempts to recover his crown, and
lands at Pizzo, Sept. 28; is seized by the people, tried by a court-martial, and
shot, Oct. 13, set. 44. The duchy of Warsaw erected into a kingdom of Poland
and given by the Vienna congress to the emperor Alexander, April 30 ; he frames
for it a new constitution, Nov. 27. Continual persecution of the Spanish patriots
by Ferdinand. Arguelles condemned to serve as a private soldier. May 23.
The regent of Portugal orders the Acts of the Inquisition to be burnt at Goa,
May 27; he re-unites Brazil with the mother-country, Dec. 16. The loss of
human life, on the French side alone, in the wars consequent on the Revolution,
estimated to have been 4,556,000. Suicide of Samuel Whitbread, July 6, set.
55. Death of Fred. Josiah, prince of Coburg, of J. G. Rosenmuller, set. 79, of
Karsten Niebuhr, the traveller, of Dr. Wm. Vincent, set. 76, of Dr. Trusler, set.
80, of J. S. Copley, artist, set. 77, of Geo. Ellis, set 70, of Wm. Nicholson, set. 57,
of Wm. Hutton, set. 92, of Dr. Lettsom, set. 71, of Claudius Buchanan, set. 49, and
of Mrs. Abingdon, actress, set. 84. Birth of Otho of Bavaria, now king of Greece,
June 1. First stone of Southwark Bridge laid. May 23, and of the London In-
stitution, Nov. 4. Belz&ni commences his travels in Egypt.
War renewed with' the Nepaulese, Jan. Parliament opened, Feb. 1. Departure of
lord Amherst on an embassy to China, 8 Debate in the Commons on Mr.
Brougham's motion for a copy of the " Holy Alliance" Treaty, 9. The prince
regent erects a monument at Rome to cardinal York, 12. Defeat of the Nepau-
lese, and close of the war, March 15. Repeal of the property tax and the addi-
tional duty on malt; ministers in a minority of 201 against 238,19. Captain
Tuckey and major Peddie set out to explore the interior of Africa, 20. Act 56
Geo. III. c. 22 and 23, to regulate the detention of Napoleon in St. Helena, Apr. 9.
Sir John Newport's 'motion on the state of Ireland opposed by secretary Peel,
and negatived, 23. Marriage of the princess Charlotte of Wales to prince Leo-
pold of Saxe Coburg, May 2 ; in the event of her demise, £50,000 a year settled
on him for life by parliament Riots at Ely and the neighbouring districts ; incen-
diary fires, and destruction of agricultural machinery, 19 ; special commission
at Ely ; 34 rioters convicted, June 18. The Lords, by 73 to 69, reject a motion,
supported by the duke of Sussex, for the relief of the Catholics, 21 ; parliament
prorogued, July 2. Marriage of the princess Mary to her cousin, William Fre-
deric, duke of Gloucester, 22. Bombardment of Algiers by lord Exmouth, and
submission of the Dey, Aug. 27. A new silver coinage issued, Oct. 21. Great
distress and discontent throughout the country; Henry Hunt becomes a popular
L815 TO 1817 a.d.
25
,d.i;
Events and Eminent Mi
leadei : he presides at a meeting for parliamentary reform, Nov. 15. Spa-fields
riot, suppressed by the lord mayor, Matthew Wood, and the police, Dec. 2 ;
Watson, the ringleader, escapes to America. Petition of the London corporation
to the regent for economy and reform, 9. Representative governments in Han-
over, Saxe Weimar, and some minor German States. The duke of Cambridge
viceroy of Hanover. Death of the king of Wirtemberg ; he is succeeded by his
son. Death of the queen of Portugal, at, Rio Janeiro, March 20, set. 81; her
son, after a regency of 17 years, becomes king. Marriage of the duke de Berry,
second son of the count D'Artois, to Maria Carolina, grand-daughter of the king
of Naples, June 17. A new tariff in Russia prohibits almost all British manu-
factures. Moscow rebuilt. Bolivar leader of the war of independence in Vene-
zuela. Francia president of Paraguay. Petion president of the south-western
division of Haiti. Death of Dr. Watson, bishop of Llandaff, set. 79, of R. B.
Sheridan, set. 65, of earl Stanhope, set. 64, of viscount Hood, set. 92, of viscount
Fitzwilliam, founder, by his will, of the museum at Cambridge, of Sir Herbert
Croft, set. 65, of Adam Ferguson, set. 93, and of Mrs. Jordan, at St. Cloud. The
statue of Fox placed in Bloomsbury Square. The safety-lamp invented by Hum-
phrey Davy. The Elgin marbles purchased for the British Museum. Lord
Moira created marquis of Hastings. Herbert Marsh, bishop of Llandaff. Waverley
published by Walter Scott. Belvoir castle nearly destroyed by fire. An ancient
boat discovered in Lincolnshire, beneath the bed of the river Witham.
Trial of the Spa-fields rioters ; Cashman condemned, Jan. 20 ; the country still
more agitated by the working classes destitute of employment ; riots at Lei-
cester, 27. Opening of parliament ; the prince regent insulted and fired at,
28 ; a reward of £1000 offered to discover the perpetrator of the act, 29. Meeting
of the Livery in London to consider the distresses of the people, 81 ; the " Green
Bag" sent down to parliament, and referred to a secret committee of each house,
Feb. 3 ; petitions, numerously signed, presented to the Commons by lord Cochrane
and Sir F. Burdett, praying for economy and reform, 6 ; the prince regent sur-
renders £50,000 a year, marquis Camden his sinecure, and Mr. Ponsonby his
pension, towards the relief of the public burdens, 7. 50,000 of Cobbett's " Poli-
tical Register" sold weekly; the parliamentary committees present alarming
" Reports," 10 ; Bill brought in to suspend the Habeas Corpus Act, 21 ; the citizens
of Westminster petition against it, 24, and the London common-council, 26 ; it
receives the royal assent, March 4 ; a great meeting at Manchester ; the " blan-
keteers," on their way to London, dispersed ; Ogden and many others arrested, 11.
Cashman executed in Skinner street, 12. Cobbett goes to America, 15. Papers
respecting the treatment of Napoleon, moved for by lord Holland and refused,
19 ; an Act passed to prevent seditious meetings, 31 ; a debating society of Cam-
bridge under-graduates suppressed by the vice-chancellor, Apr. 5 ; Mr. Grattan's
motion on the Catholic Question lost by 245 to 241, May 9 ; the new custom-house
opened, 12. The " Sidmouth Circular," though defended by ministerial majorities
in both houses, excites such general indignation that it is never acted upon ; the
Lords, by 142 to 90, negative lord Donoughmore's motion on the Catholic claims,
16 ; the Commons, by 265 to 77, reject that of Sir F. Burdett for reform, 20 ; the
members of the Cambridge Debating Society remonstrate against the vice-chan-
cellor's arbitrary act, 28 ; Mr. Abbott resigns the Speakership ; is created lord
Colchester, with a pension, and succeeded by Mr. C. M. Sutton, 30 ; trial and
acquittal of Wooler, June 6 ; Watson arraigned for high-treason, 9 ; defended
by Copley and Wetherell, and after a trial of seven days, acquitted. Renewed
suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, 13. Sir F. Burdett brings the conduct of
Oliver, the spy, under the notice of the Commons, and accuses the ministers of
employing agents to seduce the ignorant and unwary into seditious practices and
then betray them, 16. Issue of " sovereigns," a new gold coin, July 5. Par-
liament prorogued, 12. Lord Amherst returns from his unsuccessful mission in
China, 30. Treaty with Spain ; compensation given for abolishing the slave-
trade, Sept. 23. Brandreth and others convicted of treason at Derby, on the
evidence W Oliver, Oct. ; three of them executed. Death of the princess Char-
lotte of Wales, Nov. 6, aet. 22 ; want of skill imputed to Sir Richard Croft, who
726
FKOM THE YEAK
A.D.
1818
1819
1820
1821
I 1822
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1235
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lies.
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in. duke of
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to. duke of
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1819
18
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b. Prince
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1820
19
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Jan 29.
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1821
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1822
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728
FROM THE TEAP.
1817
ccmti-
EVENTS ATSD EMINENT MEN.
attended her. Strathfieldsaye purchased for the duke of Wellington. British
subjects forbidden by proclamation to serve in the contest between Spain and
the South American States, 28. Wm. Hone tried on three separate criminal infor-
mations for libellous parodies ; he defends himself, and is acquitted on each, Dec.
IS— 20; a public subscription raised for him. Pindaree and Mahratta wars ;
Holkar defeated by Sir Thos. Hislop at Maheidpore, Dec. 21. Gradual advance
of consols, during the year, from 64 to 82. The first division of the army of occu-
pation withdrawn from France, Feb. 10. Assembly of the States in Wirtemberg
opened by the king, March 23. Meeting of German students on the Wartburg, Oct.
IS, The king of Prussia recommends the Lutheran and Calvinist churches to unite
Spain retains Olivenca, and Portugal seizes Montevideo. Ferdinand, governed
by his priests, neglects the advice of the allied sovereigns to abandon his arbi-
trary course ; Porlier and Lascy are executed, July 6. Conspiracy of general
Freyre in Portugal. The emperor Alexander establishes schools throughout
Russia ; marriage of his second brother, the grand duke Nicholas, to Charlotte,
daughter of the king of Prussia, July 1. Struggle of Parga against All Pacha,
James Monroe, president of the U. S., visits many parts of the Union. Congress
of Chili held at Santiago; O'Higgins president, Feb. 12. Bolivar organizes the
independent government of Venezuela, Nov. 10. The Belgian prelates claim the
general direction of education ; the archbishop of Ghent is deposed by the king,
and retires into France. A papal Bull issued against Bible societies.. Death of
Francis Horner, at Pisa, pet. 39, of Geo. Ponsonby, set. 63, of John Louis Burck
hardt, the traveller, of Dr. Charles Burney, set. 60, of Mde. De Stael, set. 51, of
Curran, set. 67, of Frank Sayers, M D., of Ab. Gottlieb Werner, a?t. 67, of Kos-
ciusko, of J. A. De Luc, set. 91, of marshal Massena, set. 59, of Sir John Duck-
worth, set. 69, of Chas. Messier, the astronomer, set. 87, of Johann Heinrich Jung,
set. 77, of Richard Lovell Edgeworth, sgt. 77, of professor Eberling, set. 76, and of
Signora Storace. Birth of William, son of the hereditary prince of the Nether-
lands, and now king William III., Feb. 19. Opening of Waterloo bridge, June
18. A steam-packet explodes at Norwich ; many lives lost, April 4 ; another at
Philadelphia, eleven persons killed, June 4 ; another burnt on the Thames,
crew and passengers saved, July 2. Paris first lighted by gas. Moore's Lalla
Rookh published, and the first No. of Blackwood's Magazine. Lithography in-
troduced at London by R. Ackermann. John Kemble retires from the stage,
June 23, set. 60. M. De Freycinet sets out on his voyage of discovery. The
magnetic needle from its western declination turns to the north.
Tri-centenary of the Reformation celebrated in London, Jan. 1. Meeting of par-
liament, 27. Suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act repealed, 28. Sir Richard
Croft, depressed by the unfortunate result of his attendance on the princess
Charlotte, takes away his own life, Feb. 14. Parliamentary provision made for
royal marriages of this year ; none is asked for the princess Elizabeth ; the
Commons, by 143 to 136, refuse another application made for the duke of Cumber-
land, April 13. Thornton, convicted of an atrocious murder, escapes punishment
by availing himself of an ancient statute, which allows him to demand the
" wager of battle," 16 ; the attorney-general brings in a Bill to correct this defect
in the law, 20. Marriage, of the princess Elizabeth to Augustus Frederic,
hereditary prince of Hesse Homburg, of the duke of Cambridge to Augusta,
princess of Hesse Cassel, May 7. Sir Robert Heron"s motion for a repeal of the
Septennial Act, supported by Sir Samuel Romilly and Mr. Brougham, defeated
by 117 to 42, 19. Marriage of the duke of Kent to Victoria Maria Louisa, princess
of Saxe Coburg, and widow of the prince of Leiningen, 29. Sir F. Burdett's
resolution for annual parliaments and universal suffrage, seconded by lord
Cochrane, rejected by 100 to 2, June 1. The prince regent closes the session by
a speech in which he announces the improved state of the country. Parliament
prorogued and dissolved, 10. Messrs. Wood, Waithman, Wilson, and Thorpe
elected for London, Sir S. Romilly and Sir F. Burdett for Westminster, Mr.
Canning for Liverpool. Marriage of the duke of Clarence to Amelia Adelaide
Louisa Theresa, princess of Saxe Meiningen, July 11. Turn-out of the Man-
chester cotton-spinners, Aug. 15. Numerous forgeries of bank-notes ; thirty-
TO 1819 A.D. 729
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
1819 |
eight prosecutions for this crime at the Old Bailey Sessions, Sept. 11. Resigna-
tion of lord Ellenborough, Oct. 21. Sir S. Romilly, overwhelmed by his profes-
, sional labours and grief for the death of his wife, commits suicide, Nov. 2. Jus-
| tice Abbott, appointed chief of the court of King's Bench, and Justice Dallas of
the Common Pleas, in the room of Sir Vicary Gibbs resigned, 4. Capt. Ross
and lieut. Parry return from an unsuccessful attempt to discover a North-West
passage, 10. Death of queen Charlotte, at Kew, 17, ajt. 75. Commissioners sent
to Milan, under the management of Sir John Leach, to inquire into the conduct
of the princess of Wales. Two juries refuse to convict for forgery, Dec. 5.
Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, Sept. 29. Treaty to withdraw the army of occupa-
tion from France, signed, Oct. 9. Visit of the emperor Alexander and the king of
Prussia to Louis, 28. The congress breaks up, Nov. 22 ; retirement of che Riche-
lieu ministry, Dec. 29 ; De Cazes minister of the Interior, Dessolles for Foreign
Affairs, and baron Louis, for Finance. Representative governments in Bavaria
and Baden. Death of Charles XIII., king of Sweden, Feb. 5, set. 70 ; Charles
John (Bernadotte) succeeds quietly as Charles XIV. Mehemet Ali overcomes
the \Va»habys, and commences his system of reform in Egypt. Illinois the
twentieth State of the North American Union. Bolivar defeats Morillo at Som-
brero. San Martin, the Buenos Ayres general, confirms the independence of
Chili by his victory at Maypo. Boyar succeeds Petion in Haiti. Death of lord
Ellenborough, set. 68, of the prince de Conde, get. 82, of Wairen Hastings, set. 86,
of Sir Philip Francis, set. 78, of Hetmann Platoff, cf Dr. Cogan, set. 82, of John.
Palmer, inventor of the mail-coach system, of Ceo. Rose, set. 74, of M G. (Monk)
Lewis, set. 45, of John Gifford, editor of the Anti-Jacooin Review (1S06), set. 60,
of the Rev. John Hayter, of Harvey Christian Combe, of Monge, French statician,
set 72, of Mrs. Billington, the vocalist, and of Miss Pope, the actress, set 75.
Birth of Francis Ferdinand of Orleans, now prince de Joinville, Aug. 14. Dr.
Burney's Library purchased for the British Museum. The statue of Memnon
conveyed by Belzoni from Egypt to London. Publication of the Fourth Canto
of Childe Harold, and of Hallam's History of the " Middle Ages." The eccentric
planet, now called Encke's comet, discovered by M. Pons. Nov. 26.
Birth of the princess Alexandrina Victoria, daughter of the duke of Kent, and now
queen of Great Britain, May 24. A public display of the Southcottian delusions
causes a breach of the peace in London, Jan. 13. The new parliament meets, 14,
is opened, 21. Many petitions against the severity of the criminal law, especi-
ally in cases of forgery. A Bill introduced giving the care of the king's person
to the duke of York, with an allowance of £10,000 a year, 25. Emigration to
the Cape of Good Hope encouraged by government. Committee on capital pun-
ishments, Sir Jas. Mackintosh, chairman, March 2. Thanks voted by parlia-
ment to the marquis of Hastings and the army in India, 23. Sir Manasseh
Lopez fined and imprisoned for bribery at Grampound. Birth of George William,
son of the duke of Cambridge, 26. The duchess of Clarence gives birth to a
daughter, which soon dies, 27. The allowance to the duke of York vehemently,
but ineffectually, opposed, 29. The Catholic question defeated in the Commons,
by 243 to 241, in the Lords by 147 to 106, May. Sir Thos. Maitland gives up
Parga to Ali Pacha ; the inhabitants abandon the town, and are conveyed to
Corfu, 10. An Act passed to legalize the marquis Camden's surrender of his
sinecure, 11. Arrival of an ambassador from Persia, 24. Birth of George Fred.,
son of the duke of Cumberland, and now king of Hanover, 27. Riot of unem-
ployed weavers at Carlisle, June 1. Act 59 Geo. III.c. 46, abolishes the wager
of battle. Large meetings of the working classes at Leeds, Glasgow, Stockport,
and other places to petition for reform. Lord Edw. Fitzgerald's attainder
reversed, July 1. Peel's Act, 59 Geo. III. c 49, for the resumption of cash
payments. A circular addressed by lord Sidmouth to county magistrates,
for the preservation of the public peace, 7. Sir Charles Wolseley elected
legislatorial attorney and representative of Birmingham, 12. Parliament pro-
rogued, 13. Indictment of Sir C. Wolseley at Chester, 15. Proclamations
against seditious meetings, 21. Henry Hunt presides at a meeting in Smith-
field, 22. A constable shot at Stockport, 24. Proclamation against military
training and election of legislatorial attorneys, 30. Attack of the yeomanry on
730
FROM. THE TEAK
Events and Eminent Men.
the Manchester Reform meeting in St. Peter's field ; Henry Hunt, the chairman,
and others, arrested, Aug 16. Lord Sidinouth's letter of thanks to the magis-
trates for their conduct in this affair, 27; general indignation; meetings in
cities and counties reprobate the proceeding. Birth of Francis Albert Augustus
Charles Emanuel of Saxe Coburg, now prince-consort of queen Victoria, 26. Rill
against some of the Manchester yeomanry ignored by the grand jury at LaR-
easter, Sept. 5. Hunt enters London, attended by a numerous procession, 13.
Richard Carlile fined and imprisoned for republishing Paine's " Age of Reasen,"
Oct. 12. Earl Fitzwilliam dismissed from the lord-lieutenancy of the West
Riding of Yorkshire, 23. Mr. Swan fined and imprisoned for bribery at Penryn,
Nov. 16. Criminal information against Sir Francis Burdett for his letter to the
electors of Westminster, 20. Parliament meets, 23. Warm debates on the
Manchester massacre ; large ministerial majorities ; the " Six Acts " brought
in, 30; petitions against them from all parts of the country, and complaining of
distress. Cobbett returns from America, Dec. 3. Mr. J. C. Hobhouse committed
to Newgate by the Speaker's warrant for a pamphlet disparaging the House of
Commons, 15. Labourers petition to be employed in cultivating waste lands, 30.
A severe winter. Subscription for the relief of the suffering and exasperated
poor, 31. Political excitement in Germany; associations of students in the uni-
versities. Discontent in Prussia at not receiving the constitution promised by
the king ; jealousy of Russian influence. Kotzebue, set. 58, assassinated at
Manheim by Sand, a student of Jena, March 23. Gymnastic and fencing-schools
closed at Berlin and other cities. Congress at Carlsbad, Aug. A new constitu-
tion given to Wirtemberg, Sept. 29. A congress of ministers assembles at
Vienna, Nov. 25. Attempted reaction of the ancient nobility in France, checked
by a large creation of peers ; baron Pasquier minister for Foreign Affairs.
Death of Charles IV., ex-king of Spain, at Rome, Jan. 19. jet. 71. Insurrection
of col. Vidal at Valencia suppressed by gen. Elio. Birth of Maria da Gloria,
afterwards queen of Portugal, April 4. Alabama the twenty-first of the N. Ameri-
can U. S. Victory of Bolivar at Boyaca ; he forms the Republic of Colombia,
by uniting New Granada with Venezuela, and is elected president. The Sa-
vannah, the first steam-packet that crosses the Atlantic, arrives at Liverpool from
New York, July 15. The Southwark Bridge opened, March 24. Commencement
of a Suspension Bridge over the Menai, by Mr. Telford, Aug. 10. Death of
James Watt, set. 83, of prof. Playfair, set. 70, of field-marshal Blucher, set. 77, of
Dr. Robert Watt, set. 42, of Malcolm Laing, set. 57, of Samuel Lysons, sst. 56, of
Dr. Wolcot (Peter Pindar), set. 81, of Cyril Jackson, master of Christ Church,
set. 79, and of Sir Walter Farquhar. Dr. Herbert Marsh translated from
Llandaff to Peterborough. Serjeant Copley Solicitor-general. Robert Owen
in England, and St. Simon in France, propound their systems of Social reform.
Mde. Blanchard's fatal ascent at Paris, in a balloon, which takes fire. Marriage
of Miss O'Neil to Mr., now Sir W. W. Beecher. Kaleidoscopes and velocipedes
excite a transitory interest.
Death of the duke of Kent, at Sidmouth, Jan. 23, aet. 53. Death of George III., at
Windsor, Jan. 29, set. 83. After governing nine years as Regent, the prince of
Wales ascends the throne as George IV. The living of Rochdale given by the
archbishop of Canterbury to the rev. Mr. Hay, chairman of the Manchester
magistrates, Jan. 19. The name of the queen omitted in the liturgy, Feb. 11.
Cato-Street conspiracy to assassinate the king's ministers ; Thistlewood and
others arrested ; police-officer Smithers killed, 23. Parliament dissolved,
29. The Manchester reformers arraigned at York, March 16 ; trial of ten days ;
Hunt and others convicted, and afterwards sentenced to imprisonment. Sir. F.
Burdett found guilty at Leicester of a libel on government, 23. A radical
meeting at Bomrymuir near Glasgow, contrived by spies and dispersed, April 5.
Sir Chas. Wolseley tried at Chester, and sentenced to imprisonment, 11. Trial
of the Cato-Street conspirators, 16. Messrs. Brougham and Denman appointed
the queen's attorney and solicitor-general, 29, Opening of the new parliament,
27. Execution of Thistlewood and four other conspirators, May I. Inquiry into
the Droits of Admiralty refused, 5. Bills to mitigate the criminal laws brought
1819 TO 1821 A.E.
r31
Events and Eminent Men,
in by Sir Jas. Mackintosh, 9. On the motion of marquis Lansdowne, the Lords
appoint a committee to inquire how far the principles of free-trade may be
adopted in our foreign commerce, 26. Arrival of the queen from the continent,,'
June 6; message from her to the Commons, challenging inquiry, 7 ; congratu-
latory address presented to her by the London common-council, 14; the same
from other cities ; a secret committee of the Lords examines the documents sent
to them, 28 ; Bill of Fains and Penalties against the queen brought in by lord
Liverpool, July 5. An account of the expenses of the Milan commission (said to
exceed £25,000) moved for by Sir II. Ferguson, and refused, 6. Coronation post-
poned, 7. Major Cartwright, Wooler. and others convicted of a conspiracy to
elect a " legislatorial-attorney" for Birmingham, Aug. 4. Death of the duchess
of York at Oatlands, 6, set. 54. The attorney-geueral, Sir R. Gifford, opens the
case against the queen, 19 ; calls the witness Majocchi, 21 ; summing-up of the
solicitor-general, Sir Jas. Copley ; the Lords run out to observe the great solar
eclipse, and leave him speaking to almost empty benches. Sept. 7: Mr. Brougham
commences his defence of the queen, Oct. 3 ; followed by Mr. Williams, 5; exami-
nation of witnesses concluded ; Mr. Denman sums up, 21 ; followed by Dr. Lush-
ington, 26; the attorney-general replies. 27, and the solicitor-general, 28— 30 ;
discussion of the Lords, Nov. 2; second reading, 123 for, 95 against, 6; third
reading, 108 for, 99 against, 10 ; the Bill abandoned; great rejoicing through-
put the country ; general illumination. Parliament prorogued without a
speech from the throne, 28. The queen goes in state to St. Paul's, to return
thanks for her happy deliverance, 29. Mr. Canning disapproves the perse-
cution of the queen, and resigns his office in an early stage of the proceedings.
Assassination of the duke of Berry, Feb. 14, set. 42 ; birth of his son, the duke
of Bordeaux, Sept. 29. Richelieu recalled to office. Representative govern-
ment in Brunswick and Hesse Darmstadt. Riego and Quiroga, at the head
of the troops assembled in the Isle of Leon for embarcation to S. America,
demand the restoration of the constitution of 1812, Jan. 5 ; Ferdinand submits,
March 3; abolishes the Inquisition, banishes the Jesuits, and convokes the
Cortes ; meeting of the Cortes, July 9 ; dissimulation and secret treachery of
the tyrant. A similar revolution in Portugal. Insurrection excited by the Car-
bonari at Naples ; general Pepe joins them with the army, and establishes a free
constitution. Birth of Victor Emanuel, the present king of Sardinia, Mar. 14. The
Polish diet convoked by the emperor Alexander, rejects the laws proposed by him ;
he closes the session abruptly. Metternich assembles a congress at Troppau., and
afterwards at Lay bach, to consult on the means of suppressing the revolutionary
spirit in Europe. Revolt of Ali Pacha in Albania ; he urges the Greeks to assert
independence. Florida ceded to the U. S. by Spain ; Maine the twenty-second
State of the Union. The liberation of Peru commenced by the assistance of St.
Martin and Bolivar. Morillo returns to Spain. Christophe kills himself, and
the whole of Haiti submits to Boyer. Death of Sir Joseph Banks, set-. 77, of
Henry Grattan, set. 70, of Sir Vicary Gibbs, set. 69, of col. Mudge, set. 58, of Benj.
West, president of the Royal Academy, set. 82, of Brownlow North, bishop of
Winchester, set. 79, of Wm. Hayley, a3t 75, of Patrick Colquhoun, set. 75, of Arthur
Young, set. 79, of Wm. Hatsell, clerk of the House of Commons, set. 87, of Sir
Home Popham, set. 67, of the count de Volney, set. 63, of marshal Kellermann, set.
86, of marshal Lefebvre, of Tallien, set. 54, of Dollond, the optician, set. 90, and
of Henry Andrews, the maker of " Moore's Almanack," set. 76. Birt'h of Jenny
Lind. Sir W. Scott the first baronet created by Geo. IV. Sir H. Davy presi-
dent of the Royal Society, and Sir T. Lawrence of the Royal Academy. Rees's
Encyclopsedia completed. Suspension Bridge over the Tweed, July 18. Total
eclipse of the sun, Sept. 7. Francis Jeffrey, editor of the Edinburgh Review,
elected rector of the Glasgow unwersity, Dec. 28.
Meeting of parliament, Jan. 23. Annuity of £50,000 settled on the queen, 31. The j
king visits Drury Lane Theatre, Feb. 6. Sir F. Burdett fined £2000 and impri-
soned for his letter, 8 ; his constituents pay the fine. Mr. Hume moves for a re-
duction of the army, March 1 ; after sixteen divisions, his motion lost, Mr. Plun-
kett's Bills for the removal of Catholic disabilities passed by the Commons, 10,
-32
FROM THE TEAB
Events aitd Eminent Men.
1821
conti-
nued.
thrown out by the Lords, April 18 Thirty-five Bills found at the Old Bailey
against ntterers of forged notes, 11. The " Fury," capt. Parry, and the " Hecla,"
capt. Lyon, proceed to the Frozen Ocean, 30. Knighthood surreptitiously ob-
tained by two medical men at the levee, May 8. The Bank of England antici-
pates the time fixed by parliament, and commences payment in specie. John
Hunt of the " Examiner," imprisoned for a libel on the House of Commons, 25.
Mr. Hume exposes the extravagance of the public expenditure, June 27. Ju-
dicial decision of the privy-council, that queens-consort are not entitled of right
to be crowned, July 4. Parliament prorogued, 11. Coronation of Geo. IV. ;
the queen refused admittance into Westminster Abbey, 19 ; she is attacked by
illness, 30 ; departure of the king to visit Ireland, 31 ; death of the queen, Aug.
7, set. 53; enthusiastic reception of the king on his landing at Howth, near
Dublin, 15 ; funeral of the queen, 19 ; streets barricaded by the people, to compel
the procession to pass through London on its way to Harwich ; affray with the
soldiers at Cumberland gate; interment at Brunswick, attended by lady Hood,
lady Anne Hamilton, Dr. Lushington, and Serjeant Wilde; the king embarks at
Dunleary, since called Kingstown, on his return from Ireland, Sept. 5. Sir Ro-
bert Baker, censured for having allowed the queen's funeral to pass through the
city, resigns his office of magistrate, and is succeeded by Sir Richard Birnie, 14.
Arrival of the king at Carlton palace, 15. Sir Robert Wilson dismissed from
the armjr by the king's command, for his attendance on the queen's funeral, 20 ;
he is indemnified for his loss by a public subscription of £10,000. The king
embarks at Ramsgate, on his route, via Calais, to Hanover, 24 ; public entrance
into Hanover, Oct. 11. Imposture of Olive Wilmott Sevres, pretending to be
daughter of the late duke of Cumberland. The king returns from Hanover, Nov.
8. Marquis Wellesley lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Dec. 29. Death of Napoleon
at St Helena, May 5, set. 52 ; he is interred there, in Rupert's Valley. A con-
stitutional government established in Saxe Coburg. Union of the Lutheran
aud Calvinistic churches in Baden. An " Army of the Faith " organized by the
priests in Spain. John VI. returns to Portugal, leaving his son Pedro regent
in Brazil. Ferdinand, king of Naples, goes to the congress of Laybach, annuls
the constitution to which he had sworn fidelity ; an Austrian army marches into
his States, defeats general Pepe, and crushes the Revolution. Santa Rosa excites
a constitutional revolt in Piedmont ; Victor Emanuel resigns the crown to his
brother Charles Felix Joseph, March 13 ; the interference of an Austrian force
represses the movement. Outbreak of the Greek insurrection under Alexander
Ipsilanti ; massacre of the Greeks in Turkey ; the patriarch of Constantinople
put to death ; defeat and flight of Ipsilanti into Hungary, where he is imprisoned
at Mongatz ; his brother Demetrius, with Mavrocordato and Ulysses, take Na-
poli di Romania, Aug. 2 ; defeat the Turks at Thermopylae, Sept. 6 ; storm Tri
politza, Oct. 17 ; Missolonghi, Nov. 1 ; establish a provisional government, and
convoke the Congress of Epidaurus, Dec. 15. Missouri 23rd member of the U. S.
Iturbide enters Mexico, Sept. 27. St. Martin takes Lima, July 12, and is pro-
claimed Protector of Peru, Aug. 8. A statue and monument to Luther erected
at Wittenberg. Death of lord Sheffield, the friend of Gibbon, set. 86, of the
dowager-duchess of Orleans, mother of Louis Philippe, set. 68, of the young poet
Keats, set. 25, of Dr. Gregory, set. 68, of Dr. Johnson's friend, Mrs. Piozzi
(Thrale), set. 82, of Dr. Carmichael Smith, set. 80, of John Rennie, set. 60, of
professor Vince, of Dr. Vicesimus Knox, set. 68, of Oliver Cromwell, a lineal
descendant of the Protector, set. 79, of John Ballantyne, Sir W. Scott's printer
and publisher, set. 45, of Sir J as. Mansfield, set 88, of Francis Hargrave, set. 81,
of Jas. Perry, editor of the Morning Chronicle, set 65, of Dr. T. D. Whitaker, set.
63, of Mrs. Inchbald, set 64, of C. J. Rich, oriental scholar, eet 34, of Richard
Twiss, eet. 74, of Dr. Barrett, vice-provost of T. C. Dublin, set. 69, of C. A. Stot-
hard, artist, of Geo'. Howe, the first Australian printer, set. 52, and of John Scott,
editor of the '' London Magazine," killed in a duel with Mr. Christie. Prosecu-
tion of Beranger for some of his Odes. First deciphering of Egyptian hiero-
glyphics by Champollion. Malte Brun founds the Geographical Society of Paris.
Sismondi publishes his " Histoire des Francais." New Haymarket theatre
July 4. Delusions of prince Hohenlohe at Bamberg-
1821 TO 1822 A.i»,
733
A.D.
1822
Events and Eminent Men
Jeremy Bentham receives an address of thanks from the Cortes of Portugal for
his writings; and Mr. Hume pieces of plate from public bodies for his exertions
to enforce ministerial economy. Accession of the Grenville party to the Liver-
pool government; Mr. Plunkett, attorney- general for Ireland; retirement of lord
Sidmouth; Mr. Peel, home secretary. Parliament opened, Feb. 5. Insurrection
Act for Ireland to repress outrages of the White Boys, 11. Reduction of interest
on the Navy Five per cents., 25. The Commons, by 182 to 128, discontinue the
two junior lords of the admiralty, March 1 ; Mr. Canning appointed governor-
general of India, 27. Famine in Ireland, from the failure of potatoes, relieved
by a large subscription in England, Apr. Capt. Birley, of the Manchester yeo-
manry, tried for unlawful wounding at the great reform meeting, and acquitted,
4 ; Mr. Denman common serjeant of London, 25. The Commons, by 269 to 164,
negative lord John Russell's motion for reform, 29 ; Canning his most formidable
opponent ; committee on agricultural distress; Canning's Bill to admit Catholic
peers to sit in the House of Lords, passed by the Commons, rejected by the
Lords ; the Commons, by 216 to 201, adopt a resolution moved by lord Normanby,
for one postmaster- general instead of two, May 2. Duel between the dukes of
Bedford and Buckingham. Mr. Vansittart's plan adopted for relieving the
" dead weight" of pensions, 24. Resolution of the Commons not to alter the
standard of the currency. June 11. The rate of discount lowered by the Bank
of England to four per cent., 20 ; " extents in aid" restricted ; scurrilous publica-
tions for political purposes brought under the cognizance of the Commons by
Mr. Abercrombie; two of the parties summoned to the bar of the House, 22.
Complete editions of the ancient historians of the realm ordered by parliament
to be printed, July 24; new Marriage Act. Parliament prorogued, Aug 6. The
king embarks at Greenwich for Scotland, 10. Sir Benjamin Bloomfield envoy to
the court of Sweden. Suicide of the marquis of Londonderry, 12, set. 53. The
king lands at Leith. 15; returns to London, 30. Canning, on the eve of his de-
parture for India, relinquishes that appointment, and takes the office of foreign
secretary, Sept. 16. The policy of the British government becomes more liberal
both at home and abroad. Orange demonstrations discouraged in Ireland, Oct.
31. Sir Jas. Mackintosh lord rector of the University of Glasgow, Nov. 15.
Panic in the foreign stock-market ; rapid decline in the value of scrip ; many spe-
culators ruined. The marquis Wellesley insulted by an Orange faction at the
Dublin theatre, Dec. 14. Subscription in England for the starving Irish,
£350.000; in Ireland, £150,000; granted by parliament, £300,000; total, £800,000.
Projects of the ultra-royalists to restore absolutism in France; popular discon-
tent and conspiracies ; general Berton executed for an attempted revolt, at
Sauinur, The Faculty of Medicine at Paris suppressed by a royal ordinance.
M. de Villele president of the council. Congress of Verona ; Montmorency and
Chateaubriand undertake that France shall overthrow the constitution in Spain;
Great Britain, represented by the duke of Wellington, declines to interfere. M.
Guizot's Lectures on History, at the Sorbonne, suspended. The Normal school
closed. The royal guards at Madrid declare against the constitution ; they are
overpowered by the militia and citizens ; a royalist Junta of regency formed at
Urgel. The emperor Alexander having no issue, his brother and heir, the
grand-duke Constantine, signs a secret renunciation of his claim to the throne,
in favour of his next brother, Nicholas. The congress of Epidaurus proclaims
the independence of Greece. The vizir Churschid takes Janina and puts All
Pacha to death. Massacre of the Greeks in the island of Scio. Successful en- .
terprizes of Canaris and Miaulis against the Turkish fleets. Mavrocordato|
defeated at Arta. The Turks enter the Morea ; are routed by Colocotroni. Omer j
"Vrioni driven from Anatolico by the Suliots and Mavrocordato. The IL S. ac-j
knowledge the independence of the Southern States. Iturbide proclaimed i
emperor of Mexico. St. Martin in Peru, and O'Higgins in Chili, resign their i
power to national councils. Brazil separates from Portugal, and proclaims Don?
Pedro emperor. The Spanish half of St. Domingo submits to Boyer, who becomes \
president of the whole island. Opening of the Caledonian canal, Nov. 1. An;
iron steam-boat exhibited on the Thames, May 9. The statue of Achilles placed}
734
FROM THE YEAB
,u
Hegi-
RA.
Otto-
man Em-
pire.
Popes.
Spain.
France.
Portu-
gal.
Prus-
sia.
Wir-
TEM-
BERG.
Saxo-
ny.
Bava-
ria.
Aus-
tria.
1823
1239
16 Mah-
mud II.
24 Pius
VTI.
Mar. 13
d. Alls-
20.
1 Leo
XII.
Sept26.
lOFer-
dinand
VII.
10 Louis
XVIII.
8 John
VI.
27Fre-
deric
Wil-
liam
lit
8 Wil-
liam.
61 Fre-
deric
Augus-
tus III.
25Max-
imilian
Joseph
II.
20 Fran-
cis I.
1824
1240
17
2
11 —
1 Chas.
X.
9
28
9
62
26
21
1825
1826
1241
1242
18
19
3
12
13
2
3
10
1 Pedro
IV.
empe-
ror of
Brazil.
1 Maria
II. da
Gloria.
29
30
63
lLouis
Chas.
Augus-
tus.
2
2?
23
1827
1243
20
5
4
2
31
12
1 Anto-
nyCle-
ment.
3
24
1828
1244
21
6
15
5
1 Mi-
guel.
32
13
2
4
25
1829
1245
22
d- Feb
10.
1 Pius
VIII.
Mar. 31.
16
6
2
33
14
26
1823 TO 1829 A.D.
735
Repe-
tition
Dates.
