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CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE
ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY

No. 20: THE BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF ESSEX
COUNTY, ONTARIO. By F. A. Urqunart.

Published under
THE REUBEN WELLS LEONARD BEQUEST
1941

LIBRARY

WAL GMTAM MSEUM
POYAL fe AiGe HiUSLU

THE BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA
OF ESSEX COUNTY, ONTARIO

By F. A. URQUHART

EssEx COUNTY

Climate and Life Zone: The climate of this region is tempered
by the presence of the lower Great Lakes; winters are compara-
tively mild and the growing season is long (Putnam and Chapman,
1938). These features favour southern species in establishing them -
selves. The rather limited stretches of forest areas are composed,
for the most part, of lofty hardwoods. The black walnut (Juglans
nigra) is one of the most conspicuous; other trees such as the chest-
nut oak (Quercus montana), hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), shagbark
hickory (Carya ovata), red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), papaw
(Asimina triloba), and magnolia (Magnolia acuminata) occur in
varying degrees of abundance. Of the smaller plants possibly the
most outstanding is the prickly pear (Opuntia rafinesquit) which is
found only in the most southern part of Ontario. The presence of
such plants as these makes it apparent that Essex County can
rightly be regarded as within the Carolinian area of the Austral
Life Zone (Merriam, 1893, ’94, ’98).

Phystographic and Ecological Features: The whole of Essex
County is low-lying and flat with numerous extensive marsh areas.
The soil is composed almost entirely of sand, with occasional fields
of dark loam, probably marking the location of former marshes.
The creeks and streams, which are rather sluggish, meander across
level fields and through shallow ravines. Their paths are often
marked by numerous marshes that support a dense growth of
grasses, sedges and rushes. Most of the land areas are devoted to
agriculture. Occasionally a small clump of trees, marking the re-
mains of a hardwood forest, may be seen, but such woodlots are
usually grazed. Fortunately a few small stretches of woodland,
which still remain in their natural condition, exist in the vicinity of
Point Pelee.

Since the soil of Essex County is composed almost entirely of
sand, one would expect to find rather extensive beaches along the
shores of the lakes and rivers, but such areas are relatively scarce.
Of the localities where collections were made along the shores of
Lake St. Clair only one boasts of a small beach and this is cluttered
with summer cottages and man-made structures of all sorts. Local-

1

2 THe BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF EssEx COUNTY

ities which are free from such disfigurements consist for the most
part of grasslands which extend to within a few feet of the shore.
The remainder of the shore-line is made up of wave-washed sand or
marsh areas. The only localities where extensive beaches occur are
along the east and west shore of Point Pelee and portions of the
north shore of Lake Erie. The east shore of Point Pelee consists of
a continuous sand-dune. This situation proved the most fruitful
for the collecting of species of grasshoppers which inhabit sand areas.
The average width of this shore-dune is approximately a hundred
yards and, since it is low-lying, the waves often wash completely
over it into the marsh beyond.

The scarcity of dry, grassy hill-sides and shrubby areas notably
limits the number of species of short-horned grasshoppers. Most
of the species taken inhabited rather damp situations such as mea-
dows and the marginal areas of the marshes. Of the species of
Orthoptera collected, those belonging to the Conocephalinae were
most abundant. Nearly every pasture and roadside ditch fairly
teemed with Conocephalus. Second to Conocephalus in point of
abundance was the red-legged locust, Melanoplus femur-rubrum, a
species that occurred in greatest numbers in low-lying, damp pas-
tures and at the margins of the numerous marshes and creeks.
Melanoplus bivittatus was also of common occurrence throughout
this locality although not nearly as abundant as femur-rubrum. In
the drier pastures, especially those used for cattle grazing, Orphu-
lella speciosa was commonly found, together with Melanoplus mexi-
canus, Dissosteira carolina, and Encoptolophus sordidus. Not a
single specimen of Camnula pellucida, a common species in most
parts of southern Ontario, was taken during this expedition; it is
included in the present work on the basis of a single record from
Point Pelee (Walker, 1902).

We have in the occurrence of the mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa hexa-
dactyla) striking evidence of the austral aspect of the Point Pelee
Saltatorial fauna; this species occurs in rather humid soil usually
along the margins of creeks and in company with Tridactylus api-
calis. Other typically southern forms found were, Paroxya hoosieri,
Metaleptea brevicornis, and Pseudopomala brachyptera. In wooded
areas Nemobius maculatus was abundant while in the dense, leafy
branches of the tall walnuts and oaks Pterophylla camellifolia was
of common occurrence in late summer in the wooded areas of Point
Pelee. Tvrimerotropis maritima interior was found upon the sand
dunes of Point Pelee and occasionally on small sand areas bordering
Lake St. Clair. This species was also exceptionally abundant in
sandy, cultivated fields in Point Pelee.

Tue BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF ESSEX COUNTY 3

HABITATS OF ORTHOPTERA

As previously mentioned, Essex County is low-lying; there are

relatively few grassy hillsides and no areas of bare rock. Small,
sluggish creeks bordered by a rich growth of grasses and sedges,
connect the numerous marsh areas; the latter occupy the greater
part of the base of Point Pelee. Although the ditches, along the
margins of roadways, are fairly shallow they contain a sufficient
amount of water throughout the summer to support aquatic vege-
tation. Forest areas have been depleted or reduced to small wood-
lots; the only extensive areas of virgin forests are located in Point
Pelee. Extensive sand areas are found along the Lake Erie shore,
as well as sandy cultivated land in the interior. Dry, grassy areas
are limited to pastures or margins of woodlots.
Sand Areas: Along the east and west shores of Point Pelee there
are rather extensive sand dunes that support a somewhat meagre
flora of which panic grass (Panicum virgatum), beard grass (Andro-
pogon scoparius), Russian thistle (Salsola kali) and cocklebur (Xan-
thium echinatum) are the most abundant species present.

Of the grasshopper fauna, the most abundant and characteristic
species is the “inland seaside locust’ (Trimerotropis maritima in-
terior). Other species, such as Dissosteira carolina, Melanoplus
mexicanus, and Encoptolophus sordidus are found in limited numbers.

Sandy stretches of land, resulting from fields that have been
plowed over for agricultural purposes, also occur inland. The
grasshoppers found in such areas are much the same as those found
on the sand dunes.

Marsh Areas: As previously mentioned, marsh areas are of com-
mon occurrence throughout Essex County. The most abundant
plant present in such marsh areas is the ‘“‘blue-jointed grass’’
(Calamagrostis canadensis); certain of the smaller marshes contain
a luxuriant growth of the ‘‘river-bank sedge’”’ (Carex riparia), espe-
cially in low-lying areas along the margins of creeks.

By far the greatest number of species and individuals of Salta-
toria were found in the marshes. This may be due to the fact that
such areas have remained in their natural conditions throughout
the past history of Essex County while the dry land areas have been
subjected to drastic changes; or it may be owing to the presence of
a luxuriant vegetation.

The grasshoppers found in the marsh are, for the most part,
members of the Tettigoniidae. Conocephalus fasciatus was found
to be most abundant; C. attenuatus was of common occurrence in

4 Tue BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF Essex CouNTY

most marsh areas and abundant in a rather extensive marsh located
near Malden Centre.

In addition to the long-horned grasshoppers, a few species of
Acridinae were of common occurrence; Metaleptea brevicornis in a
small marsh near Arner; Chorthippus longicornis in the shorter grass
at the margins of the marshes; and Stethophyma lineatum in small
marsh areas at the base of Point Pelee.

The margin of the marsh presents a somewhat different flora
and fauna from that of the marsh proper or the drier land areas.
Certain plants, such as species of Solidago, that do not occur in the
marsh, may flourish along the margins. The species of Orthoptera
found along the margin are also different or, in some cases, more
abundant than those found in the marsh. Acrydium subulatum and
Paratettix cucullatus are of common occurrence on the humid, mud
flats while Melanoplus bivittatus and M. femur-rubrum are usually
abundant in the rather dense vegetation.

Grasslands: There are few natural grasslands in Esssex County.
Most of the lands approaching this type of habitat are devoted to
cattle grazing and, periodically, such lands are placed under cul-
tivation.

