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FROM    AN    ORIGINAL    DRAWING    MADE    IN    1830 


The  Book  of  Boston 

Fifty  Years'  Recollections  of  the 
New  Eiiuliiiid  Metropolis 


BY 

EDWIN  M.  BACON,  A.  M. 

I'oKMhR    Editor    of   the    Boston    Advertiser,  the    Boston  Post  and 

OTHER  Boston  Newspapers.     Author  of  "Bacon's  Dictionary 

of  Boston,"  "Walks  and  Rides  in  the  Country  Round 

About  Boston,"  "The  Connecticut  River  and 

^^E    \^LLEY    OF    the    CONNECTICUT,"    ETC. 


,^-  / 


1916 


he  Book  of  Boston  Company 

112  W'atkk  Street,  Boston,  Massachusetts 

Edwin  M.   Bacon,  Editor 
M.    M.    IMarcy,   Manager 


\'ilA% 


Copyright  1916 
By  GUSTA   E.   bacon 

Administratrix 


THE    PILGRIM    PRESS 
BOSTON 


CONTENTS 

» — « — 

PACK 

chai'Ti:k  1 

riic   1  listoric    luwn    9 

C11AI''I'1'.R    II 
The  Boston  of  Kitty  Years  .\|l;u 45 

CIIAl'TI'.R  111 
Coiunicrcial  ami  .Manulactiirim,'  i'mstnii   6i 

CII Al'TI-R   ]\- 
Boston"s  .\ccess  to  the  Sea    77 

chapti<:r  \- 

The    City's    I'.xiJaiision 84 

CilAl'Tl-.k  \1 
How  Boston  Transports  Its  Citizens   94 

ClIAl'Tl'.R  \'II 
The  City's  Social  Advantages   116 

ClIAl'Tl'.R  \  111 
Literary    lloston    i-i^ 

CllAl'Tl-LR   IX 
J  listoric  Spots  in  Hijstoii 130 

CHAPTER  X 
Boston's  Park  System    149 

CHAPTER  \1 

The   Religions  nl'    llostun    161 

CHA1'TI-:R    XII 
The    .Mnnici])ality    179 

CHAPTl-R  Xlll 
Puhlic  and   Xotahle   Pnildings    200 


V 


CONTENTS 

PAUE 

CHAPTER  XI  \- 
Educational  Advantages  of  Boston  --7 

CHAPTER  XV 
Music  and  Fine  Arts   245 

CHAPTER  XVI 
Accountancy    -7^ 

CHAPTER  X\ll 
Medicine   and   Surgery    283 

CHAPTER  X\TH 
Boston's   Wool   Trade    309 

CHAPTER  XIX 
The  Bar  of  Boston   384 

CHAPTER  XX 
How  Boston  is  Fed   484 

CHAPTER  XXI 
Boston's    Fishing    Industry    5^3 

CHAPTER  XXII 
The    City's    Anuisements    518 

In  Menioriani    520 

Index  to  Biographies 528 


Ck.C*SI\ 


TH  I.    B'ls  I'lN    II 


I  HE  intent  uf  this  bodk  is  to  tell  the  story  of  Fifty  Years  ok 
liosTox,  the  stor}-  of  the  progress  and  development  i)f  the  city 
in  the  last  past  half  centnry  and  of  the  institntions  and  men 
identified  with  it,  thmngh  a  series  of  reminiscences  rather 
than  in  the  formal  manner  of  the  direct  historical  narrative. 
Historv  and  biography  indeed  are  woven  into  the  relation, 
hut  with  lighter  thread,  though  none  the  less  accurate,  than  in  the  C(.)nventional 

wel). 

The  reminiscent  method  w  a>  adopted  l)ecause  as  a  resident  of  Boston  for 
the  most  part  of  this  eventful  half  century,  as  an  active  journalist  fnmi  the 
earlv  eighteen  sixties,  and  a  managing  or  a  chief  editor  of  Boston  daily  news- 
papers for  considerable  periods,  the  editor  has  seen  Boston  grow  from  the 
interesting  but  little  hist<iric  city  of  fifty  years  back  into  the  splendid  metrop- 
olis of  light  and  leading  of  today:  and  through  his  newspaper  connections 
has  come  in  touch  directly  or  indirectly  with  leaders  of  the  epoch  reviewerl, 
merchants,  financiers,  professional  men,  politicians,  officials  of  city  and  state, 
the  master  minds  of  the  community  that  "'make  the  wheels  go  roimd."  Dur- 
in-f  this  time  he  has  seen  the  rise  of  many  individuals  and  firms  who  have 
left  their  impress  on  trade,  and  commerce  and  indu>tr\  ;  has  seen  great  changes 
wrought  in  the  physical  and  spiritual  city;  the  development  of  great  institu- 
tions, edticational,  learned,  devoted  to  the  arts  and  sciences,  that  have  made 
Boston  a  treasure  house  for  American  scholars  and  students;  and  the  initiation 
of  jiulilic  utilities  of  subsequent  country-wide  adopti<in. 

Although  the  storv  of  the  evolution  of  all  the  greater  American  cities  is 
wonderful  and  worth  the  telling,  yet  certain  developments  in  Boston  within 
the  ])eriod  covered  by  this  work  are  of  particular  moment,  especially  since 
it  was  the  parent  city  of  the  telephone  and  of  the  electric  subway;  and  since 
it  was  also  "the  first  American  seaboard  cit\-  to  take  advance  steps  in  regard 
to  the  systematic  development  as  a  port. 

While  this  story  might  well  have  been  told  by  any  trained  newspaper 
man,  the  editor  feels  himself  particularly  fortunate  as  the  narrator  in  that 
it  has  been  his  personal  privilege  to  come  in  direct  contact  with  various  lead- 
ing citizens  who  have  had  the  commanding  influence  in  certain  formative 
periods  of  the  city's  comparatively  recent  growth. 
Bn.slitit,  Massachusetts 


Uriizi'V!.',  !'y  il .  I^nuis  OUoson 
THE    OLD    STATE  HOUSE 

AS  IT  APPFAki    TODAY  AMID    ITS   MODERN"    SURROUN'DIXGS 


THE   HISTORIC  TOWN 

A  Backward  Glance  at  the  Boston  of  Coeony  and  Pkovince 
Times  and  of  the  Early  Nineteenth  Century 


'^^^''^^^j^^IRFXIMINARY  to  the  story  of  Boston's  i^ast  half-century 
drawn  from  ])ers(.inal  recollections,  let  us  lake  a  .t^lance  at  the 
historv  of  earlier  I'lOston  as  tokl  in  the  records,  and  in  a 
rapid  survev  recall  its  story  from  the  time  of  the  hegiiining 
of  tlie  historic  town  as  a  "metropolis  in  the  wilderness"  two 
hundred  and  eig'hty-six  years  ago,  up  to  the  sixties  of  the 
nineteenth  century  when  nur  reminiscent  narrati\e  hegins.  '1  hus  we  may 
have  a  proper  background  fur  dur  picture. 

Boston  dates  officially  fnmi  Sei>teml)er  17  (7  old  style),  1O30,  with  the 
passage  bv  the  Court  of  Assistants  i)f  the  C(il(in_\-  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay, 
sitting  at  Charlestown,  four  months  after  the  arrival  ni  tlie  \\'inthr()])  com- 
])anv  and  the  Colon\-'s  jiractical  beginning  (jn  the  soil,  of  the  order: — "That 
1"riniontaine  v^hrdbe  called  Hnstdn;  Mattapan.  Dorchester;  i\:  y'  towne  \pon 
Charles  Ryver,  ^\'atertl;)wn." 

Trimountain  was  the  Knglish  name  that  the  first  colonists  at  Charlestown 
had  given  tlie  ]ieninsula  across  the  Charles,  which,  as  seen  from  that  point, 
appeared  to  consist  of  three  hills,  and  the  loftiest  with  three  peak.s — or,  as 
their  phrase  was,  "a  montaine  with  three  little  hills  (jn  the  t("ip  of  it":  the  same 
name  thev  also  applied  to  the  dominant  elewation.  The  Indian  name  of  the 
peninsula,  "^lushauwomak"  or  "Mishawmut.  '  which  the  colonists  contracted 
to  "Shawmut,"  some  local  historians,  mindful  of  the  sweet  springs  which  pri- 
marily attracted  the  colonists  to  the  place,  have  interpreted  as  "fountains  of 
living  water";  but  the  meaning-  which  the  philologist,  J.  Hammond  'i'ninibull, 
learned  in  Indian  nomenclature,  has  given  it,  is  less  poetic  but  uioi"  ])ractical 
- — -"A  place  to  go  to  b\-  boats,"  or  "to  which  boats  go,"  or  "The  boat  landing 
l)lace." 

Mattapan  was  the  Indian  name  of  the  country  that  adjoined  the  neck  of 
laud,  now  South  Boston,  earlier  Dorchester  Heights,  upon  the  south  side  of 
^\  liich  the  company  of  the  "Dorchester  men,"  as  the  ])ioneer  Bay  Colony  emi- 
g-rants  from  Dorset  and  Devon  were  designated,  established  themselves  and 
had  their  town  underway  a  week  before  the  arrival  out  of  the  Winthrop  com- 
])aii\'.  Thev  had  come,  a  b.-md  of  iiiic  hundred  and  foiT\-  in  all.  in  a  ship  by 
themselves — the  ".Mar\-  and  John," — iiidei)endently  of  the  Winthroj)  fleet, 
and  had  arrived  in  this  harbor  a  fortnight  earlier  than  the  ".\rbella"  and  her 
consort  warjied  into  the  h;iib(ir  at  Salem.  A  week,  bowe\er,  was  consumed 
in  casting  about  for  a  sati>lactor\-  ])lace  for  a  settlement,  their  pl;uis  b;i\ing 


10  THE  BOOK  OF  BOSTON 

been  roughl\-  disarranged  by  tbe  action  of  their  ship's  master.  They  had 
contracted  to  be  dehvered  at  the  mouth  of  the  Charles  River,  but  Captain 
Squeb  (delectable  name)  refusing  to  take  them  further  than  Nantasket  Point, 
Hull, — put  them  and  all  their  goods  ashore  here,  and  so  left  them  "in  a  forlorn 
place  in  this  wilderness"  to  shift  for  themselves.  After  a  coasting  party  had 
made  an  adventurous  expedition  up  the  Charles,  and  had  almost  decided  upon 
what  afterward  became  Watertown  for  the  seat,  the  nearer  Mattapan  was 
chosen.  The  occupation  of  Mattapan  was  on  June  i6  (6  O.  S.),  and  from 
that  date  Dorchester  is  reckoned.  Thus  what  is  today  the  Dorchester  district 
of  Boston  antedates  Boston  proper  by  three  months.  The  founders  of  Dor- 
chester expected  it  to  be  made  the  capital  of  the  colony,  and  become  the  prin- 
cipal town.  When  Boston  was  established  as  the  capital  Dorchester  exceeded 
it  in  population,  and  was  described  as  the  "greatest  town  in  New  England." 
The  Roxljury  district  also  antedates  Boston  proper,  the  town  of  Roxbury, 
founded  by  William  Pynchon  of  the  Bay  Colony  leaders,  having  been  begun 
the  first  week  of  July,  1630.  It  was  naively  described  by  a  contemporaneous 
historian  in  1634  as  "a  fair  and  handsome  country  town,  the  inhabitants  of 
it  all  being  very  rich." 

Charlestown  was  the  first  permanent  settlement  in  Massachusetts  Bay 
(unless  Winnisimmet  which  became  Chelsea  where  two  or  three  English 
planters  were  settled  as  early  as  1625  is  to  be  so  reckoned),  and  was  instituted 
to  establish  possession  by  the  Massachusetts  Company  in  the  disputed  territory 
of  "the  Massachusetts,"  the  term  then  for  the  country  lying-  around  the  inner 
bay  from  Nahant  to  Point  Allerton,  and  about  the  Charles  River. 

This  region  was  covered  in  the  territory  conveved  1:)y  the  Council  for 
New  England  to  the  Massachusetts  Companv  in  London,  Alarch  iq,  1O27- 
1628,  but  claims  to  the  most  part  of  it  were  entered  under  the  grant  of  Decem- 
ber, 1622,  to  Captain  Rol.iert  Gorges,  younger  son  of  Sir  Ferdinando,  which 
embraced  the  mainland  on  the  northeast  side  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  together 
with  the  shores  and  coast  ten  English  miles  from  the  Charles  Ri\-er  north 
toward  Salem,  and  thirty  miles  into  the  country.  Before  the  sale  by  the 
Council  to  the  Massachusetts  Compau}',  or  iierhajis  at  about  that  time,  John 
Oldham,  an  energetic  Indian  trader  in  ^Massachusetts  Bay,  a  sometime  tur- 
l)ulent  member  of  the  Plymouth  Colony  and,  banislied  therefrcini  for  "sedi- 
tion" and  "mischief  making"  becoming  a  first  settler  at  "Natascot" — Hull — ■ 
obtained  from  John  Gorges,  brother  of  Captain  Roljert  to  whom  upun  R(jb- 
ert's  death  descended  his  rights,  a  lease  of  that  ]iart  of  the  territorv  which 
lay  between  tlie  Charles  and  Saugus  Ri\-ers;  and  earl_\-  in  the  summer  of  1628 
he  was  sailing  for  England  there  to  clinch  his  claim.  Then  followed  Sir  Wil- 
liam Brereton,  a  London  merchant  adventurer,  with  a  claim  based  on  a  deed 
from  John  Gorges,  in  January,  1628-1629,  of  lands  above  the  Charles  River 
mouth  including  the  territory  covered  by  Oldham's  lease ;  and  also  of  the 
island  in  Boston  harbor  which  became  East  Boston,  and  its  neighbor,  Breed's 
Island. 

When  upon  the  accjuisition  by  the  Massachusetts  Company  of  the  Council 
grant  John  Endicott  was  sent  out  in  the  "Abigail"  with  his  little  company  of 
emigrants  and  larger  band  of  servants,  sailing  June  20,  1628,  he  was  directed 
at  once  to  occupy  this  disputed  region.  Among  the  emigrant  passengers  of 
the  "Abigail"  were  three  brothers,  Ralph,  Richard  and  William  Sprague, 
from  Dorsetshire,  young  men  of  parts  (the  eldest  but  twentv-five)  and  of 
good  estate,  coming  out  "at  their  own  cost."     Immediatelv  after  the  arrival 


PRESENT    DAY    VTKW    OF    PARK    STREET    AND    THE    CAPITOL 

THE    COMMON    ON    THE    LEFT.       THE    BUILDINGS    ON    THE    RIGHT    NOW    GIVEN    OVER    TO    BUSINESS 

HAVE    BEEN    PROMINENT    IN    THE    CITV's    HISTORY 

Dra'^L'ing  by  U    I  utti^  i'.U-it^on 


12  THE    BOOK    0^^    BOSTON 


at  Salem  the  sixth  of  September,  these  brothers  with  three  or  four  others, 
presumably  of  Endicott's  company,  "by  joint  consent  and  appro1.)ation"  of 
Endicott  (so  runs  the  orig-inal  historical  narrative  which  is  substituted  for 
lost  Chariest  own  records)  journeyed  through  the  woods  to  explore  the  coun- 
try westwards  and  find  a  suitable  place  in  the  claimed  parts  for  occupation. 
So  they  came  to  the  tip  of  the  peninsula  between  the  Mystic  and  the  Charles, 
which  the  natives  called  "JMishawum,"  and  which  was  "full  of  Indians,"  with 
one  white  man,  an  Englishman,  and  his  family,  livingf  amicably  among  them. 
And  here,  making  friends  with  the  aborigines,  and  obtaining  the  free  consent 
of  the  voung  sachem,  the  eldest  son  of  the  chief  who  had  recently  died,  a 
youth  "naturally  of  a  gentle  and  good  disposition,"  called  by  the  English 
"Sagamore  John,"  they  "took  up  their  abode,"  and  so  possession  of  the  land. 
On  March  four  of  the  following  year — 1628-1629 — the  Massachusetts  Com- 
pany obtained  their  charter  from  the  King,  confirming  the  Council  purchase, 
and  thereupon  they  contracted  with  Thomas  Graves,  an  engineer,  of  Graves- 
end,  immediately  to  go  to  New  England  in  their  interests  to  "discover  mines, 
erect  fortifications,  make  surveys,"  and  particularly  to  lay  out  their  capital 
town.  Graves  came  out  with  the  second  expedition,  sailing  April  twenty-fifth, 
1629,  which  brought  to  Salem  the  ministers  Francis  Higginson,  ancestor  of 
the  distinguished  Cambridge  and  Boston  Higginsons,  and  Samuel  Skelton, 
with  three  hundred  other  passengers;  and  a  letter  of  instructions  from  the 
Massachusetts  Company's  managers  directing  him  "with  all  speede"  to  send 
forty  or  fifty  persons  to  "Mattachusetts"  Bay,  to  inhabit  there  and  further 
strengthen  the  Company's  possessions.  So  Graves,  arri\'ing  at  the  end  of 
June  or  the  first  of  Jnl\-.  straightway  proceeded  with  a  considerable  band  of 
colonists  to  strengthen  the  Spragues'  settlement  on  the  Charles,  "and  thus 
throw  greater  imiiediments  in  the  way  of"  the  territory's  "  being  occupied 
and  retained  b}-  Mr.  Oldham."  Graves  laid  out  the  town  conveniently,  and 
set  his  men  to  work  building  a  "Great  House"  for  such  of  the  Massachusetts 
Company's  leaders  as  were  "shortly  to  come  over."  And  then  Mishawum 
was  gi\-en  its  English  name  of  "Charlestown"  from  the  name  of  the  ri\-er. 
Accordingly  the  date  iif  the  town's  beginning  is  generally  given  in  the  his- 
tories of  Charlestown  as  July  fourth,  1629.  But  the  true  date  of  this  first 
permanent  settlement  of  the  Bay  Colony  in  Massachusetts  Ba_v  and  in  the 
present  limits  of  Boston,  is  September,  1628,  and  the  real  founders  were  the 
worthy  brothers  Sprague  and  their  three  or  four  associates  whose  names  are 
unkncjwn. 

All  three  of  the  brothers  became  men  of  standing  and  influence  in  the 
developing  Colonial  life.  Ralph  and  Richard  were  valuable  citizens  through 
the  remainder  of  their  days  in  Charlestown  and  in  Boston.  Each  in  succes- 
sion was  captain  of  the  Charlestown  trainband.  Ralph  was  for  several  years 
a  selectman  and  a  deputy  to  the  General  Court.  Richard  became  a  shipping 
merchant  in  Boston.  William,  the  youngest,  was  a  forerunner  of  the  pioneer 
settlers  of  the  old  colony  town  of  Hingham,  he  having  visited  the  place  before 
the  settlement  was  begun,  wdien  on  a  ]3rospective  along-shore  trip  in  a  boat 
from  Charlestown  in  1629.  Later,  in  1636,  he  removed  to  Hingham,  in  com- 
pany with  Anthony  Eames,  an  early  settler  of  Charlestown,  whose  daughter, 
Millecent,  he  married,  and  thereafter  was  identified  with  that  town.  From 
the  three  brothers  are  descended  the  large  and  notable  Sprague  familv  in 
America,  members  of  which  have  been  prominent  and  influential  in  modern 
Boston  and  Massachusetts  affairs. 


THK    HOOK    OF    ROSTOX  13 

Wlifii  Chark'stiiwn  was  l)ei;iin  in  1628,  there  were  already  settled  al)c:iut 
the  inner  bav  a  number  of  Englislmien  besitles  Thomas  W'alford,  whom  the 
Spragiies  found  conifortal)ly  seated  at  Mishawum.  All,  presumably,  were 
"Gorges  men";  and  most  of  them  had  come  up  from  "W'essagusset" — Wey- 
mouth— when  the  Gorges  settlement  there  was  broken  up,  or  divided,  the 
year  after  the  return  of  Robert  Gorges  to  England  in  1625.  At  "W'inni- 
simmet"  now  Chelsea,  was  Samuel  Maverick,  gentleman,  comfortably  and 
securely,  seated  in  his  fortified  "Palisade  House,"  on  the  present  L'nited 
States  Naval  Hospital  grounds;  he  occupied  later  "Xoddle's  Island"  t  l{ast 
Boston)  where  the  earlier  Boston  historians  placed  him  fnim  the  beginning. 
Maverick  had  established  himself  at  Winnisimmet  as  early  as  1624,  so  Mellen 
Chamberlain  in  his  "Documentary  History  of  Chelsea"  states,  then  a  young 
man  of  twentv-three.  He  was  apparently  a  connection  of  John  Maverick, 
the  minister,  who  came  over  with  the  "Dorchester  men"  and  began  Dor- 
chester; but  he  could  not  have  been  the  minister's  son,  as  some  have  assumed. 
Chamberlain  described  him  as  a  trader  for  furs  with  the  Indians  and  with 
the  settlers  and  fishermen  along  the  coast.  He  had  a  coasting  ship  of  his 
own,  and  sometimes  ventured  to  Virginia.  There  were  also  at  Winnisimmet 
two  or  three  others  in  162S.  On  Thompson's  Island  where  is  now  the  cen- 
tury old  Farm  and  Trade  School,  for  boys,  was  the  sometime  seat  of  David 
Thompson,  gentleman,  an  early  agent  of  the  Gorges  in  New  England,  and 
his  "castle"  of  logs.  Thompson  had  died  before  1628,  and  his  widow  was 
then  living  here.  A  few  years  later  she  became  young  Maverick's  wife,  and 
moved  over  to  his  then  home  on  Noddle's  Island.  At  "Shawmut,"  all  alone, 
was  William  Blaxton,  minister,  a  bachelor,  yet  a  young'  man,  not  much  above 
ihirtv,  living  in  peaceful  seclusion  among  his  books  in  his  cottage  on  the 
riverside  slope  of  the  three-peaked  hill,  and  cultivating  his  garden  of  English 
roses  and  his  orchard  beside  a  sweet  spring.  These  settlers  were  called  by 
the  new  comers  the  "old  planters,"  and  were  Episcopalians.  Blaxton  (the 
name  is  variously  spelled — Blakiston,  Blakeston,  Blackstone,  but  Blaxton, 
Thomas  C.  Amory,  his  memorialist  tells  us,  was  the  spelling  he  himself 
adopted  ) — Blaxton,  indeed,  was  a  non-conformist,  but  of  a  mild  ty]>c,  and  he 
still  wore  his  canonical  coat. 

The  harbor  thus  early  was  frequented  by  coasting  traders,  a  fleet  of 
some  fifty  sail  annually  trading  along  the  coast,  and  Nantasket  Point  was  a 
little  seaport  where  the  scattered  planters  met  these  traders  with  their  furs 
and  truck  from  the  Indian  trade.  ( )l(lham,  finall\-  drop])ing  his  claim,  affili- 
ated with  the  Bay  Colon\-  folk,  and  became  an  important  man  in  the  Water- 
town  settlement.  Later  he  was  a  pioneer  ad\enturer  in  the  Connecticut 
Valley  and  l>ecame  one  of  the  founders  of  ^\'ethersfield,  on  the  Connecticut 
River.  His  end  was  tragic,  lie  was  murdered  bv  a  jiartv  of  Connecticut 
Pe(|Uods  in  i6_^fi,  when  he  was  "out  a'  trading"  in  his  pinnace  in  Long  Island 
Sound.  And  his  killing  led  to  that  battle  ofY  Block  Island  l)etween  the  In- 
dians who  had  taken  his  vessel,  and  Ca])tain  John  Gallop — the  frunous  first 
pilot  of  Boston  harbor,  and  for  whom  (jallop's  Island  here  is  named — wiio. 
also  a'  trading,  hapi)ened  along  in  his  pinnace,  which  Cooper  in  his  "Xaval 
History  of  the  L^nited  States"  de.scribes  as  "the  earliest  .sea  fight  of  the 
nation."  and  of  which  AA'inthrop  first  tells  the  story  most  graphically  in  his 
"Journal."  Sagamore  John  remained  the  loyal  friend  of  the  colonists  till 
his  untimel}"  death  from  smallpox,  with  "about  all  his  people"  in  earl\- 
December  of  1633. 


14  THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


Bv  midsummer  of  1629  the  Charlestown  settlement  numbered  an  hun- 
dred men,  women,  and  children,  li\-ing  in  temi)orary  huts  and  tents;  and 
o-lowing  reports  were  sent  back  to  England  of  its  promising  state.  So  the 
pioneer  town  stood  ready  for  the  occupation  by  Winthrop  and  his  associate 
leaders,  bringing  out  with  them  the  charter  of  the  Colony  of  the  IMassachu- 
setts  Bay  when  they  arrived  at  Salem,  June,  1630,  in  the  flagship  or  "admiral"' 
of  their  fleet  of  eleven  or  twelve  sail,  all  but  one  other — the  "Jewel,"  master 
of  the  fleet — yet  on  the  way,  to  begin  colonial  government  on  the  soil. 

The  first  thought  of  these  Bay  Colony  leaders,  however,  may  have  been 
to  take  Salem  for  the  seat  of  go\-ernment.     But  the  jjeople  there,  including 
"old  planters"  and  new  settlers,  were  found  to  be  in  a  weak  and  almost  starv- 
ino-  condition;  and  the  place  "pleased  them  not."    Accordingly  five  days  after 
their  landing  they  set  ijut  to  seek  the  more  suitable  place  on  the  eastward 
shore.    As  Winthrop  quaintly  records:  "Thursday  17  (o.  s. — 27th),  we  went 
to  Mattachusetts  to  find  out  a  place  for  our  sitting  down."     The  "we"  com- 
prised with  Winthrop,  we  may  fanc_\',  the  resolute  Thomas  Dudley,  deputy 
oovernor,  to  become  governor  repeatedly  in  succeeding  years;  Isaac  Johnson, 
"the  greatest  furtherer  of  the  plantation,"'  next  to  Winthrop  the  foremost 
man,  husband  of  the  Lady  Arljella,  the  Earl  ijf  Lincoln's  daughter,  in  com- 
pliment to  whom  the  "admiral"'  of  the  fleet  was  named,  and  who  came  out 
with  her  husband;  Sir  Richard  Saltonstall;  Simon  Bradstreet,  Dudley's  son- 
in-law,  whose  wife,  Anne  Bradstreet,  was  to  blossom  as  "the  first  American 
poet,"  and  himself  to  remain  in  the  public  service  for  many  years,  long  to 
survive  his  fellow-leaders,  and  to  become  the   "Nestor  of  New  England"' ; 
William  Coddington,  merchant,  to  become  the  first  governor  of  Rliode  Island ; 
Increase  Nowell,  "a  man  of  family  and  of  education,"  to  serve  for  many 
years  as  secretary  of  the  Colony;  William  Pynchon,  merchant,  "a  gentleman 
of  learning  and  religion"'  early  to  found  Roxbury,  and  later  Springfield  on 
the  Connecticut  giving  it  the  name  of  his  English  home-town.     They  came 
down  by  water,  and  that  night  "lay  at  Mr.  Maverick"s,"  generously  enter- 
tained by  the  hospitable  young  planter  at  his  palisaded  house.     They  viewed 
the  Charlestown  plantation  and  the  country  up  the  Mystic  as  far,  perhaps,  as 
Medford;  and  before  the  next  day  had  ended  they  were  on  their  way  back 
to  Salem  with  the  decision  of  most  of  them  upon  Charlestown.     A  second 
party  followed  "to  approve  or  dislike"  their  judgment,  and  these  found  a  place 
which  suited  them  better  "three  leagues  up  Charles  River."     Nevertheless  the 
judgment  held,  and  at  once  removal  was  made  by  practically  all  of  the  com- 
pany that  hatl  then  arrived,  and  Charlestown  occupied  as  the  seat.     Within 
the  first  week  of  Julv  the  greater  part  of  the  fleet  had  reached  port;  the 
latest   to   arrive ,  the    "Mayflower,'"    the    "Whale,"'    the    "Talbot,""    and    the 
"Trial"  coming  direct  to  Boston  harbor,  not  stopping  at  Salem,  and  landing 
their  passengers  on  the  Charlestown  shore. 

Thus  "a  multitude  of  people  amounting-  to  about  fifteen  hundred"  (the 
historical  narrative's  statement,  more  accurately  under  one  thousand)  were 
added  to  Charlestown's  population.  The  settlement  u]5on  closer  inspection 
was  found  to  be  in  a  far  less  prosperous  condition  than  had  been  reported  the 
previous  year.  Some  three  score  of  the  original  settlers  had  died ;  many  of 
the  survivors  were  ill ;  most  were  complaining  of  their  woeful  plight.  The 
new  comers,  however,  began  cheerfullv  Iniilding  their  homes.  Fortunately 
it  was  summer  time.  The  governor  and  a  numl)er  of  the  leaders  established 
themselves  in  the  "Great  House"  which  Graves  had  built,  while  the  "multi- 


16  THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 

tude"  set  up  cottages,  booths,  and  tents  about  "Towne  Hill,"  rising  back  of 
where  is  now  the  Charlestown  District  Alunicipal  Building.  But  the  cheer- 
fulness of  the  new  comers  was  not  of  long  duration.  Sickness  soon  fell  also 
upon  many  of  them.  They  had  had  a  wearisome  and  weakenmg  voyage  out : 
some  of  the  ships  were  seventeen,  some  eighteen  weeks  on  the  way.  As  the 
summer  grew  hot  the  scur\-y  increased,  through  lack  of  proper  shelter,  and 
by  reason  of  "wet  lodges  in  their  cottages."  Other  distempers  also  prevailed. 
Much  suffering  resulted  from  the  use  of  a  brackish  spring  in  the  sands  by 
the  shore,  the  one  source  of  water  supply,  for  the  Colonists  "generally 
notioned  no  water  good  for  a  town  but  running  springs."  Provisions  early 
fell  short,  many  of  the  Colonists  coming  ill-pro\-ided,  supposing  from  the 
stories  sent  to  England,  that  food  was  abundant  here,  others  improvidently 
bartering  their  supplies  away  to  the  Indians  for  beaver;  and  the  governor 
despatched  a  ship  to  Ireland  to  buy  and  hasten  back  fresh  supplies.  By  mid- 
summer the  sickness  had  become  so  extensive  that  the  well  ones  "though 
generally  very  loving  and  pittifull"  were  unable  "to  tend  the  sick  as  they 
should  be  tended,"  whereupon  "many  perished  and  dyed  and  were  buryed 
about  the  Towne  Hill."  Samuel  Fuller,  the  physician  of  the  Plymouth 
Colonv,  came  up  to  the  aid  of  the  sick.  By  the  close  of  the  hot  summer 
nearly  two  hundred  had  died.  Among  these  were  William  Gager,  the  Com- 
pany's physician ;  the  wives  of  Coddington  and  Pynchon  and  other  leaders ; 
and  that  foremost  leader  next  to  Winthrop,  and  richest  of  them  all — Isaac 
Johnson.  Winthrop  recorded  the  latter  death  laconically  and  tenderly,  under 
date  of  September  30:  "About  2  in  the  morning  Mr.  Isaac  Johnson  died;  his 
wife  the  Lady  Arbella  of  the  house  of  Lincoln,  being  dead  about  i  month 
before.  He  was  a  holy  man  and  wise,  and  died  in  sweet  peace,  leaving  some 
part  of  his  substance  to  the  Colony."  The  gentle  lady,  "coming  from  a  para- 
dise of  plenty  and  pleasure  in  the  family  of  a  noble  Earldom  into  a  wilderness 
of  wants"  (Hubbard's,  the  early  N^ew  England  historian's,  phrase),  had 
succumbed  to  the  hardships  of  the  voyage,  and,  unable  to  accompany  her 
husband  to  Charlestown,  had  faded  away  at  Salem.  A  number  also,  dis- 
heartened, had  left  and  gone  back  to  England  on  two  of  the  returning  ships 
of  the  fleet. 

Meantime  several  of  the  leaders  were  prospecting  the  neighboring  coun- 
try for  a  happier  town  site ;  but  when  reports  from  London  and  Amsterdam 
of  "some  French  preparations"  against  the  Colony  were  received  by  incoming 
ships,  it  was  resolved  "for  present  shelter,"  to  "plant  dispersed!)-.''  There- 
upon Sir  Richard  Saltonstall  with  George  Phillips,  one  of  the  ministers  who 
had  come  out  with  the  Company  (ancestor  of  W^endell  Phillips),  and  "several 
score,"  began  the  plantation  up  the  Charles  that  became  W'atertown ;  others 
planted  on  the  Mystic,  beginning  Medford ;  others  began  Saugus  which  be- 
came L}'nn ;  Dudley  and  Bradstreet  began  New  Towne  to  become  Cambridge ; 
while  numbers  joined  the  plantation  at  Mattapan,  and  the  P3-nchon  settle- 
ment of  Roxbury.  Then,  or  when  the  sufifering  from  the  want  of  water  was 
most  acute,  William  Blaxton,  the  sole  tenant  of  "Shawmut,"  came  across  tlie 
river  and  acquainting  the  governor  of  an  excellent  spring  there,  courteously 
invited  and  solicited  W' inthrop  to  occupy  his  peninsula.  And  then,  this  invita- 
tion accepted.  Winthrop  and  the  greater  part  of  the  Compan\-  that  yet 
remained  at  Charlestown  removed  hither,  and  Boston  was  begun. 

Boston  was  named  for  old  Boston  of  Lincolnshire,  England,  the  ancient 
St.  Botolph's  town  on  the  W^itham,   from  which,  or  from   its  part  of  the 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON  17 


country,  liad  come  the  leaders  termed  the  "Boston  men" — the  men  of  "supe- 
rior wealth  and  standing,"  of  the  eastern  counties,  who  hail  come  into  the 
Massachusetts  Company,  and  to  its  direction,  after  the  "Dorchester  men,"  of 
the  western  counties,  with  win  mi  the  movement  for  a  plantation  had  orig- 
inated:— and  particularly  in  compliment  to  Isaac  Johnson  and  the  Lady 
Arbella  of  the  old  Boston.  It  was  the  name,  as  Dudley  stated,  that  these 
leaders  had  intended  to  give  the  place  they  "first  resolved  on."  While  we 
have  the  date  of  the  naming  of  our  Boston  definitely  assigned  as  the  date  of 
the  foundation  of  the  town — September  seventeen,  1630 — that  of  its  actual 
beginning  can  only  be  conjectured. 

The  historical  narrative  tells  of  the  removal  "after  the  death  of  Mr. 
Johnson  and  di\'ers  others."  Until  the  end  of  Se]5teniber  the  Court  of 
Assistants  continued  to  be  held  in  Cliarlestown.  It  has  been  assumed  that 
the  "Great  House"  was  still  Winthrop's  home  as  late  as  the  twenty-fifth  of 
October,  when  he  entered  in  his  Journal  that  often  quoted  declaration  against 
the  custom  of  drinl-cing  tiia>ls,  wliicli  his  kinsman  and  biographer,  Roljert  C. 
W'inthrop,  has  pointed  to  as  "the  original  temperance  movement  in  Massa- 
chusetts, if  not  in  America": — "[October  twenty-fifth,  1630]  The  Governour. 
upon  consideration  of  the  inconxeiuences  which  had  grown  in  I'.ngland  b\' 
drinking  one  to  another,  restrained  it  at  his  own  table,  and  wished  others  to 
do  the  like,  so  as  it  grew,  bv  little  and  little,  into  disuse."  Tlie  first  mention 
of  Boston  in  Winthrop's  Journal  is  under  an  Octoljer  date,  about  a  month 
after  the  naming,  recording  the  death  of  a  goat  there  from  eating  Indian 
corn.  Its  first  mention  ofticially  is  the  record  of  a  General  Court — the  first 
General  Court  of  tlie  Colony  on  the  soil — as  held  at  Boston  on  October  twenty- 
ninth.  A  month  later,  November  twenty-iunth,  Winthrop  is  found  for  the 
first  time  dating  a  letter  to  his  wife,  still  in  England,  "Boston  in  Massachu- 
setts." And  in  this  letter  he  writes,  "'Sly  dear,  we  are  here  in  a  paradise." 
It  would  seem,  howe\'er,  that  while  Winthrop  himself  was  not  permanently 
seated  here  till  later,  the  occujiation  was  ]iractically  begun  by  the  Company 
generally  in  early  October;  th;it  then  "the  people  began  to  build  their  houses 
against  winter,"  as  the  historical  narrative  relates.  The  frame  of  \\'in- 
throp's  house  was  "in  preparation"  at  Cliarlestown  when  the  removal  was 
decided  upon,  the  narrative  says,  and  was  carried  to  the  new  Boston  "to  the 
discontent  of  some."  But  it  seems  to  have  been  taken  first  to  "New  Towne" 
— Cambridge — and  hence  brought  to  Boston.  For  in  December  the  Colony 
leaders  determined  to  make  Dudley's  inland  New  Towne,  as  best  for  defence, 
a  fortified  town,  and  eventually,  perhaps,  the  seat  of  government;  and  it  was 
then  agreed  that  the  Assistants  should  build  their  houses  there  by  or  liefore 
the  following  spring  and  remove  the  ordinance  and  munitions  thither.  In 
accordance  with  this  agreement  the  Governor  duly  set  up  his  house :  but  the 
others  not  following  with  theirs,  he  removed  his.  So  the  agreement  was  not 
carried  out,  to  the  discomfiture  of  Dudle)-,  who  complained  of  a  breach  of 
promise  on  the  part  of  Winthro]>  with  the  rest.  Subsequently  Winthrop 
ex]ilained  his  course,  and  produced  more  choice  data  for  Boston's  history  in 
his  invalualile  Journal :  "August  3  [1632].  The  De]nity,  ]\lr.  Thomas  Dudley, 
being  still  discontented  with  the  goxernour,  partly  for  tlKit  the  governour 
had  removed  the  frame  of  his  house,  which  he  had  set  up  at  New  Town, 
renewed  his  comi)laints  to  Mr.  Wilson  and  Mr.  Welde,  who  acquainting  the 
go\-ernour  therewith,  ;i  meeting  was  agreed  upon  at  Cliarlestown.  where  were 
present   the   go\ernoiir  and   deputy,    Mr.    Nowell,    [and    the   ministers]    ^Ir. 


18  THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


NT 


Wilson,  Mr.  Welde,  Mr.  jMaverick,  and  Mr.  Wareham.  The  conference 
being  begun  with  calling  upon  the  Lord,  the  deputy  began.  .  .  .  The  gov- 
ernour  answered  that  he  had  performed  the  words  of  the  promise;  for  he  had 
a  house  up,  and  seven  or  eight  servants  abiding  in  it  by  the  day  appointed; 
and  for  the  removing  of  his  house,  he  alleged,  that  seeing  that  the  rest  of  the 
assistants  went  not  about  to  build,  and  that  his  neighbours  of  Boston  had  been 
discouraged  from  removing  thither  by  Mr.  Deputy  himself,  and  thereupon 
had  (under  all  their  hands)  petitioned  him  that  (according  to  the  promise 
lie  made  to  them  when  they  first  sate  down  with  him  at  Boston,  viz.,  that  he 
would  not  remove  except  they  went  with  him)  he  would  not  leave  them — 
this  was  the  occasion  that  he  removed  his  house."  The  relations  between  the 
two  worthies  were  thus  strained  for  a  while,  and  there  followed  those  hot 
little  tiffs  the  story  of  which  makes  so  lively  a  chapter  in  \Vinthrop's  Journal. 
But  as  time  went  on  and  Town  and  Colony  developed,  these  differences  be- 
tween the  two  good  and  true  men  softened,  and  at  length  were  beautifully 
healed,  as  Winthrop  relates  with  charming  cjuaintness  in  one  of  his  prettiest 
passages.  It  was  at  the  ceremony  of  marking  the  bounds  of  the  great  farms 
on  the  Concord  River,  in  what  are  now  the  rural  towns  of  Bedford  and 
Billerica,  granted  each  of  these  worthies  by  the  General  Court,  in  1638.  On 
a  day  in  Mav  the  two  with  their  witnesses  paddled  down  the  loitering  stream 
from  the  little  settlement  at  Concord.  Making  selection  of  a  point  for  their 
landing,  "they  oft'ered  each  other  the  first  choice,  but  because  the  Deputy's 
was  first  granted,  and  himself  had  store  of  land  already,  the  Governour  yielded 
him  the  first  choice.  So  at  the  place  where  the  Deputy's  land  was  to  begin 
there  were  two  great  stones  which  they  called  the  Two  Brothers  in  remem- 
brance that  they  were  brothers  ijy  their  children's  marriage  and  did  so 
brotherly  agree,  and  for  that  a  little  creek  near  those  stones  was  to  part  their 
lands."  The  marrying  children  were  Winthrop's  daughter  Mary  and  Dudley's 
eldest  son,  the  Reverend  Samuel.  The  "Two  Brothers,''  lying-  near  together, 
close  to  the  river's  brink,  in  Bedford,  remain  today,  with  a  tablet  set  in  the 
face  of  each  inscribed,  that  to  the  South,  "Winthrop,  1638,"  that  to  the 
North,  "Dudley,  1638,"  the  governor's  thousand  acres  spreading  oft'  south- 
erly from  the  boulders,  Dudley's  northerly. 

The  predominant  features  of  the  peninsula  as  it  appeared  to  the  makers 
of  Boston  are  familiar  from  much  description  in  local  histories,  handbooks, 
and  lectures.  They  found  it  pear-shaped,  jutting  out  between  harbor  and 
river,  attached  to  the  niainkuid  l)y  a  mile-long  slender  stem:  marked  by 
abrupt  elevations  with  valleys  between :  the  loftiest  elevation,  tlie  hill  with 
three  peaks,  on  the  river  side,  the  next  in  height  on  tlie  harbor  front,  one  at 
the  South,  the  other  at  the  North:  sparsely  clad  with  trees,  but  thick  in  bushes 
and  reeds ;  the  surface  indented  by  deep  coves,  inlets  of  ocean  and  river,  and 
by  creeks  and  ponds:  and  sea  margins  wide,  flat,  oozy.  It  was  in  length  less 
than  three  miles,  in  width,  at  the  l)roadest,  Httle  more  than  one  mile ;  while 
its  total  area  was  less  than  eight  hundred  acres. 

Unpropitious  topographically  and  too  contracted  this  j^eninsula  certainly 
was  for  the  ideal  establishment  of  a  great  future  metropolis.  But  there  was 
the  "convenient"  harbor,  the  beautiful  tidal  harbor  as  Nature  made  it.  It 
was  this  harbor's  natural  advantages,  together  with  its  proximity  to  the 
fisheries  which  were  to  become  the  staple  of  New  England,  that  made  possible 
the  commercial  Boston  which  the  Puritan  founders  so  enterprisingly  pro- 
ceeded to  develop  on  the  narrow  peninsula  as  soon  as  their  town  was  fairly 


THR    ]U)()K    OF    BOSTOX  19 

underway,  which  was  after  tlie  first  disheartening  winter  of  the  plantation. 
Then  Boston  was  far  from  tlie  paradise  as  \\'intlirop  had  pictured  in  that 
first  joyous  Boston-dated  letter  to  the  old  home.  '"The  people  were  necessi- 
tated to  li\e  on  clams  and  muscles,  and  gTonnd  nuts  and  acorns,"  the  Charles- 
town  historical  narrative  recorded.  The  governor  himself  "had  the  last  hatch 
of  bread  in  the  oven,"  wrote  Cotton  ]\Iather  in  his  embellished  story  of  this 
first  Boston's  winter  based  on  tradition,  and  was  "distributing  the  last  hand- 
ful of  meal  in  the  l)arrcl  unto  a  poor  man  distressed  by  the  wolf  at  the  door." 
At  this  extremity  a  Fast  F)a\'  was  appointed  by  the  go\-ernor  and  assistants. 
Then  suddenly  on  a  b'ebruary  da\-  appeared  entering  the  hai'bor  the  relief 
ship  that  the  go\'ernor  and  his  associates  had  despatched  to  Ireland  fi3r  sup- 
plies, in  the  summer.  She  was  laden  with  provisions  sufiicient  for  all.  And 
straightway  the  Fast  Dav  was  changed  to  one  for  thanksgi\-ing — the  first 
appointed  Thanksgi\-ing  Day  in  [Massachusetts. 

The  recovery  was  cpuck,  and  the  spring  was  full  of  actixity.  On  the 
fourth  of  July  the  first  domestic-built  ship  was  launched, — the  little  l)ark 
of  thirty  tons  which  Winthrop  had  had  l>uilt  and  piously  and  poetically 
nametl,  "The  Blessing  of  the  Ba_\-."  She  tiiok  the  water  on  the  Mystic,  beside 
the  governor's  farm  and  countr\-  seat  of  "Tenhills"  (so  called  from  the  num- 
ber of  little  elevations  which  could  be  counted  upon  it,  and  which  can  in 
part  be  traced  to  this  day),  and  close  by  the  present  Somerville  end  of  the 
Wellington  Bridge.  On  the  last  day  of  August  she  went  to  sea.  In  October 
she  was  "on  a  voyage  to  the  eastward,"  perliaps  trading".  The  following 
summer  she  was  ad\'enturing  "to  the  southward,"  coasting  "an  island  over 
against  Connecticut  called  Long  Island";  [the  narrator  is  Winthrop  in  his 
Journal]  looking  into  the  Connecticut  River;  and  finally  \-isiting  the  "Dutch 
plantation  upon  Hudson  River  called  Xew  Netherlands."  At  Long  Island 
she  took  on  "store  of  the  best  \\ampum  peak  both  white  and  blue"  from  the 
Indians  there,  who  were  found  to  be  "a  very  treacherous  people,"  and  having 
"many  canoes  so  great  as  one  will  carry  eig'hty  men."  .\t  the  embr^-o  New- 
York  the  captain  and  crew  were  "very  kindly  entertained  by  Wouter  \an 
Twiller;  and  they  bartered  with  the  Dutchmen  such  commodities  as  they  put 
ofY  for  some  beaver  and  other  tifings."  The  next  year  a  second  ship  was 
launched  on  the  Mystic.  This,  the  "Trial"  of  one  hundred  tc)ns,  built  by 
"Governor  Cradock's  men" — Matthew  Craddock,  tlie  earlier  gox'ernor  of  the 
Massachusetts  Company  in  London,  who  did  not  come  out,  but  sent  men  over 
to  work  his  plantation  on  the  Mystic,  opposite  Winthrop's  Tenhills,  originally 
established  for  ])romoting  the  fisheries.  The  next  year  two  more  ships  w'ere 
turned  out  at  the  Cradckjck  yard,  one  of  two  hundred  tons,  the  other,  the 
"Rebecca,"  a  tidy  craft  of  sixty  tons.  The  "Rebecca's"  first  \o\age  was  to 
.  Narragansett  Bay,  to  buy  corn  from  the  Narragansett  Indians.  Subsecpiently 
she  went  to  the  Bermudas  and  brought  back  potatoes,  oranges,  limes.  Ship- 
building on  the  harbor  side  had  then  begun,  and  soon  Boston  became  the 
chief  shipbuilder  in  the  Colonies;  also  the  chief  carrier  for  nearly  all  of  them. 
i\nd  early  Boston  shipbuilders  were  supplying  the  old  home  market  with  Bos- 
ton-built ships.  In  1633  William  Wood,  then  visiting  New  Fngland,  de- 
.scribed  Boston  as  "the  chiefe  place  for  shii^ping  and  merchandize."  Early 
its  commerce  with  England  was  more  intimate  than  that  of  any  other  Colonial 
port,  and  it  was  the  most  frequented  by  English  shipping,  b'arly,  too,  ships 
from  other  maritime  countries  were  entering  the  harbor.  Twenty  years  after 
\\'illiam  Woiid.  Captain  Edward  Johnson  writes  in  his  (plaint  "Wonder-work- 


20 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


ing  Providence  of  Sion's  Sa\ior,"  the  first  history  of  Massachusetts,  of  "For- 
reiners"  ships,  French,  Portugal,  ami  Dutch  coming-  "hither  for  Trafiique," 
and  pictures  Boston  as  the  "\-ery  'Slart  of  the  Land."  So  through  Colony  and 
Province  days  Boston  remained  the  chief  port  of  the  continent. 

There  were  few  accessions  to  the  beginners  of  Boston  till  the  town  was 
nearly  three  years  old.     In  early  November  in  its  second  year,  1631,  the  gov- 


FIRST   BOSTON    TOWN    HOUSE 

Built  1657  by  Thomas  Joy  and  partner.  Burned  1711.  "This  gallant  State  House" 
as  it  was  termed  by  Samuel  Maverick,  in  1660,  stood  at  the  head  of  State  Street,  on 
the  site  of  the  present  old  State  House.  As  the  first  seat  of  government  in  Mas- 
sachusetts and  New  England,  it  was  the  scene  of  stirring  events,  .'\bove  were  chambers 
for  town  meetings,  the  Governor  and  Council,  Assembly  and  Courts;  below  was  the 
Merchants  Exchange.  Here  the  revolution  against  Andros  broke  out;  Captain  Kidd, 
the  pirate,  was  examined  and  the  witchcraft  cases  were  tried.  Here  met  the  Puritan 
elders  and  under  this  roof  the  first  Episcopalians  worshipped.  It  was  "The  Pine  Street 
House"  of  Emerson's  Boston  Hymn,  "The  Town  Hall"  of  Hawthorne's  Scarlet  Letter 
and  "The  Council  Chamber"  of  VVhittier's  King's  Missive. 


ernor's  excellent  wife,  Margaret  Winthrop,  accompanied  by  his  eldest  son  and 
his  wife — the  second  John  Winthrop,  later  to  become  the  celebrated  Go\-ernor 
Winthrop  of  the  Connecticut  Colony, — and  bringing  the  other  children  that 
had  remained  in  England  with  her,  arrived  in  the  same  ship,  the  "Lyon," 
that  had  brought  the  minister,  John  Eliot,  the  future  "apostle  to  the  Indians." 
Upon  their  landing  the  governor's  family  were  formallv  received,  after  the 
royal  fashion,  "by  the  captains  with  their  companies  in  arms,"  and  with 
"divers  volleys  of  shott."  And  for  their  proper  welcome  with  feasting  the 
larder  of  the  governor's  "mansion"  had  been  furnished  forth  by  his  neighbors, 
and  "most  of  the  people  of  the  near  plantations."  with  "fatt  hogs,  kids,  ven- 
ison, poultry,  geese,  partridges,  etc." — a  kindly  outpouring  which  moved 
the  good  man  gratefully  to  record  in  his  Journal,  that  "the  like  joy  and  mani- 
festation of  love  had  never  before  been  seen  in  New  England."  In  the  fol- 
lowing June,  1632,  the  "\Villiam  and  Francis,"  on  her  second  voyage  over, 
brought  a  few  more  emigrants  of  note,  a  number  of  "honest  men"  with  their 
families,  including  the  minister  Thomas  ^^'elde,  who  was  to  become  John 


°  1\ 


'X    O 


fe  i^ 


22  THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 

Eliot's  colleague  at  the  Roxbury  church  after  Eliot's  removal  from  Boston, 
and  later  to  assist  Eliot  and  Richard  Mather,  the  Dorchester  minister,  in  the 
preparation  of  the  "Bay  Psalm  Book."  Also  at  the  same  time  arrived  the 
"Charles"  of  Barnstable  "with  near  eighty  cows  and  six  mares,"  and  some 
twenty  passengers. 

Then  in  the  autumn  of  the  next  year,  1633,  there  came  a  great  acquisi- 
tion to  Boston's  population  by  the  arriv^al  on  the  "noble  ship  Griffin"  of  the 
"choicest  freight"  of  emigrants  since  that  brought  by  the  W'inthrop  fleet, 
which  so  heartened  T(jwn  and  Colony  that  the  event  was  celebrated  by  a 
s])ecial  Thanksgiving.  Winthrop's  record  of  this  important  arri\-al,  and  of 
the  adxentures  of  the  distinguished  Puritan  ministers  of  the  company  in 
escaping-  the  clutches  of  the  scouts  of  the  High  Court  of  Commission  at  their 
departure  from  England,  runs  thus:  "Sept.  4  [1633].  The  Griffin,  a  ship 
of  three  hundred  tons  arrived  (having  been  eight  weeks  from  the  Downs). 
This  ship  was  brought  in  by  John  Gallop  a  new  way  by  Lovell's  Island,  at 
low  water,  now  called  Griffin's  Gap.  She  brought  about  two  hundred  ]jas- 
seng-ers,  having  lost  some  four  whereof  one  was  drowned  two  days  before 
as  he  was  casting  forth  a  line  to  take  mackerel.  In  this  ship  came  Mr.  Cot- 
ton, Mr.  Hooker,  and  'Sir.  Stone,  ministers,  and  'Sir.  Peirce,  Mr.  Haynes  (a 
gentleman  of  great  estate),  Mr.  Hoffe,  and  man\-  other  men  of  good  estates. 
They  got  out  of  England  with  much  difficulty,  all  places  being  belaid  to  have 
taken  Mr.  Cotton  and  Mr.  Honker,  who  had  Ijeen  long  sought  for  to  ha\-e  been 
brought  into  the  High  Commission:  I)ut  the  master  being  bound  to  touch  at 
the  \\'ight,  the  pursuivants  attended  there,  and,  in  the  meantime,  the  said 
ministers  were  taken  in  at  the  Downs.  Air.  Hooker  and  Air.  Stone  went  pres- 
ently to  New•to^\■n  where  thev  were  to  lie  entertained,  and  Mr.  Cotton  stayed 
at  Boston."  Besides  the  nn'nisters  John  Cotton,  Thomas  Hooker,  and  Samuel 
Stone  (whose  names  led  the  erudite  punster.  Cotton  Mather,  to  his  ponderous 
pun  in  his  "Magnalia,"  that  in  them  "the  God  of  Heaven  had  supplied  the 
colonists  with  what  would  in  some  sort  answer  their  three  great  necessities. 
Cotton  for  their  clothing.  Hooker  for  their  fishing,  and  Stone  for  their  Iniild- 
ing")  and  the  rich  Mr.  Haynes,  there  was  a  notable  group  of  old  Boston 
magnates  among-  the  passengers — Thomas  Leverett,  a  citizen  of  high  con- 
sideration in  the  English  Boston,  sometime  an  alderman  there,  and  the  stead- 
fast and  influential  supporter  of  John  Cotton  through  Cotton's  twenty  years 
in  the  rectorship  of  the  ancient  St.  Botolph's  Church:  Atherton  Hough  (the 
"Hoffe"  of  Winthrop's  record,  pronounced  as  he  gave  it),  wlio  had  been 
mayor  of  old  Boston ;  Edmund  Quincey,  the  progenitor  of  the  Ouincy  family 
in  America.  There  were  various  other  members  of  Cotton's  home  congre- 
gation, and  members  of  Hooker's.  There  weve  the  Hutchinsons,  principally 
Mistress  Anne  Hutchinson,  that  "pure  and  excellent  w-oman,  of  high  spirit" 
and  "a  nimble  wit,"  soon  to  institute  in  Boston  the  first  woman's  mo\-ement 
in  America,  and  to  become  the  central  figure  about  whom  raged  the  "Antino- 
mian  controversy"  of  1635-1636,  which  nearly  split  the  Colony  in  twain;  her 
brother-in-law,  the  minister  John  Wheelwright  who  was  to  be  banished  with 
her,  and  her  other  adherents,  and  to  found  Exeter  in  New  Hampshire. 

The  town  had  now  been  the  capital  of  the  Colony  for  nearly  a  year,  its 
selection  ha\  ing  finally  been  made  by  the  vote  of  the  General  Court  in  Octo- 
ber, 1632 — "It  is.  thought  by  generall  consent  that  Boston  is  the  fittest  place 
for  publique  business  of  any  place  in  the  Bay" ; — but  although  "the  most 
noted  and  frequented,"  Ijeing  the  place  where  the  colonial  courts  sat  and  the 


TlIK    ]'AK)K    OF    BOSTON'  23 


goveniDf  dwelt,  it  was  vet,  as  William  Wood  wrote,  "neither  the  greatest  nor 
the  richest"  of  the  Bav  plantations.  This  notable  accession  of  the  "Griffin's" 
])assengers,  however,  most  of  whom  established  themselves  here,  largely 
increased  its  prestige;  and  thereafter,  with  other  additions  of  desirable  im- 
migrants repeatedlv  made,  it  grew  rapidly  Ixith  in  population  and  in  wealth, 
until  by  1O37  it  was  outranking  all  the  other  towns  as  the  most  populous  and 
the  wealthiest.  The  ininiigratiim  to  Xew  England  continued  large  till  the 
meeting  of  the  Long  i'arliament  in  old  England,  when  it  suddenly  and  almost 
whollv  ceased.  "The  Parliament  of  England  setting  upon  a  general  reforma- 
tion bnth  of  Church  and  ."^tate,  the  Earl  of  v^trafford  being  beheaded,  and  the 
archbishop  (our  great  enemy)  and  many  others  of  the  great  officers  and 
judges,  bishops  and  others,  imprisoned  and  called  to  account,  this  caused  all 
men  to  stay  in  luigland  in  expectation  of  a  new  world;  so  as  few  coming  to 
us,  all  foreign  commotlities  grew  scarce  and  our  own  of  no  price."  So  wrote 
Winthrop  in  his  Journal,  under  date  of  June,  1641.  It  was  estimated  by 
earlier  historians  that  up  to  this  time  o\er  twentv  thousand  persons  had  im- 
migrated to  Xew  England,  brought  out  in  one  hundred  and  ninety-eight 
vessels,  and  of  these  a  mucii  larger  number  settled  in  Boston  than  in  any 
other  town.  Bv  1643  thirt}-  towns  were  within  the  jurisdiction  of  Alassa- 
chusetts,  of  which  Boston  was  the  governmental  and  commercial  center. 
Then  it  was  that  the  division  into  shires  or  counties  was  made  by  the  General 
Court,  and  Suffolk  County  was  instituted,  which  at  the  outset  comprised  wilh 
Boston  the  neiglil)oiing  towns  nf  Ro.xbury,  Dorchester,  and  Dedham,  and 
Braintree  (afterward  (Juincx),  Weymouth,  Hingham,  and  Xantasket  of  the 
South  Shore.  X'ow,  or  a  half  <1ozen  years  later,  I'xjstun  was  grown  to  that 
description  of  Captain  Edward  jdbnsou,  written  ])resuniably  round  about 
1649 — "The  Ijuildings  beautifull  and  large,  sunie  fairlv  set  forth  with  Brick. 
Tile,  Stone  and  Slate,  and  orderlv  place<l  with  comeh'  streets,  whose  con- 
tinuall  inlargenient  pressages  some  sumptuous  Cit_\'."  .V  (|uarter-ceutury 
later,  or  about  1675,  the  estimated  |)o|)ulation  was  about  four  thousand.  At 
the  close  of  the  Colonv  period,  or  when  the  Colony  charter  was  wacated,  in 
1684,  Boston  was  credited  with  six  or  seven  thousand  inhabitants;  and  among 
the.se,  according  to  a  genteel  old  time  "Calendar  of  Wealth,  Fashion,  and 
Gentility,"  there  were  "fifteen  or  l\vent\-  merchants  with  from  thirty  thou- 
sand to  fi:)rtv  thousand  dollars  each."  At  the  beginning  of  the  Province 
period,  in  1(192,  or  at  the  ojiening  of  the  eighteenth  centur}-,  Boston  was 
counted  the  "largest  and  wealthiest  town  in  America." 

The  building  of  the  town  was  begun  at  the  eastern  and  northeastern 
bases  of  the  three-]ieaked  hill  along  the  une\en  lines  of  the  harbor  front,  and 
about  the  "Great  C<ive";  and  in  the  form  of  a  crescent.  The  Great  Co\e 
made  up  between  the  two  h;irbor  front  hills — Fort  Hill  and  Copp's  Hill  of 
later  naming — from  jioints  about  where  now  are  Rowe's  Wharf  at  the  South 
and  Lewis  Wharf  at  the  Xorth ;  and  cut  inside  of  the  present  North  Street 
and  ?\lerchants  Row,  across  State  Street,  and  inside  of  Kilby  Street  to  Fed- 
eral and  Batterymareh  Streets.  Thus  the  foot  of  the  present  State  Street  was 
then  at  high-water  mark  at  abfuit  the  corner  of  Merchants  Row  on  the  one 
side  and  Killi\'  .Sticet  on  the  other.  South  of  this  Great  Co\'e  was  the  "South 
Cove,"  which  swe])t  West  from  about  the  junction  of  the  present  Federal 
Street  and  Atlantic  Avenue  to  Washingti>n  Street  near  Essex  and  North  of 
Beach  Street:  then  .SoiulierK-,  parallel  with  Washington  Street,  beside  land 
a  single  house-lot  dee]),  to   1  )o\-er  .Street,   where  the  long  lean    Xeck  began, 


24  THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 

and  to  the  Neck  beyond.  On  the  North  and  the  river-side  of  the  peninsula 
was  the  "North  Cove,"  early  coming  to  be  called  the  "Mill  Pond''  from  the 
mills  erected  upon  it,  making  up  from  Charles  River  on  the  North  of  Beacon 
Hill.  This  passed  Easterly  across  the  present  E'nion,  Friend,  and  Portland 
Streets ;  Westerly  across  Pitts  and  Gooch  Streets  to  Leverett  Street,  and  well 
up  toward  Temple  Street  at  the  foot  of  Beacon  Hill.  The  high-water  line 
crossed  the  present  Cambridge  Street  at  its  junction  with  Anderson  Street. 
A  creek  ran  from  this  cove  to  the  Great  Cove  making  of  the  North  End  an 
island.  The  junction  of  the  present  Blackstone  and  North  Streets  was  covered 
by  the  tide.  On  the  South  side  of  the  Great  Cove  was  a  small  cove  which 
extended  from  the  head  of  the  present  Central  Wharf,  through  Liberty 
Square,  across  Kilby  Street,  nearly  to  Congress  Street.  This  early  became 
Oliver's  Dock.  Here  entered  two  creeks,  one  running  down  from  the  present 
Spring  Lane,  wliere  was  the  "Springgate"  of  the  Colonists,  to  Liberty  Square, 
the  other  coming  from  lM"anklin  Street.  On  the  North  side  of  the  Great 
Cove  was  another  small 'cove,  extending  from  where  is  now  North  Market 
Street  and  the  Ouincy  Market  and  over  the  site  of  Faneuil  Hall,  to  the 
Westerly  side  of  the  present  Dock  Square.  This  side  cove  at  once  became 
the  Town  Dock.  Back  and  West  of  Beacon  Hill  and  the  Common,  was  the 
fourth  large  co\'e — the  "Back  Bay,"  the  back  basin  of  the  Charles,  its  tide 
then  flowing  up  the  present  Beacon  Street  some  two  hundred  feet  above  Charles 
Street,  up  to  a  pebbly  beach  on  the  Common's  Western  edge,  and  to  the 
present  Park  Square;  and  Southward  e.xtending  to  the  line  of  the  present 
Washington  Street  at  about  where  Pleasant  Street  enters  this  thoroughfare, 
and  sweeping  close  to  the  Washington  Street  line  at  Dover  Street. 

The  makers  of  the  town  first  built  within  the  territory  bounded  by  the 
present  Milk,  Bromfield,  Tremont,  and  Hanover  Streets,  Dock  Square,  and 
the  water.  The  limits  soon  expanded,  reaching  at  first  to  the  present  Summer 
Street,  and  shortly  to  Essex  and  Boylston  Streets  on  the  South ;  Eastward,  to 
the  harbor  front  at  and  around  Fort  Flill ;  Westward  and  Northwestward, 
about  the  North  Cove;  and  Northward,  over  the  North  End.  The  North 
End  early  became  the  most  populous  section  and  the  "court  end"  of  the 
town.  It  so  remained  till  after  the  Re\'olution,  although  in  the  middle  of  the 
Pro\'ince  period  wealth  and  gentility  were  being  drawn  to  the  region  around 
Fort  Hill  and  the  "new"  South  End  (the  "old"  having  been  at  about  Milk 
Street)  and  "Church  Green,"  where  now  is  the  junction  of  Summer  and 
Bedford  Streets,  then  fronting  the  water  -with  a  fine  harbor  view.  Till  after 
the  Revolution,  too,  the  town's  Southern  bounds,  though  formally  at  Dover 
Street,  with  a  few  houses  latterly  scattered  on  the  highway  toward  the  Neck, 
]>ractically  remained  at  Essex  and  Boylston  Streets ;  while  the  W'estern  limits 
were  Beacon  Hill  and  the  foot  of  the  Common.  Beacon  Hill  Westward, 
with  the  exception  of  two  or  three  houses  on  the  Beacon-Street  side,  first 
here  a  lane  alongside  the  Common,  remained  in  its  primitive  state,  the  loftiest 
of  its  three  peaks  rising,  a  beautiful  grassv  cone,  as  high  as  the  present  gilded 
dome  of  the  State  House,  topped  by  the  beacon.  In  time  during  the  Colony 
and  Province  periods  the  margins  of  the  Great  Cove  and  the  smaller  estuaries 
antl  marshes  were  in  part  filled  in,  but  the  original  peninsula  of  under  eight 
hundred  acres  constituted  the  town  till  the  opening  of  the  nineteenth  century. 
Till  after  the  Revolution  no  bridge  spanned  the  river.  The  only  across-water 
ways  were  still  by  the  primitive  ferries,  while  the  one  land  way  to  the  main- 
land remained  the  long  slender  tide-washed  Neck. 


THK    HOOK    OK    HOSTOX 


The  square  at  the  head  of  tlie  iHcsent  State  Street  in  the  middle  of  wliich 
is  now  the  Old  State  House,  was  at  the  outset  the  "^Market  Place,"  the  first 
centre  of  town  life.  State  Street  was  the  first  central  "Great  Street  To  The 
Sea,"  early  to  become  the  historic  Kino-  Street.  The  part  uf  Washington 
Street  extending  from  Dock  S(|uare,  or  through  the  present  Adams  Square, 
bow-shaped  to  School  Street,  was  the  first  highway 
Towards  I\oxljurie."'  C(jurt  Street  was  the  "Prison  Lane 
iently  from  the  Market  Place  to  the  prison  (where  is  now  the  City  Hall 
Annex),  earliest  of  institutions  set  up,  to  become  the  Queen  Street  of  pro- 
vincial Bostiin.  Hanover  Street  was  the  narrow  lane  leading  to  the  Charles- 
town  and  Winnisimmet  ferries.  School  Street  was  the  lane  upon  which  was 
established  the  first  free  school,  in  1635,  which  continued  in  the  Boston  Public 


'The   High   Waye 
leading  conven- 


OLD    FEATHER    STORE 


BITLT   16S0 — RAZED    ISf.d 


Latin  Schi 


hence  its  name.     The  first  go\ernor's  "mansiuu,"  the  first  min- 


ister's house,  the  first  meetinghouse, — the  latter  first  public  structure  to  be 
erected, — and  the  dwellings  and  warehouses  of  the  first  shopkeeper  and  of 
the  wider  merchant-traders,  were  placed  on  the  "Great  Street  To  The  Sea." 
Other  first  citizens  located  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Town  Dock.  A  few- 
were  scattered  along  the  "High  Waye"  toward  School  and  Bromfield  Streets, 
round  about  the  "Springgate,"  and  on  "Port  Lane" — Milk  Street's  first 
name.  Fewer  set  their  houses  on  the  cartway  along  the  Eastern  and  Xortli- 
eastern  spurs  of  Beacon  Hill  whence  e\olved  Tremont  Street.  Li  its  second 
year,  the  year  that  the  town  was  made  the  capital,  its  fortification  was  begun 
to  secure  it  from  attack  by  sea  as  well  as  by  land.  Works  were  started  at 
Fort  Hill,  and  on  Castle  Island  (now  included  in  the  Marine  Park  at  Soutii 
Boston  Point)  :  and  a  guard  was  established  at  the  Neck.  Later  the  Neck 
was  fortified.     In  March,  1^)34-1635  the  setting  up  u{  ilie  bcacmi  on  Beacon 


26  THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


Hill,  then  Gentry  Hill,  was  ordered,  to  gi\-e  notice  to  the  country  of  any 
danger  appearing  or  feared.  A  ward  of  one  person  was  to  be  kept  here 
through  the  late  spring  and  summer  months,  and  upon  the  discovery  of  any 
danger  the  beacon  was  to  be  tired,  an  alarm  given,  and  messengers  were  to 
be  sent  bv  that  town  in  which  the  danger  was  discovered  to  all  the  other 
towns  in  the  Colony.  Happily  no  occasion  arose  for  warning,  and  the  beacon 
was  never  fired  in  its  history  of  nearly  a  century  and  a  half. 

In  the  year  also  that  Boston  w-as  made  the  capital  it  was  established  as 
a  market  town,  and  Thursday  was  made  the  regular  market  day.  Then  the 
country  folk  flocked  hither  for  barter  and  trade,  and  the  ]\Iarket  Place  became 
a  scene  of  decorous  animation.  At  about  the  same  time,  or  in  1633,  the 
"Thursdav  Lecture"  was  instituted.  The  delivery  of  this  lecture,  or  mid- 
week sermon,  generally  by  a  leading  minister  of  the  Colony,  was  one  of  the 
features  of  the  Market  Day.  On  this  day,  too,  were  not  infrequently  the 
public  spectacles  of  the  harsh  punishments  for  petty  misdemeanors  as  well 
as  for  graver  crimes.  In  front  of  the  Market  Place,  where  is  now  the  square 
which  the  Old  State  House  faces,  were  placed  the  stocks,  the  pillory,  and  the 
whipping"  post.  The  meetinghouses  which  were  used  in  succession  through 
a  quarter  of  a  centnr_\^  for  the  Town's  and  Colony's  Inisiness,  the  sittings  of 
the  General  and  other  courts,  as  well  as  for  church  purposes — the  first  one, 
the  little  rude  structure  of  one  story,  plastered  stones,  and  thatched  roof, 
set  up  in  the  summer  of  163J,  and  its  substantial  successor  erected  eight  years 
later  when  the  town  folk  were  growing  richer, — stood  conveniently  beside  the 
Alarket  Place :  the  first,  on  the  South  side,  where  the  Brazier  Building  is  now, 
the  other  where  is  the  Rogers  Building  on  \\'ashington  Street  opposite  the 
head  of  State  Street. 

In  1634,  when  the  amialile  pioneer  settler,  Blaxton,  sold  out  to  tlie  then 
inhabitants  all  his  right  and  interest  in  the  whole  peninsula,  except  his  home- 
lot  on  the  Southerly  slope  of  Beacon  Hill,  of  about  six  acres,  Boston  Com- 
mon was  established.  The  year  before,  in  -\pril,  1633,  the  Governor  and 
Assistants  had  granted  Mr.  Blaxton  fifty  acres,  evidently  ignoring  his  rights 
to  the  peninsula  through  a  Gorges  grant,  or  otherwise — if  he  ever  asserted 
them,  which  does  not  appear — since  it  lay  within  the  ^Massachusetts  Com- 
pany's grant.  The  jiart  of  the  purchase  set  aside  for  the  Common,  or 
"Travning  Field,"  was  this  fifty-acre  grant,  less  the  six  acres  of  the  home- 
lot  reserved.  For  his  general  release  of  the  whole  peninsula  Blaxton  received 
thirty  pounds,  "to  his  full  satisfaction."  The  amount  was  raised  from  the 
householders.  It  had  been  agreed  that  each  householder  should  pay  six 
shillings:  none  paid  less,  some  consideralilv  more.  Blaxton  laid  out  his 
thirty  pounds  in  a  "stock  of  cows";  and  then,  in  the  following  spring,  tired 
of  Puritan  constraint,  he  moved  away  to  make  a  new  and  freer  home  further 
in  the  wilderness.  It  is  the  picturesque  tradition  that  when  he  was  about  to 
depart  he  frankly  remarked,  "I  came  from  England  because  I  did  not  like 
the  Lord  Bishops,  l.)ut  I  cannot  join  with  you  because  I  could  not  be  under 
the  Lords  Brethren."  The  independent  recluse  chose  another  peaceful  and 
beautiful  spot,  near  what  became  Rog-er  Williams'  Providence,  on  that  part 
of  the  Pawtucket  River  afterward  named  for  him,  the  Blackstone.  This 
new  home  he  called,  suggestive  of  his  tranquil  tastes,  "Study  Hill."  Here  our 
first  Bostonian  lived  the  remainder  of  his  days,  which  were  long.  He  died 
at  o\er  eighty  just  loefore  the  outbreak  of  King  Philip's  War  in  1675.  In 
that  war  his  home  at  Studv  Hill  and  all  his  books  were  destroved.     His 


THE    ROOK    OF    BOSTOX  27 

ilislike  I'c)!"  the  Lnrds  Urctln'cii  was  e\  ideiitlv  nut  (k-ei).  fur  he  was  wont  to 
revisit  the  tuwn  in  a  friendly  way.  and  at  length  timk  to  wife  a  Boston 
Puritan  matron.  It  is  another  jM-etty  tradition  that  for  his  Boston  visits  he 
used  a  steer  that  he  had  trained  to  saddle. 

Life  in  the  Puritan  town  througii  the  half  century  of  the  Colony  period 
was  indeed  austere.  The  government  general  and  local  was  most  paternal. 
vSumptuary  laws  closely  regulated  domestic  affairs.  Enactments  h}-  the  General 
Court  against  extravagance,  or  "hraverx-,-"  in  apparel  of  hoth  sexes,  were  early 
and  repeated.  A  law  of  I'l^i)  ''vas  directed  against  the  wearing  of  short 
sleeves  h}-  women,  "wherehv  the  nakedness  of  the  arme  ma\'  he  disclosed  in 
the  wearing  thereof."  .\  law  nf  1651  was  drawn  with  fine  nicety  hetween 
rich  and  poor,  lietween  gentlemen  and  gentlewomen  and  the  people  of  "meane 
condition,"  "\\'e  cannot  hut  accompt  it  o'  duty  ...  to  declare  o"'  utter 
detestation  &  dislike  that  men  (_)r  women  of  meane  conditinn,  educations, 
and  callinges  should  take  u[)])i)n  them  the  garhe  of  gentlemen,  hy  the  wear- 
inge  of  gold  or  siher  lace,  nr  hiutons,  or  points  at  their  knees,  to  walke  in 
greate  bootes:  or  women  of  the  same  ranke  to  wear  silke  or  tiffany  hoodes 
or  scarfes,  which  though  allowahle  to  persons  of  greater  estates,  or  more 
liberall  education,  }et  we  cannot  hut  judge  it  intollerable  in  persons  of  such 
like  condition,"  So  in  jjart  runs  the  neatly  draw  n  preamble  to  this  enactment, 
which  prohilnted  the  wearing  of  "gold  or  sih'er  lace,  cjr  gold  or  silver  buttons, 
or  any  bow  lace  abo\e  two  shillings  ])er  yard,  or  siher  hoode  or  scarfes"  Ijy 
any  persons,  or  "any  of  theire  relations  depending  uppnn  them,"  whose  visible 
estates,  real  and  personal,  did  not  exceed  the  value  of  two  hundred  pounds, 
with  these  exceptions:  the  magistrates  or  other  pulslic  officers,  "their  wives 
and  children."  an\-  "settleil  niillitar\-  officer  or  soldier  in  the  time  of  millitary 
service,"  ami,  most  cousiderateb",  those  who  had  seen  better  days — those 
"whose  education  &  imployments  have  been  above  the  ordinary  degree,  or 
whose  estates  have  been  considerable  though  now  decayed."  In  1675,  when 
the  awful  shadow  of  King  Philip's  \\'ar  was  upon  the  Colony,  the  Court  de- 
nounced as  most  offensi\e  at  such  a  time,  the  "manifestations  of  pride"  in 
costlv  apparel  and  personal  adormnent:  and  it  jjarticularly  condemned  the 
custom  by  men  of  wearing  "long  haire,  like  women's  liaire,"  made  into 
"perewiggs,"  and  by  women,  "especially  the  younger  sort,"  of  "borders  of 
haire,  and  their  cutting,  curling,  &  immodest  laying  out  their  haire,"  Ac- 
cordinglv  such  customs  were  prohibited  under  penalties,  as  also  the  "vaine, 
new,  strainge  fashi(.in  w'''  naked  breasts  and  armes,  or,  as  it  were,  pinioned 
w'''  the  addition  of  superstitious  ribbons  both  in  haire  and  ap]>arel." 

Trials  for  "witchcraft"  were  begun  by  the  General  Court  sitting  in  the 
second  meetinghouse  of  the  First  Church,  so  early  as  1648,  forty-four  }-ears 
before  the  outbreak  at  Salem  Village.  In  June  tliat  }ear  a  woman  was  con- 
victed and  hanged  on  Boston  Common.  She  was  one  Margaret  Jones,  of 
Charlestown,  a  woman  doctor.  Her  medicines  were  simples  and  given  in 
small  doses,  "yet  ha<l  extraordinary  viiilent  effect."  Her  touch  also  appeared 
to  have  had  a  mestneric  infiuence.  Three  years  later,  in  i'i5i,  a  second 
victim  was  con\icted,  and  also  executed  on  the  Common,  This  one  was  a 
Springfield  woman.  Mar\-  Parsons,  wife  of  Fliigh  Parsons,  a  sawyer,  who 
had  mutuallv  accused  each  other  of  witchcraft.  In  ih^h  a  woman  of  social 
position  in  Boston  and  of  higli  connection  was  sent  to  the  grdlows  as  a 
'"witch."  This  was  Mistress  Ann  Ilibbens,  sister  of  ex-(iovernor  Bellingham, 
that  vear  the  deput\-  governor,  and   widow   of   William  Ilililien^.   a   leading 


28  THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 

Boston  merchant,  and  of  high  imptjrtance  in  the  Colony,  an  assistant  from 
1642  till  his  death,  and  sometime  agent  of  the  Colony  in  England.  She  was 
a  woman  of  high  spirit  and  with  "more  wit  than  her  neighbors,"  as  was  after- 
ward said  by  one  of  her  defenders.  X'arious  troubles,  and  losses  in  the  latter 
part  of  her  husband's  life  which  had  reduced  his  estate,  made  her  crabbed; 
and  charged  with  exercising  a  turbulent  temper,  and  quarrelsomeness,  she 
was  censured  by  the  Church  before  she  was  brought  up  for  "witchcraft." 
She  was  first  tried  and  convicted  by  a  jury.  Rut  the  magistrate  set  aside 
the  verdict.  Then  she  was  summoned  befor-e  the  General  Court.  She  de- 
fended herself  abl}-,  but  without  avail.  The  Court — bj'  a  bare  majority,  how- 
ever— condemned  her.  The  sentence  was  pronounced  in  open  court  by  Endi- 
cott,  then  go\'ernor.  She  was  hanged  on  the  Common  on  a  day  in  late  June, 
presumably  after  the  Thursday  Lecture.  The  next  and  last  victim  of  the 
delusion  hanged  in  Boston  was  "Goody"  Glover,  of  the  North  End,  con- 
demned for  "bewitching"  the  children  of  John  Goodwin,  "a  sober  and  pious" 
townsman.  She  was  executed  in  1688,  during  the  Inter-charter  period,  four 
years  before  the  Salem  outbreak. 

The  proceedings  against  the  Quakers  liegan  in  the  summer  of  1655, 
when  ten  members  of  the  sect,  two  women  first  arriving  from  England  by 
way  of  Barbadoes,  the  others  coming  direct  from  England,  appeared  in  the 
towm.  They  were  thrown  into  prison,  their  books  taken  from  them  and  burned 
in  the  ^Market  Place,  and  although  there  was  then  no  colonial  law  against 
( juakers,  thev  were  ordered  to  be  banished.  The  next  year  laws  against  the 
"cursed  Sect  of  Hereticks"  were  duly  enacted,  and  puljlished  through  the 
streets  w  ith  the  beat  of  the  drum.  The  next  }"ear  were  added  laws  against 
harl)oring-  Quakers,  or  entertaining  one  of  them  for  e\en  an  hour,  with  harsh 
penalties  attached — the  cutting  off  of  an  ear  for  a  first  offence,  the  other  ear 
for  a  second,  whippings,  and  Ijorings  nf  the  tongue  if  the  offence  were  per- 
sisted in.  Other  law's  levied  a  fine  upon  any  person  ai)prehended  in  attending' 
a  Quaker  meeting,  and  a  fine  upon  a  speaker  at  such  meeting.  And  [lenalty 
of  death  was  decreed  against  all  bainshed  Quakers  who  shoultl  return. 
Then  followed  the  rigorous  execution  of  the  laws  against  those  who  defied 
them.  There  were  whippings  "at  the  cart's  tail  with  a  three-fold  knotted 
whip,"  of  Quakers  who  reappeared  or  newly  came,  as  they  were  dri\-en  from 
the  town.  The  right  ears  of  imprisoned  men  were  cut  oft.  \\'omen  were  kept 
in  prison  three  days  without  fo(jd,  then  whipped  with  the  three-fold  knotted 
whi]),  then  returned  to  prison  to  remain  eight  days  more,  then  banished. 
Josiah  Southgate  was  sentenced  "to  be  whipt  at  a  cart's  tail,  ten  stripes  in 
Boston,  the  same  in  Roxljury,  and  the  same  in  Dedham."  Then,  in  165S, 
\\'illiam  Robinson  and  Marmaduke  Ste\enson  were  hanged,  and  Mary  Dyer, 
"after  she  was  upon  the  ladder  with  her  arms  and  legs  tied,  and  the  rope 
about  her  neck."  was  reprieved,  at  the  plea  of  her  son,  and  banished.  But 
the  resolute  woman  returned  the  next  summer,  in  June,  and  was  then  hanged. 
Twenty  years  before  i\Iary  Dyer  had  been  one  of  the  close  friends  and  firm 
ailherents  of  Mistress  .^nne  Hutchinson  in  tlie  "Antinomian  Contro\'ercy" — 
the  movement  for  the  "covenant  of  faith,"  ag-ainst  the  subjection  to  the 
"covenant  of  works,"  or  the  law  of  works,  as  essential  to  salvation,  which  the 
orthodox  ministers  preached.  With  the  "King's  missive"  in  i66r.  the  letter 
of  Charles  H  commanding  that  the  death  penalty  on  Quakers  be  no  more 
inflicted,  and  those  Quakers  confined  be  sent  to  England  for  trial,  the  ])ro- 
ceedings  against  the  sect   did  not   altogether  cease.      Indeed   in    1^73   more 


A    BUKGIS    MAP    OR    VIEW    OF    BOSTON    DRAWN    IN    172y 


30  THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 

Quakers  were  whipped.  In  1677  new  laws  against  them  were  enacted.  It 
was  in  1677,  on  a  July  Sunday,  that  the  Quakeress  ^Margaret  Brewster, 
arrayed  in  sackcloth,  with  ashes  upon  lier  head,  her  face  blackened,  and  bare- 
foot, with  a  companion,  burst  upon  the  quiet  congregation  of  the  South 
]\Ieetinghouse,  in  sermon  time,  uttering  the  warning  of  a  "grevious  calamity," 
"called  tlie  black  pox."  to  come  upon  the  town  as  a  penalty  for  its  persecution 
of  the  Quakers :  for  which  startling  performance  she  was  promptly  "whipt 
at  the  cart's  tail  up  and  down  the  town  \\itli  twenty  lashes."  Others  appre- 
hended soon  after  holding  a  Quaker  meeting  were  whipped.  Steadily,  how- 
ever, the  sect  increased  in  numbers  in  the  town,  and  by  this  time  they  had 
established  a  regular  place  of  worship.  By  1697 — five  years  after  the  institu- 
tion of  the  Province — they  had  a  meetinghouse  erected.  It  was  the  first  brick 
meetinghouse  in  the  town.  It  stood,  a  little  structure  twenty-four  by  twenty 
feet,  on  Brattle  Street  where  now  is  the  Quincy  House.  In  1708,  when  it 
had  become  outgrown,  a  second  and  larger  one  was  built,  on  another  site. 
This  was  placed  on  the  present  Congress  Street,  just  Xorth  of  Water,  and 
the  streetway  accordingly  came  to  be  called  Quaker  Lane.  Adjoining  this 
meetinghouse  was  the  Quaker  burying-ground.  Here  the  Quakers  wor- 
shipped with  diminishing  numbers — they  began  to  decrease  with  the  ceasing 
of  j^ersecution,  and  permission  to  go  their  own  wav  uiniiulested — till  1808, 
when  the  property  was  sold,  and  the  bur}'ing-ground  removed  to  L\'nn,  which 
had  then  become  the  chief  seat  of  the  Friends  in  ^Massachusetts. 

.-Vnabaptists,  Antinimiians,  Episcopalians  also  continued  to  he  deljarretl 
from  the  town  through  the  Colony  period,  or  persecuted  if  they  thrust  them- 
selves in.  Persistent  Baptists  were  whipped,  imprisoned,  exiled.  And  when 
at  length  in  1680.  they  had  managed  to  erect  a  meetinghouse,  its  doors  were 
straightway  nailed  up  by  oi'der  of  the  go\'ernor  and  council.  This  first  Bap- 
tist meetinghouse  was  at  the  Xorth  End,  at  the  corner  of  Salem  and  Stillman 
Streets,  con\enientl_\-  liesiile  tlie  X'orth  Cove,  or  ]Mill  Pond. 

Sundav  was  the  sombrest  of  days.  Between  tlie  Salsljath  hours,  from 
sunset  of  Saturday  to  sunset  of  Suntla}-,  whicli  the  minister  John  Cotton 
instituted,  all  toil  and  worldly  pleasure  were  ordered  to  cease.  No  strolling 
in  the  streets,  no  social  visiting  were  allowed.  Travelling  from  place  to  place 
save  for  "necessity,  mercy,  or  attendance  upon  a  place  of  worship"  was  pro- 
hibited, under  penalties.  Xo  cart  was  permitted  to  pass  out  of  the  town.  Xo 
horseman  or  footman,  unless  able  to  give  a  satisfactory  statement  of  the 
necessity  of  his  lousiness  could  lea\-e  it.  "W'ards,"  consisting  of  a  selectman 
or  a  constable  "with  two  i>r  more  meet  persons,"  were  recjuired  to  walk  the 
town  from  end  to  end  and  enforce  these  regulations.  Constables  and  tithing 
men  must  search  ti])pling  houses  for  Sabbath  breakers.  Xoisy  oft'enders  were 
clapped  into  a  public  "cage."  The  observance  nf  Christmas  and  the  estab- 
lished church  davs — "such  festivalls  as  were  superstitiously  kept  in  other 
countrys  to  the  great  dishonor  of  God  and  offense  of  others" — was  vigorously 
condemned.  A  celebrator  of  such  festal  days  "either  by  forbearing  to  labour, 
feasting,  or  any  other  way,"  was  subject  to  fine.  Discrimination  against 
undesirables  of  whatever  sort  was  rigorous.  Strangers  of  doubtful  or  unsatis- 
factorv  antecedents,  and  new  comers  that  might  pro\-e  a  burden  to  the  com- 
munitv,  were  "warned"  out  of  the  town,  or  driven  out  if  they  mo\'ed  not 
voluntarily.  Ci\il  rights  depended  upon  Puritan  church  membership.  Xoiie 
but  "freemen,"  wlio  must  he  members  of  this  church  and  no  other,  could 
exercise  the  franchise.     The  townsman  who  ct>uld  not  ol)tain  sucli  member- 


THF.    r.OOK    OF    BOSTON 


31 


ship,  or  preterrt'il  {<>  remain  muside  the  Church,  was  nevertheless  taxed  for 
the  Clinrch's  suppurt,  and  he  must  attend  its  services  regularly  or  sutler  the 
])enalty  ])rescrihed.  This  law.  adopted  in  163 1,  stood  t<ir  more  than  thirty 
years.  Then —  in  i(M'>4 — it  \\as  slightly  modified  hy  the  jjroxisinn  that  free- 
holders ratable  at  ten  .shillings,  not  church  members,  could  be  admitted  free- 
men if  "certitied  b\-  the  ministers  to  be  orthodox  in  their  principles  and  not 
vicious  in  their  lives,"  .\s  thus  amended  the  law  continued  substantiall}'  in 
force  until  the  beginning'  of  the  I'rcjvince  pericxl,  in  1G92. 


THE    P.All.    KK\  I:RE    MAP    CF    BOSTON',    ENGRAVED  IN   1 786 


The   reading   matter   under   illustration   is  as   follows: 

On  Friday,  Sept.  30th  1768,  the  ships  of  war,  armed  Schooners,  Transports  S;c.  came  up 
the  Harbour  and  .Anchored  around  the  Town,  their  Cannon  loaded,  a  Spring  on  their  Cables 
as  for  a  regular  Siege.  .•\t  noon  on  Saturday,  October  the  1st,  the  fourteenth  and  twenty- 
ninth  Regiments,  a  detachment  from  the  59th  Regt.  and  Train  of  .Artillery  with  two  pieces 
of  Cannon,  landed  on  the  Long  Wharf,  they  Formed  and  Marched  with  Drums  beating, 
Fifes  playing  and  Colours  fiyiiig  up  KIXC  STREET.  Each  Soldier  having  received  16 
rounds  of   Powder  and   Ball. 

The  eight  ships  in  this  fleet  consisted  of  (1)  Beaver,  (2)  Senegal,  (3)  Martin,  (4)  Glas- 
gow,  (5)   Mermaid,   (6)   Romney,   (7)   Launceston,   (8)   Bonetta. 


^'et  life  was  not  all  sombre  in  the  I'uritan  town.  With  all  the  colonial 
blue  laws,  occasions  were  not  wanting  for  rollicking  and  fun.  Such  were  the 
military  trainings  on  Boston  Common.  So  was  'Lection  Day.  The  chief 
diversions  were  jjublic  meetings  and  the  Thursday  Lecture.  Politics  and 
religion  along  with  trading  most  engrossed  the  townfolk.  The  town  meetings, 
which  governed  the  town,  constituted  a  forum  for  free  discussion,  and  they 
bred  a  race  of  politicians.  The  efforts  to  maintain  the  Colony  Charter  against 
the  repeated  assaults  of  its  enemies  also  lired  American  statesmen.  No 
shrewder  play  of  statesmanship  than  that  in  this  long  struggle  is  recorded 
in    early    American    history.       .\nd     all    this    jtlay    centered    in    Boston. 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


When     at     length     the 
charter     was     revoked, 
and   Sir   Edmund   An- 
dros    was    installed    in 
the  Boston  Town 
House     as     "Captain- 
General  and  Governor- 
in-Chief    of    all    New 
England,"  under  Jfimes 
H's    commission,    with 
Randolph,     that     arch 
stirrer  up  of  the  Col- 
ony's troubles,  busy  at 
his   schemes,   it   was  a 
Boston    minister.     In- 
crease   Mather,    whose 
masterly   dip!omac\'   as 
the  Colony's  chief  agent 
sent  to  England  to  lay 
its     case     before     the 
King,  procured  the  sec- 
ond, or  Province  Char- 
ter, -with   such  conces- 
sions   in    detail    as    to 
render    it,    despite    its 
establishment     of     the 
roval  control,  far  more 
liberal  than  a  n  >' 
granted  any  other  col- 
ony,   as   the   historians 
point  out.    Meanwhile, 
as  the  negotiations   of 
Mather   and   his   asso- 
ciates   were    underway 
overseas,  here  in  Bos- 
ton     the      Bostoneers, 
with    the   CDuntry    folk 
\\ho  had  tidcked  tc3  the 
capital,   had   risen   and 
deposed     Andros     and 
imprisoned    him    with 
his     chief     men,     and 
reinstated    a    body    of 
the  old  magistrates  as 
a  "Council  of  Safety," 
in       that       "Ijloodles? 
revolution"     of     April 


rilH    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


fourth,  i()8y.  after  the  arrival  nf  the  iie\\>  i>\  Wilhani  of  Oranyc's  landing  at 
Torbay  and  the  downfall  of  the  .Stuarts.  'I'liis  first  forcible  resistance  to  the 
crown  in  America  was  at  the  start  essentially  a  Boston  affair.  The  defence 
of  the  insurrection,  proclaimed  from  the  front  of  the  Town  House,  was  a 
"Declaration  of  the  Gentlemen,  Merchants,  and  Inhabitants  of  Boston."  And 
this  was  drawn  up  by  that  other  remarkable  Mather — the  Reverend  Cotton, 
son  of  the  Re\-erend  Increase.  Samuel  Bradstreet,  the  last  oo\ernor  under 
the  rex'oked  Charter,  who  had  lieen  the  hrst  secretar\-  of  the  Colon\-,  and  for 
many  years  an  assistant,  now  the  sole  sui-x-iN-ing  associate  of  W'inthrop,  in  hi-; 
eighty-se\'entli    rear    \et    lust\',    was    reinstated    with    his   associates    of   the 


BOSTON    AND    THE    HARBOR    OF   1820 


Council  of  Safety  as  Councillors,  sitting  in  the  Town  Blouse;  and  govern- 
ment was  resumed  under  the  old  Charter  as  though  it  had  not  been  annulle<l, 
while  events  from  Bjigland  were  awaited.  This  government  held  through 
the  remainder  of  the  Inter-charter  jieriod  which  c<ivered  the  years  ir)84-i69J. 
The  First  Church  remained  the  one  church  in  the  town  for  twenty  years. 
Then  in  ]'i40  the  .Second  Clun-ch  was  instituted  and  at  the  Xorlh  b.nd.  Its 
first  meetinghouse  was  erected  that  year  in  Xortli  S(|uare.  This  was  burned 
down  in  1676.  and  relniilt  the  next  year.  The  latter  became  the  historic  Old 
North  Church,  and  was  the  meetinghouse,  then  a  centurv  old,  which  the 
British  troops  ])ulle(l  down  and  used  for  hrevvood  during  the  hard  winter  of 
the  Siege  of  Boston.  It  was  the  ]>ulpit  of  the  famous  Mathers,  Increase  and 
Cotton,  from  1664  to  17-3:  and  Samuel  Mather,  son  of  Cotton,  1732-1741. 
The  Third  Church  was  what  we  know  as  the  Old  .South,  organized  in  1669, 
and  the  first  meetinghouse  that  year  built,  on  the  site  occupied  by  the  jiresent 
Old  South  Meetinghouse  which  succeeded  it  in  1730:  and  upou  what  was  the 
"Governor's  Green" — the  green  or  garden  lot  adjoining  (iovernor  W'inthrop's 
second  house  in  Boston,  the  "mansion"  in  which  he  lived  the  last  six  years 
of  his  life,  and  where  he  died,  in  i')4().  in  his  sixty-third  year  and  the  town's 
nineteenth.  This  mansion  lemained,  in  after  years  serving  as  the  parsonage 
of  the  Old   South,  an   honored  landmark  through  to  the  Revolution,  when, 


34 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


like  the  Old  Xortli  Church,  it  was  pulled  down  during  the  winter  of  th.e 
Siege  and  used  for  firewood  by  the  British,  while  the  present  meetinghouse 
was  utilized  for  the  exercise  of  their  cavah^y  horses. 

The  first  Town  House,  of  which  the  present  Old  State  House  is  the 
hneal  descendant,  was  set  up  in  the  Market  Place  in  1657-1659  (being  two 
years  in  building),  and  succeeded  the  Market  Place  as  the  business  exchange. 
It  was  practically  a  Town  and  Colony  House,  the  seat  of  Town  and  Colony 
government,  as  the  meetinghouse  had  been.  It  was  provided  for  in  the  pro- 
digious will — one  hundred  and  fifty-eight  folio  pages,  "all  writ  in  his  own 
hand" — of  Captain  Roliert  Keayne,  a  public-spirited  citizen,  founder  of  the 
militar\-  organization  which  became  the  .\ncient  and  Honorable  Artillerv  Com- 


STATE    STREET,    BOSTON,    DURING    THE    EARLY    PART    OF   THE    NINETEENTH    CENTURY 
THIS     VIEW     SHOWS     THE     EXACT     SPOT     ON     WHICH 
THE    BOSTON    MASSACRE    TOOK    PLACE 


pany,  and  its  first  captain,  an  enterprising  merchant — a  tailor — a  large  lancl- 
holder,  yet  could  not  escape  censure  and  i)enalty  of  Church  and  Court  for 
taking  exorbitant  profits  in  his  trade.  Keayne  died  in  his  house  beside  the 
Market  Place  (his  estate  was  on  the  South  side  between  tiie  present  Devon- 
shire and  Washington  Streets)  in  March,  1655  or  1656.  His  will  provided 
in  detail  for  a  Town  House,  an  armory,  a  public  library,  and  a  conduit.  The 
sum  he  bequeathed,  however,  was  not  suf^cient  for  the  sort  of  Town  House 
the  town  leaders  felt  should  Ije  erected.  Accordingly  an  additional  fund  was 
raised  through  subscriptions  of  the  townspeople,  some  agreeing  to  pay  in 
merchandise,  others  in  live  stock,  and  provisions,  some  in  labor.  The  contract 
called    for   a    "very   substantial   and   comely"    building,   of   wood,    set   up(.m 


Tin-:    P,OOK    OF    BOSTOX 


THE    PRESENT    STATE    STREET    LOOKING     EAST    FROM    IN    FRONT   OF    THE    OLD    STATE 

HOUSE,    TAKEN    FROM    THE    SAME    LOCATION    AS    THE    PICTURE    O.N    THE 

OPPOSITE  PAGE,    BUT    SHOWING    THE     LOWER    END 

OF    THE    MODERN    THOROUGHFARE 


"twent\-i:iiie  pillars  full  ten  feut  liigh  hutween  ]iedestal  ami  capital,"  and  over- 
hanging tile  pillars  three  feet  all  around.  Xo  actual  i)icture  of  the  (|uaint 
.structure,  the  nmst  elahoralc  then  in  the  tuwn,  is  extant.  The  one  which  the 
histories  contain  and  which  we  reproduce,  was  drawn  from  the  full  detailed 
specifications  in  the  contract.  Thomas  Joy  and  I'.artholouiew  I'.ernard  were 
the  huilders,  and  they  built  thoroughly  and  honestly.  The  place  enclosed  hy 
the  pillars  was  used  as  a  free  market,  and  as  an  exchange  where  "the  mer- 
chants of  the  towu  mav  confer":  u])on  the  lloor  aI)o\e  the  courts  sat  anil  the 
town  officers  had  their  cpiarters.  'hhis  "comely  building"  ser\ed  Town  and 
Colony  for  more  than  fifty  _\-ears — thrcnigh   the  Colon}'  and   Inter-Charter 


36 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


periods,  and  \vell  into  the  Province  period.  So  here  sat  Governors  Endicott, 
Leverett,  and  Bradstreet:  Joseph  Dudley  as  President  of  New  England  and 
his  fifteen  councillors.  Here  reigned  Andros  until  his  overthrow  hy  the 
revolution  of  1689.  And  here  began  the  reign  of  the  royal  governor. 
Here  also,  in  1686,  was  instituted  the  first  Episcopal  church  in  Bos- 
ton, when  the  authorities  refused  the  use  of  any  of  the  meetinghouses  for 
this  purpose.  The  House  finally  went  down  in  the  "great  fire"  of  October, 
ijii, — the  eighth  "great  fire"  from  which  the  town  had  suffered  in  four 
score  years  of  its  life — together  with  the  neighboring  meetinghouse,  and  one 
hundred  dwellings,  including  most  of  those  then  on  the  j^resent  Washington 
.Street  South  to  School  Street.     A  second  Town  and  Court  Hriuse,  but  of 


PAUL    REVERe's    house   TODAY 

MAINTAINED    AS    ONE    OF    THE    SHRINES    OF    AMERICAN 

INDEPENDENCE 

brick  instead  of  wood,  speedily  arose  upon  its  site,  being  completed  in  iji.v 
A  third  of  a  century  later,  in  1747,  this  second  house  was  in  turn  burned,  all 
but  its  walls.  Then,  in  1748- 1749,  the  present  building  of  brick  and  oak  was 
erected  upon  and  in  the  old  walls.  Thus  the  present  "Old  State  House"  dates, 
or  its  outer  walls  date,  from  171 3. 

Under  the  Province  charter  Boston  became  the  capital  of  a  vast  state, 
comprising  the  territories  of  the  Plymouth  Colony,  of  Maine,  and  of  Nova 
Scotia,  annexed  to  Massachusetts.  The  old  order  of  things  aliruptly  changed. 
Church  and  State  were  separated.  All  religious  sects  with  the  single  excep- 
tion of  "Papists" — Roman  Catholics — were  now  enfranchised.  The  Church  of 


THK    HOOK    OF    BOSTON 


37 


luiglaiid  l)ccanic  a  [)eniianentl_\'  estahlisheil  institutinn.  With  tlic  advent 
of  the  r()\-al  governor  came  a  gay  retiinie  of  subordinates  enluening  the  dral) 
town.  There  were  comings  and  goings  of  mihtary  men,  nf  "liigh  na\'al 
officers  with  their  s(|uadrnn  and  riotous  crews."  £arl\-  the  town  l)ecanie  the 
centre  of  a  miniature  conrt.  The  crown  officers  introduced  into  it  the  forms 
and  tlie  ceremonies  of  a  \ice  royahy.  The  statehest  mansion  was  ac(|uired 
and  transformed  into  tiie  I'roxince  House,  a  grand  official  home  for  the  royal 
governors.  The  new  King's  Chapel,  the  erection  of  wliich  .Xnch'os  had  caused 
to  be  begun  on  laud  tal<en  from  a  corner  of  the  first  buryiug-g|-ound.  ail  Puri- 


A    PICTURESQUE    VIEW    OF    THE    ATTACK    ON     BU.NKER    HII.L 


tan  landholders  retusing  to  sell  for  such  a  purpose,  was  made  the  official 
church,  and  on  its  walls  and  i)illars  were  hung  the  king's  and  the  governor's 
escutcheons.  The  Town  House  as  the  seat  of  government  was  emblazoneil 
with  royal  emblems.  .Scarlet  and  gold  and  glitter  brightened  tiie  crooked 
streets,  gaily  colored  the  social  life.  Many  of  the  old  regime  mourned  over 
the  turn  of  things  with  ominous  shakings  of  heads.  The\-  frowned  upon  the 
bringing  in  of  Old  England  spoils  (ju  certain  holidays.  On  Clu-istmas  which 
the  new  element  ostentatiously  obserx'ed  they  as  ostentatiousl}-  kept  open  shop 
and  went  alxait  their  ordinar_\-  \-ocations.  Some  of  the  nati\-e  stock,  howexer, 
citizens  of  standing  in  the  communit\\  welcomed  the  change  in  government, 
"secretly  or  avowedly."  Iwoni  these,  together  with  other  citizens  of  position 
and  inriuence,  socially  and  commercially,  evolved  the  Rovalists,  or  "Tories," 
of  the  pre-Revolutionary  period.  From  others  (juite  as  high  in  the  little  .social 
and  commercial  world,  things  smaller  in  numbers,  together  with  the  i>re- 
dominating  nu'ddle  class,  develo])e(l  the  \\'hig,  or  "Libertv  men." 

In  1704  the  lirst  .\merican  ne\\s])a])er  to  be  permanentlv  established  in 
the  colonies,  was  begun  in  Tlic  Boston  Xci^-s-Lcttcr.  An  earlier  attempt  at 
journalism  had  been  made  in  T>oston  in  1690,  fourteen  vears  before  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  .Vi-rc.s-- /,(•//(•;•.  with  the  venture  of  Pithlick  Occitrvcuccs.  both 
I'oirci;^ii  011:1  Piuiirsticlc.  a  i|uite  creditable  performance:  but  the  times  were 


38 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


CAPTAIN-    JAMES    DALTOx's    HOUSE,   BUILT    175S.      SITE    NOW    OCCUPIED    BY    THE    POST    OFFICE 


LATER    VIEW    OF    CONGRESS    AND    MILK    STREETS,    NOW 
OCCUPIED    BY   THE    POST    OFFICE 


not  \'et  ripe  for  a  free  or  an  unliridled  press,  and  Piiblick  Occurrences  was 
promptly  courted  with  the  initial  number  liv  order  of  the  Go\'ernor  and  Coun- 
cil. In  1719  a  second  paper  was  launched — The  Boston  Gazette.  These  two 
remained  the  only  newspapers  in  the  colonies:  but  only  for  a  day;  for  under 
date  of  the  dav  following  that  of  the  Gazette's  first  issue  The  American 
JJ'eeklv  Mercury  started  up  in  Philadelphia,     Botli  the  Xeies-Lctter  and  the 


W   w 


^  ^ 


40 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTOX 


Gacctfc  ran  through  the  Province  period,  the  former  continuing  to  1776,  the 
latter  to  1780.  The  lYews-Lcttcr  became  the  Tory  paper  and  went  down  in 
the  Siege  of  Boston. 

In  1742  Faneuil  Hall  was  added  to  the  few  public  buildings,  presented 
to  the  town  b}-  the  generous  Peter  Faneuil,  to  become  the  place  of  famous 
town  meetings,  and  the  "Cradle  of  Liberty."'  It  had  the  distinction  of 
being  designed  by  a  painter-architect  of  reputation — the  Scotch  John 
vSimbert,  among  the  earliest  to  introduce  art  to  the  town  with  his  portraits 


TREMONT    STREET    IN    ITS    EARLY    DAYS,    SHOWING    THE    FAMOUS    OLD    TREMONT 
TEMPLE    AND    THE  KINg's    CHAPEL 


of  Boston  worthies,  forerunner  of  John  Swyleton  Copley,  Boston's  native 
"court  painter."  The  original  Hall  was  Inirned  all  liut  its  walls  in 
a  destructive  fire  of  January.  176J,  and  a  second  built  upon  its  walls 
in  1762-1763.  The  present  Hall  is  the  building  of  1763  doul>leil  in 
width  and  a  story  higher,  the  enlargement  hax'ing  been  made  in  1805  under 
the  supervision  of  Boston's  most  famous  native  architect,  Charles  Bulfinch. 
Above  the  public  hall  have  been  the  rjuarters  of  the  Ancient  and  Honorable 
Artillery  Comixmy  for  many  years.  The  present  King-'s  Chapel,  covering  the 
site  of  the  first  one,  which  was  enlarged  and  embellished  in  17 10,  was  building 
from  1749  to  1754.  Its  transformation  fn)m  the  first  Episcopal  church  to  the 
first  Unitarian  in  America  came  in  1787.  The  present  Christ  Church,  at  the 
North  End,  dating  from  1723,  now  the  oldest  church  edifice  standing  in 
Boston,  was  the  second  Episcopal  church  to  be  organized.  Trinity  Church, 
dating  from  1728,  its  first  church  building,  however,  not  set  up  till  1735 — 
on  Summer  Street,  at  the  corner  of  Hawley  Street — was  the  third  Episcopal 
church  in  Boston.  The  first  Catholic  church  edifice  was  not  erected  till  the 
opening  of  the  nineteenth  century,  although  Alass  was  first  celeljrated  in  Bos- 
ton in  1788,  and  the  first  Catholic  church  was  organized  in  1790. 

One  of  the  earliest  pictures  of  Boston  as  a  whole — "A  South  East  View 
of  y'  Great  Town  of  Boston  in  New  England  in  .\merica,"'  tlrawn  in  1723 
by  William  Burgis,  and  known  as  the  Burgis  X'iew. — shows  the  town  from 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTOX  41 

end  to  end  with  tlie  water  frunt;  and  tlie  descriptive  text  enumerated  al)Out 
thirty-two  hundred  houses,  inchiding  several  notable  mansions,  one-third  of 
which  were  built  of  brick,  eleven  churches,  fifteen  shipyards,  one  hundred  and 
four  streets,  lanes,  and  alk'\s  the  most  of  them  ])aved  with  pebbles,  and  the 
number  of  inhabitants  sixteen  thousanil.  Commerce  and  industries  were  then 
prospering-,  regardless  of  the  ham])ering  navigation  acts  and  the  Parliament- 
ary laws  which  would  suppress  colonial  manufactures.  The  harbor  was  busy 
with  shipping.     Boston  trade  was  "reaching  into  every  sea." 

In  the  pre-Revolutionary  period  the  "rebellious  town,"  as  Boston  above 
all  others  in  the  colonies  had  come  to  be  called  in  England,  contained  about 
sixteen  thousand  inhabitants.  The  sex'eral  steps  in  the  fourteen  }'ears  of  this 
period  that  led  up  to  the  Re\-olution — the  move  against  \\'rits  of  Assistance 
with  Otis's  electrifying  argument  before  the  high  court  of  the  Province,  the 
revolt  against  the  Stamp  Act  and  the  Townshend  Revenue  Acts,  the  "Boston 
^lassacre,"  the  "Boston  Tea  Party,"  and  finally  those  acts  in  connection  with 
the  closing  of  the  port,  when  "the  continent  as  'one  great  commonwealth* 
made  the  cause  of  Boston  its  own." — may  all  l)e  easilv  traced  todav  within 
a  narrow  compass  of  the  old  town,  for,  fortunately,  their  landmarks  have  not 
been  altogether  obliterated  in  the  town's  repeated  makings  over.  Thev  cen- 
tered for  the  most  part  in  and  round  about  the  present  handsomely  preserved 
Old  State  House,  Faneuil  Hall,  and  the  Old  South  Meetinghouse. 

After  the  Revolution  numerous  enterprises  in  the  de\-elopment  of  the 
town  were  inaugurated.  In  1784.  we  are  told  b\-  the  local  historian,  Shurt- 
left',  the  North  End  contained  about  six  hundred  and  eighty  dwelling-houses 
and  tenements,  and  six  meetinghouses:  "Xew  Boston,"  or  wdiat  we  now  call 
the  "Old  West  End."  about  one  hundred  and  se\enty  dwelling-houses  and 
tenements;  and  the  South  Eiul,  then  extending  from  the  "Mill  Bridge,"  on 
Hano\'er  Street,  near  the  corner  of  Union  Street,  over  the  "old  canal,"  to  the 
fortifications  on  the  Xeck  near  l)o\-er  Street,  al)out  twelve  hundred  and  fift_\' 
dwelling-houses,  ten  meetinghouses,  all  the  public  buildings,  and  the  prin- 
cipal shops  and  warehouses.  Some  of  the  mansion-houses  in  this  jiart,  says 
Shurtleff,  writing  in  the  latter  eighteen-sixties,  would  now  be  called  mag- 
nificent. Xo  streets  had  then  been  constructed  \\"est  of  Pleasant  Street  ami 
the  Common.  In  1786  the  first  briilge  from  Boston  was  completed — the 
Charles  River  Bridge  to  Charlestiiwn.  considered  at  the  time  one  of  the  grand- 
est enterprises  ever  undertaken  in  the  country.  Seven  years  later,  in  1793. 
the  West  Boston  Bridge  to  Cambridge,  from  the  foot  of  Cafiibridge  Street, 
was  added.  In  1795  the  erection  of  the  State  Plouse — the  "Bulfinch  Front" 
— placed  in  the  "governor's  ])asture,"  a  part  of  the  Hancock  estate,  atljoining 
the  mansion-house  grounds  on  Beacon  Street,  was  begun.  Then  followed 
the  upbuilding  of  Beacon  Hill  ^^'estward,  to  that  time  in  large  part  pasture 
lands  over  which  the  cows  roamed.  In  1803  Charles  Street  at  the  foot  of  the 
Common  and  Beacon  Hill  was  laitl  out.  In  1804  Dorchester  X'eck  and  Point, 
the  territory  fornnng  the  greater  part  of  South  Boston,  was  annexed  to 
Boston.  In  181 1  the  levelling  of  the  main  peak,  or  summit,  of  Beacon  Hill, 
was  begun.  Its  cutting  oft"  occupied  a  dozen  years,  and  was  locally  called 
"The  Great  Digging.''  The  earth  was  mostly  used  for  filling  the  Xorth 
Cove,  or  ^lill  Pond. 

Boston  continued  under  the  town  system,  governed  bv  a  board  of  selcct- 
meti,  until  18.2J,  although  ])ropositions  to  change  to  the  forms  of  an  inde- 
pendent city  had  been  repeatedly  made,  the  first  one  in  1708,  but  invariably 


7. 

O 
H 


—       o 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTOX 


43 


PRESENT    VIEW    OF    WASHINGTON    STREET    LOOKING    NORTH    FROM    IN    FRONT 
OF    THE    OLD    STATE    HOUSE 


voted  (liiwn  ill  t(j\vn  meeting.  And  the  vute  in  favor  of  the  change,  in  Janu- 
ary, 1822,  was  carried  only  by  a  small  majority.  The  charter  subset|uentl_\- 
obtained  was  accepted  li)-  the  legal  voters  on  the  fonrth  of  March  following. 
by  a  maj(irity  of  less  than  a  thousand  in  a  total  vote  of  forty-six  hundred  and 
sevent_\'-eight.  The  debt  transferred  from  the  town  to  the  city  was  only  a 
hundred  thousand  dollars,  which  sjieaks  well  for  those  frugal  days.  The 
inhabitants  then  numbered  fifty  thim^and,  and  the  valuation  of  real  and  per- 
sonal property  was  about  forty- foiu^  millinns.  The  first  city  go\-ernment  was 
organized  on  the  first  of  May,  1822,  in  Fancuil  Ha!!.  The  first  City  Hall  was 
the  present  Old  State  House.  The  first  maynr  was  John  I'hilli])s,  a  citizen 
of  high  stambng,  under  the  town  go\ernment  U)V  man_\'  years  town  ad\'i>cate 


44  THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 

and  public  prosecutor.  \\'entlell  Phillips  was  his  distinguished  son.  The 
second  ma3'or  was  Josiah  Ouincy,  elected  by  the  whole  number  of  votes  cast. 
His  administration  co\ered  si.x  temis,  1823- 1828.  During  this  period  great 
improvements  were  effected  by  Mr.  Ouincy.  These  included  the  building  of 
the  Ouincy  ]\Iarket-house ;  the  opening  of  six  new  streets  in  its  neighborhood 
and  the  enlargement  of  a  seventh ;  and  the  acquisition  of  docks,  and  wharf 
rights  to  the  extent  of  one  hundred  and  forty-two  thousand  square  feet.  "All 
this,"  says  Mr.  Ouincy  in  his  "IMunicipal  History  of  Boston''  was  "accom- 
plished in  the  centre  of  a  populous  city  not  only  without  any  tax,  debt,  or  bur- 
den upon  its  pecuniary  resources,  but  with  large  permanent  additions  to  its  real 
and  productive  property."  In  1830,  during  the  mayoralty  of  Harrison  Gray 
Otis,  the  de\-elopment  of  the  newer  South  End,  South  of  Dover  Street  to  the 
Roxburv  line,  with  the  filling  of  the  flats  on  either  side  of  the  Neck,  was 
begun:  altliough  this  development  was  not  systematically  pursued  until  some 
twentv  years  later.  In  1833  the  uplniilding  of  "Noddle's  Island,"  before  that 
time  a  place  of  large  farms,  and  a  favorite  with  fishing  parties,  was  ener- 
getically started,  and  Noddle's  Island  became  East  Boston.  In  1857  the 
great  "Back  Bay  Improvement" — the  filling  of  the  Back  Bay  and  the  resultant 
upbuilding  of  the  impressive  Back  Bay  quarter  of  the  city — was  begun.  At 
the  same  time  the  "marsh  at  the  bottom  of  the  Common,"  over  which  there 
had  been  controversy  for  some  years,  and  which  had  long  been  occupied  by 
ropewalks,  was  formally  set  apart  for  the  Public  Garden.  Soon  after  system- 
atic plans  for  the  Garden's  develiipment  were  made. 

Meanwhile  Boston  commercially  had  become  a  great  centre  of  foreign 
trade.  By  1837,  with  the  initial  railroads — the  Boston  and  Lowell,  the 
Providence,  and  the  Worcester  and  ^^'estern.  underway,  Boston  possessed, 
as  Charles  Francis  Adams  has  described,  the  best  developed  germ  of  a  rail- 
road svstem  in  all  America.  In  1840  the  first  steam  packets  of  the  Cunard 
Company  made  their  appearance  in  Boston  Harbor — the  "Unicorn"  in  June, 
the  "Britannia"  in  Tul_\-,  and  the  "Arcadia"  in  August — and  the  first  regular 
Atlantic  steamship  service  had  begun.  For  several  years  thereafter  Boston 
was  possessed  of  a  combination  of  railway  and  steamship  facilities  such  as 
(again  quoting  Cliarles  Francis  Adams'  statements)  no  other  city  on  the  sea- 
board could  boast  of.  Then,  w  ith  the  establishment  by  leading  Boston  houses 
of  selling  agencies  in  New  York,  and  the  opening  of  the  California  trade,  the 
commercial  leadership  passed  to  New  York.  The  financial  centre  of  the  great 
New  England  manufacturing  interests,  howe\-er,  still  remained  in  Boston. 

\Miile  its  physical  appearance  had  changed,  and  its  enterprise  was  broad 
and  varied,  the  city  yet  remained,  as  Mr.  Adams  pronounced,  a  provincial 
town  in  aspect  and  manner  till  the  'sixties. 


THE  BOSTON  OF  FIFTY  YEARS  AGO 

TiiE  Smai.i<  but  Conspicuous  City  of  the  ^Iiddi.e  Eighteen  Sixties^ 

Its  Characteristics,  Institutions,  Activities,  and  Men — Some 

Representative  Merchants,  Statesmen,  Politicians, 

Editors,  Lawyers,  ^Ministers  of  1865 


HE  Boston  oi  'sixty-fi\-e  was  a  snug  town  still  confined  to  the 
original  peninsula  with  only  two  outlying  districts — South 
Boston's  point  and  East  Boston's  island.  The  business  parts 
were  compact  and  the  residence  quarters  close  to  them,  or 
within  easy  walks  or  horse-car  or  omnibus  rides.  The 
]:)resent  Ro.xbnry,  West  Ro.xbury,  Dorchester,  Charlestown, 
and  Brighton  Districts  were  yet  independent  municipalities  or  townships. 
The  city  then  ended  on  the  South  at  the  Roxbury  line  on  Boston  Xeck  as  at 
the  town's  beginning;  on  the  Xorth.  at  Charles  River  and  the  harbor  turn; 
on  the  East,  at  the  harbor  front ;  and  on  the  West,  slightly  below  Arlington 
Street  at  the  foot  of  the  Public  Garden.  The  Back  Bay  was  yet  in  consider- 
able part  open  water  and  unsightly  Hats.  The  filling  by  dump  cars,  opening 
at  the  sides,  with  gravel  Ijrought  from  distant  hills,  neighboring  heights  at 
first  utilized  being  exhausted,  was  progressing  with  a  fair  degree  of  rapidity, 
but  large  spaces  yet  remained  t(i  be  covered.  Beacon  Street,  on  the  North 
side  made  into  the  "Alilldam,"  the  long  stone  causeway  across  the  head  of 
the  Ijay  which  appears  in  old  jiictures  of  the  West  side  of  the  middle  nine- 
teenth century  Boston;  Boylston  Street,  on  the  Soutli  side  practicallv  ended 
with  a  line  of  genteel  brick  houses  opposite  the  Public  Garden  terminating  at 
about  the  opening  of  the  present  extension  of  Arlington  Street  South.  The 
Miildam  had  been  built  in  i8i8-i<S2i  for  the  two-fold  puri)ose  of  providing 
a  water  power  by  means  of  a  tide  mill,  and  a  toll  roadwav — "\\'estern 
Avenue" — to  the  mainland  :  while  it  further  served  to  reclaim  the  Back  Bay 
lands  from  the  sea.  It  was  the  conception  of  Uriah  Cotting,  one  of  the  most 
sagacious  and  public-spirited  Bostonians  of  his  day,  to  whom  Boston  was 
indebted  for  numerous  very  great  im]5rovenients  which  largelv  increased  its 
area  and  its  taxable  property,  among  them  the  la}-ing  out  and  substantial  up- 
building of  Broad  and  India  and  cross  streets,  with  the  establishment  of 
modern  wharves  on  the  harbor  front,  and  as  extensive  undertakings  in  other 
parts  (jf  tlie  town, — the  "greatest  benefactor  of  Boston,"  as  Nathaniel  Inger- 
soll  Bowditch,  the  "Gleaner,''  among  Boston's  accurate  historians,  terms  him, 
who  died  in  18 19  insolvent  through  reverses  during  the  embargo  and  the 
War  of  1812:  and  who,  in  Gleaner's  estimation,  was  as  deserving  of  lasting 
commemoration  as  Peter  Faneuil  and  Josiah  Ouincy:  but  who  is  rememliered 


4r. 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTOX 


only  in  the  name  of  a  small  street  in  the  nuw  hedraggled  part  of  the  old  West 
End,  between  Leverett  and  Lowell  Streets,  passing  through  land  which  lie 
once  owned.  Radiating  from  the  iMilldam  were  similar  dams — the  "Cross- 
clam"  to  Roxbury,  and  the  "Punch  Bowl  Road"  to  Brookline — which  in  the 
Back  Bay  de\elopment  were  utilized  in  Parker  Street  and  Brookline  Avenue 
respectiveh'.  In  1865  the  Milldani  was  a  free  roadway,  the  tolls  having  been 
taken  ofi  two  years  before,  and  it  had  become  colloquially  the  "Brighton 
Road,"  a  famous  trotting  and  racing  course  as  well  as  a  soberly  travelled 
thoroughfare.  The  sih-er  maples,  bent  landward  ijy  the  force  of  the  wintry 
\\'inds  (I  believe  there  is  one  yet  left)  which  adorned  one  side  of  the  roadway, 
added  tn  its  charms.     It  was  the  scene  of  a  winter  carnival  when  snow  was 


LOOKING    SOUTHEAST    IN    1865    FROM    THE    CUPOLA    OF  THE    STATE    HOUSE    SHOWING    THE 
HARBOR,    CITY    POINT   AND    FORT    INDEPENDENCE 


on  the  ground.  Then  sleighs  of  all  styles  and  condition  lined  either  side, 
going  out  or  coming  in,  while  up  and  down  the  middle  raced  spanking  teams 
in  glorious  fashion.  On  Beacon  Street  the  houses  then  extended  below 
Arlington  Street  a  little  beyond  the  line  of  white  granite  houses  of  quiet  and 
neat  faqades  West  of  Charles  Street  and  opposite  the  Public  Garden  which 
before  had  marked  the  finish  of  Beacon  Street. 

The  Pul)lic  Garden  was  yet  without  fountain,  statue,  or  monument,  and 
the  serpentine  pond  unbridged.  The  first  unornamental  erection,  the  pontler- 
ous  bridge  which  the  local  wits  dubbed  the  "Bridge  of  Size,"  was  not  to 
appear  for  two  years  yet:  and  the  first  statue, — the  equestrian  \Vashington, 
Thomas  Ball's  best  work, — for  five  years,  although  the  movement  for  the 
latter  was  begun  before  the  war:  b}-  a  great  fair  in  1859.  There  were  but 
two  churches  on  the  "Xew  Lands,"  as  the  Back  Bay  quarter  was  at  first 
termed,  in  'sixty-fi\-e — the  Arlington   Street   Church,  Arthur   Gilman's  fine 


THI-:    HOOK    OF    BOSTON' 


47 


piece  of  architecture  after  tlie  Wren  niuilel :  and  tlie  l{ninianuel,  on  Xewhury 
Street  close  to  Arlington  Street.  The  Xatnral  History  Society's  building, 
the  pioneer  of  the  Back  liay  institutional  establishments,  had  been  completed 
only  the  }ear  liefore.  The  Rogers  Building  of  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of 
Technology,  founded  in  i(S6i,  was  underway  to  be  finished  the  next  year — 
1866.  These  two  statelx"  structures  were  to  remain  thereafter  for  (|uite  a 
while  the  sole  lonely  monuments  of  the  \\'estern  building  up  of  the  Xew 
Lands.  In  front  antl  in  the  rear  of  them  was  marked  on  the  Back  Bav  plans 
a  public  square —  "Berkeley  Square";  but  this  scheme  was  ultimately  aban- 
doned, and  that  of  Copley  Square,  lower  down,  suljstituted  lor  it  in  the  early 
'eighties. 

The  fashinnable  residential  part  of  the  'sixties  was  the  new  South  End. 
with    its    comfortable    broad-breasted    houses,    its    spacious    thoroughfares. 


l)leasant  cross  streets,  its  cheerful  little  parks;  now,  alas!  gi\-en  o\-er  to  a 
b()arding  and  "rooming"  populace,  and  the  social  settler:  the  most  cosmopoli- 
tan part  of  the  cit_\'.  }el  with  traces  of  its  past  glory.  Then  to  li\'e  on  Chester 
S((uare,  on  Union  Park,  or  on  \\'orcester  Street,  West  Xewton  Street,  Brook- 
line  Street,  or  round  about  Blackstone  and  Franklin  Squares,  was  a  mark 
of  social  position  as  definite  as  residence  today  an}'wliere  within  the  Back  Bay 
limits.  Here  were  some  of  the  finer  churches  and  the  notable  institutions. 
But  much  of  the  old  Bcjston  "(piality"  yet  lingered  in  the  heart  of  the  town. 
On  Colonnade  Row  along  Tremont  vStreet,  between  West  and  Eiovlston  Streets, 
opi)osite  the  Common  (the  latest  note  in  Bidfinch's  domestic  architecture): 
on  Summer  Street  between  Washington  Street  and  "Church  Green,"  at  the 
junction  with  Bedford  Street,  wliere  still  stood  facing  the  Green  the  Xew 
South  Church,  this  ])eautiful  meetinghouse,  a  I'ldfinch  production,  succeeding 
the  plainer  structure  of  the  Pro\ince  period;  on  Chauncy,  Bedford,  and  Kings- 
ton Streets : — refined  dwellings  of  older  Boston  types,  remained,  homes 
largely  of  old  families  to  which  their  occu])ants  were  clinging  fondly  as  busi- 
ness was  ])ressing  them  round  about;  while  Beacon  Street  and  Beacon  Hill 
still  comprised  the  bluest  quarter,  the  genuine  West  End. 


48 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


The  otlier  historic  hills.  Fort  Hill  at  the  original  South  end  of  the 
harbor  front,  marked  now  by  Independence  Square,  and  Copp"s  Hill  at  the 
harbor's  North  end,  were  both  still  standing,  though  shorn  and  clipped;  and 
between  them  was  the  irregular  water  line,  for  Atlantic  Avenue  was  yet  to 
be  built.  Fort  Hill  was  shabbily  reminiscent  of  its  glory  when  it  was  a 
favored  residential  part.  Around  the  square  that  crowned  it,  squalid  rem- 
nants yet  remained  of  once  genteel  houses,  and  the  trees  were  still  handsome, 
while  its  harbor  outlook  was  unimpaired.  It  was  thus  to  stand  four  years 
longer,  for  its  removal  was  not  begun  til!  1869.  Copp's  Hill  was  preserved 
as  now  by  its  ancient  burxing-grounds.  In  its  neighborhood  were  yet  a  few 
respectable  old  Boston  hoanes.  But  the  fair  North  End  of  Colony  and 
Province  days,  the  first  of  all  seats  of  Boston  gentility,  was  now,  and  long 
had  been,  the  tough  end  of  the  city.     Its  transformation  into  the  foreign 


A    VIEW    OF    THE    CIM     HAIL    IN     IHh     EARLY      SIXTIES 


(juarter  was  underway.  It  was  the  bailiwick  of  the  rougher  populace.  Sailors' 
houses  and  resorts  abounded  here.  Along  North  Street,  broad  open  to  the 
sidewalk,  were  rows  upon  rows  of  sailors'  dance  halls  and  saloons,  and  from 
their  hospitably  wide  open  doors  issued  forth  of  nights  the  alluring  screech 
of  the  fiddle  and  the  heavy  rhythmic  thuds  of  solid  dancing  feet.  Withal  it 
was  the  most  picturesque  part  of  the  town,  thick  with  historic  landmarks, 
and  the  show  places  to  visitors. 