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
Sar-
dinia
SChas.
Felix
Joseph,
Tus-
cany.
lOPer-
dinand
III.
1 Leo-
pold
II.
Na-
ples.
9 Fer-
dinand
IV., or
I. of
the
Two
Sici-
lies.
10
lFran-
I.
Den-
mark.
16Fred-
eric VI.
18
19
Swe- Rus-
DEN. BIA.
6Chas. 23Alex
XlV.ander.
Chas. '
John
24-
1 Ni-
cholas
Neth-
10 Wil-
liam I.
Ameri-
canPre
SIDENTS
7 James
Monroe,
1 John
Quincy
Adams.
India
BritishGo-
VERNORS.
1 Lord Am-
herst
Great
Britain.
4 Geo.
IV.
Jan. 29-
16
1 An-
drew
Jack-
lLordWm.
Bentinck
8 —
d. duke of
York
d. Qu. of
Wirtem-
berg.
736
FROM THE TEAKS
Events and Eminent Mkn.
nued.
1823
in Hyde Park, June 18. Death of Sir Wm. "Herschel, set. 84, of Christopher
Wyvill, the patriarch of reform, set. 83, of Dr. Middleton, bishop of Calcutta,
set. 53, of Canova, 83 1. 65, of Percy Bysshe Shelley, set. 30, of Delambre, set, 73,
of prince Hardenberg, set. 72, of Sir Isaac Heard, Garter King at Arms, set. 96-
of Haiiy, the mineralogist, of Berthollet, sec. 64, of Dr. Aikin, set. 75, of Sir John
Borlase Warren, of Dr. E. D. Clarke, the traveller, set, 54, of Dean Kipling,
of Sir N. Conant, the magistrate, set. 77, of Marie Laetitia Bonaparte (nee Ra-
molini), mother of Napoleon, of Eva Maria (Violetti), widow of David Garrick,
set. 99, and of Emery, the comic actor, set. 45. Sir Alexander Boswell killed in a
duel by Jas. Stuart. Sir Humphrey Davy's experiments on the MSS. of
Herculaneum. Babbage invents his calculating machine. The lord chancellor
refuses injunctions to protect Byron's "Cain." and Lawrence's1" Lectures." The
Parisians refuse to allow the performance of English plays. The innkeepers on
the Dover road petition against steam-navigation. The tide ebbs so low, that
the Thames is forded near London Bridge, March 6. Litigation inspecting
some millions of francs, placed in the hands of Lamtte by Napoleon. The great
wealth of Mr. Coutts devolves by his will to his widowj formerly Miss Mellon
the actress. Proceedings commence to p*ove the lunacy of the earl of Ports-
mouth. Jocelyn, bishop of Clogher, absconds and is degraded from his see.
Purchase of Fonthill by Mr. Farquhar.
tevival of employment for the working classes, tranquillity and prosperity ; the
agricultural interest still depressed ; at a county meeting in Norfolk, Cobbett
carries his petition for an "equitable adjustment of contracts," appropriation of
a part of che wealth of the church to relieve public burdens, and the repeal of
taxes on the produce of the land, Jan. 3 ; the same petition rejected in Here-
fordshire, 17; the Yorkshire freeholders petition for reform, 22. Mr. Vansittart,
cieated lord Bexley, takes the duchy ot Lancaster ; Mr. Robinson, chancellor
of the exchequer, and Mr. Huskisson, president of the Board of Trade, 31. Par-
liament opened, Feb. 4; lord Lansdowue and Mr. Brougham denounce the prin-
ciples of the "Holy Alliance." The half-yearly Bank dividend, reduced from
five to four per cent. ; stock falls from 2.36 to 210, March 30. Discussion on the
affairs of Spam in the Commons, Apr. 24. Peel's Currency Act comes into opera-
tion, May 2. Animated meeting to support the Greeks, lord Milton in the chair, 15.
Resolution of the Commons to prepare the slave population of the colonies for
emancipation, 16. The common council decide to rebuild London Bridge, 30.
Meeting and subscription to assist the Spanish patriots, June 18. Parliament
prorogued. Julv 18. Return of capt. Parry from the Polar regions, Oct. 29. Con-
vention with Austria to accept £2,500,000 as full payment for loans of £30,000,000,
Nov. 17. Plymouth Dock receives the name of Devonport, Dec. 27. The king
presents the library of Geo. III., 120,000 volumes, to the British Museum.
Marquis Hastings having resigned the government of India, departs for England,
J une 9 ; his successor, lord Amherst, arrives, Aug. 1 ; in the interval, J. S. Buck-
ingham is banished from India, and his Journal, the "Oriental Herald," is sup-
pressed. Reginald Heber, appointed to succeed Dr. Middleton, the late bishop
of Calcutta, sails, June 16. The Austrian, Prussian and Russian ambassadors
recalled from Madrid. Louis XVIII. declares war against Spain. The Cortes,
unable to offer effectual resistance, retire to Seville, and take Ferdinand with
them. A French army, under the duke D'Angouleme, enters Spain; arrives
unopposed at Madrid, May 24 ; the Cortes shut themselves up in Cadiz ;
give Ferdinand liberty, Oct. 1 ; surrender of Cadiz ; the constitution abo-
lished ; the reign of tyranny restored ; Riego executed at Madrid, Nov. 7.
Great Britain threatens to resist all foreign interference in Portugal ; Don
Miguel's revolt is put down, and he is sent to Vienna. Death of Pius VII.,
Aug. 2.0, set. 83 ; cardinal Annibale della Genga elected pope by the name
of Leo XII. Lord Byron arrives in Greece. The Greeks obtain many vic-
tories by sea and land, but injure their cause by discord among themselves
and disorderly management of their affairs. The U. S. declare that they will
resist any attempt to interfere with the new republics in the South. Bolivar
receives from the Peruvians the title of El Liberador. Iturbide resigns hiB im-
TO 1825 A.L>. 737
perial dignity to a Mexican congress. Death of earl St. Vincent, set. 89, of lord
Erskine, set. 74, of Dr. Jenner, aet. 74, of Dr. Chas. Hntton, set. 86, of general
Dumourier, aet. 85, of David Ricardo, set. 52, of the Rev. C. Wolfe, set. 31, of John
Julius Angerstein, set. 91, of Nollekens, set. 86, of Carnot, of John Philip Kemhle,
set. 66, of the traveller Belzoni, of Mrs. Ann Radcliffe, set. 62, and of Robert
Bloomfield, set. 57. First meeting of the Royal Society of Literature, June 27.
The Mechanics' Institute of London founded by Dr. Birkbeck ; imitated at
Glasgow and other cities. Union of the Lutheran and Calvinist churches of
Hesse at Marburg. Sale of splendid effects at Fonthill, Sept. 9. Lord Ports-
mouth pronounced to be of unsound mind, Feb. 28. Cabriolets introduced into
London. Dr. Woilaston foreign associate of the French Institute.
Iturbide arrives in England, Jan. 1. Parliament opened, Feb. 3 ; the royal speech
announces the appointment of consuls to the South American Republics ; retire-
ment of Wilberforce from parliament, 5 ; Fowell Buxton takes his place as leader
of the anti-slavery question. Advance in the price of agricultural produce.
Mr. Robinson's budget-oration on the prosperity of the country, 23. Reduction
of the four per cent, stock to 3£ per cent. Mr. Huskisson introduces his measure
for improving the silk manufactures, March 8 ; lord Lansdowne moves the re-
cognition of the new American States, 15 ; Canning's plan for training the slave-
population in Trinidad, 16 ; lord Gifford Master of the Rolls, Apr. 1. Death of
lord Byron at Missolonghi, 19, set. 36. The proceedings against missionary
Smith at Demerara, brought before the Commons by Mr. Brougham, June 1 ;
petitions from London, Leeds and Liverpool, for the recognition of the S. American
States, 15. Parliament prorogued, 25 ; general abatement of political asperity in
England. The king and queen of the Sandwich Islands arrive in London, July
14 ; they die soon afterwards. War with the Burmese ; Rangoon taken, May 5 ;
lord Combermere commands the British army in India. Marquis of Hastings
appointed governor of Malta. The Ashantees attack the colonies in Africa ;
death of Sir Chas. M'Carthy ; Sierra Leone saved by col. Sutherland. The baron
Dumas takes the place of Chateaubriand in the French foreign department, Aug.
4. Death of Louis XVIII., Sept. 16, set. 69; his brother, the count d'Artois,
succeeds as Charles X., proposes an indemnity to the emigrants who lost their
property. Visit of La Fayette to the U. S. Don Miguel returns to Portugal ;
fails in another attempted revolt, and is sent again to Vienna. Death of Ferdi-
nand III., grand duke of Tuscany, June 18, set. 55; his son, Leopold II., succeeds
him. St. Petersburg devastated by an inundation of the Neva, Nov. 19. Un-
settled state of S. America; war between Brazil and Buenos Ayres, and
between Bolivar and Francia. Iturbide returns from England to Mexico,
endeavours to regain his power, is taken prisoner and shot, July 10. Death of
Eugene Beauharnais, set. 43. of Cambaceres, set. 70, of major Cartwright, aet. 84,
of the Rev, Sir H. Bate Dudley, aet. 78, of the African traveller, Bowdich, set. 30,
of Dr. Lempriere, of Thos. Maurice, set. 70, of R. Payne Knight, eet. 76, of the
Cursitor baron Maseres, set. 93, of Capel Loft, «et. 73, of Wm. Sharpe, the en-
graver, set. 73, of admiral Russell, set. 85, of R. C. Maturin, of Luke White, M.P.,
of Mde. Krudener, aet. 59, and of Wm. Oxberry, the comic actor, set. 40. Com-
mencement of the National Gallery, by the purchase of the Angerstein Collection
and Sir G Beaumont's gift of his pictures. Subscription for a monument of
national gratitude to Jas. Watt. The first pile driven for the new London
Bridge, March 15. Act passed for the Thames Tunnel, June 24. Skeleton of a
mammoth discovered at Ilford. The MS. of a Latin work by Milton found in the
State Paper Office. The valuable collection of Sir Stamford Raffles relative to
Sumatra, lost in the " Fame," Indiaman. Mr. Harris killed by the fall of his
balloon near Croydon, and Mr. Sadler, near Blackburn. Sale of Sir F. Sykes's
Library. Robert Owen founds his settlement of New Harmony in Indiana.
i First No. of the Westminster Review published. Execution of John Thurtell,
i ! Jan. 9, and of Henry Fauntleroy, Nov. 30.
! -Speculation in foreign loans, mining shares, and joint-stock companies ; the Real
i 'del Monte shares, from 550, rise to £1350, Jan. 11. The floor of the Long Room
!' in the new Custom House gives way, 26. Parliament opened, Feb. 3. Catholic
J] ■ —
3 B
738
FROM THE YEAJRf
A.D.
1825
eonti-
EVENTS AND EMINENT MEN.
Association suppressed, 14; State lotteries abolished; resolutions for the relief
of the Catholics, moved by Sir F. Hurdett, carried by 247 to 234, March 1. Mr.
Brougham lord rector of the University of Glasgow, Apr. 4. Speech of the
duke of York in the House of Lords against the Catholic claims, 25 ; Mr. Stu-
art-Wortley's Bill for legalizing the sale of game rejected by the Lords, May 9 ;
grant of £2000 to M'Adam for his improved system of making roads, 13 ;"the
Lords, by 178 to 130, throw out the Catholic Relief Bill, 17; report of the Lords'
committee on the abject state of the Irish peasantry ; the Irish currency assi-
milated to the British by Act 6 Geo. IV. c. 79 ; salaries of the Judges augmented ;
fees and sales of offices abolished ; the abuses of the court of Chancery exposed
to the Commons by Mr. John Williams, May 31 ; petition of a widow, whose
property, devised to her by her husband, had been absorbed 'in Chancery suits,
and she reduced to the workhouse, June 27 ; combination laws repealed, Act
6 Geo. IV. c. 129. Parliament prorogued, July 6. The "Comet" steam-packet
run down by the " Ayr" in the Clyde, Get. 21. Panic in the money-market, Dec.
8; failure of city and country banks; universal alarm; fall of prices; shares
depreciated ; ruin of thousands ; the Bank of England issues one and two-pound
notes, 16 ; large coinage of gold at the Mint. General Campbell defeats the
Burmese and takes Prome, 25. Revolt of Bhurtpore. Great Britain recognizes
and concludes treaties of commerce with Colombia and Mexico. The indepen-
dence of Haiti acknowledged by France, and of Brazil by Portugal. Death of
Maximilian Joseph, king of Bavaria, Oct. 13 ; his son, Louis Charles Augustus,
succeeds him ; of Ferdinand IV., king of Naples, Jan. 4, set. 74 ; he is succeeded
by his son, Francis I. ; and of the emperor Alexander, at Taganrog, Dec. 1, est.
47 ; in virtue of Constantine's renunciation (see 1822), Nicholas ascends the
throne of Russia. Charles Felix forbids the poor in Piedmont to be instructed
in reading and writing. Death of Frederic IV., duke of Saxe Gotha Altenburg,
without issue, Feb. 11. Ibrahim, son of Mehemet AH, conducts a powerful ex-
pedition from Egypt against Greece ; disasters of the Greeks ; Tripolitza taken ;
Missolonghi besieged. John Quincy Adams, son of the veteran of the Revolu-
tion, elected president of the U. S. Upper Peru constituted a separate State
under the name of Bolivia. Francia suppresses the Monastic Orders in Paraguay.
S. Juan de Ulloa, the last fortress held by Spain, taken by the Mexicans, Nov.
18. Death of the marquis of Hastings, set. 71, of Dominique Vincent, baron
Denon, set. 84, of the French painter David, in exile, set. 75, of Dr. Samuel Parr,
set. 79, of Mrs. Lsetitia Barbauld, set. 82, of Henry Fuseli, set. 84, of Geo. Dance,
professor of Architecture to the Royal Academy, and last survivor of the original
forty members, set. 84, of lord Whitworth, set. 71, of Dr. Alexander Tilloch, set.
66, of Dr. Abraham Rees, set. 82, of Jean Paul Richter, set. 62, of Geo. Chalmers,
chief clerk to the Board of Trade, set. 82, of general Foy, set. 50, of Pauline
Borghese, sister of Napoleon, and of col. Stanhope, set. 39. In a letter to Mr.
Brougham, Thos. Campbell first suggests the idea of instituting a London Uni-
versity. The first brick of the Thames Tunnel laid by Wm. Smith, M.P.,
March 2 ; excavation commenced, Apr. 1. The first stone of New London Bridge
laid by the lord mayor, June 15. The works of Voltaire purchased by metho-
dists, to be burnt. Judge Best decides, that a court of law can give no compen-
sation for labour employed on the " Memoirs of Harriette Wilson." Balloon
ascent of Mr. and Mrs. Graham at Plymouth ; they fall into the sea, but are
saved. Capt. Johnson, in the " Enterprise," performs the first voyage by steam
to India, leaving Falmouth Aug. 16, and arriving in the Hoogley Dec. 9. Building
of the new Post-Office commenced, R. Smirke architect.
Lord Combermere storms Bhurtpore and quells the revolt, Jan. 18. Meeting of
parliament, Feb. 2. Charter of the London University granted, 11. The Commons
decide by 223 to 40, to support Mr. Huskisson's free-trade policy, 24. The
British troops, under general Campbell, approach the capital of Ava ; the king
submits, and the treaty of Yandabti closes the Burmese war, 26. Commercial
distrust and distress continue ; large numbers of the working classes are out of
employment. Sir Walter Scott and his publishers, Constable and Co., involved
in the general wreck. Real del Monte mining shares fall to 20 per cent, discount,
1825 TO 1827 A.D.
73b
Events and Eminent Men.
March 1. The Commons receive coldly, and negative, by 249 to 123, a motion
of lord John Russell against bribery at elections, 2. Increased consumption in
the country since 1816, shewn by the Chancellor of the Exchequer in his
budget oration, wine 88 per cent., malt 50 per cent., tea 20 per cent,, coffee 43
per cent., and other articles in proportion, 13. Riots of unemployed weavers in
Lancashire to destroy power-looms, April 24, May 3 ; subscription raised for
their relief. Mr. Hume disputes the asserted increase of consumption, 4. Dis-
cretionary power granted for the release of corn in bond, 5. Relaxation of the
navigation laws vindicated by Mr. Huskisson, 12. Parliament prorogued, 31 ;
dissolved, June 2. Defeat of the Ashantees by col.Purdon, Aug. 7. More than
£16,000 recovered from the Hundred, for power-looms destroyed by the rioters
in Lancashire. The duke of Devonshire ambassador extraordinary at the coro-
nation of the emperor Nicholas, Sept. 3 ; Mr. Canning at Paris, Oct. 16. Meeting
of the new parliament, Nov. 14; Manners Sutton, Speaker; the Commons ap-
point a Committee, ov the motion of Aid. Waithman, to inquire into the pro-
ceedings of the Arigui Company, Dec. 5. Reform of the criminal law by Peel's
Acts, 7 Geo. IV. c. 27—31. A British auxiliary force under gen. Clinton sails
for Portugal, 17 ; illness of the duke of York, 27. The States of the deceased duke
of Saxe Gotha are divided among the three other branches of the family, by
treaty, Nov. 15. Death of John VI., king of Portugal, March 10, set. 59 :
his son Pedro retains his empire of Brazil, and gives up Portugal to his daughter
Maria da Gloria, get. 7 ; before his abdication he gives Portugal a free constitu-
tion, and appoints his sister Maria Isabella, Regent. The Absolutists under
Chaves take arms, are overpowered and retreat into Spain. The Cortes assem-
bles, Oct. 30. Ferdinand of Spain assists the fugitives ; they gather a larger
force, enter Portugal again with Silveira at their head, and proclaim Don Miguel
absolute king; the Regent and Cortes apply to Great Britain for assistance.
Missolonghi taken by the Egyptians and Turks ; Ibrahim devastates the Morea ;
his progress is arrested by the Mainotes. Treaty between Great Britain and
Russia for the pacification of Greece ; France accedes. The sultan, by the treaty of
Akerman, grants to Russia the free navigation of the Black Sea. Suppression and
massacre of f he Janizaries at Constantinople. Bolivar elected President of Peru
for life; Paez rebels against him. John Adams, set. 91, and Thos. Jefferson, set.
83, both having served the office of President U. S., expire on the same day, the
anniversary of American independence, July 4. Death of Sir Thomas Stamford
Raffles, set. 45, of Wm. Shipley, dean of St. Asaph, and brother-in-law of Sir
Wm. Jones (see 1785), set. 81, of Reginald Heber, bishop of Calcutta, set. 44, of
Dr. Shute Barrington, bishop of Durham, set. 92, of John Milner, Roman Catholic I
bishop, set. 74, of Lindley Murray, set. 80, of John Pinkerton, set. 67, of professor-
Bode, the German astronomer, set. 79, of Chas. Mills, set. 38, of John Nichols, I
editor of the Gentleman's Magazine, set. 81, of Flaxman, the sculptor, set. 72, of I
Wm. Gifford, editor of the Quarterly Review, set. 71, of Alexander Volta, set. I
81, of Malte Brun, the geographer, set. 81, of Piazzi, the astronomer, wt, 80, of I
Talma, aet. 63, of Boissy d'Anglas, set. 70, of marshal Suchet, aet. 54, of the '
Russian general Rostopchin, of Karl von Weber, set. 40, of A. G. Laing, mur-
dered on his return from Timbuctoo, set. 32, of St. Simon, set. 64. of Incledon, the
vocalist, and of John Farquhar, the purchaser of Fonthill, set. 75. A MS.
translation of Boethius by queen Elizabeth, found in the State Paper Office.
The Household Book of James V. of Scotland laid before the Antiquarian Society
by the earl of Aberdeen. The Astorga library purchased by the Edinburgh
Faculty of Advocates. The " Unknown Tongues," and other illusions of the
Irvingites, amuse the public for a time.
Commercial confidence is restoi'ed ; the poor employed ; and prosperity revives.
Death of the duke of York, Jan. 3, set. 64. The duke of Wellington commander-
in-chief. Parliament meets, Feb. 8. Sudden illness of the earl of Liverpool,
17. Mr. Canning's resolutions on the Corn-Laws agreed to by the Commons,
March 1. The first stone of the London University laid by the duke of Sussex,
April 30. Canning ministry ; resignation of Wellington, Peel, Eldon, and four
other members of the late cabinet. The duke of Clarence lord high admiral.
3~b~2
740
FROM THE TEAR
A.D.
1827
conti-
1828
Events and Eminent Men.
The Whigs support the new government ; parliamentary explanations, May 1 ;
the measures consequent on these changes postponed till the next session ; mar-
quis of Lansdowne secretary for the Home department ; Sir J. S. Copley created
lord Lyndhurst aud chancellor ; Tierney master of the Mint. Parliament pro-
rogued, July 2. Treaty of London, between Great Britain, France, and Russia,
for the pacification of Greece, 6. Death of Canning, Aug. 8, set. 57 ; viscount
Goderich prime minister ; Huskisson colonial secretary, 17. Return of captains
Parry and Franklin from their Northern expeditions, Sept. 29. Battle of Nava-
rino, Oct. 20; the Turco-Egyptian fleet destroyed by the combined British,
French, and Russian, under Sir Edward Codrington. Don Miguel arrives in
London, Dec. 30. The ministers of Charles X. fail in their attempt to pass a law
for restraining the liberty of the press ; dissolution of the Chamber of Depu-
ties ; preponderance of liberals in the new chamber ; seventy-six new peers
created. France commences hostilities against Algiers. The English at Lisbon
abstain from taking part in the internal affairs of Portugal ; resist all foreign
interference. Pedro appoints his brother, Miguel, regent, on condition of his
maintaining the charter. Sultan Mahmud rejects the propositions of the three
allied powers for the settlement of Greece ; they resolve to use force ; he demands
satisfaction for the loss sustained at Navarino, and invokes his subjects to a re-
ligious war. Capo d'Istrias appointed president of Greece, lord Cochrane high
admiral, and Church commander of the army ; they fail to relieve the Acropolis
of Athens ; commence the siege of Missolonghi ; many German officers arrive
to assist them. The congress of Colombia refuses to accept Bolivar's resigna-
tion. Death of Fred. Aug. III., May 5, after a reign of 64 years over Saxony as
elector and king ; his brother, Antony Clement, succeeds him. Death of La
Place, set. 78, of J. G. Eichhorn, set. 75, of Pestalozzi, set. 82, of Beethoven, set.
57, of John Mason Good, set. 62, of Henry Salt, traveller and consul in Egypt,
of card.Ruffo, set. 83, of Hugh Clapperton, the African traveller, set. 40, of Wm.
Belsham, set. 75, of Wm. Mitford, set. 83, of George Dodd, the designer of Wa-
terloo Bridge, set. 44, of Caulaincourt, duke of Vicenza, set. 54, of Dr. Kitchener,
set. 50, of Ugo Foscolo, est. 50, of Helen Maria Williams, set. 69, and of Archibald
Constable, set. 51. Society established " for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge."
Printing for the blind introduced. First burst of water into the Thames Tunnel,
May 18. Lord chancellor Eldon refuses to Mr. Wellesley Pole the custody of
his children, Feb. 1. Trial of the Wakefields for the abduction of Miss Turner,
March 24. Sir H.Davy resigns the chair of the Royal Society; Mr. Davies
Gilbert elected president.
Resignation of lord Goderich ; the duke of Wellington minister, Jan. 25 ; Peel
Home secretary ; lord Aberdeen Foreign ; Sir C. Wetherell attorney-general, and
Sir N, C. Tindal solicitor ; lord Hill commander-in-chief. Meeting of parliament,
29 ; the battle of Navarino termed " an untoward event ;" on the motion of Mr.
Brougham, two committees appointed to inquire into the state of the law, Feb. 7 ;
finance committe proposed by Peel, and ordered, 15 ; the Commons, by 237 to 193,
adopt lord John Russell's motion for the repeal of the Test and Corporation
Acts, 26 ; the Act for that purpose, 9 Geo. IV. c. 17, passes both Houses with
little opposition. Distribution of the Deccan prize-money, March 20. The
British auxiliaries withdraw from Portugal, 20. After a debate of three nights,
the Commons, by 272 to. 266, agree to Sir F. Burdett's motion for a committee on
the Catholic claims, May 8 ; the Lords, by 181 to 137, refuse to concur, June 10 ;
the duties on foreign corn regulated by a " sliding-scale," Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 60 ;
secession of Huskisson, Palmerston, and their friends, from the ministry. High
duties imposed on British manufactures by the American tariff, 13. King's Col-
lege, London, originated by a meeting at which the duke of Wellington presides,
June 21. Lord Wm. Bentinck governor- general of India, July 4. Daniel O'Con-
nell elected for the county of Clare, 5. Financial statement made by the chan-
cellor of the exchequer, 10. Parliament prorogued, 28. The duke of Clarence re-
signs his office of lord high admiral ; viscount Melville first lord of the admiralty.
London University opened, by a lecture of professor Bell, Oct. 1. The queen of
Portugal arrives in London, 6. Opening of St. Katharine's Docks, 25. The
iS27 TO 1829 A.D.
741
A.D.
1829
Events and Eminent Men,
repairs and improvements of Windsor Castle by Sir Jeffrey Wyatville completed,
Dec. 9. Great power of the Catholic Association in Ireland ; the duke of Wel-
lington intimates to Dr. Curtis his anxiety for a settlement of the question ; the
marquis of Anglesey, lord-lieutenant, recalled for encouragement given by him to
agitation. Death of Charlotte Augusta Matilda, the king's eldest sister and queen
dowager of Wirtemberg, set. 62. Feodora, daughter of the duchess of Kent by her
first husband, married to the prince of Hohenlohe Langenburg, Feb. 18. Change of
ministers in France ; Martignac takes the place of M. de Villele at the head of the
cabinet. Don Miguel arrives at Lisbon and takes the constitutional oath, Feb.
22 ; as soon as the British troops are withdrawn, he is proclaimed king, June 29 ;
Palmella and Villa Flor are driven out of Portugal ; absolutism triumphant ;
the young queen, Donna Maria, is removed from Brazil to England. War be-
tween Russia and Turkey, Feb. 22; the Russians take Varna, Oct. 11; are repulsed
at Schumla and retire over the Danube. Sir Edw, Codrington concludes a treaty
at Alexandria for the evacuation of Greece by the Egyptians, Aug. 6. The
Greek government organized; piracy suppressed; order established; Alexander
Ipsilanti released by the emperor of Austria, dies soon after his liberation ; the
representatives of the three powers meet at Poros to settle the limits of the new
State ; the sultan refuses to assent. Contest for the president's chair of the
U. S.; John Quincy Adams loses his re-election; Andrew Jackson is chosen to
succeed him at the expiration of his term of four years. Bolivar dictator of
Colombia. The Banda Oriental forms the republic of Uruguay. Death of Ro-
bert Jenkinson, earl of Liverpool, late prime minister, Dec. 4, set. 58, of C. M
Sutton, archbishop of Canterbury, set. 73, of Sir James Edw. Smith, president of
the Linnaean Society, set. 69, of Sir R. Strachan, sat. 67, of lady Caroline Lamb,
a?t. 42, of the Hon. Mrs. Damer, set. 80, of the margravine of Anspach (lady
Craven), aet. 77, of Sir Wm. Drummond, of Sir Wm. Congreve, set. 56, of Dugald
Stewart, att. 75, of Dr. Gall, the phrenologist, aet. 73, of Dr. Wollaston, set. 62, of
archdeacon Coxe, set. 62, of Thos. Bewick, the wood-engraver, set, 75, of J. Cur-
wen, long M.P, for Cumberland, set. 72, of Luke Hansard, set. 76, of gen. Sir
Alan Cameron, of Henry Neele, set. 30, and of John Scott, the engraver, set. 54.
Dr. Howley archbishop of Canterbury, and Dr. Blomfield translated from Chester
to London. Second irruption of water in the Thames Tunnel, Jan. 12. New
Corn-Exchange opened, June 24. Fall of the Brunswick theatre, Feb. 29. The
fate of La Perouse ascertained by capt. Dillon of the "Research," Apr. 7. M.
Champollion sets out for Egypt to explore its antiquities, July 31. The tomb of
John Hampden opened by lord Nugent and Mr. Denman, July 21. Sport of fal-
conry at Redbourne by the duke of St. Alban's, Oct. 8. Detection of Burke's
systematic murders at Edinburgh, Dec. 24. Execution of Wm. Corder for murder,
Aug. 8, and of Joseph Hunton, a quaker, for forgery, Dec. 8.
The ministers decide to grant Catholic Emancipation. Robert Peel resigns his
seat for Oxford university, Feb. 4 ; when proposed for re-election, Sir R. H. Inglis
defeats him by 705 votes against 559. Parliament opened, 5. Bill to suppress
dangerous meetings in Ireland, 10. Voluntary dissolution of the Catholic Asso-
ciation, 12. The Relief Bill brought in, March 5 ; second reading carried by 353
to 180, 18. Duel between the duke of Wellington and the earl of Wmchelsea,
21. Third reading of the Bill, 320 to 142, 30 ; introduced in the Lords, 31 ;
second reading, 217 to 112, April 5 ; third reading, 10 ; receives the royal assent,
13. Act passed at the same time to disfranchise the forty-shilling freeholders
in Ireland and raise the qualification to ten pounds. Distress of the Spital-
fields weavers. A farther reduction made in the duties on the importation of
raw silk ; increase of the silk manufacture in Congleton, Macclesfield, and Man-
chester. The duke of Norfolk, lord Dormer, and lord Clifford take their seats
in parliament, April 2a The earl of Surrey elected M.P. for Horsham, May 4 ;
O'Connell's election for Clare declared void, and a new writ issued, 18. The
ground on the east side of Somerset House, given for the site of King's College,
16. Capt. Ross departs in a steam-vessel to explore the North-west passage, 23.
Marquis of Blandford's motion for parliamentary reform rejected by 401 to 118,
June 3. Sir N. C. Tindal, chief-justice of the Common Pleas ; Sir C. Wetherell
742
FROM THE TEAK
A.D.
Hegi-
RA.
Otto-
man Em-
pire.
Popes.
Spain.
France.
Portu-
gal.
Prus-
sia.
WlR-
TEM-
BERG.
Saxo-
ny.
Bava-
ria.
Aus-
tria.
1830
1246
23 Mali-
mud 11.
2 Pius
VIII.
Mar.31.
d. Nov
30.
17Fer-
dinand
VII.
1 Louis
Philip.
3 Mi-
guel.
34Fre-
deric
Wm.
III.
15 Wil-
liam.
4 An-
tony
Cle-
ment.
6 Louis
Chas.
Aug.
27 Fran-
cis 1.
1831
1247
24 '
1 Gre-
gory
XVI.
Feb. 2.
18
2
4 —
35
16
5
7
28—
1832
1248
25
2
19
3
5
36
17—
6
8
29 — -
1833
1249
1250
26
3
1 Isa-
bella
II.
4
1 Maria
II. re-
stored.
37
18
7
30
1834
1250
1251
27
4
2
5
2
38
10
31
1835
1251
1252
28
5
3
6
3
39 — -
20
9
11
1
1 Fer- j
dinand.
1836
1252
1253
29
6
4
7 —
4
40
21
1 Fre-
deric
Aug.
IV.
12
2
1830 TO 1836 A.D.
743
Repe-
tition
Dates.
Sar-
dinia.
Tus-
cany.
Two
Sici-
lies.
j
Den-
mark.
Swe-
den.
Rus-
sia.
Nether-
lands.
Ameri-
canPre-
SIDENTS.
India.
BritishGo-
VERNORS.
Great
Britain.
1830
ilOChas.
| Felix
Joseph.
7 Leo-
pold
II.
1 Fer-
dinand
II.
^Fre-
deric
VI.
13Chas.
XIV.
Chas.
John.
6 Ni-
cholas
17 Willi-
am I.
Hoi- Bel-
land, gium.
2 An-
drew
Jackson
3 Lord Wm.
Bentinck.
11 Geo.
IV.
Jan. 29.
rf, June 26
1 Willi-
am IV.
June 26.
Qu. Ade-
laide.
| 1S31
!
IChas.
i Albert.
8
2
24
14
18
Leopold. 1
3
4
2
1832
1833
2
3
9
10
3
4
25
26
15
16
19
2
20
3
1
5
6
3
4
9
5 Re-
elected.
1834
1
4
11
27—
17
10
21
4
6
7
5
i. duke of
Glou-
cester.
1835
5—
12
6
28
18
11
22
5
7
8
6
1836
6
13
7-
29
19
12
23
6
8
1 Lord
Auckland.
7
744
EROM THE TEAR
conti-
nued.
Events and Eminent Men.
dismissed for his opposition to Catholic Emancipation, is succeeded by Sir Jas.
Scarlett, in the office of attorney-general ; Sir E. Sugden, solicitor-general, 10.
Peel's Metropolitan Police Act, 10 Geo. IV. c. 44. Parliament prorogued, 24.
The Society of the Inner Temple institutes previous examinations into the at-
tainments of candidates for admission to the bar, July 10. O'Connell re-elected
for Clare, 30; his expenses paid out of the Catholic rent; and he begins to
demand " Repeal of the Union." Combinations of weavers to obtain advance of
wages, by destroying work on the looms, Aug. New Post-Office opened, Sept. 23.
New Fleet-Market opened, Nov. 20; the old Market called Farringdon Street.
Royer Collard, president of the French Chamber of Deputies, Feb. 1 ; union of
parties against the Martignac ministry; M. de Polignac recalled from his em-
bassy in London to form a new cabinet ; his government influenced by the ultra-
royalists and priests. Commercial union of the central States of Germany,
under the guidance of Prussia. Death of Leo XII., Feb. 10, set. 68; cardinal
Francis Xavier Castiglioni, elected pope Pius VIII., protects the Jesuits and
Inquisition. Atrocious persecution of the Constitutionalists in Portugal. Miguel
refuses to marry his niece Donna Maria; she returns to Brazil. Death of the
queen of Spain ; Ferdinand marries Maria Christina, daughter of the king
of Naples. The Russians take Silistria, pass the Balkan, and advance to
Adrianople ; mediation of Great Britain and Prance ; treaty of Adrianople,
Sept. 14 ; the emperor Nicholas relinquishes his conquests ; the sultan
acknowledges the independence of Greece. Increased jealousy between Holland
and Belgium. Andrew Jackson, president U. S., announces to Congress that the
Tariff had failed to accomplish its purpose. Spanish invasion of Mexico
defeated by Santa Anna. Death of Sir Humphrey Davy, at Geneva, set. 50, of
count Darn, of Fred, von Schlegel, set. 57, of lord Colchester, set. 72, of Barras, sat.
74, of Stephen Dumont, the friend of Jeremy Bentham, set. 79, of Thos. Belsham,
set. 80, of Francis Plowden. of Dr. Thos. Young, set. 56, of generals lord Harris,
set. 82, Sir David Baird, and Thos. Garth, eet. 85, of Sir Wm. Curtis, set. 77, of
the countess of Derby (xMiss Farren), pet. 70, of John Reeves, set 77, and of Francis
Egerton, earl of Bridgewater, whose legacy calls forth the Treatises which bear
his name. York Minster set on fire by a lunatic ; the damage, £65,000, repaired
by a public subscription of the county. Prize given by the directors of the
Liverpool and Manchester Railway to Mr. Stephenson for the speed of his
locomotive engine. Prosperity of Life Insurance Societies, particularly of the
London Equitable. The Athenaeum and other clubs of London, erect splendid
buildings for the reception of their members. The first double-sheet No. of the
" Times" published, Jan. 19. Meeting of London booksellers to regulate the
discount allowed on books, Dec. 29. Porcelain paper and card invented by De
la Rue, Cornish, and Rock of London.
Death of George IV., at Windsor, June 26, set. 68; accession of his brother, Wm.
Henry, duke of Clarence, William IV. Meeting of parliament, Feb. 4; difficult
position of the ministers; the high church party abandon them; the Whigs
support them ; lord Darlington moves the address, which is carried by 158 to 105.
The colonists of Sydney petition for a legislative assembly and trial by jury, 9.
Remission of the excise duties on fur and leather ; reduction of public expendi-
ture, 15 ; the franchise of East Retford extended to the freeholders of the Hun-
dred. Death of Sir Robert Peel, set. 80, father of the Home Secretary, who
inherits the title and great wealth, May 3. Sir Jas. Graham moves for a return
of the salaries and emolument of privy councillors, 14 ; the king being unable
to affix the sign manual, an Act is passed legalizing the use of a stamp, 29.
Parliament prorogued. July 23 ; dissolved, 24. Brougham elected for Yorkshire,
Aug! 5. Arrival of Charles X. in England, 17. Opening of the Liverpool and
Manchester Railway, Sept. 15. Death of Mr. Huskisson, set. 63. Recognition
of Louis Philip by the British government. Opening of American ports to
British commerce, Oct. 1. The new parliament assembles, 26; opened by the
king, Nov. 2 ; weakness of the ministry ; a strong excitement produced by the
duke of Wellington's assertion that the House of Commons needed no reform.
The intended visit of the king and queen to the City of London, at the lord-
1829 TO 1830 A.D.
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
mayor's feast, postponed, 7. Sir Henry Parnell's motion for a committee
to examine the Civil list, carried against ministers by 233 to 204, i5 ; the duke
of Wellington and his colleagues resign, 16 ; lord Grey's administration formed,
22 ; he announces peace, retrenchment, and reform, as the principles on which it
is to be conducted. Incendiary fires, destruction of machinery, and other out-
rages, in many counties ; special commissions sent to try the offenders. The
French Chamber of Deputies votes an address hostile to the Polignac ministry,
March 16 ; prorogued by the king, 19 ; dissolved, May 16 ; expedition under
the count de Bourmont against Algiers, 25 ; landing in Africa, June 13 ; Algiers
taken, July 5 ; the popular party strengthened by the elections : the ministers
determine to dissolve the new Chamber before it meets ; unconstitutional ordi-
nances prepared and laid before the king, 21 ; are signed by him and pub-
lished, 25 ; journals suppressed, 26 ; popular resistance ; three days' war of the
Barricades in Paris, 27—29 ; victory of the people ; the national guard restored
under the command of La Fayette, 30 ; Louis Philip, duke of Orleans, appointed
lieutenant-general, 31 ; Charles X. abdicates, Aug. 2; is conducted to Cher-
bourg by commissaries of the provisional government, 4 ; Louis Philip pro-
claimed king of the French, 7 ; Charles and his family embark for England, 16 ;
death of Louis Henry de Bourbon, prince de Cond6, 27, set. 75 ; Laffitte minister,
Nov. 2 ; G uizot and de Broglie retire ; trial of the ex-ministers of Charles, Dec.