A typical pasture field may be divided into three sections: (1)
short-cropped grass area; (2) shrubby area; (3) humid area of long
grass. In the areas of the field where the grass has been cut short
by grazing cattle, Nemobius fasciatus, Orphulella speciosa, Melan-
oplus mexicanus, Dissosteitra carolina and Spharagemon bolli are
abundant. In shrubby areas, such as along the edges of fence rows
or the margins of woodlots where there is a dense growth of tall
herbs and shrubs, long-horned grasshoppers appear to be predom-
inant; Conocephalus fasciatus is usually most abundant together with
smaller numbers of Conocephalus strictus. Melanoplus femur-rub-
rum is usually found in numbers in such a habitat as well as the
oblong-winged katydid (Amblycorypha oblongifolia). Conocephalus
brevipennis, Orchelium vulgare and O. gladiator are usually associated
with the tall grasses growing in the more humid portions of the field.
Acrydium ornatum and Acrydium subulatum are of common occur-
rence on the humid soil.

Wooded Areas: Since most of the wooded areas of Essex County.
have been cleared for agriculture, only a few isolated natural forest
areas are to be found. Those remaining are almost entirely com-
posed of deciduous trees; black walnut (Juglans nigra) is the most
conspicuous tree in this region; other trees such as the chestnut oak

Tue BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF Essex COUNTY 5

(Quercus montana), red oak (Quercus borealis), hackberry (Celtis
occidentalis), and sassafras (Sassafras officinalis) are of common
occurrence.

As compared with the other habitats, the wooded areas contain
relatively few species of Saltatoria. Those that are present usually
secrete themselves beneath the litter of the forest floor. Ceutho-
philus meridionalis may be found beneath the loose bark of fallen
trees and in the crevices of decaying logs. Two species of small
ground crickets, Nemobius maculatus and N. carolinus, may be seen
in numbers scurrying over the leaf-strewn floor. The true katydid
(Pterophylla camellifolia) may be heard stridulating in the foliage
of the trees. In the thick underbrush Scudderia furcata and Ambly-
corypha oblongifolia are of common occurrence. In the more humid
portions of the woods, especially in those sections where the land is
flooded in early spring, grouse locusts, such as Acrydium subulatum
and Acrydium arenosum are usually present.

In the open clearings of the woods a number of species character-
istic of the field habitat may occur, such as: Oecanthus niveus,
Gryllulus assimilis, Nemobtus fasciatus, Conocephalus brevipennis
and C. fasciatus.

LITERATURE

The records of various species of Orthoptera found in Essex
County have been considered in the works of Dr. E. M. Walker
(1898, 1899, 1901, 1902, 1902a, 1904, 1904a, 1905, 1912) on the
Orthoptera of Ontario.

Recently, Walker and Urquhart (1940) published a list of addi-
tional records of Ontario Orthoptera, a number of which were taken
in Essex County; and a short article has been published on the
occurrence of Schistocerca americana in Essex County (Urquhart,
1939).

Most of Walker’s records on the Ontario Orthoptera are included
in Blatchley’s Orthoptera of North-eastern America (1920).

SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION

Many of the American Orthopterists have considered the
Orthoptera as an order comprising, in addition to others, such fam-
ilies as the cockroaches (Blattidae), mantids (Mantidae), and phas-
mids (Phasmidae). However, as has been pointed out by various
authors, such families are sufficiently distinct to warrant a higher
ranking.

In a recent publication, Zeuner (1939), in his chapter devoted
to the phylogeny of the orthopteroid order, has presented the fol-

6 Tue BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF Essex CouNTy

lowing classification of the various orders considered in this present
paper based on “‘Handlirch’s latest views’’.

Sunereorder: yin 9s 5 oe Orthoptera
We deh RR RD Lm Phasmida
CHE ss ss ehets ae Saltatoria
OT Loess a. Dermaptera
DUPEr-QFUEr. oy lease ed Blattaeformia
COWIGE ets nuk oe Mantodea)
CIPger yh tan ate e Blattaria (Blattariae)

This classification, which is based upon a careful study of present
and past forms of orthopteroid insects, has been adopted by the
writer.

, Ander (1939a) has made a rather exhaustive study of the order
Saltatoria and has proposed the following classification:

Order Saltatoria

2 DIE TC Fes ie Oe OO aa PH Ensifera
Superiamily. .. 2.0/2 Grylloidea
Fairly. 23. oes 2 Gryllotalpidae
Fiotiny yee: Gryllidae
Subfamily. wiecco Oecanthinae
Subfamily......Trigonidiinae
sublamuly: 0. 03.) Nemobiinae
Sublannly, 003. Gryllinae
Supertamily ss Tettigonioidea |
Pay ular se Gryllacrididae
Subfamily?) ... . Rhaphidophorinae
(Fam. Rhaphidophoridae)
Fea tiatiy 0 wie wit). Tettigoniidae
Subfamily... . . Pseudophyllinae
Subfamily......Decticinae
Subfaniily. 0... Conocephalinae
Subfamily. 2... . Copiphorinae
Subiamily..> Phaneropterinae
Suborder’... co eee Caelifera
Superiamily. 6.2... Tridactyloidea
Family ae cao ee Tridactylidae
Stipertamily 0.0. Acridoidea
Pamy cae eels Acrydiidae
Famyeite sess. Acrididae

The above classification has been followed in the present paper
and is the same as that suggested by Ander with the exception of

Tue BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF EsSEx COUNTY 7

placing the Rhaphidophorinae as a subfamily of the Gryllacrididae
instead of a family, Rhaphidophoridae. This latter change is in
accord with the work of Karny (1910) and has been adopted by
Hubbell (1936).
MATERIAL

The present paper is based upon a collection of approximately
5,000 specimens and numerous field observations made by the writer
during the summer of 1938, together with specimens collected by
Dr. E. M. Walker and various members of the staff of the Royal
Ontario Museum of Zoology. This complete collection is now con-
tained in the latter institution.

LOCALITIES
The accompanying map (fig. 1) gives the localities in Essex
County, together with indications of the habitats, from which speci-
mens were obtained.

BLATTAEFORMIA
BLATTARIA

This order is represented in Essex County by four species, each
belonging to a separate genus; only one of the species is native
to this locality.

BLATTIDAE

BLATTINAE

Blatta Linnaeus
B. orientalis Linnaeus

Like Blattella germanica, this introduced species is a household
pest throughout the settled parts of Southern Ontario.

Mr. W. R. Lapp of the Department of Agriculture, Windsor,
Ontario, reports a specimen taken in Windsor on September 26,
1938; it is quite likely that this large, dark-coloured species occurs
in certain dwellings throughout Essex County.

PSEUDOMOPINAE
Parcoblatta Hebard
P. fulvescens (Saussure and Zehnter)

Hebard, to whom specimens of this cockroach were sent for
identification, stated that they were possibly adventive from the
southern United States. I am inclined to believe, however, that,
since ten specimens were taken on the same day and in the same
locality and two specimens as far north as Go Home Bay, Georgian

8 THe BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF ESSEX COUNTY

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FicurE 1.—Outline map of Essex County showing the localities |
and types of habitats from which collections were obtained.

THE BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF ESSEX COUNTY 9

Bay, that this species is native to Ontario in certain suitable
localities.

PoInT PELEE: July 18, 1920, 10c‘c’, Bigelow; June 21, 1920, 1<, Logier.

P. pennsylvanica (De Geer)

This species is of common occurrence throughout Essex County,
inhabiting wooded areas where it seeks protection beneath the
loose bark of trees, fallen logs and other surface debris. Both
nymphs and adults hibernate and may be found from early spring
until late fall.

Potnt PELEE: June 12,307o’, 22 9, 1 nymph; Aug. 28, 1c”; Sept. 1, 4 nymphs;
Sept. 8, 1c’; Sept. 21, 1 nymph; 1938; June 21, 1920, 7c’ oc’, 72 9, Logier;
June 13, 1920, 567°, 52 2, Bigelow; May 20, 1934, 1c”, 4 nymphs, Ide.

Blattella Caudell
B. germanica (Linnaeus)

This species is a household pest throughout Southern Ontario.
W. R. Lapp informs me that it abounds throughout the district.

ORTHOPTERA
DERMAPTERA

In Ontario this order is represented by a single native species
belonging to the family Forficulidae. It is quite possible that
Forficula auricularia and Labia minor may occur in parts of Essex
County but there are no records of these species from this locality.

FORFICULIDAE
Doru Burr
D. aculeatum aculeatum (Scudder)

This species is apparently limited to the more southern parts
of Essex County where it may be found among the tall grasses
growing along the margins of marshes and creeks, or beneath
leaves, sticks and other surface debris.

ARNER: Aug. 19, 1938,19. PorintT PELEE: May 20, 1934, 19, Ide.

PHASMIDA
PHASMIDAE
Diapheromera Gray
D. femorata (Say)

This insect is abundant throughout Essex County; far more
abundant than the single record might indicate.

PoInT PELEE: Sept. 13, 1938, 1c’.