The  principal  hotels  were  in  the  heart  of  tlie  town,  and  were  evening 
exchanges  in  which  merchants,  politicians,  and  men-about-town  were  wont 
to  drop  and  discuss  the  news  and  affairs  of  the  day.  There  was  the  Tremont 
House,  where  is  now  the  Tremont  Building,  occupying  the  space  between  the 
Granary  Eurying-ground  and  Beacon  Street,  the  stateliest  in  appearance,  with 
its  dignified  pillared  entrance  porch,  and  the  most  distinguished,  as  well  as 
the  oldest,  dating  back  to  1828.     There  were  Parker's  and  Young's,  the  most 


THE    BOOK    OI'^    BOSTON 


49 


popular  and  faxiiriic  dinins;- ])lacc-s  iimcli  aft'ectcd  l)y  boii-iTcWils,  tlien  nuicli 
smaller  than  now,  with  Harve\-  1).  Parker  and  Georges  Young,  hoth  Ijorn 
landlords  of  the  okl  school,  in  acti\e  conduct,  and  at  the  front,  concerned  in 
the  welfare  and  comfort  of  their  patrons.  There  were  the  American  House, 
occupying  the  sites  of  three  old  time  taverns,  and  boasting  the  first  passenger 
elevator  to  be  introduced  into  an  hotel:  the  Revere  House,  dating  from  1847, 
embellishing  Bowdoin  Square  (then  an  attractive  enclosure  adorned  with 
trees  and  framed  in  reputable  old  Boston  architecture,  in  marked  contrast  to 
its  present  sadly  shabby  air),  the  most  historic,  as  the  place  where  for  a  long 
period  the  city's  distinguished  guests  were  entertained;  the  Ouincy  House, 
dating  from  1819.  the  older  part  on  the  site  of  the  first  Quaker  meetinghouse, 
distinguished  in  its  patronage  by  Xew  Hampshire  and  jMaine  folk:  the  Adams 
House,  predecessor  of  the  ]iresent  Adams,  occupying  the  site  of  the  Lamb 


STATE    STREET    AND    THE    OLD    MERCHANTS      EXCHANGE,     ENTIRE    SITE     NllW     CALHII)     HV     1111 
SPLENDID    NEW    EXCHANGE    BUILDING 


Tavern  of  Province  and  stage-coach  days,  in  the  "sixties  a  favorite  hostelry 
with  country  members  of  the  Legislature:  the  Evans  Plouse,  the  newest,  on 
Tremont  Street  opposite  the  Common,  breaking  into  old  Colonnade  Row ;  the 
United  States,  close  by  the  Western  railroad  stations,  succeeding  an  earlier 
tavern  built  before  railroad  days,  and  so  adopting  for  its  seal  that  tavern's- 
date,  1826:  the  ^Merrimack  and  the  New  England,  comfortable  houses  near 
the  Eastern  stations.  In  the  older  parts  of  the  city  yet  lingered  a  few  inns 
left  over  from  stage-coach  days,  as  the  Eastern  Exchange  on  Causeway 
Street,  the  Elm  House,  and  Wilde's,  the  latter  with  pebble-paved  court-yard. 
There  were  a  few  old  London-like  small  publics,  as  the  Bite  Tavern  in  Faneuil 
Hall  Square :  the  Blue  Bonnet  in  Scwall  Place,  back  of  the  Old  South  Meet- 
inghouse, the  Stachpole  on  Milk  Street.  And  there  were  the  jirime  half 
tavern  and  half-restaurants,  favorites  of  good  livers,  as  "Billy"  I'ark's  house, 
in  Central  Place,  covered  now  l)y  the  great  Jordan,  IMarsh  store,  and  "Brig- 
ham's,"  in  Scollay  Square,  the  establishment  of  Peter  B.  Brigham,  who  made 
a  fortune  in  its  conduct,  together  with  wise  investments  in  the  new  railroad 


TllL  OLU  SLAR.S  L3IAIL,  A  IIXE  EXAMPLE  OF  THE  ARCHITECTURE  OF  FIFTY  YEARS 
AND  MORE  AGO.  THESE  PREMISES  ARE  NOW  OCCUPIED  BY  THE  SOMERSET  CLUB, 
A  LEADING    WOMEx's    ORGANIZATION    OF   THE    CITY 


OLD  NATIONAL  THEATRE  WHICH  STOOD  ON  PORTLAND 
AND  TRAVERSE  STREETS  AND  WAS  THE  HOME  OF 
HIGH-CLASS  PRODUCTIONS  OF  THE  DAY.  ERECTED 
IN    18J2,   DESTROYED   BY  FIRE   IN   1853 


OLD  SOUTH  CHURCH,  SHOWING  THE  ADDITIONS  MADE  FOR 
POST  OFFICE  PURPOSES,  AFTER  THE  GREAT  FIRE  OF 
NOVEMBER    9-10,    1872 


Till-:    HOOK    OF    BOS'I'OX 


51 


enterprises,  am!  wlidse  iiiciiuiiiicm   is  the  lienehcent  inndcrn    I 'eter  lient  Urig- 
ham  iiospilal,  endowed  with  liis  fortune. 

The  railroad  stations  of  the  se\eral  lines  radiating  from  Boston,  each 
system  then  ha\ing  a  station  of  its  own.  were  all  on  the  city's  water  edges — 
The  Worcester.  ( )]d  Colony,  and  rnnidence  at  the  South,  tlie  Maine,  East- 
ern, and  Fitclilnirg  at  the  North.  The  outer  suburbs  were  comparatix'ely 
remote.     There  were  half  a  dozen  separate  horse-railrcad  systems,  with  a 


SCHOOL   STRKET   AND    L ITV    MALL    AVKNUE    IN    1865    AT  THE   COMPLETION   OF   Till.    NEW    CITY   HALL 
A    CORNER    OF    WHICH    SHOWS    ON    THE    LEFT 


six-cent  fare  onh-  to  the  immediate  suburbs,  and  a  ten-cent  fare  to  those 
others  to  which  the  rails  then  e.xtended,  as  Dorchester,  Somer\-ille,  Maiden, 
Medford.  And  trips  were  frnm  fifteen  minutes  to  an  liour  apart,  according  to 
the  distance.  The  princip.d  lines  were  the  Metropolitan  between  Roxbury 
and  Boston,  its  terminus  on  Tremont  Street  beside  the  (jranar_\-  lUirying- 
ground;  the  Broadway,  from  Sonlh  lioston,  terminating  in  Scollay  Sfpiare — 
or  at  Scollay  Building,  wliere  the  Subway  station  now  is;  the  Aliddlesex, 
from  Charlestown  and  adjoining  lines,  also  bringing  up  at  Scollay  Building; 
the  Cambridge,  ending  in  liowdoin  Square.  There  was  also  a  line  to  Lvnn. 
with  office  in  Cornhill :  and  one  to  (_)uinc_\-,  from  the  corner  of  State  and  Broad 
Streets,  making  trips  once  an  hour.  Brookline  was  reached  by  an  omnilius 
line,  running  from  the  Post  Office,  then  on  State  Street,  week  days,  and  on 
Sundays  from  the  State  House — three  trips  on  Sundays: — fare  fifteen  cents. 
Omnibuses  dominated  Washington  Street  between  Concord  Street  near  the 
Roxbury  line  and  Court  Street,  State  Street  and  Dock  Square  where  Wash- 
ington Street  then  ended.     One  line  ran  to  the  foot  of  State  Street;  another 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


to  Chelsea  Ferrv,  others  to  Charlestown.  The  last  trips  were  nine  o'clock  in 
the  evening.     None  was  run  on  Sundays. 

There  were  seven  places  of  amusement:  live  theatres — the  Boston 
jMuseum,  the  Boston  Theatre,  the  Howard  Athenanim.  the  Tremont  (not  the 
present  Tremont,  but  a  little  affair  liack  of  the  Studio  Building),  and 
the  National ;  a  minstrel  hall, — ]\Iorris  Brothers,  I'ell  &  Trowbridge's,  in  the 
remnant  of  the  historic  old  Province  House,  back  of  Washington  Street 
nearly  opposite  jNlilk  Street;  and  an  Aquarial  Garden  on  Summer  and 
Chauncy  Streets.  There  were  but  three  club-houses:  the  Temple,  on  West 
Street,  opposite  the  opening  of  Mason  Street,  with  easy  access  to  the  Boston 
Theatre;  the  Somerset,  on  Somerset  Street  by  the  corner  of  Beacon  Street, 
occupving  rooms  in  a  fine  old-time  granite-faced  mansion-house  that  had 
fallen  to  trade  uses,  and  was  ultimately  to  make  way  for  the  extension  of  the 
Houghton-Dutton  Iniilding;  and  the  Union,  on  Park  Street  opposite  the 
Common,  utilizing  another  and  later-day  mansion,  the  last  Boston  residence 
of  the  eminent  merchant,  Abbott  Lawrence.  The  Temple  was  the  oldest  of 
the  three,  dating  from  1829,  and  was  fashioned  after  the  high-bred  London 
clubs;  the  Somerset  had  been  established  from  1852,  and  assumed  to  be  the 
bluest  blooded;  the  Union  was  new,  and  of  the  largest  import,  it  having  been 
organized  in  1863,  primarily,  like  the  L'nion  League  of  New  York,  as  a 
patriotic  social  institution  of  substantial  citizens  in  support  of  the  L'nion  cause 
in  the  Civil  War. 

Of  the  literary  institutions  and  libraries  contributing  to  the  town's 
reputation  for  culture,  the  Boston  Athenaeum,  more  than  half  a  century  old 
(founded  in  1807),  housed  in  its  chaste  building  on  Beacon  Street  erected  in 
1849  (the  faqade  of  which  the  good  sense  of  the  proprietors  has  retained 
to  this  day,  while  reconstructing  and  fire-proofing  the  interior),  was  the  chief. 
It  was  in  these  'sixties  an  art  museum  as  well  as  a  library,  forerunner  of  the 
present  Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  to  which,  upon  the  latter's  establishment  in 
1870,  its  collection  of  paintings  was  transferred.  In  the  Athenaeum  was  also 
then  quartered  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  founded  in 
1780,  with  one  exception — the  Philadelphia  association — the  oldest  scientific 
society  in  America,  today  occupying  its  own  building,  of  genteel  architecture, 
on  Newbury  Street,  Back  Bay.  Neighboring  the  Athen;eum,  on  Tremont 
Street,  adjoining  King's  Chapel  Burying-ground,  were  then  the  rooms  and 
library  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  founded  in  1791,  the  oldest 
historical  society  in  the  country,  and  the  richest  in  collections,  now  in  a 
sumptuous  house  of  its  own  in  the  Back  Bay  quarter  on  Boylston  Street  close 
by  the  Fens.  On  Summer  Street  were  the  quarters  of  the  Mercantile  Library 
Association,  established  in  1820  by  a  coterie  of  bookish  Boston  young  men, 
the  first  organization  of  its  kind  in  the  country,  with  its  substantial  library  of 
standard  and  current  literature,  primarily  for  the  use  and  improvement  of  the 
younger  members  of  the  mercantile  community ;  and  with  its  various  activities, 
notable  among  these  the  "Mercantile  Library  Course"  of  lectures,  through 
which  many  of  the  most  prominent  lecturers  of  the  country  in  the  heyday 
of  the  lyceum  were  introduced  to  the  public.  Ultimately,  with  the  develop- 
ment of  the  free  Public  Library,  its  race  was  run,  and  its  collections  of  books, 
especially  rich  in  Americana,  and  Boston  prints,  passed  to  that  institution. 
The  Public  Library,  instituted  in  1852,  and  first  opened  in  1854,  was  occupy- 
ing its  own  house,  erected  liy  the  city  in  1858,  on  Boylston  Street  opposite  the 
Common,  where  is  now  the  Colonial  Theatre.     This  library-building  was  a 


1-RANKIJN  STKl.hl'  1)1-  1N5.S,  MIOWIXG  THE  ROMAN 
CATHOLIC  CATHEDRAL  OF  THE  HOLY  CROSS  AND 
THE    SPIRE    OF  THE  OLD  FEDERAL    STREET    CHLRCH 


NORTH  SIDE  OF  FRANKLIN  -ilKLLl  IN  1855.  A  STREET 
OF  MANY  BEAUTIFUL  RESIDENCES  AND  THE  LOCA- 
TION OF  SOME  OF  boston's  MOST    HISTORIC    HOMES 


FRANKLIN  STREET  OF  1SS5,  SHOWING  THE  SITE  (It  THE 
BOSTON  LIBRARY  OF  THOSE  DAYS.  THE  ARCHWAY 
IS    WELL    REMEMBERED   BY    BOSTONIANS  OF  TODAY 


C.HLKi.11  IjREEN  OF  1855.  KlijHI-lI AND  VILW  LOOKINl. 
TOWARD  WTNTHKOP  PLACE.  THIS  DISTRICT  HAS 
BEEN    WHOLLY    TAKEN   OVER    BY    BUSINESS  HOUSES 


54  THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTOX 

creditable  structure,  admirably  designed  and  arranged,  and  dignified  by  its 
noble  central  Bates  Hall,  named  in  honor  of  the  Boston-born  London  banker, 
Joshua  Bates,  of  Baring  Brothers,  the  library's  earliest  large  benefactor;  and 
it  possessed  the  library  flavor  more  distinctively  than  the  present  niiinumental 
establishment  on  Copley  Square.  Other  valuable  and  useful  libraries  of 
these  middle  'sixties  ^vere  those  of  the  New  England  Historic  Genealogical 
vSociety  then  on  Somerset  Street,  now  on  Ashburton  Place;  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Horticultural  Societ_y,  in  its  then  new  Horticultural  Hall — its  second 
— on  Tremont  Street  between  Montgomery  Place  (now  Bosworth  Street) 
and  Bromfield  Street,  where  is  now  the  Paddock  Building,  a  structure  of 
highly  ornamented  fac^ade,  adorned  with  granite  statues  of  Ceres,  Flora,  and 
Pomona,  modelled  by  the  favorite  Boston  sculptor  of  that  time,  ^lartin  Mil- 
more;  the  Social  Law  Library,  dating  from  1804,  in  the  old  Court  House 
which  the  present  City  Hall  Annex  replaces ;  the  Boston  Medical  Library  on 
Temple  Place,  soon  to  expand  into  larger  quarters  on  Boylston  Place,  and 
in  after  years,  richly  endowed,  to  occupy  its  own  fine  house  on  the  Fenway; 
the  Handel  and  Haydn  Society's  musical  library,  in  the  old  ^lusic  Hall  build- 
ing off  Winter  Street;  and  not  the  least  of  all  the  wisely  selected  collection 
of  the  venerable  Boston  Library  Association,  dating  from  1794,  occupying 
rooms  on  Essex  Street,  but  early  to  become  permanenthr  settled  in  a  house 
of  its  own  on  Boylston  Place.  The  culti\ation  of  pure  music  which  had  of 
necessity  waned  through  the  Civil  War  period,  was  reviving,  and  Boston 
was  returning  to  the  advanced  position  with  respect  to  musical  taste  and 
development  it  had  occu])ied  for  half  a  centurj^  before.  Li  'sixty-three  the 
"Great  Organ,"  then  the  largest  organ  in  the  country  and  one  of  the  largest 
in  the  world,  had  been  set  up  in  the  old  Music  Hall,  and  its  accession  cele- 
brated with  a  great  festival  by  the  Handel  and  Haydn  Society.  Li  'sixty-five, 
with  the  close  of  the  war,  the  series  of  Harvard  Symphony  Concerts,  a  regu- 
lar feature  of  the  season,  comprising  eight  or  ten  concerts,  for  which  the 
programmes  were  intentionally  kept  at  the  highest  standard  without  regard 
to  fashion  or  popular  demand,  with  the  view  primarily  of  cultivating  the 
public  taste  for  classical  orchestral  work,  were  instituted  by  the  Harvard 
Musical  Association,  then  the  most  influential  musical  organization  in  the 
city,  formed  in  the  late  'thirties  to  "promote  the  progress  and  knowledge  of 
the  best  music,"  and  devoted  to  all  worthy  schemes  for  the  advancement  of 
the  higher  musical  education  and  the  elevation  of  the  popular  taste.  Its 
Harvard  Symphony  concerts  continued  the  season's  choice  feature  through 
a  succession  of  years,  and  from  them  evolved  the  permanent  Boston  institu- 
tion, the  Boston  Symphony  Orchestra.  The  Association  remains  in  vigorous 
existence,  but  now  in  honorable  retirement,  occupying  a  fine  old  Boston 
house  of  its  own,  on  Chestnut  Street,  Beacon  Hill,  and  giving  occasional 
private  concerts  to  its  favored  friends. 

The  merchants  in  these  middle  'sixties,  or  some  of  then:,  were  yet  wont 
to  gather  on  'change  between  noon  and  two  o'clock  as  in  the  old  days.  The 
principal  meeting  place  was  still  State  Street,  but  no  longer  in  the  basement 
of  the  Old  State  House,  or  in  the  open  street  in  front,  as  of  old.  There  was 
now,  and  had  been  for  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century,  a  special  building  for 
their  accommodation.  This  Boston  Exchange  had  been  erected  by  a  group  of 
citizens  in  the  earh'  'forties,  when,  as  Colonel  Thomas  Handasyde  Perkins, 
the  then  venerable  gentleman  yet  among  the  foremost  of  Boston  merchants, 
in  his  address  at  the  laying  of  the  corner  stone  in  August,  1841,  explained, 


Till-:    BOOK    Ol'^    I'.OSTOX 


,i,"> 


Ti)K  OLD  GLEASON  PUBLISHING  HOUSE  WHICH  STOOD 
ON  TREMONT  STREET.  SITE  NOW  OCCUPIED  BY 
THE    PADDOCK    BUILDING 


its   estaljlishmuiit   was   callesl    t(jr 

by  the  great  increase  of  strangers 

visiting  the  cit\'  as  well  as  by  the 

great    amount    <if    liusiness    then 

being  transacted.     That  was  the 

period   when   Boston    was   at   the 

height  of  i-ts  prosperity  in  furuign 

and   domestic  commerce,   leading 

all  its  rivals  in  the  extent  of  its 

iratle ;  when  great   fortunes  were 

making   in    the   China    and    East 

India  traile.  when  the  harbor  was 

alive     with     shi]iping     from     the 

great  ports  of  the  wurld,  and  the 

])rincipal      wharves,     then     lined 

w ith  substantial  warehouses,  were 

crowded  with  vessels  ilischarging 

and    taking    cargi  les.       The    V.x- 

change   was   a   dignified   building 

(if  granite  and  pillared  front,  and 

stood  where  is  now  the  h'.xchange 

Ijiiikling,  No.  53,  for  which,  with 

neighboring    old-time    structures, 

it  made  wa\'  in  the  latter  'eighties. 

In  the  middle  'sixties  it  was  the  seat  of  the  I'oston  I'.oard  of  Trade,  an  organ- 
ization chartered  a  decade  before   (in   1S54)   "for  the  purpose  of  promoting 

trade  and  commerce  in  the  city  of  I'.ostoii  and  its  vicinity,"  and  at  this  period 

comprising  in  its  memliership  rep- 
resentatives of  every  liranch  of 
business  in  the  city,  and  exerting 
a  wholesome  influence  in  the  af- 
fairs and  enterprises  of  the  com- 
nuuiity.  The  Post  Ot¥ice  also 
occupied  a  part  of  the  building  in 
1S65,  when  John  G.  Palfrey,  the 
historian  and  politician,  was  the 
postmaster.  The  only  other  ex- 
change at  this  time  was  the  Corn 
ICxchange,  established  in  1839, 
reorganized  in  1855  "for  the  pur- 
jiose  of  regulating  and  promoting 
dealings  in  breadstufTs,"  which 
the  flour  and  grain  merchants 
especially  patronized. 

Among  the  merchants  of  the 
r.oston  of  fifty  years  ago  of  wide 

re])ute  from  the  extent  of  their  o])erations  and  lireadth  of  interests,  I  recall 

such  sterling  liostou  names  of  'sixty-hve  as:  John  Al.  k'orbes,  Henry  L.  Pierce, 

Otis  Norcross,  Alpheus  Hardy,  Joseph  S.  Ropes,  George  P.  P'pton,  Gardner 

Brewer,   Tames  ^I.  Beebe,  William   iMidicoU,  Martin  lirimmer,  Isaac  Rich, 

M.    Denman    Ross,   Thomas   A.    Goddanl.    l'".livha    Atkins,    James    L.    Little, 


THE    OLD    BEACON     HILL    KLSEKXOIK.       VIEW    FROM    A 
WINDOW    OF    THE    CAPITOL    BUILDING 


56  THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


Edward  S.  Toliey,  Jonathan  A.  Lane,  Thomas  Nickerson,  Alexander  H.  Rice, 
A\-er3-  Phimer;  the  shipping  houses  of  Ghdden  &  WiUiams,  ^\'iUiam  F.  Weld 
&  Company,  Thomas  B.  \\'ales  &  Company,  Thayer  &  Lincohi,  Howes  & 
Crowell;  ship  building  concerns:  Aquila  Adams  and  Loring  Harrison,  iron 
steamship  builders  at  South  Boston,  E.  &  H.  Briggs,  South  Boston,  D.  D. 
Kelley  and  Donald  .\lcKa}-.  East  Boston,  still  building  fine  merchant  ships; 
representati\-es  of  the  New  England  manufacturing  interests :  •  Enoch  R. 
Mudge,  George  C.  Richardson,  Samuel  H.  Walley,  J.  Wiley  Edmunds, 
Erastus  B.  Bigelow,  in\entor  of  the  carpet  loom;  the  retail  dry  goods  houses 
(the  modern  department  store  was  yet  to  develop)  :  C.  F.  Hovey  &  Company 
and  Chandler  &  Company  on  Summer  Street,  Hogg,  Brown  &  Taylor,  and 
Shepard,  Norwell  &  Brown,  on  ^^'inter  Street,  Jordan,  }ilarsh  &  Company 
and  R.  H.  ^^'hite  &  Company,  the  latter  the  youngest.  Among  the  leading 
bankers  there  were  Nathaniel  Thayer,  largely  concerned  in  the  upbuilding 
of  western  railroads,  George  Baty  Blake,  head  of  Blake  Brothers  &  Con;- 
pany.  Colonel  Henry  Lee  and  George  Higginson  constituting  the  house  of 
Lee,  Higginson  &  Compan}-,  which  [Major  Henry  L.  Higginson,  returned 
from  the  Avar,  was  soon  to  join,  Henry  P.  Kidder  and  Francis  Peabod}-, 
comprising  the  firm  of  Kidder,  Peabody  &  Company  w hicli  was  to  succeed 
Nathaniel  Thayer  upon  the  latter's  early  retirement.  Among  book  pub- 
lishers and  booksellers :  Ticknor  &  Fields,  in  the  famous  ''Old  Corner  Book- 
store" culti\'ated  by  the  "Boston  literati"  of  the  day,  where  might  be  met 
of  an  afternoon  Holmes,  Lowell,  Longfellow,  \\'hipple,  Einerson  when  in 
town,  and  Whittier,  Charles  Eliot  Norton  and  other  literary  Harvard  pro- 
fessors; E.  P.  Dutton  &  Company  (Charles  A.  Clapp,  my  life-long  friend  ),  on 
the  School-Street  side  of  the  Old  Corner,  soon  to  move  to-  New  York ;  Little, 
Brown  &  Company,  then  the  chief  law-book  publishers:  Crocker  &  Brewster; 
Crosby  &  Nichols;  Lee  &  Shepard,  the  latter  newly  formed,  Roberts  Brothers, 
also  newly  formed,  comprising  Thomas  Niles,  a  literary  publisher,  and 
Roberts,  Niles's  brother-in-law;  A.  \Mlliams,  A.  K.  Loring,  with  his  popular 
circulating  library,  Gould  &  Lincoln,  and  on  Cornhill  the  group  of  book 
shops,  favorite  browsing  places :  T.  O.  H.  P.  Burnham's,  D.  C.  Colesworthy's, 
Bartlett  &  Haliday's.  Among  leading  lawyers  or  counsellors :  Sidney  Bart- 
lett,  Peleg  \\'.  Chandler,  Theophilus  P.  Chandler,  George  O.  Shattuck, 
Causten  Browne,  Benjamin  R.  Curtis,  E.  Hasket  Derby,  A.  Dexter,  Wal- 
bridge  A.  Field,  Asa  French,  Horace  Gray,  Jr.,  Joshua  D.  Ball,  William  H. 
[Nlunroe,  John  E.  Hudson,  John  P.  Healy  (city  solicitor),  George  S.  Hillard, 
E.  Rockwood  Hoar,  George  S.  Boutwell,  Edward  F.  Hodges,  Benjamin  F. 
Hallett,  Henry  C.  Hutchins  and  Alexander  S.  ^^'heeler,  James  B.  Thayer, 
Seth  J.  Thomas,  John  Noble,  Richard  Olney,  George  P.  Sanger,  Charles  T. 
Russell,  ^^'illiam  G.  Russell,  Leverett  Saltonstall.  Leading  ministers,  all  of 
them  Boston  personages,  the  Unitarians  predominating:  Rufus  Ellis, 
Chandler  Robbins,  James  Freeman  Clarke,  Cyrus  A.  Bartol,  Samuel  K. 
Lothrop,  Ezra  S.  Gannett,  George  L.  Chane}-,  Henry  ^^'.  Foote,  Edward 
E\'erett  Hale,  George  H.  Hepworth  (afterward  Ijecoming  Orthodox  Con- 
gregational), David  A.  Wasson,  ^^'illiam  R.  Alger,  Samuel  H.  Winkley; 
Universalist :  Alonzo  A.  ]\Iiner,  Thomas  B.  Thayer,  Samuel  Ellis,  L  C. 
Knowlton;  Congregational  Trinitarian:  George  W.  Blagden  and  Jacob  M. 
Planning,  ministers  of  the  Old  South,  the  society  still  occupying  the  Old 
South  Meetinghouse.  Andrew  L.  Stone,  Park  Street  Church,  Nehemiah 
Adams,  Union  Church.  Henrv  'SI.  Dexter,  Berkelev  Street  Church  (also  then 


z 

o 

H 

o 


o 

fcj 
O 


O 


o 


58 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON' 


OLD     VIEW,     CORNER     FRANKLIN     AND     DEVONSHIRE 
STREETS    LOOKING    TOWARD    OLD    STATE    HOUSE 


editor  of  the  "Congregational- 
ist"),  John  E.  Todd,  Central 
Church,  then  on  Winter  Street, 
Edward  N.  Kirk,  Mount  Vernon 
Clnirch,  Edwin  B.  Weblj,  Shaw- 
nnit  Church;  Protestant  Episco- 
pahan :  Manton  Eastburn,  rector 
of  Trinity,  and  bishop  of  Massa- 
chusetts, W.  R.  Nicholson,  St. 
Paul's  Church,  John  T.  Burrill, 
Christ  Church,  James  A.  Bolles, 
Church  of  the  Advent,  Frederick 
D.  Huntington  ( formerly  Uni- 
tarian, occupying  the  South  Con- 
gregational pulpit  which  became 
Edward  Everett  Hale's),  Em- 
manuel Church,  George  M.  Ran- 
dall ( in  'sixty-six  made  bishop 
of  Colorado),  the  Church  of 
the  Messiah ;  the  New  Jerusalem,  or  Swedenborgian  Church :  Thomas 
Worcester  and  James  Reed.  The  Roman  Catholics  now  had  ele\en  churches 
in  the  citv,  and  were  preparing  to  build  the  present  Cathedral  of  the  Holy 
Cross,  at  the  South  End.  Their  first  cathedral,  on  Franklin  Street,  dating 
from  1803,  the  first  Catholic  church  building  to  be  erected  in  Boston,  and 
till  the  middle  'thirties  the  only  one  in  the  city,  had  been  sold  and  demolished 
to  make  wav  for  a  business  block,  and  in  lieu  of  a  cathedral  their  principal 
services  were  held  in  the  newly  erected  Church  of  the  Immaculate  Con- 
ception. Soutli  End,  the  most  sumptuous  church  edifice  of  its  day.  John  B. 
Fitzpatrick  was  the  bishop  of  Boston,  now  approaching  the  close  of  a  service 
of  more  than  two  score  years, — he  died  in  1866 — to  be  succeeded  by  the 
Boston-born  Jnlin  Joseph  Williams,  who  a  decade  later,  when  Boston  was 
created  an  archbishopric,  was  to  become  the  first  archbishop  of  Boston. 

The  Boston  daily  newspapers  were  ranking  with  the  foremost  in  the 
country  in  character  and  tone,  if  not  altogether  in  scope,  and  were  all  ably 
conducted,  tliough  at  varying  standards.  The  Daily  Advertiser — the  "Re- 
spectable Daily" — the  oldest  daily  newspaper  in  New  England,  was  accorded 
the  headship  with  respect  to  dignity  and  breadth  of  conduct.  It  was  the 
aristocrat  among  its  contemporaries.  Charles  Flale,  the  ablest,  journalis- 
tically, of  the  three  remarkable  sons  of  Nathan  Hale,  practically  the  Daily's 
founder — Nathan,  Jr.,  Cliarles,  and  Edward  Everett,  the  minister,  all  of 
whom  had  been  bred  to  newspaper  work  by  the  father, — after  conducting- 
the  paper  as  editor-in-chief  since  the  early  'fifties,  had  withdrawn  in  'sixty- 
four  to  take  the  United  States  consulship  at  Egypt,  and  Charles  F.  Dunbar, 
his  associate  editor  since  'fifty-nine,  was  now  the  editor-in-chief,  administer- 
ino-  the  paper's  affairs,  editorially,  with  exceptional  ability.  The  Journal, 
with  its  morning  and  evening  editions,  was  the  most  enterprising.  In  'sixty- 
five  its  editorial  conduct  had  passed  to  ^^'illiam  W.  Clapp,  who  had  been  for 
years  the  capable  editor  and  owner  of  the  Saturday  Evening  Ga::ette,  founded 
by  his  father,  and  the  leading  weekly  newspaper.  The  Herald,  also  a  morn- 
ino-  and  evening  paper,  and  with  a  Sunday  edition — then  the  only  Sunday 
edition  of  a  daily  in  Boston,  and  to  remain  the  only  one  for  a  decade, — was- 


BOSTON  S    CANYON    OF    TODAY.      CORNER    OF    FRANKLIN    AND    DLVONSHIKE    STRthTS    LOOKING    NORTH.       1H1!>  SAME   VIEW 
TAKEN    FIFTY    YEARS    EARLIER    IS    SHOWN    ON    PAGE    58    OPPOSITE 


60 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTOX 


the  paper  of  the  masses.  Edwin  C.  Bailey,  its  proprietor,  was  nominally  the 
edipr,  while  the  real  editors  were  three  or  four  clever  young  men  consti- 
tuting his  editorial  staff,  at  the  head  of  whom  was  Edwin  B.  Haskell,  who 
a  few  years  later  was  to  become  the  editor-in-chief  of  an  enlarged  and  mod- 
ernized Herald  to  enjoy  speedy  and  large  prosperity.  The  morning  Post  was 
the  leading  Democratic  journal  of  New  England,  cultivating  the  same  field, 
except  the  political  one,  as  the  Advertiser,  but  freer,  airier  and  more  jocund. 
Colonel  Charles  G.  Greene,  its  founder  in  the  'thirties,  now  a  veteran  jour- 
nalist, was  still  its  lusty  editor,  with  a  notable  band  of  able  and  brilliant 
assistants.  The  Transcript,  then  a  dainty  affair,  the  favorite  evening  paper 
with  the  "best"  Bostonians,  aiifectionately  termed  the  "Boston  Evening  Tea 
Table,"  under  the  chief  editorship  of  Daniel  N.  Haskell,  the  most  genial  of 
Boston  editors.  And  the  Traveler,  the  popular  evening  paper,  more  enter- 
prising— and  less  literar}- — than  its  rival  the  Transcript,  directed  by  its  now 
veteran  proprietor  and  nominal  editor,  Roland  Worthington. 

That  rare  Bostonian,  John  Albion  Andrew,  the  great  war  governor, 
was  serving  his  fourth  and  final  term  in  the  governorship  in  'sixty-five;  and 
the  war  mayor,  Frederic  Walker  Lincoln,  Jr.,  his  fourth  and  last  term  in  the 
mayoralty  of  the  city.  The  "New  City  Hall" — the  present  heavy-faced 
affair  replacing  a  quieter  building  of  Bulfinch's  design  (a  Court  House  re- 
modelled for  a  City  Hall),  the  stone  of  which  was  utilized  in  the  City  Hall 
Avenue  and  Court  Square  facades  of  the  new  structure — was  just  completed, 
and  was  dedicated  in  September  this  year.  The  population  of  the  city  was 
then  officially  given  as  one  hundred  and  ninety-two  thousand,  three  hundred 
and  twenty-four;  the  property  \aluatinn,  three  hundred  and  sex^enty-eight 
million,  three  hundred  and  three  thousand,  three  hundred  and  fifty-seven  dol- 
lars; the  number  of  polls,  thirty-four  thousand,  seven  hundred  and  four. 

The  streets  of  the  older  residential  parts  retained  not  a  little  of  their 
early  embellishment.  Summer  Street  and  Charles  Street  notably  were  yet 
beautified  by  handsome  trees.  Attached  to  not  a  few  of  the  older  estates  were 
charming  gardens.  Indeed  it  was  a  rarel}'  attracti\'e  town,  the  little  Boston 
of  'sixty-five,  self  contained,  and  prosperous. 


FORT    HILL    SIJLAKL    l.\     IsoJ 


COMMERCIAL   AND 
MANUFACTURING   BOSTON 


Fifty  Years  of  Progress  ix  Trade  and  Commerce — The  "Great  Fire" 

OF  1872  and  the  City's  Quick  Rehabilitation — The  Shifting 

Commercial  and  Financial  Centres — The  \'arious 

Exchanges  and  Their  Lnfluences  upon  the 

Development  of  Boston  Business 

:  HILE  the  city  was  generally  prosperous  in  'sixty-five  the  close 
of  tlie  Civil  War  found  several  of  the  departments  of  trade 
in  which  Boston  had  led  depressed,  and  tiie  old-time  mer- 
ciiants  were  obliged  to  readjust  their  operations  to  a  new 
urder  of  things.  Especially  were  declining  Boston's  ship- 
ping interests  with  a  curtailment  of  its  freight  trade.  Then 
followed  the  general  depression  of  'sixty-seven  and  'sixty-eight  in  the  various 
industrial  and  financial  interests  of  the  country  consequent  upon  the  inflated 
currency  and  its  disturbed  condition,  over  production  in  manufactures,  and 
the  effects  in  general  of  the  war.  In  this  period  Boston  suffered  more  or  less, 
in  common  witli  the  rest  of  the  country;  still  the  secretary  of  the  Board  of 
Trade  (then  Hamilton  A.  Hill,  later  one  of  the  valued  contributors  to  the 
history  of  commercial  Boston  )  in  Iiis  Report  for  1867,  reviewing  that  3"ear, 
was  able  truthfully  to  write  that  "we  yet  have  occasion  to  congratulate  our- 
selves upon  the  good  degree  of  prosperity  which  we  are  enjoying,  upon  the 
evidences  of  strength  and  growth  which  are  multipl_\ing  among  us,  upon  the 
position,  relatively,  which  Boston  maintains  among  the  great  commercial 
communities  of  the  nation." 

With  the  development  of  newer  business  methods,  and  broader  enter- 
prise, as  Mr.  Hill  pointed  out,  the  business  abilities  of  Boston  merchants  and 
Boston  capitalists  were  lieing  displayed  in  various  directions.  All  branches 
of  trade  were  expanding,  and  new  and  diversified  industries  were  being  estab- 
lished, while  Boston  remained,  despite  the  fixture  of  branch  commission  houses 
in  Xew  York,  the  seat  of  ownership  and  management  for  New  England 
manufactures.  Also  the  area  of  the  city  proper  was  being  extended  to  meet 
the  demand  for  larger  accommodation  \vithin  the  business  quarters.  This 
year — 1867 — too,  the  enlargement  of  the  city  by  the  annexation  of  adjoining 
municipalities  was  begun.  Roxbury,  the  first  annexed,  added  to  the  city's 
area  twenty-one  hundred  acres,  and  to  its  valuation,  twentj'-six  million,  five 
lumdred  and  fifty-one  thousand  and  seven  hundred  dollars.  Two  years  later — 
1869 — Dorchester  was  annexed,  further  increasing  the  city's  area  by  forty- 
five  hundred  and  thirty-two  acres.  There  had  now  been  added  to  the  original 
upland  of  the  peninsula   (six  lumdred  and  ninety  acres)   eight  hundred  and 


62  THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


eighty  acres  by  the  fihing  of  flats  on  the  South  and  West,  and  by  these  an- 
nexations, eighty-three  hundred  and  thirty-two  acres :  making  the  city's  total 
area  (including  eight  hundred  acres  of  East  Boston,  and  nine  hundred  of 
South  Boston)  ninety-nine  hundred  and  two  acres.  In  1870  the  taxable  vaki- 
ation  of  the  enlarged  city  was  estimated  by  the  assessors  at  five  hundred  and 
eighty-four  million,  eighty-nine  thousand,  four  hundred  dollars;  the  popu- 
lation, according  to  the  United  States  census,  was  two  hundred  and  fifty  thou- 
sand, five  hundred  and  ninety-eight.  In  his  review  for  that  year  the  secretary 
of  the  Board  of  Trade,  still  IMr.  Hill,  could  make  the  flattering  report :  '"This 
community  has  more  than  maintained  its  position  as  a  cnntrolhng  centre  for 
the  manufacture,  and,  directly  or  indirectly,  the  distribution  of  cotton  and 
woolen  fabrics,  and  of  boots  and  shoes,  and  its  general  trade  is  steadily  in- 
creasing. The  facilities  for  communication  with  the  interior  have  multiplied 
and  greatly  improved  in  recent  years,  and  we  see  the  beneficent  effects  of 
what  has  thus  been  accomplished  in  tlie  activity  and  bustle  which  crowd  our 
streets,  fill  our  warehouses,  and  enliven  our  wharves  and  railway  stations,  to 
a  degree  which  surprises  those  who  visit  us  after  a  long  absence,  or  for  the 
first  time." 

The  period  between  the  close  of  the  war  and  1870,  howe\-er,  had  its 
dismal  aspects,  and  there  were  croakers  who  were  bewailing  that  "Boston 
had  seen  her  best  days."  The  halting  in  the  development  of  the  pioneer  rail- 
road systems  terminating  in  Boston  into  trunk  hues  \\'estward  and  North- 
ward, while  New  York  had  so  developed  her  railway  systems  together  with 
her  canals,  as  to  threaten  largely  to  monopolize  the  business  of  the  country, 
disposed  these  croakers  to  predict  that  New  York  would  soon  be  doing  all 
the  country's  importing.  Vessels  could  not  then  come  to  Boston  except  at 
high  rates  of  freight  because  cargoes  could  not  be  obtained  here.  Those  that 
did  come  were  obliged  to  leave  in  ballast  for  other  ports.  Early  in  1868  the 
Ciniard  line  had  withdrawn  its  regular  fortnightly  mail  steamship,  and  thus 
regular  and  direct  connection  by  steamship  with  Liverpool  (via  Halifax), 
which,  Bostonians  mournfully  reflected,  Boston  had  been  the  first  American 
port  to  enjoy,  antedating  New  York  by  eight  years,  and  had  enjoyed  for 
nearly  twenty-eight  years,  was  entirely  cut  off.  High  freight  rates  were 
demanded,  and  the  line  was  inadequate  to  develop  the  business  of  the  city. 
Boston  merchants  found  it  impossible  to  compete  with  the  lower  rates  paid 
by  New  York  importers. 

Still  the  larger-visioned  Boston  men  would  not  share  the  despondency 
of  the  croakers,  and  their  few  disheartened  fellow  merchants,  but  bent  their 
energies  to  overcome  the  obstacles  that  were  impeding  Boston's  commercial 
progress.  In  1867  a  strong  effort  was  made  to  increase  the  trans-Atlantic 
service  with  the  establishment  of  a  Boston  line  direct  to  Liverpool,  of  Amer- 
ican-owned and  American  built  steamshi])s.  This  was  the  enterprise  of  the 
"American  Steamship  Company"  chartered  by  the  State  Legislature  three 
years  before.  It  \\as  backed  by  large  capital  and  experienced  men.  Among 
the  directors  were  Edward  S.  Tobey,  then  the  surviving  member  of  the  old 
shipping  house  of  Phineas  Sprague  &  Company,  Osborne  Howes  of  Howes 
&  Crowell,  William  Perkins,  John  L.  Little,  Avery  Plumer,  George  C.  Rich- 
ardson, then  the  president  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  Chester  W.  Chapin,  after- 
ward president  of  the  Boston  &  Albany  Railroad.  Of  its  capital  stock,  nearly 
a  million  dollars  were  raised  by  subscriptions,  and  three  or  four  lumdred 
thousand  more  bv  bonds.     Two  fine  wooden  screw  steamers,  of  three  thou- 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


63 


sand  tons  each — the  "'lirie'"  and  the  "Ontario" — were  huilt;  and  two  more 
were  to  be  constructed,  the  firm  to  form  a  bi-weekly  line.  But  with  the  build- 
ing of  the  first  two  the  winile  of  tiie  company's  capital  that  had  been  raised 


THIS    REMARKABLE    PHOTOGRAPH    SHOWS    THE   NEW  CUSTOM  HOUSE    IX  THE   CENTRE   «ITII  THE   IMPOSING 

TOWER,    HIGHEST   BUILDING    IN  THE    CITY;   THE    BOARD   OF  TRADE    BUILDING    ON    THE    LEFT, 

AND    THE    CHAMBER    OF    COMMERCE    ON    THE    EXTREME    RIGHT 


was  exhausted.  Two  trips  were  made  to  Liverjiool  by  the  "Ontario,"  and 
then  both  ships  were  in  ordinary  for  a  while.  Finally  they  were  sold  (for 
service  in  South  American  waters,  where  one  of  them  was  early  wrecked) 
and  the  company  wound  u[)  its  aflr'airs  with  a  total  loss  in  the  enterprise.  One 
reason  assigned  for  the  failure  was  the  construction  of  the  ships  of  wood; 
iron  ships  were  then  superseding  the  wooden  craft.  While  the  failure  was 
depressing,  and  the  loss  to  the  stockholders  severe,  the  labors  of  the  company 
were  beneficial  to  the  community.  As  Mr.  Hill  later  remarked  (in  his  mono- 
graph on  "Trade,  Commerce,  and  Navigation  in  the  History  of  Suffolk 
County"),  they  aroused  the  i)eople  U>  the  general  importance  of  steamship 
navigation,  helped  to  stimulate  the  railroads  to  make  the  extensions  and  im- 


64  THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 

provements  necessary  to  Boston's  trade  advancement,  inspired  the  local  press 
with  new  spirit  in  the  treatment  of  all  business  questions,  and  were  the  first 
to  fix  the  attention  of  the  West  upon  what  Boston  might  do  and  was  about  to 
attempt  as  an  export  city.  At  about  the  time  of  the  launching  of  the  Amer- 
ican Steamship  Company  the  houses  of  Thayer  &  Lincoln  and  Warren  & 
Company  began  to  load  new  steamships  at  this  port.  The  Warren  Steamship 
Company  had  been  formed  in  1865  primarily  with  the  idea  of  substituting 
steamships  for  sailing  vessels  for  the  transportation  of  immigrants.  The 
lading  with  freight,  however,  was  a  work  of  great  difficulty,  for  the  preju- 
dices of  shippers  were  to  be  overcome,  and  the  co-operation  of  the  railroads 
to  be  secured.  At  length,  in  November,  1869,  the  trade  of  this  company  was 
abandoned, — or  more  correctly  suspended,  for  five  years  later,  under  the 
changed  conditions  then  existing,  as  we  shall  see,  the  business  was  resumed, 
and  profitably. 

The  tide  began  to  turn  in  1870  with  the  accomplishment  of  a  number  of 
movements  which  the  Boston  commercial  leaders  had  been  persistently  and 
simultaneously  pressing.  These  included :  the  building  of  a  great  stationary 
grain  elevator  by  the  Boston  and  Albany  Railroad  at  East  Boston  close  to 
deep  water,  making  it  possible  to  load  steamships  here;  the  securing  of  an 
equality  of  freight  rates  from  the  West  on  goods  intended  for  export;  the 
obtaining  of  cotton  from  the  South  for  light  freights  for  the  Steamship  lines, 
through  the  offer  of  low  rates  of  freight  which  would  divert  the  cotton  from 
New  York.  (In  1870  the  exports  of  cotton  from  Boston  were  valued  at  one 
hundred  and  thirty-five  thousand  dollars,  a  decade  later  the  value  had  risen  to 
nearly  se\'en  million,  five  hundred  thousand  dollars.)  The  next  year,  1871, 
the  system  of  through  bills  of  lading  from  interior  ports  in  the  West  and 
South  to  Europe,  were  established.  Then,  shortly  after,  was  brought  about 
the  condition  which  at  last  enabled  Boston  again  to  become  a  great  shipping 
port — the  railway  companies  so  reducing  their  rates  as  successfullv  to  com- 
pete with  the  water  routes  terminating  in  New  York.  In  1870  the  Inman 
Company  began  a  fortnightly  service  between  Boston  and  Liverpool.  The 
pioneer  steamship  was  that  "City  of  Boston"  which,  arriving  at  this  port  on 
the  sixteenth  of  January,  sailed  on  her  return  voyage  ten  days  later  from 
New  York,  and  was  ne\er  more  heard  from,  having  presumably  foundered  at 
sea  with  all  on  board.  The  Inman  Boston  service  continued  for  nearly  twelve 
months,  and  then  its  ships  were  transferred  again  to  New  York.  Immedi- 
ately upon  their  departure,  howe\'er,  or  early  in  1871,  the  Cunard  Line 
resumed  its  Boston  service,  and  now,  with  weekly  sailings,  under  the  agency 
of  James  Alexander,  an  enthusiastic  believer  in  a  great  future  for  Boston  as 
a  terminus  for  ocean  steamers.  Then  the  Cunard  pier  at  East  Boston  was 
enlarged  and  improved,  becoming,  as  was  pronounced,  the  best  steamship 
drjck  in  the  country  of  that  day,  while  Boston  merchants  combined  for  the 
improvement  of  other  old  docks  and  the  establishment  of  an  extensive  system 
of  terminal  facilities.  In  his  Report  for  this  year  the  secretary  of  the  Board 
of  Trade  could  congratulate  the  board  upon  the  marked  improvement  which 
had  now  taken  place  in  the  foreign  commerce  of  the  port:  the  flourishing 
condition  of  Boston's  trade  with  the  East  and  \\''est  Indies,  the  Mediterranean, 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  South  America,  and  the  Islands  of  the  Pacific ;  and 
upon  the  new  impulse  Axhich  had  been  given  to  the  trade  of  the  port  with 
Great  Britain  through  the  establishment  of  regular  weekly  communication 
between  Boston  and  Liverpool  direct.     While  as  to  the  citv's  commercial 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON  (>S 


progress  generally,  the  secretary  remarked  with  cniiiplaceiicy  the  satisfactory 
condition  of  the  great  interests  which  had  become  centered  or  controlled  in 
Boston — the  hide,  leather,  and  shoe  trade,  five-sevenths  of  all  the  cotton 
spindles  in  the  United  States,  and  the  tish  trade. 

In  1872  another  long  step  was  taken  in  the  development  of  terminal 
facilities  through  the  establishment  oi  the  Union  Freight  Railway,  uniting 
the  tracks  of  all  tlie  principal  railroad  lines  terminating  in  Boston  with  each 
other  and  with  all  the  principal  wharves  of  the  city.  Thirty  years  earlier,  in 
connection  with  the  original  broad  schemes  of  railroad  development,  the 
Grand  Junction  Railroad  connecting  with  the  docks  in  East  Boston  had  been 
institiUed  and  in  1S51  opened,  biU  it  had  lain  dormant  till  1868  or  1869  when 
the  newlv  established  Boston  and  Albany, — the  consolidated  Worcester  and 
Western  Railroads, — acquired  it,  and  so  was  enabled  directly  to  receive  a:id 
deliver  ocean  freights.  But  with  the  new  Union  Freight  etjual  facilities  were 
afforded  all  the  railroads  for  similar  cheap  and  easy  transit  and  transhipment 
in  the  city  proper. 

\\'ith  the  various  accijmplishnients  that  had  marked  this  year  and  its 
immediate  predecessors,  attained  under  the  pressure  of  public  opinion,  and 
with  the  substantial  aid.  it  should  be  remembered,  of  the  local  press,  the  city's 
commercial  expansion,  its  trade  with  the  interiiir  of  the  country  largely  in- 
creasing", its  foreign  commerce  taking  on  new  and  larger  life,  its  growing" 
wealth,  there  was  as  late  as  the  ninth  of  November,  every  reason  for  believ- 
ing, as  recorded  by  the  secretary  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  that  1872  "would  be 
judged  after  its  close  as,  upon  the  whole,  the  most  prosperous  that  Boston  had 
ever  known."     Then  came  the  disastrous  "Great  Fire." 

Upon  a  brass  tablet  set  in  the  wall  of  the  Post  Ot^ce,  or  Federal  Build- 
ing, on  the  ]\Iilk-Street  side  at  the  corner  of  Devonshire  Street,  close  to  the 
sidewalk,  the  passer  may  read  this  informing  inscription:  "This  tablet,  placed 
here  by  the  Bostonian  Society,  commemorates  the  Great  Fire  of  November 
9-10,  1872,  which,  beginning  at  the  corner  of  Summer  and  Kingston  Streets, 
extended  over  an  area  of  sixty  acres,  destroyed  within  the  business  centre 
of  the  city  property  to  the  value  of  more  than  sixty  million  dollars,  and  was 
arrested  in  its  Northeasterly  progress  at  this  point.  The  mutilated  stones 
of  this  building  also  record  that  event."'  This  ponderous  gloomy  structure 
was  then  only  partly  built — nearly  finished  to  the  top  of  the  street  story  and 
ready  for  the  roof:  and  the  Post  Office  and  Sub-Treasury  were  occupying 
the  old  Merchants  Exchange  building  on  State  Street.  Upon  the  present 
building  at  the  corner  of  Summer  and  Kingston  Streets  is  seen  another  tablet 
marking  the  spot  of  the  Fire's  start :  "The  Great  Boston  Fire  began  here 
November  9.  1872.  The  Bostonian  Society  placed  this  tablet  November  9, 
1912."  A  third  might  be  set  up  against  the  Milk-Street  wall  of  the  Old 
South  Meetinghouse,  inscribed:  At  this  point  the  Northerly  progress  of  the 
Great  Fire  of  1872  below  the  corner  of  I\lilk  and  \\'ashington  Streets  was 
checked,  and  this  treasured  Iniilding  mercifully  saved.  And  a  fourth,  beside 
the  entrance  of  the  present  Exchange  Building,  Number  53  State  Street: 
At  about  this  point,  where  stood  the  first  Boston  Exchange  building,  then 
occupied  bv  the  Post  Office  and  Sub-Treasiu"y  the  Northeasterly  spread  of  the 
Great  Boston  Fire  of  November  9-10,  1872,  into  State  Street  and  acro.ss 
to  other  streets  and  the  North  End,  was  stopped  by  the  blowing  up  of 
neighboring  buildings. 

The  paths  of  the  fire,  broadly  spealsing  were:   from  the  Sinumer  and 


66 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


Kingston  corner,  up  Summer  Street  on  both  sides  to  Washington  Street ; 
Eastward  toward  the  water;  from  Summer  Street  along  tlie  East  side  of 
Washington  Street  Northerly  to  Milk  Street  and  the  Old  South  Meeting- 
house; from  about  the  then  length  of  Summer  Street  Northeasterly  into  the 


*f<»ft5r.i?i'/;W^j; 


i-5*?-/K=3S?M^Sb>-:-.:.  ; 


A   COMBINATION   PICTURE   OF   RUINS    LEFT   IN   THE   WAKE   OF  THE   GREAT   BOSTON    FIRE 

OF    1K72 

business  heart  of  the  city  to  the  'SUlk  and  Devonshire  Street  sides  of  the  new 
Post  Office  building,  and  to  its  rear  and  around  to  its  East  side  toward  State 
Street.  The  boundaries  were :  Summer  Street  both  sides  between  its  then 
foot  and  Washington  Street;  Washington,  East  side,  to  Milk  Street  and  the 
Old  South;  Milk  to  Devonshire  Street  and  the  New  Post  Office;  the  rear  of 
the  new  Post  Office  and  around  it ;  ^^'ater  Street ;  Lindall  Street  in  the 
rear   of    State   Street;    Southeastward,    then    bZastward,    across    Water    and 


TIIK    BOOK    OF    BOSTON  67 


Milk  Streets  to  Oliver  Street;  Oliver.  Pearl,  across  High,  rurcluisc,  and 
Broad  Streets  to  the  water  front. 

The  territory  Inuned  over,  nearer  sixty-five  than  sixty  acres,  comprised 
thirty  streets  and  se\en  hundred  and  seventy-six  buildings.  Of  the  buildings, 
seven  hundred  and  nine  were  of  brick,  granite,  and  other  stone,  and  sixty- 
seven  of  wood.  Two  church  edifices  were  among  them — Trinity,  of  massive 
stone  walls  and  tower,  on  Summer  Street,  and  St.  Stephen's  Church,  an  en- 
dowed free  Episcopal  churcii  for  tlie  poor,  on  Purchase  Street.  Nearly  a  thou- 
sand firms  (about  nine  hundred  and  sixty  as  finally  figured)  were  burned  out. 
Within  the  burnt  district  were  concentrated  the  wholesale  trade  in  hides, 
leather,  and  shoes:  in  wool;  in  domestic  and  foreign  dry  goods;  paper;  hard- 
ware; earthenware,  in  part;  ready-made  clothing.  Three  hundred  estaljlish- 
ments  in  the  wholesale  dry  goods  trade  alone  were  swept  away.  On  Summer 
Street,  one  hundred  and  twelve  firms  were  burned  out.  On  Pearl  Street, 
one  hundred  and  eighty-five,  mostly  in  the  leather  and  boot-and-shoe  trade. 
On  Federal  Street,  ninety-two.  On  Franklin  Street,  a  part  of  the  wholesale 
dry-goods  district,  forty.  The  total  value  of  the  wool  destroyed  was  esti- 
mated at  about  four  million,  five  hundred  thousand  dollars.  The  buildings 
of  seven  national  banks  were  destroyed.  With  the  exception  of  a  few  streets 
near  the  water,  the  area  devastated  was  wholly  devoted  to  business  purposes, 
and  the  buildings  which  covered  it  and  went  down  were,  after  the  disaster, 
without  excessive  exaggeration  described,  as  "in  size,  in  architectural  eft'ect, 
and  in  general  adaptation  to  commercial  uses,  certainly  unsurpassed,  perhaps 
unequalled,  by  those  of  any  other  city  in  the  world."  Therefore,  the  value 
of  property  destroyed — the  conservative  estimate  finally  fixed  the  total  loss 
at  twenty-five  millions — was  "out  of  all  proportion  to  the  extent  of  the  land 
burnt  over,  as  compared  with  other  great  fires  in  (ither  cities."  This  small- 
ness  of  the  area  cpiite  disgusted  my  associate  correspondent,  Crapsey  (I  was 
tlien  on  the  A'rr>.'  York  Times  and  came  over  Saturday  night  on  the  Shore 
Line  "owl"  train  with  Crapsey  to  "do"  the  Fire  as  a  Times  "special"  or 
"staff  correspondent,"  as  would  1)e  the  loftier  title  now),  when,  standing  in 
the  midst  of  the  ruins  we  surveyed  the  Burnt  District  o'er.  Crapsey  had  Ijeen 
of  the  Times'  specials  who  had  "done"  the  Chicago  Fire  a  year  before,  and 
the  total  of  twenty-six  hundred  acres  there  l.)urned  over  made  Boston's  sixty- 
five  look  lilliputian.  At  first  he  was  for  going  back  to  New  York  and  leaving 
me  to  cover  this  "little  Boston  thing"  alone.  But  as  .soon  as  he  realized  the 
richness  of  the  property  that  had  been  crowded  into  this  small  space,  and  the 
nature  of  it,  and  saw  the  no\-el  features  of  the  affair,  his  newspajier  sense  of 
the  real  bigness  of  the  Boston  "story"  was  duly  aroused,  and  he  remained 
"on  the  job." 

The  causes  of  the  Fire,  or  rather  the  quick  and  appalling  course  of  it. 
were  \ariouslv  state<l.  Chief  among  those  emimerated  were:  confusion  and 
dela\'  in  gi\ing  the  first  alarm,  so  that  when  the  first  engines  arri\-ed  the 
fiames  had  s]iread  from  the  l)uilding  in  which  they  had  originated  (and  speed- 
ily swept  from  basement  to  roof,  and  over  all  the  floors,  by  means  of  a  wood- 
b'ned  elevator  shaft)  to  its  neighljors  and  across  to  the  building  on  the  oppo- 
site corner  of  Kingston  Street,  and  although  the  other  alarms  calling  the 
whole  department  were  sounded  in  (piick  succession,  when  the  other  engines 
arrived  the  fire  here  was  then  be\ond  control;  scarcity  of  water  in  this 
(|uarter.  due  to  the  inefficiency  of  the  pi])es  to  carr\-  the  great  (|uaiuity  of 
water  rei|uired,  and  their  fittings  with  h\'<Irants  of  an  old-fashione(l  t\'pe,  the 


68 THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 

quarter  having  been  but  recentl}-  rebuilt  from  a  residential  to  a  business  one, 
and  the  water  pipes  not  yet  having  been  enlarged  to  meet  the  new  conditions ; 
the  mansard  roofs  of  wood  and  tar,  tinder  boxes,  topping  the  blocks  of 
granite  and  of  brick;  the  inability  of  the  firemen  to  attack  methodically  the 
circle  of  fire,  after  it  had  enveloped  the  business  heart,  and  when  the  engines 
and  firemen  had  poured  in  from  the  suburbs  and  distant  cities  in  response  to 
the  telegraph  calls  for  help.  Another  contributing  cause  was  the  condition 
of  the  fire  department  itself.  At  this  time  the  strange  horse  disease,  to  which 
was  given  the  name  "the  epizooty."  had  been  raging  for  a  month  or  more, 
and  had  practically  disabled  nearly  all  the  horses  in  town,  so  that  the  depart- 
ment was  without  horse  service  for  the  engines  and  wagons,  and  these  had 
to  be  drawn  by  drag-ropes  by  hand.  Still  it  was  not  shown  that  the  apparatus 
thus  manned  instead  of  horsed  was  much,  if  any,  delayed  in  arriving.  Where 
they  could  be  handled  effectively  the  mass  of  engines,  local  and  out-of-town, 
were  brought  into  admirable  service.  No  more  gallant  or  more  skilfully 
directed  fight  was  ever  seen  in  fire  fighting  than  that  which  held  back  the 
roaring  Fire  and  prevented  its  crossing  to  the  West  side  of  Washington 
Street  between  the  Summer-Street  corner  and  the  revered  Old  South.  But 
there  were  parts  where  nothing  could  be  done,  and  here  the  Fire  was  left  to 
its  own  way.  The  buildings  were  high  and  the  streets  narrow.  There  was 
no  point  where  a  stand  could  be  made  by  the  engines  for  any  length  of  time. 
As  Edward  Stanwood  records  in  his  account  of  the  Fire  in  the  "Memorial 
History  of  Boston,"  scarcely  an  attempt  was  made  to  stop  its  movement 
towards  the  wharves.  "Perhaps,"  Mr.  Stanwood  remarks  in  this  account, 
the  best  of  all  the  short  ones  printed,  "there  was  no  single  point  where  the 
amazing  power  of  the  Fire  was  so  well  observed  as  from  the  empty  space 
where  Fort  Hill  had  been.  The  hill  had  been  cut  away  but  not  built  upon. 
Between  it  and  the  flames  was  Pearl  Street,  solidly  built  with  handsome 
granite  stores,  where  the  shoe  trade  of  the  city  had  its  headquarters.  It 
happened  that  the  Fire  attacked  the  whole  street  at  once.  Hardly  five  minutes 
elapsed  after  the  appearance,  to  those  watching  from  the  Fort  Hill  space, 
of  the  first  spark  in  one  of  the  stores,  before  the  whole  block  was  a  mass  of 
roaring  Fire.  The  great  wareliouses  were  converted  into  as  many  furnaces, 
and  the  heat  and  light  were  so  intense  that  at  a  distance  of  several  hundred 
feet  it  was  painful  to  face  the  Fire  many  minutes  at  once.  In  almost  as  little 
time  as  it  requires  to  read  the  account,  the  walls  grew  red-hot,  the  floor 
timbers  began  to  fall  against  the  walls,  and  the  great  structures  tottered  and 
fell  like  a  house  of  cards,  but  with  a  thundering  crash."  I  remember  passing 
from  Milk  Street  along  one  of  these  streets — my  recollection  was  that  it  was 
Pearl  Street,  but  Mr.  Stanwood's  description  sho\\s  that  it  could  not  have 
been  that  street,  maybe  it  was  Congress — and  seeing  the  flames  pouring  from 
the  roofs  of  the  lines  of  buildings  on  either  side,  and  not  an  engine  or  a  soul 
in  sight. 

The  Fire  broke  out  shortly  after  seven  o'clock  in  the  evening — a  Satur- 
day evening,  at  the  close  of  a  l^eautiful  late  Indian  summer  day — and  con- 
tinued through  that  night,  a  soft  moonlight  night,  and  through  Sunday  till 
darkness  fell,  when  the  danger  was  believed  to  be  over.  But  at  midnight  of 
Sunday  it  burst  out  anew,  at  the  corner  of  Washington  and  Summer  Streets, 
and  then  followed  that  noble  and  successful  fight  to  prevent  it  leaping  across 
Washington  Street  to  the  retail  district  toward  the  Common.  By  eight 
o'clock,  in  less  than  half  an  hour  after  the  first  alarm  was  rung  in,  the  man- 


THE    BUOK    (JF    BOSTOX 


69 


sard  roofs  on  the  Xortlierly  side  of  Summer  Street  were  well  alight,  and  the 
building-  on  the  o])i)osite  corner  of  King'ston  Street  had  also  igiiited.  (I  am 
n<j\v  quoting  from  Mr.  Harold  Murdock's  paper  on  "Some  Contributing 
Causes  of   This  I'^ire."   read   befnre   the   Bostonian   Society  on   the   ninth  of 


BOSTON  CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE  BVILDIXG,  HOME  OF  ONE  OF  THE  MOST  AGGRESSIVE 
COMMERCIAL    BODIES    IN    ANY    AMERICAN    CITY 


X'ox'eniber,  1912,  the  Fire's  fortieth  anni\-ersary,  a  most  \aluable  chapter  in 
the  authentic  history  of  the  Fire.)  The  progress  of  tlie  flames  up  Summer 
Street  was  slow,  but  fast  into  Winthrop  Square.  It  was  fastest  of  all,  as  Mr. 
Stanclwood  also  records,  when  it  swung  Northward  into  the  business  heart 
of  the  city.  Trinity  Church  stcHid  till  between  three  ami  four  o'clock  Sun- 
da}'  morning  when  it  ignited  from  the  Conflagration  in  its  rear.  The  buildings 
on  both  cijrners  of  Washington  and  Franklin  Streets  were  aflame  before  the 
Fire  had  crossed  Chatincy  on  Summer  Street.     The  granite  warehouses  that 


70  THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 

lined  Franklin  Street  when  attacked  soon  crumbled  in  the  fierce  heat.  The 
ponderous  walls  and  massive  tower  of  the  scuttled  Trinity  Church,  however, 
while  chipped  and  broken,  resisted  the  onslaught,  and  remaining  alone  amidst 
the  acres  of  fallen  structures,  made  the  most  picturesque  of  ruins.  \Mien 
the  tire  had  passed,  one  standing  on  Washington  Street  could  look  through 
Summer  or  Franklin  Street  across  to  the  harbor  and  see  the  masts  of  shipping 
there. 

It  was  a  stunning-  blow,  but  the  recovery  was  cpiick.  Before  the  Fire 
was  fully  subdued  many  of  the  burned  out  firms  had  found  new  locations, 
and  were  making  ready  for  reestablishment  in  them.  For  a  few  hours  on 
Sundav  the  excited  city  was  nearing-  a  panic.  Thousands  of  people  thronged 
the  burning  district,  and  massed  about  the  toiling  firemen.  The  lawless  and 
thieves  were  getting  active,  plying  their  nefarious  business.  But  the  authori- 
ties were  not  long  in  mastering  the  situation.  The  police  were  strengthened 
bv  a  brigade  of  militia,  and  the  city  was  put  under  military  rule.  A  cordon  of 
guards  was  placed  around  the  whole  of  the  liurnt  district,  other  companies 
w'ere  stationed  in  various  ]3arts  of  the  city  read}-  to  march  at  a  moment's 
notice,  and  guards  patrolled  the  streets  at  night.  The  Old  South  ]\Ieeting- 
house  was  again,  as  during  the  Siege  of  Bost(jn  a  century  before,  utilized 
for  military  purposes,  and  became  a  barrack.  The  military  rule  continued  for 
a  week  or  more,  till  affairs  had  assumed  a  normal  condition  and  all  danger 
was  over.  Measures  of  relief  for  the  suft'erers  bv  the  disaster  who  could  not 
care  for  themselves  were  organized  at  once.  Generous  ofi^ers  of  assistance 
were  received  from  many  cities,  none  more  generous  than  those  from  Chicago, 
in  grateful  recognition  of  Boston's  aid  to  her  people  at  the  tin-ie  of  her  Great 
Fire ;  but  all  were  declined  with  appreciative  words  of  thanks.  Boston  could 
relieve  herself  without  assistance.  A  fund  of  nearly  three  hundred  and  fifty 
thousand  dollars  was  contributed  by  Boston  citizens  and  placed  at  the  disposal 
of  the  relief  committee,  and  when  all  necessary  relief  had  been  furnished  the 
committee  with  its  final  report  returned  nearly  twent}'  thousand  dollars  of  the 
fund  to  the  donors.  The  State  Legislature,  immediately  after  the  Fire  sum- 
moned in  special  session  to  act  upon  measures  called  for  by  the  city  authori- 
ties, passed,  among  other  acts,  a  stringent  building-law  for  the  city  which 
would  prevent  the  reerection  of  the  hazardous  class  of  structures.  Rebuilding 
in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  this  law  was  then  at  once  begun;  and 
within  a  year  the  burnt  district  had  become  largely  rebuilt,  with  finer,  safer 
and  more  substantial  structures  than  those  that  had  been  swept  away,  and  a 
considerable  number  of  them  of  refined  and  even  picturesque  architecture 
designed  by  leading  architects.  Numerous  changes  and  improvements,  also, 
had  been  made  or  were  making  in  the  street  lines  of  the  district :  Pearl, 
Franklin,  and  Oliver  Streets  were  extended:  Arch  extended  from  Franklin 
Street:  Washington,  Summer,  Congress,  Federal,  ]\Iilk,  Hawley,  Arch,  and 
Water  Streets  widened ;  and  Post  Office  Square  in  front  of  the  Federal  build- 
ing laid  out ;  the  whole  at  a  cost  to  the  city  of  some  three  and  a  half  million 
dollars.  Another  beneficent  result  of  the  Fire  was  the  ultimate  reorganization 
of  the  fire  department,  and  its  establishment  upon  a  business  basis,  with  the 
placing  of  it  under  the  direction  and  control  of  a  paid  fire  commission  ap- 
pointed by  the  mayor  with  the  approval  of  the  city  council. 

The  long  period  of  business  depression  which  the  countrj'  at  large  suf- 
fered from  1873  to  1877,  was  one  of  the  most  trying  in  the  history  of  com- 
mercial Boston.     There  was  an  almost  unprecedented  shrinkage  in  values. 


Till-:    liOOK    Ol"    I'.OSTOX 


1 


Monev  was  scarce.  Rates  of  interest  ranged  exceptit^nally  high.  Nevertheless 
commercial  Boston  met  the  situation,  and  overcame  it.  While  the  work  of 
rel)uiiding  and  reconstructing-  the  burnt  district  was  advancing,  the  railroad 
system  was  enlarging,  and  terminal  facilities  expanding".  In  November,  1873, 
the  Hoosac  Tunnel  through  the  Hoosac  Mountain,  which  had  been  first  pro- 
posed as  a  canal  tunnel  in  connecti<in  with  a  Boston  and  Hudson-River  canal 
I^roject  of  the  mitldle  'twenties,  and  which  as  a  railroad  tunnel  had  Ijeen 
twentv-three  A-ears  in  cutting  through,  the  costlv  enterprise  for  the  second 
half  of  this  period  being  in  the  hands  of  the  State  (and  denominated  by  the 


THE    BOSTON    B0.1RD    OF    TR.^DE    BlILDINC;    OF    1916 


punsters,  weary  o\'er  the  annual  agitation  of  the  matter  in  the  Legislature, 
"The  Great  Bore"),  was  finally  com])leted;  and  the  next  year  was  made  a 
part  of  the  system  of  the  Boston  and  Fitchburg-  Railroad,  which  thereupon 
expanded  from  the  status  of  a  local  road  to  that  of  a  trunk  line.  Trains 
began  running  regularly  through  the  tunnel  in  1875.  Four  years  later,  in 
1879.  the  Hoosac  Tunnel  Dock  and  Elevator  Company,  organized  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Fitchburg  Railroad  Company,  for  the  purpose  of  affording 
furtiier  facilities  at  the  port  of  Boston  for  the  handling  of  through  freight, 
and  especially  of  the  export  traf^c  to  European  ports,  acquired  several  old 
docks  on  the  Charlestown  side  of  the  harbor,  and  reconstructing  them  into 
substantial  piers,  established  here  the  present  system  of  terminals  on  an  ex- 
tensive scale,  with  ample  warehouses,  great  grain  elevator,  and  tracks  extend- 
ing the  length  (if  the  piers  alongside  steamship  berths. 


72  THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 

.Meanwhile,  in  the  single  year  of  1874.  the  area  and  pnpulation  of  the 
city  had  expanded  through  more  annexations  of  adjoining  municipalities. 
Simultaneously,  on  January  fifth,  1874,  the  city  of  Charlestown,  and  the 
towns  of  Brighton  and  West  Roxhury  were  annexed :  the  former  bringing 
an  area  of  five  hundred  and  eighty-six  square  acres,  and  a  ])opulation  (cen- 
sus of  1870)  of  twenty-eight  thousand,  three  hundred  and  twenty-three; 
Brighton,  area  twenty-two  hundred  and  seventy-se\en  square  acres,  popula- 
tion, forty-nine  hundred  and  sixty-seven;  West  Roxbury,  seventy-eight  hun- 
dred and  forty-eight  scjuare  acres,  and  eighty-six  hundred  and  eighty-three 
inhabitants. 

With  the  re\-ival  of  business  in  1878.  after  the  long  depressii.m.  a  period 
of  great  prosperity  and  development  began.  Xew  life  was  given  to  the 
organizations  of  merchants.  In  1873  the  Board  of  Trade  had  undertaken 
to  establish  in  the  ^Merchants'  Exchange  a  central  headquarters  for  all  the 
business  exchanges  of  the  citv.  To  this  end  the  fine  building  was  remodeled. 
The  main  hall  was  occupied  by  a  revived  ^Merchants'  Exchange  and  Reading 
Room;  and  in  an  adjoining,  quite  imposing  chamber,  reached  from  the  general 
Exchange  by  a  short  flight  of  marble  steps,  was  quartered  the  newly  organ- 
ized Commercial  Exchange — formed  in  1871,  succeeding  the  Corn  Exchange, 
with  a  meml)ership  representing  the  flour,  grain  and  hay  trades.  These,  and 
the  Shoe  and  Leather  Exchange,  and  the  Boston  Fish  Bureau  (organized 
1875)  remained  the  only  important  exchange  till  1877.  Then  was  organized 
the  Produce  Exchange,  composed  (if  leading  firms  in  the  wholesale  produce, 
provision,  butter  and  cheese,  and  fresh  fish  businesses.  Meanwhile  the  Shoe 
and  Leather  Exchange,  reorganized  and  strengthened,  had  become  established 
in  new  and  enlarged  quarters,  on  Bedford  Street,  in  the  then  heart  of  the 
shoe  and  leather  district.  In  1879  the  Furniture  Exchange  was  established, 
and  brought  into  direct  communication  with  furniture  exchanges  in  other 
cities.  In  1885,  with  the  rapid  development  of  building  operations,  the 
Master  Builders  Association  was  formed,  and  the  Mechanics"  Exchange,  an 
old  organization  started  in  1857.  at  first  a  private  enterprise,  was  enlarged 
and  extended.  The  Master  Builders  Association  provided  a  business  ex- 
change with  two  classes  of  members,  corporate  and  non-corporate.  The 
corporate  members  were  to  consist  of  mechanics  only,  carrying  on  business 
as  master  builders  in  one  of  the  constructive  mechanical  trades  employed 
in  the  erection  of  buildings ;  the  non-corporate,  persons  carrying  on  branches 
of  business  subsidiary  to  the  mechanical  trades  represented  in  the  corpora- 
tion. The  same  year,  1885.  was  also  marked  by  the  organization,  on  Septem- 
ber twenty- fourth  of  the  great  Boston  Chamber  of  Commerce,  by  the  union 
of  the  Commercial  and  Produce  Exchanges,  an  enabling  act  having  been 
passed  by  the  Legislature.  With  its  establishment  the  Merchants  Exchange 
as  such  was  closed.  Four  years  later  the  dignified  and  stately  State-Street 
building  was  taken  down,  and  its  corner-stone  box  deposited  as  its  memorial 
in  the  custody  of  the  Bostonian  Society. 

This  Chamber  of  Commerce  was  the  third  of  its  name  projected  in  Bos- 
ton. The  first  was  established  in  1795  at  a  time  of  particular  activity  of 
Boston  merchants  in  various  directions.  It  existed,  however,  for  a  few 
years  only,  and  little  of  its  histon-  is  recorded.  The  second  was  instituted 
nearly  half  a  century  later. — in  1836. — and  in  its  organization  were  concerned 
the  foremost  merchants  and  traders  of  that  day.  The  first  president  was 
William  Sturgis;  the  first  \ice-presidents  were  Thomas  B.  \\^ales,   Robert 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


73 


G.  Shaw,  and  David  Henshaw :  the  huard  of  (Hrectors  inchided  fiirty-eiglit 
leading  husiness  men;  the  treasurer  was  James  C.  Wild;  the  secretary,  George 
M.  Thacher.  Suljsequent  presidents  were :  Tliomas  B.  Wales,  Nathan  Apple- 
ton,  and  Abbott  Lawrence ;  vice-presidents,  Francis  J.  OHver,  Charles  Hen- 
shaw, \\'illiam  Appleton,  John  Bryant,  Amos  Lawrence.  Stated  meetings 
were  to  be  held  twice  a  year,  in  January  and  July.  At  tlie  second  annual 
meeting,  in  January,  1837.  the  membership  was  reported  as  rising  three 
hundred  "shii)owners,  importers,  grocers,  traders."  This  Chamber,  says 
Hamilton  A.  Hill,  took  an  active  interest  in  public  affairs  for  three  or  four 
years;  then  its  interest  waned.  It  had  discussed,  among  other  vital  issues, 
the  usury  laws,  and  had  adopted  unanimously  a  memorial  to  the  Legislature 


BOSTO.N    STOCK    E.\l.H.\.N(j  E    INTERIOR 


for  a  repeal  or  nindificaiidn  of  the  laws  relating  to  interest  on  monev ;  and 
its  last  meeting,  held  on  March  fourteenth,  1843,  was  called  to  receive  a  com- 
munication from  Canada  relating  to  proposed  railway  connection  between 
Canada  and  Boston.  The  olijects  of  the  ]iresent  Chamber  of  Commerce,  as 
defined  in  its  constitution,  like  thrise  of  the  Chamber  of  1836-1843,  are  to 
C(jnsider  the  welfare  of  commercial  Boston,  but  on  a  far  broader  scale.  The\' 
are:  "To  promote  just  and  equitable  jjrinciples  of  trade;  to  establish  and 
maintain  uniformity  in  commercial  usages;  to  correct  any  abuses  which  may 
exist;  to  acquire,  preserve,  and  disseminate  valuable  business  infonnation; 
to  adjust  controversies  and  misunderstandings  between  its  members;  and, 
generally,  to  advance  tlie  interests  of  trade  and  commerce  in  the  city  of  Bos- 
ton." These  object.s,  and  others  taken  on  as  the  city  advanced  and  its  inter- 
ests multiplied,  have  been  met  by  the  Chamber  in  a  large  and  liberal  way; 


74  THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 

and  it  has  exerted  a  powerful  and  wholesome  influence  on  Boston's  civic  as 
well  as  commercial  affairs.  The  Chamber  was  originally  housed  in  the 
Quincy  Market  building,  occupying  a  spacious  hall  above  the  market  and 
adjoining  rooms.  Henry  B.  Goodwin,  a  leading  merchant  in  the  flour  and 
grain  trade,  was  the  first  president;  F.  N.  Cheney,  treasurer,  William  H. 
Pearson,  secretary;  and  the  directors,  merchants  in  the  various  lines  repre- 
sented in  the  organization.  The  Chamber  started  with  eight  hundred  mem- 
bers. The  number  rapidly  increased  in  the  years  immediately  following; 
and  when  the  present  building  was  completed  and  occupied,  in  1902, — that 
unique  architecturally  granite  structure,  irregular  in  plan  to  conform  to  the 
limitation  of  its  site,  at  the  junction  of  India  Street  and  Central  Wharf,  with 
its  rounded  front  carried  up  as  a  tower  capped  by  a  lofty  conical  roof 
pierced  with  high  dormer  windows,  and  the  corner  on  India  Street  similarly 
rounded  into  a  smaller  tower,  now  in  curious  contrast  with  its  neighbor,  the 
reconstructed  Custom  House,  all  tower  above  the  roof,  or  dome  of  the  original 
granite-pillared  structure  of  the  'forties, — upon  the  erection  of  this  house  of 
its  own  its  membership  had  more  than  doubled.  A  few  years  later,  with 
its  reorganization  and  expansion  the  Chamber  had  become  the  largest  in 
membership  of  its  class  in  the  country. 

Also  in  the  prolific  year  of  1885  was  incorporated  the  Boston  Fruit  and 
Produce  Exchange,  with  its  home  at  first  also  in  the  Quincy  Market  building. 
The  same  year  the  Boston  Wholesale  Grocers  Association  was  instituted. 
The  next  year,  1886,  the  Boston  Executive  Business  Association,  composed 
of  the  various  trade  organizations  in  the  city,  then  some  twenty  in  number, 
each  organization  represented  by  three  members,  or  delegates,  was  formed, 
for  the  purpose  of  protecting  and  advancing  "the  general  interests  of  Boston 
through  combined  action  by  its  various  business  associations."  The  control 
of  this  useful  organization's  affairs  was  vested  in  an  executive  committee; 
and  standing  committees  were  established  on  transportation,  postal  service, 
taxation,  and  customs.  Regular  monthly  meetings,  except  in  the  summer 
months,  with  dinners,  were  provided  for,  when  reports,  discussion,  and  action 
might  be  had  "over  the  walnuts  and  the  Avine."  In  189 1  the  name  was 
changed  to  the  Boston  Associated  Board  of  Trade.  Meanwhile  a  Massachu- 
setts Board  of  Trade  was  instituted,  on  a  similar  basis,  with  headquarters  in 
Boston,  in  which  were  brought  into  association  with  the  Boston  organization 
delegates  from  the  boards  of  trade  of  the  various  cities  of  the  State. 

Boston  was  the  first  among  the  larger  American  cities  to  adopt  the 
policy  of  concentrating  the  leading  branches  of  trade  and  commerce  in  locali- 
ties representing  the  different  interests.  With  the  single  exception  of  the 
financial  quarter,  which  has  centered  in  and  aljout  State  Street  from  colonial 
days  when  this  was  King  Street,  these  trade  centres  have  shifted  from  time  to 
time  with  the  expansions  of  the  business  parts  and  their  encroachments  on 
the  resident  sections.  The  earliest  to  concentrate  were  the  dry  goods  dealers. 
These  naturally  gathered  aliout  the  heart  of  the  resident  parts.  At  first  the 
retailers  and  wholesalers  kept  together.  The  earliest  distinctive  dry  goods 
centre  was  Hanover  Street,  and  neighboring  cross  streets.  Hanover  Street 
was  then  nearer  the  centre  of  the  city's  population  than  any  other  street  given 
over  to  business,  and  also  was  the  thoroughfare  travelled  by  incomers  from 
the  northern  towns  and  country  by  the  stage-coach  lines,  and  from  Maine 
l\v  the  steamboats.  It  was  here  in  the  'thirties  and  earlier  that  several  after- 
day  Boston  dry  goods  merchants  of  leading,  wholesalers  and   retailers,  as 


THE    \](H)K    OV    BOSTON 


I  ,•) 


James  M.  Beebe,  Lyman  Xicliuls,  Hben  13.  Jordan,  the  founder  ut  Jordan. 
Marsh  Company,  began  their  careers.  Mr.  Jordan,  in  a  reminiscent  mood. 
once  told  me,  with  glee,  how  on  steamer  days  he  used  to  get  down  to  his 
Hanover-Street  shop  before  daylight,  and  have  it  invitingly  open  upon  the 
arrival  of  the  ;\Iaine  passengers  in  the  early  morning;  whose  custom  he  par- 


WASHINCTON    STREET    FROM    FRANKLIN    STREET   TODAY 


ticularlv  delighted  to  catch  for  ]\Iaine  was  his  home  state.  Gradually  the  trade 
reached  into  Tremont  Row,  into  the  lower  jjart  of  Washington  Street  then 
ending  at  Dock  .S(|uare,  into  Court  .Street,  and  between  Court  Street  and 
School  Street.  Among  the  wholesale  merchants  established  in  these  quarters  are 
mentioned  the  Lawrences,  the  Appletons,  the  Tappans,  and  Cardner  Brewer. 
A  little  later  the  wholesalers  and  retailers  separated.     The  former  established 


76  THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 

themselves  first  roundabout  State  and  Kilby  Streets.  Then  by  degrees  about 
Doane  and  Central  Streets,  Liberty  Square,  and  Water  Street.  At  that 
period,  or  between  the  latter  'thirties  and  the  'fifties,  Boston  was  the  chief 
dry  goods  market  in  the  country,  due  to  the  developing  New  England  domes- 
tic manufactures.  Next  the  centre  moved  to  the  region  about  Milk  Street; 
next  to  Pearl  Street :  then  Federal,  Devonshire,  Franklin  Streets,  Winthrop 
Square,  where  the  Fire  of  1872  found  and  overwhelmed  it.  During  these 
shiftings  of  the  wholesale  trade  the  retail  trade  began  to  reach  Southward. 
The  pioneer  in  this  direction  was  George  W.  Warren,  with  his  "palatial" 
store  on  Washington  Street  near  Summer.  To  this  store  later  Jordan,  Marsh 
&  Company  succeeded.  Fifty  years  ago  Jordan,  Marsh  &  Company  occupied 
the  store  on  the  ground  floor  of  the  building  between  Central  Court,  opening 
next  above  Summer  Street, — once  a  choice  residential  place,  later  a  little 
theatre  and  favorite  chop  house  ("Billy"  Park's)  quarter,  long  since  built 
over, — and  Avon  Street  then  Avon  Place;  and  above  the  store,  reached  by  a 
handsome  broad  flight  of  stairs  from  the  street,  was  Chickering  Hall.  Fol- 
lowing George  W.  Warren  came  Hill,  Lincoln  &  Gear,  with  their  dry  goods 
establishment  at  the  corner  of  Washington  and  West  Streets.  Then  C.  F. 
Hovey,  founder  of  C.  F.  Hovey  &  Company,  estabHshing  himself  on  Winter 
Street,  and  originating  the  "One  Price  System,"  a  new  departure  in  dry 
goods  retailing.  The  read}'  made  clothing  trade,  which  originated  in  the  old 
sailors"  outfitting  estaljlishments,  and  beginning  at  the  North  End,  after  it 
rose  to  the  standard  of  respectability,  and  attained  the  dignity  of  a  branch 
of  the  wholesale  jobbing  dry  goods  trade,  remained  centered  at  the  North 
End  till  about  the  'fifties  and  'sixties  when  it  worked  Southward  toward  the 
then  retail  dr}-  goods  centre.  The  hardware  trade,  in  the  'thirties  next  in  im- 
portance to  the  dry  goods  business,  for  a  I'jng  time  centered  about  Dock 
Square,  Union  Street  and  Merchants  Row.  Tiie  flour  and  grain  trade  centre 
was  from  the  beginning  on  the  water  front,  with  the  old  Corn  Exchange  at 
the  head  of  Commercial  Street.  The  great  Bostiin  wool  trade,  to  become 
the  largest  of  any  American  city,  was  early  distinctively  centered  on  Federal 
and  Pearl  Streets.  Later  it  took  in  High  Street;  and  finally  concentrated  as 
now  on  the  extension  of  Summer  Street  beyond  Atlantic  Avenue.  The  shoe 
and  leather  business,  which  began  to  assume  large  proportions  in  the  "thirties, 
and  was  early  to  become  the  greatest  industry  of  New  England  with  Boston 
as  its  market  centre,  was  earliest  concentrated  near  the  water  front  on  Broad, 
North  and  South  Market,  and  Chatham  Streets.  Shortly  it  moved  upon 
Blackstone  Street.  Next  it  occupied  Pearl  Street,  driving  out  the  dry  goods 
trade.  Then  High  Street  was  invaded.  After  the  Fire  of  1872,  wiping 
out  the  district,  it  centered  about  old  Church  Green,  Lincoln,  and  South 
Streets.  The  fish  trade,  foremost  of  Boston  industries  from  Colony  days, 
originally  centered,  in  connection  with  the  salt  trade,  on  T  and  Long  \\'har\-e5 
and  Commercial  Street.  At  T  \\'iiarf  on  Atlantic  Avenue  it  remained  till 
the  completion  of  the  grand  new  Fish  Pier,  adjoining  the  grander  Common- 
wealth Pier,  on  South  Boston  side  in  19 14.  Then  it  reluctantly  moved  to  the 
new  site.  But  in  19 15  many  of  the  merchants  returned  to  the  old  stand  and 
revived  it. 


BOSTON'S  ACCESS  TO  THE  SEA 

The  Development  of  Her  Port — Her  Advantages  for  Coastwise  and 
International  Ocean  Traffic — Hkr  Great  Fishing  Industry 

^f^HEN,  in  1839,  Boston  was  selected  l)y  the  Cnnarders  in  pref- 
erence to  \ew  York  or  otiier  leading  seaboard  cities  as  the 
American  terminus  of  their  pioneer  steamship  line,  the  rea- 
sons given  were:  the  superiority  of  her  harbor  and  wharf 
accnmmodations;  her  nearness  to  the  lower  British  provinces 
and  convenience  of  access  from  them;  and  the  shorter  dis- 
tance of  Boston  than  of  any  of  the  other  ports  from  Europe. 

As  for  the  harbor  we  have  this  picturescjue  presentation  of  its  character 
in  an  early  official  report,  made  by  Professor  Henry  Mitchell  of  the  United 
States  advisory  council :  "Its  great  merit  lies  in  a  happy  conjunction  of  many 
favorable  elements,  among  which  .  .  .  are  the  facility  and  safetv  of  its 
approaches,  the  ample  width  and  depth  of  its  entrances,  and  above  all  the 
shelter  and  tranquility  of  its  roadsteads.  Perhaps  there  is  no  other  harbor 
in  the  world  where  the  inlets  of  the  ocean  are  better  adjusted  to  the  amplitude 
of  the  interior  basins,  or  whose  excellent  holding-grounds  are  so  easy  of 
access  and  yet  so  land-locked.  .  .  .  Her  interi(ir  water  space  is  large,  but 
is  divided  by  chains  of  islands  into  basins  which  offer  sufficient  room  for  the 
heaviest  ships  to  ride  freely  at  anchor,  and  sufficient  trancjuility  for  the  frailest 
fishing-boat."  Such  were  its  natural  conditions.  A  quarter-century  after  the 
start  of  steamship  service  its  advantages  had  materiallv  decreased.  In  a 
caustic  article  in  the  nld  "Xortli  American  Rexiew,"  of  January,  1868,  criti- 
cizing Boston's  Commercial  shortcomings  and  contrasting  them  with  Chicago's 
energetic  development,  an  article  which  pnifoundly  stirred  Boston,  and  stimu- 
lated the  concerted  and  systematic  action  for  which  it  called,  Charles  Francis 
Adams  thus  sharplv  depicted  its  condition  then:  "Nature  gave  that  citv  a 
beautiful  and  convenient  harljor,  and  she  placidly  left  Nature  to  take  care  of  it. 
At  last  her  citizens  began  to  have  a  vague  idea  that  the  condition  of  their 
harbor  was  not  satisfactory, — that  Nature  had  grown  fickle  and  was  neglect- 
ing her  duty.  By  this  time  the  mischief  had  gone  far,  and  the  harbor  was 
rapidly  growing  unfit  for  vessels  of  heavv  draught.  The  truth  was,  that 
Nature  had  made  it  a  purely  tidal  harbor,  owing  its  existence  to  the  current 
of  no  great  river,  but  to  a  system  of  interior  reservoirs  and  small  rivers  com- 
bined. Into  those  great  basins,  which  a  century  ago  covered  a  water  area 
of  eight  thousand  acres,  more  than  seventy  million  tons  of  water  once  poured 
twice  in  each  twenty-four  hours  through  a  few  narrow  channels,  and  then 
again  quickly  flowed  back  to  the  ocean,  reinforced  in  volume  by  many  fresh- 


78  THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 

water  tributaries.  The  rise  and  fall  of  this  great  volume  of  water  had  scoured 
out  these  channels,  and,  if  undisturbed,  promised  forever  to  keep  them  clear. 
This  tidal  way  created  Boston,  and  the  whole  history  of  Boston  has  been  one 
long  record  of  short-sighted  abuse  of  this  first  gift  of  Nature.  In  i/J^ 
Boston  proper  included  less  than  six  hundred  acres;  at  present  it  includes 
some  two  thousand,  all  of  which  excess  has  been  robbed  from  the  reservoirs 
of  the  harbor.  Had  that  harbor  been  Boston's  worst  enemy,  she  could  not 
have  persecuted  it  more.  In  all  directions  embankments,  weirs,  mill-dams, 
water  powers,  dikes,  and  bridges  have  done  their  work  bravely,  and  the 
seventy  million  tons  of  tidal  flow  have  been  worked  down  to  forty  millions. 
Within  these  fifty  years  of  improvements,  the  main  channel  has  narrowed 
five  hundred  feet,  and  the  depth  of  water  has  decreased  from  four  to  twenty 
feet.  The  flats  were  filled  in.  the  creeks  were  dammed  up,  the  channels 
were  bridged,  the  marsh  turned  into  meadow,  the  brooks  into  mill-ways,  the 
ponds  into  reservoirs.  The  ultimate  result  of  this  process  was  not  difficult  to 
predict.  The  depth  of  water  in  Boston  Harbor  decreased  portentously. 
Large  European  steamers  could  come  in  only  at  certain  states  of  the  tide; 
the  harbor  ceased  to  be  either  cheap  or  convenient.  Then,  the  mischief  being 
fairly  done,  State  and  city  awoke  and  girded  themselves  to  their  work.  Ten 
years  of  talking  was  done  and  still  matters  grew  worse.  Then  gradually 
some  idea  of  science  and  system  dawned  on  the  citizens.  Legislatures  ceased 
talking  and  committees  ceased  investigating,  and  a  commission  of  scientific 
men  were  appcjinted  to  see  what  the}-  could  make  out  of  it.  They  went  cjuietly 
to  work  and  studied  currents,  measured  channels,  observed  the  tidal  flood, — ■ 
sought  out  at  once  the  cause  ami  the  remedy  of  the  evil.  Science  proved  that 
the  mischief  was  not  yet  all  done,  and  that  Boston  could  restore  its  harl^or 
b)'  energ-etic  and  persistent  action."  And  ultimately  such  action  was  taken 
with  satisfactory  results. 

The  Cunard  pier  at  East  Boston  was  provided  by  the  East  Boston  Com- 
pany (the  compan}'  which  had  bought  Noddle's  Island  in  1833,  and  built 
it  up  into  East  Boston)  with  three  docks  to  receive  steamships  of  the  largest 
size  in  that  day,  and  leased  to  the  Cunard  Company  for  twenty  years,  reserv- 
ing no  rent  except  the  usual  charge  of  wharfage  of  goods  or  freight.  This 
was  the  first  of  the  scenes  of  notable  terminal  facilities  at  the  harlior  line 
which  were  furnished  in  after  years,  as  related  in  the  foregoing  chapter. 

The  beginning  of  the  Cunard  ser\ice  in  the  summer  of  1840  was  marked 
bv  memorable  public  demonstrations,  the  story  of  which  makes  a  spirited 
chapter  in  Boston's  commercial  history.  The  initial  steamer,  the  "Unicorn," 
Captain  Douglas,  arrived  on  the  second  of  June,  from  Liverpool  in  sixteen 
days.  As  she  steamed  up  the  harbor  she  was  greeted  with  cheers  by  throngs 
of  citizens  lining  the  wharves ;  with  salutes  and  display  of  flags  by  the  United 
States  war  frigate,  "Columbus"'  off  the  Navy  Yard :  more  salutes  and  flag- 
displav  l)v  the  revenue  cutter  "Hamilton,"  and  other  craft.  On  the  fifth, 
the  mayor  and  city  council  ga\e  a  complimentary  dinner  in  Faneuil  Hall  to 
Captain  Douglas  and  Edward  Cunard,  son  of  the  proprietor  of  the  new 
line  who  had  come  over  with  Captain  Douglas.  The  company  at  talile  num- 
bered nigh  three  hundred,  and  included,  besides  the  hosts  and  the  two  prin- 
cipal guests,  members  of  the  Legislature  and  of  the  judiciary  of  the  State; 
officers  of  the  Luiited  States  go\ernment :  the  British  consul;  a  number  of 
representatives  of  foreign  nations;  and  "distinguished  strangers"  who  hap- 
pened in  town.     The  mayor,  then  Jonathan  Chapman,  presided,  and  "elegant 


THR    BOOK    OF    BOSTOX 


70 


speeches"  were  made,  "exprcssinf^-  the  interest  felt  in,  ami  kindly  sentiment 
aronsed  by  the  uccasion."  On  the  eighteenth  of  Jnlv  the  "Britannia,"  the 
first  of  the  company's  large-sized  packets,  arrived  at  the  Cnnard  Dock,  fonr- 
teen  days  and  eight  hours  from  Liverpool.  This  event  was  celebrated  by  a 
.grand  "Cnnard  Festival"  held  in  East  Boston,  in  honor  of  Samuel  Cunard, 
"the  spirited  projector  and  conductor  of  this  enterprise."  Dinner  was  served 
in  a  great  paxilion  to  two  thousand  persons.  The  galleries  were  arranged 
for  the  ladies.  Josiah  Ouincy.  Jr.,  presided  at  this  feast,  and  the  speech- 
makers  included  Judge  Story,  the  eltler  Josiah  Ouincy,  then  president  of 
Harvard,  and  Daniel  Webster.  On  the  seventh  of  August  the  "Acadia" 
arrives,  twelve  and  a  half  days  from  Liverpool,  including  her  stoppage  at 
Halifax,  and  there  is  more  exchange  of  congratulation  between  the  steamship 
folk  and  the  Boston  merchants. 


CUTTING   THE    CUNARDER       BRITANNIA       OUT    OF    THE    ICE    I.N    BOSTON    HARBOR, 

JANUARY,     1S44 


Four  years  after,  in  January,  1844,  a  serious  check  u\)nn  the  service  was 
threatened  through  a  most  unusual  happening'.  This  was  tlie  freezing  over 
of  the  harlior,  when  the  "Britannia"  was  at  her  dock,  and  ])reparing-  for  the 
return  trip.  Unless  she  coukl  be  cut  out  and  the  way  to  the  sea  be  cleared 
for  her,  her  sailing  on  schedule  time  would  be  impossible.  Thereupon  a 
meeting  of  merchants  with  the  mayor,  then  ^Martin  Brimmer,  was  held  on 
'change,  and  it  was  unanimously  agreed  that  the  steamer  should  be  at  once 
released,  and  without  expense  to  the  owners.  .\  committee  was  appointed 
to  collect  a  fund  to  meet  the  expen.se,  and  to  make  a  contract  with  the  local  ice 
■companies  for  cutting  two  canals  in  the  ice.  One  was  to  be  cut  from  the 
East  Boston  Ferry  to  the  open  sea;  the  other,  from  the  ferry  to  India  Wharf; 
into  these  other  channels  to  be  opened  if  necessary.  The  contract  price  for 
the  job  was  fifteen  hundred  dollars.  The  graphic  story  of  this  affair  is 
-c|uoted  from  the  diary  of  Richard  H.  Dana,  senior,  "I  went  down  to  see  the 
work  in  company  with  hundreds,  or  rather  thousands,  of  others.  The  scene 
•was  peculiar  and  exciting  in  the  extreme.  The  whole  harbor  was  one  field 
of  ice,  frozen  on  a  perfect  le\el.  tlmugh  somewhat  roughl\-  in  pai'ts.  and  strouf 


80 THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 

enough  to  bear  heavy  loads  of  merchandise  drawn  by  cattle.  Two  gangs  of 
men  were  at  work,  one  beginning  at  the  wharves  and  cutting  down,  the  other 
beginning  at  the  clear  water  and  cutting  up.  Each  gang  numbered  over  a 
hundred.  Perhaps  there  were  four  hundred  workmen  in  all.  .  .  .  There 
were  booths  erected  for  the  sale  of  refreshments  at  different  parts  of  the 
track ;  and  from  the  end  of  Long  Wharf  to  the  place  where  the  lower  gang 
was  at  work,  a  distance  of  fi\-e  miles,  there  was  a  well-marked  foot-way,  and 
travellers  upon  it  were  as  frequent  as  on  the  great  highway  to  a  city  on  a 
festive  day."  The  "Britannia"  was  finally  cut  out  on  the  third  of  February 
and  steamed  slowly  through  the  open  way  at  her  advertised  time,  amid  cheers 
from  a  multitude  of  spectators.  This  tight  freezing  of  the  harbor  though 
unusual  was  not  unprecedented.  Eight  years  before,  in  February,  1836,  the 
inner  harbor  was  frozen,  and  a  pilot  walked  from  Quarantine  Island  to  the 
citv  on  the  ice,  while  skating  was  good  as  far  as  Castle  Island.  And  again, 
thirteen  years  after  the  freeze  of  1844 — in  January,  1857 — a  way  through 
the  ice  had  to  be  cut  for  the  passage  of  the  "America"  to  the  sea,  and  that  of 
the  inbound  "Arabia"  to  her  dock  the  next  day. 

During  the  decade  and  a  half  preceding  the  Civil  War,  the  fast-sailing 
clipper  ship  was  in  vogue  competing  with  the  steamship.  In  the  summer  of 
1844  Enoch  Train  started  his  celebrated  "Diamond  Line"  of  fast  Boston 
and  Liverpool  packets.  Train  was  a  keen  Boston  merchant,  who  had  been 
engaged  in  the  leather  trade,  and  in  connection  therewith  in  trade  with  South 
America.  His  Diamond  service  was  begun  with  four  clippers,  "all  first  class,. 
Medford-built,  copper-fastened,  coppered,  and  fast  sailing  ships,"  as  his  ad- 
vertisement announced.  Then  followed,  especially  built  for  his  line,  in  rapid 
succession,  a  fleet  of  twelve  superb  vessels  turned  out  from  the  yard  of 
Donald  McKay,  in  East  Boston.  These  were :  the  "Joshua  Bates,"  the  "Anglo 
Saxon,"  the  "Anglo  American,"  the  "Washington  Irving,"  the  "Ocean 
Monarch."  the  "Parliament,"  the  "Daniel  Webster,"  the  "Star  of  Empire,"" 
the  "Chariot  of  Fame,"  the  "Staffordshire,"  the  "Cathedral,"  and  the  "John 
Eliot  Thayer,"  all  famous  for  beauty  of  design,  attractiveness  of  equipment, 
and,  above  all,  speed.  With  the  building  of  these  ships  Donald  McKay  was. 
first  brought  into  prominence  as  a  shipbuilder,  and  through  them  his  ship 
yard  became  celebrated.  He  was  the  chief  of  three  notable  ship-building 
and  ship-sailing  brothers.  It  was  in  honor  of  them  that  Longfellow  wrote 
his  "Building  of  the  Ship."  Donald  McKay  was  first  established  in  New- 
buryport,  and  in  his  yard  there  first  began  the  building  of  wooden  clippers. 
He  estaljlished  himself  in  East  Boston  in  1845,  where  he  received  Mr.  Train's 
commissions.  In  1846  he  launched  here  a  ship  for  the  New  York  packet  line,, 
of  fourteen  hundred  tons,  the  largest  merchantman  then  in  the  American 
service.  Famous  clippers  were  also  turned  off  the  stocks  in  McKay's  East 
Boston  vard  for  Train's  California  service  at  the  time  of  the  California  gold 
rush.  Among  these  were  the  largest  clippers  ever  built,  in  size  varying  from 
fifteen  hundred  tons  to  twenty-four  hundred  tons.  There  was  the  "Flying 
Cloud,"  seventeen  hundred  tons,  which  made  the  run  to  San  Francisco  in 
ninety-two  days.  Another  was  the  "Sovereign  of  the  Seas,"  sailed  by  Don- 
ald's brother,  Lauchlan,  which  left  New  York  in  August,  185 1,  and  reached 
San  Francisco,  after  being  nearly  wrecked  on  the  way,  in  one  hundred  and' 
two  days :  considered  quick  time  for  the  season.  She  then  went  to  Hono- 
lulu and  loaded  for  New  York;  and  her  return  voyage  was  made  to  Sandy 
Hook  in  the  "unprecedented  time,"  as  recorded,  of  eighty-two  days.    Another 


a  S 


£  S  < 


Oi    ^    Oi 


S2  THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


famous  McKay  clipper  accomplished  the  run  from  New  York  to  Liverpool  in 
two  weeks,  beating  the  Cunard's  speed  one  day  by  one  hundred  and  forty 
miles.  Another  made  the  run  from  Boston  to  Liverpool  in  twelve  days  and 
six  hours.  McKay's  most  ambitious  achievement  was  the  building  of  a 
"giant  four-master" — the  "Great  Republic,"  forty-five  hundred  and  fifty-fi\-e 
tons,  three  hundred  and  twenty-five  feet  long,  fifty-three  feet  wide,  and  with 
four  decks.  She  was  intended  for  the  Califomia  trade;  but,  unfortunately, 
she  was  burned  at  her  dock  in  New  York  when  ready  to  sail  on  her  maiden 
voyage.  Partly  repaired,  she  was  employed  for  a  while  in  less  romantic 
service. 

The  McKay  yard  flourished,  turning  out  fine  craft,  into  the  'sixties. 
Other  East  Boston  ship-builders  of  this  period  were  D.  D.  Kelley  and  Jackson 
&  Ewell,  both  established  in  1848;  and  Samuel  Hall,  who  had  begun  ship- 
building in  Duxbury.  Train's  Diamond  Line  continued  successfully  for  fif- 
teen years,  or  until  the  general  use  of  screw-steamers,  and  transported  in  all 
one  hundred  and  forty  thousand  passengers.  The  ^^'arren  Line  of  steam- 
ships (named  for  George  W^arren,  whom  Train  sent  out  from  Boston  as  his 
agent  in  Liverpool)  \\as  the  direct  successor  of  the  Diamond  Line.  Train 
ultimately  failed ;  anil  the  firm  of  George  Warren  &  Company  established  a 
prosperous  new  business  on  the  ruins  of  the  old  one. 

The  steamship  service  began  to  expand  in  the  mid-seventies  with  the 
development  of  terminal  facilities.  In  1874  the  great  trade  in  the  shipment 
of  live  cattle  by  steamship  to  Europe  was  established.  In  1875  the  National 
Line  tried  its  fortunes  in  the  Boston  trade  with  some  of  its  best  steamships. 
But  the  passenger  business  not  proving  as  remunerative  as  the  company 
expected  the  ships  were  withdrawn  within  the  year.  Li  1876  the  Leland 
Line  entered  upon  a  business  in  Boston  which  grew  to  a  remarkable  extent. 
Its  agents,  Thayer  &  Lincoln,  developed  a  line  which  in  about  six  years  called 
for  regular  Saturday  sailings.  Later  the  Allan,  the  Anchor,  and  the  Wilson 
Lines  were  established.  In  1913  the  Hamburg-American  Line  instituted  a 
direct  service  between  Hamburg  and  Boston.  Meanwhile  the  building  of  ter- 
minal facilities  on  a  large  and  superior  scale  was  agitated.  This  agitation 
led  to  the  incorporation  of  the  Directors  of  the  Port  of  Boston,  and  the 
erection  of  the  impressive  Commonwealth  Pier  at  South  Boston,  the  first 
feature  of  a  comprehensive  development  of  the  port.  Here  we  have  a  sub- 
stantial Pier  twelve  hundred  feet  long,  four  hundred  feet  wide,  and  capable 
of  berthing  the  largest  ships  afloat.  On  the  second  floor  of  the  middle  building 
are  the  finest  passenger  accommodations  of  any  American  port.  This  floor 
being  connected  with  Summer  Street  extension  by  a  viaduct  which  crosses 
South  Boston  flats  at  an  elevation,  the  Pier  is  brought  within  five  minutes  of 
the  South  Station.  All  heavy  teaming  of  merchandise  and  local  deliver}'  of 
freight  are  by  Northern  Avenue,  leading  direct  to  the  Pier,  from  Atlantic 
Avenue.  A  great  Dry  Dock,  twelve  hundred  feet,  capable  of  docking  the 
largest  liners  and  battleships,  is  included  in  the  scheme  of  development  here. 

The  modern  Fish  Pier,  adjoining  Commonwealth  Pier,  provides  extensive 
and  elaborate  quarters  for  the  Boston  Fish  Market,  the  largest  industry  of 
its  kind  in  America,  and  the  second  largest  in  the  world.  This  Pier  is  twelve 
hundred  feet  long  and  three  hundred  feet  wide.  The  market  buildings  are 
equipped  with  every  modern  appliance  for  the  wholesome  and  con\'enient 
conduct  of  the  business.  The  Fish  Trade  has  maintained  the  leadersliij) 
among  Boston   and   ?ilassachusetts   industries   with   respect   to   extent   since 


THE    BOOK    OP'    BOSTON' 


S3 


early  Colony  da_\'s ;  and  the  "enilileni  of  tlie  Codfisli"  suspended  from  the 
ceiling  of  the  hall  of  the  House  of  Representatives  in  the  State  House,  as  it 
hung  years  before  "in  the  room  where  the  House  sit,"  in  the  Old  State  House, 
is  a  memorial  of  "the  importance  of  the  Cod-Fishery  to  the  welfare  of  this 
Conini(in\\e;ilth."     \'ery  early  legislation  promoted  the  industry.     By  an  act 


REVERE    BEACH,    ONE    CF    BOSTON   S    MOST    POPULAR    SUMMER    RESORTS 

passed  in  1639,  the  first  act  "for  the  encouragement  of  the  fisheries,"  it  was 
provided  that  all  vessels  and  other  property  employed  in  taking,  curing,  and 
transporting  fish  according  to  the  usual  course  of  fishing  vo)ages,  should 
be  exempt  from  duties  and  public  taxes  for  seven  years:  and  that  all  fishermen 
during  the  season  for  their  business,  as  well  as  shipl)uilders,  should  be  excused 
from  the  performance  of  military  duty. 

At  the  present  time  there  are  onh-  two  pi.irts  in  New  England  w  here  mav 
be  seen  any  considerable  numlier  of  steam-driven  ocean  shi])s.  These  are 
Boston  and  Portland.  The  latter  city's  trade  being  principally  devoted  to 
merchandise  more  especially  so  during  the  winter  months.  Jjoston  on  the 
contrary  has  man\-  different  lines  that  do  both  a  jiassengcr  and  freight 
business. 

For  many  years  Boston  had  but  one  line  of  ocean-going  steamers  and 
her  service  in  this  respect  would  still  l)e  of  mediocre  dimensions  but  for  the 
enterprise  displayed  by  the  railroads  and  a  few  of  Boston's  leading  business 
men.  \\'hen  it  was  decided  to  recognize  Boston  as  one  of  the  leading  shipping 
l)orts  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  the  size  of  the  steamers  was  greatly  increased ; 
they  were  fitted  more  in  accordance  with  those  plying  from  New  York,  and  the 
passenger  accommodations  were  \ery  much  improved.  All  these  changes 
were  promptly  appreciated  by  the  travelling  jiublic  and  a  generous  ])atronage 
followed.  Boston's  coastwise  steamship  service  between  different  New  Eng- 
land ports,  as  well  as  to  the  North  and  South,  has  kept  even  pace  with  mari- 
time trans]);irtatii^n    impn  j\  ements. 


THE 
BOOK  OF  BOSTON 


Fifty   Years'  Recollections  of  the  New  England  Metropolis 

CHAPTER   V 

THE    CITY'S  EXPANSION 

Enlargement  of  the  Peninsula  by  the  Filling  in  of  Flats,  while 

Outlying  Municipalities  Are  Absorbed — Development  of  the 

Back  Bay  Quarter — A  Creditable  Performance  by  State 

AND  City — Upbuilding  of  the  Sumptuous  New  \\'est  End 

^^^^HILE  Boston  was  practically  confined  to  its  Peninsula  till  the 
opening  years  of  the  nineteenth  century,  the  fact  is  not  to 
be  forgotten  that  very  early,  and  for  considerable  periods, 
it  had  jurisdiction  over  various  neighboring  municipalities, 
temporally  annexed  to  it.     From    1634  to  January,    1738- 
1730.  more  than  a  century,  "Winnisimmet,"  which  became 
Chelsea,    "Rumney  Marsh,"   the  present  Revere,  and   "Pullen  Point,"   now 
Winthrop,  were  subject  to  Boston's  municipal  control.     In   1634,  also,  the 
General  Court  ordered  that  "Boston  shall  have  convenient  inlargement  att 
Mt.  Wooliston.  to  be  set  off  by  foure  indifferent  men."     This  was  Mt.  Wol- 
laston,  now  in  Ouincy,  the  "Merry  ]\Iount"  of  Thomas  Morton's  gay  days, 
the  performances  at  which  so  shocked  the  Pilgrims,  and  the  Puritans  when 
they  arrived,  and  led  to  the  worldly  man's  banishment.     In  1636  "Noddle's 
Island,"  now  East  Boston,  was  "layd  to  Boston."     Three  years  earlier,  in 
April,  1633,  this  island  had  been  granted  to  Samuel  Maverick,  gent.,  who 
was  then  occupving  it,  with  his  palisaded  fort  mounting  "foure  great  guns" 
for  protection  against  the  Indians,  and  his  "castle"  inside  the  fort.    The  grant 
was  in  the  form  of  a  perpetual  lease  at  a  nominal  rent.    He  was  to  pay  yearly 
"att  the  General  Court,  to  the  Governour  for  the  time  being,  either  a  fatt 
weather  [wether],  a  fatt  hogg,  or  xl  .?  in  money";  and  he  was  further  en- 
joined to  "give  leave  to  Boston  and  Charles  Towne  to  fetch  wood  contynually 
as  their  needs  require,  from  the  southerne  pte.  of  s''  island."     Here  Maverick 
lived  with  his  faanily  and  a  retinue  of  servants — some  of  the  latter  being  slaves, 
thus  making  him  one  of  the  earliest  negro  slaveholders  in  Massachusetts— 
for  twenty-five  years :  dispensing  a  generous  hospitality  to  his  Puritan  neigh- 
bors, although  himself  no  Puritan,  but  a  Church-of-England  man — Josselyn 
wrote  extravagantly  of  him  as  "the  only  hospitable  man  in  the  Country,  giv- 
ing entertainment  to  all  Comers  gratis" — an  enterprising  trader  in  distant 
parts,  with  ships  of  his  own;  a  man  of  easy  disposition,  yet  not  always  at 
peace  with  the  Puritan  government  on  the  Peninsula  nor  free  from  petty 
persecutions.     For  him  the  island  came  to  be  called  "^Maverick's"  rather  than 
"Noddle's,"  which  held  after  his  day. 

Earliest  of  all  these  temporary  annexations  was  that  of  the  territory  of 
"Muddy  River,"  now  ricli  Brookline.     It  was  taken  soon  after  the  beginning 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON  85 

of  Bostun,  and  uccupied  fur  grazing  farms.  Here  the  pioneer  Bostonians 
built  for  themselves  summer  farm  Ikjuscs,  and  in  its  sweet  meadows  kept  their 
"swine  and  other  cattle"  tiirough  the  Summer  seasons  while  "corn  was  on  the 
ground  at  Boston."  Thus  what  in  after  years  became  the  fair  "Cottage 
Farms"  region  of  Brookline,  favored  of  country  seats,  was  made  the  summer 
seat  of  the  first  Bostonians.  W'ln'le  attached  to  Boston  the  place  went  for 
some  time  by  the  name  of  "]\luddy  Ri\er  Hamlet"  or  "Boston  Commons." 
W'itli  the  exception  of  two  }ears,  1635-1^)3-.  when  it  was  joined  to  "Xew 
Towne" — Cambridge — Muddy  I\i\er  continued  in  the  jurisdiction  of  Boston 
till  it  was  set  off  as  an  independent  town  and  gi\-en  tiie  name  of  Brookline, 
in  1705. 

Xoddle's,  or  ^Ia\'erick'>,  Island,  which  alone  of  these  early  "inlarg-e- 
ments"  of  Boston  remained  permanently  attached,  lay  undeveloped  for  nearly 
two  centuries.  Through  a  large  ])art  of  this  long  period  it  was  an  island 
farm.  It  was  a  place  of  sighth-  hills  interspersed  with  broad  meadow  and 
marsh.  I'ntil  the  opening  of  the  eighteen  thirties  it  had  neither  streets  nor 
local  reg'ulations.  At  that  time  there  was  but  (jiie  dwelling-house  on  the  island 
— the  comfortable  mansion  of  the  tenant  farmer;  and  the  only  other  structures 
were  the  farm  outlniildings.  Its  impro\-ement  was  begun  with  the  purchase 
in  1831  of  the  whole  island  1)}'  a  syndicate  composed  of  a  dozen  capitalists, 
as  a  real  estate  speculation.  The  price  paid  for  what  Maverick  had  acquired 
through  the  annual  payment  of  a  fat  ram,  or  a  fat  hog,  or  a  few  shillings 
in  money,  was  eighty  thousand  dollars;  which  was  considered  a  pretty  good 
trade  both  by  sellers  and  buyers.  The  island  then  embraced  six  hundred  and 
sixty-six  acres  of  upland  and  marsh,  and  several  hundred  acres  of  flats.  In 
1833  the  purchasers  were  incorporated  as  the  "Fast  Boston  Company";  the 
old  colonial  name  was  dropped  for  that  of  East  Boston ;  the  island  was  plotted 
in  streets  and  squares,  house-  and  building-lots :  sales  of  lots  were  rapidly  made 
to  the  substantial  profit  of  the  prom<jters,  and  b)-  the  next  year  the  systematic 
up-building  of  the  place  was  well  underwa_\-.  How  profitable  the  speculation 
\\'as  is  indicated  by  these  statistics:  within  three  years  the  island's  taxable 
valuation  had  increased  from  sixty  thousand  dollars  to  eight  hundred  and 
six  thousand,  and  the  population  from  a  half-dozen  persons  to  six  hundred. 
In  1837  the  terminus  of  the  then  new  Eastern  Railroad  (chartered  in  1836 
and  extending  to  the  Xew  Hampshire  line)  was  fixed  here.  The  same  year 
a  great  hotel — the  Maverick  House — was  built  and  opcneil  auspiciously,  to 
flourish  for  a  while  as  East  Bostc.m  grew  in  popularity;  then  to  suffer  ill  for- 
tune and  decay.  In  1840,  with  the  estalilishment  of  the  Cunard  service,  the 
steamship  docks  were  erected.  In  1851  the  Grand  Junction  Railroad  was 
openetl.  ^Meanwhile  se\'eral  large  manufactui"ing  concerns  had  established 
plants  here,  the  pioneer  being  the  Fast  Boston  Sugar  Refinery.  In  the  latter 
'forties  shipbiuiding  of  high  order  had  begun,  and  the  island  soon  assumed 
large  importance  as  a  shi])building  centre.  It  is  of  record  that  in  the  decade 
between  1848  and  1858  one  hundred  ami  se\'enty  \-esseIs  were  launched  from 
East  Boston  vards,  ninet\-nine  of  which  exceeded  one  thousand  tons  each, 
and  nine  were  abo\-e  two  thousand  t(.)ns.  The  launchings  of  the  handsome 
fast-sailing  Boston  cli|;]iers,  to  which  we  have  referred  in  the  pre\ious  chapter, 
are  described  by  ci:)ntemporaries  as  e\'ents,  when  crowds  crossed  to  the  inland 
to  witness  and  to  cheer  the  show.  Iron  shi])l)uilding-  followed  the  decline  of 
wooden-built  ships  in  East  Boston  yards  in  the  "sixties.  In  course  of  time 
this  industry  also  declined.     Later,  howe\er,  it  was  revived  with  that  of  steel 


86  THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 

sliipbuikling,  and  the  manufacture  of  marine  engines.  \\'ithin  tlie  past  half 
century  the  flats  of  the  island  have  been  filled  in,  increasing  its  area  to  nine- 
teen hundred  and  five  acres.  During  this  period  additional  docks  have  been 
provided ;  the  svstem  of  marine  railways  has  been  expanded ;  and  the  terminal 
facilities  have  been  generally  improved.  Various  steamship  lines  now  dock 
in  East  Boston. 

The  annexation  of  Dorchester  Xeck  and  Point,  including  the  historic 
Dorchester  Heights,  in  1804,  the  first  permanent  taking  from  a  neighboring 
municipality,  and  the  setting  up  of  this  territory  as  South  Boston,  was  the 
outcome  of  a  land  speculation,  like  the  evolution  of  East  Boston  thirty  years 
after.  The  principal  promoter  was  a  country  gentleman,  Joseph  Woodward, 
from  the  town  of  Tewksbury,  who  had  moved  to  Dorchester  Neck  and  had 
purchased  a  large  tract  of  land  there.  At  that  time  this  Neck  was  separated 
from  the  Boston  peninsula  by  the  cove  that  reached  from  the  liarbor  to  Rox- 
bury  and  connection  with  it  was  made  by  a  primitive  ferry,  or  by  the  round- 
al)out  journey  through  Roxbury.  The  shrewd  Woodward  saw  the  advantages 
of  the  location  for  development  if  brought  into  close  connection  with  Boston 
by  bridges.  Accordingly  he  interested  in  a  scheme  of  improvement  Harrison 
Gray  Otis  and  Jonathan  Mason  of  the  Boston  syndicate,  organized  as  the 
"Alount  \'ernon  Proprietors,"  then  concerned  in  the  prosperous  speculation 
of  the  upbuilding  of  Beacon  Hill  \\'est  of  the  State  House;  and  with  them 
two  other  Boston  capitalists  of  leading — \\'illiam  Tudor  and  Gardiner  Greene. 
These  Boston  men  also  made  extensive  purchases  on  the  Neck  and  Point, 
and  then  pressure  for  annexation  began.  The  town  of  Dorchester  earnestly 
opposed  the  project.  Nevertheless  it  was  carried  through  the  General  Court, 
and  annexation  was  effected  with  the  passage  of  the  enabling  act  ]\Iarch 
fourth,  1804.  ^Meanwhile  the  construction  of  the  first  bridge  was  undertaken 
by  the  Boston  promoters  incorporated  as  the  "South  Boston  Bridge  Corpora- 
tion." This  was  the  first  Dover-street  Bridge.  It  was  opened  on  the  first 
of  October,  1805,  with  a  grand  military  display.  At  the  time  of  the  passage 
of  the  annexation  act  the  district  had  an  area  of  about  five  hundred  and 
seventy  acres,  comprising  bluffs  and  lowlands,  and  the  population  consisted 
of  ten  families.  With  annexation  the  value  of  the  lands  at  once  increased 
greatly,  and  some  profitable  sales  were  made.  But  the  development  was  not 
so  rapid  as  the  projectors  had  anticipated.  Agitation  for  another  bridge  was 
begun  with  the  completion  of  the  first  one,  but  this  was  not  obtained  till 
twenty  years  later.  It  was  the  Federal-street  Bridge,  chartered  in  1826  and 
opened  in  1828,  as  a  free  bridge.  In  1832  the  old  Dover-street  Bridge,  which 
had  been  a  toll  bridge,  was  sold  to  the  city  and  made  free.  The  price  paid 
by  the  city  was  thirty-five  hundred  dollars,  for  what  had  originally  cost  the 
projectors  fifty-six  thousand  dollars  and  had  earned  no  dividends.  After  the 
opening  of  the  second  bridge  the  district  began  to  grow  in  popularity.  In 
1830  the  population  had  increased  to  twenty-eight  hundred.  Five  years 
earlier,  when  the  city  began  the  establishment  of  its  reformatory  institutions 
here,  the  population  was  under  two  thousand.  By  1840  it  had  reached  fifty- 
six  hundred.  The  decades  between  1830  and  1850  were  marked  by  some  of 
the  best  building.  During  this  period  many  fine  dwelling-houses  were  erected, 
and  the  streets  and  parks  embellished.  In  1837  an  ambitious  hotel — the  ^Nlount 
Washington  House — was  erected  on  a  sightly  spot  on  the  highest  point,  with 
an  invitingly  broad  entrance  from  a  lofty  flight  of  steps,  and  piazzas  com- 
manding superb  harbor  views.     For  a  few  happy  seasons  the  Mount  Wash- 


THE    BOOK   Op-    BOSTON' 


87 


ingtun  was  a  prospering  poi)ular  suiiiiner  resort,  and  in  the  winter  a  favorite 
place  of  gay  and  fashionalile  assemblies  patronized  hy  Boston  society.  In 
1839  its  career  as  a  hostelry  ended,  and  the  great  liouse  ])assed  to  the  posses- 
sion of  Dr.  Samuel  G.  Howe's  beneficent  estal)lishment — the  Perkins  Insti- 
tution and  Massachusetts  School  for  the  Blind.  Bv  the  'fifties  the  hope  and 
lielief  that  the  district  was  to  become  the  "court  end  of  Boston"  was  fixed  in 
the  minds  of  its  leading  citizens.  In  an  article  in  the  old  Boston  Almanac  in 
1853  urging  the  filling  of  the  flats,  Dr.  J.  A".  C.  Smith,  afterward  Mayor 
Smith  of  Boston  (  1854- 1856),  expressed  his  conviction  that  South  Boston 
\vas  destined  to  be  "the  magnificent  portion  cf  the  city  with  respect  to  costly 


PUBLIC    G.ARDEN  VENUS    AT    THE    BATH 


residences,  fashionable  society,  and  the  influences  of  wealth."  This  prediction 
was  never  fulfilled.  The  district  indeed  grew  steadily  in  favor  as  the  years 
ad\-anced  into  the  'sixties  and  'seventies,  and  many  pleasant,  some  imposing, 
residences  occupied  the  hills  and  their  slopes,  and  the  region  toward  the  Point. 
But  fashion  in  the  'fifties  when  'Sir.  Smith  was  writing  his  prediction,  was 
setting  strongly  in  the  South  End  of  the  city  proper,  while  the  scheme  of  the 
rare  Back  Bay  quarter  was  "in  the  air,"  and  about  to  take  shape.  Meanwhile 
various  large  industries  were  taking  root  in  South  Boston,  great  foundries, 
locomotive  works,  lead  works,  boiler  works,  and  by  the  'sixties  or  early 
'seventies  it  had  become  the  principal  industrial  centre  of  the  city.  There  were 
at  that  time  and  afterward  the  great  establishments  of  Harrison  Loring,  the 
City  Point  Iron  Works,  dating  from  1847,  from  which  much  government 
work,  naval  cruisers  and  tugs,  was  turned  out;  the  South  Boston  Iron  Works, 
producing  heavy  ordinance ;  the  Norway  Iron  Works,  later  the  steel  works  of 
Billings  Brothers ;  the  Walworth  Works,  making  heavy  iron  and  brass  cast- 
ings; the  works  of  the  W'ashburn  Car-wheel  Company;  the  Whittier  Machine 
Company,  making  elevators  among  the  earliest  in  the  market ;  the  immense 
works  of  the  Boston  Cordage  Company;  great  sugar  refineries.  The  building 
of  the  Broadway  Bridge,  completed  in  1S72,  making  the  extension  of  the 
main  thoroughfare  of  Broadway  to  Washington  Street  in  the  city  pro])er. 
gave  a  distinct  impulse  to  the  growth  of  the  district.     It  was  further  embel- 


S8 THE    BOOK   OF   BOSTON 

lished  in  the  middle  'eighties  with  the  institution  of  the  Marine  Park  on  The 
Point,  part  of  the  superb  chain  of  parks  encircling  the  city.  With  the  filhng 
in  of  the  flats,  which  was  early  begun  and  was  pursued  at  intervals  through 
a  long  course  of  years,  the  area  of  the  district  by  1900  had  been  increased 
to  twenty  hundred  and  seventeen  acres,  the  growth  that  caused  the  establish- 
ment of  the  terminal  piers  of  the  New  York  and  New  England  Railroad, 
before  the  latter's  absorption  in  the  New  York,  New  Haven,  and  Hartford 
system,  and  foreign  steamship  docks,  enlarged  the  importance  of  South  Bos- 
ton ;  while  the  subsequent  erection  of  the  great  Commonwealth  Pier  rendered 
it  the  chief  est  terminal  of  the  port  of  Boston. 

In  1855  \\'ashington  Village  was  set  off  from  Dorchester  and  annexed 
to  Boston,  becoming  a  part  of  South  Boston.  Thereafter,  although  the  ques- 
tion of  the  city's  enlargement  by  the  taking  in  of  whole  neighboring  municipal- 
ities was  repeatedly  agitated,  no  further  annexations  were  eft'ected  till  the  al>- 
sorption  of  Roxbury  in  1868.  Instead  much  was  accomplished  in  extending  the 
area  by  the  reclamation  of  land  from  the  sea.  So  early  as  1801  a  movement 
toward  the  making  of  new  land  on  the  Neck  and  the  upbuilding  of  the  mod- 
ern South  End  was  started.  That  }-ear  the  selectmen  reported  to  the  March 
town  meeting  a  plan  fi:>r  "la}-ing  out  the  Neck  lands,"  with  lots  on  the  pro- 
posed filled-in  territory  on  either  side  plotted;  streets  drawn  regularly  at 
right  angles;  and  a  large  circular  space  indicated,  bounded  by  four  streets 
with  Washington  Street  running  through  its  centre, — an  oval  grass-plot, 
ornamented  with  trees, — to  be  called  "Columbia  Square."  The  improvement, 
however,  moved  slowly;  and  it  was  not  till  fifty  years  later, — in  1849 — that 
it  was  taken  up  and  advanced  systematically  to  completion.  Then  a  high 
grade  for  the  lands  was  adopted,  and  the  streets  and  squares  laid  out  in 
accordance  with  plans  drawn  by  two  experienced  engineers,  E.  S.  Chesbrough 
and  W.  P.  Parrott.  First,  the  proposed  Columbia  Square  in  the  plan  of 
1801  was  divided  and  transformed  into  the  present  Blackstone  and  Franklin 
Squares.  Chester  Scjuare  and  East  Chester  and  \\'est  Chester  Parks  were 
established  in  1850;  Union  Park  dates  from  1851. 

At  the  same  time  the  Back  Bay  scheme  was  de\'eloping. 

Up  to  the  second  decade  of  the  nineteenth  century  the  Back  Bay  was  a 
beautiful  sheet  of  water  at  flood  tide,  spreading  out  from  the  town  toward 
the  Brookline  hills  rising  picturesquel}-  beyond,  with  no  bridge,  dam,  or  cause- 
way barring  the  view  of  rural  Cambridge.  It  then  lapped  the  margin  of  the 
present  Washington  Street  at  Boston  Neck,  and  of  the  "marsh  at  the  bottom 
of  the  Common"  which  was  to  become  the  Public  Garden.  The  entering 
wedge  for  the  great  change  in  its  aspect  was  the  chartering  of  the  Boston  and 
Roxbury  ]\lill  Corporation  in  18 14,  with  authority  to  build  a  dam  from 
Charles  Street  in  Boston  to  the  upland  at  Sewall  Point,  so  called,  in  Brook- 
line.  The  purpose  of  this  undertaking-  was  two-fold :  the  utilization  of  the 
water-power  of  the  great  basin  made  by  the  dams  thrown  across  it,  and  the 
use  of  these  dams  as  causeways,  or  roadway's,  for  communication  between 
Boston  and  Roxbury,  and  the  Western  suburbs.  Three  dams  were  built:  the 
Mill-Dam  extending  from  Beacon  Street  below  Charles  to  Brighton,  pro- 
jected in  1818,  and  opened  in  1821,  the  event  being  celebrated  Ijy  the  passage 
of  a  cavalcade  of  citizens,  under  the  direction  of  Gen.  William  H.  Sumner, 
entering  the  town  over  the  dam,  and  being  formally  received  on  the  Boston 
side  by  the  people  (reported  in  the  newspapers  of  the  day  in  a  paragraph  only 


90  THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 

of  a  few  lines)  ;  a  cross  dam;  and  the  causeway  to  Brookline,  now  Brookline 
Avenue.  These  dams  were  to  serve  as  the  nucleus  for  the  consolidation  of 
the  intervening  mass.  In  1824  the  business  of  the  Roxbury  Mill  Corporation 
was  divided,  when  the  Boston  Water  Power  Company  was  incorporated,  to 
use  the  water  power.  In  1831  the  incorporation  of  the  Boston  and  Worcester 
and  the  Boston  and  Providence  Railroad  Companies  with  lines  across  the 
Back  Bav,  and  the  concession  to  riparian  owners  of  the  right  to  fill  their  flats, 
so  encroached  upon  the  water-power  as  to  hasten  the  conversion  of  the  com- 
pany into  a  land  company.  In  1832  the  Water  Power  Company  took  pos- 
session of  the  mills  and  water-power  and  the  territory  South  of  the  Mill-Dam, 
while  the  Mill  Corporation  retained  the  roads  and  the  territory  North  of  the 
Mill-Dam.  A  large  part  of  the  city  sewage  then  flowing  into  the  basin  also- 
rendered  its  filling  necessary  on  sanitary  grounds.  Soon  arose  an  outcry 
against  this  "Back  Bay  nuisance,"  which  only  ceased  with  the  last  steps  for 
its  abatement  taken  by  the  adoption  of  the  "Back  Bay  Park  Project,"  in  con- 
nection with  the  Public  Parks  system  instituted  in  the  mid  'seventies.  The 
Commonwealth  had  the  right  to  the  flats  below  the  line  of  riparian  owner- 
ship, and  in  1848  the  General  Court  passed  a  resolve  appointing  fi\'e  com- 
missioners to  deal  with  the  subject  of  creating  new  lands  here.  In  1852  a 
comprehensive  plan  was  reported  by  a  second  state  commission.  The  terri- 
tory North  of  the  Mill-Dam  was  to  be  filled  by  the  Mill  Corporation;  the 
Commonwealth  took  possession  of  that  North  of  an  East  and  West  line  drawn 
from  near  the  present  Park  Square  Theatre  in  Park  Square:  and  the  Water 
Power  Company,  all  of  the  territory  South  of  that  line. 