15 ; Polignac, Peyronnet, Chantelauze, and Ranville, condemned to imprisonment
for life, 21 ; La Fayette resigns the command of the National Guard, 26. Revolt
of Brussels and expulsion of the Dutch troops, Aug. 25 ; prince Frederic repulsed,
Sept. 25 ; general revolt of Belgium ; the king restricts his authority to the
Northern provinces, Oct. 20 ; conferences of the Guarantee-States at London,
Nov. 2 ; Belgium declared independent, 17. Changes in Germany; duke Charles
of Brunswick, expelled by his subjects, takes refuge in England; his brother
William is called to assume the government, Sept. 6 — 28. Commotions in
Leipzig and Dresden. The king of Saxony shares his power with his nephew
Frederic, and gives his people a constitution, Sept. 13. The elector of Hesse
Cassel embodies a civic guard, and authorizes the States to re-model the go-
vernment, Oct. 2 — 16 ; similar movements at Jena, Weimar, Hanau, and Manheim.
Birth of Francis Joseph, the present emperor of Austria, Aug. 18. Ferdinand
VII. abolishes the Salic law, and declares the throne of Spain heritable by
females, March 29 ; birth of his daughter Maria Isabella, the present queen,
Oct. 11 ; protest and revolt of his brother Carlos ; Ferdinand acknowledges Louis
Philip in France. Death of Carlotta Joachima, queen-dowager of Portugal, Jan.
6, set. 53. Deplorable state of the finances ; disorder and distress throughout the
kingdom are the results of Miguel's misgovernment. Pedro establishes a
regency at Terceira, under Palmella, in the name of queen Maria, March 15.
Copenhagen, Kiel and Flensburg call upon the king of Denmark for reforms.
The democratic party in Switzerland agitates in Basle and Freyburg ; an ex-
traordinary Diet convoked at Bern, Dec, 25. Death of pope Pius VIII., Nov.
30, sat. 68 ; the papal chair remains vacant two months. Attempted revolts at
Rome and at Annecy in Savoy repressed. Death of Francis I., king of Naples,
Nov. 8, set. 53 ; his son Ferdinand II. succeeds. The crown of Greece offered to
prince Leopold of Saxe Coburg, Feb. 3 ; refused by him, May 21. The cholera
spreads from Asia to Moscow, Oct. Insurrection in Poland; the grand duke
Constantine driven from Warsaw, Nov. 29 ; a Diet assembles and appoints
Khlopicki dictator, Dec. 19 ; proclamation of Nicholas against the Poles, Dec.
24. Portions of the Texas territory claimed by the U. S. Bolivar resigns all
his offices, Jan. 20; the president's chair again offered to him, and declined,
April 27 ; he withdraws in triumph, May 9 ; dies Dec. 17, set. 48. Death of lady
Augusta de Ameland (Murray), married to the duke of Sussex in 1792, of Geo.
Tierney, set. 74, of Wm. Hazlitt, set. 52, of Benjamin Constant, set. 63, of marshal
Gouvion St. Cyr, aet. 66, of Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, set. 79, of the countess
de Genlis, set. 84, of Sir Thomas Lawrence, aet. 61, of major James Rennell, set. 88,
of Fred. Albert Winsor, set. 68, of Samuel Favell, set. 70, of R. Chenevix, and of
Wm. Bulmer, set 74. The English Opera-house (Lyceum) destroyed by fire, |
Feb. 16. I
746
FBOM THE TEAR
A.D.
1831
Events and Eminent Men.
Eight hundred prisoners tried by the special commissions; two executed at
Winchester and two at Salisbury, Jan. 25 ; many transported ; outrages sup-
pressed ; meeting of the Birmingham Political Union, headed by Thomas
Attwood, the banker, Feb. 1. Lords Grey and Althorpe announce that the Re-
form Bill will be introduced by lord John Russell, 3. The Budget of lord Althorpe
proposes many retrenchments; the abolition of the taxes on coals, candles, and
printed calicoes, and reduction of other duties, 11. The Reform Bill brought in,
March 1; intense national excitement in favour of it; after a debate of seven
days, read the first time ; second reading earned by a majority of one (302 to 301),
22 ; general Gascoyne's motion in opposition to the measure carried in Com-
mittee by 299 against 291, April 18 ; the king refuses to accept the resignation
of ministers. Parliament prorogued, 22 ; dissolved, 23 ; popular .ferment; anti-
reformers ejected by most of the large constituencies ; proclamation for all ships
from the Baltic to perform quarantine, to guard against the cholera, June 10 ;
the new parliament assembles, 14.; C. M. Sutton, Speaker ; the king's speech
recommends Reform, 21. Fatal conflict on a seizure for tithes at Newtown
Barry in Ireland, 18. The Reform Bill again introduced, 24 ; second reading
carried by 367 against 231, July 7 ; long and strict scrutiny of its clauses in
Committee. New London Bridge opened by the king and queen, Aug. 1. Coro-
nation, Sept. 8; the banquet in Westminster Hall discontinued; theatres
opened gratis, and fire-works in Hyde Park. The Reform Bill read a third time,
and passed by the Commons, 345 against 236, 19; lords Althorpe and John Russell,
attended by 100 Commoners, take it up to the Lords ; after a debate of five
nights on the motion for its second reading, they reject it by 199 against
158; popular indignation, especially against the bishops, all opponents of
the measure, except Bathurst of Norwich, and Maltby of Chichester ; the
Birmingham Union threaten to march to London; tumults and burnings of
anti-reformers in effigy ; Nottingham castle, the property of the duke of
Newcastle, destroyed. Parliament prorogued, 20. Riots in Bristol, on the
entrance of the recorder, Sir Chas. Wetherell, to hold the sessions, 29. Meet-
ing of the London Political Union in Lincoln's Inn Fields, Sir F. Burdett in the
chair, 31. First cases of cholera occur at Sunderland, Nov. 4. Proclamation
declaring affiliated Political Unions unlawful, 21 ; that of Birmingham abandons
its intended organization, 22. Meeting of parliament, Dec. 6 ; the king again
recommends reform ; the Bill introduced a third time, 12; the second reading
carried by 324 to 162, 17. Parliament adjourned for the Christmas recess. Negro
insurrection in Jamaica, 22. Laffitte resigns ; Casimir P^rier heads a new ad-
ministration in France, March 15. Leopold, of Saxe Coburg, king of Bel-
gium, July 21; he is attacked by the sons of the king of Holland, Aug. 5; a
British fleet and a French army arrive to support him ; the Dutch retire. Here-
ditary nobility confirmed in France, Oct. 18, Dec. 28. Constitutional government
ratified in Hanover by the duke of Cambridge, viceroy, Feb. 23, and in Hesse
Cassel by the elector, Jan. 5. The cholera breaks out in Dantzig, May 29, and
soon afterwards rages in Northern Germany. Don Joze Maria Torrijos, treach-
erously enticed from his asylum in Gibraltar, is shot with his companions at
Malaga, Dec. 4. Miguel resumes his persecution of the constitutionalists ; he
offends Great Britain and France ; their fleets enter the Tagus and compel him
to make reparation. Pedi-o resigns the empire of Brazil to his son ; visits London
and Paris to concert measures for restoring his daughter in Portugal. Cardinal
Maurus Capellari elected pope Gregory XVL, Feb. 2. Attempt to form a federal
republic in Italy, repressed by Austrian troops. Discord in Greece ; arrest of
Pietro Mavromichali ; assassination of Capo d'Istrias, Oct. 9 ; his brother, Au-
gustin, appointed president. Warsaw taken by the Russians, and the Polish
insurrection quelled, Sept. 7 ; their general, Diebitsch, dies of the cholera at
Pultusk, June 10, set. 46, and grand duke Constantine at Minsk, 27, set. 52 ;
Paskewitz takes the command. Death of the dowager-duchess of Saxe Coburg,
mother of Leopold and the duchess of Kent, set. 73, of B. G. Niebuhr, set. 53, of
Wm. Roscoe, set. 79, of Mrs. Siddons, ast. 75, of John Abernethy, set. 66, of Pamela,
daughter of the countess de Genlis and widow of lord Edw. Fitzgerald, of lord
1831 TO 1832 A.D.
:A7
A.D.
1832
Events and Eminent Men.
Mulgrave, set. 77, of lord Norbury, set. 85, of lord Dundonald, set. 82, of Augustus
La Fontaine, set. 75, of James Monroe, set. 72, of Robert Hall, set. 68, of Sir Benj.
Hobhouse, set 74, of John Calcraft, M.P., set. 65, of Henry Mackenzie, set. 86, of
G. W. F. Hegel, set. 61, of Jas. Northcote, R.A., set. 85, of John Jackson, R.A.,
set. 53, of Sir A. Hart, set. 72, of col. JohnMacdonald, set. 72, and of R. W. Ellis-
ton, set. 57. Monument to John Locke ordered to be placed in the London Uni-
versity. Statue of major Cartwright erected in Burton Crescent, and of W. Pitt,
in Hanover Square. The old " Boar's Head" tavern in East Cheap taken down.
Paganini's first concert in England, June 3.
Trial of the Bristol rioters, Jan. 2 ; four executed ; suicide of col. Brereton, com-
mander of the troops in that city during the riot, 13. Parliament resumes its
sittings, 17. The cholera at Rotherhithe, Feb. 13. The Commons, by 355 to 239,
pass the Reform Bill, March 23 ; first reading by the Lords, 26 ; after a debate of
four nights, the second reading carried, at 7 o'clock in the morning, by 184 to
175, Apr. 14. Easter recess, 18. A motion of lord Lyndhurst in committee car-
ried by 151 to 116, May 7; resignation of ministers, 9 ; popular ferment; the
London and Birmingham Unions increase their members, and resolve to pay no
taxes till the Reform Bill be passed. The king decides, if necessary, to create
new peers. The Grey ministry returns to office, 18. The hostile lords desist
from opposition ; the Bill is passed by 106 to 22, June 4 : receives the royal
assent, 7. The duke of Wellington unpopular, and insulted in Fenchurch Street,
18. Lord Durham's embassy to Russia, July 3. The slave-owners in Mauritius
resist the appointment of Mr. Jeremie to the office of attorney-general of the
island, 8. The royal assent given to the Reform Bills for Scotland, 17, and for
Ireland, Aug. 7. Subscription in London to erect alms-houses in commemoration
of the Reform, Oct. 1. The mayor of Bristol tried for neglect of duty, and ac-
quitted, Nov. 1. The lord mayor and a deputation of subscribers present gold
cups to lords Grey, Brougham, Althorpe, and John Russell, 6. Parliament dis-
solved, Dec. 3. The French occupy Ancona, Feb 22. Tumult of the republican
party in Paris after the funeral of gen. Lamarque, June 5. Death of the duke
of Reichstadt, son of Napoleon and Maria Louisa, at Schonbrunn, July 22, set. 21.
Marriage of Leopold, king of Belgium, to Louisa, eldest daughter of the French
king, Aug. 8. The presidency of the council, vacant by the death of Casimir Pe-
rier, is given to marshal Soult ; De Broglie, Thiers, and Guizot are his colleagues
in the ministry, Oct. 11. The duchess de Berri fails in an attempt to excite an
insurrection in La Vendue, is arrested at Nantes, and sent prisoner to the castle
of Blaye, Nov. 7. An English fleet blockades the Scheldt, and a French army,
under marshal Gerard, invests the citadel of Antwerp, 15 ; after a vigorous de-
fence, the commandant, gen. Chasse\ surrenders, Dec. 23. Don Pedro gains pos-
session of Oporto and proclaims Donna Maria, July 8. Illness of Ferdinand VII. ;
he appoints his queen regent ; she takes Zea Bermudez as her minister, Oct. 6.
The anniversary of the Bavarian constitution celebrated at Hambach, May 27.
Otho, son of the king of Bavaria, appointed king of Greece, and accepted by the
Greeks ; the northern boundary of his kingdom determined by a line drawn from
the Gulf of Arta to that of Volo. An ukase of Nicholas incorporates Poland with
Russia, Feb. 25. Mehemet Ali, having sent his son Ibrahim during the pre-
ceding year into Syria with an army, refuses to obey the sultan's orders to with-
draw his forces ; Ibrahim takes St. Jean d' Acre, Damascus, and Antioch, defeats
the vizir Redschid Pasha at Konieh, and takes him prisoner, Dec. 21 ; threatens
Constantinople. President Jackson refuses his assent to the renewal of the U. S.
Bank charter; discord respecting the tariff; So. Carolina threatens to withdraw
from the Union ; tariff modified. Death of Sir Walter Scott, set. 61, of Sir Jas.
Mackintosh, set. 67, of Goethe, set. 82, of Geo. Cuvier, set. 63, of Jeremy Bentham,
set. 85, of Chas. Buller, set. 83, of Sir Wm. Grant, set. 77, of J. F. Champollion,
set. 42, of Priscilla Wakefield, set. 82, of Anna Maria Porter, of Sir Everard Home,
set. 76, of lord Donoughmore, set. 75, of lord Tenterden, set. 71, of Alex. Nimmo,
set. 49, of Geo. Crabbe, set 76, of Jean Baptiste Say, set. 65, of Jas. Stephen, set.
73, of Sir John Leslie, set. 66, of Sir John Carr, set. 60, of Dr. Adam Clarke, set. 72,
of Dr. Andrew Bell, set. 80, of Casimir Perier, set. 54, of gen. Lamarque, set. 60,
'48
FROM THE YEAR
A.D.
1832
conti-
nued.
Events and Eminent Z\Ien.
of Sir Alex. Cochrane, set. 73, of Legendre, of C. C. Colton, of Sir Richard Birnie,
set. 72, of the architect Pugin, of Thos. Hardy, set. 82, of Muzio Clemeriti, ast.
81, of Ignace Pleyel, set. 75, and of Joseph Munden the actor, get. 73. Statue
of Canning, hy Westmacott, placed in Palace Yard, and of James Watt, hy Chan-
trey, in Westminster Abhey, in the British Museum, and at Greenock. First
Nos. published of Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, and of the Penny Magazine.
Kensal Green cemetery opened, Jan. 31 ; consecrated, Nov. 2. Rev. E. Irving
expelled from the Scotch church, May 2. Dramatic Copyright Act, 3 William
IV. c. 15.
The first reformed House of Commons assembles ; C. M. Sutton re-elected Speaker,
Jan. 29. Parliament opened by the king, Feb. 5 ; Jos. Pease, a quaker, admitted
on his affirmation, 14. Disturbed state of Ireland ; Insurrection Act, 15. Morning
sittings adopted by the Commons for private business and petitions, 20. Mr.
Stanley colonial secretary, March. Thanksgiving for the departure of the cho-
lera, Apr. 14. Cobbett's motion on the currency negatived by 298 to 4, and the
proceedings expunged from the minutes of the House, May 16. Reform of the
Irish church ; ten bishops reduced by the union of sees ; tithes and tempo-
ralities regulated. Abolition of colonial slavery ; compensation of £20,000,000 to
the planters. Employment of children in factories regulated by Act 3 and 4
Wm. IV. c. 103. Renewal of the E. I. C. charter; the company ceases to be
commercial, and remains a purely political body. The trade to China thrown
open. Charter of the Bank of England renewed. Robert Grant's Bill for remo-
ving the civil disabilities of the Jews, rejected by the Lords, Aug. 1. Parliament
prorogued, 29. The cholera breaks out again. Municipal corporations visited
and investigated by royal commissioners ; the corporation of Leicester sets the
example of refusing to produce documents or answer inquiries, Sept. 24. In-
structions issued for carrying into effect the abolition of slavery, Nov. 19. Pre-
valence of incendiary fires. Debates in the French Chambers on the construction
of forts round Paris. The duchess de Berri gives birth to a daughter in her
captivity at Blaye, May 10; is liberated and returns to Sicily, June. Extension
of the commercial union in Germany ; congress of ministers at Toplitz, and of
sovereigns at Miinchengratz, to repress the revolutionary spirit; Polish refugees
ordered to withdraw to America. Preliminaries of peace between Holland and
Belgium, June 5 ; fresh discussions arise respecting Luxemburg and Maestricht.
Death of Ferdinand VII., Nov. 29, set. 49; his daughter, Isabella II, is pro-
claimed queen, and her mother, Christina, continues to govern as regent. Don
Carlos, set up by his partizans as Charles V., seeks refuge in Portugal. Don Pe-
dro, supported by Great Britain, maintains his ground in Oporto ; his fleet,
commanded by admiral Napier, captures the whole of Miguel's naval forc^, July
5 ; the duke of Terceira enters Lisbon, proclaims Maria and the charter, 24; the
young queen arrives there, Sept. 11 : Pedro offends the church, and is excommu-
nicated by the pope. Federal conflict in Switzerland ; the league of Sarnen
defeated and dissolved by the Diet of Ziirich. Otho arrives at Athens and
assumes the government of Greece, Feb. 6. The sultan invites the aid of the
emperor Nicholas against the rebellious pachas of Servia and Egypt. Great
Britain and France, jealous of the progress of Russia, unite to settle the affairs
of the East. Death of the duke of Sutherland, set. 75, of earl Fitzwilliam, set.
86, of the earl of Caernarvon, set. 60, of lord King, jet. 58, of lord Dudley and
Ward, set. 52, of admiral lord Gambier, set. 70, of admiral lord Exmouth, set. 76,
of Sir John Malcolm, set. 60, of Agar Ellis lord Dover, set. 36, of Wm. Wilberforce,
set. 74, of Rammohun Roy, set. 60, of Dr. Babington, set. 76, of Joshua Brookes,
set. 72, of Hannah More, set. 88, of capt. Lyon, of Godfrey Higgins, set. 62, of
Wm. Sotheby, set 77, of E. J. Planck, of the Rev. Rowland Hill, set. 89, of Richard
Heber, set. 60, of Sir John Stevenson, set. 75, of Sir Wm. Domville, set. 91, of
aid. Waithman, set. 70, of Wm. Morgan, actuary of the Equitable Life Office,
of Savary, duke of Rovigo, set. 59, of marshal Jourdan, set. 71, of John O'Keefe,
set. 86, and of Edmund Kean, set. 46. London and Birmingham Railway com-
menced, May 14. The decision of the vice-chancellor takes " Lady Hewley's
Charity" out of the hands of Unitarian trustees, Dec. 23. Hungerford Market
opened, July 2.
1832 TO 1834 A.D.
749
Events and Eminent Men.
Meeting of parliament Feb. 4. Discontent in the legislative assembly of Lower
Canada, 13. A large surplus of revenue announced by the chancellor of the ex-
chequer, 14 ; Mr. Hume's motion on the Corn laws negatived by 312 to 155,
March 1. Strike of gas-workmen in London, 8. Motion to abolish military
flogging lost in the Commons, 14. Six agricultural labourers sentenced at Dor-
chester to transportation for administering illegal oaths, 17. Strike of manu-
facturing workmen at Leeds, 18. The lord-chancellor introduces a Bill for esta-
blishing a Central Criminal Court in London, 26. The rayah of Coorg defeated
by col. Lindsay and deposed, Apr. 10. Riots at Oldham by the Trades' Union,
15. Bill to amend the Poor Laws brought in by lord Althorpe, 17. Meeting of
the London Trades' Union in Copenhagen Fields; they proceed in a body to
present a petition on behalf of the Dorchester convicts, which lord Melbourne
declines to receive from so tumultuous an assemblage, 21. The Commons, by
256 to 140, adopt lord Althorpe's plan for the abolition of church-rates ; afterwards
abandoned. Quadruple treaty of Great Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal, 22.
The exclusive privilege of serjeants-at-law to plead in the court of Common
Pleas annulled, 25. After a debate of six nights, O'Connell's motion for a
" Repeal of the Union," negatived by 523 to 38, 27. Strike of the journeymen
tailors in London, 28. Interest on the Four per cent, annuities reduced, May 3.
Second reading of the Poor Law-Bill carried by 319 to 20. Voluntary dissolution
of the Birmingham Union, 10. The Commons, by 235 to 185, reject Mr. Tenny-
son's motion for shorter parliaments, 15 ; Mr. Ward's motion on the Irish church,
and the appointment of a commission of inquiry, lead to the resignation of the
duke of Richmond, the earl of Ripon, Sir James Graham, and Mr. Stanley, 27.
The Leeds unionists return to their work, June 13. Mr. Raphael elected one of
the sheriffs of London, the first Catholic since the Revolution, 24. Strike of the
journeymen shoemakers of Derby, 28. Irish Coercion Bill renewed, July 1. The
queen embarks at Woolwich to visit Germany, 5. Resignation of earl Grey, 9 ;
lord Melbourne prime minister with the same cabinet, 17 ; the duke of Wellington
supports the new Poor-Law ; the Lords, by 76 to 13, agree to the second reading,
21. Lord Althorpe announces a further surplus of revenue, and reduces more
taxes, 25. The abolition of slavery carried satisfactorily into operation in the
West Indies ; celebrated by many festivities in England, Aug. 1. The Lords,
by 102 to 85, reject the earl of Radnor's Bill for the admission of Dissenters into
the English universities. The Glasgow calico-printers, after a strike of nine
months, submit to the terms of their employers, 10. The Lords, by 189 to 122,
reject the Irish Tithe Bill, 11. Parliament prorogued, 15. Strike of the jour-
neymen builders in London, 18. Church rate refused at Manchester, Sept. 3.
Public dinner at Edinburgh to earl Grey, 15. The Chinese suspend commercial
intercourse with the British factory at Canton, and fire upon two ships of war ;
demolition of their forts; restoration of the trade; lord Napier, the superin-
tendent, dies at Macao, and is succeeded by Mr. Davies, Oct. 11. The Houses of
Parliament in Westminster destroyed by an accidental fire, 16. Public dinner
to the earl of Durham at Glasgow, 29. Central Criminal Court opened, Nov. 1.
Death of earl Spencer, 10, set. 76 ; his son, lord Althorpe, succeeds to the title, and
can no longer hold the office of chancellor of the exchequer. Dissolution of the
Melbourne ministry, 15. Public dinner to W. Cobbett at Dublin, 17. Sir R.
Peel called from Italy to form an administration ; the duke of Wellington in
the meantime transacts all official business. Death of the duke of Gloucester,
30k fet. 58. Public meetings of the metropolitan electors, deprecating a Tory
ministry. Return of Sir R. Peel, Dec. 9 ; appointed first lord of the treasury
and chancellor of the exchequer; the duke of Wellington foreign secretary; the
earl of Aberdeen colonial, 10. Tlie parishioners of Birmingham refuse to levy
a church rate, 13. Mr. Grote defeats a meeting called in London to support the
new ministry ; an address to the king for that purpose privately signed by many
merchants, bankers, and others. Parliament dissolved, 30. Death of La Fa-
yette, May 20, sat. 76. Marshal Gerard minister in the place of Soult, July 15 :
is removed, and Mortier appointed, Oct. 29. Under the protection of Great
Britain and France, the two young queens are firmly established in Spain
750
FROM THE YEAh
A.D.
1834
conti-
nued.
Events and Eminent Men.
1.S35
and Portugal, and the constitutional cause prevails ; Carlos and Miguel are both
expelled. Martinez de la Rosa succeeds Zea Berraudez as minister. Don Pedro
declares his daughter of age, and resigns the regency ; she is contracted in mar-
riage to the duke of Leuchtenberg, son of Eugene Beauharnais. Death of Pedro,
Sept. 24, set. 36. The duke of Palmella minister in Portugal. Death of lord
Grenville, set. 74, of lord Teignmouth, sat. 83, of the earl of Derby, set. 82, of earl
Bathurst, set. 72, of S. T. Coleridge, set. 62, of T. R. Malthus, set. 69, of Thomas
Telford, set. 77, of John Thelwall, ret. 68, of Daniel Lysons, of Chas. Lamb, set.
60, of Alex. Chalmers, set. 76, of Dr. Robert Morrison, sat. 53, of R. Landei-, the
African traveller, sat. 30, of the Rev. Wm. Carey, the Indian missionary, set. 73, of
Thos. Stothard, R. A., set. 76, of Prince Hoare, set. 80, of Louis de Bourienne, set.
65, of the Rev. E. Irving, set. 43, of Wm. Blackwood, set. 58, of Sir' John Leach, set.
74, of Henry Bankes, M.P., set. 77, of adm. Keats, set. 84, of M. A. Taylor, set. 77,
of adm. Sir B. Hallowell Carew. set. 74, of col. Wardle, set. 72, of Hamilton Rowan,
set. 83, of Sir John Doyle, set. 78, of Jas. Doyle, R.C., and of Sus. Cromwell,
set. 90, last of the Protector's family. Duke of Wellington chancellor of Oxford,
Jan. 29 ; installed, June 10. Lord Stanley Lord Rector of Glasgow, Nov. 15. Mr.
Jeffrey Judge of Session, May 18. Robert Grant governor of Bombay, June 18.
Wellington Column at York completed, Apr. 10. Statistical Society founded in
London, March 15. Meeting of the British Association at Edinburgh, Sept. 8.
Commencement of the Belgian Railway.
Royal commissioners appointed to inquire into the revenues of the dioceses of
England and Wales, Feb. 3. Meeting of parliament, 9, Mr. Abercrombie
elected Speaker, in opposition to Mr. C. M. Sutton, by 316 to 306 ; the session
opened, 24 ; the late Speaker created viscount Canterbury, March 3. Ministe-
rial Bills introduced for reform of the ecclesiastical courts, 12 ; for the marriage
ceremony by dissenters, 17, and for the settlement of Irish tithes, 20; and of
English tithes, 24. Dinner to lord John Russell, 28 ; call of the House ; his first
motion on the Irish church carried by 322 to 2S9 against ministers, 30; other
motions follow ; after successive defeats, Sir R. Peel and his colleagues resign,
April 8; the Melbourne ministry restored, with the omission of lord Brougham ;
the great seal put in commission, with Sir Charles Pepys at the head, 18.
Dinner to Sir R. Peel at Merchant Tailors' hall, May 11. Reform Association
and Carlton Club formed. Municipal Reform introduced by lord John Russell,
June 5. The Foreign Enlistment Act suspended in favour of Spain ; col. De
Lacy Evans enrols a British auxiliary legion to serve against the Carlists, 9.
The Lords hear counsel and evidence against the Municipal Reform Bill, July
30. Committee appointed by the Commons to inquire respecting Orange Lodges
in the army ; col. Fairman, secretary of the Orange Society, absconds to avoid
producing papers demanded by the committee, 19. Lord Wm. Bentinck re-
turns from India. Dinner of the E.I.C. Directors to lord Auckland on his
appointment to be governor-general. Sept. 5. The Municipal Reform Bill passed
with the alterations made by the Lords, 9. Capt. Back returns from his Arctic
expedition. The Lords reject the Appropriation clause in the Irish Church Bill.
Parliament prorogued, 10. Mr. Salomons, a Jew, serves the office of sheriff for
London ; is elected alderman ; the court refuses to admit him, Nov. 17. The
Municipal Reform Act comes into operation. The new Town Councils elected,
25. The duke de Broglie succeeds Mortier as minister in France, March 11 ;
the Chambers vote the payment of the long-disputed indemnity claimed by the
U. S. Attempt of Fieschi to assassinate Louis Philip, July 28 ; marshal Mortier
killed by the explosion, set. 67. War in Algeria with Abd El Kader; mar-
shal Clanzel sent against him. Death of Francis, emperor of Austria, March 2,
set. 67 ; his son and successor Ferdinand confides in Metternich. Baden joins the
Commercial Union (Zollverein), and completes the frontier. Carlist war in
Spain ; Zumalacarregui, the rebel leader, killed near Bilboa. Mina commands
the royal forces in Biscay, and Espartero in Catalonia. Cabrera heads a rebel
band in Arragon. Mendizabal prime minister, Sept. 14. The Methnen treaty
between Great Britain and Portugal annulled. Death of the duke of Leuchten-
berg, March 28. Second marriage of queen Maria to Ferdinand Augustus of
1834 TO 1836 A.D.
75:
Events and Eminent Men.
Saxe Coburg. Death of lord Darnley, from an accident in his park, set. 40, of
earl Nelson, set. 78, of earl Chatham, last of the Pitts, set. 80, of Sir John Sinclair,
set. 82, of Dr. Brinkley, bishop of Cloyne and president of the Royal Irish
Society, set. 72, of baron Wilhelm Humboldt, set. 67, of William Smith, 46 years
M.P., set. 79, of M. T. Sadler, a-t. 58, of Guillaume Dupuytren, set, 57, of Henry
Dav. Inglis, set. 79, of Mrs. Hemans, set. 41. of Vincente Bellini, set. 33, of John
Nash, architect, aet. 83, of Henry Hunt, set. 62, of Wm. Cobbett, <et. 73, of W.
H. Ireland, of Don Telesforo de Trueba, set. 30, and of Chas. Matthews, est. 60.
Advance of Exchequer Bills made by government to complete the Thames Tun-
nel, March 3. First stone of the City School, London, laid by lord Brougham,
Oct. 31. Meeting of the British Association at Dublin, Aug. 6. Bailway from
Brussels to Mechlin opened, May 5. Law for the construction of a railway from
Paris to St. Germains. Destructive fire at New York, Dec. 13 ; estimated loss,
twenty millions of dollars.
Sir Chas. Pepys created lord Cottenham and chancellor, Jan. 1 ; Mr. Bickersteth,
lord Langdale and Master of the Rolls. Meeting of parliament, Feb. 4 ; committee
on agricultural distress appointed, 8 ; after sitting four months, makes no Report ;
Bill for the commutation of tithes in England, 9 ; Dr Birkbeck and a deputation
request lord Melbourne to abolish the stamp duty on newspapers, 11 ; general
Registration Bill and new Marriage Law introduced by lord John Russell, 12 ;
Irish Constabulary Bill by lord Morpeth, 18, Lord Sidmouth relinquishes his
pension, 19. Lord Dudley Stuart moves for a copy of the Treaty of Unkiar
Skelessi, to show the encroaching policy of Russia. Dr. Hampden Regius Pro-
fessor of Divinit)7 at Oxford, 20. Debate in the Lords on t"he recent appoint-
ments of Borough magistrates. 23; second reading of the Irish Municipal Reform
Bill in the Commons, 29; regulation of stamp duties; that on newspapers re-
duced, March 15. The British squadron, under lord John Hay, co-operates
with the royal forces on the northern coast of Spain against the Carlists. Third
reading of the Irish Municipal Bill in the Commons carried by 260 to 199, 28.
The statue of Wm. III. on College Green at Dublin blown up, Apr. 8. Irish
Tithe Bill brought in by lord Morpeth, 25 ; the Lords, by 203 to 119, pass a reso-
lution hostile to the Irish Municipal Bill, 26 ; ministers abandon the measure ;
Bill for some reforms in the Court of Chancery brought in by the chancellor, 28 ;
thrown out by the Lords ; a farther surplus of revenue applied to the repeal of
taxes, May 6 ; D. O'Connell declared by a committee not duly elected for Dublin,
is returned for Kilkenny, 16. Sir Francis Head, governor of Upper Canadai.
dissolves the house of Assembly, 28. The " Appropriation Clause" of the Irish
Tithe Bill carried in the Commons by 300 to 261 ; Bill read a second time, June 3 ;
Action, Norton v. lord Melbourne ; verdict for the defendant, 22 ; the Municipal
Bill, mutilated by the Lords, is sent back to the Commons, and after discussions
and conferences, thrown out by them, 30 ; Bill for the Reform of the English
Church brought in by lord John Russell, July 8 ; the " Appropriation Clause"
rejected by the Lords, 25 ; their amendments rejected by the Commons, and the
Tithe Bill lost, Aug. 2 ; similar proceedings with the Charitable Trusts Bill, 10 ;
lord Lyndhurst moves for a return of all the Bills brought in during the session,
and their fate, 18 ; Mr. Hume severely reprobates the obstructive proceedings of
the Lords. Parliament prorogued, 20. The reduction of the Newspaper Stamp
duty comes into operation, Sept. 15. Lord Gosford dissolves the Lower Canada
House of Assembly, 22. Commission appointed to report on a general system
of Railways for Ireland, Oct. 19. Michael O'Loghlin the first Roman Catholic
Judge, 30. Municipal elections on the day appointed by the Act, Nov. 1. Sir
R. Peel Lord Rector of Glasgow, 16. Notices of intended railways occupy 46
pages of the Gazette. The Agricultural and Commercial Bank of Ireland, and \
the Carlisle Bank of Foster and Co., stop payment ; symptoms of a coming panic. •
M. Thiers secedes from the French ministry, Feb. 5, Fieschi executed, 6; a newj
cabinet with M. Thiers at the head, 22 ; attempt of Alibaud on the life of Louis i
Philip, June 25 ; a new administration under Mole\ Sept. 6. Polighac and his j
colleagues liberated from their prison at Ham and banished from France, Oct. I
17. Louis Napoleon, son of the ex-king of Holland, fails in a revolt at Stras-
752
FROM THE TEAR
j II E-
A.D. gi-
Otto-
man Em-
Popes.
Spain.
France
Port-! PrushGrbece.
WlR-
TEM-
Sax-
Bava-
Aus-
|ra.
pire.
TJG-AL.I SI A,
BERG.
ony.
ria.
tria.
j 1837
1253
1254
30 Mah-
mud II.
7 Gre-
gory
XVI.
Feb. 2.
5 Isa-
bella
II.
8 Louis
Philip.
5 Ma-
ria II.
41Fre-
deric
Wm.
III.
50tho.
22 Wil-
liam.
2Fre-
deric
Aug.
IV.
13Louis
Chas
Aug.
3 Fer-
dinand.
1838
1254
1255
31
1
8
6
9
6
42
6
23
3
14
4
1839
1255
1256
| 1 Abdul
| Medjid.
I
9
7
10
7~
43
7
24
4
15
5
1840
1256
1257
2 —
10
8
11
8
1 Fre-
deric
Wm.
IV.
8— .
25
a-
16
6
1841
1257
1253
11
9
12
9
2
9
26
6 —
17
7
1S42
1258
1259
4
12
lO-
13
10
3
10
27
7
18
8
1843
1259
1260
5
13
ll
14
11
28
8 —
19
1844
1260
1261
6
14
12
15
12
5-
12
29
9 —
20
10
1845
1261
1262
7 — -
15
13
16
13
6
13
30-
10 —
21
11
j
>
1837 TO 1845 A.D.
753
Repe-
tition
Dates,
1837
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
Sar-
dinia
7Chas
Albert
10-
14
Leo-
pold
II:
15-
16—
Two
Sici-
lies
SFer
di-
nand
II.
12-
15-
18-
19-
10 —
DEN-
MARK.
30Fre-
deric
VI.
1 Chris
tian
VIII.
SWE
DEN.
20
Chas
XIV.
Chas
John,
14
23 —
24 —
25-
Rus-
SIA.
13 Ni-
cholas.
Hol-
land.
16
1 Os-
car.
24 Wil-
liam I
25-
Bel-
GIUM.
7 Leo-
pold.
1 Wil-
liam
II.
Ameri-
camPre-
SIDENTS.
1 Martin
Van Bu-
ren.
India.
British Go-
vernors.
2 Lord
Auckland.
18—
20-
12-
lGen.
Harri-
son.
d. Apr- 4
1 John
Tyler.
Great
Britain
William
IV.
d June 20.
1 Victoria
June 20
1 James
Knox
Polk.
1 Lord El-
lenborough
4 —
into Prince
Albert.
b. orincess
Royal
d. priuces3
Augusta
b prince of
Wales
6
7
b princess
Alice-
d. duke of
Sussex-
m- princess
Aug of
Cambrid;
1 Sir Henry
Hardinge.
3 c
754
EROM THE TEAR
A.D.
1836
conti-
nued.
1837
Events and Eminent Men.
burg ; is seized and sent to America, Nov. 13. Meunier fires at Louis Philip
on his way to open the Chambers, Dec. 27. Death of Antony Clement, king of
Saxony, June 6, set. 81 ; he is succeeded by his nephew, Frederic Augustus, co-
regent 3ince 1839. Massacre of Carlist prisoners at Barcelona; dismissal of
Mendizabal ; the Constitution of 1812 proclaimed throughout Spain and accepted
by the queen regent, Aug. 14 ; the British auxiliaries defeat the Carlists near
Hernani, May 5, and at St. Sebastian's, Oct. 1 ; the naval force assists Espartero
to raise the siege of Bilboa, Dec. 24. Mina from ill health retires to Barcelona,
where he dies, Dec. 24, set. 55. Commotions and changes in Portugal ; the Con-
stitution of 1822 is proclaimed at Lisbon, Sept. 9, and confirmed by the queen;
fresh outbreaks of the Miguelites repressed. Marriage of Otho, king of Greece,
to a princess of Oldenburg, niece of the Russian emperor, Nov. 22. The slavery
question causes violent animosities in the U. S. Martin Van Buren elected to
succeed general Jackson at the expiration of his term of office. Banking and
commercial embarrassments. Arkansas and Michigan admitted into the Union.
Separation of Texas from Mexico. Death of Charles X., ex-king of France, at
Goritz in Austria, Nov. 4, set. 80, of lord Stowell, set. 91, of earl Rosslyn, set. 75, J
of the earl of Kerry, eldest son of marquis Lansdowne, set. 25, of George Augustus !