10 Tue BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF Essex CouNTY

SALTATORIA
ENSIFERA
GRYLLOIDEA
GRYLLOTALPIDAE

Gryllotalpa Latreille
G. hexadactyla Perty

The mole-cricket is apparently limited to the southern parts of
Essex County, especially in the vicinity of Point Pelee, where it
may be said to be quite abundant. The following record of cap-
tures does not give a clear indication of its abundance since, being
subterranean in habit, specimens were difficult to capture.

This species has been recorded previously from Leamington by
Fletcher (1892) and repeated by Walker (1904).

PoInT PELEE: June 23, 1920, 407’, Bigelow; June 27, 1920, 1 nymph, Walker;
July 23, 19388, 30°’, 2 nymphs.

GRYLLIDAE
OECANTHINAE
Oecanthus Serville

O. nigricornis F. Walker

In the present paper Oecanthus nigricornis nigricornis and O.
nigricornis quadripunctatus have been considered under Oecanthus
nigricornts.

It is not possible to distinguish nigricornis nigricornts from nigri-
cornis quadripunctatus, in so far as the specimens taken in Essex
County are concerned. The marks on the two basal joints of the
antennae vary from those typical of guadripunctatus to almost solid
black; and the same applies to the amount of pigmentation on the
pronotum (see fig. 2). Fulton (1926), however, is of the opinion
that “‘in the eastern portion of the United States and Canada mzgri-
cornis and quadripunctatus are fairly distinct, sufficiently so to be
considered different species if they did not range beyond this re-
gion’. In so far as the choice of habitat is concerned, no difference
was observed between these two forms, although Fulton has pointed —
out a difference in the choice of host plants during oviposition; of
the specimens considered in the present paper, typical nigricornis
and quadripunctatus were found in the same field and inhabiting the

NS ee

Tue BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF Essex COUNTY 11

same kind of vegetation. Fulton has, however, pointed out certain
differences in the structure of the eggs which may indicate a dis-
tinctive feature between the two extreme of nigricornis.

q r Ss

FicurE 2.—Basal segments of the antennae of Oecanthus showing
the black markings. a, O. miveus; b-j, O. nigricornis showing varia-
tions in the amount of pigmentation; k-s, dorsal view of pronotum of
O. nigricornis showing variations in the amount of pigmentation.

Rehn and Hebard (1916) point out that O. nigricornis may be
distinguished from other species by the heavier pronotum of which
the width approximates the length; in quadripunctatus the pro-
notum is not quite as wide. From measurements of the length and
width of the pronotum of seventy-seven specimens of typical guadri-

12 Tue BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF Essex CouUNTY

punctatus, sixty specimens of typical migricornis, and seventeen inter-
mediate specimens, the following results were obtained:

quadripunctatus: Male: length, 1.9-2.4 mm.; width, 1.9-2.4 mm.
Female: length, 2.1-2.8 mm.; width, 1.9-2.4 mm.

nigricornis: Male: length, 2.0-2.7 mm.; width, 2.0-2.7 mm.
Female: length, 2.1-2.8 mm.; width, 1.9-2.4 mm.

intermediate: Male: length, 2.3-2.6 mm.; width, 2.0-2.8 mm.
Female: length, 2.2-2.8 mm.; width, 1.9-2.4 mm.

From these measurements it is seen that the pronotum of nigri-
cornis is apparently “‘heavier’’ than that of guadripunctatus but the
difference is very slight and there are many specimens of both forms
with identical measurements and therefore such a character is of
little diagnostic significance.

This species was found to be exceptionally abundant throughout
Essex County. In one particular field, that had been allowed to
“grow wild” and hence contained a rather dense growth of tall
grasses, small shrubs and goldenrod, as many as twenty-six speci-
mens of O. nigricornis were taken with one sweep of the insect net.
A number of complaints were received from the farmers concerning
the prevalence of O. nigricornis in tobacco crops; this usually oc-
curred when the latter were in proximity to a field such as the above.
Specimens were also taken in grassy areas bordering woodlots, mar-
gins of marshes and roadways, and in the foliage of walnut and oak
trees.

A series of 381 specimens was obtained, representing all of the localities of Essex
County considered in this paper.

O. niveus (De Geer)

This species is not nearly as abundant as nigricornis. It was
found in dry, shrubby areas, especially among cultivated raspberry
bushes and the like, in sandy fields. Although Walker (1904) is of
the opinion that O. nigricornis is more abundant on raspberry bushes
than is O. niveus, it was the author’s experience to find the former
species in grassy areas such as pastures and the like, while O. niveus
was not taken in such areas. However, at Brockville, Ont., O. nigri-
cornis was found to be exceptionally abundant in a field devoted to
the cultivation of raspberry bushes which would confirm Walker’s
contention. .

LEAMINGTON: Aug. 7, 1901. ARNER: Aug. 9, 1901; Walker (1904). Point
PELEE: July 27, 1c’; Aug. 10, 3c°o, 19; 1938.

THE BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF ESSEX COUNTY 13

TRIGONIDIINAE

Anaxtpha Saussure
A. exigua (Say)
This small, marsh-inhabiting cricket seems to be confined to the
more southern portions of Essex County. In certain marsh areas
it was found in considerable numbers (Walker and Urquhart, 1940).

Point PELEE: Sept. 8,292 9;Sept. 15,19;1938. MALDEN CENTRE: Aug. 12,
1938, 19.

NEMOBIINAE

Nemobius Serville

N. carolinus carolinus Scudder

Abundant throughout Essex County in wooded areas where it
may be found running over the dry leaves of the forest floor or hiding
beneath loose bark, fallen logs and other surface debris.

PoInT PELEE: Aug. 28, 100°’, 9 9 9, 8 nymphs; Sept. 8,307", 12 9 9; Sept. 9,
50°", 102 9, 2 nymphs; Sept. 21, 20’ co’, 1 9; 1988.

N. maculatus Blatchley

This species is quite abundant in the more southern parts of
Essex County, especially in the vicinity of Point Pelee where it may
be found in considerable numbers in wooded areas (Walker and
Urquhart, 1940).

Point PELEE: Aug. 8, 767°, 42 9, 4 nymphs; Sept. 8, 16°67, 18 9 9; Sept. 25,
60'S, 39 2; 1938.

N. griseus griseus E. M. Walker

Since this species has been taken by Walker (1904) at Toronto,
Sarnia, and Lake Simcoe, Ont., and by the writer as far north as
Mactier, Ont., it probably occurs in dry, sandy areas of Essex
County.

N. fasciatus fasciatus (De Geer)

This is one of the most abundant species of Saltatoria, inhabiting
pastures and the like, throughout Essex County.

Previously reported from Point Pelee and Arner by Walker
(1904).
PoINT PELEE: July 24, 1 nymph; Aug. 3, 407°’; Aug. 7, 60°", 52 9, 8nymphs;
Aug. 8, 30° co’, 22 9; Aug. 12, 77°, 189 9, 5 nymphs; Aug. 18, 29 9; Aug.
16,40°o,59 9; Aug. 17,207°'o', 29 9; Aug. 23, 100°’, 62 9; Aug. 24,49 9;
Aug. 28, 19; Sept. 8, 20°", 42 2; Sept. 14, 17; Sept. 23, 2°, 12; 1938.
LEAMINGTON: Sept. 15, 19388, 50'7o’?, 99 9. WINDFALL: Sept. 25, 1938, 20707,
399. MarpsTONE: Sept. 27, 1938, 1c’. Harrow: Sept. 26, 1938, 19.

14 Tue BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF ESSEX COUNTY

SoutH WoopsLEE: Sept. 27, 1938,19. Wuinpsor: Aug. 25, 1938,37o7,29 9.
BELLE River: Aug. 27, 1938, 19. Essex: Aug. 31, 1938, 27’, 69 9.
ARNER: Sept. 5, 107; Aug. 12,1, 1 nymph; 1938. WHEATLEY: Sept. 25, 1938,
1, 1 nymph.

N. fasciatus socius (Scudder)

Whereas JN. f. fasciatus is usually found on rather dry grasslands,
N. f. socius occurs at the margins of marshes. Since it occurs in
quite a number of localities in Southern Ontario, extending as far
north as Bracebridge, Ont., and abundantly at the margins of
marshes from Toronto east to Summerstown, Ont.(Urquhart, 1941),
it undoubtedly occurs throughout Essex County in similar situations.

Point PELEE: Aug. 12, 19; Aug. 23, 29 9; 19388. WHEATLEY: Sept. 25,
1938, 19.