The  plan  of  the  "Back  Bay  Impro\-ement"  that  followed  was  the  design 
of  Arthur  Gilman,  one  of  the  eminent  architects  of  the  country  in  his  day, 
and  withal  a  famous  wit  and  boii-z'izvut.  He  was  also  the  architect  of  the 
first  buildings  erected  on  these  "New  Lands" — the  line  of  beautiful  dwelling- 
houses  designed  in  harmony  along  Arlington  Street  opposite  the  Public  Gar- 
den, with  the  Arlington  Street  Church  at  the  Boylston-Street  corner.  The 
work  of  filling  was  begun  in  1857.  It  progressed  slowly  through  the  Civil 
War  i)eriod ;  then  was  revived  energetically,  and  pursued  without  interruption 
till  its  completion  in  the  late  "eighties.  At  the  lieginning  of  the  filling  the 
Commonwealth  owned  of  the  whole  territory,  four  million,  se\'en  hundred 
and  twentv-three  thousand,  eight  hundred  and  fifty-six  square  feet,  or  one 
hundred  and  eight,  and  forty-four  hundredths  acres.  Of  this  when  filled, 
two  million,  twenty-seven  thousand,  eighty-three,  and  a  sixtieth  feet  were 
devoted  to  streets  and  passageways ;  one  hundred  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
ninetv-eight  feet  were  given  to  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology; 
fortv-three  thousand,  eight  hundred  and  forty  to  the  Boston  Society  of 
Natural  History;  fifteen  thousand  five  hundred  and  sixty-eight  to  the  Massa- 
chusetts Normal  Art  School ;  six  hundred  and  ninety-three  to  Trinity  Church  % 
and  two  hundred  and  thirteen  thousand  four  hundred  and  seventy-seven  to 
the  City  of  Boston.  The  remainder,  two  million,  three  hundred  and  sixteen 
thousand,  seven  hundred  and  sixty-nine,  and  a  fortieth  feet,  was  sold  in  the 
market  for  cash;  and  these  sales,  beginning  in  1857  and  ending  in  1886,  when 
the  last  parcel  was  disposed  of,  brought  five  million,  eighty-one  thousand,, 
eight  hundred  and  twenty-nine  dollars  and  forty-two  cents.  The  cost  to  the 
Commonwealth  of  filling  and  improving  the  territory  w^as  one  million,  six  hun- 
dred and  twenty-seven  thousand,  six  hundred  and  thirty-two  dollars;  the 
cash  value  of  the  lands  given  to  the  Citv  and  to  institutions  was  estimated  at 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


91 


eight  lumdred  and  tliirt_\-tlirec  tliousaiid  fnur  luiiiilred  and  tliirty-nine  dullars; 
and  the  total  protit  t(.)  the  State  troni  the  enterprise  was  t\)nr  miUinn,  two  hun- 
dred and  seventy-live  thmisand,  six  hundred  and  forty-four  dullars,  and 
seventy-three  cents.  The  a\erage  price  per  foot  of  all  the  P)ack  I'ay  lands  sold 
by  the  Conmiimwealth  was  over  $2.00.  The  avails  of  the  sales  were  applied  to 
educational  i)urposes  and  to  the  endowment  of  sex'eral  of  the  sinking"  funds  of 
the  State.  The  sales  of  lots  were  made  in  small  parcels  by  auction,  at  inter- 
vals of  six  months  or  a  }'ear,  beginning  in  the  "sixties,  Xewell  A.  Thompson 


ONE    OF    THE    PICTURESQUE    VIEWS    OF    THE    LAKE    IN    THE    PUBLIC    GARDEN 


the  auctioneer.  These  sales  were  held  in  the  Merchants  Exchange,  and  were 
notable  affairs,  drawing  leading  men  of  means,  with  a  sprinkling  of  specula- 
tions. I  recall  with  pleasant  memories  the  dignified  leadership  of  Mr.  Thomp- 
son on  these  occasions.  He  was  an  aristocrat  among  auctioneers;  precise  of 
diction,  Chesterfieldian  of  manner.  He  gave  to  these  sales  an  air  of  distinction, 
and  conducted  himself  as  a  courteous  gentleman  among  gentlemen,  engaged 
in  an  altogether  gentlemanly  transaction. 

The  upbuilding  of  the  quarter  into  the  sumptuous  "Xew  West  End" 
was  broad  and  stately  from  the  beginning.  In  the  arrangement  of  streets 
and  avenues  beautv  and  convenience  alike  were  considered.  The  streets 
were  to  run  ]>arallel  to  or  at  right  angles  with  Beacon  Street.  The  cross 
streets,  beginning  witli  Arlington,  were  to  be  named  in  alphabetical  order. 


92  THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


and  a  trisyllabic  alternating  with  a  dissyllabic  word — as  Arlington,  Berkeley, 
Clarendon,  Dartmouth,  Exeter,  Fairfield,  Gloucester,  Hereford.  Of  those 
running  east  ami  west, — Marlliorough,  Commonwealth  Avenue,  Newbury, 
Boylston,  and  below  Copley  Square  Huntington  Avenue, — Commonwealth 
A\enue  with  its  noble  tree-lined  parkway,  broken  here  and  there  with  statues 
of  public  men,  is  the  broadest  and  grandest.  The  demnnder  of  statistics  is 
told  that  it  is  two  hundred  feet  wide  and  two  hundred  and  forty  feet  from 
house  to  house.  Huntington  Avenue,  laid  out  in  1872,  measures  one  hundred 
feet  in  width.  The  others  are  each  sixty  feet,  the  houses  set  back  twenty-two 
feet :  all  impressive  figures  to  the  old  Bostonian  most  familiar  with  the  narrow 
streets  of  Old  Boston.  In  its  domestic  architecture,  some  of  this  rich,  all 
interesting,  even  the  most  eccentric,  appear  examples  of  the  work  of  the  fore- 
most Boston  architects  of  the  'sixties  and  succeeding  decades. 

Of  the  striking  display  of  elaborate  architecture  the  beginnings  were  mod- 
est. The  earliest  buildings,  those  of  the  Natural  History  Society  and  the 
Institute  of  Technology — the  Rogers  Building — were  notable  for  their  dig- 
nified character.  W.  G.  Preston  was  the  architect  of  both.  Of  the  churches, 
Arlington  Street,  the  first  to  be  erected  here,  as  we  have  said,  in  its  exterior 
design  recalls  the  old  London  Wren  churches.  The  steeple  was  the  first  in 
Boston  to  be  constructed  entirely  of  stone.  The  Emmanuel  Church,  on 
Newbury  Street,  was  designed  by  A.  R.  Estey;  the  Gothic  Central  Church, 
Berkeley  Street,  by  R.  'M.  Upjohn;  the  First  Church,  INIarlborough  Street, 
by  Ware  and  \'an  I'.runt.  These  were  built  between  the  years  1862  and  1868. 
Within  the  next  decade  were  completed  the  Brattle-Square  Church — now  the 
First  Baptist — designed  by  H.  H.  Richardson;  the  Second  Church,  on  Copley 
Square  (since  removed  to  make  way  for  a  Inisiness  structure:  the  present 
Second  Church  being  on  Beacon  Street  close  to  the  Brookline  line)  by  N.  J. 
Bradlee;  the  New  Old  South,  by  Cummings  and  Sears;  Trinity,  Copley 
Square,  by  H.  H.  Richardson,  with  Gambrill  of  New  York;  the  Hotel  Bruns- 
wick, by  Peabody  and  Stearns :  the  Hotel  X^endome,  by  J.  F.  Ober  and  George 
D.  Rand ;  and  the  main  secticm  of  the  Art  Museum,  which  stood  where  is  now 
the  Coi)ley-Plaza  Hotel,  and  was  removed  after  the  erection  of  the  present 
Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  on  Huntington  Avenue,  1907-1909,  by  Sturgis  and 
Brigham.  Later  noteworthy  ^vork  was  that  of  William  R.  Emerson  in  the 
Boston  Art  Club,  1882,  the  first  Back  Bay  Club-house  designed  especially  for 
club  uses,  but  the  second  to  be  established  in  this  quarter,  the  St.  Botolph, 
occu]5ying  the  dwelling  of  the  late  Henr}-  P.  Kidder,  No.  2  Newbury  Street, 
having  been  the  first;  George  T.  Meacham,  in  the  new  Hollis-Street  Church, 
1884,  now  the  South  Congregational;  IMcKim,  Mead  and  White  in  the  Algon- 
quin Club-house,  on  Commonwealth  Avenue,  1886;  John  Sturgis,  in  the 
Athletic  Club-house,  1888;  W.  G.  Preston,  in  the  Charitable  Mechanic  Ex- 
hibition building,  1881 ;  and  McKim,  Mead  and  White  in  the  monumental 
Boston  Public  Library  building. 

The  annexations  of  Dorchester  in  1870,  of  Chariest  own.  Brighten,  and 
West  Roxbury  by  one  act  in  1874;  and  of  Hyde  Park  in  1912,  were 
the  last  that  largely  increased  the  area  of  the  City.  By  the  filling 
in  of  the  great  coves,  and  the  reclamation  of  the  extensive  marshes  and 
fiats  of  the  peninsula,  the  original  area  of  sex'en  hundred  and  eighty-three 
acres  has  been  exjianded  to  eighteen  hundred  and  one  acres;  and  where  the 
peninsula  was   the  narrowest  it   is  now   the   widest.      With  this  expansion 


TIIF.    BOOK    OF    BOSTON'  93 

and  the  additional  territnry  ac(nnrt'il  li_\-  tlie  develcipnient  of  East  Boston  antl 
South  Boston,  and  tlie  al)siir])ti(in  of  the  several  adjoining  cities  and  towns, 
the  area  of  the  city  has  become  more  than  thirty  times  as  large  as  that  of  the 
peninsula  upon  which  Boston  was  built.  The  City's  bounds  today  embrace 
tliirtv  thousand  two  hundred  and  ninety-fi\'e  acres,  or  forty-seven  and  thirty- 
four  hundredths  square  miles.  Its  extreme  length  from  North  to  South  is 
thirteen  miles,  its  extreme  width  from  East  to  West  nine  miles. 

Continuous! V  from  the  davs  of  its  UKJSt  early  settlement  Boston  has 
alwavs  occupied  a  prominent  ])lace  in  the  connnercial  and  financial  world.  Its 
founders  had  hardly  made  themselves  homes  when  they  began  to  cast  their 
far  reaching  glances  around  for  various  opportunities  t<:>  trade.  These  first 
ventures  were  made  in  commerce  by  boat  with  the  neighboring  settlements 
of  I'lvmouth.  Then,  as  time  advanced,  Cape  Cod  was  rounded,  and  commercial 
intercourse  was  established,  first  with  the  English  Colonists  settled  in  \'ir- 
einia,  and  afterwards  with  the  Dutch  at  New  Amsterdam,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Hudson  River,  with  the  Swedes  in  Delaware  and  New  Jersey,  and  with 
the  English  Colonists  of  Maryland.  The  French,  laying  claim  to  all  of  the 
mainland  of  the  continent  east  of  the  Penobscot  River,  trade  relations  were 
gradually  established  with  these  French  colonists,  and  in  this  way  the  first 
basis  of  what  was  later  on  to  Ijeconie  a  great  business  was  finally  laid  down, 
and  from  these  humble  beginnings  Boston  has  grown  to  the  present  proud 
position  that  she  occupies  in  the  financial  and  commercial  world  of  the  present 
day. 

Boston  has  capital  placed  in  thriving  industries  throughout  the  United 
States.  Her  copper  interests  are  among  the  largest  and  best  in  .\merica.  Her 
lumljer  business  has  been  immense.  Her  cotton  mills  are  sprinkled  all  through 
New  England  and  the  ."^outh  and  Southwest.  She  has  much  wealth  in  the 
steel  and  iron  industry,  although  her  Ijusiness  men  no  longer  dominate  in  that 
line.  In  the  principal  cities  of  the  cotnitrv  Boston  monev  is  extensively  in- 
vested in  real  estate.  Some  of  the  largest  and  handsomest  lousiness  structures 
of  the  country  are  owned  by  Boston  real  estate  trusts  and  associations. 
Boston  capital  was  a  pioneer  in  the  development  of  electricity  as  a  motive  and 
lighting  power,  and  her  capitalists  ha\e  milli(ins  employed  in  street  railways 
and  lighting  j)lants  aliout  the  country. 

The  City's  residential  sections  equal  any  in  America  and  the  handsome 
hi  nies  on  Commonwealth  Avenue,  Beacon  and  Marlborough  Streets,  compare 
with  those  in  any  of  the  exclusive  localities  of  other  cities  where  wealth  and 
culture  congregate. 

Brookline,  which  is  given  over  to  homes  of  larger  and  more  ])retentious 
character,  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  suburbs  in  the  United  States.  The 
onward  progress  of  the  city  is  somewhat  crowding  this,  and  other  immediately 
near  h(jme  localities,  and  business  houses  and  commercial  plants  have  begun  to 
fringe  their  edges;  but  there  shoukl  be  no  fear  of  overcrowding  or  destruction 
of  the  natural  Ijeauties  of  the  suburbs,  and  Boston  can  rest  in  the  assurance 
that  she  will  always  be  beautiful,  both  naturally  and  architecturally,  and  always 
l)e  able  to  amply  house  her  jjopulation. 

There  is  no  city  in  the  entire  country  better  equipjied  for  expansion  than 
Boston.  Unlike  most  cities  it  has  a  vast  contiguous  territorv  that  would 
provide  beautiful  and  picturescjue  sites  for  a  population  running  into  the 
niilliims,  and  these  localities  are  easy  of  access.  The  city's  close  proximity 
to  the  sea  insures  cooling  and  healthful  breezes  to  the  outlying  home  sections. 


THE 
BOOK  OF  BOSTON 


Fifty    Years'   Recollections  of  the  New  England  Metropolis 

CHAPTER   VI 

HOW  BOSTON   TRANSPORTS 
ITS  CITIZENS 

Railroad  Facilities  of  the  Past,  Present,  and  Future — Passing  of 

THE  Old  Stations  and  the  Coming  of  the  Combined  Terminals 

— The  Old  Boston  and  Providence  Station  of  Striking 

Architecture — Rapid  Transit  and  the  Birth  of 

THE  Subway  System 

*^.^/^\^  IFTY  years  ago  Boston  was  the  centre  of  a  system  of  rail- 
roads composed  of  eight  distinct  Hnes,  radiating  from  tlie 
City  througliout  New  England  and  connecting  the  great 
trunk  lines  of  the  country  North  and  West  with  this  port ; 
and  each  having  a  Boston  station  of  its  own.  These  eight 
distinct  roads  in  1865  included  the  pioneer  railways  in  Amer- 
ica. They  were:  the  Boston  and  Lowell,  chartered  in  1830;  the  Boston  and 
Providence,  1831;  the  Boston  and  Worcester,  1831,  and  the  Western,  1833, 
the  latter  controlled  by  the  W^orcester.  the  two  to  be  actually  consolidated  as 
the  Boston  and  Albany  in  1869:  the  Eastern,  1836:  the  Boston  and  Maine, 
1842;  the  Fitchburg,  1842;  the  Old  Colony,  1844:  the  New  York,  Hartford 
and  Erie,  1863,  composed  of  a  number  of  small  local  roads,  the  earliest 
chartered  in  1833,  to  be  transformed  into  the  New  York  and  New  England, 
in  1873. 

The  Boston  and  Worcester  was  the  first  of  all  to  be  opened  for  traffic, 
and  the  first  to  employ  the  lijcomoti\e  engine.  Thus  it  had  the  distinction  of 
being  the  first  steam  railroad  operated  by  steam  in  New  England.  The  locomo- 
tive engine  was  an  English-lniilt  one,  and  was  first  set  in  motion  in  the  latter 
part  of  1834,  when  the  line  had  been  completed  so  far  as  Newton,  nine  or  ten 
miles  out  from  Boston;  l)ut  the  opening  of  the  line  to  that  point  was  delayed 
till  April,  1S35,  the  companv  lieing  obliged  to  await  the  arrival  of  an  engine- 
driver  imported  from  England  to  take  charge  of  the  English  machine.  The 
first  locomotives  on  the  other  roads  were  imported  from  England,  and  the 
engineers  to  run  them.  But  pretty  soon  American  locomotive  works  were 
established.  During  the  very  first  year  of  the  operation  of  the  Worcester 
road  an  American-built  locomotive  was  put  on  its  tracks  and  performed 
efficient  service.  The  Boston  and  Lowell  and  the  Boston  and  Providence 
were  the  first  to  be  opened  throughout, — in  June,  1835;  while  the  ^^'orcester 
was  opened  throughout  only  a  few  weeks  later. — on  the  fourth  of  July,  1835. 
The  latter  event  was  duly  celebrated  on  the  sixth  of  July,  with  a  dinner  and 
speeches,  after  the  Boston  fashion.  Only  si.x  years  from  the  opening  of  the 
Worcester  throughout,  or  in  1841,  the  Western  was  opened  from  Worcester 
to  the  Connecticut  River;  on  the  fourth  of  Octo!)er  that  \-ear,  the  Connecticut 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON  95 

Bridge  haviiit;-  Iieen  finislied  nn  the  tnurth  of  July,  tlie  road  was  completed 
to  the  New  York  boundary :  and  mi  the  twenty-first  of  December  the  con- 
necting link  in  New  York  state  to  Alljany  was  completed  and  trains  were  run 
over  it,  thus  opening  a  direct  rail  line  from  Boston  to  Albany.  This  momen- 
tous event  was  commemorated  in  the  following  spring,  in  March,  1842,  by  a 
meeting  of  the  executive  officers  of  the  states  of  Massachusetts  and  New 
York,  and  other  prominent  men  of  the  time,  at  Springfield,  with  the  customary 
banquet  and  congratulatory  s])eeches.  One  toast  at  the  banquet  has  gone  inti  > 
history.  It  was  offered  by  General  Root  of  New  York :  "The  happy  union 
of  the  sturgeon  and  the  codfish ;  may  their  joyous  nuptials  efface  the  melan- 
choly recollection  of  the  departure  of  the  Connecticut-River  salmon." 

While  the  railroad  in  America  was  a  Boston  idea,  originating  in  Boston, 
and  the  "Father  of  the  American  Railroad"  was  a  Boston  editor,  other  com- 
munities picked  up  the  idea,  and  the  railroail  was  advanced  by  them  while 
Boston  was  debating  the  subject,  and  wrestling  with  a  State  Legislature 
which  saw,  or  the  majority  saw,  only  a  \vild,  impractical  and  dangerous 
scheme.  Thus  in  South  Carolina  an  imn  railway  had  been  Iniilt  before  the 
Boston  and  Lowell  Company  was  fairlx'  organized;  while  in  New  \'()rk  in 
1825,  the  vear  that  the  initial  Boston  railway  scheme  was  reluctantly  chartered, 
a  part  of  the  present  New  York  Central  Railroad  was  incoriiorated.  and  in 
August,  183 1,  a  little  more  than  a  month  after  the  grant  of  the  charter  of 
the  Boston  and  Worcester,  that  part  was  completed  and  a  trial  trip  made  over 
it  with  a  steam  locomoti\e. 

The  pioneer  American  undertaking,  howe\'er,  and  the  pattern  in  part, 
small  and  simple  as  it  was,  of  the  earliest  American  roads,  was  a  Boston 
institution  and  established  liy  Boston  men.  This  was  the  Granite  Railway, 
as  it  was  called,  conceived  in  1824,  by  Gridley  Bryant,  a  Boston  builder  by 
trade  and  a  self-educated  civil  engineer,  to  convey  stone  for  the  building  of 
the  Bunker-Hill  Monument  from  a  quarry  in  Ouincy :  chartered  the  next  year 
after  much  hesitation  by  a  doubting  Legislature :  in  successful  operation  in 
the  autumn  of  that  year:  and  thereafter  in  service  for  a  period  of  forty  years. 
Bryant's  own  account  of  his  enterprise,  given  long  after  the  completion  of 
the  monument,  well  illustrates  the  difficulties  encountered  b\-  the  promoters 
of  this  re\'oIutionary  method  of  transportation.  Pre\'jous  to  the  la^-ing  of 
the  cornerstone  of  the  monument  (that  memorable  event  of  June  seventeen. 
1823.  when  Lafayette  laid  the  stone  under  the  direction  of  the  ALassachu- 
setts  Grand  Lodge  of  ]\Iasons,  and  Weljster  was  the  orator  of  the  occasion), 
Bryant  had  purchased  a  stone  quarry  in  Ouincy,  the  funds  being  furnished 
by  Dr.  John  L".  Warren,  the  brother  (jf  Gen.  Josej)!!  Warren  who  fell  in  the 
battle,  for  the  express  purpose  of  procuring  the  granite  for  constructing  the 
monument.  The  quarry  was  nearly  four  miles  from  water-carriage.  This 
suggested  to  him  the  idea  of  a  railroad.  He  bad  read  accounts  of  the  experi- 
menting in  England,  quite  likely  in  Nathati  Hale's  Daily  Ach'crtiscr,  for  the 
"Father  of  the  .\merican  Railroad"  was  careful  to  publish  in  his  paper  all 
available  material  which  might  aid  in  the  educaticmal  campaign  he  was 
at  that  time  pursuing.  The  Manchester  and  Liverpool  Railroad  was  then 
in  contemplation,  but  was  not  begun  until  the  spring  following^.  "Accord- 
ingly," Bryant's  narrative  proceeds,  "in  the  fall  of  1825  I  consulted  Thomas 
H.  Perkins,  William  Sullivan,  Amos  Lawrence,  Isaac  P.  Davis,  and  David 
Moody,  all  of  Boston,  in  reference  to  it.  These  gentlemen  thought  the  project 
visionary  and  chimerical;  but,  being  anxious  to  aid  the  Bunker-Hill  Monu- 


96  THE    BOOK   OP^    BOSTON 

ment.  consented  that  I  might  see  what  could  be  done.  I  awaited  the  meeting 
of  our  Legislature,  in  the  Winter  of  1825-1826,  and  after  every  delay  and 
obstruction  that  could  be  thrown  in  the  way,  I  finally  obtained  a  charter, 
although  there  was  great  opposition  in  the  House.  The  question  was  asked, 
'What  do  we  know  about  railroads?  Who  ever  heard  of  such  a  thing?  Is 
it  right  to  take  people's  land  for  a  project  that  no  one  knows  anything  about? 
We  have  corporations  enough  already.'  Such  and  similar  objections  were 
made,  and  various  restrictions  were  imposed;  but  it  finally  passed  by  a  small 
majority  only.  Unfavorable  as  the  charter  was,  it  was  admitted  that  it  was 
obtained  by  luy  exertions;  but  it  was  owing  to  the  numificence  and  public 
spirit  of  Col.  T.  H.  Perkins  that  we  were  indebted  for  the  whole  enterprise. 
None  of  tlie  first-named  gentlemen  ever  paid  anj-  assessment,  and  the  whole 
stock  finally  fell  into  the  hands  of  Colonel  Perkins.  I  surveyed  several  routes 
from  the  quarry  purchased  (called  the  Bunker  Hill  Quarry)  to  the  nearest 
tide- water;  and  finally  the  present  location  was  determined  upon.  I  com- 
menced the  work  on  the  first  day  of  April,  1826,  and  on  the  seventh  day  of 
October  following  the  first  train  of  cars  passed  over  the  whole  length  of  the 
road." 

The  road  was  operated  by  horse  power.  The  really  memorable  thing 
about  it,  as  Charles  Francis  Adams  remarked  in  his  history  of  "The  Canal 
and  Railroad  Enterprise  of  Boston,"  was  Bryant's  ingenuity  in  devising  the 
appliances  necessary  to  its  successful  operation.  These  included,  Mr.  Adams 
enumerates,  the  switch,  the  portable  derrick,  the  turn-table,  and  the  movable 
truck  for  the  eight-wheel  railroad  car,  all  of  which  contrivances  subsequently 
passed  into  general  use.  The  movable  truck  having  in  1S34  been  patented 
by  other  p:irties,  became  a  subject  of  litigation  which  occupied  the  courts  for 
five  years  and  cost,  it  is  said,  some  two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars. 
The  claim  of  Bryant  as  its  inventor,  Mr.  Adams  states,  was  sustained ;  but 
he  had  no  legal  claim  to  any  royalty  in  its  use,  and  never  received  anything 
for  it.  He  died  quite  poor  in  1867.  The  Granite  Railway  including  its 
branches  was  four  miles  in  length,  and  cost  fifty  thousand  dollars.  It  was 
constructed  of  wooden  rails,  protected  by  strap-iron  plates  three  inches  wide 
and  a  quarter  of  an  inch  thick,  and  laid  on  stone  sleepers  eight  feet  apart. 
After  its  forty  years  of  service  and  it  had  been  for  a  while  in  disuse,  its 
franchise  was  bought  by  the  Old  Colony  Railroad;  then  the  primitive  struc- 
ture was  demolished  and  a  modern  railway  was  built  on  the  right  of  way 
which  was  opened  for  traffic  in  October,  1871.  And  Mr.  Adams  remarks  a 
"certain  historical  fitness  in  the  fact  that,  through  the  incorporation  of  the 
Granite  Railway  into  the  Old  Colony,  the  line  which  connects  Plymouth  with 
Boston  has  become  the  original  railroad  line  in  America." 

The  pioneer  Boston  passenger  railroads  also  introduced  a  contrivance  or 
two  that  came  into  general  use.  Although  their  engineers  began  \\ith  stone 
sleepers  as  the  English  did,  they  were  the  first  to  substitute  ties  of  wood,  and 
the  English  engineers  soon  followed  their  example.  Nathan  Hale  in  a  sketch 
of  the  Massachusetts  Railroad  System  written  in  1851,  at  the  time  of  the 
three-days  "Railroad  Jubilee"  in  Boston,  September  seventeen  to  nineteen, 
to  celebrate  the  opening  of  railroad  communication  between  Boston  and 
Canada,  and  the  West,  and  the  establishment  of  an  American  line  of  steam- 
ships between  Boston  and  Liverpool,  gave  warm  praise  to  the  engineers 
under  whose  direction  these  roads  were  constructed.  "They  had  never  seen 
the  English  works,"  wrote  Mr.  Hale,  "and  although  they  adopted  for  the  most 


PATRICK    FRANCIS    SULLIVAN 

President  ani  director  of  several  street  railways,  electric  and 
companies,  banks  and  other  financial  institutions 


98  THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 

part  the  general  princii)les  on  which  tliose  roads  were  constructed,  they  did 
not  bhndly  copy  from  them,  but  modified  their  respective  works  in  many  par- 
ticulars, to  adapt  them  to  their  difference  of  situation  arising  from  differences 
of  locality,  as  well  as  of  the  amount  of  population  and  business."  The  rails, 
like  the  locomotives,  were  at  first  imported  from  England,  but  they  were  in 
most  cases  rolled  to  a  pattern  prescribed  from  this  country,  often  deviating 
from  the  form  in  general  use  in  England. 

The  adoption  of  the  railroad  followed  a  succession  of  movements  for  the 
establishment  of  State  canals  from  Boston  Westward  to  offset  the  facilities 
of  such  comnninication  from  other  sections  of  New  England  which  were  cur- 
tailing Boston's  inland  trade  and  her  foreign  commerce,  to  the  benefit  of  New 
York.  Eastern  Massachusetts  men  had  been  the  first  to  institute  the  canal 
system,  on  any  considerable  scale,  in  America,  in  the  construction  of  the 
Middlesex  Canal,  which  connected  the  upper  waters  of  the  Merrimac  River 
at  East  Chelmsford  (which  became  Lowell  in  1824)  with  Boston  Harbor. 
Authorized  in  1793,  and  opened  for  traffic  in  1803,  this  canal  was  still  in  the 
latter  'twenties,  and  'thirties,  of  much  ci^mmercial  use ;  in  fact  it  continued 
in  operation  until  Ji-ine,  1853.  Boston  capital  had  also  been  expended  in  the 
construction  of  locks  for  fostering  a  limited  traffic  by  flat  boats  on  the  Con- 
necticut and  Merrimac  Rivers,  the  lines  of  boat  navigation  thus  established 
extending  some  distance  into  New  Hampshire.  But,  as  Mr.  Hale  observed, 
these  modest  improvements  disappointed  public  expectation  in  the  moderate 
degree  of  accommodation  which  they  afforded  as  well  as  the  public  spirited 
proprietors  in  the  hope  of  an  income  on  their  investments  in  them.  In  the 
meantime  those  improvements  elsewhere  which  were  adverse  to  Boston's 
commercial  interests  developed.  The  construction  of  the  Blackstone  Canal, 
leading  from  Worcester  to  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  opened  a  water  con- 
nection between  New  York  and  the  "Heart  of  the  Commonwealth,"  while 
no  such  communication  existed  between  Worcester  and  Boston.  Indeed  so 
early  as  1791,  before  the  JNIiddlesex  Canal  was  begun,  a  route  for  a  canal  to 
connect  Boston  with  W^orcester  was  surveyed  by  General  Harry  Knox,  of 
Revolutionary  fame,  but  the  project  fell  through.  A  similar  diversion  of 
the  trade  of  the  Connecticut  Valle}'  was  effected  by  the  opening  of  a  canal 
from  Northampton  to  New  Haven.  The  Western  part  of  the  State  had  be- 
come so  estranged  for  all  commercial  objects  from  Eastern  Massachusetts 
that,  Mr.  Hale  averred,  no  trader  from  Berkshire  County  had  visited  Boston 
for  many  years.  The  same  causes  were  extending  the  relations  of  New 
York  with  Vermont  and  New  Hampshire  at  the  expense  of  Boston.  At  the 
same  time  the  steamers  of  New  York  1)\-  their  daily  and  regular  voyages  to 
Providence,  to  the  Connecticut  River,  to  New  Haven,  and  to  those  ports 
of  the  Hudson  which  lay  near  the  Western  border  of  Massachusetts  united 
half  the  State  more  intimate!}-  with  New  York  than  with  Boston. 

The  opening  of  the  Erie  Canal  in  October,  1825,  with  Go\-ernor  De  Witt 
Clinton's  triumphal  progress  in  a  State  barge  from  Lake  Ontario  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Hudson,  and  his  symbolizing  the  union  of  the  two  by  mingling  their 
w^aters,  brought  matters  to  a  crisis  in  Eastern  Massachusetts  and  Boston. 
While  the  Erie  Canal  was  under  construction  far-seeing  Boston  men  were 
again  planning  a  canal  into  Worcester  county,  similar  to  the  Middlesex 
Canal,  and  possibly  to  the  Connecticut  River;  while  a  few  were  boldly  agi- 
tating a  canal  direct  to  the  Hudson.  Early  in  this  year  of  1825  the  canal 
advocates  had  succeeded  in  getting  through  the  General  Court  a  resolve  pro- 


■ 

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1 

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■1                   %w% 

1    ^^^i^'^^t- 

4 

HARRY    P.     NAWN 


President  of  the  Hugh  Xawn  Contracting  Co.,  and  Director  of  the  Federal 

Trust  Co.,  the  National  Rockland  Bank  of  Roxbury 

and  the  East  Taunton  Street   Railway. 


100  THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 

viding  for  a  commission  "to  ascertain  the  practicability  of  making  a  canal 
from  Boston  Harbor  to  Connecticut  River,"  and  "of  extending  the  same  to 
some  point  on  the  Hudson  River  in  the  State  of  New  York  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  junction  of  the  Erie  Canal  with  that  River."  The  report  of  this  com- 
mission, a  bulky  document,  was  presented  to  the  Legislature  of  January, 
1826,  by  Governor  Lincoln.  Surveys  had  been  made  by  Col.  Loammi  Bald- 
win, second,  son  of  Col.  Loammi  Baldwin,  the  engineer  of  the  Middlesex 
Canal. — and  the  discoverer,  while  surveying  the  Middlesex,  of  the  fruit  on  an 
apple  tree,  which,  cultivated  by  him,  became  the  famous  Baldwin  apple.  The 
surveys  were  in  two  parts,  one  covering  a  route  from  Boston  to  the  Con- 
necticut Ri\er,  the  other  from  the  Connecticut  to  the  Hudson.  The  latter 
including  the  tunnelling  of  the  Hoosac  Movmtain.  Thus  the  idea  of  the 
Hoosac  Tunnel,  which  fifty  years  after  was  realized  for  the  railroad,  origin- 
ated for  a  canal.  The  commission  proposed  the  construction  at  once  of  only 
the  first  part  of  the  scheme — to  the  Connecticut — and  the  amount  required 
for  this  was  placed  at  three  million  dollars,  the  interest  upon  which  it  was 
advised,  should  be  raised  from  several  named  sources,  one  of  them  a  State 
Lottery.  In  suj^port  of  the  Lottery,  against  which  as  gambling  a  State  law 
had  been  secured,  the  ct jmmission  ventured  a  frank  and  ingenuous  argument : 
"Having  been  arranged  under  the  generic  term  gaiubling  an  effort  has  been 
made,  from  the  purest  and  best  motives,  to  discountenance  and  suppress  lot- 
teries; but  it  now  becomes  a  serious  question  of  investigation  whether  too 
harsh  an  epithet  has  not  been  gi\en  to  one  of  the  ordinary  modes  of  raising 
funds  under  the  sanction  of  the  highest  legislative  enactments,  both  in  Europe 
and  this  country,  for  literary,  eleemosynary,  and  various  other  great  and 
excellent  purposes.  If  it  has  been  proved  that  the  legal  countenance  which 
this  State  has  formerly  given  still  includes  a  disregard  of  existing  statutes, 
is  it  not  more  politic  so  to  amend  them  as  shall  secure  to  the  Commonwealth 
those  benefits  which  are  now  derived  by  other  states?  It  may  be  said,  with 
sufiicient  plausibility,  that  if  an  unabatable  evil  does  exist  let  it  be  converted 
to  the  best  possible  purposes.  All  constructive  crimes,  including  such  as  come 
within  the  antiquated  systems  of  sumptuary  jurisprudence,  are  not  deemed 
by  the  people  as  immoral,  per  sc;  and  it  is  an  axiom  in  ethics  as  well  as  legis- 
lation, that  doubtful  or  imaginary  offenses  should  not  hastily  be  made  penal." 
The  commission  put  the  amount  annually  expended  in  the  State  for  the  pur- 
chase of  lctter\'  tickets,  desjjite  the  pr(ihil)iti)r\-  law,  at  over  two  hundretl  and 
fifty  thousand  dollars. 

The  Legislature  took  no  action  on  the  commissioners'  report,  or  on  the 
canal  question  beyond  tabling  a  resolve  authorizing  further  surveys.  Its 
attention  had  now  been  sliarply  turned  from  canals  to  railroads,  by  reports 
in  the  jniblic  prints  of  the  discovery  in  England  of  the  adaptation  of  the  rail- 
road to  the  ])urposes  of  pul^lic  travel  and  the  trans]iortation  of  merchandise, 
entitled  to  take  precedence  of  canal  transportation :  and  particularly  by  the 
practical  advocacy  of  Bryant's  Granite  Railway  scheme  now  brought  up  for 
incorporation.  With  the  granting  of  Bryant's  charter  a  new  railroad  party 
arose.  The  Massachusetts  Canal  project  was  doomed.  In  the  next  General 
Court  the  advocates  of  railroads  were  in  the  majority  in  the  House,  and  the 
Senate  while  conservative  was  interested  in  the  novel  thing-.  A  petition 
was  now  presented  by  the  public-spirited  Col.  Thomas  Handasyd  Perkins,  the 
financier  of  Bryant's  road,  and  a  few  other  citizens  of  standing,  mostly  Bos- 
ton men,  praying  that  surveys  be  made  for  a  railway  from  Boston  through 


TIIK    ROOK    OP'    BOSTON 


101 


FLOATING    BRIDGE    ON    BAY    STATE    STREET    RAILWAY 
SALEM    SHORT    LINE 


t'j  tlic  lluilsoii.  In 
ci.nipIiancL-  with  this 
petitiiiii  an  nnlt-r  prn- 
vidiiii;'  tor  a  jiiint 
coiiiniittee  to  sit  dnrint^ 
the  recess  for  consid- 
i.  ration  of  the  "jiracti- 
cahihtx'  and  expechencv 
of  c(_)nstrncting  such  a 
rail\va\,"  was  jiassed  hv 
the  House.  The  con- 
servati\e  Senate  non- 
concurred,  wliereupoii 
the  measure  was  so 
amended  as  to  provide 
for  a  committee  of  the  House  alone.  This  committee  was  composed 
of  two  Boston  members.  Dr.  Al)ner  Phelps — its  chairman — and  George 
\\'.  Adams,  a  son  of  President  John  Ouincy  Adams,  and  a  \\'orcester 
member,  Emor_\-  Washlmrn,  afterward  Governor.  In  January,  1S27,  this 
committee  reported  a  scheme  of  a  railroad  to  be  operated  liy  horse  power, 
with  ]iatlis  on  either  side  of  the  tracks  for  the  dri\ers;  and  recommended 
resolves  for  the  appointment  of  a  board  of  commissioners  to  cause  surveys 
to  be  made  of  the  most  practical  routes  from  Boston  to  the  Hudson  at  or 
near  Albany.    Thus  the  first  step  toward  the  new  \-enture  was  taken. 

^^'ith  the  appointment  of  the  Phelps  committee,  the  railroad  question 
as  Charles  bVancis  Adams  characterized  it,  passed  into  its  first  or  educational 
stage,  tij  last  four  }-ears.  Tiie  great  part  of  the  public  recti\ed  the  idea  with 
surprising  increihib'ty.  Xathan  Hale  remarked  the  pertinacit\'  "worthy  of 
a  better  cause"  with  whicli  the  efforts  of  the  advocates  of  the  iniiM-oveiuent 


HAVMARKET   SQUARE.      THE    CITY    KLLIEF    STATION    TO    THE    LEFT 


102  THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 

to  produce  a  general  conviction  of  its  practicability  was  resisted.  While  tliere 
were  indeed,  he  said,  very  early  converts  to  the  behef  of  its  efficacy,  that 
beHef  was  slowly  embraced  by  the  class  of  persons  who  were  possessed  of  the 
means  of  testing  their  convictions  by  actual  experiment  on  a  scale  broad  enough 
to  give  it  general  confidence.  It  was  the  learned  Boston  Courier,  then  under 
the  editorship  of  the  distinguished  Boston  journalist,  Joseph  T.  Buckingham, 
whicii  received  the  Phelps  committee's  report  with  this  often  quoted  delicious 
bit  of  editorial  wisdom  : 

"Alcibiades,  or  some  other  great  man  of  antiquity,  it  is  said,  cut  off  his  dog's  tail 
that  quidnuncs  might  not  become  extinct  from  want  of  excitement.  Some  such 
notion  we  doubt  not  moved  one  or  two  of  our  natural  and  experimental  philosophers 
to  get  up  the  project  of  a  railroad  from  Boston  to  Albany, — a  project  which  every 
one  knows,  who  knows  the  simplest  rule  in  arithmetic,  to  be  impracticable,  but  at 
an  expense  little  less  than  the  market  value  of  the  whole  territory  of  Massachusetts; 
and  which,  if  practicable,  every  person  of  common-sense  knows  would  be  as  useless 
as  a  railroad  from  Boston  to  the  moon." 

The  Legislature  of  1827  at  its  January  session  ignored  the  Phelps  com- 
mittee's recommendations.  But  Ijefore  prorogation  an  act  was  passed  creat- 
ing a  "Board  of  Internal  Improvements,"  of  three  members,  with  authority 
to  emplov  an  engineer,  to  examine  routes  for  canals  and  railways  generally. 
Subsequently  this  board  was  directed  to  survey  a  railway  route  from  Boston 
to  the  Rhode  Island  line,  and  a  canal  route  from  Boston  to  the  Blackstone. 
At  tlie  next  June  session  numerous  petitions  on  the  raih-oad  question,  now 
headed  by  Josiah  Quincy,  mayor  of  Boston,  poured  in.  In  response  to  these, 
resolves  were  at  length  passed  providing  for  the  appointment  of  two  com- 
missioners and  an  engineer  definitely  instructed  to  report  surveys,  plans,  and 
estimates  for  a  railroad  from  Boston  to  the  Hudson  on  the  best  practical 
route.  Meanwhile  the  "Board  of  Internal  Improvements"  had  made  a  report 
only  with  respect  to  a  local  canal.  The  commission  of  two  reported  at  the 
January  session  of  1828  the  results  of  its  engineer's  surveys,  and  while  it 
recommended  a  road  to  be  operated  only  by  horse  power,  it  ventured,  cau- 
tiously, a  discussion  of  the  possibilities  of  the  movable  engine.  The  com- 
mittee to  whom  this  report  was  referred  in  regular  order,  although  not  fully 
endorsing  the  railroad  idea  agreed  that  the  question  of  railroad  construction 
had  "assumed  a  new  and  greater  influence."  The  canal  idea  was  now 
definitely  dismissed. 

The  next  and  the  longest  step  was  taken  with  the  passage  in  Alarch  of 
an  act  authorizing  the  appointment  of  a  "Board  of  Directors  of  Internal  Im- 
provements" consisting  of  twelve  citizens,  and  the  appropriation  of  a  fund  to 
meet  the  expense  of  making  various  surveys  and  plans  of  railroads.  Of  this 
board,  chosen  by  the  Legislature,  Governor  Lincoln  was  first  named ;  but 
Nathan  Hale,  whose  services  as  a  railroad  educator  had  already  been  great, 
was  the  real  head.  Subsequently  he  Ijecame  the  president  of  the  company 
which  built  the  first  Boston  road  opened  for  traffic — the  Boston  and  \\^orces- 
ter.  Under  the  direction  of  this  board  surveys  were  made  of  routes  from 
Boston  to  the  Hudson  from  which  the  most  desirable  might  be  selected,  and 
of  three  entire  routes  from  Boston  to  Providence;  and  reports  thereon  were 
submitted  in  the  Winter  of  1829  with  the  recommendation  that  a  commence- 
ment of  railroads  be  undertaken  on  both  these  lines,  at  the  cost  of  the  State. 
This  report,  which  was  the  work  of  ^Ir.  Hale,  was  an  elaborate  document  in 
which  the  whole  subject  was  clearly  and  broadly  discussed.    The  construction 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


105 


of  railways  in  wliicii  Ih-yant's  methods  were  Inllowed,  was  recommended. 
The  space  lietween  the  rails  was  to  lie  graded  for  a  horse-path.  While  the 
motive-power  was  to  be  the  horse,  the  futnre — the  near  future  possibilities 
of  steam  were  duly  recognized.  The  success  of  the  locomotive  engine  had 
not  \et  been  fully  established  in  England.  The  report  excited  wide  attention 
and  debate.  But  the  Legislature  of  1829  adjourned  without  taking  any 
definite  action  ujxin  it.  Before  the  General  Court  of  1830  met  George 
Stephenson's  "Rncket"  iierfdrmance  had  taken  ])lace  in  Englanil.  Air.  Hale 
spread  before  the  ]!eopIe  in  his  paper  e\•er^■  detail  of  the  famous  Rainhill  trials 
near  Liverpool.  Thus  the  press  came  into  action  and  practical  service.  The 
result  was  immediate.  "All  tlie  sluw  educational  work  of  the  six  preceding 
years  seemed  to  bear  fruit  in  a  day, — not  in  the  Legislature.  Init  in  the  market- 
place," wrote  Air.  Adams.  "Individual  enterprise  at  last  came  to  the  front, 
and  when  the  Legislature  met  in  Jainiar_\-,  1830.  petitions  for  the  incorporation 
of  private  railroad  companies  were  presented  to  it."  In  November  the  great 
ceremony  of  the  Alanchester  and  Liverpool  opening  took  place,  and  Air.  Hale 
took  care  to  lay  before  the  readers  of  his  Daily  Adz'crtiscr  a  full  account  of  it. 
The  granting  of  a  tentative  charter  to  one  of  these  petitioning  groups — 
the  promoters  of  the  Boston  and  Lowell — marked  this  eventful  year.  In 
the  summer  season  of  the  ne.xt  Legislature — 183 1 — the  incorporation  of  the 
Boston  and  Providence  and  the  Boston  and  Worcester  followed,  and  the 
Lowell's  charter  was  amended  and  strengthened.  Now,  with  these  three 
Boston  roafis,  the  system  wliicli  was  to  make  Boston  a  future  railroad  centre 

was  fairly  inaugurated.  These 
charters,  however,  were 
grantetl  with  some  misgiving, 
while  the  jjijlicv  nf  undertaking 
the  construction  of  railroads 
on  the  pu1)lic  account  continued 
to  be  pressed.  At  subsequent 
sessions  for  a  year  or  two 
longer  this  issue  was  strongly 
jjressed,  mainlv  thriiugh  Bos- 
ton influences.  But  the  coun- 
try members  strjod  stolidly 
against  the  involvement  of 
public  moneys  in  any  such 
schemes.  It  was  the  old  story 
of  the  alignment  of  the  coun- 
tr\'  members  against  the  "Bos- 
tiin  clik."  In  this  particular 
it  was  fortunate  for  it  kept 
the  State  out  of  the  rail- 
road business.  The  Legisla- 
ture decided  not  only  to  make 
appropriation  of  public 
m  o  n  e  y  for  railroad  con- 
struction, but  to  cooperate,  through  subscription  of  stock  on  public  account 
or  other  pecuniary  aid,  with  private  corporations  established,  or  to  be  estab- 
lished, for  the  purpose.  The  first  three  companies  were  organized  by  the 
subscription  of  the  required  amount  of  capital,  conditionally, — or  at  least 


WASHINGTON    STREET    TODAY 
OLD    SOUTH    CHURCH    PROMINENTLY    I.N    THE    CENTER 


104  THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 

definitely  so  expressed  in  the  case  of  the  Boston  and  Worcester, — with  the 
reservation  of  the  right  of  the  subscribers  to  withdraw  upon  receiving  the 
report  of  definitive  surveys  and  estimates. 

The  Boston  and  Lowell  was  the  first  to  be  organized,  as  I  have  already 
remarked,  and  to  open  books  of  subscription.  The  n:oving  spirits  in  its 
establishment  were  Patrick  T.  Jackson  and  Kirk  Boott,  Boston  leaders  in 
the  establishment  of  Lowell,  and  the  stock  was  mainly  taken  by  those  inter- 
ested in  the  new  Lowell  manufactures.  It  was  in  shares  of  five  hundred 
dollars  each.  Of  the  original  subscribers.  Mr.  Jackson  was  a  subscriber  for 
one  hundred  and  twenty-four  shares;  Edwin  Munroe  (not  a  Lowell  manu- 
facturer, but  a  miller,  of  Prospect  Hill,  Somerville,  then  part  of  Charlestown, 
my  maternal  grandfather)  for  one  hundred  shares ;  John  Lowell,  ninety- 
four,  George  W.  Lyman,  seventy-five;  W^illiam  Appleton,  fifty.  The  en- 
gineer of  the  construction  of  the  road  was  George  W.  Whistler,  father  of  the 
more  celebrated  artist  Whistler,  who  lived  so  much  of  his  life  abroad  and  in 
London  as  sometimes  to  forget  his  American  birth.  The  stock  of  the  Boston 
and  Worcester  was  taken  chiefly  not  by  capitalists,  but,  as  Mr.  Hale  stated, 
by  men  of  business  desirous  of  promoting  a  Western  line  through  to  the 
Hudson.  ^Vith  a  satisfactory  report  to  the  subscribers  as  to  the  surveys  and 
estimates,  in  1832,  the  conditional  subscriptions  to  the  stock  were  made  abso- 
lute. The  Worcester's  charter  was  the  first  which  contained  the  express  grant 
of  authority  to  transport  persons  and  merchandise  on  account  of  the  cor- 
poration, and  to  purchase  and  hold  locomoti\'e  engines  and  cars.  In  the 
Providence  Compan}-  a  great  part  of  the  stock  was  taken  originally  by  New 
York  capitalists,  since  it  was  to  make  connection  with  the  steamboat  lines  to 
New  York. 

These  three  pioneer  railroads  in  New  England  remained  the  only  works 
of  the  kind  (with  the  exception  of  the  Norwich  and  Worcester  begun  in  1835) 
till  their  success  had  been  tested  by  their  actual  use.  Meanwhile  the  old 
system  of  internal  communication  was  fostered  in  the  hope  of  continuing  in 
successful  competition  with  the  new.  The  old  system  chiefly  consisted  of 
numerous  lines  of  stage-coaches  radiating  from  Boston,  and  l)aggage- wagons 
cmpb_n-ing  some  thousands  of  fine  hijrses.  The  stage-coaches  were  capable  of 
]:)erforming  a  journey  of  one  hundred  miles  a  day  by  eighteen  hours'  tra\'el; 
and  the  great  goods-wagons  of  making  the  round  trip  of  a  hundred  miles  and 
back  with  four  or  five  tons  of  merchandise  once  in  a  fortnight. 

The  seven  pioneer  and  distinct  railroails,  diverging  from  Boston  irregu- 
larly to  all  points  of  the  compass,  and  the  main  trunks  upon  which  were  en- 
grafted all  the  railroads  in  the  State,  continued  entirely  independent  of  one 
another  for  nearly  half  a  century.  And  each  had  a  distinct  jiassenger  station 
for  a  decade  or  so  longer.  Tiie  stations  fifty  years  ago  were  excellent  build- 
ings, one  or  two  of  them  architecturally  ambitious,  of  which  the  town  was 
reasonably  proud.  The  \\'orcester  and  Western  station,  or  the  Boston  and 
Albany  after  1869,  at  the  corner  of  Beach  and  Lincoln  Streets  opposite  the 
L'nited  States  Hotel,  was  then  classed  as  old  and  a  landmark.  Sixteen  years 
after,  to  be  exact,  in  1881,  it  was  succeeded  by  a  modern  structure  occupying 
a  block  bounded  by  Kneeland,  Lincoln  and  LItica  Streets.  This  new  building 
was  pronounced  to  be  attractive  in  its  general  appearance,  while  "convenient 
in  its  arrangements  for  passengers  as  well  as  for  the  prompt  dispatch  of 
trains  without  confusion."  The  "ladies'  room"  was  especially  effecti\-e  with 
its  unusually  comfortable  furnishing's,  and  its  "three  large  fireplaces  fifteen 


\ 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTOX 


105 


feet  in  lieight,  built  of  McGregor  freestone — a  recognition  of  the  ;estlietic 
tendencies  of  the  times."  The  train-house  opening  directly  from  the  vestibule 
was  exceptionally  long  and  wide  for  that  day.  The  Old  Colony  station, 
neighboring  the  Worcester.  i_)n  Kneeland  Street  at  the  corner  of  South  Street, 
was  a  plainer  structure  externally.  l)ut  with  an  inviting  interior.  The  Boston 
and  Providence  station  fifty  years  ago  was  on  Pleasant  Street  by  Park  Square, 
a  quaint  structure,  the  entrance  from  the  street  through  a  gate-way — perhaps 
the  gate-way  was  an  earlier  affair,  my  memory  may  be  at  fault — in  the  arch 
over  which  used  to  hang  a  bell,  which  in  the  early  railroad  days  rang  fifteen 
minutes  before  the  departure  of  a  train.  This  station  of  the  'fifties  was  suc- 
ceeded bv  a  station  of  the  "seventies  remarkable  for  its  artistic  beautv  as  well 


^^^ 


DELIGHTFUL  SCt.NtS  REACllLD   BV   BAY  STATE  SIREET  KAILUAV,   ONE  OF   BUSTO.N  S   PRESENT  DAY  SYSTEMS 


as  for  its  adaptability  to  the  uses  for  which  it  was  designed.  Indeed  it  was 
one  of  the  "show"  buildings  of  the  then  fairly  developed  Back  Bay  quarter 
upon  the  edge  of  which  it  stood.  Although  surpassed  in  size  by  a  few  struc- 
tures of  the  kind  it  was  one  of  the  longest  passenger  stations  in  the  world. 
A  great  marble  hall  in  the  centre  of  the  spacious  head-house,  imposing  in  its 
general  effect  and  magnificent  in  its  architectural  beauty,  was  tlie  strikingly 
effective  feature  of  the  interior.  From  this  hall  opened  the  large  and  well- 
appointed  waiting  rooms,  dining-rooms,  liaggage  rooms,  and  so  forth;  while 
from  a  fine  gallery  surrounding  it  at  a  height  of  twenty-one  feet,  access  was 
given  to  a  travellers'  reading-room,  a  billiard-room,  and  to  the  offices  of  the 
company.  The  long  train-lmuse,  with  monitor  roof,  optMied  fi'nm  the  farther 
end  of  the  central  hall,  approached  by  a  dignified  flight  of  steps  the  width  of 
the  building,  it  being  below  the  level  of  the  head-house.     The  faij-ade  of  the 


106  THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 

handsome  exterior  facing  Columbus  Avenue  close  beside  Park  Square,  was 
marked  bv  a  lofty  and  finely  proportinned  tower,  high  up  in  which  was  a 
tower-clock  illuminated  at  night.  The  architects  of  this  noble  station  were 
Peabody  and  Stearns.  It  cost  nearly  a  million  dollars.  The  Boston  and 
Providence  in  the  'seventies,  with  its  connection  one  of  the  trunk  lines  to 
New  York,  had  become  one  of  the  richest  railroad  corporations  in  Massa- 
chusetts. In  the  late  'nineties,  or  early  in  the  "twenties,  this  beautiful  build- 
ing was  demolished,  and  in  its  stead  was  erected  the  gloomy  and  depressing 
"Back  Bay"'  station  on  Dartmouth  Street  south  of  Copley  Square. 

The  other  stations,  all  on  the  North  side  of  the  city  —  the  Boston  and 
Maine  facing  Haymarket  Square,  and  the  Fitchburg,  tlie  Eastern  and  the 
Lowell  in  a  row  on  Causeway  Street — were  all  well  arranged,  and  two  of 
them  notable  structures  fifty  years  ago.  The  Maine  station  stood  on  the  line 
of  the  Boston  end  of  the  old  Middlesex  Canal.  It  was  a  plain  roomy  build- 
ing, without  the  customary  division  of  head-house  and  train-house;  and  being 
at  the  junction  of  two  streets  and  Haymarket  Square,  it  was  exceptionally 
bright  and  airy.  Its  site  is  now  covered  by  the  Emergency  Branch  of  the 
Boston  City  Hospital.  The  Fitchburg  was  the  most  impressive  from  its 
fortress-like  aspect,  with  its  massive  walls  and  battlemented  towers  of  un- 
dressed granite.  It  was  built  in  1847,  five  years  after  the  completion  of  the 
road,  and  apparently  to  last  for  centuries.  It  was  historic  as  well  as  the 
oldest  of  the  Causeway-Street  row,  not  from  its  connection  with  railroads 
Iiut  with  art.  For  it  was  in  a  great  hall  in  the  upper  part  of  the  building  that 
Jenny  Lind,  brought  out  by  Phineas  T.  Barnum  the  showman,  was  heard  in 
two  great  concerts  by  audiences  of  four  thousand  people  on  each  occasion,  in 
October,  1850.  The  agent  of  Mr.  Barnum,  who  at  that  time  was  paying  the 
Swedish  singer  one  thousand  dollars  for  each  concert,  sold  for  the  second 
one  tickets  to  a  third  more  persons  than  could  be  accommodated.  Accord- 
ingly the  manager  to  his  great  chagrin  was  obliged  to  refund  the  money  the 
next  day.  Even  with  the  exclusion  of  the  disappointed  throng  the  hall  was 
so  densely  packed  that  many  women  fainted,  and  at  times  there  was  danger 
of  panic.  The  local  newspapers  remarked  with  admiratii.m  upon  the  magical 
effect  of  Jenny  Lind's  A'oice  in  calming  the  multitude  and  restoring  order. 
Previous  to  the  erection  of  this  station  the  terminus  of  the  Fitchljurg  had 
been  in  Charlestown.  The  massive  structure  remains  with  slight  change  in 
its  exterior,  a  sort  of  annex  to  the  present  North  Station,  utilized  for  offices 
of  the  freight  department.  The  Eastern  station  was  the  least  pretentious  in 
the  row.  It  had  been  erected  in  1863  after  the  destruction  by  fire  of  the 
former  station,  and  \\as  small  and  inadequate  for  the  immense  business  which 
the  Eastern  had  at  that  time  built  uji.  It  was  of  brick  with  central  tower, 
upon  which  was  a  clock  which  could  be  seen  from  several  approaches,  and 
was  depended  upon  by  patrons  of  all  the  stations  of  the  row.  The  Lowell 
station  was  one  of  the  showiest  and  largest  in  the  country.  It  was  seven 
hundred  feet  long,  and  had  a  front  on  Causeway  Street  of  two  hundred  and 
five  feet.  It  was  built  on  a  large  scale  with  a  view  to  much  more  extensive 
business  than  the  Boston  and  Lowell  alone — the  shortest  of  the  initial  rail- 
roads, only  twenty-six  miles  long — or  with  its  then  northern  connections, 
was  doing,  the  expectation  being  that  other  roads  would  seek  accommodation 
in  it.  ^^'hile  substantial  in  build,  and  elaborate  in  ornamentation,  this  new 
station  lacked  the  architectural  beauty  and  refinement  of  Peabody  and 
Stearns'  Providence  station.     The  loftv  central  hall  (.)f  the  head-house,  from 


THE    ROOK    OF    ROST()X 


107 


which  iipened  tlie  \ariiiiis  rooms  for  passengers, — itself  also  arranged  for  a 
waiting  room. — and  ahoxe  the  offices  of  the  company,  was  a  iidtable  feature 
of  the  interior.  Another  was  the  great  arch  of  the  train-house  with  a  clear 
span  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet  without  an\-  central  supjiort.  The 
station  of  the  Boston,  Hartford  and  Erie,  to  I>ecome  the  Xew  York  and  Xew 
England  in  1873,  was  a  low,  rambling  l)uilding  with  an  over-hanging  roof, 
similar  to  country  stations,  where  is  now  the  motlern  South  Station. 

These  separate  stations  of  the  initial  railroads  were  discarded  with  the 
estal)lishment  of  the  two  great  terminals  of  today — the  South  Station  and  the 
North  Station.  The  South  Station  was  the  first  to  he  built  and  occu[)ied — in 
1899.  It  faces  a  scjuare  laid  out  diu-ing  its  construction,  to  which  was  gi\en 
the  name  of  Dewey  liy  an  emotional  city  government  after  the  recejition  of 
the  naval  hero  of  Manila  in  i'.oston,  and  extends  its  long  lengths  on  the  Sum- 
mer-Street Extension  and  Atlantic  .\venue.     If  vou  will  have  statistics,  here 


BOSTON  S    PRESENT    SOUTH    STATION 


they  are:  Total  length  on  three  streets,  twenty-one  hundred  and  ninety  feet: 
ma.ximnm  length  of  the  main  station,  eight  hundred  antl  fifty  feet,  maxinnnn 
width  seven  hundred  and  twenty-five  feet ;  length  of  the  train-shed,  six  hun- 
dred and  two  feet;  total  area  of  train-shed  and  head-house,  thirteen  acres; 
main  waiting-room,  sixty-five  feet  by  two  hundred  and  t\\cntv-fi\-e  feet.  The 
curved  roof  is  the  feature  of  the  train-shetl.  This  is  supported  on  huge  canti- 
lever trusses,  the  trusses  being  supported  on  two  lines  of  columns  which  extend 
down  the  full  length  of  the  station.  The  extreme  height  of  the  train-shed  is 
one  hundred  and  twelve  feet ;  the  middle  span  is  two  hundred  and  twenty- 
eight  feet  wide,  the  two  side  spans,  one  hundred  and  seventy-one  feet  wide. 
The  central  part  of  the  building  is  fi\'e  stories,  the  first  storv  gi\'en  to  station 
uses,  the  others  for  offices  of  the  companies  here  housed.  The  ground  upon 
which  the  building  stantls  is  all  "made"  land.  The  total  area  of  the  site  is 
about  thirt\'-five  acres.  As  (jriginally  designed  it  was  a  "double-deck"  station. 
The  trains  were  to  be  separated  into  two  classes,  the  express  or  long  distance, 
and  the  suburban.     The  long  distance  was  to  be  handled  on  the  upjjer  deck; 


108  THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 

the  suburban  on  the  lower.  The  suburban  was  to  be  upon  two  loop  lines  laid 
some  fifteen  feet  below  the  level  of  the  main  platform.  The  tratYic  was  to 
enter  and  leave  b}-  an  inclined  subway  leading  down  beneath  the  main  floor, 
where  the  tracks  were  to  form  two  separate  loops  swinging  around  under- 
neath the  main  platform  and  leaving  by  the  same  incline  as  that  by  which 
they  entered.  But  this  scheme  was  never  carried  out.  The  North  Station 
was  a  patch-work  affair — cle\er  patch-work,  ho\ve\er — in  which  were  utilized 
the  old  Eastern  station  at  one  end  and  the  Lowell  statiem  at  the  other,  with  a 
brave  exterior  show  of  ornamented  stone  columns  between.  Its  internal 
arrangement  is  similar  to  that  of  the  South  Station,  but  on  no  such  elaborate 
scale.  The  South  Station  is  occupied  by  the  New  York,  New  Haven  and 
Hartford  combinations,  and  the  Boston  and  Albany.  The  North  Station, 
by  the  Maine,  the  Eastern  Division  of  the  ]\Iaine,  and  the  Fitchburg  Railroads. 
The  era  of  consolidation  set  in  vigorously  in  the  'eighties.  The  first  of 
the  initial  Boston  roads  to  lose  its  identit}-  was  the  Eastern,  which  was  ab- 
sorbed in  the  Maine  in  1884.  The  Maine  itself  was  then,  and  had  been 
since  the  "forties,  a  system  of  consolidated  originally  independently  chartered 
roads.  It  comprised  the  Boston  and  Portland  chartered  in  Massachusetts 
in  1833,  the  Boston  and  Maine  chartered  in  New  Hampshire  in  1835,  and  the 
Maine,  New  Hampshire,  and  Massachusetts  chartered  in  jMaine  in  1836: 
the  consolidation  being  eiYected  on  the  first  of  January,  1842.  The  next  year 
the  line  was  opened  to  the  junction  with  the  Portland,  Saco,  and  Portsmouth 
at  South  Berwick,  Maine  (which  became  the  Berwick  Junction  "ten-minutes- 
for-refreshments"  station,  famous  for  its  Berwick  sponge  cake),  where  it  met 
the  Eastern,  and  over  which  the  two  reached  Portland.  This  line  was  leased 
and  operated  by  the  !\Iaine  and  the  Eastern  jointly  up  to  1871.  Two  years 
later  the  Elaine  had  opened  its  own  way  direct  to  Portland.  The  Eastern 
with  its  connections  was  early  controlling  the  traffic  to  the  northern  shores 
of  Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire  as  well  as  the  bulk  of  the  White 
Mountain  tra\'el.  For  the  first  thirty  years  or  so  of  its  career  the  Eastern 
had  enjoyed  great  prosperity,  and  its  dividends  were  comforting  to  many 
old  Essex  County  families,  where,  especially  in  Salem,  its  stock  was  largely 
held.  But  through  a  succession  of  misfortunes  from  1873  to  1876  it  fell  upon 
evil  days,  and  so  its  ultimate  absorption  by  its  old  rival  was  easy.  The 
Lowell  was  the  next  of  the  original  Boston  roads  to  disappear  as  an  inde- 
pendent organization.  The  ]\laine  absorbed  it  in  1887.  The  Lowell  and  its 
system  then  included  the  Nashua  and  Lowell,  the  Keene  branch,  the  Northern 
New  Hampshire  and  several  minor  connecting  roads,  the  Central  Massa- 
chusetts, and  the  Boston,  Concord,  and  Montreal,  these  all  held  under  leases. 
With  this  absorption  the  Maine  made  connection  with  New  York  via  the 
Worcester  and  Nashua  (included  in  another  lease)  and  the  Philadelphia,  Balti- 
more, and  Washington  via  the  Central  Massachusetts,  and  the  Poughkeepsie 
bridge.  Thus  with  the  acquisition  of  the  Eastern  and  Lowell  systems  the 
Maine  was  enabled  to  reach  a  much  larger  area  directly  by  its  own  lines  than 
any  other  system  in  New  England  at  that  time.  The  next  year,  1888,  wit- 
nessed a  yet  greater  consolidation.  This  was  the  absorption,  by  lease,  of  the 
Boston  and  Providence  with  its  connections  by  the  Old  Colony.  The  Old 
Colony  had  gradually  extended  its  operations  by  building  and  leasing  in  the 
Southeastern  and  Western  parts  of  the  State  till  it  had  become  one  of  the 
powerful  Massachusetts  railroad  corporations.  Now  with  the  acquisition 
of  the  Pro\-idence  it  reached  into  New  York  b\-  one  of  the  best  all-rail  Boston 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


109 


and  New  Yi)rk  lines,  and  it  toi)i<  rank  as  the  secijnd  largest  railroad  system 
in  New  England.  Then  in  the  'nineties  came  the  greatest  consolidation  of  all, 
when  the  New  York,  New  Haven,  and  Hartford  ahsorhed  the  Maine  (which 
subsecjuently,  in  1900.  took  in  the  Fitchburg  by  lease),  the  Old  Colony,  and 
the  New  York  and  New  luigland.  and  monoixjlized  the  railroad  business  of 
all  New  England. 

With  the  loss  of  these  systems,  and  particularly  the  passing  of  the  con- 
trol of  the  New  York  and  New  England  which,  after  many  vicissitudes,  had 
become  a  successfully  competing  line,  and  essentially  a  Boston  one,  Bostonians 
who  took  a  pessimistic  \-iew  of  the  New  Haven  monopoly  were  wont  to  speak 
disparagingly  (if  the  jirdud  city  as  only  a  wav  statinn  df  an  alien  corp(.iration. 


BOSTON  S    PRESENT    NORTH    STATION 


Things,  however,  were  not  so  bad,  and  in  time  Boston  recovered  something 
of  her  former  influence  upon  if  not  control  of  tlie  New  England  railroad  situa- 
tion. At  length  the  New  Haven  grip  was  Ijroken,  through  the  warfare 
against  it  directed  by  Boston  n:en  in  the  State  Legislature,  and  through  the 
operation  of  the  Sherman  Act;  and  the  history  of  a  new  era  in  New  England 
railroad-conduct  is  at  this  writing  in  the  making. 

Large  men  developed  with  the  de\'eloping  railroad  systems,  and  several 
of  them  were  especially  identified  with  Boston  at  different  times  in  these  past 
fifty  years.  There  were  William  Bliss,  long  president  of  the  Boston  and 
Albany,  Williaiu  H.  Barnes,  its  general  manager  for  a  considerable  jieriod, 
and  H.  T.  Gallup,  the  general  superintendent.  There  was  James  T.  Furber, 
brusque  of  manner  and  sometimes  peppery,  but  not  lacking  altogether  in 
amialjility.  and  a  thorough-going  railroad  man,  general  manager  of  the 
Boston  and  Elaine  from  its  absorption  of  the  Eastern  and  the  Lowell  systems, 
till  his  sudden  death  in  1892.  Before  the  great  consolidation  Furber  had  been 
superintendent  of  the  Maine.  Tliere  were  the  Sanljorns,  Col.  Jdhn  W.,  the 
successor  of  Mr.  Furber  as  general  manager  of  the  Maine,  and  Daniel  W., 
general  superintendent.     There  were  Charles  F.  Choate  who  iiecame  presi- 


no  THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 

dent  of  the  enlarged  Old  Colony  system,  and  J.  R.  Kendricks,  the  general 
superintendent.  There  was  the  capable  president  of  the  Fitchburg  system, 
Robert  Codman,  of  the  old  Dorchester  and  Boston  Codman  family.  There 
were  William  T.  Hart,  a  Boston  capitalist,  and  Charles  P.  Clark  who  rehabih- 
tated  the  Old  Boston.  Hartford,  and  Erie  with  its  reorganization  as  the  New 
York  and  New  England.  There  were  the  upbuilders  of  the  New  York,  New 
Haven,  and  Hartford  monopoly,  Charles  P.  Clark  and  Charles  S.  Mellen. 
And  there  was  Lucius  Tuttle  early  in  his  railroad  career  connected  succes- 
sively with  the  Eastern,  the  New  York  and  New  England,  and  the  Lowell  as 
passenger  agent ;  then  general  traffic  manager  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  with 
headquarters  at  Montreal;  in  1S90,  general  manager  of  the  New  York,  New 
Haven,  and  Hartford;  finally,  in  1893,  president  of  the  Boston  and  Maine 
system,  which  position  he  held,  his  energetic  administration  marked  bv  more 
absorptions,  till  after  the  merger  of  the  Maine  with  the  New  Haven  in  1909, 
in  the  accomi)lishnient  of  which  he  was  largely  instrumental,  when  he  retired 
to  private  life, — one  of  the  ablest  and  most  genial  of  all  these  New  England 
railroad  men,  whom  I  recall  most  agreeably.  It  was  as  his  successor  in  the 
presidency  of  the  Maine  that  Charles  S.  Mellen  took  up  his  railroad  expansion 
work,  for  the  time  with  headquarters  in  Boston. 

It  is  hard  to  realize  that  the  street  railway  system  was  first  introduced 
in  Boston  so  late  as  the  closing  'fifties — in  1856,  onl}-  five  years  before  the 
Civil  War;  that  the  first  experimental  electric  line  was  started  only  a  quarter 
of  a  century  back — on  the  first  day  of  January,  1889;  that  the  complete  sub- 
stitution of  the  electric  system  for  horse  power  was  effected  so  recently  as 
1892;  that  the  Subway,  conceived  in  Boston  and  an  example  for  the  S3'Stem 
in  other  cities,  is  a  thing  of  the  closing  nineteenth  century,  opened  in  1897, 
close  on  to  the  opening  of  the  twentieth  century. 

The  initial  street  railway  line  was  between  Boston  and  Roxbury,  extend- 
ing from  Boylston  Street  to  Guild  Row,  then  the  Inisiness  heart  of  Roxbury. 
It  was  established  by  the  Metropolitan  Horse  Railroad  Company,  chartered 
in  1853.  It  was  opened  in  September,  1856.  Before  Winter  had  fairly  set  in 
the  tracks  in  Boston  were  extended  to  Tremont  Street,  at  the  corner  of  Brom- 
field  Street,  and  from  Roxbury  to  Jamaica  Plain.  Thereafter  the  development 
of  the  system  was  rapid.  In  1857  the  Cambridge  line,  from  Bowdoin  Square 
through  Cambridge  to  Mt.  Auburn  and  Watertown,  was  opened  by  the  Union 
Street  Railroad  Company.  In  December  the  same  year :  a  Dorchester  Avenue 
line,  from  Broad  Street  corner  of  State  Street  to  South  Boston  and  Dor- 
chester. In  1858:  the  Charlestown  line,  from  Haymarket  Square  to  Charles- 
town  and  Somerville,  and  a  branch  to  Chelsea,  by  the  Middlesex  Company; 
and  a  direct  South  Boston  line,  from  Summer  Street  to  South  Boston,  by  the 
Broadway  Company.  In  1859:  a  line  to  Brookline,  by  the  Metropolitan 
Company.  Very  soon  all  the  main  lines  were  extended  in  various  direc- 
tions and  spurs  thrown  out  to  neighboring  suburbs.  Early  in  the  'sixties 
the  principal  business  streets  and  thoroughfares  of  the  City  were  occu- 
pied by  the  rails,  and  conflicts  jjetween  the  railroad  companies  and  the  team- 
ing, trucking,  and  carriage  folk  as  to  their  respecti\'e  rights  in  the  pu1)lic  roads, 
were  frequent,  with  the  victory  invariably  to  the  companies.  After  a  while 
Scollay  Square  became  a  busy  street-car  center,  while  the  Bowdoin  Square 
and  Haymarket  Square  terminals  remained  as  before.  Scollay  Square  was 
then,  though  growing  shabby,  yet  a  genteel  business  quarter,  with  agreeable 
shops  on  its  Tremont  Row  and  Court-Street  sides,  in  sharp  contrast  with  its 


LUCIUS    TUTTLE,    DECEASED 


FORMERLY    CHAIRMAN     OF    THE    BOARD    OF    DIRECTORS    OF    THE 
BOSTON    &    MAINE    RAILROAD 


112  THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 

loud,  bizarre  aspect  today,  to  which  old  Bostonians  must  look  back  with 
regret.  The  railway  station,  on  the  Tremont-Street  border,  where  is  now  that 
melancholy  piece  of  architecture,  the  Scollay-Square  Elevated  Station,  was 
the  remnant  of  a  row  of  buildings  that  for  years  had  occupied  the  middle  of 
the  Square,  and  itself  was  a  landmark.  In  the  early  "seventies  a  line  in  compe- 
tition with  the  Metropolitan  between  Boston  and  Roxbury  was  established 
— the  "Highland  Line" — or  the  "Plaid  Line,"  as  the  Roxburv  folk  dubbed 
it  because  its  handsome  cars  were  uniformly  painted  in  the  Highland  plaid, 
the  enterprise  chiefly  of  Moody  Merrill,  a  devoted  son  of  Roxbury,  president 
of  the  company,  a  handsome  man,  with  flowing  mustache,  luminous  eyes, 
genteel  of  figure,  and  an  enterprising  man  in  large  ways,  whom  I  came  to 
know  prettv  well.  In  later  years  as  an  editor  it  was  my  fate  to  antagonize 
him  in  his  forlorn  campaign  at  one  time  for  the  Boston  mayoralty,  in  which 
he  was  roundly  beaten;  but  the  warfare  on  my  part  did  not  strain  for  long 
our  friendlv  relations.  In  the  early  'eighties  a  "Charles-River"  line,  in  com- 
petition with  tlie  Union  Company's  Cambridge  lines,  was  instituted.  Then 
in  1887,  the  West  End  Street  Railway  Company  was  incorporated  and  there 
soon  began  a  revolution  in  the  street  railway  system,  which  ultimately  led  to 
the  substitution  of  electricity  for  horse  power. 

The  beginning  was  modest.  The  company  was  capitalized  at  the  small 
figure  of  eighty  thousand  dollars,  and  its  projected  line  was  to  run  from  Bos- 
ton to  Brookline,  primarily  for  the  purpose  of  developing  a  large  territory  in 
that  town  in  the  region  about  Longwood  and  the  present  Coolidge  Corner, 
controlled  by  the  West  End  Land  Company.  Its  organization,  however,  was 
speedily  followed  by  its  acquisition  of  the  largest  of  the  old  systems,  the 
Metropolitan.  Then  followed  in  cpiick  succession  consolidations  of  the  other 
companies,  first,  the  Highland  absorbing  the  Middlesex,  next,  the  L'nion  tak- 
ing in  its  young  competitor,  the  Charles  River;  and  then  in  November,  1887, 
all  were  found  in  the  West  End's  possession.  Now  the  West  End  had  six 
million  dollars  preferred  stock,  one  million,  five  hundred  thousand  dollars  com- 
mon stock,  and  one  million,  five  hundred  thousand  dollars  outstanding  bonds. 
It  owned  fourteen  hundred  and  eighty  cars,  and  nearly  eight  thousand  horses. 
The  next  year  it  had  five  hundred  more  cars,  and  a  thousand  more  horses. 
Then  was  set  up  the  first  experimental  electric  line,  and  put  in  operation  on 
the  first  of  January,  1889.  This  extended  from  Park  Square  to  Chestnut  Hill 
and  Allston.  From  Park  Square  to  West  Chester  Park  (absorbed  in  the 
great  thoroughfare  of  Massachusetts  Avenue  extending  irom  Everett  Square, 
in  the  Dorchester  District,  through  Cambridge  and  Arlington  to  Lexington) 
the  underground  conduit  was  tried,  and  beyond  West  Chester  Park  the  over- 
head trolley  wires  were  used.  A  month  or  so  later  some  electric  cars  of 
the  Thomson-Houston  make  were  started  between  Bowdoin  Square  and 
Harvard  Square.  Camljridge.  They  were  operated  by  the  Thomson-Houston 
Company  for  six  months,  and  the  test  being  satisfying  to  the  W'est  End, 
it  gave  an  order  for  six  liundred  motors.  This  was  the  first  decisive  step 
in  the  adoption  of  the  electric  svstem.  The  conduit  line  having  proved 
unsatisfactory  it  had  been  abandoned.  B}-  autumn  of  1889  the  work  of 
installing  the  new  system  had  Ijegun  in  earnest.  The  power  was  originally 
furnished  from  a  power-house  in  Allston  and  from  the  Cambridge  Electric 
Light  Company.  Soon,  however,  the  West  End  Company  purchased  the  old 
Hinckley  Locomotive  Works  at  the  South  End,  with  grounds  extending 
from   Harrison  Avenue   to   Albany   Street,   and   here  built   its   own   power- 


TIIK    I^OOK    OF    BOSTON  113 

house,  a  great  e^tal)lislinient  as  tlien  accinmted.  e(|iii|)iie(l  with  Mclntiish 
and  Seymour  engines  and  Thomson-Houston  generators.  ]\lean\vliile  the 
roHiiig-stock  of  the  \\'est  End  was  rapidly  increasing  and  also  the  num- 
her  of  its  routes.  In  ilStji  it  had  four  hundred  and  si.xty-nine  electric  cars 
in  service,  and  sixteen  hundred  and  ninet_\-t\vo  horse  cars :  of  the  electric 
cars  two  hundred  and  hfty-five  had  a  seating  capacity  one-third  greater 
than  the  old  shdrt  cars.  With  the  aliening  of  189J  one  hundred  and 
seventy-twi)  more  long  cars  were  ready  in  the  electric  service.  Three  types 
of  electric  cars  were  employed:  eight-wheel  cars  designed  hy  Louis  Ptingst, 
the  master-mechanic  of  the  \\'est  End;  six-wheel  Rohinson  radial  cars; 
and  Pullman  "tlduhle-deckers." 

in  i.Sgo  the  West  End  Companv  nhtained  a  charter  in  elevated  rail- 
ways. Rut  the  next  }-ear  operations  luuler  this  charter  were  suspended 
pending  the  report  and  recommendations  of  a  Rapid  Transit  Commission 
then  created  hy  the  Legislature.  The  appointment  of  this  commission  em- 
powered tn  make  examinations  of  systems  in  nther  cities,  was  the  result  of 
agitation  over  the  intolerahle  congested  condition  of  the  downtown  streets 
especially  ahout  the  Common — Tremont  and  Boylston  Streets — and  the 
consequent  delays  in  transportation,  hrought  ahuut  hy  the  increase  of  cars 
and  traffic.  The  commission  examined  systems  in  European  as  well  as  in 
American  cities,  and  in  Fehruary,  1892,  made  j)reliminary  reports  upon  the 
ad\'antage  of  a  comhination  of  the  elevated  and  tunnel  systems.  Then  fol- 
lowed a  strenuous  local  discussion  of  the  merits  of  these  svstems  singly 
or  combined,  with  wide  difference  of  ofjinion.  Several  routes  for  an  elevated 
line  through  the  city  North  to  South,  with  outreaching  spurs,  were  advo- 
cated: while  an  open  cut  through  or  across  the  Common  was  ])art  of  one 
intluentiallx-hacked  scheme.  The  latter  r(jusefl  the  friends  and  protectors 
of  the  Common,  and  the  substitution  of  the  Sul)wa\-,  advocated  b}-  them, 
was  the  final  outcome.  So  the  first  Subway  in  Anu-rica  for  electric  cars 
service  was  born. 

This  initial  Subway  was  authorized  bv  the  Legislatures  of  181)3  '^''"-1 
1894  (as  you  may  see  by  the  inscription  on  the  bronze  tablet  at  the  Park 
Street  entrance),  and  the  I^oston  Transit  Commission  to  build  it  created 
in  1894.  This  commission  was  composed  of  five  members  appointed  for  a 
term  of  five  years  from  Julw  1894  (which  term  was  later  extended  as  the 
system  of  tunnels  and  subways  enlarged),  two  of  the  five  appointed  by  the 
State,  three  liy  the  Citw  The  selections  of  the  orig-inal  five  were  made  by 
the  governor  and  the  ma\or  with  discretion,  so  that  standing  antl  experience 
were  rather  the  qualities  sought  than  political  pronu'nence.  Of  the  gov- 
ernor's appointees.  Oeorge  O.  Crocker  and  Horace  G.  .Mien.  Mr.  Crocker, 
who  was  made  chairman  of  the  body,  liad  been  a  memljer  of  the  State  rail- 
road commission.  Of  the  mayor's  three,  Charles  H.  Dalton,  Thomas  J. 
Oargan.  and  George  F.  Swain,  the  first  and  the  third  were  peculiarly  quali- 
fied for  the  service  the}-  were  to  render,  while  .Mr.  Gargan,  a  popular  poli- 
tician, was  gifted  with  a  \ariety  of  abilities  whicli  rendered  him  a  practical 
working  member.  The  chief  engineer,  employed  1)\-  the  commission.  Howard 
Adams  Carson,  was  one  of  the  ablest  in  engineering  skill  in  the  country. 
Construction  began  at  the  Public  Garden  on  the  twenty-eighth  of  March.  1895 
(again  as  recorded  on  that  bronze  tablet ),  and  the  work  was  opened  to  Park 
Street  for  public  tra\el  September  first,  1897:  while  its  entire  length  oi)ened 
for  travel  the  third  of  Sei)tember,  1898.     The  fame  of  this  pioneer  Tremont- 


114  THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 

Street  Tunnel  at  once  became  widespread.  When  Lord  Kelvin  was  visiting  this 
country,  and  arrived  in  Boston,  before  stopping  to  have  his  dinner  he  hurried 
into  this  Subway  of  w  liicli  he  had  heard  so  much,  and  pronounced  it  an  engi- 
neering marvel.  And  so  it  was  for  a  time,  until  New  York  was  wise  enough 
to  improve  upon  it. 

Nothing  was  done  under  the  West  End's  charter  for  elevated  railways. 
Instead,  the  Boston  Elevated  Railway  Company  was  established,  under  another 
charter  for  an  elevated  company  which  the  promoters  had  purchased;  and 
then  the  Elevated  took  over  by  lease  the  equipment  and  properties  of  the  West 
End  Compan}-.  To  the  Boston  Elevated  therefore  the  Subway  was  leased 
for  operation.  The  annual  rental  was  fixed  at  four  and  seven-eighths  per 
cent  of  the  net  cost  of  the  work.  It  was  in  1901  that  the  Elevated  system 
in  connection  with  the  surface  system  South  and  North  was  opened.  The 
Elevated  line  then  extended  between  the  Roxbury  District,  Dudley-Street 
Terminal,  and  the  end  of  the  Charlestown-District,  Sullivan-Sciuare  Terminal ; 
with  a  loop  front  the  North  Station  and  along  Atlantic  Avenue  to  the  South 
Station,  beyond  connecting  with  the  main  line  South.  Suljsequently  the  line 
was  extended  through  Roxbury  Southward  to  Forest  Hills,  \\'est  Roxbury 
District.  In  1904  the  East-Boston  Tunnel,  the  first  submarine  tunnel  built 
in  this  country  for  electric  street-car  ser\ice,  was  opened.  In  1908  the  Wash- 
ington-Street Tunnel  was  finished  and  on  the  last  day  of  November  opened 
for  pul>lic  use,  put  into  service  exclusively  for  elevated  trains,  which  before 
had  been  run  together  with  surface  cars  in  the  Tremont- Street  Subway.  In 
191 1,  by  one  act,  was  authorized  the  construction  of  the  Boylston-Street  Sub- 
way through  the  Back  Bay  quarter;  the  Dorchester  Tunnel;  and  the  East 
Boston  Tunnel  Extension.  Of  these,  work  upon  all  of  which  was  promptly 
begun,  the  Boylston-Street  Subway,  extending  from  the  Tremont-Street  Sub- 
way beside  the  Public  Garden  to  near  the  junction  of  Commonwealth  Avenue 
and  Beacon  Street,  was  the  first  to  be  finished.  It  was  opened  for  traffic  in 
1914.  The  Dorchester  Tunnel  passes  from  under  the  Park-Street  station 
of  the  Tremont-Street  Subway,  in  connection  with  the  Cambridge  Subway, 
under  \Vinter  and  Summer  Streets,  crossing  underneath  the  Washington- 
Street  Tunnel,  and  is  to  extend  to  a  point  at  or  near  Andrew  Square  in  Dor- 
chester. It  connects  with  the  South  Station,  thus  connecting  that  terminal 
with  the  subway  system  at  the  central  Park-Street  station.  The  East  Boston 
Tunnel  Extension,  extending  from  the  tunnel's  original  terminus  in  Court 
Street  near  Cornhill,  to  Chambers  and  Cambridge  Streets,  makes  connection 
with  the  surface  tracks  in  Cambridge  Street.  The  act  of  191 1  repealed  so 
much  of  previous  legislation  as  authorized  the  construction  of  a  Riverbank 
Subway  along  the  green  sward  of  the  Charles  River  Esplanade,  and  fortu- 
nately that  scheme  was  abandoned.  The  Cambridge  Subway — or  The  Cam- 
bridge Connection,  as  officially  termed, — which  comprises  the  Beacon-Hill 
Tunnel  through  Beacon  Hill  to  the  open  way  o\er  Cambridge  Bridge  into 
the  Cambridge  Main-Street  Tunnel  to  Harvard  Square,  was  opened  to  the 
public  on  the  twenty-fifth  of  March,  19 12.  The  Main-Street  Tunnel  was 
built  by  the  Boston  Elevated.  The  extension  of  the  Cambridge  Connection 
along  the  line  of  the  Dorchester  Tunnel  to  the  enlarged  Summer-Street 
station  of  the  Washington-Street  Tunnel,  was  completed  and  opened  in  1914. 

This  series  of  subways  and  tunnels,  models  of  engineering  skill,  all  owned 
by  the  City  of  Boston,  are  leased  to  the  operating  company  each  at  the  uniform 
annual  rental  of  four  and  a  half  per  cent  upon  the  net  cost  of  the  work, with 


THE    ROOK   OF    BOSTON 


115 


the  exception  of  the  initial  Tremont-Street  Subway,  and  the  Cambridge  Con- 
nection. Tlie  rate  for  the  Tremont-Street  Subway,  as  has  been  stated  is  four 
and  seven-eighths  per  cent  on  the  net  cost;  that  for  tlie  Cambridge  Connection, 
four  and  seven-eighths  per  cent  of  the  net  cost  fur  a  period  of  twentv  years 
from  the  beginning  of  use,  thereafter  at  fi>ur  and  a  half  per  cent.     Further 


extensions  of  the  system  are  con- 
templated, and  the  year  191 7  may 
see  substantial  additions  under- 
way. 

The  Boston  Elevated  Com- 
pany's service  is  now  one  of  the 
most  extensive  of  its  kind  in  the 
world.  Despite  public  criticism 
from  time  to  time  of  its  handling 
of  details,  which  is  the  American 
citizen's  right  in  dealing  with 
public  utilities,  and  freelv  exer- 
cised, its  service  on  the  wiioje  is 
also  among  the  best. 


^ 


INCOMIf* 


SNAPSHOTS    ON    LINE    OF    BAY    STATE    STREET    RAILWAY 


THE  CITY'S  SOCIAL  ADVANTAGES 

Club-Life   Fifty   Years  Ago   and  Xow — A   AIarvelous   Increase  in 
Number  and  Character  of  Boston  Clubs  and  Their  Homes 


?  IFTY  years  ago  there  were  Ijut  three  chib-houses  in  Boston, 
and  six  ckibs  estabhshed  in  hxed  chib-rooms.  Today  there 
are  twenty  club-liouses  in  the  city  proper,  and  sixty  odd 
ckibs  quartered  in  cUib-rooms,  while  each  of  the  outlying 
Districts  has  its  club-house,  or  club-houses,  for  some  have 
more  than  one,  in  good  social  standing.  One  of  the  nine 
clubs  of  the  'sixties  was  a  Woman's  club,  the  second, — or  the  third  venture  in 
the  country,  if  "Sorosis"  of  New  York,  organized  earlier  the  same  year  ( 1868) 
is  to  be  counted  second  instead  of  first,  as  some  contend, — a  hazardous,  bold 
thing  it  was  thought,  and  looked  upon  askance  by  conventional  Boston. 
Today  there  are  five  woman's  cluljs  in  the  city  proper  sumptuously  housed  and 
accepted  by  the  community  with  cordiality;  while  each  of  the  outlying  Dis- 
tricts has  its  highly  cultivated  one  and  as  luxuriously  housed  as  the  men's 
clubs.  Two  of  the  nine  of  the  'sixties  were  Boat  clubs.  Two  were  Yacht 
clubs.  Other  than  these  aquatic  clubs  there  were  none  devoted  to  sports. 
There  were  no  athletic  clubs  as  such.  The  first  Base  Ball  club  was  not  organ- 
ized till  1 87 1.  Today  there  are  half  a  dozen  distinctive  athletic  clubs  finely 
housed  in  the  city  proper,  and  a  dozen  more  in  the  Districts.  They  include 
clubs  devoted  to  various  classes  of  sports,  as  the  Boston  Athletic  Association  ; 
to  one  or  two  particular  sports  exclusively,  as  the  Tennis  and  Racquet  Club, 
neighboring  the  Boston  Athletic;  foot  ball  clubs,  canoeing  clubs,  riding  clubs, 
fencing  clubs ;  antl,  in  the  Districts,  countrv  clubs  with  racing  courses,  with 
golf  links,  tennis  courts;  or  golf  or  tennis  clubs  exclusively. 

One  club  feature  of  the  'sixties  peculiar  to  Boston,  which  developed 
largely  in  the  'se\'enties  and  'eighties,  then  in  the  "nineties  began  slowly  to 
fade  out,  was  the  dining  club,  political,  literary,  otherwise  professional,  and 
business.  These  clubs  generally  met  at  the  hotels,  at  Parker's,  or  Young's,  or 
the  Re\ere,  during  the  active  seasons,  some  of  them  weekly  on  Saturdays,  in- 
variablv  so  the  political  clubs,  others  monthlv  on  Saturdav  evenings.  The 
proceedings  of  the  political  clubs,  their  table-talk  and  speeches,  were  among 
the  chief  Saturday  news  "features"  of  the  newspaper  reporters  and  corre- 
spondents. Political  questions,  party  measures,  and  public  men  were  discussed, 
and  sometimes  efforts  were  made  to  shape  the  course  of  political  action,  or 
to  lead  public  opinion.  But  they  were  not  largely  influential ;  most  of  them 
were  partisan  organizations,  and  the  speech  was  more  that  of  the  ardent 
"spellbinder"  than  the  astute  politician  or  political  leader.  Still  the  political 
leader  cultivated  the  festive  institution,  and  occasionallv  the  dining  club  was 


'INK    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


117 


made  the  \ehicle  fur  ln'ingiiig  t<i  the  puhlic  te.-t  sciine  new  is>ue  i.u"  new  measure 
or  new  man  fur  the  governorship  or  e\en  the  Presidency. 

Most  engaging  of  these  political  dining  cluhs.  and  indeed  father  of  them 
all,  was  the  Bird  Cluh,  so  named  fur  Francis  W.  Bird,  paper  manufacturer 
of  Walpiile.  line  nf  tlie  earliest  of  genuine  Independents  in  politics,  and  in  his 
long  day  one  of  the  nidst  i)rc)minent  i>oliticians  of  the  State;  a  near  ad\iser  of 
Governor  Andrew  throughout  the  Civil  War  period;  an  early  and  persistent 
Free  Soiler;  influential  in  the  Republican  party  councils  during  the  earlier 
3'ears  of  its  history,  in  1872  ojiposing  Grant's  secontl  election  to  the  Presi- 
dency, then  in  fellowship  with  the  Democratic  party  which  he  joined  with  the 


HOUSE    OF    THE    HARVARD    CLUB    OF    BOSTON 


Greeley  campaign;  in  his  latter  years  the  "Sage  of  Waliiole."  [lowerful  in 
pohtical  affairs  because  of  the  faith  in  his  honesty,  sagacitv,  and  patriotism 
(it  \vas  then  that  I  knew  iiim  best;  he  used  to  make  a  regular  .Montlav  call  at 
my  office  and  talk  o\er  public  matters,  measures,  and  men,  with  pungent  note 
and  comment,  enlightening  my  understanding,  and  often  steering  me  into 
broad  paths)  ;  from  whom  his  eminent,  and  ma\-  I  sav  more  partisan,  son, 
Charles  Sumner  Bird,  inherited  his  political  frankness.  The  first  Bird  Club 
evolved  from  Saturday  dinners  in  Young's  "Coffee  House,"  in  the  early 
'fifties,  of  a  group  of  Free  Soilers,  at  ]\lr.  Bird's  invitation.  Later  th.e  com- 
pany enlarged,  and  the  organization  came  to  be  called  "Bird's  Saturdav  Din- 


118  THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 

ner  Party."'  From  Young's  it  removed  to  a  room  in  the  Free  Soil  head- 
quarters over  "Hanson's  grocery  store,"  then  at  the  upper  corner  of  School 
and  Province  Streets.  The  dinners  were  sent  in  by  a  caterer  at  a  cost  of  fifty 
cents  a  plate.  Whist  and  cigars  followed  the  dinner.  In  1857  Knownoth- 
ingism  interrupted  the  harmony  of  the  organization,  and  at  length  Mr.  Bird, 
Henry  L.  Pierce,  and  others  withdrew  and  formed  a  new  Bird  Club.  This 
second  Bird  Club  met  at  Parker's  till  i860,  then  returned  to  Young's.  In 
May,  1859,  John  Brown  dined  with  the  club,  brought  in  by  George  L.  Stearns. 
It  is  related  that  early  in  the  Civil  War  Mr.  Bird  was  accustomed  to  offer  at 
the  dinner  the  toast,  "Success  to  the  First  Slave  Insurrection,"  to  which 
Governor  Andrew  would  add  the  amendment,  "Without  the  Shedding  of 
Blood."  In  1868  Elizabeth  Cady  Stanton  dined  with  the  club,  the  only  woman 
ever  to  be  its  guest.  From  this  second  organization  Mr.  Bird  and  his  Inde- 
pendent friends  withdrew  in  1872,  when  they  were  opposing  Grant,  and  a 
third  Bird  Club  was  formed.  The  remaining,  stalwart  Republicans,  members 
of  the  old  organization,  reorganized  the  following  year  as  the  Massachusetts 
Club,  "for  good  fellowship  only."  From  the  remnant  of  the  original  "Bird's 
Saturday  Dinner  Party,"  when  Bird  and  his  associates  withdrew  in  1857, 
the  Banks  Club  was  formed,  named  for  Nathaniel  P.  Banks,  and  composed 
of  his  political  supporters  and  ardent  friends.  Banks  was  made  the  first  pres- 
ident, and  held  that  position  continuously  till  1880.  Then  he  withdrew, 
though  retaining  his  membership,  and  at  his  earnest  request  the  name  was 
changed.  It  then  became  the  Boston  Club.  Between  the  'sixties  and  'eighties 
county  clubs,  all  Republican,  were  added  to  the  number  of  dining  clubs — as 
the  Middlesex,  the  Essex,  the  Norfolk.  These  generally  dined  at  Young's. 
In  1882  the  Massachusetts  Reform  Chib,  an  outgrowth  of  a  spirited  civil 
service  campaign  of  that  year,  was  organized,  to  dine  quarterly  at  Parker's. 
Subsequently  it  took  on  tariff  reform,  and  became  an  anti-protective  organ- 
ization. Of  these  political  dining  clubs  there  yet  linger  the  Massachusetts 
and  the  ]\Iiddlesex,  meeting  at  irregular  intervals,  and  the  Massachusetts 
Reform. 

Of  the  professional  dining  clubs  of  the  'sixties  the  literary  Saturday 
Club  was  unique.  Only  in  Boston  in  that  day  could  be  assembled  the  rare 
material,  poets,  essayists,  scholars,  wits,  of  which  it  was  composed.  At  the 
monthly  dinners  during  the  Autumn  and  Winter  seasons,  there  appeared 
pretty  regularly  Emerson,  Lowell,  Longfellow,  Holmes,  Whipple,  Charles 
Eliot  Norton,  Benjamin  Peirce,  Agassiz,  and  other  lights  of  Harvard;  Haw- 
thorne in  his  last  years  (he  died  in  1864).  In  the  next  decade  Howells, 
Aldrich,  Parkman,  and  others  who  had  attained  the  intellectual  heights,  were 
admitted  to  the  charmed  circle.  There  was  rarely  speech-making,  and  the 
table-talk  was  easy  and  natural,  with  no  eft'ort  to  pump  up  fine  sayings. 
Envious  outsiders — particular]}^  New  Yorkers — were  wont  to  characterize 
the  club  as  a  "Mutual  Admiration  Society."  But  nothing  could  be  farther 
from  the  mark.  Occasionally  some  guest  from  the  outer  world,  a  man-of- 
letters  from  some  other  clime,  was  entertained.  Then  there  was  speech- 
making,  and  clever  and  gracious  speech.  If  I  recollect  correctly  Matthew 
Arnold  was  the  club's  guest  during  his  visit  to  Boston  and  Cambridge.  The 
deaths  of  Emerson,  Longfellow,  Peirce,  and  one  or  two  others,  in  the  early 
'eighties,  somewhat  dimmed  the  club's  intellectual  brilliancy;  but  not  for  long, 
with  Holmes  and  Lowell  and  the  younger  members  remaining.  In  the  'nine- 
ties Lowell,  and  Parkman,  and  lastly  Holmes,  died   (Lowell  in  1891,  Park- 


THE    ROOK    OF    BOSTON 


119 


man.  1893,  Holmes,  1S94),  and  tlie  dub's  career  soon  after  closed.  One  of 
the  last  of  its  choice  functions  was  a  reception  to  its  fellow  member  Holmes 
upon  his  return  from  that  last  and  wonderful  visit  to  England,  of  which  he 
gossiped  so  delectably  in  "Over  the  Tea  Cups."  The  PapjTus  dining  club 
which  came  into  being  the  first  of  the  'seventies,  was  a  sort  of  junior  Satur- 
day Club.  It  was  far  less  reserved,  linwever,  much  more  catholic  in  its 
membership,  had  the  friskiness  of  yuuth,  and  a  touch  of  Bohemianism, 
though  of  a  mild  and  decorous  sort.  The  original  organization  was  composed 
of  a  dozen  or  twenty  men,  mostly  journalists  and  literary  fledglings,  who 
assembled  on  Saturday  nights  around  a  generously  loaded  table  at  "Billy 
Park's,"  then  on  Bosworth  Street,  where  is  now  the  annex  of  Parker's,  and 
tried  upon  each  other  their  literary  wares.  From  this  beginning  the  club  soon 
expanded  to  large  proportions;    adopted  a  constitutirin  in  which  it  was  pre- 


HOME    OF   THE    BOSTON    LODGE    OF    ELKS 
CONVENIENTLY    LOCATED    IN    THE    BEACON    HILL    DISTRICT 


scribed  that  two-thirds  of  the  members  must  be  literary  men,  with  such  liber- 
ally classing  journalists,  artists,  and  publishers;  and  established  itself  in  one 
of  the  largest  of  the  "banquet  rooms''  of  the  old  Revere.  The  membership 
now  included  clever  men  in  the  various  professions,  notably  journalism,  art, 
music,  and  the  law.  The  ceremony  at  the  tables  was  of  the  sini]ilest.  .Vfter 
dinner  the  "loving  cup"  was  passed  from  the  president,  himself  first  sipping 
the  nectar,  to  the  guest  or  guests  (there  were  always  guests,  the  visitor  or 
visitors  of  distinction  in  the  journalistic,  literary,  theatrical,  or  art  world,  at 
the  moment  in  town),  then  from  member  to  member;  then  the  literary  festiv- 
ities followed.  At  their  I'apyrus  dinners  some  of  the  gayest  work  of  its 
literary  members  and  poems  of  its  poets  ha\e  been  tried  on  the  critics  at  the 
board,  always  deliciously  free  with  their  criticism,  before  the  appearance  of 


120  THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 

the  effusions  in  enduring  print.  Juhn  Boyle  O'Reilly  read  first  here  his  "In 
Bohemia"  from  the  rough  manuscript  draft,  which  the  club  members  received 
■with  shouts  of,  "Good !  Boyle!"  "Good,  Good,  Boyle!"  and  cheers.  "I  think 
myself  it's  pretty  good,  boys,"  the  honest  poet  responds  with  twinkling  eye. 
"Mark  these  lines  again,"  and  he  repeats  the  last  two.  "They'll  do,  won't 
thev,  boys?"  Renewed  cheering,  tossing  of  napkins  in  the  air,  and  toasting 
of  the  poet.  The  object  of  the  club,  defined  to  be  "to  promote  good  fellowship 
and  literary  and  artistic  taste  among-  its  memljers,"  was  fully  attained.  The 
Papyrus  still  remains,  proud  of  its  past,  and  well  sustained  Ijy  the  clever  men 
of  the  professions  of  this  generation. 

The  tliree  club-houses  of  the  'sixties  were  those  of  the  Temple  and  the 
Union  Clubs — the  oldest  and  the  youngest  in  town — and  of  the  Boston  Yacht 
Club  at  City  Point,  South  Boston.  The  Somerset  did  not  occupy  a  house  of 
its  own — its  present  Beacon-Street  house  opposite  the  Common,  a  model  of 
stately  yet  simple  elegance — till  187J.  In  the  'sixties  it  was  occupying  rooms 
on  the  Somerset-Street  side  of  the  fine  old  granite  mansion  house,  which  in 
the  'seventies  became  the  Congregational  House,  and  afterward  made  way 
for  the  present  Houghton-Dutton  establishment.  With  its  occupation  of  the 
Somerset-Street  cjuarters  it  took  on  the  name  of  Somerset.  Earlier  it  was 
the  Tremont  Club,  taking  that  name  from  its  first  quarters  in  a  house  on 
Tremont  Street  opposite  King's  Chapel  Burying-ground.  It  was  an  outgrowth 
of  the  Temple  Club,  organized  in  1852,  and  from  the  first  was  the  "swell" 
club  of  the  town,  drawing  in  the  young  bloods  and  tlie  more  mature  votaries 
of  fashion.  The  Temple  dated  from  1829,  and  until  the  establishment  of  the 
Union  was  the  Boston  club  of  highest  respectability.  Among  its  early  presi- 
dents were  George  T.  Bigelow,  afterward  chief  justice  of  Massachusetts, 
Patrick  Grant,  John  T.  Coolidge.  Frederic  \\\  Lincijln.  the  war  mayor, 
Peter  Butler.  It  was  fashioned  closely  after  the  high-grade  London  clubs, 
even  to  the  custom  of  members  keeping  their  hats  on.  Its  club-house  in  the 
■'sixties,  on  West  Street,  directly  opposite  the  head  of  ]\Iason  Street,  was 
designed  and  built  expressly  for  it  in  the  'fifties  when  \\'est  Street  was  in  the 
heart,  or  on  the  edge,  of  the  genteel  residential  quarter.  It  was  most  con- 
veniently situated  close  by  the  rear,  or  carriage  entrance,  to  the  Boston  The- 
atre, so  that  members  could  enjoy  the  combined  pleasure  of  the  theatre  and 
of  the  club  between  the  acts.  The  Temple  still  exists,  but  a  shadow  of  its 
former  self.  Its  attractive  club-house  was  long-  since  turned  over  to  trade, 
when  it  moved  to  smaller  and  snugger  rooms  on  Boylston  Street.  The 
Teniple  and  the  Somerset  were  purely  social  clubs,  the  Union  was  social  with 
a  mission.  It  \\as  formed,  as  has  been  remarked  on  a  pre\^ious  page,  in  the 
critical  year  of  'sixty-three — in  April — by  Bostonians  of  infiuence  and  stand- 
ing primarily  to  support  and  sustain  the  Union  cause.  It  represented  more 
solid  qualities  than  either  of  the  other  two  clubs.  It  came  early  to  embrace 
in  its  membership  the  judges  of  the  higher  courts,  foremost  members  of  the 
l)ar,  leading  merchants.  Its  first  president,  as  we  have  seen,  was  Edward 
Everett :  and  among  his  successors  were  such  representative  Bostonians  as 
Charles  G.  Loring.  Richard  Henry  Dana,  Jr.,  Henry  Lee,  Lemuel  Shaw,  son 
of  Chief  Justice  Shaw,  \\'illiam  G.  Russell.  Its  club-house,  on  Park  Street, 
as  we  have  also  seen,  was  the  former  residence  of  Abbott  Lawrence.  In  later 
years  the  adjoining  residence  was  taken  in,  and  the  combined  houses  enlarged 
by  the  addition  of  upper  stories,  making  it  one  of  the  largest  of  down-town 
club-houses.     It  is  most  comfortably  arranged  and  a  charming  old-Boston 


THE    BOOK    OF    ROSTOX 


121 


II  ii-nm  si    ni     nil;  boston  athletic  association 

CORNER  OK  EXETER  AND  BLAGDEN  STREETS 


This  association  is  one  of  the  largest  of  its  class  in  America.     In  addition  to 

its  Boston  Club-house,  it  also  maintains  an  up-to-date  boat-house 

and  a  well-appointed  gun  club  at  Riverside,  Newton  West 


122  THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 

flavor  pervades  the  interior.  In  its  life  of  fifty  years  tlie  Union  has  harbored 
many  men  of  the-  highest  Boston  distinction.  Around  the  Beacon-Park- 
Streets  corner,  at  the  lunch  hour,  or  at  five  o'clock  of  afternoons,  have  passed 
Bostonians  of  light  and  leading  who  in  their  successive  days  have  made  "the 
wheels  go  round." 

Until  the  opening  of  the  'eighties  these  three  high-bred  club-houses  suf- 
ficed for  social  Boston.  Then,  under  the  impulse  of  the  celebration  of  Bos- 
ton's two  hundred  and  fiftietli  anniversary  in  1880,  the  St.  Botolph  was 
founded  as  the  rejjresentative  club  of  the  purely  professional  life  of  the  city, 
and  established  itself  in  the  Back  Bay.  in  a  house  of  its  own,  like  that  of  the 
Union,  the  former  dwelling  of  a  leading  Boston  mai:  of  affairs — Henry  P. 
Kidder,  of  the  banking  house  of  Kidder,  Peabody  and  Company;  and  from 
that  time  the  increase  in  the  numbers  of  Boston  club-houses  and  clubs  was 
rapid.  In  1881  the  Boston  Art  Club  Iniilt  its  handsome  club-house,  the  second 
in  the  Back  Bav  quarter.  In  1884  two  more  clubs  of  the  St.  Botolph's  grade 
were  established :  the  Ta^•ern,  and  the  Puritan,  the  latter  colloquially  called 
the  Somerset,  Junior.  In  1885  the  opulent  Algonquin  was  organized,  and  on 
the  first  Saturday  of  January,  1886,  occupied  and  "inaugurated"  its  quite 
palatial  club-house  on  Commonwealth  Avenue,  designed,  as  we  ha\'e  already 
remarked,  by  McKim,  of  McKim,  Mead,  and  White,  the  architects  of  the 
Public  Library.  In  1888  the  Boston  Athletic  Association,  the  largest  organ- 
ization of  its  kind  in  the  country,  was  established,  and  occupied  its  great, 
thoroughly  equipped  club-house  on  Exeter  Street,  the  fourth  on  the  Back 
Bay.  In  1890  came  the  Elysium  Club  from  the  South  End  to  the  Back  Bay, 
the  representative  Jewish  club  of  the  City,  dating  from  1871,  its  new  house 
on  Huntington  Avenue  provided  with  all  the  conveniences  and  features  of 
the  high-class  modern  club.  In  189 1,  the  New  Riding  Club  on  the  Back  Bay, 
devoted  to  "good  horsemanship,"  was  established.  In  1892  the  University 
Clul),  modelled  after  the  University  of  New  York,  was  organized,  and  estab- 
lished in  a  beautiful  Back  Bay  house,  on  Beacon  Street,  the  rear  overlooking 
the  Charles  River  Basin,  the  one-time  residence  of  General  \\'hittier,  and 
afterward  of  Henry  L.  Higginson. 

A\'ith  these  club-houses,  and  numerous  organizations  established  in  com- 
fortable hired  quarters,  literary,  art,  music  clubs,  indeed  e\'ery  sort  known 
to  modern  club  life,  Boston  had  become  before  the  close  of  the  nineteenth 
century  preeminentlv  a  club  town.  With  the  opening  of  the  new  century  the 
club-houses  increased  in  number  and  in  splendor  of  appointments,  and  vari- 
ous new  clubs  were  instituted  for  the  advancement  of  schemes  for  the  city's 
welfare  together  with  social  purposes.  Thus,  in  the  first  decade,  there  started 
up  the  Twentieth  Century  Club,  with  a  club-house  on  Beacon  Hill,  Number 
three  Jov  Street,  a  high-spirited  association,  intensely  Bostonish,  devoted 
much  to  the  free  discussion  and  fostering  of  civic  and  social  reforms  at  Sat- 
urdav  gatherings,  tapering  ofif  with  the  customary  afternniin  tea  or  social 
lunch:  and  the  Boston  City  Club,  a  great  Boston  institution,  promoted  by 
citizens  "interested  in  the  city  of  Bostun  and  the  problems  of  its  grciwth," 
with  a  club-house  on  Beacon  Hill  slope,  in  one  of  the  few  remaining  old 
Boston  "swell  fronts,"  at  the  corner  of  Beacon  and  Somerset  Streets,  and  a 
membership  before  it  had  passed  its  infancy  of  upward  of  a  thousand.  \\"nh 
respect  to  membership  this  City  Club  is  unique.  As  stated  on  the  bronze 
tablet  inserted  in  the  corner-stone  of  the  club's  second  and  present  house — • 
the  great  house  on  Somerset  Street  at  the  corner  of  Ashburton  Place,  erected 


Tin-:    V,()()K    OF    BOSTON' 


12,^ 


ill  it->  L-i.^Hilh  year, — tlie  purpuse  uf  its  Uiundcrs  was:  "'['u  Ijriiii^  together  in 
trieiKlly  association  as  many  men  as  we  can,  of  as  many  creeds  as  we  can, 
and  thus  create  new  coiKhtions  of  good  fellowship  and  good  citizenship  for 
the  service  of  the  cit_\-,  and  also  to  destroy  the  class,  religious,  and  racial 
prejudices  which  exist  when  men  dnii't  know  each  nther.  and  which  are  used 
by  grafters  and  selfish  men  tn  further  their  schemes  to  the  great  harm  of  the 
City,  the  State,  and  the  Xatinii."  With  the  occu])ati<in  of  the  new  club-house 
in  1914.  the  membership  had  increased  to  upwartl  of  four  thousand,  and  the 
house  is  said  to  be  the  largest  lunch  and  dining  club-house  in  the  country. 
Other  club-houses  established  in  this  first  decade  were  those  of  the  Exchange, 
a  down-town  lunch  and  dining  club,  the  house  of  dignified  architecture  on 
Batterymarch  Street,  designed  and  erected  for  its  use;  and  the  Architectural 
Club,   founded  in    1889.  its  house  an  old-time  residence  on   Somerset   Street, 


Ji' 


;?t 


*  T[        ■•Ki        JI2-        -— ■■       i.       "'      - 


■  ::"*^ 


THE  RECENTLY  ERECTED  HOME  OF  THE  BOSTON  CITY  CLUB,  CORNER  OF  ASHBURTON  PLACE 

AND  SOMERSET  STREET 

Number  sixteen,  purchased  from  the  Ne\\-  F.ngland  Historic  nenealogical 
Society  in  n>io,  after  the  lattcr's  removal  to  Ashburton  Place,  and  remodelled 
into  one  of  the  most  artistic  club-houses  in  Boston. 

Meanwhile  the  women's  club-houses  were  apjiearing,  all  tasteful  in  their 
furnishings,  the  richer  ones  sum])tuous.  The  pioneer,  the  New  En.gland 
Woman's  Club,  established  in  1868,  as  we  have  seen,  alone  occupied  the 
field,  its  ]>leasant  rooms  at  Number  five  Park  Street,  till  the  close  of  the 
nineteenth  century.     Then  the  Mayflower  Club  arose,  the  lirst  purely  social 


124 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


woman's  club  after  the  men's  model.  It  was  an  exclusive  organization  quietly 
established  on  the  upper  floors  of  the  house  on  Park  Street  next  below  the 
Union  club-house,  and  it  has  so  remained.  The  others  came  with  the  twen- 
tieth century.  There  were  the  rich  Chilton  Club,  of  high  degree,  occupying 
its  own  house,  in  the  Back  Bay,  at  the  corner  of  Commonwealth  Avenue  and 
Dartmouth  Street;  the  College  Club,  also  on  Commonwealth  Avenue,  an 
organization  composed  of  graduates  from  women's  colleges;    the   Business 


HOME    OF    THE    WOMEN  S    CITY    CLUB    OF    BOSTON 
40    BEACON    STREET A    FASHIONABLE    SECTION    OF    THE    CITY 


Women's  Club,  with  a  house  on  Bowdoin  Street  opposite  the  State  House 
annex;  and,  the  crown  of  them  all,  the  \\'' omen's  City  Club  of  Boston,  in  its 
own  beautiful  house  on  Beacon  Hill,  in  verv  close  proximitv  to  the  Somerset 
Club-house.  In  the  second  decade  of  this  twentieth  centurx-  appeared 
the  Engineer's  Club,  in  the  house  Number  two  Commonwealth  Avenue;  the 
Tennis  and  Racquet  Club-house,  on  Boylston  Street  a  block  or  two  below  the 
Athletic  Club-house;  and  the  newest  note  in  modern  club-house  architecture 
in  "The  House  of  the  Harvard  Club  of  Boston,  built  in  19 13,"  as  the  legend 
over  its  portal  informs,  on  Commonwealth  Avenue,  a  few  paces  below 
Massachusetts  Avenue. 


LITERARY  BOSTON 


Its  Goldkn  Age — Famous  Men  and  Women  Who  Have  Added  Lustre 

TO  THE  City's  Name — Some  Bookmen   I   Have   Known — Old 

and  New  Boston  Publishers  and  Booksellers 


J^^^f^HAT  has  l)een  termed  the  "Golden  Age  of  Literary  Boston," 
when  Boston  was  admitted  to  l^e  "notoriously  the  literary 
metropolis  of  the  Union,"  was  the  brilliant  period,  broadly 
CliaBi^^^t^  speaking,  between  the  late  "forties  and  the  'seventies.  Then 
the  Boston  bookshop  was  an  ideal  "bookman's  exchange." 
And  for  more  than  half  a  century  the  "Old  Corner  Book- 
store," famous  in  the  annals  of  literary  Boston,  occupying  the  corner  t)f  Wash- 
ington and  School  Streets,  was  the  literary  centre. 

This  does  not  imply,  however,  that  the  ancient  shop  was  the  only  literary 
centre.  Other  bookshops,  of  similar  standing,  drew  their  coteries  of  literary 
working  folk.  The  shop  of  Little,  Brown  and  Company,  fur  example,  then 
on  the  opposite  side  of  Washington  Street  north  of  Water  Street,  was  early 
the  resort  of  leaders  of  the  Massachusetts  bar,  as  Webster  and  Choate ;  of  the 
group  of  historians  and  historical  writers  who  made  Boston  their  literary- 
workshop;  of  Plarvanl  professors:  and  of  what  were  classed  as  the  solider 
Boston  literati.  It  has  been  related  that  for  a  number  of  years  a  little  informal 
club  met  in  Mr.  Brown's  office  daily,  at  noon,  to  talk  of  literarv  things,  and 
])articular]y  to  discuss  the  merits  of  new  publications.  The  fouiulers  of  the 
house  had  made  it  the  chief  importing  and  puljlishing  house  of  "useful  and 
valuable  works  in  every  class  of  literature,"  and  the  foremost  law  l)ook  con- 
cern in  the  country.  It  had  succeeded  the  house  of  Cummings,  Hilliard,  and 
Company, — "The  Boston  Bookstore"  for  half  a  century, — the  earlier  classical 
and  law  bookseller  in  the  town.  Little,  Brown  and  Company  were  among  the 
earliest,  if  not  the  first,  to  import  English  standard  and  new  works,  and  place 
them  on  the  market  here  at  moderate  prices.  These  importations  with  their 
inviting  prices  made  a  stir  in  the  little  cultured  town.  The  house  early  liegan 
the  publication  under  its  own  imprint  of  choice  foreign  works.  Thus  it  intrci- 
duced  its  edition  of  Edmund  Spenser  in  five  volumes  duodecimo,  edited  by 
George  S.  Hillard.  This  puljlication  marked  a  literary  epoch.  Then  followed 
the  notable  line  of  histories;  and  the  famous  collection  of  British  poets.  The 
antique  bookshops  were  also  a  resort  of  literary  folk.  .\t  the  shop  of  Samuel 
G.  Drake,  sometime  on  Cornhill,  afterward  on  Bromfield  Street,  the  earliest 
and  most  famous  of  antiquarian  ]uil)lishers  or  bocjksellers,  and  the  compiler  of 
the  local  classic,  "The  History  and  Antiquities  of  Boston  from  1630  to  1770," 
were  often  to  be  seen  at  different  times  browsing  among  the  old  books,  Sparks, 
Hildreth,  Bancroft,  Everett,  Hillard,  Starr  King,  Edwin  H.  Chai)in,  and  the 
leading  Boston  editors — Joseph  T.  Buckingham,  Nathan  Hale,  George  Lunt. 


126  THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 

The  part  tliat  the  booksehers  and  puljhsliers  played  in  the  development 
of  Boston's  literary  life,  with  their  offers  and  issues  of  the  best  literature  of 
the  day,  was  not  inconsiderable.  The\-  were  men,  as  a  rule,  of  wholesome  en- 
terprise, and  themselves  of  culture.  There  were  Phillips,  Sampson  and  Com- 
pany, who,  after  an  honorable  record,  and  the  death  of  the  principals,  failed 
in  the  first  of  the  "sixties.  With  them  began  the  Atlatitic  Monthly.  There 
were  Charles  Little,  James  Brown,  and  Augustus  Flagg,  leaders  in  Little, 
Brown  and  Company ;  there  were  Gould  and  Lincoln :  William  D.  Ticknor 
and  James  T.  Field  at  the  "Old  Corner";  James  R.  Osgood;  Benjamin 
Ticknor,  second  of  William  D.  Ticknor's  three  sons:  Crosby  and  Nichols,  later 
Crosby,  Nichols,  Lee  and  Company;  Alexander  Williams,  the  first  to  intro- 
duce the  regular  sale  of  foreign  journals  in  America;  John  P.  Jewett  ami 
Company,  the  publishers  of  "Lhicle  Tom's  Cabin,"  which  Phillips,  Samjison 
and  Company  declined,  fearing  its  influence  upon  their  Southern  trade,  much 
to  their  after  mortification ;  W" illiam  Lee,  first  of  Phillips,  Sampson  and  Com- 
pany, then  of  Crosby,  Nichols,  Lee  and  Company,  and  finally  of  Lee  and 
Shepard — Charles  A.  P.  Shepard — in  the  latter  association  to  acquire  a  com- 
petence ;  the  antiquarian  bookshop  men :  Samuel  G.  Drake,  above  mentioned, 
D.  C.  Colesworthy,  Thomas  AI.  Burnham :  Thomas's  more  widely  known  and 
more  largely  successful  son,  Thomas  Oliver  Hazard  Perry  Burnham;  Bartlett 
and  Miles;  S.  Urbino,  importer  of  German  and  French  publications;  A.  K. 
Loring,  with  his  circulating  librar)'.  And  there  were  Henry  O.  Houghton, 
sometime  of  Hurd  and  Houghton,  founder  of  the  Riverside  Press,  and  later 
founder  of  the  house  of  Houghton  Mifflin  and  Company;  and  Edwin  Ginn, 
to  found  the  great  house  of  Ginn  and  Company,  the  largest  school  and  college 
text  book  publishing  establishment  in  the  country. 

The  "Old  Corner  Bookstore"  was  itself  distinguished  as  the  oldest  brick 
building  standing  in  the  City.  Built  in  1712,  after  the  "Great  Fire"  of  171 1, 
which  destroyed  most  of  the  property  on  ^^'ashington  Street  between  the 
Town  House,  which  went  down  with  the  rest,  and  School  Street;  and  it  was 
permitted  to  remain  little  changed,  with  its  low  gambrel  roof,  row  of  dormer 
windows,  and  generally  quaint  exterior,  till  its  abandonment  as  a  bookshop 
in  the  early  nineteen  hundreds.  It  was  first,  when  transformed  from  a  dwell- 
ing to  business  purposes,  an  apothecary  shop,  occupied  in  1817  by  the  father 
of  the  good  minister,  and  worthy  citizen,  James  Freeman  Clarke.  It  became 
a  bookshop  in  182S.  the  first  proprietors  being  Carter  and  Hendee — Robert 
H.  Carter  and  Charles  J.  Hendee.  William  D.  Ticknor  came  into  the  pro- 
prietorship in  1833,  with  the  formation  of  the  firm  of  Allen  and  Ticknor. 
From  1837  to  1844  Mr.  Ticknor  was  alone  in  its  conduct.  Then  was  organ- 
ized the  firm  of  Ticknor,  Reed  and  Fields.  Thus  began  the  long  partnership 
between  Mr.  Ticknor  and  James  T.  Fields,  who  had  entered  the  shop  as  a 
clerk;  in  1865,  when  Mr.  Reed  retired,  the  familiar  imprint  of  Ticknor  and 
Fields  began  to  appear  on  the  choice  publications  of  the  house.  Mr.  Fields 
became  the  literary  partner.  His  offices  in  the  "curtained  corner"  at  the  quiet 
rear  of  the  shop,  and  his  easy  access  particular!}-  to  literary  folk  and  workers, 
so  different  from  the  exclusiveness  of  the  present-day  pul.)lisher,  was  charm- 
ingly pictured  by  George  \\'illiam  Curtis  in  one  of  his  incomparaljle  "Easy 
Chair"  essays  in  Harper's  Monthly,  which  has  often  been  quoted,  but  will 
well  bear  repetition : 


128  THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 

"  Suddenly  from  behind  the  green  curtain  came  a  ripple  of  laughter, 
then  a  burst,  then  a  chorus;  gay  voices  of  two  or  three  or  more,  but  always  of 
one  —  the  one  who  sat  at  the  desk  and  whose  place  was  behind  the  curtain,  the 
literary  partner  of  the  house,  the  friend  of  the  celebrated  circle  which  has  made 
the  Boston  of  the  middle  of  this  century  as  justly  renowned  as  the  Edinburgh 
of  the  close  of  the  last  century,  the  Edinburgh  that  saw  Burns,  but  did  not 
know  him.  That  curtained  corner  in  the  Corner  Bookstore  is  remembered  by 
those  who  knew  it  in  its  great  days,  as  Beaumont  recalled  the  revels  at  the 
immortal  tavern.  .  .  .  What  merry  peals!  What  fun  and  chaff,  and  story! 
Not  only  the  poet  brought  his  poem  there  still  glowing  from  his  heart,  but  the 
lecturer  came  from  the  train  with  his  freshest  touches  of  local  himior.  It  was 
the  exchange  of  wit,  the  Rialto  of  current  good  things,  the  hub  of  the  hub. 
...  It  was  a  very  remarkable  group  of  men  —  indeed,  it  was  the  first  group 
of  really  great  American  authors  —  which  familiarly  frequented  the  Corner  as 
the  guests  of  Fields.  There  had  been  Bryant  and  Irving,  and  Cooper,  and 
Halleck  and  Paulding  and  Willis  of  New  York,  but  there  had  been  nothing 
like  the  New  England  circle  which  compelled  the  world  to  acknowledge  that 
there  was  an  American  literature." 

After  1865,  when  Ticknor  and  Fields  removed  to  new  quarters,  on 
Treniont  Street  at  tlie  south  corner  of  Hamilton  Place,  the  "Old  Corner" 
was  wholly  occupied  by  E.  P.  Button  and  Company  (Charles  A.  Clapp), 
which  iirm  had  had  a  corner  of  the  shop  on  the  School  Street  side,  dealing  in 
Episcopal  publications,  till  its  removal  to  New  York  in  1869,  where  the  house 
is  still  established.  The  ne.xt  occupant  was  Alexander  Williams,  removing" 
from  his  long-time  estaljlishment  on  tlie  opposite  side  of  ^\'^ashington  Street 
about  where  is  now  the  Globe  newspaper  oftke.  Shortly  after  Mr.  Williams 
took  into  partnership  Charles  L.  Damrell,  Henry  M.  Upliam  and  Joseph  G. 
Cupples,  under  the  firm  name  of  A.  Williams  and  Company.  In  the  spring 
of  1883  Mr.  Williams  withdrew  and  retired  from  business  with  a  comfortable 
little  fortune,  disposing  of  his  interest  to  his  associates.  The  lineal  descendant 
of  the  "Old  Corner"  is  the  present  "Old  Corner"  on  Bromfieid  Street  at  the 
corner  of  Province  Street.  Such  is  the  story  of  this  famous  bookshop.  From 
William  D.  Ticknor's  time  to  that  of  Alexander  Williams  it  remained  the 
chief  resort  of  the  Boston  literary  lights.  Emerson  coming  to  town  weekly 
from  Concord,  for  many  years  invariably  called  at  the  "Old  Comer,"  and 
made  it  his  headquarters.  Whipple  dropped  in  almost  daily.  So  did  Holmes. 
Whittier  was  always  to  be  seen  here  when  in  town  from  Amesbury.  Lowell, 
Trowbridge,  Hawthorne  after  his  return  from  his  consulship,  Longfellow, 
were  regular  frequenters.  And  Prescott,  and  Motley  after  his  return  from 
his  unfortunate  experience  with  Grant  as  minister  to  England.  In  later  years 
the  younger  literary  workers  were  accustomed  to  foregather  here :  Howells, 
when  a  Bostonian,  Aldrich,  Lathrop,  and  the  rest.  Now  and  then  a  clever 
pen-woman  was  met  here :  as  Nora  Perry,  the  poet,  Louisa  M.  Alcott,  Harriet 
Prescott.  When  Ticknor  and  Fields  set  up  their  new  Tremont-Street  estab- 
lishment, they  provided  an  "author's  parlor"  in  it,  which  became  a  favorite 
gathering  place;  yet  the  "Old  Corner"  held  its  own  to  the  end  of  its  story. 

It  was  my  good  fortune  when  a  youth  to  become  acquainted  with  the  local 
book  business,  and  to  come  into  agreeable  association  with  several  of  the 
younger  men  who  were  to  develop  into  leaders  in  tlie  trade ;  which  relation 
in  after  years,  upon  my  return  to  Boston  as  a  regular  "newspaper  man," 
ripened  into  life-long  friendships.  I  had  been  a  pupil  in  George  Fowle's 
"Monitorial  School"- — a  private  school  conducted  on  novel  principles,  chief 
of  which  was  putting  the  boys  on  their  honor  in  their  relations  with  each 
other,  which  occupied  in  part  a  quaint  old  granite-front  builtling  at  the  north 
corner  of  Essex  and  Washington  Streets,  and  vied  with  Chauncy  Hall  School. 
then  nearbv  on  Chauncy  Place,  in  games  on  the  Common.     Mr.  Fowle  was 


THE    BOOK    or    BOSTON  129 

a  brother  of  William  B.  Fowle,  of  wider  fame,  who  kept  a  girls'  school,  and 
became  well  known  in  the  educational  world  from  his  numerous  school  text- 
books. George  Fowle  was  a  kindly,  devoted,  considerate  teacher,  but  of  a 
melancholy  cast  from  over-sensitiveness  by  being  club-footed.  I  was  sup- 
posed to  be  in  delicate  health,  and  in  1859  was  withdrawn  temporarily  from 
school,  and  put  to  work  in  the  bookshop  of  Crosljy  and  Nichols,  then  where 
is  now  the  Post  newspaper  otifice.  I  spent  the  season  of  1859-1860  in  this 
shop,  performing  various  duties  of  boy  and  junior  clerk ;  and  during  this 
period  made  the  acquaintance  of  these  younger  bookmen.  There  was  Thomas 
Niles,  a  clerk,  if  I  recollect,  in  the  "Old  Corner."'  In  the  later  'sixties, 
or  early  'seventies,  he  was  to  form  the  firm  of  Roberts  Brothers — strictly, 
Roberts  and  brother-in-law,  for  R(jberts  married  Niles's  sister, — and  to 
make  an  early  strike  with  the  publication  of  Louisa  IM.  Alcott's  "Little 
Women."  Subsecjuently  the  firm  became  noted  for  its  excellent  choice  of 
English  books  for  reproduction — there  was  no  international  copyright  then. 
This  choice  was  always  Niles's.  He  introduced,  for  instance,  to  the  Ameri- 
can reading  jniblic,  George  Meredith.  He  instituted  that  famous  lot  of 
anonymous  novels,  all  by  writers  of  acknowledged  worth,  under  the  general 
title  of  "The  No  Name  Series,"  setting  the  public  to  guessing  their  authors. 
Roberts  contented  liimself  with  the  conduct  of  the  business  end  of  the  con- 
cern. He  was  a  shrewd  l>usiness  man,  and  under  his  care  the  house  pros- 
pered. Both  partners  died  in  the  'nineties.  Rolierts  was  an  Englishman,  and 
a  bookbinder  by  trade;  and  he  first  introduced  in  Boston,  if  not  in  America, 
the  rich.  sul)stantial  half  calf  and  full  calf  l)indings  of  standard  works.  There 
were  the  Ticknor  "l)oys" — Howard  Malcolm  the  eldest,  lienjamin,  Thomas. 
Thomas  alone  remains.  He  is  today  connected  with  the  Riverside  Press. 
There  was  Charles  A.  Clapp,  the  mainspring  of  E.  P.  Button  and  Company, 
with  whom  my  friendship  was  close  during  his  whole  worthy  career,  in  New 
York  as  in  Boston.  He  died  in  New  York  in  the  year  1901,  but  Mr.  Button 
still  survives.  There  was  John  S.  Lockwood,  who  was  to  establish  the  exten- 
sive bookselling  house  of  Lockwood,  Brooks  and  Company,  to  fiourish  some 
years,  and  to  publish  a  few  books,  among  them  Edwin  Lassetter  Bynner's 
first  novels,  and  John  B.  Long's  translation  of  the  ^-Eneid  of  \^irgil.  Lock- 
wood  became  Colonel  Lockwood  on  Governor  Long's  staflf.  He  was  my 
friend  from  the  first  at  Crosljy  and  Nichols" ;  in  fact  my  gentle,  though 
sometimes  autocratic  "boss"  there.  Wiiile  I  was  in  Crosby  and  Nichols' 
emplov,  \\'illiam  Lee  came  into  the  firm,  and  for  some  reason  he  took  a  fancy 
to  me.  Our  relations  in  after  years,  when  I  was  "literary  correspondent"  for 
outside  pa])ers,  particularly  the  AVtc  York  Evening  Post,  became  quite  in- 
timate. Classed  with  the  choicest  of  my  bookman  friends  was  James  R. 
Osgood.  A  more  enterprising,  genial,  frank  l)ookman  than  Osgood  was  rare. 
Later  Air.  Houghton  became  pleasantly  friendly,  and  his  liouse  published  my 
earlier  Boston  bor)ks. 