Lamb, only son of lord Melbourne, set. 29, of Aug. Wm. Schlegel, set. 69, of Sir'
Francis Freeling, set. 73, of Sir Chas. Wilkins, set. 85, of Sir Wm. Gell, set, 59, :
of Dr. Valpy, tet. 82, of Abbe" Sieyes, set. 88. of James Mill, aet. 60, of Dr. Henry j
of Manchester, set. 60, of William Taylor of Norwich, set. 12, of Dr Gillies, set. j
90, of Dr. Nathan Drake, set. 80, of Dr. Edw. Burton, Regius Prof., Oxford, set. 42,!
of Wm. Godwin, set. 81, of col. Tod, set. 53, of Jas. Madison, former president, andJ
Aaron Burr, set. 80, former vice-president, U. S., of Jas. Hogg, set. 64, of Barry.
O'Meara, of J. Davidson, murdered on his travels in Africa, of John Loudon '
M' Adam, set. 80, of Nathan Meyer Rothschild, set. 60, of Mdme. Malibran, set. 28,
of John Bannister, set. 76, and of Edw. Day, the constable who arrested Eugene
Aram., set. 101. Meeting of the British Association at Bristol, Aug. 22. Ascent
of the Nassau balloon, Nov. 7. Crosby Hall, Bishopsgate, restored.
Death of William IV. at Windsor, June 20, set. 72. Accession of queen Victoria ;
the Salic law excludes her from the throne of Hanover and gives it to the duke
of Cumberland, who, as king Ernest Augustus, abolishes all the free institutions
which had been recently introduced there. Commencement of panic in London ;
discounts refused ; many houses trading with the U. S. stop payment. Sir R.
Peel installed at Glasgow, Jan. 11. Parliament opened, 31. Lord Denman, in
the action Stockdale v. Hansard, questions the extent of the privilege of par-
liament in publishing Reports, Feb. 6 ; Irish Municipal Bill again introduced, 7 ;
and the Irish Poor Law Bill, 14, Joseph Hume presides at a meeting to erect
monuments to Muir and the other Scotch Reformers prosecuted in 1793 — 4, 20.
Church Rates Bill again brought in, March 3 ; the Commons by 265 to 153, reject
Mr. Grote's motion for the ballot, 7 ; opposition of the bishops to the Church
Rates Bill, 9 ; the Commons carry the measure only by 287 to 282 ; it is aban-
doned by ministers ; resolutions of the Commons on the disturbed state of
Canada, April 24. Irish Tithe Bill brought in for the fifth time, May 1 ; after-
wards defeated. Mr. Spring Rice intimates that a royal commission will be
issued for inquiry into the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, 4. On the
motion of the duke of Wellington, the Lords again defeat the Irish Municipal
Bill, 5. Sir F. Burdett complies with a requisition to resign his seat for West-
minster and is re-elected, 11. Agitation against the new Poor Laws by Oastler and
others, 16. The princess Victoria, set. 18, attains her majority, 24. Distress of the
operatives in Birmingham and other towns, caused by the London panic, 30. Gen.
De Lacy Evans returns from Spain, June 20. Queen Victoria proclaimed, 22. Par-
liament prorogued and dissolved, July 17. The queen dines at Guildhall, Nov. 9 ;
the lord mayor, Cowan, created a baronet ; Moses Montefiore and his brother
sheriff knighted. The new parliament assembles, 15 ; is opened, 20 ; committee j
appointed to inquire into the pension list, Dec. 8. Commotions in Canada headed'
by Papineau ; defeat of the rebels at St. Eustace, 19; the Americans on the!
frontier support the insurrection with men and arms ; their steam-boat, the Ca-I
183G TO 1839 A.D.
755
183S
183fc
roline, is set on fire and precipitated down the Fall of Niagara, 29. Secession
of M. Guizot from the French ministry ; replaced by M. Montalivet. Marriage
of the duke of Orleans to princess Helena of Mecklenburg, May 30 ; political
amnesty granted. Historical Museum of Versailles opened, June 11. The
German States of the second Order protest against the abolition of the Hanove-
rian Constitution. Charles Albert promulgates a new code for Piedmont and
Sardinia. Don Carlos joins his partisans, and with Cabrera, advances towards
Madrid ; they are driven back over the Ebro. Martin Van Buren installed
President of the U. S., March 4 ; they recognize the independence of Texas.
Death of Gustavus IV., ex-king of Sweden, at St. Gall in Switzerland, Feb. 7,
3et. 59, of Mrs. Fitzherbert, set. 81, of lady De Lisle, eldest daughter of the duke
of Clarence and Mrs. Jordan, of admiral lord Saumarez, set. 80, of the duchess of
St. Alban's, leaving by her will to a daughter of Sir F. Burdett, the wealth be-
queathed to her by her first husband, Mr. Coutts, of Thos. Burgess, bishop of
Salisbury, set. 81, of Henry Bathurst, the liberal bishop of Norwich, of Sir John
Soane, set. 84, of Sir Egerton Brydges, set. 75, of Carlo Botta, set. 70, and of
Samuel Wesley, set. 71. Festival at Mentz in honour of John Guttenberg, Aug.
14. The granite embankment commenced, to form a site for the new Houses of
Parliament. The first electric telegraph constructed by prof. Wheatstone on the
London and Blackwall railway. Dr. Edw. Stanley, bishop of Norwich. Execu-
tion of Jas. Greenacre for murder, May 2.
The rebels of Upper Canada under Dr. Mackenzie, repulsed at Toronto by Sir
Francis Head, Jan. 5 ; American interference forbidden by a proclamation of the
•president of the U. S. The Royal Exchange, London, burnt, 10. The earl of
Durham appointed governor-general of Canada, 16. Mr. Villiers' niGtion to
consider the Corn Laws, negatived by 300 to 95, March 15. Coronation of queen
Victoria, June 28 ; marshal Soult ambassador extraordinary from France.
Slavery abolished in the East Indies, Aug. 1. Irish Poor Law passed ; parlia-
ment prorogued, Aug. 16. Lord Durham resigns and leaves Canada, Oct. 9.
Treaty of commerce with Turkey, concluded by Redschid Pasha in London, Nov.
| 16. Canada tranquillized, 17. The Persians, instigated by Russia, assist Dost
Mahomet to besiege Herat, and are repulsed ; the British troops prepare to enter
Cabul. Birth of the count of Paris, son of the duke of Orleans, Aug. 24. Louis
Napoleon in Switzerland ordered to leave, he repairs to London, Oct. 14. War
between France and Mexico; admiral Baudin and the prince de Joinville take
St. John de Ulloa and Vera Cruz. Espartero captain-general of Spain : Don j
Carlos maintains a harassing warfare in Valencia, Aragon, and Murcia. The
French evacuate Ancona, and the Austrians the Papal States, except Ferrara.
The archbishops of Cologne and Posen resist a decree of the king of Prussia !
respecting marriages between Protestants and Roman Catholics. Mehemet All j
claims the hereditary governorship of Egypt and Syria and prepares to support i
his claim by arms. Death of Talleyrand, set. 84, of lord Eldon, set. 87, of Sir ;
Robert Grant, of Silvestre de Sacy, set. 80, of Sir R. C. Hoare, ajt. 80, of Joseph I
Lancaster, set. 67, of Laura Junot, duchess d'Abrantes, set. 54, ot Dr. Jamieson,
set. 80, of Fred. Cuvier, set. 65, of Francois Pouqueville, set. 68, of Mrs. Grant of
Laggan,set.S2, of Mrs. Maclean (L. E. Landon), sat. 36, and of Thos. Morton, set. 94.
Meeting of the British Association at Newcastle, Aug 18. Railways opened ;
London and Southampton, 23 miles, May 17 ; Ghent and Ostend, Sept. 2 ; London
and Birmingham, line completed, 17 ; London and Greenwich, Dec. 26. The
" Great Western" steam packet arrives at New York from Bristol in 15 days, j
June 17. Wreck of the " Forfarshire ;" heroism of Grace Darling, Sept. 5. In- j
ternational copyright in certain cases secured by an Act passed, July 31. Me- !
dical College of Bombay erected in memory of Sir Robert Grant.
j A violent hurricane on the coasts of the Western counties and Ireland ; Liverpool
I and Dublin suffer greatly, Jan. 6. Opening of parliament, Feb. 5 ; the Lords, !
March 19. Arrest of capt.
greatly, Jan. 6. Opening of par]
by 63 to 58, condemn the Irish policy of minister;-
Elliott, the superintendent, and some British merchants at Canton by commis
sioner Lin, and surrender of opium demanded, 24. The Commons approve the
Irish policy of ministers by 318 to 296, Apr. 15. Candahar occupied by the
" ' 3 c 2
756
FROM THE TEAB
1839
conti-
nued.
!1840
Events and Eminent Men.
British, 21. Jamaica Bill carried by 294 to 289, May 7 ; ministers resign, 8.
The queen refuses to dismiss the ladies of her household. Sir R. Peel declines
to accept office ; lord Melbourne's cabinet reinstated, 10 ; Mr. Abercrombie re-
signs the Speakership and is succeeded by Mr. Shaw Lefevre, 15. Opium to the
amount of £3.000,000 given up to the Chinese and destroyed by them, 21 : capt.
Elliot and the British Factory leave Canton, 24 Resolution of the Commons
for an uniform rate of postage, first of fourpence, to be reduced to one penny, ,
July 6. Commencement of hostilities with the Chinese, 7. Riot in the Bull-
Ring at Birmingham, 15. Sir J. Keane enters Cabul and takes Ghuznee, 23;
Dost Mahomet deserted by his army and Shah Soojah restored in Cabul, Aug. 7 ;
capt. Elliot takes possession of Hong-Kong, 23. Constabulary Act passed ;
parliament prorogued, 27. Prince Albert of SaxeCoburg arrives in London,
Oct. 10 ; the queen announces to the privy council her intended marriage. Chi-
nese junks destroyed by two British frigates, Nov. 3. Chartist insurrection at
Newport ; arrest of Frost and other leaders, 4. The fourpenny postage comes
into operation, Dec. 5. British trade with China stopped, 6. Sentence of death
on Frost and his companions commuted to transportation for life, 31. A British
force takes possession of Aden, on the coast of Arabia. Soult prime minister of
Louis Philip. Peace between France and Mexico. Espartero, created duke of
Victory, concludes a treaty with the Carlist Maroto ; Don Carlos retires into
France. Death of Frederic VI., king of Denmark, Dec. 3, set. 71 ; he is suc-
ceeded by his cousin, Christian VIII. The king of Prussia deposes the arch-
bishop of Posen ; the pope protests. Settlement of the differences between
Holland and Belgium. Death of Mahmud II., June 30, set. 54; his son, Abdul
Medjid, takes the throne. Ibrahim defeats the Turks at Nezib, June 24; their
fleet is betrayed into the power of Mehemet Ali and taken to Alexandria; the
live great powers interfere to protect the sultan. The banks in the U. S. suspend
•payments in specie. Death of lord Wm. Bentinck, set. 65, of lady Hester Stan-
hope, set. 73, of lady Flora Hastings, set. 26, of the earl of Lauderdale, set. 80,
,©f S. Butler, bishop of Lichfield, set. 66, of Herbert Marsh, bishop of Peter-
borough, of Davies Gilbert, president of the Royal Society, set. 72, of Runjet
Singh, set. 77, of Caroline, sister of Napoleon and widow of Joachim Murat, of
Sir Herbert Taylor, of Sir Wm. Beechy, set. 86, of John Gait, set. 60, of Archibald
Alison, sst 82, of Edmund Lodge, set. 83, of Wm. Wilkins, R.A., set. 62, of Jas.
Boaden, .set. 77, and of Joseph Francis Michaud, set. 72. A false report of the
death of lord Brougham furnishes occasion for newspaper biographies of him,
Oct. 22. Daguerre invents his photographic process. Eglinton tournament,
Aug. 29. Railways opened— Lyons and Dunkirk, Apr. 7 ; Eastern Counties to
Romford, June 18. Two suicides— of a young woman, Sep. 11, and a lad, Oct.
18, by throwing themselves from the Monument.
Marriage of queen Victoria at the Chapel Royal, St. James's, to prince Albert, Feb.
10. Birth of the princess-royal, Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa, Nov. 21. The
Penny-Postage Act comes into operation, Jan. 10 ; parliament opened, 16 ; Act
3 Victoria, c. #, (protects the printers of parliamentary Reports. The British
ambassador at Naples protests against the sulphur monopoly, March 15. Ox-
ford fir.es at the queen and is confined as a lunatic, June 10. Sir Gordon Bremer
blockades Canton, 28; takes Chusan, July 5; extends the blockade on the
coast of .China, 10. Treaty for the defence of Turkey signed at London, 18.
Death of the earl of Durham, 28, set. 48. The provinces of Upper and Lower
Canada .united. Irish Municipal Act, 4 Victoria, c. 108, modified by compromise,
passes, Aug. 10; parliament prorogued, 11. Fire in Plymouth dock-yard, two
men-of-war burnt, Sept. 27. Defeat of Dost Mahomet, Oct. 18 ; he submits and
surrenders, Nov. $. Truce and negotiations with the Chinese, 6. Thiers prime
minister iai France, March 1 ; favours Mehemet Ali ; takes umbrage at the
treaty of London, and threatens war. The four powers decide on the expulsion
of Ibrahim from Syria. The British fleet under admirals Stopford and Napier,
takes Sidon, Sept. 27 ; Bey-rout, Oct. 10 ; and St. Jean d'Acre, Nov. 3. Louis
Philip disapproves the policy of Thiers ; recalls Soult and Guizot to office, Oct.
29. Submission of Mehemet AH ; he gives up the Turkish fleet, and signs a
1839 TO 1841 A.D.
757
convention with Sir Chas. Napier. The British government having allowed
the remains of Napoleon to be removed, the prince de Joinville brings them
from St. Helena, and they are received at Paris with funeral honours, Dec. 15.
Louis Napoleon lands at Boulogne, Aug. 6 ; is arrested, tried, and condemned to
imprisonment for life, Oct. 6. Failure of another attempt on the life of Louis
Philip, Oct. 15. Marshal Bugeaud governor of Algeria. Cabrera and the other
Carlist chiefs are driven into France ; their rebellion finally suppressed. Chris-
tina empowers Espartero to form a cabinet, of which he is to be the chief ; re-
signs her authority as regent, Oct. 12, and departs for France, 19, leaving the
young queen Isabella and the government of Spain in his hands. Death of
Frederic William IV., king of Prussia, June 7, set; 71 ; his sou, Frederic William
IV., is called upon by the States, at his coronation, to give them the constitution
promised by his father. William I. resigns the crown of Holland to his son,
Wm. II. ; responsibility of ministers declared a constitutional principle, Oct.
7 — 10. Disastrous Russian expedition against Khiva; victories of the Cir-
cassians over general Golovin, and destruction of all the new forts constructed
against them ; persecution of the nuns of Minsk by the emperor Nicholas. The
U. S. refuse to re-elect Van Buren on account of his war against the banks ;
general Harrison is chosen President; continued discord on the Slavery question.
The independence of Texas acknowledged by the commercial nations of Europe.
Death of Francia, president of Paraguay, set. 85 ; a period of anarchy ensues.
Death of the princess Augusta Sophia, second daughter of George III., set. 72,
of lord Holland, set. 67, of Lucien Bonaparte, set. 66, of Sir Sidney Smith, ast. 76,
of Sir Antony Carlisle, set. 73, of Sir Jeffrey Wyatville, set. 74, of Sir Richard
Philipps, set. 73, of Dr. Blumenbach, set. 88, of Dr. Olbers, set. 82. of Dr. Lant
Carpenter, set. 60, of Wm. Smith, geologist, set. 71, of Paganini, set. 60, of Mde.
d'Arblay, set. 88, and of Jas. Smith, one of the authors of the " Rejected Ad-
dresses." The building of the new houses of parliament begins. Father
Matthew converts many drunkards to take the pledge of temperance. London
and Southampton Railway completed, May 11 ; Birmingham and Gloucester,
Sept. 17 ; Leeds and Derby, July. Execution of Courvoisier, for the murder of
lord Wm. Russell, July 6.
Birth of Albert Edward, prince of Wales, Nov. 9. Meeting of parliament, Jan. 26.
Discussions between Great Britain and the U. S. respecting the charge of
murder brought against Mr. M'Leod. Mr. Poulett Thomson, created lord
Sydenham, proclaims the union of the Canadas at Montreal, and assumes the
office of governor, Feb. 10. The emperor of China rejects the treaty concluded
by his commissioner, Kishin, 11: the British evacuate Chusan, 24; storm the
Bogue forts, 26. Charge of trespass against Mr. Jackson, an English naval offi-
cer, for the seizure of the American slaver, Tigris, March 2. Sir Hugh Gough
takes the command, and proceeds to attack Canton, 18. Agitation for Free Trade.
Meeting of the Metropolitan Anti-Corn-Law Association, 31 ; alterations pro-
posed by lord John Russell, May 7. Meeting at Manchester, 18 ; followed by
others at London, Liverpool, and other important cities. The ministerial plan for
regulating the Sugar duties rejected by 317 to 281 ; Sir R. Peel carries by 312 to
311, a motion of want of confidence in ministers, 24. Canton besieged and ran-
somed, 31. Enfranchisement of Copyholds, 4 and 5 Victoria, c. 35. Parliament
prorogued, June 22 ; dissolved, 23. Convention of London. France joins
with the other Powers to settle the affairs of the East, July 13. Mr. Cobden
elected a member of the new parliament. Great Anti-Corn-Law meeting
at Manchester, Aug. 17. Parliament assembles, 18; Mr. Shaw Le Fevre,
Speaker; opened, 24. Ministers defeated in the Lords by 168 to 96. in the
Commons by 360 to 269. Lord Melbourne resigns, 30. Sir Henry Pottinger
arrives to direct the operations in China; Amoy taken, 27. Sir R. Peel
forms a new administration, Sept. 6; is joined by lord Stanley, Sir Jas.
Graham, and the earl of Ripon. Death of lord Sydenham, at Kingston, in
Canada, 19, set. 42. Increase of bribery at elections complained of by lord
Brougham, 30 ; by Mr. Duncombe, and admitted by Sir R. Pefei Mr. M'Leod
tried and acquitted at New York, Oct. 1. Parliament prorogued, 7. Chusan re-
758
FROM THE YEAB
A.D.
1841
conti-
1342
Events and Eminknt Men.
occupied by the British forces ; Ningpo taken, 13. First elections in Ireland,
under the new Municipal Act ; D. O'Connell lord mayor of Dublin, 25. Lord
Ellenborough appointed governor-general of India. Fire in the Tower of London,
30. The British expelled from Cabul ; Sir Alexander Burnes and other officers
killed, Nov. 2 ; Akbar Khan, son of Dost Mahomet, joins the insurgents, 25
invites Sir Wm. M'Naghten to an interview and assassinates him, Dec. 25. Lord
Ashburton's special mission to the U.S., 31. French Laws for the fortification
of Paris, and to regulate the employment of children in factories ; attempted as-
sassination of ths king's son, duke d'Aumale, Sept. 13. Espartero appointed
regent of Spain, July 8; protest of Christina and general Narvaez, 19; insur-
rection of O'Donnell at Pampeluna, and of Concha at Madrid., Gen. Harrison,
President U.S. March 4, dies, Apr. 4, set. 68 ; is succeeded by the Vice-President,
John Tyler. Death of Thos., earl of Elgin, set. 70, of Sir David Wilkie, set. 56,
of Sir Francis Chantrey, aet. 60, of Sir Astley Cooper, set. 73, of Dr. Geo. Birk-
beck, set. 65, of Dr. Olinthus Gregory, of Joseph Chitty, set. 65, of Geo. Dyer,
set. 85, of Thos. Dibdin, set. 69, of the Rev. Blanco White, set. 67, of Theodore
Hook, set. 53, of John Hawkins, set. 83, of Augustin Candolle, set. 63, of Gamier
Pages, of Thomas Barnes, editor of the "Times," set. 56, of M. Bertin, editor of
the "Journal des Debats," set. 80, of Jas. Fraser, publisher of the Magazine, of
Louis, count de Forbin, Director of the Parisian Museums, set. 62, of Wm. Frend,
and of Dennis Frayssinous, set. 76. Preparatory works of the new Royal Ex-
change begun, Jan. 7. The first stone of the Infant Orphan Asylum, at Wan-
stead, laid by prince Albert. British Association meets at Plymouth, July 28.
Dr. Alexander, Protestant bishop of Jerusalem, under the protection of Great
Britain and Prussia, Nov. 7. Schism in the Scotch church. Puseyite Tracts
condemned by the University of Oxford, March 15. Great Western Railway,
from London to Bristol, opened, June 30; London and Blackwall, Aug. 2 j London
and Brighton, Sept. 21 ; Manchester and Leeds, March 1 ; Berlin to Magdeburg,
Sept. 10 ; Strasburg to Basle, Sept. Wynyard House, seat of the marquis London-
derry, burnt down, Feb. 19, and Astley's amphitheatre, June 8. Loss of the
" President" steam-packet ; Tyrone Power, the actor, perishes. Lord Cardigan
tried and acquitted by the Peers, for his duel with capt. Tuckett, Feb. 16. Con-
spiracy to defraud the principal bankers of Europe, detected and exposed by the
" Times" newspaper. Forged Exchequer Bills to the amount of £350,000, circu-
lated by Beaumont Smith. Wood pavement tried in London.
Massacre of the British by Akbar Khan, after their evacuation of Cabul, Jan. 6.
The first stone of the New Royal Exchange laid by prince Albert, 17. The king
of Prussia visits London, and is godfather to the prince of Wales. Bazaar of
the Anti-Corn-Law League at Manchester, Feb. 2. The duke of Buckingham
resigns his seat in the cabinet, and his office of lord privy seal. Parliament
meets, 3. Departure of the king of Prussia, 4. Assembly in London of Anti-
Corn-Law deputation, 8; Sir R. Peel proposes his modifications of the law;
objections of Mr. Cobden, 9 ; lord John Russell's amendment negatived by 349
to 226, 14 ; Mr. Villiers' motion for the free importation of corn rejected by 303
to 90, 22 ; lord Brougham introduces his Local Courts Bill, 28. Ghuznee evacu-
ated by the British, March 6 ; Chinese attack on Ningpo repulsed, 10. Sir R.
Peel makes his financial statement ; proposes to repeal many duties on articles
of consumption and substitute for them an income-tax, 11. Repulse of the
Afghans ; gen. Pollock forces th.e Khyber Pass and joins gen. Sale at Jella-
labad, Apr. 6. The " People's Petition" presented to the Commons by Mr.
Duncombe, for universal suffrage, minimum of wages, and other points of the
charter, rejected by 287 to 49, May 2. Revolt of the Boers of Port Natal, 4. Dr.
Lushington's judgment in the Braintree case decides that a minority cannot
levy a church-rate. Destructive fire for three days at Edinburgh, 6. Gen.
England joins gen. Nott at Candahar, 9. John Francis fires a pistol at the
queen, 26. Strike of the colliers at Dudley, June 1 ; riots at Cork and Ennis, 4.
Persecution of Dr. Hampden by the Oxford convocation. 9. Light gold called
in. Sir Henry Pottinger enters the great river Kiang, 13 ; takes Shang-hae, 19.
Francis transported for life, 17. Submission of the insurgents at Port Natal, 26.
1841 TO 1843 a.D.
759
Events and Eminent Men.
Bean presents a pistol at the queen, July 3. Act passed for the better protection
of her majesty's person. Strikes and disturbances in the manufacturing dis-|
tricts, Aug. 8. Income-tax Act passed, 4 and 5 Victoria, c. 35; Serjeant Tal- j
fourd's Copyright Act, c. 45; lord Ashley's, to prohibit the employment of;
females in mines and collieries, c. 99. Parliament prorogued, 12. The British
army disembarks at Nankin ; the Chinese sue for peace, 9 ; treaty concluded
with their commissioners by Sir H. Pottinger, 29. The queen and prince Albert
embark at Woolwich for Scotland. Lord Ashburton's treaty with the U. S. con-
cluded at Washington, Aug. 9. Gen. Nott recovers Ghuznee, Sept. 6, and gen.
Pollock, Cahul, 16. Sir Chas. Bagot, governor-general of Canada, unites the
most popular leaders of all parties in official situations. The queen returns from
Scotland, 17. Lady Sale and other captives restored by Akbar Khan, 21 ; spe-
cial commission for the trial of the rioters, 30 ; none condemned to death ; lord
Ellenborough proclaims a cessation of hostilities, Oct. 1 ; Cabul dismantled and
evacuated, 12. The Anti-Corn-law League diffuses information by means of
lectures, pamphlets, and tracts, 20. 3 per cent, consols 94J, Dec. 14. Death of
Ferdinand Philip, duke of Orleans, July 13, set. 32. Regency law passed by
the French Chambers, Aug. 30. Admiral Dupetit-Thouars takes possession of
the Marquesas Islands, May 1. Railways projected in all directions from Paris.
The king of Prussia summons to Berlin deputies from the provincial States of
his dominions ; first approach towards a parliament, June 21. Dreadful fire at
Hamburg, May 5. The king of Bavaria builds near Ratisbon a temple, which
he calls Walhalla, to receive statues and other memorials of the great men of'
Germany. Revolt of Barcelona, Nov. 13 ; bombardment of the city by Espar-
tero, Dec. 3; his influence in the country declines. The charter of Don Pedro i
restored in Portugal. The serfs of Russia emancipated by an imperial ukase. ;
Death of George Fitzclarence, earl of Munster, set. 48, of" Thomas Wm. Coke, '
earl of Leicester, aet. 90, of marquis Wellesley, set. 82, of lord Hill, commander-in-
chief, set. 71, of professor Heeren, of Wm. Gesenius, oriental professor in Gottin-
gen, set. 56, of Sismonde de Sismondi, set. 69, of Dr. Channing, set. 63, of Pozzo
di Borgo, set. 74, of Sir Chas. Bell, £et. 64, of T. D. Fosbroke, set. 72, of count Las
Cases, set. 76, of D. J. Larrey, Napoleon's favourite physician, set. 76, of count
Laborde, 33t. 69, of Dr. Thos. Arnold, master of Rugby, set. 47, of Wm. Done,
set. 63, of John Banim, set. 42, of Sir R. K. Porter, set. 62, of Allan Cunningham,
set. 56, and of Robert Mudie. First passage through the Thames Tunnel, Aug. 1.
The House of Lords confirms the chancellor's decision in the case of Lady
Hewley's Charity.
Birth of princess Alice Maud Mary, the queen's second daughter, April 25. Death
of Augustus Fred., duke of Sussex, at Kensington palace, April 21, set. 71. Mar-
riage of the princess Augusta Caroline of Cambridge to Fred. Wm. Aug., grand
duke of Mecklenburg Strelitz, June 28. Meeting of "Repeal Association" at
Dublin, Jan. 9. Mr. Drummond, Sir R. Peel's private secretary, shot by
M'Naughten, 20 ; the assassin, found to be insane, is confined. Meeting of par-
liament, Feb. 2. Bill brought in for reform of ecclesiastical courts, 9 ; resisted
by country attorneys and withdrawn. Defeat of the Ameers of Scinde, by Sir
Chas. Napier, 17: Hydrabad taken, 20. "Rebecca " riots in Wales. Secession
from the Kirk of Scotland, May 18. " Monster meetings " in Ireland. Monu-
ment erected to John Hampden, in Chalgrove Field, June 10. The degree of
D.C.L. conferred on Mr. Everett, the American ambassador, at Oxford, 28. Car-
toons for the new houses of parliament, exhibited in Westminster hall, July 3.
J. Bright, a quaker, and leader of the Anti-Corn-Law League, elected for Dur-
ham, 25. Irish meeting on the hill of Tara, Aug. 22. The queen and prince
Albert embark at Southampton, and visit Falmouth, 28 ; pass a week with the
royal family of France, at the Chateau d'Eu, and land again at Brighton, Sept.
9 ; visit the king of the Belgians at Ostend, 13. Capt. Ross returns from an
expedition to the South Pole, Sept. 6. The Anti-Corn-Law League commences a
series of monthly meetings in Covent Garden theatre, 28. Repeal meeting at
Clontarf prohibited by the Irish government, Oct. 9 ; D. O'Counell, his son,
and others, held to bail on a charge of conspiracy, 14. Royal visit to Cam-
760
FROM THE TEAB
L.D.
1843
conti-
nued.
Events and Eminent Men.
1844
bridge, 26 ; to Sir Robert Peel at Tamworth, Nov. 23 ; to the duke of Devon-
shire at Chatsworth, and the duke of Rutland at Belvoir Castle ; return to
Windsor, Dec. 7. Gualior, in Scinde, taken by the British, 29. Three per
cent, consols, 96£. 1'reaty of commerce concluded, by Sir H. Pottinger, opens
China, to all nations, July 27. Occupation of Otaheite, by the French. In-
cursions of Abd el Kader in Algeria. Marriage of the prince de Joinville to
a sister of the emperor of Brazil. Espartero withdraws from Spain to Eng-
land ; Narvaez appointed lieutenant-general, July 24 ; Isabella, set. 13, pro-
claimed of age by the Cortes, Nov, 8. Boyer expelled from Haiti. Death of
Thomas Graham, lord Lynedoch, set. 94, of Robert Southey, set. 68, of Henry
Goulburn, of J. F. C. Delavigne, set. 49, of T. C. Hoffland, set. 66, of Dr.
Noah Webster, set. 84, of Sir Matthew Wood ; of J. C. Loudon, set, 62, and of
Dr. Hahnemann, author of Homoeopathy, set. 88. The Thames Tunnel opened,
March 5. London and Colchester Railway, March 29 ; London and Hertford,
Oct. 11 ; Paris and Rouen, May 2 ; Paris and Orleans, 3 ; Antwerp and Cologne,
Oct. 13. Father Matthew in London.
Birth of prince Alfred Ernest Albert, the queen's second son, Aug. 6. Parliament
opened, Feb. 1 ; trial of O'Connell, 12 ; debates on the state of Ireland ; the
Lords, by 175 to 78, approve the policy of ministers, 15; the Commons, by 324 to
235, reject lord John Russell's motion, 22. The proceeding of the French autho-
rities in Otaheite, against the English consul, Mr. Prichard, disavowed by their
government, March 1 ; reduction of interest on 3£ per cent, stock, 8. Sir Henry
Hardinge appointed governor-general of India, May 6 ; Sir Henry Pottinger
resigns the command in China ; Mr. Davis succeeds him. O'Connell sentenced
to a year's imprisonment and a fine of £2000, 24. The king of Saxony
arrives in England, 28, and the empei-or of Russia, June 1. The claim of Sir
Augustus D'Este to the dukedom of Sussex disallowed by the lords and judges,
July 9. Treaty with Hanover to settle the Stade duties, 22. Committees ap-
pointed by the Lords and Commons to enquire into the practice of opening letters
in the post office, Aug. 5. Treaty of commerce with Belgium and the German
Union, Sept. 2. The judgment against O'Connell reversed by the House of Lords,
4. The queen embarks at Woolwich for Scotland, where she remains at Blair
Atholl, 9 ; returns, Oct. 3 ; is visited by the king of the French at Windsor, 7 ;
he embarks at Dover, for Calais, 15. The new Royal Exchange opened by the
oueen, 28. Her majesty visits the marquis of Exeter at Burleigh Hall, Nov. 12 ;
returns to Buckingham palace, 15. Three per cent, consols, lOOf . Commission-
ers of charitable trusts gazetted for Ireland. Roman Catholic prelates for the
first time officially designated by their hierarchical titles, Dec. 18. Tangier and
Mogador bombarded by the prince de Joinville. Victory of Isly, by marshal
Bugeaud. Peace between France and Morocco. Abd el Kader abandoned. Chris-
tina returns to Madrid. Revolt of Zurbano suppressed. Exhibition of German
art and industry at Berlin. Disputes respecting the " holy coat of Treves."
Ronge founds a new Catholic sect. Death of Charles XIV. (Charles John), king
of Sweden, March 8, set. 81 ; he is succeeded by his son, Joseph Francis Oscar.
Dissension in Switzerland respecting the convents of Aargau ; Lucerne invites
the Jesuits ; seven Catholic cantons form a separate league. Mr. Polk elected
president, U. S., in opposition to Mr. Clay. Death of Ernest Antony, duke of
Saxe Coburg and Gotha, father of prince Albert, Jan. 29, of lord Sidmouth,
set. 87, of the duke of Grafton, set. 85, of James Scarlett, lord Abinger, of Sir
F. Burdett, of Sir Hudson Lowe, of the duke d'Angouleme, set. 69, of Thomas
Campbell, set. 67, of Jacques Laffitte, the Paris banker, set. 77, of the Rev. H.
Cary, translator of Dante, set. 78, of Sir Henry Halford, of Dr. Haslam, set. 89,
of Dr. Dalton, set. 78, of Thorwaldsen, of Wm. Beckford, set. 84, of prof.
Thos. Henderson, set. 46, of Granville Penn, set.' 80, of capt. Basil Hall, of
Mrs. Hoffland, set. 71, and of Fanny Holcroft. Commemoration of the poet
Burns at Ayr, Aug. 6. Formation of public parks at Manchester, Aug. 8.
Monument to Muir and his brother reformers, founded by Mr. Hume, at Edin-
burgh, Aug. 21. Another commenced there to Sir Walter Scott. Equestrian
statue of the duke of Wellington, in front of the Royal Exchange. Railways
1843 TO 1845 A.D.
761
A.D.
Events and Eminent Men.
opened ; London arid Dover, Feb. 6 ; Bristol and Exeter, May 1 ; Dublin and
Drogheda, May 26; Norwich and Yarmouth, May 1 ; Newcastle and Darling-
ton, April 15 ; Kingstown and Dalkey (atmospheric), March 29.
Letter of the archbishop of Canterbury, to allay the disputes raised in the church
by Dr. Pusey and the Rev. H. Newman, about surplices, candlesticks, bowing,
turning to the East, and other ceremonies, Jan. 11. Protest of the Irish bishops
against the proposed plan of National Education, 15. Annual meeting of the
Anti-corn-law League, 22 ; perseverance in their system of diffusing information,
Parliament assembles, Feb. 4 ; Mr. Gladstone retires from the Board of Trade ;
Sir R. Peel's financial measures, 14; renewal of the Income-tax; reduction or
abolition of many duties ; 430 articles taken out of the tariff; the Danish pos-
sessions in the East Indies purchased by Sir H. Hardinge, 22 ; committee ap-
pointed on the Game Laws, 27 ; speculation in railways ; report of a committee
to facilitate the scrutiny of the numerous Bills applied for, March 4; lord
Brougham censures the gambling in shares, Apr. 7 ; the Commons, by 322 to
176, vote the additional grant to Maynooth College, 18 ; reject, by 322 to 148,,
Mr. Ward's motion to provide it out of the revenues of the Established Irish'
Church, 24. Anti-corn-law Bazaar in Covent Garden theatre, May 4. A depu-
tation from Dublin invites the queen to visit Ireland, 21. Sir John Franklin
proceeds on his Arctic expedition, with the " Erebus " and " Terror," 23. United
English and French expedition against Madagascar, June 15. Treaty of com-
merce with the Two Sicilies, 25. Mr. Watson, and other Irish magistrates,
dismissed for forming Orange Lodges, July 31. The earl of Winchilsea resigns.
Maynooth Act passed, 8 & 9 Victoria, c 25 ; labour of children in calico print-
works regulated, c. 29; endowment of colleges at Belfast, Cork, and Galway, c.
56 ; municipal councils authorised to establish museums, c. 43. Parliament pro-
rogued, Aug. 8. The queen embarks at Woolwich, on a tour in Germany, 9 ;
re-embarks at Antwerp, Sept. 7; visits the French king at the chateau d'Eu,
and arrives at Osborne-house, 10. Irish National Education Society incorporated,
23. Lord Ashley tells the electors of Dorsetshire that the " destiny of the corn-
laws is fixed," Oct. 10. The Bank directors raise their rate of discount from 2$
to 3 per cent., 16. The queen opens the new hall of Lincoln's Inn, 30. Mr. Wag-
horn brings the Bombay mail by an overland route in 30 days, 31. Re-action in
the Railway market ; the Bank rate of discount raised to 3£ per cent., Nov. 6.
" Protestant Alliance " formed at Armagh, out of the Orange Society, 7. 3 per
cent. Consols, 96£, 14. The Irish Roman Catholic prelates oppose the new col-
leges ; refer the question to the pope. 19. Lord John Russell, in a letter from
Edinburgh to his London constituents, declares for the total repeal of the corn-
laws, 22. Resignation of Sir R. Peel, Dec. 10. The Sikhs cross the river Sutlej
to attack the British, 14 ; are defeated at Moodkee, 18 ; Sir R. Sale mortally
wounded, set. 65. Lord John Russell fails in his attempt to construct a cabinet ;
Sir R. Peel continues in office, 20 ; lord Stanley retires, and is succeeded by Mr.
Gladstone, as Colonial Secretary. Defeat of the Sikhs at Ferozeshah, 22. Great
meeting of the Anti-com-law League at Manchester, 23; more than £60,000
subscribed in four hours. The Sikhs re-cross the Sutlej, 27. The failure of the
potato-crop begins to cause great misery in Ireland. Abd el Kader instigates
the Kabyles to attack the French in Algeria ; cruel warfare on both sides ; mas-
sacre in the caves of Dahra. Zurbano, the rebel chief, taken by Narvaez and
shot. Carlos resigns his pretensions in favour of his son, the count de Monte-
molino. President Polk claims the Oregon territory ; Florida admitted into the
Union ; the proposed annexation of Texas causes Mexico to declare war against
the U. S. Death of earl Grey, set. 81, of earl Spencer, set. 64, of the marquis of
Westminster, set. 78, of lord Stuart de Rothesay, set. 66, of lord Wharncliffe, set.
67, of viscount Canterbury, of sir T. F. Buxton, set. 58, of Sir Wm, Follett, at-
torney-general, a:t. 47, of count John Dominic Cassini, aet. 97, of lord Wynford, of
gen. Jackson, former pres. U. S., set. 78, of the rev. Sidney Smith, set. 74, of Mrs.