GRYLLINAE
Gryllulus Uvarov

By a decision of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature (1928) Gryllus campestris Linnaeus was made the type
of the genus Gryllus Linnaeus. The latter name had been generally
applied to those species which are now placed under the genus
Gryllulus Uvarov. The name Liogryllus Saussure, formerly used
for Gryllus campestris-group, has become a synonym of Gryllus
Linnaeus. The genotype of Gryllulus is Gryllus domesticus Lin-
naeus.

G. domesticus Linnaeus

Since this species has become a household pest of considerable
importance in most of the settled parts of Southern Ontario, it may
be assumed that it does occur in Essex County, although we were
unable to obtain any reports of its occurrence in this locality.

G. assimilis Fabricius

The two forms, G. a. luctuosus and G. a. pennsylvanicus, are here
considered under G. assimilis. From material obtained in the course
of this investigation it was found that while the two forms are
physiologically distinct, they differ morphologically only in so far
as the length of the female ovipositors are concerned (manuscript).

Both G. assimilis luctuosus and G. a. pennsylvanicus are of com-
mon occurrence throughout Essex County. The former is abundant
in pastures and roadsides in late summer while the latter is usually
found in the proximity of woods in spring and early summer.

a

THe BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF ESSEX CoUNTY 15

G. a. luctuosus has been recorded from Point Pelee by Walker
(1904).
Pornt PELEE: Aug. 7, 1901, 3o6°o’, 32 2, Walker; Aug. 7, 30%", 9 nymphs;
Aug. 8, 1 nymph; Aug. 12, 1 nymph; Aug. 23, 1 9; Aug. 24, 1 nymph; Sept. 8,
14,19; Sept. 22, 1150767, 127 9 9; Sept. 16, 167; 19388. WHEATLEY: Sept. 25,
19. WINDFALL: Sept. 25, 19. SouTH WoopDsLEE: Sept. 27, 1938, 19.
Cottam: Sept. 27, 1938,19.

TETTIGONIOIDEA
GRYLLACRIDIDAE
RHAPHIDOPHORINAE

Ceuthophilus Scudder
C. maculatus (Harris)
This species inhabits wooded areas, secreting itself beneath the
loose bark of trees or under fallen logs and the like.
Point PELEE: July 25, 20'o’, 19; Aug. 2, 17; 1920; Bigelow.

C. meridionalis Scudder

This large species inhabits the same situations as C. maculatus.
Point PELEE: July 12, 19; July 20, 1o', 19; July 25, 2c'd’, 32 2; 1920;
Bigelow; June 28, 3 nymphs; July 23, 20¢°0’, 32 2; July 31, 16°, 19; Sept. 21,
16,32 9; 1938.

TETTIGONIIDAE
PSEUDOPHYLLINAE

Pterophylla Kirby
P. camellifolia (Fabricius)

This species is apparently limited to the more southern parts of
Essex County. It was fairly abundant in the vicinity of Point
Pelee in late summer but, since it inhabited the dense foliage of tall
walnut trees, there was some difficulty in capturing specimens and
hence only two are here recorded.

This species has been previously recorded from Point Pelee by
Walker and Urquhart (1940).

PoINT PELEE: Aug. 22, 16’; Sept. 7, 1c; 1938.

DECTICINAE

Atlanticus Scudder
A. testaceus (Scudder)

This species was first reported by Walker (1905) as Aélanticus
pachymerus Burm. Walker states that the specimens were ‘‘found
in the more open parts of a dry upland wood consisting chiefly of
oak and other hardwoods’. :

ARNER: Aug. 9, 1901, 2c° oc’, 19; Walker.

16 THe BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF Essex CouUNTY

CONOCEPHALINAE

Orchelimum Serville

O. nigripes Scudder
This handsome grasshopper is common throughout Essex
County, inhabiting marsh areas, for the most part; it is also common
in meadows of long grass as well as the margins of wooded areas.
This species has been previously recorded from Point Pelee by

Walker (1905).

Point PELEE: Aug. 8, 1 nymph; Aug. 10, 207’; Aug. 16, 1°; Aug. 17, 2 nymphs;
Aug. 18, 40° 7; Aug. 23, 1 9, 1 nymph; Aug. 24, 2? 9, 1 nymph; Aug. 28, 80° #
49 9; Aug. 30, 167; Sept. 2,106, 49 9, 2 nymphs; Sept. 8, 23070’, 139 9;
Sept. 14, 20° 0’; Sept. 15, 2067.7; Sept. 16, 22 2; Sept. 23, 2°; 1938. Lzam-
INGTON: Sept. 15, 19388, 1c’. Essex: Aug. 31, 1938, 307,392. ARNER:
Aug. 12, 1938, 9o°", 82 2, 49 nymphs. OXLEY: Sept. 26, 1938, 19. Caz-
CHESTER: Sept. 26, 19388, 19. MALDEN CENTRE: Aug. 19, 1938, 20°, 19.

O. vulgare Harris
This is the most abundant and ubiquitous species of Orchelimum.

It is found throughout Essex County, inhabiting open, grassy fields
of a humid nature as well as marsh areas.

Walker (1905) has previously recorded this species from Arner
and Point Pelee.
Point PELEE: Aug. 7, 1901, 16%, Walker; July 22, 1c; July 24, 2 nymphs;
July 27,50; Aug. 1, 16°; Aug. 6, 20°’, 1 nymph; Aug. 8, 167; Aug. 9,3¢°';
Aug. 10, 36°’; Aug. 12, 80° 0’; Aug. 18, 20°"; Aug. 17, 90’ o’', 19; Aug. 18,
20'o', 59 9: Aug. 23, 30’ co", 2.9 9%; Aug. 24,2919; Aug. 25, 167; Sept. 2, 1a’;
Sept. 15,22 9; Sept. 23, 407 o’; Sept. 25, 207"; 1938. LEAMINGTON: Sept. 15,
1938,3c'o'. WuInpsor: Sept. 25, 1938,20°o. TECUMSEH: Aug. 27, 1938,1<.
Essex: Aug. 31, 1988,29 9. STapLes: Aug. 27, 1938, 607° o',19. ARNER:
Sept. 5, 1938,°20'o', 32 9; Aug. 12, 19388, 107, 19; Aug. 19, 3¢°' oh, 32 9, 2
nymphs; 1938. WHEATLEY: Sept. 25, 1938,1c%. OXLEy: Sept. 26, 1938,19.
SouTH WooDSLEE: Sept. 27, 1938, 29 9. MAIDSTONE: Sept. 27, 1938, 1¢.
Cottam: Sept. 27, 19388, 1c’. AMHERSTBURG: Aug. 25, 1988, 2c'o’', 52 9.

O. gladiator (Bruner)
This species inhabits marsh areas throughout Essex County.
Walker (1905) has previously recorded this species from Point
Pelee.
PoInt PELEE: July 4, 2 nymphs; July 8, 10’; July 11, 130,52 9,4nymphs;
July 12,120 ¢,19,12 nymphs; July 22,77 6,22 9,3 nymphs; July 30,300;
July 23, 30°o’', 19; July 28, 16, 19; Sept. 2, 16; Sept. 8, 16; 19388. ARNER:
Aug. 12, 1988, 50°’, 1 nymph. MacGrecor: Sept. 26, 1938, 17.

O. volantum McNeill
One observation on the habits of this species may be worth
recording: On August 27, while collecting at Tecumseh, a number

THE BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF ESSEX COUNTY 17

of males could be heard stridulating among the sedges growing in
water that was approximately eighteen inches deep. By following
the sound to its source, the specimen could be found clinging to the
upright sedge and, in true Orchelimum fashion, would dodge to the
far side of the sedge to escape detection. But, on attempting to
capture the specimen, it would immediately leap into the water and
swim vigorously to another clump of sedges, there to cling to an
upright stem or leaf and remain motionless, sometimes beneath the
surface of the water.

Since O. volantum is nearly always found upon vegetation grow-
ing in open water ponds, it is interesting to correlate the above
apparent semi-aquatic habit of the species with its ecological dis-
tribution. It may also be inferred that the eggs can withstand
submergence; even though the eggs may be deposited in the aerial
portion of aquatic vegetation, the latter, due to the snow and ice
of winter, is completely submerged in early spring.

This is not as common as are the other species of Orchelimum
and appears to be limited to marsh areas that have a considerable
amount of surface water, such as those located along the margins
of lakes and ponds. Except for the specimens taken at Point Pelee
all those that are here recorded were from marshes situated along
the shores of Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair.

Walker (1905) has previously recorded this species from Point
Pelee.