The  Boston  publishers  and  booksellers  today  are  fewer  in  nunil)er  tlian 
fifty  years  ago.  But  their  intluencc  remains,  and  authors  are  gratified  to  see 
their  Iiooks  with  the  Boston  imprint.  Several  young  concerns  have  been 
established  in  recent  years,  with  more  or  less  success;  Init  the  Jloughton 
Miftlin  Companv,  Little,  Brown  and  Com]);in\-,  and  Ginn  and  Company  still 
lead. 


HISTORIC  SPOTS  IN  BOSTON 


Her  Part  in  the  Great  Strifes  of  the  Nation 


OSTON  has  played  a  memorable  part  in  the  great  strifes  that 
have  agitated  the  British  colonies  and  their  successor,  the 
American  Union,  since  the  settlement  of  this  part  of  the 
New  World.  First  was  the  struggle  with  the  red  aborigines. 
The  isolated  site  of  the  old  town  on  its  peninsula  made  it 
secure  in  this  regard,  but  in  the  earlier  years  the  general  sense 
of  insecurit\-  natural  to  a  small  Ijody  of  colonies  on  the  fringe  of  a  savage 
wilderness  was  shared  by  the  capital  of  the  colony.  The  menace  of  savagery 
had  tragic  outcomes  in  towns  as  near  as  Jiledfield  and  Haverhill,  but  after 
the  conclusion  of  King  Philip's  War  there  was  little  apprehension  on  this 
score.  Then  came  the  great  struggle  between  Great  Britain  and  France  for 
the  mastery  of  North  America.  The  French  and  Indian  ^^'ar  aroused  the 
militant  zeal  of  all  New  England;  Boston  stood  at  the  head  of  these  activities, 
contributing  largeh'  to  the  Colimial  troops  that  so  si)lendidly  distinguished 
themselves  in  the  conquest  of  Canada.  It  was  the  initiative  of  Massachusetts 
Bay  that  resulted  in  the  magnificent  triumi)h  of  the  reduction  of  the  strong 
fortress  of  Louisburg  on  Cape  Breton  and  the  conquest  of  the  French  pos- 
sessions that  became  the  British  provinces — an  enlargement  of  the  British 
empire  that  caused  no  little  apprehension  in  the  ^Mother  Country  lest  the 
valiant  spirit  and  military  capacity  thus  developed  might  encourage  unwel- 
come strivings  for  independence. 

These  apprehensions  proved  onlv  too  well  founded.  Oppressive  meas- 
ures instituted  by  the  home  government,  and  the  chafing  of  the  colonies 
under  restrictions  upon  the  self-governing  activities  that  so  long  had  been 
exercised  with  little  restraint,  led  to  the  rebellious  mutterings  steadily  increas- 
ing for  some  years  previous  to  the  final  outbreak  at  Lexington  and  Concord 
in  1775.  Then  followed  the  historic  siege  of  Boston.  With  these  beginnings 
of  the  epochal  struggle  that  was  to  have  so  wide  an  eft'ect  upon  the  political 
destinies  of  the  world  in  shaping  the  course  of  modern  democracy,  Boston 
took  the  initiative  in  the  v/ar  for  American  independence. 

The  love  of  liberty  thus  generated,  both  political  and  individual,  quite 
naturally  made  Boston  the  center  of  the  antislavery  movement.  This  agita- 
tion ultimately  precipitated  the  Civil  W"ar,  Avhich  finally  cemented  the  bonds 
of  Union  among  the  sovereign  States.  Hence  from  the  beginning  Boston 
has  stood  in  the  lead  of  the  great  new  world  movements  for  personal  and 
political  freedom  that  represent  America's  contrilnition  to  modern  civilization. 
Of  all  the  cities  in  the  United  States  Boston  is  the  richest  in  historical 
associations.      These   are    intimately   interwoven    with   the   development   of 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON  131 

American  institutiniis  and  iiiudcrn  progress.  Here  were  chietly  centered 
the  activities  that  induced  the  rise  of  New  England  to  its  leading  place  in 
American  histor}- :  the  growth  of  free  democratic  government  upon  the  foun- 
dations laid  by  the  earl_\-  settlers;  the  development  of  religious  liberty  from 
the  narrow  basis  of  Puritanism  into  modern  freedom  of  thought ;  the  begin- 
nings of  the  struggle  for  popular  freedom  and  American  independence ;  the 
great  antislavery  movement  whose  aims  were  consummated  in  the  war  for 
the  Union.  Here  were  originated  epochal  inventions  and  discoveries  of 
infinite  moment  to  mankind — among  them  the  use  of  sulphuric  ether  as  an 
amesthetic,  and  the  tele])h(.ne.  In  Boston  was  installed  the  first  fire-alarm 
telegraph.  The  cimtriliutiuns  of  Boston  (including  Greater  Boston)  to  trans- 
portation histor}-  are  in\alual)le.  Here  was  built  the  first  railway  in  America; 
here  took  place  the  first  electrification  of  a  steam-railroad ;  here  was  the  first 
great  electrification  of  a  street  railway:  here  was  the  first  great  unification 
of  a  metropolitan  transportation  system  in  the  United  States;  here  was  built 
the  first  sulnva\'  fnr  urban  transit  in  the  United  States.  Here  was  the  first 
free  public  school  in  America.  Here  were  jjorn,  or  hail  their  homes,  many 
famous  persons.  These  things  are  commemorated  here  as  mnvhere  else  in 
this  countrv.  Boston's  historical  assi;ciations  form  one  of  the  great  assets 
of  the  communitv,  attracting  hither  every  }-ear  thousands  of  visitors  from 
all  over  the  kuul. 

]\Ianv  historic  spots  throughout  the  city  have  l)een  designated  perma- 
nenth'  ]i\'  the  placing  of  bronze  talilets ;  others,  as  on  the  Common  near  Bark 
and  Tremont  Streets,  with  more  elaborate  memorials  of  stone.  The  former, 
for  the  greater  part,  are  due  to  the  efforts  of  various  patriotic  orders:  Sons 
of  the  Revolution,  Daughters  of  the  Revolution,  Colonial  Dames,  the  Loyal 
Legion,  and  others.  In  addition,  it  is  customary  for  the  city  authorities  to 
mark  sites,  not  permanently  designated,  with  well  designed  inscriptions  on 
temporary  wooden  tablets,  placed  in  the  summer  season  for  the  benefit  of 
the  throngs  of  tourists  who  come  to  Boston  at  that  time  of  year.  Another 
admirable  custom  recently  adopted  is  to  inscribe  upon  the  street-signs  for  the 
old  highwavs  not  only  the  present  name,  but  below  it,  in  small  letters,  the 
former  name.  <ir  names,  of  the  street.  This  custom  might  appropriately  be 
supplemented  bv  the  placing  of  tal)lets  at  the  beginning  of  a  street  with  in- 
scriptions reciting  the  origin  of  the  name — such  facts  as  that  Anne  Street 
(now  North),  for  instance,  was  named  in  honor  of  Queen  Anne;  Lincoln 
Street  for  Governor  Lincoln ;  Orange  Street  (  now  Washington  )  for  William 
of  Orange:  }iIarll)orough  Street  (now  ^^'ashington)  for  the  Duke  of  Marl- 
borough \\hen  so  famous]}-  victorious. 

]\Ianv  of  Boston's  greatest  historic  associations  are  with  historic  build- 
ings, and  the  reader  will  find  some  of  these  chronicled  under  the  head  of  public 
buildings.  The  great  central  historic  spot  is  Boston  Comnmn.  After  the  whole 
Shawmut  peninsula  had  been  bought  from  the  Indians  and  from  William 
Blackstone,  the  first  white  settler,  the  town  here  laid  out  a  "trayning-held," 
also  used  as  a  pasture  until  1830.  .\t  aliout  that  time  the  imjirovement  of 
the  Common  for  recreation  began,  the  iron  fence  which  still  largely  encloses 
it  having  been  erected  in  1836.  The  elms  of  the  mall  bordering  Tremont 
street,  now  called  Lafayette  Mall,  were  planted  in  17_'8.  This  mall  w'as 
lately  named  in  commemoration  of  the  outdoor  reception  to  Lafayette  which 
there  took  place.  It  was  foriuerly  enlivened  by  various  ])opular  attractions 
for  children  and  strangers,   including  a  delightful   Punch   and  Judy  show. 


132  THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 

With  the  passing  of  these  the  place  has  lost  its  old-time  picturesqueness.  The 
banishment  of  the  excellent  telescope  that  so  long  was  a  feature  here  is  a 
real  loss  as  a  popular  educational  feature.  Here  used  to  resort  various  eccen- 
tric characters,  celebrated  in  their  day.  Among  them,  in  the  'sixties  of  the 
19th  century,  was  "Tom-Ri-Jon"  with  his  wife,  both  eccentrically  clad — he 
with  trousers  terminating  in  scallops.  Daniel  Pratt,  "the  Great  American 
Traveler,"  used  to  hold  forth  here  about  his  adventures,  and  "Yankee 
Doodle,"  the  itinerant  cobbler,  was  wont  to  lope  rapidly  along,  whistling  his 
titular  tune,  a  pair  of  boots  slung  over  his  shoulder.  Another  character  was 
a  queer  old  man  with  long,  silvery  hair,  continentally  costumed,  and  resem- 
bling Benjamin  Franklin.  On  the  Fourth  of  July  the  mall  was  covered  with 
stands  for  selling  peanuts,  pop-corn,  pink  lemonade,  ice-cream,  etc.  The  his- 
toric coasting-scenes,  the  same  as  when  the  interference  by  British  soldiers 
led  the  Boston  boys  to  make  their  spirited  protest  to  General  Haldeman,  were 
a  winter  feature  well  into  the  'eighties  of  the  past  century,  when  the  growing 
risks  of  accident  caused  its  suppression — this  time  without  a  syllable  of 
protest.  The  Common  is  tame  today  compared  with  those  times.  The 
public  whipping-post  and  pillory,  after  their  removal  from  the  ancient 
market-stead  at  the  head  of  King  Street  (State  Street)  before  the  Town 
House,  were  located  about  opposite  West  Street.  The  burying-ground 
on  the  Common,  the  "Central  Burying-Ground,"  established  in  1756,  con- 
tains the  tomb  of  Gilbert  Stuart,  the  famous  painter,  now  marked  by  a 
handsome  bronze  tablet  on  the  fence,  placed  by  the  Paint  and  Clay 
Club.  Near  the  "Long  Walk,"  from  Joy  to  Tremont  and  Boylstcn 
Streets,  celebrated  by  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  in  his  "Autocrat  of  the 
Breakfast-Table,"  and  not  far  from  the  Frog  Pond,  stood  the  "Old  Elm" 
blown  down  by  a  wi:iter  gale  in  1776,  which  probably  antedated  the  settle- 
ment of  Boston.  It  had  associations  grim,  tragic  and  patriotic.  Pirates,  mur- 
derers, witches  and  Quakers  were  hung  from  its  limbs ;  beneath  it  duels 
were  fought;  in  Revolutionary  days  the  Sons  of  Liberty  hung  lanterns  on  it. 
The  sculptured  figures  for  the  Army  and  Navy  monument,  commemorating 
the  Civil  War,  on  Flagstaff  hill,  were  by  Martin  Milmore.  During  the  siege 
of  Boston  the  Common  was  fortified  by  the  British,  their  artillery  mounted 
on  Flagstaff,  then  "Powderhouse,"  hill,  and  trenches  marked  what  was  then 
the  water-front  on  Charles  Street.  The  troops  for  Lexington  and  for  Bunker 
Hill  departed  from  the  Common.  Earlier,  part  of  the  Colonial  forces  that 
captured  Louisburg  and  that  conquered  Quebec,  gathered  here.  In  the  war 
for  the  Union  many  Massachusetts  regiments  departed  from  the  Parade- 
ground. 

The  Old  Granary,  estalilished  in  1660  as  the  South  Burying-Ground, 
was  originally  part  of  the  Common.  Its  popular  name  comes  from  the  public 
granary  that  stood  on  the  site  of  Park  Street  church.  Its  fence  and  handsome 
gateway  date  from  1840.  Before  it,  on  Paddock's  Mall,  stood  the  noble 
English  elms  cut  down  in  1873  in  spite  of  vigorous  protest  by  many  eminent 
citizens,  including  Dr.  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes.  The  trees  were  planted  by 
Capt.  Adino  Paddock,  a  wealthy  Loyalist,  in  1782.  More  eminent  persons 
are  buried  here  than  anywhere  else  in  Boston — among  them  the  seven  early 
governors,  Bellingham.  Dummer.  Hancock,  Adams,  Bowdoin,  Eustis,  Sum- 
ner; Peter  Faneuil,  Judge  Samuel  Sewall,  Paul  Revere,  the  parents  of  Ben- 
jamin Franklin,  the  men  killed  in  the  "Boston  massacre,"  Robert  Treat  Paine 
and  John  Phillips,  first  mayor  of  Boston.     The  most  conspicuous  monument 


'IHK    r.OOK    OF    BOSTON 


L^3 


is  that  to  Franklin's  parents,  tlcdicatcd  in  1827  with  elalmrate  ceremonies. 
Tlie  inscription  was  written  l)y  Benjamin  FrankHn  himself.  Near  hy  are 
buried  most  of  the  Fluj^aienot  immis^rants  to  Boston. 

King's  Chapel  Burying-Ground  is  the  oldest  of  all,  dating  back  to  the 
year  of  Boston's  settlement.  Here  are  buried  (iov.  John  Winthrop  and  his 
son  and  grandson,  both  Governors  of  Connecticut,  John  Cotton,  John  Daven- 
port (founder  of  New  Haven  ),  and  the  wife  of  John  W'inslow,  Mary  Chilton 
the  Pilgrim  and  first  woman  to  land  from  the  "Mayflower." 

The  Copp's  Hill  Burying-Ground  at  the  North  End,  originally  called  the 
North,  was  established  also  in  1660,  like  the  Granary.  Here  are  buried  In- 
crease, Cotton  and  Samuel  Mather,  and  Edmund  Hartt,  builder  of  the  frigate 
"Constitution."  The  old  Ro.xbury  Burying-Grouml,  at  Washington  and  Eustis 
Streets,  contains  the  grave  of  John  Eliot,  apostle  to  the  Indians  and  trans- 
lator of  the  Bible  into  their  tongue.  Here  also  are  buried  the  colonial  Gov- 
ernor, Joseph  Dudley,  and  his  son  Paul  Dudley,  a  famous  chief  justice.  In 
the  old  Dorchester  Burying-Ground  is  the  grave  of  Rev.  Richard  ^Mather, 
father  of   Increase   Mather.      In   the   old   Charlestown   Burying-Ground   on 


MuMMKNl      ilJ    JtJli.N     HAH\AK1»,     IDLNUhR    UI'     HAR\ARD    Lt)LI,h(,h 


Phil)ps  Street  are  buried  John  Harvard,  ft)un<ler  of  Harvard  College,  and 
Thiimas  Beecher,  an  original  settler  and  ancestor  of  the  famous  Beecher 
family.  In  the  ancient  Bell  Rock  Burying-Ground  at  Maiden  is  buried  the 
Rev.  ^lichael  Wigglesworth,  author  of  "The  Day  of  D<x)m,"  the  first  poem 
of  note  written  in  the  colony. 

Among  the  historic  buildings  the  Old  State  House,  Faneuil  Hall,  the 
( )ld  South  Meetinghouse,  and  the  present  State  House,  find  mention  under 
the  head  of  public  buiUlings.  The  oldest  and  most  distinguished  mercantile 
building  is  the  famous  "Old  Corner  Bookstore,"  as  described  in  a  previous 
chapter,  a  picturesque  gambrel-roofed  edifice,  used  as  a  bookstore  since  i8jS 
to  within  a  few  years;  in  their  day  the  resort  of  the  chief  men  and  women  of 
letters  in  New  England's  "(iolden  .\ge"  period.  On  the  site  of  the  Old  Corner 
Bookstore  stood  the  house  of  Anne  Hutchinson.     Here  she  had  weeklv  meet- 


134 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


ings  of  women  to  discuss  the  Sunday  sermons — our  first  approach  to  a 
woman's  ckib. 

The  most  interesting  of  Boston's  ancient  dwelHngs  is  the  Paul  Revere 
house  on  North  Square,  a  home  of  the  patriot  from  aljout  1770  to  1800.  It 
was  buik  about  1676  on  the  site  of  Increase  Mather's  house,  burned  in  the 
great  fire  of  that  date.  It  has  lieen  painstakingly  restored  to  the  style  of  that 
period,  with  ckamond-paned  and  leaded  windows,  and  is  full  of  valuable 
rekcs. 

Many  notable  old-time  buildings  still  exist  in  the  more  ancient  quarters 
of  Boston.  On  Custom  House  Street,  opposite  the  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
stands  the  old  brick  Custom  House,  where  the  historian  Bancroft  was  col- 
lector and  Hawthorne  was  first  a  measurer  of  salt  and  coal  and  later  a 
weigher  and  ganger.  Around  Dock  Square,  site  of  the  Town  Dock,  some 
of  the  oldest  buildings  in  Boston  have  only  lately  disappeared.  At  the  corner 
of  North  Street  was  the  extraordinarily  picturesque  ancient  "Feather  Store" 
with  its  steep  gables  and  stuccoed  walls  typical  of  early  Boston,  surviving 
into  the  days  of  photography. 


JOY  S    BUILDING,    CORNHILL    SQUARE 


The  present  Coruhill,  originally  "Cheapside,"  dates  from  1816;  along  its 
crescent  lines  stantl  many  quaint  buildings  of  that  date.  On  the  site  of  the 
Old  Colony  Trust  Building  on  Court  Street,  then  Queen  Street,  at  the  corner 
of  Dasset  Allev,  was  where  Benjamin  Franklin  learned  his  trade  in  the  print- 
ing-office of  his  brother  James.  Here  the  latter  puljlished  the  Nczu  England 
Coiimiit.  the  second  newspaper  in  the  Colonies.  On  Brattle  Street  the  Ouincy 
House,  an  old-time  hostelry,  stands  on  the  site  of  the  first  Quaker  meeting- 
house, built  in  1697.  Opposite,  at  the  corner  of  Brattle  Square,  a  cannon- 
ball  fired  in  the  battle  of  Bunker  Flill  eniliedded  in  its  wall,  was  the  Brattle 
Square  church,  built  in  1773  and  demolished  in  1871.  In  Scollay  Square  the 
subway  station  is  about  on  the  site  of  the  first  free  writing-school,  established 
in  I 683- I 684. 

In  Court  Square,  on  the  site  of  the  imposing  new  City  Hall  extension, 
was  the  Old  Court  House  of  granite,  scene  of  the  antislavery  disturbances  of 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTOX  135 

iS^i  and  1854.  Here  in  Alay,  1854,  the  Anthuny  iJurns'  riut  caused  tlie  in- 
dictment of  such  men  as  Wendell  I-'hillips,  Theodore  Parker  and  Tlmmas 
Wentworth  Higginsun.  Here  was  the  site  of  the  Colonial  Prison  of  1642, 
where  ])ersecuted  Ouakers,  witches,  and  Captain  Kidd,  the  pirate,  were  con- 
fined. Hawthorne  depicted  this  prison  in  "The  Scarlet  Letter."  On  Tremont 
Row  stood  the  house  of  Oov.  John  Endicott,  built  when  he  moved  from 
Salem.  Some  of  the  best  early  houses  were  built  on  the  slope  of  Beacon  Hill 
on  the  west  side  of  Tremont  Street.  John  Cotton's  house  was  built  in  1633 
and,  next  d(X)r,  that  of  Sir  Harry  \*ane  in  1635.  Governor  Bellingham's 
stone  house  was  about  on  the  site  of  the  Suffolk  Savings  Bank.  Here,  in 
1 64 1,  he  took  Penelope  Pelham  for  second  wife  and,  being  magistrate,  per- 
formed the  ceremony  himself.  This  house  was  succeeded  by  the  fine  Eaneuil 
mansion  with  terraced  gardens,  and  finall}-,  early  in  the  ic;th  century,  the 
propert}'  was  merged  in  the  magnificent  (iardner  (Ireene  estate. 

The  famous  Boston  Museum,  with  its  fine  company  of  players,  occupied 
the  site  oi  the  Kimball  Building.  Near  School  Street  on  Tremont,  on  the  site 
of  the  Parker  House,  was  the  l)irth])Iace  of  Edward  Everett  Hale,  l^ng  Bos- 
ton's "great  citizen."  (  )n  the  site  of  Tremont  Temple  stc.md  the  old  Tremont 
Theatre  (  1835  ),  a  famous  playhouse  of  that  day.  Opposite  was  the  Tremont 
House,  built  in  1829.  At  the  end  of  Hamilton  Place  was  the  great  auditorium 
of  the  Boston  Music  Hall,  celelirated  in  the  history  of  music,  and  the  place 
of  worship  for  Theodore  Parker's  Twenty-Eighth  Congregational  Societv. 
Here  was  the  "Great  Organ,"  then  the  largest  in  the  world.  South  of  West 
Street,  opposite  the  Common,  the  l)eautiful  "Colonnade  Row"  of  fine  houses 
ran  as  far  as  Mason  Street  until  business  came  in.  The  present  Chickering 
Building,  near  Mason  Street,  is  practically  a  duplicate  of  one  of  the  okl  units. 
Near  the  present  Treim  lit  Theatre  stood  Boston's  second  playhouse,  the  Hay- 
market,  built  in  1796.  The  Hotel  Touraine  is  on  the  site  of  the  Boston  home 
of  President  John  Ouincy  Adams  and  birthplace  of  his  statesman  son,  Charles 
Francis  Adams.  On  \\'ashington  Street,  ojiposite  Boylston  Street,  the  liuild- 
ing  on  the  site  of  the  famous  I^ibert\-  Tree,  where  the  Sons  of  Libert}-  rallied 
previous  to  the  Revolution,  liears  a  sculptured  commemorative  talilet. 
Adjacent  stood  the  old  Liberty  Tree  Tavern.  The  Hollis  .Street  Theatre 
was  formerly  the  Hollis  Street  Clnirch,  built  in  1808.  Here  John  Pierpont 
and  Starr  King  preached.  The  older  church  of  Revolutioiiarx-  da\s  had 
Mather  B\les,  the  witty  Tory,  for  its  minister. 

On  Beacon  Street,  between  Joy  Street  and  Hancock  Avenue,  stfiod  the 
fine  house  of  Gov.  John  Hancock,  its  site  now  included  in  the  extended 
grounds  of  the  State  Hou.se.  At  the  west  corner  of  Walnut  Street  is  the 
house  where  Wendell  Phillips  was  born.  Beyond,  near  the  Somerset  Club's 
large  granite  house,  stood  the  handsome  house  of  John  Singleton  Coplev, 
the  first  great  Boston  painter,  built  ]>revious  to  the  Revolution,  when  Copley 
owned  the  entire  slope  of  Beacon  Hill  from  b>\"  -Street  to  the  water.  Number 
55  was  the  home  of  William  H.  Prescott,  the  historian.  .\t  Number  33  was 
the  home  of  (ieorge  F.  Parkman,  who  left  several  million  dollars  to  the  city 
for  the  maintenance  and  inii)rovcnieiit  of  the  Common  and  the  [niblic  ])arks. 

Park  Street,  opposite  the  Common,  is  still  mostly  occuiiied  bv  old  dwell- 
ings remodelled  for  business  purposes.  The  Ticknor  Building,  at  the  corner 
of  Beacon  Street,  was  in  part  the  home  of  George  Ticknor,  the  historian  and 
publisher.  Pielow  is  the  house  of  the  Union  Club,  Axliicli  in  part  was  the 
residence  of  .Abbott  Lawrence,  merchant  and  manufacturer;  founder  of  the 


136  THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


city  of  Lawrence  with  its  great  mills.  At  Number  4,  Houghton  Mifflin  Co., 
the  publishers,  occupy  the  winter  home  of  Boston's  great  mayor,  the  elder 
Josiah  Ouinc\-.     Number  2  was  the  last  city  home  of  Motley,  the  historian. 

Eastward  on  Beacon  Street,  at  the  corner  of  Tremont  Place,  was  the 
home  of  Nathan  Hale  when  his  son,  Edward  Everett  Hale,  was  a  boy. 
Nathan  Hale,  editor  of  the  Daily  Advertiser,  was  the  leading  spirit  in  the 
movement  for  railroads  out  of  Boston  and  was  the  chief  founder  of  the 
Boston  &  Worcester  Railroad. 

School  Street  is  so  called  because  here,  where  a  Ijronze  tablet  on  the 
City  Hall  fence  marks  the  site,  stood  the  first  house  of  the  Boston  Public 
Latin  School,  established  in  1635;  the  house  built  in  1645.  Its  second  build- 
ing stood  opposite,  on  the  site  of  the  Parker  House. 

On  Washington  Street,  then  Marlborough  Street,  nearly  opposite 
the  Old  South,  was  the  famous  Province  House,  residence  of  the  Royal  gov- 
ernors— a  stately  building  of  brick.  After  the  Revolution  it  continued  in  use 
for  a  time  for  executive  offices  of  the  Commonwealth,  including  meetings  of 
the  Governor  and  Council.  Later  it  was  the  theatre  of  the  negro  minstrels, 
Morris  Brothers,  Pell  &  Trowbridge.  Then  it  became  a  hotel  and  after 
other  transformations  its  site  is  now  occupied  by  the  Old  South  Theatre,  a 
motion-picture  establishment.  A  portion  of  the  walls  may  still  be  seen  on 
Province  Court  near  where  a  curious  survival  of  ancient  right  of  way,  in  the 
shape  of  a  rather  gruesome  passage  imder  the  buildings,  known  as  "the 
rat-hole,"  enters  the  court.  The  copper  Indian,  with  drawn  bow  and  arrow, 
that  surmounted  the  cujxila  of  the  Province  House,  is  in  the  collection  of  the 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society.  The  house  was  built  in  1667  by  Peter 
Sergeant,  a  rich  merchant,  and  was  bought  by  the  Province  in  1715. 

Beyond,  near  Bromfield  Street,  stood  the  old  Marlborough  House.  This, 
with  the  old  Bromfield  House  on  the  south  side  of  Bromfield  Street,  was  the 
headquarters  for  all  the  stage-coach  lines  out  of  Boston — their  arrival  and 
departure  rivalling  in  bustle  and  excitement  a  great  railway  terminal  of  today. 
In  the  archway  where  the  stages  entered  and  left  the  great  central  court  was 
long  the  celebrated  "Archway  Bookstore,"  largely  in  the  open  air.  This  arch- 
way also  led  to  the  hall  where  the  Lowell  Institute  lectures  were  long  held. 

In  Spring  Lane  (named  from  the  circumstance)  a  bronze  tablet  on  the 
Winthrop  Building  (the  first  steel-frame  building  erected  in  Boston)  marks 
the  site  of  "the  excellent  spring"  which  caused  the  Winthrop  colony  to  come 
over  from  Charlestown  and  settle  the  Shawmut  peninsula.  The  spring  still 
exists,  its  waters  making  their  way  to  the  sea  underground.  They  were  re- 
vealed in  copious  volume  when  the  foundations  for  the  Federal  Building  near 
by  were  excavated  in  1870.  Near  the  Old  South,  on  the  site  of  the  Old  South 
building,  stood  the  second  home  of  Gov.  John  Winthrop.  After  his  death 
here  it  Iiecame  the  Old  South  parsonage  until  its  demolition  for  firewood  by 
the  British  garrison  during  the  siege. 

At  the  corner  of  Washington  and  Milk  Streets  stands  the  Old  South 
Meetinghouse,  the  third  great  monument  of  the  Revolutionary  struggle  in 
Boston.  The  Old  South  Church  having  been  organized  in  1669  it  built  its  first 
house  on  this  site;  the  present  church  dates  from  1729.  In  the  early  days  New 
England  meetinghouses  were  used  for  secular  as  well  as  sacred  purposes. 
Boston's  town-meetings  were  often  held  here  for  some  years  previous  to  the 
Revolution,  the  ca])acity  being  much  larger  than  Faneuil  Hall's  in  that  dav. 
The  first  meetings  of  moment  were  held  on  June  14  and  15  in  relation  to  the 


WASHINGTON    ELM    AT    CAMBRIDGE 

CUT     ON    A    LARGE     GRANITE     BLOCK    AT     THE     BASE    OF     THE    "  WASHINGTON     ELM  " 
READ    THE    FOLLOWING:      "  UNDER   THIS    TREE    WASHINGTON    FIRST   TOOK 
COMMAND    OF    THE    AMERICAN    ARMY,    JUNE  jD,    1775  " 


History  has  recorded  th.it  iipoii  the  arrival  of  General  Washinijton  in  Cambridge, 
he  took  the  formal  command,  under  an  elm  tree,  of  the  American  Army,  which  then 
consisted  of  about  nine  thousand  militia  encamped  on  Cambridge  Common. 

"  The  Washington  Elm  "  has  since  become  a  most  venerated  relic  of  Revolution- 
ary days.     It  has  been  sung  of  by  our  poets  and  alluded  to  by  our  orators. 

In  olden  days  it  stood  on  grounds  included  in  the  Cambridge  Common,  but  not 
long  since  the  city  authorities  devoted  to  this  historic  tree,  a  little  court  on  Garden 
Street  bordering  on  the  Common  to  the  South.  Years  have  shorn  it  of  much  of  its 
former  majesty,  but  it  still  Hourishcs  supported  by  bands  and  braces.  Every  year 
thousands  of  pilgrims  pay  their  homage  to  it  as  a  relic  of  the  days  that  tried  men's  souls. 


138  THE    BOOK   OP^    BOSTON 

impressing  of  Massachusetts  men  for  the  British  man-of-war  "Romney."  On 
March  6,  1770,  the  spirit  of  the  great  meetings  held  in  the  afternoon  and 
evening  in  relation  to  the  "Boston  ^Massacre"  led  to  the  withdrawal  of  the 
British  garrison  from  the  town  to  the  castle.  Then  the  meetings  in  relation 
to  the  tax  on  tea  in  November  and  December,  1773,  led  to  the  famous  "tea- 
party"  of  December  16.  Through  the  siege  the  Old  South  was  used  as  a 
riding-school  for  Burgoyne's  light  dragoons;  a  large  part  of  the  invaluable 
New  England  library  of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Prince,  in  the  "steeple-room"  was 
used  for  kindling.  In  the  preceding  meetinghouse,  a  small  building  of  cedar, 
in  1697,  Judge  Samuel  Sewall,  conscience-stricken,  confessed  contrition  for 
his  share  in  condemning  the  Salem  witches.  Only  nine  years  later  Benjamin 
Franklin,  born  opposite,  Avas  baptized  on  the  day  of  his  birth,  Jan.  17,  1706 — 
not  a  long  interval  between  the  period  of  extreme  bigotry  and  the  coming  of 
a  great  exponent  of  free  thought. 

When  abandoned  as  a  house  of  worship  the  Old  South  was  temporarily 
used  for  the  post  office  when  the  latter,  in  the  Exchange  Building  on  State 
Street,  was  burned  out  in  the  great  fire.  Its  preservation  and  restoration  is 
due  to  a  movement  of  citizens  instituted  in  1876.  It  was  purchased  by  the 
Preservation  Comiuittee  for  $430,000,  ^Irs.  Mary  Hemenway  contributing 
$100,000.  At  the  preservation  meetings  lectures,  addresses  and  poems  were 
contributed  bv  Emerson,  Lowell,  Holmes,  Col.  Henry  Lee  and  other  eminent 
persons.  Emerson  made  his  last  public  appearance  here  in  a  lecture  given  in 
behalf  of  a  new  coat  of  paint  for  the  old  meetinghouse.  This  was  the  last 
painting;  when  removed  in  1913  to  expose  the  original  red  of  the  brick  walls 
smoke  had  turned  the  paint  to  dark  gray  and  black.  The  building  now  con- 
tains a  fine  collection  of  relics  of  the  revolution  and  of  Colonial  days.  Here 
are  given  the  "Old  South  Lectures,"  including  a  course  for  young  people, 
instituted  by  Mrs.  Hemenway. 

At  No.  17  Milk  Street  the  site  of  Benjamin  Franklin's  birth])lace  is 
occupied  by  an  ugly  iron-front  building  carrying  an  inscription  with  a  bust 
of  the  philosopher  and  statesman.  On  the  Federal  Building,  at  the  corner  of 
Milk  and  Devonshire  Streets,  the  fact  that  that  edifice  served  to  check  the 
great  Fire  of  1872  is  commemorated  by  a  tablet  placed  by  the  Sons  of  the 
Revolution  where  the  granite,  chipped  and  defaced  liy  the  heat  of  the  fire,  still 
attests  the  fact. 

At  the  northwest  corner  of  Federal  and  Franklin  Streets  stood  Boston's 
first  playhouse,  the  Federal  Street  Theatre,  designed  by  Bulfinch  and  erected 
in  1794.  On  the  southeast  corner  stood  the  famous  Federal  Street  Church, 
organized  as  a  Presbyterian  Church  for  the  Irish  immigrants  and  in  that  day 
popularly  called  "the  Irish  church."  With  William  Ellery  Channing  as  min- 
ister from  1803  to  1842  it  became  the  cradle  of  the  great  Unitarian  movement 
within  New  England's  Congregationalism,  thence  leading  to  transcemlental- 
ism  and  other  phases  of  religious  radicalism. 

The  building  in  which  the  first  office  of  William  Lloyd  Garrison's  epoch- 
making  organ  of  the  antislavery  movement,  the  Liberator,  started  in  1831, 
stood  at  the  corner  of  Congress  and  Water  Streets.     A  tal)let  marks  the  site. 

Fort  Hill,  one  of  the  three  elevations  that  gave  Boston  its  first  English 
name,  "Trimountaine,"  commemorated  in  "Tremont  Street"  and  "Tremont 
Row,"  rose  where  High,  Pearl  and  Oliver  Streets  now  run.  The  hill  was 
named  from  Boston's  first  fort,  erected  here  in  1632.  In  the  second  fort 
built  here  Governor  Andros  was  sheltered  when  he  fled  from  the  insurrection 


CHRIST    CHURCH 

Oldest  church  crlifice  now  standing  in  Boston.   The  corner-stone  was  laid  iti  April,  1723. 

The  signal  lanterns  of  Paul  Revere  displayed  in  the  steeple  of 

this  church  April  18,  1775,  warned  the  country  of 

the  march  of  the  British  troops  to 

Lexington  and  Concord 


140  THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 

caused  by  his  tyranny.  The  hill  was  long  a  high-class  residential  section; 
when  levelled  in  1867- 1872  it  had  become  a  slum.  As  late  as  1872  a  bridge 
carried  High  Street  across  Oliver  Street,  excavated  at  its  present  level.  Fort 
Hill  Square  is  now  many  feet  below  its  original  level. 

At  the  foot  of  Fort  Hill,  where  Atlantic  Avenue  now  runs,  was  Griffin's 
Wharf,  the  scene  of  the  "Boston  Tea-Party."  Here  three  ships,  laden  with 
tea,  were  emptied  of  their  cargoes,  342  chests.  The  story  is  recited  on  a 
tablet  on  the  building  on  the  corner  of  Pearl  Street. 

The  North  End  has  many  historic  sites  and  still  not  a  few  old  land- 
marks. Hanover  Street,  its  central  thoroughfare,  named  for  the  royal  house 
of  Hanover,  was  in  its  upper  part  the  center  of  the  great  shopping  district  of 
sixty  years  ago.  On  Union  Street,  then  Green  Dragon  Lane,  stood  the  most 
famous  of  Boston's  old  inns,  the  Green  Dragon  Tavern,  its  site  marked  at  No. 
81  by  a  stone  copy  of  the  old  sign  of  a  dragon  in  copper.  A  hall  here  was  the 
first  lodge  room  of  Freemasonry  in  America ;  St.  Andrew's  Lodge  was  organ- 
ized here  in  1752,  and  in  1769  the  mother  grand  lodge  of  the  New  World,  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  the  Province  of  Massachusetts  Bay —  Dr.  Joseph  Warren 
the  Grand  Master  and  Paul  Revere  among  the  other  officers.  Freemasonry 
played  a  great  part  in  the  secret  councils  of  the  leaders  of  the  Revolution, 
the  greater  nunilier  <if  whom  l)e!onged  to  the  order,  and  here  at  the  Green 
Dragon  the)-  planned  their  operations.  The  "North  End  Corcus,"  a  patriot 
organization,  at  first  chiefly  composed  of  the  numerous  caulkers  in  the  ship- 
yards, had  its  meeting-place  here  and  originated  the  political  term,  "caucus." 
The  Green  Dragon,  established  about  1680,  existed  till  the  widening  of  the 
street  caused  its  demolition,  some  time  after  1820. 

Li  the  widening  of  Hanover  Street,  late  in  the  'sixties  of  the  19th  cen- 
tury, was  included  the  site  of  "The  Sign  of  the  Blue  Ball,"  near  the  corner 
of  Union  Street :  Benjamin  Franklin's  boyhood  home,  the  chandler-shop  and 
dwelling  of  his  father.  Marshall  Street,  originally  Marshall's  Lane,  makes  a 
short  cut  from  Hanover  to  Union  Street.  Here,  at  the  corner  of  Creek  Lane 
is  a  curious  relic  inscribed  "Boston  Stone,  1737,"  part  of  a  paint-mill  brought 
from  England  about  1700.  Creek  Lane  led  to  the  ancient  "Mill  Creek"  that 
connected  the  old  tidal  "Mill  Pond"  formed  by  a  dam  at  Causeway  Street 
with  the  harbor  near  Dock  Square.  At  the  corner  of  Marshall  and 
Union  Streets  stands  a  quaint  brick  building.  Here,  in  the  shop  of  Hopestill 
Capen,  Benjamin  Thompson  of  Woburn,  afterwards  Count  Rumford,  was  a 
clerk.  Upstairs  was  printed  the  Massachusetts  Spy  when  the  Revolutinn 
broke  out.     Later  it  became  the  U^orccstcr  Spy. 

Salem  Street  was  Green  Lane,  a  fashionable  residence  street,  in  the  early 
days.  At  the  corner  of  Stillman  Street  the  First  Baptist  Church  was  erected 
in  1679.  Part  of  Prince  Street  was  Black  Horse  Lane,  leading  to  the  Charles- 
town  ferry.  Number  130  was  the  Stoddard  house  where  Major  Pitcairn, 
wounded  at  Bunker  Hill,  is  said  to  have  died.  Prince  Street  leads  eastward 
to  North  Square,  the  centre  of  the  Italian  quarter.  On  the  North  side  of  the 
square  stood  the  original  Old  North  Church,  pulled  down  by  the  British  for 
fuel  during  the  siege.  The  Second  Church,  organized  in  1679,  worshipped 
here.  Its  first  meetinghouse  was  burned  in  1676.  Here  the  three  Mathers, 
Increase,  Cotton  and  Samuel,  were  successively  the  ministers.  After  the 
Revolution  the  society  bought  the  "New  Brick  Church,"  now  the  Roman 
Catholic  St.  Stephen's,  on  Hanover  Street.  The  Italian  church  on  the  east 
side   of    North   Square   was   originally   the    Sailor's    Bethel   where    "Father 


thp:  book  op^  boston 


141 


Taxlur"  (Rev.  Edward  T.  Ta_\lor),  a  natural  urator,  held  idrth  with  famous 
effect.  He  and  Theodore  Parker  were  intimate  friends,  despite  wide  diversi- 
ties in  faith. 

Ciarilen  Court  Street,  near  by,  perpetuates  with  its  ])leasant  name  the 
traditions  of  the  beautiful  garden  where  Gov.  Thomas  Hutchinson  was  l>orn, 
and  lived  until  his  exile,  in  a  stately  house  of  brick.  Here  he  wmte  his  "His- 
tory of  Massachusetts."  The  Imuse  was  mol)l)ed  and  sacked  in  the  Stamp  Act 
riot  on  the  night  of  Aug.  jO,  1765.  On  Garden  Court  Street  also  stood  the 
Clark-Frankland  niansion,  celebrated  in  fiction  by  Conju-r  in  "Lionel  Lincoln" 
and  by  Bynner  in  "Agnes  Surriage."  lUiilt  by  \\'illiani  Clark,  a  merchant, 
it  was  later  the  home  of  Sir  Harrv  Frankland. 


^  ■#??.: 
^"^.' 


:-*&^J:*S>^ 


STAND  VOUR  CROUNn 

Do^rrmc  Unless  HRco  UPON 

l-I^T  IT  B£CI«  HCSf 


THE    CONCORD    BATTLE    FIELD    AND    THE    BOULDER    RETAINED    AS    A    MEMORIAL    TO    THE 
'"MINUTE    men"    who     PARTICIPATED     IN    THAT    EARLY    STRUGGLE 


Christ  Church,  on  Copp's  Hill,  built  in  1723,  for  the  second  Episcopal 
church  in  lio.ston,  is  the  oldest  in  Boston.  It  is  now  known  as  the  "Old 
North,"  although  the  original  "Old  North"  was  in  North  Square.  It  is  com- 
monly accejjted  that  the  lanterns  to  warn  Paul  Revere  on  the  night  of  his 
famous  ride  to  Lexington  and  Concord,  .\pril  18,  1775,  were  hung  in  this 
l)elfry,  but  PTothingham  and  other  authorities  claim  the  distinction  for  the 
latter.  ( ieneral  Gage  is  said  to  have  watched  the  l)attle  of  Bunker  Hill  from 
this  belfry.  Christ  Church  chimes,  hung  in  1744,  are  the  oldest  in  Boston. 
The  church,  within  and  without,  has  been  carefully  restored  to  its  ancient 
aspect.  Among  many  valuable  relics  treasured  here  is  Houdon's  bust,  the  first 
memorial  likeness  of  \^'ashington  .set  up;  also  silver  vessels  for  communion 
presented  by  George  H  in  1733.  Near  by,  at  Salem  and  Sheafe  Streets,  is 
the  dwelling  of  Robert  Newman,  the  sexton  who  is  said  to  have  hung  the 


142  THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 

lanterns  fur  Revere.  On  Sheafe  Street  was  the  birthplace  of  the  author  of 
"America,"  the  Rev.  Samuel  ¥.  Smith.  Hull  Street  was  named  for  John 
Hull,  who  made  the  Pine  Tree  shillings.  The  Galloupe  house  here  dates 
from  1722;  it  was  the  headquarters  of  Gage's  staff  during  the  battle  of 
Bunker  Hill. 

The  granting  of  the  Province  charter  of  1692  is  commemorated  in  the 
name  of  Charter  Street,  changed  from  "the  Green  lane"  in  1708.  At  Charter 
and  Salem  Streets,  west  corner,  stood  the  brick  mansion  built  b)-  Sir  William 
Phipps,  the  first  royal  governor  of  the  province,  who  began  as  a  ship-car- 
penter. The  Colony  charter  is  said  to  have  been  hidden  for  safeguarding,  in 
1681,  in  the  house  of  John  Foster  at  Charter  Street  and  Foster  Lane  (now 
Foster  Street).  Paul  Revere's  last  home  was  at  what  is  now  Revere  Place, 
off  Charter  Street  near  Hanover.  On  the  water-front.  North  Battery  wharf, 
with  Battery  Street  near  by,  indicates  the  site  of  the  old  battery.  The  South 
Battery  w'as  at  the  foot  of  Fort  Hill,  the  Y-shaped  thoroughfare  called  Bat- 
terymarch  indicating  the  neighborhood.  Next  to  North  Battery  Wharf  is 
Constitution  Wharf,  which  appropriately  names  the  site  of  Hartt's  shipyard, 
where  were  built  the  famous  frigate  "Constitution"  (Old  Ironsides)  and  also 
the  frigate  "Boston." 

From  the  North  End  we  cross  to  what  is  now  the  oldest  section  of 
Boston, — for  Charlestown,  founded  in  1629,  was  the  original  settlement,  ante- 
dating Boston  by  about  a  year.  The  first  houses  were  clustered  about  what  is 
now  City  Square.  Here  Boston  was  given  its  name  in  the  "Great  House" 
of  the  Governor,  on  the  west  side  of  the  square,  on  Sept.  17,  1630;  near  by, 
to  the  north,  dwelt  John  Harvard.  Close  by,  under  an  oak  tree,  the  First 
Church  of  Boston  was  organized.  Town  Hill,  a  slight  elevation  to  the  west- 
ward, was  crowned  liy  the  "palisadoed  fort"  of  1629.  On  Main  Street,  just 
beyond  the  Thompson  Square  station  of  the  Elevated,  Samuel  Finley  Breese 
Morse,  inventor  of  the  electric  telegraph,  was  born  on  April  2y,  1791.  His 
father,  the  Rev.  Jedidiah  Morse,  was  minister  of  the  Charlestown  First 
Church  and  author  of  the  first  geography  of  the  United  States.  All  Charles- 
town was  burned  in  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill;  this  large  wooden  house  was 
the  first  built  after  the  fire.  The  l)attle  took  place  on  Breed's  Hill,  a  shoulder 
of  the  much  higher  Bunker  Hill.  The  famous  monument  stands  at  the  south- 
east corner  of  the  Continental  fortification,  which  was  about  eight  rods 
square.  The  corner-stone  of  the  monument  was  laid  by  Lafayette  in  1825 
and  the  great  obelisk  was  finished  in  1842. 

Returning  to  Shawmut  peninsula  we  find  the  Old  West  End,  lying  be- 
tween Beacon,  Tremont,  Court,  Green  and  Leverett  Streets,  rich  in  historic 
associations.  On  the  west  slope  of  Beacon  Hill,  long  the  "Copley  Farm," 
was  the  home  of  William  Blackstone,  or  Blaxtnn,  the  first  settler.  When  the 
^'Hancock  pasture"  was  bought  for  the  site  of  the  new  State  House  in  1795, 
a  land  syndicate,  organized  to  develop  the  Copley  property,  laid  out  the  vari- 
ous streets.  Later  it  was  attempted  to  rename  Beacon  Hill  as  "Mount  Ver- 
non" ;  hence  Mount  Vernon  Street,  originally  Olive  Street.  Joy  Street  was 
first  named  Belknap  Street.  The  north  slope  of  the  hill,  li  mg  a  negro  quarter, 
has  now  a  Jewish  population.  The  brick  meetinghouse  on  Smith's  Court, 
erected  for  the  First  African  Church  in  1806,  has  Ijecome  a  synagogue.  At 
No.  59  Mount  Vernon,  distinguished  by  its  classic  marble  doorway,  was  the 
last  home  of  Thomas  Bailey  Aldrich,  the  poet.  William  Ellerv  Channing 
lived  at  No.  83. 


ifrf 


_^,j3t--iaAfa.>.^g 


BUNKER    HILL    MONLMKNT 
COMMEMORATING    THE    BATTLE    OF    BUNKER    HILL,    JUNE     17,     1775 


The  monuiiicnt  was  begun  in  IslS,  on  the  anniversary  of  the  battle,  when  the  curner-slone  was 

formally  laid  by  Lafayette.     Daniel  Webster  delivere:!   the  oration. 

In  the  great  throng  that  githered  on  this  occasion 

were  a  few  survivors  of  the  battle 


144  THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


Louisburg  Square  is  the  counterpart  of  a  typical  old  London  square.  At 
No.  lo  was  the  Boston  home  of  Louisa  M.  Alcott;  A.  Bronson  Alcott,  her 
celel)rated  father,  died  here  in  1888;  her  death  followed  the  day  after  his 
funeral.  At  No.  20  Jenny  Lind  became  Mrs.  Goldschmidt.  At  No.  4, 
William  D.  Howells,  when  editing  the  Atlantic,  had  his  first  home  in  the  city; 
other  homes  of  his  were  on  Sacramento  Street,  Cambridge ;  in  Belmont  on  the 
hill ;  in  Boston  again  at  No.  302  Beacon  Street ;  and  last,  early  in  the  'nineties,. 
at  the  Abbotts  ford  on  Commonwealth  Avenue. 

Pinckney  Street  is  rich  in  literary  associations.  Number  1 1 ,  where  Miss 
Alice  Brown  now^  lives,  was  long  the  home  of  Edwin  P.  Whipple,  essayist 
and  lecturer.  At  No.  20  the  Alcott  family  lived  in  the  'fifties;  at  No.  54, 
and  later  at  62,  lived  George  S.  Hillard,  editor  and  author;  at  84  was  the 
first  Boston  home  of  Aldrich. 

On  Chestnut  Street,  at  No.  50,  was  the  city  home  of  Francis  Parkman,. 
the  histiirian;  that  of  Richard  Henry  Dana,  Sr.,  the  pnet,  was  at  No.  43; 
Edwin  Booth,  the  actor,  long  lived  at  No.  29;  at  No.  13,  the  home  of  the  Rev. 
John  T.  Sargent,  the  famous  Radical  Club,  of  the  'seventies  and  'eighties, 
was  organized  by  Airs.  Sargent — meeting  there  and  also  at  times  at  the  home 
of  Rev.  Dr.  Cyrus  A.  Bartol  (minister  of  the  old  West  Church)  at  No.  17. 
Few  occasions  ever  drew  together  so  many  of  New  England's  intellectual 
lights;  Emerson,  Whittier,  Longfellow,  Charles  Sunmer,  \\'endell  Phillips,. 
David  A.  Wasson,  John  Weiss,  Col.  T.  W.  Higginson,  John  Fiske,  Julia 
Ward  Howe  (who  once  also  lived  at  No.  17),  Edna  D.  Cheney,  Nora  Perry, 
Louise  Chandler  Moulton,  and  many  others  hardly  less  known,  were  often 
seen  here  together. 

On  Walnut  Street,  at  the  head  of  Chestnut,  a  modern  house  stands 
en  the  site  of  Motley's  boyhood  home,  and  Parkman  once  lived  at  No.  8 
Walnut. 

Charles  Street  has  now  lost  its  old-time  residential  prestige.  Oliver 
\\'cndell  Holmes  long  lived  at  164,  James  T.  Fields  at  148,  and  T.  B. 
Aldrich  for  a  few  years  at  131.  The  death  of  Mrs.  Fields,  late  in  1914, 
closed  this  chapter,  and  the  beautiful  home,  where  more  persons  of  literary 
distinction  (among  them  Dickens  and  Thackeray)  had  enjoyed  American 
hospitality  than  any  other  in  America,  was  dismantled.  Sarah  Orne  Jewett 
and  Louise  Imogen  Guiney  were  often  Airs.  Fields'  companions  here.  It 
was  on  Charles  Street  that  Dr.  Holmes  wrote  some  of  his  most  impor- 
tant work,  including  "The  Professor  at  the  Breakfast  Table*'  and  "Elsie 
Venner." 

Beyond  Cambridge  Street,  fronting  on  Blossom,  we  come  to  the  Massa- 
chusetts General  Hospital,  its  main  building  designed  by  Bulfinch.  Here 
the  first  surgical  operation  under  the  influence  of  sulphuric  ether  was  per- 
formed by  Dr.  W.  T.  G.  Morton  in  October,  1856 — the  event  commemorated 
by  the  "Ether  monument,"  with  J.  O.  A.  Ward's  group  of  "The  Good 
Samaritan,"  on  the  Public  Garden.  In  the  old  Harvard  Medical  School 
building  on  North  Grove  Street  Dr.  George  Parkman  was  killed  by  Prof. 
John  W.  Webster  in  1849. 

At  the  corner  of  Lynde  and  Cambridge  Streets  is  Lowell  Square,  faced 
by  the  handsome  old  West  Church,  now  the  West  End  branch  of  the  Public 
Library.  It  dates  from  1808.  Here  Dr.  Charles  Lowell,  father  of  James 
Russell  Lowell,  was  long  the  minister.     With  the  death  of  Dr.  Bartol,  its- 


HISTORIC  OLD    PARK   STREET  CHURCH,  AND   ITS   BEAUTIFUL  SURROUNDINGS.      THE   COMMON, 

THE    HEART    OF    BOSTON    BEYOND.       IT    IS    MARKED    AS    THE    PLACE    IN    WHICH 

"AMERICA"    WAS    FIRST    PUBLICLY    SUNG 


146  THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 

last  minister,  the  congregation  was  dissolved.  The  original  ^\■est  Church, 
on  the  same  site,  was  a  Revolutionar)-  landmark ;  its  steeple  was  removed 
because  signals  were  thence  made  to  Washington's  camp  in  Cambridge. 

Even  the  Back  Bay,  the  youthful  quarter  of  Boston,  has  its  historic 
associations.  Number  296  Beacon  Street  was  the  last  Boston  home  of  Dr. 
Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  associated  with  his  writing  of  "The  Poet  at  the 
Breakfast  Table"  and  other  of  his  latest  works.  In  the  rear  of  the  house  on 
the  Esplanade  stands  the  modest  Holmes  memorial.  At  No.  302  Beacon 
Street,  also  on  the  waterside,  Howells  lived  for  some  years.  Here  "Mark 
Twain"  was  often  his  guest;  cue  day  the  two  saved  a  poor  woman  from 
drowning  herself  in  the  river  back  of  the  house.  At  241  Beacon  Street  was 
the  last  Boston  home  of  Mrs.  Julia  Ward  Howe. 

Its  many  institutions  of  learning  have  long  made  the  Back  Bay  the 
"Latin  quarter"  of  Boston.  The  removal  of  the  Massachusetts  Institute 
of  Technology  to  Cambridge  closes  a  great  chapter  of  this  life,  begun  more 
than  fiftv  vears  ago.  The  handsome  Rogers  building,  in  particular,  is  rich 
in  traditions.  Here,  in  Huntington  Hall,  the  free  lectures  of  the  unique 
Lowell  Institute  have  long  been  hekl;  in  its  courses  many  of  the  world's 
most  eminent  men  in  science  and  letters  have  appeared — among  them  Alfred 
Russel  Wallace,  associated  with  Darwin  as  an  independent  originator  of  the 
theory  of  evolution  through  natural  selection.  On  Copley  Square  the  Copley- 
Plaza  Hotel  occupies  the  site  of  the  first  building  of  the  Museum  of  Fine 
Arts,  dating  from  1876. 

Taking  the  tunnel  for  East  Boston  we  find  ourselves  in  Maverick 
Square,  named  in  honor  of  the  first  European  settler  of  Noodle's  Island, 
Samuel  Maverick,  who  was  living  there  contemporary  with  the  settlement 
of  Boston  in  1630.  The  site  of  his  fortified  house  is  unknown.  Belmont 
square  on  Camp  Hill  luarks  the  site  of  a  Revolutionary  fort.  In  East  Boston 
the  great  ship-building  traditions  of  Boston  were  continued  down  to  days 
when  iron  and  steel  replaced  wood  in  ship-construction.  Almost  the  entire 
water-front  of  the  island  on  Mystic  River  and  Chelsea  River  was  occupied 
by  ship-yards,  and  till  after  the  Civil  War  the  sound  of  hammers  and  mallets 
rang  out  over  the  water.  Here  were  built  man}'  famous  ships,  including 
the  "Great  Republic,"  the  "Great  Admiral"  and  others  celebrated  in  all  ports 
of  the  world. 

To  reach  South  Boston  we  shall  soon  be  taking  the  Dorchester  subway 
extension  of  the  Cambridge  subway  and  Beacon  Flill  tunnel,  leaving  the 
train  within  a  few  minutes'  walk  of  Dorchester  Heights,  or  Telegraph  Hill, 
where  stands  the  marble  monument,  aj^propriately  designed  by  its  architect, 
Robert  S.  Peabody,  in  the  style  of  a  Colonial  church  tower.  This  is  the 
"Evacuation  monument,"  commemorating  the  evacuation  of  Boston  bv  the 
British  on  March  17,  1776,  forced  by  the  secret  fortification  of  this  hill-top 
over  night  by  the  Continental  Army,  thus  commanding  Boston  bv  artillery 
fire.  This  terminated  the  first  chapter  in  the  struggle  for  American  inde- 
pendence and  transferred  the  seat  of  war  to  parts  outside  of  New  England 
— with  the  exception  of  Vermont. 

Another  historic  feature  of  South  Boston  is  the  original  home  of  the 
Perkins  Institution  for  the  Blind,  founded  in  1829  by  Dr.  Samuel  G.  Howe. 
The  Imilding,  on  a  sightly  eminence  near  City  Point,  was  originallv  a  hotel 
— a   feature  of   South  Boston's   early  development  as   the   "court   end"   of 


PLYMOUTH    ROCK.       LANDING    PLACE    OF    THE    PILGRIMS    IN     1620 


THl;    I.AFAVhTTE    MALL    AND    TRKMONT    STREET,    IN    THE    HEART    OF    THE    BUSINESS    SECTION    OF 

MODERN    BOSTON 


148  THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


Boston.     Celebrated  among  the  students  here  have  been  Laura  Bridgman 
and  Helen  Keller. 

Keeping  on  to  Dorchester  we  find  the  site  of  the  town's  original  settle- 
ment in  the  neighljorhood  of  Edward  Everett  Square,  accessible  by  way 
either  of  Columbia  Road  or  Massachusetts  Avenue.  The  Dorchester  colonists 
had  their  port  at  the  shallow  "Old  Harbor."  Near  Edward  Everett  Square 
is  the  site  of  the  first  free  public  school  established  in  /Vnierica.  The  typical 
old  Colonial  structure  on  Meeting  House  Hill  is  the  home  of  the  Dorchester 
First  Church,  organized  in  1831.  At  Lower  Mills  on  the  Neponset  River  the 
manufacture  of  chocolate  in  the  L'nited  States  began  in  the  eighteenth 
century. 

The  Roxburv  district  has  numerous  historical  features.  Here  was  the 
home  of  John  Eliot,  the  apostle  to  the  Indians.  On  Eliot  Square  is  the  old 
meetinghouse  of  the  First  Church  in  Roxbury,  whose  minister  John  Eliot 
was  for  over  40  years.  Not  far  away,  near  Highland  Street,  were  the  Rox- 
bury forts  of  Revolutionary  days.  The  site  of  one  of  these  is  marked  by 
the  minaret-like  water  tower  on  Highland  Park.  These  two  forts,  built  by 
Gen.  Harrv  Knux,  were  important  features  of  the  invasion  of  Boston  at 
the  siege.  At  39  Highland  Street  was  the  home  of  Edward  Everett  Hale 
for  manv  vears,  and  until  his  death.  Here  also  on  Highland  Street  was 
"Rocklands,"  the  himie  of  \\'illiam  Lloyd  Garrison.  On  Warren  Street, 
shortly  after  leaving  the  Dudlex'  Street  terminal  of  the  Elevated,  we  come  to 
the  site  of  Gen.  Joseph  \\'arren's  home,  marked  by  a  taljlet;  opposite  stands 
the  fine  Warren  statue  modelled  liy  Paul  Bartlett.  Kearsarge  Avenue  com- 
memorates the  fact  that  the  commander  of  the  destroyer  of  the  ".\labama," 
Rear  Admiral  John  A.  Winslow,  had  his  home  there.  Near  by  is  the  Rox- 
bury Latin  School,  an  endowed,  but  not  public,  institution,  founded  in  1645. 
Warren  became  its  master  when  only  nineteen  years  old. 

Weld  Hill,  in  the  Arnold  Arboretum,  was  selected  by  Washington  as  a 
point  to  fall  back  upon  in  case  of  necessity  at  the  siege  of  Boston.  His 
favorite  resting-place  while  conducting  the  siege  was  the  old  Peacock  Tavern 
at  the  corner  of  Centre  and  Allandale  Streets,  opposite  the  Arboretum.  Flan- 
cock,  when  governor,  also  came  out  to  live  in  the  country  at  this  tavern. 

The  limitations  of  space  forbid  us  to  consider  here  the  almost  equally 
numerous  historic  features  of  Greater  Boston  to  be  seen  beyond  the  municipal 
limits. 


BOSTON'S   lUHK   S\'STKM 


The   Most   Scientific   axd   Artistic   System  of  Parkways  ok  Any 
City  IN  America — The    Far-famed    Boston    Common 

AND    THE    Pl"I!I,IC   CJaRDEN FraNKLIN  1'AKK ThE 

Arnold  ARr.iiUETrM — The  Riverway 
AND  THE  Fens 


OST(3X'S  park  system  is  justlv  fanieil  as  the  most  Cdin- 
prehensive,  the  must  scientifically  and  artistically  planned, 
series  of  ])leasure-gri:iiin(ls  and  park\va\-s  possessed  In'  any 
city  in  America,  and  perliaps  in  the  wnrld.  This  system 
comprises  the  imjxirtant  numicipal  open  spaces  of  the  inner 
cit}-,  tiigether  with  the  i^reat  metropulitan  parks  and  park- 
ways later  develo])fd  in  the  interest  ni  the  entire  cluster  of  cities  and 
towns  comprised  in  the  Aletn  ipulitan  Districts,  or  (ireater  Boston.  It 
furthermiire  includes  the  local  pleasure-grounds  established  hy  the  \arii:ius 
nnuiici])alities  outside  of  Boston. 

Yet  of  all  great  American  cities  Bost(jn  was  one  of  the  latest  to  awaken 
to  the  importance  of  a  system  of  parks  in  the  modern  sense.  Hence  in  its 
large  aspects  the  actual  beginnings  of  the  modern  park  s}'stem  date  hack 
less  than  forty  }-ears.  There  is  a  very  natural  reason  for  this.  Until  the 
creation  of  Central  I'ark  in  New  ^'ork  as  the  first  great  American  park  in 
the  sense  accepted  today,  Boston  Common  was  the  largest  public  ])leasure- 
ground  belonging  to  any  city  in  the  country.  The  city  was  comparatively 
small  in  those  days:  the  open  country,  with  the  exceptionally  beautiful 
suburban  communities  roundaljout,  was  easily  accessible  for  rural  enjoyment. 
'The  need  for  public  recreation  grounds  was  therefore  but  little  felt. 
\\'hen  the  desirability  of  parks,  in  the  sense  of  New  York's  Central  Park, 
Brooklyn's  Prospect  Park,  and  Philadeliihia's  Fairmount  Park,  was  sug- 
gested here  it  was  common  to  sav :  "But  Boston  does  not  need  parks;  look 
at  our  sujjurbs!    They  are  parks  in  themselves." 

ICarly  in  the  'seventies  of  the  nineteenth  centur\'  the  rapid  changes  in 
the  suburljs  caused  by  the  expansion  of  the  city  and  a  progressive  oblitera- 
tion of  many  charming  passages  of  rural  landscape  made  increasingly  evi- 
dent the  importance  of  doing  something.  Acc(jrdingly  an  act  for  the 
establishment  of  a  park  system  was  passed  and  sulimitted  to  the  voters  of 
Boston  in  the  }ear  1874.  This  failed  of  accc])tance :  the  decisive  voice 
against  it  was  given  l)y  the  recently  annexed  Dorchester  district.  it  was 
feared  in  Dijrchester  that  the  principal  ])ark  W(juld  not  be  within  the  limits 
of  that  district.  In  1S75  an  act  creating  a  board  of  three  park  commis- 
sioners with  comprehensive  j)owers  of  taking  land  and  of  administration 
was  passed  and  was  duly  accejjted  by  the  voters  at  a  special  election  on 


150  THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 

June  9.  On  July  6  T.  Jefferson  Coolidge.  William  Gray,  Jr.,  and  Charles  H. 
Dalton  were  appointed  the  first  Boston  park  commissioners.  The  second 
report  of  the  board,  submitted  in  1876,  was  mainly  devoted  to  an  elaborate, 
carefully  studied  and  strikingly  comprehensive  park  scheme  comprising  two 
systems,  urban  and  suburban:  "the  former  having  waterfronts  on  the 
harbor  and  the  river  (Charles)  with  intermediate  parks,  the  whole  designed 
mainly  with  reference  to  the  public  health,  but  valuable  also  for  the  daily 
pleasure  of  the  citizens ;  the  latter,  selected  more  with  reference  to  the  recrea- 
tion of  the  people,  will  also,  as  the  city  grows,  become  essential  to  the  health 
of  the  population  then  living  in  their  vicinity." 

This  plan  corresponded  in  a  considerable  degree  with  an  admirable  re- 
port made  in  connection  with  the  act  that  had  failed  in  1874.  While  not 
then  entered  upon  as  a  general  scheme  it  proved  largely  prophetic.  Certain 
features  of  it  became  impracticable  under  changed  conditions;  others  were 
taken  up  one  after  the  other,  piecemeal;  others,  though  always  regarded  as 
cardinal  features,  were  not  considered  until  comparatively  recently.  Such 
was  the  Charles  River  Basin — hekl  at  the  outset  to  be  of  prime  importance, 
but  for  a  generation  laid  aside  in  favor  of  other  features. 

The  realization  of  the  new  park  s\stem  began  with  the  estal)lishment  of 
the  "Back  Bay  Park"  (now  the  Fens),  Marine  Park  in  South  Boston  and 
Wood  Island  Park  in  East  Boston.  A  park  on  Parker  Hill  together  with  a 
"Jamaica  Parkway"  running  Ijeyond  to  Jamaica  Pond  was  originally  con- 
templated in  connection  with  the  Back  Bay  park ;  also  a  park  at  Jamaica  Pond, 
a  "W'est  Roxbury  park,"  and  a  "Brighton  park"  in  what  is  now  known  as  the 
Aberdeen  district.  These,  together  with  a  proposed  park  at  Savin  Hill  and 
one  on  the  South  Bay,  were  deferred  until  the  necessary  appropriations 
might  be  made. 

The  inadequacy  of  designs  sulmiitted  for  the  Back  Bay  park  led  to  a 
consultation  with  ]\Ir.  Frederick  Law  Olmsted,  whose  creation  of  Central 
Park  had  founded  a  new  era  in  public  parks.  The  result  was  that  Mr.  Olm- 
sted was  induced  to  undertake  the  designing  of  the  entire  park  system.  He 
accordingly  took  up  his  residence  in  Brookline  and  lived  there  the  rest  of 
his  life.  It  was  the  influence  of  Prof.  Charles  S.  Sargent,  of  the  chair  of 
arboriculture  at  Harvard  University,  that  brought  this  about,  and  thence- 
forward the  public-spirited  activities  of  Professor  Sargent,  quietly  exerted  in 
various  ways,  were  one  of  the  most  potent  factors  in  the  shaping  of 
the  Boston  park  system. 

The  Back  Bay  Park  project  was  primarily  an  engineering  problem,  deal- 
ing with  the  grave  sanitary  questions  growing  out  of  the  pollution  of  tidal 
flats  and  the  heavy  floods  from  Stony  Brook.  The  stench  from  the  Back 
Bay  flats  had  become  intolerable;  had  they  not  been  effectively  dealt  with 
the  entire  Back  Bay  district,  the  "court  end"  of  Boston,  would  have  degen- 
erated to  a  slum  quarter.  The  park-improvement  proved  its  salvation,  and 
a  heavy  assessment,  covering  a  large  proportion  of  the  cost,  was  laid  upon 
Back  Bay  real  estate  in  the  shape  of  a  betterment  tax  amounting  to  $431,972. 
The  plan  adopted  represented  an  engineering  project  made  attractive  by 
landscape  treatment.  The  engineering  features  were  devised  by  Mr.  J.  P. 
Davis,  the  city  engineer ;  and  Mr.  Olmsted  was  the  author  of  the  original 
and  strikingly  appropriate  landscape  design.  The  waterway,  designed  to  re- 
ceive the  overflow  of  Stonv  Brook  in  time  of  freshet,  was  made  to  simulate 
a  tidal  creek  of  the  sort  common  in  New  England  coast  scener\',  meandering 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


151 


thrtiugh  marshes  Ijetweeii  uiilaiul  hanks.  Mr.  ( )lmste(.l  found  his  protot\])e 
in  the  scenery  tlien  presented  by  the  valle\-  of  ]\Iuddy  River  in  Brookline, 
between  Chapel  antl  Longwood  railroad  stations.  He  aimed  to  produce  the 
effect  of  a  natural  piece  of  coast-scenery  that  had  somehow  been  preserved 
while  the  great  city  grew  up  around  it.  Although  developed  from  a  basis  of 
noisome  tidal  flats,  the  illusion  was  perfect.  Two  large  liasins  with  salt-marsh 
levels  and  banks  covered  with  trees  and  slirubbery  were  constructed  to  receive 
the  flood-waters  of  Stony  Brook.  \\'ith  the  overflow  coincident  with  flood- 
tide  in  the  harbor,  the  liasins  took  care  of  the  freshet  water  until  the  tide 
receded.  It  iiappened  rejieatedly  that  Stony  Brook  was  thus  prevented  from 
overflowing  its  banks  and  damaging  adjacent  property  to  the  extent  of  millions 
for  which  the  city  would  have  been  held  responsible.  The  creek,  or  "Fen- 
water,"  was  kept  Iirackish  with  a  rise  and  fall  of  almut  two  feet  under  the 


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FEEDING    THE    DLXKS    IX    FRANKLIN     P,\RK 


regular  sea-tides.  Conditions  have  now  been  radically  changed  l)y  the  con- 
struction of  the  Charles  River  Basin  and  the  consecjuent  conversion  of  the 
Fenwater  fnjm  brackish  to  fresh.  Hence  the  original  function  of  the  im- 
provement has  been  dispensed  with. 

The  Fens,  as  now  called,  l)ccame  the  first  link  in  the  great  parkway 
which  was  laid  out  between  the  Charles  River  Basin  and  Franklin  Park,  with 
an  exquisite  diversity  of  landscajie  charm  marking  its  course.  This  parkway 
was  unique  when  created:  the  first  of  its  ty])e  ever  constructed.  The  name, 
"the  Fens."  characteristic  of  its  tranquil  marshland  scenery,  was  suggested 
by  Mr,  (  )]niste(l,  who  also  originated  the  appro])riate  names  for  the  other 
features  of  the  ])arkwa\'  chain:  "Charlesgate,"  between  the  basin  and  Bo\ls- 
ton  bridge;  "F"enway" — l)0\lston  bridge  to  Brookline  Avenue;  "Riverway," 
— Brookline  Avemie  to  'Fremont  Street;  "Jamaicawav," — Fremont  Street  to 
Pond  Street  near  Jamaica  Pond;  ".\rl)orway" — Pond  Street  to  Franklin  Park. 

These  other  features  of  the  chain  along  the  great  parkway  were  grad- 
ually developed.  First,  the  grand  objective,  the  park  in  West  Roxbur\-,  was 
established  as  the  dominant  feature  of  the  whole  s\sten).  The  name  "Frank- 
lin Park"  was  given  with  the  idea  that  the  Franklin   luiul,   established  by 


152 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


Benjamin  Franklin  for  some  public  benefaction  in  Boston,  might  become  avail- 
able for  its  improvement.  This  proved  unnecessary,  however;  ample  appro- 
priations had  meanwhile  been  made.     The  park  has  an  area  of  520  acres. 

The  Arnold  Arljoretum  and  Bussey  Park  is  the  second  largest  feature  of 
Boston's  numicipal  system,  having  an  area  of  222  acres.  It  was  established 
as  a  public  pleasure-ground  through  co-operation  of  the  City  of  Boston  with 
Harvard  University.  The  university  had  established  the  Arboretum  in 
accordance  with  the  bequest  of  James  Arnold  of  New  Bedford,  who  left 
$100,000  for  the  purpose.  Lands  owned  1)y  the  university  adjacent  to  the 
Bussey  Institute,  Harvard's  school  for  agricultural  research,  were  set  apart 
for   the   purpose,   and    Prof.    Sargent    was   made   director.      By    agreement 


THE     AVIARV    IN     FRANKLIN     PARK,    A    l-LA^L    UF    UKEAF    INTEREST    TO    VISITOKS 

between  the  university  and  the  city  the  i)ro]ierty  was  taken  for  park  purposes 
by  right  of  eminent  domain  and  then,  with  the  exception  of  the  roads  and 
walks,  as  planned  by  Mr.  Olmsted,  were  leased  to  the  university  for  999  years. 
Under  the  guidance  of  Prof.  Sargent  the  Arl)oretum  has  developed  into  the 
greatest  tree-museum  in  the  world.  Every  known  species  of  tree  or  shrub 
that  will  thrive  in  the  Boston  climate  is  to  be  found  here.  Expeditions  to 
China  and  uther  ])arts  of  the  world  have  been  sent  out  Ijy  the  Arboretum  and 
invaluable  collections  have  been  made.  The  Arljoretum  has  enriched  incal- 
culably the  horticultural  resources  of  the  United  States  by  the  introduction 
of  new  varieties  and  species  of  trees  and  shrubs.  The  arrangement  and  classi- 
fication of  species  in  strictly  scientific  sequence  has  been  accomplished  with 
extraordinary  success ;  the  eft'ect  has  no  suggestion  of  formality ;  a  purely 
natural  impression  entirelv  in  keeping  with  the  landsca]ie  charm  of  the  place. 
A  famous  feature  is  Hemlock  Hill,  its  growth  of  hemlocks  the  only  survival 
of  the  primeval  forest  within  the  limits  of  Boston.  It  is  a  remarkably  beauti- 
ful element  in  the  landscape.  Spectacles  worth  long  journeys  to  see,  and 
comparable  with  the  Japanese  sights  when  the  cherries,  plums  and  other 
species  come  into  bloom,  are  to  be  witnessed  every  year  in  the  Arboretum 
when  the  lilacs,  the  mountain  laurel,  the  apples,  the  cornel,  and  other  blos- 
soming shrubs  or  trees  are  in  flower.  The  Arboretum  Museum,  a  simply  and 
attractively  designed  building  of  brick,  stands  near  the  main  entrance  from 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


153 


the  Arborway.  It  cuntains  inii)iirtant  liutanical  ccillecti<iiis,  includiiii^  an  in- 
valuable herbarium. 

The  great  Parkway  chain  bci^ins  in  the  heart  of  the  city  at  tlie  Public  Gar- 
den, Commonwealth  Avenue  having  been  transterreil  to  the  park  depart- 
ment in  1S94.  The  parkway  runs  about  six  miles  from  this  point  to  Franklin 
Park.  Commonwealth  Avenue,  200  feet  wide,  or  240  feet  from  house  to 
house,  was  designed  l)y  Arthur  Gilman,  the  architect,  as  the  central  feature 
of  his  plan  for  the  Commonwealth  lands  on  the  Back  Bay. 

The  Riverway,  the  third  feature  of  the  Parkway,  gets  its  name  frum 
Muddy  River  (now  a  misnomer,  its  conversion  from  a  salt  and  tidal  creek 
having  made  it  a  clear  stream  of  fresh  water).  The  Riverway  landscape  has 
a  suggestion  of  old  England  in  its  picturescjue  charm,  particularly  in  passages 
through  Longwood,  \\here  the  fine  tower  of  Sears  Chapel  is  a  landmark. 
Muddy  River  gave  to  Brookline  its  original  naine  of  "Muddy  River  Hamlet," 
and  the  town's  present  name  is  said  to  have  originated  in  the  fact  that  here 
the  boundarv  between  the  town  and  Boston  was  a   "brook-line."     The  fine 


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stone  bridges  in  the  Riverway,  designed  1)}-  Shepley,  Rutan  cS;  Coolidge,  are  a 
notable  feature.  The  Riverway,  like  the  Fens,  originated  in  a  sanitary  im- 
provement. The  pollutiiin  of  Muddy  River  by  sewage  threatened  a  nuisance. 
Legislation  having  Ijeen  secured  authorizing  adjoining  municipalities  to  co- 
operate in  the  estaljlishment  of  parks,  Boston  and  Brookline  joined  in  carrying 
out  this  improvement. 

The  Parkway  section  between  Tremont  Street  and  Perkins  Street,  in- 
•cluding  Jamaicaway,  was  at  first  called  Leverett  Park ;  that  including  Jamaica 
Pond,  Jamaica  Park.  On  the  death  of  Mr.  Olmsted  the  park  commission, 
at  the  suggestion  of  Professor  Sargent,  combined  the  two  parks  under  the 
name  of  Olmsted  Park,  in  honor  of  his  memory.  Olmsted  Park  has  its  own 
distinctive  landscape  qualitx'.  In  the  valley  between  Jamaica  Pond  undulat- 
ing slopes  rise  from  three  minor  pieces  of  water  connected  liv  a  brook  that 
Avas  formerly  the  outlet  of  Jamaica  Pond :  Leverett,  Ward's  and  \\'illow 
Pond.  Then  above,  just  beyond  Perkins  Street,  lies  Jamaica  Pond,  an  un- 
commonly beautiful  sheet  of  water,  with  its  irregular  shore  line;  it  is  sixtv-five 
and  one-half  acres  in  area  and  is  the  largest  piece  of  fresh  water  within  the 
municipal  limits.  It  was  the  source  of  Boston's  first  water  suppl\-.  On  the 
south  side  is  the  home  of  Francis  Parkiuan,  the  historian;  a  fine  monument 


154  THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 

to  Parkman,  designed  by  Daniel  C.  French,  stands  where  Parkman,  a  devoted 
horticuhurist,  used  to  cultivate  his  roses  and  irises.  On  the  north  side  is 
Pine  Bank,  long  the  home  of  Commodore  Perkins  of  the  navy.  The  hand- 
some homestead  is  now  occupied  by  the  Children's  Museum. 

Bevond  Franklin  Park  the  Parkway  route  is  continued  through  Dor- 
chester and  South  Boston  to  Marine  Park  and  City  Point  by  way  of  Columbia 
Road  and  Strandwa\- — the  latter  running  along  the  interesting  South  Boston 
shore  of  Dorchester  Bay  and  taking  in  the  largest  yachting  rendezvous  in  the 
United  States.  Hundreds  of  pleasure-craft,  large  and  small,  have  their  moor- 
ings here,  their  owners  largely  members  of  the  several  yacht-clubs  along 
Strandway. 

Marine  Park  is  immensely  popular,  thousands  coming  hither  on  every 
pleasant  dav  through  the  open  season  to  enjoy  the  sea  air,  the  bathing  and  the 
boating.  Pleasure  Bay  is  enclosed  between  the  great  pier  and  Castle  Island. 
The  Headhouse  at  the  pier,  designed  b}-  the  distinguished  architect,  the  late 
Edmund  M.  Wheelwright,  was  suggested  b}-  the  handsome  German  govern- 
ment building  at  the  Chicago  World's  Fair.  On  Strandway  is  the  celebrated 
L-Street  bath,  the  oldest  and  most  popular  pulilic  liath  in  the  United  States. 
Absolutely  nude  Ijathing  was  the  rule  here  for  men  and  boys  until  tlie  author- 
ities, a  few  years  ago,  had  a  seizure  of  pruder)-.  A  great  attraction  at  the 
park  is  the  aquarium. 

Wood  Island  Park  is  an  attractive  local  pleasure-ground  in  East  Boston, 
occupying  fortv-six  acres  on  what  was  formerly  a  "marsh  island"  with  the 
harbor  on  three  sides  and  a  marsh  on  the  fourth.  It  is  approached  by  a  park- 
way called  Neptune  Avenue,  connecting  with  a  drive  making  the  circuit  of 
the  park.     A  popular  bathing-beach  is  a  feature. 

Dorchester  Park,  near  Lower  Mills  on  the  Neponset,  has  an  area  of 
twenty-six  acres;  a  natural  landscape,  rocky  and  wooded. 

Boston  lias  a  very  large  number  of  local  open  spaces  utilized  either  for 
neighborhood  breathing-spots  or  for  playground  purposes.  Chief  of  these 
is  the  famous  Boston  Common.  With  the  adjacent  Puljlic  Tlarden  we  have 
here  an  area  of  nearly  seventy-three  acres — the  largest  open  space  occupying 
the  heart  of  anv  great  city  in  this  country.  No  city  would  Ije  deliberately 
planned  with  so  extensive  an  area  in  its  midst.  The  Common  has  proved  a 
serious  obstruction  to  the  normal  development  of  the  central  business  sec- 
tions. This  was  unforeseen;  the  Common  originally  lay  well  to  one  side  of 
the  old  town,  overlooking  the  wide  expanse  of  the  Back  Bay  which,  in  the  old 
days,  extended  the  basin  of  the  Charles  all  the  way  from  the  Cambridge 
shore  to  "Boston  Neck"  and  to  Roxbury  and  Brookline.  The  Common  was 
utilized  as  a  cow-pasture  well  into  the  nineteenth  century ;  along  in  the  fourth 
decade  it  began  to  assume  its  present  shape,  criss-crossed  here  and  there, 
according  to  haphazard  convenience,  by  straight  tree-bordered  paths.  The 
city  gradually  enveli)ped  the  Common  and  Public  Garden.  The  development 
of  the  Back  Ba_\'  lands  made  this  big  open  space  the  centre  of  the  ])i>pulation. 
To  overcome  the  immense  inconvenience  thus  caused  has  entailed  an  enor- 
mous trouble  and  expense.  But  the  Common  is  held  so  sacred  that  the  public 
has  gladly  borne  with  this ;  all  propositions  to  cut  desired  thoroughfares  across 
it,  or  even  to  widen  bordering  streets  by  encroachments  upon  its  area,  have 
been  peremptorily  overruled  by  public  sentiment. 

The  Public  Garden,  divided  from  the  Common  Ijy  Charles  Street,  was 
originally  a  tract   of   marsh  and   tidal   flats.      Until  late   in   the   nineteenth 


IHI':    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


155 


centur_\-  the  poiicl  was  kept  filled  witli  salt  water  liy  an  inlldw  frdin  Charles 
River.  The  author  of  its  aimless  design  <if  meandering  walks,  an  architect 
named  Meacham,  was  laughingly  accused  of  achieving  it  hy  a  liliation  upon 
his  otfice-floor  and  then  tracing  out  the  course  of  the  water  as  it  flowed  al)Out ! 
When  the  reservation  of  the  (iarden  as  a  juihlic  ground  was  authorized  hy 
legislation  the  cit\-  was  empowered  to  erect  there  a  city  hall  or  either  public 
building.  But  puljlic  sentiment  has  alwa)'s  strongly  opposed  any  jiroposition 
to  take  advantage  of  the  right. 

The  modern  plavground  movement  in  this  country  originated  in  Boston 
when,  as  suggested  liy  Frederick  Law  <  )Imsted,  ojien-air  gynmasia  were  estab- 
lished b\'  the  park  commissiun  at  the  (  harle^bank,  both  for  men  and  lioys  and 
for  women  and  girls — the  latter  in  charge  of  a  committee  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Emergency  and  Hygiene  Association  with  trained  women  superintend- 
ents and  assistants.  Out  of  these  beginnings  eventualK-  grew  the  great 
n-.ovements  for  supervised  ])lay  which  have  S])read  all  over  the  Cduntry. 


I-KANKL[.\     P.^RK THE    OVERLOOK 


Bostiin  has  now  fort_\-two  distinctive  jjlaxgrounds  scattered  (i\-er  the 
city.  Portions  of  the  parks  and  city  squares  are  also  devoted  to  pla\-ground 
purposes.  The  largest  pla}'ground  in  the  country  is  Franklin  Field,  near 
Franklin  Park.  It  has  an  area  of  seventy  acres.  The  first  public  plavground 
in  the  United  States,  specifically  set  apart  as  such,  was  established  bv  the 
town  of  lirookline:  the  small  open  space  on  l-Jrookline  A\-enue  near  lirookline 
Village,  now  adjoining  the  Riverway. 

The  Board  of  Park  Commissioners  has  included  nian\-  distinguished  cit- 
izens who  have  disinterestedly  served  the  ])ublic  without  paw  Anmng  them 
have  been  Col.  Henry  Lee,  the  Hon.  John  V.  .\ndre\\ ,  Cen.  Francis  A.  \\'alker, 
and  Col.  Thomas  L.  Livermore.  The  last  chairman  of  tiie  Board,  as  originally 
constituted,  was  Robert  S.  Peabody,  the  architect.  On  March  2,  1913,  the 
consolidation  of  the  ])ark  and  the  public-i)laygrounds  departments  having 
taken  effect,  the  park  commission  was  succeeded  b\  ,-i  Park  and  Recreaticjn 
Commission,  under  a  salaried  chairman. 

To  meet  the  need  of  the  greater  part  of  the  metropolitan  pupulation  for 


156 


THE    BOOK   OP'    BOSTON 


a  comprehensive  scheme  of  recreative  tipen  spaces  the  MetropoHtan  Parks 
District  was  constituted  in  1893.  It  comprises  thirty-eight  municipahties : 
The  fourteen  cities  of  Boston,  Cambridge,  Chelsea,  Everett,  Lynn,  Maiden. 
Medford,  Melrose,  Newton,  Ouincy,  Revere,  Somerville,  W'altham,  Woburn; 
and  the  twenty-four  towns  of  Arlington,  Belmont,  Braintree,  Brookline,  etc. 
The  definite  movement  which  promptly  led  to  this  consummation  had  its 
origin  in  a  study  for  a  federated  metropolis  comprising  Boston  and  the 
surrounding  municipalities,  made  in  1891  by  Sylvester  Baxter,  the  journalist 
and  author.  The  proposition  for  a  system  of  metropolitan  parks  included  in 
this  study  so  impressed  Charles  Eliot,  the  landscape  architect  (a  son  of  Pres- 
ident Eliot  of  Harvard  University),  that  he  proposed  to  its  author  that  they 


MIDDLESEX    FELLS,    OX     LI.NE    OF    BAY    STATE    STREET    RAILWAY 

organize  a  movement  for  realizing  the  idea.  This  was  carried  out  so  suc- 
cessfully that  a  Metropolitan  Park  Commission  of  three,  authorized  by  the 
legislature  to  study  and  report  upon  the  matter,  recommended  a  comprehen- 
sive scheme  for  a  system  of  metropolitan  parks  on  the  basis  aforementioned. 
Messrs.  Baxter  and  Eliot  had  been  made,  respectively,  the  secretary  and  the 
landscape  architect  for  the  commission  and  the  studies  made  for  the  report 
were  their  work.  The  legislation  recommended  was  enacted  almost  unan- 
imously and  a  park  loan  of  $1,000,000  was  authorized  for  beginning  the 
work.  The  Metropolitan  Park  Commission  of  five  members  thus  constituted 
consisted  of  the  three  members  of  the  original  commission — Charles  Francis 
Adams  of  Ouincy,  Philip  A.  Chase  of  Lynn,  William  B.  de  las  Casas  of 
Maiden,  with  the  addition  of  Abraham  L.  Richards  of  Watertown  and  James 
Jeffrey  Roche  of  Boston. 

The  greatest  areas  are  comprised  in  the  three  great  sylvan  reservations : 
The  Blue  Hills,  the  Stony  Brook  Woods  and  the  Middlesex  Fells.  The  river 
reservations  are  along  the  Charles,  the  Mystic,  and  the  Neponset.  The  sea- 
shore reservations  are  at  Revere  Beach,  Winthrop  Shore,  Nahant  Beach, 
Lynn  Beach  and  Shore,  and  King's  Beach  in  Swampscott;  also  at  Nantasket 
Beach  and  Ouincy  Shore.  In  addition  the  Beaver  Brook  reservation  in  Bel- 
mont and  W'altham  has  the  nojjlest  group  of  ancient  oaks  in  New  England. 

The  main  units  of  this  system  are  connected  up  by  important  park- 
way routes  that,  with  the  development  of  motor-vehicles,  have  become  indis- 
pensable elements  of  the  metropolitan  jilan.  The  Middlesex  Fells  Parkway, 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


157 


comprising  I-''"ells\vay,  Fellsway  East  and  Fellsway  West,  runs  from  Broadway 
in  Somerville  to  Middlesex  Fells  reservation  in  Maiden  and  Medford,  re- 
s])ectively.  A  sadly  needed  link  across  Somerville  and  Camljridge  between 
Mystic  and  Charles  Rivers  remains  to  be  supplied.  The  Revere  Beach  Park- 
way branches  from  Fellsway  just  beyond  Mystic  River  and  runs  through 
Everett,  Chelsea,  and  Revere  to  Charles  Eliot  Circle  at  Revere  Beach.  Thence 
the  road  skirts  the  beach  and,  crossing  Saugus  River,  enters  Lynn  as  Lynnway, 
connecting  by  the  city  highways  at  Lynn  Beach  with  the  drive  along  Nahant 
Beach  to  Nahant  and  to  the  northward  along  the  fine  residential  waterfront 
of  L\nn  til  the  beach  at  Swampscott.  I'Tum  Middlesex  Fells  reservation  a 
])arkwa\-  planned  to  connect  with  Lynn  woods  has  been  constructed  into 
Melrose.    A  spur  parkway  from  the  Fells  to  Wakefield  is  projected. 


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f-'^+rV 

■ik-:   . 

PVBLIC    GARDENS    AND    BEACON     HILL VIEW    FROM    THE    TOP    OF    ARLINGTON    CHURCH    STEEPLE 


The  Mystic  \'alle}'  Parkwa\'  has  been  constructed  from  the  MidiUesex 

of   the   Alierjima   River  and   along 


I*"ells   in   Winchester  through   the   vallev 


the  Mystic  Lakes  tlown  the  Mvstic  River  valley  through  Arlington  antl  Med- 
ford to  a  connection  with  the  State  highway  of  Mystic  Avenue  in  the  latter 
city,  thus  connecting  with  Fellswav  at  Broadway  Park,  Somerville,  and  with 
Sullivan  Square.  Charlestown.  It  is  jilanned  to  extend  the  Mystic  \'alley 
I'arkwa\-  also  to  a  connection  with  the  Revere  Beach  Parkway  at  Fellsway  in 
the  Wellington  district  of  Medford.  This  will  make  a  through  jiarkwav  route 
from  Winchester  and  Woburn  to  the  sea — connecting  with  Woburn  by  a 
spur  parkway  from  Winchester,  now  partly  constructed. 

.\long  Charles  River  the  jjrojected  system  of  drives  and  parkwa\s  has 
l)een  largely  realized  by  the  riverside  road  (including  the  Speedway )  which 
connects  with  the  Cambridge  Esplanade  and  drives  at  the  Anderson  Memo- 
rial Bridge  and,  bordering  Soldiers'  Field,  continues  the  s}-stem  through 
Brighton  to  Watertown,  eventually  to  be  carried  beside  the  river  to  a  con- 
nection with  the  section  com])leted  between  Newton  Lower  Falls  and  Newton 
Upper  Falls.  From  the  Charles  River  in  C  am1)ridge  the  Fresh  Pond  Parkway 
runs  from  Mount  .Vuburn  Street  through  the  Lowell  Memorial  Park,  for- 


158  THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 

nierlv  part  of  the  grounds  of  "Elnnvood,"  the  poet's  home,  to  Fresh  Pond — 
thence  to  be  extended  through  ArHngton  Ijy  way  of  Spy  Pond  to  the  Mystic 
Vallev  Parkway  at  M}-stic  Lake  and  also  l)y  way  of  z-Mewife  Brook  (Menot- 
•omy  River )  to  Mystic  River. 

From  the  Boston  park  s}-stem  at  the  Arnold  Arljoretum  the  Metropol- 
■  itan  system  connects  with  the  Bhie  Hills  by  way  of  the  \Vest  Roxbury  Park- 
way (still  incomplete)  to  Stony  Brook  Woods  and  thence  through  Readville 
by  way  of  Paul's  Bridge  to  the  reservation.  A  second  metropolitan  connec- 
tion with  the  Blue  Hills  extends  the  Blue  Hill  Avenue  Boulevard  (thus 
connecting  with  Franklin  Park)  by  way  of  the  Blue  Hills  Parkway  through 
Milton.  This  chain  of  drives  is  continued  to  the  sea  through  the  reservation 
roads  in  the  Blue  Hills  and  thence  by  the  Furnace  Brook  Parkway  to  salt 
water  at  Merrymount  Park  and  the  Ouincy  Shore  reservation. 

The  largest  of  the  metropolitan  reservations  is  the  Blue  Hills,  in  Ouincy, 
Milton,  and  Canton,  with  an  area  of  4,906.43  acres.  This  comprises  an  entire 
range  of  mountain-like  hills.  The  highest  summit  is  at  Great  Blue  Hill,  635 
feet  above  sea-level :  the  greatest  elevation  in  Massachusetts  east  of  Mount 
Wachusett ;  also  the  greatest  on  the  Atlantic  Coast  of  the  United  States  south 
of  Mount  Agamenticus  in  Maine.  This  range  gave  the  name  to  Massachu- 
setts Bay:  "The  place  of  the  Great  Hills."  The  reservation  also  includes 
Hoosicwissick,  or  Houghton's,  Pond  and  extends  to  the  north  shore  of  Ponka- 
pog  Pond. 

The  second  s\'lvan  reservation  in  size  is  Middlesex  Fells,  i,8g8  acres,  in 
Medford,  Winchester,  Stoneham,  Melrose,  and  Alalden.  This  acreage  does 
not  allow  for  the  considerable  extent  of  the  several  beautiful  sheets  of  water 
in  the  reservation,  including  Spot  Pond  of  the  Metropolitan  supply  and  the 
three  reservoirs  of  the  Winchester  supply.  The  greatest  eminence.  Bear  Hill, 
is  370  feet  above  the  sea,  and  its  fine  concrete  tower  carries  the  height  to  an 
even  400  feet. 

The  third  s\lvan  reservaticn  is  the  Stoii)'  Brook  Woods  in  the  Boston 
districts  of  West  Roxlniry  and  Hyde  Park,  with  463.76  acres.  Turtle  Pond 
in  this  reservation  is  the  source  of  Stony  Brook.  Bellevue  Hill,  320  feet  high, 
is  the  highest  point  in  the  city  of  Boston. 

The  Charles  River  reservation,  with  the  addition  of  various  quasi-public 
and  local  jjublic  holdings,  has  made  the  banks  of  the  river  almost  continuous 
l)ul)lic  domain  all  the  way  from  Hemlock  Gorge  at  Newton  Upper  Falls  to 
tide-water  at  the  Charles  River  Dam.  Of  the  local  public  holdings  the  most 
important  are  those  of  Boston  and  Cambridge.  In  the  Charlesbank.  between 
the  dam  and  West  Boston,  or  "Cambridge"  Bridge,  Boston  took  the  initiative 
in  the  improvement  of  the  basin;  Cambridge  folk)wed  by  taking  for  recreative 
purposes  nearly  the  entire  river-front  of  the  city  as  far  up  as  Alount 
Auburn  Cemeterv,  which,  together  with  Cambridge  Cemetery,  are  the  most 
notable  quasi-public  Ijuildings.  That  part  of  the  river  between  Newton  Lower 
Falls  and  Waltham  is  the  greatest  canoeing-ground  in  the  LTnited  States; 
thousands  of  canoes  are  kept  here  and  the  spectacle  on  a  summer  holiday  is 
worth  a  journe\'  to  see. 

The  improvement  of  the  river  culminated  in  the  conversion  of  the  lower 
secti(.n.  between  Watertown  dam  and  the  sea,  from  a  salt-water  estuary  to  a 
reach  of  fresh  water  about  seven  miles  long — the  basin  below  Cottage  Farm 
Bridge  thus  liecoming  a  large  lake.  This  work  was  carried  out  by  a  specially 
constituted  board,  the  Charles  River  Basin  Commission,  established  by  the 


■mi-:    ROOK    OF    BOSTOX 


159 


Legislature  of  1903.  The  work  was  seven  years  in  progress.  The  antiquated 
Craigie  Bridge  was  replaced  by  a  dam  and  causeway  carr}ing  a  handsome 
avenue  one  hundred  feet  wide.  Navigation  is  facilitated  li\-  two  locks — a  large 
ship-lock  with  electrically  i;perated  sliding  gates  and  a  li>at-lock  for  small 
craft.  On  the  Boston  side,  in  the  rear  of  Brimmer  and  Ileacon  Streets,  a 
handsome  esplanade  was  constructed,  complementing  the  Cambridge  Espla- 
nade acrt)ss  the  river.  This  sectii  n  of  the  river  is  crossed  bv  four  monumental 
bridges,  including  the  magnificent  viaduct  of  the  Bost(.n  ]''le\'ated  Railway 
just  below  the  dam,  (he  new  West  Boston  Bridge,  the  Anderson  Memorial 
Bridge  between  Cambridge  and  Soldiers'  Field,  built  b\'  the  Hon.  Larz  Ander- 
son in  memory  of  his  father,  Cen.  Nicholas  Longworth  .\nderson,  a  soldier 
of  the  Civil  War,  and  the  fine  granite  l)ridge  at  Watertown.  The  establish- 
ment of  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology  on  the  Cambridge  side 
near  Harvard  Britlge,  with  its  impressive  columnar  facades  and  central  dome. 


THE  FROG  POND BOSTON"  COMMON 


has  contributed  largely  towards  making  the  basin  the  great  central  "court  of 
honor"  for  Metropolitan  Boston.  Upon  its  completion  the  care  and  control 
of  the  basin  was  transferred  to  the  Metropolitan  Park  Commission. 

The  AI\stic  River  improvement  has  converted  to  public  holdings  the 
greater  portion  of  the  river  banks  from  the  centre  of  Winchester  to  Welling- 
ton Bridge  between  Somerville  and  Medford.  From  Winchester  the  Mvstic 
Valley  Parkway  runs  along  the  east  shores  of  the  Mystic  Lakes  and  thence 
down  the  river.  From  Cradock  Bridge  in  Medford,  upward,  the  river  was 
converted  into  a  full  basin  (including  the  lower  ]\Iystic  Lake)  bv  the  ccn- 
structi(jn  of  a  dam  with  a  li  ck.  The  malarial  marshes  bordering  Alewife 
Brook  and  Menotomy  River  in  Somerville,  .\rlington,  Cambridge,  and  Bel- 
mont were  thus  converted  into  wholesome,  dry  territory.  Na\igation  for 
small  craft  was  thereby  extended  to  Spy  Pond  in  Arlington. 

The  Neponset  River  improxement  involved  the  conversion  of  the  greater 
part  of  the  shores  of  that  stream  to  park  ])uri)iises  in  the  Hvde  Park  and  Dor- 


160 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


Chester  sections  of  Boston  and  in  Alilton  and  Onincy.  All  but  a  fraction  of 
the  Neponset  River  reservation  (922.59  acres  in  all )  is  made  up  of  the  Great 
Fowl  Meadows,  containing  an  area  of  about  900  acres  in  Milton,  Canton^ 
Dedham,  Boston,  and  Westwood.  This  portion  of  the  reservation  was  ac- 
quired by  means  of  gifts  of  $10,000  and  $5,000,  respectively,  from  Augustus 
Hemenway  (formerly  of  the  Metropolitan  Park  Commission)  and  Charles 
\'an  Brunt.  The  Great  Fowl  Meadows  had  long  been  a  menace  to  health 
both  through  pollution  of  the  Neponset  and  as  a  breeding  ground  for  moscjui- 
toes.  The  river,  however,  has  lately  been  dredged  and  its  level  reduced  by  the 
lowering  of  the  Hyde  Park  dam,  thus  effectively  abating  lioth  nuisances. 

The  ^letropolitan  Park  System  has  a  total  area  of  10,427  acres,  not  in- 
cluding a  large  acreage  owned  by  municipalities  and  given  over  for  care  and 
control. 


SCENE    AT   SWAMP3C0TT — BAY    STATE    STREET    RAILWAY 


First  in  importance  among  the  seashore  reservations  is  Revere  Beach, 
whose  three-mile  crescent  presents  a  superb  spectacle  of  popular  recreative 
activities,  day  and  night,  through  the  summer,  chief  of  which  is  the  sea- 
bathing from  the  great  establishment  conducted  l)y  the  Metropolitan  Park 
Commission,  with  accommodations  for  thousands  in  the  course  of  a  day. 

Further  north  are  the  beaches  and  shore  drives  of  Lynn,  Nahant,  and 
Swampscott,  with  ancther  fine  bathing  esta])lishnient  fur  the  public  of  the 
Lynn  neighborhood. 

The  mile  of  shore  at  Winthrop  makes  a  fine  drive  and  promenade. 

At  Nantasket  the  metropolitan  administration  has  developed  another 
great  popular  resort,  with  bathing  and  other  attractions  similar  to  those  at 
Revere  Beach,  though  on  a  smaller  scale. 

At  Quincv  Shore  metropolitan  occupancy  has  developed  an  attractive 
drive  and  promenade  and  encouraged  an  excellent  residential  character  along 
a  stretch  of  coast  where  shallow  waters  made  commercial  development 
impracticable. 

The  smallest  of  the  metrojiolitan  reservations  is  Beaver  Brook  in  Bel- 
mont and  Waltham,  where,  Iteside  the  noble  group  of  oaks,  some  of  which 
have  been  growing  for  more  than  a  thousand  years,  is  to  be  seen  the  cascade 
celebrated  by  James  Russell  Lowell  in  a  l)eautiful  lyric,  "Beaver  Brook." 


THE 
BOOK  OF  BOSTON 


Fifty    Years'   Recollections  of  the  New  England  Metropolis 


CHAPTER    XI 


THE   RELIGIONS  OE  BOSTON 


Development  of  the  Churches — Changes  from  Puritanism  to 
Catholicism — Dominant  Sects  of  the  Present  Day 


i^  N    i860  tlie   leadins:  relicrion  of   Boston  was   Contrreeational 


Unitarian.  Of  a  total  of  one  hundred  and  seven  churches, 
t\vcnt\'-fiiur  were  Unitarian;  fourteen  Congregational  Trini- 
tarian, or  Orthodox;  fourteen  Baptist;  twelve  Protestant 
Episcopal;  twelve  Methodist;  six  Universalist ;  four  Presby- 
terian; ten  Konirui  I'atholic;  \arious  other  dcnoniinatiuns, 
eleven:  the  latter  including  (jue  Ouaker,  one  Swedenhorgian,  two  Jewish  syn- 
agogues. In  1880  (after  the  annexation  of  adjoining  municipalities),  the 
total  nuinher,  including  nu's^ion  chaiiels,  lieing  two  hundred  and  twenty, 
there  were:  thirty-two  Congregational  Orthodox;  twenty-six  Congregational 
Unitarian:  twenty-six  Methodist  Episcopal;  twenty-seven  Baptist:  twenty- 
two  Protestant  Episcopal:  nine  Universalist;  eight  Presbyterian;  thirty-one 
Roman  Catholic;  other  denominations  thirt\'-nine,  including  seven  Jewish  and 
five  Lutheran.  Thus  it  appears  that  the  Congregational  Orthodo.x  had  the 
largest  number  of  churches,  while  Roman  Catholic  had  come  up  to  rank 
second  in  the  list.  To  this  extent  modern  Boston  had  drifted  from  its  old- 
time  Puritan  moorings.  In  1900  the  Roman  Catholic  churches  were  out- 
numbering  those  of  any  single  Protestant  sect,  and  in  membership  constituted 
over  55  per  cent,  of  the  city's  population.  This  change  in  the  religious  charac- 
ter of  Boston's  population  has  become  still  more  marked  from  year  to  year  un- 
til, at  the  present  time,  it  is  conservatively  estimated  that  the  once  stronghold 
of  the  Puritan  is  now  a  Roman  Catholic  city  with  adherents  numbering  about 
70  per  cent,  of  the  entire  people.  Meanwhile  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church 
had  come  to  second  place  in  the  list. 

In  the  'sixties  and  'seventies  several  of  the  richer  churches  were  seeking 
sites  and  erecting  more  elegant  edifices  in  the  new  West  End  on  the  "Back 
Ba}-,"  following  the  movement  of  fashion.  A  few,  however,  selected  the 
South  End  as  still  the  desirable  (|uarter.  Such  was  the  case  with  the  leading 
Universalist  Church, — "The  Second  L^niversalist  Society  in  the  Town  of 
Boston,"  formed  in  1817, — originally  the  "School-Street  Church,"  its  first 
meetinghouse  having  been  on  School  Street,  where  is  now  the  School-Street 
Block.  This  was  the  pulpit  for  thirty-five  years,  till  his  death  in  1852,  of 
Hosea  Ballon,  called  the  father  of  modern  Universalism  in  contradistinction 
to  the  Calvinistic  type  of  the  Universalism  of  John  Murray,  the  founder  of 
the  sect,  wlio  was  first  preaching  in  lioston  in  1785.  .After  "Eather"  Ballon, 
the  jiulpit  through  half  a  century,  till  the  close  of  his  life  in  1895,  was  occu- 
pied by  Alonzo  A.  Miner,  Ballou's  colleague  from   1848,  who  was  famous 


162 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


aniuiig  Euston  ministers  of  his  day,  a  leading  pleader  for  the  cause  of  total 
abstinence,  and  for  some  time  president  of  Tufts  College.  After  Doctor 
Miner  came  his  colleague  and  successor,  Stephen  H.  Rcihlin.  The  society 
erected  its  new  edifice  at  the  corner  of  Columbus  Avenue  and  Clarendon 
Street,  in  1872;  an  imposing  structure  of  Roxbury  stone,  with  shapely  stone 
tower  and  steeple  at  the  side,  and  an  interior,  light  and  cheerful,  built  in  the 
clear  without  pillars,  illuminated  with  several  richly  designed  painted  win- 
dows. The  costly  house  lingered  long  after  the  South  End  had  been  deserted 
by  fashion ;  and  at  length  met  a  melancholy  fate,  burned  down  in  a  winter's 
night  in  19 14.  No  successor  was  built.  Another  selecting  the  South  End 
for  a  new  structure  was  the  Berkeley-Street  Church,  Congregational  Trini- 
tarian, which  built  on  a  sightly  spot,  the  junction  of  Warren  Avenue  with 
Tremont,  Dover,  and  Berkeley  Streets.  This  society  was  originall\-  the 
"Pine-Street  Church,"  built  in  1827,  and  marking  the  corner  of  \\'ashington 

and  Pine  Streets.  It  as- 
sumed the  name  of  "Berke- 
ley-Street" with  the  occupa- 
ti:  n  of  the  new  edifice  in 
1862.  It  was  pronounced  the 
largest  Protestant  house  of 
worshiji  in  New  England. 
Its  pastors  included  some 
eminent  Orthodox  ministers. 
It  was  the  pulpit  of  Doctor 
Henr\-  AI.  De.xter  for  eight- 
een years — 1849- 1867.  Time 
worked  great  changes  in  this 
establishment.  Ultimately  it 
was  transformed  into  a 
popular  institutional  church. 
Another  selecting  this  quar- 
ter was  James  Freeman 
Clarke's  "Church  of  the 
Disciples."  Its  unpreten- 
tious and  capacious  meeting- 
house, which  was  erecte(.l  on  Warren  .Avenue  in  1869.  was  its  third  or 
fourth  house.  It  remained  here,  like  the  Columbus  Avenue  Uni- 
versalist  Church,  till  lung  after  the  abandonment  of  the  South  End 
bv  many  of  its  congregation — through  the  remainder  of  Dr.  Clarke's 
useful  life,  and  after  his  successor,  the  late  large-minded  Charles  C.  Ames 
had  been  occupying  the  pulpit  for  some  time.  The  society's  present  house 
is  the  attractive  structure  in  the  Fens-park-district.  Others  choosing  the 
South  End  were :  the  Uniim  Church,  Congregational  Orthodox,  Columbus 
Avenue  corner  of  West  Rutland  Square,  erected  in  1869,  originally  on  Essex 
Street,  dating  back  to  1822,  pulpit  for  more  than  forty  years — till  his  death 
in  1878 — of  the  accomplished  and  cultivated  Nehemiah  Adams,  who  fell  into 
disrepute  with  the  antislavery  folk  through  his  book,  published  in  1854,  after 
a  visit  to  South  Carolina,  entitled,  "A  South  Side  View  of  Slavery,"  defend- 
ing the  institution;  and  who  ever  after  went  by  the  sobriquet  of  "South  Side 
Adams";  the  South  Congregational  Church.  Unitarian,  Union  Park  Street, 
the  society  dating  from  1827,  this  meetinghouse  built  in  1862,  the  first  one 


OLD    BRATTLE    STREET    CHURCH 


THE    BOOK   OP^    BOSTON 


163 


having  Ijecii  on  the  corner  of  Washington  and  Lastle  Streets  over  which 
]'"ii\varcl  Everett  Kale  was  settled  fnmi  1856  to  the  close  of  his  memoraljle 
life,  in  1913;  and  finallv  the  Ivnnian  Catholic  Cathedral,  the  second  one,  at 
the  corner  (jf  Washington  and  Maiden  Streets,  liegun  in  1867  and  finished 
and  dedicated  in  1875.  Others  (iriginally  hnilt  here  were:  the  Church  of  the 
Unit}',  Unitarian.  West  Newton  Street,  erected  in  1860,  three  years  after 
the  organization  of  the  snciety,  puljiit  of  George  H.  Hepworth  for  thirteen 
vears,  when  he  exchanged  L'nitarianism  for  Orthodoxv;  then  In-  M.  T.  Scher- 
nierhiirn;  and  finally  Mini  it  J.  Savage,  after  whose  retirement  in  the  'eighties 
the  career  of  this  society  closed;  and  the  beautiful  Church  of  the  Inmiaculate 

Conce])tion.  Roman  Catholic, 
erected  in  1861,  as  has  been 
stated,  under  the  ausjiices  of 
the  Jesuit  bathers. 

The  churches  earliest  aji- 
pearing  in  the  Mack  IJav 
were  erected  in  this  order : 
the  Arlington-Street,  i860:  the 
Emmanuel  Church,  i86j:  the 
Central  Congregational  Trini- 
tarian, Berkeley  comer  of 
Newbury  Street,  1867;  "The 
Eirst  Church  in  Boston,"  1868; 
the  Brattle  Square  Church, 
now  the  Eirst  Baptist  Church, 
1873:  "The  Second  Church  in 
Boston."  1874  ( later  removed 
to  make  way  for  trade,  its  site 
now  occupied  by  the  ^^'esleyan 
Jiuilding,  and  its  present  meet- 
inghouse or  structure  of  refined 
taste  in  the  English  Ceorgian 
st\le,  with  Parish  house  ad- 
joining, on  Audul)on  Circle,  at 
the  line  between  Boston  and 
Brookline )  :  the  New  Old 
South,  1875;  Trinity,  1877. 
The  latest  to  be  built  were : 
the  Hollis-Street  Church,  1884, 
idpit     of     John     Pierpont,     Starr 


.NEW    S'lUllI    CHURCH 
FORMERLY    AT    SE:MMER    AND    BEDFORD    STREETS 


after     its     tamous 


d     meetiuijhouse. 


King,  and  other  notal)!e  Unitarians,  was  transformed  into  the  Hoi 
Street  Theatre:  now  the  South  Congregational  Church,  union  of 
the  two  churches,  through  the  jmrchase  by  the  South  Congregational 
in  1887;  and  the  stately  stone  "Christian  Science  Temple,"  on  Eal- 
niouth.  Norway,  and  St.  Paul  Streets,  "The  Eirst  Church  of  Christ, 
Scientist,"  as  officially  termed,  the  "Mother  Church,"  so  called,  richlv  en- 
dowed by  the  late  Mrs.  Eddy,  founder  of  this  cult,  or  sect,  the  impressive 
.structure  rising  to  the  lofty  height  of  two  hundred  and  twenty  feet,  crowned 
by  a  magnificent  dome,  with  a  melodious  chime  of  bells;  an  auditorium  of 
five  thousand  sittings;  and  approached  from  Huntington  Avenue  through  a 
beautiful  iiark  and  garden. 


vi>  '^•'^■«' 


SECOND    CHURCH CONGREGATIONAL    UNITARIAN 

A  handsome  structure  of  refined  taste  in  the  English  Georgian  style  with  parish  house 

adjoining,  on  Audubon  Circle,  at  the  line  between  Boston  and  Brookline. 

Erected  in  1913.     This  is  the  seventh  edifice  of  the  Second 

Church,  and  the  sixth  in  line  from  the  historic 

Old  North  Church  in  North  Square 


FIRST    CHVRCH,    UNITARIAN-CONGREGATIONAL 

On  Berkeley  Street  at  the  corner  of  Marlborough  Street,  a  beautiful  stone  edifice, 

of    the    finer    type    of    ecclesiastical    architecture,    erected    in    1868. 

This  church  is  the  fifth  in  succession  from  the  rude 

little  fabric  of  1632,  which  stood  on 

the  present  State  Street 


166  THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 

With  the  exception  of  the  South  Congregational  Church,  which  is  of 
brick  and  unpretentious  architecture,  though  of  richly  embellished  interior, 
these  Back  Bay  churches  are  of  stone  and  elaborate  in  design.  The  richest 
in  the  latter  particular  are  Trinity,  the  New  Old  South,  and  the  First  Baptist ; 
that  of  the  quietest  elegance — the  First  Church ;  the  most  dignified,  and  sat- 
isfactory to  the  e_\'e  of  the  lover  of  old  London  ecclesiastical  architecture — 
the  Arlington-Street. 

Trinity  was  H.  H.  Richardson's  masterpiece,  while  the  interior  decora- 
tions, elaborate  and  exciuisite  in  taste,  have  been  characterizeil  as  an  enduring 
monument  to  the  skill  of  John  La  Farge.  The  massive  central  tower,  two 
hundred  and  eleven  feet  high,  surmounting  the  structure,  is  the  main  feature, 
as  was  the  front  tower  of  the  earlier  Trinity,  on  Summer  Street,  which  went 
down  in  the  Fire  of  1872.  This  tower,  rising  from  four  great  piers  at  the 
intersection  of  nave  and  transepts,  dominates  the  structure.  The  style  of 
the  whole  work,  as  delivered  by  the  architect,  is  a  free  rendering  of  the  French 
Romanesciue  as  shown  in  the  pyramidal-towered  churches  of  Auvigna,  and 
"endeavors  to  exemplify  the  grandeur  and  repose  of  the  eleventh  century 
architecture  in  Aquitane."  The  chapel,  itself  a  most  picturesque  piece  of 
architecture,  is  distinguished  through  its  connection  with  the  church  by  an 
open  cloister,  where  are  appropriately  placed  stones  from  St.  Botolph's  in 
Old  Boston,  England,  presented  to  Trinity  by  the  authorities  of  that  church. 
In  the  construction  of  the  foundation  of  the  edifice,  stone  saved  from  the 
ruins  of  the  old  church  on  Summer  Street  was  utilized.  The  present  is  the 
third  Trinit}'.  The  first  was  on  Summer  Street  at  the  corner  of  Bishop 
Alley,  now  Hawley  Street,  erected  in  1735,  seven  years  after  the  organization 
of  the  society,  a  little  house  of  wood,  ninety  by  fifty  feet,  with  gambrel  roof, 
standing  with  its  end  to  the  street.  The  second  Trinity,  built  in  1828,  was  the 
solid  Gothic  structure  of  stone,  intended  to  reproduce  the  old  English  style 
of  the  Episcopal  Temple,  that  was  burned.  Trinity  has  been  conducted  by 
a  long  line  of  distinguished  rectors.  It  was  the  ])ulpit  of  Phillips  Brooks  from 
1869.  The  statue  of  the  beloved  preacher  which  stands  at  the  side  of  the 
church  is  by  St.  Gaudens. 

Of  the  New  Old  South  and  the  First  Baptist  Church,  the  tower  has  also 
been  made  the  dominating  feature.  That  of  the  New  Old  South,  two  hundred 
and  forty-eight  feet  in  height,  with  its  rich  combinations  of  colored  stones, 
and  graceful  windows,  has  been  nuich  admired  for  the  fineness  of  its  design. 
That  of  the  First  Baptist,  a  massive  Florentine  tower,  is  less  high,  rising  one 
hundred  and  seventy-six  feet,  Ijut  is  more  elaljorate,  more  majestic,  and  more 
highlv  decorative.  It  stands  almi)st  independentlv  of  the  church  edifice.  The 
four  grou|5s  of  colossal  figures  in  high  relief,  one  on  each  face,  between  the 
belfr)'  arches  and  the  cornice,  are  designed  to  represent  the  four  Christian 
eras.  Baptism,  Communion,  ^Marriage,  and  Death;  the  great  statues  at  the 
corners  are  to  typify  the  Angels  of  the  Judgment  l:)lowing  g(jlden  trum]iets. 
From  the  New  Old  South  tower  the  arcade  in  which  are  placed  inscribed 
tablets,  extends  to  the  South  transept;  the  vestibule,  paved  with  red,  white, 
and  green  marble,  is  separated  from  the  nave  Ijy  a  large  carved  screen  of 
Caen  stone,  supported  on  colunms  of  Lisbon  marble  and  crowned  by  gables 
and  finials.  The  ornate  exterior,  decorated  with  a  lielt  of  gray  sandstone 
delicately  carved  to  represent  vines  and  fruit,  among  which  are  seen  birds  and 
animals,  presents  a  sumptuous  edifice.  Richness  marks  the  whole  work  in 
marked  contrast  with  the  dignified  simplicity  of  the  historic  old  meetinghouse 


NEW    OLD    SOUTH    CHURCH 

In  the  Xorth  It.ili.in  Cuthic  style  of  architecture  and   ii(iU\vnrth>-  for  richness 

of  design.     A  marked  contrast  to  the  dignified  simplicity  of  the 

historic  old  meetingliouse  which  this  one  succeeds. 

A  glimpse  of  the  Public  Library  in  the 

foreground  at  the  left 

Dra;i'in£  hy  II .  I.ouii  GUason. 


168 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


which  this  succeeds.  Its  style  is  the  Itahan  Gothic.  The  chapel  and  the  par- 
sonage adjoin  the  church.  At  the  time  of  the  removal  from  the  old  meeting- 
house Jacob  M.  Manning  was  the  pastor.  He  had  been  the  colleague  of  Doc- 
tor George  W.  Blagden  for  fifteen  years,  from  1857.  Doctor  Blagden  had 
served  from  1836  to  1872.  Doctor  George  A.  Gordon,  the  present  pastor,  was 
installed  in  1884.  The  Brattle-Square  was  H.  H.  Richardson's  first  church- 
building  on  the  Back  Bay.  The  architect's  design  was  definitely  to  express 
massiveness  and  solidity ;  and  the  church  edifice  was  built  without  regard  to 
■cost.  For  instance,  the  great  figures  sculptured  on  the  sides  of  the  tower, 
from  designs  of  Bartholdi,  were  carved  by  Italian  sculptors,  brought  out  from 
Italy  after  the  stones  had  been  set  in  place.     The  church  when  finished  and 


FIRST    CONGREGATIONAL    CHURCH,    BUILT    IN    1808 


•occupied  proved  so  poor  in  acoustic  properties  that  Doctor  Lothrop,  the  minis- 
ter, could  with  difficulty  be  heard  in  the  body  of  the  house.  The  society  fell 
into  debt  occasioned  by  the  expense  of  the  work,  and  dwindled  in  numbers,  its 
members  scattering  among  other  Unitarian  churches.  At  length,  in  1876,  the 
historic  society  was  dissolved.  For  a  time  the  church  was  closed.  Then,  in 
1881,  the  property  was  disposed  of  at  auction.  J.  Montgomery  Sears  was 
the  purchaser.  About  a  year  later  Mr.  Sears  sold  it,  with  the  exception  of 
the  tower  which  was  reserved  as  a  monument,  to  the  First  Baptist  Church. 
Thus  one  historic  organization  succeeded  another.  The  First  Baptist  is  the 
lineal  descendant  of  the  much  persecuted  First  Baptist  Society  organized  in 
1665,  the  door  of  whose  first  diminutive  meetinghouse,  on  Salem  Street,  built 
in  1680,  was  promptly  nailed  up,  when  the  house  was  completed,  by  order  of 
the  governor  and  council  of  the  Colony.    The  Brattle-Square  was  the  "Mani- 


FIRST    BAPTIST    CHURCH — COMMONWEALTH    AVENUE 


The  four  groups  of  colossal    figures  in   higli   relief,  are  designed  to  represent  the  four 

Christian  eras,  Baptism,  Communion,  Marriage  and  Death.     The  massive 

Florentine  tower  gives  the  structure  an  especial  distinction 

in  the  Back  Bav  architecture 


170 THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 

festo  Church,"  formed  in  1699,  so  called  l)ecause  the  original  members  when 
they  organized,  while  atlopting  the  belief  of  the  Orthodox  churches  of  the 
time,  issued  a  document  recognizing  the  right  of  difference  of  belief  among 
the  members,  and  abolishing  the  distinction  between  church  and  congregation. 
It  liecame  Unitarian  among  the  churches  earliest  changing  from  the  Orthodox. 
The  tirst  minister  was  ordained  in  London.  Its  eminent  Unitarian  ministers 
in  succession  included  Joseph  Stevens  Buckminster,  Edward  Everett,  John  G. 
Palfrey,  and  Samuel  K.  Lothrop.  The  original  meetinghouse  was  on  Brattle 
Square.  The  predecessor  of  the  Commonwealth-Avenue  Church  was  the 
second  meetinghouse,  occupying  the  same  site.  It  was  new  when  the  Revo- 
lution came, — having  been  built  in  I'j'ji-i'j']},, — and  was  a  fine  specimen  of 
the  English  style  of  churcli  of  the  latter  eighteenth  centur)-.  The  interior  was 
exceptionally  fine,  and  "the  pride  of  the  town."  It  was  used  tluring  the  Siege 
as  a  barracks  for  British  soldiers,  like  several  of  the  other  churches.  It  re- 
mained revered  as  a  landmark  till  1871,  when  it  was  sold,  torn  down,  and 
made  way  for  a  business  block.  It  was  distinguished  by  "wearing  on  its 
bosom  as  a  bride  might  do,  the  iron  breastpin  that  the  Rebels  threw," — the 
cannon-ball  which,  fired  from  a  battery  in  Cambridge  by  the  Americans  on 
the  night  of  the  Evacuation,  struck  the  church.  After  the  Revolution  the 
cannon-Iiall  served  for  a  while  as  a  weight  on  the  yard  gate  of  a  dwelling- 
house  near  by,  then  was  embedded  in  the  church's  front,  as  a  memento  of 
that  event.  This  cannon-ball  is  now  retained  in  the  collection  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Historical  Society;  and  a  dainty  model  of  the  historic  meetinghouse 
stands  in  the  upper  hall  of  the  Society's  building.  The  First  Baptist  Society 
improved  the  interior  of  the  Commonwealth-Avenue  edifice,  and  added  in  its 
rear  a  new  vestry,  with  lecture-room,  class-room  and  a  ladies'  parlor  for  social 
gatherings. 

The  chaste  First  Church,  beautiful  in  design,  of  the  finer  t\pe  of  ecclesi- 
astical architecture,  fitly  represents  the  succession  of  meetinghouses  of  "The 
First  Church  of  Christ  in  Boston"  beginning  with  the  pioneers'  little  mud- 
walled  anil  thatch-roofed  structure  beside  the  Market  Place.  Its  rich  interior 
contains  various  mementoes  of  the  past.  On  one  of  the  painted  windows  is 
inscribed  the  church  covenant  adopted  and  signed  by  \\'inthrop  and  other 
leaders  when  the  church  was  formed,  in  Charlestown  on  the  thirtieth  of  July, 
1630,  only  a  few  weeks  after  the  arrival  of  the  Winthniji  Comi)any,  whence 
it  was  removed  to  Boston  when  W'inthrop's  removal  was  made.  With  the 
rare  old  communion  plate  is  shown  an  embossed  silver  cup  with  the  inscrip- 
tion engraved  on  its  rim,  "The  Gift  of  Gov'' Jn"  Winthri>p  to  Y*-'  i'  Church." 
The  statue  of  Winthrop,  on  the  Marlborough-Street  side  of  the  church,  is 
that  by  Richard  S.  Greenough,  which  used  to  stand  in  the  midst  of  a  network 
of  street-car  tracks  at  the  junction  of  Court  and  Tremont  Streets,  and  Corn- 
hill  in  front  of  Scollay  Square.  It  is  a  duplicate  of  the  Winthrop  statue 
]jlaced  by  the  State  of  Massachusetts  in  the  Capitol  at  Washington.  It  repre- 
sents the  governor  as  just  after  landing  on  the  soil  of  the  New  World.  Be- 
hind the  figure  appears  the  base  of  a  newly  cut  forest  tree  with  a  rope  attached, 
signifying  the  fastening  of  the  boat  in  which  the  governor  is  assumed  to 
have  come  ashore.  The  figure  is  clad  in  the  picturesque  garb  of  the  period. 
The  right  hand  holds  the  roll  of  the  Colony  Charter,  the  left  hand,  a  Bible. 
The  statue  was  first  set  up  here  in  Boston  and  uncovered  to  the  public 
on  the  seventeenth  of  September,  1880,  the  day  of  the  celebration  of  the 
two  hundred  and  fiftieth  anniversarv  of  the  settlement  of  the  town. 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTOX 


171 


Tlie  Arlington-Street  Church  is  the  successor  of  the  Old  I-"ederal-Street 
Church,  pulpit  of  William  Ellery  Channing  from  June,  1803,  to  the  time  of 
his  death,  October  second,  1842,  whose  portrait-statue,  by  Herbert  Adams, 
we  see  in  the  carved  granite  and  marble  canopy  against  the  Public  Garden, 
facing  the  meetinghouse.  The  society  was  originally  formed  as  Presbyterian, 
in  1727,  and  first  occui)ied  a  barn,  roughly  transformed  into  a  meetinghouse, 
on  "Long  Lane,"  which  became  Federal  Street.  In  1744  a  plain  church  build- 
ing, of  wood,  replaced  the  barn.  In  1809  a  brick  edifice  replaced  the  wooden 
one;  and  this,  in  turn,  in  1859,  having  become  isolated  in  the  midst  of  a 
quarter  by  this  time  devoted  to  business,  was  taken  down  and  the  erection 
of  the  .\rlington-Street  Church  began.  The  Federal-Street  Church  became 
I'nitarian  in    1786.  when  Channing  struck  the  liberal  tone.     Channing  was 


TRIXITV    CHURCH,    COPLtV    SQUARE,    AND    CUl'LEY- PLAZA    HOIliL 


succeeded  by  Doctor  Ezra  Stiles  Gannett,  who  had  been  his  colleague  from 
1824.  Doctor  Gannett  served  with  distinction  till  his  tragic  death  in  the 
dreadful  accident  on  the  Eastern  Railroad  known  as  "The  Revere  Disaster," 
August  twelfth,  1871,  when  he  was  seventy  years  of  age.  He  was  a  profomid 
scholar,  and  was  also  given  to  much  philanthropic  work.  Successive  pastors 
have  been :  John  F.  W.  Ware,  who  came  to  Boston  from  Baltimore,  Brooke 
Herford,  an  Englishman,  wlm  came  from  London  to  a  Chicago  ])nlj)it  in  1875, 
and  thence  to  Boston,  and  Paul  Revere  Frothingham,  who  is  the  present 
minister.  This  church  is  one  of  the  few  in  the  trnvn  containing  a  chime  of 
bells.  The  Emmanuel  Church  was  built  especially  for  a  parish  (irganized  two 
years  before  (i860),  for  Frederick  1).  Huntington  who  had  been  pastor  of 
the  South  Congregational  L^nitarian  Church,  Plummer  Professor  of  Christian 
Morals  and  Preacher  tn  the  Laiiversity  at  Cambridge,  who  had  left  the  Uni- 
tarian fold  and  joined  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  Doctor  Huntington 
was  ordained  deacon  in  Trinity  Church  September  twelfth,   i860,  and  the 


172  THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 

following  Suncla_v  took  charge  of  the  new  Episcopal  parish.  He  continued 
rector  of  Emmanuel  till  1869  when  he  was  made  bishop  of  Central  New 
York.  He  was  succeeded  in  Emmanuel  li}-  Doctor  Alexander  H.  A'inton,  who 
had  been  rector  of  St.  Paul's  from  1842  to  1858,  when  he  removed  to  Phila- 
delphia ;  and  Doctor  Vinton,  by  Leighton  Parks,  now  of  New  York.  The 
present  rector  is  Doctor  Elwood  Worcester.  The  Central  Church  is  the  lineal 
descendant  of  the  "Franklin-Street  Church,"  formed  in  1835  to  occupy  the 
"Odeon"  (the  Federal-Street  Theatre  made  over  into  a  concert  hall).  In 
May,  1841,  the  Society  built  on  Winter  Street,  and  was  renamed  the  "Central 
Congregational  Society."  The  Winter-Street  Church  stood  just  west  of  the 
foot  passage  suljsequently  opened  to  the  old  Music  Hall,  and  a  low  structure, 
with  pillared  porch  it  became  an  attractive  landmark.  It  gave  way  for  trade 
before  the  removal  of  the  society  to  its  Back  Bay  church.  Famous  old  time 
Congregational  ministers  have  been  among  its  pastors,  as  John  E.  Todd, 
John  De  Witt,  and  Doctor  Joseph  T.  Duryea. 