Eliz. Fry, set. 66, of Miss Linwood, set. 96, of R. Smirke, set. 93, of Thos. Mitchell,
translator of Aristophanes, set. 62, of bishop Alexander of Jerusalem, of J. F.
Daniell, prof, of chemistry at King's College, of col. Gurwood, and of Thos.
7G2
FROM THE TEAS
• i He-
A.I) I GI-
RA,
1262
1263
Otto- |
man Em- Popes
pire,
1263
1264
1843
1264
1265
1849
12<i.-,
1266
1850
8 Abdul
Medjid.
16Gre-
gory
XVI.
rf.Jnne 1.
1 Pius
IX.
Junel6
14 Isa-
bella
II.
France.
17 Louis
Philip.
14Ma-
riall.
IS
Por-
tu-
gal.
Prus
SIA.
7Fre-
deric
Wm.
IV.
Republic 16-
I Feb. 26.
Louis
Napole-
on Pre-
sident.
Dec. 20.
Wtr-
greece. tem-
'3ERG.
14 Otho.31
|Wil-
liam.
Sax-
ony,
Bava-
ria.
11 Fre- 22
deric
Aug.
IV.
34- 14 —
Louis
Chas
Au-
Aus-
TRIA.
^Fer-
dinand.
IMax- !Fran.
imilian cis Jo
Joseph sephl
11— 18
35-
1846 TO 1850 A.D.
763
tit tot'.
Dates.
1846
184S
|Tue-|Two
Sardi-j ca- Sici-
nia. ny. 'libs
1849
1S50
16
Chas.
Albert
23 17
Leo- Ferdi
pold nand
II.
Den- i Swe-
MARK.; den.
8 Chris- 3 Os-
tian car
VIII.
Rus-
sia.
23 Ni-
cholas
18 —
1 Vic-
tor E-
manu-
el II.
1 Fre-
deric
VII.
Hol- Bel-
land. GIUM
7Wil
liam
II.
16 Le-
opold.
— 125-
18-
Ameri- I India.
canPre- British Go- Gre;\t j
SIDENTS. VERNORS. BRITAIN.
2 James
Knox
Polk.
2SirHenryl10 Vic-
Hardinge.
tona.
June 20
b princess
Helena.
• 27—21 —
] Wil-|19-
liam
III.
lZa-
chary
Taylor.
20-
lMillard
Fill-
more.
1 Lord Dal
housie.
d. princess
Sophi;
13 —
d. queen
o. pnnce
Arthur-
d duke of
Cambridge
764
FROM THE TEAB
Events and Eminent Men.
1845
conti-
nued.
1846
Hood, set. 47. The planet, or asteroid, Astrsea, discovered by Hencke, Dec. 8.
From the perturbations in the orbit of Uranus, Mr. Adams calculates the ele-
ments of another unknown planet. Quebec nearly destroyed by two fires, May
28 and June 28. Opening of the Charing Cross or Hungerford bridge, May 1.
A suspension bridge over the river Bure, at Yarmouth, gives way, and 79 lives
are lost, May 2. The " Great Britain " iron steam-ship leaves Liverpool, July
26 ; arrives at New York, Aug. 10. Statue of Beethoven erected, and festival
in his honour at Francfort, Aug. 12. Railway opened from Norwich and Cam-
bridge to London, July ; Northampton and Peterborough, June 2 ; Manchester
and Sheffield, Dec. 22. Trent Valley commenced ; Sir R. Peel turns the first
sod, Nov. 11.
Birth of Princess Helena Augusta Victoria, May 25. Opening of parliament, Jan.
22 ; Sir R. Peel, after having shown the success of his financial system, proposes
its extension, and the repeal of the corn-laws, 27. The Sikhs cross the Sutlej
again, and attack Sir H. Smith, 21 ; are defeated at Aliwal, 28; totally routed
at Sobraon, Feb. 10 ; Sir Hugh Gough occupies Lahore, 20. Inquiry into the
treatment of paupers in the Andover Union, March 5. Treaty of Lahore, 9. The
governor of the Cape of Good Hope commences the Caffre war, Apr. 4. W. Smith
O'Brien committed to the custody of the Serjeant-at-arms, for refusing to serve
on committees, 30. Sir H. Hardinge created a viscount, and Sir H. Gough a
baron ; pensions voted to them by the E. I. Company and by parliament, May
4. The Commons, by 327 to 229, read the Corn-importation bill a third time, 15 ;
the Lords, by 211 to 164, carry the second reading, 28. Ibrahim Pacha arrives
in London, June 8. Treaty with the U. S. settles the Oregon dispute, 12. The
Commons, by 292 to 229, reject the ministerial bill for the protection of life in
Ireland, 25 ; royal assent given to the Corn-importation and the Customs' Duties
bills, 26 ; resignation of Sir R. Peel and his colleagues, 29. The Anti-corn-law
League meets at Manchester, and closes its operations, July 2 ; national sub-
scription for Mr. Cobden. Lord John Russell prime minister, with his former
associates, 13. Mr. T. B. Macaulay paymaster of the forces, with a seat in the
cabinet. Ibrahim Pacha leaves London, 15. Mr. Cobden in Paris, Aug. 7 ;
honourably received by king and people ; afterwards in Spain ; inculcates every-
where the principles of Free Trade. Parliament prorogued, 28. Second failure
of the potato-crop ; the lord-lieutenant of Ireland orders the execution of public
works, to relieve distressed districts, Sept. 4, Oct. 2. Protest of the British go-
vernment against the marriage of the duke de Montpensier to the Infanta Louisa,
sister of the queen of Spain, Sept. 21. Rowland Hill secretary G. P. O. Nov. 30.
Active exertions of government to relieve the distress of Ireland. Visit of the
queen to the duke of Norfolk at Arundel Castle, Dec. 1. Settlement of Labuan,
by Sir Jas. Brooke, 2. The earl of Elgin governor-general of Canada. Two at-
tempts to assassinate the king of the French : by Lecompte at Fontainebleau,
Apr. 16 ; and by Joseph Henri, in the gardens of the Tuileries, July 29. Death
of Louis Bonaparte, the former king of Holland, at Florence, July 25, set. 68.
Escape of his son, Louis Napoleon, from Ham, May 25. Marriage of the queen
of Spain to her cousin, Francis d'Assise, duke of Cadiz, son of Francis de Paula,
youngest brother of Ferdinand VII., and of her sister to the duke de Montpen-
sier, Oct. 10 ; the marquis of Normanby absents himself from the grand reception
at the Tuileries, Nov. 6. Cracow, the last remnant of Poland, annexed to the
Austrian empire ; vain protests of Great Britain and France. Death of Gregory
XVI. June 1, 83t. 81. Cardinal Mastai Feretti elected pope, 16, takes the name
of Pius IX., appoints cardinal Gizzi secretary of state, proclaims a general am-
nesty, and excites popular enthusiasm by his reforms. The king of Denmark
incorporates Holstein and Schleswig with his kingdom ; the States of the two
duchies insist on their rights as portions of the Germanic body. The democratic
party acquires the ascendancy in Geneva ; the breach between the Protestant j
and Catholic Cantons becomes wider. The U. S. general Taylor defeats the •
Mexicans near Matamoras on the Rio Grande ; takes Santa Fe\ Aug. 22 ; Texas, ]
Wisconsin, and Iowa join the Union. Death of the earl of Yarborough, of lord I
Wodehouse, of lord Metcalfe, of Sir Geo. Murray, set. 74, of Sir Chas. Wetherell,
1845 TO 1847 A.D. 765
A.D.
1847
Events and Eminent Men.
of Sir N. C. Tliidal, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, of Sir Chas, Wolseley,
of Thos. Clarkson, aet. 86, of B. R. Haydon, the historical painter, of the
baron De Bode, of H. Gaily Knight, set. 59, of the rev. T. Gisborne., set. 87, of
R. Plumer Ward, aet. 81. of Thos. Grenville, set. 91, of Dr. List, set. 56, of the
astronomer, Bessel, of Mrs. Cornwall B. Wilson, set. 49, of Dragonetti, set. 91, and
of Listen, the comedian, set. 69. The Wellington statue placed on the marble
arch, at the entrance of the park, Sept. 29. Monument of Sir Walter Scott com-
pleted at Edinburgh. National testimonial presented to Rowland Hill, June 17.
Public parks opened at Manchester, Aug. 22. The calculations of Mr. Adams,
confirmed by those of Le Verrier, are verified by the discovery of the planet
Neptune, by M. Challis, Aug. 4 and 12, and by M. Galle at Berlin, Sept. 23. The
" Great Britain " steam-packet wrecked in Dundrum Bay, Sept. 22. Destructive
fire at St. John's, Newfoundland, June 9. Brighton, Hastings, and Chichester
Railway opened, June 27 ; Colchester to Ipswich, June 15 ; to Bury St. Edmunds,
Dec. 24 ; Dublin to Carlow, Aug. 10 ; Edinburgh to Berwick, June 18 ; Exeter
and Plymouth, May 29 ; Lancaster to Carlisle, Dec. 16 ; London and Richmond
July 27 ; the French lines, de Tours, March 25, du Nord, June 14.
Meeting of parliament, Jan. 19 ; measures for the relief of Ireland proposed by
lord John Russell, 25 ; Corn and Navigation Laws suspended ; lord Geo. Ben-
tinck brings forward his plan for railways in Ireland, Feb. 4; rejected by 322 to
118, 14 ; grant of £10,000,000 for the destitute ; Irish Poor Law passed, May 31 ;
Mr. Ricardo's motion for a committee on the Navigation Laws, carried by 155 to
61, Feb. 6; Act for erecting the bishopric of Manchester, July 21. Parliament
prorogued and dissolved, 23. Prince Albert elected chancellor of the University
of Cambridge, Feb. 28 ; installed at Buckingham palace, March 25 ; at Cam-
bridge, when the queen visits the University, July 6. Death of the earl of
Bessborough, lord-lieutenant of Ireland, May 16, set. 66 ; the earl of Clarendon
is appointed to succeed him. Sir John Davis takes the forts of Bocca Tigris
and compels the Chinese to make reparation for their insults and aggressions on
British residents at Canton, Apr. 5. Lord Hardinge resigns the governorship
of India ; his successor, lord Dalhousie, appointed Aug. 4, sails in Nov. The
queen embarks for Scotland, Aug. 11 ; returns to Buckingham palace, Sept. 21.
Daniell O'Connell, on his way to Rome, dies at Genoa, May 15, set. 72. Com-
mercial distress and panic; some of the first houses in London stop payment.
The new parliament assembles, Nov. 18; Mr. Shaw Lefevre re-elected speaker;
business opened, 23. Election of baron Rothschild for London. Lord John
Russell brings in a Bill for admitting Jews to sit in parliament ; first reading
carried by 253 to 186 ; Act passed for repressing crime in Ireland. Parliament
adjourns, Dec. 20. The Caffres commence hostilities and are defeated by col.
Somerset, Nov. 15. Registration of voters, for counties, 561,329, for cities and
boroughs, 383,114 : total, 944,443. Reform banquets in many parts of France ;
Ledru Rollin agitates. Marshal Soult resigns his post as prime minister ; he
is succeeded by M. Guizot, Sept. 15. M. Teste accused of corruption, attempts
suicide, is condemned to civil degradation, fined and imprisoned. Bou Maza
and Abd el Kader surrender ; hostilities cease in Algeria. Marshal Bugeaud,
duke d'Isly, returns to France. The duke d'Aumale is appointed governor of
the colony. Death of Eugenie Adelaide Louise, sister of Louis Philip, Dec.
31, aet. 71. Repeated change of ministers in Spain. Espartero recalled and
created a senator. Queen Isabella separates from her husband; after some
months they are reconciled. Christina and Narvaez return to Madrid and re-
cover their influence. Civil war in Portugal quelled by the intervention of
Great Britain, France, and Spain. The Catholic cantons of Switzerland submit
to the Protestants. The Sonderbund dissolved, and the Jesuits expelled. Re-
presentative government commenced in Prussia, by a royal decree. Pius IX..
introduces a national guard and municipal institutions in Rome. Charles Albert
adopts liberal reforms in Piedmont. Austrian troops occupy Ferrara. Death
of Maria Louisa, widow of Napoleon, Dec. 17, set. 56. Parma and Placentia are
given to the duke of Lucca, and his duchy annexed to Tuscany. The U. S. ge-
' nerals, Taylor and Scott, defeat the Mexicans in successive battles ; take Vera
r66
FROM THE YEAR
1847
conti-
nued.
184S
Events and Eminent Men.
Cruz, March 29 ; Mexico, Sept. 15. The gold region of California first made
known, Sept. Death of the archduke Charles of Austria, set. 75, of the duke of
Northumberland,, set. 62, of John, duke of Argyll, jet. 70, of Henry, lord Cowley,
set. 75, of Dudley Ryder, earl of Harrowby, set. 85, of prince John de Polignac,
set. 65, of Palafox, the hero of Saragossa, of admiral Sir R. Stopford, set. 80, of
Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, set. 64, of gen. Sir Wm. Anson, set. 75, of Sir Walter
Scott, son of the author of Waverley, set. 46, of Sir Archibald Christie, set. 73,
of gen. Sir Geo. Cockburn, set. 84, of Sir David Pollock, ch. justice of Bombay,
set. 67, of Oudinot, duke of Reggio, set. 80, of marshal Grouchy, set. 82, of mar-
shal Drouet, set. 73, of Dr. Robert Fellowes, author of " Religion without Cant,"
set. 77, of Dr. Thos. Chalmers, aet. 67, of Wm. Crotch, M.D., set. 72, of Joseph
John Gurney, aet. 59, of Sharon Turner, set. 78, of Robt. Listen, aet. 53, of prof.
Macvey Napier, set. 70, of prof. J as. M'Cullagh, set. 38, of the O'Connor Don,
set. 53, of W. Gore Langton, M.P., set. 87, of Geo. Byng, M.P., set. 82, of J.
Walter, proprietor of the " Times," set. 74, of Wm. Herbert, dean of Manchester,
set. 70, of Jos. Planta, set. 60, of Thos. F. Dibdin, set. 71, of Geo. Maclean,
former gov. of Cape Castle, of Dr. Felix Mendelsohn Bartholdy, set. 38, of G
Robins, and of Mademoiselle Mars, set. 68. Discovery of " Hebe," by M. Hencke,
at Driessen, July 1; of "Iris," Aug. 13; and of "Flora," Oct. 10, by Mr. Hind
at London ; and of a satellite of " Neptune," by Mr. Lassell, at Cambridge,
Oct. 3. Total length of British Railways opened this year, 754| miles ; Chester
and Holyhead (in part) ; Norwich, Dereham, and Lynn ; Ely and Lynn ; Nor-
wich and Lowestoft; Dundee and Perth; Ely and Peterborough; Newcastle
and Berwick ; Trent Valley, June 26. French lines : Amiens to Boulogne.
Mar.'13 ; and Rouen to Havre, 20.
Birth of the princess Louisa Carolina Alberta, fourth daughter of queen Victoria,
March 18. Death of the princess Sophia Matilda, fifth daughter of George III.
May 27, set. 71. The " Plover " is dispatched to search for Sir John Franklin,
Jan. 1. Rescript of the pope, forbidding Roman Catholic priests in Ireland to
interfere in politics, 3. Parliament reassembles, Feb. 3 ; additional expendi-
ture required to improve the national defences ; increase of the Income Tax pro-
posed, 18; abandoned, 28. Tumults in Trafalgar-square, at Glasgow, and other
places, March 6. Return of viscount Hardinge from India, April 5. Chartist
demonstration on Kennington common foiled, and order preserved by the zeal-
ous co-operation of all classes, 10. Mr. Agnew and lieut. Anderson murdered
by the Sikhs at Mooltan, 21. Trial of W. Smith O'Brien and others, for sedi-
tion, at Dublin, May 15—27 ; Mitchell transported ; the jurors agree on no ver-
dict in the remaining cases. The Steam Basin at Portsmouth opened by the
queen, 25. Lieut. Edwardes defeats Moolrai, June 18, July 1. The Commons,
by 234 to 173, pass the Jewish Disabilities Bill, May 4. The Lords, by
163 to 128, reject it, 25. Suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act in Ireland,
July 21. Smith O'Brien's attempted rebellion on Boulagh common, near
Ballingarry, repressed by the police, 29 ; he is arrested at Thurles, Aug. 5 ;
Meagher, and two others, 12. The existing Income Tax continued for
three years longer, 11 and 12 Victoria, c. 8 ; the Freemen of Great Yarmouth
disfranchised, c. 24; Act to facilitate the sale of Encumbered Estates in
Ireland, c. 48 ; alteration of the Sugar Duties, c. 97 ; diplomatic relations
with the pope, c. 108 ; amendment of the law for the Removal of Paupers,
c. Ill ; parliament prorogued, Sept. 5. Shere Sing deserts, and goes over with
his army to the Sikhs ; gen. Whish raises the siege of Mooltan, Sept. 15. Death
of lord George Bentinck, 21, set. 47. Revolt of the peasantry of Cephalonia sup-
pressed, 26. Special commission at Clonmel ; W. S. O'Brien convicted of high
treason and condemned, Oct. 9 ; M'Manus, O'Donoghue, and Meagher, 23. Sir
Harry Smith, governor of the Cape of Good Hope, suppresses a rebellion in the
Orange River district, 19 ; mutiny at Peshawur, 23. Gen. Thackwell defeats the
Sikhs on the river Chenab; gen. Cureton slain, Nov. 22 ; victory ofRamnuggur,
Dec. 3; bombardment of Mooltan, 27; explosion of the powder magazine, 30.
General desire in France for an extension of the electoral franchise ; Reform
banquet of the opposition members prohibited by the government, Jan. 19 ; vio-j
1847 TO 1848 A.D.
767
Events and Eminent Men.
lent scenes in the Chamber of Deputies ; M. Odillon Barrot accuses the govern-
ment of selling offices ; M. Berville declares that the Orleans dynasty had not
performed its promise to the nation, 22 ; M. Guizot refuses to give any pledge
respecting reform, Feb. 12 ; another banquet prohibited, 21 ; Odillon Barrot im-
peaches the ministers ; Guizot resigns, 22 ; first, count Mole\ and then, Odillon
Barrot and Thiers, attempt to form an administration; popular excitement;
collision between the crowd and the troops, 23: Louis Philip abdicates, 24;
provisional government formed, 25 ; republic proclaimed, 26; Lamartine rejects
the red flag ; national workshops opened ; warrant for the arrest of M. Guizot
and his colleagues, 27 ; escape of the king and queen to Honfleur ; the duke de
Nemours, and other members of the royal family, land at Dover ; Louis Napo-
leon arrives at Boulogne, and offers his services to the republican government,
March 2 ; pacific manifesto of Lamartine, as foreign secretary, 3 ; dangerous
principles avowed by Ledru Rollin, in his circular as minister of the interior.
Louis Philip and the queen land at Newhaven, and M. Guizot at Folkstone, 3 ;
foreign workmen ordered to leave France, 19; irruption of French revolution-
ists into Belgium repulsed, 29 ; cool reception of Smith O'Brien and the Irish
deputation, by Lamartine, April 3; meeting of National Assembly, May 4 ;
executive committee appointed, 10 ; invasion of the Hall of the Assembly by a
communist mob, repressed by the national guards ; arrest of Barbes, Blanqui,
Albert, and other leaders, 15. Louis Napoleon elected a deputy, June 8 ; de-
cision of the Assembly to admit him, 13 ; expense and abuses of the National
Workshops denounced by M. Leon Faucher ; provincial workmen ordered to
quit Paris ; insurrection and barricades, 23 ; the archbishop slain, 25 ; the
counter-revolutionists put down with great slaughter, by gen. Cavaignac, 26 ; he
is appointed President of the Council, 28 ; suppression of the workshops, July 3 ;
prosecution of Louis Blanc and Caussidiere ; they escape to England, Aug. 25 ;
Louis Napoleon takes his seat in the Assembly, 27 ; debates on the new constitu-
tion ; the Assembly decides, by 602 to 211, that the President should be elected
by universal suffrage, Oct. 7 ; constitution proclaimed, Nov. 12 ; Louis Napo-
leon elected President, Dec. 20 ; general Cavaignac resigns his authority ; Odil-
lon Barrot, president of the council, and Drouyn de Lhuys minister for foreign
affairs. Revolt of Palermo, Jan. 12. Reforms demanded by the Austrian pro-
vinces in Lombardy ; declaration of Metternich against any concessions, Jan. 17.
The constitution of 1812 for the Two Sicilies, proclaimed at Naples, Jan. 29.
Charles Albert, king of Sardinia, gives his people a free constitution, Feb. 8;
the duke of Tuscany the same, 11; and pope Pius IX., 12; the new constitution
proclaimed at Rome, and the Jesuits expelled, March 15. The Austrian troops
overcome by the people at Parma ; flight of the duke, and appointment of a
regency, March 19. Revolution at Venice, March 22, at Milan, 17—23. Charles
Albert, with a Sardinian army, arrives, to support the insurgents, 27. Battle of
Verona, May 4 ; surrender of Peschiera, and repulse of the Austrians, at Goito,
30. Lombardy annexed to Piedmont, June 29. The Sicilian parliament invites
the duke of Genoa to be their king, July 11. Charles Albert defeated by Ra-
detzky, at Somma Riva, 26, at Milan, Aug. 5. He retreats to Turin, and the
Austrians re-occupy Milan, 6. Armistice concluded, 9. Messina taken by the
Neapolitans, Sept. 7. Insurrection at Rome ; count Rossi assassinated, Nov. 15 ;
cardinal Palma shot, 16 ; flight of the pope to Gaeta, 24. Animosity of the Ba-
varians to the king's favourite, Lola Montes; she is dismissed by him, Feb. 11.
Popular commotions at Cologne and Francfort, March 3. The people of Hesse
Cassel obtain the reforms demanded by them, 6. Free press and constitution in
Saxe-Coburg Gotha, 8. The Diet of Francfort proposes the meeting of a Ger-
man parliament, 11. Tumults at Vienna ; resignation and flight of Metternich ;
the emperor promises a constitution, 13 — 15. Conflict between the military and
the populace at Berlin, 18 ; the king removes the soldiers from the city, 19.
The king of Bavaria resigns his crown to his son Maximilian Joseph, 20. The
king of Prussia proposes a general confederation of Germany, under a free con-
stitutional government, 21. The emperor leaves Vienna, May 17. The German
parliament meets at Francfort, 18. The new National Assembly of Prussia
768 FEOM THE TEAS
A.D.
1848
conti-
EVENTS AND EMINENT MEN.
opened, 22. Insurrection at Prague, June 12, at Berlin, 14. The archduke
John, of Austria, elected regent of Germany, July 5 ; arrives at Francfort, Aug.
3. The emperor returns from Innspruck to Vienna, 12. Discontent in Hungary ;
Kossuth appointed minister, Sept 10. Riots at Francfort; major Von Aners-
wald and prince Lichnowski murdered, 18. Count Lamberg killed at Pesth.
The Hungarian Diet invests Kossuth with dictatorial powers, 25. Insurrection
at Vienna ; count Latour murdered, Oct. 6 ; flight of the emperor, 7. He gives
the command in Hungary to Jellachich, ban of Croatia, and in Austria, to prince
Windischgratz, 16. They unite their forces and bombard Vienna, 28 ; the in-
surgents capitulate, 30. Robert Blum shot, Nov. 9. The Burgher Guard of
Berlin disarmed, 15. Messenhauaer shot, at Vienna, 16. The emperor resigns
his crown at Olmiitz, to his nephew, Francis Joseph, Dec. 2 ; his resignation
not accepted by the Hungarian Diet, 19. The king of Holland appoints a com-
mittee to revise the constitution, March 17. Death of Christian VIII., king of
Denmark, Jan. 20, set. 62 ; accession of his son, Frederic VII. .Schleswig and
Holstein desire to remain members of the Germanic body, March 22 ; declare
their independence at Kiel, 23 ; are supported by the king of Prussia, 24 ; by the
Francfort Assembly, April 12. Prussian and Hanoverian troops take Schleswig,
April 23 ; Flensburg, 25. Sweden and Russia support Denmark. Blockade of
the German ports. Prussians driven back to Gravenstein, May 28 ; defeat the
Danes at Duppeln, June 5. Great Britain mediates. Armistice of Malm6,
Aug. 26. Espartero arrives at Madrid, Jan. 7 ; takes his seat in the Senate, 13.
Lord Palmerston advises the Spanish government to adopt a more liberal po-
licy, March 16. The duke of Sotomayor takes offence, and gives Sir Hen. Bulwer
his passports, May 19 ; diplomatic intercourse ceases between Great Britain and
Spain. Cabrera again in arms. Peace between the U. S. and Mexico, Feb. 2;
gen. Taylor elected president, Nov. 7. Superannuation of Mehemet Ali. Ibra-
him appointed viceroy of Egypt, Sept. 1 ; dies Nov. 10, set. 59 ; is succeeded by
his nephew, Abbas Pacha. Death of the dowager duchess of Saxe Gotha, set.
77, of lord Melbourne, set. 70, of the earl of Carlisle, set. 75, of lord A'shburton,
set. 73, of earl Powis, set. 63, of lord Granville Somerset, set. 56, of Sir Aug. Fred.
D'Este, son of the late duke of Sussex, set. 54, of Dr. Howley, archbishop of
Canterbury, set. 82, of Dr. Mant, bishop of Down, set. 73, of Sir T. D. Lauder, set
64, of adm. Sir Wm. Hotham, set. 76, of Sir Thomas Baring, set. 75, of Sir John
Barrow, set. 85, of Sir N. Harris Nicolas, set 49, of Sir Samuel Meyrick, set. 65,
of viscount Chateaubriand, set. 80, of Michaud, of John Quincy Adams, ast. 82,
of Dr. Gerald Valerian Wellesley, set. 72, of Caroline Herschel, sister of the as-
tronomer, set. 98, of prof. Tennant, of Dr. Prichard, set. 62, of adm. Warren, set.)
72, of H. Zschokke, set. 78, of Charles Buller, set. 42, of E. Baines, set 74, of Ber-
zelius, set. 69, of Schwantaler, set. 47, of Charles Heath, set. 64, of capt. Mar-
ryatt, set. 56, of Donizetti, of Geo. Stephenson, set. 67, of Henry Baring, of Isaac
D'Israeli, set. 82, of James Watt, the son, set. 80, of Robert (Romeo) Coates, set.
75, and of Thomas Steele. Dr. Hampden, bishop of Hereford, March 20. Dr.
J. B. Sumner, archbishop of Canterbury, April 28. Dr. Lee, first bishop of Man-
chester. " Metes " discovered by Mr. Graham, April 26. A statue of Mr
Huskisson placed in the vestibule of Lloyd's, Feb. 7. Chloroform, discovered
by Dr. Simpson of Edinburgh, to be an ansesthetic, first administered in Lon-
don by James Robinson, Dec. 14. The French steamer " Cuvier" destroyed by
the spontaneous combustion of coals, Jan. 23. The " Ocean Monarch " burnt,
Aug. 24. Assassination of Mr. Jermy, recorder of Norwich, and his son,
Nov. 26.
Death of Adelaide, queen-dowager, Dec. 2, set 57. Surrender of Mooltan, except
the citadel, to gen. Whish, Jan. 2. Attock taken by the Affghans, 10. Defeat
of the Sikhs by lord Gough, at Chillianwallah, 13; and of Ram Singh by gen.
Wheeler, at Baree Doab, 16. Moolrai gives up the citadel of Mooltan ; himself;
and his garrison prisoners, 22. Meeting of parliament, Feb. 1 ; disputes on '
baptismal regeneration ; proceedings in the case Gorham v. bishop of Exeter,
17. Total rout of Shere Singh and the Sikhs by lord Gough, at Goojerat, 21.
The Affghans evacuate Attock, March 17. Annexation of the Punjaub to the
1848 TO 1849 A.D.
769
Events and Eminent Men.
British dominions, 29. Bill for altering the Navigation Laws read a third time
by the Commons, April 23. Riot at Montreal ; lord Elgin assaulted, and the
parliament house destroyed, 25. Defeat of the Rohillas. Sir Charles Napier
arrives to command the army in India, May 6. The Navigation Bill read a
second time by the Lords, 7. Bishopric of Victoria established at Hong Kong,
11. Petition of the Colonists that the Cape of Good Hope may not be made a
penal settlement, 24. Trial of Moolrai for the murder of Messrs. Agnew and
Anderson, 31. Capt. Keppel releases Mr. Summers from the Portuguese prison
in Macao, June 9. Protest of Cape Town against the reception of convicts, 18.
First importation of Californian gold at Liverpool, 21. Moolrai sentenced to
death, 22. Navigation Act, 12 and 13 Victoria, c. 29, passed, 26. The sentence
on W. Smith O'Brien and his comrades being commuted, they are embarked
for transportation, July 9. Affray at Dolly's Brae, between Orangemen and
Papists, 12. Court for the sale of Encumbered Estates in Ireland constituted,
12 and 13 Victoria, c. 77, July 28. Moolrai banished for life. Suppression of
the Borneo pirates by Sir James Brooke, 31. The queen embarks for Ireland,
Aug. 1. Parliament prorogued, 2. Decision of Sir H. J. Fust in the case
Gorham v. the bishop of Exeter. The queen lands at the Cove of Cork, to which
she gives the name of Qneenstown, 3 ; arrives at Dublin, 6. The Exhibition to
be held in 1851 is projected, 23. Cabinet Council held to deliberate on the af-
fairs of Turkey, Oct. 2 ; the British government encourages the sultan to resist
the demands of Russia, 3. Dismissal of the magistrates concerned in the affray
at Dolly's Brae, 6. Opening of the Encumbered Estates Court, 24. Sir John
Ross returns from unsuccessful search for Sir John Franklin, Nov. 3. Expedi-
tion under Mr. Richardson to explore Central Africa, Dec. 5. Mr. Gorham ap-
peals to a committee of the Privy Council, 11. Sir Henry Bulwer, ambassador
to the D. S., 24. Marshalsea and Palace courts abolished. Authority given for
a submarine electric telegraph between England and France, 31. Proposed
suppression of political clubs, and reduction of the Garde Mobile at Paris. At-
tempted insurrection stifled by gen. Changarnier, Jan. 29. Clubs abolished by
the National Assembly, March 20. Barbes and Albert condemned by the tri-
bunal of Bourges to transportation for life ; Blanqui, Raspail and others to im-
prisonment, April 2. The Assembly sanctions an expedition into Italy. Gen.
Oudinot proceeds to embark at Marseilles, 17; lands at Civita Vecchia, 25;
is repulsed at Rome, 30 ; concludes an armistice, May 17 ; resumes hostilities,
June 3; another attempt at insurrection is put down by Changarnier, 13; flight
of Ledru Rollin and D' Alton Shee, 14; capitulation of Rome, 30; the president
liberates Bon Maza, July 22 ; remonstrates against the proceedings of the papal
authorities at Rome, Aug. 21 ; meeting of the Peace Society at Paris, 22. The
Austrians invest Comorn: the Hungarian Diet tries to negotiate, Jan. 3. Kos-
suth evacuates Buda, and retires to Debreczin, taking with him the crown of
St. Stephen and the royal insignia, 5. Intestine warfare of the Magyar and
Romanic races in Hungary, 9. Bern defeats the Austrians at Hermannstadt, 21.
The Russians enter Transylvania. Bern defeated, Feb. 4. Grosswardein taken,
12. Defeat of the Austrians by the Magyars at Godolo, April 6. Waitzen
taken, 11. Kossuth declared by the Diet of Debreczin supreme governor of
Hungary, 14. The Austrians defeated near Gran, 20. The emperor of Austria
invites the assistance of Russia, May 1 ; his troops are defeated at Altenburg
and Oedenburg, 7. The Hungarians recover Pesth, 20. Conference of the two
emperors at Warsaw, 22. General Haynau takes the command of the imperial
army, 30; occupies Fiinfkirchen, June 21; Raab, 28; sends Count Bathyany
and other prisoners to Presburg, July 26 ; gains a victory at Szegidin, Aug. 2 ;
enters Temeswar, 9. Gorgey deprives Kossuth of his authority, 11. Flight of
Kossuth and Bern into Turkey, 12. Gorgey surrenders his army, 13. The
Russians receive orders to withdraw from Hungary, 19. Austria and Russia
require Turkey to give up the fugitives, 23; they are removed to Widdin, 27.
The two emperors suspend diplomatic intercourse with the Porte, Sep. 17. The
surrender of Comorn closes the Hungarian insurrection, 27. Count Bathyany
shot, Oct. 6. Great Britain and France interpose to protect Turkey. Nessel-
3~D
770
FROM THE YEAB
A.D.
1849
conti-
nued.
Events and Eminent Men.
rode lowers his demands, 17. The emperor Nicholas accepts the propositions
of the sultan, Dec. 19. The king of Prussia elected emperor of Germany by the
Frankfort parliament, March 28; Austria, Hanover, and Bavaria dissent, and
his own ministers persuade him to reject the offer. The archduke John resigns
his office of regent, 29. The emperor of Austria withdraws from the Frankfort
parliament, April 8. Insurrection at Dresden, May 3 ; suppressed, 9. Disturb-
ances at Cologne, Dusseldorf. and neighbouring towns, 10. Revolt of Baden ;
flight of the grand duke from Carlsruhe, 14. Trial by jury introduced at Berlin.
The emperor Nicholas at Breslau, June 14. The citizens of Manheim open
their gates to the Prussians, 22. The Baden revolt quelled, 23. "Interim"
treaty between Austria and Prussia, Sept. 30. The king of Prussia summons a
parliament to meet at Erfurt, Nov. 20. Protest of the emperor, 23. Acquittal
of Waldeck and Ohm, the first political offenders tried by a jury in Prussia,
Dec. 3. Adhesion of Bavaria to the Austrian protest, and of Saxony, 27.
Penny Postage introduced in Prussia. 24 Death of Wm. II., king of Holland,
March 17, set. 57. Sardinian parliament opened by Chas. Albert, Feb. 1. Flight
of the grand duke Leopold from Florence, Feb. 7. Provisional govei'nment in
Tuscany, 8. Home proclaimed a republic, 9; invites Mazzini, 12. The English
and French admirals mediate between the king of Naples and the people of
Palermo, March 6. The Sicilians reject the terms offered. 11. Insurrection at
Brescia. Charles Albert renews hostilities ; is totally defeated by Radetzky at
Novara, 23; resigns his crown to his eldest son, and leaves Italy, 26. Gen.
Filangieri attacks Palermo, 28. A triumvirate appointed at Rome with Maz-
zini at its head, 29. Haynau bombards Brescia ; ruin of the town, and mas-
sacre of its inhabitants, 30. Venice blockaded, April 17. Leghorn plundered by
the insurgents, 22. Garibaldi, gen. of the Romans, defeats the Neapolitans,
May 5. Palermo surrenders, 14. Bombardment and capture of Ancona by the
Austrian's, June 18. After the capitulation of Rome to the French, Mazzini
resigns his authority, July 1. Garibaldi withdraws with a part of his army, 3.
The papal government re-established, 15. Death of Charles Albert at Oporto,
28. Leopold, restored by an Austrian army, returns to Florence. Victor Emanuel
concludes a treaty of peace at Milan, Aug. 6. Amnesty proclaimed by Radetzky,
18. Submission of Venice, 22. The king of the Two Sicilies issues a decree
that all teachers and tutors in his dominions, public or private, male or female,
must be examined as to their religious belief, Oct 27. Hostilities recommenced '
in Holstein and Schleswig ; the Danish naval force defeated in the harbour of j
Eckernfiord, April 5. Blockade of the Prussian and German ports, 12. The
Danish intrenchments at Duppeln forced, 13. Colding taken, 23. Repulse of the
Prussians at Aarhuus, May 31. Armistice and preliminaries of peace between j
Prussia and Denmark, July 10 ; rejected by the Schleswig and Holstein Diet,
21. Arrest, on the French frontier, of the Count de Montemolino, April 4; and
of Cabrera, 21. Narvaez dismissed and recalled, Oct. 20. The emperor Nicholas
everywhere active to repress revolution ; places his whole army on the war
footing, March 4; his troops enter the Circassian fort of Achulga; Schatnyl
escapes, Aug. 29. The sultan, by a firman, admits Christians to office in
Turkey, Jan, 8 ; invests Abbas Pasha with the viceroyalty of Egypt, 12. Death
of Mehemet Ali, Aug. 1, set. 80. Gen. Taylor, pres. U.S., prohibits the expe-
dition of American adventurers against Cuba, Aug. 11. The alteration of the
British Navigation Law, reciprocated by the like alteration in the U. S. Law,
Oct. 15. Death of Prince Waidemar of Prussia, set. 32, of lord Auckland, of
the earl of Caernarvon, of earl Talbot, of lady Blessington, of Dr. Copleston
bishop of Llandaff, of Dr. Stanley, bishop of Norwich, and Pres. Linn. Soc, of
baron d'Ussel, former page of Louis XV., set. 102, of prince Hohenlohe, of Sir
Edw. Knatchbull, of Sir Andrew Agnew. set. 56, of Sir M.J. Brunei, civil en-
gineer, set. 81, of Sir Robert Wilson, set. 72, of Maria Edgeworth, set. 83, of mar-
shal Bugeaud, ast. 65, of marshal Molitor, set. 79, of Sir Charles Forbes, set. 76,
of Chas. Lyell, of gen. Caffarelli, set. 8--i, of Sir Geo. Nugent, of J. K. Polk, ex-
president U. S., set. 53. of John Pielden, M.P. for Oldham, of And. Kinlocli,
the first worker of a power-loam in Glasgow, of Robert Vernon, of Sir Jasper
1849 TO 1850 A.D.
771
A.D.
1850
Events and Eminent Men.