PoInT PELEE: Aug. 8, 1901,30°o', 72 9, Walker; Aug. 6, 60°’; Sept. 2,307.0;
Sept. 24, 1c’; 19388. TEcuMsEH: Aug. 27, 1938,2o'o. BELLE RIVER: Aug.
27, 19388, 1o. MALDEN CENTRE: Aug. 19, 1938, 86'c', 59 9.

O. concinnum concinnum Scudder

Owing to the amount of variation in the size of the body, the
shape and size of the ovipositor and the occasional presence of a
median facial stripe, a certain amount of confusion has arisen in the
identification of this species in the past. Walker (1905) listed
campestre, indianense, and delicatum as distinct species, all of which
have been referred to concinnum. Rehn and Hebard (1915) placed
Blatchley’s campestre as a synonym of concinnum. The O. delicatum
listed by Walker was apparently sent to Blatchley ‘“‘who gave his
opinion that it was probably delicatum’’.

Although most of the specimens taken had the face immaculate,
a number had a distinct, median, dark brown stripe, while others
exhibited a certain amount of gradation between these two extremes
(see fig. 3). This collection also illustrated a tendency towards the
striped condition in certain localities and the reverse condition in
others as shown in the accompanying table:

18 Tue BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF Essex CouNTY

No. of Face Face Percentage with
Locality specimens striped immaculate face striped
(1) Point Pelee. 17 14 3 82
Malden Centre . 16 4 12 25
(2) Point Pelee. 41 1 40 2.5

In a number of marshes not a single striped specimen was taken.
Hebard (1934) states that concinnum delicatum is a western race,
the males of which cannot be separated from those of concinnum

1 e

Ficure 3.—a-d, facial view of O. concinnum showing the variation
in the amount of pigmentation; e-j, variations in the size and amount
of curvature of the ovipositor of O. concinnum (drawn to scale).

concinnum; the females are apparently distinguishable on the basis
of the form and length of the ovipositor. According to Hebard,
there is apparently no area of intergradation of the kind usually
found between geographic races. From Indiana to eastern Nebraska
and Kansas typical concinnum is strongly dominant but occasionally
females representing concinnum delicatum are found.

Tue BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF Essex COUNTY 19

In so far as the material considered in this paper is concerned,
the shape of the ovipositor varies considerably (see fig. 3); in some
specimens the dorsal margin is quite straight while in others it is
gently upcurved; the size is also variable, being comparatively broad
in some specimens and narrow in others. Hence, in so far as the
amount of curvature and size of the ovipositor are concerned, indi-
viduals in the material from Essex County may apply to both forms.

O. concinnum inhabits open marsh areas, especially among the
tall grasses and sedges growing along the shores of Lake Erie and
Lake St. Clair.

O. concinnum concinnum has been recorded as campestre, indian-
ense and delicatum from Point Pelle and Arner by Walker (1905).
Point PELEE: Aug. 8, 1901, 30’, Walker; July 12, 16°; July 22, 20'o’', 69 9;
2 nymphs; July 30, 30°", 29 9; Aug. 23, 240707, 89 9; Aug. 28, 11677, 62 2,
Aug. 30, 2.7.7; Sept. 2, 1867.7, 62 9, 2nymphs; Sept. 8, 20"; Sept. 15, 11d,
22 9,1 nymph; Sept. 16,1 9;1938. Stony Point: Aug. 27, 1938, 1c. ARNER:
Aug. 12, 1c’; Aug. 19, 30°’, 19; 1938. MALDEN CENTRE: Aug. 19, 1938,
140°o',22 9. AMHERSTBURG: Aug. 25, 1938, 120°o',19,1 nymph. KINGs-
VILLE: Aug. 9, 1901, 1o*; Walker.

Conocephalus Thunberg

C. nigropleurum (Bruner)

This species is not very abundant and is, apparently, confined
to the more southern portions of Essex County where it inhabits
small marshes and the margins of streams and creeks.

Walker (1904) has recorded this species from Arner.

PoINnT PELEE: July 4, 1 nymph; Sept. 2, 16, 19; Sept. 16,19;1938. ARNER:
Aug. 19, 167; Sept. 5, 207’; 1988. KINGSVILLE: Aug. 9, 1988, 17.

C. attenuatus (Scudder)

There is considerable variation in the length of the ovipositor;
from an examination of 45 specimens chosen at random from a
collection of 130, the following measurements expressed in milli-
metres were obtained; the number of specimens in parenthesis:
29.0 (1); 27.0 (1); 26.2 (4); 26.0 (4); 25.5 (1); 25.0 (9); 24.0 (6)
23.0 (3); 21.0 (4); 20.0 (6); 19.0 (3); 18.8 (1); 18. 0 (1).

Although the majority of the specimens from this locality are
uniformly light straw-brown in colour, many of them have bright
green legs (160 with legs brown; 108 with legs bright green).

All of the specimens taken in the summer of 1938 (241 speci-
mens) are short-winged. Only one long-winged specimen was taken
in this locality by Walker on Aug. 8, 1901. Long-winged forms have
been taken in other localities in Southern Ontario (Toronto, Walpole

20 Tre BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF Essex COUNTY

Island, and Brockville); they were of common occurrence (38% of
the collection) in a small marsh at Brockville in eastern Ontario.
This graceful long-horned grasshopper is found throughout
Essex County and was the most abundant species present in the
marsh at Malden Centre.
This species has been previously recorded from Point Pelee by
Walker (1904).
Point PELEE: Aug. 16, 167; Aug. 28, 210¢°o’, 12 9 9; Aug. 30,50, 1 9; Sept.
8, 340°", 23 2 9; Sept. 15, 77h, 39 9; 1938. ARNER: Aug. 12,29 9; Aug.
19, 20°’; 1988. MALDEN CENTRE: Aug. 19, 1938, 900°, 292 9, 9 nymphs.
AMHERSTBURG: Aug. 25, 1938, 107.

C. strictus (Scudder)

Although this species may be found throughout Essex County
it is not very abundant in any locality. It inhabits meadows of
long grass and the grassy margins of roadways and the like.

Of the total collection of 57 specimens, only one macropterous
individual was taken at Wheatley on September 25.

This species has been recorded from Essex County by Walker

and Urquhart (1940).
PoINnT PELEE: July 24, 1 nymph; Aug. 3, 17; Aug. 6, 1 nymph; Aug. 12,10¢' 0,
29 9; Aug. 17, 20’; Aug. 18, 1c; Aug. 28, 1 9 ; Aug. 15, 56’ c"; Sept. 15, 167,
19; 1938. LEAMINGTON: Sept. 15, 19388, 560° od’, 29 9. LASALLE: Aug. 25,
1938, 770’, 429 9, 1 nymph. KINGSVILLE: Aug. 25, 1938, 1c’, 2 nymphs.
WINDsoR: Aug. 27, 1938,1c. TECUMSEH: Aug. 27, 1938,19. BELLE RIVER:
Aug. 27, 1988, 1 9. Essex: Aug. 31, 1938,20°'o',19. STAPLES: Aug. 27, 1938,
1 0,19. WINDFALL: Sept. 25, 19388, 36°’, 29 9. AMHERSTBURG: Aug. 25,
1938, 1c.

C. brevipennis (Scudder)

This species is almost as common as fasciatus although not quite
so ubiquitous, being usually confined to marsh areas or humid
meadows.

Previously recorded from Arner by Walker (1904).

A series of 379 specimens was obtained from all of the localities in Essex County
considered in this paper.

C. fasciatus fasciatus (DeGeer)

Extremely abundant throughout Essex County, especially in
low-lying, grassy fields.

Previously recorded from Point Pelee, Leamington and Arner
by Walker (1904).

A series of 585 specimens was obtained from Essex County, representing all of
the localities considered in this paper.

—

Tue BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF Essex CouUNTY 21

COPIPHORINAE

Neoconocephalus Karney

N. ensiger (Harris)

Common throughout Essex County, inhabiting pasture fields
and other areas of long grass.

Previously reported from Leamington by Walker (1904).
Point PELEE: July 4, 1 nymph; July 11, 1 nymph; July 12, 1 nymph; July 24,
80°’, 19; July 27, 50°’; July 29, 140°’; Aug. 1, 907"; Aug. 3, 107; Aug. 6,
25°; Aug. 7, 17; Aug. 9, 167; Aug. 18, 107; Aug. 30, 167; Sept. 15, 167; 1938.
ARNER: Aug. 19, 1938, 1<’.

N. lyristes (Rehn and Hebard)

This species was recorded from Sarnia, at the source of the St.
Clair River, by Walker (1904) as Conocephalus nebrascensis and
later as Neoconocephalus lyristes by Walker and Urquhart (1940).
It may occur in parts of Essex County.