While  so  many  of  the  leading  churches  re-established  themselves  in  the 
South  End  and  the  Back  Bay,  following  the  shiftings  of  fashion,  several  of 
the  historic  churches  are  still  permitted  to  remain  "down  town."  These  in- 
clude :  the  rare  Old  South  Meetinghouse,  King's  Chapel,  Park-Street  Church, 
St.  Paul's,  now  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Cathedral,  Christ  Church  at  the 
North  End,  the  oldest  church  building  now  standing  in  the  city.  The  Old 
South  Meetinghouse  dates  from  1730,  succeeding  the  first  house  of  the  society, 
the  Third  Church  in  Boston,  described  as  the  "little  cedar  meetinghouse," 
erected  in  1669.  The  present  King's  Chapel  dates  from  1749,  when  the  cor- 
ner-stone was  laid,  and  1754  (it  was  slow  in  building  because  of  the  slowness 
of  subscriptions  to  the  building  fund)  when  the  structure  was  sufficiently 
advanced  to  permit  the  beginning  of  regular  services  within  it,  in  August  that 
year :  it  was  built  so  as  to  enclose  the  first  chapel  which  Andros  caused  to  be 
erected  for  the  first  Episcopal  church  in  1688,  and  which  had  been  enlarged 
in  1710.  Christ  Church  dates  from  1723:  Park-Street  from  1809;  St.  Paul's, 
1820. 

The  buildings  shown  on  opposite  page  are  at  the  centre  of  a  religious 
movement  which  radiated  from  Boston  and  has  now  become  worldwide.  Mrs. 
Eddy's  personal  teaching  of  Christian  Science  Itegan  at  Lynn,  but  nearly  all  of 
it  was  done  in  Boston.  Her  writings  on  this  subject  were  published  here  from 
the  first  and  are  yet,  while  the  organization  of  the  Christian  Science  denomi- 
nation not  only  begun  in  Boston,  but  "The  First  Church  of  Christ,  Scientist, 
in  Boston"  was  and  is  "The  Mother  Church"  of  the  entire  movement.  The 
first  Christian  Science  organization  was  formed  July  4,  1876,  in  Charlestown, 
by  seven  persons,  including  3ilrs.  Eddy.  Its  meetings  were  held  in  the  homes 
of  its  members.  In  1878  she  began  to  deliver  public  lectures  on  Sunday  after- 
noons in  rented  churches  and  halls,  but  the  holding  of  public  services  regularly 
by  the  Christian  Scientists  of  Boston  may  be  said  to  date  from  1883,  when 
they  rented  the  "Hawthorne  Rooms,"  which  were  then  at  No.  3  Park  Street. 
One  of  these  rooms  seated  about  225  persons,  and  here  sermons  were  deliv- 
ered on  Sunday  mornings,  usually  by  Mrs.  Eddy,  but  sometimes  by  certain  of 
her  students  or  by  invited  clergymen  of  different  denominations.  In  1885  the 
Christian  Scientists  moved  to  Chickering  Hall,  then  on  Tremont  Street,  which 
had  a  seating  capacity  of  465.  Here  a  Sunday  school  for  children  was  added 
to  the  Sunday  sermons.  In  March,  1894,  Copley  Hall  on  Clarendon  Street, 
seating  625  persons,  was  engaged,  and  services  were  conducted  here  until  the 


2   « 

£  > 


i 


174  THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 

church  buikHiig  at  Fahiiouth  and  Norway  Streets  was  ready  for  use  in  Jan- 
uary, 1895.  This  edifice,  seating  1,100  persons,  was  used  until  1906,  when  it 
was  enlarged  by  a  new  auditorium  having  5,000  seats.  These  two  buildings 
occupy  the  triangle  bounded  by  Falmouth,  Norway,  and  St.  Paul  Streets.  Be- 
tween them  and  Huntington  Avenue  is  an  open  garden  or  park  with  footways 
for  passage,  while  just  across  St.  Paul  Street  are  the  buildings,  dating  from 
1908  and  19 14,  of  the  Christian  Science  Publishing  Society.  Church  services 
are  held  in  the  larger  auditorium  on  Sundays  at  10.45  a.m.  and  7.30  p.m.; 
\\hile  the  church  buiklings  are  open  to  visitors  from  10  a.m.  until  5  p.m.  on 
Wednesdays  and  Fridays. 

The  present  Old  South  Meetinghouse  has  the  most  stirring  history,  while 
that  of  its  predecessor  is  full  of  interest.  For  it  was  in  the  little  cedar  house 
that  the  Quakeress,  Margaret  Brewster,  with  her  companions,  "arrayed  in 
sackcloth  and  ashes,  barefoot  and  her  face  blackened,"  made  that  hostile 
demonstration,  on  a  sleepy  July  Sunday  of  1677,  with  her  sudden  appearance 
during  service  and  proclamation  of  the  warning  to  the  town  of  a  "grievous 
calamity,"  "called  the  black  pox,"  soon  to  come  upon  it  for  its  persecution  of 
her  sect:  that  in  1686  Andros  ordered  opened  Sunday  forenoons  to  the  Epis- 
copal Church  which  had  been  tem])orarily  established  in  the  Town  House,  the 
Colonial  council  having  refused  the  use  of  it  by  any  of  the  churches,  when 
its  services  extending  into  afternoon  reserved  for  the  regular  congregation. 
Judge  Samuel  Sewall  recorded  in  his  Diary  the  "sad  sight  to  see  how  full  the 
street  was  of  peojile,  gazing  and  moving  to  and  fro  because  they  had  not 
entrance  into  the  church" ;  that  in  1696  Judge  Sewall  stood  up  in  his  pew  with 
bowed  head  while  his  confession  of  contrition  for  his  share  as  a  judge  in  the 
witchcraft  delusion  at  Salem  in  1692  was  read  from  the  pulpit;  that  Ben- 
jamin Franklin,  born  in  a  little  house  which  stood  in  Milk  Street  nearly  oppo- 
site the  side  entrance  to  the  meetinghouse,  on  Sunday,  January  sixth  (old 
style,  January  seventeenth  new),  was  the  same  day  baptized,  his  father  and 
mother  belonging  to  the  church.  It  was  in  the  present  house,  before  the 
thrilling  pre-revolution  events  of  which  it  was  the  scene,  and  which  earned  it 
the  title  of  "Nursery  and  Sanctuary  of  Freedom," — that  on  a  Sunday  of 
October,  1746,  as  the  report  of  the  coming  of  D'Anville's  fleet  to  destroy  New 
England  was  received,  the  prayer  of  the  minister,  the  scholarly  Thomas 
Prince,  for  deliverance  from  the  threatened  calamity  was  interrupted  by  a 
"sudden  gust  of  wind  which  shook  the  church  with  such  violence  as  to  cause 
the  windows  to  rattle  in  their  casings,"  when  the  minister  paused  a  moment 
then  resumed  his  supplication,  beseeching  the  Almighty  "to  cause  that  wind 
to  confound  the  purposes  of  the  enemy."  And  a  tempest  did  arise  and  the 
fleet  was  wrecked  on  its  way  ofif  the  coast  of  Nova  Scotia.  It  was  the  retell- 
ing of  this  incident  by  Everett  W.  Burdett  in  his  excellent  brochure,  "History 
of  the  Old  South  Meetinghouse  in  Boston,"  issued  at  the  time  of  the  struggle, 
in  the  'seventies,  for  the  preservation  of  the  historic  building,  that  inspired 
Longfellow  to  write  his  "Ballad  of  the  French  Fleet." 

And  what  a  struggle  the  "Saving  of  the  Okl  South"  was !  It  is  now  a 
familiar  story  to  old  Bostonians.  The  Saving  was  finally  accomplished,  after 
the  dismantling  of  the  building  had  actually  begun,  through  the  constant  and 
skillful  leadership  of  a  small  and  faithful  body  of  citizens,  and  set  aside  as  a 
memorial.  The  Fire  of  1872  almost  reached  it,  property  Ijeing  burned  all 
around  it  on  two  sides.  After  the  Fire  it  was  utilized  for  the  Post  Office. 
It  is  now  open  as  a  museum  of  relics  of  the  Revolution  and  Province  times. 


<-L.\lRAl,    CONGREGATIONAL    CHURCH,    BLRK?:i,KV    AND    NKWBVRY    STREETS 

It  succeeds  the  first  meetinghouse  of  the  Society,  which  stood  on  Winter  Street.     The  present 

church  was  built  in  1867  in  advanced  Gothic  style,  and  its  spire  of  two  hundred 

and  thirty-six  feet  is  one  of  the  highest  in  the  cit\- 


176 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


His  Eminence,  ^\'illiam,  Cardinal  O'Connell,  is  one  of  the  great  sons  of 
Massachusetts,  who  has  Isrought  lasting  fame  and  honor  to  his  native  state. 
Born  in  the  city  of  Lowell,  in  1859,  he  has,  by  sheer  force  of  his  wonderful 
character,  within  the  space  of  his  own  lifetime,  become  an  international  fig- 
ure of  prominence  and  of  influence.  In  his  own  person,  he  has  won  for  Bos- 
ton universal  recognition  as  a  principality  in  the  kingdom  of  God's  Church 


HIS    EMIXENXE,    WILLIAM    CARDINAL    O  CO.NNELL 


upon  earth,  and  throughout  the  ecclesiastical  world,  thanks  to  the  wonderful 
qualities  of  mind  and  heart  of  Cardinal  O'Connell,  Boston  stands  upon  the 
same  footing  as  Vienna,  Paris,  London,  and  other  big  centres  of  the  Catholic 
world  today. 

It  is  doubtful  whether  there  is  any  other  single  individual  in  Massachu- 
setts today  who  has  won  such  universal  and  high  esteem  for  the  city  of 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


i: 


iMSlll  II) 


Boston,    as    has    CanJinal    ( )\  onnell,    tliu    first    yrcat    Cardinal    Arcl 
of  this  historic  See. 

It  is  now  aluiut  ten  years  since  Cardinal  O'Cnnnell  became  Primate  of 
New  England.  His  stndies,  his  life,  his  activities,  previous  to  that  time,  had 
led  him  to  the  different  great  centres  of  the  world,  where  his  heart  and  mind 


ROi\IA.\    CAiHULIC    CATHKUKAL    OF    THE    HOLY    C  ROS 
WASHINGTON    AND    MALDEN    STREETS 


were  enriched  with  the  stores  of  wisdom,  experience,  and  histories  of  great 
men,  and  of  historic  places  seen  and  studied  at  close  ranee 

A  student  in  Rome,  and  later  Rector  of  the  American  College  in  the 
Eternal  City,  Monsignor  O'Connell  was  in  a  position  to  observe,  to  study  and 
to  compare  the  best  that  every  country  has  to  offer,  at  that  perennial  fountain- 


178  THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


head  to  which,  as  to  its  original  source,  all  the  world's  greatness  periodically 

returns. 

As  an  ambassador  from  the  Pope  of  Rome  to  the  Mikado  of  Japan  at 
the  close  of  the  Russian-Japanese  War,  Monsignor  O'Connell  proved  himself 
an  accomplished  diplomat,  and  in  an  assemblage  of  international  diplomatists 
easily  took  his  place  as  a  commanding  figure. 

Whether  in  Rome,  or  Tokio,  Vienna,  Paris,  London,  or  Montreal,  where 
a  great  international  congress  of  representatives  from  the  entire  world  was 
held  a  few  years  ago.  Cardinal  O'Connell  has  always  secured  the  very  highest 
recognition,  and  has  brought  lasting  fame,  honor  and  esteem  to  the  city  of 
Boston,  of  which  he  is  the  great  ecclesiastical  leader. 

On  assuming  charge  of  the  archdiocese  of  Boston,  Cardinal  O'Connell 
returned  to  his  native  state,  not  onl}-  with  his  heart  and  mind  richly  stored  for 
the  benefit  and  progress  of  the  people,  Init  also  with  a  most  powerful  deter- 
mination and  a  strong  desire  to  consume  every  energy  for  the  betterment  and 
for  the  happiness  of  his  fellow  citizens. 

In  perhaps  the  most  classical  of  his  scholarly  addresses,  delivered  on  the 
occasion  of  the  centennial  of  the  diocese  of  Boston,  Cardinal  O'Connell  tracetl 
step  by  step  the  position  of  Catholic  and  Puritan,  back  to  the  beginning,  and 
by  a  quick  survey,  contrasting  the  real  and  actual  achievements  of  Ijoth  Cath- 
olic and  Puritan  upon  the  historic  soil  of  New  England,  showed  that  Puri- 
tanical false  theories  of  the  Catholic  Church  were  amply  disproved  by  splendid 
Catholic  achievements,  by  deeds  of  Catholic  loyalty  and  valor,  and  by  the 
teachings  of  Catholic  truth  and  justice.     Cardinal  O'Connell,  in  that  memo- 
rable address,  pointed  out  the  way  by  which  the  yawning  gulf  between  Catho- 
lics and  Protestants  might  be  filled  up,  and  for  his  part  offered  to  co-operate 
in  every  way  that  would  make  for  harmonious,  peaceful  dwelling  side  by  side 
of  all  the  various  peoples  that  make  up  this  country,  upon  our  friendly  and 
hospitable  shores.    It  would  be  an  interesting  story  to  relate  the  many  tributes 
from  the  descendants  of  the  old  Puritans  that  this  first  act  of  the  new  Arch- 
bishop of  Boston  called  forth.     The>-  realized  that  for  a  century  or  more  they 
had  Ijeen  living  side  by  side  with  a  people  whose  virtues  they  would  not  see. 
But,  thanks  to  the  wonderful  efllorts  of  the  Cardinal  Archbishop  of  Boston, 
as  a  leader  of  his  priests  and  people  in  this  historic  Puritan  New  England,  the 
chasm  is  gradually  filling  up.     Wonderful  progress  has  already  been  made, 
and  the  future  is  full  of  hope  and  pnuuise  of  happier  days  in  the  history  of 
Boston  through  the  mutual  understanding  of  all  her  children,  luade  possible  to 
a  very  great  extent  through  the  teaching  and  through  the  infiuence  of  Cardinal 
O'Connell.   We  are  too  close  to  Cardinal  O'Connell  and  to  his  times  to  say  what 
the  true  magnitude  of  his  influence  has  been  in  enhancing  the  name  and  the 
prestige  of  his  beloved  Boston.  But  we  feel  quite  sure  that  in  the  years  to  come, 
when  the  history  of  Boston  shall  be  re-WTitten  in  the  true  perspective  of  time 
and  of  results,  the  name  of  Cardinal  O'Connell  will  rank  as  one  of  the  greatest 
that  Massachusetts  has  ever  produced. 


THE 
BOOK  OF  BOSTON 


ctions  of  the  New  England  Metropolis 


CHAPTER   XII 


THE    MUNICIPALIT\^ 


Old  Systems  of  City  Goverxmext  Reviewed — Revisixg  the  City  Charter — Note- 
worthy Chaxges   Ixstituted  by  Notable  Mayors 


N  May  i,  1822,  the  town  of 
Ijostiin  Ijecanie  a  city.  The 
cliange  from  the  pure  de- 
miicracy  of  government  by 
town  meeting  to  a  repre- 
sentative, or  delegated  form 
of  giivernment,  liad  hecimie  an  ahsohite  ne- 
cessity by  reason  of  the  growth  of  the  com- 
munitv.  Boston  is  now  a  municipality  nf 
seven  hundred  and  fort_\'-tive  tlmusand,  fnur 
hundred  and  thirty-nine  inhabitants,  and  the 
nucleus  of  a  great  metropolitan  population 
of  one  million,  four  huntlred  and  twenty- 
three  thousand,  four  hundred  and  twenty- 
nine,  comprising  thirty-nine  municipalities, 
organized  for  common  administrative  pur- 
jjoses  into   four  metropolitan  districts. 

Boston,  as  a  municipality,  is  now  gov- 
erned bv  a  mavor  and  numerous  executive 
departments,  for  the  greater  part  under  his 
direct  control ;  a  legislative  liranch  consist- 
ing of  a  City  Council  of  nine  members  serv- 
ing terms  of  three  \ears  each,  three  mem- 
bers elected  each  year;  a  City  Clerk  and 
City  Messenger  elected  by  the  City  Council ; 
a  School  Committee  of  five  members  elected 
for  terms  of  three  years,  two  elected  two 
successive  years,  and  one  the  third  year;  a 
Police  Commissioner  appointed  by  the  Gov- 
ernor of  the  Commonwealth ;  various  at- 
tendants upon  tile  City  Council,  including  a 
Clerk  of  Committees;  the  Boston  Transit 
Commission,  appointed  partly  liy  the  Gov- 
ernor and  partly  by  the  Mayor,  for  the  con- 
struction of  subways  and  other  features  of 
publicly  owned  transit  facilities;  numerous 
nn'nor  officers  such  as  constables,  weighers 


of  coal,  measurers  of  grain,  sealers  of 
weights  and  measures  and  others.  There 
are  also  various  ci^imtv  officers,  including 
the  Judges  of  the  Courts,  Sherift',  Clerks  of 
Court,  Register  of  Probate,  etc.  .\  unique 
feature  is  a  Finance  Commission,  appointed 
li\-  the  Governor  to  investigate  and  report 
ui)on  the  financial  activities  of  the  niunici- 
])ality.  An  Art  Commission,  the  first  to  be 
Constituted  for  an  American  city,  passes 
upon  the  merit  and  location  of  works  of  art 
designed  for  public  places;  if  recjuested  by 
the  ]\Iayor  or  City  Council,  it  mav  also  pass 
upon  designs  for  iniblic  Iniildings,  1)ri(lges 
and  other  structures. 

The  original  citv  charter,  as  well  as  all 
other  charters  for  Massachusetts  cities,  until 
a  comparatively  recent  period,  provided  for 
a  liicameral  legislative  branch.  In  fact,  the 
entire  nnuiicipal  system,  which  thus  became 
traditional,  was  based  upon  the  nn'staken 
assumittion  that  the  city,  as  a  political  entity, 
demanded  to  be  governed  in  practically  the 
same  way  as  a  nation  or  a  State,  the  main 
difference  between  them  being  one  of  mag- 
nitude. Ever}'  citv  government  thus  became 
a  State  government  in  miniature. 

For  a  long  period  the  mayors  of  Boston 
had  comparatively  little  power  Ijeyond  that 
of  passing  upon  the  enactments  of  the  legis- 
lative branch  either  by  approval  or  veto. 
The  Mayor's  appointments  were  subject  to 
confirmation  b\'  the  upper  liranch  of  the 
City  Council :  the  Board  and  Aldermen.  In 
the  earlier  days  the  Mayor's  appointing 
]>o\ver  was  of  small  moment  in  comparison 
with  what  it  later  liecame;  the  executive  and 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


180 


administrative  lunctiuii?  were  largely  in  the 
hands  of  the  City  Council,  the  conduct  of 
the  various  departments  being  chiefly  in 
charge  of  committees  of  the  Coimcil. 
While,  therefore,  our  city  governments  were 
ostensibly  based  upon  the  principle  also  pro- 
fessedly followed  by  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment and  the  government  of  the  various 
States  of  the  Union:  the  separation  of  the 
executive  and  legislative  functions. — in  fact 
the  two  were  so  blended  by  means  of  the 
power  over  the  Mayor's  appointments  ex- 
erted by  the  Board  of  Aldermen,  through 
possession  of  the  right  of  confirmation  and 
rejection,  as  to  make  the  upper  legislative 
body  actually  a  part  of  the  executive  branch. 
Thereby  responsibility  for  executive  acts 
was  so  confused  and  diluted  as  to  be  prac- 
tically destroyed.  It  was  long  before  this 
fundamental  evil  became  apparent ;  the  com- 
mimity  was  so  small  and  the  population  so 
homogeneous  that  abuses  which  later  be- 
came glaring  did  not  develop  to  any  marked 
extent.  The  Mayor  was  usually  a  promi- 
nent citizen  of  high  standing.  A  Citizens' 
Convention  customarily  nominated  candi- 
dates for  the  Board  of  Aldermen — com- 
monly well  knoA\Ti  business  or  professional 
men.  At  present,  however,  the  city  elections 
were  conducted  along  the  lines  of  the  na- 
tional parties. 

Many  improvements  in  the  methods  of 
mimicipal  government  have  been  made,  and 
these  are  to  a  great  extent  automatical!}- 
operated  in  the  direction  of  a  higher 
efficiency. 

With  the  growth  of  the  city  and  the  in- 
crease of  mimicipal  functions  the  city  char- 
ter has  been  gradually  revised  from  time  to 
time.  The  greatest  and  most  radical  changes 
that  had  taken  place  up  to  that  time  were 
those  adopted  in  the  eighth  decade  of  the 
nineteenth  century,  the  'seventies,  when 
either  the  great  emergencies  that  arose,  or 
the  increase  of  activities,  made  it  imperative 
to  replace  the  system  of  administration  by 
committees  of  the  City  Coimcil  in  charge  of 
the  various  departments  with  a  system  of 
commissions  appointed  by  the  Mayor  and, 
for  the  greater  part,  composed  of  salaried 
officials.    Thus  the  great  fire  of  November, 


1872,  made  necessary  the  reorganization  of 
the  Fire  Department;  at  about  the  same 
time  a  virulent  epidemic  of  smallpox  led  to 
the  organization  of  a  Board  of  Health;  the 
creation  of  a  new  water-supply  from  Sud- 
bury River,  with  its  vast  engineering  opera- 
tions, made  a  water-board  essential;  the 
creation  of  a  great  system  of  public  parks 
demanded  the  appointment  of  a  Board  of 
Park  Commissioners  with  large  powers  and 
responsibilities — the  latter  remaining  an  un- 
salaried body  upon  which  leading  citizens 
were  glad  to  ser\-e  for  the  sake  of  their 
capacity  for  public  service  until  within  a 
few  years,  when  the  board  was  reconstituted 
with  a  salaried  chairman. 

The  administration  of  the  police  also  be- 
came so  important  as  to  need  the  organiza- 
tion of  a  Board  of  Police  Commissioners. 
And  finally  the  danger  of  entrusting  this 
function  to  corrupt  partisan  control  became 
so  great  that  the  appointment  of  its  mem- 
Ijers  ( it  is  now  a  single-headed  body )  was. 
transferred  from  the  Mayor  to  the  Gov- 
ernor of  the  Commonwealth.  Following  is 
a  list  of  the  Mayors  of  Boston  from  the 
Ijeginning  of  the  city  government  to  the 
present  day: — 

1822 — John  Phillips,  one  year. 

1823 — Josiah  Ouincy,  six  years. 

1829 — Harrison  Gray  Otis,  three  years. 

1832 — Charles  Wells,  two  years. 

1834 — Theodore  L}"man,  Jr.,  two  years. 

1836 — Samuel  T.  Armstrong,  one  year. 

1837 — Samuel  A.  Eliot,  three  years. 

1840 — Jonathan  Chapman,  three  years. 

1843 — Martin  Brimmer,  two  years. 

1845 — Thomas  A.  Davis,  one  year. 

1846 — ^Josiah  Ouincy,  Jr.,  three  years. 

1849 — ^John  P.  Bigelow,  three  years. 

1852 — Benjamin  Seaver,  three  years. 

1854 — ^Jerome  \'.  C.  Smith,  two  years. 

1856 — Alexander  H.  Rice,  two  jears. 

1858 — Frederick  W.   Lincoln,  Jr.,  three 
years. 

1 86 1 — Joseph  M.  Wightman,  two  years. 

1863 — Frederick    \\'.     Lincoln     (again) 
four  years. 

1867 — Otis  Xorcross,  one  year. 

1868 — Nathaniel  B.  ShurtlefF,  three  years. 


i:J-:--J     .       /-     l^-^'.^-r..   _irck-iUCl 


CITY    HALL    ASS  EX 


This  addition  to  the  City  Hall  is  of  the  steel-frame  office  building  type.     Its  fa(;ade, 

»-ith  four  giant  fluted  engaged  columns,  supporting  in  the  attic 

story  four  allegorical  female  figures,  has  a 

fine  efltect  of  dignity 


182 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


187 1 — William  O.  Gaston,  two  years. 

1873 — Henry  L.  Pierce,  one  year. 

1874 — Samuel  C.  Coljh,  three  years. 

1877 — Frederic  O.  Prince,  one  year. 

1878 — Henry  L.  Pierce  (again)  one  year. 

1879 — Frederic  O.  Prince  (again)  three 
years. 

1882 — Samuel  G.  Green,  one  year. 

1883 — Albert  Palmer,  one  year. 

1884 — Augustus  P.  Martin,  one  year. 

1885 — Hugh  O'Brien,  three  years. 

1889 — Thomas  N.  Hart,  two  years. 

1891 — Nathan  Matthews,  Jr.,  four  years. 

1895 — Edwin  U.  Curtis,  one  year. 

1896 — Josiah  Ouincy,  four  years  (two 
terms ) . 

1900 — Thomas  N.  Hart  (again)  two 
years. 

1902 — Patrick  A.  Collins,  three  and  three- 
quarters  years  (two  terms). 

1906 — John  F.  Fitzgerald,  two  years. 

1908 — George  A.  Hil)])ard,  two  years. 

1910 — John  F.  Fitzgerald  (again)  four 
years  (one  term). 

19 14 — James  M.  Curley. 

The  foregoing  list  includes  many  notable 
names.  As  a  rule,  with  few  exceptions,  the 
ma\'ors  have  lieen  "leading  citizens" — men 
of  high  stantling  in  the  community,  both 
socially  and  in  public  affairs — many  of  them 
chosen  for  the  reason  of  being  prominent 
business  men  of  sound  sense.  Few  among 
them  have  been  "politicians"  in  the  rather 
uncomplimentary  American  sense  of  the 
term,  although  often  active  in  political  af- 
fairs. From  the  early  days,  however,  there 
have  been  radical  differences  as  to  the  con- 
duct of  municipal  affairs ;  there  have  been 
many  spirited  contests,  although  issues  were 
seldom  drawn  along  national  party  lines  un- 
til into  the  'eighties. 

The  most  hotly  contested  city  election  was 
that  of  1844.  Although  "knownothingism" 
as  such  did  not  come  to  the  front  in  Massa- 
chusetts politics  until  more  than  ten  years 
later,  there  had  been  a  steadily  gaining  senti- 
ment against  the  foreign  elements  that  were 
becoming  so  numerous  in  the  population. 
Hence  in  that  year  a  "Native  American" 
party  had  become  so  numerous  as  finally  to 


elect  its  candidate.  In  those  days  a  plural- 
ity was  not  sufficient  for  election,  so  eight 
ballotings  took  place  before  a  decision  was 
reached ;  it  was  not  until  Fel:)ruary  22  that 
Thomas  A.  Davis  was  elected  mayor. 
Mayor  Davis  died  in  office,  and  Josiah 
Ouinc}-,  Jr.,  was  elected  for  the  un- 
expired term  by  the  Citv  Council,  the 
citizens  re-electing  him  for  the  regular  term 
following. 

Harrison  Gray  Otis,  the  third  Mayor,  had 
been  Speaker  of  the  Massachusetts  House 
of  Representatives,  President  of  the  Sen- 
ate, Representative  in  Congress  and  Sena- 
tor from  Massachusetts  before  becoming 
Ma\'or.  Samuel  T.  Armstrong  was  Lieu- 
tenant-Governor before  serving  as  Mayor. 
Mayors  Rice,  Pierce,  Collins,  Fitzgerald 
and  Curley  have  represented  Boston  in 
Congress. 

Two  Mayors  later  became  Governors  of 
the  Commonwealth :  Alexander  IT.  Rice  and 
William  O.  Gaston.  Four  Mayors  were 
])hysicians :  Doctors  Jerome  \ .  C.  Smith, 
Nathaniel  13.  Shurtleft",  Frederic  O.  Prince 
and  Samuel  G.  Green.  Dr.  Smith  was 
chosen  only  after  another  close  election, 
three  ballotings  having  been  necessary.  Dr. 
Smith  was  candidate  of  the  Native  Ameri- 
can party;  Benjamin  Seaver,  up  for  a  fourth 
term,  was  the  Whig  candidate,  and  a  Tem- 
perance party  supported  Jacob  Sleeper.  The 
charges  of  administrative  inefficiency  result- 
ing from  the  great  fire  of  1872,  together 
with  the  city's  defective  sanitation  that  led 
to  the  smallpox  epidemic  of  that  year, 
caused  another  close  election.  William  O. 
Gaston,  the  Democratic  candidate,  was  de- 
clared re-elected  on  the  face  of  the  returns, 
but  a  recount  made  the  Citizens'  candidate, 
Henry  L.  Pierce,  Mayor  by  a  plurality  of 
seventy-nine  votes.  Six  former  Mayors  are 
living  at  the  present  writing :  Dr.  Samuel  G. 
Green,  Thomas  N.  Hart,  Nathan  Matthews, 
Edwin  U.  Curtis,  Josiah  Ouincy,  John  F. 
Fitzgerald. 

Changes  and  improvements  effected  by 
the  influence  of  Mayors  have,  as  a  rule,  been 
due  to  the  forceful  and  constructive  person- 
alities of  the  men  then  at  the  head  of  munic- 


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184 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


ipal  affairs  more  than  to  the  power  actually 
exercised  by  them.  The  many  other  notable 
■changes  have  been  due  to  outside  influences 
upon  legislation  and  the  shaping  of  public 
opinion.  At  times  the  lack  of  vision,  of 
constructive  ability,  in  the  city  government, 
caused  great  opportunities  to  be  missed. 
For  instance,  the  city  government  was  so 
inert  that  for  years  no  decisive  step  was 
taken  to  abate  the  intolerable  nuisance  aris- 
ing from  the  Back  Bay  flats.  The  great 
Back  Bay  improvement  might  easily  have 
been  undertaken  by  the  city  itself,  Init  it  re- 
mained for  the  Commonwealth  to  deal  ef- 
fectively with  it  at  last,  and  reap  a  mag- 
nificent financial  harvest  from  the  filling  and 
the  marketing  of  the  new  lands. 

As  early  as  its  second  year  as  a  city,  Bos- 
ton had  the  fortune  to  have,  in  Josiah 
Quincy,  the  second  Mayor,  a  great  person- 
ality, far-seeing,  and  possessed  of  construc- 
tive imagination.  He  entered  upon  his 
office  in  full  sympath\-  with  that  clause  of 
the  city  charter  that  defined  the  powers  and 
■duties  of  the  Mayor,  enjoining  upon  him  "to 
collect  and  communicate  all  information, 
and  recommend  all  such  measures  as  may 
tend  to  improve  the  city  finances,  police, 
health,  security,  cleanliness,  comfort  and  or- 
nament." In  his  inaugural  address  his 
faith  in  the  future  of  Boston  was  aflirmed 
in  these  words :  "The  destinies  of  the  city 
of  Boston  are  of  a  nature  too  plain  to  be 
denied  or  misconceived.  The  prognostics  of 
its  future  greatness  are  written  on  the  face 
of  nature  too  legibly  and  too  indelibly  to  be 
mistaken.  The  indications  are  apparent 
from  the  location  of  our  citv,  from  its  har- 
bor, and  from  its  relative  position  among 
rival  towns  and  cities ;  above  all,  from  the 
■character  of  its  inhabitants  and  the  singular 
degree  of  enterprise  and  intelligence  which 
are  diffused  through  every  class  of  its 
citizens." 

This  optimism,  which  found  expression  in 
the  important  constructive  works  under- 
taken at  Mayor  Ouincy's  initiative,  was  well 
justified  by  the  steady  growth  of  Boston 
from  that  day  to  this,  when  it  has  become 
the  centre  of  a  great  metropolitan  popula- 
tion.  Josiah  Quincy  well  deserved  the  honor 


of  the  statue  that  stands  in  front  of  the  City 
Hall;  after  his  six  years  as  Mayor  he  repre- 
sented Boston  in  Congress,  and  later  was  for 
man}'-  years  president  of  Harvard  College. 
Under  his  administration  a  city  debt  was 
incurred  amounting  to  six  hundred  and 
thirty-seven  thousand  dollars,  all  resulting 
from  operations  which  obtained  for  Boston 
the  New  Faneuil  Hall  Market,  the  City 
Wharf,  and  land  north  of  the  new  block  of 
stores  on  North  Market  Street ;  also,  free  of 
encumbrance,  the  lands  west  of  Charles  and 
Pleasant  Streets — a  portion  of  the  latter 
ultimately  set  aside  for  the  Public  Garden 
and  the  remaining  portion  marketed  at  a 
profit.  These  properties  were  estimated 
conservatively  at  values  amounting  to  a  total 
of  seven  hundred  and  seven  thousand  dol- 
lars. The  "Ouincy  Market"  improvement 
was  a  magnificent  enterprise,  involving  the 
construction  of  six  new  streets  over  an  area 
of  flats  and  docks  and  resulting  in  a  monu- 
mental develc)])ment  that  even  todav  remains 
impressive,  altliDugh  the  handsome  uniform 
granite  faqades  of  the  stores  opposite  the 
long  granite  market-house  on  South  and 
North  Market  Streets  have  been  in  late 
years  unsymmetrically  altered  to  meet  the 
demands  of  trade. 

One  of  the  most  important  of  Mayor 
Ouincy's  recommendations,  urging  an  ade- 
quate water  supply  both  for  public  health 
and  convenience,  and  for  protection  against 
fire,  failed  of  realization.  The  Jamaica 
Pond  Water  Company  was  furnishing  a 
small  supply,  introduced  in  1795  and  flow- 
ing in  primitive  fashion  through  pine  logs 
bored  and  joined  like  pump  logs.  This  cor- 
poration continued  to  serve  a  limited  dis- 
trict for  something  like  ninety  years,  until 
the  extinction  of  its  privileges  through  the 
acquisition  of  Jamaica  Pond  for  park  pur- 
poses. It  was  the  influence  of  the  Jamaica 
Pond  Water  Company  and  of  other  inter- 
ests that  sought  the  privilege  of  supplying 
water,  together  with  a  popular  fear  of  in- 
curring a  great  indebtedness  for  the  pur- 
pose, that  delayed  the  introduction  of  a 
public  supply  until  the  administration  of  the 
second  Mayor  Ouincy,  Josiah  Ouincy,  Jr., 
in  1848. 


TTIE    ROOK    OF    BOSTON 


1S5 


Not  until  the  aclniinistration  of  Nathan 
Mattliews,  Jr..  for  the  four  years  beginning 
\vith  1 89 1,  did  a  Mayor  of  Boston  exert  so 
profound  an  influence  upon  the  development 
<if  the  city  as  did  the  first  Josiah  Ouincy. 
^Ir.  Matthews,  an  able  lawyer  and  a  com- 
paratively young  man,  although  active  in 
politics,  came  to  the  office  an  unknown  <|uan- 
tity.  But  he  had  studied  abroad  and  had 
travelled  extensively,  and  his  observation  of 
progressive   nninicipal    gMvernmcnt    in    (ier- 


transit.  The  report  of  the  advisory  body 
resulted  in  the  appointment  nf  the  Bos- 
ton Transit  Commission  to  j)lan  and  con- 
struct subways,  tunnels,  bridges,  ami  other 
features  of  a  transit  system — the  Treniont 
Street  Subwa}",  the  first  in  any  American 
city  built  for  local  transit  jnirposes.  The 
question  of  terminals  fur  the  railroads  en- 
tering Boston  was  also  considered  bv  the 
jireliminary  transit  commission.  The  ini- 
prdvement   of   the   Charles    River   was   an- 


SUMMER    STREET.        A    RETAIL    SECTION    OF    THE    CITY 


many  had  taught  him  much.  His  compre- 
hensive recommendations  for  improve- 
ments, made  in  his  inaugural  address,  were 
fairly  startling.  One  conservative  critic 
remarked  that  it  was  all  very  well  to  suggest 
such  things,  but  it  would  take  a  generation 
to  carry  them  into  effect.  Yet  by  the  end 
of  the  year  they  had  all  been  favorably  acted 
upon  and  the  legislati(jn  desired  had  been 
.secured  I  A  Transit  Commission  was  ap- 
pointed    to     study     questions     of      rapid 


other  subject  recommended  by  Mayor  Mat- 
thews; the  Charles  River  Commission,  an 
investigating  board  apjiointed  to  study  the 
problems  involved,  was  the  result.  This  led 
eventually  to  the  creation  of  another  great 
Iiianning  and  constructing  board,  the 
Charles  River  Basin  Commission,  whose 
work,  following  the  general  lines  of  the 
Alster  I'asin  at  Hamburg,  has  resulted  in  a 
great  mcjuumental  improvement.  Ma\-or 
Matthews  also  brought  about  the  constitu- 


186 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


tion  of  a  Board  of  Survey  for  Boston,  to 
undertake  a  general  planning  of  highways 
for  undeveloped  areas.  Great  steps  forward 
in  the  development  of  parks  were  taken 
under  his  administration.  He  was  so 
deeply  interested  in  the  work  of  the  Park 
Commission  that  he  attended  the  meetings 
as  regularlv  as  if  he  were  a  member  of  the 
board;  under  his  influence  the  system  was 
assured  completion  as  planned  by  Frederick 
Law  Olmsted.  He  also  took  a  deep  interest 
in  the  project  for  a  metropolitan  park  sys- 
tem, and  his  advocacy  of  the  project  was 
one  of  the  determining  factors  in  securing 
the  desired  legislation. 

Josiah  Ouincy,  a  great-grandson  of  Bos- 
ton's second  Mayor,  was  the  third  Mayor 
of  that  name — a  circumstance  unprece- 
dented in  the  history  of  American  munici- 
palities. His  administration  was  also 
marked  by  a  magnificent  constructive  enter- 
prise, the  consolidation  of  the  railroad  ter- 
minals on  the  south  side  of  the  city  that 
resulted  in  the  building  of  the  South 
station,  the  city  unilertaking  the  laying  out 
of  the  new  streets  called  for  and  assessing 
betterments  upon  property  benefited  l)y  the 
improvement. 

About     1908     a     Finance     Commission 
was   authorized    b\-    the    Legislature,    with 
large    powers    of     investigation    and    rec- 
ommendation.    Under  the  chairmanship  of 
Nathan  Matthews,  Jr.,  the  former  Mayor, 
such  serious  conditions  were  revealed  that 
radical  changes  in  the  form  of  the  city  gov- 
ernment were   shown   to  be  necessary.     A 
new  city  charter  was  the  result.    The  execu- 
tive and  legislative   functions  were  rigidly 
separated.     The   Ma>or  was  given  a  large 
responsibility.     He  was  to  be  elected  for  a 
term  of  four  years.     Provision  for  recall  at 
the  end  of  two  years  was  made,  Ixit  essen- 
tial to  recall  was  a  majority  of  the  entire 
electorate,   instead   of   a  majority  of  those 
voting.      Recall    was   thus   made   very   dif- 
ficult.     The   "short   ballot"    was   a    feature 
of     the     new     charter,     the     only     names 
upon     the     l:)allot     being     the     candidates 
for    three    vacancies    in    the    City    Coun- 
cil,   for    vacancies    in    the    School    Board, 


and  (once  in  four  years)  the  candidates  for 
Mayor.      The    Mayor    sul)mits    the    annual 
budget  to  the  City  Council,   which  is  em- 
powered to  reduce  items,  Init  not  to  increase 
them.     The  Council  consists  of  nine  mem- 
liers,  three  retiring  each  year.     The  Council 
has  no  pt.wer  to   review   the   Mayor's   ap- 
pointments.    But  since  it  was  felt  that  in 
the  interest  of  the  public  the  ]Mayor  should 
not  have  absolute  power  of  appointment  and 
removal,    the   reviewing    function    was    en- 
trusted  to    the    Civil    Service    Commission. 
Experience  indicates  that  this  would  prob- 
a1)ly  have  been  better  had  the  power  of  con- 
firmation and  rejection  been  entrusted  to  a 
special  board,  judicial  in  function,  as  might 
be  the  case  were  it  appointed  by  the  Su- 
preme Court.     At  present  a  Governor  may 
be  tempted  to  make  the  Civil  Service  board 
complaisant  to  a  Mayor  who  may  be  of  its 
own    political    complexion,    notwithstanding 
the  provision    forliickling  appointments    for 
political  motives — as  instanced  in  confirma- 
tion of  recent  appointments  to  offices  which, 
it  was  provided,  should  be  filled  by  men  pro- 
fessionally  qualified    l>y    technical    training. 
In  the  new  charter,  part}'  designations  on 
the  ballot  are  forbidden.    The  School  Board 
was    untouched,    having    been    reduced    in 
membership  from  a  large  to  a  small  number 
by  previous  legislation.      The   short   ballot 
having  proved   so   satisfactory   in   this   in- 
stance, it  was  decided  to  extend  the  prin- 
ciple to  the  Cit}'  Council.     Here  it  has  again 
worked  well,  apparently  for  the  reason  that, 
as  in  the  case  of  members  of  the   School 
-  pjoard,  the  office  of  Councillor  lieing  with- 
out patronage  and  having  now  no  voice  in 
determining  the  Mayor's  appointments,  has 
little  attractiveness  for  predatory  politicians. 
A  novel  feature  of  the  Charter  is  its  pro- 
.vision  of  a  permanent  Finance  Commission 
with  large  powers  of  investigation  as  to  the 
conduct  of  municipal  finances,  but  with  no 
provision    for  making   eft'ective   its   recom- 
mendations.    The  puljlicity  attendant  upon 
this  ventilating  function  proves  wholesome. 
In  the  cities  of  Great  liritain  the  office  of 
Mavor  is  purely  honorar_\-,  and  is  conferred 


TMR    HOOK    OF    BOSTON- 


IS? 


as  a  matter  nf  social  distinctiijii  upijn  a  ])er- 
S(jn  who  can  dn  the  iKumrs  of  the  post  liand- 
somely, — the  Cit\',  i>v  l"(]\vn  Clerk,  being 
the  true  executive  heat!  of  the  municipality 


just  as  the  (general  manaj^er  of  a  i^reat  busi- 
ness corpiiration  is  chosen  liv  the  I'.nard  of 
Directors.  In  America  the  conduct  of 
I)rivate   business    is   based    upon    experience 


SCOLLAY  SQUARE  OF    1910 

AT  THE   JUN'CriON   OF  TREMONT  AND   COURT   STREETS,    CORXIIII.L   AND    TREMONT   ROW 

A  CENTRAL  POINT  FROM  WHICH  THE  NORTHERN    PARTS 

OF  THE  CITY  ARE   REACHED 


and  holding  office  by  virtue  of  fitness  and 
experience.  In  Germany  the  Alavor,  or 
Biirgermeistcr.  is  chosen  by  the  Cit}-  Coun- 
cil to  manage  the  cit\'s  business  by  reason 
of  his  training  and  experience  in  the  work, 


and  fitness.  In  our  even  more  important 
l)ul)lic  business  ain-  man  without  exjierience 
(ir  fitness  mav  l)e  eligible  to  nccupN'  an\' 
jjosition,  however  res])(insil)le,  at  Cdinuiand 
of  the  electorate. 


188 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


GOVERNOR    SAMUEL    W.    MCCALL 


Governor  Samuel  W.  McCall  was  born 
in  East  Providence.  Pa.,  February  28, 
1 85 1,  and  was  educated  at  the  New  Hamp- 
ton, N.  H.,  Academy  and  Dartmouth  Col- 
lege. After  admission  to  the  Bar,  he  became 
interested  in  politics  and  was  elected  to  the 
lower  house  of  the  Massachusetts  Legisla- 
ture. His  public  service  was  made  memo- 
rable by  securing  the  passage  of  the  first 
corrupt  practices  bill  ever  passed  by  any 
legislative  body  in  America.  He  was 
elected  to  Congress  in  1892  and  for  twenty 
years  took  a  leading  part  in  the  most  im- 


portant legislation  of  the  country.  He  was 
elected  Governor  of  Massachusetts  in  No- 
vember, 191 5.  Dartmouth,  Oberlin,  Tufts 
Colleges  and  the  University  of  Maine  con- 
ferred the  LL.D.  degree  upon  him.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa, 
the  Kappa  Kappa  Kappa  fraternities  and 
the  leading  clubs  of  Boston,  Washington 
and  New  York.  He  is  the  author  of  many 
addresses  and  magazine  articles,  the  lives 
of  Thomas  B.  Reed  and  Thaddeus  Stevens, 
and  has  lectured  at  Columbia  and  Yale  Uni- 
versities and  Bowdoin  College. 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


189 


EX-GOVERNOR    JOHN     L.     BATES 


Hun.  John  L.  Bates,  ex-Governor,  was 
l)orn  at  North  Easton,  September  i8,  1859. 
He  was  educated  in  the  pnl)Hc  schools  of 
Taunton  and  Chelsea,  the  Boston  Latin 
School  and  the  Boston  University.  He 
graduated  A.B.  from  the  college  in  1882, 
and  LL.B.  from  law  school,  1885.  Taught 
school  in  1882  and  1883  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1885.  He  was  a  member  of 
tlie  Boston  Common  Covuicil  in  1891-1892, 
and  represented  East  Boston  in  the  lower 
house  of  the  Legislature  from  1894  to  1899, 
being  Speaker  the  last  three  years.     He  was 


Lieutenant-Giivernnr  in  1900,  1901,  1902, 
and  Governor  in  1903- 1904,  since  which 
time  he  has  been  actively  engaged  in  legal 
w(_irk.  In  1903  W'esleyan  College  conferretl 
the  LL.D.  upon  him.  He  is  president  of 
the  Board  of  Trustees  of  Boston  University, 
director  of  the  Chelsea  Trust  Co.,  the  Co- 
lumbia Trust  Co.,  and  the  United  States 
Trust  Co.,  vice-president  and  trustee  of  the 
Wilde  Savings  Bank,  and  president  and  di- 
rector of  the  W'innisimmett  Co.  He  is  a 
luember  of  the  Masonic  fraternity,  Odd  Fel- 
lows, and  United  Order  of  I'ilgrim  Fathers. 


190 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


WILLIAM  B.  DE  LAS  CASAS 

^'isitors  to  Boston  are  invariably  attracted 
l)y  the  picturesqueness  of  tlie  Ijeach  resorts, 
jiarixs   and   bridges   constructed    and    main- 


WILLIAM     B.    DE    LAS    CASAS 


tained  1iy  the  Metropolitan  Park  Commis- 
sion, and  the  successful  work  of  that  body 
is  largely  due  to  the  persistent  efforts  of 
\Villiam  B.  de  las  Casas,  chairman  of  the 
Board,  who  has  labored  zealously  since  its 
creation,  for  the  beautification  of  various 
points  about  Boston.  In  1892,  Governor 
Russell  appointed  Mr.  de  las  Casas,  with 
Hon.  Charles  Francis  Adams  and  Philip  A. 
Chase,  to  the  preliminary  Metropolitan  Park 
Commission,  to  report  on  the  advisability  of 
a  system  of  metropolitan  parks.  In  1893,  he 
was  appointed  a  member  of  the  permanent 
commission  and  was  elected  its  chairman  in 
1895.  He  has  been  re-appointed  a  member 
and  re-elected  chairman  ever  since,  anti 
under  his  direction  most  of  the  beautiful 
work,  that  stands  as  a  monument  to  the  un- 
ceasing efforts  of  Mr.  de  las  Casas  and  his 
associates,  has  been  completed.  Mr.  de  las 
Casas  was  born  in  Maiden,  March  3,  1857. 
His  parents  were  Francisco  Beltran  de  las 


Casas,  a  noted  teacher  of  art  and  languages, 
who  was  born  near  Tarragona,  Spain, 
and  Elizabeth  Carder  ( Pedrick)  de  las 
Casas,  whose  ancestors  were  jjrominent 
among  the  early  settlers  of  Marblehead.  He 
graduated  A.B.  from  Harvard  in  1879  ^""i 
then  taught  school  for  two  years  in  New 
York,  after  which  he  entered  the  Harvard 
Law  School,  obtaining  the  LL.B.  degree  and 
being  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1885.  He  be- 
gan practice  at  once  and  was  largely  en- 
gaged in  the  management  of  trust  and  other 
estates  and  in  realty  development  in  Maiden. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Laiion  clul)  of 
Boston,  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society 
and  vice-president  of  El  Club  Espanol.  He 
is  president  of  the  Maiden  LIniversity  Club, 
a  nienil)er  of  the  Maiden  Historical  Society, 
trustee  of  the  Maiden  Hospital,  of  which  he 
was  one  of  the  founders  and  a  warden,  and 
for  many  years  a  vestryman  of  St.  Paul's 
church  of  ]\Ialden. 

JOHN  A.  DUGGAN 
John  A.  Duggan  was  born  in  South  Bos- 
ton, April  5,  1888,  and  is  descended  from 
okl  New  England  ancestry.  The  family 
originated  in 
Waterford,  Count\- 
Waterford,  Ireland, 
and  the  American 
branch  was  estab- 
lished here  in  1766. 
H  i  s  great  -  great- 
grandfather was  at 
one  time  proprietor 
of  the  old  Hancock 
Tavern  in  Dock 
Square  and  at  dif- 
ferent times  enter- 
tained General  La- 
fayette and  other 
noted  men.  Mr. 
Duggan  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public  schools  and  was  ap- 
pi:)inted  to  the  position  of  Constable  in  19 10. 
His  work  is  of  a  general  character,  being 
mostly  civil  processes.  His  office  is  in 
the  Tremont  Building,  and  he  resides  at  90 
Welles  Avenue,  Dorchester. 


JOHN    A.    DUGGAN 


11 II-:    IU)()K    OF    BOSTON 


101 


HON.  DA\  ID  1.  WALSH 


EX-GOVEKNOK    DAVID    I.    WALSH 


Hon.  David  I.  Walsh,  ex-novernor  of 
Massachusetts,  was  born  in  Leominster, 
Mass.,  November  ii,  1872.  He  graduated 
M'ith  honor  from  the  Clinton  High  School 
1890,  the  Holy  Cross  College  1893,  and  the 
Boston  University  Law  School  1897.  The 
degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him 
by  the  Holy  Cross  College  in  1914.  After 
his  admission  to  the  Bar,  Mr.  Walsh  became 
a  leading  practitioner  in  Worcester  County. 
In  Politics  he  is  a  Democrat.  Was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Massachusetts  House  of 
Representatives  1890  and  re-elected  in  1891. 


Mr.  Walsh  was  elected  Lieutenant-Governor 
in  1913  and  was  twice  chosen  Governor  of 
Massachusetts  for  19 14  and  19 15. 

His  administration  was  noted  for  its 
many  progressive  policies,  especially  those 
acts  for  the  promotion  of  the  public  health 
and  the  advancement  of  popular  education. 
The  establishment  by  the  State  of  a  Cor- 
respondence School  for  Working  People, 
and  the  great  improvements  made  in  the  leg- 
islation for  workmen's  compensation  are 
cases  in  jioint.  Mr.  Walsh  has  offices  in 
the  Trenicjut   I'.uilding. 


192 


THE    BOOK   Op-    BOSTON 


JOHN    F.    DEVER 

John  F.  Dever,  Clerk  of  Committees  of 
the  City  Council,  was  born  in  Boston,  May 
22,  1853.     He  filled  several  positions  before 

becoming  a  clerk  in 
the  office  of  Reg- 
istrar of  Voters, 
when  his  active 
])olitical  life  began. 
In  18S0  he  was 
elected  to  the  Leg- 
islature and  was  re- 
elected  in  1 88 1 , 
viiluntarily  retiring 
at  the  end  of  the 
two  terms.  In  1885 
iMayor  OT)rien  se- 
lected him  as  his 
Chief  Clerk,  and  in 
i88g  he  became  as- 
joHN  F.  DEVER  sociatcd    with     the 

New  England  Piano  Co.  He  was  elected 
Alderman  from  the  loth  District  in  1892, 
was  reelected  the  following  year,  and  was 
then  chosen  Alderman  at  large  for  1894 
and  '95.  He  served  in  that  capacity  until 
1896,  when  he  was  elected  Clerk  of  Com- 
mittees. Mr.  Dever  is  Past  Grand  Knight 
of  Mount  Pleasant  Council,  K.  of  C,  Past 
Chief  Ranger  of  Mount  Pleasant  Court, 
Catholic  Order  of  Foresters,  president  of 
the  Roxbury  Bachelor  Clul),  and  charter 
member  and  ex-president  of  the  Clover 
Club. 

ARTHUR  S.  JOHNSON 
Arthur  S.  Johnson,  who  has  devoted  his 
entire  life  to  the  Young  Men's  Christian  As- 
sociation and  various  forms  of  philanthropic 
work,  was  born  in  Boston  June  4,  1863. 
He  attended  Mr.  Noble's  school,  where  he 
received  a  preparatory  education,  and  then 
entered  Harvard  College,  from  which  he 
graduated  in  1885.  Immediately  upon 
leaving  college  he  became  interested  in  the 
work  of  the  Boston  Young  Men's  Chris- 
tian Association,  of  which  he  has  been  a 
director  for  thirty  years,  and  for  the  past 
twenty  years  its  president.     In  addition  to 


this  interest  Mr.  Johnson  is  president  of 
the  City  Missionary  Society,  president  and 
member  of  the  Board  of  Managers  of  the 
New  England  Home  for  Little  Wanderers, 
president  American  Congregational  Asso- 
ciation ;  trustee.  General  Theological  Li- 
l)rarv,  the  Massachusetts  Bilile  Society; 
president,  Massachusetts  Temperance  So- 
ciety, and  director  of  the  Workingmen's 
Loan  Association.  Mr.  Johnson  is  de- 
scended from  old  New  England  stock.  His 
residence  is  at  253  Commonwealth  Avenue. 

HON.  JAMES  DONOVAN 
James  Donovan,  city  clerk,  was  born  in 
Boston,  May  28,  1859.    He  was  educated  in 
the  public  schools  and  began  his  career  in  a 
mercantile  line.  Be- 
coming     interested 
in     politics    at     an 
early    period,    he 
filled     many     posi- 
tions of  importance 
and    has    been    the 
friend   and   adviser 
of    Governors    and 
Mayors.     In    1881, 
Mr.    Donovan    was 
elected  to  the  Com- 
mon    Council     and 
he    also    served    in 
the     Massachusetts 
House     of     Repre- 

.      ■•  J-  HON.    JAMES    DONOVAN 

sentatives       fro  m 

1884-1888.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Sen- 
ate in  1889-90-91,  and  was  a  member  of 
the  Executive  Council  1892-94.  Mr.  Dono- 
van was  a  delegate  at  large  to  the  National 
Democratic  Convention  in  1896,  and  held 
the  office  of  Superintendent  of  Lamps  under 
]\Iavor  Ouincy.  Mayor  Collins  appointed 
him  Superintendent  of  Streets,  and  he  has 
been  secretary  and  chairman  of  the  Demo- 
cratic City  Committee.  He  is  now  City 
Clerk.  I\Ir.  Donovan  is  a  member  of  the 
Boston  City  Club,  the  Young  Men's  Demo- 
cratic Club  and  the  Irish  Charitable  Society. 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


193: 


H;JN.    WILLIAM    S.    MCNARY 


Hull.  William  S.  McXary  was  horn  in 
Ahington,  Mass.,  in  1S63  and  was  educated 
in  that  city  and  the  English  High  School, 
Boston.  Air.  McNary  was  a  member  of  the 
Boston  City  Council  and  both  branches  of 
the  state  legislature;  also  served  as  secretary 
and  chairman  of  the  Democratic  State  Com- 
mittee. He  was  elected  to  Congress  in  1902 
from  the  loth  Massachusetts  district,  serv- 
ing for  two  terms,  and  retiring  in  1907  to 
form  the  Drake  and  Hersey  Conipam , 
furniture  dealers.     He  also  aided  in   form- 


ing the  Hanover  Trust  Ciinii)an\-  in  1915,. 
and  is  Chairman  of  its  Board  of  Directors. 
He  was  appointed  Harbor  and  Land  Com- 
missioner by  Governor  Foss  in  1912,  was 
chairman  of  that  Board  for  four  years  and 
was  associate  member  of  the  Boston  Port 
Directors  for  two  years.  Mr.  McNary  was. 
appointed  in  i()i6  by  Governor  McCall  as. 
a  memlier  of  the  new  Waterways  and  Public 
Lands  Commission.  Mr.  McNary  married 
in  1892,  Miss  Albertine  A.  Martin  and  has. 
twci  children.  Helen  and  William  S.,  Jr. 


194 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


HENRY  L.  WALKER 
A  familiar  figure  in  the  Courts  of  Cam- 
Ijridge  is  Henry  L.  Walker,  Deputy  Sheriff 
of  Middlesex  County,  whose  legal  business 
is  extensive. 


HENRY    L.    WALKER 


Deputy  Sheriff  Walker  was  born  in  Bos- 
ton, October  i,  1875,  and  was  educated  in 
the  public  schools  of  Cambridge.  At  an 
early  age  he  became  clerk  to  Deputy  Sheriff 
Richards,  a  position  he  filled  for  sixteen 
years.  For  the  past  eight  years  he  has  been 
Deputy  Sheriff  and  as  such  is  connected 
"vvith  the  criminal  courts  of  Middlesex 
county.  He  has  an  office  in  the  Pemberton 
building  and  has  been  actively  engaged  in 
legal  work  around  Pemberton  Square  for 
the  past  twenty-five  years.  Mr.  Walker  is  a 
member  of  the  Benevolent  Order  of  Elks, 
the  Owls,  Sons  of  Veterans,  the  New  Eng- 
Jand  Order  of  Protection  and  the  Knights 
and  Ladies  of  Honor.  He  is  a  son  of  the 
late  Horace  H.  and  Mary  Ann  (Pritchard) 
Walker.  His  father  was  a  veteran  of  the 
'Civil  War  and  was  engaged  in  many  of  the 
notable  sea  and  land  engagements  during 
the  long  struggle  to  put  down  insurrection. 
Mr.  Walker  is  married  and  lives  in  Med  ford. 


CHARLES  H.  FISH 
Charles  H.  Fish,  Consulting  Engineer, 
was  born  in  Taunton,  Mass.,  and  began  his 
manufacturing  career  as  assistant  superin- 
tendent of  the 
Amoskeag  M  f  g  • 
Co.,  Manchester, 
N.  H. ;  later  he  was 
agent  for  the  Chic- 
opee  Mfg.  Co.,  and 
then  entered  the  en- 
gineering service 
of  the  U.  S.  Gov- 
ernment. He  was 
subsetjuentlv  agent 
or  general  manager 
of  the  C  o  c  h  e  c  o  [ 
Mfg.  Co.,  Dover,  ' 
N.  H.,  B.  B.  &  R. 
Knight,  Provi- 
dence, R.  ]..  and  charles  h.  fish 
the  Garner  Print  Works  and  Bleachery,  New 
York.  Since  19 12  he  has  been  a  consulting 
engineer  in  Boston,  with  offices  at  85  Dev- 
onshire Street.  ]\Ir.  Fish  is  secretary  and 
treasurer  of  the  National  Association  of 
Cotton  Manufacturers,  president  and  gen- 
eral manager  of  the  Nouville  Lumber  Co., 
and  director  of  the  Concord  R.  R.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  American  Society  of  Me- 
chanical Engineers,  American  Chemical  So- 
ciety, Society  of  Chemical  Industry,  Frank- 
lin Institute  of  Philadelphia,  ex-president 
National  Association  of  Cotton  Manufac- 
turers, ex-governor  of  the  Society  of  Colo- 
nial Wars,  and  holds  membership  in  the 
Union  and  Engineers  Clubs  of  Boston  and 
the  Chemists  and  Engineers  Clubs  of  New 
Yurk. 


The  skill  of  New  England  engineers  is  to 
be  met  with  in  most  of  the  great  civic  and 
industrial  engineering  enterprises  through- 
out the  United  States,  and  Boston  well  sus- 
tains its  reputation  for  the  high  character 
of  its  engineers — civil,  consulting,  and  me- 
chanical. The  Massachusetts  Institute  of 
Technology  is  the  leading  school  of  its  char- 
acter in  America. 


THK    HOOK    OF    BOSTON' 


1^J5 


STEPHEN    O'.MEARA 

Stephen  0"^leara,  police  coinniissioner, 
was  l:)(>rn  at  Charlottetown,  P.  E.  I.,  July  26, 
1854,  and  was  educated  in  the  public  schools 


1 

1 

■ 

ft"         Ji.^1 

1 

^^A  -4              .0K^^^^^^^^ 

p 

y 

^^^1 

STEPHEN    O  MEARA 


of  Boston,  to  which  cit\-  he  came  in  1864. 
He  was  a  reporter  on  the  Globe  from  1872- 
74  and  on  the  Journal  1874-79.  On  the 
latter  jiaper  he  was  successively  citv  editor, 
news  etlitor,  general  manager,  editor  and 
jnihlisher.  He  obtained  a  controlling  interest 
in  the  Journal,  which  he  sold  in  1902,  and 
was  ahroatl  in  1903-5,  during  which  time 
Governor  Ouild  appointed  him  police  com- 
missioner for  the  City  of  Boston.  He  was 
reappointed  by  Governor  Foss  in  191 1  and 
recently  reap])ointed  by  Governor  IMcCall. 
l^artmouth  College  honored  Air.  O'Meara 
with  the  A.M.  degree,  and  Boston  College 
conferred  the  LL.B.  degree  upon  him.  He 
is  a  lecturer  at  Harvard  on  police  adminis- 
tration and  is  a  member  of  the  Algonquin, 
Exchange,   Press  an<l  L'nion   Clubs. 


Boston  is  not  so  old  that  she  has  forgot- 
ten au\'  of  her  real  historic  dates,  nor  is 
she  so  voung  as  to  cherish  a  few  with  undue 
reverence. 


HERIU'.KT  C.  BLACKAHiR 

Herljert  C.  Blacknier,  deputy  sheriff  of 
Middlesex  (."oinitv.  was  born  in  Chelsea, 
Alass.,  July  21,  1875,  antl  received  his  edu- 
cation in  the  public  schools  of  Melrose  and 
Maiden.  In  i8()3,  before  attaining  his 
majority,  he  entered  the  office  of  the  clerk 
of  the  Municipal  C<iurt  of  the  cit}^  of  Bos- 
ton for  civil  Inisiness.  He  rose  through  suc- 
cessive ])ositions  of  increasing  importance 
until  February,  1903,  when  he  was  conimis- 
siiined  Fourth  Assistant  Clerk.  He  held 
this  position  until  September,  1909,  when  he 
was  appointed  Third  Assistant  Clerk,  and 
remained  as  such  until  191 1,  when  he  re- 
signed to  accept  the  a])pointment  of  Deputy 
Sheriff.  Mr.  lilacknier's  long  association 
w  ith  the  Municipal  Court  made  him  familiar 
with  every  phase  of  legal  work,  and  gave 
him  a  large  accpiaintance  among  the  attor- 
ne\'S  of  the  citv,  owing  to  the  nature  of  his 


HKRBERTC.     BLACKMEK 

work,  which  is  entirely  of  a  ci\il  character. 
He  belongs  to  several  clubs  and  social  or- 
ganizations, is  married,  and  resides  at  293 
West  Emerson  Street,  Melrose. 


196 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


CHARLES    T.    MAIN 


Charles  T.  Main,  au  engineer  of  national 
reputation,  who  is  an  authority  on  industrial, 
steam    and    power    plant    installation,    was 


CHARLES    T.    .MAIN 


born  February  i6,  1856,  at  Marblehead, 
Mass.  He  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  Marblehead,  after  which  he  en- 
tered the  Massachusetts  School  of  Tech- 
nology and  since  his  graduation  with  the 
degree  of  S.B.,  in  1876,  has  Ijeen  unusually 
busy  along  the  line  of  his  chosen  profession. 
For  three  }-ears  he  was  assistant  in  the 
Mechanical  Engineering  Department  of  the 
M.  I.  T.,  and  then  became  draughtsman  for 
the  Manchester  Mills,  N.  H.  He  remained 
in  this  position  for  fifteen  months  and  was 
then  appointed  engineer  of  the  Lower 
Pacific  Mills,  remaining  in  this  capacity  for 
five  years  and  subsequently  filling  the  posi- 
tion of  assistant  superintendent  for  one 
year  and  superintendent  for  five  years.  He 
resigned  in  1892  to  take  up  the  general  prac- 
tice of  engineering,  in  which  he  has  been 
very  successful.  Mr.  Main  prepares  plans 
and  specifications  for  the  erection  and  me- 
chanical equipment  of  textile  mills,  machine 


shops,  foundries,  electric  light  and  power 
stations  and  industrial,  steam  and  water 
])lants.  He  makes  designs  for  steam  plants 
and  examinations  and  tests,  with  reference 
to  efficiency,  improvement  and  economy  of 
fuel,  and  examination  of  manufacturing 
prii])erties  and  water  powers  with  reference 
t(i  their  imprdvement  and  value.  Mr.  Main's 
li.ng  experience  enaljles  him  to  render  quick 
decisions  on  conditions  and  values.  In  1893 
Mr.  Main  formed  a  partnership  with  F.  AV. 
Dean,  under  the  firm  name  of  Dean  &  Main, 
which  continued  for  thirteen  years.  This 
association  was  dissolved  in  1906,  and  for 
the  past  nine  years  Mr  Main,  practicing 
alone,  has  accomplished  the  most  important 
work  of  his  career,  covering  the  entire 
L^nited  States  and  portions  of  Canada  and 
Mexico.  Included  in  this  list  of  engineer- 
ing achievement  are  the  complete  plants  of 
the  Wood  Worsted  Mills  and  the  Ayer  Mills 
at  Lawrence,  the  Pacific  Mills  Power  Sta- 
tion at  Lawrence,  the  Columbian  Rope  Co., 
at  .Vuburn,  N.  Y.,  the  reorganization  of  the 
mills  of  the  Dwight  Manufacturing  Co.,  at 
Chicopee,  the  new  No.  1 1  mill  and  labor 
savings  storehouses  of  Ludlow  Manufac- 
turing Associates  at  Ludlow,  Mass.,  the  im- 
provements in  the  plant  of  S.  Slater  &  Sons, 
Inc.,  of  Webster,  Mass.,  the  complete  new 
plant  of  the  Tyre  Rubber  Co.,  at  Andover, 
Alass.,  the  complete  plant  of  the  A\'arrenton 
Woolen  Co.,  at  Torrington,  Conn.,  the  new 
brass  foundry  for  the  Yale  and  Towne 
Manufacturing  Co.,  at  Stamford,  Conn., 
and  the  Rainbow  Falls  Development  of 
42,000  horse  power,  and  the  Great  Falls 
Development  of  90,000  horse  power,  on  the 
Missouri  River  at  Great  Falls,  Montana, 
and  the  Thompson  Falls  Development  on 
Clark's  Fork  of  the  Columbia  River  of 
60,000  horse  power.  Mr.  Main  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Exchange  and  Engineers  Clubs 
of  Boston,  the  Engineers  Cluli  of  New  York 
the  Calumet  Club  of  Winchester,  the  .\mer- 
ican  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  the 
American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  the 
Boston  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  and 
the  National  Association  of  Cotton  Manu- 


TIIK    BOOK    OI-'    ROSTDX 


197 


facturers.  He  is  a  term  niemher  '>{  the 
Corporation  of  tlie  Massacliiisetts  Institute 
of  Technology,  past  president  of  the  Bos- 
ton Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  president 
of  the  Engineers  Clul),  director  of  the  Ten- 
nessee Eastern  Electric  Co.  and  of  the 
Massachusetts  Trust  Co.,  and  trustee  of  the 
^^'inchester  Savings  Bank.  Mr.  IMain's  of- 
fices are  at  201  Devonshire  Street.  He  was 
married  Noveml)er  14,  1883,  to  Elizalieth 
F.  Appleton  and  resides  in  \\'inchester.  He 
has  always  taken  tleep  interest  in  the  affairs 
of  the  cities  in  «hich  he  has  made  his  home, 
and  in  1887-8-9  was  alderman  of  Lawrence, 
Mass.,  and  in  i8qi  was  a  meml)er  of  the 
School  Board  and  trustee  of  the  Public  Li- 
brary in  the  same  cit\-.  From  1896  until 
1907  he  was  a  member  of  the  ^^'ater  Bnard 
of  Winchester. 

CHARLES  F.  HALE 
Charles  F.  Hale,  who  is  the  founder  and 
proprietor  of  the  largest  and  best  equipped 
furniture  house  in  Dorchester,  was  burn  at 


'CH.ARLES    F.    U.\LV. 


the  founder  of  the  American  branch  lieing 
Charles  Evans  Hale,  who  located  in  Cali- 
fornia early  in  the  eighteenth  century.  His 
sons  removed  to  .Alachua  County,  Florida, 
about  twelve  miles  from  Gainesville,  in  1732, 
and  it  was  in  this  locality  that  Mr.  Hale  was 
born.  In  1890,  five  years  after  completing 
his  schooling,  he  came  to  Boston  and  began 
his  career  in  the  hotel  business.  He  later 
entered  the  mercantile  line  and  now  has  a 
comj)letel\-  stocked  warehouse  that  extends 
from  132  to  138  Park  Street,  Dorchester. 
He  is  a  real  estate  auctioneer  and  has  sold 
man\-  valual)le  parcels  of  land.  He  also  acts 
as  constable,  having  accepted  that  office  at 
the  request  of  political  friends. 

Mr.  Hale  is  an  active  Republican,  a  thirt\- 
second  degree  Mason,  a  member  of  the 
Mystic  Shrine,  the  Elks,  Odd  Fellows  and 
the  Boston  City  Club.  He  was  formerly  a 
sergeant  in  the  Ancient  and  Honorable  Ar- 
tillery Co.  of  Massachusetts  and  still  retains 
membership  in  that  famous  organization. 
His  city  offices  are  at  10  Pemberton  Square. 
He  resides  at  i  \\'aldeck  Street,  Dorchester. 


Gainesville,  Florida,  December  12,  1865, 
and  was  educated  at  the  Gainesville  Uni- 
versity, from  which  he  graduated  in  1885. 
Mr.  Hale  comes  from  old  English  ancestry, 


The  old  Tremont  Theatre,  which  stood  on 
the  site  now  occupied  by  the  Tremont 
Temple,  was  first  opened  in  1835,  in  which 
year  Charlotte  Cushman  matle  her  debut. 
It  was  also  the  scene  of  Fanny  Kemlile's 
first  Boston  appearance  and  the  place  of 
first  production  of  o])era  in  lioston. 

C.  J.  H.  \\()(JDBURY 

(deceased) 

C.  J.  H.  ^\'oodbury,  who  was  consulting 
engineer  and  secretary  of  The  National 
Association  of  Cotton  Manufacturers,  was 
born  in  Lynn,  Mass.,  May  4,  185 1,  and  was 
educated  at  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of 
Technology.  He  was  a  direct  descendant  of 
John  \\'oodl)ur\-,  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
Dorchester  Bay  colony,  who  settled  at  Cape 
.Ann  in  1623,  and  the  family  has  since  that 
period  taken  part  in  the  affairs  of  the  colony, 
province  and  commonwealth.  Mr.  Wood- 
bur\-  began  ])ractice  in  the  city  engineer's 
office  in  Lynn  in  1871  and  since  that  time  he 
had  figured  prominently  j.iiJiis  profession, 
receiving  for  his  work  on  mill  construction 


198 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


the  Alsatian  Medal  of  the  Societe  Indiis- 
trielle  de  Mulhouse  for  1893,  and  for  the 
preparation  of  the  Insurance  Rules  on  Elec- 
tric Lighting,  the  John  Scott  Medal,  upon 
reccnimendation   of   the   Franklin   Institute. 

The  annual  medal 
of  the  National  As- 
sociation of  Cotton 
Manufacturers  was 
awarded  t(T  him  in 
iQio  for  his  work 
on  the  Bi1)liogra- 
phy  of  the  Cotton 
Manufacturers,  and 
in  1893  Tufts  Col- 
lege conferred  the 
degree  of  A.M. 
upon  him.  In  1906 
Union  College  hon- 
ored him  with  the 
Sc.D.  degree  and 
c.  J.  H.  WOODBURY  two  vcars  later  he 

received  the  same  degree  from  Dartmouth 
College.  During  his  active  career  he  had 
been  engineer  and  vice-])resident  of  the 
Boston  Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  and  as- 
sistant engineer  of  the  American  Telephone 
and  Telegraph  Co.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
various  engineering  societies  and  institutes 
and  several  leading  clubs  of  New  York, 
Boston  and  Lynn.  Mr.  Woodbury  died  on 
March  20,  19 16. 

DESMOND    FITZGERALD 

Desmond  Fitz- 
gerald was  born  in 
Nassau,  N.  P.,  May 
20,  1846,  and  was 
Ijrought  to  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  in 
1849,  receiving  his 
education  at  the 
Phillips  Academy. 
He  was  Assistant 
Secretary  of  State 
of  Rhode  Island 
and  private  secre- 
tary to  General 
Burnside,  after 
which  he  studied 
DESMOND  FITZGERALD        engineering     with 


Cushing  &  DeWitt  and  then  engaged  in  rail- 
road construction  in  the  West.  He  was 
chief  engineer  of  the  Boston  &  Albany  R.  R., 
1870-73,  and  after  being  connected  with  the 
Boston  W'ater  Works  from  1873  to  1903, 
was  Consulting  Engineer  in  manv  important 
public  and  private  enterprises.  He  has  served 
on  a  number  of  governmental,  state,  and 
municipal  commissions.  He  was  called  to 
the  Philippines  in  1904  to  report  on  the 
water  supply,  sewage  system  and  docks  for 
Manila.  He  was  Chairman  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Topographical  Survey  Commis- 
sion, and  later  a  member  of  the  Metropoli- 
tan Improvement  C(.)mmission,  reporting  on 
the  docks  of  Europe  and  preparing  a  plan 
for  the  docks  at  Boston  Harbor.  One  of 
the  most  important  of  his  works  was  the 
improvement  of  the  cjuality  of  Boston's 
water  suppl}-,  in  which  he  did  much  pioneer 
work. 


EDWARD    E. 
Edward    E.    Babb, 


BABB 

and    sole 

member  of  the  firm  of  E.  E.  Babb  &  Co., 
dealers  in  school  supplies,  at  93  Federal 
Street,  was  born  in 
Melrose,  October  20, 
1859.  He  .started 
the  present  busi- 
ness in  1885  with  a 
capital  of  $50  and 
has  made  it  the 
largest  concern  of 
its  kind  in  New 
England.  Mr.  Babb 
is  a  director  of  the 
Liberty  Trust  Co. 
and  is  a  trustee  of 
Pine  Banks  Park, 
which  lies  between 
Melrose  and  Mai- 
den. He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Boston  Athletic  Association,  Mel- 
rose Club  of  Melrose,  Merrimac  Valley 
Country  Club  of  Lawrence,  and  is  Past 
President  of  the  Amateur  Athletic  Union 
of  the  United  States.  Mr.  Babb's  ances- 
tors were  among  the  early  settlers  of  Ports- 
mouth, N.  H. 


EDWARD    E.    BABB 


TIIK    ROOK    OF    BOSTON 


l<n> 


CHARLES    S.    SARGEANT 


CHARLES    S.    SERGEANT 
Charles  S.  Sergeant.  vice-i)resi(lent  i>f  the 
Bostcin    Elevated    Railway    Co.,    was    hcirn 
April  30,  1852,  at  Northamptun,  ]\[ass.    lie 

entered  the  service 
of  the  First 
X  a  t  i  t)  a  a  1  liank 
wf  I^asthanipti m  in 
1868,  rising  U>  the 
jinsitinn  I  if  teller. 
I'"r(ini  iSjj  until 
I S-6  he  was  cijn- 
ueeted  with  rail- 
road and  iron  com- 
panies in  Michigan 
and  returning  I'last 
in  that  ^■ear  Ijecame 
c  h  i  e  f  clerk  and 
a  u  (1  i  t  (J  r  of  the 
Eastern  Railroad. 
In  1883  he  asso- 
ciated with  Charles  ]Merriam,  who  was  fis- 
cal agent  of  several  railroad  and  land  com- 
panies and  in  1888  was  appointed  auditor  and 
later  second  vice-president  and  general  man- 
ager of  the  West  End  Street  Railway.  In 
1897  he  became  second  vice-president  and 
ill  1900  vice-president  of  the  Boston  h'le- 
vated  Railway  Co.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
I'L.xchange,  Algonquin,  St.  Botolph,  Country 
and  Engineers  Clubs. 

Mr.  Sergeant  is  a  great-great-grandson 
of  Reverend  John  Sergeant,  who  was  in 
1735  a  missionary  to  the  Stockljridge 
(Mass.)   Indians. 

FRED    B.    COLE 

Fred  B.  Cole,  who  is  an  authority  on 
e(|uipment  and  construction  and  general  mill 
engineering  work,  was  born  in  Kingston, 
Mass.,  August  13,  1867.  He  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools  of  Kingston  and  at  the 
Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology, 
graduating  as  a  mechanical  engineer  in  June, 
1888.  After  receiving  his  degree  he  became 
an  instructor  at  the  Institute,  but  resigned 
after  a  few  months  to  acce])t  a  position  with 
the  Thompson-Houston  Co.,  now  the  Gen- 
eral Electric  Comi)any,  in  Lynn,  Mass. 

His  next  position  was  with  E.  D.  Leavitt, 


designer  of  machinery  for  the  Calumet  & 
llecla  Mining  Company.  In  1892  he  en- 
tered the  employ  of  F.  W.  Dean,  and  en- 
gaged in  the  work  of  designing  and  testing 
engines  and  boilers  for  special  purposes. 

When  Chas.  T.  Main  became  a  partner  of 
Mr.  Dean,  under  the  firm  name  of  Dean  & 
Main,  he  added  a  mill  engineering  depart- 


ERED    B.    Clll.L 

nient  to  the  business,  and  Mr.  Cole,  who 
remained  with  the  new  tirm,  took  up 
mill  engineering  work  as  Mr.  Alain's  as- 
sistant,   continuing    until    its   dissolution. 

When  Mr.  Main,  in  1907,  entered  busi- 
ness on  his  own  account.  Air.  Cole  engaged 
with  him  as  principal  assistant  engineer,  in 
which  position  he  now  is.  He  has  Iieen 
largely  responsiljle  for  the  design  and  con- 
struction of  the  steam  power  plants  en- 
gineered b\-  the  firm,  as  well  as  several 
complete  industrial  plants. 

Mr.  Cole  resides  in  Winchester.  He  is 
descended  from  old  Plymouth  stock.  Gov- 
ernor Bradford  being  one  of  his  ancestors 
on  the  paternal  side,  while  the  progenitor  of 
the  maternal  lirancli  was  Francis  Cook. 

Mr.  Cole  is  a  member  of  the  .\merican 
Societv  of  Mechanical  Engineers  and  the 
Ensiineers  Clu]>. 


THE 
BOOK  OF  BOSTON 


I 


Fifty    Years'  Recollections  of  the  New  England  Metropolis 

CHAPTER   XIII 

PUBLIC  AND  NOTABLE  BUILDINGS 


Boston's  Many  Monumental  Edifices,  Municipal,   State   and  Federal — Notable 
Churches — Collegiate   and    Other    Institutional    Structures 


I  HE  oldest  of  Boston's  public 
buildings  is  the  Old  State 
House.  Its  site  at  the  head 
of  State  Street  (originally 
King  Street  and,  as  its 
name  suggests,  in  the  early 
days  the  main  street  of  the  old  town) 
was  long  the  civic  centre  of  Boston. 
Here  stood  the  first  Town  House, 
built  in  1657,  on  Boston's  earliest  market- 
place. Burned  in  1711,  it  was  rebuilt 
a  year  later,  but  was  again  burned  in 
1747-  Whether  any  part  of  the  Town 
House  of  1657  was  incorporated  in  the 
building  of  1712  does  not  appear.  But  the 
present  structure  dates  back  to  at  least  171 2, 
for  the  walls  of  the  second  Town  House  are 
those  of  the  existing  building.  It  was  oc- 
cupied by  the  courts  and  the  legislature  of 
the  Colony  and  of  the  Province.  After  the 
revolution  it  became  the  first  capitol  of  the 
Commonwealth,  the  General  Court  meeting 
here  until  the  completion  of  the  present 
State  House  on  Beacon  Hill.  Then  it  re- 
verted to  town  uses ;  when  Boston  became  a 
■city  it  was  for  a  while  the  City  Hall 
and  the  post  office.  Since  the  former 
was  established  in  School  Street  it  was 
let  for  private  purposes;  within  it  was 
sadly  altered  and  the  hands()me,  picturesque 
•exterior  was  marred  and  mutilated;  some 
of  the  original  external  features  were 
shorn  off,  a  rude  mansard  roof  gave  a 
third  story  for  revenue  purposes,  and  large 
business  signs  shockingly  disfigured  the  ex- 
terior on  all  sides.     In  1882  the  increasing 

o 


public  regard  for  historic  landmarks  led  to  a 
careful    restoration    of    the    building    both 
within  and  without,  and  the  present  condi- 
tion  very    closely    reproduces    the    original 
aspect.     In  1909  the  old-time  aspect  of  the 
exterior  was   further  enhanced  by  the  re- 
moval of  numerous  coats  of  paint,  bringing 
to  view  the  original  red  Ijrick.     In  front  of 
the  building,   when  the  Stamp  Act  excite- 
ment was  at  its  height,  the  mob  burnt  the 
stamped   clearances.      In    1768   the   British 
troops  were  quartered  in  all   parts  of   the 
building  except  the  Council  Chamber.     In 
the  Council  Chamber  James  Otis  made  his 
great  protest  against  the  writs  of  assistance. 
On  March  5,  1770,  the  "Boston  Massacre" 
occurred    in    front    of    the   building.      The 
British   commanders   held   their  council   of 
war  here  during  the  Battle  of  Bunker  Hill. 
The  Declaration  of  Independence  was  read 
from  the  balcony  in  1776,  as  previously  the 
death   of   George   II   and  the  accession  of 
George  III  had  been  proclaimed.     In  1778 
the  Count  d'Estaing  was  received  here  by 
Governor  Hancock;  here  the  State  constitu- 
tion was  drawn  up  and  the  convention  met 
to  ratify  the  United  States  constitution.     In 
1789  Washington  stood  on  the  balcony  and 
reviewed  a  long  procession.     On  Oct.   21, 
1835,  Wendell  Phillips  was  here  sheltered 
by  Mayor  Lyman  from  a  pro-slavery  mob. 
In    the    restoration    the    lion    and    unicorn 
of  the  British  arms,  that  had  been  burned 
publicly  on  the  celebration  of  independence, 
were  replaced  on  the  east  front,  and  latterly 
they  were  reproduced  in  copper.     With  the 


TTIF.    BOOK    OF    ROSTOX 


201 


restoration  tlie  liuildinsj;  al)o\'e  tlie  first  floor 
was  leased  to  the  Bostoniaii  Society,  which 
here  maintains  an  invakiable  museum  of  an- 
ti(|uities  relating  to  Boston  historx".  Later 
the  l)asement  was  utilized  for  the  State  Sta- 
tion of  the  Washington  Street  Tunnel  and 
the  Devonshire  Street  Station  of  the  East 
Boston  Tunnel.  Then,  with  the  perfected 
restoration,  the  municijial  and  commercial 
c  fifices  in  the  first  story  were  vacated  and  the 
entire  interi-  r  a])ove  the  l)asement  given 
ever  t:)  the  Bcstunian  S(iciet\'.     The  latter 


trinit\'  nf  pulilic  Iniildings  that  pla\'ed  great 
parts  in  the  birth  of  the  natinn.  Faneuil 
Hall  was  built  in  1740  and  given  to  the  town 
by  Peter  Faneuil,  a  wealthy  merchant  of 
t)ne  of  the  refugee  Huguenot  families,  for  a 
town  hall  and  market-house.  The  interior 
was  burnt  out  in  1761  and  reljuilt  the  next 
vear.  hi  1X05  the  I)uilding  was  much  en- 
larged ami  improved.  A  few  years  ago  a 
general  renovation  was  undertaken  with  the 
object  of  diminishing  fire  risks,  and  the 
wooden    belfr\-    was    duplicated    in    copper. 


Dr(j:vin£  by  H .  Louis  GUoson 
THE   OLD   HISTORIC   FANEUIL   HALL   LOOKING    EAST.      THE  TOWN  MEETINGS  AND   DEBATES   HELD    HERE 
DURING  THE  REVOLUTIONARY   PERIOD  GAVE  THE   HALL  ITS   FAMILIAR  NAME,  THE  "CRADLE  OF 
LIBERTY."       (jUINCY    MARKET    BUILDING    SHOWING    BEYOND 


in  turn  gave  the  use  of  the  two  west  rooms 
for  the  fascinating  collection  of  the  Boston 
Marine  Museum,  organized  by  A.  Wads- 
worth  Longfellow  and  associates. 

The  second  oldest  of  Boston's  public 
buildings  is  Faneuil  Hall,  the  "Cradle  of 
Liberty."  With  the  Old  State  Hou.se  and 
the   Old    South    Meetinghouse,    we   have   a 


The  large  hall,  seventy-eight  feet  square, 
has  a  gallery  on  three  sides,  added  in  1806, 
when  the  hall  was  doubled  in  width  and 
height.  It  is  hung  with  many  portraits  of 
public  men.  The  originals  of  most  of  these 
were  so  valuable  that  they  have  been  re- 
moved to  the  Museum  of  Fine  Arts  for 
safety  and  replaced   by  copies.     The  town 


202 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


meetings  were  held  here ;  the  demonstra- 
tions previous  to  the  Revohition  gave  a 
great  impetus  to  the  movement  for  inde- 
pendence. Ever  since,  it  has  been  the  great 
place  for  popular  gatherings;  any  group  of 
citizens  has  the  right  to  call  a  public  meet- 
ing here,  free  of  cost,  on  request  to  the  city 
authorities.  Here  Wendell  Phillips  made 
his  first  appearance  as  an  orator  in  behalf 
of  the  anti-slavery  movement.  During  the 
siege  of  Boston  Faneuil  Hall  was  used  as  a 
playhouse:  a  play  written  by  General  Bur- 
goyne,  "The  Blockade  of  Boston,"  with 
British  officers  as  actors,  was  broken  up  at 
its  first  and  only  performance  by  the  news 
that  "the  Yankees  are  attacking  our  works 
in  Charlestown."  The  funds  for  rebuilding 
in  1 76 1  were  partly  raised  by  lottery.  The 
gilded  grasshopper  weather-vane  on  the 
cupola  was  copied  from  one  on  the  London 
Royal  Exchange.  On  the  floor  above  the 
hall  is  the  armory  of  the  Ancient  and  Hon- 
orable Artillery  Company,  with  a  museum 
of  Revoluti<inary  and  Colonial  relics.  Lease 
or  sale  of  the  hall  is  forI)idden  by  the  city 
charter.  At  public  meetings  there  usually 
are  no  seats  on  the  floor.  The  ground  floor 
has  ahva}'s  l:)een  used  as  a  public  market, 
and  the  streets  around  are  included  in  the 
"market  district,"  in  which  any  farmer 
within  seven  miles  has  the  right  to  stand 
with  his  wagon  and  sell  his  produce. 

Faneuil  Hall  Market  was  enormously  ex- 
tended in  1825  by  the  erection  of  the  great 
market-lniilding  between  South  and  Nurth 
Market  Streets  at  the  instance  of  the  first 
Mayor  Ouincy.  Appropriately  it  is  built  of 
Quincy  granite  and  is  popularly  known  as 
"Quincy  Market."  The  building  is  five 
hundred  and  thirty-five  feet  long  and  covers 
twenty-seven  thousand  square  feet.  Over 
the  central  section  is  a  handsome  dome  cov- 
ered with  copper.  In  the  second  story  are 
w'arerooms  and  the  rooms  of  the  Fruit  and 
Produce  Exchange.  Here  in  the  second 
story  and  in  Faneuil  Hall  were  regularly 
held  for  many  years  the  famous  triennial 
exhiljitions  of  the  Massachusetts  Charitable 
Mechanics  Association :  The  "^Mechanics' 
Fairs," — a  temporary  bridge  connecting 
with  Faneuil  Hall.    The  cost  of  this  market- 


house  was  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand 
dollars. 

The  City  Hall,  on  School  Street,  begun  in 
1862  and  finished  in  1865,  is  a  monument 
of  the  Civil  War  period — a  time  when  the 
French  Renaissance  was  the  dominant  influ- 
ence in  our  architecture.     It  was  designed 
by  the  architects  Arthur  Oilman  and  Grid- 
ley  J.  F.  Bryant.     In  its  rather  florid  ele- 
gance its  efi^ect  was  at  first  pleasing,  but  it 
soon  palled  upon  public  taste.     Its  interior 
has   nothing   noteworthy.      It   occupies   the 
site  of  a  Bulfinch  structure,  the  predecessor 
of  the  old  Suffolk  County  Courthouse  that 
so  long  stood  in  Court  Square,  fronting  on 
Court  Street.     When  Boston  became  a  city 
the  Courthouse  was  remodelled  for  a  City 
Hall,  and  later  the  granite  Courthouse  was 
built  that  lately  was   replaced  liy  the  City 
Hall  extension,   or  "annex,"   of  limestone. 
This    extension,    of   the    steel-frame   office- 
Iniilding  type,  was  designed  Ijy  the  architect, 
Thomas  P.  R.  Graham.     Its  facade,  front- 
ing on  Court  Street  with  four  giant  fluted 
engaged    colunms    supporting    in    the    attic 
story  four  allegorical  female  figures,  has  a 
fine  effect  of  dignity.     The  architecture  of 
this  new  part  will  probably  be  that  of  the 
structure  that   eventually  must  replace  the 
now  antic|uated  School-Street  section.    Two 
bronze  statues  of  eminent  sons  of  Boston 
stand  in  front  of  the  School-Street  fa(;ade : 
that    of    Benjamin    Franklin,    by    Richard 
Greenough,  dating  from  1856,  was  the  first 
portrait  statue  erected  in  the  city;  that  of 
the  first  mayor,  the  elder  Josiah  Ouincy,  a 
work  of  Thomas  Ball,  was  erected  in  1879. 
In    recent    years    "Municipal    Buildings" 
have  been  erected  in  various  sections  of  the 
citv.     These  serve  the  people  of  their  re- 
spective  localities  by  providing  convenient 
facilities  for  the  transaction  of  business  with 
the  city  and  saving  them  the  trouble  of  a 
journey  to  School  Street ;  also  as  social  and 
recreation  centres  with  various  popular  ac- 
tivities, including  rooms  for  meetings,  gym- 
nasiums,  baths,   etc.      Such  buildings  have 
been  erected  in  South  Boston,  Dorchester, 
East    Boston,    Charlestown,    and    J;miaica 
Plain.    The  Charlestown  municipal  building 
occupies  the  site  of  the  old  Charlestown  City 


BOSTON    CITY    HALL 


This  heavy  granite  edifice  was  begun  in  1862.  It  is  a  nionnnient  of  the 
Civil  War  period,  a  time  when  the  French  Renaissance  was  the  dominant 
influence  in  our  architecture.  It  occupies  the  site  of  a  Bulfinch  structure,  the 
predecessor  of  the  old  Suffolk  County  Courthouse  that  so  long  stood  in 
Court  Square,  opposite  Court  Street.  Two  bronze  statues  siand  in  front 
of  the  School  Street  facade:  that  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  the  first  portrait 
statue  erected  in  the  city;  and  that  of  Josiah  Ouincy,  the  first  mayor  of 
Boston.  The  building  has  a  handsome  extension  or  "annex"  of  limestone 
facing  on  Court  Street. 


204 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


Hall,  reniodelletl  in  1872,  shortly  ljefi>re  an- 
nexation to  Boston :  the  one  in  Jamaica 
Plain  replaces  Curtis  Hall,  the  town  hall  of 
\Vest  Roxl:>ur\-  before  annexation. 

The  City  Hospital  on  Harrison  Avenue 
makes  a  monumental  effect  from  its  ap- 
proach from  the  west,  its  facade  and  dome 
on  the  axis  of  the  view  from  ^^^ashington 
Street  through  Worcester  Square.  Here, 
and  in  several  large  adjacent  structures,  it 
houses  one  of  the  most  important  public  hos- 
pitals in  the  United  States.  Its  Emergency 
Branch,  facing  Ha}inarket  Square,  is  in 
architectural  eft'ect  on  that  commanding  site 
similar  to  that  of  its  predecessor,  the  orig- 
inal Ijrick  terminal  statinn  of  the  Boston  & 
Maine  Railroad.  Another  hospital  Ijuilding 
of  im])ortance  is  that  of  the  Massachusetts 
General,  on  Blossom  Street,  designed  bv 
Bulfinch.  But  by  far  the  most  imposing 
antl  lieautiful  of  medical  structures  is  the 
marble  group  of  the  new  Harvard  Medical 
School  on  Longwood  Avenue,  its  handsome 
court,  on  the  axis  of  Louis  Pasteur  Avenue, 
making  noble  eft'ect  in  the  vista  from  the 
Fenway.  Other  architecturally  fine  pulilic 
buildings  of  this  class,  massed  in  this  neigh- 
borhood, are  the  buildings  of  the  Flarvard 
Dental  School,  the  Children's  Hospital,  the 
Peter  Bent  Brigham  Hospital,  the  Collis  P. 
Huntington  Memorial  Hospital,  and  the 
Hospital  for  Animals  erected  as  a  memorial 
to  the  late  George  T.  Angell,  founder  of  the 
Massachusetts  Society  for  the  Prevention 
of  Cruelty  to  Animals.  Not  far  away,  fac- 
ing the  Fenway,  is  the  marble  Forsyth 
Dental  Infirmary  for  Children.  This  build- 
ing, with  its  rare  foreground  of  the  Fenway 
landscape,  makes  a  fine  pendant  for  the 
great  marble  building  of  the  ]\Iuseum  of 
Fine  Arts,  near  by. 

The  architect  of  the  Museum  is  Guy 
Lowell,  who  was  awarded  the  honor  of 
giving  final  expression  to  the  elaborate 
Studies  of  museums  and  galleries  of  art  in 
all  the  leading  cities  of  Europe  made  by  a 
distinguished  group  of  advisory  architects 
appointed  for  the  task  when  the  removal 
from  the  Copley  Square  location  to  the  new 
site  was  decided  upon.  Mr.  Lowell's  de- 
sign for  the  colonnaded  front  on  the  Fen- 


way, the  extension  Iniilt  for  the  galleries  of 
paintings  provided  by  the  munificent  gift  of 
Mrs.  R.  D.  Evans  as  a  memorial  to  her 
husband,  represents  a  great  advance  over 
that  of  the  Huntington  Avenue  fai^ade. 

The  interior  of  the  Museum  is  a  model  of 
convenient  and  artistic  planning  based  upon 
a  scientifically  logical  classification  and  ar- 
rangement. The  halls,  galleries  and  corri- 
dors are  designed  with  a  fine  impressiveness. 
The  arrangement  of  the  various  collections 
is  twofold.  On  the  main  floor  are  the  dis- 
tinctively "show"  exhibits  in  the  best  sense 
of  the  word — the  cream  of  the  collections 
in  the  way  of  beauty,  value  and  general  in- 
terest attractively  displayed  in  harmonious 
environments  that  set  them  forth  to  the  best 
advantage.  In  the  Ijasement  are  arranged 
the  more  strictly  "study"  collections,  where 
they  are  easily  accessible  for  research  work 
and  special  examination.  In  various  re- 
spects the  Museum  is  one  of  the  leading  in- 
stitutions of  its  kind  in  the  world — a  rank 
attained  ])urely  through  the  individual  ef- 
forts of  persons  interested.  In  certain  fea- 
tures the  Museum  leads  the  world,  as  in 
the  art  of  the  Far  East,  represented  by  the 
Morse  collection  of  Japanese  pottery,  the 
Fenellosa  collection  of  old  Japanese  and 
Chinese  paintings,  and  the  rich  collections 
of  Japanese  and  Chinese  art  presented  by 
Dr.  Sturgis  Bigelow.  The  Museum  is  also 
said  to  have  the  finest  collection  of  casts 
from  the  antique  possessed  by  any  institu- 
tion of  its  kind ;  while  in  the  departments  of 
classic  sculpture  and  in  painting,  of  old 
masters  and  of  modern  art,  the  representa- 
tion is  unusually  rich. 

In  contrast  with  the  Museum  of  Fine 
Arts  stands,  not  far  away,  the  exceedingly 
plain  exterior  of  Fenway  Court,  the  famous 
Isabella  Stewart  Gardner  Museum  in  the 
Fenway,  which  incidentally  includes  the  city 
residence  of  its  founder,  Mrs.  John  L. 
Gardner.  But  the  marvellous  beauty  of  the 
interior,  with  its  magnificent  collections — 
including  not  a  few  of  the  world's  master- 
pieces housed  about  a  semi-tropical  court — 
is  enhanced  by  this  external  severity. 

Fenway  Court  has    for  neighbors   some 


TTTF.    BOOK    OF    BOSTON' 


205 


iiiijjortant  educational  institntii  ms  numu- 
nientally  hnused.  Practically  adjacent  is  the 
distinguished  group  of  public-school  build- 
ings built  for  the  Girls'  Latin  School,  the 
Boston  Normal  School,  and  the  liuihhng  for 
the  "model"  grammar  school  serving  as  an 
adjunct  to  the  Normal.  This  group,  so 
beautifulh  hanni  nious  in  its  develojinient. 
is  notable   ftjr  the    fact   that   the  three  units 


Pasteur  .\\enue  and  the  I'enwav,  is  the  im- 
posing editice  of  the  High  School  of  Ldm- 
merce.  designed  in  collegiate  Gothic  bv  the 
associated  architects,  C.  Howard  \\'alker 
and  Kilham  iK:  llopkins.  The  remarkable 
list  of  public  and  quasi-public  institutions 
facing  on  the  Fenway  ma\-  l)e  closed  with  a 
mention  of  tlie  retined  fai,"ade  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Historical  .Societ\-  at  the  corner  of 


OLD  CORNER  BOOK  STORE,   CORNER  OF 
THE  BUILDING  AT  THE  LEFT 


were  assigned  respectively  to  three  promi- 
nent firms  of  architects :  Peabody  &  Stearns, 
Maginnis  &  Sullivan,  Coolidge  &  Carlson. 
And,  instead  of  each  firm  asserting  its  own 
individuality  in  the  work  entrusted  to  it, 
tliey  all  joined  in  studxing  the  problem  as 
a  whole,  with  the  result  of  a  beautiful  unity 
in  design.  On  the  Fenway,  lieyond  h\'nwav 
Court  to  the  westward,  stand  the  two  main 
buildings  of  Simmons  College,  an  institu- 
tion for  the  vocational  training  of  young- 
women  along  the  lines  similar  to  those  estab- 
lished in  the  Drexel  Institute  of  I'hiladel- 
lihia.  Peabody  &  Stearns  are  the  architects. 
A  little  further  on,  at  the  corner  of  Louis 


Dra-.tiitg  hy  11    Loiii;_CUa^on 
SCHOOL    AND    WASHINGTON    STREETS, 
WITH    THE    "hip"    ROOF 

Boylston  entrance,  and  its  harmoniously 
tlesigned  next-door  iieighl)or,  the  building 
of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Liljrar}-. 

In  connection  with  the  Fenway  neighbor- 
hood, mention  should  be  made  of  one  of  the 
most  distinctive  of  Boston's  landmarks  as 
seen  from  the  Fens,  enhanced  by  its 
diverse  effects  as  it  composes  itself 
with  the  surrounding  masses  of  liuildings 
accortling  to  the  point  of  view:  the  great 
dome  of  the  Christian  Science  Church, 
designed  liy  Charles  Brigham.  The  building 
itself  is  somewhat  over-llorid  in  its  rich  or- 
namentation and  is  not  ]iarticularl\  well- 
proportioned.      r>ut   these  shortcomings  lind 


206 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


ample  compensation  in  the  admirable  char- 
acter of  the  dome.  And  the  building  itself 
is  interesting  and  well  justifies  the  creation 
of  the  garden  that  keeps  the  view  unim- 
peded from  Huntington  Avenue.  This  is 
the  "Mother  Church"  of  the  Christian  Sci- 
entists. Hence  for  historical  motives  the 
original  edifice,  designed  in  a  rather  tame 
romanesque,  contrasting  crudely  with  the 
contiguous  new  part,  has  been  preserved 
as  being  the  first  temple  devoted  to  tlie 
doctrine. 

The  most  monumental  of  modern  Boston 
church  edifices  is  Trinit}-,  on  Copley  Square, 
where  Phillips  Brooks  was  the  rector  until 
his  elevation  as  bishop.  This  is  the  most 
celebrated  church  designed  by  H.  H. 
Richardson,  the  eminent  architect  who 
started  the  vogue  in  which  the  romanesque 
st\'le  was  held  in  the  last  quarter  of  the 
nineteenth  centurv.  The  suggestions  for 
Trinity  were  derived  from  Spanish  roman- 
esque types.  It  is  related  that  since  at  the 
time  the  funds  availalile  would  not  admit 
the  development  of  the  facade  as  he  desired, 
Richardson  purposely  made  it  as  unsatisfac- 
tory as  possible  in  order  to  assure  its  ulti- 
mate completion — a  work  that  was  carried 
out  liy  his  successors :  Shepley,  Rutan  & 
Coolidge. 

On  the  Back  Bay,  in  this  immediate 
neighborhood,  are  to  be  found  several  other 
notable  examples  of  ecclesiastical  architec- 
ture. Two  of  these  face  Berkeley  Street : 
the  First  Church,  at  the  corner  of  Marl- 
borough Street,  designed  by  Ware  &  Van 
Brunt  (also  the  architects  of  the  Society  of 
Natural  History's  building  and  of  its  neigh- 
bor, the  Rogers  Building  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Institute  of  Technology,  on  the  open 
space  enclosed  by  Boylston,  Newbury, 
Berkeley  and  Clarendon  Streets).  The  lo- 
cation of  the  Governor  \\'inthrop  statue  be- 
fore this  church  is  more  appropriate,  and 
shows  it  to  better  advantage,  than  upon  its 
original  site  in  Scollay  Square,  where  its 
dedication  was  a  feature  of  the  celebration, 
on  Sept.  17,  1880,  of  the  250th  anniversary 
of  the  settlement  of  Boston.  It  was  modelletl 
by   Richard    S.    Greenough.      The    Central 


Church  at  the  corner  of  Newbury  is  the 
work  of  Upjohn,  celebrated  as  the  architect 
of  Trinit}-  Church,  New  York.  The  grace- 
ful spire,  an  exceptionally  beautiful  ex- 
ample of  English  Gothic,  is  called  Upjohn's 
masterpiece,  possessing  a  certain  delicate 
individuality  lacking  in  his  spire  of  Trinitv. 
The  new  Old  South,  at  the  corner  of 
Boylston  and  Dartmouth  Streets,  was  de- 
signed by  Cummings  &  Sears.  Like  Trin- 
ity, since  1875  it  has  been  a  conspicuous 
element  of  Back  Bay  architecture.  Its 
handsome  tower  is  a  landmark  from  many 
directions,  particularlv  in  the  vista  down 
Boylston  Street  from  as  far  away  as  the 
Common.  From  certain  points  of  view  it 
compares  finely  with  the  Public  Library, 
serving  as  a  campanile  in  relation  to  that 
structure.  In  this  landmark  Boston  has  a 
notable  example  of  a  "leaning  tower."  It 
appears  that  this  was  due  not  to  any  settle- 
ment of  the  foundation,  but  to  a  curious 
error  in  construction.  It  is  related  that  one 
day,  when  the  work  had  been  carried  to  a 
certain  height,  the  architect,  J\Ir.  Cummings, 
was  at  hand  in  his  supervisory  duty;  the 
builder,  referring  to  the  tower,  asked  what 
he  should  go  by  as  a  guide  in  the  perpen- 
dicular. Looking  about  the  neighborhood, 
the  architect  noticed  a  high  chimney  on  the 
Chauncy  Hall  School,  then  near  by  on 
Boylston  Street.  "You  may  as  well  go  by 
that  chimney,"  he  said.  But  it  turned  out 
that  the  chimnev  was  almost  imperceptibly 
out  of  plumb.  So,  when  the  tower  was 
finished,  it  proved  to  be  quite  perceptibly  out 
of  plumb,  and  leaning  southward. 

At  the  corner  of  Commonwealth  Avenue 
and  Clarendon  Street  is  what  is  now  the 
First  Baptist  Church,  built  originally  for  the 
old  Brattle  Square  Church,  a  Unitarian 
Congregational  society.  This  was  designed 
by  Richardson  prior  to  his  work  on  Trinity. 
The  architect's  strong  individuality  is  shown 
in  the  celebrated  frieze  of  this  tower,  with 
its  colossal  figures  in  low  relief.  This  work 
was  responsible  for  the  famous  colossal  fig- 
ure of  "Liberty  Enlightening  the  World,"  in 
New  York  Harbor.  Richardson  was  a  fel- 
low student  with  Bartholdi  at  the  Ecole  de 


208 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


Beaux  Arts  in  Paris,  and  the  two  became 
intimate.  When  Richardson  conceived  this 
frieze  he  sent  for  Bartholdi  to  do  it.  And 
while  here  Bartholdi  became  so  enthusiastic 
for  America  that  he  was  inspired  to  design 
his  "Liberty." 

Of  all  the  public  l)uildings  erected  by  the 
City  of  Boston,  the  Public  Library  stands 
at  the  head  as  the  most  beautiful.  Its  noble 
charm  abides  unabated,  and  it  still  ranks 
as  one  of  the  most  beautiful  monumental 
buildings  in  America.  It  was  at  the  instance 
of  a  num1)er  of  the  foremost  Boston  archi- 
tects that  its  design  was  entrusted  to  McKini, 
Mead  &  White ;  a  competition  for  the  work 
had  proved  unsatisfactory,  and  it  was  feared 
that  in  some  way  it  might  be  given  into  un- 
worthy hands.  Mr.  McKim  gave  to  the 
task  his  individual  attention  and  it  is 
marked  throughout  with  its  exquisite  taste. 
In  its  serene  nobility  and  poetic  gracious- 
ness  it  suggests  a  glorious  musical  work  by 
a  masterly  composer.  Being  a  world  classic 
in  architecture  it  has  been  described  too 
many  times  to  warrant  a  review  here.  Suf- 
fice it  to  say  that  Bostonians  are  beginning 
to  appreciate  their  possession  and  to  admire 
the  judgment  of  Mr.  Samuel  A.  B.  Abbott, 
to  whose  foresight  we  owe  so  much,  as  ex- 
pressed elsewhere. 

From  the  inception  to  the  completion  of 
this  classic  structure,  the  construction  was 
looked  after  by  a  board  of  five  trustees,  of 
which  Samuel  A.  B.  Abliott  was  president. 
All  were  men  of  the  highest  standard  of 
integrity,  and  it  Avas  thovight  the  original 
appropriation  for  the  work  would  be  am- 
ple in  their  hands,  but  when  it  was  found 
that  nearly  three  times  the  amount  of  the 
first  estimate  would  be  required,  Mr.  Ab- 
bott, as  the  directing  spirit  of  the  board, 
was  censured  in  all  quarters.  None  ques- 
tioned his  honesty — that  was  beyond  re- 
proach— but  it  was  thought  his  ideals  had 
led  him  into  useless  expenditure.  No  one 
knev\'  that  Mr.  Abliott  was  giving  to  the 
city  a  building  that  is  the  most  beautiful  in 
the  world  devoted  to  literary  purposes,  but 
when   it   came  to  be   realized   that   he   had 


created  an  artistic  palace  that  wnuld  endure 
for  centuries,  public  sentiment  changed,  and 
at  this  late  da\'   those  who   fcrmerlv  con- 


SAMUEL    A.    B.    ABBOTT 

EX-PRESIDENT    OF    THE     BOARD    OF    TRUSTEES    CF    THE 

BOSTON    PUBLIC    LIB.^ARY 

demned  are  now  loud  in  praising  his  un- 
selfish and  painstaking  work.  During  his 
membership  on  the  board,  wdiich  dated 
from  1879,  ''^  "'i*  li'*  'I'"!  *^o  keep  the 
library  up  to  the  standard  established  by 
preceding  boards,  the  members  of  which 
Avere  all  eminent  men,  and  eventually  place 
it  on  the  same  plane  as  the  British  Museum. 
The  lil)rary  did  at  one  period  rank  second, 
Init  it  has  now  fallen  to  fourth  place.  Mr. 
Abbott  fought  this  deterioration,  which  was 
Ijrought  a1)out  by  a  desire  to  popularize  the 
library  at  the  expense  of  its  scholarh-  en- 
vironment. Not  being  successful,  Mr.  Ab- 
bott resigned,  and  has  lived  long  enough  to 
see  the  people  of  Boston  recognize  the 
Public  Library  as  his  creation  and  to  con- 
sider it  a  lasting  monument  to  its  creator. 

Another  monumental  library  building  is 
the  Boston  Athenaeum  on  Beacon  Street,  be- 
tween Park  Street  and  Tremont  Place,  its 
rear    windows    pleasantly    overlooking    the 


THE    ROOK    OP^    BOSTON 


200- 


Granarx'  ljiii"\'iiig-gi"iiuinl.  It  dates  from 
1849,  the  Athenanim  itself  incorporated  in 
1807.  It  is  the  second  great  library  in  Bos- 
ton and  the  largest  private  library,  nnniber- 
ing  between  200,000  and  300,000  volumes 
and  valuable  art  collections.  The  architect 
of  the  present  bniUling  was  Edward  Cabot. 
\'ery  recently  the  building  was  enlarged  by 
the  adtlition  of  two  new  stories  and  com- 
pletelN'  rebuilt  within,  in  a  thoroughly  fire- 
proof manner.  It  was  a  masterly  ])iece  of 
reconstruction,   carried   out   with   extraurdi- 


ai)]>nipriate  original  feature,  not  at  all  gro- 
tesque, or  incongruous  with  the  classic  qual- 
ity of  the  design,  are  the  heads  of  animals 
in  bold  relief  carved  on  the  keystones  of  the 
windows.  The  Boston  Society  of  Natural 
History  was  founded  in  183  r. 

Another  important  building  of  an  essen- 
tially educational  character  is  Horticultural 
Hall,  erected  by  the  Massachusetts  Horti- 
cultural Society  at  the  corner  of  Pluntington 
and  Massachusetts  .\venues  early  in  the 
Twentieth    ("entur\-,    the   handsome   granite- 


^  "  "^  ii  I  I 


\iL,JU:^m   4»  -i  Ji9'  "*jk 


HORTICULTUR.\L    HALL 


nary  fidelity  to  the  dignified  beauty  of  the 
original  interior.  The  hall  on  the  second 
floor  is  an  exact  duplicate  of  its  predecessor. 
The  new  part,  on  the  fifth  floor,  is  the  gen- 
eral reading-room,  with  a  fine  barrel-arch 
ceiling.  With  all  its  newness  and  substan- 
tiality, the  continuity  with  the  old  interior, 
so  rich  in  historic  associations  with  the  days 
of  Emerson,  Holmes,  Lowell,  and  Long- 
fellow, seems  unbroken. 

The  Natural  History  ^kluscuni  at  Boyls- 
ton  and  Newbury  Streets,  dating  from  1864, 
was  the  first  monumental  buikling  com- 
pleted on  the  Back  Bay  lands.  Its  refined 
and  dignified  design,  the  work  of  Ware  & 
\'an  Brunt,  was  carried  out  in  brick  and 
brown  sandstone  with  notable  success.     An 


building  at  Tremijnt  and  linnnlield  Streets, 
having  been  outgrown.  The  architects  were 
Wheelwright  &  Haven.  Here  are  held  the 
finest  horticultural  and  floricultural  exhibi- 
tions in  the  Ibiited  States.  The  main  ex~ 
hibition  hall  was  designed  with  special 
reference  to  its  purpose,  its  floor  on  a  level 
with  the  ground  and  admitting  the  bringing 
and  placing  of  plants  with  the  least  trouble. 
The  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society, 
founded  in  1821),  is  the  richest  organization 
(if  the  kind  in  the  world,  achieving  that  en- 
viable rank  through  its  fortunate  estaljlish- 
ment  of  the  pioneer  nio(k-rn  nu'al  cemetery 
at  Mount  Auburn.  Boston  has  long  been 
the  centre  of  horticultural  interests  in  the 
United  States,  and  the  activitv  of  this  so- 


2in 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


ciety  has   been   a   main   factor   in  assuring 
that  distinction. 

Boston's  musical  Hfe,  wherein  in  many 
respects  the  city  stands  preeminent  in  Amer- 
ica, is  largely  centred  about  three  buildings 
in  this  neighborhood.  On  the  opposite 
■corner  of  Huntington  and  Massachusetts 
Avenues  stands  Symphony  Hall,  the  succes- 
.sor  of  the  historic  Music  Hall,  down  town, 
as  the  home  of  the  Boston  Symphony  Or- 
chestra, endowed  by  Major  Henry  L.  Hig- 
^inson,  and  a  world-renowned  organization. 
Symphony  Hall  was  designed  by  McKim, 
Mead  &  White.  Its  acoustical  properties 
are  perfect. 


educational  plant  of  the  Boston  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association.  Among  its 
notable  features  is  the  swimming-pool,  one 
of  the  largest  and  best  in  the  country — sup- 
plied with  water  from  an  artesian  well. 

Farther  out  on  the  avenue  is  the  fine 
group  of  the  Wentworth  Institute,  devoted 
to  vocational  training  in  the  mechanic  arts. 

Also  in  this  neighborhood  stands  the 
plain  brick  building  that  houses  the  Medical 
and  Dental  Schools  of  Tufts  College. 

The  executive  and  central  administrative 
activities  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Massa- 
chusetts are  mainly  concentrated  in  the 
State  House  on  lieacon  Hill,  originally  se- 


4 

/' 

i 

^^^i 

m . 

N. 

H 

I^^ljti""  1        ^^T^^^«H^^^^^H^^B^^^^^^^^^w'            RI^^^B 

Ittflftisf^^M 

B 

if"'""^'i 

AQUARIUM CITY    POINT 


The  same  praise  is  given  to  the  fine  audi- 
torium of  the  Boston  Opera  House,  a  little 
farther  along  on  Huntington  Avenue,  de- 
signed by  Wheelwright  &  Haven,  and  one 
of  the  best  arranged  and  constructed  theatre 
buildings  in  the  new  world. 

On  the  opposite  side  of  the  avenue,  a 
little  beyond  Symphony  Hall,  stands  the 
building  of  the  New  England  Conservatory 
of  Music,  the  leading  institution  of  the  sort 
in  America — also  designed  by  Wheelwright 
&  Haven.  Here  is  the  fine  auditorium  of 
Jordan  Hall,  the  gift  of  Eben  D.  Jordan  to 
the  Conservatory. 

Close  by,  a  large  plain  building  of  brick 
houses    the    magnificent    philanthropic    and 


cured  for  this  site  by  the  action  of  the  town 
of  Boston  in  purchasing  for  $4,000  the 
Hancock  pasture  and  conveying  it  to 
the  Commonwealth.  Here  the  "Bulfinch 
front,"  as  the  part  designed  by  Charles  Bul- 
finch is  now  called,  was  erected  in  1795. 
Then  in  1853-1856  the  "Bryant  addition" 
( Gridley  J.  F.  Bryant,  architect)  consider- 
ably enlarged  the  building  on  the  north. 
Later,  the  extensive  "anne.x"  (Charles 
Brigham,  architect),  arching  Mount  Vernon 
Street  and  prolonging  the  building  to  Derne 
Street,  covering  the  site  of  the  granite 
Beacon  Hill  reservoir  of  the  Boston  Water 
\\\irks,  had  the  unfortunate  result  of  sadly 
impairing  the  proportions  of  the  building. 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


211 


This  part  was  added  in  1889-1895.  Now, 
more  happily,  the  problem  of  restoring  the 
historic  character  of  the  original  interior 
and  adequately  planning  harmonious  wings, 
was  lately  given  into  cunipetent  hands.  The 
original,  or  Bulfinch.  part  has  thus  been 
strengthened  and  so  far  as  practicable  made 
fire-resisting,  while  its  beautiful  old  features 
— Doric  Hall,  the  okl  Senate  chamber,  the 


with  the  cxce]itinn  nf  a  large  auditurium,  or 
room  for  legislative  hearings,  in  the  base- 
ment of  the  east  wing,  are  devotetl  to  office 
purposes.  It  seems  likelv  that  ultimately 
yet  another  new  wing  to  the  State  House 
will  be  added  for  the  accommodation  of  the 
State  Library  and  the  Supreme  Court  as  an 
L  of  the  annex,  which  would  naturally  en- 
tail a  change  of  the  latter  fmni   \'ellow  to 


k. 


"  "  "  SI   35   1J   35       "  n  :J  3!  !i 

u  »  "  "  !1 !! .,  „  ,.  51  ?3    ::  n  «  -  - 

AS    S»»J,3 


llJJXU 


u 


i,3j  n  a  n  a  u  uji 

!|^Jit*rr':'  """",g^'^  "^^  ^Sr  ^™'      "^ 


KtaaSs- 


BOSTON    YOUNG    MEN  S    CHRISTIAN    ASSOCIATION    BUILDING 


old  Hal!  of  Representatives,  and  the 
chamber  for  the  Governor  and  Council — 
have  either  been  restored  most  painstak- 
ingly or  preserved  in  their  original  aspect. 
Jn  charge  of  a  special  board  of  architects 
(Robert  D.  Andrews,  R.  Clipston  Sturgis 
and  William  Chapman)  the  new  marble 
Avings  have  been  designed  in  harmony  with 
the  Bulfinch  front,  the  latter  ])ainted  white 
to  agree  with  the  marble,  as  in  the  case  of 
the  capitol  at  \\'ashington,  while  the  re- 
planning  of  the  grounds  has  assured  a  dig- 
nity and  a  quiet  beauty  that  gives  for  the 
first  time  a  landscape  setting  in  harmony 
A\ith    the    environment.      The    new    wings, 


white  by  replacing  the  lirick  with  a  surfac- 
ing of  marble.  The  approach  to  the  State 
House  is  at  present  flanked  by  a  statue  of 
Daniel  Webster  by  Hiraiu  Powers,  erected 
bv  the  Webster  Memorial  Committee  in 
1859,  and  by  a  statue  of  Horace  Mann  by 
Emma  Stebbins,  the  colored  sculptor,  a  gift 
from  Massachusetts  teachers  and  school 
children.  Before  the  entrance  to  the  east 
wing  stands  an  equestrian  statue  of  General 
Hooker  of  the  Civil  War  (an  honor  to 
"Fighting  Joe,"  scathingly  condemned  by 
Charles  Francis  Adams,  the  younger,  in  his 
autol)it)grapliy  )  by  French  and  Potter.  In 
the  grounds  on  tlic  east  side  is  a  reproduc- 


212 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


tion  of  the  first  Independence  monument  in 
the  conntrv.  designed  hv  Bnlfinch  and 
erected  on  the  summit  of  Beacon  Hill  in 
17QO-1791.  Near  by  are  statues  of  Charles 
Devens  (general  in  the  Civil  War  antl 
later  judge),  by  Olin  L.  Warner,  and 
of  Nathaniel  P.  Banks  ( former  governor 
member  of  Congress,  etc.),  by  H.  H.  Kit- 
son.  In  the  Doric  Hall  is  Sir  Francis 
Chantrey's  marble  statue  of  Wa.shington, 
the  gift  of  the  Washington  monument  com- 
mittee in  1857,  and  the  marble  statue  of 
Gov.  John  A.  Andrew,  by  Th(jmas  Ball, 
erected  in  1871.  Tal)lets  near  the  Wash- 
ington statue  commemorate  Charles  Bul- 
finch  and  record  the  preservation  and  re- 
newal of  the  State  House.  On  the  walls  are 
portraits  of  various  governors  of  the  Com- 
monwealth. Beyond  is  the  Rotunda,  or 
"Memorial  Hall."  Here  are  preserved  the 
battle-flags  of  Massachusetts  regiments  in 
the  Civil  War.  Here  also  are  busts  of  vari- 
ous governors  of  Massachusetts  and  a  beau- 
tiful memorial  group  in  bronze  by  Bela  L. 
Pratt,  commemorating  the  nurses  of  the 
Civil  War,  erected  by  the  Army  Nurses  As- 
sociation. In  four  panels  above  are  mural 
paintings  depicting  events  in  Massachusetts 
history :  "The  Pilgrims  on  the  Mayflower" 
and  "John  Eliot  Preaching  to  the  Indians," 
both  by  Henry  Oliver  Walker,  and  "The 
Fight  at  Concord  Bridge,  April  19,  1775," 
and  "The  Return  of  the  Colors  to  the  Cus- 
tody of  the  Commonwealth,  December  22, 
1875,"  both  by  Edward  Simmons,  a  native 
of  Concord.  The  last  is  notable  as  depict- 
ing a  historic  scene  in  front  of  the  building 
within  which  is  the  picture  itself.  The 
mural  painting  in  the  Senate  staircase,  by 
Robert  Reid,  depicts  another  historic  scene 
in  Massachusetts  history :  a  scene  in  the 
Council  Chamber  of  the  Old  State  House 
representing  "James  Otis  making  his 
Famous  Argument  against  the  Writs  of 
Assistance  in  the  Old  Town-House  in  Bos- 
ton, in  February,  1761."  Among  the  treas- 
ures in  the  State  Library  most  precious 
is  the  famous  Bradford  manuscript  of 
the  "History  of  the  Plimoth  Plantation." 
The  national  government  is  represented 
in  Boston  architecture  by  onl)-  two  pulilic 


buildings  of  monumental  character.  First 
of  these  is  the  Federal  Building,  occupying 
the  block  formed  by  Devonshire,  Milk  and 
Water  Streets  and  Post  Office  Square.  Its 
beginning  dates  from  1870.  Its  architec- 
ture, an  infelicitous  attempt  in  French 
Renaissance,  has  been  termed  "Mullet- 
escjue,"  its  designer,  Mullet,  having  been 
supervising  architect  of  the  treasury  at  the 
time.  It  is  a  contemporary  of  the  still 
worse  Federal  Building  in  New  York.  It 
is  of  Cape  Ann  granite.  The  part  facing  on 
Devonshire  Street,  which  then  included  only 
about  half  of  the  facades  on  Milk  and 
A\'ater,  was  finished  externally,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  roof,  at  the  time  of  the  Great 
Fire  of  November  9-10,  1872.  This  great 
fire-proof  mass  served  to  arrest  the  advance 
of  the  flames,  thus  saving  the  section  about 
State  Street.  The  burning  of  the  buildings 
ti)  the  eastward  gave  a  good  opportunity  for 
the  extension  of  the  Federal  I'.uilding;  hence 
Post  Office  Square  was  laid  out  by  the  city 
for  the  sake  of  giving  an  effective  frontage 
on  that  side.  The  two  marble  groups  by 
Daniel  C.  French,  "Commerce"  and  "In- 
dustry," give  distinction  to  this  faqade. 
The  ground  floor  and  basement  are  occu- 
pied by  the  Post  Office;  the  stories  above  by 
the  United  States  Sub-treasur)-  and  the 
Federal  Courts. 

The  United  States  Customhouse,  on 
McKinley  Square,  India  Square  and  State 
Street,  dates  from  1847.  The  original 
building,  long  colloquially  known  as  "the 
Stone  Fort,"  was  an  admirable  example  of 
the  adaptations  from  classic  styles  in  vogue 
in  those  days.  The  architect  was  Ammi  B. 
Young.  When  it  was  built  it  was  very  ap- 
propriately the  monumental  feature  of  the 
water-front,  the  land  now  occupied  by  the 
great  granite  State  Street  block  not  having 
then  replaced  the  open  dock  adjacent  to 
Long  WHiarf.  Its  transformation,  whereby 
the  Customhouse  became  Boston's  all- 
dominating  landmark,  dates  from  1900. 
The  original  customhouse  building  was 
retained  practically  in  its  entirety,  the 
beautiful  old  rotunda,  with  its  columns  and 
domed  ceiling  reproducetl  as  the  entrance 
hall   of   the   new   building.     The   best   and 


THP:    l^OOK    OF    BOSTOX 


most  practical  feature  ni  the  new  custom- 
house is  its  efficiency  in  tlie  transaction  of 
lousiness,  this  having-  been  achieved  by  the 
substitution  of  perpendicular  transit  for 
lateral  locomotion,  thus  avoiding;  the  neces- 
sity for  long  walks  in  going  from  depart- 
ment to  department.  The  character  of  the 
new  building  as  a  landmark  is  indicated  bv 


fringed  bv  pointed  durnu'r  windows,  gives  it 
an  luiusual  appearance.  Its  erection  on  this 
site  was  made  possil)le  by  the  public  spirit 
of  Henry  M.  Whitney,  the  founder  of  Bos- 
ton's consolidated  and  electrified  modern 
system  of  local  transit. 

The  Boston  Chamber  of  (/nmmerce  is  a 
ver\-   (lid  and   substantial    institutinn.      It   is 


THE   MOST    TRAVERSED    SECTION    OF    BOSTON    COMMON,    SHOWING    FAMOUS    OLD    PARK  STREET  CHURCH    (DATING    FRO.M 
1809),    TWO    SUBWAY    ENTRANCES,    CHARACTERISTIC    OF    MODERN    BOSTON,    AND 
THE    STATE    CAPITOL   AT   THE    LEFT 


the  circumstance  that  it  is  seen  by  incoming 
passengers  from  Europe  from  as  far  away 
as  Boston  lightship,  well  out  of  sight  of 
land.  It  commands  a  magnificent  view  over 
a  wide  extent  of  coast  and  far  into  the  in- 
terior, including  the  mountain  masses  from 
Wachusett  to  Monadnock  and  beyond.  The 
height  of  the  tower  is  four  hundred  and 
ninety-five  feet,  eight  inches. 

Near  by,  on  India  Street,  is  the  building 
of  the  Boston  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
built  in  1902.  Its  architects  were  Shepley, 
Rutan  &  Coolidge.  It  is  of  light  granite; 
its  semi-cylindrical  form  with  conical  roof, 


the  third  in  line  of  descent  from  the  one 
bearing  this  same  name  which  was  founded 
some  time  between  the  years  1793  and  1904. 
It  has  over  one  thousand  members,  repre- 
sentative of  the  grain  and  produce  trade 
especially,  of  the  transportation  interests, 
and  of  many  manufacturing  and  mercantile 
lines.  It  owns  and  occupies  property  valued 
at  several  hundred  thousand  dollars  and 
is  in  a  prosperous  condition  financially.  The 
Chamber  worthily  represents  the  rank  and 
name  of  Boston  among  the  business  centres 
of  the  world.  It  has  always  been  progres- 
sive and  influential  in  maintaining  Boston's 
commercial  interests. 


214 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


FIRST    NATIONAL   BANK    OF    BOSTON 


BUILDING    OF    THE    FIRST    NATIONAL    BANK    OF    BOSTON 
FEDERAL,    FRANKLIN    AND    CONGRESS    STREETS 


The  First  National  Bank  of  Boston  has  a 
capital  of  $5,000,000,  siu'plus  and  undivided 
profits  of  $12,596,085.22,  and  deposits  of 
$109,413,188.83.  The  officers  are:  Daniel 
G.  Wing,  president;  Clifton  H.  Dwinnell, 
Downie    D.    Muir,    Bernard    \V.    Traiford, 


Palmer  E.  Presbrey,  Francis  A.  Goodhue, 
( )laf  Olsen,  vice-presidents;  Bertram  I). 
Blaisdell,  cashier;  George  W.  Hyde,  Edwin 
R.  Rooney,  William  F.  Edlefson,  assistant 
cashiers,  and  Stanton  D.  Bullock,  auditor. 
Incorporated  as  a  national  bank  in  1864. 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


21S 


BOSTON   SAFE   DEPOSFF  AND  TRUST    COMPANY 


BOSTON    SAFE    DEPOSIT    AND    TRUST    COMPANY    BlILDING  FRANKLIN,    DEVONSHIRE    AND    ARCH    STREETS 


The  Boston  Safe  Dejiosit  and  Trust  Com- 
pany has  Ijeen  in  active  business  since  1875. 
The  Company  has  a  paid  up  capital  of 
$1,000,000.     The  officers  of  the  Company 


are :  Charles  E.  Rogers(_in,  president,  \\  il- 
liani  II.  Wellington,  vice-president,  William 
C.  \\  illiams,  vice-president,  and  Ceorge  1'-- 
Coodspeed,  treasurer. 


216 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


JOSIAH  O.  BENNETT 
Josiah  O.  Bennett,  capitalist,  was  born  in 
Somerville,  Mass.,  November  14,  1854,  and 
was     educated     at     the     Somerville     High 


JOSIAH    Q.    BENNETT 

School.  He  began  his  business  career 
March  i,  1871,  as  a  messenger  for  the 
Maverick  National  Bank,  and  was  entrusted 
with  duties  of  continually  increasing  im- 
portance until  he  arose  to  the  position  of 
cashier  in  1879.  He  continued  in  this 
office  until  1898,  when  he  was  chosen 
president  of  the  Mercantile  Trust  Company, 
resigning  in  1913  to  devote  his  entire  time 
to  his  private  corporate  interests,  which  are 
many  and  varied.  He  is  president  and 
director  of  the  Athol  Gas  and  Electric  Co., 
secretary-treasurer  of  the  Boston  Brick  Co., 
secretary  of  the  Boston  Woven  Hose  and 
Rubber  Co.,  president  of  the  Cambridge 
Electric  Co.,  the  Fresh  Pond  Ice  Co.,  Marl- 
borough Electric  Co.,  Marlborough-Hudson 
Gas  Co.,  Metropolitan  Ice  Co.,  Purity  Dis- 
tilling Co.,  Westborough  Gas  and  Electric 
Co.,  Weymouth  Light  and  Power  Co.,  and 


director  of  Goepper  Bros.  Co.  and  the 
Metropolitan  \\'harf  Trust.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber (if  the  Exchange  Club  of  Boston, 
Colonial  Club  of  Cambridge,  and  the  Bel- 
mont Springs  Country  Club  of  Waverly. 
On  the  paternal  side  Mr.  Bennett  is  of  Eng- 
lish extraction,  both  families  having  settled 
here  previous  to  the  Revolutionary  War, 
several  of  the  memljers  serving  in  the 
Colonial  Army. 