Nicolls, of P. Fraser Tytler, of Wm. Etty, R.A., of Aston Key, of Horace Twiss,
of Clift, conservator of the Hunterian museum, get. 77, of Hartley Coleridge, of
Bernard Barton, of Ebenezer Elliott, and of Mde. Catalani. The first tube of
the Britannia bridge over the Menai placed, June 19. Islington cattle-market
opened, Jan. 9. The electric telegraph, G-.P.O., completed, Aug. 31. Contract
for the Indian Peninsula railway, Aug. 17. Discovery of " Hygeia," by De
Gasparis, Apr. 12. First experiment of a submarine telegraph at Folkstone,
Jan. 10. Prince Albert lays the first stone of the Grimsby Docks, April 18 ; opens
the new Coal Exchange, London, Oct. 30. New prison at Holloway commenced,
Sept. 26. Queen's College, Galway, opened, Oct. 30. Sale of the Montcalm
Gallery of Pictures, June 8 ; of the Stowe Library and of Tieck's. Commemora-
tion of Alfred the Great at .Wantage, Oct. 25 ; of Goethe at Frankfort, Aug. 28.
Festival at Berlin in honour of Humboldt entering his 80th year, Sept. 14;
Dr. Routh celebrates the commencement of his 95th year by laying the first
stone of the new grammar-school of his college- Mr. Macaulay Lord Rector of
Glasgow, March 21. Dr. Hinds, bishop of Norwich, and Dr. Olivant of Llan- j
daff. Sale of the Pavilion, Brighton, July 17. Olympic Theatre burnt, March
29. Cathedral of Montreal destroyed by fire, Apr. 7. The cholera rages in
Russia and France ; breaks out at Southampton, July 10 : ceases in England,
Nov. 15. Riot at New York against Mr. Macready, May 10.
Birth of the queen's third son, Arthur Patrick William Albert, May 1. Death of
the duke of Cambridge, July 8, set. 76. The new Navigation Law comes into
operation, Jan. 1. Commission issued to prepare for the Exhibition in 1851, 3.
Sir W. Parker demands reparation for injuries sustained by British subjects in
Greece, 18. Meeting of parliament, 31. The order for sending convicts to the
Cape of Good Hope recalled, Feb. 14. Russia remonstrates against the measures
of the British government in regard to Greece ; France mediates, 19. Lord Den-
man retires ; lord Campbell becomes Chief Justice, March 5. The committee
of the Privy Council reverses the decision against Mr. Gorham, in his suit with
the bishop of Exeter, 8 ; meeting of clergy, to protest against the interference of
the Privy Council, and uphold the doctrine of baptismal regeneration, 18. Dinner
at the Mansion House to Prince Albert and the promoters of the Exhibition, 21.
E.I.C. Banquet to lord Gough on his return, 23. Friendly relations with Spain
re-established, 31. The Koh-i-noor diamond, the symbol of Indian empire, shipped
for England, Apr. 6. Banquet of the Goldsmiths' Company to lord Gough, 24.
Lord Campbell refuses the rule applied for by Sir F. Kelly in the Gorham case,
25. Adm. Parker threatens to bombard the Piraeus; the Greek government
submits, 27. Sir F. Kelly moves the Court of Common Pleas against Mr. Gor-
ham, May 2. The British fleet returns from Greece to Malta, 4. Lord Howden
sent ambassador to Spain, 14. Dispute with France on the Greek question ; the
French ambassador recalled from London, 16. The Universities of Oxford and
Cambridge protest against the Royal Commission of Inquiry, 20. Arrival of the
Nepaulese ambassador, 25. Chief Justice Wilde refuses the rule applied for by
Sir F. Kelly, 27. The Commons, by 275 to 234, approve the policy of ministers
in regard to the sugar duties, 31. The Lords, by a majority of 37, censure the
proceedings against Greece, June 17 ; lord .lohn Russell announces that this vote
will not influence the Cabinet, 20. Amicable settlement of the discussion with
France, 21. The queen assaulted by Pate, 27. The Commons, by a majority of
49, adopt Mr. Roebuck's motion of confidence in ministers, 28. Arrival of the
Koh-i-noor. Sir R. Peel seriously injured by a fall from his horse, 29 ; dies,
July 2, ajt. 62 ; is interred at Drayton, 9. Sir Charles Napier resigns his com-
mand in India. Pate transported, 11. Monument to Sir R. Peel in Westminster
Abbey voted by the Commons, 12. Resignation of lord Cottenham ; Sir Thos.
Wilde chancellor, with the title of lord Truro, 14. The bishop of Exeter admits
Mr. Gorham to his livings, 20; meeting of clergy to protest, and address the
queen, 23. The Prussian minister, chevalier Bunsen, addresses a note to lord
Palmerston on the Schleswig-Holstein affairs, Aug. 1 ; treaty for the settlement
of them concluded at London, by Great Britain, France, Russia, Denmark, and
Sweden, 2. Mr. Gorham inducted, 6— 11. Death of Sir Launcelot Shadwell, Bet.
FROM TIIE TEAB
A.D.
1851
1852
1853
Hegi-
KA.
1267
1269
1270
1854 1270
1271
1855
1856
1271
1272
1272
1273
Otto- |
man Em- Popes
pibe.
13 Abdul 6 Pius
Medjid. IX.
16
18
Spain,
19Isa
bella
II.
France
POB-
TU-
GAL.
4 Re-
public.
Feb- 26.
Louis
Napole-
on Pre-
sident.
Dec 20.
5 —
1 Napo-
leon III,
emperor
Dec 2.
IPe
dro
V.
m-
20—
Prus-
sia.
^Fre-
deric
Wm.
IV.
13-
21
Greece,
19 Otho.
38 Wil-
liam.
Wir-
TEM-
BERG.
41-
Ba-
Sax- va-
ONY. RIA.
16
Fre-
deric
Aug.
IV.
17—
18—
2—
4Max-
imi-
lian
Jos.
II.
Aus-
tria.
4 Fran,
cis Jo-
sephl
1851 TO 1856 A.D.
773
titton
Dates.
1851
1852
1853
1856
Tus-
ca-
ny.
28
Leo-
pold
II.
30-
Two
Sici
LIES
di-
nand
II.
Den-
mark.
4 Fre-
deric
VII.
Swe-
den.
8 Os-
car.
10-
Rus-
SIA.
27 Ni-
cholas.
3 Wil-
liam
III.
29-
1 Alex-
ander
II.
Hol-
land.
Bel-
gium.
Ameei- I India.
canPre-JBritishGo- Great
sidents. vernors. britain.
21Leo-
pold.
2 Mil-
lardFill-
more.
23-
1 Frank-
lin Pierce-
25—
26-
4 Lord Dal-
housie.
15 Vic.
toria.
June 20.
d. kins? of
Hanover.
16
1 Viscount
Canning.
17
b. prince
Leopold
18
19
774
FEOM THE TEAS
A.D.
1850
conti-
nued.
Events and Eminent Men.
I 71. The office of vice-chancellor of England expires. Parliament prorogued,
15. The bishop of Exeter urges the churchwardens to report Mr. Gorhani's
heresies, 16. Queen Victoria visits the king of Belgium, 21; returns to Scot-
land ; opens the new viaduct over the Tweed, 28. The wire of the submarine
Electric Telegraph experimentally laid between Dover and Calais. Prince Al-
bert places the foundation-stone of the Edinburgh National Gallery, 30. Gen.
Haynau, on a visit in London, assaulted at Barclay's brewerv, Sept. 4. The
pope creates Dr. Wiseman cardinal archbishop of Westminster,*30 ; issues a Bull
erecting a Roman Catholic hierarchy in England, Oct. 19 ; lord John Russell
censures this proceeding, and the Church of England dissensions, in a letter to
the bishop of Durham, Nov. 4 ; Dr. Wiseman replies by a manifesto, 20. The
British government supplies blankets to the Danish army, 22. National indig-
nation excited by the papal assumption of authority ; addresses presented to the
queen by the city of London and the universities, Dec. 10. The Caffre war breaks
out, 24 — 29. Universal suffrage superseded in France by a limited constituency,
May 31. M. Thiers visits the exiled royal family at Claremont, June 13 ; death
of Louis Philip, Aug. 26, set. 77; and of his daughter, the queen of Belgium,
Sept. 11, set. 38. Restriction on the liberty of the French press, Sept. 26. The
parliament of Erfurt opened, March 20 ; closed, Apr. 29. The king of Prussia
slightly wounded by an assassin, May 22 ; concludes a treaty of peace with
Denmark, July 2. The Holstein army enters the town of Schleswig, 15 ; the
Danes occupy Flensburg and the island of Femern, 16; obtain a decisive victory
at Idstedt, July 26; take Eckernfiord, 28. Marriage of the king of Denmark to
Lola Rasmussen, Aug. 7 ; his army enters Tonningen, 10. Meeting of the Peace
Society at Francfort, 22; of the Schleswig-Holstein Legislative Assembly at
Kiel, Sept. 9. Insurrection in Hesse Cassel ; the elector withraws to Hanover,
13. The Holsteiners besiege Friederichstadt, 29 ; are repulsed at Tonningen, 30.
The officers of the Hessian army resign, Oct. 5. Prussian volunteers join the
forces of Holstein, 13. Austrian and Bavarian troops assemble on the frontiers
of Hesse, 21. Definitive treaty between Prussia and Denmark signed at Franc-
fort, 26. Meeting of the emperors of Austria and Russia at Warsaw. The
Austrians and Bavarians occupy Hanau, Nov. 1. The Prussians enter Cassel
and Fulda, 2. Death of the Prussian minister, count Brandenburg, yet. 59, 6.
The king of Prussia puts his whole army on a war footing, and calls out the
landwehr; the emperor of Austria proposes a mutual disarming, 7; concurrence
of Prussia with Austria and the Federals, to restore order in Hesse Cassel and
Holstein, 29. The pope returns to Rome, Apr. 12. Arrest of Franzoni. arch-
bishop of Turin, May 4 ; he is fined and imprisoned for resisting the authority
of the State, 23. The Piedmontese clergy refuse the last sacrament to the
minister of commerce, Santa Rosa, Aug. 6. Removal of the monks from Turin,
8. Pranzoni banished by the Criminal Court, Sept. 27. Kossuth removed to
Kutayah, Feb. 15. The harbour of Sebastopol completed, Feb. 20. A band of
adventurers, under gen. Lopez, land in Cuba, May 17; fail in their enterprise,
and return to Savannah, 25 ; are prosecuted in the district court without effect.
Treaty for the construction of a transit-way across the Isthmus of Panama, June
23. Death of gen. Zachary Taylor, Pres. U. S., July 9, set. 60 ; his place is filled
by Vice-President Millard Fillmore. California admitted into the Union, Oct.
18. Death of the Chinese emperor, Taou Kwang, Feb. 25, set. 69, of Pedro Al-
fonso, son of the emperor of Brazil, of Francis, lord Jeffrey, set. 77, of lord Ayl-
mer, set. 75, of Sir Gordon Bremer, of Sir Wm. Allan, R.A., ast. 68, of Sir M. A.
Shee, Pres. R A., of the duke of Palmella, of lord Nugent, of Sir Jas. Malcolm,
of Sir H. R. Pakenham, of Wm. Wordsworth, poet-laureate, set. 80, of lieut.
Waghorn, R.N., set. 49, of the Rev. Dr. Ingram, of the Rev. Wm. Kirby, of the
Rev. W. Lisle Bowles, of Dr. A. Neander, set. 61, of Adam Ochsenschlager, of
gen. Bern, the Hungarian exile, tet. 55, of the American senator, Calhoun, set. 68,
of the Abbd Gregoire, set. 102, of M. Gay Lussac, of M. de Blainville, of count
Mollien, set. 92, of M, de Balzac, of C. E. Law, recorder of London, of C. W. W.
Wynn, of Wm. Westall, R.A., of R, J. Wyatt, sculptor, of Miss Jane Porter,
and of the Rev. Jas. Ford, a liberal benefactor by his will to Trinity College,
1850 TO 1851 A.D.
7/3
A.D.
1851
Events and Eminent Mej:.
Oxford. The third tube of the Britannia Bridge placed, June 10; the fourth,
July 25 : finally fixed, and the Chester and Holyhead Railway completed, Sept.
13. Lord Brougham addresses the Academy of Sciences at Baris, Jan. 22. Dis-
covery of "Parthenope" by DeGasparis, May 11 ; of " Victoria" by Hind, Sept. 13,
and of " Egeria" by De Gasparis, Nov. 2. Sir C. Eastlake President R.A. Alfred
Tennyson poet-laureate. Donation of ancient marbles to the university of Cam-
bridge, by Mr. Disney, Apr. 11 ; of an entomological collection to Oxford, by Mr.
Hope, 18. The Nineveh antiquities deposited by Mr. Layard in the British Mu-
seum, Oct. 11. The Zoological Society receives a young hippopotamus from the
Nepaulese ambassador, May 25. The correspondence between Goethe and Schil-
ler taken from the sealed casket and ordered to be printed, May 17. The Crystal
Palace in Hyde Park commenced, Sept. 23. Banquet at York to prince Albert
and the lord mayor of London, Oct. 25. Terrific storm at Dublin, Apr. 18. Sale
of the king of Holland's gallery of paintings, Aug. 12. Turin and Novi Pail-
road opened, Jan 2.
Repulse of the Caffres at Fort Beaufort, Jan. 7. Meeting to address the queen
for a revival of convocation, 14. Shere Singh and the other captives removed
to Fort William, 17 ; Caffres repulsed at Fort Hare, 21 and near Fort Cox, 30.
Parliament meets, Feb. 4 ; lord John Russell obtains leave to bring in the "Ec-
clesiastical Titles Bill," 7; the Commons, by 281 to 267, negative Mr. D'Israeli's
motion on agricultural distress, 13; by 395 to 63, read the Ecc. Tit. Bill the
first time, 14; by 100 to 52 agree to Mr. Locke King's motion on the franchise,
20 ; lord John Russell and his colleagues resign ; lord Stanley, the earl of Aber-
deen and Sir Jas. Graham, fail in their attempts to form a cabinet,.22 — 27 ; the
queen consults the duke of Wellington and the marquis of Lansdowne, 28; lord
John Russell resumes office, March 3 ; viscount Duncan carries by a majority
of one, his vote of censure on the Commissioners of Woods and Forests, 11 ;
lord Langdale retires and Sir John Romilly succeeds as Master of the Rolls, 24;
majority of 343 to 95 for the second reading of the Ecc. Tit. Bill, 25 ; lord Lynd-
hurst complains of the plots carried on in London by foreign refugees against
the continental governments, 28. Census taken of the United Kingdom, 31;
total population, 27,738,940 ; London, 2,359,640. Defeat of the Caffres by col.
Mackinnon, Apr. 23. The Grand Exhibition opened by the queen in state, May
1. The Commons, by 244 to 230, grant the income-tax for only one year instead
of three, 2. Charter granted to the Submarine Telegraph Company, 10. First
discovery of gold near Bathurst, in Australia, 14. Vote of the Oxford Fellows
to resist the royal commission of inquiry, 21. Riot at Tamworth against a Pro-
tectionist meeting, 28. The Commons, by 282 to 202, reject a motion of censure
on lord Torrington's government of Ceylon, 29; pass a Bill for the relief
of Jewish disabilities. Revolt of Hottentots, suppressed by gen. Somerset,
June 3— 5. M'Manus, one of the Irish convicts, escapes from Sydney, 5. The
pope orders a collection for the building of a Roman Catholic cathedral in Lon-
don, 9. The Ecc. Titles Bill passed by the Commons, July 4. The queen and
prince Albert attend a festival to celebrate the Exhibition. 9. The Commons,
by 230 to 19, negative Mr. Hume's motion for inquiry into the proceedings of
Sir Jas Brooke against the Borneo pirates, 10; the Lords, by a majority of 36.
reject the Jews' Bill, 17 ; the Commons refuse to hear Mr. Salomons or his
Greenwich constituents at their bar, 28 ; the Ecc. Titles Bill passed by the Lords,
29. Parliament prorogued, Aug. 8. "Catholic Defence Association" formed at
Dublin, 19. The duke of Norfolk leaves the church of Rome, 31. Sharp encounters
with the Caffres ; capt. Oldham slain Sept. 8, 9 ; a new constitution for the Cape
of Good Hope, 15. Completion of the Submarine Telegraph, 25. The Queen, on
her return from Balmoral, visits Liverpool and Manchester, Oct. 7. Exhibition
closed, 11. The Caffre camp at Waterkloof destroyed, 16. Mr. Hargreaves, dis-
coverer of the Australian gold fields, appointed superintendent of them, 17. Kos-
suth arrives at Southampton, 23. Messrs. Paxton, Cubitt, and Fox, architects of
the Crystal Palace knighted. Col. Fordyce kil'ed in an action with the Caffres,
Nov. 6. Kossuth at Manchester, 11. The Submarine Telegraph opened to the
public, 13. Kossuth embarks for America, 20. Commodore Lambert arrives 1
I
776
FROM THE YEJLB
1851 !
conti-
nued.
before Rangoon with a British expedition, 27. Extensive discoveries of gold in
Australia, Dec. 10; a single piece, weighing 106 lbs., is received by Matheson
and Co. of London, 22. Lord Palmerston retires from the Foreign Office and is
succeeded by earl Granville. Louis Napoleon appoints Drouyn de l'Huys mi-
nister ; displaces Changarnier ; gives the command of the army of Paris to
Baraguay d'Hilliers, and the National Guard to gen. Perrot, Jan. 9; the As-
sembly rejects the Dotation Bill, Feb. 10. Gen. St. Arnaud, commanding in
Algeria, attacks the Kabyles, May 11. Petitions laid before the Assembly to
review the constitution and prolong the President's powers, 22. St; Arnaud
proceeds against the Beni Aissa, June 9. The Assembly, by 428 to 199, reject a
proposition for a reform of the commercial code, 28. Victorious close of the
campaign against the Kabyles, July 17. The revision of the constitution not
carried in the Assembly, 19; numerous arrests in France on a charge of con-
spiracy, Sept. 3 ; new ministry— marquis de Turgot for foreign affairs, and St.
Arnaud for war, Oct. 27 ; the electoral law rejected, Nov. 13; Coup d' Etat ; the
President dissolves the Assembly ; restores universal suffrage ; confines Chan-
garnier, Cavaignac, and many others, in the castle of Ham, Dec. 2 ; insurrection,
martial law, and dreadful massacre in Paris, 4 ; deportation of all suspected
persons, 18 ; the President appeals to the nation, and is re-elected by a majority
of nearly seven millions, 24. Austrian and Prussian commissaries at Kiel
demand the entire submission of Holstein, Jan. 6. The Bavarian troops with-
draw from Hesse, 9. The Chamber at Kiel submits, 11. Trial by jury intro-
duced at Vienna, 15. The Holstein authorities resign, Feb. 1 ; army disbanded,
March 29. Conference at Dresden closes, May 15. The emperor Nicholas and
the king of Prussia meet at Warsaw, 17. Statue of Frederic the Great, by
Ranch, erected at Berlin, 31. Assembly of Nobles at Flensburg, June 15. Die"t
of Francfort restored, Aug. 23. Hanover concludes a treaty with Prussia and
joins the Zollverein, Sept. 17. Death of Ernest Augustus, king of Hanover,
Nov. 18, set. 81 ; his son, Geo. V. Frederic, blind from his birth, succeeds him on
the throne. Resignation of Narvaez, the queen of Spain's prime minister, Jan.
10, and appointment of Murillo, 14. The Cubans under Aguero defeat the
Spanish troops and declare themselves independent, July 4 ; Lopez arrives with
an expedition to assist them, Aug. 18; another battle, in which the Spanish ge-
neral Enna is slain, 17 ; final defeat of the insurrection ; Lopez prisoner, is pub-
licly executed, Sept. 1 ; the other invaders sent out of the island, 7. Birth of
Isabella Maria Christina, princess of Asturias, Dec. 20. The duke de Saldanha
resists the government of count Thomar in Portugal and takes up arms at Cintra,
Apr. 8; the Thomar ministry resigns, 26; Saldanha fixes his head quarters at
Oporto, 27; a British ship is sent to convey him to Lisbon, May 8; he arrives
there and is appointed minister, 15; the Cortes convened, 28. The Polish re-
fugees leave Turkey for Liverpool, Jan. 21. The pasha of Egypt contracts with
Mr. Stephenson for a railway from Alexandria to Cairo, July 12; the sultan
forbids it, Sept. 4 ; grants a firman for its construction, Nov. 4. Death of the
duchess d'Angouleme, Oct. 19, set. 73. A rebellion breaks out in China. Death
of the marquis of Northampton, aet. 61, of the marquis Hastings, set. 19, of the
earl of Derby, set. 76, of earl Cottenham, ret. 70, of the earl of Shaftesbury, of the
earl of Liverpool, set. 66, of the earl of Donoughmore, set. 64, of lord Dalmeny,
ret. 42, of the duke of Newcastle, set. 66, of lord Bexley, set. 85, of the earl of
Harrington, iet. 71, of lord Langdale, of the earl of Bantiy, set. 84, of lord Newry,
of viscount Melville, ret. 80, of adm. lord Hay, set. 58, of viscount Bolingbroke,
ret. 65, of lord Stafford, set. 81, of the earl of Clare, of the prince of Salerno, ret.
61 of* count Reventlow, Danish ambassador, of Prince Wittgenstein, 56 years
Prussian minister, set. 81, of Manuel Godoy, Prince of Peace, ret. 87, of count
D' Alton, ret. 75, of marshal Soult, ret. 82, of marshal Sebastiani, ret. 80, of field-
marshal Thos. Grosvenor, ret. 87, of adm. Sir Edw. Codrington, ret. 80, of lord
Mackenzie, lord of Session, ret. 74, oi Sir E. C, Disbrowe, of F. Hope, president
of the Court of Session, ret. 90, of Sir J. M. Gordon, 39 years Q. M. G., of Sir
Gilbert Heathcote, ret. 77, of J. M. W. Turner, R.A., ret. 76, of W. Wyon, R.A.,
medal-die engraver, ret. 56, of Dr. Haviland, ret. 66, of Dr. Lingard, ret. 82, of
1851 TO 1852 A.D.
777
Events and Eminent Men.
Joanna Baillie. set. 89, of Vincent Priessnitz, the hydropathist, set. 52, of Oersted,
the Danish professor, one of the teachers of electro-magnetism, of I. J. Audubon,
set. 76, of T. S Bell, Mr. Layard's coadjutor at Nineveh, of M. Daguerre, of
Richard Lalor Shiel, pet. 58, of Basil Montague, set. 82, of Dr. Pye Smith, of
Mrs. Shelley, set. 54, of James Richardson, the African traveller, of Wm. Holmes,
the active M.P. under lord Liverpool, set. 72, of Sir George Tucker, E. I. director,
set. 80, of Dan. O'Connor, son of the Irish exile, of D. M. Moir, Blackwood's
"Delta," of John Fennimore Cooper, ajt. 53, of archdeacon Torrens, set 83, and
of W. S. Lascelles, M.P. Discovery of " Irene" by Hind, May 19, and of " Eu-
nomia" by De Gasparis, July 29. Lord Eglintoun lord Rector of Marischal
College, Aberdeen, March 18. Museum of Practical Geology opened, May 12.
Statues raised : of Nicholas Poussin, at Andelys, June 15, of Wm. the Con-
queror, at Falaise, Oct. 26, and of lord Geo. Bentinck, in Cavendish Square,
Nov. 4. The area in front of St. Paul's thrown open to the public, Feb. 17. The
French Assembly votes a sum to assist the publication of Ferret's " Rome Sou-
terraine." Railway's completed : between Dublin and Galway, Aug. 1, between
Petersburg and Moscow, 31, the Panama to Gatun, Oct. 12. The " Pacific"
arrives at Holyhead, having crossed the Atlantic in 9 days 19 h. 25 m , May 20.
The chemical operations of the Irish Peat Company commence at Athy, Dec. 8.
Mr. Macready retires from the stage, Feb. 26. Entry of Kossuth into New York,
Dec. 6.
The Bank of England reduces the rate of discount to 2£ per cent., Jan. 1. The in-
habitants of Frome petition against the minister appointed for their church, 2.
The master engineers of Manchester resist the demands of the " Amalgamated
Society" of their workmen, 3. The batteries of Rangoon destroyed by the
British, 10. Lord Granville's circular to the Continental States respecting po-
litical refugees, 13. Sir Harry Smith recalled from the Cape, 14; overtures of
the Caffre chiefs for peace, 15. Meeting of parliament ; first entrance of the
Queen through the Victoria tower, Feb. 3. The Convocation prorogued by the
archbishop till August, 4. Schwartzenberg's reply to lord Granville's circular.
Lord Cathcart appointed governor of the Cape, 8. Lord Palmerston's amendment
on the Militia Bill carried by a majority of 11 ; lord John Russell resigns, 21.
The earl of Derby forms a ministry; B. D'Israeli chancellor of the exchequer, 23.
Revival of the Anti Corn-law League, March 4. Lord Cathcart arrives at the
Cape, 31. The Burman fortress of Martaban stormed by the British, April 5 ;
Rangoon, 14. Sir Edward Belcher sails to seek for Sir John Franklin, 21. Bank
discount, 2 per cent. The operative engineers of Manchester submit to their em-
ployers' terms, 26. Mr. Locke King's motion on the County Franchise rejected
by a majority of 53, 27. The British army advances from Rangoon and takes
Bassein, May 19. Report of the Oxford University Commission, 21. Thomas
Meagher escapes from Van Dieman's Land to New York, 25. Pegu taken, June
4. Parliament dissolved, July 1. Prome reduced, 9. The Queen visits Ply-
mouth, 20. Election-riot at Six-mile bridge near Limerick, 22. Kossuth arrives
at Liverpool from New York, 25. Excursion of the Queen to Belgium, Aug. 10;
return to Osborne house, 17. Death of the duke of Wellington, Sept. 14, set. 83.
The queen directs his interment in St. Paul's Cathedral, and a public funeral,
Oct. 7. Royal inspection of the Britannia Bridge, 14. The London Common
Council vote a monument to the duke of Wellington in Guildhall, and the E. L
Company a statue in their court room, 27. Funeral services in honour of him
are performed at Vienna, Sept. 30, and at Madrid, Oct, 7. The new parliament
assembles, Nov. 4. The London clergy oppose the attempt to revive the active
powers of Convocation, 8. Funeral of the duke of Wellington ; national tributes
of mourning and respect, 18. The British government acknowledges the French
emperor, Dec. 6. Annexation of Pegu to our Indian dominions, 20. The earl
of Derby and his colleagues resign, 28. A Coalition ministry is formed by lords
Aberdeen, John Russell, and Palmerston, with their respective supporters. The
French coin ordered to bear the effigy of prince Louis Napoleon, Jan. 4. Res-
toration of the ancient names of public edifices ; erasure of republican inscriptions,
6= 600 political prisoners embarked for Cayenne, 8. Thiers, Changarnier, Be-
778
FROM THE TEAE
Events and Eminent Men.
1852 dean, Lamoriciere, Victor Hugo, and other democrats ba
conti- Guard dissolved for re-organization, 12. New consti
nued. years ; senators appointed by him for life ; deputies ele
15. Confiscation of the Orleans property. 23. Titles
Treaty with the sultan for the protection of the "lb
Feb. 13. French journals subjected to a government 1
tished, 10. The Nation al
ution ; president for ten
•ted by universal suffrage,
of nobility restored, 25.
ly Places" in Palestine,
cence and foreign news-
papers prohibited, 17. Martial law suspended, code Napoleon restored, Mar.
28. Order to erect a Crystal Palace in the Champs Elysees, 30. Eagles de-
livered to the French army, May 10. Conspiracy to assassinate Louis Napo-
leon detected, July 1. M. Thiers and other eminent exiles allowed to return
to France, Aug. 8. The Parisian Crystal Palace commenced, Sept. 6. Abd el
Kader liberated; the prefect of the Seine calls upon Louis Napoleon to restore
the empire, Oct. 16. The Senate refers the question to the people, Nov. 4.
Jerome Bonaparte, proposed to be excluded from the succession, resigns his
post of president of the Senate, 8. Majority of more than seven millions of
the French people in favour of restoring the empire, Dec. 1. Napoleon III.
proclaimed, 2. Jerome included in the Act of Succession, 24. Death of the
Austrian minister, prince Schwartzenberg, Apr. 5, ast. 52. The emperor ap-
points no president of the council; places at the head of the office for Foreign
Affairs, count Buol Schauenstein, brother-in-law of baron Meyendorf, the
Russian ambassador at Vienna. A new constitution in Hesse Cassel, April 14.
Death of Chas. Leopold Fred., grand duke of Baden, 24. set. 62; his eldest son,
Louis, relinquishes the succession to his brother, Fred. Wm , May 4. The
emperor Nicholas visits Vienna, 8, Dresden, 12. European treaty for securing
the duke of Gliicksburg as presumptive heir to the crown of Denmark, 8. The
emperor Francis Joseph at Berlin ; first visit of an Austrian sovereign to Prussia,
Dec. 17. The queen of Spain wounded by the assassin Merino, Feb. 2; he is
degraded from the priesthood and executed, 7. Persecution of the Madiai at
Florence, May 8. Lord Koden and an English deputation arrive to intercede for
them, Oct. 22; are refused an interview by the grand duke, /5. Reshid Pasha
dismissed by the sultan, Jan. 25 ; made president of the Council of State, 28 ;
vizir again, March 6. Kossuth presented to the House of Representatives at
Washington, Jan. 7. Expedition of the U. S. to Japan, March 10. Gen. Franklin
Pierce elected president. Soulouque emperor of Haiti, Apr. 18. The Chinese
insurgents defeat Commissioner Leu, June 19 ; are repulsed at Chang-sha-fu,
Sept. 12. Death of the earl of Shrewsbury, of lord Paninnre, set. 81, of lady
Lovelace (Ada Byron), set. 37, of the duke of Leuchtenberg, set. 35, of the duke
of Hamilton, set. 85, of Castanos, duke of Baylen, set. 95, of Sir H. Jenner Fust,
set. 75, of Thos. Moore, set. 72, of Sir John Guest, of gen. Sir John Rose, set. 75,
of Dr. Hodgson, provost of Eton, set. 72, of marshal Marmont, aet. 7S, of marshal
Gerard, aet. 79, of marshal Excelmans, of gen, Gourgaud, of Daniel Webster,
set. 70, of Henry Clay, aet. 75, of Dr. Murray, R. C. archbishop of Dublin, of count
D'Orsay, of A. W. Pugin, architect, of Henry Fynes Clinton, set. 72, of J. H.Bent,
chief justice of Guyana, set. 72, of Armand Marrast, of Rob. Blackwood, and of Win.
Finden, the engraver, set. 66. International Copyright Treaty between Great Bri-
tain and France, Jan. 8. New planets discovered : " Psyche," Mar. 17, by De Gas-
paris; " Thetis," Apr. 17, by Luther ; " Melpomene," June 24, "Fortuna," Aug. 22,
" Calliope," Nov. 16, and " Thalia," Dec. 15, all by Hind ; " Massilia," Sept. 20, by
Chacornac; and " Lutetia," Nov. 15, by Goldschmidt. Sculptures from Nineveh
presented to the university of Oxford by Mr. Layard, Jan. 30. Submarine Tele-
graph completed between Holyhead and Howth, June 2 ; commenced between
Port Patrick and Donaghadee, July 16. Tubular bridge over the Wye at Chep-
stow, Apr. 8. Dublin and Belfast Junction Railway, June. Panama to Bugo
Soldado, March 15. Strasburg and Paris, July 18. Quebec to Richmond com-
menced, Jan. 14. Grimsby Dock opened, Mar. 18. Statues of Sir R. Peel erected,
at Salford, May 8, at Tamworth, July 23, at Leeds, Aug. 20, at Bury, Sept. 7;
of the duke of Wellington at Edinburgh, June 18; of Napoleon I. at Lyons,
Sept. 20; of Des Cartes at Tours, Sept. 12. The Crystal Palace purchased by
ti»e Brighton Railway Company, May 13 ; re-erected at Sydenham, Aug. 5 ;
1852 TO 1853 A.D. 779
A.D.
1853
Events and Eminent Men.
leave obtained to place " Cleopatra's Needle" there, Nov. 9. Cork Exhibition
opened, June 10. The earl of Eglintoun lord Rector of Glasgow university,
Nov. 30 The earl of Derby chancellor of Oxford, Oct. 12. The Minie rifle in-
troduced, March 3.
Birth of queen Victoria's fourth son, Leopold Geo. Duncan Albert, April 7. Bank
of England rate of discount advanced to 2^ per cent., Jan. 6, to 3 per cent., 20.
Mr. Gladstone, chancellor of the exchequer, re-seated for the university of Oxford
by a majority of 124, after a contest of 15 days. Close of the Caffre war, 26.
Union of Great Britain and France to protect Turkey against Russia, 28. Meeting
of parliament, Feb. 10. Lord John Russell resigns to lord Clarendon the office
of Foreign Secretary, 21. The Clare grand jury ignores the bills of indictment
against the soldiers who quelled the riot at Six-mile Bridge, 24. The Chinese
government allows the sale and use of opium, 25. Lord Stratford de Redcliffe
sent to Constantinople, 28. Debate of the Commons on the grant to Maynooth,
March 2 ; of the Lords, April 18. Treaty concluded by lord Cathcart with the
Caffres, March 9. Lord Stratford de Redcliffe arrives in Turkey, and consults
with the French and Austrian envoys, April 5. The " Canada Reserves " Bill
passed by the Commons, 11 ; by the Lords, 28. The "Jewish Disabilities Bill"
passed by the Commons, 15, rejected by the Lords, 29 ; the Commons, by 323
to 252, continue the Income Tax till 1860, and extend it to Ireland, May 2;
the Bill passed by the Lords, June 27. The Burmese refuse the terms of
peace offered to them, May 7. Lord John Russell's comments on the illiberal
spirit of the Romish clergy, cause Messrs. Keogh, Monsell, and Sadleir to
resign, May 31. Lord Aberdeen's explanation induces them to remain in
office, June 4. The duke of Genoa, son of the king of Sardinia, visits Eng-
land, May 31. Bank discount advanced to 3J per cent., June 2. Bill for the
government of India introduced, 3; passed by the Commons, July 28: ap-
proved by the Lords on the second reading, Aug. 5. Strike of the Stockport
operatives, June 10. A camp formed at Chobham, 14. Departure of the
duke of Genoa. The king and queen of Hanover arrive, 16. Review at Chobham,
21. Assent of the Burmese to the British demands ; without a formal treaty of
peace, hostilities cease, 30. The king and queen of Hanover leave England, July
4. Discussions in both houses of parliament on the oppression of Turkey by
Russia, July 11, 13 ; Aug. 2, 12. The legacy duty extended to real property by
the Commons, July 18 : by the Lords, 28: duty on advertisments repealed, 21.
Naval review at Spithead, Aug. 11. The camp at Chobham broken up, 19.
Parliament prorogued, 2U. The Queen visits Dublin, 29. Bank discount ad-
vanced to 4 per cent., Sept. 1 ; to 4^ per cent. , 15 ; to 5 per cent. 29 ; decline of the
3 percent, consols from the Jan. price of 100J to 91A, 24. The Queen founds a new
tower at Balmoral palace, 29. Strike of the Preston operatives, Oct. 17. First
meeting of the Commission of Inquiry into the London Corporation, Nov. 1.
Lord Pal merston resigns; is prevailed upon to resume office, Dec. 16. Lord
Clarendon remonstrates against the proceedings of the czar towards Turkey, 27.
Marriage of the French emperor to Eugenia de Montijo, duchess of Teba, Jan. 30.
Amnesty proclaimed, Feb. 4. The will of Napoleon I. given up to the French
government, by the Prerogative Court of London, 17. A French fleet ordered to
join adm. Dundas, March 19 ; sails from Toulon, 23 ; arrives in the Bay of Sal-
amis, April 4. The French ambassador, M. de la Coui*,'arrives in Constantinople,
6; objects to the Russian propositions, 9. Reconciliation of the Bourbon and
Orleans princes ; interview between the dukes of Bordeaux and Nemours at
Frohsdorf, Nov. 17. The emperor of Austria wounded by an assassin, Feb. 18.
Commercial treaty between Austria and Prussia, 19. Death of Paul Fred. Aug.,
grand duke of Oldenburg. Feb. 27, set. 70; he is succeeded by his son Nicholas
Fred. Peter. The bishop of Treves requires, in mixed marriages, an oath that
the children shall be brought up Roman Catholics, March 15. The king of
Prussia forbids the oath. Count Buol advises the czar to desist from his
measures against Turkey, May 30; and not to occupy the principalities, June
11. Baron von Bruck, the Austrian ambassador, arrives at Constantinople. 14.
Meeting of the Austrian and Russian emperors at Olmiitz, Sept. 24 ; the czar at
780
FROM TIIE YEAH
A.D.
1853
conti-
nued.
Events and Eminent Men.