PHANEROPTERINAE
Amblycorypha Stal
A. oblongifolia (DeGeer)

Common throughout Essex County, inhabiting grassy fields,
especially those around the margin of an open woodlot.

Of the series of 40 specimens, six are uniformly brown in colour.
One pink specimen was taken at Windsor on September 13, 1940,
by Mrs. G. Mullin.

Walker (1904) has recorded this species from Point Pelee and
Arner.

POINT PELEE: Aug. 7, 1901, 1c, Walker; July 24, 1 nymph; July 29, 270;
Aug. 6, 136°"; Aug. 7, 1c"; Aug. 17, 100°’; Aug. 18, 1o’, 19; Aug. 24, 107’;
Sept. 8, 167, 19; Sept. 14, 40°o’, 19; 1988. KINGSVILLE: Aug. 9, 1901, 167,
Walker. Harrow: Sept. 26, 1938,19. Wunpsor, Sept. 13, 1940, 16, Mullin.

Scudderia Stal
S. curvicauda curvicauda DeGeer
Walker (1904) reported two specimens taken at Arner on
August 9, 1901. It is apparently of rare occurrence in Essex County,

not a single specimen having been taken by the writer throughout
the entire summer of 1938.

S. furcata furcata Brunner

Although occurring throughout Essex County it is not of com-
mon occurrence and appears to be limited to the margins of wooded
areas.

22 Tue BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF Essex CouNTyY

Previously reported from Point Pelee and Arner by Walker
(1904); and from Kingsville by Urquhart (1940).
PoInT PELEE: Aug. 9, 1901,1<7, Walker; Aug. 23, 1920, 27 3’, Bigelow; July 24,
2 nymphs; July 29, 16’; Aug. 1, 1c”; Aug. 8, 1c”, 1 nymph; Aug. 10, 17; Aug. 17.
43°; Aug. 18, 30° "; Aug. 23, 20°", 1 9; Aug. 24, 20° '; Aug. 25,2 9 9; 1938,
KINGSVILLE: Aug. 9, 1901, 1c’, Walker. LEAMINGTON: Sept. 15, 1938, 1¢.

S. texensis Saussure and Pictet

Common throughout Essex County in low-lying, humid meadows
or marshes.

Previously recorded from Point Pelee and Arner by Walker
(1904); and from Kingsville, Essex, Tecumseh, Amherstburg, La
Salle, Malden Centre, Colchester, and Oxley by Urquhart (1940).
Point PELEE: Aug. 8, 1901, 1%, Walker; July 4, 5 nymphs; July 12, 7 nymphs;
July 27, 160%; Aug. 6, 16°; Aug. 23, 2o°o’, 2 nymphs; Sept. 2, 7070’, 39 9;
Sept. 16, 16, 119 9; 1938. La SALLE: Aug. 25, 1938, 19. KINGSVILLE:
Aug. 9, 1901, 206°’, Walker. Aug. 25, 1938,19. TECUMSEH: Aug. 27, 1938,
1d, 19. Essex: Aug. 31, 1988, 1c’. ARNER: Aug. 19, 1988, 1o¢, 19.
MacGRecor: Sept. 26, 1938, 20°, 19. OXLEY: Sept. 26, 1938, 29 9.
COLCHESTER: Sept. 26, 1988, 19. MALDEN CENTRE: Aug. 19, 1938, 22 9.
AMHERSTBURG: Aug. 25, 1938, 50°o7, 32 9.

CAELIFERA

TRIDACTYLOIDEA
TRIDACTYLIDAE

The family Tridactylidae has been considered, by a number of
American students of Orthoptera, as a subfamily (Tridactylinae)
of the Gryllidae related to the mole-crickets, Gryllotalpinae. The
work of Carpentier (1936), Ander (1939) and others, however, has
produced sufficient evidence to substantiate the conclusion that the
tridactylids are not closely related to the crickets but have stronger
affinities with the Acridoidea. In the present paper the classifi-
cation proposed by Ander (1939) has been adopted since it presents
more accurately the relationship of the so-called “pygmy mole-
crickets’.

Tridactylus Olivier
T. apicalis Say

Found along the sandy banks of creeks and ponds or in damp,
sandy fields under cultivation.

Point PELEE: Sept. 7, 1938, 15 adults, 17 nymphs.

T. minutus Scudder
Although specimens of this species have not been taken in Essex
County it doubtless occurs since specimens have been taken at

THE BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF Essex CouNTY 23

Morpeth (Walker and Urquhart, 1940) and Port Rowan in south-
western Ontario (Urquhart, 1941).

ACRIDOIDEA
ACRYDIIDAE

Acrydium Geoffroy

A. arenosum obscurum (Hancock)

This small locust was found inhabiting moist situations in the
open clearing of the hardwood forest of Point Pelee.
PoINT PELEE: June 19, 1c’, 19; June 28, 19; 1938.

A. subulatum Linnaeus (Syn.—A. granulatum)

This species is, no doubt, common throughout Essex County,
inhabiting humid situations such as the margins of marsh areas, the
borders of small creeks and densely wooded areas. The specimens
here recorded were taken at the margin of the marsh and in an open
clearing in a hardwood forest at Point Pelee.

Point PELEE: Aug. 28, 7 nymphs; Sept. 9,20707,3 2 2;Sept. 15, 180707, 12 9 9
1938.

A. ornatum Say

Inhabits open grassy areas such as pasture fields, and the grassy
margins of wooded sections.
PoInT PELEE: June 16,19; Aug. 3,19; Aug. 17, 1c; Sept. 15, 167; 1938.

Paratettix Bolivar

P. cucullatus (Burmeister)

Common along the margins of marshes.

PoINT PELEE: June 14, 1920, 16’, Bigelow; June 20, 16’, 1092 9, 1 nymph;
July 4,507 oH, 52 9; 1938.

Tettigidea Scudder

T. lateralis parvipennis (Harris)

Of common occurrence in pasture fields.

Previously recorded from Arner by Walker (1902a).
KINGSVILLE: Aug. 9, 1901, 3 nymphs, Walker; June 14, 1920, 167, 1 9, Bigelow.
PoInT PELEE: Aug. 23, 29 9, 1 nymph; Sept. 8, 1c’, 19, 3 nymphs; 1938.
WHEATLEY: Sept. 25, 1938, 29 9, 1 nymph.

24 Tue BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF Essex COUNTY

ACRIDIDAE

ACRIDINAE
Pseudopomala Morse

P. brachyptera (Scudder)
This species is undoubtedly of rare occurrence in Essex County,
and limited to marsh areas in proximity to the shore of Lake Erie.
Previously recorded from this locality by Walker and Urquhart
(1940).
ARNER: Aug. 19, 1938, 19.

Metaleptea Fabricius

M. brevicornis (Linnaeus)
This apparently rare species has been taken in only two localities
in the southern part of the county.

Point PELEE: Aug. 8, 1901, 2o°o’, Walker (1902a). ARNER: Aug. 12, 1938,
30°C’, 19, 1 nymph.

Orphulella Giglio-Tos

O. pelidna (Burmeister)

Although O. pelidna has not been taken in Essex County it
probably occurs in this locality since specimens have been taken by
Walker (1902) at Sarnia and by the writer at Port Rowan; in the
latter locality it was found to be quite abundant on low-lying,
humid, sandy soil.

O. speciosa (Scudder)
Inhabiting rather dry pastures throughout Essex County.
Previously recorded from Arner by Walker (1902a).

Point PELEE: Aug. 12,207° 0,2? 9; Aug. 17, 70°; Aug. 25, 167, 29 9; 19388.
WINDSOR: Aug. 25, 1938, 40°o’, 59 9. BELLE RIVER: Aug. 27, 1938, 107,
229. Essex: Aug. 31, 1988, 40°’, 59 9. WHEATLEY: Sept. 25, 1938, 19.

Chloealtis Harris

C. conspersa Harris

In grassy fields at the margins of woodlots throughout Essex
County.

Previously recorded from Kingsville, Point Pelee and Arner by
Walker (1898). |
POINT PELEE: June 8, 2 nymphs; June 12, 1 nymph; June 19, 2 nymphs; July 8,
8h; July 19, 16, 19; July 22, 19; July 29, 16°; Aug. 18, 167; 1938; Aug. 7,
1901, 192, Walker; Aug. 11, 1920, 29 9, Bigelow. KINGsvILLE: Aug. 12,12,
Walker.

Tue BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF EsSSEx COUNTY 25

Chorthippus Fieber

C. longicornis Latreille (Syn.—C. curtipennis (Harris)
Inhabits humid pastures and the grassy margins of marshes.
Previously recorded from Point Pelee and Arner by Walker
(1902a).