JOHN  N.  COLE 
Beginning  his  Inisiness  career  in  Andover 
in  1878,  John  N.  Cole  became  in  rapid  se- 
(|uence  newspaper  publisher,  legislator  and 
financier.     He  was 
born    at    Andover, 
Noveml:)er  4,   1863, 
and    was    educated 
in      the     public 
s  c  h  o  o  1  s.     At  the 
age   of   twentv-five 
he     was     publisher 
of   the   A  n  d  o  v  e  r 
To7i.'iisiuan,  in  1S96 
he  had  secured  con- 
trol   of    the    Law 
rence      Telegram. 
and  in   1910  of  tlu- 
Fibre  ami  Fabric  of 
Boston.      Mr.    Cole 

,  f  JOHN    N.    COLE 

was   a   member   of 

the  Massachusetts  Legislature  from  1902 
until  1908  and  was  Speaker  of  the  House 
in  1 906-7-8.  He  is  treasurer  of  the  Andover 
Press,  treasurer  of  the  Andover  Realty 
Co.,  and  president  of  the  Joseph  M.  Wade 
Publishing  Company.  At  present  he  is 
chairman  of  the  Boston  Industrial  Develop- 
ment Board  and  a  trustee  of  the  Andover 
Savings  Bank.  His  clubs  are  the  Boston 
City,  Boston  Press,  Meadowbrook  Golf, 
and  the  Andover.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Masonic  Fraternity,  the  Grange,  the  Odd 
Fellows  and  Knights  of  Pythias.  His  offices 
are  at  7  Water  Street  and  his  home  is  in 
Andover. 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


MERCHANTS     NATIONAL     BANK 


217 


^/  ^|wi 


f 


■■PI 


SI  a 

Si  ii 


■Pill:..  Sijif 


1^  s?  jaj 

0k   ifll  ^■ 


MERCHANTS    NATIONAL    BANK    BUILDING,    28    STATE    STREET 


Tlif  Merchants  National  Bank  has  a  cap- 
ital stock  of  $3,000,000  and  deposits  of 
$65,208,923.89.  The  officers  of  the  com- 
pany are:  Eugene  \'.  R.  Thayer,  president; 
Alfred     L.     Ripley,     lirst     vice-president; 


Cliarles  B.  Wiggin,  Orrin  (i.  Wood.  A.  P. 
Weeks,  Edward  H.  Gleason,  David  M.  Os- 
l)orne,  Horatio  G.  Curtis,  vice-presidents; 
and  Frederick  C.  \\'aite,  cashier.  It  was 
incorporated  as  a  national  bank  in  1864. 


218 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


WILLIAM    M.    PREST 


WILLIAM  M.  PREST 

William  M.  Prest,  attorney-at-law  and  for- 
mer president  of  the  Paul  Revere  Trust  Co., 
was  born  in  Blackburn,  England,  February 

22,  1862.  He  was 
educated  at  Wes- 
leyan  Academj'  and 
Amherst  College, 
graduating  from 
the  latter  in  1888 
with  the  degree  of 
A.M.  He  obtained 
the  LL.B.  degree 
from  the  Boston 
University  L  a  w 
School  in  1891  and 
was  admitted  to  the 
Bar  the  same  year. 
He  was  elected 
president  of  the 
Paul  Revere  Trust 
Co.  in  1913,  and  under  his  direction  the 
deposits  increased  over  100  per  cent.  Mr. 
Prest  is  still  in  active  practice,  with  offices 
at  27  State  Street.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Boston  City  Club,  the  Boston  Athletic  As- 
sociation, trustee  of  the  Wells  Memorial 
Association  and  Wesleyan  Academy,  and  a 
director  of  the  State  Street  Trust  Co.  Mr. 
Prest  was  appointed  a  memlier  of  the  Bos- 
ton Excise  Commission  on  August  3,  1916. 

WILLIA^r  G.  SHILLABER 

William  G.  Shillaber  was  born  in  Boston 
March  13,  1851,  the  son  of  Jonas  Green  and 
Caroline  M.  (Patten)  Shillaber.  With  the 
exception  of  a  few  years  when,  as  a  latl,  the 
family  home  was  at  Sanbornton,  N.  H.,  he 
has  lived  in  Boston  all  his  life,  now  resid- 
ing at  275  Beacon  Street.  He  commenced 
his  business  career  as  a  clerk  in  the  employ 
of  the  Rumford  Chemical  Works  of  Provi- 
dence, at  their  Boston  office,  then  under  the 
management  of  Theodore  H.  Seavey,  and 
later  became  their  New  England  agent.  His 
connection  with  this  company  covered 
twenty  years.  Mr.  Shillalier  retired  from 
active  business  several  }-ears  ago  and  has 


since  given  his  time  to  the  care  of  real 
estate  and  as  executor  and  trustee  of  es- 
tates, and  has  been  a  director  in  various  cor- 
porations and  banks.  For  thirty  years  he 
has  been  much  interested  in  the  North  End 
Savings  Bank,  as  trustee,  vice-president,  and 
for  the  past  seven  years  as  its  presi- 
dent. He  has  held  public  office  but  once, 
by  appointment  of  Mayor  Hibbard,  he 
served  for  five  years  on  the  City  Hos- 
pital Board  of  Trustees.  He  belongs  to 
various  clubs  and  societies.  His  hobby  may 
be  said  to  be  book  collecting,  early  Ameri- 
cana and  Biljles  being  especially  interesting 
to  him.  The  estate,  61  Court  Street,  where 
his  office  is,  has  been  in  the  family  since 
1783,  and  Mr.  Shillaber  is  of  the  fifth  gen- 
eration to  occupy  the  premises. 

NOAH  W.  JORDAN 

Noah  W.  Jordan,  who  rose  from  a  medi- 
ocre position  to  a  commanding  place  in  the 
financial  world,  was  l)orn  in  Boston,  De- 
cember 30,  1846, 
and  was  educated 
in  the  public 
schools.  He  began 
his  business  career 
with  the  Suffolk 
Bank  in  1863  and 
was  connected  with 
the  National  Bank 
of  the  Republic 
from  1864  until 
1 88 1.  From  there 
he  went  to  the 
American  Trust 
Company  as  vice- 
president,  was 
elected  jiresident  in 
1900  and  made  Chairman  of  the  Board  of 
Directors  in  1907.  He  is  a  director  of  the 
Columbian  National  Life  Insurance  Co., 
the  American  Trust  Co.,  the  Boston  and 
Worcester  Electric  Co.  and  the  Great 
Northern  Power  Co.  Mr.  Jordan  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Country,  Algonquin  and  Exchange 
Clubs  and  the  Boston  Athletic  Association. 


NOAH    VV.    JORDAN 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


219 


CAMDRIDGEPORT  SAX'IXGS  BANK  AXU  11AR\ARU  TRUST  CU.MPANY 


The  handsome  huilding  at  689  Massachu- 
setts Avenue,  which  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
posing in  Cambridge,  is  occupied  jointly  by 
the  Cambridgeport  Savings  IJank  and  the 
Harvard  Trust  Co. 

Frederic   W.   Tilton   is   president    of    tlie 


The  Harvard  Trust  Company  has  as  its 
president  \\'alter  F.  Earle ;  vice-presitlent, 
Edward  D.  Whitford.  and  treasurer, 
Herl)ert  FI.  Dyer. 

The  company  has  a  capital  of  $200,000 
and  surplus  and  undivided  profits  of  nearly 


HOME    OF    THE     CAMBRIDGEP  :)RT    SAVINGS    BANK    AND    THE    HARVARD    TRUST    LJMl'ANY 


first  named  instituti<in :  John  R.  ( iiles,  treas- 
urer; and  William  W.  Dallinger,  George  A. 
Sawyer  and  John  H.  Corcoran  are  vice- 
presidents.  The  Bank  was  incorporated  in 
1853.  Its  system  of  indiviilual  hanks  for 
home  use  has  led  to  the  opening  of  many 
accounts  among  those  who  otherwise  would 
not  have  formed  habits  of  thrift.  The  I>ank 
has  a  Guarant)'  F'und  of  $329,080;  surplus 
$108,075.53,  and  deposits  amounting  to 
$6,706,938.05. 


a  quarter  million  tlollars  and  deposits 
amounting  to  $2,665,106.34.  It  acts  as  ex- 
ecutor, trustee  and  administrator,  and  is 
equi]5ped  with  the  most  modern  safe  deposit 
vaults  and  storage  rooms.  The  Board  of 
Directors  are :  Walter  F.  Earle,  William  W. 
Dallinger,  \\'arren  H.  Dunning,  Frederic 
W.  Tilton,  .\lbert  M.  Barnes,  Edward  D. 
Whitford,  J(jhn  H.  Corcoran  and  Edward 
J.  I'.randon.  The  com])any's  banking  and 
vault   facilities  are  complete  in  every  detail. 


220 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


WALTER  S. 
Walter  S.  Glidden,  banker  and  commis- 
sion merchant,  was  born  in  Pittston,  Me., 
April  30,   1856,  the  son  of  Daniel  and  Jo- 


WALTER    S.     GLIDDEN 


hanna  (  Dudley)  Glidden.  He  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools  and  at  a  Inisiness 
college. 

At  the  age  of  thirteen  he  Iiecame  a 
printer's  apprentice  on  the  Kennebec  Re- 
porter, and  coming  to  Boston  in  1872,  was 
employed  in  Frank  Woods'  printing  shop. 
He  was  subsequently  with  E.  F.  Stacey  in 
Faneuil  Hall  Market,  with  W.  H.  Gleason 
on  Shawmut  Avenue  and  with  C.  E.  Bailey 
as  manager.  After  this  he  organized  the 
firm  of  W.  S.  Glidden  &  Co.,  which  dealt 
in  meats  in  the  Blackstone  Market.  He  dis- 
posed of  this  business  in  1876,  and  became 
manager  of  N.  E.  Hollis  &  Co.,  which  posi- 
tion he  still  retains. 

Mr.  Glidden's  interests  are  many  and 
varied,  yet  despite  the  time  required  to  look 


GLIDDEN 

after  these,  he  is  interested  in  philanthropic 
work,  antl  a  portion  of  each  day  is  devoted 
to  the  charitable  institutions  with  which  he 
is  connected. 

He  is  president  of  the  Charlestown  Five 
Cent  Savings  Bank,  Contractors'  Mutual 
Liability  Insurance  Co.,  J-  H.  Whiton 
«&  Co.,  Hinckley  Rendering  Co.,  Sands, 
Furber  &  Co.,  and  L.  A.  Johnson  & 
Co.  He  is  vice-president  of  the  Mutual 
Protective  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  sole  owner 
of  the  E.  T.  Barrett  Co.,  Faneuil  Hall 
Market,  director  of  the  Beacon  Trust  Co., 
of  which  he  is  a  member  of  the  execu- 
tive committee,  director  of  the  Winter  Hill 
Co-operative  Bank,  the  Massachusetts  Fire 
and  Marine  Insurance  Co.,  J.  V.  Fletcher 
Co.,  of  Faneuil  Hall  Market,  New  England 
Dressed  Meat  and  Wool  Co.,  Sturtevant  & 
Flaley  Beef  &  Supply  Co.,  and  the  Swift 
Beef  Co.  He  is  president  of  the  Winchester 
Home  for  Aged  Women,  the  Hunt  Asylum 
for  Destitute  Children,  and  trustee  of  the 
Somerville  Hospital  and  the  Somerville 
Home  for  the  Aged.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Governor's  Council  of  Massachusetts 
from  1908  until  191 1,  and  is  a  32nd  degree 
Mason. 

At  the  present  time  he  holds  member- 
sliip  in  the  Ijoston  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
the  Boston  Produce  Exchange,  the  Indepen- 
dent Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  the  Algonquin 
and  Belmont  Country  Clubs  of  Boston,  and 
the  Central  of  Somerville. 

In  politics  he  is  a  Republican,  but  beyond 
membership  in  the  Governor's  Council,  has 
never  held  a  pulilic  position. 

His  home  is  in  Somerville,  Mass.,  and  his 
business  address,  5 1  North  Market  Street. 


THK    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


221 


BOWEX  TUFTS 
Bowen  Tufts,  who  at  a  cuniparatively 
early  age  has  risen  to  a  position  uf  promi- 
nence in  the  financial  workl,  was  born 
^^^^^^^^^^^^  June  17,  1884,  at 
^^^PP|5^^^^^^^|  Somerville,  Mass. 
^^V    -JHIM^^^H    ^^  ^^'^^  educated  in 

^B  _^    ^ii^^B^    '^f  Somerville,  and 
^W  Y^^  '^'^      '""'•'^'-      position 

Bj*'  ^  was    with    tlic    firm 

^■"~"  k  of   Jose,    i'arkcT    X; 

^^^^^  ^^^^^    C<i..      hankers, 

^^^^f\        ^^^^H    1899.  firm 

1^      /#    ^^^^^^1    eventually 

C  D.  Parker  &  Co.. 
and  Mr.  Tufts 
hnalK'  attained  the 
position  of  vice- 
president,  director 
and  manager.  In 
addition  to  this  interest,  Mr.  Tufts  is  a 
director  and  trustee  in  a  score  of  electric, 
gas,  water-power  and  street  railwax-  cimi- 
panies.  He  holds  nieml>ership  in  the  Ex- 
change, Engineers,  Belmont  diuntry,  and 
Boston  Yacht  Clubs  and  Masonic  Fraternity. 


r 


BOWEN    TUFTS 


J.\MES  JACKSON 
James   Jackson,    secretary    of    the    State 
Street  Trust  Company,  was  born  April  21, 
1 88 1,  in  Boston,  and  received  his  prepara- 
tory   education    at 
the  Groton  School, 
Grot  o  n  ,      ^lass., 
after  which  he  en- 
tered Harvard  Col- 
lege and  grailuated 
in   1904.    One  year 
I  later  he  became  as- 
sociated    A\ilh     the 
banking      tirni      of 
Lee,    Iligginson    &: 
Co.,    re  m  a  i  n  i  n  g 
with     that     well- 
kuDwn    house   imtil 
he  was  chosen  vicc- 
prcsidi-nt      nf      the 
j\M,^  j.\cKsox  |K^,i   j,jeverc  Trust 

Co.,  a  position  he  retained  until  amalgama- 


tiiin  with  the  State  Street  Trust  Company. 
Mr.  Jackson  conies  of  old  New  England 
ancestry,  the  founder  of  the  family  in 
America  being  one  of  the  first  settlers  of 
Newburyport.  He  is  a  memlier  of  the 
Somerset,  Tennis  and  Raccjuet,  and  several 
other  clubs,  and  is  active  in  the  Good  Gov- 
ernment Association. 


STATE    STREET    TRUST    COMPANY 
3 J    STATE    STREET 


222 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


ALLEN  A.  BROWN 

I  was  first  attracted  to  Allen  A.  Brown 
by  his  intense  interest  in  music  and  the 
drama.    This  was  mam-  vears  as;o,  at  a  time 


ALLEN    A.    BROWN 


when  he  conducted  a  stationery  store  on 
State  Street,  and  the  devotion  he  then 
showed  to  musical  and  dramatic  affairs  has 
never  waned,  but  has  grown  stronger  with 
the  passage  of  years,  until  now  he  is  rec- 
ognized as  an  authority  and  has,  in  the  in- 
tervening years,  worked  assiduously  to 
create  interest  in  these  arts.  He  has  con- 
tributed largely  to  make  accessible  such 
works  as  will  Ijenefit  students  and  all  others, 
and  his  deep  interest  is  manifested  by  his 
visits  to  the  Public  Library,  to  the  musical 
and  dramatic  departments  of  which  he  de- 
votes three  days  each  week.  Mr.  Brown 
was  born  in  Boston  July  26,  1835,  and  re- 
ceived his  preliminary  education  in  the 
])ublic  schools  of  that  city  and  in  Roxbury. 
He  afterwards  entered  Harvard  University, 
from  which  he  graduated  in  1856,  with  the 
A.B.  degree.  Two  years  after  leaving  col- 
lege he  became  a  clerk  in  a  State  Street 
stationery  store,  and  with  that  irrepressible 
force  that  has  marked  his  entire  career,  rose 


to  ownership  and  continued  in  the  business 
for  many  years.  He  was  subsecjuently  ap- 
pointed trustee  of  a  large  estate,  and  his 
selection  for  this  important  position  led  to 
other  work  along  the  same  lines,  until  he 
finally  decided  to  retire  from  commercial 
pursuits  and  devote  his  entire  time  to  the 
work  that  had  come  to  him  unexpectedly 
and  unsought.  At  the  present  time,  at  the 
age  of  eighty,  he  is  contemplating  retire- 
ment from  all  business  connections  and  de- 
voting his  remaining  years  to  pleasure  and 
rest.  Mr.  Brown  was  never  married.  He 
is  the  son  of  Nathan  and  Ann  (Haggett) 
Brown,  and  comes  of  an  old  English  stock. 
His  forbears  settled  at  Salem  and  Ips- 
wich in  1635  and  figured  largely  in 
Colonial  history.  He  is  interested  in  sev- 
eral commercial  enterprises,  in  the  direc- 
tion of  which  he  is  most  active,  being 
president  and  director  of  the  Buzzards 
Bay  Electric  Co.,  Vineyard  Haven  Gas  and 
Electric  Light  Co.,  and  the  Vineyard  Light- 
ing Co.  Mr.  Brown  is  a  member  of  the 
Harvard  Musical  Association  and  formerly 
held  membership  in  several  similar  organi- 
zations, from  which  he  resigned.  His  ac- 
tivity demanded  that  he  should  be  a  factor 
in  these  associations,  but  the  pressure  of 
private  business  was  such  that  he  could  not 
devote  sufficient  time  to  them,  and  rather 
than  he  considered  a  drone,  he  relinquished 
membership.  The  culmination  of  Mr. 
Brown's  activities  along  art  lines  was  when 
he  announced  his  intention  of  presenting 
to  the  Public  Library  collections  of  works 
on  music  and  the  drama.  No  expense  was 
spared  by  him  in  selecting  these  collections, 
and  the  works  now  on  the  shelves  of  the 
Public  Library  bear  silent  testimony  to  his 
voluminous  knowledge  of  the  subjects  and 
his  generosity  in  making  the  selections. 
Mr.  Brown  is  also  intensely  interested  in 
philanthropic  work,  and  his  charities, 
vhich  are  of  a  private  nature,  have  been 
many  and  most  liberal.  His  offices  are  at 
27  School  Street  and  he  resides  at  the  Hotel 
Clifford,  25  Cortes  Street. 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON' 


223 


HORNBLOWER   &   WEEKS 


HORNBLQWER     &    WEEKS     BUJLDINC 
BOSTON. MASS. 


t  S  S  i  fl^i^i^ 


THE    HORNBLOWER    &    WEEKS    BUILDING 


At  the  ciiriier  of  Congress  ami  Water 
Streets,  on  the  site  where  A\'ilHain  JJnyd 
Garrison  first  ])uhHslie(l  The  Liberator  m 
1 83 1,  stands  the  new  1  Idrnhldw er  iV  Weeks 
l)nil(hn_<,^  ereeted  in  1908. 

The  Iniilding  is  a  modern  six-story  stone 
strncture,  with  steel  frame  and  hglit  Bed- 
ford limestone  facings.  The  ontside  has 
Ijeen  treated  with  simplicity,  the  object  heing 
to  attract  attention  not  bv  an  abnndance  of 


decoration,  but  rather  by  its  absence.  The 
building  presents  a  structure  of  well  propor- 
tioned lines  and  spaces  which  depend  for 
their  artistic  effect  upon  symmetry,  with 
oid\-  the  corniced  top  bearing  any  extensive 
ornamentation.  The  main  entrance  is  at 
50  Congress  Street,  and  the  wlmle  building 
is  designed  with  es])ecial  attention  to  lighting 
and  ventilation  facilities.  The  Company  has 
offices  in  Boston,  New  York  and  Chicago. 


224 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


OTIS    W.    HOLMES 

Otis  \y.  Holmes,  efficiency  expert,  operat- 
ing under  the  name  of  O.  W.  Holmes  Co., 
was  born  in   Milford,   Mass.,   February  6, 


OTIS    W.    HOLMES 


1870.  He  was  educated  in  the  public  and 
high  schools  of  his  native  city,  but  his  real 
knowledge  was  gained  by  hard  experience 
that  fitted  him  for  the  particular  line  of 
work  that  has  been  his  life  study — that  is, 
efficiency  in  relation  to  mechanical  prodttcts 
from  the  raw  material  in  the  factories  to 
the  finished  commodity.  Mr.  Holmes  is  an 
auditor  and  accountant,  but  pays  little  at- 
tention to  this  work  except  in  cases  where 
it  aids  production.  He  is  a  skilled  machinist, 
having  started  with  the  Draper  Company  in 
1886,  and  his  work  is  almost  entirely  along 
the  line  of  mechanical  economics  and  inven- 
tive engineering.  In  this  connection  he  has 
done  some  of  the  most  important  work  in  the 
largest  manufactories  of  New  England, 
formulating  plans  and  erecting  special  ma- 
chinery to  reduce  cost  and  ofttimes  making 
successful  alterations  on  machines  that  were 
unsatisfactory  and  i)uzzling  to  the  build- 
ers themselves.  Mr.  Holmes  comes  of  old 
New  England  ancestry.     His  grandmother 


Holmes  and  ex-Governor  Claflin  were  first 
cousins,  and  the  paternal  line  was  connected 
with  the  Clevelands,  who  founded  Cleve- 
land, Ohio.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Boston 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  Boston  City  Club, 
Boston  Rotary  Club,  the  Hunnewell  Club  of 
Newton,  the  Society  of  Arts  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Institute  of  Technology.  He  is  also 
a  member  of  Fraternity  Lodge  F.  &  A.  M. 
of  Newtonville.  Mr.  Holmes  is  a  Repub- 
lican in  politics  but  joined  the  Progressives 
in  191 2.  He  was  Delegate  to  the  National 
Progressive  Convention  in  19 16.  His 
offices  are  at  15  State  Street. 


BOSTON    MUTUAL    LIFE    INSURANCE    COMPANY    BUILDING 
77    KILBY    STREET 

A  rapidly  growing  company,  established 
for  the  mutual  protection  and  prosperity  of 
the  citizens  of  Boston  and  New  England. 


THE    ROOK    OF    BOSTON 


T) 


ly 


JOHN  HANCOCK  MUTUAL  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY 


The  John  Hancock  ]\Iutiial  Life  Insur- 
ance Coinpau)-,  named  after  the  Revohi- 
tionary  jiatriot,  John  Hancock,  was  incor- 
porated l)y  tile  State  of  Massachusetts,  April 
21,  1862.  It  was  I)acked  liy  a  guaranteed 
capital  of  $100,000,  which  was  retired  alimit 


the  original  building;  a  view  is  given  here. 
It  o|jerates  in  eighteen  States,  with  a  large 
nienibershij)  of  policyholders.  At  the  close 
of  business  on  December  31.  10 L^'  there 
were  shown  assets  of  $127,361,388.95,  lia- 
liilities  of  $119,631,183.67,  and  unassigned,. 


■*■■  - 

^-H*. 

?ii- 

'^ 

'^r 

T. 

■^1 

"r-. 

B   W 

ra 

71 

13 

'■^, 


*vt^:i 


n  >i  V 


75  lilt 

ri  K  n 


JOHN    HANCOCK     lUIlAL     LI]  I.    IX^lltANCE    COMPANY     1UIII>IN'C 


ten  years  later.  The  first  office  of  the  com- 
pany was  at  41  State  Street,  Boston,  and 
the  Company  received  the  certificate  of  the 
Insurance  Department  tn  issue  pnlicies  on 
December  8,  1862.  (  )n  Februarv  jt,,  1891, 
the  Company  moved  to  its  in\n  build- 
ing, 178  Devonshire  and  35  Federal 
Streets,  remaining  in  these  (|uarters  ever 
since.     A  new  building  has  been  added  to 


or  .safety  funds  of  $7,730,205.28.  The  pay- 
ments to  policyholders  which  the  Company 
has  made  since  its  organization,  together 
with  the  accumulated  reserves  now  held  for 
the  lienefit  of  present  policyholders,  equal 
the  sum  of  $262,378,375.  It  is  one  of  the 
largest  life  insurance  com]ianies  in  the  coun- 
try, has  no  capital  stock,  and  is  o])erated 
solely  in  the  interests  of  its  polic_\holders. 


■226 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


BOSTON    INSURANCE    COMPANY 


/: 


BUILDING    OF    THE    BOSTON    INSURANCE    COMPANY 
CORNER    KILBY    AND    MILK    STREETS 


The  "Boston  Marine  Insurance  Company" 
Avas  incorporated  in  1873  to  conduct  an  ex- 
'Clusively  marine  business.  In  March,  1886, 
the  Company  was  authorized  to  write  fire 
insurance,  hut  not  until  April,  1896,  was  fire 
miderwritint^- actually  begun.  In  April,  1898, 
the  name  of  the  Company  was  changed  to 
the  "Boston  Insurance  Company,"  by  delet- 
ing the  word  "Marine,"  that  its  name  might 
the  better  correspond  with  the  increasing 
field  of  its  operations.  AutimKjbile  and 
Tourist  Baggage  insurance  also  forms  a  part 


of  its  business.  The  need  of  more  room  for 
expansion  resulted  in  the  erection  of  a  new 
building,  of  polished  granite  and  limestone 
(as  shown  in  the  aljove  cut),  and  u])on  its 
completion  in  April,  1914,  the  Company 
moved  to  its  new  quarters. 

From  the  time  of  the  organization  of  the 
Company,  Mr.  Ronsom  B.  Fuller  has  held 
the  office  of  President  and  still  continues  in 
that  position,  he  having  secured  the  incor- 
poration, and  to  his  efforts  the  success  of  the 
Company  may  be  attributed. 


THE 
BOOK  OF  BOSTON 


Fifty    Years'  Recollections  of  the  New  England  Metropolis 


CHAPTER    XI\' 

EDUCATIONAL  AD\  ANT  AGES  OE  BOSTON 


Development   of   the   Learxed   Ixstitutions,  Colleges,  Art  and  ^Iusic  Schools — 
Ltbrarh;s  that  Have  I-Ikotght  Boston  Wide  Recognition  as  a  Great 

Educational  Centre 


YTjP^C^^^^I  ^^'  advancement  oi  the 
hi^jher  educatinnal  institu- 
tiiins  in  the  past  halt  cen- 
tur\-  has  liad  a  marked 
effect  upun  the  Cit}-'s 
standing  as  an  educational 
centre.  Fifty  years  ago  there  were  luit  two 
higher  institutions  in  the  Cit\',  and  these 
were  both  very  young.  There  were  notable 
libraries,  learned  societies,  and  literary  in- 
stitutions which  gave  Boston  its  fame  for 
culture;  but  these  were  small  in  numljer  and 
not  of  large  growth. 

The  two  higher  educational  establishments 
were  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology in  the  Back  Ba}\  and  the  Roman 
Catholic  Boston  College  at  the  South  End. 
The  storv  of  the  rise  and  rapid  progress  of 
the  Institute,  or  "Tech."  as  it  is  fondly 
called — one  of  the  earliest  technical  schools 
in  the  countrv  and  todav  the  foremost 
institutiou  of  its  kind — is  one  of  the  fascin- 
ating chapters  of  Boston's  educational  his- 
tory. Before  building  on  the  "New  Lands" 
was  liegun,  and  the  establishment  here  of 
the  City's  finer  institutions  was  agitated,  an 
association  of  gentlemen  who  called  them- 
selves the  "Conmiittee  of  Associateil  Insti- 
tutions of  Science  and  Art,"  was  formed  to 
secure  from  the  State  a  grant  of  land  in 
this  (|uartcr  for  buildings  for  various  in- 
stitutions, among  them  the  Boston  Society 
of  Natural  History  and  the  ^Massachusetts 
Horticultural  Society,  representing  the  in- 
dustrial and  fine  arts,  the  purpose  being  to 
institute  a  Conservatorv  of  Art  and  Science. 


This  movement  was  made  in  1859.  Al- 
though it  was  not  successful,  the  Legislature 
declining  to  grant  the  petition  for  land,  it 
led  directly  to  the  establishment  of  the  In- 
stitute of  Technology.  The  next  year,  i860, 
following  the  rejection  of  its  petition,  the 
Committee  of  Associated  Institutions  gave 
its  endorsement  to  a  memorial  from  Pro- 
fessor William  B.  Rogers  in  the  establish- 
ment of  "a  School  of  Applied  Sciences,  or  a 
comprehensive  polytechnic  college,  fitted  to 
equip  its  students  with  the  scientific  and 
technical  principles  applicable  to  industrial 
pursuits."  The  Rogers  memorial  also  failed, 
in  the  Legislature  of  i860.  Then  Professor 
Rogers  outlined  to  the  Committee  a  definite 
plan  for  the  formation  of  an  Institute  of 
Technology  having  "the  triple  organization 
of  the  Society  of  .Vrts,  a  Museum  or  Con- 
servatory of  Arts,  and  a  School  of  Indus- 
trial Science  and  Art."  This  the  Committee 
most  heartily  forwarded  in  cooperation  with 
a  committee  at  large  composed  of  twenty 
representative  citizens.  Professor  Rogers 
was  made  chairman  of  the  latter  committee, 
antl  as  a  result  of  his  energetic  action,  an  act 
of  incorporation  was  obtained  from  the 
Legislature  of  1861,  and  a  grant  of  land 
secured  for  the  buildings  of  the  new  insti- 
tutions: and  also  for  a  building  for  the  old 
institution,  the  Natural  History  Society, 
dating  from  1831,  then  occu])ying  with  its 
Museum  and  Liljrary  the  building  on  ]\Iason 
Street,  now  housing  the  Boston  School 
Board.  ( )f  the  ground  granted,  Ijounded  by 
Boylston,  Berkele}',  Newbury,  and  Claren- 


228 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


don  Streets,  the  Natural  History  Society  was 
given  the  easterly  one-third,  and  the  Insti- 
tute the  remaining  two-thirds.  The  Natural 
History  Building  was  the  first  to  be  erected, 
■ — in  1864.  Tech  was  organized  with  Pro- 
fessor Rogers  as  president  immediately 
after  the  charter  was  obtained :  the  Society 
of  Arts  being  first  formed  in  1862,  and  the 
School  of  Industrial  Science  first  opened  in 
1865  (in  the  Mercantile  Library  Liuikling 
then  on  Summer  Street),  so  that  the  insti- 
tution was  well  under  way  when  the  main 
building — the  present  Rogers  Building  of 
old-time  dignity — was  finished  and  read)-  for 
occupancy  in  1866.   The  first  class,  compris- 


individuals,  one  of  the  chief  benefactors 
being  Doctor  William  J.  Walker  of  New- 
I)ort,  Rhode  Island,  who  also  was  a  generous 
giver  during  his  lifetime  and  Ijy  his  will  to 
the  Natural  History  Society;  while  in  1863, 
the  Legislature  had  granted  it  a  third  of  the 
annual  income  received  from  the  fund 
created  under  the  Act  of  Congress  giving 
public  lands  to  the  States  in  aid  of  instruc- 
tion in  agriculture,  mechanic  arts,  and  mili- 
tar\'  science  and  tactics,  the  condition  lieing 
that  the  Institute  should  provide  for  instruc- 
tion in  military  tactics.  Early  the  Rogers 
Building  was  outgrown:  other  buildings  in 
the    neighborhood    were    occupied ;    and    in 


WILLIAM   BARTON    ROGERS 
FIRST  PRESIDENT  OF  TECH 

Who  had  courage  to  go  ahead  with  the 

Rogers  Building  when  he  had 

only  fifteen  students 


RICHARD    COCKBURN    MACLAURIN 
today's    PRESIDENT    OF   TECH 

Who  has  financed  the  new  Technology 
and  has  maintained  its  Educa- 
tional Standards 


^^^^^^B^^^*^        ■  f  f  f  iff  if  f  ^1*  ■  ■•■ ' 
^^^H                  liiilllil  iiiiii 

,  i^^^B 

1 

THE    NEW   TECHNOLOGY    ON    THE     CHARLES    RIVER    PARKWAY,    CAMBRIDGE 


ing  a  half  dozen  young  men,  was  graduated 
in  1868.  Thereafter  the  growth  of  the  in- 
stitution A\as  marvellously  rapid.  It  was 
favored  from  the  start  bv  liljeral  aid  from 


1884  the  Walker  Building,  named  for  the 
generous  donor  of  Newport,  was  added  to 
the  Institute's  grounds.  Professor  Rogers 
lived  to  enjoy  the  full  fruition  of  his  noble 


TIIK    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


229 


work,  and  he  tlied,  in  June,  1882,  literally 
in  harness,  within  his  Ijeloved  institution 
(and  on  the  very  day  and  hour  of  the  grad- 
iiation  of  one  of  the  largest  classes  it  had 
sent  out),  Ijefore  a  distinguished  audience, 
just  as  he  was  beginning  the  deliver)-  of  his 
annual  address.  The  Institute  had  then  come 
to  embrace  the  School  of  Industrial  Science, 
devoted  to  the  teaching  of  science  as  ap- 
plied to  the  various  engineering  professions, 
as  well  as  to  architecture,  chemistry,  metal- 
lurgy,   physics,    biology,    and   geology ;    the 


his  success(_)r  as  jiresident,  ljr(_)Ught  the  in- 
stitution Ijy  rapid  strides  to  an  unrivalled 
position;  Henry  S.  Pritchett,  who  followed 
(ieneral  Walker,  continued  its  wise  develop- 
ment:  while  under  the  administration  of  the 
])resent  presitlent.  Richard  C.  Maclaurin, 
Tech,  now  surpassed  Ijv  no  other  school  of 
the  kind  in  the  world,  erected  its  new  home, 
the  "great  white  city,"  on  the  banks  of  the 
Charles,  Cambridge  side,  in  the  heart  of 
the  picturesque  Charles  River  IJasin,  the 
group   of  white   buildings    stretching   along 


'^Ht0^^ 


•m^ 


.V  *>:^r* 


V   -*in-»,,    ^•r' 


r-^y-r 


BOSTON    COLLEGE,    UNIVERSITY    HEIGHTS,    BOSTON 


Lowell  School  of  Practical  Design,  estab- 
lished in  1872,  by  the  trustees  of  the  Lowell 
Institute  for  the  purpose  of  "promoting  in- 
dustrial art  in  the  United  States" ;  and  the 
Society  of  Arts,  the  latter  holding  meetings 
semi-monthh',  and  pul)lishing  its  Pr(\)ceed- 
ings  annually.  The  Institute,  opening  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1867,  with  seven  pupils,  registered  at 
the  time  of  President  Rogers'  death  nearl\- 
a  thousand.  Professor  Rogers  retired 
from  the  otifice  of  president  in  1870,  and 
was  succeeded  by  Professor  John  D.  Runkle, 
but  in  1S78  he  was  reappointed  to  the  posi- 
tion. The  Institute  is  fittingly  called  his 
monument.      General    Francis    A.    Walker, 


the  river  side  for  more  than  an  eighth  of  a 
mile.  The  splendor  of  the  picture  which  the 
"white  city,"  with  its  pillars  and  domes,  pre- 
sents, is  seen  from  the  heights  of  Beacon 
Hill,  looking  down  quaint  Pinckney  Street. 
The  Institute  was  enabled  to  undertake  this 
great  work  through  the  sumptuous  gifts 
that  came  to  it  after  the  fiftieth  anniversary 
of  its  founding,  April,  191 1,  from  alumni 
and  other  benefactors,  a  total  of  seven  mil- 
lion, five  hundred  and  thirty  thousand  dol- 
lars. At  the  fiftieth  anniversary  the  Boston 
])lant  comprised,  besides  the  Rogers  and 
Walker  Buildings  on  the  Institute's  original 
plot,  the  Engineering  Building,  on  Trinity 


230 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


Place,  built  in  1889,  and  its  neighbor,  the 
Henry  L.  Pierce  Building,  of  later  date, 
provided  for  in  the  will  of  Henr}'  L.  Pierce, 
who  died  in  1896;  the  Workshops,  with  the 
quarters  of  the  Lowell  School  of  Design, 
the  latter  erected  in  1885,  on  Garrison 
Street;  and  the  Gynniasium  and  Drill  Hall, 
on  Exeter  Street.  The  roll  of  students  of  the 
Institute  in  19 15  had  reached  the  impressive 
total  of  I  goo. 


markable  for  elaborateness  of  design  and 
richness  of  interior;  the  college  was  severely 
plain  with  no  attempt  at  architectural  dis- 
play. In  the  course  of  time  the  growing 
institution  outgrew  the  South  End  establish- 
ment, and  at  length  a  new  plant  of  hand- 
some structures  on  a  handsome  site,  near 
the  Brighton  District,  just  over  the  Newton 
line  and  overlooking  the  Chestnut  Hill  res- 
ervoir, was  erected,  and  removal  made  to 


BOSTON    UNIVERSITY THE    COLLEGE    OF    LIBERAL    ARTS    ON    THE    LEFT 


Boston  College  was  founded  in  i860  by 
the  Fathers  of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  to  be 
conducted  by  them.  In  1863  it  was  incor- 
porated by  the  Legislature  with  power  to 
"confer  such  degrees  as  are  usually  con- 
ferred by  colleges  in  the  Commonwealth, 
except  medical  degrees."  Its  buildings  were 
of  a  notable  group  on  Harrison  Avenue  be- 
tween East  Springfield  and  Concord  Streets, 
— the  Boston  City  Hospital  on  the  East  side 
of  the  avenue,  the  Church  of  the  Immacu- 
late Conception  and  Boston  College  on  the 
West  side.  Both  church  and  college  were 
completed  in  1 860-1 861.     The  church  is  re- 


"University  Heights,"  as  the  site  was  fit- 
tingly named,  in  1914. 

During  the  last  year  of  the  'sixties  Boston 
University  was  chartered,  and,  with  abun- 
dant means  contributed  by  rich  and  generous 
Methodists,  it  had  started  into  operation 
early  in  the  'seventies  a  full-fledged  uni- 
versity, with  its  academic  department,  and 
graduate  and  professional  schools,  several  of 
the  latter  ready  made.  There  were  the  Col- 
lege of  Liberal  Arts,  for  both  sexes,  organ- 
ized in  1873;  the  School  of  All  Sciences — 
the  Graduate  School — organized  in  1874; 
the  Theological,  Medical,  and  Law  Schools 


THE    BOOK    OF    ROSTOX 


2M 


and  the  ScIuhiIs  of  ^lusic  and  of  Oratory. 
The  School  of  Theology  was  the  first  de- 
partment to  be  established,  which  was  ac- 
comijlished  by  the  simple  process  of  taking 
over  an  old  institution,  the  Boston  Theologi- 
cal Seminary,  dating  back  to  1839,  one  of 
the  oldest  schools  of  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church.  Later  in  the  year  1872,  the 
School  of  Law  was  openetl.  Then  in  1873 
the  departments  were  completed  with  the  es- 


profcssional  schools  were  scattered  in  vari- 
ous parts  of  the  City.  In  less  than  a  decade 
the  College  of  Liberal  Arts  had  quite  out- 
grown its  contracted  cjuarters,  and  in  1882 
the  trustees  had  erected  a  main  University 
Building  for  its  occupation,  and  as  the 
universit}'  headquarters.  This  University 
Building  was  on  Somerset  Street  (now  the 
home  of  the  Boston  Lodge  of  the  Order  of 
h.lks  ),  and  occupied  the  site,  and  utilized  the 


T}IE    YARD    Ai     liAR\AKD.    LAMUKIDOE,    MASS. 

THIS    WORLD    FA.MOIS    UNIVERSITY,    REALLY    A    BOSTON    INSTITUTION,    IS    LOCATED 

IN    THE    ADJOINING    CITY    OF    CAMBRIDGE 


tablishment  of  the  College  of  Liberal  Arts, 
the  School  of  Oratory,  and  the  School  of 
^Medicine ;  the  latter  the  Homeopathic  Medi- 
cal College  connected  with  the  Massachusetts 
Homeopathic  Hospital,  at  the  South  End. 
The  College  of  LiJjeral  Arts  and  the  uni- 
versity headquarters  were  at  the  outset 
cstal)lished  in  a  s])acious  old-time  dwelling- 
house  then  on  Beacon  Street,  nearly  opposite 
the  opening  of  Bowdoin  Street;  while  the 


side  walls,  of  the  old  Somerset-Street  I5ap- 
tist  Church, — the  descendant  of  the  First 
Baptist  Church,  long  known  in  its  day  as 
"Dr.  Neale's  Church" — the  Reverend  Rollin 
H.  Neale,  its  minister  for  forty  years, — and 
famous  for  its  spire,  which,  from  the 
heights  of  the  site,  reached  the  tallest  in 
town.  The  new  building  \vas  formally 
named  "Jacob  Sleeper  Hall,"  in  honor  of 
jacol)  Sleeper,  one  of  the  three  founders,  or 


232 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


the  original  corporators,  of  the  university, 
— Lee  Claflin.  Jaco!)  Sleeper,  and  Isaac 
Rich,  the  last  named  its  greatest  benefactor 


DR.    SAMUEL    S.    CURRY 

ONE  OF  boston's  well-known  educators 

who  left  by  his  will  his  entire  estate,  after 
the  payment  of  certain  other  bequests  and 
claims,  from  which  the  institution  realized, 
instead  of  a  million  and  more,  about  seven 
hundred  thousand  dollars,  the  property  hav- 
ing depreciated  through  the  "Great  Fire"  of 
1872.  With  the  erection  of  the  University 
Building,  or  about  that  time,  the  Law 
School,  which  had  started  in  rooms  on  the 
South  side  of  Ashburton  Place,  occupied 
the  Mount  Vernon  Church  building  on  the 
North  side;  while  the  Theological  School 
became  sumptuously  housed  on  Mount  Ver- 
non Street  in  the  block  of  two  heavy  stone 
mansions  erected  in  the  'fifties  for  the 
brothers,  John  E.  and  Nathaniel  Thayer, 
the  eminent  merchants,  and  benefactors  of 
Harvard  College.  In  1914-1915  the  stone 
Chapel,  in  connection  with  the  school,  was 
erected  in  the  deep  yard  of  the  mansions, 
facing  Chestnut  Street.  In  1908  the  Col- 
lege of  Liberal  Arts  and  the  University 
headquarters  moved  into  a  new  University 


Building,  or  Jacob  Sleeper  Hall,  on  the 
Back  Bay,  on  Boylston  Street,  adjoining 
the  Boston  Public  Librarv.  This  was  the 
former  building  of  the  Harvard  IMedical 
School,  remodelled  and  enlarged,  which  the 
university  purchased  upon  the  Medical 
School's  removal  to  its  new  quarters,  the 
impressive  group  of  buildings  on  Longwood 
Avenue  beside  the  Fens.  In  19 13  the  Col- 
lege of  Business  Administration  was  added 
to  the  university's  professional  schools. 
The  first  president  of  Boston  University, 
William  F.  Warren,  retired  in  the  fullness 
of  3'ears  and  at  the  height  of  the  prosperity 
of  the  institution,  when  he  was  made  Presi- 
dent Emeritus.  His  successor  was  Doctor 
William  E.  Huntington,  now  dean  of  the 
Graduate  School ;  and  Doctor  Huntington 
was  succeeded  by  the  present  president, 
Doctor  Lemuel  H.  Murlin,  under  whose  ad- 
ministration the  growth  and  usefulness  of 
the  universit}-  continues  prosperously.  The 
enrollment  of  students  for  1916  numbered 
twent\'-six  hundred. 

In  1873  the  Massachusetts  Normal  Art 
School  was  established  by  act  of  the  Legis- 
lature, primarily  as  a  training-school  to 
qualify  teachers  to  carry  out  the  provisions 
of  a  law  passed  three  years  before,  making 
free  instruction  in  drawing  ol)ligatory  in  the 
public  schools  in  cities  and  towns  of  the 
State  of  over  ten  thousand  inhabitants. 
While  a  training-school  was  its  specific  ob- 
ject, however,  it  also  aimed  to  provide  for 
high  skill  in  technical  drawing,  and  for  in- 
dustrial art  culture :  and  was  opened  to  stu- 
dents other  than  teachers.  It  was  a  State 
institution  with  a  Boston  flavor.  Professor 
Walter  Smith,  an  Englishman,  coming  from 
London  with  a  reputation  as  a  superior  art 
instructor,  was  made  the  director,  or  prin- 
cipal, of  the  school.  At  that  time  Professor 
Smith  was  director  of  drawing  in  the  Bos- 
ton public  schools.  Beginning  in  a  small 
way,  the  institution,  under  Professor  Smith's 
masterly  hand,  tleveloped  rapidly.  Its  first 
quarters  were  the  upper  floor  of  a  dwelling- 
house  in  Pemberton  Square,  just  turned 
over  for  business  uses.  These  quarters 
were  soon  outgrown  and  removal  was  made 
to  larger  ones  in  a  building  on  School  Street. 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


233 


Soon  the  School-Street  quarters  were  out- 
grown, and  another  removal  was  necessary. 
This  was  made  to  the  South  End,  where  a 
whole  house  was  occupied.  This  house  was 
a  local  landmark  known  as  the  "Deacon 
House,"  from  the  lamilv  for  win  mi  it  was 
originally  built,  in  the  'fifties:  a  villa  of 
brick,  an  earl_\-  exemplar  in  this  country  of 
the  French-roof  style  of  architecture,  frcm 
designs  of  a  French  architect,  M.  Lemoul- 
nier,  set  in  a  large  enclosure  bounded  by 
three  streets,  with  scitiare  entrance  lodge, 
stable,  and  other  outbuildings.  The  Dea- 
con Hcuise  in  its  turn  was  soon  out'jrown. 


between  him  and  the  Board  of  \'isitors 
representing  the  Board  of  Education,  and 
a  long  investigatiiiu  having  been  made 
before  a  committee  of  the  Legislature,  he 
retired.  His  successor  was  Otto  Fuchs,  who 
had  been  assistant  professor  of  drawing  in 
the  United  States  Naval  Academy ;  and  Pro- 
fessor Fuchs  in  turn  was  succeeded  by 
(ieorge  H.  Bartlett.  The  school  has  become 
one  of  the  largest  of  its  kind. 

In  iSSo  the  St.  John's  Theological  Sem- 
inary, Roman  Catholic,  was  founded,  and 
in  1885  opened  to  students.  Its  secluded 
grounds    comprise    a    beautiful    estate,    for- 


>l.MM!..N^    LULLLOL 


Meanwhile  in  1879,  the  State  had  set  aside 
a  lot  in  its  part  of  the  "New  Lands,"  on  the 
Southwest  corner  of  Exeter  and  Newljury 
Streets,  for  a  building  for  this  school,  and 
in  1 886- 1 887  the  structure  was  erected  and 
occupied.  This  is  the  present  well-designed 
Normal  Art  School  Building,  now  out- 
grown. The  State  Board  of  Education, 
under  whose  direction  the  school  works,  is 
talking  of  the  need  of  a  larger  and  more 
nuxlern  structure,  so  that  the  school  may 
soon  remove  to  a  spacious  new  site  on  Com- 
monwealth Avenue,  near  Cottage  Farm,  there 
occupying  handsome  new  Iniildings.  Walter 
Smith  remained  the  ])rincipal  of  the  school 
till    1882,    when    difficulties    having    arisen 


merly  a  country  seat  in  the  Brighton  dis- 
trict on  Lake  Street,  consisting  of  many 
acres  of  parti;ill\-  wiKuletl  land.  Its  building, 
of  massive  walls  and  turrets,  a  quadrangular 
structure,  in  the  Norman  style  of  architec- 
ture, has  been  pronounced  proljably  unsur- 
passed for  its  purpose  in  this  ccnintry. 

In  1899  Simmons  College,  for  women,  to 
pro\  ide  instruction  in  stich  "branches  of  art, 
science,  and  industr}-"  as  "best  calculated  to 
enable  its  pupils  to  acquire  an  independent 
livelihood,"  was  chartered,  and  shortly  was 
o])ened  to  students.  This  beneficent  insti- 
tution was  provided  for  in  the  will  of  John 
.Simmons,  a  riost<in  merchant,  who  died  in 
1870.     lie  was  the  lirst  to  begin  the  manu- 


234 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


facture  of  ready-made  clothing,  in  the 
'thirties,  which  became  one  of  the  large  in- 
dustries of  the  City.  Mr.  Simmons  left  a 
sum  of  money  to  found  the  college,  but  the 
institution  was  not  to  be  established  until  a 
specified  period  after  his  death,  when  the 
sum,  in  the  hands  of  trustees,  should  ac- 
cumulate, through  investment,  to  a  sub- 
stantial figure.  In  1899  it  amounted  to 
upward  of  a  million  and  a  half.  Mr.  Sim- 
mons' scheme  comprehended  the  "Simmons' 
Female  College"  for  the  teaching,  among 
other  "branches  of  art,  science,  and  indus- 
try," medicine,  nuisic,  drawing,  designing, 
and  telegraphy.  The  college  buildings,  on 
the  Fenway,  next  beyond  "Fenway  Court," 
Mrs.  Jack  Gardner's  "Venetian  Palace," 
are  among  the  most  attractive  educational 
groups  in  the  city. 

In  1904  the  Wentworth  Institute,  a  school 
of  "the  mechanical  arts,"  with  day  and  eve- 
ning courses,  provided  for  in  the  will  of 
another  Boston  merchant,  Arioch  Went- 
worth, was  chartered,  and  the  erection  of 
its  buildings  and  its  work  were  begun 
in  1913.  These  buildings,  now  a  notable 
group,  occupy  an  ample  enclosure  on  Hunt- 
ington Avenue,  at  the  corner  of  Ruggles 
Street,  nearly  opposite  the  Museum  of  Fine 
Arts. 

The  Suffolk  Law  School,  founded  in 
1906  liy  Gleason  L.  Archer,  occupies  most 
comfortable    quarters    at    45    Mt.    Vernon 


Street.  The  School  is  truly  cosmopolitan,, 
and  as  classes  extend  until  9  p.m.,  it  has  a 
roll  of  young  men  who  are  able  to  attend 
evening  classes,  as  well  as  a  splendid  day 
attendance. 

Fifty  years  ago,  while  the  educational  in- 
stitutions of  the  City  were  few,  the  honest 
scholar,  student,  researcher,  writer,  were 
hospital)ly  received  in  the  great  libraries,, 
puljlic  and  proprietary,  for  which  Boston 
was  then  famous — the  Boston  Public  Li- 
brary, the  Boston  Athenreum,  the  Boston 
Lil)rary,  the  Mercantile  Library,  the  libra- 
ries of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society, 
the  New  England  Historic  Genealogical  So- 
ciety, the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Soci- 
ety, the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History; 
and  the  most  valuable  library  of  Harvard 
University.  In  the  half  century  that  has 
passed,  all  these  libraries,  with  the  exception 
of  the  Mercantile  Library,  have  increased  to 
large  proportions,  and  the  same  liberality  in 
their  use  is  shown  resident  and  visitor  as  of 
yore.  It  is  probably  true  that  within  a  ra- 
dius of  twenty  miles  of  Boston  there  are 
more  books  publicly  available  than  in  any 
similar  area  elsewhere  in  the  world.  There 
are  not  less  than  five  million  volumes,  and 
probably  a  good  many  more — the  Boston 
Public  Library,  the  Harvard  University 
Library,  and  the  Boston  Athenjeum  con- 
taining three  million  and  a  half  of  these. 

So  Boston  is  still  a  treasure  house   for 
American  scholars  and  students. 


PERKINS    INSTITUTION     FOR    THE    BLIND 


Fouiuk-il  ill  1829,  by  Dr.  Samuel  G.  Howe.     A  feature  of  South  Boston's 

early  development.     Celelirateil  among  the  students  here 

have  been  Laura  Briili;man  and  Helen  Keller 


236 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


LELAND  T.  POWERS 


LELAND    T.    PCWERS 
HEAD    OF    THE    LELAND    POWERS    SCHOOL    OF   THE    SPOKEN    WORD 


Leland  T.  P(j\vers,  founder  and  principal 
of  the  Leland  Powers  School  of  the  Spoken 
Word,  was  born  January  28,  1857,  in  Pult- 
neyville.  N.  Y.  After  graduating  from 
Phillips  Academy,  Andover,  Mass.,  in  1875, 
lie  entered  the  Boston  University  School  of 
Oratory,  where  he  received  his  training  as 
a  professional  public  reader  and  teacher  of 
the  speech  arts. 

Mr.  Powers  first  wnn  public  notice  in 
1884  for  his  uni(|ue  ability  to  present  drama, 
impersonating  all  the  different  characters 
himself.  He  was  the  first  man  on  the 
Lyceum  platform  in  America  to  do  this 
thing,  and  his  engagements  spread  from 
New  England  into  the  far  West,  into  the 
South  and  into  Canada.  Between  1890  and 
1900  he  was  the  highest  paid  man  in  the 
Lyceum  field.     During  that  time  his  busi- 


ness was  under  the  management  of  the  Red- 
path  L}ceum  Bureau  of  Boston.  In  1904 
he  founded  the  school  which  bears  his  name. 
Its  aim  is  to  train  young  men  and  women  in 
all  branches  of  the  speech  arts,  and  to  fit 
them  l)oth  f(.)r  public  platform  work  and 
to  take  charge  of  Departments  of  Public 
Speaking  in  schools,  colleges  and  universi- 
ties. In  19 14  the  school  was  able  to  erect  a 
l)uilding  of  its  own  in  the  Fenway,  near  the 
Girls'  Latin  School.  The  building  was  de- 
signed l)y  M.  Allen  Jackson,  architect.  It 
is  characterized  by  artistic  beauty  and  sim- 
plicity in  design  and  arrangement.  The 
building  is  pure  colonial  in  style,  built  of 
limestone  and  brick.  The  first  floor  is  occu- 
pied by  the  school  offices,  a  reception  hall 
and  a  little  theatre  with  a  seating  capacity  of 
three  hundred  and  fift\-.    On  the  second  and 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


237 


third  flocirs  are  the  six  lar<;e  class  rooms, 
h,<;lit,  airv  and  properly  ventilated.  The 
school  buildiiis;-  is  situated  (Hi  a  heautiful 
parkwav,  right  in  the  centre  ot  Boston's 
"educational  and  institutional  section." 
Directlv  surnntnding  it  are  the  Boston  Girls' 
Xdrnial  School.  "Fenway  Court,"  Boston 
Museum  of  I-'ine  Arts.  Simmons  College, 
the  Harvard  Medical  School  buildings  and 
the  Boston  Opera  House.  The  institution 
has  an  enrollment  of  one  hundred  and 
twent}-  students,  who  come  from  all  parts 
of  the  United  States  and  Canatla,  and  the 
increasing  favor  \\ith  \\hich  the  graduates 
are  received,  lioth  as  readers  and  as  teach- 
ers, proves  conclusively  that  the  jirinciples 
taught  are  sound  and  practical  and  produce 
decided  and  agreeable  results.  The  work  is 
definite,  concentrated,  practical  and  per- 
sonal.      The    jirijcesses    of    instruction    are 


revelatory  and  self-discovering,  rather  than 
arl)itrar\-  and  academic,  and  the  work  is  vo- 
cational as  well  as  cultural.     It  provides  a 
means  of  earning  one's  living.     The  gradu- 
ates are  well  equipped  teachers  of  reading 
and  ])ublic  speaking,  and  intelligent  trainers 
of  the  speaking"  voice.     Into  whatever  field 
of   activity  a   graduate   of   Leland    Powers 
School  is  cast  he  is  able  to  emiiody  his  ideas 
— to  l)ring  theiu    into   effective   demonstra- 
ti  n.     He  has  learned  how  to  effectuate  his 
thought,  his  idea,  his  plan,  with  the  fewest 
waste  motions.     Efficienc\-  in  whatever  ac- 
ti\it\-  he  is  engaged  is  the  result.     The  fac- 
ultv  of  the  school  is  large  and  efficient,  both 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Powers  being  included  in  the 
number,  and  giving  personal  supervision  to 
the  work.      Mr.   Powers  resides  in  Brook- 
line,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Boston   Art 
Club,  Boston  ^'acllt  Club  and  the  Fcijiiomic 
Club. 


LELAND    POWERS    SCHOOL    OF   THE    SPOKEN    WORD 
FENWAY,    CORNER   TETLOW    STREET 


238 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


THOMAS  H.  RATIGAN 

Thomas  H.  Ratigan,  of  tlie  insurance  firm 
of  John  C.  Paige  &  Co.,  was  born  in  Rox- 
l)ury,    Mass.,    July    i6,    1867,    the    son    of 


THOMAS    H.    RATIGAN 


Thomas  and  Ellen  Ratigan.  He  received 
his  education  in  the  public  schools  of  Bos- 
ton and,  after  two  years  in  the  English 
High  School,  entered  the  employ  of  the 
late  John  C.  Paige.  Mr.  Ratigan  soon  ob- 
tained a  practical  knowledge  of  every  detail 
of  the  business  and  was  advanced  to  suc- 
ceeding positions  of  increasing  responsi- 
bility until  he  was  admitted  to  partnership 
in  the  firm  in  1912.  This  firm  is  conceded 
to  be  a  leader  in  the  insurance  business  of 
the  city,  and  it  now  represents,  as  agents, 
many  of  the  leading  American  and  foreign 
companies,  Iiesides  controlling  many  large 
brokerage  accounts  throughout  the  countrv. 
In  addition  to  his  interest  in  John  C. 
Paige  &  Co.,  Mr.  Ratigan  is  a  trustee  of  the 
Union  Institution  of  Savings  and  a  director 
of  the  Metropolitan  Co-operative  Bank.  He 
holds  membership  in  the  Boston  Athletic 
Association,  the  Engineers  Club,  the 
Luncheon  Club,  the  Wollaston  Golf  Club,  the 
Point  Shirley  Club,  the  Boston  Yacht  Club, 


Ten-of-us  Club,  Boston  Chaml^er  of  Com- 
merce, Knights  of  Columbus,  the  Catholic 
Club  of  New  York  City,  is  a  past  president 
of  the  Clover  Club  of  Boston  and  First 
Lieutenant  of  the  Ancient  and  Honorable 
Artillery  Co.  He  is  also  an  associate  mem- 
ber of  E.  W.  Kingsley  Post  113,  G.  A.  R. 
His  offices  are  at  65  Killjy  Street,  and  his 
residence  at  6  Eric  Avenue,  Dorchester. 

GEORGE  \V.  HAVENS 

While  yet  in  his  minority,  George  W. 
Havens  entered  the  insurance  business  in 
1 88 1  with  John  C.  Paige,  20  Kilby  Street, 
Boston,  and  for  many  years  acted  as  private 
secretary  to  Mr.  Paige.  With  his  natural 
power  of  concentration  and  close  observa- 
tion, he  received  a  theoretical  grounding  in 
all  the  elements  of  the  business.  The  office 
of  John  C.  Paige  has  probably  graduated 
more  executive  and  managing  officials  than 
that  of  any  other  office  in  the  United  States. 
After  Mr.  Paige's  death,  Mr.  Havens  re- 
tained his  connection  with  the  office,  but  de- 


GEORCE    W.    HAVENS 


voted  his  activities  to  field  work,  in  which 
he  progressed  very  rapidly.  In  1903,  he 
severed  this  connection  to  become  resident 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


239 


iiKinagLT  of  tilt-  ^Maryland  Casualty  Coin- 
])any  of  Baltimore,  I\[<I.,  in  whicli  capacity 
he  served  eleven  years.  In  l-'ebruary,  1915, 
he  was  admitted  to  partnership  in  the  large 
and  inipiirtant  firm  of  Simiison,  Campljell 
&  Co.,  which  represents,  as  managers  for 
New  luigland,  the  following  companies: 
American  Central  Insurance  Co.  of  St. 
Louis,  Mo.;  Detroit  Fire  and  ATarine 
Insurance  Co.  of  Detroit,  ]\lich. ;  Michi- 
gan Fire  and  Marine  Insurance  Co. 
of  Detroit,  Mich.,  Mercantile  Fire  and 
^Marine  Underwriters  Agency,  and  for 
Massachusetts,  Maine  and  Xew  Hampshire, 
the  Alaryland  Casualty  Company  of  Balti- 
more, Md.  Simultaneous  with  his  admis- 
sion ti.)  the  firm  of  Simpson,  Camjjhell  &  Co., 
the  partnership  of  Simpson,  Campbell, 
Havens  &  Co.  was  formed  to  represent  as 
general  agents  of  Boston  and  the  Metro- 
politan District  all  of  the  above-mentioned 
companies.  The  importance  of  the  last  step 
of  progress  in  Mr.  Haven's  career  is  evi- 
dent when  it  is  realized  that  these  two  firms 
are  now  passing  through  their  office  a  busi- 
ness closely  approximating  one  million  dol- 
lars in  premiums  per  annum.  He  has  been 
a  close  student  of  the  casualty  lines  all  his 
life  and  they  have  now  become  a  most  im- 
portant factor  in  the  Ijusiness  of  insurance. 
i\Ir.  Havens  is  vice-president  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Casualtx'  Association,  a  member  of 
the  lioston  Cit\-  Cluli,  \\'oodland  Golf  Club, 
Knights  of  Columbus,  Catholic  Union  of 
Boston,  Irish  Charitable  Society,  Young- 
Men's  Catholic  Association  and  the  Ba_\- 
State  Automobile  Association.  In  p(.ilitics  he 
is  a  Democrat,  but  does  not  confine  himself 
strictl}'  to  part}'  lines  when  in  his  estimation 
the  candidate  of  any  oi)posite  ])i)litical 
party  is  more  worthy  of  his  su])piirt. 
He  has  never  held  jiolitical  office,  altln  mgh 
many  times  he  has  been  urged  to  enter  the 
field  in  one  capacity  or  another. 


Boston  is  a  city  of  patriotic  traditions  and 
ancient  land  marks.  It  is  also  a  great  seat 
of  educational  institutions,  a  ])ublishing 
centre,  and  a  luxurious  city  in  which  flour- 
ishes authorship,  music,  architecture  and 
art. 


JAMFS  H.  BRENNAN 

James  H.  Ih-ennan,  one  of  the  cit\'s  suc- 
cessful real  estate  operators,  was  born  in 
Roxbury.  Mass.,  February  8,  1865,  and  was 
educated  in  the  jiublic  schools  of  that  sec- 
tion, lie  began  his  liusiness  career  as  a 
clerk  in  a  grtjcery  store  and  arose  to  pro- 
jirietorshi]).  A  few  years  later  he  entered  the 
real  estate  l)usiness  and  has  developed  many 
large  tracts  in  Dorchester,  Roxbury,  West 
Roxbury  and  Newton,  l)U\-ing  up  old  estates 
of  extensive  acreage  and  converting  them 
into  choice  and  salable  resitlential  plots.  He 
was  married  in  iS(;o  to  Margaret  A.  Buck- 
lev,  of  London,  England,  the  union  l)ringing 
six  sons,  of  whom  five  are  living.  His 
third  son,  Charles  J.  Brennan,  is  associated 
with  him  in  business  with  offices  at  31 
State  Street.  Mr.  Lrennan  is  a  member  of 
the  Ro}al  Arcanum. 

FRANK  H.   PURINGTON 

Frank  H.  I'urington,  president  and  treas- 
urer of  Henry  W.  Savage,  Inc.,  was  born 
in  Bo.ston,  September  5,  1873,  and  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public 
schools  and  Llar- 
V  a  r  d  Universit)-, 
from  w  h  i  c  h  he 
graduated  in  iSgc^ 
He  entered  the  real 
estate  office  1  >  t 
Henry  W.  Savage 
in  1900  and  was 
made  manager  of 
the  business  in 
1905.  The  Inisiness 
w  a  s  incorporated 
January  i,  19 14, 
and  Mr.  I'urington 
was  elected  presi- 
dent and  treasurer, 
a  position  he  still  holds  with  offices  at  129 
Tremont  Street.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Harvard  Club,  Boston  City  Club,  Boston 
Chamber  of  Commerce  and  the  Loyal  Le- 
gion.    His  residence  is  in  Brookline. 


FRANK    H.    PURINGTON 


JOHN    C.    SPOFFORD 


A    WELL-KNOWN    ARCHITECT    WHO    HAS    DESIGNED    MANY    PUBLIC    BUILDINGS, 

INCLUDING    THE    ADDITIONS    TO   THE    STATE    HOUSES 

OF    MAINE    AND    MASSACHUSETTS 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


241 


JOHN  CAL\TN  SI'OFFORD 

John  C".  Spnft'ord,  arcliitect,  was  Imni  in 
Webster,  Androscoggin  County,  Me.,  No- 
vember 25,  1S54,  the  son  of  Phineas  AI.  and 
Mary  Ellen  (  Wentworth  )  Spofford.  He 
was  ethicated  at  llie  ?^b)nnionth,  ^Maine, 
Academy,  \\'esleyan  Seminary,  Kents  Hill, 
Maine,  and  the  Maine  State  College.  He 
enteretl  the  oftice  of  Hem-\-  J.  Preston,  ar- 
chitect, in  1879,  and  was  draftsman  for 
Stiirgis  &  Bingham  from  1881  to  1886.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Spofford  & 
Bacon,  1887-8;  Brigham  &  Spofford,  1888- 
92;  Bailey  &  Spofford,  1898-1900;  and 
Spofiford-Eastman,  1904-8,  since  which  time 
he  has  practiced  alone.  Mr.  Spofford  has 
been  architect  for  many  pulilic  buiklings, 
including  fjrigham  &  Spoff(jrd's  addition  to 
the  Maine  and  Massachusetts  State  Houses, 
City  Halls  of  Augusta,  Lewiston  and  Ever- 
ett, Elks  Home,  State  Armories  at  Salem, 
Chelsea  and  Maiden,  Keany  S<|uare  Build- 
ing, Hotel  Wadsworth,  Hotel  Princeton, 
Masonic  Temple,  Augusta,  Coos  Countv 
(N.  FL  )  Court  House  and  man\-  churches 
and  apartment  houses.  Mr.  Spoft'ord  was 
a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  Legislature 
in  1905  and  was  a  member  of  the  Everett 
School  Committee  for  four  years.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  Real  Estate 
Exchange,  Everett  City  Planning  Board, 
Allston  Development  Association,  Odtl  Fel- 
lows, and  a  member  of  the  Masonic  Frater- 
nity.   His  offices  are  at  15  Ijeacon  Street. 

G.  HENRI  DESMOND 

G.  Flenri  Desmond,  of  the  firm  of  Des- 
mond &  Lord,  architects,  was  l)orn  in 
W'atertown,  Mass.,  February  22,  1876,  and 
\\as  educated  in  the  puljlic  schools.  He 
studied  architecture  in  the  office  of  a  well- 
known  firm,  and  after  thoroughh'  mastering 
every  detail  by  association  with  leading- 
architects,  began  business  for  himself  in 
1907.  Some  of  the  important  work  he  has 
executed  are  the  State  Capitol  at  Augusta, 
Me.;  the  Fidelity  Building,  Portland,  Me.; 
the  Chapel  at  Poland  Springs,  Ale.,  for 
Hiram  Ricker  &  Sons;  the  Steinert  Build- 


ing, Providence,  R.  I.;  Elks  Building,  IVovi- 
dence,  K.  I.;  the  Franklin  Scjuare  House, 
Boston;    the    Chelsea    'J'rust    lUiilding,    the 


HENRI    DESMIIND 


engine  houses  and  water  department  build- 
ings in  Chelsea,  after  the  destructive  con- 
flagration in  that  cit\'.  Fie  has  also  planned 
various  office  buildings  and  is  at  the  [iresent 
time  engaged  in  work  for  the  Boston  Park 
Department,  and  is  also  liuilding  the  New 
High  School  at  Portland,  Me.  Mr.  Des- 
mond is  a  member  of  the  ISiiston  Art  Clul), 
the  Point  Shirlc\'  Llub,  the  Cumljerland 
Club  of  Portland  and  the  Boston  Real  Es- 
tate Exchange.  He  was  married  August 
I,  1903,  to  \'asti  Hollis,  of  New  York. 
They  have  one  son,  George  Henri  Desmond, 
and  reside  at  the  corner  of  Braemore  Road 
and  Commonwealth  Avenue,  in  a  house  of 
Mr.  Desmond's  own  designing.  His  busi- 
ness address  is  15  Beacon  Street. 


Trinit\-  Church,  Copley  Square,  is  one  of 
the  richest  examples  of  ecclesiastical  archi- 
tecture  in   the   countrv. 


242 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


RALPH  A.  CRAM,  LITT.D.,  LL.D. 
OF  THE  FIRM  OF  CRAM  AND  FERGUSON,  ARCHITECTS 


EDWARD  J.  BREST 

Edward  J.  Brest,  real  estate  dealer,  was 
born  in  Uxbridge,  Mass.,  December  29, 
1868,  and  was  educated  in  the  public  schools 

there  and  at  the 
W  e  s  1  e  y  a  n  Acad- 
eni}-,  ^\'ilbraham, 
Mass.  He  began 
his  liusiness  career 
as  a  real  estate 
tlealer  and  builder 
in  Bristol,  R.  L, 
hut  now  operates  in 
Boston,  with  offices 
at  2"]  State  Street. 
Mr.  Brest  is  treas- 
urer of  the  Boston 
Shoe  Company.  He 
was  at  one  time 
auditor  of  the  town 
of  Uxbridge,  Mass., 
moderator  of  Bristol,  R.  L,  and  postmaster 
of  that  town  for  four  years.  He  is  a  Re- 
publican in  politics  and  makes  his  home  in 
Topsfield,  Mass. 


EDWARD    J.    PREST 


HAROLD  FIELD  KELLOGG 

Hardld  Field  Kellogg,  who  enjoys  a  high 
reputation  as  an  architect  and  designer,  was 
born    in    Boston,    January    26,    1884.      He 

graduated       from  

Harvard  in  1906 
and  at  the  Ecole 
des  Beaux  Arts, 
Baris,  in  1909.  He 
has  Ijeen  employed 
b_\-  the  State  as  ar- 
chitect at  the  North 
Reading  and  Lake- 
ville  Sanitaria,  de- 
signed city  hos- 
pitals at  Bl}-inouth. 
Brookline,  Gard- 
ner, Taunton,  and 
built  the  Roxbury 
Boys'      Club,      the 

Duxburv       Vacht        harold  field  kellogg 

Club  and  many  residences.  He  was  Art 
Editor  of  the  Flarvard  Blustrated  Maga- 
zine, has  illustrated  for  Houghton  Mifflin 
Co.,  and  exhibited  at  the  Faris  Salon.  He 
is  a  meml)er  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Ar- 
chitects, Harvard  Club,  Architectural  Club 
and  the  Societe  des  Architects  diplomes  par 
le  Gouvernement  Fran^ais.  His  offices  are 
at  141  Milk  Street. 

JOHN  THOMAS  HOSFORD 
John  Thomas  Hosford,  real  estate  oper- 
ator, was  born  in  Limerick,  Ireland,  Decem- 
ber 23,  1868,  and  was  brought  to  America 
b}'  his  parents  in  infancy.  He  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools  and  began  his  business 
career  with  Henry  W.  Savage.  He  was  in 
charge  of  a  department  for  Mr.  Savage  for 
three  years,  and  in  1893  organized  the  firm 
of  Hosford  &  Williams.  Since  19 13  he  has 
operated  under  his  own  name  with  offices  at 
85  Devonshire  Street.  He  is  a  director  of  the 
Massachusetts  Fire  &  Marine  Insurance  Co., 
and  as  a  member  of  the  Committee  of  100, 
and  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Charter 
Association  aided  in  the  fight  to  secure  the 
present  city  charter.  He  was  Chairman  of 
the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Citizens 
Municipal  League  for  one  year,  a  member 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


2U 


(if  tlie  Executive  Cuniniittee  of  the  Good 
Government  Association,  ami  ])rcsi(k'nt  of 
the  Roslindale  Citizens'  Association  for  two 
years.  He  is  a  member  of  tlie  ]5oston 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  the  ^Masonic  Frater- 
nity, the  Boston  City  Club,  Unitarian  and 
Highland  Clubs  of  West  Roxbury. 


ALEXANDER    SYLX'ANUS     PORTER 

(deceased) 

Alexander  S.  Porter,  the  orij^inator  of 
the  trust  form  of  (jwuership,  who  died 
on  Octolier  i,  1915,  was  born  at  Coal's 
Mouth,  Mrginia.  August  2~,.  1840.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Pinkerton  Academy  at 
Derry,  N.  H.,  and  the  English  High  School 
('57).  In  i860  he  entered  his  father's  office 
and  in  1869  started  in  the  real  estate  Inisi- 
ness  for  himself.  His  most  notable  trans- 
action was  the  organization  of  the  Boston 
Real  Estate  Trust  and  the  financing  of  the 
Exchange  Building,  for  which  lie  raised  the 
sum  of  $3,000,000.  He  was  at  one  time 
president  of  the  Boston  Real  Estate  Ex- 
change, president  of  the  Society  for  Preven- 
tion of  Title  Forgeries,  and  president  of  the 
^Massachusetts  Infant  Asylum. 

He  organized  the  Boston  Storage  \\'are- 
house  Co.  and  other  important  enterprises. 
He  negotiated  many  large  sales,  among 
them  being  the  Scollay  Building  and  the 
Deacon  and  Chandler  estates.  He  was  the 
author  of  "Changes  of  \'alue  in  Real  Es- 
tate'' and  other  historical  jiajjcrs,  and  was 
a  mcmlier  of  the  Bostonian  Society,  the 
Countr\-  and  Uni(_in  Clubs. 


It  is  a  fact  that  at  the  present  time  there 
is  a  greater  activity  throu.ghout  Bcxston  in  all 
kinds  of  real  estate  than  for  a  number  of 
years  past.  Along  Ijoth  the  North  and  South 
shores  summer  homes  have  ])ractically  occu- 
pied the  entire  stretch  of  land  and  the  de- 
mand for  desirable  lots  has  been  most 
pronounced,  for  there  is  no  state  in  the 
"Union  that  has  a  more  attractive  sea  coast 
than  Massachusetts. 


FRANKLIN    H.     HUll-HINS,    ARCHITECT 
6    BEACON    STREET 


ALBERT  J.  LOVETT 
Alljert  J.  Lovett,  who  acts  as  trustee  and 
agent  for  several  estates  and  is  engaged  in 
the  real  estate  and  insurance  business,  was 
born  in  Somerville,  Mass.,  August  16,  1866. 
He  graduated  from  the  Chauncv  Hall 
School  in  1SS5  and  entered  the  office  of 
Howard  Stockton,  who  was  at  that  time 
treasurer  of  several  corporations.  Later  he 
entered  the  office  of  his  father,  Joshua 
Lovett,  at  265  AX'ashington  .Street,  who  was 
associated  with  \\'illiam  Sohier,  a  lawver, 
who  devoteil  his  time  to  the  management 
of  his  own  and  the  family  estates. 

L^pon  the  death  of  his  father  Mr.  Lovett 
succeeded  to  the  business,  which  he  now 
conducts  at  33  State  Street.  He  comes  of 
New  England  ancestry,  antl  the  family  is 
said  to  have  descended  from  Richardus  de 
Louet,  who  came  into  England  with  Wil- 
liam of  Normand}-  in  1066.  The  name  was 
Anglicized,  and  John  Lovett,  a  descendant 
of  Richardus  de  Louet,  who  was  born  in 
England  in  16 10,  founded  the  American 
branch  of  the  family,  coming  to  Massachu- 
setts in  1639  and  settling  at  Cape  Ann  Side. 


244 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


LOREN  D. 

Loren  D.  Towle,  who  has,  in  a  few  years, 
risen  from  a  position  of  comparative  oh- 
scuritv    as    a    smaH    real    estate    broker    to 


LOREN    D.    TOWLE 


that  of  leading  realty  operator  in  the  city 
and  state  and  possibly  in  New  England,  was 
born  March  25,  1874,  in  Newport,  N.  H. 
He  was  educated  at  the  public  schools  and 
graduated  in  1892  at  the  high  school  in  the 
place  of  his  birth,  also  at  Eastman  Business 
College,  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  completing 
his  studies  there  in  1893.  He  began  his 
business  career  the  same  year  as  a  clerk 
with  a  Boston  house,  and  three  years  later 
entered  the  real  estate  field  as  Ijroker,  con- 
ducting a  small  but  lucrative  business  in  that 
line  until  1902.  Having  acquired  a  wide 
and  comprehensive  knowledge  of  real  estate 
conditions  and  values,  he  determined  to  en- 
large his  fields  of  endeavor  and  become  an 
active  operator.  Since  1902,  he  has  been 
one  of  the  most  active  and  aggressive  deal- 
ers in  realty  in  the  State.  His  energies, 
while  not  confined  entirely  to  this  city,  were 
bent   on  handling  Boston   down-town   busi- 


TOWLE 

ness  properties,  and  in  the  fourteen  years 
that  have  intervened  since  he  quit  the  bro- 
kerage business  he  has  luiught  and  sold  on 
his  own  account  many  of  the  most  desirable 
properties  in  the  Inisiness  district  and  resi- 
dential holdings  in  the  Back  Bay  district 
that  range  in  value  from  $10,000  to 
$1,000,000.  He  has  also  erected  many 
buildings  that  have  materially  added  to 
Boston's  reputation  for  commodious  and 
sanitary  structures ;  besides  several  mer- 
cantile buildings,  the  nine-story  Publicity 
Building,  at  40-44  Bmmfield  Street,  and  the 
twelve-story  Newport  Building  at  60-68 
Devonshire  Street.  Several  imposing  struc- 
tures at  Coolidge  Corner  also  bear  testimony 
to  Mr.  Towle's  activity. 

j\Ir.  Towle  is  a  director  of  the  Inter- 
national Trust  Co.,  and  of  the  Boston  Real 
Estate  Exchange  and  Auction  Board.  His 
forbears  were  among  the  earliest  settlers 
of  New  England,  the  American  l)ranch  of 
the  family  Ijeing  established  by  Philip 
Towle,  who  came  from  England  in  1657 
and  settled  in  Hampton,  N.  H.  He  is  a 
Republican  in  politics,  but  beyond  serving 
as  a  meml)er  of  the  Board  of  Aldermen  of 
Newton  in  1910  and  191 1  has  never  sought 
political  preferment.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Boston  Chamber  of  Commerce,  the  Mas- 
sachusetts Horticultural  Societ}',  the  Bos- 
tonian  Society,  Commonwealth  Country 
Club,  the  Hunnewell  Club  of  Newton,  the 
Newton  Golf  Club,  Dalhousie  Lodge,  A.  F. 
&  A.  M.,  Newton  Royal  Arch  Chapter  and 
the  Gethsemane  Commandery  of  Newton. 
He  was  president  of  the  Newton  Improve- 
ment Association  in  191 1  and  1912.  Mr. 
Towle  was  married  June  2S;  1899,  to  I\Iiss 
Helen  M.  Leland  of  Sangerville,  Maine. 
They  have  two  daughters.  His  offices  are 
at  68  Devonshire  Street,  Boston,  and  he 
resides  at  215  Franklin  Street,  Newton. 


THE 
BOOK  OF  BOSTON 


Fifty    Years'  Recollections  of  the  New  England  Metropolis 


CHAPTER    XV 


MUSIC  AND  THE  FINE  ARTS 


Boston's  Early  Supremacy  in  Musical  Taste  and  Culture — The  Systematic  Cul- 
tivation OF  Pure  Music  from  the  Start  of  the  City's  Musical  Develop- 
ment— Beginnings  of  Classical  Orchestral  Music — The  Handel 
and  Haydn  Oratorio  Society — Early   Facilities   for   the 
Higher    Musical    Education — Founding  of   the 
Boston  Symphony  Orchestra  and  of  the 
"Pops" — The  City's  Leadership 
in  the  Fine  Arts   Fifty 
Years   Ago   and   Now 


1  T  the  beginninjj  of  the  half 
])      centurv   of    wliich    we    are 
^i,l^^j       treating,  Boston  was  occu- 
s}^      I)\-ino-  an   assured   position 
jK^'p^CJ^t'/      \vith     respect     to     musical 


to     that     of 


taste   and  culture   superior 
anv     other     American     cit\'. 


During  the  Civil  War  the  cause  of  pure 
music  had  waned  in  commi:)n  with  many 
other  interests.  Still  within  that  period  there 
was  something  to  enjoy  in  the  chamber  con- 
certs by  resident  artists,  ()f  win  mi  the  citv 
could  boast  not  a  few.  At  the  close  of  the 
war  the  revival  was  prompt,  and  therefrom 
through  the  latter  half  centur\-  the  develop- 
ment of  the  higher  musical  interests  con- 
tinued as  l)ef(ore.  and  the  city's  leadership  as 
a  musical  centre  sustained. 

From  the  beginning  the  cit\''s  cultivation 
of  music  was  of  the  highest  grade.  It  was  the 
s_\-steniatic  culture  of  music  for  music's  own 
sake.  It  began  with  orchestral  music,  and 
the  pioneer  in  the  movement  was  a  German. 
Pie  was  one  Gottlieb  Graupner,  a  German 
musician  and  piano-forte  teacher,  wlio  had 
come  to  Boston  in  1798  and  made  the  town 
his  ado|)ted  home.  In  1810  or  181 1  Graup- 
ner formed  a  "Philo-harmonic  Society" 
composed  of  his  musical  friends.  These 
comrades  met  informalh-  on  Saturdav  eve- 


nings in  a  little  music  hall  which  Graupner 
had  estaldished  in  his  little  house  on  Frank- 
lin Street,  and  practised  Ha\-dii's  s\'m- 
phonies  and  other  classical  music  merelv  for 
the  gratification  cif  the  performers.  It  was 
a  small  orchestra  of  players,  and  mostly  of 
amateurs,  for  at  the  time  of  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  "Philo-harmonic  Societv"  there 
were  said  ti)  have  been  not  half  a  score  of 
])ri:)fessionals  in  the  town.  The  Philo-har- 
monic afterward  expanded  somewhat  and 
gave  ciiiicerts  in  jniblic  halls.  It  is  known 
to  have  been  in  existence  as  late  as  Novem- 
ber, 1X24,  when  a  concert  by  the  society 
was  announced,  at  the  Pantheon  (jii  Boyl- 
stoii  Square. 

In  181 5,  on  ]\Iarcli  thirtieth,  B(iston's  fine 
oratorio  society,  the  Handel  and  Haydn, 
was  founded.  Its  material  was  largely 
drawn  from  the  choir  of  the  Park-Street 
Church,  which  was  reiiciwned  in  the  town 
for  its  musical  excellence ;  from  the  Philo- 
harmonic  Orchestra,  and  from  the  few 
English  organists  and  chuir  <lirectors  then 
established  in  Boston.  At  that  time  the 
Park-Street  choir  counted  some  fiftv 
singers.  There  was  then  no  organ  in  the 
church;  the  accompaniment  of  the  choir's 
singing  was  gi\en  b\-  tlutes,  a  bassoon,  and 
a  violoncello.     The  iminilse  for  the   forma- 


246 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


tion  of  the  society  came  in  a  Peace  Jubilee, 
when,  on  February  twenty-third,  1815,  an 
oratorio  was  given  in  King's  Chapel  in  cele- 
bration of  the  Peace  in  the  War  of  1812. 
The  society  has  done  important  service  by 
its  publications — collections  of  anthems, 
masses,  and  choruses  for  church  use.  Its 
first  collection  was  made  by  Lowell  Mason, 
then  and  for  long  after  one  of  the  most 
prominent  figures  in  Boston's  musical 
activity. 

So  early  as  the  'twenties  musical  journals 
began  to  appear,  each  of  high  order.  The 
first,  started  in  1820,  was  the  Eiitcrpciad, 
a  fortnightly  magazine  owned  and  con- 
ducted by  John  Rowe  Parker,  a  local 
musical  authority.  In  its  second  year  a  sup- 
plement called  the  Mincniad  was  added, 
designed  especially  for  "ladies'  reading."  In 
1838  the  Boston  Musical  Gascttc  was 
launched  with  Bartholomew  Brown  as  edi- 
tor. The  ne.xt  year  the  Musical  Magazine, 
the  most  meritorious  of  all,  made  its  appear- 
ance, under  the  conduct  of  Theodore  Hach, 
a  German  of  culture,  and  a  violoncellist  in 
local  concerts.  He  returned  to  Europe  a 
few  years  later.  These  several  journals, 
short  as  their  careers  were,  did  much  to 
promote  a  taste  in  the  public  for  good 
music.  Then,  in  1852,  Divight's  Journal 
of  Music  appeared,  with  the  scholarly  critic, 
John  Sullivan  Dwight,  as  editor,  which  Ije- 
came  the  foremost  journal  of  its  class  in  the 
country.  It  particularly  favored  the  classi- 
cal in  musical  art,  and  steadfastly  upheld 
the  highest  standard  in  music.  It  was  the 
best  type  of  musical  journal  that  this  coun- 
try has  produced,  as  its  career  was  the  long- 
est— April,  1852,  to  September,  1881. 

Early  in  the  'thirties  the  first  musical 
educational  institution  was  established. 
This  was  the  "Boston  Academy  of  Music," 
organized  on  so  liberal  a  scale,  and  provid- 
ing such  a  variety  of  practical  features,  as 
to  attract  wide  attention  outside  of  Boston. 
It  was  opened  in  January,  1833,  and  had 
a  satisfactory  career  of  some  fifteen  years. 
In  its  establishment  three  estimable  leaders 
in  the  cause  of  good  music  in  that  day, 
Lowell  Mason,  George  J.  Webb,  and  Samuel 
A.  Eliot,  were  chiefly  instrumental.     Simul- 


taneously with  its  opening  to  pupils  these 
energetic  leaders  succeeded  in  introducing 
musical  education  into  the  public  schools, 
which  ever  since  has  been  maintained.  The 
Academy  was  indeed  an  educational  hot- 
house. It  furnished  gratuitous  vocal  in- 
struction to  old  and  young  by  the  best 
teachers  then  in  the  town;  trained  classes 
of  teachers  in  music ;  established  a  choir  of 
one  hundred  members  of  both  sexes,  which 
gave  oratorio  concerts  and  furnished  music 
on  civic  occasions ;  held  singing  conven- 
tions ;  provided  lectures,  with  illustrations, 
which  were  given  in  various  churches  in 
town,  and  in  other  towns  and  cities ;  pub- 
lished collections  of  music  and  treatises. 
By  1835  the  Academy  had  so  grown  that  a 
buikling  for  its  occupancy  was  necessary. 
Thereupon  a  lease  of  the  old  Federal-Street 
Theatre  for  a  term  of  years  was  obtained, 
and  the  fine  playhouse,  one  of  Bulfinch's 
rare  designs,  was  remodelled  for  the  Acad- 
emy's use,  and  rechristened  "The  Odeon." 
Gradually  coming  to  devote  itself  to  con- 
certs, in  1839  the  Academy  established  a 
small  orchestra;  and  in  1841,  for  the  first 
time,  it  gave  purely  instrumental  concerts  of 
classical  music.  These  concerts  were  con- 
tinuetl  till  1847,  when  they  were  suspended 
for  lack  of  patronage.  A  reaction  against 
entertainments  of  so  intellectual  a  standard 
hatl  set  in.  The  popular  demand  was  met 
liy  an  organization  known  as  the  Philhar- 
monic Society,  formed  about  1844,  which 
furnishetl  lighter  music  to  miscellaneous  au- 
diences. As  for  the  Academy,  it  created, 
as  Mr.  Dwight  has  written,  a  higher  kind 
of  interest  in  music,  and  it  nudtiplied  con- 
certs till  Boston  became  a  point  of  attention 
to  travelling  artists  from  abroad.  In  1844 
came  two  of  the  most  famous  virtuosos  of 
the  violin — Ole  Bull  and  A'ieuxtemps. 
Later  came  Carl  Zerrahn,  from  Germany, 
after  the  affair  of  1848,  to  become  a  per- 
manent resident  of  Boston,  and  to  take  a 
leading  hand  in  musical  affairs.  For  many 
years  he  was  the  conductor  of  the  Handel 
and  Haydn  Society.  In  1858  came  Julius 
Eichberg,  an  artistic  violinist,  who  had  been 
a  professor  of  violin,  playing  in  the  Conser- 
vatorie  of  Geneva,  to  become  in  Boston  a 


Tin-:    ROOK    OF    BOSTOX 


247 


foremost  teacher ;  tlie  nn  ist  famous  leader 
of  the  old  Boston  ^luseum  orchestra ;  the 
first  composer  in  America  of  English 
operas :  his  "Doctor  of  Alcantara,"  first  per- 
formed in  the  Boston  Museum,  in  1862,  the 
most  popular  of  his  compositions  of  this 
class;  for  a  long  period  superintendent  of 
nnisic  in  the  Boston  Public  Schools ; 
founder  of  the  Boston  Conservatory  of 
Music.  Then  in  the  'sixties  came  several 
artist  teachers:  Otto  Dresel,  August  Kreiss- 


cultivating  the  pul)lic  taste  fur  sucli  music, 
till  the  (irganization  t)f  Mr.  Iligginson's 
lioston  Symphony  Orchestra.  The  Har- 
vard Musical  Association,  also,  was  instru- 
mental in  the  establishment  of  various 
worthy  institutions.  It  originated  the 
movement  \\  hich  resulted  in  the  erection  of 
the  Boston  Music  Hall,  in  1852,  a  building 
in  all  respects  adequate  for  high-class  con- 
certs; and  it  was  the  "father"  of  Dzvight's 
Joitnial  of  Music.     The  association  finally 


BOSTON    OPERA    HOUSE 


man,  who  became  the  leader  for  luany  years 
of  the  Orpheus  singing-clul) ;  l'~rnst  I'erabo, 
among  the  ablest  interpreters  of  great  piano 
music ;  Carl  Petersilea. 

While  the  work  of  the  .\cadeiu\'  was 
helpful,  the  chief  nuisical  educating  intlu- 
ence  was  the  chamber  concert.  The  pioneer 
in  this  department  was  the  Harvard  Musical 
Association,  beginning  in  1837.  This  asso- 
ciaticin  Ijecaiue  and  remained  the  chief  rep- 
resentative of  classical  (irchestral  luusic  in 
Boston,    and    the    most    inlluential    aticnl    in 


came  to  devote  itself  mainly  to  the  giving 
of  subscription  concerts  with  programmes, 
])urelv  on  the  |)rinciple  of  cultivating  the 
])ublic  taste.  Another  early  exponent  of 
chaiuber  music  was  the  Mendelssohn  Quin- 
tette Clul),  which  came  prominentl\-  into  no- 
tice in  the  winter  of  1840-1850.  It  achieved 
something  of  an  international  fame  l)y  its 
tours  through  the  countr\-  and  abroad. 

The  \ear  1863  was  marked  by  the  "iii- 
auguration"  of  the  "Great  Organ"  in  I\Iusic 
Hall,   the   largest   organ    then    on    this   con- 


.248 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


tinent,  and  one  of  the  three  or  four  largest 
in  the  world.  A  music  festival  on  Novem- 
ber second  celebrated  its  accession.  In 
front  of  the  organ,  at  the  rear  of  the  stage, 
was  effectively  placed  Crawford's  majestic 
statue  of  Beethoven,  a  gift  in  trust  for  the 
Handel  and  Ha}'dn  Society  by  Charles  C. 
Perkins,  and  by  the  sculptor,  Mr.  Crawford 
making  no  charge  for  his  design.  It  had 
embellished  this  stage  since  1856,  when 
its  placing  in  the  hall  was  marked  by  a 
great  Beethoven  Festival.  The  last  regu- 
lar performances  of  this  period  were  Carl 
Zerrahn's  Philharmonic  concerts.  These 
continued  up  to  1863. 

From  the  foregoing  retrospective  sum- 
mary of  the  achievements  in  the  cultivation 
of  the  higher  music  in  Boston  through  the 
first  half  of  the  century,  it  is  seen  that  at 
the  beginning  of  the  second  half  the  city's 
fame  as  the  chief  American  musical  centre 
rested  on  solid  foundations. 

Before  the  close  of  the  'sixties  musical  ed- 
ucational institutions  were  revived.  In  Feii- 
ruary,  1867,  Mr.  Eichberg's  "Boston  Con- 
servatory of  Alusic"  was  under  w^ay,  and  one 
week  later  Eben  Tourjee's  "New  England 
Conservatory  of  Music."  Mr.  Eichberg's 
school  furnished  instruction  in  all  the  prac- 
tical and  theoretical  branches  of  music  in 
classes,  but  was  especially  given  to  the  teach- 
ing of  the  violin.  The  violin  school  was 
most  successful.  Mr.  Dwight  tells  of  the 
"wonders"  that  Mr.  Eichberg  and  his  corps 
of  teachers  accomplished.  "Little  girls  and 
boys  of  six  or  eight,  who  look  about  over- 
weighted by  the  instrument,  play  music  of 
considerable  difficult}-  with  facile,  finished 
execution  and  with  good  expression."  ^Ir. 
Tourjee's  Conservatory  gathered  in  the 
greater  nunilier  of  pupils;  earlv  it  was 
counting  some  fifteen  hundred  coming  from 
various  parts  of  the  country.  It  gave  in- 
struction from  the  start'-iji  every  branch  of 
the  science  and  art  of  vocal  and  instru- 
mental luusic.  Its  growth  was  so  rapid  that 
early  it  had  become  the  largest  music  school 
in  the  world. 

The  years  1869  and  1872  were  enlivened 
lay  the  stupendous  enterprises  of  Patrick 
Sarsfield  Gilmore,  famous  of  bandmasters, 


in  the  two  gigantic  Peace  Jubilees,  the  one 
in  celel>ration  of  the  return  of  national  peace 
with  the  end  of  the  Civil  War,  the  second, 
an  International  Peace  Jubilee.  The  scheme 
of  the  first  Jubilee,  when  broached,  which  in- 
volved an  orchestra  of  one  thousand  and  a 
chorus  of  ten  thousand,  and  the  erection  of 
a  "Colosseum"  to  accommodate  the  per- 
formers and  an  audience  of  upward  of  fifty 
thousand,  took  the  public's  breath  away.  It 
was  almost  universally  jironounced  chimeri- 
cal, while  musical  critics  roundly  ridiculed 
it.  But  the  ardent,  magnetic,  enthusiastic, 
emotional  Gilmore  succeeded  in  l)ringing  to 
his  support  a  group  of  influential  Boston 
merchants,  chief  among  them  Eben  D.  Jor- 
dan, and  put  the  affair  through  magnifi- 
centlv.  At  the  ojiening,  on  June  fifteen, 
i86cj,  in  the  presence  of  a  vast  audience,  in- 
cluding many  invited  guests  of  distinction, 
Mr.  Gilmore  lifted  his  baton  over  his  great 
orchestra  and  great  chorus,  whose  first  note 
was  accompanied  by  the  boom  of  cannon  on 
the  Common,  fired  by  electricity  from  the 
huge  "Colosseum"  on  the  "New  Lands,"  in 
what  was  then  called  St.  James  Park,  a  little 
east  of  where  the  present  Copley-Plaza  hotel 
stands ;  and  the  simultaneous  ringing  of  all 
the  bells  of  the  city.  The  International 
Juljilee,  following  in  'seventy-two,  was  the 
most  stupendous  of  Gilmore's  conceptions, 
and  was  carried  through  as  magnificently  as 
the  first  one.  For  this  a  huger  Colosseum 
was  erected  with  a  seating  capacity  of  one 
hundred  thousand ;  the  orchestra  was  aug- 
mented to  two  thousand,  and  the  chorus  to 
twenty  thousand ;  foreign  talent  was  largely 
drawn  upon ;  and  the  great  military  bands 
of  the  European  nations,  England,  France, 
German}-,  were  brought  out,  their  services 
being  given  liv  their  governments  through 
the  solicitation  of  President  Grant.  This 
greatest  of  all  popular  musical  festivals  then 
on  record  was  opened  on  June  seventeenth, 
and  continued  through  eighteen  days. 
These  monster  Jubilees  were  musically  im- 
portant principally  on  account  of  their  wide 
stimulating  effect,  and  the  introduction  to 
American  audiences  of  some  of  the  finest 
European  l)ands  and  solo  artists.  Mr.  Gil- 
more wrote  a  book,  entertaining  and,  in  pas- 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


249 


sages,  amusing,  giving  his  own  account  of 
the  two  affairs,  in  which  he  took  tiie  public 
into  his  confidence  with  great  frankness. 
Genial,  amiable,  proud  Gilmore!  He  was 
the  favorite  of  newspaper  men.  I  came  to 
know  him  agreeably  in  the  'seventies.  He 
was  nettled  by  my  free-hand  review  of  his 
book,  but  only  for  a  moment.  It  was  a  de- 
light to  see  him  at  the  head  of  his  band  in  a 
great  street  procession.  He  played  the 
cornet  like  an  artist. 

The    latter    years    of    the    half    century 


Subsequently  it  joined  to  itself  a  female 
choir  and  took  uj)  larger  works.  In  1877 
appeared  the  Cecilia,  of  mixed  chorus,  per- 
forming the  larger  works  of  the  best  com- 
posers, usually  with  the  assistance  of  an 
orchestra.  In  1879 — the  Arlington  Club,  of 
male  voices,  cultivating  the  part-song  and 
allied  music,  the  field  abandoned  by  the 
Boylston  Club  after  its  first  few  seasons. 
In  1879 — '^he  Euterpe  Society,  formed  on 
the  same  general  principle  as  that  of  the 
singing  clubs.     In  its  first  series  of  concerts 


SYMPHONY    HALL HOME    OF    THE    BOSTON    SYMPHOiNY    ORCHESTRA 


formed  the  era  of  musical  clubs,  supported 
entirely  by  the  fees  of  members.  The  sing- 
ing clubs,  engaged  the  services  of  the  best 
conducting  talent,  because  of  inestimable 
benefit  as  training  schools  for  the  chorus 
singers,  mostly  amateurs.  Their  perform- 
ances, too,  served  to  refine  the  public  taste 
and  develop  a  high  standard  of  choral  nuisic. 
In  1 87 1  was  formed  the  Apollo  Club,  com- 
posed of  male  voices,  which  ultimately  de- 
voted itself  almost  entirely  to  vocal  music 
of  the  light  class.  In  1873  the  Boylston 
Club,  comprising  a  luale  chorus  to  sing  part- 
songs   and   similar   music,    was   organized. 


only  classical  chamber  nuisic  by  small  com- 
binations of  stringed  instruments  was  pre- 
sented, and  the  best  players  of  Boston  and 
New  York  were  engaged. 

A  new  awakening  of  interest  in  orchestral 
music  came  in  the  latter  'seventies  and  early 
'eighties.  In  1879,  with  the  organization  of 
the  Philharmonic  Orchestra,  Bernard  Lis- 
termann  attempted  the  establishment  of 
yearly  courses  of  concerts.  The  next  year 
he  organized  the  Philharmonic  Society  with 
professional  memljers  and  subscription  mem- 
bers, the  latter  bearing  the  expenses,  to  suc- 
ceed, or  sustain,  the  Philharmonic  Orches- 


250 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


tra.  Then  the  next  Aear,  1881,  came  the 
estal)lisliment  of  Major  Henrv  L.  Higgin- 
son's  Boston  Symphony  Orchestra. 

Now,  in  its  thirty-fourth  year,  we  have  a 
book  by  that  accomplished  Hterateur,  M.  A. 
DeW.  Howe,  published,  happily,  on  Mr. 
Higginson's  eightieth  birthday,  November 
eighteen,  1914,  the  authorized  and  intimate 
story  of  the  rise  of  his  band  of  players,  and 
its  development  into  the  most  accomplished 
orchestra  in  the  world,  conceived  in  Mr. 
Higginson's  young  manhood  when  a  student 
of  nuisic  abroad,  founded,  and  sustained  by 
him  alone — the  dream  of  his  life  brought  to 
complete  fulfilment.  Mr.  Howe's  story  is 
based  on  material  furnished  by  Mr.  Higgin- 
son,  and  is  essentially  Mr.  Higginson's  own 
account.  It  tells  of  the  early  work  of  up- 
building the  orchestra  l)y  the  first  con- 
ductors, Georg  Henschel  in  his  three  years' 
service,  and  W^ilhelm  Gericke  through  his 
first  term  of  service.  It  was  Mr.  Gericke 
who  really  made  the  orchestra,  forming  it 
from  an  engaging  band  of  clever  musicians, 
l)Ut  undisciplined,  into  the  perfected  organ- 
ization working  in  harmony  under  the  one 
leader.  The  story  of  the  work  of  the  band 
under  the  conductorship  of  Mr.  Nikisch 
and  Mr.  Paur;  Mr.  Gericke's  second  term, 
1898-1906,  and  Dr.  Muck,  is  all  covered  in 
interesting  detail  by  Mr.  Howe,  with  amus- 
ing revelations  here  and  there  of  the  free- 
dom of  the  critics  and  other  "outsiders" 
with  advice  as  to  the  way  the  institution 
should  be  run.  It  appears  that  Mr.  Hig- 
ginson's method  from  the  beginning  was  to 
make  the  conductor  the  master  of  the  or- 
chestra's personnel,  of  its  programmes,  and 
all  the  details  of  the  concerts,  while  the  busi- 
ness management  of  the  Ijand's  affairs  was 
entrusted  to  administrators  whom  he  chose. 
Thus  no  small  credit  for  the  perfection  of 
the  orchestra  artistically  and  its  business-like 
conduct  is  due  to  Mr.  Higginson's  admi- 
rable musical  sense  and  business  acumen. 

The  "Pops" — popular  concerts  by  a  part 
of  the  orchestra,  of  airy  music,  running 
through  the  early  summer  months,  with  a 
mild  dash  of  bohemianism,  the  audience  sit- 
ting about  little  tables  at  which  light  drinks 
and  lighter  edibles  are  served, — were  insti- 


tuted in  the  latter  'eighties,  to  become  a 
unique  Boston  institution. 

With  the  abandonment  of  the  Boston 
Music  Hall  the  Symphony  Hall  on  the  Back 
Bay  was  erected,  and  this  became  the  per- 
matient  home  of  the  Boston  Symphony  Or- 
chestra, of  the  "Pops,"  and  of  the  Handel 
and  Haydn  Society,  where  its  oratorios  are 
given.  Later  the  Boston  Opera  House  was 
erected  farther  out  on  the  avenue  which  the 
Symphony  Hall  faces,  an  institution  largely 
fostered  by  the  late  Eben  D.  Jordan,  and 
permanent  grand  opera  was  established, 
with  the  presentation  of  operas  by  Boston's, 
own  organization  through  the  regular  sea- 
sons. The  opening  of  the  great  European 
War  in  1914  had  a  crushing  effect  upon  this 
enterprise,  and  the  performances  were  aban- 
doned, temporarily,  as  first  supposed.  At 
length,  however,  in  January,  19 16,  Mr.  Jor- 
dan sold  the  Opera  House,  and  its  trans- 
formation into  a  regular  theatre  was  con- 
templated by  its  new  purchasers.  Mr.  Eich- 
berg's  Boston  Conservatory,  after  an  honor- 
able and  useful  career,  came  to  an  end  in  the 
'nineties,  not  long  before  Mr.  Eichberg's 
death.  Under  the  guidance  of  Ralph  L. 
Flanders,  general  manager,  and  George  W. 
Chadwick,  musical  director,  the  New  Eng- 
land Conservatory  continues  the  greatest  in- 
stitution of  its  kind  in  the  country,  embrac- 
ing now  sixteen  separate  schools.  After  the 
death  of  Dr.  Tourjee,  it  was  reorganized 
and  its  administration  placed  iipon  a  sub- 
stantial basis,  under  the  control  of  a  board 
of  trustees,  with  Carl  Faelten  as  director. 
Crawford's  statue  of  Beethoven,  which, 
after  the  passing  of  the  Boston  Music  Hall, 
was  shifted  about,  for  a  time  resting  in  the 
entrance  hall  of  the  Boston  Public  Library, 
now  embellishes  the  entrance  hall  of  the 
present  Conservatory  l)uilding,  on  Hunting- 
ton Avenue,  near  Symphony  Hall.  The 
Great  Organ,  alas !  was  permitted  to  be  sold, 
and  to  ]mss  to  humble  uses. 

The  cultivation  of  the  Fine  Arts  in 
America,  notably  of  portrait  painting,  was 
earliest  liegun  in  Iloston.  There  were 
"limners"  established  in  the  town  in  Colony 
days.  A  portrait  of  two  children  of  Robert 
Gibbs,  a  rich  merchant  who  lived  on  Fort 


THK    I^OOK    OP'    BOSTOX 


251 


Hill,  painted  in  Boston  and  hearing"  date  of 
1670,  is  extant.  In  1679  or  1680  a  portrait 
of  Increase  Mather  was  painted  here.  I'eter 
Pelham,  who  came  from  England  about 
17J4-17.26,  is  the  earliest  Boston  painter  of 
whom  we  have  most  knowledge.  He  was 
more  of  a  copper-plate  engraver  than  a 
painter,  and  has  been  called  the  founder  of 
copper-plate  engraving  here ;  liut  he  is 
known  to  have  painted  ])ortraits  of  a  few 
Boston  worthies.  He  is  most  distinguished 
in  local  art  histor_\',  perhaps,  as  the  step- 
father of  John  Sitigleton  Co])ley.  He  was 
a  versatile  school  teacher,  and  established, 
if  not  the  first,  one  of  the  earliest  schools  in 
the  town  in  which  painting  was  taught. 
The  school  was  begun  in  his  dwelling  "near 
the  Town  Dock."  al)out  or  ])efore  1734. 
The  "curriculum  was  ex]iansive,  emliracing 
reading,  writing,  arithmetic,  dancing,  paint- 
ing, and  needlework.  P'elham  married  the 
widow  Copley  in  Ma\',  1747.  when  John 
Singleton  Copley  was  a  lad  of  nine,  and  the 
united  families  made  their  home  in  Lindall 
Row  (about  where  E.xchange  Place  now  is ) , 
"against  [opposite]  the  Quaker  meeting- 
house." Contemporary  with  Pelham  was 
John  Smiljert.  the  first  distinctly  profes- 
sional painter  in  Boston.  He  came  to  Amer- 
ica, at  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  in  ij2().  with 
others  (among  them  Peter  Harrison,  after- 
ward the  architect  of  King's  Chapel )  in  the 
train  of  Bishop,  then  Dean,  Berkeley,  who 
had  that  beautiful  dream  of  founding  a 
university  in  the  New  World  for  teaching 
_\duth  the  arts  and  sciences  along  with 
the  training  of  Indians  and  missionaries. 
Smibert  was  to  have  served  as  professor  of 
painting  and  architecture  in  the  faculty  of 
the  institution.  He  was  a  Scotchman,  and 
had  developed  into  a  jiainter  of  portraits 
from  a  painter  of  coaches,  in  London.  His 
Boston  painting  included  a  large  number  of 
portraits  of  Boston  ministers,  judges,  and 
other  dignitaries.  His  immediate  successor 
as  chief  portrait  painter  in  Boston  was  Jona- 
than Blackburn,  who  set  u])  his  studio  here 
a  }ear  before  Smibert's  death  (  w liich  oc- 
curred in  1 751)  and  remained  in  the  town 
fifteen  vears.     It  is  said  that  about  fiftv  of 


his    Boston-painted    ])ortraits   are   e.xtaut   in 
or  about  the  city. 

John  Singleton  Copley  (1737-1815)  was 
tile  first  native-born  Boston  painter  (unless 
John  Greenwood,  said  to  have  been  born  in 
Boston  ten  years  before  him,  is  to  be 
counted).  He  was  of  Irish  parentage,  and 
I)oth  of  his  parents  came  from  Countv  Lim- 
erick. His  mother  was  "S(iuire  Singleton  s" 
daughter.  .\t  about  the  time  of  his  birtli  in 
Boston,  Jul}'  third,  \y^^j.  his  father,  Richa'"d 
Copley,  died  in  the  West  indies.  He  \\as  a 
born  artist  and  was  making  creditable 
sketches  when  a  little  fellow.  He  was  not 
seif-taught,  as  iias  been  stated  in  some  of 
the  biograpliies,  but  was  trained  by  his  step- 
father, Pelham.  He  Ijegan  making  por- 
traits after  Pelham's  death  in  1751,  and 
when  he  himself  was  a  lad  of  fourteen.  In 
1755,  Washington,  when  visiting  Boston, 
sat  to  him  for  a  miniature.  The  next  year 
he  achieved  local  fame  with  a  portrait  of 
General  Brattle  in  the  uniform  of  a  British 
officer.  Thereafter  he  devoted  himself  ar- 
dently to  the  study  of  his  art,  painting  dili- 
genth';  and  it  was  not  l<ing  before  he  had 
become  the  fashionable  jjainter,  making  por- 
traits of  the  "cjuality."  His  ]iortraits  were 
spoken  of  as  having  an  air  of  liigii  l)reed- 
ing.  The\'  were  esjiecialh'  marked  by  the 
richness  of  their  coloring  and  excessive 
care  in  the  details  of  costtune.  He  made  of 
all  his  sulijects  fine  ladies  and  fine  gentle- 
men. In  1769  he  married  ^liss  Susan 
Clarke,  daughter  of  Richard  Clarke,  a  rich 
and  distinguished  Boston  merchant.  He 
was  then  moving  in  the  best  society  of  the 
town,  and  was  the  "court  painter,"  painting 
the  portraits  of  the  aristocracy.  In  1771  he 
wrote  that  he  was  making  a  comfortable  liv- 
ing from  his  art.  At  that  time  he  was  the 
owner  of  the  greater  i)art  <if  the  \\'est  side 
of  Beacon  Hill,  then  a  place  of  pastures,  his 
domain  embracing  all  the  land  which  lies  be- 
tween  the  i)resent  Charles,  Beacon,  \\"alnut 
and  Alt.  \'ernon  Streets,  Louisburg  Scjuare. 
and  Pinckney  Street.  This  he  called  "The 
Farm."  His  dwelling,  anfl  painting  room. 
faced  Beacon  Street  al)out  where  is  now-  the 
Somerset  Clubhouse.  In  1773  he  was  con- 
cerned in  the  "Tea  Part\"  affair,  endeavor- 


252 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


ing  unsuccessfully  to  act  the  patriotic  part 
of  a  mediator,  at  the  final  great  meeting  in 
the  Old  South  Meetinghouse :  his  father-in- 
law,  Richard  Clarke,  and  the  latter's  son, 
being  of  the  consignees  of  the  tea  ships.  In 
1774  he  went  to  England,  intending  to  stay 
abroad  but  temporarily.  He,  however,  was 
never  to  return.  His  family  joined  him  just 
before  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution.  In 
England  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life, 
in  a  career  of  uninterrupted  success.  His 
estate  on  Beacon  Hill  was  purchased,  as  has 
been  stated  in  a  previous  chapter,  by  the  syn- 
dicate which  became  the  Mt.  Vernon  Pro- 
prietors and  built  up  Beacon  Hill.  It  is 
said  that  of  his  work  in  Boston,  Copley  left 
more  than  two  hundred  and  fifty  oil  paint- 
ings, besides  crayons  and  miniatures,  all 
done  in  twenty  years;  and  that  "almost 
every  great  name  of  the  day  is  found  in  the 
list  of  his  sitters."  After  Copley,  most  dis- 
tinguished was  Gilbert  Stuart.  Born  in 
Rhode  Island  in  1755,  he  began,  like  Cople>', 
to  paint  in  his  young  boyhood,  and  at  thir- 
teen he  had  so  taught  himself  that  he  re- 
ceived orders  for  portraits.  At  seventeen 
he  was  in  England,  struggling  for  an  edu- 
cation and  the  cultivation  of  his  art.  After 
two  years  he  returned  to  America,  and  for 
a  year  painted  here  with  slight  success. 
Then  he  went  again  to  England,  sailing  in 
the  last  ship  that  left  Boston  before  the 
blockade  in  1775.  In  London  he  became  a 
pupil  of  West's,  attended  Reynold's  lectures, 
and  studied  anatomy.  By  1785  he  had  left 
his  master  and  set  up  a  studio  of  his  own. 
His  success  was  remarkable.  In  1792  he 
suddenly  left  his  London  work,  and  again 
returned  to  America.  First  he  settled  in 
New  York  and  painted  there  with  satisfac- 
tory results.  Then  he  moved  to  Philadel- 
phia, thence  to  Washington,  and  finally  es- 
tablished himself  permanently  in  Boston. 
This  was  his  home  for  more  than  twenty 
years,  till  his  death  in  July,  1828.  He  be- 
came Boston's  best  portrait  painter.  His 
home  and  painting  room  through  his  latter 
years  were  on  Essex  Street,  near  Edinboro 
Street.  His  grave  is  in  the  old  burning- 
ground  on  Boston  Common,  unmarked,  but 
its  location  is  indicated  by  a  tablet,  in  the 


form  of  a  palette,  attached  to  the  fence 
alongside  the  broad  path  leading  toward 
Park  Square.  Stuart's  portraits  of  Wash- 
ington— the  typical  likeness  by  which  the 
artist  is  most  popularly  known, — are 
numerous.  The  head  is  in  the  Boston 
Athenjeum. 

Portrait  painting  remained  the  only 
branch  of  art  cultivated  by  Boston  artists 
till  about  the  'twenties.  Then  landscape 
work  was  ventured,  then  painting  of  his- 
torical subjects.  Earliest  among  the 
painters  of  the  latter  branch  was  Washing- 
ton Allston.  Though  a  native  of  South 
Carolina  (born  in  1779),  he  was  educated 
at  the  North, — at  Newport,  Rhode  Island, 
and  at  Harvard  College;  and  he  was  most 
particularly  identified  with  the  development 
of  Boston  art.  He  first  came  to  Boston  in 
1809,  after  a  few  years  in  Paris  and  Rome 
studying  anatomy  and  modelling  in  clay; 
and  opening  a  studio  on  the  same  spot  where 
Smibert  had  painted  eighty  years  before — 
on  Court  Street  between  Brattle  Street  and 
Cornhill — painted  portraits  like  his  con- 
temporaries, for  a  year  or  so.  Then  he  re- 
turned to  Europe,  and  spent  several  years 
in  England  painting  historical  subjects,  re- 
ceiving prizes  from  the  British  Institution 
for  several  of  his  pictures  of  this  class;  and 
beginning  his  greatest  work,  unfinished  at 
his  death — "Belshazzar's  Feast."  In  1818 
he  returned  to  Boston,  and  here  and  in 
Cambridge  was  his  home  through  the  rest 
of  his  life.  He  first  established  his  studio 
at  this  time  in  a  barn  on  an  old  estate  near 
the  corner  of  Pearl  and  High  Streets,  and 
resumed  his  historical  painting.  In  1831  he 
removed  to  Cambridgeport,  and  set  up  his 
home  and  painting  room  in  a  house  on  the 
corner  of  Magazine  and  Auburn  Streets, 
which  is  still  pointed  out  to  the  visitor  as  a 
treasured  landmark  from  its  connection 
with  Allston.  Here  he  died  suddenly  on 
the  evening  of  the  ninth  of  July,  1843, 
"sinking  down  in  his  chair  and  falling 
asleep,"  after  a  hard  day's  work  on  the  un- 
ending task  of  his  "Belshazzar."  This  un- 
finished canvas  is  now  in  the  Museum  of 
Fine  Arts. 

The  first  attempt  at  an  art  gallery  was 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


253 


made  in  1823.  when  the  Boston  Athenjeum 
opened  to  artists  its  collection  of  works  of 
art,  then  chiefly  comprising  a  valuable  lot  of 
casts  of  the  most  celebrated  statues  of  an- 
tiquity, given  to  the  institution  by  Augustus 
Thorndike.  In  1827  the  first  regular  ex- 
hibition of  painting  and  sculpture  was 
opened  to  the  public,  and  thereafter  these 
exhibitions  were  held  every  year  till  the  es- 
tablishment of   the   Museum  of   Fine  Arts 


in  the  community  a  love  and  knowledge  of 
art.  Sometimes  these  exhibitions  were 
given  by  local  organizations  of  artists  and 
art  patrons.  As  early  as  1826  the  room 
containing  the  casts  was  open  to  artists  de- 
siring to  draw  from  them.  When  the  Mu- 
seum of  Fine  Arts  was  established  most  of 
the  Athenaeum  collection  was  transferred 
to  its  galleries. 

Organizations  of  artists  and  of  art  pa- 


A    READING    ROOM    IN    THE    ATHEN/EUM,    LOCATED    IN    THE    RECENTLY    ADDED 
UPPER    STORIES    OF    THIS    FAMOUS    BOSTON    INSTITUTION 


in  the  'seventies.  During  this  period  the 
Athen;cum  art  galleries  ranked  with  the  best 
in  the  country.  Many  valuable  works  of  art 
became  its  permanent  property,  either  by 
gift  or  purchase,  and  these,  together  with 
new  works  by  local  artists  and  pictures 
from  private  collections  in  the  city  and  else- 
where often  deposited  here,  made  most  at- 
tractive exhil)itions.  It  has  been  said,  and 
trul}-,  that  the  annual  exhibitions  held  in 
these  galleries  through  more  than  forty 
years  did  more  than  anything  else  to  foster 


trons  for  the  advancement  of  art  among 
the  people  began  in  the  'forties.  In  1842 
the  Boston  Artists'  Association  was  formed, 
with  Washington  Allston  as  its  first  presi- 
dent, and  for  three  years  this  organization 
gave  exhibitions  in  "Harding's  Gallery," 
then  at  No.  22  School  Street.  In  1852  the 
New  England  Art  Union,  organized  under 
the  leadership  of  Edward  Everett,  Franklin 
De.xter,  and  others  of  similar  standing,  for 
"the  encouragement  of  artists  and  the  prcj- 
motion  of  art,"   began  giving  free  exhibi- 


254 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


tions  of  contemporary  art  in  its  own  gallery, 
on  Tremont  Row.  This  flourished,  how- 
ever, only  for  a  little  while.  In  1854  the 
Boston  Art  Club  was  formed,  with  a  mem- 
bership of  twenty  persons,  nearly  all  of  them 
professional  artists,  and  studio  exhibitions 
of  the  work  of  members  were  given  at 
irregular  intervals. 

Meanwhile,  in  1850,  the  first  free  school 
of  drawing  in  Boston  was  established  by  the 
beneficent  Lowell  Institute.  It  was  open  to 
l)oth  sexes,  and  continued  uninterruptedly 
for  twenty-eight   years,   with   excellent   re- 


square  being  entered  from  Washington 
Street  through  an  arched  passageway. 
This  chapel  was  originally  a  lecture  room 
formed  from  an  L  of  the  hotel.  In  1846  it 
was  remodelled  for  the  use  of  the  Lowell 
Institute,  and  thereafter  the  Institute  lec- 
tures were  given  in  its  hall  till  1879,  when 
its  career  closed.  With  the  loss  of  its  rooms 
here  the  life  school  came  to  an  end.  It  was 
superseded  by  the  School  of  Drawing  and 
Painting  in  connection  with  the  Museum  of 
Fine  Arts,  established  in  1876. 

Fifty  years   ago  there  was  a  colony  of 


Drawing  by  H .  Louts  Gleason 


HARVARD    GATE  —  HARVARD    COLLEGE 


suits.  It  was  the  first  art  school  in  the  coun- 
trv  to  adopt  exclusivel}'  at  the  beginning 
and  continue  throughout  the  course  the 
principle  of  drawing  from  real  objects  only 
— from  the  "round,"  and  not  from  copies 
or  flat  surfaces.  For  a  quarter  of  a  century 
^^'illiam  Hollingsworth  was  the  competent 
and  beloved  head  of  this  famous  life  school. 
It  was  established  in  the  old  "Marlboro 
Chapel."  which  stood  in  the  cobble-paved 
scjuare  in  the  rear  of  the  Marlborough 
Hotel,  long  on  Washington  Street,  nearly 
opposite  the  head  of   Franklin   Street,   the 


Boston  artists,  numbering  a  hundred  and 
more,  most  of  them  advancing  toward  fame. 
Not  a  few  of  them  had  done  service  in  the 
war.  With  the  return  of  peace  the  revival 
in  the  fine  arts  was  quick,  like  that  in  music. 
The  art  quarters,  or  the  studios,  at  this  time 
were  principally  in  the  old  Mercantile 
Library  Building  <>n  Summer  Street,  and 
the  new  Studio  Building  on  Tremont  Street. 
Some  of  the  older  artists  were  accustomed 
to  eke  out  their  irregular  incomes  by  teach- 
ing art  to  amateurs,  at  alluringly  low  rates. 
I   remember   seeing  a   transparency  illumi- 


THE    ROOK   OP^    BOSTON 


^,1,-) 


iiated  1)V  an  huniMe  candle,  protruding  from 
tlie  front  of  a  Tremont-Street  building  an- 
nouncing "Art  Taught,  at  Fifty  Cents  a 
Lesson."  Of  the  notable  artists  coming 
forward  in  the  'sixties,  and  later  in  the 
'seventies  and  "eighties,  I  recall  with  pleas- 
ant memories  (T  do  not  undertake  to  name 
them  chronologically)  :  \\'illiam  Morris 
Hunt,  who  came  to  Boston  in  1863;  Walter 
M.  Brackett,  dean  of  the  Boston  artists, 
painter  of  fine  game-fish,  now  (1916)  in 
his  ninet\-fifth  year  still  painting,  an  orig- 
inal member  of  the  Ijostcm  Art  Club,  si>me- 


ers ;  W.  F.  Halsall,  George  S.  W'asson, 
W.  F.  Lansl,  W.  E.  Norton.  Painters  of 
figures  and  genre:  I.  M.  Gaugengigl, 
Clement  R.  Grant,  George  R.  Basse,  Jr. 
Portrait  painters:  Frederick  P.  Vinton,  J. 
Harvey  Young,  George  Munzig,  Edgar 
Parker,  Otto  Gundmann,  Mrs.  Sarah  \V. 
Whitman,  Robert  W.  Vennoh.  Sculptors : 
Thomas  Ball,  in  the  'sixties  modelling  his 
great  equestrian  statue  of  Washington,  in 
the  Public  Garden;  Martin  Milmore,  in  the 
latter  'sixties  at  work  on  his  Arm\-  and 
Navv  Moinimcnt  on  Boston  Common,  com- 


MlStUM    OF     n.NL    ARTS,    HUNTINGTON    A\ENUh. 


time  its  president,  of  late  years  the  receiver 
of  a  comi)limentary  dinner  l)y  the  club  on 
his  recurring  birthdays ;  John  J.  Enneking, 
famous  of  landscape  painters,  who  estab- 
lished himself  in  Boston  in  1864  or  1865, 
and  whose  completion  of  fifty  years  of 
"talented  and  conscientious  work  as  a  Bos- 
ton painter,"  in  1915,  was  celel)rated  in 
March  by  the  unusual  ceremonv  of  a  com- 
])limentary  breakfast  tendered  him  bv  the 
artists  of  the  city.  Among  other  landscape 
painters:  Thomas  Allen,  F.  Childe  Hassam, 
John  B.  Johnston,  D.  Jerome  lihvell,  J. 
Appleton  Brown,  H.  \\inthrop  Peirce,  A. 
PI.  Bickwell,  J.  Foxcroft  Cole,  George 
Iniller.  Landscape  painters  who  also  ex- 
celled as  painters  of  animals :  F.  W.  Rogers, 
.Alexander  Pope,  Scott  Leigh  ton,  Thomas 
Robinson,  Albert  Thomjison.     Marine  paint- 


pleted  and  dedicated  in  1877;  Truman  H. 
Bartlett.  later,  Bartlett's  son,  Paul;  Daniel 
C.  French ;  Miss  Anne  Whitney,  the  sculp- 
tor of  the  Samuel  Adams  statue  in  Adams 
Square,  set  up  in  the  'eighties,  of  Harriet 
Martineau,  and  of  "  Leif,  the  Norseman," 
the  latter  at  the  junction  of  Commonwealth 
and  Massachusetts  Avenues.  Water  col- 
orists :  Ross  Turner,  T.  F.  Wainwright, 
C.  W.  Sanderson,  T.  O.  Langerfelt,  Charles 
Copeland,  Edmund  Garrett,  Henry  Sand- 
ham,  Philip  Little,  Miss  Elizabeth  Boot, 
Miss  Ellen  Robljins,  S.  P.  R.  Triscott.  The 
sculptors:  Bela  L.  Pratt,  Frederick  Mac- 
Monnies,  Cyrus  E.  Dallin,  and  the  Kitsons 
• — Henry  H.  and  his  wife  Alice  Ruggles 
Kitson, — Charles  11.  Woodbur}-,  the  distin- 
guished marine  painter.  Miss  Grace  Geer, 
miniatures,    jxirtraits,    and    landscapes,    are 


256 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


of  the  'nineties  and  the  opening  twentieth 
century. 

The  founding  of  the  Boston  Museum  of 
Fine  Arts  in  1870  was  a  long  and  most  im- 
portant step  toward  the  popular  promotion 
of  art.  The  original  building  was  placed  on 
what  became  Copley  Square,  the  site  now 
covered  by  the  Copley-Plaza  Hotel.  It  was 
designed  to  comprise  four  sections  sur- 
rounding a  square  interior  court.     It  was 


double  its  original  size,  while  extensive  im- 
provements were  made  in  various  parts,  at 
a  large  expense  met  by  subscriptions  of  gen- 
erous citizens.  John  H.  Sturgis  was  the 
architect  of  the  original  building,  and  Stur- 
gis and  Cabot  of  the  enlargement  and  im- 
provements of  1890.  The  institution  from 
its  creation  has  been  wholly  dependent  for 
maintenance  upon  private  liberalit}',  the 
only  gift  from  City  or  State  being  the  land 


Dra'xing  by  II .  Louis  GUason 
BEACON    STREET    IX    FRONT    OF    THE    STATE    HOUSE,    THE    SHAW    MEMORIAL    ON    THE     LEFT.        THE  OLD 
MANSIONS  ARE   BEING   PARTIALLY  REMOVED  TO  MAKE  ROOM  FOR  A    NEW  STATE  HOUSE    WING. 
CINN  &  CO.,  PUBLISHERS,  OCCUPY  BUILDINGS  ON  THE  RIGHT 


composed  of  brick,  the  front  facing  Copley 
Square  decorated  with  elaljorate  terra  cotta 
pieces  representing  two  allegorical  composi- 
tions— "The  Genius  of  Art"  and  "Art  and 
Industry,"  presented  by  figures  in  relief — 
and  the  heads  of  Copley,  Allston,  Crawford, 
and  other  artists  identified  with  Boston. 
The  first  section  was  completed  and  the  Mu- 
seum opened  to  the  public  on  the  third  of 
July,  1876.  Three  years  later  the  fa(jade  on 
Copley  Square  was  finished;  and  early  in 
1890  the  building  was  increased  to  nearly 


which  the  original  building  occupied.  It  is 
managed  by  a  board  of  thirty  trustees,  upon 
which  are  represented  the  Boston  Athe- 
naeum, the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology, and  Harvard  University.  Also, 
members  ex  officiis  are  the  mayor  of 
the  city,  the  superintendent  of  the  public 
schools,  a  trustee  of  the  Lowell  Institute, 
the  president  of  the  trustees  of  the  Boston 
Public  Library,  and  the  secretary  of  the 
State  Board  of  Education.  The  Museum  is 
open    every    day    in    the    year,    except    the 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


257 


Fourth  of  July,  Thanksgiving  Day,  and 
Christmas.  Admission  is  free  on  every  Sat- 
urday and  Sunday  and  on  pubHc  hoHdays. 
On  other  days  the  entrance  fee  is  twenty- 
five  cents.  The  original  building  was  super- 
seded by  the  present  stone  structure  of 
classical  style  marked  by  extreme  simplicity 
and  dignit}-,  on  Huntington  Avenue,  farther 
out  in  the  Back  Bay  quarter,  erected  in  1909. 
The  noble  extensii)n  at  the  rear,  facing  the 
Fenway  and  the  park  of  the  Fens,  the  gen- 
erous gift  of  Mrs.  Evans,  was  added  in 
19 1 3.    Guy  Lowell  was  the  architect  of  this 


Improvement   League,   gives   especial   char- 
acter to  the  entrance  court. 

With  the  founding  of  the  Art  Museum 
in  1870  the  liciston  Art  Club  reorganized 
and  enlargetl,  and  its  gallery  then  estab- 
lished became  a  ])lace  of  popular  exhibitions. 
The  St.  Botolph  Club,  organized  in  1880,. 
established  an  art  gallery  at  the  outset,  and 
its  exhibitions  have  since  been  given  at  in- 
tervals through  the  winter  and  spring  sea- 
sons. To  the  galleries  of  these  clubs 
admission  is  by  ticket  obtained  through 
members.     Of  small  permanent  free  collec- 


lAKKAl.LT    STATl'E    I.N     MAKINIL    PARK 


second  Museum,  its  general  .scheme  em- 
bodying the  result  of  three  A'ears'  study  of 
the  museums  of  Europe  and  of  modern 
muscology  by  an  advisory  committee  com- 
posed of  a  number  of  artists  and  architects 
in  connection  with  the  director  and  the  Mu- 
seum staff.  It  stands  today  one  of  the  rich- 
est museums  of  its  class  in  the  country.  In 
one  department,  that  of  Chinese  and  Japa- 
nese art,  its  collection  is  the  largest  and  finest 
in  the  world.  Cyrus  E.  Dallin's  fine  sym- 
bolic statue,  "The  Appeal  to  the  Creat 
Sjjirit,"  secured  as  a  public  monument 
through    the    efforts    of    the    Metropolitan 


tions,  those  in  Faneuil  Hall  and  in  the  Old 
State  House,  composed  of  historical  por- 
traits and  paintings,  are  interesting. 