Berlin, Oct. 8. Conference of Great Britain. France, Austria, and Prussia at
Vienna, Dec. 5. Papal aggression in Holland checked by a law for religious
liberty, Sept 8. Marriage of the duke of Brabant, heir-apparent of Belgium, to
Maria Henrietta, archduchess of Austria, Aug. 22. Death of Maria da Gloria,
queen of Portugal, Nov. 15, set. 34 ; her consort, prince Augustus of Saxe Coburg,
assumes the regency during the minority of their son, Pedro V. Interposition
of the British government in favour of the Madiais, Jan. 18 ; they are released
on condition of leaving Tuscany, March 16. The king of Sardinia permits a
church at Turin for the Waldenses, Dec. 15. Concentration of Russian forces
under gen. Liiders on the Turkish frontier, Jan. 7 ; demands of count Nesselrode,
8, 14 ; Abd el Kader arrives at the residence assigned to him, Boursa, in Asia
Minor. Prince Mentchikof at Constantinople, vMarch 2 ; the vizir applies for
assistance to adm. Dundas, who, having no orders to act, remains at Malta, 6
negotiations of Mentchikof, 8 — 26 ; his proposals rejected, April 14 ; finnans of
the sultan for the rights of the Greek and Latin churches in Palestine, May 4 ;
Mentchikof addresses another note to the Porte, 5 ; breaks off negotiations, 10 ;
leaves Constantinople, 21 ; Nesselrode threatens to occupy the principalities,
31 ; the czar collects his Baltic fleet at Cronstadt, June 12 ; the British and
French fleets arrive in Besika Bay, 13 ; Russian manifesto, 26 ; passage of the
Pruth, July 3 ; convention proposed by lord Clarendon, 9 ; protest of the sultan,
14 ; Gortchakof enters Bucharest, 28 ; the divan decides on war with Russia,
Sept. 18 ; the Russian fleet sails from Sebastopol, 29 ; Omar Pasha demands the
evacuation of the principalities, Oct. 4; the sultan invites the British and
French fleet to enter the Dardanelles, 8 ; the king of Greece prepares to act in
concert with the czar ; Gortchakof refuses to negotiate or retire ; the Turks cross
the Danube at Kalafat, 27 ; arrival of the combined fleets, Nov. 1 ; defeat of the
Russians by Omar Pasha at Oltenitza, 4; they destroy a Turkish flotilla at
Sinope, and massacre the crews, 30 ; indignation of Europe ; protest of lord Cla-
rendon; the British and French admirals drive the Russian fleet out of the
Black Sea into the harbour of Sebastopol, Dec. 27. The son of the President
Elect killed by an accident on the Boston railway, U. S., Jan. 6. Installation of
gen. Franklin Pierce, March 4. The governor of Nankin applies to the foreign
consuls in China for assistance, March 16 ; the insurgents take the city, 21, and
Amoy, 18; they are expelled from the latter, Nov. 11. Death of the sultana
Valide, mother of Abdul Medjid, of the archduke Reinier of Austria, set. 70, of
Chas. Fred., grand duke of Saxe Weimar, set. 71, of the duke of Beaufort, set. 62,
of Fred., viscount Melbourne, set 71, of the marquis of Huntley, set. 92, of lord
Saltoun, set. 68, of lord Skelmersdale, set. 83, of Edw., lord Suffield, set. 40, of
Georgiana, dowager-duchess of Bedford, set. 72, of lord Cloncurry, set. 80, of count
Montholon, of eount Corbiere, set. 86, of Dr. Kaye, bishop of Lincoln, set. 70, of
M. De Bille, Danish ambassador, of gen. Sir Fred. Adam, and of his brother,
adm. Sir Charles, gov. of Greenwich Hospital, aet. 73. of gen. Sir W. S. Whish,
set. 66, of gen. Sir Edw. Kerrison, aet. 78, of adm. Sir Geo. Cockburn, aet. 81, of
Sir W. Betham, Ulster king-at-arms, set. 74, of gen. Sir Chas. Napier, set. 71, of
Sir C. A. Elton, set. 75, of David Boyle, pres. of the Court of Session, aet. 81, of
Dr. Broughton, bishop of Sidney, set. 71, of Dr. Ponsonby, bishop of Derry, aet.
82, of the Austrian field-marshal, baron Julius von Haynau, set. 67, of Dr.
Butler, dean of Peterborough, set. 79, of adm. Davies, set. 65, of lady Sale, of
Amelia Opie, set. 85, of Ludwig Tieck, aet. 80, of Dom. Arago, director of the Paris
Observatory, set. 68, of M. Orfila, set. 70, of the geologist Von Buch, set. 79, of
prof. Mill, set. 62, of H. E. Strickland, of W. R. Bexfield, Mus. D., set. 30, of the
Rev. W. Jay, set. 85, of M. Fockeday, a member of the Nat. Convention, who
voted against the death of Louis XVI., ast. 95, of Joseph Cottle, set. 84, of
Bransby Cooper, set. 60, of the Spanish minister, Mendizabal, of Louis Fontaine,
the architect, set. 90, of J. M. Cripps, the companion of Dr. Edw. Clarke's travels,
aet. 73, of H. Southern, set. 54, of Saml. Woodburn, set. 67, of Geo. Palmer, aet. 82,
of Geo. Lyall, of C Baring Wall, aet. 58, of Col. Hawker, set. 67, of aid. Harmer,
ret. 79, of T. G. Estcourt, set. 78, of E. Oswald, set. 75, of gen. von Radowitz, set. 57,
of Maurice O'Connell, and of lieut. Bellot, set. 27. Dublin Exhibition opened,
1853 TO 1854 A.D.
781
May 12 ; closed, Oct. 31. Planets discovered : " Themis," by De Gasparis, Apr.
5; "Phocffla,"by Chacornac, 6; " Proserpine," by Luther, May 5; " Euterpe," by
Hind, Nov. 8. Submarine Telegraph laid down between Port Patrick and Donag-
badee, May 23; projected between France and Algeria, 24. Wm. Brown, M.P.
for South Lancashire, gives £6000 to found a Public Library in Liverpool, Sept.
21. A statue of Sir R. Peel erected at Manchester, Oct. 13 ; of Marshal Ney on
the spot where he fell, and on the anniversary of his death, Dec 7. Dr. Barth
reaches Timbuctoo, Sept. 7. New York Exhibition opened, July 15. The
Excise Office, the original site of Gresham College, sold by government, May
12. Report on beds of guano in the Chineta Islands, Aug. 29. The Rev. J. H.
Newman fined for his libel on Achilli, Jan. 31. Cab strike in London, July 27.
Meeting of parliament, Jan. 31. Vindication of prince Albert from false charges
brought against him. Unanimity of both houses in resisting the aggression of
Russia. The Convocation assembles and continues sitting for the dispatch of
business, Feb. 1 . Mr. Sturge and a company of Quakers have an audience of the
emperor Nicholas to dissuade him from war, 10. A new Reform Bill introduced
by lord John Russell, 13 ; second reading postponed, Mar. 3 ; withdrawn, Ap.ll.
Bill to prevent Bribery brought in, Feb 10; after much debate in both houses,
finally passed, Aug. 8. First embarkation of guards at Southampton for Turkey,
Feb. 22. Lord Raglan, appointed to command, proceeds to Paris to arrange the
plan of the campaign, 25. The Preston turn-outs resist the introduction of
strangers, March 3. Financial plans of Mr. Gladstone ; proposition to double
the Income-tax, 6. Banquet of the Reform Club to Sir Charles Napier, 7 ; he
leaves Spithead with the first division of the Baltic fleet, 11 ; admiral Corry
follows, 16. Oxford University Reform Bill, 17 ; passed by the Lords, July.
Queen's message to parliament announcing war with Russia, March 17. Lord
Raglan and the duke of Cambridge set out for Turkey, Apr. 10. Blockade of
the Gulf of Finland, 12 ; not a Russian ship seen in the Baltic. Bank discount
5^ per cent., May 11. Chevalier Bunsen presents to the Queen his letters of re
call, 31. The king of Portugal and his brother visit London, June 2. Reciprocity
treaty with the U. S. conclnded by the earl of Elgin, 5. Fourth secretary of
state, for war, 8. The Queen opens the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, 10. First
bombardment of Bomarsund, 21. Departure of the king of Portugal, July 3.
The Elgin treaty ratified! Dv tne U. S. senate, Aug. 2. Bank discount re-
duced to 5 per cent., 3. Parliament prorogued, 12. Capture of Bomarsund
and destruction of its fortifications, 16. Unsuccessful attack on Petropau-
lowsky, Sept. 4. Prince Albert arrives at Boulogne to meet the French
emperor, 5. Inauguration of the Queen's statue at Glasgow, 6. The royal
family leave Osborne for Balmoral, 13 ; on their return, visit Hull, and inspect,
the new works at Grimsby, Oct. 13. Conference of lord Palmerston with Louis
Napoleon, Nov. 17. Lord Raglan created Field Marshal, 21. The fleets leave
the Baltic for the winter, Dec. 7. Burmese ambassadors at Calcutta, 11.
Meeting of parliament, 12 ; thanks of both houses to the army and navy and
their French allies, 15 Sir C. Napier arrives at Spithead, 17. Admiral Lyons
succeeds admiral Dundas in the command of the Black Sea fleet, 22. Foreign
Enlistment Bill passed by the Commons. Gen. Canrobert sets out to conduct his
division of the French army to the east, March 13 ; marshal St. Arnaud, com-
mander-in-chief, leaves Paris, Apr. 15. The Turks storm the Russian camp at
Citate, June 6. Count Orloff arrives at Vienna, 28. A Greek force joins the
insurgents in Epirus. The French emperor, with the concurrence of Great
Britain, writes to the czar, proposing terms on which hostilities may be avoided,
31. The Russian minister in Paris demands his passports, Feb. 1 ; in London
ceases diplomatic relations, 4. The Turks attack Giurgevo, 5. Lord Clarendon
requires the Greeks to desist from abetting the insurrection in Epirus, 16. The
czar rejects the terms proposed by the French emperor, 18 ; the British and
French ambassadors leave St. Petersburg, 21. Austria assents to the principle
of the Western alliance, but declines to act, March 7. Treaty between Great
Britain, France, and Turkey, 13. Unsatisfactory answer of the Greek govern-
ment to the demands of the allies, 21. Secoud defeat of the Russians at Olte-
76-2
FROM THE XBABt
A.D.
1854
conti-
Events and Eminent. Men.
nitza, 23 ; they invest Silistria, 28. Landing of the allies at Gallipoli, Apr. 5 ;
the Isthmus of the Chersonesus fortified; a British flag of truce fired upon at'
Odessa, 6 ; the Russians enter Kostendie, 8 ; arrival of the " Himalaya 7' at Galli-
poli, 13; defeat of the Russians at Kalafat, 19. Odessa bombarded by the allied
fleet, 22. Religious manifesto of the czar, 23. Retreat of the Russians from
Krajova, 24. Lord Raglan ai rives at Constantinople, 29, and marshal St. A rnaud,
May 8. Loss of the " Tiger," 12. Council of war at Varna, 18; intrepid defence
of Silistria, aided by capt. Butler and lieut. Nasmyth, 21. Landing of- the
French at the Piraeus, 25 ; submission of king Otho, 26. A fierce attack of the
Russians on Silistria repulsed, 29 ; sortie of the garrison, 30; the besiegers again
repulsed, June 13 ; their works destroyed and the siege raised, 18 : advance of
the allies to Varna, sufferings from disease, 19 ; death of capt. Butler, 20, set. 27 ;
retreat of the Russians, 22 ; the czar orders them to evacuate the Turkish terri-
tories, 24. The Turks cross the Danube and attack the retiring Russians at
Giurgevo, July 5. Destruction of the Sulina batteries by the British gun-boats,
8. The Russians fail in an attempt to storm the Turkish camp at Giurgevo, 23.
They gain a victory at Bayazid in Asia, 30. The Turks enter Bucharest, Aug. 6.
Conflagration of Varna, 10. The emperor of Austria proposes four conditions as
the basis of a treaty of peace — accepted by Great Britain and France, rejected by
Russia; Austria declines to support them by war; occupies the principalities;
ambiguous conduct of Prussia; the Austrians enter Bucharest, Sept. 6. The
allied armies sail from Varna for the Crimea, 7 ; land at Old Fort and take
Eupatoria, 14 ; battle of the Alma, 20 ; sufferings from cholera and fever, 24 ;
capture of Balaklava, 26 ; St. Arnaud from ill health resigns his command to
Canrobert— dies, 29, set. 53 ; first attack on Sebastopol, Oct. 17 ; battle of Bala-
klava, 25 ; death of capt. Nolan ; signal repulse of the Russians at Inkermann,
Nov. 5 ; death of gen. Sir Geo. Cathcart, set. 60 ; of brigadier-gen. Strangways,
set. 64, and of brigadier-gen. Goldie ; Miss Nightingale and a band of English
nurses arrive at Scutari to attend the sick and wounded, 6 ; gen. Sir De Lacy
Evans compelled by ill-health and exhaustion to resign his command, 11 ; fright-
ful storm on the coast of the Crimea, great loss of ships, lives, and stores, 14 ;
distress of the army from the inclemency of the season, sickness, and want of
supplies ; patience, fortitude, and courage of all ranks. Conference on the four
points opened at Vienna, 28. Marriage of the emperor of Austria to the prin-
cess Elizabeth of Bavaria, Apr. 24. The king of Prussia recalls the chevalier
Bunsen from his embassy in London, 26. Death of Frederick Aug., king of
Saxony, Aug. 9, set. 57 ; his brother John succeeds him. Treaty of alliance be-
tween Great Britain, France, and Austria, Dec. 2. Ferdinand Charles, duke of
Parma, assassinated, March 26, set 31 ; his son Robert inherits the dukedom,
under the regency of his mother, Louisa, daughter of the late duke de Berri.
Insurrection in Spain: Generals Concha and O'Donnell support the insurgents ;
barricades in Madrid ; Sartorius and his colleagues displaced, take refuge in
France; Espartero minister; impeachment of the queen dowager Christina ; she
is conveyed to Lisbon, and passes thence to Paris. Prince Vasa, son of the former
king of Sweden, Gustavus IV., protests against the Denmark Succession Treaty.
On the death of Abbas Pasha, July 13, his uncle, Said Pasha, becomes viceroy
of Egypt. The U. S. obtain by treaty commercial intercourse with Japan. The
Chinese rebels repulse an attack made on them at Shangai, March 20. Death of
lord Plunkett, set. 90, of lord Beresford, set. 84, of the marquis of Londonderry, set.
76, of the duke of Portland, set. 86, of the marquis of Anglesea, set. 86, of gen. lord
Fred. Fitzclarence, set. 54, and of his brother the Rev. lord Augustus, set. 50,
of the marquis of Ormond, set. 46, of John, third earl of Eldon, set. 49, of viscou.it
Jocelyn, set. 38, of lord Colborne, set. 75, of lord Beaumont, set. 49, of lord Dudley:
Coutts Stuart, set. 52, of the earl of Lichfield, set. 59, of lord Mostyn, set. S6, of lord j
Denman, set. 76, of Casimir count Bathyany, the Hungarian exile, set. 45, of baron j
de Rehausen, the Swedish ambassador, set. 51, of the lords of session, Rutherford, set.
63, andCockburn, set. 75, of Dr. Denison, bishop of Salisbury, set. 53, of Sir Thos.l
Noon Talfourd, set. 5S. of Sir Jas. Kempt, set. 90, of Dr. Bagot, bishop of Bath |
and Wells, set. 71, of Sir Robert Heron, set. 89, of Sir Gee. Arthur, set. 70, of Sir,
1854 TO 1855 A.D.
783
Events and Emixent Men.
1855
Tlios Byam Martin, set. 82, of prof. E. Forbes, set. 39, of Dr. Routh, master of
Magdalen College, Oxford, aet. 100, of prof. Wilson, set. 69, of James Montgomery,
set. 82, of cardinal Angelo Mai, set. 73, of prof. Jameson, set. 81, of Dr. Wallich, sat.
68, of J. G. Lockhart, set. 60, of T. C. Croker, set. 57, of the Austrian field mar-
shal Wimpffen, set. 85, of count Thibaudeau, of Silvio Pellico, set. 65, of Arthur
Aikin, set,. SO, of Henry Gunning, 65 years Esquire Bedell of Cambridge, set. 86,
of Leon Faucher, set 55, of Amand Bertin, of A. J. Yalpy, set. 68, of Caroline
Anne, widow of Robt. Southev, set. 68, of W. H. Bartlett. set. 45, of Wm. Maltby,
set. 90, of capt. Manby, set. 90, of G. S. Faber, set. 80, of F. K. Hunt, set. 40, of
Miss Ferrier, the novelist, of Mde. Sontag, countess Rossi, set. 49, of Mrs. Fite-
william, set. 52, of Rubini, set. 59, of J. J. Chalon, R.A , of G. Clint, set. 84, of
John Martin, set. 64, of O Tufnell, aet. 49, of Ralph Bernal, of aid. Thompson, set.
62, of H. Hobhouse, set. 7S, of Chas. Kemble, set. 79, of Jedediah Strutt of Belper,
set. 69, and of M. Delius, a German traveller, by falling into the crater of Ve-
suvius. Sir R. H. Inglis resigns the representation of Oxford University, Jan.
14. Sir E. B. Lytton installed president of the Edinburgh Society, 18. Astro-
nomical discoveries : " Bellona," by Luther, March 1 ; " Amphitrite," by Marth,
3; "Urania," by Hind, July 22; " Euphrosyne," by Ferguson, Sept. 1; "Po-
mona," by Goldschmidt, Oct. 26; "Polyhymnia," byChacornac, 28. Portrait of
Joseph Hume presented by his friends to Mrs. Hume, and by her to the London
University. A statue of Geo. Stephenson placed in the Great Hall of
Enston Square station, Apr. 10. First section of the Bengal Railway opened,
Aug. 15. Quebec to Richmond completed, Oct. 2; Flensburg to Tbnningen, 25.
Electric Telegraph from Paris to Bastia, Nov. 12. Dr. Rae announces the fate
of Sir John Franklin, Oct. 22. Cholera in Soho and St. James, Westminster,
Aug. 27. Grisi leaves the London stage, Aug. 7. Riot in the Australian gold-
diggings suppressed by Sir Chas. Hotham, Dec. 4.
Return of lord Elgin from Canada, Jan. 9. The opinions of archdeacon Denison
are pronounced by a commission of inquiry to be contrary to the doctrine of the
church of England, 10. Lord Dunkellin, taken prisoner in the Crimea, is re-
leased by order of the czar. Meeting at Leeds. Mr. Cobden and his constituents
differ on the policy of the war, 17. Resignation of lord John Russell, 23. The
Commons, by 305 to 148, adopt Mr. Roebuck's motion for inquiry into the con-
duct of the war, 29. The earl of Aberdeen and his colleagues resign, Feb. 1.
Speeches of the earl of Cardigan and Sir Chas. Napier at the Mansion House
dinner, 6. Sir De Lacy Evans receives in his place the thanks of the Commons
for his services, 2. Lord Palmerston forms a ministry, 7. Lord John Russell
proceeds to attend the conference of Vienna, 16. Sir James Graham, Mr. Glad-
stone, and Mr. Sidney Herbert, withdraw from the new ministry, 22. Mr. Roe-
buck's committee appointed, 23. Sir F. Cornewall Lewis, chancellor of the
Exchequer, 26. First meeting of the Sebastopol committee, March 5. Sir R.
Peel takes office as a junior lord of the admiralty, 9. The earl of Carlisle vice-
roy of Ireland, 13. The Commons, by 155 to 76, give Sir Wm. Clay leave to
bring in a bill for the Abolition of Church Rates, 29. The Baltic fleet under
admiral Dundas sails from Portsmouth, April 4. Visit of the French emperor
and empress to queen Victoria, 16—21. Lord R. Grosvenor's bill to prevent
Sunday Trading, 17. Cambridge University Reform Bill passed through com-
mittee by the Lords, 24. Return of lord John Russell ; having been re-elected as
colonial secretary, he takes his seat and states the proceedings of the Vienna
conference, 30; second l'eading of the Sunday Bill, May 3; the Commons, by 217
to 189, read the Church Rates Abolition Bill the second time, 16. Public distri-
bution of the Crimean medals by the Queen in St. James's park, 18. Petropaul-
owski abandoned by the Russians, and the works destroyed by the allied arma-
ment. A flag of truce attacked by the Russians at llango, in Finland, June 5.
Cambridge TJniversity Reform Bill passed by the Lords, 14. Report of the Sebas-
topol committee brought up by Mr. Roebuck. 18 ; committee of inquiry into capt. i
M'Clure's discoveries in the Arctic Sea, 29; popular excitement against the!
Sunday Bill manifested in Hyde park, 24 ; the Bill withdrawn, July 2. Visit of)
the king of Belgium to the Queen 3. Resignation of lord John Russell, 13 ; the!
781
FROM THE YEA.B
lt>55 Commons, by 289 to 182, negative Mr. Roebuck's motion of censure on the late
conti- government, 19; Sir Wm. Molesworth colonial secretary, 20; the Commons vote
nu£d. £10,000 to capt. MClure and the crew of the " Investigator," for the discovery of
the N. W. Passage, and a monument to Sir John Franklin, 31. Viscount Can-
ning appointed governor-general of India. Bombardment of Sweaborg, Aug. 9.
Parliament prorogued, 14. Visit of the Queen and prince Albert to the emperor
and empress at Paris, 18— 27 ; the Queen goes to Balmoral, Sept. 6; receives
there by electric telegraph the news of the fall of Sebastopol, 10 ; is visited by
prince Fred. Wm. of Prussia. Reception of the British embassy at Ava, 17.
Death of Sir Wm. Molesworth, 22, set. 45 ; Mr. Labouchere colonial secretary.
Treaty between Great Britain, France, and Sweden, Nov. 20. Arrival of Sir
Colin Campbell from the Crimea. Testimonial to Miss Nightingale, 29. Visit
of the king of Sardinia to queen Victoria, 30— Dec. 6. Meeting to raise a me-
morial of Joseph Hume, 13. Attempts to assassinate the French emperor, by
Pianori, April 28, who suffers death ; and by Bellemare, Sep. 8, who is confined
as a lunatic. Exhibition opened at Paris, May 15 ; closed, Nov. 15. The king
of Sardinia visits Paris, Nov. 22. Gen. Canrobert declines the baton of a field-
marshal ; is appointed ambassador to Stockholm. Duplicity of Russia in the
negotiations at Vienna, Jan. 8 ; Prussia excluded from participation in them.
Sardinia joins the alliance against Russia, 10. Improved condition of the army
in the Crimea, 27; gen. Simpson sent there, Feb. 7. Repulse of the Russians
at Eupatoria. 17. Death of the emperor Nicholas, March 2, set. 59 ; his son,
Alexander, adheres to his father's policy. Renewed bombardment of Sebastopol,
April 9. The wire of the submarine telegraph laid down in the Black Sea to
Balaklava, 13. The conference at Vienna broken up, 21. Arrival of the Sai-
dinian army under gen. Delia Marmora in the Crimea, May 8. Gen. Pellisier
takes the command of the French army, 16. The allied armaments reduce
Kei-tch, enter the sea of Azof, and destroy the Russian shipping and magazines
in its harbours, 24. Taganrog taken, June 3. The besiegers drive out the Rus-
sians and establish themselves in the Mamelon and the Quarries ; are repulsed
in their assault on the Malakhof and Redan, 18. Death of lord Raglan, 28, set.
67. General Simpson takes the command. Anapa abandoned by the Russians ;
the allies take Petrovski, July 16 ; battle of the Tchernaya ; defeat of the
Russians, Aug. 16. Omar Pasha invested with the G, C. of the Bath, 11. Culi-
nary reform of M. Soyer in the camp before Sebastopol, 27. Storming of the
Malakhof by the French and Sardinians ; gallant but unsuccessful attack of the
British on the Redan, Sep. 8 ; fall of Sebastopol, 10. Fanagoria surrenders to
the allies, 24. Defeat of the Russians by the garrison of Kara, 29. Kinburn
taken, Oct. 16. Fortifications of Oczakof destroyed, 18. Demolition of the docks,
arsenals, and forts of Sebastopol commenced. Immense stores divided among
the allied armies, Nov. 4, Sir James Simpson resigns, and Sir Wm. Codrington
is appointed to the command of the British army, 11. Death of adm. Bruat
on his return voyage to France. Surrender of Kars by the Turks to the Russian
Asiatic army, 28. Count Valentine Esterhazy, deputed by the Austrian court to
St. Petersburg, opens negotiations with count Nesselrode, Dec. 28. The basis
of a new constitution for Spain laid before the Cortes, Jan. 13. Death of Don
Carlos at Triest, March 10, set 67. Intolerable tyranny of the government of
Naples. The cholera rages in Florence. The king of Hanover, by order of the
Federal Diet, annuls the liberal institutions of his dominions, May 20. The U. S.
resist the payment of the Stade dues in the Elbe, July 11. Death of the duke
of Somerset, est. 81, of the duke of Manchester, set. 56, of the earl of Leitrira,
set. 87, of viscount Ponsonby, set. 35, of earl Stanhope, set. 74, of the earl of Sefton,
set. 59, of viscount Strangford, SBt. 75, of lord Kenyon, set. 78, of lord De Mauley,
set. 68, of lord Truro, set. 73, of lord Wharncliffe, set. 55, of lord Robertson, of
the Court of Session, set. 60, of baron Anselm Rothschild, of Frankfort, ait. 78, of
count Tekeli, of the baron de Bode, of Sir Geo. Larpent, set. 67, of Sir Henry de
la Beche, set. 59, of Sir Henry Bishop, set. 68, of Sir Francis Head, £et. 74, of Sir
R. H. Inglis, set. 70, of Sir Geo. Rose, of Sir W. Edw. Parry, ait. 65, of the Right
Hon. Sir H. Ellis, K.C.B., of Sir Robt. Adair, jet. 93, of gen. II. W. Adams, of
1855 TO 1856 A.D.
785
Even is and Eminent Men.
gen. Huskisson, set. 82, of archdeacon Hare, of Joseph Hume, aet. 78, of G. B.
Greenough, get. 77, of adm. Curry, set. 83, of Dr. Gaisford, set. 75, of Feargus
O'Connor, of gen. Sir Geo. Thos. Napier, aet. 72, of Samuel Rogers, aet. 93, of Col.
Sibthorp, get. 73, of Mary Russell Mitford, est. 69, of prof. Karl Fried. Gauss, set.
78, of Mde. Lavalette, of Robert Lindley, the violincellist, aet. 83, of J. S. Buck-
ingham, set. 69, of Phil. Pusey, set. 57. Statue of Sir R. Peel in Cheapside, July
21 ; at Birmingham, Aug. 27. The cattle-market in Smithfield closed, June
11 ; opened in Copenhagen-fields, 13. Aid. Salomons, the first Jew who serves
the office of lord mayor. Astronomical discoveries: "Circe," by M. Chacornac,
at Paris, April 6; " Leucothea," April 19, and "Fides," Oct. 5, by M. Luther,
at Basle; and " Atalanta," by M. Goldschmidt, at Paris, Oct. 5.
New Year's Gift from the French emperor to queen Victoria. The Victoria Cross
instituted, to reward signal courage, 29. Parliament opened, 31 ; the Lords agree
to lord Lyndhurst's motion against life peerages, Feb. 7. Oude annexed to the
territories of the E. I. Company. Review at Aldershot, 19. The queen reviews
at Spithead a fleet of 220 ships of war, mounting 3168 guns, 23. Amnesty
granted to Smith O'Brien, Frost, and others, 9. Dispute with the U.S. on the con-
struction of the Bulwer-Clayton Treaty, and alleged violations of the Neutrality
Laws. Mr. Crampton, the British ambassador, receives his passports ; and the
consuls at New York, Philadelphia, and Cincinnati dismissed, 27. Gen. Wil-
liams created a baronet, with a pension of £1000 a-year, for his gallant defence
of Kars, 8. The archbp. of Canterbury protests against the bands playing in
the Parks on Sundays, 10. The first parliament of New South Wales meets at
Sydney, 23. The queen attends a grand entertainment given by the Turkish
ambassador, 27. Illuminations and displays of fireworks in London, to cele-
brate the peace, 29. The queen lays the foundation-stone of the Wellington Col-
lege at Sandhurst, June 2. The Oxford University Commission proposes a
scheme of Reform for Magdalen College, 3. Insurrection in the northern dis-
tricts of the Madras presidency, quelled by the military. Lord Wodehouse
goes as ambassador to St. Petersburg, 5. Vote of the House of Commons for a
National Historical Gallery, 6. Dr. Blomfield, bp. of London, intimates his
wish to retire on an annuity of £6000, IS. Dr. Maltby, bp. of Durham, consents
to do the same, on £4500 a-year, 21. The Guards return from the Crimea, and
are inspected by the queen in Hyde Park, 9. Lord Hardinge resigns, and the
duke of Cambridge is appointed commander-in-chief, 14. Earl Granville, am-
bassador extraordinary, to attend the coronation of Alexander II., 26. Parlia-
ment prorogued, 29. The Royal British Bank stops payment, Sept. 3. Articles
agreed upon in London with the U. S. for the settlement of the Nicaragua or
Central America Question, 17. The British Legation in Mexico closed, Oct.
2. Seizure of some of the crew of the " Arrow," at Canton ; satisfaction de-
manded, 8. Redemption of the Sound Dues agreed to by Great Britain, 20.
Viceroy Yeh having refused satisfaction, adm. Seymour takes the Canton forts,
24; batters the city walls, 27 ; storms the viceroy's palace, 29. The Sultan in-
vested with the order of the Garter, Nov. 1. War declared against Persia.
Canton bombarded, 4. Chinese war-junks destroyed, 6. The Bogue forts taken,
12 ; and the Annunghay forts, 13. Expedition against Persia sails from Bom-
bay. First parliament opened at Melbourne, 25. Launch of a screw yacht, to be
presented by qu. Victoria to the emperor of Japan, 28. Bushire, in the Gulf of
Persia, surrenders to the Aiigio-iuuiau heet, Dec. 10. Pension of £130,000 offered
by the E. 1. Company to the ex- king of Oude declined. The arctic ship
" Resolute" presented by the U.S. government to qu. Victoria, 16. Council of war
held in Paris, Jan 11. The emperor of Russia accepts unconditionally the terms
of peace offered to him, 16. Paris fixed upon for the seat of the Congress. De-
struction of the docks at Sebastopol completed by the English, Feb. 1 ; of Fort
St. Nicholas by the French, 4; and of Fort Alexander, 11. The earl of Claren-
don arrives at Paris to represent Great Britain in the Congress, 16; Count
Brunow, for Russia; and count Buol, for Austria, 25. Prussia invited to send
a representative, March 12; preliminaries signed, 30. Birth of Napoleon-
Eugeue-Louis-John-Joseph, son of the emperor Napoleon III., Mar. 16. Definitive
—
786
1856 A..D.
Events and Eminent Men.
1856 Treaty of peace between Russia on one part, and Great Britain, France, Sardinia,
and Turkey on the other, with Austria and Prussia as concurrent parties, signed
at Paris, on Sunday, April 27 ; proclaimed in London, 29. Count Buol concludes
a separate treaty with lord Clarendon and M. de Bourqueney, by which Great
Britain, France, and Austria guarantee the integrity of the Turkish empire,
April 15. Destructive inundations in the south of France ; estimated loss of
property two hundred millions of livres, May 17-31; subscriptions raised for
the relief of the sufferers ; two millions voted by the legislative body ; 125,000
contributed by the emperor, June 2; public meeting in London to assist; a
large sum collected, 13 ; £1000 added by qu. Victoria, and £500 by prince Albert,
15. The French leave the Crimea, July 5. Sir Wm. Codrington gives up Se-
bastopol and Balaklava, 12. Copyright treaty between France and Hamburg,
22. Angry correspondence between the court of Vienna and the pope, respecting
heretical books. The empress of Austria gives birth to a princess, July 12.
The emperor publishes an amnesty to political offenders. Insurrection at
Neufchatel, Sept. 3 and 4. Espartero resigns ; O'Donnell minister in Spain, July
14. Tumults in Madrid, 15. Great Britain and France remonstrate with the
k. of Naples against his tyrannical government; their ministers withdraw, Oct.
28. Alexander II. grants an amnesty to the Polish exiles, May 26 ; is crowned
at Warsaw, Sept. 7. The Sultan places Christians in Turkey on an equality
with Mussulmans, Jan. 26; attends a ball at the British embassy, 31 ; and ano-
ther given by the French ambassador, Feb. 4. Mr. Buchanan elected president
of the U.S., Nov. 4. The Chinese rebels take Tan- Yang, July 6. The emperor
of Japan opens his ports to the vessels of all nations, June 22. Death of the
duke of Norfolk, set. 65; of the marquis of Ailesbury, set. 83 ; of adm. lord A.
Fitzclarence, set. 54; viscount Hardinge, set. 71; of prince Paskiewitch, set. ■
74; prince Woronzoff, set. 74; of sir Henry Pottinger, set. 67; sir H. W. W.
Wynn, set. 73; baron Von Hammer Purgstall; sir Wm. Hamilton, professor
at Edinburgh, set. 66 ; Dr. Buckland, set. 72; Dr. Monk, bp. of Gloucester and
Bristol ; Dr. Webb, master of Clare Hall, Cambridge, set. 81 ; Father Matthew,
set. 66; Serjt. Adams, set. 70; right hon. Henry Goulbum, set. 72 ; M.Thierry,
set. 61 ; adm. sir John Ross, the arctic voyager, set. 79; sir R. Westmacott, the
sculptor, set. 81; W. Lockhart, M.P., set. 69; W. Yarrell, set. 72; Young, the
retired actor, set. 79; John Braham, the singer, set. 82; J. Denver, a hero of
the American Revolution, set. 96; and Jane Garhutt, aet. 110. Asteroids dis-
covered : Leda, Jan. 12, and Lsetitia, Feb. 8, hy Chacomac; Harmonia, March
31, and Daphne, May 22, by Goldschmidt; and Isis, May 28, by Pogson. A
subterranean forest, excavated at West Hartlepool, Jan. 20. The bell " Big Ben,"
for the New Palace at Westminster, cast at Stockton-on-Tees, Aug. 6; sounded
for the first time, Nov. 13. Mount Ararat ascended by five Englishmen, July 11.
Submarine Telegraph across the Gulf of St. Lawrence, July 10; from Cagliari
to the island of Gallita, Aug. 18. Shipwrecks— the U. S. mail steamer " Pacific,"
supposed to have been lost among icebergs, Jan. 23. The war steamer " Poly-
phemus," on the coast of Jutland, Jan. 29. The packet-ship " John Rutledge,"
from Liverpool to New York, sunk by an iceberg, Feb. 20. The steamer
" Niagara," burnt off Washington, Sept. 24. Fires — Covent Garden theatre
destroyed, March 5. Scott Russell's ship- yard, Millwall, 12. Vauxhall Rail-
way Station, April 13. Leman Street, Whitechapel, June 22. Ainsworth's
mill, at Bolton, July 14. At Salonika, 700 persons killed or wounded by an
explosion of gunpowder, July 11. The mining town of Nevada destroyed, 19.
Messrs. Almonds, of Swan Yard, St. Martin's Lane, Nov. 9. St. John's, Newfound-
land, 5. Three Rivers, Canada, 15. South Lambeth Chapel, 30. The Cathedral
of Montreal, Dec. 10. Earthquake in Candia, 1970 persons perish, Oct. 12. Col-
lision on the railway near Philadelphia, by which 100 children in an excursion
train are killed, July 19. Wm. Palmer hanged at Stafford, for poisoning J. P.
Cooke, by strychnine, June 14.
A
CLASSIFIED CATALOGUE
OF
SELECTED WORKS
INCLUDING AN ALPHABETICAL LIST
OF BONN'S LIBRARIES
PUBLISHED BY
GEORGE BELL ar SONS
LONDON : YORK ST., COVENT GARDEN
NEW YORK: 66 FIFTH AVENUE; & BOMBAY
CAMBRIDGE : DEIGHTON, BELL fcf CO.
1898.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
POETRY 3
THE ALDINE POETS 7
BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 8
STANDARD BOOKS . . . . . . . .12
DICTIONARIES AND BOOKS OF REFERENCE . .15
ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY 16
THEOLOGY . 20
NAVAL AND MILITARY 23
TECHNOLOGY 24
SCIENCE 26
PHILOSOPHY 27
ECONOMICS AND FINANCE 28
SPORTS AND GAMES 28
ALL-ENGLAND SERIES 30
CLUB SERIES 30
FICTION .... 31
BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG . 32
ROYAL NAVY HANDBOOKS . . . . . .34
BELL'S CATHEDRAL SERIES 35
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF BONN'S LIBRARIES . . 39
London, January 1898.
MESSRS. BELL'S
CLASSIFIED CATALOGUE
OF
SELECTED WORKS.
*** Messrs. Bell will be glad to send their Complete Catalogue,
Catalogue of Bohn's Libraries, or -Educational Catalogue,
to any address, post free.
POETRY.
Aide (Hamilton). Songs without Music. 3rd edition. With ad-
ditional Pieces. Fcap. 8vo. 5s.
Aldine Edition of the Poets. See List, page 7.
Barry Cornwall. English Songs and Lyrics. 2nd edition. Fcap.
8vo. 6s.
Bridges (R.) Shorter Poems. 4th edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5s. net.
Eros and Psyohe: A Poem in Twelve Measures. The
Story done into English from the Latin of Apuleius. 2nd edition revised.
Fcap. 8vo. 5s. net.
Prometheus the Firegiver. [Out of print.
— A Series of Plays. Fcap. 4to. printed on hand-made paper,
double columns, paper -wrappers, each 2s. 6d. net (except No. 8). The eight
Plays are paged consecutively, and are intended to form a Volume :—
1. NERO. The First Part. History of the first five years of Nero's reign
with the Murder of Britannicus to the Death of Agrippina.
[Out of print at present ,
2. PALICIO. A Romantic Drama in Five Acts, in the Elizabethan manner.
3. THE RETURN OF ULYSSES. A Drama in Five Aots, in a mixed
manner.
4. TEE CHRISTIAN CAPTIVES. A Tragedy in Five Acts, in a mixed
manner, without change of scene.
5. ACHILLES IN SCYROS. A Drama in Five Aotg, in a mixed manner,
without change of scene.
6. THE HUMOURS OF THE COURT. A Comedy in Three Acta, in the
Spanish manner,
7. THE FEAST OF BACCHUS, A Comedy in Five Acts, in the Latin
manner, without change of soene,
8. NERO. The Second Part. In Five Aots i comprising the Conspiracy o?
Pieo to the Death of Seneoa, in the Elizabethan manner. Ss, net, with general
title-page, &o<, for the volume.
■ Achilles in Scyros. New Edition. Fcp. 8?o. 2*. 6(2. net.
. Eden. A Cantata in Three Acts, set to music by 0, VilUera
Stanford. Words only, by Robert Bridges, 2s. net.
4 A Classified Catalogue of Selected Works.
Browning's Strafford. With Notes by E. H. Hickey, and an Intro-
duction by S. R. Gardiner, LL.D. 2nd edition. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6cl.
Handbook to Robert Browning's Works. By Mrs. Sutherland
Orr. 7th edition, with bibliography. Fcap. 8vo. 6s.