The series of specimens before me represent all of the localities of Essex County
considered in this paper.

Stethophyma Fischer
S. lineatum (Scudder)
Of common occurrence in small inland marshes.
Previously recorded from Point Pelee by Walker (1902a).

Point PELEE: Aug. 8, 1901, 16h’, 32 9, Walker; July 30, 1 nymph; Aug. 28,
1c’, 22 2; Sept. 2, 1c’; 1988. ARNER: July 19, 19; Sept. 5, 107, 19; 1988.

OEDIPODINAE

Arphia Stal

A. sulphurea Stal

Walker (1898) reported this species as common in the vicinity
of Toronto. Specimens in the collection of the Royal Ontario
Museum of Zoology have been taken at Port Dover, Rondeau,
Grand Bend, London, and Bothwell. It was also taken by the
writer at Port Rowan and Turkey Point where it was found to be
quite abundant. From such records as these we would expect to
find this species in parts of Essex County although, as yet, no re-
cords of its occurrence have been made in this locality.

A. sulphurea occurs in the adult condition in the spring and
early summer and inhabits dry sandy fields and hillsides.

Chortophaga Saussure

C. viridifasciata (DeGeer)

Common throughout Essex County, inhabiting pastures. Adults
occur in early summer.

Previously recorded from Arner by Walker (1902a).

PoIntT PELEE: June 16, 1c’; Aug. 23, 3 nymphs; Sept. 8, 3 nymphs; 1938.
Essex: Aug. 31, 1938, 2 nymphs. WHEATLEY: Sept. 25, 1938, 5 nymphs.
AMHERSTBURG: Aug. 25, 1938, 1 nymph.

Encoptolophus Scudder

E. sordidus sordidus (Burmeister)

Inhabiting pastures and shrub areas along the margins of
beaches.

26 Tue BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF Essex CouNTY

Previously recorded from Arner by Walker (1902a).

Point PELEE: Aug. 23, 1c; Sept. 17, 167; Sept. 19, 50° o'; Sept. 23, 1 9 ; 1938.
Winpsor: Aug. 25, 1938,19. Essex: Aug. 31, 1938,1o%. ARNER: Sept. 5,
1938, 1c’. WHEATLEY: Sept. 25, 1938, 19. SouTH WoopsLEE: Sept. 27,
1938, 1¢’. Cotram: Sept. 27, 1938, 1°.

Camnula Stal

C. pellucida Scudder

Apparently of rare occurrence in Essex County. Not a single
specimen was taken by the author throughout the entire summer of
1938. It has, however, been recorded by Walker (1902a) from
Point Pelee.

Pardalophora Saussure

P. apiculata (Harris)

Since specimens of P. apiculata have been taken at Rondeau it
may occur in parts of Essex County, although there are no records
from the latter locality.

Dissosteira Scudder

D. carolina (Linnaeus)
This is one of the most abundant species of oedipodine found in
rather dry pastures and dusty roadways throughout Essex County.
Previously recorded from Point Pelee and Arner by Walker
(1902a).

PoINnT PELEE: June 12, 1 nymph; July 10, 20'o’, 29 9; July 24,407 ¢0,19,3
nymphs; Aug. 9, 2o'c’, 29 9; Sept. 1,19. Essex: Aug. 31, 1938, 1c.

Spharagemon Scudder
S. bollt Scudder

Inhabits rather dry grasslands.
Previously recorded from Point Pelee and Arner by Walker
(1902a).

Point PELEE: Aug. 9, 1901, 20'o’, 22 9, Walker; June 12, 2 nymphs; July 24,
20°63; Aug. 17,167; Aug. 23, 30'o', 19; Aug. 25,10": Sept.’ 7, 1c*s Sept. S,
1; 19388. ARNER: Aug. 9, 1901, 40°, 19, Walker.

S. collare wyomingianum (Thomas)

Wyomingianum was first described by Thomas (1872) and later
placed in synonomy with collare by Kirby (1910). Blatchley (1920)
considered wyomingianum as a distinct species to which conclusion
Hebard (1925) was in disagreement. The latter author (1934) later
recorded this species (wyomingianum) as S. collare. Blatchley (1920)

Tue BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF Essex COUNTY 27

concluded that the retaining of wyomingianum as distinct was more
or less arbitrary and a matter of individual opinion.

That Ontario specimens are separable into collare and wyoming-
ianum has been previously mentioned by Walker and Urquhart
(1940); attention was drawn to the fact that specimens from South-
ampton were decidedly larger than those taken in other parts of
Ontario which material we concluded was S. collare collare; this is
quite obvious from the table of measurements and the accompanying
figures of the tegmina (Fig. 4).

Ficure 4.—a, left tegmen of S. c. wyomingianum from Southamp-
ton; b, same of S. c. collare from Point Pelee (drawn to scale).

Male Female
A B i D A B w D
(1) Southampton . 33.0 26.5 5.0 14.0 or.0 30.4" 6.3" 16-0
at. 20.0) 'S.8" (a8
af:3° 29.07 da Visas
38.0: 29.4 5.0 15:5
ied! S¢.e | 2010'S 2) TLE

(2) Point Edward. 23.5 18.0 3.2 12.0 32.0 25.0 4.5 14.0

Point Pelee iiss: 23:0) |.18.6.1.3:0...18.0 BOO 2a. Olin 4:0). 4 2
SE Bi 1G wd 1s) TOS a0.5.; 24.0 4.0),1443

21-0). (21.0: 2.4 120 32.0 25.0 4.0 -14.0

aay) jar. 6.8" 129 30.2 24:0 4.0 ‘14.9

Ave...'. 20.0 ° Te VS.2 11S B0.0” 240 ° 4:0" " T2206
Rondeau...... aie 2F.6'" 28 9.8 SO, BES ea PE
Mm.o 18:3 3.2 .10.4 20.0 22.2 3.6) 14:2

273.5 38:02:23.0)" L808 70.5, 24.0. 4:0 3.6

fo: 1958 2.0. 10:3 30.0 22.5 4.0 13.0

BV isan eee | TED 88) Oe 28.9 22.2 3.9. 13.6

A—length to tip of tegmina; B—length of tegmina; C—width of tegmina;
D—length of hind femur.

(1)—only one male specimen taken in this locality.

(2)—only two specimens, o' and 9, taken in this locality.

Width of the tegmina taken one-third from its apex.

28 Tue BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF ESSEX COUNTY

In addition to the difference in size, two of the five specimens
from Southampton are distinctly “‘collared’’, thus more closely re-
sembling specimens collected in the western provinces.

Owing to a lack of sufficient material from other localities, it is
not possible, at present, to formulate any definite conclusions as to
the origin of these two distinct races in Ontario. However, it might
be suggested that the specimens found in south-western Ontario
arrived by two different routes with the retreat of the last ice sheet.
S. collare collare, found in the northern sections of south-western
Ontario, may have advanced northward along a route west of the
Great Lakes and entered Ontario from the north-west, while S. col-
lare wyomingianum, found along the shores of Lake Ontario and
Lake Erie, may have advanced in a north-easterly route entering
Ontario from the south-west. It is conceivable that the two forms
merge imperceptibly to the south.

Spharagemon collare wyomingianum was taken in the more south-
ern parts of Essex County where it was found inhabiting rather dry,
grassy pastures on Point Pelee; it has been previously recorded from
this locality by Walker (1902a).

PoINT PELEE: Aug. 7, 1901, 60°o¢,39 9, Walker; June 12, 2 nymphs; July 24,
73°S,49 9; Aug. 16,1; Aug. 17,707,692 9; Aug. 18, 19; Aug. 25, 60°’,
49 9; Sept. 19, 167; 1938.

Trimerotropis Stal

T. maritima interior E. M. Walker
On the sand dunes and beaches along the north shore of Lake
Erie, and sandy, cultivated fields in the interior of Point Pelee.
Previously recorded from Point Pelee and Kingsville by Walker
(1898).
POINT PELEE: Aug. 7, 1901, 30°’, 49 9, Walker; June 21, 1c’, 7 nymphs;
June 30, 96°’ #7, 39 2, 3 nymphs; July 7, 86°", 19; July 10, 317° o, 162 9;
July 22, 80° 0%, 72 9; Aug. 8, 19; Aug. 24, 410°’, 109 9; Sept. 23, 27° A,
2 nymphs; Sept. 25, 20’'c’, 39 9, 2 nymphs; 19388. KINGSVILLE: Aug. 13,
1901, 20°’, Walker. TECUMSEH: Aug. 27, 1938, 20’, 1 nymph.