Finally,  with  the  wholesome  progress  of 
art,  our  favored  city  is  protected  from  the 
affliction  of  mediocre  displays  of  out-door 
art  in  statue  or  building  through  the  opera- 
tion of  the  Art  Department  of  the  City  of 
l)0st(in.  This  body,  a  board  of  commis- 
sioners, established  by  Legislative  act  in 
1898,  is  empowered  to  pass  upon,  approve 
or  reject,  any  work  of  art  offered  to  or  pro- 
posed by  the  city.  No  work  of  art  can  be- 
come the  property  of  the  city  without  the 


258 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


approval  of  this  department.  All  contracts 
■or  orders  for  the  execution  of  any  painting, 
monument,  statue,  bust,  bas-relief  or  other 
sculpture  for  the  City  must  be  made  by  this 
board  acting  by  a  majority  of  its  members, 
subject  to  the  approval  of  the  mayor.  The 
board  may  also  be  requested  by  the  mayor 
or  by  the  city  council  to  pass  upon  the  de- 
sign of  any  municipal  building,  bridge,  ap- 
proach, lamp,  ornamental  gate  or  fence,  or 
other  structure  to  be  erected  on  land  belong- 
ing to  the  City.  The  commissioners  number 
five.  They  are  appointed  by  the  mayor, 
without  confirmation,  selected  from  lists, 
each  of  three  persons,  submitted  liy  the  trus- 
tees of  the  Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  the 
trustees  of  the  Boston  Public  Library,  the 
trustees  of  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of 
Technology,  the  Boston  Art  Club,  and  the 
Boston  Society  of  Architects.  The  mem- 
bers serve  without  pay.  This  commission 
was  preceded  by  a  smaller  one,  with  less 
power,  established  in  1890. 

Before  the  creation  of  the  art  department 
the  majority  vote  of  the  City  Council  fixed 
the  standard  of  out-door  art  in  the  City's 
l)ublic  places.  This  accounts  for  some  abom- 
inations with  which  the  City  is  afflicted. 

Ignaz  M.  Gaugengigl,  the  well-known 
artist,  was  born  at  Passau,  Bavaria,  January 
16,  1855,  and  was  educated  in  Munich, 
Avhere  he  graduated  from  the  Gymnasium, 
and  afterward  became  a  student  at  the 
Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  under  Professor 
Raab  and  Prof.  William  Diez.  He  later 
studied  the  old  masters  and  when  only  a 
student  received  a  commission  frnin  the 
King  of  Bavaria,  painting  for  him  "The 
Hanging  Gardens  of  Semiramis."  He 
came  to  the  United  States  in  1880,  and 
since  residing  in  Boston,  has  executed  some 
notable  work.  His  best-known  paintings 
are:  "An  Affair  of  Honor,"  "The  Duef," 
"The  Refugee,"  "Adagio,"  "After  the 
Storm,"  "The  Revenge,"  "The  First  Hear- 
ing," "Incredulity,"  "The  Amateur,"  and 
"Surprise."  In  recent  years  Mr.  Gaugen- 
gigl has  devoted  his  time  to  portrait 
work,  and  has  made  life-size  paintings  of 
the    following    well-known    gentlemen :    T. 


IGNAZ    M.    GAUGENGIGL 


Jeff'erson  Coolidge,  Sr.,  T.  Jefferson 
Coolidge,  Jr.,  Dr.  Henry  P.  Bowditch,  Dr. 
Cheever,  A.  Lawrence  Rotch,  William  A. 
Gaston,  ex-Secretary  of  State  Robert  Bacon, 
one  of  Dr.  Reginald  Fitz  for  the  Harvard 
Medical  School,  and  Ezra  Ripley  Thayer, 
dean  of  Harvard  Law  School,  etc.  Mr. 
Gaugengigl  has  handsomely  appointed  stu- 
dios and  galleries  at  5  Otis  Place.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  St.  Botolph,  Tavern  and 
Paint  and  Clay  Clubs,  and  the  School  Com- 
mittee of  the  Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  the 
Guild  of  Boston  Artists,  Marine  Museum, 
Bostonian  Society,  and  the  National  Acad- 
emy of  Design  of  New  York. 


Boston  has  afforded  the  field  for  some 
famous  architects — nultinch,  Richardson, 
and  others  of  scarcely  less  aliility  and  repu- 
tation, and  it  has  numerous  examples  to 
show'  off  the  work  of  some  of  the  best  men 
in  the  profession  this  country  has  produced. 
Trinity  Church  and  the  Public  Library  are 
buildings  unsurpassed  of  their  class  in 
America.  These  and  many  other  fine 
structures  have  set  the  Hub's  architectural 
standard  high. 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


259 


ALEXANDER    STEINERT 


Alexander  Steinert,  who  has  probably 
(lone  more  than  any  other  single  individual 
in  Boston  to  advance  the  musical  art  here 


ALEXANDER     STEINERT 


and  cater  t<j  the  desire  of  the  music  lovers  of 
the  city,  was  l)orn  in  Athens,  Ga.,  Alarch  14, 
1 86 1,  the  son  of  M.  and  Caroline  Steinert. 
He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  and  at  an  early  age  en- 
tered the  employment  of  his  father,  w  ho  was 
a  ])iano  manufacturer  in  that  city.  After 
learning  the  trade  he  was  sent  to  Provi- 
dence, as  the  Rhode  Island  manager  of  the 
house  of  M.  Steinert  &  Sons  Co..  which  had 
previously  I)een  incorporated.  He  later  es- 
tablished the  lioston  branch  of  the  companv 
in  conjunction  with  the  New  England 
agency  for  the  Steinway  pianos,  adding 
shortly  afterwards  all  the  .Eolian  Com- 
pany's jiroducts.  In  1900  he  incorporated 
the  Jewett  Piano  Co.  He  established  a 
chain  of  stores  in  the  principal  New  Eng- 
land cities,  and  in  1S96  erected  the  Steinert 


Hall  Ihiilding  on  I'.cjylston  Street.  This  is 
one  of  the  finest  buildings  in  Boston  devoted 
to  music  and  musical  entertainments,  and 
the  Steinert  Building  in  Providence,  R.  I., 
erected  in  1Q12,  is  as  beautiful  architectur- 
ally and  as  ])opular  with  the  music  lovers 
of  the  State's  capitol,  as  that  in  Boston. 
Mr.  Steinert  has  for  manv  }ears  been  active 
and  prominent  in  nuisical  affairs,  and  it  is 
due  to  his  efforts  that  Boston  has  been  the 
scene  of  some  of  the  most  noted  nuisical 
productions.  He  was  largely  responsible  for 
the  success  of  the  iierformance  of  the  opera, 
"Siegfried,"  given  in  the  Harvard  Stadium, 
June  4,  I<)I5.  which  attracted  the  largest 
audience  that  ever  attended  an  operatic  per- 
formance from  this  city.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Boston  Singers,  and  it  was 
he  who  arranged  for  the  first  appearance  in 
Boston  of  Paderewski  and  many  other 
famous  artists.  IMr.  Steinert  is  general 
manager  and  treasurer  of  the  M.  Steinert  & 
Sons  Co.,  and  is  a  director  of  the  Jewett 
Piano  Co.,  the  Hume  Piano  Co.,  and  the 
Boston  ^lusic  Trades  Association.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Art  Commission  of  the  City 
of  Boston,  a  trustee  of  the  New  England 
Conservatory  of  Alusic,  a  memljer  of  the 
Boston  Chamber  of  Commerce,  the  Boston 
Real  Estate  Exchange,  the  .\rt  Club,  Bos- 
tiMi  Athletic  Association,  Longwood  Tennis 
Club,  Harvard  Musical  Club,  Eidelia  Musi- 
cal Society,  founder  of  the  P>rcrman  Society 
and  trustee  of  the  South  V.nd  Music  School 
Settlement  and  the  Boston  Music  Sclniol 
.Settlements.  ]\Ir.  Steinert  was  married, 
June  6,  1889,  to  Bessie  Shuman,  the  union 
Ijringing  three  sons,  Russell,  Robert  and 
Alexander  .Steinert.  lie  resides  at  401 
Comnion\\e;dth  Aveiuie,  Boston,  and  has  a 
beautiful  summer  home  at  Hospital  Point, 
Beverh',  Alass. 


260 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


NEW    ENGLAND    CONSERVATORY    OF    MUSIC 


NEW   ENGLAND   CONSERVATORY   OF   MUSIC 


The  New  England  Conservatory  of 
Music,  incorporated  in  1870,  is  the  largest 
and  best  equipped  school  of  its  kind  in 
America.  It  has  always  offered  the  best  of 
facilities  in  all  branches  of  musical  educa- 
tion, and  since  removing  to  its  new  building 


GEORGE    W.    CHADWICK,    DIRECTOR 

NEW    ENGLAND    CONSERVATORY 

OF    MUSIC 


on  Huntington  Avenue  it  offers  advantages 
perhaps  unrivalled  elsewhere.  The  school 
has  no  endowment,  aside  from  provision 
for  a  few  scholarships.  Its  charter  prohibits 
it  from  being  conducted  for  profit  and  the 
present  surplus  is  being  applied  to  reduce 
the  indebtedness.  The  annual  attendance 
approximates  three  thousand,  coming  from 
all  parts  of  the  country.  George  W.  Chad- 
wick,  the  director,  is  a  composer  and  or- 
chestral conductor  of  international  reputa- 
tion. The  late  Eben  D.  Jordan,  until  his 
recent  death,  was  president  of  the  Board 
of  Trustees,  which  is  composed  of  many 
prominent  men  of  Boston  and  elsewhere. 
Ralph  L.  Flanders  is  general  manager. 

The  Conservatory  is  admirably  located  in 
the  art  and  educational  section  and  is  one  of 
the  greatest  institutions  of  its  kind  in  the 
country.  In  its  entrance  hall  stands  the 
statue  of  Beethoven  by  Crawford,  originally 
in  the  old  Music  Hall. 


MASONIC    TEMPLE 

This  handsome  light  granite  building  of  the  present  modern  type  of  architecture  stands  on  one 

of  the  most  expensive  sites  in  the  city  of  Boston  — the  corner  of  Tremont  and  Boylston 

Streets,  facing  the  Common.     It  was  built  in  1898-9,  and  is  the  second  Masonic 

edifice  erected  on  this  corner.     It  is  the  headquarters  of  the  Grand 

Lodge  of  Massachusetts,  and  houses  thirteen  Blue  Lodges 

in  addition  to  a  number  of  higher  Masonic  bodies. 

The  ground  floor  is  entirely  devoted  to 

business  purposes. 


262 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


MORGAN    L.    COOLEY 


MORGAN     L.    COOLEY 

PRESIDENT    OF    COOLEY    &    MARVIN    COMPANY, 

PUBLIC    ACCOUNTANTS    AND    ENGINEERS,    TREASURER    OF   THE 

BOSTON    CITY    CLUB,    ETC. 


Of  representative  citizens  who  are  factors 
in  the  commercial  and  industrial  life  of  Bos- 
ton, it  is  pleasing  to  recognize  Mr.  Morgan 
L.  Cooley,  president  of  Cooley  &  Marvin 
Co.,  public  accountants  and  engineers,  with 
offices  in  the  Tremont  Building. 


Mr.  Cooley  is  a  certified  Public  Account- 
ant, both  of  Massachusetts  and  New  York, 
and  is  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  Bar. 
He  is  treasurer  of  the  Boston  City  Club,  a 
director  of  the  School  of  Commerce  and 
Finance,  and  a  member  and  auditor  of  the 


'I'HK    HOOK    OF    l^OSTOX 


263 


Boston  Chanil)cr  (if  I'dinnifrcc.  lie  is  also 
associated  with  tlic  management  of  the  lex- 
tile  I'rinhiets  ('(inipany  and  the  iMilelity 
Management  Corporation. 

His  compan\'  is  cnntinuouslx'  retained  by 
incUviihials,    partnerships   and   cor])orati   ns, 
not  <inl\-  in  matters  of  auditing,  accnunting 
and  tile  constructii)n  of  accounting  methods 
and    office    organization,    Imt    to    an    even 
greater  extent  in  lines  of  producti(jn  or  in- 
dustrial engineering.      The  magnitude  of  the 
work  of  Coole\-  &  AFarvin  Co.,  in  factory  or- 
ganization, arrangement,  efficienc\'  of  ])lant 
and  equipment,  cost  finding  and  cost  reduc- 
tion, designing  and  installation  of  new  ap- 
pliances and  machinery  for  special  purposes, 
in  brief,  perfecting  cjrganization  and  methods 
to  produce  the  greatest  out])Ut  at  the  lowest 
cost,  would  be  a  surprise  to  those  who  are 
not  familiar  with  the  subject  and  who  real- 
ize that  the  industrial  field  thus  covered  was 
opened  but  a  few  years  ago.     The  breadth 
of  these  activities  and  their  successful  oper- 
ation is  made  possible  by  the  fact  that  the 
organization   of   which   Mr.    Coolev    is   the 
head  is  compcsed  of  a  number  of  certified 
])ublic   accountants   and    qualified    engineers 
of  various  types  of  experience.     The  com- 
bined knowledge  of  the  organization,  sup- 
plementing and  directing  that  of  an  expert 
always   retained   when   special   requirements 
arise  in  jiarticular  matters,   insures   compe- 
tent consideration  and  a  s<iund  solution  of 
every    problem.      Air.    Cooley's    clientele    is 
representative  not  only  of  New  England,  but 
of  many  other  states.     In  fact  the  company 
has  de\eloped  a  business  of  national  scope 
and  is  also  favoral)]\-  known  in  the  leading 
cities  of  Canada.     Included  in  these  activi- 
ties are  im])rovement  work  for  hospitals,  in- 
stitutions,    municipalities,     and     practicall\- 
every    form   of    supervision    where    modern 
business  methods  and  efticient  organization 
are  demanded. 


1^. 

THEODORE    W.    DAHLQUIST 

Theodore  W.  DahU|uist,  who  conducts 
business  under  the  name  of  the  Dahlquist 
Manufacturing  Co.,  36  West  3rd  Street, 
South  Boston,  was  born  in  Sweden  and 
came  to  this  country  in  1879.  He  learned 
the  trade  of  co])])ersniith  with  his  father  lie- 
fore  leaving  his  native  land,  and  after  work- 
ing as  a  journe\'man  in  Boston,  he  began 
luisiness  for  himself  at  the  present  location. 
Since  its  estalilishment  the  business  has 
grown  largely  and  n(jw  occupies  four  build- 
ings, thoroughly  ecpiipiied  with  the  latest 
machinery  and  giving  employment  to  50 
hands.  The  plant  has  its  own  gas  and  elec- 
tric light  plants.  A  specialty  is  made  of 
plumbers'  and  confectioners'  .supplies  and 
range  boilers.  The  work  of  the  Dahlcpiist 
Manufacturing  Company  includes  metal 
spinning,  all  copper  work  jiertaining  to  dis- 
tillation plants,  steam  jacket  kettles,  ex- 
tractors, tanks,  steam  coils,  steamjiipes  and 
•Steamboat  work.  The  company  al.so  makes 
copper  boilers  in  all  styles  and  sizes,  having 
four  grades  of  tank  pressure  boilers.  Di- 
rect pressure  lioilers  are  built  to  stand  any 
recpiired   lest   up  to    four  hundred   pounds. 


264 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


COL.  ALBERT  AUGUSTUS  POPE 


(deceased) 


The  vast  improvement  in  the  highways 
•and  streets  of  the  states  and  cities  of  the 
United  States  is  an  enduring  monument  to 
the  untiring  efforts  of  the  late  Col.  Albert 
A.  Pope,  who  was  the  pioneer  of  the  "Good 
Roads"  movement.  During  his  active  busi- 
ness career  Colonel  Pope  was  interested  in 
many  civic  betterment  movements  but  none 
resulted  in  such  vast  betterment  to  the  coun- 
try at  large  as  his  battle  for  highway 
improvement. 

Colonel  Pope  was  born  in  Boston,  May 
20,  1843,  and  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  Brookline.  His  predilection  for 
■an  active  business  career  was  shown  at  the 
age  of  twelve  years,  when  he  became  a 
small  dealer  in  fruits  and  vegetables,  after- 
wards securing  employment  in  the  Ouincy 
Market.  He  later  became  a  clerk  in  the 
leather  store  of  Brooks  &  McCuen  on  Black- 
stone  Street  and  was  thus  employed  when 
the  Civil  War  broke  out.  He  immediately 
joined  two  active  local  militia  organiza- 
tions, and,  after  some  months  of  drill,  en- 
listed in  the  volunteer  forces  of  the  Union 
Army.  He  was  nineteen  years  of  age  at 
this  time,  yet,  despite  his  youth,  went  to  the 
front  as  second  lieutenant  in  one  of  the 
■companies  of  the  35th  Massachusetts  Regi- 
ment. He  was  promoted  to  a  first  lieu- 
tenancy March  23,  1863,  and  rose  to  the 
captaincy  April  i,  1864.  As  an  officer,  his 
course  was  marked  by  the  most  intrepid 
acts  and  he  was  brevetted  major  for  "gal- 
lant conduct  at  the  battle  of  Fredericks- 
burg, Va."  By  a  second  brevet  he  was 
appointed  lieutenant  colonel  for  "gallant 
conduct  in  the  battles  of  Knoxville,  Poplar 
Springs  Church  and  in  front  of  Peters- 
burg." Colonel  Pope's  entire  military  ca- 
reer was  marked  by  intense  activity,  and  he 
served  in  the  principal  Virginia  campaigns. 
He  was  with  Burnside  in  Tennessee,  Grant 
at  Vicksburg  and  Sherman  at  Jackson,  Miss. 
He  commanded  at  Fort  Hill,  before  Peters- 
burg, and  in  the  last  battle  led  his  regiment 
into  the  city.    At  the  conclusion  of  the  war, 


Colonel  Pope  returned  to  Boston  and  began 
business  as  a  dealer  in  shoe  manufacturers' 
supplies.  In  1877,  having  already  organized 
the  Pope  Manufacturing  Co.,  he  became  the 
pioneer  in  American  bicycle  manufacturing, 
and  to  overcome  popular  objection  to  the 
new  industry,  Colonel  Pope  was  the  first 
to  obtain  responsible  legal  opinion  upon  the 
rights  of  wheelmen  in  the  public  roads  and 
parks,  and  to  secure  these  rights.  To  popu- 
larize bicycling  he  founded  the  "Wheel- 
man," a  magazine  since  absorbed  by 
"Outing,"  and  his  indefatigable  efforts  to 
protect  the  interest  of  lovers  of  the  sport, 
coupled  with  his  vast  industrial  interests  and 
business  acumen,  made  him  known  through- 
out the  entire  civilized  world. 

At  this  period  Colonel  Pope,  who  had 
made  an  exhaustive  study  of  the  world's 
highways  and  found  those  of  the  United 
States  the  worst,  determined  to  inaugurate 
a  movement  for  improvement.  He  devoted 
valuable  time  and  large  sums  to  this  work 
and  lived  to  see  many  of  his  suggestions 
adopted.  In  an  address  on  "Highway  Im- 
provement," delivered  before  the  Carriage 
Builders'  National  Association,  at  Syracuse, 
N.  Y.,  October  17,  1889,  he  called  attention 
to  the  condition  of  American  roads,  which, 
he  said,  were  below  the  average,  and  he 
outlined  a  general  and  very  comprehensive 
plan  of  improvement.  He  recommended  a 
commissioner  of  highways,  to  be  provided 
for  in  the  agricultural  department,  with  a 
corps  of  consulting  engineers,  each  state  to 
co-operate  with  the  central  bureau.  By  the 
division  of  the  state  into  highway  districts 
the  best  possible  results  could  be  obtained. 
The  press  all  over  the  country  commended 
Colonel  Pope's  address,  which  they  desig- 
nated as  being  full  of  both  practical  and 
political  suggestions.  This  was  over  a 
quarter  century  ago,  and  as  many  of  the 
embodied  suggestions  have  been  adopted 
in  several  parts  of  the  country,  Colonel 
Pope's  foresight  is  clearly  proven.  He  later 
prepared   pamphlets   on   "The  Relation   of 


col.  albert  a.  pope 
(deceased) 


266 


THE    BOOK    OP^    BOSTON 


I 


..,    Illllll 

iiilf.l.l. 


I 


'  I  III 


Ml.        I        ..      "'  - 


TEMPLE    ADATH    ISRAEL,    SYNAGOGUE    OF    THE    JEWISH    CONGREGATION, 
COMMONWEALTH    AVENUE 


Good  Streets  to  the  Prosperity  of  a  City" 
and  "Road  Making  as  a  Branch  of  Instruc- 
tion in  Colleges." 

In  a  work  on  "Wagon  Roads  as  Feeders 
to  Railways,"'  published  in  1892,  Colonel 
Pope  secured  promises  of  aid  from  scores 
of  railroad  presidents  and  managers  all  over 
the  Unitetl  States  and  Canada,  who  agreed 
with  him  that  good  country  roads  would 
materially  aid  their  lines  and  develop  com- 
merce and  manufacturing. 

This  was  Colonel  Poije's  most  active  life 
work.  He  always  maintained  that  one  of 
the  foundation  stones  upon  which  rests  the 
grand  fabric  of  civilization  ever^-where,  is 
good  means  of  communication — or,  in  other 
words,  good  highwaws.  Unquestionablv, 
Colonel  Pope  started  and  developed  the 
"Good  Roads"  movement  that  has  resulted 
in  vastly  improved  roads  in  nearly  everv 
state  and  city  in  the  Union. 

In  addition  to  his  large  industrial  inter- 
ests,  Colonel   Pope   was   a   director  of   the 


American  Loan  and  Trust  Co.,  the  ^^'in- 
throp  Bank,  and  was  connected  with  man_\- 
other  corporations.  He  was  greatly  inter- 
ested in  the  social  life  of  the  city  and  held 
membership  in  the  Algoncjuin,  Country, 
Athletic  and  Art  Clubs  of  Boston,  was  at 
one  time  president  of  the  Beacon  Society, 
commander  of  the  Massachusetts  Com- 
mandery  of  the  Military  Order  of  the  Loyal 
Legion,  prominent  in  (i.  A.  R.  circles,  a  life 
meml)er  of  several  charitable  organizations 
and  was  a  member  of  the  Newton  city  gov- 
ernment for  two  }'ears.  Colonel  Pope  was 
married  September  20,  1871,  to  Miss  Abby 
Linder,  and  the  union  brought  six  children 
— Albert  Linder,  ]\Iary  Linder,  who  died  in 
infancy;  Margaret  Rolierts,  Harold  Linder, 
Charles  Linder  and  Ralph  Linder  Pope. 

Colonel  Pope's  death,  which  was  deeply 
deplored  by  a  large  circle  of  friends  and 
business  associates,  who  resjiected  and  loved 
him  for  his  integrity  and  kindly  spirit,  oc- 
curred August  10,  1909. 


THE    ROOK    OF    BOSTOX 


267 


JA.MI':.S    BROWN 

James  Erown,  president  and  general 
manager  of  the  Hotel  and  Railroad  News 
Compan\-.  was  horn  at  Lasswade,  Scotland, 


JAMES     BROWN 

in  1852.  He  was  educated  at  the  Greenoch 
Acadeni)-,  Greenoch-on-the-Clyde,  and  af- 
terward entered  (ilasgow  Universit\'  t" 
stud}-  fur  the  Presljyterian  ministr}-.  but 
came  to  America  before  taking  his  degree. 
Earh-  in  his  business  career  he  was  itlen- 
tified  with  several  mercantile  houses  and 
finally  started  handling  newspapers  in  a 
small  way  with  his  ])n_)ther,  Hugh,  in  the 
South  End.  He  was  shortly  afterwards 
made  circulation  manager  of  the  Boston 
Post,  and  in  1887  he  and  his  lirother  organ- 
ized the  Ibitel  and  Raih-oad  News  Co.,  \\ith 
Hugh  Brown  as  presiilent  and  James  Brown 
as  treasurer.  Upon  the  brother's  death  Mr. 
lirnwn  succeeded  tu  the  presidency.  The 
com])any  distributes  the  Boston  papers  to  all 
the  towns  within  a  radius  of  ten  nn'les  of  the 
State  House  and  has  grown  to  be  one  of 
the  largest  newspajjer  distributing  agencies 
in  the  cnnntr}-,  and  its  system  is  considered 
to   be    the   best    ever   devised.       It    has    four 


hundred  em|)l()\ees  on  its  pa\rcill  and  ci  in- 
ducts all  the  news  st;uids  .  m  the  elevated 
and  in  the  sulnvays  and  tunnels. 

Mr.  Brown  has  one  (jf  the  nmst  artistic 
hiimes  in  Newtnn  Centre,  and  has  a  choice 
cnlk-ctidU  (if  modern  jiaintings  bv  noted 
-\nierican  and  foreign  artists.  He  was  mar- 
ried September  10,  1903,  to  Amy  E.  Linglev. 

He  is  a  memljer  of  the  Ro.ston  Athletic 
Association,  Boston  Press  Clul),  the  Bo.ston 
City  Club  and  the  Scots  Charitable  Societv, 
but  takes  little  interest  in  club  life,  as  he  is 
.-esthetic  in  his  taste  and  finds  more  ]ileasure 
in  the  artistic  environment  of  his  beautiful 
home. 

COL.   CHARLES   R.   COD^L\N 

Col.   Charles  R.  Codman,  who  traces  his 

American  lineage  from  the  arrival  of  the 

"AlayHower,"   in    1620,   was  born  at    Paris, 

France,  O  c  t  o  b  e  r 

28,   1829,  while  his 

parents   were   mak- 

i  n  g     a     Iuiroi)ean 

tri|).     He  graduated 

from     Harvard     in 

the   Class    of    1849 

and     studied      law. 

He  was  admitted  to 

the    Bar,    but   gave 

up  his  profession  ti  > 

enter      the      Union 

Army  as  Comman- 
der  of    the   Fortv- 

fifth  Massachu.setts 

Regiment.     Colonel 

Codman  served  in 
the  State  Senate  and  the  lower  house  of  the 
Legislature  and  was  ;i  candidate  for  Mayor 
of  Boston  in  1878.  He  had  been  a  life-long 
Kepublican  but  renonnced  those  principles 
when  James  (j.  Jilaine  was  nominated  for 
the  Presidency,  and  in  1890  was  an  In- 
dependent Democratic  nominee  for  Con- 
gress. He  has  been  president  of  the  Board 
of  Overseers  of  Harvard  Universitv,  the 
Mas-sachusetts  State  Homeopathic  Ho.s- 
l)ital,  tlie  lioston  Provident  Association,  and 
is  a  member  of  the  ALas.sachusetts  Histori- 
cal Societv  and  the  Union  Club. 


COL.    CH.\RLES    R.    CODMAN 


268 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


BENJAMIN   P.   CHENEY 

(deceased) 


Benjamin  P.  Cheney,  who  was  one  of  the 

pioneers  of  transcontinental  railway  travel 
and  the  originator  of  the  present  efiticient 
express  system,  conceived  the  plan  for  the 
gigantic  transportation  business  he  after- 
wards organized  while  driving  a  stage  coach 
in  the  first  half  of  the  last  century.  He  was 
born  at  Hillsborough,  N.  H.,  August  12, 
1 81 5,  the  son  of  Jessie  and  Alice  (Steele) 
Cheney,  who  were  of  early  New  England 
ancestry.  His  great-grandfather.  Deacon 
Tristam  Cheney,  was  one  of  the  early  set- 
tlers of  Antrim,  N.  H.,  and  his  grandfather, 
Elias  Cheney,  served  four  years  in  the  Rev- 
olutionary \\'ar.  At  the  age  of  ten  vears, 
Mr.  Cheney  was  out  of  school  and  working 
in  his  father's  blacksmith  shop.  Two  years 
later  he  was  working  in  a  store  at  Francis- 
town,  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen  was  driving 
the  stage  between  Nashua  and  Exeter.  The 
following  year  he  had  the  route  between 
Keene  and  Nashua,  driving  fifty  miles  each 
day,  and  retaining  the  position  until  1836, 
when  he  was  sent  to  Boston  to  act  as  agent, 
at  1 1  Elm  Street,  which  was  the  old-time 
centre  for  the  northern  stage  routes.  He 
was  only  twenty-two  years  old  at  this  time, 
and  six  years  later  the  plans  he  had  formu- 
lated when  a  boy  were  consummated  in  the 
establishment  of  Cheney's  Ex|)ress.  Always 
ambitious  and  possessing  the  faculty  of 
looking  ahead,  Mr.  Cheney  saw  the  possi- 
bilities of  the  express  business,  and  brought 
to  his  new  enterprise  the  indomitaljle  energy 
that  had  sustained  him  during  his  long  years 
of  poverty  and  struggle.  The  line  he  first 
founded  was  between  Boston  and  Montreal, 
and  the  route  was  over  the  Boston  &  Lowell 
Railroad  as  far  as  Concord,  N.  H.,  thence 
by  stage  messenger  to  Burlington,  and  from 
there  by  boat  to  Montreal.  In  1852,  he 
bought  the  express  business  of  Fisk  &  Rice, 
and  gradually  absorbed  other  lines  until  he 
formed  the  United  States  &  Canada  Express 
Co.,  which  covered  the  northern  New  Eng- 
land States,  with  nian\'  branches.   This  great 


business,  which  had  developed  from  an  insig- 
nificant beginning,  was  conducted  under  Mr. 
Cheney's  name  for  thirty-seven  years,  when 
it  was  merged  into  the  American  Express 
Co.,  of  which  the  founder  continued  the 
largest  owner  and  of  which  he  was  a  direc- 
tor and  treasurer  until  his  retirement  from 
active  business.  Mr.  Cheney  had  previously 
acquired  an  interest  in  the  "Overland  Mail" 
to  San  Francisco,  in  the  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co. 
Express  Co.,  and  in  the  Vermont  Central 
Railroad.  These  varied  interests  led  to  his 
connection  with  early  western  railroad  en- 
terprises and  he  was  one  of  the  pioneers 
of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad.  Air. 
Cheney's  various  enterprises  had  brought 
him  a  large  fortune,  and  at  a  later  ])eriod  he 
invested  largely  in  the  Atchison,  Topeka  & 
Santa  Fe  Railroad  and  liecame  pr(jminently 
identified  with  the  San  Diego  Land  &  Town 
Co.,  and  he  was  for  many  years  a  director 
of  these  companies  and  of  the  American 
Loan  and  Trust  Co.  from  the  time  of  its 
organization.  Mr.  Cheney  occupied  a  fore- 
most place  in  the  commercial  world,  and  his 
reputation  for  business  integrity  was  na- 
tional. His  death,  which  occurred  July  23, 
1895,  was  a  cause  of  deep  regret  and  sorrow 
to  his  associates  and  friends  in  the  many 
states  where  he  was  popularly  known.  Mr. 
Cheney  was  a  member  of  the  Boston  Art 
Club,  and  in  1886  he  presented  to  his  native 
state  a  bronze  statue  of  Daniel  Webster, 
designed  by  Thomas  Ball,  and  this  imposing 
art  work  stands  in  the  State  House  Park, 
Concord,  N.  H. 

He  was  married  June  6,  1865,  to  Eliza- 
beth Stickney  Clapp,  the  union  bringing  five 
children,  four  of  whom  are  still  livmg.  He 
resided  on  Marlborough  Street  in  the  Back 
Bay  district,  and  had  a  summer  home  at 
Wellesle_y,  the  grounds  of  which  extended 
nearly  a  mile  along  the  banks  of  the  Charles 
River,  and  it  was  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
and  best  kept  estates  in  that  location  of 
magnificent  homes. 


benjamin  p.  cheney 
(deceased) 

Capitalist  and  Railway  Contractor,  who  constructed  many  Transcontinental  Railroads 

and  established  an  Express  System  that  covered  the  New  England  States 

and  several  points  in  Canada.     See  opposite  page. 


SEARS     BUILDING 


The  Sears  Building  which  stands  at  the  corner  of  Washington  and  Court 

Streets,  was  built  in  1868,  and  has  the  distinction  of  being  the 

first  office  building  in  Boston  to  install  an  elevator. 

The  building  has  also  been  the  home  of  many 

notable  banks  and  institutions. 


THE 
BOOK  OF  BOSTON 


Fifty    Years'    Recollections  of  the   New  England  Metropolis 


CHAPTER    XVI 


ACCOINTANCY 


Its  Okicix,  Okvelopment  axd  I-'i'tuke 
A'v  Robert  Py.uirt.  B.C.S..  C.r.J. 


^yj^^^l"^?  CCOUNTANCY  ina}-  he  de- 
tiiied  as  the  liody  of  prin- 
ciples from  which  rules 
ailapted  to  the  systematic 
.y(  expression  of  business  ac- 
tixities  luav  he  drawn. 
From  its  earliest  stages  of  development,  the 
art  has  always  stood  in  close  relationship  to 
the  trade  and  ])arter  nf  the  world,  suggest- 
ing the  onlv  means  from  the  most  primi- 
tive forms  of  organized  societ\',  down 
thr<iugh  the  ages  of  our  own  time,  for  the 
precise  arrangement  and  guidance  in  their 
respective  orljits,  of  the  commercial  and 
economic  transactions  of  mankind. 

Of  all  the  arts  that  have  contributed 
fundamentall)'  to  the  progress  of  man 
throughout  the  transitional  state  from  sav- 
age to  civilized  existence,  it  appears  that 
the  art  of  accountancy,  if  exceeded,  in  point 
of  anticpiity,  stands  second  only  to  the  art 
of  building,  and  that  the  t\\i)  have  in  all 
])rol)ability  flourished  sitle  b\-  side  from  the 
ver)'  dawn  of  measured  human  activity. 

Based  upon  ap])lied  matliematics,  eco- 
nomics and  law,  from  accountancy  as  a 
science,  has  proceeded  that  distinctive  and 
peculiar  assemblage  of  precepts,  methods 
and  rules,  that  have  made  l)ookkeeping  as 
a  developed  art,  the  inseparaljle  companion 
of  all  progressive  human  acliieveinent. 

Approaching  the  subject  from  a  scien- 
tific standpoint,  accountancy  may  be  re- 
garded in  certain  respects  as  the  generic 
term  ;  and  the  art  w  hich  aims  solely  at  the 
exact  registration  antl  classification  of  finan- 
cial  data,    or   bookkee])ing   in    its   broadest 


sense,  the  specific ;  the  underl_\ing  and  giw- 
erning  ])rinciples  of  the  science  of  account- 
ancy being  the  source  from  which  the  art 
ol  bookkeeping  in  its  mvriad  forms  of  ap- 
plication may  be  said  to  arise. 

Extending  the  analogy — the  accountant 
may  be  looked  upon  as  the  exponent  or  mas- 
ter of  the  science:  indicating  the  princi])les 
and  flesigning  the  .systems  of  account 
adapted  to  the  conditions,  character  and 
])rospective  growth  of  an  enteri^rise — the 
classified  ])resentation  of  the  minuti;e  of 
financial  detail  f.nlling  directly  within  com- 
jjass  of  the  duties  of  the  bookkeeper. 

The  work  of  the  l)ookkeej)er  is  therefore 
synthetical :  he  records,  classifies  and  com- 
]>iles;  whereas  the  work  of  the  accountant, 
in  addition  to  the  foregoing,  is  also  in  the 
highest  degree  analytical  :  investigation, 
verification,  scrutiny  and  scientific  interpre- 
tation of  the  facts  pre.sented  by  the  book- 
kee])er,  forming  the  subject  matter  to 
which  the  judgment  and  experience  of  the 
accountant  may  be  addres.sed. 

Although  popularly  appraised  as  a  utili- 
tarian ;uid  ])erha])s  prosaic  subject,  nuich  of 
interest  may  still  be  written,  descriptive  of 
the  infinite  variety  of  devices  and  forms  that 
have  marked  the  progress  of  the  art  through- 
out the  centuries — its  history  linking  the 
])resent  with  the  mo.st  distant  records  of 
the  p;ist — leading  the  mind  in  retrospect 
back  to  transactions  deciphered  from  the 
Cuneiform  Inscriptions  of  the  Persian  Em- 
pire, 3500  V>.C..  to  accounts  of  traffic,  bank- 
statements,  calculations  of  interest,  and  de- 
tails of  elaborate   svstems  of  taxaticjn  left 


272 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


by  the  Egyptians,  as  well  as  to  the  use  of 
the  stylus  and  tablets  of  clay  associated  with 
the  commercial  supremacy  of  Assyria  and 
Babylon — relics  of  the  age  that  beheld  the 
building  of  the  pyramids,  and  the  rise  and 
fall  of  Tyre  and  Sidon,  renowned  emporia 
of  the  Ancient  East. 

Downward  through  the  corridors  of  time 
the  steady  development  of  the  science  may 
be  traced,  in  touch  always  with  the  activities 
of  manufacture  and  commerce,  reflective  of 
the  ever  increasing  industry  of  the  nations — 
expressive  of  the  span  that  extends  from  the 
days  of  our  worthy  prototypes,  the  Scribes, 
to  the  present  era  of  dictographs,  multi- 
graphs,  comptometers,  etc. ;  indispensable  ac- 
cessories of  the  amazing  degree  of  efficiency 
that  now  obtains  throughout  the  marts  of 
the  civilized  world. 

The  origin  of  accountancy  synchronized 
undoubtedly  with  the  very  beginnings  of  in- 
dividual and  intertribal  exchange,  and  it 
may  therefore  be  assumed  that  the  first  re- 
corded sale  for  money,  viz :  the  conveyance 
of  the  field  and  cave  of  Machpelah  to  Abra- 
ham for  four  hundred  pieces  of  silver,  was 
after  all  but  incidental  to  the  established 
usages  of  that  remote  period. 

The  scriptural  story  of  the  division  of  the 
flocks  and  herds  of  Laban  by  Jacob  at  the 
well — familiar  among  the  many  instances  of 
barter  referred  to  in  the  Bible — the  conduct 
of  the  great  public  granaries,  building  oper- 
ations and  irrigation  systems  of  Egypt,  and 
the  scores  of  commercial  records,  hoary  with 
age,  now  lying  in  the  vaults  of  the  British 
Museum — are  enduring  witnesses  of  the  an- 
tiquity of  our  profession,  and  suggestive  of 
the  vast  manufacturing,  mining,  metal-work- 
ing and  trading  pursuits  of  the  Babylonians, 
Assyrians  and  Hebrews,  emphasize  signifi- 
cantly the  well  established  claim  that  the 
history  of  Commerce  and  Accountancy  is 
in  a  large  measure  the  real  history  of 
civilization. 

The  public  practice  of  accountancy  in  cer- 
tain form  was  recognized  in  England  as  early 
as  in  the  reign  of  William  of  Normandy, 
and  true  to  the  national  instincts  of  the  peo- 
ple, it  has  since  held  a  strongly  entrenched 
position  in  the  economic  life  of  the  nation. 


The  field  for  general  practice,  however, 
has  been  very  considerably  broadened  dur- 
ing the  eight  hundred  odd  years  that  have 
rolled  into  space  since  the  introduction  of 
the  "Domesday  Book,"  in  1066,  and  the 
organization  of  the  Royal  Treasury,  or  Ex- 
chequer, about  a  century  later — from  both 
of  which  sources  we  may  arrive  at  a  very 
fair  appreciation  of  the  status  of  account- 
ancy in  those  days,  and  consequently  of  all 
subsequent  progress. 

Strange  as  it  may  seem,  the  "Duties  and 
Responsibilities  of  Auditors"  were  pretty 
clearly  defined  and  understood  in  England 
almost  four  hundred  years  ago — as  may 
be  gleaned  from  the  "By-Laws"  of  the  Pew- 
terers'  Company  dated  in  1564,  E.  G. — ■ 
"Order  for  the  Awdytours"  : — ■ 

"  Also  it  is  agreed  that  there  shall  be  foure 
awdytours  chosen  every  yeare  to  awdit  the  Crafte 
accompte  and  they  to  paruse  it  and  search  it  that 
it  be  parfect.  And  also  to  acconipt  it,  correct  it, 
and  allowe  it  so  that  they  make  an  ende  of  the 
awdet  thereof  between  Mighelmas  and  Christmas 
yearely  and  if  defaute  be  made  of  ffenishinge 
thereof  before  Christmas  yearely  every  one  of  the 
saide  awdytours  shall  pay  to  the  Crafte  boxe  .  .  . 
a  pece." 

The  extent  to  which  the  contents  of  the 
"Crafte-box"  were  augmented  on  this  oc- 
casion has  not  been  stated,  but  the  general 
tone  of  the  provisions  contained  in  the  "order 
for  the  awdytours"  is  one  with  which  the 
latter  day  practitioner  may  not  be  altogether 
unfamiliar! 

The  foundations  for  much  of  the  sub- 
stantial progress  that  has  since  been  made 
in  the  accounting  art  in  the  British  Isles, 
as  well  as  over  the  world  in  general  in  mod- 
ern times,  were  laid  during  this  period ;  and 
remarkable  as  that  advancement  has  been, 
full  credit  for  the  production  of  the  first 
svstematic  manual  of  instruction  upon  the 
subject  must  not  he  withheld  from  the  Ven- 
erable Italian  Friar,  Luca  Paciolo,  whose 
epoch-marking  book — the  first  to  set  forth 
amply  the  principles  of  the  double-entry 
system  of  accounting — was  published  to- 
wards the  close  of  the  fifteenth  century. 
Although  it  was  alleged  by  contemporary 
writers  that  the  double-entry  system  had 
been  followed  in  Italy  for  upwards  of  two 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


273 


liiiiidred  years  jirevinus  to  tlie  advent  of 
the  Friar's  celelirated  book,  and  even  as  far 
back  as  in  tlie  time  of  Julius  Cassar,  the  fact 
remains  that  the  basis  of  all  sulisequent  de- 
velopment in  every  branch  of  the  science 
was  then  given  in  concrete  form  to  the 
world ;  liringing  us,  as  far  as  the  statement 
and  elaboration  of  principles  are  concerned, 
dinvn  to  the  complexities  of  our  own  essen- 
tiall}'  varied  and  broadened  practice. 

Other  authors  have,  of  course,  in  the  in- 
terim added  substantially  to  the  literature  of 
the  subject,  but  for  generations  afterward, 
their  productions  were  visually  in  the  form 
of  translations,  and  not  infrecjuently  pref- 
aced as  "after  the  form  of  A'enice."  An 
interesting  book  by  one  John  Gough  ap- 
peared about  a  century  later,  entitled  "A 
Profitable  Treatyse  called  the  instrument  or 
boke  to  learn  to  knowe  the  good  order  of  the 
keepyng  of  the  famous  reconyngs  called  in 
Latin  Dare  and  Habere,  in  English  Debit'  r 
and  Creditor." 

John  IMillis  of  Southwark,  another  auth'T 
of  repute,  ]M'inted  a  book  in  whicii  the 
preface  ran  as  follows: — 

"  I  am  but  the  renuer  and  reviver  of  an  auncient 
old  copie,  printed  here  in  London  the  14  of  August 
1543,  collected,  published,  made  and  set  forth  by 
one  Hugh  Oldcastle,  Schoelmaster,  who  by  his 
treatyse  then  taught  Arithmetikc  and  his  boke  in 
Saint  Ollaves  Parish  and  in  Mark  Lane." 

A  Still  later  text-book,  remarkable  for  its 
thoroughness,  was  published  in  London  in 
1547,  entitled  "A  notable  and  very  excellent 
work  expressyng  and  declaryng  the  manner 
and  forme  how  to  kepe  a  boke  of  accomptes 
or  reconynges." 

Accountancy  literature,  always  popular 
with  the  English,  has  undergone  consider- 
able change  since  1547,  and  it  may  be  said 
in  passing,  as  an  illustration  of  the  interest 
that  is  now  taken  in  the  subject,  that  the 
publications  of  the  last  twenty  years,  good, 
bad  and  indifferent,  outnumber  several  times 
the  combined  product  of  all  previous  ages 
in  the  history  of  the  profession. 

Addressing  ourselves  finally  to  the  mod- 
ern practice  of  the  science,  and  to  the  com- 
manding position  that  it  occui)ies  in  the 
economic  life  of  the  nations  of  todav,  little 


can  be  written  that  is  not  perhaps  already 
(|uite  well  known  to  the  majority  of  readers. 
Aside  from  the  radical  advance  in  technique 
that  may  lie  noted  in  the  preparation  of 
financial  documents  and  reports  l)y  qualified 
experts,  demonstrative  of  the  broati  range 
of  professional  training  that  is  now  required, 
and  of  the  high  standards  of  perfection 
to  which  the  science  has  been  brought  within 
recent  years,  there  has  been  developed  by 
the  stupendous  magnitude  of  modern  manu- 
facturing operations,  a  degree  of  efficiency 
in  accounting  procedure,  system  building  and 
cost  finding,  far  in  advance  of  anything- 
that  the  world  has  ever  seen.  Aflequate 
accounting  provision  for  the  conduct  of 
undertakings  demanding  colossal  aggrega- 
tions of  capital  operated  I)y  veritable  armies 
of  office  men,  statistical,  financial  and  cleri- 
cal, enter  daily  into  the  problems  confronting- 
the  accounting  profession  of  our  time. 

So  weighty,  indeed,  have  become  the  re- 
sponsibilities entrusted  to  public  accountants, 
that  within  the  last  quarter  of  a  century, 
legislation  affecting  directly  the  professional 
and  moral  qualifications  of  the  membership, 
has  found  expression  upon  the  statute  books 
of  nearly  every  state  in  the  LTnion,  as  well 
as  in  many  other  parts  of  the  world.  The 
granting  of  the  C.P.A.  degree  in  Massa- 
chusetts nia\'  be  said  to  e.xact  a  high  order 
of  abilit}'  and  integrity  on  the  part  of  the  pro- 
fession, and  the  experience  of  recent  decades 
would  seem  to  justify  fulh'  the  jirecauticnis 
thus  taken. 

The  range  of  service  required  by  the  busi- 
ness public  of  the  present  da}'  is  lioth  exact- 
ing and  broad,  enil)racing  the  solution  of 
questions  upon  matters  of  accounting  pro- 
cedure and  financial  policy,  that  affect  for 
weal  or  for  woe,  the  immediate  guidance  and 
ultimate  security  of  practically  every  con- 
ceivable description  of  business  venture — ■ 
and  the  claim  may  not  be  withheld  that  in 
very  few  of  the  professions,  if  in  any,  is  the 
call  for  cool  judgment,  exact  knowledge,  and 
unswerving  integrity  of  character,  more 
necessary-. 

In  regard  to  the  future,  it  may  be  said 
that  accountancy  as  a  profession,  although  in 
several  respects  still  new  to  the  non-business 


274 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


■world,  may  now  be  looked  upon  as  fairly 
launched  in  the  eyes  of  the  law ;  and  that  the 
prospects  for  expansion  seem  to  be  unlim- 
ited. It  has  been  claimed  that  there  are  up- 
wards of  one  million  separate  concerns,  cor- 
porations, firms  and  individuals  in  business 
in  the  United  States  at  present,  exclusive  of 
the  dominion  and  republics  to  the  north  and 
south  of  us,  and  it  has  been  conservatively 
estimated  by  one  (if  the  foremost  statisti- 
cians in  the  country  that  not  over  ten  per 
cent  of  the  possible  field  for  practice  has  so 
far  been  developed,  notwithstanding  the  fact 
that  commercialism  in  the  broadest  accepta- 


tion of  the  term  is  the  predominant  charac- 
teristic of  the  age. 

The  logic  and  spirit  of  the  times,  however, 
and  the  general  trend  of  indications  point 
steadil}-  to  the  not  distant  day  when  a  de- 
gree of  supervision  over  all  financial  enter- 
prise, public,  corporate  and  private,  more 
searching  and  universal  in  its  a])plication  than 
the  past  has  ever  known,  will  be  the  watch- 
A\ord ;  and  in  the  light  of  the  conditions 
anticipated,  political  and  social,  as  well  as 
economic,  a  future  brilliant  with  promise 
for  the  time-honored  profession  of  account- 
ancy may  well  be  presaged. 


CHESTNUT    HILL    RESERVOIR    AND    DRIVE 


THE    liooK    OF    BOSTON 


275 


KDWIX    L.   PRIDE,    C.i'.A. 

Edwin  L.  l^ride,  treasurer  and  directur  nf 
Edwin  L.  Pride  &  Co.,  Inc.,  Chartered 
]'ul)lic  .\ccciuntants,  wa.-^  born  in  ilexerly, 
Mas.s.,  January  3,  1866,  and  was  educated 
in  the  schools  of  his  native  vhv.  He  is  a 
registered  pharmacist  and  spent  eiglit  \ears 
of  his  early  life  in  the  drug  business.  Three 
years  were  afterwards  devoted  to  the  shoe 
trade,  aiul  then  he  passed  the  rigid  exami- 
nation prescribed  under  the  laws  of  the  state 
of  Massachusetts  and  became  a  I'ublic  .Xc- 
countant.  In  the  twentv-one  vears  that  have 
interxened,  he  has  been  most  successful 
and  numbers  man\-  large  manufacturing 
concerns,  corporaticjus,  banks  and  trust 
companies  among  his  clients,  giving  employ- 
ment to  scores  of  accountants,  who  work 
under  his  personal  su])ervision.  In  addition 
to  his  interest  in  Edwin  L.  Pride  &  Co., 
Inc.,  he  is  a  trustee  of  the  Somerville  Insti- 
tution for  Savings  and  a  directr:r  of 
\\'illis  A.  Pride  &  Co.,  Inc.  He  is  a  thirty- 
second  degree  Mason,  a  Knight  Teni]>lar  and 
Shriner  and  is  a  member  of  the  Chamlier  of 
Commerce  of  Boston,  the  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce of  the  United  States  and  the  Boston 
Athletic  Association.  ]\Ir.  Pride  is  a  direct 
descendant  of  Thomas  Pride,  of  England, 
who  was  one  of  the  signers  of  the  warrant 
to  execute  King  Charles  I.  He  is  a  Repub- 
lican in  ]iolitics,  is  married  and  resides  in 
Somerville.  His  offices  are  at  40  Central 
Street  and  are  especialh'  equi])])ed  for  the 
business  of  accountancy. 

J.    EDWARD    MASTERS,    C.P.A. 

J.  Edward  Masters,  resident  ]3artner  ()f 
the  accounting  firm  of  Price,  \\'aterhouse 
&  Co.,  president  of  the  Certified  Public  .Ac- 
countants of  Massachusetts  and  member  of 
the  Board  of  Examiners  for  the  Registra- 
tion of  Certified  Public  .\ccountants,  was 
born  in  Millville,  Pa..  June  18,  1873,  and 
was  educated  at  the  W'estown  (  Pa. )  Board- 
ing School.  His  early  life  was  spent  with 
various  mercantile  concerns  and  he  entered 
the  accounting  ])rofessi(jn  in  Kjoo  in  Phila- 
del])hia.    He  came  to  Boston  in  Kjoy  to  o])en 


and 
This 

;iti(in 


an  office  for  Price,  \\  aterhouse  &  Co., 
was  admitted  to  i)artnershi])  in  1914. 
firm    has   a   wide   and   creditable   reput, 
and  is  rec(  ignized  as 
one    of  the    largest 
accounting  firms  in 
the    world,    having 
offices  in  all  of  the 
principal    cities    of 
the   United    States, 
]\Ie.xico,  Xorth  and 
South      .America, 
Canada  and  Europe. 
Mr.  Masters  is  a 
member  of  the  Ex- 
change   Club,    Bos- 
ton City  Club,  Brae 
Burn  Country  Club, 
the  Economic  Club, 
the    American    As-         ''  ''''"''°  """""^''■^ 
sociation  of  Pul)lic  Accountants,  and  is  as- 
sociated with  several  church  and  social  clubs 
and  societies.     His  offices  are  at  60  State 
Street. 

EDWIN    SCOTT    MORSE 

Edwin  S.  Morse,  president,  treasurer  and 
director  of  the  Edwin  S.  Morse  Company, 
Inc.,  public  accountants,  was  born  in  .Alna, 
Maine,  November  28,  1850.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Roxbury  Public  Schools,  and 
graduated  fr<im  the  Roxbury  High  School 
in  1868.  From  the  time  of  leaving  school 
until  1892,  he  was  engaged  in  various  lines 
of  commercial  activity,  but  relinquished  this 
work  to  enter  the  field  of  ])ul)lic  accountancy. 
In  the  years  that  have  intervened,  he  has 
been  identified  with  many  important  cases. 
He  was  special  accountant  for  the  original 
Boston  Finance  Commission  in  the  investi- 
gation that  resulted  in  the  present  city 
charter,  and  was  also  accountant  for  the 
Commonwealth  in  the  investigation  of  the 
Charity  Fund  collected  by  the  Lawrence 
strikers.  Mr.  Morse  comes  of  old  New 
England  ancestry,  being  descended  from  one 
of  the  five  Mor.se  brothers  who  came  to 
America  in  1635  and  settled  at  Newburv, 
Mass.  One  of  his  ancestors  built  the  fir.st 
frame  house  in  Bath.  Maine,  and  his  pater- 


276 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


nal  grandfather  was  in  command  at  Wis- 
casset,  in  the  War  of  1812.  In  addition  to 
his  accountancy  interests,  Mr.  Morse  is  sec- 


EDWIN     S.    MORSE 


retary,  treasurer  and  director  of  the  Trans- 
cript Press,  Inc.,  of  Dedham,  Mass.,  pub- 
lishers of  the  Dedham  Transcript;  presi- 
dent and  trustee  of  the  Highland  Co. ;  and 
director  of  the  N.  Curtis  Fletcher  Co.,  Inc. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Dedham  Historical 
Society,  the  Men's  Club,  Business  Associa- 
tion and  Board  of  Trade,  Dedham  Improve- 
ment League,  Norfolk  Golf  Club,  Dedham 
Boat  Club,  Society  for  Apprehending  Horse 
Thieves,  clerk  of  the  First  Congregational 
Church,  all  of  Dedham,  where  he  resides, 
and  a  member  of  the  Toy  Town  Golf  Club, 
Winchendon,  Mass.  He  was  chairman  of 
the  Republican  Town  Committee  of  Ded- 
ham for  several  years,  and  a  member  of  the 
Republican  State  Committee  for  three  years. 
His  offices  are  in  the  Tremont  Building. 

ORLANDO  C.  MOYER,  C.P.A. 
Orlando   C.    Moyer,    certified    public   ac- 
countant,   who    is    senior    member    of    the 
Moyer  &  Briggs  firm,  with  offices  in  the  Old 
South  Building,  was  born  July  3,  1873,  in 


Berks  County,  Pa.  He  attended  the  public 
and  high  schools,  the  State  Normal  School 
at  Kutztown,  Pa.,  and  afterwards  took  the 
teachers'  course  at  the  LTniversity  of  Penn- 
sylvania and  New  York  University.  He 
taught  in  the  high  school  in  Chester,  Pa., 
for  six  years  and  organized  a  commercial 
department  there.  He  also  performed  the 
same  work  in  the  Atlantic  City,  N.  J.,  high 
school.  He  took  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of 
Commercial  Science  in  the  School  of  Com- 
merce, Accountants  and  Finance  of  the  New 
York  University,  graduating  siDinna  citin 
laudc,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Delta  Mu 
Delta  Society.  He  was  for  a  time  instructor 
in  that  institution,  and  then  went  to  Sim- 
mons College  as  assistant  professor  in  the 
Secretarial  Department.  He  came  to  Boston 
in  1905,  after  having  served  an  apprentice- 
ship with  a  leading  firm  of  accountants  in 
New  York  City,  and  began  practice  alone. 
After  taking  his  C.P.A.  degree  in  1910  he 
organized  the  present  firm,  which  is  engaged 


ORLANDO    C.    MOYER 


in  general  accounting  work  with  special  em- 
phasis on  constructive  accounting  and  manu- 
facturing costs.     Mr.  Moyer  is  a  Fellow  of 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


277 


the  Certified  Public  Accountants  of  Massa- 
chusetts, Inc.,  and  a  Fellow  of  the  Ameri- 
can Association  of  Public  Accountants. 
Since  becoming-  a  resident  of  Boston,  he 
organized  the  School  of  Commerce,  Ac- 
countants and  Finance  at  the  Y.  M.  C.  A., 
and  is  at  the  present  time  senior  professor  in 
the  department  of  business  administration 
at  the  Boston  L'niversity. 

MOLLIS  H.   SAWYER,  C.P.A. 
Ilollis  H.  Sawyer,  of  the  firm  of  Ilollis 
H.  Sawyer  &  Co.,  Certified  Public  Account- 
ants, was  born  at  Charlestown,  Alass.,  June 

12,  1863,  and  was 
e  d  u  c  a  t  e  (1  at  the 
^  harlestown  High 
.School  and  Comers 
Business  College. 
Air.  Sawyer  was 
connected  with  sev- 
eral large  commer- 
cial houses,  his  last 
connection  Ijeing 
with  Swift  &  Co. 
I'or  this  concern 
lie  organized  and 
managed,  with  the 
assistance  of  a 
large  stat¥,  branch 
house  departments 
of  auditing,  credits  and  supplies  covering 
over  135  branches  and  allied  corporations 
east  of  Buffalo.  Pie  began  lousiness  for 
himself  August  i,  1903,  and  has  since 
handled  some  of  the  largest  assignments  out 
of  Massachusetts.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Boston  Athletic  Association,  Brae  Bum 
Country  Club,  Certified  Public  Accountants 
of  Boston,  American  Association  of  Public 
Accountants,  Sons  of  the  American  Revo- 
lution and  the  IVIasonic  Fraternity. 

GEORGE  LYALL,  C.P.A. 
George  Lyall,  one  of  the  best  known  ac- 
countants in  the  city,  was  born  in  Paislev, 
Scotland,  December  11,  1853,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Pictou  .\cadcmy,  Pictou,  Nova 
Scotia,  graduating  in  1868.     Cpon  finishing 


his  academical  course,  he  entered  the  employ 
of  one  of  the  oldest  and  largest  shipping 
and  marine  insurance  firms  in  Pictou,  and 


MOLLIS    H.    SAWYER 


GEORGE    LYALL 

during  the  sixteen  years  he  retained  this 
connection,  gained  a  practical  knowledge  of 
accountancy  that  was  of  great  benefit  to  him 
when  he  came  to  Boston  in  1885.  LTpon 
arrival  here  he  became  head  bookkeeper  and 
financial  man  for  several  large  concerns  in 
])OSton  and  vicinity,  and  after  working 
along  these  lines  for  a  number  of  years, 
took  up  the  practice  of  public  accounting 
in  1905.  Mr.  Lyall  has  been  very  success- 
ful and  has  a  large  clientele.  He  is  secre- 
tary of  the  Certified  Public  Accountants  of 
Massachusetts,  Inc.,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
Boston  City  Clulj,  the  Victorian  Club,  the 
Scots  Charitalile  Society,  the  Boston  Scot- 
tish Societ}-,  of  which  he  is  president,  and 
is  a  Fellow  of  the  American  Association  of 
Pul)Iic  Accountants  and  the  Certified  Public 
Accountants  of  Massachusetts,  Inc.  Lie  is 
a  Mason  and  holds  membership  in  the  Hugh 
de  Payens  (^)nimandery  at  Melrose.  While 
a  resident  of  Pictou,  he  served  as  Alderman 
of  that  city  during  the  years  of  1883  '^'"1 


27S 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTOX 


1884.  and  was  Census  Commissioner  of 
Pictou  County  in  1881.  His  offices  are  at 
79  Milk  Street,  and  he  resides  at  Melrose, 
Mass. 

AUGUSTUS   NICKERSON.   C.P.A. 

Augustus  Nickerson,  Certified  Public  Ac- 
countant, who  has  a  large  clientele  among 
commercial  concerns,   was  born  in  Boston, 

July  30,  i860.  He 
graduated  from  the 
English  High 
School  in  1877,  ^"^1 
after  a  post-grad- 
uate course  he  en- 
tered the  employ  of 
Thomas  Dana  & 
Co.,  wholesale  gro- 
cers, subsequently 
becoming  associ- 
ated with  F.  Nick- 
erson &  Co.,  sailing 
and  steamship  own- 
ers and  general 
merchants,  a  n  d 
treasurer  of  the 
Boston  &  Savannah  Steam.ship  Co.,  until 
1886.  Mr.  Nickerson  began  jjractice  as  a 
public  accountant  in  1893.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Certified  Public  Accountants  of 
Massachusetts  and  the  American  Society  of 
Public  Accountants,  and  has  for  two  vears 
served  on  the  E.xamining  Board  for  Certi- 
fied Public  Accountants.  Mr.  Nickerson  is 
descended  from  William  Nickerson,  who 
located  in  Chatham  in  1630,  and  Elder 
Brewster,  who  came  over  in  the  "May- 
flower." He  holds  membership  in  the  So- 
ciety of  Mayflower  Descendants.  His  of- 
fices are  at  60  Congress  Street. 


AUGUSTUS    NICKERSON 


To  the  north  of  Boston,  and  hing  parth- 
in  the  towns  of  Winchester,  Stoneham  and 
Melrose,  and  the  cities  of  Maiden  and  Med- 
ford,  is  the  Middlesex  Fells,  a  high  wooded 
plateau,  and  containing  in  its  thirty-two 
hundred  acres  some  of  the  most  beautiful 
scenery  in  New  England.  It  is  under 
the  supervision  of  the  ^Metropolitan  Park 
System. 


HENRY    A.    PIPER 


HENRY   A.   PIPER,   C.P.A. 

Henry  A.  Piper,  who  is  unquestionably 
the  dean  of  the  accounting  profession  of 
Boston,  was  Ijorn  at  Alarlboro,  Alass., 
Decemlier  29,  1836, 
and  was  educated 
in  Boston.  As  a 
boy  he  entered  the 
employ  of  Button, 
Richardson  &  Co., 
29  and  31  Federal 
Street,  in  1852,] 
antl  began  the  Inisi- 
ness  of  public  ac- 
counting  at  40 
Water  Street  in 
1879,  removing  to 
the  Old  South 
Building  in  1904. 
Mr.  Piper  was  at 
one  time  chairman 
of  the  Examining  Board  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts C.P.A.  Mr.  Piper  is  of  old  New 
England  ancestry.  His  great-grandfather, 
Walter  Piper,  a  rigger,  resided  in  Newbury- 
])ort  and  came  to  Boston  to  rig  the  frigate 
"Constitution." 


TRUMAN    G.    EDWARDS 

Truman  G.  Edwards,  senior  member  of 
the  firm  of  Truman  G.  Edwards  &  Son, 
public  accountants,  was  born  in  Worcester, 
Mass.,  June  14,  185 1.  After  receiving  an 
education  in  public  and  private  schools  he 
entered  the  employ  of  the  Bank  of  the 
Metro]X)lis  and  after  five  ■s'ears  of  service 
with  that  institution  was  with  the  National 
Bank  of  Redemption  for  twent)--nine  \'ears. 
He  adopted  the  profession  of  accountancy 
thirteen  years  ago,  and  his  long  years  of 
training  with  financial  institutions  led  him 
to  specialize  in  the  examination  antl  audit 
of  banks  and  trust  companies,  and  he  num- 
bers many  such  among  his  clients.  The 
firm's  business  extends  throughout  New 
England,  and  Mr.  Edwards  acts  as  auditor 
for  niau}^  cotton  mills.  His  office  is  in  the 
Old  South  Building. 


TIIK    ROOK    OF    ROSTOX 


270 


CHARLES    E.    ST.WWool^ 

Charles  E.  Stainviiod.  wlm  is  known  to 
all  the  corporate  interests  of  New  England 
h\-   reason   of   his   etihciencv   and    thorou!:;"h- 


CHAKI.KS     I-.    STANWOOD 


ness  along  accountancy  lines,  and  who  is 
vitally  interested  in  State  politics  and  in  the 
government  of  the  town  of  Needham,  where 
he  resides,  was  born  in  St.  Albans,  Maine, 
February  19,  1863.  Fie  was  educated  at  the 
Revere  grammar  school.  Revere,  the  New- 
burxport  Fligh  School  and  French's  Com- 
mercial College.  IJoston.  .\fter  comjileting 
his  course  at  the  latter  institution  he  becaiue 
bookkeei)er  for  alcailing  house  and  remained 
in  that  position  from  1881  until  i8():;. 
when  he  commenced  practice  as  a  public 
accountant.  The  thorough  manner  in  which 
he  executeil  the  business  of  his  clients  and 
the  personal  attention  he  gave  to  every  detail 
of  his  profession  attracted  the  attention  of 
large  corporate  interests,  and  in  a  short  time 
he  was  fairly  deluged  with  requests  for  his 
services  and  found  it  necessary  to  em]iloy  a 
large  corps  of  able  assistants.  ]\Ir.  Stan- 
wood  is  at  the  present  time  engaged  in  every 
phase  of  accountancy  work,  but  the  major 


]iorti(jn  of  his  efforts  is  directed  to  the  au- 
diting of  accounts  and  in  untangling  ilie  in- 
tricate financial  ])roblems  that  frequently 
arise  in  the  conduct  of  ])ublic  service  cor- 
porations, nuniicipalities  and  manufacturing 
companies.  He  has  one  of  the  most  efficient 
equipments  in  the  countrv  at  jS  Devonshire 
Street,  where  he  occupies  nearly  the  entire 
fourth  floor.  Flere  a  staff  of  twent\'  ac- 
countants and  a  half  dozen  stenographers  or 
typists  are  bus\-  preparing  statements,  from 
data  constantly  being  secured,  and  formu- 
lating reports  that  will  show  at  a  glance  the 
cost  of  production  and  the  actual  profit  the 
manufacturer  or  merchant  is  making.  Mr. 
Stanwood  is  a  Republican  in  politics  and 
was  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  House 
of  Representatives  in  k)  14-191 5.  He  has 
been  Town  Treasurer  of  Xeedliam  since 
1905.  ser\e<!  as  Selectman  and  ( Jverseer  of 
the  Poor  for  several  }'ears.  was  a  member 
of  the  Board  of  Health,  and  also  Town 
-Auditor  during  1889  and  1890.  He  is 
])resident  of  the  Needham  Real  Estate  As- 
sociates, ex-president  of  the  I'oard  of 
Trade,  treasurer  and  trustee  (jf  the  Glover 
Home  and  Hospital  of  Xeedhaiu.  treasurer 
and  director  of  the  Blanking  Machine  Co., 
treasurer  and  tlirector  of  the  Embden  Camji 
Company  and  the  Deerfield  Conipanx',  and 
secretarx'  and  director  <d'  the  Boston  Indus- 
trial Co.  He  is  a  luember  of  the  Needham 
Heights  \'illage,  the  W'ellesley  Country  and 
the  Bo.ston  Press  Clubs,  the  National  Elec- 
tric Fight  Association,  the  Xorfolk  Count\- 
Re])ubhcan  Club,  the  Massachusetts  Repuli- 
lican  Club  and  the  Chamljer  of  Comnierce 
of  ]')oston,  meiuber  of  the  Xeedham  Rod 
:uid  (hm  Club,  Xeedham  Republican  Club, 
and  the  Iunl)den  Rod  and  (iun  I'lul),  b'mb- 
den,  ALaine.  He  also  holds  meiubershi])  in 
the  Odd  Fellows  and  the  Masonic  fraternit\', 
being  Past  ^faster  of  Xorfolk  Lodge,  a 
Knight  Templar  and  a  Shriner.  His  serv- 
ices to  the  l\epul>lican  jiarty  ha\'e  been  rec- 
ognized b\'  re])eated  recpiests  to  lieconie  a 
.Senatorial  candidate  in  the  district  where  he 
resides.  Mr.  Stanwood  comes  of  old  New 
England  ancestrx',  his  forbears,  who  settled 
in  (doucester,  Mass.,  in   1652,  being  prom- 


280 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


inent  in  Colonial  afifairs.  He  is  married  and 
is  the  father  of  five  sons  and  one  daughter, 
three  of  the  boys,  Harold  E.,  Francis  J., 
and  Augustus  T.,  being  associated  with  him 
in  business,  while  the  two  younger  sons  are 
at  college,  where  they  have  made  special 
records  in  study  and  athletic  events.  The 
daughter  is  also  a  student  at  a  Boston  insti- 
tution of  learning. 

ASA  E.  CHANDLER 

Asa  E.  Chandler,  certified  public  ac- 
countant, was  born  at  Duxljury,  Mass.,  No- 
vember   I,    1862,   was  graduated    from   the 

Partridge  Academy 
in  1880  and  in  the 
same  year  became 
associated  with  the 
Hall  Rubber  Co., 
ten  years  later  he 
became  a  public  ac- 
c  o  u  n  t  a  n  t ,  now 
being  a  Fellow  of 
the  Certified  Pub- 
lic Accountants  of 
Massachusetts,  Inc., 
and  of  the  Ameri- 
can Association  of 
Public  Account- 
ants. Air.  Chandler 
comes  of  old  New 
England  ancestry,  being  directly  descended 
from  the  well-known  Adams  familv.     He  is 


ASA    E.    CHANDLER 


a  member  of  the  Mount  Vernon  Lodge  of 
Masons  of  Maiden,  Mass. 

Mr.  Chandler's  ot^ces  are  at  19  Milk 
Street  and  his  residence  is  in  Maiden. 

W.  CHESTER  GRAY,  C.P.A. 

W.  Chester  Gray,  certified  public  ac- 
countant, was  born  in  Boston,  June  22, 
1876,  and  was  educated  in  the  public  schools 

and     the     evening  

high  school,  which 
was  supplemented 
by  courses  in  en- 
gineering law,  ac- 
count a  n  c  y  and 
finance  at  the  Bos- 
ton Y.  M.  C.  A.  and 
:\I.  N.  T.  S.  He 
was  associated  with 
Harvey  S.  Chase 
&  Co.,  and  other 
leading  accountants 
of  the  city  prior  to 
practicing  for  him- 
self, and  was  for  a 
time  one  of  the 
faculty  of  the  College  of  Business  Adminis- 
tration of  the  Boston  University.  Mr. 
Gray  is  a  Fellow  of  the  American  Society 
of  Public  Accountants  and  the  Certified 
Public  Accountants  of  Massachusetts,  Inc. 
During  the  Spanish-American  war  he  was 
quartermaster  in  the  navy.  His  office  is  at 
68  Devonshire  Street. 


W.  CHESTER  GRAY 


HARVARD  SQUARE,  CAMBRIDGE,  SHOWING  THE  SUBWAY  TERMINAL  FROM  THE  HARVARD  GATE 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


281 


GUSTAVUS    H.    SPARROW 


(;USTA\'US   H.   Sl'ARROW.   C.P.A. 

Gustavus  H.  Sparrow,  Certitieel  Pulilic  Ac- 
countant, was  born  in  Chatham,  Mass.,  Oc- 
tober   H),    1S76,    and   was    echicated    in    the 

l)vil)iic  schools  of 
C'iielsea.  After 
completing  his 
schooling"  he  was 
f ( ir  seven  years  in 
the  employ  of  the 
White  Bros.  Manu- 
facturing Co.,  and 
served  a  like  peri<Kl 
with  the  I'^astern 
Audit  Co.,  Boston. 
J  le  took  and  passed 
the  first  C.P.A.  ex- 
amination held  in 
Massachusetts,  and 
has  since  that  time 
practiced  his  profession  at  89  State  Street. 
Mr.  Sparrow's  grandfathers  on  both  sides 
were  sea  captains  and  natives  of  Chatham, 
the  paternal  forbear  being  captain  of  the 
first  steamship  to  sail  from  Boston  around 
Cape  Horn  to  San  Francisco,  while  his 
great-grandfather  was  formerly  lighthouse 
keeper  at  Chatham. 

WM.  FRANKLIN  HALL,  C.P.A. 

Win.  Franklin  ILall,  who  is  one  of  the 
oldest  certified  public  accountants  in  the 
cit\',  was  born  in  Charlestown.  He  received 
a  sound  preparatorv  schooling  and  after- 
wards took  up  the  study  of  bookkeeping  and 
accountancy,  final! v  (jualifying  under  the 
laws  of  the  State  as  a  Certified  Public  Ac- 
countant. 

Mr.  Hall's  offices  are  in  the  Exchange 
Building,  53  State  Street.  He  makes  a 
specialty  of  accountancy  in  all  its  branches, 
giving  careful  attention  to  examinations  and 
investigations  and  the  designing  of  special 
forms  for  books  of  accounts. 

He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Certified  Public 
Accountants  of  Massachusetts,  Inc.,  and  the 
American  Association  of  Public  Account- 
ants. 


GIDEON   M.   MANSFIELD,   C.P.A. 

Gideon  M.  Mansfield  was  born  in  Salem, 
^lass.,  November  10,  1853,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Dwight  School,  English  High 
School  and  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of 
Technology.  Upon  the  completion  (jf  his 
schooling  he  entered  the  employment  of 
Hayden,  Guardenier  &  Co.,  changing  in 
succession  to  Robert  B.  Storer  &  Co.,  Train, 
Hosford  &  Co.,  and  Train,  Smith  &  Co.  In 
the  twenty-six  years  he  remained  with  these 
firms  he  rose  from  office  boy  to  Ijookkeeper 
and  finallv  to  office  manager.  Afterwards 
he  decitled  t<:)  adopt  the  jjrofession  of  ac- 
countancy and  later  passed  the  first  State 
examination  and  became  a  Certified  Public 
Accountant  of  Massachusetts.  Mr.  Mans- 
field is  a  Fellow  of  the  Certified  Public  Ac- 
countants of  Massachusetts,  Incorporated, 
and  also  a  Fellow  of  the  American  Associa- 
tion of  Public  Accountants,  and  the  Sons 
of  the  American  Revolution.  He  is  a  great- 
grandson  of  Dr.  Elisha  Story,  who  was  a 
member  of  the  Boston  Tea  Party  and  who 
fought  at  Bunker  LI  ill  and  Lexington.  His 
office  is  at  201  Devonshire  Street,  Boston 
Safe  Deposit  and  Trust  Co.  Building. 

JAMES  D.  GLUNTS,  C.P.A. 

Born  in  1881,  James  D.  Glunts  came  here 
as  a  boy.  He  attended  the  public  schools, 
sold  newspapers  while  stuilying.  and  entered 
business  for  himself  Ijefore  he  was  twenty 
vears  of  age.  Through  a  lack  of  funds  he 
was  unsuccessful  but  gained  valuable  ex- 
])erience,  which  was  of  great  benefit  later 
in  his  career.  He  Ijecame  associated  with 
one  of  the  biggest  financial  men  in  Boston 
and  advanced  to  a  position  of  great  responsi- 
bilitv.  He  resigned  his  connection  in  1905 
to  enter  the  New  ^'ork  University,  where 
he  completed  a  three  years'  course  in  two, 
and  graduated  in  1907  with  the  degree  of 
l').C.S.  While  a  student  at  the  L^niversity 
he  was  connected  with  one  of  the  large  banks 
of  New  York  City,  afterwards  joining  the 
.staff  of  Haskins  &  Sells,  of  New  York  and 
London,  the  largest  public  accounting  firm 
in  this  country.  This  connection  lasted  until 
the  fall  of  1909,  when  he  resigned  to  open 


282 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


an  office  in  Boston  for  the  general  practice 
of  accountancy,  under  the  firm  name  of 
James  D.  Gkmts  &  Co.,  meeting  with  over- 


r 

1 

-  - 1 

^^^^^^H 
^^^^T 

D 

^^H 

ij^ 

''■'t«^^H^^^H 

r^lHHHi 

JAMES    D.    GLUNTS 

whelming  success  from  the  very  start.  He 
has  been  entrusted  with  many  important  in- 
vestigations within  the  past  few  years,  and 
is  conceded  to  be  one  of  the  coming  lead- 
ing expert  accountants  in  the  State.     Mr. 


Glunts  is  a  certified  puljfic  accountant  under 
the  laws  of  the  State  of  ^Massachusetts  as 
well  as  the  State  of  New  York,  an  honor 
held  by  very  few  accountants  here,  and  is 
recognized  as  maintaining  the  highest  ideals 
of  the  accountancy  profession.  He  is  a 
Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Certified  Public 
Accountants  of  Massachusetts,  Inc.,  and  of 
the  American  Association  of  Public  Ac- 
countants. He  represented  the  Massachu- 
setts society  as  a  delegate  to  the  convention 
of  the  American  Association  of  Public  Ac- 
countants, held  at  Seattle,  Washington,  in 
September,  191 5.  He  is  a  member  of 
Shawmut  Lodge,  A.  F.  &  A.  M.,  the  Eco- 
nomic Club  of  Boston,  and  various  char- 
itable organizations.  His  offices  are  at  35 
Congress  Street. 


The  contribution  of  rubber  to  present  day 
civilization  has  been  much  greater  than  ap- 
pears at  first  thought.  A  world  without  rub- 
ber would  be  a  world  of  noise  and  suffering. 
Rubber  enters  into  many  articles  of  apparel, 
of  hospital  use,  of  laboratory  use,  and  of 
electrical  use.  Without  rubber  autos  would 
be  almost  unknown,  even  walking  would  be 
a  hardship  to  hundreds  of  thousands  of 
people  who  depend  on  rubber  heels.  There 
are  many  firms  in  Boston  devoting  them- 
selves to  this  rapidly  increasing  business. 


CANOEING    ON    THE    CHARLES    RIVER    NEAR    WALTHAM 


THE 
BOOK  OF  BOSTON 


Fifty    Years'   Recollections  of  the   New  England  Metropolis 


CHAPTER    X\1I 


MEDICINE  AND  SURGERY 


Eminent  I'hysicians  and  Surgeons  of  Boston's  Past  and  Present — The 

Hospitals  and  the  Schools 


OSTON  has  a  great  and 
linnoraljle  place  in  the  his- 
tory of  medicine  and  sur- 
gery in  America.  Two  of 
the  greatest  adxaiices  in 
modern  niecHcal  and  surgi- 
cal science  are  identified  with  the  name  of 
this  city.  Other  contrilnitions  of  immense 
value  have  also  been  made  through  the 
researches  of  Boston  phvsicians. 

I-'rom  the  earliest  days  the  healing  art 
has  been  represented  bv  men  of  the  highest 
standing  in  the  community.  Instead  of  be- 
ing handicapped  by  considerations  of  social 
and  class  prejudice,  as  in  the  mother  coun- 
try, physicians  and  surgeons  have  here  been 
honored  by  virtue  of  their  calling,  which 
in  America  has  ah\ays  been  regarded  as  one 
of  the  three  great  professions. 

In  our  New  England  beginnings  the 
"doctor"  ranked  with  the  minister  as  a  lead- 
ing man  in  the  community,  and  was  cor- 
respondingly active  in  ])ublic  aiifairs — a 
tradition  that  has  always  persisted.  In  the 
provincial  Congress  of  Massachusetts  Bay, 
in  1 774- 1 775,  there  were  twenty-two  doc- 
tors, representing  as  many  different  locali- 
ties. No  person  is  more  highly  ranked  in 
this  community  Ijy  virtue  of  his  vocation 
than  is  a  doctor  of  medicine  or  surgery. 

The  first  practicing  ])h)'sician  in  New- 
England  was  one  of  the  Pilgrims  of  Plym- 
outh, Dr.  Sanuiel  Puller,  whose  nuiuerous 
descendants  thereby  trace  their  ancestry 
back  to  the  "Ma\fi(nver."  Dr.  Fuller  had  a 
wide  range  of  ])ractice  in  the  two  colonies; 
it  is  recorded  that  in  iC\y)  he  was  called  to 


patients  living  as  far  away  as  Salem  and 
Charlestown.  The  first  resident  doctor  in 
Boston  was  William  Gager,  who  was  set- 
tled here  in  1630.  ( )ther  early  ones 
were  Giles  Fairman  (1634),  James  Oliver 
(1640),  and  John  Clark,  Sr.  John  Win- 
throp,  Jr.,  who  became  the  first  governor  of 
Connecticut,  was  trained  in  medicine  and 
two  of  the  earlier  presidents  of  Harvard 
College,  John  Rogers  and  Leonard  Hoar, 
were  physicians. 

The  state  of  medicine  in  Winthrop's  day 
mav  be  inferred  from  a  recipe  sent  to  Win- 
throp  in  1656  b}'  Sir  Kenelm  Digby  as 
"good  for  all  sorts  of  ulcers  and  mending 
suddenly  broken  bone."  It  consisted  of  one 
ounce  of  powdered  crab's  eyes  dissolved  in 
four  ounces  of  strong  vinegar  (taste  "like 
dead  beere  without  any  sharpness").  The 
first  surgeon  was  Robert  Morley,  "barber- 
surgeon,"  who  in  England  had  been  servant 
to  a  physician.  It  is  notable  that  the  first 
woman  to  practice  medicine  was  Margaret 
Jones,  "physician  and  doctress," — also  the 
first  person  to  be  executed  for  witchcraft ! 

The  early  eighteenth  century  was  distin- 
guished in  Boston  by  an  event  of  trans- 
cendant  importance — the  first  of  the  two 
great  advances  aforementioned.  Curiously 
enough,  in  the  period  of  popular  agitation 
that  attended  this  occurrence,  the  Rev.  Cot- 
ton Mather,  \\hii  had  been  identified  with 
superstitiim  ,-ind  intolerance,  here  took  the 
part  of  liberalism,  while  on  the  other  hand, 
lienjamin  Franklin,  in  the  most  active  phase 
of  his  youtliful  life  in  i'xistniL  led  as  a  cham- 
piiin    of    ignorance    and    popular   jircjudice. 


284 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


The  matter  in  question  was  the  first  great 
step  in  dealing  with  the  terrible  scourge  of 
smallpox,  which,  in  those  days,  afflicted 
sixty  per  cent,  of  the  population  and  caused 
ten  per  cent,  of  all  deaths  from  disease. 

An  adventurous  young  Scotch  doctor, 
William  Douglass,  born  in  1690,  had,  after 
living  in  the  West  Indies,  turned  up  in  Bos- 
ton in  1 718.  He  had  brought  a  letter  to 
Cotton  Mather ;  when  he  delivered  it  he  lent 
to  the  clergyman  a  collection  of  recent  scien- 
tific papers  that  had  appeared  in  London. 
Mather,  scholar  that  he  was,  looked  these 
over  with  much  interest,  and  was  particu- 
larly impressed  l\v  a  copy  of  the  famous 
paper  by  Timonius  on  "Turkish  Inocula- 
tion." This  epochal  document,  written  by 
Dr.  Emanuel  Timoni  Alspeek,  who  had 
studied  at  Oxford  and  at  Padua  and  had 
travelled  in  the  Orient,  described  the  Turk- 
ish method  of  inoculating  artificially  for 
smallpox,  observing  that  persons  thus  in- 
oculated with  virus  from  a  person  suffering 
from  the  disease  commonly  had  a  lighter 
form  of  the  malady.  This  paper  had  been 
published  in  171 7  and  practically  no  atten- 
tion had  been  given  it.  At  that  time  Boston 
was  suffering  from  a  severe  epidemic  of 
smallpox  and  Mather  became  interested  to 
see  the  method  described  practically  tested. 
He  tried  to  persuade  the  young  Scotchman 
to  undertake  the  experiment,  but  Douglass 
declared  the  risk  too  great  and  indignantly 
refused.  Mather  determined  that  it  be  tried, 
whereupon  Douglass,  able,  brilliant  and 
irascible,  stirred  up  the  great  body  of  resi- 
dent doctors  in  opposition.  Popular  excite- 
ment followed,  and  the  adolescent  Franklin 
led  a  press  campaign  against  the  proposition 
in  language  virulently  denunciatory.  Ef- 
forts to  secure  legislative  prohibition  of  the 
attempt  nearly  succeeded,  and  the  populace 
was  stirred  to  mob  violence.  Mather  at  last 
succeeded  in  interesting  Dr.  Zabdiel  Boyls- 
ton  of  Brookline  in  the  idea.  Zabdiel 
Boylston  was  a  son  of  Dr.  Thomas  B. 
Boylston,  an  Oxford  graduate  settled  in 
Brookline  in  1635,  where  the  son  was  born 
in  1684.  Dr.  Roby  of  Cambridge  and  Dr. 
Thompson  of  Roxbury  also  joined  the  cour- 


ageous minority  in  advocacy  of  inoculation. 
Dr.  Boylston,  after  inoculating  his  own  son, 
a  bo}-  of  thirteen  years,  induced  his  nephew, 
a  Roxbury  clergyman  named  Walter,  to 
suljmit  to  treatment.  By  this  time  night 
riots  were  stirred  vip  and  bombs  were 
thrown.  Cotton  Mather's  house,  where 
Walter  was  under  treatment,  was  attacked 
and  a  lighted  bomb  was  thrown  into 
Walter's  room.  The  fuse  broke  and  no 
harm  was  done.  W^ith  the  bomb  went  a 
written  message : 

"Cotton  Mather  I  was  once  of  your  meet- 
ing but  the  cursed  lye  you  told  of  —  You 
know  who,  made  me  leave  you,  you  dog. 
And  damn  you  I  will  enoculate  you  with 
this — with  a  pox  to  you." 

Walter  had  been  successfully  inoculated 
on  June  2"],  \y2i.  In  the  first  year  two 
hundred  and  eightv-six  persons  were  inocu- 
lated and  six  of  the  number  died, — one  in 
forty-eight.  So  great  was  the  popular  dread 
of  the  disease  that,  after  so  convincing  a 
demonstration  of  the  effectiveness  of  the 
method,  there  was  a  general  desire  to  secure 
immunity  in  that  way.  The  doctors  aban- 
doned their  opposition  and  Douglass  even 
attempted  to  make  it  appear  that,  in  being 
instrumental  in  calling  Mather's  attention  to 
the  subject,  he  himself  was  the  true  and 
original  jir^phet  in  the  case!  By  a  coin- 
cidence, attention  in  London  had  been 
drawn  to  the  subject  at  about  the  same  time, 
and  something  like  six  weeks  before  the  in- 
oculation of  Walter,  Lady  Mary  Montague 
had  been  inoculated  by  Maitland.  Bojlston 
was  deservedly  honored  for  his  work,  and 
achieved  high  standing  in  his  profession. 
A'isiting  London,  he  was  handsomely  re- 
ceived by  King  George  I,  who  made  him  a 
present  of  a  thousand  guineas.  Walter  was 
made  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society,  the 
first  American  to  be  thus  honored. 

In  the  Revolutionar_y  period  nearly  all  the 
Boston  doctors  were  identified  with  the 
])atriot  cause,  serving  A\ith  the  Continental 
army.  There  were  only  a  few  Tory  doctors. 
Among  the  members  of  the  Provincial  Con- 
gress were  Benjamin  Church  of  Boston, 
Isaac  Foster  of  Charlestown,  Joseph  War- 


THE    BOOK    OP'    BOSTON 


285 


ren  of  R()xl)urv  and  liis  lirothcr  Jcihn, 
twelve  years  younger,  then  ])ractising  in 
Salem.  Church  rose  to  Ije  head  of  the  medi- 
cal corps  in  the  army  and  was  made 
surgeon  general.  He  was  leader  uf  his  ])ro- 
fession  in  Boston,  with  a  large  practice.  His 
fame  was  blotted,  for  he  was  detected  in 
corresponding  with  the  enemy  in  cipher. 
He  made  an  able  defence,  but  the  evidence 
was  strong  against  him.  He  was  dealt  with 
leniently. 

The   war  was    practically    o\er    in    1781 
when  two  important  events  occurred  :  the  in- 


two  thousand  pnunds,  of  which  one  thou- 
sand was  bequeathed  by  Dr.  ]''.zekiel  Hersey 
of  Hingham,  live  hundred  bv  Mrs.  Hersey, 
and  hve  hundred  by  Dr.  Abner  Hersey  a 
l)riither  of  Dr.  ]-".zekiel  Hersey.  Dr.  Warren 
was  made  professor  of  anatomy  and  sur- 
gery; Dr.  Benjamin  \\'aterhouse,  of  the 
Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine  ;  Dr.  Aaron 
De.xter,  of  chemistry  and  Materia  Medica. 
Dr.  Waterhouse  was  the  first  to  introduce 
vaccination  in  America. 

Dr.    Warren   was   the   first   of    a   distin- 
guished line  in  his  profession :  His  son  was 


MASS.'VCHUSETTS    GENERAL    HOSPITAL,    CORNER    OF    BLOSSOM    AND    ALLEN    STREETS 


corporation  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical 
Societ}'  on  November  i,  and  of  the  Harvard 
Medical  School  in  the  same  year.  The  soci- 
ety was  authorized  to  grant  certificates  of 
competence,  but  was  not  permitted  to  confer 
degrees. 

Dr.  John  \\'arren,  the  lirilliant  young 
brother  of  Dr.  Joseph  Warren,  had  been  in 
charge  of  the  .\rmy  Hospital  that  had  been 
established  at  the  \\'est  ]^nd,  not  far  from 
where  the  Massachusetts  General  Hc«pital 
now  stands.  His  lectures  on  anati>ni\-,  given 
at  the  hiispital,  were  largeh'  attended. 
When  the  Medical  Schcinl  was  established 
it  started  with  endowments   amountin"-  to 


John  Collins  Warren  (177S-1856),  father 
to  Mason  Warren  (1S11-1867),  who  in 
turn  was  father  to  the  present  J.  Collins 
Warren  (1842).  The  fir.st  John  Collins 
Warren  was  associated  w'ith  Doctors  Jack- 
son, Gorham,  Jacob  Bigelow,  and  Channing 
in  estaljlishing  the  Massachusetts  General 
Hospital  in  181  i.  He  also  established  the 
Xcz^'  Eiiijlaiul  (niiw  the  Boston)  Journal 
of  Mciliciiw  anil  Surgery,  and  founded  the 
\\'arren  Museum  of  Comi)arative  Anatomy 
and  i'al;eontolog\'  (jn  Chestnut  Street.  He 
was  devoted  to  the  stud\-  nf  comparative 
anatomy  and  pakcontology  and  founded  the 
Warren   Museum    of    Natural    Historv    on 


286 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


Chestnut  Street.  Dr.  \\'arren  stood  sponsor 
for  the  epochal  experiment  with  ether  at  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital. 

Dr.  Jacob  Bigelow  (i 787-1879)  was  one 
of  the  most  brilliant  figures  in  the  history  of 
American  medicine.  His  talents  were  mani- 
fold. He  was  a  born  artist,  artificer,  crafts- 
man, mechanician  and  inventor.  He  took  a 
livel}'  interest  in  everything  that  was  going 
on  about  him  and  was  insatialjly  curious  as 
to  mechanical  processes  of  all  sorts.  He  was 
a  botanist  of  exceptional  accnmplishment  and 
a  poet.  He  was  the  first  Rum  ford  professor 
of  chemistr}-  at  Harvard.  He  originated 
the  project  of  a  rural  cemetery  at  Mount 
Auburn,  to  relieve  the  unh}-gienic  conditions 
of  interments  in  the  city  l)urying  grounds 
and  vaults — the  first  of  its  kind  in  the  world. 
He  induced  the  ^Massachusetts  Horticultural 
Society  to  undertake  the  Mount  Auburn  en- 
terprise, to  its  great  profit.  He  designed 
the  plan  of  the  cemetery  and  was  the  archi- 
tect of  the  gateway.  He  commissioned  the 
sculptor  Martin  Milmore  to  model  the  mon- 
ument, "The  Sphinx,"  erected  as  a  memorial 
to  the  soldiers  of  the  Civil  War  buried  at 
Mount  Auburn.  Dr.  Bigelow's  paper  on 
"Self-Limited  Disea.ses,"  published  in  1835, 
exerted  an  immense  influence  on  the  medical 
practice  of  the  day.  Dr.  Henry  Jacob  Bige- 
low was  his  son. 

Dr.  James  Jackson  (1777)  brought  vac- 
cine virus  from  London  to  Boston  in  1800. 
It  was  he  who  was  instrumental  in  securing 
the  removal  of  the  Harvard  Medical  School 
to  Boston. 

The  Boston  dentist,  Dr.  W.  T.  G.  Mor- 
ton was  the  prime  figure  in  the  great 
experiment  that  demonstrated  to  the  world 
the  value  of  sulphuric  ether  as  an  anaesthetic 
in  surgery  and  revolutionized  surgical  prac- 
tice. The  an;esthetic  properties  of  both 
ether  and  nitrous  oxide  gas  had  been  known 
for  a  long  time  before,  but  no  advantage 
had  been  taken  of  the  fact  until,  in  1842, 
Dr.  Crawford  W.  Long,  an  obscure  physi- 
cian in  Georgia,  had  employed  it  in  his  prac- 
tice, but  without  attracting  more  than  local 
attention.  It  is  notable  that  Dr.  ^Morton, 
whose  first  e.xperiments  with  ether  had  been 


conducted  at  Hartford  while  in  partnership 
with  Dr.  Wells,  a  dentist  in  that  city,  should 
also  have  tested  "laughing  gas"  as  a  possible 
means  to  the  ends  sought.  When  Dr.  Mor- 
ton settled  in  Boston  he  went  about  his 
researches  systematically,  with  a  view  to 
substantial  profits  as  well  as  professional 
honors.  Lie  purchased  his  materials  with 
due  precautions  from  two  leading  druggists, 
Joseph  Burnett  and  Theodore  Metcalf,  and 
consulted  Dr.  Jackson  at  the  Massachusetts 
General  as  to  the  proi)erties  of  ether.  Finally 
he  induced  Dr.  Jackson  to  conduct  a  test  at 
the  hospital.  This  took  place  on  a  memo- 
rable dav  in  Octoljer,  1846,  in  the  presence 
of  eminent  physicians  and  surgeons.  The 
announcement  to  the  world  was  made  by  Dr. 
Henry  J.  kiigelow  at  a  meeting  of  the  Amer- 
ican Academy  of  Sciences  on  November  3, 
and  six  days  later  before  the  Boston  Society 
for  Medical  Imjirovement.  It  first  appeared 
in  print  in  the  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal  on  November  18.  Dr.  Morton  had 
given  the  name  of  "letheon"  to  ether  thus 
employed,  and  for  a  while  it  was  so  called. 
It  was  Doctor  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  who 
first  suggested  the  terms  "anaesthesia"  and 
"an;esthetic." 

Other  Boston  men  distinguished  in  medi- 
cal history  are  Joseph  Lovell,  born  in  Bos- 
ton, December  22,  1788,  the  first  surgeon- 
general  of  the  United  States  Army;  Henry 
Ingersoll  Bowditch  (1808-1892),  an  ex- 
ponent of  advanced  French  methods  in  med- 
ical practice  and  a  specialist  in  diseases  of 
the  chest  and  in  paracentesis;  Dr.  Oliver 
Wendell  Holmes  (1809-1894),  a  brilliant 
anatomist  and  the  first  to  demonstrate  the 
contagious  nature  of  child-l)ed  fever;  Jona- 
than Mason  Warren  (  1811-1867),  a  great 
surgeon;  and  Henry  Jacob  Bigelow  (1818- 
1890),  "the  autocrat  of  New  England 
surgery." 

Boston  alone,  not  to  mention  the  various 
Greater  Boston  communities,  has  something 
over  one  hundred  hospitals,  dispensaries, 
asylums,  and  sanatoriums.  Some  of  these 
are  private  institutions,  maintained  either 
individually  or  in  associated  groups  by 
physicians  and  surgeons,  for  the  sake  of  car- 


'II n-:    P.OOK    OF    BOSTOX 


2S7 


iui^  for  their  patients  umler  their  own  super- 
vision, often  with  the  aid  of  c<jnsuUing 
specialists.  But  the  most  of  these  institutions 
are  pul)hc  or  quasi-public  in  nature,  estab- 
lished for  purposes  of  philanthropy.  The 
ciuasi-public  ones  are  either  heavily  en- 
dowed, or  are  dependent  upon  philanthropic 
aid.  This  indicates  the  vast  amount  of 
wealth  and  charitable  activity  that  here  in 
Boston  is  devoted  alone  to  this  field  of  well- 
doing— something  that  speaks  volumes  for 
the  element  of  public  spirit  in  the  com- 
munity, largely  exerted  unostentatiously 
and    quietly. 


surgery.  Beside  the  Harvard  Medical 
School,  on  Longwood  Avenue,  stand  the 
Harvard  University  Dental  School  and 
Hospital,  the  .\ngell  Memorial  Animal  Hos- 
pital, and  the  Children's  Hospital.  Near  by 
are  also  the  Peter  Bent  Brigham  Hospital  at 
Francis  Street  and  Huntington  Avenue;  the 
Robert  Breck  Brigham  Hospital,  on  Parker 
Hill;  the  Channing  Home  for  Consumptive 
Women,  at  Francis  Street  and  Pilgrim 
Road ;  Collis  P.  Huntington  Memorial  Hos- 
pital (for  cancer  patients),  695  Huntington 
Avenue;  New  England  Deaconess'  Hospi- 
tal,   175    Pilgrim    Road;    the    Nursery    for 


BOSTON    CITY    HOSPITAL,    S18    HARRISON    AVENUE 


These  institutions  are  scattered  all  over 
the  city — many  of  them  located  in  the  resi- 
dential suburban  districts :  Dorchester,  Rox- 
bury,  West  Roxbury,  Jamaica  Plain,  and 
Brighton.  ^lost  important  is  the  group  lo- 
cated in  the  new  "Medical  Quarter,"  con- 
gregated aliout  the  Harvard  Medical 
School :  a  most  imposing  assemblage — the 
like  of  it,  either  in  numlier,  quality,  or  in 
monumental  housing,  not  to  be  found  in  any 
tjther  American  city.  Large  mutual  advan- 
tages are  naturally  derixed  frcjui  the  con- 
centration of  so  many  differentiated  institu- 
tions in  one  neighljorhood,  each  l)earing 
some  definite   relationship  to  medicine  and 


Blind  Babies,  147  South  Huntington 
Avenue;  the  \'incent  Memorial  Hospital, 
1.25  South  Huntington  Avenue;  the  Forsyth 
Dental  Infirmary,  on  the  Fenway;  Tufts 
College  ]\Iedical  School,  on  Fluntington 
Avenue  near  Massachusetts  Avenue. 

Here  may  be  enumerated  some  of  the 
other  notable  institutions  of  the  kind:  Bos- 
ton State  Hospital  ( for  the  insane ;  western 
group  and  eastern  grou]i,  on  the  Austin  and 
Pierce  Farms,  Dorchester;  Psychopathic  de- 
])artnient,  24  Fen  wood  Road)  ;  Adams 
Nervine  Asylum.  (;(;o  Centre  Street,  Jamaica 
Plain  (for  nervous  ])atients  )  ;  Walter  I!aker 
Sanitarium,   5J4   Warren   .Street,   Roxbury; 


288 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


Boston  Consumptives  Hospital,  249  River 
Street,  Mattapan :  Boston  Floating  Hospi- 
tal, Boston  Harbor  (for  infants,  in  the 
summer)  ;  Carney  Hospital,  Old  Harbor 
Street,  South  Boston;  Cullis  Consumptive 
Home,  Blue  Hill  Avenue  and  Seaver  Street; 
Free  Home  for  Consumptives,  428  Quincy 
Street,  Dorchester;  Gordon  Home  for 
Aged  People  and  Incurables,  28  Montebello 
Street,  Jamaica  Plain;  Homoeopathic  Hos- 
pital, Harrison  Avenue  and  East  Concord 
Street,  New  England  Hospital  for  Women 
and  Children,  Dimock  Street,  Roxbury;  St. 
Luke's  Home  for  Convalescents,  Roxliury ; 
St.  Margaret's  Hospital,  86  Cushing  Avenue, 
Dorchester;  St.  Elizabeth's  Hospital,  Brigh- 
ton; St.  Mary's  Hospital,  90  Cushing 
Avenue,  Dorchester;  Salvation  Army  Ma- 
ternity Hospital,  103  Train  Street;  United 
States  Marine  and  United  States  Naval 
Hospitals,  Chelsea. 

The  numerous  dispensaries  in  Boston  are 
important  institutions.  The  Boston  Dis- 
pensary, the  oldest  of  its  kind  in  the  country, 
was  founded  in  1796  and  incorporated  in 
1 80 1.  It  divides  the  city  into  nine  districts, 
its  central  office  at  Bennet  and  Ash  Streets, 
where  patients  are  treated  medically  and 
surgically  and  medicines  are  dispensed. 
Each  district  is  in  charge  of  a  physician, 
who  treats  at  their  homes  persons  unaljle  to 
go  to  the  central  office.  There  are  various 
general  dispensaries  in  different  quarters  of 
the  citv ;  also  special  dispensaries  connected 
with  hospitals,  devoted  to  specific  diseases. 

Hospitals  and  medical  schools  are  closely 
related ;  in  both  respects  Boston  is  extraor- 
dinarily well  equipped.  We  have  seen  how 
the  Harvard  Medical  School  in  a  way  was 
an  offspring  from  the  Continental  Army 
Hospital  established  at  the  W^est  End  during 
the  Revolution,  under  Dr.  John  ^\'arren. 
And  when  the  Medical  School  was  removed 
to  Boston  it  ultimately  became  a  next-door 
neighbor  of  the  Massachusetts  General  Hos- 
pital in  almost  the  same  location — the  Hos- 
pital furnishing  the  school  invalualile  oppor- 
tunities in  the  way  of  clinical  work,  while 
the  latter  supplied  the  Hospital  with  in- 
terns and  other  officers  from  its  graduates 


This  intimate  connection  has  always  per- 
sisted, still  continuing  although  the  school 
has  been  removed  to  a  distant  quarter  of  the 
city.  The  staff  of  the  hospital  and  the  fac- 
ulty of  the  school  are  largely  identical. 

The   Massachusetts   General   Hospital    is 
one  of  the  largest  and  best  organized  insti- 
tutions of  the  kind  in  the  country,  and  the 
second    oldest,    the    Pennsylvania    Hospital 
in   Philadelphia  being  its  senior.      It    was 
founded    in    1799,    incorporated    in    181 1, 
and  was  opened  for  patients  in  1821.    From 
the  start  it  has  always  occupied  its  present 
convenient  location,  but  has  expanded  enor- 
mously to  meet  the  demands  of  a  commu- 
nity which  in  less  than  a  century  has  grown 
to  metropolitan  dimensions.     A  bequest  of 
five  thousand  dollars  in   1799  for  hospital 
purposes  was  its  beginning.    When  it  was  in- 
corporated, twelve  years  later,  liberal  provi- 
sion was  made  for  an  extensive  institution. 
The  Legislature  granted  the  old   Province 
House  property  on  condition  that  one  hun- 
dred thousand  dollars  additional  be  raised 
within  ten  years.    Later,  in  1818,  a  source 
of  large  and  permanent   income  was   pro- 
vided by  the  incorporation  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Hospital  Life  Insurance  Company  with 
the    condition    that    one-third    of    the    net 
profits  go  to  the  hospital — a  condition  that 
in  1835  likewise  attended  the  incorporation 
of  the  New  England  Mutual  Life,  and  in 
1844  the  State  Mutual  Life  Assurance  of 
Worcester.    These  sources,  together  with  Ije- 
quests    and    gifts,    have    provided    a    large 
income,  more  than  six  huntlred  thousand  dol- 
lars   being    permanently    invested    for    free 
beds.     One  of  the  earliest  benefactors  was 
John  McLean   (whose  name  was  given  to 
the  street  leading  westerly  to  the  hospital). 
He  left  one  hundred  thousand  dollars  to  the 
hospital,   and    fifty  thousand  dollars  to  be 
divided   lietween    it   and   Harvard   College. 
The   McLean    Asylum    for    the    Insane    (a 
branch  of  the  hospital  established  in  1816) 
was  named  in  his  honor.     The  asylum  is 
now  in  the  suburb  of  Belmont  on  a  sightly 
hillside.    Another  notable  founder  was  John 
Lowell.     The  architect  of  the  granite  main 
building  was   Charles  Bulfinch;   the   stone. 


THr-:    BOOK    OF    BOSTON' 


289 


from  the  Chelinsturd  (juarries,  was  ham- 
mered by  convicts  at  the  State  Prison.  Four 
large  wards,  added  in  1873- 1875,  are  named 
in  commemoration  of  Drs.  James  Jackson, 
Jolni  CoHins  Warren,  Jacob  Bigelow,  and 
S.  D.  Townsend.  Patients  from  all  parts  of 
the  United  States  and  the  British  Provinces 
are  eligible  to  treatment,  either  free  or  at 
cost.  Infectious,  chronic  or  incurable  cases 
are  barred,  but  these  find  treatment  in  other 
institutions.  The  hnspital  has  a  large  train- 
ing school  for  nurses  and  a  convalescent 
establishment  at  Belmont. 


are  admitted.  In  1882  an  out-patient  de- 
partment was  established.  The  institution 
has  a  branch  at  174  Flarrison  Avenue. 

An  institution  which  includes  a  function 
of  similar  character  is  St.  Mary's  Infant 
Asylum  and  Lying-in  Hospital  at  Everett 
Avenue  and  Jerome  Street.  It  is  now  a 
rapidly  increasing  custom  for  prospective 
mothers  of  all  classes  to  resort  to  a  hospital 
for  sake  of  the  better  care  to  be  had  there. 
Hence  it  is  common  for  the  general  hospi- 
tals to  have  maternity  departments.  The 
private    "Twilight    Sleep'"    Maternity    Hos- 


Ed-Mard  T.  P.  Graitiim,  Arckilfct 
ST.     tl.IZABKTH's    HOSPITAL,     75U    CAMBRIDGE    STREET,    BRIGHTON 


Near  by,  on  Charles  Street,  is  the  [Mas- 
sachusetts Charitable  Eye  and  Ear  Infirm- 
ary, estaliiished  by  the  efforts  of  Drs.  Ed- 
ward Reynolds  and  John  Jeffries  in  1824,  to 
relieve  persons  unalile  to  afford  treatment 
elsewhere.  It  was  incorporated  in  1827. 
Its  services  are  without  charge;  even  glasses 
are  given  when  requiretl. 

Another  old  Boston  institution  domiciled 
in  the  immediate  neighl)orhood  (jf  the  ^Ia.s- 
sachusetts  General  is  the  Boston  L\in£:-in 
Hospital  at  24  and  26  McLean  Street,  or- 
ganized in  1832  to  carry  poor  and  deserving 
women  through  the  period  of  confinement. 
The  greatest  care  is  taken  to  exclude  women 
of  bad  or  doubtful  character,  although  un- 
married women  pregnant  for  the  first  time 


jjital  of  Dr.  Eliza  T.  Ransom,  operating 
under  modern  methods,  is  mentioned  else- 
where. 

The  Boston  City  Ilospital,  occupying  the 
square  between  Flarrison  Avenue,  Concord, 
Allxiny  and  Springfield  Streets,  was  estab- 
lished l)y  the  city  in  1864  under  legislation 
enacted  in  1858.  The  administration  build- 
ing, with  its  dome,  shows  handsomely  from 
\\'orcester  Square.  The  agitation  for  the 
hospital  began  in  1849  tnider  the  excitement 
caused  by  the  cholera  epidemic.  It  was  in 
that  year  that  Elisha  Goodnow  bequeathed 
to  the  city  property  to  the  value  of  about 
twenty-one  thousand  dollars,  to  be  used  for 
hospital  purposes,  one-half  of  the  fund  to 
be  applied  to  establishing  and  maintaining 


290 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


free  beds.  The  hospital  ranks  as  one  of  the 
greatest  and  best  municipal  institutions  of 
the  kind  in  the  country.  It  is  intended 
mainly  for  poor  patients,  resident  in  Boston, 
and  also  for  the  benefit  of  persons  needing 
medical  or  surgical  treatment  and  who  are 
not  to  be  regarded  as  subjects  for  charity. 
These  are  charged  according  to  their  means. 
In  1880  the  hospital  was  incorporated.  The 
board  of  trustees,  appointed  by  the  mayor, 
is  authorized  to  receive  personal  estate,  given 
or  bequeathed,  to  an  amount  of  not  exceed- 
ing one  million  dollars.  The  hospital  has  a 
special  relief  station  on  the  site  of  the  old 
Boston  &  Maine  Railroad  station  on  Hay- 
market  Square,  and  another  in  East  Boston, 
and  maintains  a  convalescent  home  in 
Dorchester. 

The  New  England  Hospital  for  W^omen 
and  Children,  Codman  Avenue,  Roxburv, 
notable  for  its  staff  composed  of  educated 
Avomen  physicians,  was  established  in  1862 
and  incorporated  in  1863.  It  originated  in 
the  clinical  department  of  the  Female  Medi- 
cal College  of  Boston,  the  pioneer  institution 
of  its  class  in  the  world — merged  in  the 
Boston  Uiiiversitv  School  of  Medicine  in 
1874. 

The  Massachusetts  Homoeopathic  Hospi- 
tal, on  Harrison  Avenue,  was  chartered  in 
1855,  but  remained  inactive  until  1870, 
Avhen  a  small  house  on  Burroughs  Place  was 
hired ;  it  was  opened  there  the  next  year 
with  fourteen  beds.  The  attempted  expul- 
sion of  eight  prominent  homceopathic  prac- 
titioners from  the  ^lassachusetts  Medical 
Society  for  unbecoming  and  unworthy  con- 
duct aroused  a  strong  popular  interest  for 
homoeopathy;  a  public  fair  realized  over 
eighty  thousand  dollars  for  the  hospital,  and 
the  nucleus  of  the  present  extensive  building 
was  erected,  opening  in  May,  1876.  In 
1 88 1  the  city  conveyed  to  the  hospital  a 
large  additional  tract  for  extensions.  It  is 
notable  that  the  methods  of  Allopaths  and 
Homoeopaths  have  under  modern  develop- 
ments so  converged  that  the  latter  are  now 
recognized  by  the  Massachusetts  Medical 
Society  as  eligible  to  membership,  while  in 


many  hospitals  physicians  of  the  two  schools 
often  consult  and  practice  side  by  side. 

The  Carney  Hospital,  on  Dorchester 
Heights,  South  Boston,  was  founded  by  a 
gift  of  thirteen  thousand,  five  hundred  dol- 
lars from  Andrew  Carne\-,  and  incorporated 
in  1885.  It  was  established  to  relieve  the 
sick  poor,  but  is  also  appreciated  by  many 
pay  patients.  Although  in  charge  of  the 
Sisters  of  Charity,  it  is  not  a  sectarian  insti- 
tution, and  patients  of  all  religious  views 
are  welcomed.  It  is  told  that  a  Baptist 
clergyman,  under  treatment  there,  feeling 
that  he  was  dying,  desired  consolation  by 
a  minister  of  his  own  faith.  The  sister  in 
attendance  went  out  in  the  night  to  summon 
one ;  soon  there  was  to  be  seen  by  his  bedside 
a  Baptist  minister,  while  near  by  a  Roman 
Catholic  clerg}-man  was  administering  the 
last  sacrament  to  a  dying  Catholic. 

The  two  Brigham  Hospitals,  both  in  the 
same  neighborhood  but  radically  different 
in  function,  have  a  notable  history.  Two 
brothers,  long  associated  in  the  hotel  and 
restaurant  business  in  Boston,  both  left  their 
large  fortunes  in  trust  for  hospital  purposes. 
Peter  Bent  Brigham,  who  for  many  years 
lived  in  a  large  house  at  Bulfinch  and 
Allston  Streets  in  the  old  West  End,  dying 
first,  left  his  money  to  found  a  hospital  for 
the  benefit  of  the  poor  of  Boston  and  the 
rest  of  Suffolk  County.  Robert  Breck 
Brigham,  a  few  years  later,  specified  that 
his  estate  should  be  devoted  to  a  hospital  for 
incurable  patients.  The  former  left  prop- 
erty which,  when  it  came  to  its  intended 
use,  amounted  to  something  like  five  million 
dollars ;  the  bequest  of  the  latter  to  about 
four  million  dollars.  Two  large  and  per- 
fectly equipped  institutions,  each  doing  ad- 
mirable work  in  its  field,  were  the  result. 
The  Peter  Bent  Brigham  Hospital,  adjacent 
to  the  Harvard  Medical  School,  has  been  de- 
veloped on  a  basis  similar  to  that  of  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  while  the 
Robert  Breck  Brigham  Hospital  on  Parker 
Hill,  near  by,  in  accordance  with  the  spirit 
of  the  bequest,  is  devoted  to  incurables  and 
to  patients  suffering  from  chronic  disease. 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTOX 


291 


Nearl\-  all  hospitals  of  any  mag'iiitucle 
iinw  ha\c  thuir  training-schools  for  nurses. 
Hence  a  nurse  without  a  diploma  from  a 
-schdol  of  character  is  not  recognized  in  reg- 
ular practice  any  more  than  a  physician 
\\'Oukl  he.  The  v(5cation  of  nurse  is  now 
an  important  ])rofession;  an  inilispensalile 
adjunct  to  the  physician  and  surgeon.  It 
is  notable  that  the  first  training-school  was 
established  1)\-  the  New  England  Hospital 
for  Women  and  Children  in  1863.  These 
schools  are  for  woman  nin"ses  onlv.     The 


lished  in  ijSj.  Its  course  is  now  for  four 
years:  only  graduates  of  colleges  of  rec- 
ognized standing,  or  with  an  equivalent  ed- 
ucation, may  become  students.  Annually  a 
niunber  of  advanced  students  are  selected 
f(jr  house-officers  in  the  various  hospitals  in 
or  near  Boston.  Its  present  location  in  the 
superl)  marble  group  oi  niouumental  Iniild- 
ings  on  Longwood  Avenue,  with  its  beauti- 
ful central  court  at  the  head  of  Louis  Pas- 
teur Avenue,  is  the  fifth  site  it  has  occupied 
since  its  removal   from  Cambridge  to  Bos- 


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MASS.^CHCSETTS    HOMCEOPATHIC    HOSPITAL,    750    HARRISON    AVENUE 


two  largest  Boston  schools  are  those  of  the 
Massachusetts  General  and  the  City  Hospi- 
tals. That  (d'  the  Massachusetts  General, 
established  in  1873,  was  incorporated  in 
1875  as  the  Boston  Training  School  for 
Nurses.  It  is  in  charge  of  twenty-four 
woman  directors.  As  usual  in  all  such 
schools  the  course  is  for  two  years,  and 
pupils  are  recognized  as  full  nurses  on  pass- 
ing the  examination  for  the  second  \ear. 
Far  from  being  regarded  as  a  "menial"  voca- 
tion, the  calling  of  nurse  is  in  good  social 
standing;  it  is  not  uncommon  for  girls  of  the 
best  families  to  pursue  the  studies. 

The  Harvard  Medical  School  was  estab- 


ton.  The  school  began  work  in  the  old 
Holden  Chapel  of  Harvard  College  in  1783 
as  the  result  of  a  course  of  lectures  before 
the  Bciston  Medical  Library  by  Dr.  John 
Warren.  In  18 10  it  was  ren:oved  to  Bos- 
ton, occupying  rooms  at  49  Marborough 
(now  Washington)  Street.  Six  years  later 
it  was  removed  to  what  became  the 
School  Committee  Building  on  Mason 
Street,  now  owned  by  the  cit\'.  After  thirty 
}ears  in  this  location  it  was  removed  in  1846 
to  a  new  building  on  North  Grove  Street, 
erected  for  it  on  land  given  by  Dr.  George 
I'arkman,  of  tragic  memory.  In  1883  it 
was  removed  to  the  building  at  Boylston  and 


292 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


Exeter  Streets,  now  the  home  of  the  Boston 
University  College  of  Liberal  Arts,  erected 
for  the  Medical  School  at  a  cost  of  two 
hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars,  sub- 
scribed by  friends  of  the  institution.  It  was 
believed  that  this  building,  then  a  model  of 
its  kind,  would  serve  well  for  forty  years. 
But  in  fifteen  years  it  was  outgrown. 

In  1892  a  great  step  forward  was  taken 
by  lengthening  the  course  to  four  years ;  in 
1896  the  entrance  conditions  were  restricted 
practically  to  candidates  with  degrees  from 
a    recognized    college    or    scientific    school. 


sion  designed  to  result  in  the  most  compre- 
hensive and  complete  medical  estalilishment 
in  the  world.  A  large  tract  in  the  Long- 
wood  section,  lying  between  Longwood 
Avenue  and  Francis  Street,  was  secured, 
with  room  not  only  for  the  Medical  School 
and  its  subsidiaries,  but  for  a  large  group 
of  hospitals  that  would  be  invaluable  for  the 
purposes  of  the  institution,  with  the  wide 
range  of  observation  thus  made  possible. 
The  present  marble  group  of  five  buildings, 
costing  with  their  equipment  nearly  five  mil- 
lions   ($4,950,000)    was   the    result — made 


BOSTON    UNIVERSITY    SCHOOL    OF    MEDICINE,    SO    EAST    CONCORD    STREET 


Then  in  1899  the  scope  of  the  school  was 
enormously  extended  by  constituting  a  new 
faculty  of  medicine,  consisting  of  the  con- 
solidated faculties  of  the  Medical,  Dental 
and  Veterinary  Schools,  with  authority  to 
administer  the  three  respective  degrees. 
The  dean  of  the  Medical  School  was  made 
the  dean  of  the  new  faculty  and  separate  ad- 
ministrative Boards  were  constituted  for  the 
three  schools.  The  Dental  and  Veterinary 
Schools  thus  became  subsidiaries  of  the 
Medical  School ;  their  specialties,  recognized 
as  branches  of  medical  science,  thereby 
achieving  a  new  standing  with  enhanced 
dignity. 

With  this  advance  came  plans  for  expan- 


possible  through  gifts  of  one  million,  one 
hundred  and  seventy-five  thousand  dollars 
from  John  Pierpont  Morgan  and  one  mil- 
lion dollars  from  John  D.  Rockefeller,  to- 
gether with  other  large  subscriptions  in 
addition  to  available  funds  of  the  Univer- 
sity. One  of  these  subscriptions  was  of  two 
hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars  for  a 
laboratory  of  pathology  and  bacteriology  in 
memory  of  Collis  P.  Huntington,  given  by 
his  widow,  who  later  founded  the  Collis  P. 
Huntington  Memorial  Hospital  for  the 
treatment  of  cancer,  adjacent  to  the  school. 
The  five  buildings  of  the  Medical  School 
are  devoted  respectively  to  administration, 
anatomx'    and    histology,    ])acteriology    and 


'1"IIK    HOOK    OF    ROSTOX 


293 


])athulug_\-.     ph_\-siulugy     ami     phwsiulugical 
chemistry,  pharmacology  and  hygiene. 

In  more  recent  years  various  important 
contributions  to  medical  science  have  come 
from  investigations  conducted  I)y  members 
of  the  faculty  of  the  Harvard  Medical 
School.  Among  these,  Dr.  Frank  ]^)Urr  Mal- 
lory  has  thrown  new  light  upon  the  nature 
of  whooping  cough  and  the  microbe  which 
causes  it ;  Dr.  William  T.  Councilman  has 
made    notable    discoveries    in    relation    to 


Results  (if  world-wide  moment  have  come 
from  the  disco\eries  made  by  the  expedition 
sent  to  South  America  from  the  Harvard 
School  of  Tropical  Aledicine — a  subsidiary 
of  the  Harvard  Medical  School — in  1913, 
the  vear  the  school  was  opened.  Its  object 
was  to  collect  material  f  i:)r  use  in  the  instruc- 
tion of  the  students  of  the  school,  as  well  as 
to  investigate  certain  forms  of  tropical  dis- 
eases in  that  part  of  the  world,  particularly 
the    malady   known   as  I'crniga   pcrm'iana, 


I1AK\ARD    MEUICAL    SCHOOL  2+U    LONGVVOOU    AVE.,    FENWAY 


l>ra:ctni;  by  II.  Louis  GUason 


smallpox;  Dr.  Otto  Folin's  work  in  organic 
cheiuistry  has  proved  of  great  value;  Dr. 
Walter  B.  Cannon  has  not  only  done  work 
of  exceeding  importance  in  his  studies  of 
digestive  functions,  but  his  discoveries  in  re- 
lation to  the  adrenal  gland  and  the  effect  of 
its  secretions  upon  the  circulation  of  the 
blood  have  had  momentous  results — show- 
ing, for  instance,  hcnv  the  ])romotion  or  re- 
tarding of  the  entrance  of  adrenal  secre- 
tions into  the  blood  through  excitement  of 
the  emotions  induces  valor,  rage,  fear,  ;uid 
other  modifications  of  human  action. 


which  has  afllictcd  inhabitants  of  Peru  since 
remote  historical  times  and  knig  supposed 
to  be  an  advanced  stage  of  a  disease  called 
Oroya  fever.  The  expedition,  headed  by 
Dr.  Richard  P.  Strong,  professor  of  tropical 
medicine  at  the  Harvard  ^ledical  School, 
found  twi)  distinct  diseases — the  former 
due  to  a  virus  and  the  latter  to  a 
jirotozoan  parasite  of  the  red  l)lood  cor- 
puscles and  endothelial  cells,  which  proved 
to  be  a  new  genus.  The  expedition  demon- 
strated a  method  of  vaccination  against  ver- 
ruga peruviana.    Other  notable  work  of  the 


294 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


expedition  was  in  connectinn  with  the  ulcer- 
ative disease  called  iita,  long  supposed  a  pre- 
historic form  of  syphilis  or  of  leprosy,  and 
later  of  lupus  vulgaris.  But  the  expedition 
found  it  due  to  a  species  of  Leishmania. 

The  Harvard  Dental  School,  established 
in  1868,  occupies  a  handsome  new  building 
on  Longwood  Avenue,  adjoining  the  Medi- 
cal School.  The  first  year  of  the  three 
years'  course  is  given  in  the  Medical  School 
in  common  with  the  medical  students,  be- 
ing identical  with  the  course  of  the  latter. 
With  the  second  year  the  students  pass  over 
to  the  Dental  School  under  the  instruction 
of  its  professors.  The  Dental  School  In- 
firmary is  a  department  of  the  Massachu- 
setts General  Hospital.  The  dental  students 
have  the  privilege  of  the  museum,  library 
and  dissecting  rooms  of  the  Medical  School. 

The  Boston  University  School  of  Medi- 
cine was  organized  in  1873  on  a  basis  of 
homoeopathic  practice.  Its  course  is  for 
three  years.  In  1874,  by  act  of  the  Legis- 
lature, the  New  England  Eemale  Medical 
College  was  united  with  this  school.  The 
school  building,  on  East  Concord  Street,  ad- 
joins the  Homoeopathic  Hospital,  which 
alifords  to  the  students  good  opportunities 
for  observation  and  clinical  work.  Male 
students  are  also  allowed  to  be  present  at 
surgical  operations  performed  at  the  Boston 
City  Hospital,  near  by. 

The  Tufts  College  School  of  Medicine 
occupies,  in  common  with  the  Tufts  College 
Dental  School,  a  large  and  convenient  build- 
ing on  Huntington  Avenue  at  the  corner  of 
Bryant  Street.  The  School  of  Medicine  was 
organized  in  1893  to  meet  a  demand  for  the 
sound  training  of  young  men  desiring  to 
lie  general  practitioners  in  medicine  and  sur- 
gery. At  the  Harvard  IMedical  School  the 
new  conditions  had  resulted  in  a  training 
which  was  too  long  and  expensive  for  young 
men  of  limited  means  who  desired  to  engage 
in  general  practice.  As  a  rule  its  students 
aimed  at  s])ecialization ;  all  but  a  small  pro- 
portinii  came  from  the  great  cities,  and  it 
was  in  the  cities  that  the  specialists  had 
their  field.  Hence  the  country  districts, 
whose  need  was  for  the  all-round  doctor, 


were  left  uncared  for.  The  two  institu- 
tions are  not  at  all  competitive ;  a  most  cor- 
dial relationship  therefore  exists  Ijetween 
the  two  faculties.  The  regular  course 
at  Tufts  is  for  three  years;  a  pre- 
requisite for  entrance  is  a  year's  academic 
training  at  some  collegiate  institution  of 
recognized  standing.  At  the  very  start  the 
faculty  represented  an  uncommonly  able 
corps  of  instruction,  numbering  some  of  the 
foremost  and  most  brilliant  physicians  and 
surgeons  practicing  in  Boston,  distinguished 
for  their  progressiveness.  Although  special- 
ization was  not  aimed  at,  particular  atten- 
tion was  given  to  certain  branches  upon 
which  not  so  much  stress  had  at  that 
time  been  given  at  other  institutions — 
particularly  pathology,  psychopathy  and 
therapeutics. 

The  Tufts  College  Dental  School  is  the 
largest  in  the  United  States,  and  the  third 
in  point  of  age.  It  was  organized  in  1868 
as  the  Boston  Dental  College — its  purpose 
"the  advancement  of  dental  art  and  instruc- 
tion" in  it  by  means  of  lectures  and  clinical 
e.xercises.  An  excellent  library  and  a  mu- 
seum were  soon  established,  together  with 
an  infirmary  for  the  gratuitous  treatment  of 
poor  persons,  who  were  required  to  pay  only 
for  the  gold  and  other  materials  used.  At 
a1)out  the  same  time  the  Tufts  Medical 
School  was  established,  the  Dental  College 
was  taken  over  and  a  great  impetus  was 
thereby  given  to  its  development  along  the 
lines  which  have  placed  American  dentistry 
at  the  head  throughout  the  world. 

The  Massachusetts  Medical  Society  is  the 
oldest  State  medical  organization  that  has 
met  continuously  since  its  foundation.  It 
was  established  in  Novemlier,  1771,  and 
was  incorporated  ten  years  later,  its  charter 
signed  by  Samuel  Adams,  president  of  the 
Senate,  and  John  Hancock,  governor. 
Through  its  authority  to  examine  candi- 
dates as  to  their  fitness  and  certify  to  the 
same,  the  Society  has  always  exerted  a  pow- 
erful inlluence  upon  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine and  surgery  in  the  Commonwealth. 
The  first  president  was  Dr.  Edward  Augus- 
tus Holvoke  of  Salem.    It  met  at  first  in  the 


THK    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


295 


Count V  L'tiurtliiiu^c  and  afterwards  in  vari- 
ous other  places,  until  the  establishment  of 
the  Medical  Library,  since  when  it  has  met 
in  the  rooms  of  that  institution.  In  1789 
the  Society  was  given  authority  l)y  the  Leg- 
islature "to  point  out  and  describe  such  a 
mode  of  metlical  instruction  as  might  be 
deemetl  requisite  for  candidates  previous  to 
examination."  In  1803  the  societx'  divided 
the  Commonwealth  into  four  medical  dis- 
tricts: the  Middle.  Southern,  Eastern  and 
Western,  which  later  became  the  basis  for 
the  e.xisting  district  medical  societies.  The 
society  has  issued  many  valuable  publica- 
tions, dealing  with  various  aspects  of  medi- 
cal and  surgical  practice. 


enal  growth.  It  was  founded  in  1875  as  the 
Boston  Medical  Library  Association ;  in 
1896  the  word  "association"  was  dropped 
from  the  title.  Dr.  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes, 
was  its  first  president.  Beginning  in  two 
rooms  on  Plamilton  Place,  it  accumulated 
four  thousand,  four  hundred  and  eighty- 
eight  volumes  the  first  year.  In  1877  it  was 
incoriKirated.  In  1878,  when  it  jiurchased  a 
building  in  Boylston  Place,  it  had  eight 
tlKiusand  volumes.  On  J^i'iuary  12,  1891,  it 
moved  to  its  handsome  new  building  on  the 
Fenway,  next  door  to  the  [Massachusetts 
Historical  Societv,  named  the  "Warren  B. 
Potter  Memorial '  in  recognition  of  a  hand- 
some   l.)equest.      Here    the    meinor\-    of    the 


■*»*». 


Ai^i^ 

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Ifik 

CHILDREN'S    HOSPITAL LOXGWOOD    AVENUE,    CORNER    VILA    STREET,    FENWAY 


The  Massachusetts  Homoeopathic  Medi- 
cal Society  had  its  origin  in  the  Homceo- 
pathic  Fraternity,  established  in  1840  by 
physicians  of  that  school  who  used  to  meet 
at  the  homes  of  members.  In  1856  its  mem- 
bers were  incorporated  as  above.  The  prin- 
ciple of  Samuel  Hahnemann,  "like  cures 
like,"  first  influenced  medical  ])ractice  in  Bos- 
ton in  i8j;8,  when  Dr.  Sanuiel  Gregg  of 
Med  ford  l)ecame  a  convert  to  homteopathv, 
followed  soon  after  by  Drs.  Josiah  Flagg  of 
Boston,  Charles  Wild  of  Brookline,  and  C. 
M.  Weld  of  Jamaica  Plain.  A  Boston 
Homoeopathic  Society  meets  in  the  IMedical 
College  of  Boston  University. 

The  Boston  Medical  Library,  a  compara- 
tively young  institution,  has  had  a  ])henom- 


liljrary's  first  president  is  honored  by  the 
name  of  the  stately  reading-room,  "Holmes 
Hall."  The  collections  have  again  out- 
grown the  ami)le  quarters  here  provided  and 
a  large  extension  to  the  l)uilding  has  Ijeen 
])lanned.  The  library  in  191 5  had  grown 
to  eighty-live  thousantl,  nine  hundred  and 
sixt\--three  volumes  and  tifty-eight  thou- 
sand and  fortv-hve  pamphlets.  This 
growth  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  library, 
being  recognized  as  the  natural  centre  for 
medical  literature  in  Greater  Boston,  has 
absorbed  twelve  distinct  collections  from 
various  institutions,  including  the  medical 
works  of  Harvard  University,  the  Boston 
.\then;eum,  the  Boston  Public  Library,  the 
^\'altham    Pulilic   Librarv,   and   the  medical 


296 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


libraries  of  the  various  medical  schools. 
This  principle  of  library  specialization 
proves  of  enormous  convenience  to  the  med- 
ical profession,  since  information  sources 
are  now  concentrated  in  one  place. 