Stories from Robert Browning. By Frederic M. Holland.
With an Introduction by Mrs. Sutherland Orr. Wide fcap. 4s. 6d.
Caiverley (C. S.) Works by the late C. S. Calverley, M.A„ late Fellow
of Christ's College, Cambridge.
New and Cheaper uniform Edition in 4 vols. Crown 8vo. 5s. each.
Vol. I. LITERARY REMAINS, with Portrait and Memoir. Edited by
Sir Walter J. Sendall, K.C.M.G.
Vol. II. VERSES AND FLY LEAVES.
Vol. III. TRANSLATIONS into English and Latin.
Vol. IV. THEOCRITUS, in English Verse.
Original Editions.
FLY LEAVES. 17th edition. Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d.
VERSES AND TRANSLATIONS. 15th edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5s.
De Vere (Sir Aubrey). Mary Tudor : an Historical Drama, in Two
Parts. By the late Sir Aubrey De Vere. New edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5s.
De Vere (Sir Stephen). Translations from Horace. By Sir
Stephen E. De Vere, Bart. 3rd edition enlarged. Imperial 16mo. 7s. 6d. net.
20 .dymion Series (The).
Poems by John Keats. Illustrated and decorated by Bobert
Anriing Bell. With an Introduction by Professor Walter Ruleigh, M.A.
Post 8no. 7s. 6(J.
Poems by Robert Browning. Illustrated and decorated by
Byam Sbaw. With an Introduction by Richard Garnett, LL.D., C.B. Post
8vo. 7s. Gd.
Fanshawe (R.) Two Lives. A Poem. By Keginald Fanshawe,
M.A. 4s. 6d. net.
Ferguson (Sir S.) Congal: A Poem in Five Books. By the late
Sir Samuel Ferguson, Knt., Q.C., LL.D., P.R.I.A. Fcap. 8vo. 2s.
Poems. Demy 8vo. 7s. &d.
Field (Michael). Underneath the Bough. A Book of Verses.
2nd edition. Royal 16mo. 4s. 6d. net.
Callirrhoe, Fair Rosamund, 2nd edition. Crown 8vo.
parchment cover, 6s,
Canute the Great ; a Cup of Water. Two Plays. Crown
8vo. 7s. 6d.
The Father's Tragedy ; William Rufus ; Loyalty or Love ?
Crown 8vo. parchment cover, 7s. 6d.
The Tragic Mary. On hand-made paper, bound in brown
boards, with Design by Selwyn Image, imperial 16mo. 7s. 6d. net.
Large-paper Edition, on Whatman's paper, bound in vellum, with design
in gold, 60 copies only (numbered), fcap. 4to. 21s. net.
Lang (Andrew). Helen of Troy. A Poem. 5th edition. Wide
fbap. 8vo. cloth, 2s. 6d. net.
A Classified Catalogue of Selected Works. 5
Patmore (Coventry). Poems. Collective Edition in 2 vols. 5th
edition. Fcap. 8vo. 9s.
The Unknown Eros, and other Poems. 3rd edition. Fcap.
8vo. 2s. 6d.
— The Angel in the Housa. 7th edition. Fcap. 8vo. 3s. Qd.
Procter (A. A.) Legends and Lyrics. By Adelaide Anne Procter.
With Introduction by Charles Dickens. New edition, printed on hand-made
paper. 2 vols, pott 870., extra binding1, 10s.
Original Edition. First Series. 69th thousand. 2s. 6d. Second Series.
61st thousand. 2s. 6d.
Crown 8vo Edition. New Issue, with additional Poems, and 10 Illustra-
tions by Ida Lovering. 19fch thousand. Post 8vo. cloth, gilt edges, 5s.
Cheap Edition, with 18 Illustrations, double columns. 2 Series. 30th
thousand. Fcap. 4to. paper cover, 1». each ; or in 1 vol. cloth, 3s.
The Procter Eirthday Book. Demy 16mo. Is. 6d.
Rickards (M. S. C.) Lyrics and Elegiacs. By Marcus S. C.
Rickards. Crown 8vo. 4s. net.
Poems of Life and Death. Crown 8vo. 4s. 6d. net.
— The Exiles : A Komanee of Life. Crown 8vo. 4s. 6d. net.
Sweetman (E.) The Footsteps of the Gods, and other Poems.
Crown 8vo. 6s. net.
Tennyson (Lord). A Key to Tennyson's 'In Memoriam.' By
Alfred Gatty, D.D., Vicar of Ecelesfield and Sub-Doan of York. Fourth
edition, with Portrait of Arthur Ballam, 3s. 6d.
Handbook to Lord Tennyson's Works. By Morton Luce.
With Bibliography. 2nd edition. Fcap. 8vo. 6s.
Trevelyan (Sir G-. O.) The Ladies in Parliament, and other Pieces.
Republished, with Additions and Annotations. By Sir George Otto Trevelyan.
Crown 8vo. Is. 6d.
Waddington (S.) A Century of Sonnets. Fcap. 4to. 4s. Qd.
Poems. Fcap. 8vo. 4s.
Beaumont and Fletcher, their finest Scenes, Lyrics, and other
Beauties (selected), with Notes and Introduction by Leigh Hunt. Small
post 8vo. 3s. 6d.
Butler's Hudibras, with Variorum Notes, a Biography, and a General
Index, a Portrait of Butler, and 28 Illustrations. Small post 8vo. 5s.
Chaucer's Poetical Works. With Poems formerly printed with his
or attributed to him. Edited, with a Memoir, Introduction, Notes, and a
Glossary, by Robert Bell. Revised, with a Preliminary Essay by Rev. Prof.
Skeat, M.A. With Portrait. 4 vols, small post 8vo. 3s. 6d. each.
Greene, Marlowe, and Ben Jonson, Poems of. Edited, with
Critical and Historical Notes and Memoirs, by Robert Bell. Small post
8vo. 3s. 6d.
Milton's Poetical Works. With a Memoir and Critical Remarks by
James Montgomery, an Index to Paradise Lost, Todd's Verbal Index to all
the Poems', and a Selection-of Explanatory Notes by Henry G. Bohn. HI?is-
trated with 120 Wood Engravings by Thompson, Williams, 0. Smith, and
Linton, from Drawings by W. Harvey. 2 vols, small post 8vo. 3s. 6d. each.
A Classified Catalogue oj Selected Works.
Pope's Poetical Works. Edited, with copious Notes, by Eobert
Carruthers. 2 vols, with numerous Illustrations, small post 8vo. 10s.
Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. With Introduction and Notes
by the Rev. J. S. Watson, M.A. Illustrated by the entire Series of Flaxman's
Designs. 2 vols, small post 8vo. 5s. each.
Sheridan's Dramatic Works. Complete. With Life by G. G. S.,
and Portrait, after Reynolds. Small post 8vo. 3s. 6d.
Shakespeare. Dramatic Works. Edited by S. W. Singer. With
a Life of Shakespeare by W. W. Lloyd. Uniform with the Aldme Edition of
the Poets. In 10 vols. fcap. 8vo. cloth, 2s. 6d. each.
Plays and Poems. With Notes and Life by Charles Knight.
Royal 8vo. 10s. 6d.
. Pocket Volume Edition. Comprising all his Plays and Poems.
Edited from the First Folio Edition by T. Keightley. 13 vols, royal 32mo. in
a cloth box, price 21s.
Critical Essays on the Plays. By W. W. Lloyd. Uniform
with Singer's Edition of Shakespeare, 2s. 6d.
Lectures on Shakespeare. By Bernhard ten Brink. Trans-
lated by Julia Franklin. Small post 8vo. 3s. 6d.
Shakespeare's Dramatic Art. The History and Character of
Shakespeare's Plays. By Dr. Hermann Ulrici. Translated by L. Dora
Schmitz. 2 vols. sm. post 8vo. 3s. 6d. each.
Shakespeare : A Literary Biography by Karl Elze, Ph. D.,
LL.D. Translated by L. Dora Schmitz. Sm. post 8to. 5s.
Coleridge's Lectures on Shakespeare, &c. Edited by T.
Ashe. Sm. post 8vo. 3s. 6d.
Hazlitt's Lectures on the Characters of Shakespeare's Plays.
Sm. post 8vo. Is.
Shakespeare's Heroines. Characteristics of Women. By Mrs.
Jameson. Illustrated with 24 Collotype Reproductions of Portraits of
celebrated Actresses in the various characters, and Photogravure Frontis-
piece, Miss Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth, by John Sargent, R.A. (by kind
permission of Sir Henry Irving). 6s.
Lamb's Specimens of English Dramatic Poets of the Time of
Elizabeth. With Notes, together with the Extracts from the Garrick
Plays. Sm. post 8vo. 3s. 6d.
Ballads and Songs of the Peasantry of England, taken down from
oral recitation, and transcribed from private manuscripts, rare broadsides,
and scarce publications. Edited by Robert Bell. Sm. post 8vo. 3s. 6d.
Percy's Reliques of Ancient English Poetry. Collected by Thomas
Percy, Lord Bishop of Dromore. With an Essay on Ancient Minstrels, and a
Glossary. A new edition by J. V. Priohard, A.M. 2 vols. Sm, post 8vo. 7s.
English Sonnets by Living Writers. Selected and arranged, with
a Note on the History of the Sonnet, by S. Waddington, 2nd edition,
enlarged. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d.
English Sonnets by Poets of the Past. Selected and arranged by
S. Waddington. Fcap. 8vo. 2s^?d. ^^
Who Wrote It P A Dictionary of Common Poetical Quotations in
the English Language. 4th edition. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d.
Bonn's Dictionary of Quotations from the English Poets, arranged
according to subjects. 4th edition. Poot 8vo. 6s.
A Classified Catalogue of Selected Works. '
New Editions, fcap. 8vo. 2s. Qd. each net.
THE ALDINE EDITION
BRITISH POETS.
'This excellent edition of the English classics, with their complete texts and
scholarly introductions, are something very different from the cheap volumes of
extracts which are just now so much too common.' — St. James's Gazette.
'An excellent series. Small, handy, and complete.' — Saturday Review.
Akenside. Edited by Eev. A. Dyce.
Beattie. Edited by Key. A. Dyce.
*Blake. Edited by W. M. Eossetti.
Edited by G. A. Aitken.
Edited by E. B. Johnson.
*Burns
3 vols.
Butler.
2 vols.
Campbell. Edited by his son-in-
law, the Rev. A. W. Hill. With Memoir
by W. Allingham.
Chatterton. Edited by the Eev.
W. W. Skeat, M.A. 2 vols.
Chaucer. Edited by Dr. E. Morris,
with Memoir by Sir H. Nicolas. 6 vols.
Churchill. Edited by Jas. Hannay,
2 vols.
*Coleridge. Edited by T. Ashe,
B.A. 2 vols.
Collins. Edited by W. Moy
Thomas.
Cowper. Edited by John Bruce,
F.S.A. 3 vols.
Dryden. Edited by the Eev. E.
Hooper, M.A. 5 vols.
Falconer. Edited by the Eev. J.
Mitford.
G-oldsmith. Edited by Austin
Dobson.
*Gray. Edited by J. Bradshaw,
LL.B.
Herbert. Edited by the Eev. A. B.
Qrosart.
*Herrick. Edited by George Saints-
bury. 2 vols.
*Keats. Edited by the late Lord
Houghton.
* These volumes may also be had bound
and back by Gleeson White,
Kirke White. Edited by Sir H.
Nicolas.
Milton. Edited by Dr. Bradshaw.
3 vols.
Parnell. Edited by G. A. Aitken.
Pope. Edited by G. E. Dennis.
With Memoir by John Dennis. 3 vols.
Prior. Edited by E. B. Johnson.
2 vols.
Raleigh and Wotton. With Se-
lections from the Writings of other
COURTLY POETS from 1540 to 1650.
Edited by Ven. Archdeacon Hannah,
D.C.L.
Rogers. Edited by Edward Bell,
M.A.
Scott. Edited by John Dennis.
5 vols.
Shakespeare's Poems. Edited by
Rev. A. Dyce.
Shelley. Edited by H. Buxton
Eorman. 5 vols.
Spenser. Edited by J. Payne Col-
lier, 5 vols.
Surrey. Edited by J. Yeowell.
Swift. Edited by the Eev. J.
Mitford. 3 vols.
Thomson. Edited by the Eev. D.
C. Tovey. 2 vols.
Vaughan. Sacred Poems and Pious
Ejaculations. Edited by the Rev. H.
Lyte.
Wordsworth. Edited by Prof.
Dowden. 7 vols.
Wyatt. Edited by J. Yeowell.
Young. Edited by the Eev. J.
Mitford. 2 vols*
in Irish linen, with design in gold on side
and gilt top, 3s, M. each net, y
A Classified Catalogue of Selected Works.
BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
Memoir of Edward Craven Hawtrey, D.D., Headmaster, and after-
wards Provost, of Eton. By F. St. John Thackeray, M.A. With Portrait
and 3 Coloured Illustrations. Small crown 8vo. la. 63,.
A Memoir of Edward Steere, Third Missionary Bishop in Central
Africa. By the Rev. R. M. Heanloy, M.A. With Portrait, Four Illustrations,
and Map. 2nd edition, revised. Grown 8vo. 5$.
Francois Severin Marceau. A Biography. By Captain T. G.
Johnson. With Portraits and Maps. Crown 8vo. 5a.
Robert Schumann. His Life and Works. By August Beissmann.
Translated by A. L. Alger. Sm. post 8vo. 3s. Gd.
Schumann's Early Letters. Translated by May Herbert. With a
Preface by Sir George Grove, D.O.L. Sm. post 8vo. 3$. Gd.
William Shakespeare. A Literary Biography by Karl Elze, Ph.D.,
LL.D. Translated by L. Dora Schmitz. Sm. post 8vo. Se.
Boswell's Life of Johnson, with the Tour in the Hebrides, and
Johnsoniana. New edition, with Notes and Appendices by the late Rev.
Alexander Napier, M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge, Vicar of Holkham,
Editor of the Cambridge Edition of the f Theological Works of Barrow.'
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Vasari's Lives of the most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and
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3s. Gd. each.
Walton's Lives of Donne, Hooker, &c. New edition, revised by
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Irving (Washington). Life of Oliver Goldsmith. 1*.
Life and Voyage3 of Columbus and his Companions.
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Life of George V^ashington. 4 TOi^ fo,0& each.
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Lockhart's Life of Burns. Revised and corrected with Notes and
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Life of Burke. By Sir James Prior. Sm, post Bra •>-;. C'i.
Life and Letters of Locke. By Lord King. Sm. pc i 0 ',.-. f>i.
Life of Pope. By liobert Carruthers. Illustrated. Sm. post. 8vo. 0*.
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Robert Soothe? Mm Story of his Life Written in his Letters.
as. I] b 0 letaoa Edited "07 John Demos. fmaU post %vo. 2*. Sd.
Letters andWorks erf Lady MaryWortiey Montagu .. . ted, with
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Memoirs of Philip de Commir.v. {coble. With
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The Diary af Samuel Pepys. Transcribed from the Shorthand
Bright, HJL With Lord BrajbroolEe' I
Edited, ■ .v Add taona, 07 Henry E. Wh.ea.tle7, i - B role. dem7 8vo.
with Portraits and other ILL- eaefc.
*«* The onl7 complete edition.
Evelyn's Diary and Correspondence .... the Private Dorre-
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Origin aJ W. Era j, x..i.-..
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The Age of Pope. 2nd edition. By John Dennis.
The Age of Wordsworth. 2nd edition. By Prof. C. H.
Herford, Litt.D.
The Age of Tennyson. 2nd edition. By Professor Hugh
Walker.
Prepabing.
The Age of Alfred. By H. Frank Heath, Ph.D.
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The Age of Johnson. By Thomas Seccombe.
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chiefly for the Loudon E.A. and B.Sc. By P. Ryland, M.A., late Scholar
of St. John's College, Cambridge. Cloth. 7th edition, rewritten and reset.
Crown 8vo. 4*. 6d.
Ethics : An Introductory Manual for the use of University
Students. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d.
Logic : An Introductory Manual. Crown 8vo. 4s. 6d.
Schopenhauer. On the Fourfold Boot of the Prinoiple of Suffi-
cient Reason, and on the Will in Nature. Translated by Msdame
Hillebrand; Small post 8vo. 5s.
Essays. Selected and Translated, with a Biographical Intro-
duction and Sketch of his Philosophy, by E. Belfort Bax. Small post 8vo. 5s.
Spinoza's Chief Works. Translated, with Introduction, by R. fl. M.
Elwes. 2 vols. Small post 8vo. 5s. each.
ECONOMICS AND FINANCE.
The Case against Bimetallism. By Sir Robert Giffen, C.B. , LL.D
5th edition. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d.
The Growth of Capital. By the same author. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d.
Bicardo on the Principles of Political Eoonomy and Taxation.
Edited by E. C. K. Conner, M.A., Lecturer, University College, Liverpool.
Sm. post 8vo. 5s.
Smith (Adam). The Wealth of Nations. Edited by E. Belfort
Bax. 2 vols. Sm. post 8vo. 7s.
The History, Principles, and Practice of Banking. By the late
J. W. Gilbart, F.R.S., formerly Director and General Manager of the London
and "Westminster Bank. New edition, revised by A. S. Michie, of the Royal
Bank of Scotland, Glasgow. 2 vols, small post 8vo. 10s.
SPORTS AND GAMES.
Bohn's Handbooks of Athletic Sports. In 8 vols. Sm. post 8vo.
3s. 6d. each.
Vol. I.— Cricket, by Hon. and Rev. E. Lyttelton. Lawn Tennis, by H. W. W.
Wilberforce. Tennis, Rackets, and Fives, by Julian Marshall, Major Spens,
and Rev. J. A. Tait. Golf, by W. T. Linskill. Hockey, by F. S. Creswell.
Vol. II.— Rowing and Sculling, by W. B. Woodgate. Sailing, by E. F.
Knight. Swimming, by M. and J. R. Cobbett.
Vol. III. — Boxing, by R. G. Allanson-Winn. Broadsword and Single Stick,
with chapters on Quarterstaff, Bayonet, 0udg«l, Shillalah, Walking- Stick,
and Umbrella, by R. G. Allanson-Winn and C. Phillipps-Wolley. Wrestling,
by Walter Armstrong. Fencing, by H. A. Colmore Dunn.
Vol. IV.— Rugby Football, by Harry Vassall. Association Football, by
C. W. Alcock. Baseball, by Newton Crane. Rounders, Bowls, Quoits,
Curling, Skittles, to., by C. C. Mott and J. M. Walker.
Vol. V.— Cycling and Athletics, by H. H. Griffin. Skating, by Douglas
Adams.
Vol. VI.— Practical Horsemanship, including Riding for Ladies, by "W. A.
Kerr, V.O.
Vol. VII.— Camping Out, by A. A. Macdonald. Canoeing, by Dr. J. D.
Hayward.
Vol. VIII.— Gymnastics, by A. F. Jenkin. Clubs, by G. T. B. Cobbett and
A- F. Jenkin.
A Classified Catalogue of Selected Works, 2()
Bohn's Handbooks of Games. New edition. In 2 vols. Small
post 8vo. 3s. 6d. each.
Vol. I.— Table Games : Billiards, with Pool, Pyramids, and Snooker, by
Maior-General A. W. Drayson, F.R.A.S., with a preface by W. J. Peall.
KteUe by 'Berkeley.' Cheis, by R. P. Green . Draughts, Backgammon,
Dominoes, Solitaire, Reversi, Go-Bang, Rouge etNoir, Roulette, B.O., Hazard,
Faro, by ' Berkeley.' '
Vol II.-Cabd Games: Whist, by Dr. William Pole, F.R.S., Author of
« The Philosophy of Whist,' &c. Solo Whist, by R. P. Green. PiqueVEcarte,
Euchre, Bezique, and Cribbage, by 'Berkeley.' Poker, Loo, Vingt-et-un,
Napoleon, Newmarket, Pope Joan, Speculation, &c. &c., by Baxter-Wray.
Morphy's Games of Chess, being the Matches and best Games
played by the American Champion, with explanatory and analytical Notes by
J. Lowenthal. With short Memoir and Portrait of Morphy. Sm. post 8yo. 5s.
Staunton's Chess-Player's Handbook. A Popular and Scientific
Introduction to the Game. Wibh numerous diagrams. 5s.
. Chess Praxis. A Supplement to the Chess-player's Hand-
book Containing the most important modern improvements in the Openings j
Code of Chess Laws ; and a Selection of Morphy's Games. Small post 8vo. 5s.
Chess-Player's Companion. Comprising a Treatise on Odds,
CoUection of Match Games, and a Selection of Original Problems. With
coloured Frontispiece. Small post 8vo. 5s.
Chess Studies and End- Games. In Two Parts. Part I. Chess
Studies Part II. Miscellaneous End-Games. By B. Horwitz and J. Kling.
2nd edition, revised by the Rev. W. Wayte, M.A. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d.
Hints on Billiards. By J. P. Buchanan. Illustrated with 36
Diagrams. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d.
Sturges's Guide to the Game of Draughts. With Critical Situa-
tions. Revised, with Additional Play on the Modern Openings, by J. A. Kear,
Editor of « The International Draught Magazine.' 2nd Edition. Crown 8vo.
3s. 6d.
Hints on Driving. By Captain C. Morley Knight, R.A. Illustrated
by G. H. A. White, Royal Artillery. 2nd edition, revised and enlarged.
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Golf in Theory and Practice. Hints to beginners. By H. S. C.
Everard, St. Andrew's. With 22 Illustrations. 2nd Edition. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6<J.
Half-Hours with an Old Golfer ; a Pot-pourri for Golfers. By
Calamo Currente. With 40 Illustrations and 4 Coloured Plates by G, A,
Laundy. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d.
Schools and Masters of Fence, from the Middle Ages to the
Eighteenth Century. With a Sketch of the Development of the Art of
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FeSI Art during that Period. Bj Egerton Castle, M.A. With numerous
Illustrations. 2nd" edition. Small post 8vo. 6s.
Oars and Sculls, and How to Use them. By W. B. Woodgate, M.A,
Brasenose College, Oxford. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d.
Dancing as an Art and Pastime. With 40 full-page illustrations
from life. By Edward Scott. Crown 8vo. 6s.
3°
A Classified Catalogue of Selected Works.
THE ALL-ENGLAND SERIES.
HANDBOOKS OF ATHLETIC GAMES.
The only Series issued at a moderate price, by "Writers who are in
the first rank in their respective departments.
• The best instruction on games and sports by the best authorities, at the lowest
prices.' — Oxford Magazine. .
Small 8vo. cloth, Illustrated. Price Is. each.
Cricket. By the Hon. and Rev.
E. Lyttelton.
Lawn Tennis. By H. W. W.
Wilberforce. With a Chapter for
Ladies, by Mrs. Hillyard.
Tennis and Rackets and Fives.
By Julian Marshall, Major J. Spens,
and Rev. J. A. Arnan Tait.
Golf. By W. T. Linskill.
Rowing and Sculling. By W. B.
WOODGATE.
Sailing. By E.F. Knight, dbl.vol. 2s.
Swimming. By Martin and J.
Racster Cobbett.
Camping out. By A. A. Macdon-
ell. Double vol. 2s.
Canoeing. By Dr. J. D. Hayward.
Double vol. 2s.
Mountaineering. By Dr. Claude
Wilson. Double vol. 2s.
Athletics. By H. H. Griffin.
Riding. By W. A. Kerr, V.C.
Double vol. 2s.
Ladies' Riding. ByW.A.KERR,V.C.
Boxing. By R. G. Allanson-Winn.
With Prefatory Note by Bat Mullins.
Cycling. By H. H. Griffin, L. A. C,
N.C.U., C.T.C. With a Chapter for
Ladies, by Miss Agnes Wood.
Fencing. By H. A. Colmore Dunn.
"Wrestling. By Walter Arm-
strong ('Cross-buttocker').
Broadsword and Singlestick.
By R. G. Allanson-Winn and C. Phil-
lipps-Wolley.
Gymnastics. By A. F. Jenkin.
Double vol. 2s.
G-ymnastic Competition and Dis-
play Exercises. Compiled by
F. Graf.
Indian Clubs. By G. T. B. Cob-
bett and A. F. Jenkin.
Dumb-bells. By F. Graf.
Football — Rugby Game. By
Harry Vassall.
Football — Association Game. By
C. W. Alcoce. Revised Edition.
Hockey. By F. S. Creswell.
(In Paper Cover, 6d.)
Skating. By Douglas Adams.
With a Chapter for Ladies, by Miss L.
Cheetham, and a Chapter on Speed
Skating, by a Fen Skater. Dbl. vol. 2s.
Baseball. By Newton Crane.
Rounders, Fieldball, Bowls,
Quoits, Curling, Skittles, &c.
By J. M. Walker and C. C. Mott.
Dancing. By Edward Scott.
Double vol. 2s.
THE CLUB SEEIES OF CARD AND TABLE GAMES*
No well-regulated club or country house should be without this useful series of books.
Small 8vo. cloth, Illustrated. Price Is. each. Globe.
Whist. By Dr. Wm. Pole, F.R.S.
Solo Whist. By Robert F. Green.
Billiards. With Chapters on Pool,
Pyramids, and Snooker. By Maior-
Gen. A. W. Dratson, F.R.A.S. With
a Preface by W. J. Peall.
Chess. By Kobert F. Green.
The Two-Move Chess Problem.
By B. G. Laws.
Chess Openings. By I. Gunsberg.
Draughts and Backgammon.
Py * Berkeley.'
Reversi and Go Bang.
By ' Berkeley '
Dominoes and Solitaire.
By ' Berkeley.'
Bezique and Cribbage.
By ' Berkeley.'
Ecarte and Euchre.
By ' Berkeley.'
Piquet and Rubicon Piquet
By ' Berkeley.'
Skat. By Louis Diehl.
*** A Skat Scoring-book. Is.
Round Games, including Poker,
Napoleon, Loo, Vingt-et-un, &e. By
Baxter- Wbay.
School and Parlour Games.
By Mrs. Laurence Gomme.
A Classified Catalogue of Selected Works. 31
FICTION.
(See also * Standard Boohs.')
Bjomson's Arne and the Fisher Lassie. Translated from the
Norse with an Introduction by W. H. Low, M.A. Small post 8vo. 3s. 6d.
Burnev's Evelina; or, The History of a Young Lady's Entrance
info the World. By Frances Burney (Mme. D'Arblay). With an Introduc
tion and Notes by A. R. Ellis. Small post 8vo. 3s. 6d.
Cecilia. 2 vols, small post 8vo. 3s. 6d. each.
Cervantes' Galatea. A Pastoral Eomance. Translated from the
Spanish by G. W. J. Gyll. Small post 8vo. 3s. 6d ^
Exemplary Novels. Translated from the Spanish by Walter
K. Kelly. Small post 8vo. 3s. 6d. ...'". ,
Don Quixote de la Manoha. Motteux's Translation, revised.
With Lockhart's Life and Notes. 2 vols, small post 8vo. 3s. 6d. each.
Classic Tales, containing Easselas, Vicar of Wakefield, Gulliver's
Travels, and The Sentimental Journey. Small post 8vo. 3s. 6d. ,
De Stael's Corinne or Italy. By Madame de Stael. Translated by
Emily Baldwin and Paulina Driver. Small post 8vo. 3s. 6d.
Ebers' Egyptian Princess. An Historical Novel. By George Ebers.
Translated by E. S. Buchheim. Small post 8vo. 3s. 6d.
Edmonds (Mrs.) Amygdala. A Story of the French Revolution.
2b. 6d. net. , __. _ . , ,.
Fielding's Adventures of Joseph Andrews and His Friend Mr.
Abraham Adams. With Cruikshank's Illustrations. 3s. 6d.
History of Tom Jones, a Foundling. Roscoe's Edition,
with George Cruikshank's Illustrations. 2 vols, small post 8vo. 3s. 6d. each.
Amelia. Illustrated by George Cruikshank. 5s.
Gift (Theo.) Dishonoured. 6s.
Gil Bias, the Adventures of. Translated by Smollett. Illustrated
by Smirke and Cruikshank. Small post 8vo. 6s.
Hauff's Tales. The Caravan— The Sheik of Alexandria—The Inn
in the Spessart. Translated by S. Mendel. Small post 8vo. 3s. 6d.
Hawthorne's Tales. 4 vols. Small post 8vo. 3s. 6d. each.
Hoffmann's Tales. The Serapion Brethren. Translated by Lieut-
Col. Ewing. 2 vols. Small post 8vo. 3s. 6d. each.
Holnut (W. S.) Olympia's Journal. Crown 8vo. 3s. Qd.
Manzoni. The Betrothed. By Alessandro Manzoni. With
numerous Woodcut illustrations Small post 8vo. 5s.
Poushkin's Prose Tales. Translated from the Russian by T. Keane.
Small post 8vo. 3s. 6d.
Smollett's Roderick Random. With Cruikshank's Illustrations and
Bibliography. Small post 8vo. 3s. 6d.
Peregrine Pickle. With Cruikshank's Illustrations. 2 vols.
Small post 8vo. 3s. 6d. each.
. Humphry Clinker. With Cruikshank's Illustrations. Small
post 8vo. 3s. 6d.
Steele (Mrs. A. C.) Lesbia. A Study in one volume. 6s.
Stinde (J.) The Buchhol2 Family. Sketdhes of Berlin Life. By
Julius Stinde. Translated from the 49th edition of the German by.L. Dora
Schmitt. Popular tdition, picture boards, 2s.
32 A Classified Catalogue of Selected Works.
Stinde (J.) The Buchholz Family. Second Part. Popular edition.
Picture boards, 2s.
— The Buchholzes In Italy. Translated from the 37th
edition of the original by Harriet F. Powell. Crown 8vo. cloth, 3s.
Frau Wilhelmine. Being the Conclusion of » The Buchholz
Family.' Translated by Harriet F. Powell. Crown 8vo. cloth,
BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG.
Andersen (Hans Christian). Fairy Tales and Sketches. Trans-
lated by C. C. Peachey, H. .Ward, A. Plesner, &c. With numerous Illus-
trations by Otto Speckter and others. 7th thousand. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d.
Tales for Children. With 48 full -page Illustrations by
Wehnert, and 57 small Engravings on Wood by W. Thomas. 13th thousa d.
Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d.
Danish Legends and Fairy Tales. Translated from the
Original by Caroline Peachey. With a Short Life of the Author, and 120
Wood Engravings, chiefly by Foreign Artists. Small post 8vo. 5s.
Edgeworth's Stories for Children. With 8 Illustrations by L. Speed.
Small post 8vo. 3s. 6d.
Ford (Mrs. Gerard). Master Rex. By Mrs. Gerard Ford, filus*
trated by James Cadenhead, Florence M. Cooper, and Louise S. Sweet. 2nd
edition. Crown 8vo. 3s.
Pixie : and the Hill - House Farm. Illustrated by James
Cadenhead and Florence M. Cooper. 2nd edition. Crown 8vo. 3s.
Gatty's Parables from Nature. With Notes on the Natural History,
and numerous full-page Illustrations by W. Holman Hunt, E. Burne Jones,
J. Tenniel, J. Wolf, and other eminent artists. Complete edition with short
Memoir by J. H. Ewing. Crown 8vo. 5s.
Pocket Volume Edition. 2 vols. Imp. 32mo. 5s.
Cheap Edition. Illustrated. 2 vols. Fcap. 4to. paper covers, Is. each j
or bound in 1 vol. cloth, 3s.
Grimm's Gammer Grethel; or, German Fairy Tales and Popular
Stories, containing 42 Fairy Tales. Translated by Edgar Taylor. With
numerous Woodcuts after George Cruikshank and Ludwig Grimm. 3s. 6d.
Tales. With the Notes of the Original. Translated by Mrs*
A. Hunt. With Introduction by Andrew Lang, M.A. 2 vols. 3s. 6d. each.
Harald the Viking. A Book for Boys. By Capt. Charles Young*
With Illustrations by J. Williamson. Crown 8vo. 5s.
Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin ; or, Life among the Lowly. With In-
troductory Remarks by Rev. J. Sherman. With 8 full-page Illustrations.
Small post 8vo. 3s. 6d.
The Wide, Wide World. A Story. By Elizabeth Wetherell. Sm.
post 8vo. 3s. 0d.
Uncle Peter's Kiddle. By Ella K. Sanders. Illustrated by Florence
Mi Ccoper. 2s. _
CAPT. MARRYAT'S BOOKS FOR BOYS.
Uniform Illustrated Edition, Small post 8vo. 3s. 6d. each.
Poor Jack. The Settlers in Canada.
The Mission ; or, Scenes in Africa. The Privateersman.
The Pirate, and Three Cutters. Masterman Eeady.
Peter Simple. Midshipman Easy.
A Classified Catalogue of Selected Works. 33
MRS. EWING'S BOOKS,
Uniform Edition, in 9 vols.
We and. The World. A Story for Boys. By the late Juliana
Horatio Ewing. With 7 Illustrations by W. L. Jones. 5th edition. 3s.
A Flat Iron for a Farthing ; or, Some Passages in the Life of an
Only Son. "With 12 Illustrations by H. Allingham, 16th edition. 3s.
Mrs. Overtheway's Remembrances. Illustrated with 9 fine full-
page Engravings by Pasquier, and Frontispiece by Wolf. 6th edition. 3s.
Six to Sixteen : A Story for Girls. With 10 Illustrations by Mrs.
Allingham. 8th edition. 3s.
Jan of the Windmill : a Story of the Plains. With 11 Illustrations
by Mrs. Allingham. 5th edition. 3s.
A Great Emergency. A very Ill-tempered Family — Our Field —
Madame Liberality. With 4 Illustrations. 3rd edition. 3s.
Melchior's Dream. The Blackbird's Nest— Friedrich's Ballad — A
Bit of G-reen— Monsieur the Viscount's Friend— The Yew Lane Ghosts— A
Bad Habit— A Happy Family. With 8 Illustrations by Gordon Browne. 7th
edition. 3s.
Lob-Lie-by-the-Fire, or the Luck of Lingborough ; and other Tales.
With 3 Illustrations by George Cruikshank. 4th edition. Imp. 16mo. 3s. 6d.
The Brownies. The Land of Lost Toys— Three Christmas-trees —
An Idyl of the Wood— Christmas Crackers — Amelia and the Dwarf s— Timothy's
Shoes — Benjy in Beastland. Illustrated by George Cruikshank. 8th edition.
Imp. 16mo. 3s. 6d.
THE SHILLING SERIES.
Fcap. 4to. double columns, Illustrated, Is. each.
Mrs. Ewing's Melchior's Dream, and other Tales,
A Flat Iron for a Farthing,
- Six to Sixteen.
— We and the World.
— Mrs. Overtheway's Remembrances.
- — Jan of the Windmill.
A Great Emergency, and other Tales.
The Brownies, and other Tales.
Mrs. G-atty's Parables from Nature. Two Series, each Is.
Miss Procter's Legends and Lyrics. Two Series, each Is
Hector. A Story for Young People. With 12 Illustrations by
W. J. Hennessey. By Flora Shaw, Author of « Castle Blair.'
Andersen's Tales, Translated by Caroline Peachey.
34 A Classified Catalogue of Selected Works.
ROYAL NAVY HANDBOOKS.
EDITED BY
COMMANDER C. N. ROBINSON, R.N.
Profusely Illustrated. Crown 8vo. $s. each.
Now Ready.
1. NAVAL ADMINISTRATION. By Admiral Sir R. Vesey
Hamilton, G.C.B. With Portraits and other Illustrations.
2. THE MECHANISM OF MEN-OF-WAR. By Fleet-Engineer
Reginald C. Oldknow, R.N, With 61 Illustrations.
3. TORPEDOES AND TORPEDO-VESSELS. By Lieutenant
G. E. Armstrong, late R.N. With 53 Illustrations.
4. NAVAL GUNNERY, a Description and History of the Fighting
Equipment of a Man-of-War. By Captain H, Garbett, R.N. With
125 Illustrations.
The following Volumes are in preparation.
5. THE ENTRY AND TRAINING OF OFFICERS AND
MEN OF THE ROYAY NAVY AND THE ROYAL MARINES.
By Lieutenant J. N. Allen, late R.N.
6. NAVAL STRATEGY AND THE PROTECTION OF COM-
MERCE. By Professor J. K. Laughton, R.N.
7. THE INTERNAL ECONOMY OF A MAN-OF-WAR.
8. NAVAL ARCHITECTURE.
9. DOCKYARDS AND COALING STATIONS.
10. NAVAL TACTICS.
11. NAVAL HYGIENE.
12. THE LAWS OF THE SEA.
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'Commander Robinson, whose able work, "The British Fleet," was reviewed in these
columns m November, 1894, has now undertaken the editing of a series of handbooks, each
of which will deal with erne particular subject connected with that great creation, the Royal
Navy. Our national literature has certainly lacked much in this respect. Such books as
have heretofore been produced have almost invariably been of a character too scientific and
technical to be of much use to the general public. The series now -being issued is intended to
obviate this defect, and when completed will form a description, both historical and actual, of the
Royal Navy, which will not only be of use to the professional student, but also be of interest
to all who are concerned in the maintenance and efficiency of the Navy.' — Broad Arrow.
'.The series of naval handbooks edited by Commander Robinson has made a most hopeful
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in regard to the Navy, on which the national existence depends.'— Times.
'Messrs. Bell's series of "Royal Navy Handbooks" promises to be a veiy successful
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persons closely acquainted with their subjects, they are not so discouragingly technical as to.
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A Classified Catalogue of Selected Works. %%
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frllustrateb /BSonoarapfig in IbanDg Sise.
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CHESTER. By Charles Hiatt. 24 Illustrations.
ROCHESTER. By G. H. Palmer, B.A. ^Illustrations.
OXFORD. By Rev. Percy Dearmer, M.A. 34 Illustrations.
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WINCHESTER. By P. W< Sergeant. 50 Illustrations.
NORWICH, By C. H. B. Quennell. 38 Illustrations.
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( 36 )
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