CYRTACANTHACRINAE

Schistocerca Stal

S. americana americana (Drury) .
This species occurs in the southern parts of Essex County during
early summer, especially in sandy, cultivated fields at the southern
tip of Point Pelee. Adults also occur in late summer although
apparently not as abundant at this time (Urquhart, 1938).

Tue BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF Essex CouNTY 29

Point PELEE: June 29,19; July 7, 19; July 19, 1c; Aug. 6, 1 nymph; Sept. 15,
1 nymph; 1988. RuTHVEN: Sept. 27, 1938, 19.

Melanoplus Stal

M. viridipes Scudder

It has been previously pointed out (Walker and Urquhart, 1940)
that the cerci of the specimens recorded in this present paper are
intermediate between those of M. v. viridipes and M. v. eurycercus
Hebard.

This small short-winged locust is not common in Essex County;
it is here recorded from only one locality.
LEAMINGTON: June 28, 1922, 4070’, 39 9, Walker.

M. fasciatus (F. Walker)

This species, although common in the more central and northern
portions of Southern Ontario, is apparently of rare occurrence in
Essex County. It is confined to rather dry pastures in proximity
to open woodlots.

Previously recorded from Point Pelee by Walker (1902a).
Point PELEE: Aug. 7, 1901, Walker.

M. mexicanus mexicanus (Saussure)
Inhabits pastures and grassy areas on the sand dunes of Point
Pelee.

PoIntT PELEE: A series of 72 specimens taken throughout the summer from
June 8 to September 25, 19388. LEAMINGTON: Sept. 15, 1938, 19. La SALLE:
Aug. 25, 19388, 19. STAPLES: Aug. 27, 1938,40°o%,19. It occurred in all of
the localities of Essex County considered in this paper.

M. femur-rubrum femur-rubrum (DeGeer)

Found in abundance in nearly every pasture and especially at
the margins of marshes and meadows.

Previously recorded from Arner and Point Pelee by Walker
(1902a).

A series of 444 specimens representing all of the localities of Essex County con-
sidered in this paper.

M. keeleri luridus (Dodge)

Inhabits open dry pastures at the margins of woodlots in Point
Pelee.

Previously recorded from Arner and Point Pelee by Walker
(1902a).

PoINT PELEE: Aug. 7, 1901, 1°, Walker; Aug. 23, 607.67,3 2 9; Sept. 19, 30°07,
492 9; 1938.

30 Tue BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF ESSEx CouUNTY

M. bivittatus (Say)
In tall grasses growing at the margins of marshes and meadows.

Previously recorded from Point Pelee and Arner by Walker
(1902a).
Point PELEE: A series of 47 specimens taken from June 20 to August 28. Wunp-

sor: Aug. 27, 1938,19. Essex: Aug. 31, 1938,507°0,69 9. ARNER: Aug.
12, 1938, 16°, 19. WINDFALL: Sept. 25, 1938,1c¢,69 9. RUTHVEN: Sept.

27, 1938, 19.

M. differentialis (Thomas)

Of rare occurrence and apparently confined to marshy areas
close to the north shore of Lake Erie (Walker and Urquhart, 1940).
Point PELEE: Sept. 1, 1938, 19. COLCHESTER: Sept. 26, 1938, 167,39 9.

Paroxya Scudder

P. hoosiert Blatchley

This species was first reported by Walker (1902a) as Paroxya
floridana Smith. Specimens taken during the summer of 1938 were
identified as P. hoosiert and later confirmed by James A. G. Rehn.
The identification as P. floridana was later corrected to P. hoosieri
by Walker and Urquhart (1940).

This species appears to be limited to marsh areas close to Lake
Erie.

KINGSVILLE: Aug. 9, 1901, 7<6°o°', 59 9, Walker. Point PELEE: Aug. 28,
1938, 1c’. ARNER: Aug. 12, 16’, 29 9; Aug. 19, 130°, 142 2, 1 nymph;
Sept. 5, 19; 1938.

Tue BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF ESSEX COUNTY 31

LITERATURE CITED

ANDER, K. 1939. Systematische Einteilung und Phylogenie der Ensiferen
(Saltatoria) auf Grund von vergleichend—anatomischen Untersuchungen.
Verhandl. 7. Internationalen Kongress fiir Entomologie in Berlin 1938.
1939a. Vergleichend—anatomische und phylogenetische Studien iiber die
Ensifera (Saltatoria). Lund 1939, Berlingska Boktryckeriet. Opuscula
Entomologica, Supp. 2, Lund.

BLATCHLEY, W.S. 1920. The Orthoptera of North-eastern America. Indian-
apolis.

CARPENTIER, F. 1936. Le thorax et ses appendices chez les vrais et les faux
Gryllotalpides. Mem. Mus. R. Hist. Nat. Belg. 2me ser. fasc. 4. Brux-
elles.

FLETCHER, J. 1892. The northern mole cricket. Can. Ent., 24:23-25.

Futon, B. B. 1926. Geographical variation in the nigricornis group of
Oecanthus (Orthoptera). Iowa St. Col. Jour. Sci., 1:43-62.

HEBARD, M. 1925. The Orthoptera of South Dakota. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phil., 77:33-62.

1934. The Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Illinois. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv.
Bull. 20:125-279.

HvusBBELt, T. H. 1936. A monographic revision of the genus Ceuthophilus.
Univ. Fla. Pub. Biol. Sci. Ser., 2:1-551.

Karny,H.H. 1910. (Orthopteras.s.). In:Schultze. Zoologische und anthro-
pologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen
Siidafrika, IV, (Jenaische Denkschriften XVI) :35-90.

Kirsy, W. F. 1910. A synonymic catalogue of Orthoptera—vol. 3. Orthop-
tera Saltatoria, Pt. 2 (Locustidae vel Acridiidae), pp. vii and 674.
London.

Merriam, C.H. 1893. The geographical distribution of life in North America,
with special reference to the Mammalia. Proc. Biol. Soc., Wash., 7:1-64.
1894. Laws of temperature control of the geographical distribution of
terrestrial animals and plants. Nat. Geogr. Mag., 6:229-238.

1898. Life zones and crop zones of the United States. Bull. U.S. Dept.
Agric., Div. Biol. Surv., No. 10:1-79.

Putnam, D. F. and CHApMAN, L. J. 1938. The climate of southern Ontario.
Sci. Agri., 18:401-446.

REBN, J. A.G.and HEBARD, M. 1916. Studies in the Dermaptera and Orthop-
tera of the Coastal Plain and Piedmont region of the southeastern United
States. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 68:296-298.

Tuomas, C. 1872. Notes on the Saltatorial Orthoptera of the Rocky Mountain
regions. Prelim. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. of Montana and portions of
Adjacent Terr., 1871, 423-466.

UrquHaART, F. A. 1937. Some notes on the sand cricket (Tricactylus apicalis
Say) in Ontario. Can. Field-Nat., 51:28-29.

1939. The American locust (Schistocerca americana Drury, Orthoptera)
in Ontario. Can. Field-Nat., 53:24-25.

1940. Notes on the Ontario species of Scudderia (Orthoptera, Ensifera).
Can. Field-Nat., 54:102-106.

1940a. Further notes on the sand cricket, Tridactylus apicalisSay. Can.
Field-Nat., 54:106.

1941. The species of Nemobius (Orthoptera, Ensifera) in Ontario. Can.
Field-Nat., 55: 80-82.

32 THE BLATTARIA AND ORTHOPTERA OF ESSEX CoUNTY

WALKER, E. M. 1898. Notes on some Ontario Acridiidae. Can. Ent., 30:122-
126; 258-263.
1899. Same. Can. Ent., 30:29-36.
1901. Same. Can. Ent., 30:29-36.
1902. The Canadian species of Trimerotropis. Can. Ent., 34:11.
1902a. A preliminary list of Acridiidae of Ontario. Can Ent., 34:251-
258.
1904. The crickets of Ontario. Can. Ent., 36:142-144; 181-188; 249-255.
1904a. Notes on the Locustidae of Ontario. Can. Ent., 36:325-330;
337-341.
1905. Same. Can. Ent., 37:34-38; 113-119.
1912. The Blattidae of Ontario. Can. Ent., 44:171-172.

WALKER, E. M. and UrqunHaArT, F.A. 1940. Newrecords and notes of Orthop-
tera in Ontario. Can. Ent., 72:15-19.

ZEUNER, F. E. 1939. Fossil Orthoptera Ensifera. London.
1928. Opinions rendered by the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature. Opinions 98to104. Smith. Misc. Coll., 73, (5): 28 pp.

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