In  the  Forsyth  Dental  Infirmary  for 
■Children,  Boston  has  an  institution  unique 
of  its  kind;  so  nobly  beneficent  as  to  deserve 
■special  attention  here.  Its  founders  had  lived 
so  quietly,  their  record  in  generous  philan- 
thropic activities  so  modestly  withheld  from 
the  public  eye,  that  when  the  announcement 
of  a  magnificent  charity  involving  a  gift  of 
more  than  two  million  dollars  was  made,  it 
was  difficult  to  obtain  an  answer  to  the  uni- 
versal inquiry  in  the  city  where  they  had  al- 
ways lived :  "Who  are  the  Forsyth  broth- 
ers?" It  appeared  that  one  of  the  largest 
and  most  prosperous  of  local  industries,  the 
Boston  Belting  Company,  had  been  devel- 
oped by  the  four  brothers :  James  Bennett, 
George  Henr}-,  John  Hamilton,  and  Thomas 
Alexander  Forsyth — all  of  whom  had  re- 
garded the  handsome  fortunes  their  work 
had  earned  for  them,  primarily  in  the  light 
of  a  trust  for  the  public  good.  Seldom  have 
four  brothers  been  so  affectionately  united 
in  good  intent.  The  inception  for  this  char- 
ity came  from  the  first  of  these  brothers : 
James  Bennett  Forsyth.  One  day,  when  in 
the  dentist's  chair,  he  remarked  that  he  de- 
sired to  leave  a  half  million  dollars  for  some 
public  charity  and  asked  what  might  be  a 
worthy  object.  The  dentist,  an  old  friend, 
suggested  a  dental  infirmary  for  children, 
and  set  forth  the  value  of  such  an  institu- 
tion so  convincingly  that  Mr.  Forsyth  drew 
up  a  will  to  that  end.  This  will  was  found 
unsigned.  In  the  meanwhile  (ieorge  Henry 
Forsyth  had  also  died,  and  the  surviving 
brothers,  their  heirs,  agreed  not  only  to 
carry  out  the  purpose  of  James  Bennett 
Forsyth  to  the  extent  intended,  but  to  am- 
plify it  so  generously  that,  as  a  memorial  to 
both,  they  founded  the  Forsyth  Dental 
Infirmary  for  Children  with  an  endow- 
ment of  two  million  dollars,  besides  the 
enormous  sum,  amounting  to  more  than  a 
million  dollars,  expended  upon  the  erection 
-and  equipment  of  a  building  that  not  only 


in  its  uncommon  beauty  stands  a  noble 
memorial  nuinument,  but  in  every  respect  is 
ideally  suited  to  its  purpose.  T.  P.  R.  Qra- 
ham  was  the  architect.  In  its  blending  of 
utility  and  beauty,  the  interior  is  worthy  of 
the  classic  exterior.  All  possible  means  for 
convenience,  comfort,  and  appliances  of  the 
most  advanced  type,  were  carefully  pro- 
vided for  in  the  planning.  The  building  and 
its  contents  are  absolutely  fireproof — even 
wooden  furniture  was  made  non-combus- 
tible. .Scrupulous  care  has  been  taken  to 
obtain  the  utmost  hygienic  character;  to  as- 
sure enduringly  up-to-date  results,  standard- 
ized equipment  was  used  only  where  it 
would  meet  all  possible  requirements ;  nearly 
everything  was  made  according  to  carefully 
studied  special  designs.  The  architectural 
form  gives  remarkably  complete  expression 
to  the  main  requirement  of  the  infirmary : 
light  —  the  exceptional  window-spacing 
l)ringing  the  lofty  room  occupying  the  en- 
tire second  story  almost  under  outdoor  con- 
ditions. All  children  of  Greater  Boston, 
either  poor  or  moderately  circumstanced, 
are  eligible  to  free  treatment  here  by  a  corps 
of  trained  dentists,  sixty-four  working  at  a 
time  at  as  many  chairs,  while  there  is  room 
for  a  second  row  of  forty-four  chairs  to 
meet  growing  demands. 

For  the  sake  of  the  scrupulous  cleanliness 
demanded,  the  interior  is  specially  con- 
structed to  that  end :  all  corners  are  curved, 
and  glazed  tile  is  extensively  used  in  sur- 
faces of  walls  and  ceiling.  This  tile  work, 
beautifully  designed,  includes  the  art  of  the 
Delft  and  Moravian,  and  the  local  Grueby 
and  Paul  Revere,  potteries.  The  beautiful 
children's  waiting-room  in  the  basement  has 
mural  decorations  in  richly  colored  tiles  rep- 
resenting charming  legends  and  fairy  tales. 
Here  in  the  basement  is  a  sterilizing  equip- 
ment where  thousands  of  iniplements  are 
treated  at  a  time,  every  new  patient  being 
provided  with  a  complete  tray  of  fresh  in- 
struments. On  the  first  floor  are  a  room 
for  popular  lectures  on  dental  hygiene;  a 
Founders'  Room  with  memorials  of  the 
Forsyth  family;  a  museum  and  laboratory 
for  dental  hygiene;   rooms   for  extracting 


TUK    I500K    OF    BOSTON 


297 


and  aiicxsthesia,  the  amphitheatre  (upper 
part),  wards  for  patients,  and  the  depart- 
ment for  treating  diseases  of  the  ear  and 
throat,  so  closely  related  to  dental  hygiene. 

Connected  with  the  Infirmary  is  a  Post- 
graduate School  of  Orthodontia.  This  im- 
portant scientific  specialty  of  dentistry  is 
here  taught  under  conditions  nowhere  else 
so  favorable.  Several  new  and  radical  ideas 
in  this  field  have  been  introduced.    There  is 


having  been  demonstrated  that  some  of  the 
most  serious  bodily  ills  were  due  to  diseases 
of  the  teeth  and  associated  parts.  Dental 
hygiene  had  thus  become  a  most  important 
feature  of  the  schocil  sxstem ;  (ipportunely 
this  institution  has  provided  for  its  com- 
prehensive treatment  facilities  such  as  yet 
exist  in  no  other  community.  In  1911-1912 
the  Boston  Board  of  Health  hatl  found  that 
out  of  one  hundred  and  eiphteen  thousand, 


tORSVTH    Dt.NTAL    INFIRMARY    FOR    CHILDREN,     140    FENWAY 


a  full  academic  year  of  instruction  and 
work.  The  broad  curriculum  includes  all 
correlative  subjects  while  remaining  inten- 
sive in  each  branch,  and  always  bearing 
upon  the  bodily  welfare  of  the  child.  The 
aim  is  to  educate  specialists  and  teachers; 
the  science  is  taught  eclectically. 

The  foundation  of  the  Forsyth  Infirmary 
came  appropriately  at  a  time  when  the  j)ublic 
had  only  just  been  made  aware  of  the  essen- 
tial relationship  between  dental  hygiene  and 
the  general  health  of  the  human  l)eing,   it 


seven  hundred  and  eighty-one  Boston  school 
children,  fift}--one  thousand,  three  hundred 
and  forty  had  defective  teeth,  while  nearly 
as  many  more  suffered  fnim  related 
trouljles.  In  the  about  equal  number  in  the 
remaining  comnnmities  of  Cireater  Boston 
similar  conditions  probal)h'  obtain.  Good 
teeth  mean  good  health,  hence  the  in- 
fluence of  this  institution  upon  future  gener- 
ations in  a  great  metropolitan  community  is 
incalculable,  and  its  founders  h;i\e  the  city's 
unalloyed  gratitude. 


2Q8 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTOX 


HUGH   CABOT,  M.D. 

Hugh  Cabot  was  l>orn  at  Beverly  Farms, 
August  1 1,  1872.  He  attended  the  Roxbury 
Latin  School  and  afterwards  entered  Har- 


DR.    HUGH    CABOT 


vard  College,  graduating  in  the  academic 
course  in  1894,  and  obtaining  the  M.D.  de- 
gree in  1898.  He  was  house  surgeon  at  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital  for  one  year 
after  graduating,  and  then  liegan  the  prac- 
tice of  surgery.  He  is  at  present  assistant 
Professor  of  Surgery  at  the  Harvard  Medi- 
cal School  and  chief  of  a  service  at  the  Mas- 
sachusetts General  Hospital.  Dr.  Cabot's 
ancestors  canie  from  the  Isle  of  Jersey,  the 
American  branch  Ijeing  founded  in  New 
England  in  the  seventeenth  centur_\-.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  St.  Botolph  Club,  the  Papy- 
rus Cluli,  the  Union  Boat  Club,  the  Hasty 
Pudding  Club  and  the  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon 
fraternity.  He  is  a  director  of  the  Journal 
Newspaper  Co.,  and  trustee  and  member  of 
the  executive  committee  of  the  New  Ene;- 
land  Baptist  Hospital.  \Miile  most  active 
in  his  work.  Dr.  Cabot  finds  time  for  vari- 
ous outdoor  sports,  of  which  he  is  very  fond. 


CONRAD  WESSELHOEFT,  M.D. 

Dr.  Conrad  Wesselhoeft,  author  and 
writer  on  medical  subjects,  was  born  in 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  in  1884.  His  prepara- 
tory education  was  received  at  Brown  & 
Nichols  School  and  at  Haubinda,  Germany. 
He  took  the  classical  course  at  Harvard 
University,  and  entering  the  Harvard  Med- 
ical School  obtained  the  M.D.  degree  upon 
graduation  in  191 1.  He  is  attending  physi- 
cian at  the  West  Department  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Homeopathic  Hospital ;  Editor  of 
the  New  England  Medical  Gazette  and  In- 
structor in  Pharmacology  at  the  Boston 
University  Medical  School.  Dr.  Wessel- 
hoeft  is  a  member  of  the  Harvard  Club  of 
Boston,  the  .-Esculapian  Club  of  Boston,  the 
Massachusetts  Homeopathic  Medical  So- 
ciety and  the  American  Institute  of  Home- 
opathy, and  is  an  Associate  in  Research  of 
the  Evans  Memorial.  In  addition  to  his 
medical  work.  Dr.  Wesselhoeft  has  con- 
tributed to  numerous  medical  journals  and 
is  the  author  of  "History  of  Digitalis  Ther- 
apy in  Heart  Disease,"  "A  Study  of  the 
Action  of  Ouim'ne  in  ]\Ialaria,"  "History 
of  Malaria  and  Quinine,"  "The  Standardi- 
zation of  Digitalis"  antl  "The  Therapeu- 
tics of  Scarlet  Fever."  He  resides  at  535 
Beacon  Street. 


The  Arnold  Arboretum  has  enriched  in- 
calculably the  horticultural  resources  of  the 
United  States  by  the  introduction  of  new 
varieties  and  species  of  trees  and  shrubs. 

CHARLES  M.  GREEN,  M.D. 
Dr.  Charles  M.  Green,  obstetrician  and 
gynecologist,  was  born  in  Med  ford,  Massa- 
chusetts, December  18,  1850.  He  is  of  old 
New  England  ancestry,  and  his  medical 
education  was  obtained  at  Harvard.  He  has 
served  as  professor  in  the  Harvard  Medical 
School  for  many  years,  in  the  hospitals  of 
Boston,  and  is  a  member  of  many  medical, 
historical,  and  patriotic  societies.  He  served 
five  years  on  the  School  Committee  of  Bos- 
ton, and  for  over  thirty-four  years  in  the 
Massachusetts  Volunteer  Militia.  He  re- 
sides at  78  Marlborough  Street. 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


->oo 


FRANK  ELLSWORTH  ALLARD,  MA). 

Dr.  PTank  I'JlswDrtli  Allard.  nie(jical  di- 
rector of  the  Boston  Mutual  Lite  Insurance 
Company,    was    born    in    Wheelock.    \'t.. 


DR.    FR,\XK    ELLSWORTH    ,\LL,\RD 

Marcli  14,  1S62.  Since  his  graduation  froni 
Dartmouth  College  in  1885,  and  before  and 
since  obtaining  his  ALD.  degree  from  the 
Boston  L'niversity  School  of  Medicine,  Dr. 
Allard  has  filled  many  positions  of  impor- 
tance in  the  educational  field,  has  lectured 
extensively  and  has  prepared  many  articles 
on  preventative  medicine  and  public  health 
subjects.  He  was  principal  of  the  Boston 
Farm  School  1S85-9:  principal  of  the 
Maiden  Evening  School,  1889-97:  he  was 
house  surgeon  of  the  Massachusetts  Home- 
opathic Dispensary  for  one  year  and  superin- 
tendent of  the  Chardon  Street  Dispensary 
1892-8.  He  was  instructor  in  Physiology 
at  the  Boston  E^niversity  School  of  !Medi- 
cine  for  19 12  and  is  now  also  lecturer  at  the 
same  institutimi  on  Physical  Economics. 
Dr.  Allard  has  been  medical  director  of  the 
Boston  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Compan_\- 
since  188S  and  is  examining  surgeon  of  the 
Casualty  Companx-  of  America.  Fie  is  past 
president   of  the   American  Association  of 


Medical  E.xaminers  and  holds  membership 
in  the  Massachusetts  Society  of  Examining 
Physicians,  Boston  Homeopathic  ^Medical 
Society,  Massachusetts  Homeopathic  ^ledi- 
cal  Societ\',  American  Institute  of  Hmne- 
(ipathy.  Eta  Eta  Chapter,  Sigma  Chi,  Bos- 
ton City  and  Art  Clubs.  Dr.  Allard  was 
married  in  Norwich,  \'t.,  May  15,  1888, 
to  Ada  Eliza  Booth,  and  they  have  one 
daughter,  Beatrice  Allard,  A.B.,  Mt.  Hol- 
voke  College,  1915.  Dr.  .Mlard's  success  in 
his  profession  is  the  result  of  close  ap- 
plication and  hard  work.  He  was  left  an 
orphan  when  two  years  old,  after  which  he 
lived  with  his  grandparents  until  he  was 
eighteen  years  old,  working  on  the  farm 
and  event ualh'  earning  his  way  through  high 
school  anil  college.  His  offices  are  at  yy 
Kilby  Street  and  419  Box'lston  Street. 


No  city  in  America  can  excel  Boston 
in  educational  facilities.  It  has  produced 
])hysicians  of  world-wide  celel)rit}-,  and  the 
high  re])Utation  of  its  hos])itals,  which  are 
unsurjiassed  in  e(|uii)ment  and  management, 
is  due  to  the  excellence  of  the  medical  statf, 
which  include  physicians  of  international 
repute. 

SAMUEL  JASON  M INTER,  ^l.D. 
Dr.  Samuel  J.  ]\Ii.xter  was  born  in  Hard- 
wick,  Mass.,  in  1855,  and  after  graduating 
from  the  Alassachusetts  Institute  of  Tech- 
nolog}'  and  Harvard  Medical  School,  took 
uj)  the  ])ractice  of  medicine  in  1879.  He 
has  Ijeen  assistant  in  anatomy,  assistant 
demonstrator,  instructor  in  surgery,  and 
assistant  in  operative  snrger}-  at  Harvaril, 
and  has  Ijeen  lecturer  at  the  same  institution 
since  1903.  Fie  is  consulting  surgeon  at 
the  ^Massachusetts  General  Hospital  and  the 
Massachusetts  Charitable  Eye  and  Ear  In- 
firmary. He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  American 
Surgical  Association,  American  Academv 
of  Arts  and  Sciences,  antl  memlier  of  the 
American  Medical  Association,  ]Massachu- 
setts  Medical  Society  and  the  Societe  In- 
ternationale de  Chirurgie,  Paris,  France. 
Dr.  Mixter's  office  is  at  180  Marlborough 
Street,  Boston. 


300 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


MYRON  L.  CHAMBERLAIN,  M.D. 


UK.    M.     L.    CHAMUl-RLAIN' 


Dr.  M.  L.  Chamberlain  was  born  in 
Greenwich,  Mass.,  on  September  22,  1844. 
He  fitted  for  college  at  New  Salem  Acad- 


emy, but  abandoned  a  prospective  Harvard 
College  education  to  enlist  as  a  recruit  to 
the   loth  Massachusetts  regiment,  but  was 


'I'lli:    15()()K    OF    BOSTON 


301 


discharged  liecause  of  ill  luvilth  in  1S62. 
After  the  recovery  of  his  health  he  began 
to  study  medicine  and  attended  tlie  Berk- 
shire Medical  College,  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Maryland,  and 
the  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College,  from 
which  he  was  graduated  in  1867.  On  the 
6th  of  February,  1865,  after  an  examination 
at  the  State  House  I)y  Surgeon-General 
Dale,  Surgeons  McClaren  and  Townsend, 
C.  A.  Dana,  assistant  Secretary  of  War,  ap- 
pointed Mr.  Chamberlain  a  medical  cadet 
in  the  regular  army.  He  received  an  honor- 
able discharge  in  the  spring  of  1S66,  having 
been  retained  in  service  until  all  other  cadets 
had  been  tlischarged,  and  having  been  sta- 
tioned at  the  Dale  General  Hospital,  Worces- 
ter, and  the  Hicks  General  Hospital,  Balti- 
more, yU\.  Dr.  Chamberlain  came  to  Bos- 
ton in  1878,  after  seven  years  of  practice  in 
Southbridge,  Mass.,  and  two  years  of  study 
and  travel  abroad,  and,  without  prestige  and 
almost  without  friends,  quickly  accjuired, 
and  still  holds,  one  of  the  most  desirable 
practices  in  the  city.  He  comes  of  an  illus- 
trious ancestry.  Fie  is  descended  in  the 
sixth  generation  from  Lieut.  Nathaniel  Fel- 
ton,  "The  Patriarch  of  Old  Salem,"  who 
came  from  England  in  1633,  and  who  was 
the  direct  ancestor  of  the  late  President  Fel- 
ton  of  Harvard  College,  and  his  wife,  Mary 
Skelton,  the  daughter  of  Rev.  Samuel  Skel- 
ton,  the  first  minister  of  the  first  church  of 
Salem,  wh(T  came  from  England  on  the  sec- 
ond voyage  of  the  "Mayflower"  in  162Q, 
having  left  his  native  country  because  of 
persecution  inv  his  non-cunfiirniilw  l'"rancis 
Higginson  accompanied  him  and  l)ecanie 
teacher  in  the  church.  The  Colonial  author- 
ities granted  Rev.  ]\Ir.  Skelton  for  his  sacri- 
fices two  hundred  acres  of  land,  on  which 
now  stands  Danversport.  Dr.  Chamber- 
lain's great-grandmother,  widow  Katherine 
Deland,  was  the  first  jiublic  school 
teacher  in  the  north  precinct  of  Salem,  and 
the  Peabody  Historical  Society  recently 
erected  a  granite  and  bnmze  memorial  t(.) 
Irt  ;iu(l  to  mark  the  site  of  the  house  in 
which  was  held  the  school.     He  is  also  the 


sixth    generation    froi 


hn    Proctor    of 


Salem,  the  witchcraft  martyr.  The  old 
house  of  Nathaniel  Felton  still  stands  in 
Peabody,  formerly  a  part  of  Salem,  and  has 
been  occupied  by  a  Nathaniel  Felton  in 
direct  descent,  continuously,  until  two  years 
ago,  when  the  last  Nathaniel  Felton  died, 
and  it  is  still  the  home  of  the  latter's  sister, 
Mrs.  Gould.  (Jther  descendants  of  Na- 
thaniel Felton  went,  as  original  .settlers,  to 
New  Salem,  Mass.,  and  were  instrumental 
\\ith  others  in  obtaining  financial  assistance 
from  the  State  to  build  the  New  Salem 
Acadeni}-,  the  first  to  receive  State  aid,  and 
which  is  still  flourishing.  It  has  been  the 
alma  mater  of  very  many  Chaml)erlains  and 
Feltons  from  its  first  session  down  to  the 
present  day.  Dr.  Chaml)erlain  comes  of  a 
medical  family.  His  father.  Dr.  Levi 
Chamberlain,  practiced  medicine  in  Massa- 
chusetts forty  years;  a  brother.  Dr.  George 
Felton  Chamlierlain,  practiced  forty-seven 
years,  and  another  br(jther.  Dr.  C}rus  Na- 
thaniel Chamberlain,  practiced  forty-eight 
years,  four  of  which  were  spent  as  Surgeon, 
U.  S.  v.,  in  the  Civil  War;  the  latter  was 
selected  by  the  General  Court  of  Massachu- 
setts from  all  the  surgeons  who  went  to  the 
war  from  Massachusetts,  to  build  and  take 
charge  of  the  Dale  General  Hospital  at 
Worcester,  Mass.,  in  1865.  This  serves  to 
show  Dr.  Chamljerlain's  sturdy  New  Eng- 
land ancestors,  but  the  family  history  is 
traced  a  long  time  back.  A  memlier  of  the 
titled  family,  de  Tankerville,  influential  then 
and  now,  and  having  large  estates  down  to 
the  present  time  in  the  valley  of  the  Loire, 
in  France,  went  to  England  as  an  ofticer  at 
the  time  of  the  Norman  Conquest  and  was 
made  chamberlain  to  the  king.  He  ailopted 
Chamberlain  as  a  family  name,  and  his  de- 
scendants continued  its  use  thereafter. 

Dr.  Chamberlain  is  a  member  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts ^Medical  Society,  the  Boston  Med- 
ical Library  ;uid  the  American  Medical 
Association.  He  has  been  an  occasional 
contributor  t(_)  medical  jiublications  and  is 
the  originator  of  a  new  idea  in  surgerv,  and 
an  apparatus  to  make  it  eft'ective,  which 
have  proved  their  worth  b)-  the  sa\ing  of 
several  human  lives. 


302 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


GEORGE  HAMLIN  WASHBURN,  M.D. 

Dr.  George  H.  Washburn  was  born  May 
2,  i860,  in  Constantinople,  Turkey,  the  son 
of  George  and  Henrietta  Loraine  (Hamlin) 


DR.    GEORGE    H.    W.ISHBURN 


Washburn.  The  father  was  a  clergyman 
who  was  a  recognized  authority  upoti  ques- 
tions connected  with  the  politics  of  South- 
eastern Europe,  and  was  decorated  with  the 
Order  of  St.  Andrew  by  Prince  Alexander 
of  Bulgaria  and  the  Order  of  Civil  Merit  by 
Prince  Ferdinand. 

Dr.  Washlmrn  lived  abroad  the  greater 
part  of  his  time  up  to  1878  and  received  his 
preparatory  education  at  Robert  College, 
Constantinople.  Returning  to  this  country 
he  entered  Amherst  College  and  graduated 
A.B.  in  1882.  Harvard  conferred  the  M.D. 
degree  upon  him  in  1886,  since  which  time 
he  has  practiced  in  Boston.  He  is  professor 
emeritus  of  obstetrics  at  Tufts  College  Med- 
ical School,  late  visiting  gynecologist  to  St. 
Elizabeth's  Hospital  and  consulting  surgeon, 
Free  Hospital  for  Women.  Dr.  Washburn 
is  a  member  of  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society, 
the  Boston  Obstetrical  Society,  of  which  he 


was  formerl}'  president,  the  Delta  Kappa 
Epsilon  Fraternity  and  the  Congregational 
and  University  Clubs.  Dr.  Washburn  was 
married  September  22,  1887,  to  Anna  M. 
Hoyt,  of  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  the  union  bringing 
four  children,  Mrs.  Anna  Loraine  Hall,  of 
New  York;  George  Edward  Washburn,  of 
Proctor,  \'t. ;  Arthur  H.  Washburn,  a 
teacher  at  Robert  College,  Constantinople, 
(jf  which  his  grandfather  was  president;  and 
Alfred  H.  Washburn,  who  just  graduated 
from  Amherst  College.  He  resides  at  377 
Marlborough  Street  and  has  a  summer  home 
at  Manchester,  Mass. 


There   is   no   citv   in   the   entire   country 
better  equijiped  for  expansion  than  Boston. 

SAMUEL  A.  KIMBALL,  M.D. 

Dr.  Samuel  A.  Kimball  was  born  August 
28,  1857.  in  Bath,  Alaine.  He  graduated 
from  Phillips  (Andover)  Academy,  1874; 
Yale  College,  1879; 
Harvard  Medical  1 
School,  1882,  and 
Boston  Lhiiversity  | 
School  of  Medicine 
in  1883.  He  began 
practice  in  Mrl- 
rose,  Mass.,  in 
1883,  but  removed 
to  Boston  in  iSSn, 
and  has  since  prac- 
ticed here  continu- 
ously. Dr.  Kim- 
ball is  descended  | 
from  Richard  Kim- 
ball, who  came  to 
this  country  in 
1634.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Homeopathic  Medical  Society,  the 
International  Hahnemanian  Association,  the 
Society  of  Homeopathicians  and  the  Delta 
Kappa  Epsilon  Society.  He  resides  at  229 
Newbury  Street.  He  was  married  October 
17,  1883,  to  Belle  C.  Trowbridge  of  Port- 
land, Maine.  There  are  two  children,  John 
H.,  born  in  Melrose  May  6,  1886,  and 
Joseph  S.,  l)orn  in  Boston  May  20,  1889. 


DR.    SAMUEL   A.    KIMBALL 


THE    ROOK    OF    BOSTON 


M):^ 


DR.    SETH     F.    ARNOLD 


SETH  FENELON  ARNOLD,   M.D. 

Dr.  Seth  F.  Arnold  was  born  in  Wcstinin- 
.ster,  Vt.,  Decemljer  21.  1878.  The  family 
is  of  English  origin,  the  American  branch 

being  established 
in  1640,  at  Had- 
dani.  Conn.,  the 
founder  being  (Jiie 
of  twenty  to  take  a 
grant  of  land  from 
the  King  of  Eng- 
land. Dr.  .\rnold 
was  educated  at  the 
Kimball  U  n  i  o  n 
Acailemy,  Meriden, 
X.  H.,  class  of 
]  896 ;  Vermont 
Academy,  Saxton's 
River,  \'t.,  class  of 
1899,  and  after- 
wartls  attended  the 
Rose  Polytechnic  Institute,  Terre  Haute, 
Ind.,  for  nearly  three  years,  with  the  class 
of  1903.  He  was  graduated  from  Tufts  l"ol- 
lege  Medical  School  in  1908  and  has  since 
practiced  in  Boston.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Boston  City  Committee  1906-7,  the  Bos- 
ton City  Council  1908-9,  and  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts House  of  Representatives  in  1910. 
Dr.  Arnold  is  a  member  of  the  Sons  of  the 
American  Revolution,  American  Micro- 
scopic Society,  Mercantile  Library  Associa- 
tion, Sigma  Nu  and  Phi  Chi  Fraternities, 
the  Massachusetts  Repuljlican  Club  and  the 
Lincoln  Club  of  Boston.  His  address  is 
92  Huntington  Avenue. 

WHJTA^r   :\IERRITT  CONANT,   :\LD. 

Dr.  William  M.  Conant,  one  of  the  well- 
known  surgeons  of  the  city,  was  born  Jan- 
uary 5,  1856,  in  North  Attleboro,  Mass., 
the  son  of  Ira  M.  and  Mary  F.  (Bassett) 
Conant.  His  preliminary  education  was  at 
the  Bridgewater  (Mass.)  Academy,  Phil- 
lips (Andoverj  Academy,  and  Adams 
Academy,  Ouincy,  Massachusetts.  He  en- 
tered Harvard  College  for  the  classical 
course  and  graduated  A.B.  in  1879,  ^"'^l  ^^''^^ 
<iwarded  the  M.D.  degree  by  the  Harvard 
Medical  School  in  1884,  after  he  had  been 


a  house  officer  for  one  \'ear  and  a  half  at 
the  [Massachusetts  (leneral  Hospital.  Dr. 
Conant  has  practiced  in  Bost(jn  since  1885. 
He  is  professor  of  clinical  surgery  at  Tufts 
Aledical  School  and  consulting  surgeon  to 
the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  American  ^Medical  Associa- 
tion, the  American  College  of  Surgeons,  the 
Association  of  Military  Surgeons  of  the 
United  States,  the  Massachusetts  Medical 
Societ^',  the  American  Society  of  Anato- 
mists antl  the  Society  of  Medical  Improve- 
ment and  Medical  Sciences.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Beacon  Society,  the  Harvard 
Clul)  of  Boston  and  New  York,  the  Country 
Club  of  Brookline,  Algonquin  Club,  and 
Army  antl  Navy  Club  oi  Washington,  also 
the  Boston  Athletic  Association.  Dr. 
Conant  was  married  in  Boston,  November 
12,  1884,  to  r\lary  A.  Bennett.  He  is  a  Re- 
publican in  p(ilitics,  and  a  member  of  the 
Episcopalian  Church.  He  resides  at  486 
Commonwealth  .Avenue. 


The  Home  for  Aged  Men  on  Spring- 
field Street  was  organized  in  1861.  Its  pur- 
pose is  to  proxidc  a  home  for  and  assist 
respectable,  aged  and  indigent  men. 

E\'ERETT  JONES,  M.B.,  M.D. 

Dr.  Everett  Jones  was  born  in  Corinna, 
Maine,  and  was  educated  at  Boston  and 
Harvard  Universities,  the  former  institu- 
tion conferring  the  Bachelor  of  Medicine 
degree  upon  him  in  1897.  For  the  past  ten 
years  he  has  specialized  in  diseases  of  the 
nose,  throat  and  ear.  Dr.  Jones  is  on  the 
staff'  of  the  Massachusetts  Hom(xr)pathic 
Hospital  and  is  a  member  of  the  American 
Medical  Association,  Massachusetts  Medi- 
cal Society,  Massachusetts  Homoeopathic 
Medical  Society,  The  American  Institute 
of  Homoeopathy,  American  Homoeopathic 
Ophthalmological,  Otological  and  Laryn- 
gological  Association,  Massachusetts  Surgi- 
cal and  Gynecological  Society,  and  the 
Tedesco  Country  Clul)  of  Swampscott.  His 
office  is  at  419  Boylston  Street,  and  he  re- 
sides at  1638  Beacon  Street.  His  summer 
residence  is  at  Marblehead. 


304 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


GEORGE  BURGESS  MAGRATH,  M.D. 
Dr.   George  B.   Magrath,  medical  exam- 
iner for  Suffolk  County,  was  born  in  Jack- 
son,   Mich.,    October    2,     1870.      After    a 

thorough  prepara- 
tory education  he 
graduated  A.B. 
from  Harvard  in 
1894  and  M.D.  in 
1898.  He  was 
House  Officer  in 
the  pathological  ser- 
vice at  the  Boston 
City  Hospital  in 
1898,  assistant  in 
pathology  at  the 
same  institution 
from  1895-1915, 
and  assistant  in  hy- 
giene 1905-7.  He 
was  pathologist  to 
and  Carney  Hospi- 


DR.    GEORGE    B.    MAGRATH 

Long  Island   (Boston) 


tals  from  1898  to  1905  and  assistant  to  the 
secretary  of  the  Massachusetts  Board  of 
Health  in  1905-7.  Dr.  Magrath  has  lieen 
instructor  in  legal  medicine  at  the  Harvard 
Medical  School  since  1907.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  American  Medical  Association,  the 
Massachusetts  Medico-Legal  Society,  of 
which  he  was  formerly  president,  the  Suf- 
folk District  Medical  Society,  the  St.  Bo- 
tolph  Club,  Union  Boat  Club  and  Harvard 
Club  of  Boston.  Dr.  Magrath  has  been  a 
frequent  contributor  to  medical  journals  and 
is  the  author  of  "Studies  in  Pathology  and 
Etiologv  of  Variola  and  of  Vaccinia." 


C.  DELETANG  EBANN,  M.D. 

Dr.  C.  Deletang  Ebann,  who  specializes 
in  stomach  troubles  and  rheumatism,  was 
born  at  Paris,  France,  and  was  educated  at 
the  leading  institutions  of  learning  abroad 
and  in  the  LTnited  States.  He  came  to 
America  nearly  forty-five  years  ago  and 
studied  medicine  at  Tufts  College,  which 
conferred  the  M.D.  degree  upon  him.  He 
has  practiced  in  Boston  successfully  for 
twenty-five  years,  with  offices  at  25  IMarl- 
borough  Street. 


HELMUTH   ULRICH,   M.D. 

Dr.  Helmuth  LHrich,  who  is  Research  As- 
sociate in  Pathology  and  Librarian  at  the 
Evans  Memorial  Department  of  Clinical  Re- 
search and  Preven- 
tive Medicine,  con- 
nected with  the 
M  a  s  s  a  c  h  u  setts 
Homeopathic  Hos- 
pital, was  born  Oc- 
tober 31,  1882,  ir 
Arras,  Germany, 
and  obtained  his 
preparatory  educa- 
tion at  the  Rochlitz 
Seminary,  Ger- 
many. LTpon  com- 
ing to  America  he 
became  a  special 
student  at  Harvard 
College  and  during 
1906-7  studied  at  the  LTniversity  of  Penn- 
sylvania Medical  School.  He  obtained  the 
M.D.  degree  from  the  Boston  University 
Medical  School  upon  graduation  in  191 1. 
He  was  House  physician  at  the  Ivletropolitan 
Hospital,  New  York,  1911-12,  and  has  been 
lecturer  in  Pathology  at  the  Boston  Univer- 
sity School  of  Medicine  since  1913.  Dr. 
Ulrich  took  a  post-graduate  course  in  Pa- 
thology at  the  Friedrichshaien  Krankenhaus, 
Berlin,  in  1914.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Alpha  Sigma  Fraternity  and  the  Boston 
Medical  Library.  His  offices  are  at  1474 
Commonwealth  Avenue. 


DK.    HELMUTH    ULRICH 


CRYSTAL    LAKE,    WAKEFIELD.       A    PRETTY    SPOT    ON 
THE    BAY    STATE    STREET    RAILWAY 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON' 


M^> 


WILLIAM    PHILLIPS   GRAVES,    M.D. 

Dr.  William  Phillijjs  Graves  was  Ixirn  in 
Andover,  Mass.,  January  29,  1870,  the  S(jn 
of    William    Blair    and    Luranah    Hodges 


DR.    WILLIAM    P.    GRAVES 


(  Copeland )  Graves.  The  immediate  mem- 
l)ers  of  Dr.  Graves'  family  are  noted  among 
New  England's  professional  men.  The 
father,  William  Blair  Graves,  was  for  many 
years  professor  of  natural  sciences  at 
Phillips  Academy,  Andover,  instructor  in 
mathematics  at  Amherst  and  professor  of 
mathematics  and  civil  engineering  at  the 
Massachusetts  Agricultural  College,  while 
the  brother,  Llenry  Solon  Graves,  was  for- 
merly professor  of  forestry  and  director  of 
the  Yale  Forest  School  and  is  Chief  Forester 
of  the  L^nited  States.  Dr.  Graves  was 
educated  at  I'hillii)S  Academy,  Andover, 
graduating  with  the  class  of  18S7.  He  took 
the  clas.sical  course  at  Yale  and  received 
the  A.B.  degree  in  1891.  Lie  afterwards 
entered  the  Llarvard  ^Medical  School,  receiv- 
ing the  M.D.  degree  in  1899.  Dr.  Graves 
was  a  teacher  in  the  Hill  School,  Pottstown, 
Pa.,  for  four  years  previous  to  studying 
medicine.  1  le  began  practice  in  Iloston  in 
1900,   and  has  since  filled  many   iinpjrlant 


positions  in  the  hospitals  and  colleges  of  the 
cit\-.  He  was  chosen  surgeon-in-chief  of 
the  Free  Llospital  for  Women  in  1907;  pro- 
fessor of  gxnecology  at  the  Harvard  Med- 
ical School  in  191 1,  and  is  constilting  physi- 
cian for  Boston  Lying-in  Hospital.  Fie  is  a 
member  of  the  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion, American  Association  for  Cancer  Re- 
search, the  Massachusetts  Medical  Societw 
American  (iynecological  Society,  the  Skull 
and  Bones,  of  Yale,  St.  Botolph,  Flarvard, 
Tennis  and  Racquet,  Country  and  Boston 
Athletic  Clul)s.  He  was  married  October 
10,  1900,  to  Alice  M.  Chase  of  Boston.  His 
address  is  J44  Marlborough  Street.  Dr. 
Graves  is  author  of  "C,raves'  Gynecology," 
a  textbook  published  in   1916. 

HOWARD  W.  NOW'ELL,  M.D. 

Dr.    Howard    \\'.    Nowell,   who   has   de- 
voted  much  time  to  pathological  research, 
\\as  born  in  Merrimacport,  Mass.,  May  16, 
1872.     He    w  a  s 
graduated       fro  m 
Lyndon  (Vt.)  Col- 
lege,   and    the    fol- 
lowing year  took  a 
course  at  the  Mas- 
sachusetts    College 
of  Pharmacy.     He 
studied  medicine  at 
Boston   University, 
from  which  he  was      „^  „^„.^,^„  „,  ^„,,.^^^ 
graduated  in   19 11. 

Dr.  Nowell  was  Instructor  of  Pathology 
at  Boston  L^niversity  School  of  Medicine 
1911-13,  and  professor  at  the  same  in- 
stitution i9i_:;-i5.  Fie  was  Pathologist 
at  the  Massachusetts  Homeopathic  Hos- 
])ital  1911-13  and  Special  Pathologist  for 
the  Evans  Memorial  for  Preventive  Aledi- 
cine  antl  Clinical  Research.  In  1913  he  puli- 
lished  a  report  of  research  work  on  cancer. 
He  is  a  meml)er  of  the  Boston  City  Club, 
the  ^Masonic  Fraternity,  the  I.  O.  O.  F., 
American  Institute  of  Homeopathy,  Massa- 
chusetts Surgical  and  Gynecological  Societ\-, 
Massachusetts  Homeo])athic  ]\Iedical  So- 
ciety and  the  Boston  Medical  Society.  He 
resides  at  535  Beacon  Street. 


DR.    ELIZA   T.    RANSOM 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON' 


,^07 


ELIZA  TAYLOR  RANSO^L  ^^LD. 


Dr.  Eliza  Taylor  Ransom,  specialist  in 
mental  and  nervous  diseases  for  many  years, 
was  the  first  jihysician  in  the  United  States 
to  estalilish  a  Twilight  Sleep  Maternity  Hos- 
])ital  devoted  solely  to  testing  out  this  method 
of  Dammerschlaf  in  Aiuerica.  Dr.  Ransom 
was  born  in  Ontario,  Canada.  She  was  edu- 
cated in  the  New  York  State  public  schools 
and  is  a  graduate  of  the  Boston  University 
ScIkjoI  of  ^Medicine,  post  graduate  of  Johns 
Hopkins  ^ledical  School,  New  York  Post- 
Graduate  School,  the  Polyclinic,  Harvard 
and  the  Neurological  and  Pathological  Insti- 
tute of  New  Ycjrk.  Her  medical  degree  was 
conferred  1)\-  lloston  L'niversit\'  in  1900.  Dr. 
Ransom  began  practice  in  1902,  at  ^y;^  Com- 
monwealth Avenue,  Boston.  She  was  first 
vice-president  of  the  Homeopathic  Medical 
Society  in  1903  and  1907,  and  is  at  present 
medical  examiner  for  the  Equitable  Insur- 
ance Co.,  the  Employers  Liability  Corpora- 
tion and  Jordan,  Marsh  Co. 

Dr.  Ransom  began  life  as  a  teacher  in  a 
country  school  in  northern  New  York,  at 
$3.00  per  week.  Later,  after  graduating 
from  the  Oswego  Normal  School,  she  taught 
in  the  town  of  Pepperell  and  Westboro,  as 
Principal  of  the  Grammar  School  and  was 
also  instructor  in  the  Lyman  School  for 
Boys.  After  teaching  in  public  schools  of 
Boston  and  Brookline,  she  relinquished  that 
\\i  irk  for  the  study  of  medicine  and  later  she 


became  lecturer  in  the  chair  of  Histokjgv  at 
the  Boston  L'niversity  ]\Iedical  School,  which 
she  held  for  several  years.  She  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Copley  Society,  Women's  I'oliti- 
cal  Equality  Union,  National  Suffrage  As- 
sociation, Women's  City  Clul),  Canadian 
Club,  Women's  Municipal  League,  Twen- 
tieth Century  Medical  Clul),  Massachusetts 
Homeopathic  Medical  Association,  the  New 
England  Twilight  Association  and  the  Wo- 
men's National  Association.  She  is  the 
mother  of  two  beautiful  daughters,  hence 
her  interest  in  the  recent  highlv  scientific 
and  humane  delivery  of  the  coming  genera- 
tions. The  Twilight  Sleep  Maternitv  Hos- 
pital, which  Dr.  Ransom  conducts  at  197 
Bay  State  Road,  is  a  thoroughly  equipped 
mo(lern  maternity  institution.  In  the  treat- 
ment of  cases  by  the  Freiberg  method.  Dr. 
Ransom  has  been  highly  successful  and  is 
considered  buth  locally  and' at  large  by  the 
profession  and  by  the  laity  as  a  pioneer  as 
well  as  a  jiroficient  and  persistent  demon- 
strator of  the  best  method  }-et  extant  for 
the  deliverance  of  the  race,  presenting  as  is 
claimed  by  its  atlherents,  the  method  above 
all  others  for  reducing  the  present  high 
death  rate  of  infants  at  birth.  It  eliminates 
birth  palsies  responsible  for  many  of  our 
crippled  and  deformed  children,  and  renders 
to  feminine  humanity  a  service  incompa- 
rable and  yet  unapproached  Ijy  any  other 
known  method. 


308 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


A.  WILLIAM  REGGIO,  M.D. 

Dr.  A.  William  Reggio,  who  has  for  the 
past  four  years  specialized  in  surgery,  is  one 
of   the    younger   practitioners   of    the   city. 


DR.    A.    WILLIAM    REGGIO 


Dr.  Reggio  was  born  in  Germany  in  1886, 
the  son  of  Andre  C.  Reggio,  trustee  of  the 
Carney  estate,  and  grandson  of  Nicholas 
Reggio,  who  was  an  old  Boston  merchant, 
and  at  different  times  United  States  Consul 
to  Smyrna,  Turkey  and  Italy.  Dr.  Reggio 
received  his  preparatory  education  in  Eng- 
land, Germany  and  Switzerland,  and  upon 
his  return  to  Boston  finished  at  the  Volk- 
mann  School,  whence  he  entered  Harvard 
University  for  the  classical  course,  and 
graduated  in  1908.  He  then  matriculated 
at  the  Harvard  Medical  School  and  was 
awarded  the  M.D.  degree  in  1912.  He  also 
graduated  from  the  Massachusetts  Hospital 
in  1 91 4,  and  at  the  present  time  is  a  gradu- 
ate assistant  at  the  same  institution.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Tennis  and  Racquet,  Har- 
vard (Boston  and  New  York)  and  ^Escula- 
pian  Clubs,  the  Harvard  Musical  Associa- 
tion, the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  the 
American  Medical  Association  and  the  Bos- 
ton    Medical     Librarv     Association.       Dr. 


Reggio  was  married  May  12,  1914,  to 
Marian  Shaw,  daughter  of  Charles  T.  Lov- 
ering.  His  office  is  at  40  Fairfield  Street, 
Boston. 

GEORGE  S.  C.  BADGER,  M.D. 
Dr.  George  S.  C.  Badger  was  born  in 
Boston,  May  31,  1870.  His  preparatory  edu- 
cation was  received  at  the  Boston  Latin 
School.  Yale  conferred  the  A.B.  degree 
upon  him  in  1892  and  the  A.M.  in  1894. 
Entering  Harvard  Medical  School,  he  grad- 
uated in  1897,  cum  laude,  with  the  M.D.  de- 
gree. He  began  the  practice  of  medicine  in 
Brookline,  afterwards  removing  to  Boston, 
and  now  resides  at  48  Hereford  Street.  Dr. 
Badger  is  Instructor  in  Medicine  at  the 
Harvard  Medical  School,  Visiting  Physician 
to  Out-patients  of  the  Massachusetts  Gen- 
eral Hospital,  Physician  to  the  New  Eng- 
land Baptist  Hospital  and  a  Member  of  the 
Advisory  Committee  on  School  Hygiene  of 
the  Boston  Public  Schools.  He  holds  mem- 
bership in  the  Yale  Club  of  Boston,  Har- 
vard Club  of  Boston,  Graduates  Club  of 
New  Haven,  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion and  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society. 
He  was  married  June   15,    1900.  to  Grace 


DR.    GEORGE    S.    C.     BADGER 


M.  Spear  of  Cincinnati  and  they  have  two 
children,  Sherwin  Campbell  Badger,  born 
August  29,  1901,  and  Virginia  Badger, 
born  February  15,  191 1.  Dr.  Badger's 
summer  home  is  in  Cohasset. 


THE 
BOOK  OF  BOSTON 


Fifty    Years'  Recollections  of  the  New  England  Metropolis 


CHAPTER    XVIII 


BOSTON'S  WOOL  TRADE 

A  World  Leader  in  this  Industry — A  Trade  Fortunate  in  Attracting  the  Most 

Energetic   and   Reliable   Merchants 
By  Henry  A.  Kidder 


fi^  ROM  the  earliest  times,  Bos- 
ton stands  forth  jire-emi- 
nently  as  the  leading  wool 
market  of  the  country. 
Amid  all  the  changes 
wrought  in  financial  and 
commercial  circles,  the  shifting  centres  of 
industrial  productii:)n,  rmd  the  niarveluus 
growth  of  the  West  and  South,  no  other  city 
or  communit}-  has  been  able  to  wrest  su- 
premacy from  Boston's  wool  trade.  Deter- 
mined efforts  have  been  made  from  time  to 
time,  notably  by  New  York  and  Chicago, 
to  tlivert  the  business  so  successfully  and 
profitably  carried  on  here,  liut  without  suc- 
cess. Boston  still  magnificently  leads  in 
1)oth  the  volume  of  wool  sold  and  its  value 
when  expressed  in  terms  of  money.  With 
the  exception  of  London,  l)efore  the  war,  it 
is  the  most  important  wool  market  in  the 
^\■orld,  and  through  all  the  changing  years 
has  maintained  its  relative  control  of  both 
the  handling  of  the  domestic  clip  and  the  im- 
])ortation  of  foreign  wools  necessary  to  make 
up  the  deficiency  where  the  domestic  supj)ly 
falls  shiirt.  It  is  possil>le  that  even  after  the 
war  it  ma}-  pass  London  in  the  race  for 
world  supremacy. 

Years  ago,  a  shrewd  observer  saitl  of  the 
Boston  market :  "There  is  no  other  wool 
market  in  the  world  where  a  man  can  see 
so  much  wool  in  a  day  as  he  can  in  Boston. 
There  is  no  other  wool  market  in  the  world 
where  a  man  can  buy  so  much  wool  in  a 
<lay  without  boosting  the  price  as  he  can  in 
Boston.     In  this  market,  which  sometimes 


handles  four  hundred  million  pounds  of 
wool,  or  one  hundred  million  pounds  more 
than  the  entire  [production  of  this  country, 
a  man  can  purchase  thirty  million  to  fifty 
million  pounds  in  a  da\'  or  two,  during  the 
wool  season,  and  it  will  scarcely  cause  a 
ripple.  Yet  if  he  were  to  go  into  the 
London  auctions,  where  in  the  aggregate 
as  much  wool  is  handled  as  here,  it  is  doubt- 
ful if  he  cotdd  buv  five  hundred  thousand 
pounds  in  a  da\'  without  biilding  up  the  price 
at  least  a  half-penny." 

More  than  a  centnrv  ago,  Alexander 
Hamilton,  writing  of  the  manufactures  of 
New  England,  called  attention  to  the  fact 
that  it  was  a  "vast  scene  of  household  manu- 
facturing," and  that  the  greater  part  of  the 
men  in  these  communities  were  clothed  with 
the  product  of  hand  looms  of  New  England 
housewives.  Erom  their  own  farms  came 
the  wool  which  the  women  spun  into  yarn 
and  wove  into  cloth  to  supplv  the  needs  of 
their  "men  folks."  Homespun  was  then 
universally  worn  by  all  but  the  wealthy. 
The  spinning  wheel  and  the  hand  loom  were 
then  as  common  in  the  homes  of  the  well- 
to-do  as  the  i)iano  and  the  sewing  machine 
are  today.  Hamilton  was  the  first  public 
man  tc;  advocate  the  encouragement  and  pro- 
tecticjn  of  the  domestic  manufacturers  of 
wool,  but  it  is  doubtful  if  even  his  prophetic 
soul  could  have  foreseen  the  extent  to  which 
the  industry  was  destined  to  be  developed  in 
later  years,  or  its  importance  in  furnishing 
employment  to  the  working  people,  or  as  a 
source  of  wealth  to  the  communitv. 


310 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


Then,  all  the  wool  used  in  New  England 
was  grown  on  her  hills,  but  wool  growing 
has  long  ceased  to  Ije  a  prominent  feature  of 
her  industries,  though,  for  a  brief  period 
during  and  immediately  following  the  Civil 
War,  considerable  wool  was  raised  in  North- 
ern New  England,  the  high  prices  then  pre- 
vailing making  the  business  profitable. 
While  the  centre  of  wool  production  has 
moved  West,  and  for  manv  ^ears  has  been 
beyond  the  Mississippi  River,  the  control  of 
its  distribution  has  remained  in  the  hands  of 
Boston's  merchants,  while  New  England 
still  maintains  its  supremacy  in  the  business 
of  wool  manufacture.  The  question  is  often 
asked:  "Whence  this  preeminence  of  the 
city  in  the  wool  trade?"  and  the  answer  is 
not  long  in  coming  nor  the  reason  difficult  to 
find.  New  England  was  the  birthplace  of 
the  wool  manufacturing  industry  in  this 
country,  and  still  dominates  the  industry. 
Ample  water  power  and  plenty  of  skilled 
labor  were  important  factors  in  this  de- 
velopment, and  dotted  all  over  the  six  states 
are  to  be  found  communities  of  which  the 
centre  is  the  woollen  mill.  It  was  but  the 
extension  of  the  idea  of  home  production 
which  Hamilton  found  so  attractive.  Mas- 
sachusetts, especially,  has  been  i^rominent  in 
the  industry,  and  though  other  states  and 
other  sections  have  entered  into  wool  manu- 
facturing with  much  energy,  the  Bay  State 
is  still  the  greatest  wool  manufacturing  state 
in  the  Union. 

In  the  growth  of  this  great  industry,  Bos- 
ton men  and  Boston  capital  have  ever  played 
an  active  and  increasingly  important  part. 
What  more  natural  than  that  the  city  from 
which  the  industry  was  managed  and  largely 
financed  should  also  control  the  marketing 
and  the  distribution  of  the  raw  material. 
According  to  the  last  Federal  census,  there 
were  nine  hundred  and  eighty-five  establish- 
ments in  the  United  States  devoted  to 
wool  manufacture,  employing  one  hundred 
and  sixty-eight  thousand,  seven  hundred 
and  twenty-two  hands,  and  turning  out  an 
annual  prcjduct  valued  at  four  hundred  and 
thirty-five  million,  nine  hundred  and  sev- 
enty-eight thousand,  five  hundred  and  fiftv- 
eight.     New  England  has  four  hundred  and 


fort}'-eight  establishments,  employing  one 
hundred  and  seven  thousand,  one  huntlred 
and  twenty  hands,  with  a  product  valued  at 
two  hundred  and  sevent\--five  million,  six 
hundred  and  forty-eight  thousand  dollars. 
Both  in  the  numlicr  employed  and  the  value 
of  the  product.  New  England  accounted  for 
over  sixty-three  per  cent,  of  the  total.  Mas- 
sachusetts, with  only  one  hundred  and 
eighty-three  establishments,  had  fifty-three 
thousand,  eight  hundred  and  seventy-three 
people  employed,  or  nearlv  fifty  per  cent,  of 
all  New  England,  while  the  product  of  its 
wool  manufacturing  industry  was  valued  at 
one  hundred  and  forty-one  million,  nine 
hundred  and  sixty-seven  thousand  dollars, 
over  fifty-one  per  cent,  of  all  New  England, 
and  thirty-two  and  si.x-tenths  per  cent,  of 
the  production  of  the  whole  United  States. 
These  figures  were  given  before  the  out- 
break of  the  war.  In  the  past  seventy-five 
years  the  relative  position  of  Massachusetts 
and  New  England  in  regard  to  the  wool 
manufacturing  industry  of  the  country  has 
not  changed.  Both  still  stand  at  the  head 
and  sur])ass  all  other  states  and  sections  in 
the  volume  and  value  of  wool  manufactures. 
\\'ool  manufacturing  and  wool  handling 
are  indissolubly  linked  together.  Boston  be- 
came the  recognized  centre  of  the  trade,  and 
here  came  the  mill  buyers  to  renew  their 
stocks  of  wool  when  the  needs  of  their 
plants  demanded.  Most  of  the  early  mills 
were  of  small  size,  compared  with  the  enor- 
mous plants  now  devoted  to  wool  manu- 
facture, and  }et  the  gathering,  sorting  and 
shipping  of  the  wool  they  used  rapidly  grew 
into  a  great  business.  At  first  combined 
with  other  lines  of  trade,  wool  buying  and 
wool  handling  soon  came  to  have  separate 
warehouses  and  selling  agencies.  Enter- 
prising buyers  ransacked  the  four  quarters 
of  the  globe  for  raw  wool  supplies,  and,  un- 
der the  influence  of  a  tarifif  for  the  most 
part  rigidly  protective,  were  obliged  to  im- 
port only  the  choicest  wools  for  use  in 
American  mills.  American  buyers  by  no 
means  confine  their  energies  to  foreign  mar- 
kets. From  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  from 
the  (ireat  Lakes  to  the  Rio  Grande,  Boston 
wool   men   have   been   the   most   important 


'lin-:    P,()()K    OF    BOSTON 


,>  1  r 


factors  ill  the  marketing  of  tlie  doniestic 
clip  from  year  to  year.  It  is  still  true  that 
the  country  waits  for  Boston  to  fix  prices, 
before  selling  the  new  clip  wool.  Australia, 
South  America,  New  Zealand,  the  Cape 
Colony,  and  in  fact  all  countries  in  the  worUl 
where  wool  is  raised  for  export,  are  drawn 
upon  for  supplies. 

The  extent  of  Boston's  control  of  the 
wool  trade  may  be  measured  by  the  annual 
statement  of  receipts  and  shipments,  as  con- 
tained in  the  statistical  reports  of  the  Bos- 
ton Chamber  of  Commerce.  Average  re- 
ceipts for  ten  years  past  have  been  over 
three  hundred  and  twenty  millicjii  pounds, 
the  extremes  ruiuiing  from  two  hundred 
and  twenty-five  million,  (jne  hundred  and 
thirt\-seveii  tlmusaiid  pounds  in  1913  to 
four  hundred  and  twenty-nine  million,  six 
hundred    and    fifteen    thousand    pounds    in 

1915- 

The  receipts  of  wool  for  the  years  1914 

and  191 5  were  as  follows: 

Domestic  Foreign  Total 

Pounds  Pounds  Pounds 

1914  190,730,629  144,145,401  334,876,030 

1915  181,700,678  247,914,385  429,615,063 

An  average  annual  turnover  of  over  three 
hundred  and  twenty  million  pounds,  which 
at  an  estimated  average  of  twenty  cents  a 
pound  would  amount  to  over  sixty-four  mil- 
lion dollars  each  year,  commands  attention 
and  explains  in  part  why  the  wool  trade  re- 
ceives so  much  consiileration  from  banks 
and  other  financial  institutions. 

\\'hile  Boston  has  the  ideal  location,  as 
regards  nearness  to  New  England  mills,  her 
control  of  the  wool  trade  is  based  on  a  more 
solid  foundation  than  this.  It  is  the  high 
character,  the  integrit\-,  and  the  enterprise 
of  her  wool  merchants  that  has  kept  the 
power  and  trade  here  for  nearly  a  century. 
Present  methods  of  purchasing,  grading, 
warehousing  and  merchandising  wool  are 
the  result  of  the  experience  of  three  genera- 
tions of  active  wool  men.  To  say  that 
the  present  generation  of  wool  merchants 
worthily  sustains  the  traditions  of  the  trade 
for  financial  standing,  liusiness  integritv  and 


correct  methods,  is  merely  to  repeat  what  is 
widelv  known  and  recognized  in  the  business 
life  of  the  country  today.  An  illuminating 
testimony  as  to  the  honesty  of  purpose  of 
the  trade  is  found  in  the  statement  that  sales 
of  wool  are  made  largely  on  verlml  con- 
tracts, and  that  few  written  orders  are 
found  necessary  to  move  so  large  a  volume 
of  wool  from  year  to  year. 

Years  ago  were  formulated  the  principles 
which  have  dominated  the  trade,  and  the 
wool  merchants  of  the  prosperous  period 
preceding  the  Civil  War  established  the  wool 
business  on  a  stalile  foundation  from  which 
it  has  never  been  shaken.  Association  with 
such  men  was  the  school  in  whicli  the  latter 
dav  merchants  were  trained,  and  it  is  this 
training  which  makes  them  the  power  they 
are  today.  Any  story  of  the  wool  trade 
would  l)e  incomplete  without  some  reference 
to  such  men  as  William  riilt<in,  William  G. 
I'enedict,  Andrew  M.  Ilowland,  Richard  P. 
Hallowell,  Daniel  Dewey.  Matthew  Luce,. 
lohn  ("r,  Wright,  William  R.  Dupee,  and, 
particularly,  that  "Nestor  of  the  wool  trade," 
George  William  Bond.  These  men  left  such 
reputations  for  ability,  fair  dealing  and  in- 
tegritv. that  their  former  associates  and  the 
vounger  generation  still  regard  their  mem- 
orv  with  respect  and  admiration. 

Among  the  names  revered  in  the  trade, 
that  of  George  \\'illiam  Bond  must  ever 
stand  in  a  prominent  place.  Not  only  was 
he  a  well-known  local  figure,  l)Ut  his  statis- 
tical knowledge  and  practical  ability  were 
widely  recognized  and  often  enlisted  in 
efforts  to  uplift  and  benefit  the  trade.  Many 
times  the  United  States  made  use  of  his. 
services  in  connection  with  the  gathering  of 
statistics  concerning  the  trade,  and  for  years- 
he  was  a  prominent  figure  among  Boston 
wool  merchants. 

Among  the  jirominent  figures  of  the  pre- 
ceding generation  is  that  of  William  G.  Ben- 
edict. Born  in  1834,  and  educated  in  the 
l)ublic  schools  of  Millbury,  Mass.,  his  native 
town,  he  came  to  Boston  in  1850  and  en- 
tered the  employ  of  his  uncle,  Daniel  Dennx,. 
with  the  house  of  Denny,  Rice  &  Gardner, 
the  partners  being  Daniel  Denny,  Henry  A. 
Rice  and  Ilenrv  T.  Gardner,  the  latter  after- 


il2 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


wards  serving  as  Governor  of  Massachu- 
setts. He  was  admitted  to  partnership  in 
1 866,  and  when  the  wool  business  was  sepa- 
rated from  the  dry  goods  business,  he  re- 
mained with  Denny,  Rice  &  Co.,  who  con- 
tinued the  wool  business  in  this  city.  He 
became  the  head  of  the  house  in  1898,  and 
remained  so  until  his  death  in  1904.  Mr. 
Benedict  made  a  wide  circle  of  friends  in 
the  wool  trade  and  among  manufacturers, 
by  whom  he  was  always  respected.  One  of 
his  sons  was  associated  with  the  elder  Bene- 
dict in  the  firm  of  Denny,  Rice  &  Benedict, 
and  is  now  Secretary  of  the  Boston  Wool 
Trade  Association.  Mr.  Benedict  was  a 
])rominent  figure  in  financial  Boston,  being  at 
the  time  of  his  death  a  director  in  the  Bos- 
ton Safety  Deposit  &  Trust  Company  and 
the  National  Bank  of  the  Republic,  and  a 
trustee  of  the  Home  Savings  Bank. 

For  many  years,  Matthew  Luce  was  a 
leading  figure  in  the  wool  trade  of  the 
United  States.  Born  in  New  Bedford  in 
1 844,  and  educated  at  the  Friends'  Academy 
in  that  city,  he  came  to  Boston  at  the  age  of 
sixteen  and  entered  the  employ  of  Faulkner, 
Kiml)all  &■  Co.  Later  he  helped  to  organize 
the  wool  house  of  Manning,  Howland  & 
Luce,  which  afterwards  became  Howland, 
Luce  &  Co.,  and  then  Luce  &  Manning.  He 
was  the  senior  partner  in  the  latter  firm  at 
the  time  of  his  tleath,  A\hich  occurred  in 
1902.  He  was  a  director  in  the  North  Na- 
tional Bank,  the  Atlas  National  Bank,  and 
the  First  National  Bank  of  New  Bedford. 

John  G.  Wright  was  at  one  time  the 
largest  individual  importer  of  foreign  wools 
in  this  city,  and  did  much  to  extend  the 
reputation  of  the  Boston  wool  trade  for  en- 
terprise and  honesty  in  remote  Colonial  wool 
markets  in  Australasia  and  South  America. 
His  parents  came  to  this  country  in  1812, 
and  established  the  first  carpet  manufactory 
in  the  United  States  at  Medway,  Mass. 
Later  the  family  moved  to  Lowell,  where 
Alexander  Wright  established  the  Lowell 
Carpet  Company,  and  where  John  G. 
Wright  was  born  in  1842.  After  some 
years  spent  in  the  employ  of  the  Bigelow 
Carpet  Company,  the  Clinton  Carpet  Com- 
pany and  the  Lowell  ^Machine  Shops,  he  en- 


gaged in  the  wool  business  in  New  York 
with  Samuel  Lawrence.  Under  the  firm 
name  of  Lawrence,  Wright  &  Co.,  he  car- 
ried on  the  wool  business  in  New  York 
and  Boston  until  1885.  In  that  year 
he  went  into  business  alone  in  this  city,  and 
from  that  time  until  his  death  in  191 2  his 
was  a  leading  figure  in  the  importing  wool 
trade.  He  was  at  one  time  president  of  the 
North  National  Bank,  and  at  the  time  of  his 
death  was  one  of  the  trustees  of  the  Home 
Savings  Bank. 

It  is  the  universal  testimony  that  for 
integrity,  reliability  and  enterprise,  the  mem- 
bers of  the  wool  trade  will  compare  favor- 
ably with  any  other  trade  here  or  elsewhere. 
Financially,  the  wool  trade  not  only  has 
large  capital,  but  commands  the  respect  and 
active  co-operation  of  the  banks,  which  are 
always  ready  to  extend  any  reasonable 
credit.  There  is  something  concrete  and 
solid  about  the  wool  trade  that  appeals  to 
investors.  Its  control  represents  large  in- 
vestments, and  profits  sufficiently  large  to 
make  wool  paper  highly  desirable  to  those 
looking  for  opportunities  for  the  safe  in- 
vestment of  large  blocks  of  idle  money. 

Still  location  and  financial  backing  do  not 
tell  the  whole  story.  There  must  be  ample 
facilities  for  handling  quickly  and  econom- 
icall}'  so  large  a  volume  of  wool,  a  complete 
organization  for  sorting  and  grading,  a  thor- 
ough!}' organized  and  efficient  selling  force, 
and  above  all  an  assured  clientele  among 
mill  owners  and  wool  buj'ers  that  will  take 
up  the  wool  as  fast  as  the  needs  of  the  mills 
demand,  or  attractive  prices  suggest.  All 
these  are  found  here  in  perfection.  Not 
only  are  the  largest  wool  houses  in  the  world 
located  in  Boston,  but  they  are  equipped 
with  the  latest  and  most  approved  appliances 
for  handling  wool,  while  an  efiicient  force 
of  skilled  sorters  and  graders  is  ready  at  all 
times  to  prepare  for  distribution  the  new 
wools  as  they  arrive. 

In  a  general  way,  the  wool  forces  may  be 
divided  into  three  sections,  each  of  great 
importance  in  the  handling  of  the  clip — the 
buyers,  the  graders  and  the  salesmen.  The 
buyers  go  into  the  wool-growing  sections  in 
the  Southwest  at  the  beginning  of  the  shear- 


THE    ROOK   OF    BOSTON 


,^13 


iiig  season,  and  follow  the  clip  through  all 
the  states  to  the  extreme  North.  The 
graders  separate  the  wools  as  they  arrive  in 
the  East  into  their  respective  grades,  while 
the  province  of  the  salesmen  is  to  meet  the 
mill  buyers,  and  by  an  intimate  acquaintance 
with  them  and  the  needs  of  the  mills  they 
represent,  market  the  new  clip.  Some  idea 
of  the  importance  of  the  buying,  handling 
and  selling  organization  may  be  gained  from 
the  fact  that  three  or  four  of  the  leading 
houses  may  each  handle  from  thirty-five 
million  to  fifty  million  pounds  of  wool  in  a 
single  season,  valued  at  seven  million  to  ten 
million  dollars.  Approximately  seventy  per 
cent,  of  the  domestic  clip  is  handled  in  Bos- 
ton, and  in  average  years  not  far  from  one 
hundred  and  seventy-five  million  pounds  is 
sorted  and  piled  before  sale. 

Back  of  all  this  organization,  as  outlined 
above,  are  the  master  minds,  the  responsible 
heads  whose  capital  is  at  risk,  and  who  fur- 
nish the  guiding  hand  for  the  successful 
prosecution  of  this  immense  business.  It  is 
their  ability  and  enterprise  that  keeps  Bos- 
ton at  the  head  of  the  wool  trade  of  the 
country.  Buyers  in  the  country  but  carry 
out  the  orders  from  headquarters,  and  as 
the  employers  give  the  orders  when  t(j  buy  or 
when  to  stop,  theirs  is  the  responsibility  in 
case  of  error,  and  the  profit  when  all  goes 
well.  While  Boston's  wool  merchants  main- 
tain the  present  average  of  energy,  ability 
and  honest}-,  the  supremacy  of  the  city  as  a 
great  wool  market  is  not  likely  to  be  lost. 

Naturally,  Boston  ofifers  advantages  to 
wool  buyers  not  shared  by  other  markets. 
This  brings  inquiry  from  manufacturing 
centres  throughout  the  East,  so  that  the 
local  trading  is  by  no  means  confined  to  New 
England  mills.  Every  type  and  grade  of 
wool  is  to  be  found  here  in  the  season,  while 
the  large  stocks  carried  give  an  opportunity 
for  selection  most  attractive  to  manufac- 
turers. Occasionally  as  much  as  thirty  mil- 
lion to  forty  million  pounds  of  wool  changes 
hands  in  a  single  week,  this  being  at  times 
when  the  tariff  policy  of  the  (iovernment 
appears  to  be  fixed  ami  the  continued  pros- 
perity of  the  mills  assured.  There  is  some- 
thing in  the  atmosphere  of  the  wool  trade 


stimulating  to  the  imagination,  and  which 
e.xcites  the  admiration  of  even  the  casual 
visitor.  There  is  a  deliberation,  an  unhur- 
ried method  of  selling,  which  shines  \)\  com- 
parison with  the  fuss\-  importance  which 
sometimes  marks  the  conduct  of  latter-day 
business.  Yet,  st)me  of  these  trades  in  wool 
mount  up  to  hundreds  of  thousands  of  dol- 
lars, and  even  to  millions  in  rare  cases. 

Financial  stability  is  a  marked  character- 
istic of  the  wool  trade.  Even  in  months  fol- 
lowing the  panics  of  1893,  1896  and  1907, 
when  depression  was  extreme  in  all  branches 
of  trade,  there  were  no  failures,  a  fact  that 
speaks  volumes  for  the  conservative  man- 
agement and  stability  of  Boston's  wool 
houses.  For  many  years  the  trade  has  been 
free  from  failures  of  any  note.  This  does 
not  necessarily  mean  that  profits  are  ex- 
treme, for  such  is  not  the  fact.  It  indicates 
that  capital  is  ample,  credit  first-class,  and 
managing  ability  of  the  highest  order.  As 
might  be  supposed,  leading  wool  men  have 
taken  a  large  part  in  the  financial  control  of 
the  cit\-'s  trade.  Such  men  as  Jeremiah 
Williams,  Jacob  F.  Brown,  and  others  of  the 
present  or  past  generation,  who  have  been  or 
are  still  directors  in  financial  institutions,  in- 
dicate the  extent  to  ^hich  the  wool  trade 
has  made  its  impress  upon  the  financial  life 
of  the  city. 

There  have  been  many  changes  in  the  per- 
sonnel of  the  wool  trade  in  recent  years,  but 
through  all  the  changes  nothing  has  oc- 
curred to  alter  its  character  from  the  en- 
lightened and  progressive  conservatism  of 
former  years,  if  the  use  of  such  a  paradoxi- 
cal statement  were  permitted.  Among  the 
leading  houses  today  may  be  mentioned 
Jeremiah  AMlliams  &  Co.,  Brown  &  Adams, 
Hallowell,  Jones  &  Donald,  Mauger  & 
Avery,  Dewey,  Gould  &  Co.,  Arthur  E. 
Gill,  Francis  Willey  &  Co.,  Winslow  &  Co., 
Luce  &  Manning,  Salter  Bros.  &  Co.,  Daniel 
S.  FVatt  &  Co.,  English  &  O'Brien.  W.  R. 
Bateman  &  Co.,  .\yres,  IJridges  &  Co.,  and 
John  G.  Wright  X;  Co.,  with  a  number  of 
others  who  are  worthily  maintaining  the 
best  traditions  of  the  trade. 

Among  the  importers  and  brokers  who 
ha\e  helped  to  make  the  name  of  Boston  re- 


314 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


spected  in  primary  markets  at  home  and 
abroad  may  be  mentioned  Lothrop  &  Ben- 
nett, George  W.  Benedict,  and  others  whose 
activities  reach  into  every  part  of  the  world 
where  wool  is  bought  and  sold,  and  who 
help  to  keep  Boston  in  the  forefront  of  wool 
activit}-.  It  cannot  be  said  that  any  house 
has  a  monopoly  of  trade  or  methods.  Some 
of  the  larger  houses  send  their  own  buyers 
into  foreign  primar}'  markets  as  well  as  into 
the  western  part  of  the  United  States,  and 
their  annual  turnover  covers  about  all  grades 
called  for  in  this  market.  Others  confine 
their  operations  to  the  successful  handling  of 
some  particular  class  of  wool,  and  have  l:)uilt 
up  a  reputation  as  experts  in  their  chosen 
line. 

Before  the  great  fire  of  1872,  most  of 
the  importers  and  foreign  l:)rokers  were 
grouped  near  the  Custom  House,  while  the 
larger  selling  houses  were  to  be  found  in 
Federal  and  contiguous  streets.  Driven 
from  the  latter  section  by  the  fire,  the  wool 
trade  was  temporarily  housed  in  other  parts 
of  the  city,  many  of  the  firms  finding  quar- 
ters in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Custom 
House. 

With  the  rebuilding  of  the  city,  there  was 
a  "homing"  of  the  wool  trade  to  the  old 
location,  and  for  many  years  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  nineteenth  century  the  centre  of 
wool  activity  was  in  the  narrow  space  be- 
tween Franklin  and  Summer  Streets,  with 
Federal  Street  as  the  base.  Of  late  years, 
the  growth  of  the  city  has  forced  most  of 
the  wool  houses  to  find  new  quarters.  Sum- 
mer Street  Extension  has  provided  the  out- 
let, and  now  the  majorit\-  of  the  houses  are 
located  to  the  eastward  of  Atlantic  Avenue, 


extending   as    far    as   D   and    E    Streets   in 
South  Boston. 

Prominent  among  the  agencies  which 
have  tended  in  recent  years  to  give  solidarity 
to  the  wool  trade  has  been  the  Boston  Wool 
Trade  Association.  Organized  in  Novem- 
ber, 191 1,  with  Jeremiah  Williams  as  Presi- 
dent, Jacob  F.  Brown  as  Vice-President,  and 
George  W.  Benedict  as  Secretary  and  Treas- 
urer, it  soon  became  a  power  for  good. 
Social  intercourse  is  promoted  at  annual 
dinners  and  summer  outings,  luit  its  activi- 
ties are  by  no  means  confined  to  the  social 
side.  Frequent  meetings  are  held  during  the 
year  at  which  the  veterans  in  the  trade,  l^y 
story  and  reminiscence,  revive  the  Ijest  tradi- 
tions of  mercantile  Boston,  or  give  instruc- 
tion or  suggestions  to  the  younger  memljers 
on  technical  points  connected  with  the  han- 
dling of  wool  and  its  manufacture  into  cloth. 
Charles  F.  Avery  is  now  president  of  the 
Association,  succeeding  in  that  ofiice  Arthur 
E.  Gill,  Ijut  Mr.  Benedict  has  served  as  sec- 
retary and  treasurer  from  the  first.  One  of 
the  ways  in  which  the  Association  has  been 
found  useful  has  been  in  the  annual  com- 
pilation of  the  unsold  stocks  of  wool  in  Bos- 
ton on  January  i.  For  three  years  these 
figures  have  been  gathered  and  pul)lished, 
and  it  now  appears  to  be  the  settled  policy  of 
the  trade.  Probably  the  advantages  to  be 
derived  from  concerted  action,  such  as  the 
Association  is  admirably  adapted  to  secure, 
were  never  more  apparent  than  in  the  em- 
phatic protest  which  was  signed  by  every 
house  in  the  trade,  and  was  forwarded  to 
Washington  as  a  statement  of  the  position 
of  the  trade  regarding  the  proposed  duty  on 
wool  tops. 


"HI-:    I'.OOK    OF    I^OSTOX 


,^15 


])AX11-:L  S.   I'R AT'l'  &  CO. 


Tlie  wool  I'irin  uf  Daniel  S.  Pratt  &  Cd. 
was  foundc'il  in  18A6  liy  the  present  head  of 
the  house,  \\  ho,  previous  to  his  entry  into  the 
business,  had  gained  a  comprehensive  knowl- 
edge of  wool  that  made  him  an  expert  in 
that  line.  Air.  I'ratt  was  horn  in  Hartford, 
May  21,  1845,  the  son  of  Elisha  B.  and 
Susan  Dottomley  (Sharp)  Pratt.  His 
father  was,  at  the  time  of  his  death.  Presi- 
dent of  the  Union  ]\lutual  Life  Insurance 
Co.,  and  had  lieen  one  of  the  organizers  of 
the  Connecticut  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Co., 
ot  which  he  was  first  vice-president.  His 
intense  interest  in  the  organization  and  con- 
duct of  these  Companies  made  him  familiarl\- 
known  as  the  "Father  of  Life  In.surance" 
in  New  England.  His  mother's  father  was 
the  Rev.  Daniel  Shar|),  D.D.,  who  was  for 
nearly  a  half  century  pastor  of  the  Charles 
Street  Baptist  Church.  Both  paternal  and 
maternal  ancestors  were  F'nglish,  who  hatl 
settled  in  New  Englan<l  in  the  early  days, 
and  the  maternal  side  is  related  to  the  faiuily 
of  Cranville  Sharp  of  London,  luigland, 
who  made  the  successful  fight  for  the  abol- 
ishiuent  of  slavery  in  the  Fjiglish  Ct)lonies, 
and  to  whose  memory  the  London  African 
Society  placed  a  tablet  in  Westminster 
Abbey  in  1S12. 

Air.  Pratt  was  educated  at  the  D wight 
.School  and  the  F^nglish  High  Schodl.  Bos- 
ton, after  which  he  became  an  emplo\e  in 
the  house  of  Thayer,  Brigham  &  Co.,  3 J 
India  Street.  From  there  he  went  to  the 
Middlesex  ilills  to  learn  wool  sorting  and 
gain  a  general  knowledge  of  wool.  Thor- 
oughly e(pii|)pe(l,  he  returned  to  Boston  and 
started  in  business  ;is  a  wnol  broker.  In  the 
earl}'  da_\s  of  llie  worsted  trade  be  was 
identified  with  combing  \\(jo1s  ;md  for 
many    years    supplied     various    mills     with 


Kentuck\-  and  other  Western  wools.  Later 
on,  when  the  .South  .\merican  ("rossbred 
Wools  began  to  be  used  in  this  countr}', 
there  was  gre;it  complaint  about  the  irregu- 
lar grades  being  ship]>ed  and,  also,  of  the 
presence  t)f  ;i  very  o])jectionab!e  s])iral  burr. 
In  i8(>5,  Mr.  Pratt  went  to  Buenos  Aires 
in  an  endeavor  to  find  soiue  means  of  avoid- 
ing the  burr  and  to  estalilish  standard  grades 
that  wiiuld  suit  tlie  various  consumers  in  the 
American  market.  Mr.  Pratt's  efforts  were 
successful,  and  while  benefiting  the  entire 
trade  of  the  L^nited  States,  resulted  in  the 
establishment  of  what  has  since  been  known 
as  the  "Pratt  Standard  (irades"  of  Argen- 
tine wools,  ;md  tlie  registered  trade  mark, 
"D.  S.  P.  "  with  the  grade  number  below, 
is  now  recognized  as  forming  a  standard  of 
value  in  the  .\merican  market. 

While  in  South  America  Mr.  Pratt 
fonued  a  connection  with  Alessrs.  Engelbert 
Hardt  &  Co.  of  Buenos  Aires,  Montevideo, 
and  Punta  Arenas,  one  of  the  twentv-eight 
oversea  firms  whose  parent  house  is  Messrs. 
Hardt  &  Co.  of  Berlin,  of  which  Fjigelbert 
Hardt,  Es(|.,  is  the  senior  jiartner.  .V  com- 
munity of  interests  was  soon  rec(.ignized, 
and  the  connection  becaiue  closer,  and  for 
man\  \ears  Daniel  .S.  Pratt  &  Co.  have  been 
sole  agents  in  the  Lnited  States  and  Canada 
for  Messrs.  Engelbert  Hardt  &  Co.,  as  well 
as  for  the  .Vustralian  houses  of  Messrs.  G. 
1  lardt  &  Co.,  Melljourne,  Sydney  and  Bris- 
bane. This  great  chain  of  houses,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  exportation  of  wool  ;ind  other 
pr(jducts,  each  has  a  large  im])ortatiou  busi- 
ness, sup]ilying  their  local  markets  with  the 
\arious  ipialities  and  kmds  of  I'"iU'opi';ni  mill 
])roducts. 

l-"or  more  than  twent\-  \ears  tluw  have 
worked  together  in  i)erfect  accord,  with  the 


316 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTOX 


DANIEL  S.  PRATT 
FOUNDER  OF  DANIEL  S.  PRATT  &  COMPANY 


sole  purpose  of  doing  the  best  that  can  be 
done  for  the  interest  of  the  American  clients. 
In  19 lo,  Daniel  S.  Pratt,  Jr.,  was  ad- 
mitted to  partnership  by  his  father.  He 
was  born  at  Wellesley  Hills,  April  15,  1875, 
and  after  being  educated  at  the  schools  in 
the  place  of  his  birth,  entered  the  employ 
of  the  John  Hancock  Life  Insurance  Co., 
and  rose  from  a  mediocre  position  to  that 


of  head  of  a  division.  During  his  years  of 
service  with  the  insurance  company,  his 
father  had  labored  to  imbue  him  with  a 
knowledge  of  the  various  points  of  the  wool 
trade,  with  the  view  of  admitting  him  to 
partnership,  and  when  that  action  was  finally 
taken  the  son  was  equipped  with  a  learn- 
ing that  had  been  unconsciously  acquired 
through  his  nightly  talks  with  the  father  and 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


DANIEL    S.    PRATT,    JR. 
OF    THE    FIRM    OF    DANIEL    S.    PRATT    &    CO. 


hy  assistint;-  him  tn  translate  the  various 
cablegrams  that  came  to  their  home  after 
the  close  of  l)usiness  hours.  Mr.  Pratt,  Jr., 
looks  after  the  outside  department  of  the 
firm  and  has  been  very  successful  in  selling 
\vo(]]s  and  olitaiiiing  importing  orders.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  1^'nion  I'.oat  Club  of 
Boston,  the  Wellesley  Country  Club  and  the 
Maugus   Club  of   Wellesley   Hills.      He   is 


greatl\-  interested  in  canoeing  and  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Canoe  .Vssociation, 
which  fosters  racing  and  encourages  the 
sjiort  in  everx'  way.  He  has  lieen  active  in 
the  Association's  work,  lilling  its  various 
official  positions  for  inan\-  \-ears.  The  of- 
fices <jf  Daniel  S.  Pratt  tS;  Co.  are  at  185 
Summer  Street,  in  the  centre  <if  the  wool 
district  of   Boston. 


118 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


WILLIAM   R.   BATEMAN 
William  R.   Bateman,  one  of  the  oldest 
wool  brokers  in  Boston,  who  specializes  in 
foreign  wools,  particularly  the  South  Amer- 


WILLIAM    R.     BATEMAN 


ican  product,  was  born  in  Hull,  England,  but 
is  a  thorough  New  Englander  in  tastes  and 
inclination.  He  was  brought  to  the  L'nited 
States  when  a  boy  and  was  educated  in  the 
schools  of  East  Medway,  Mass.,  and  Port- 
land, Me.  When  fourteen  years  of  age  he 
entered  the  employ  of  George  \\'illiam  Bond 
&  Co.  of  Boston.  He  gained  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  wool  brokerage  business 
^\•ith  this  firm,  antl  in  1880  started  for  him- 
self in  the  same  line,  acting  at  different 
times  as  broker  for  Downer  &  Co.,  N.  W. 
Rice  Xlo.,  Hemenway  &  Brown,  A.  S. 
Spring,  Charles  F.  Perry  and  George  F. 
Granger,  the  first  two  named  firms  being  the 
cnly  ones  now  in  business.  Mr.  Bateman 
introduced  the  first  South  American  cross- 
bred wool  to  the  United  States  trade,  and 
from  an  initial  shipment  of  seven  bales,  the 
importation  now  amounts  to  millions  of 
pounds  annually.  Mr.  Bateman  is  naturally 
proud  of  this  achievement,  which  was  the 
result  of  the  most  arduous  work  and  close 


application  tu  the  business.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Masonic  fraternity,  and  was  the  tenor 
of  the  noted  Temple  Quartette  that  for 
years  sang  in  leading  Masonic  lodges 
throughout  the  country,  and  is  also  an  old 
member  of  the  Apollo  Club,  a  director  of 
the  Megantic  Fish  and  Game  Club,  and 
holds  membership  in  the  Boston  Wool  Club. 
He  is  senior  partner  in  the  firm  of  W.  R. 
Bateman  &  Co.,  with  offices  at  157  Federal 
Street. 

WILLIAM  J.  BATTISON 

William  J.  Battison  was  born  at  Ampthili. 
England,  January  25,  1842.  He  came  with 
his  family  to  Boston  in  1844  and  was  edu- 
cated in  Boston  public  schools,  receiving  a 
Franklin  medal  in  1855.  Mr.  Battison  is 
the  statistician  of  the  National  Association 
of  Wool  Manufacturers ;  compiler  of  the 
Annual  Wool  Review ;  was  Expert  Special 
Agent,  twelfth  United  States  Census  for 
Wool  Manufacturers  and  Hosiery  and  Knit 


WILLIAM    J.    BATTISON 

Goods,  antl  author  of  the  report  on  those 
industries  fnr  that  Census,  and  is  Consulting 
Special  Agent  later  U.  S.  Censuses.  He  is 
a  member  of  various  organizations. 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


.^19 


ENGLISH  &■  O'BRIEN 

The  firm  of  Enj^lish  &  O'Brien,  iniportcrs 
of  foreign  wools  and  manufacturers  of  fine 

and  crosslired  tops,  at  jy^  Con^Tess  Street, 


WILLIAM     A.    ENGLISH 

is  one  of  the  younger  concerns  that  has 
made  an  enviable  reputation  in  the  trade. 
Both  members  of  the  firm  have  had  long 
experience  in  the  business,  and  their  energ\- 
and  application  have  so  extended  their  out- 
])ut  that  they  are  well  known  in  the  wool- 
markets  of  Australia,  South  America  and 
iMigland.  The  fine  and  crossbred  tops 
handled  b}'  the  firm  are  manufactured  at  the 
Victoria  Mills,  Thornton,  K.  I.,  and  are 
favorably  known  to  manufacturers  thmugh- 
out  the  entire  country. 

William  A.  English,  senior  member  of 
the  firm,  was  born  in  Colchester,  Conn., 
June  13,  1879,  and  was  educated  at  the 
gramni.ir  school,  Jamaica  Plain,  In  July, 
|S(;_:;,  he  was  employed  as  an  oftice  boy  l)y 
Harry  Hartley,  612  Atlantic  Avenue,  and 
subse(|uentl\-  advanced  to  the  positions  of 
sample  clerk,  salesman  antl  Ijuyer.  In  1910, 
the  business  was  incorporated  as  Harry 
Hartley  &  Co.,  and  Mr.  luiglish  was  made 


vice-i>resi(lent  of  the  new  company.  In  1912, 
Mr.  Harry  Hartley  retired  from  active  busi- 
ness and  the  firm  became  Hartley  &  Co., 
consisting  of  Mr.  Erank  Hartley,  William 
A.  English  and  Jnhn  11.  (  )'Brien.  Upon 
the  retir.al  of  Mr.  l""rank  Hartley  in  1913 
the  firm  assumed  its  present  title. 

John  H.  O'llrien,  the  other  member  of 
the  firm,  was  born  in  New  Brunswick,  N.  J., 
and  graduated  from  the  Asbury  Park,  N.  J., 
schools  in  iS()S,  and  like  Mr.  English  began 
his  business  career  with  Mr.  P'red  Hartley 
in  i()Oi.  He  remained  in  this  connection 
until  i<;o<;.  when  he  became  associated  with 
Harry  Hartley  &  Co.,  and  eventually  a 
member  of  the  ])resent  firm,  lioth  Mr.  Eng- 
lish and  Mr.  O'lirien,  in  their  long  appren- 
ticeship to  the  wool  trade,  learned  every  de- 
tail of  the  business,  so  that  when  they  finally 
emljarked  in  the  trade  on  their  own  account 
they  were  thoroughlv  e(|uip|)ed  t(_)  cope  with 
everv  detail  of  the  business,  and  their  suc- 


JOHN     H.    O   HRIKN 

cess  is  entirely  due  tn  a  thornugh  knowledge 
of  the  product  they  handle  and  a  perfect 
faniiliarit\'  with  trade  conditions  in  this 
countr\'  and  abroad. 


JACOB    F.    BROWN 

OF  THE   FIRM   OF   BROWN    &   ADAMS 

285    AND    297    SUMMER    STREET 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


321 


JACOB  F.  BROWN 

Boston,  which  is  conceded  tu  he  the 
largest  wool  market  in  the  United  States, 
has  no  more  representative  and  progressive 
house  than  Brown  &  Adams,  whose  opera- 
tions in  wool  extend  to  every  country  where 
that  conimodity  is  produced  or  consumed  in 
the  manufacture  of  cloth.  The  firm  oc- 
cupies the  large  huilding,  269-79  Summer 
Street,  which  is  seven  stories  high  and  is 
used  as  a  warehouse,  executive  offices,  head- 
(|uarters  of  the  large  sales  force  and  for 
testing  purposes.  Other  warehouses  which 
are  essential  for  the  firnrs  large  operations 
are  located  at  285-297  Summer  Street  and 
on  Boston  Street,  in  South  Boston. 

Jacob  F.  Brown,  senior  member  of  the 
firm,  was  born  in  Newburyport,  Mass., 
August  30,  1862,  and  was  educated  at  the 
Brown  High  School,  located  in  the  city  of 
his  birth.  Upon  leaving  school,  he  entered 
the  employ  of  A.  M.  Flowland  &  Co.,  in 
iX7().  This  firm  was  engaged  in  the  wool 
business,  and  in  the  six  years  that  followed 
his  first  emplo\'ment  he  had  mastered  the 
details  of  the  business,  and  in  1885  became  a 
wool  broker.  He  continued  in  this  line 
until  1892,  when  he  organized  the  firm  of 
Brown  &  Adams,  which  sor)n  Itecame  an 
important  factor  in  the  trade  and  is  now 
recognized  as  one  of  the  largest  wool  houses 
in  the  world,  handling  every  variety  of 
wool.  In  addition  to  his  interest  in  the  firm 
of  Brown  &  Adams,  Mr.  Brown  is  a  direc- 
tor of  the  National  Shawnuit  I5ank,  vice- 
president  and  director  of  .S.  Slater  & 
Sons,  Inc.,  and  trustee  of  the  estate  of 
Horatio  N.  Slater.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Algonquin  Club,  Brookline  Country 
Clul),  New  York  Yacht  Club,  Fastern  Yacht 
Clul),  the  Boston  Yacht  Club,  and  is  an  e.x- 
president  of  the  Boston  Wool  'i'rade  Asso- 
ciation. Mr.  r.rown  is  very  fond  of  yacht- 
ing, and  his  oftice  walls  are  adorned  with 
paintings  of  .ships  and  yachts.  He  is  a  son  of 
Jacob  Bartlett  and  Anna  Augusta  (b'itch) 
Brown,  and  was  married  April  2i^,  1892, 
to  Mariette  Starr  Seeley  of  New  York,  the 
union  bringing  one  daughter. 


GEORC.F  W.  BENEDICT 

George  W.  Benedict,  secretary  and  treas- 
urer of  the  Boston  Wool  Trade  Association,, 
born  in  Boston,  August  13,  1862,  educated 


GEORGE    VV.    BENEDICT 

in  the  pulilic  schools  .and  English  High 
Schotjl.  from  which  he  graduated  in 
1880.  One  }ear  later  he  entered  the 
wool  house  of  Denny,  Rice  &  Co. ,  of 
which  his  father  was  a  member.  He  was 
later  adiuitted  to  partnership,  the  firm  be- 
coming Denny,  Rice  &  Benedict.  This  Iiusi- 
ness  was  liquidated  in  1904,  and  Mr.  Bene- 
dict became  a  purchasing  and  selling  agent 
for  wool,  tops,  and  noils,  and  representative 
of  prominent  varn  spinners.  He  has  filled 
his  present  position  with  the  Wool  Trade 
Association  since  mi  i .  !Mr.  Benedict  is 
descended  from  Richard  Warren,  who  came 
over  on  the  "Mayfiower,"  and  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Union  Club  and  Society  of  May- 
flower Descendants.  He  married,  October 
I,  1 89 1,  Anna  Louise  Bull,  of  Ouincy,  Illi- 
nois, and  has  two  daughters  and  one  son. 


Boston  Common  was  first  laid  out  in 
1634,  as  "a  place  for  a  trayning  field,"  and 
for  "the   feeding  of  cattell." 


I" 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


AYRES,   BRIDGES  &  CO. 


Samuel  Loring  Ayres,  senior  member  of 
the  house  of  Ayres,  Bridges  &  Co.,  was 
born  in  Norfoli<,  \'a.,  September  lo,  1874, 


and  was  educated  at  the  Polytechnic  In- 
stitute, Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  He  began  his  busi- 
ness career  in  New  York  in  1892,  and  four- 
teen years  later  joined  Samuel  W.  Bridges 
in  the  formation  of  the  present  firm.  Mr. 
Ayres  is  a  member  of  the  Dedham  Country 
and  Polo  Club,  Boston  Yacht  Club,  Boston 
Wool  Trade  Association,  Harvard  Musical 
Association,  American-Asiatic  Association, 
and  the  India  House,  New  York.  He  is 
vice-president  and  director  of  the  China- 
American  Trading  Co.,  of  Tientsin,  China, 
and  was  president  of  the  American  Cotton 
Waste  Exchange  in  19 15  and  1916. 

Samuel  A\'.  I'ridges,  of  Ayres,  Bridges 
&  Co.,  was  born  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Jan- 
uary 28,  1874.  He  was  educated  in  the 
Polytechnic  Institute  in  that  city  and  began 
his  business  career  with  the  English  im- 
porting house  of  Robert  Crooks  &  Co., 
where  he  remained  until  the  firm  of  Avres, 


Bridges  &  Co.  was  formed.  Mr.  Bridges 
is  a  descendant  of  Ednuind  Bridges,  who 
settled  in  Massachusetts  in  1632.  He  is 
president  and  treasurer  of  the  China-Ameri- 
can Trading  Co.,  a  director  of  the  Queens- 
liury  Mills,  a  member  of  the  Boston  Cham- 
Ijer  of  Commerce,  Biiston  \\'ool  Trade  As- 
sociation, Boston  Cotton  Waste  Associa- 
tion, Asiatic  Society  of  New  York,  and  the 
Hunnewell.  Commonwealth  Country,  New- 
ton Golf,  Tedesco  Country  and  Brae 
Burn  Country  Clubs. 

The  firm  of  Ayres,  Bridges  &  Co.,  whose 
Boston  offices  are  at  200  Summer  Street, 
is  engaged  in  the  importation  and  exporta- 
tion of  cotton  and  wool.  It  has  branches 
in  New  York  and  Philadelphia,  with  con- 
nections all  over  the  world,  and  also  con- 
trols cotton  waste  mills  at  Chicopee,  Mass. 


SAMUEL   W.    BRIDGES 

In  1909  Mr.  Ayres  and  Air.  Bridges  estab- 
lished "The  China-American  Trading  Co." 
to  handle  large  growing  interests  in  the 
China  trade.     The  offices  of  the  company 


TIIK    1U)()K    OF    BOSTON' 


office;    and    GO-IO.VNS    of    the    CHINA-AMERICAN    trading    CO..    TIENTSIN,    CHINA 


are  located  at  Tientsin  and  it  is  tlie  onl\- 
American  house  liandling  the  same  class  of 
business.  L.  O.  IMcGuwan,  formerly  of 
Boston,  is  managing  director  of  the  Tien- 
tsin   house    and    the   liranches    in    Shanghai 


and  Ilarhin.  The  offices  and  gi:)-do\vns  of 
the  conipanx'  are  all  modern  brick  and  con- 
crete construction  and  the  United  States 
troops  are  quartered  in  part  of  the  go- 
downs. 


ALFRED   AKFRO^'F) 

Alfred  Akeroyd,  broker  in  wool,  whose 
knowledge  of  that  protluct  was  gained  while 
an   apprentice   witlT    ].   Akeroyd   &   Co.,   of 

Bradford,  Englanil, 
where  he  was  l)orn 
May  21,  1N75,  is 
m  )w  located  at  228A 
Summer  Street  and 
has  been  unusuallv 
successful  w  i  t  h 
the  New  England 
trade.  Mr.  Ake- 
royd came  to  this 
country  in  i<^93 
and  was  hrst  em- 
ployed as  a  sales- 
man with  (1.  W. 
i'atton  1^  Co.,  (_)f 
l'hiladel])hia.  After 
two  years  with  this 
hrm  he  went  to  South  Africa  as  buyer  for 
Keen,  Sutterle  &  Co.,  and  upon  his  return 
to  the  Quaker  City,  became  a  woi}l  broker 
there.  He  came  to  Bo.ston  in  1907  and  en- 
gaged in  the  same  line,  being  of  the  third 
generation  in  the  wool  liusiness.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Brae  JUirn  Countrw  b'pis- 
copalian,  City  and  Victorian  Clubs. 


Al.t  Kll)    AKhROVD 


LOTTIROT'  &  BENNETT 

The  Imsiness  of  Lothrop  &  Bennett  was 
estal)lished  by  Mr.  Sidney  Clementson.  who 
was  born  in  Demerara,  British  (iuiana,  Sep- 
tember 25,  1850, 
the  son  of  Hon. 
Flenry  Clementson. 
He  was  one  of  the 
pioneers  in  the  busi- 
ness of  purchasing- 
wool  in  Australia, 
on  order,  for  mills 
and  dealers  in  that 
product  in  the 
United  States,  and 
conducted  the  busi- 
ness with  success 
f  o  r  twenty  -  liw 
years.  He  retired 
on  August  I,  KJ07, 
after  forty  rears  in 
the  wool  business,  and  was  succeeded  by  the 
])resent  fn'm  of  Lothro])  &  Bennett,  Mr. 
Lothrop  ha\ing  been  assiK'iated  with  him 
for  t\vent\-seven  years  and  Mr.  Bennett,  in 
Melbourne,  for  tliirteen  \ears.  The  jiresent 
tirm  is  one  oi  the  largest  in  its  line  of 
business. 


.SIDNEY    CLEMENTSON 


324 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


JOHN  G. 
John   G.    \\'right,   merchant   and   philan- 
thropist, who  died  at  his  home  in  BrookHne, 
January    31,    1912,    was    born    in    Lowell, 


JOHN    G.    WRIGHT    (DECEASED) 

Mass.,  July  29,  1842,  the  son  of  John  and 
Janet  ( Wilson )  Wright.  For  over  one  hun- 
dred years  Mr.  Wright's  ancestors  were 
prominent  in  New  England  affairs,  his 
grandfather,  Duncan  Wright,  together  with 
his  elder  brother,  Daniel,  having  introduced 
chemical  bleaching  in  this  country  early  in 
the  nineteenth  century.  On  the  maternal 
side  he  was  a  nephew  of  Alexander  Wilson, 
the  distinguished  ornithologist.  The 
Weights  came  to  the  United  States  from 
Scotland  in  1812,  and  established  the  first 
carpet  factory  in  this  country  at  Medway, 
Mass.  The  family  later  removed  to  Lowell, 
where  Alexander  Wright  established  the 
Lowell  Carpet  Company.  John  Gordon 
Wright  entered  the  employ  of  the  Bigelow 
Carpet  Co.  at  the  age  of  twelve  and  re- 
mained with  that  company  for  three  years. 
He  then  attended  the  Lancaster  Academy, 


WRIGHT 
and  upon  finishing  his  studies  was  in  the 
employ  of  Patterson,  Eager  &  Co.,  Boston, 
for  one  year,  resigning  his  position  to  be- 
come paymaster  of  the  Clinton  Carpet  Co. 
Receiving  an  advantageous  offer  from  the 
Lowell  Machine  Shops,  of  Lowell,  he  spent 
four  years  with  that  concern  in  making  up 
machinery  costs,  and  then  entered  the  wool 
business  in  New  York  City  as  the  associate 
of  Samuel  Lawrence.     He  came  to  Boston 
in  1866  as  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Law- 
rence, Wright  &  Co.,  but  severed  this  con- 
nection in  1884  to  enter  business  alone.   He 
soon  became  known  as  the  largest  individual 
ini])<:)rter  of  wool  and  was  aljout  the  first 
merchant  in  the  trade  to  specialize  in  and 
import  the  Australian  fleece.     He  was  also 
a  large  and  early  importer  of  South  Ameri- 
can   wool.       During    his     entire    business 
career  Mr.  Wright  was  known  and  respected 
for  his  many  philanthropies  and  his   con- 
sideration for  his  less  fortunate  fellow  man. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Boston  Chamber 
of  Commerce,  of  which  he  was  a  director, 
and  the  Exchange.  Commercial  and  Boston 
Art  Clubs.  He  was  a  trustee  of  the  Episco- 
]ial    Theological    School   of    Cambridge,   to 
\\hich  he  gave  a  new  library  Iniilding,  and 
a  meml)er  of  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the 
Home  Savings  Bank.   Mr.  W^right  had  been 
ill  for  some  time  previous  to  his  death  and, 
realizing  his  approaching  end.  carefully  ar- 
ranged for  the  continuance  of  the  business, 
naming  his  nephew,  John  G.  Wright,  2nd, 
and  Howard  Atwood,  who  had  been  asso- 
ciated with  him  for  many  years,  as  his  suc- 
cessors. In  pursuance  of  Mr.  W^right's  final 
instructions,  the  business  was  incorporated 
Novemljer  i,   1912,  Mr.  Atwood,  who  has 
a  most  comprehensive  knowledge  of  every 
phase  of  the  trade,  1)ecoming  president  and 
treasurer  of  the  company,  which  is  known 
as  John  G.  Wright  &  Co.,  Inc.,  and  John  G. 
Wright,  2nd,  who  had  just  completed  a  col- 
legiate course,  its  vice-president.     The  old 
offices    of    Mr.    Wright,    at    620    Atlantic 
Avenue,  were  retained  and  the  business  is 
conducted    along   precisely   the    same    lines 
that  brought  the  founder  success. 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTOX 


M5 


F.  LUCAS  SUTCLIFFE 
F.    Lucas    Sutcliffe,    resid-ent   partner   of 
the  Fiiglish  house  of  Sutcliffe  &  Co.,  dealers 
in    wool,    was    horn    in    Halifax.    iMi^land. 


L'nited  States  and  Canada.  The  Boston 
offices  of  Sutcliffe  &  Co.  are  located  at  263 
Summer  Street  and  the  executive  offices  and 
warehouses  are  located  at  Halifax,  England. 


LUCAS    SUTCLIFFE 


October  16,  1885,  and  was  educated  at 
Marlborough  College,  England.  Mr.  Sut- 
cliff'e  came  to  the  United  States  in  1907  as 
a  representative  of  the  parent  house  antl 
opened  an  office  in  Boston,  where  the  wool 
interests  of  the  L^nited  States  are  centred. 
He  was  brought  up  in  the  wool  trade  and 
was  thoroughly  conversant  with  every 
phase  of  the  business  before  leaving  the 
land  of  his  birth  and  in  consequence  has 
l)een  highly  successful  in  the  American 
field.  He  is  fond  of  all  outdoor  sports.  He 
holds  membership  in  the  Boston  Athletic 
and  Corinthian  Yacht  Clubs  and  the  Manu- 
facturers Club  of  Philadelphia.  The  house 
of  Sutcliff'e  &  Co.  was  established  in  1828 
and  the  senior  member  of  the  firm  is 
Thomas  Sutcliffe,  father  of  F.  Lucas  Sut- 
cliffe. English  and  all  kinds  of  foreign 
wools  are  handled  and  the  English  house 
has  a  large  trade  in  every  foreign  country 
where  wool  is  used,  while  the  Boston  house 
sells   to   consumers   throughout   the   entire 


The  first  newspaper  in  America  was  is- 
sued in  Boston  on  April  24,  1704.  It  was 
called  the  Boston  A'c-a's-Lcttcr,  and  its 
founder  was  John  Campbell,  and  its  first 
nunilier  may  yet  be  seen  in  the  library  of 
the  Alassachusetts  Historical  Society. 

H.  DAWSON  &  CO. 

H.  Dawson  &  Co.,  wool  brokers  with  of- 
fices at  200  Summer  Street,  is  one  of  the 
most  active  firms  in  the  various  wool  centres 
of  the  workl.  It  was  founded  in  England 
in  1892,  as  Hick,  Martin  &  Drysdale,  be- 
coming, six  years  later.  Hick,  Dawson  & 
Co.,  and,  in  1898,  H.  Dawson  &  Co.  The 
main  office  is  at  74  Coleman  Street,  Lon- 
tlon,  the  Boston  house  being  established  in 
order  to  keep  in  closer  touch  with  the 
American  markets.  The  business  extends 
to  all  the  large  wool-producing  and  wool- 
consuming  centres  at  home  and  al)road,  the 
firm  collecting  wool  in  all  the  countries  of 
production  and  distributing  the  same  in 
every  important  seat  of  woolen  manufactur- 
ing industry.  Branches  are  maintained  at 
10  Booth  Street,  Bradford;  7  and  8  Byram 
Arcade,  Hutldersfield;  18  Rue  du  Brou, 
Verviers;  200  Summer  Street,  Boston, 
U.  S.  A. ;  Malcolm  Lane,  off  George  Street, 
Sydney;  Russels  Buiklings,  Dunedin;  172 
Manchester  Street,  Christchurch;  Bernardo 
de  Irigoyen,  Buenos  Ayres. 

The  firm's  clientele  among  j)roducers  and 
consumers  is  a  large  and  representative  one, 
and  it  issues  a  periodical  circular  in  which 
the  existing  conditions  of  the  market  are  re- 
viewed. It  keeps  the  consumer  posted  on 
the  market  outlook  and  gives  figures  show- 
ing the  quantities  of  "held  over"  wool  from 
colonial  sources.  The  firm  has  collecting 
agencies  in  Australia,  New  Zealand,  Argen- 
tine, South  Africa  and  Patagonia,  ami  its 
perfect  organization  makes  it  a  leader  in 
the  trade. 


?26 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


JOHN  L.  FARRELL 

Juhn  L.  Farrell  was  Jxirn  in  Dorchester, 
Mass.,  March  28,  1865.  He  was  echicated 
in  the  piibhc  schools  of  Boston  and  Ijecame 

associated  with  a 
New  Y(  irk  wool 
concern,  in  1882. 
Three  years  later 
he  returned  to  Bos- 
ton and  began  busi- 
ness on  his  own  ac- 
ciiunt,  specializing- 
in  carpet  wools  and 
acting  as  agent  for 
di  imestic  receivers 
of  foreign  carpet 
wools  and  iov  ship- 
pers in  T  u  r  k  e  y , 
Russia,  France  and 
England.  His  busi- 
ness has  increased 
to  large  proportions  during  the  thirt}'  years 
he  has  been  engaged  in  it,  and  he  has  com- 
mercial dealings  with  nearly  all  the  users  of 
carpet  wool  in  this  country. 

CHARLES  F.  AX^ERY 

Charles  F.  Avery,  doing  business  under 
the  name  of  Mauger  &  Avery,  was  born  in 
New  York  City  March  25,'  1847.  In  1862 
he  entered  the  employ  of  Walter  Brown  & 
Co.,  wool  merchants.  New  York.  In  Jan- 
uary, 1873,  with  Nicholas  Mauger,  who  re- 
tired in  1904,  he  formed  the  firm  of  Mauger 
&  Avery,  wool  Ijrokers.  Branch  offices  were 
established  in  Boston,  Chicago,  Providence 
and  Philadelphia,  but  owing  to  illness  of  Mr. 
Avery,  these  were  eventually  discontinued, 
with  the  exception  of  the  Boston  office, 
which   was  taken  in  charge  bv  Mr.  Avery 


JOHN    L.    FARRELL 


in  1884,  and  where  the  Ijusiness  has  steadily 
developed.  Mr.  Avery  comes  of  distin- 
guished Colonial  ancestry  on  both  paternal 
and  maternal  sides.  He  is  descended  from 
AVilliam  Avery  of  Dedham.  Mr.  Avery  is 
president  of  the  Boston  Wool  Trade 
Association,  is  president  of  the  Albemarle 
Golf  Club,  and  a  member  of  several  other 
clubs.  He  is  junior  warden  of  St.  John's 
Episcopal  Church,  Newtonville,  and  served 
the  city  of  Newton  on  the  School  Commit- 
tee for  six  years,  and  on  the  Board  of  Alder- 
luen  for  three  terms. 


EDWARD  B.  CARLETON 

Edward  B.  Carleton,  wool  merchant,  was 
born  in  Boston  October  20,  1857,  and  was 
educated  at  the  Dwight  School,  graduating 

in  1873.  One  year 
later  he  entered  the 
wool  trade,  and 
previous  to  found- 
ing the  firm  of  E. 
B.  Carleton  &  Co. 
in  1896  was  for 
seventeen  }'  e  a  r  s 
C(  nnected  with  the 
Nonantum  Worsted 
Co.  He  is  now  sole 
jiroprietor  of  E.  l'>. 
Carleton  &  Co.  with 
ofiices  at  620  At- 
lantic Avenue,  and 
handles  all  grades 
of  foreign  and 
having    a    large    clientele 


EDWARD    B.    CARLETON 


domestic  wool 
among  the  New  England  manufacturers. 
He  is  a  Repul)lican  in  politics,  and  is  a  mem- 
lier  of  the  Boston  Wool  Trade  Association 
and  the  Algontpiin  Club. 


THR    TUX)K    OF    ROSTOX 


WILI.IAM    M.   WU(JI) 


The  American  WUdlcn  Co.,  mie  df  tlie 
greatest  industrial  concerns  in  this  cnunlrx-, 
was  organized  1j\'.  and  un(|uestinnal)ly  owes 
its  phenomenal  success  to  William  M.  Wood, 
whose  keen  foresight  and  great  executive 
aliilit\'  were  develoi)ed  by  a  necessitated  con- 
tact w  ith  the  business  world  from  early  hoy- 
hood.  Air.  W'ood  is  a  native  New  Knglander. 
lie  was  horn  in  E<lgarto\\n,  a  i|uaint 
town  at  the  easterh'  edge  of  the  island  (jf 
Martha's  A'inevard,  Mass..  on  June  13, 
1853,  the  son  of  William  Jason,  and  .\melia 
Christine  (Madison)  Wood,  who  were  of 
English  and  Portuguese  ancestry.  The 
family  moved  later  to  New  lied  ford  where 
Mr.  W'ood,  then  <ml\-  four  \ears  of  age,  be- 
gan studv  in  the  public  schools  and  after- 
wards attended  the  New  liedford  High 
School,  but  did  not  graduate.  lie  was 
twelve  years  old  when  his  father  died  and 
being  the  oldest  son  was  looked  u])on  as  the 
mainstay  of  the  family.  He  had  previously 
worketl  as  cash  liov  in  a  local  store  and  had 
essayed  the  role  of  merchant,  buying  apples 
at  auction  by  the  barrel  and  vending  them 
bv  the  peck.  He  was  successful  for  one 
week  when  the  local  grocer,  noticing  the 
boy's  growing  trade,  attended  the  next  fruit 
sale  and  hid  the  apples  uj)  to  a  price  that 
left  no  possible  profit.  This  was  Mr.  Wood's 
first  exjjerience  with  grinding  competition, 
and  it  ended  his  career  as  a  retail  merchant. 
After  leaving  the  public  schools  Mr. 
W^ood  spent  his  evenings  and  nights  for 
several  years  in  stu(h-.  He  was  interested 
in  Latin,  French  and  (/lerman.  He  kejit  his 
own  private  books  in  German,  and  studied 
algebra  an<l  the  higher  mathem;itics.  At 
fifteen  years  he  was  studxing  rhetoric,  and 
was  attempting  to  master  the  violin,  but  the 
cost  of  the  lessons  compelled  an  abandon- 
ment of  music.  .At  eighteen  young  Wood 
es.sa_\ed  an  interpretation  of  Moore's  Lalla 
Rookh.  from  which  he  quotes  readiK'  todav. 
His  reading  has  been  kept  u]i  throughout  a 
crowded  life,  and  he  has  an  uiuisual  knowl- 
edge of  literature.  On  the  death  of  the 
father   of   voung  Wood,    Hon.    .\ndrew    (1. 


Pierce,  one  of  the  mo.st  distinguished  citizens 
of  the  town  became  his  guardian. 

Mr.  Wood's  first  steady  emplo\-ment  was 
in  the  counting-room  of  the  celebratetl  \\'am- 
sutta  Mills,  pioneers  in  the  manufacture  of 
the  finer  cotton  fabrics,  at  that  time  a  rela- 
tively siuall  affair  and  the  onh"  cotton  mill 
in  New  Bedford.  He  remained  three  years 
in  this  capacit}',  absorbing  ever\-  detail  of 
the  business  by  close  application,  and  was 
then  transferred  to  the  manufacturing  de- 
partment, where  three  more  \ears  were  spent 
in  ac(|uiring  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the 
practical  end  of  this  business. 

Mr.  Wood,  at  this  ])eriod,  was  serving 
under  remarkable  men,  and  the  environment 
and  infiueiice  had  luuch  to  do  with  shaping 
his  future  career.  Anicjug  the  ofiicers  of  the 
W'amsutta  Mills  were  Hon.  Joseph  Grinnell, 
l)rother  of  the  great  merchant  after  whom 
(irinnell  Land  in  the  Arctic  Ocean  was 
named;  Hon.  Jonathan  Pourne,  father  of 
the  Oregon  Senator;  Hon.  Andrew  G. 
Pierce,  Mr.  Wood's  guardian,  w  ho  took  deep 
interest  in  the  orphan  boy,  and  Hon.  William 
W.  Crapo — all  distinguished  for  their 
wisdom  and  probity. 

Mr.  W'^ood  never  was  a  mill  employee  in 
the  ordinary  sense  of  the  term.  The  friendly 
interest  of  the  chief  men  of  New  Bedford 
gave  him  an  unusual  opportunity.  He 
leartied  the  manufacturing  Inisiness  from 
men  like  Thomas  Bennett,  Jr.,  the  founder  of 
the  Wamsutta  Mills,  and  agent  for  many 
years,  antl  later  from  Edward  Kilburn.  He- 
realized  his  advantage,  and  made  the  most 
of  it,  spending  all  the  time  possible  among 
the  machinery.  The  overseers  were  kindly 
and  helpful  to  the  ambitious  bo\-,  and  when 
he  left  the  W'amsutt.i  Mills  it  was  with  a 
thorough  knowledge  of  the  technical  details 
of  the  industry. 

Boylike,  Mr.  WHod  wisheil  to  see  some- 
thing of  the  world,  and  left  for  Philadelphia, 
where  he  secured  a  jjosition  in  a  bankers' 
and  brokers'  otifice,  that  ga\e  him  an  insight 
into  the  workings  of  the  Philadelphia  stock 
exchange.  .After  si.x  months  of  life  in  Phil- 
adelphia, he  was  offered  a  [lost  in  the  l)ank- 


328 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


ing  house  of  A.  Beauvais  &  Co.,  of  New 
Bedford.  This  meant  a  new  and  liroad  field 
of  mercantile  experience.  A  national  bank 
Avas  organized  by  Mr.  Beauvais  with  his 
young  clerk's  assistance,  and  Mr.  Wood  thus 
secured  a  practical  insight  into  the  methods 
and  principles  of  finance. 

At  this  period  the  sterling  men  of  New 
Bedford  were  being  sought  for  posts  of  re- 
sponsibility in  the  near-by  manufacturing 
■city  of  Fall  River,  where  there  had  been 
some  lamentable  breaches  of  trust  by  several 
mill  treasurers.  An  able  New  Bedford 
manufacturer  of  a  famous  family,  Mr.  Otis 
N.  Pierce,  now  president  of  the  Grinnell 
Mills,  became  the  treasurer  of  one  of  the 
reorganized  Fall  River  corporations,  and  he 
selected  Mr.  Wood  as  assistant  and  pay- 
master. Subsequently,  Mr.  Wood  served 
under  another  eminent  manufacturer,  Mr. 
Edward  L.  Anthony,  who  succeeded  Mr. 
Pierce  as  treasurer  of  the  Border  City  Mills. 
Mr.  Wood  passed  six  busy  and  successful 
years  in  this  connection,  winning  such  golden 
opinions  that  a  group  of  observant  friends 
determined  to  build  a  cotton  mill  for  his 
own  management. 

But  fate  directed  otherwise.  One  of  the 
greatest  textile  manufacturing  concerns  in 
the  country,  the  Washington  Mills  of  Law- 
rence, Mass.,  after  a  series  of  vicissitudes, 
was  sold  by  auction  to  Frederick  Ayer,  of 
Lowell,  a  gentleman  of  large  wealth  and 
lousiness  acumen.  Mr.  Ayer  invited  Thomas 
Sampson,  an  experienced  manufacturer  of 
Rhode  Island,  to  become  the  agent  of  the 
AVashington  Mills,  and  Mr.  Sampson  per- 
suaded Mr.  Wood  to  give  up  the  idea  of  a 
cotton  mill  of  his  own  in  favor  of  the  large 
responsibility  of  the  management  of  the  cot- 
ton manufacturing  department  of  the  busi- 
ness at  Lawrence.  But  the  directors  of  the 
Washington  Mills  suddenly  decided  to  de- 
vote their  plant  entirely  to  the  production 
of  worsted  goods,  and  when  Mr.  Wood  be- 
gan his  Lawrence  career  it  was  as  an  assist- 
ant to  the  manager  of  the  company.  In 
this  place  and  subsequently  as  selling  agent 
of  the  Washington  Mills  product,  Mr.  Wood 
won  a  brilliant  reputation  for  zeal,  origi- 
nality and  aggressiveness.  _    Though  still  in 


the  early  twenties,  he  was  recognized  by  all 
who  knew  him  as  a  master  hand,  both  as 
manufacturer  and  as  merchant. 

The  Washington  Mills  had  a  very  heavy 
indel)tedness  at  one  time,  and  it  was  the 
belief  of  the  trade  that  such  a  burden  was 
a  fatal  handicap  on  any  business.  But  Mr. 
Wood,  succeeding  Mr.  Sampson  as  manager, 
conquered  this  formidable  problem  of  mill 
finance,  and  the  Washington  Mills  became 
firmly  established  as  one  of  the  most  effi- 
cient and  profitable  textile  concerns  in  the 
United  States.  Mr.  Wood  then  sought  a 
still  broader  field  of  endeavor  and  business 
leadership  and  in  1899  organized  the  Ameri- 
can Woolen  Co.,  now  the  largest  single 
organization  in  the  wool  manufacturing 
industry  of  America. 

Associated  in  the  formation  of  the 
American  Woolen  Company  were  Mr.  Fred- 
erick Ayer,  Mr.  Charles  Fletcher  of  Provi- 
dence, Mr.  James  Phillips,  Jr.,  of  Fitchburg, 
Mr.  Chas.  R.  Flint  and  Mr.  A.  D.  Julliard 
of  New  York.  Mr.  Ayer  was  made  the  first 
president  of  the  American  Woolen  Company 
and  Mr.  Wood  the  treasurer.  Later  Mr. 
Ayer  resigned  the  presidencv  and  Mr.  Wood 
became  the  president  of  the  great  concern. 

The  American  Woolen  Company  now 
owns  aljout  fifty  mills,  all  but  three  of  them 
located  in  New  England.  These  include  the 
Assabet  Mill  at  Maynard,  Mass.,  the  lar- 
gest carded  woolen  plant  in  existence,  and 
the  immense  Wood  Mill  at  Lawrence,  great- 
est of  all  worsted  manufacturing  establish- 
ments. Though  a  vast  and  powerful  or- 
ganization, with  a  total  product  at  its 
maximum  of  upwards  of  $50,000,000  a  year, 
the  American  Woolen  Company  is  not  a 
trust  or  a  monopoly.  Its  capitalization  of 
$40,000,000  of  preferred  and  $20,000,000 
of  common  stock,  or  $60,000,000  in  all,  is 
about  one-seventh  of  the  aggregate  capitali- 
zation of  the  900  woolen  and  worsted  mills 
of  this  country  that  manufacture  the  outer 
clothing  of  the  people,  and  the  ratio  of  the 
company's  output  to  the  aggregate  output 
of  the  whole  industry  is  about  the  same. 
Lender  Mr.  Wood's  strong  conservative 
management,  the  company  has  paid  a  regu- 
lar dividend  of  7  per  cent  on  the  preferred 


WILLIAM    M.    WOOD 
PKIiSIDEXT    OF   THE    AMERICAN    WOOLEN"    COMPANY 


330 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


stock,  and  has  now  accumulated  a  comfort- 
al)le  surplus.  The  New  Bedford  lad  learning 
his  first  business  lessons  in  the  Wamsutta 
counting  room  has  become  the  head  of  his 
profession,  and  the  chief  factor  in  a  mighty 
manufacturing  and  selling  organization 
whose  name  is  known  in  every  American 
home. 

The  American  Woolen  Company  at  Law- 
rence and  Ma)nard  has  provided  model 
houses  for  manv  of  its  operatives,  and  in 
the  ecjuipment  of  all  new  mill  buildings  the 
health  and  comfort  of  the  work-people  are 
carefully  studied  along  plans  thought  out  by 
Mr.  Wood  himself,  in  which  he  has  always 
taken  a  direct  personal  initiative. 

In  all  of  the  mills  of  the  American  Woolen 
Company  the  employees,  whether  native- 
born  or  foreign-born,  are  paid  substantially 
twice  as  much  money  for  spinning  a  pound 
of  yarn  or  weaving  a  yard  of  cloth  as  the 
skilled  operatives  in  the  best  mills  of  Great 
Britain  or  the  Continent.  Three  times  be- 
fore the  recent  strike  of  19 12  in  Lawrence, 
Mr.  Wood  had  raised  the  wages  of  his  peo- 
ple without  waiting  for  them  to  ask  him. 
Considering  the  magnitude  of  his  interests, 
Mr.  Wood  had  been  singularly  free  from 
serious  conflicts  with  labor,  until  the  Law- 
rence trouble  reflected  the  spirit  of  unrest 
that  was  pervading  the  entire  country  and 
indeed  the  whole  industrial  world. 

Mr.  Wood  has  declined  many  business 
honors  and  directorships  in  great  banks  and 
other  corporations  because  of  the  pressure  of 
his  own  immediate  business.  His  present  offi- 
cial posts  are  president  and  director  of  the 
American  Woolen  Company;  president  and 
director  of  the  National  &  Providence 
Worsted  Mills,  Providence,  R.  I. ;  president 
and  director  of  the  Aver  Mills  of  Lawrence, 
Mass. ;  vice-president  of  the  Home  Market 
Club,  Boston ;  vice-president  of  the  Na- 
tional Association  of  Wool  Manufacturers, 
Boston ;  president  and  director  of  the  South- 
ern Illinois  Coal  &  Coke  Company,  Chicago ; 
director  of  the  Merchants  National  Bank, 
New  Bedford,  Mass.;  director  of  the  Pierce 
Manufacturing  Company  and  also  of  Pierce 
Brothers,  Limited,  New  Bedford;  director 
of  the  Rhode   Island   Insurance  Company, 


Providence ;  director  of  the  Washington 
Mills;  director  of  the  Nyanza  Mills,  and 
trustee  of  the  Lowell  Textile  School. 

Early  in  his  business  career,  Mr.  W^Dod 
married  a  daughter  of  Frederick  Ayer  and 
has  two  sons  and  two  daughters,  William 
M.  Wood,  Jr.,  Cornelius  Ayer  Wood,  Miss 
Rosalind  Wood  and  Miss  Irene  Wood.  The 
Wood  winter  home  is  on  Fairfield  Street 
in  Boston,  but  the  family  spends  much  time 
at  a  country  home  in  Andover,  not  far 
from  the  Lawrence  mills,  and  at  Pride's 
Crossing. 

WINSLOW  BROS.  &  SMITH  CO. 

The    cases    are    unusually    rare    in    the 
L'nited  States  where  commercial  houses  and 
industrial  plants  have  remained  existent  in 
original  form  and  done  business  in  three  cen- 
turies.   The  firm  of  Winslow  Bros.,  recently 
consolidated  with  the  Smith  Co.,  is  in  this 
group.      The    business    was    established    at 
Norwood,  Mass.,  in   1776 — a  period  when 
conditions  were  not  favorable  to  immediate 
success  or  longevity.    The  nation  was  in  the 
throes  of  war,  labor  was  scarce  and  trans- 
portation facilities  bad.    In  spite  of  these  ad- 
verse circumstances  the  Winslow  Bros,  put 
up  a  plant  and  started  the  manufacture  of 
sheep,  calf  and  kid  leather.     They  were  in- 
dustrious and  determined  and  worked  hard 
until  conditions  throughout  the  country  im- 
proved   and    the    business    was    flourishing. 
The>-   rounded   out   the   eighteenth   century 
successfully,  grew  steadily  during  the  nine- 
teenth, and  the  first  quarter  of  the  twentieth 
century  finds  the  concern  one  of  the  largest 
in  its  line.     Consolidation  was  recently  ef- 
fected  with   the    Smith   Co.,    producers   of 
pulled  wool.     From  the  primitive  business 
establi-shed  over  140  years  ago,  has  grown  a 
concern  with  a  capitalization  of  $500,000, 
and  a  trade  that  extends  to  every  state  in 
the  union  and  throughout  the  entire  world. 
The   present   officers   of   Winslow   Bros.   & 
Smith  Co.  are:  Frank  C.  Allen,  president; 
Alarcus  M.  Alder,  vice-president,  and  Philip 
L.   Reed,   treasurer.     The  executive  offices 
are  located  at  248  Summer  Street,  Boston. 


CONVERSE    BUILDING 


Situated  at  the  corner  of  Milk  and  Pearl  Streets.      It  is  a  ten-story  steel 

frame  building  with  basement.      The  exterior  is  of  brick 

with  stone  trimmings.      The  entrance  is 

at  101    Milk  Street 


332 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


LEWIS  PARKHURST,  TREASURER  OF  GINN  &  CO. 


LEWIS    PARKHURST 


Lewis  Parkhurst  is  an  American  of  the 
old  school,  the  kind  of  man  who  has  been 
found  at  the  post  of  danger  or  responsibility 
throughout  the  history  of  this  country. 
Born  at  Dunstable,  Massachusetts,  July  26, 
1856,  his  early  days  were  spent  on  a  farm. 
He  is  seventh  in  direct  descent  from  Ebe- 
nezer  Parkhurst,  who  came  to  this  country 


from  England  in  about  1690,  settling  at 
Dunstable.  Two  of  his  ancestors  were  in 
the  Revolutionary  War,  and  others  did  their 
share  in  the  advancement  of  the  struggling 
Republic.  His  father  was  Thomas  Park- 
hurst, and  his  mother  was  Sarah  Wright. 
The  Wrights  also  were  of  the  early  pioneers. 
The  Parkhursts  were  in  moderate  circum- 


TIIF.    I^OOK   OF    BOSTON 


^^^ 


stances,  and,  as  an  aid  to  his  sujipurt  and 
education,  Mr.  I'arkhurst  worked  on  a  farm 
and  at  various  other  odd  jobs  in  his  youth, 
lie  prepared  for  college  at  Green  Mountain 
Academy,  South  \\'oodstock,  \'ermont, 
teaching  school  winters.  On  leaving  the 
academy  he  entered  Dartmouth  College,  and 
was  graduated  in  1878  with  tlie  degree  of 
A.P).  The  experience  in  teaching  gained 
in  his  undergraduate  years  at  Woodstock, 
Reading  and  Weston,  \'ermont,  Province- 
town,  ^lassachusetts,  and  Hanover,  New 
Hampshire,  led  him  to  embrace  this  pro- 
fession as  a  definite  vocation.  Opportunity 
lay  near  at  hand  and  Mr.  Parkhurst  served 
as  principal  of  the  High  Street  Grammar 
School  in  Fitchlnirg,  Massachusetts,  for  two 
years.  The  next  year  found  him  acting  in 
a  similar  capacity  in  the  High  School  of 
Athol,  ^Massachusetts,  followed  I)y  five  years 
as  principal  nf  the  Winchester  (Massachu- 
setts) High  School.  Mr.  Parkhurst  has 
li\ed  in  ^\'inchester  since  that  time,  a  period 
of  thirty-four  years.  In  1886  he  relin- 
quished teaching  for  business,  becoming  con- 
nected with  the  agency  department  of  Ginn 
and  Company.  His  marked  ability  soon 
brought  him  to  the  attention  of  the  firm,  and 
he  was  admitted  to  partnership  in  1888. 
Since  that  time  he  has  had  special  charge  of 
the  luanufacturing  and  liusiness  adminis- 
tration. The  Athenaeum  Press  of  Ginn  and 
Cfjmpany,  said  to  be  one  of  the  l)est 
erjuipped  printing  establishments  in  the 
countr\-,  has  been  built  and  developed  in 
accordance  with  ]\[r.  Parkhtirst's  carefully 
thought  out  plans.  Mr.  Parkhurst  has  al- 
ways taken  a  deep  personal  interest  in  edu- 
cation, and  has  devoted  much  time  to  help- 
ing various  educational  institutions.  He 
has  served  on  the  Winchester  school  cnni- 
mittee,  and  was  chairman  of  the  committees 
which  supervised  the  construction  of  the 
Mystic  and  High  School  buildings  in  that 


town.  In  1908  he  was  elected  an  alunuii 
trustee  of  Dartnicmth  (  Ullcge,  with  the  hun- 
orary  degree  of  A.M.  Five  years  later  lie 
was  honored  with  another  term,  and  in  191 5 
made  a  trtistee  for  life.  He  is  chairman 
of  the  college's  Committee  on  Business  Ad- 
ministration and  has  guided  its  l)usiness 
affairs  intu  channels  that  have  made  the  in- 
stitution one  of  the  best  organized  in  the 
United  States.  Mr.  and  ]Mrs.  Parkhurst 
gave  the  college  its  administration  building 
— Parkhurst  Hall — in  1912.  as  a  memorial 
to  their  son,  A\'ilder,  who  entered  with  the 
class  of  1907,  but  died  at  the  l>eginning  of 
his  sophomore  year.  !Mr.  I'arkhurst  is  the 
author  of  "A  \'acation  on  the  Nile.''  pub- 
lished in  1913,  which  recounts  the  incidents 
of  a  journey  to  I\g}'pt.  He  has  been  an  ex- 
tensive traveler,  both  for  business  and  pleas- 
tire,  having  visited  every  state  in  the  Union, 
Canada,  Culia,  Mexico  and  the  European 
continent  several  times.  As  a  representative 
to  the  General  Court  in  1908  from  the 
twentv-seventh  Middlesex  District,  Mr. 
I'arkhurst  served  as  a  member  of  the  joint 
Senate  and  House  Committee  on  Railroads. 
He  has  held  various  other  posts  of  a  similar 
character,  and  has  been  a  leader  or  sup- 
porter of  numerous  public  undertakings. 
He  has  acted  as  a  trustee  of  the  Winchester 
Public  Library,  a  mcmtier  of  the  water 
board,  chairman  of  the  committee  on  annual 
appropriations  and  the  committee  on  im- 
provement of  waterways.  He  is  now  presi- 
dent of  the  Repul)lican  Club  of  Massachu- 
setts. Mr.  Parkhurst  was  married  at  \\'es- 
ton,  A'ermont,  November  18,  1880,  to  Miss 
Emma  J.  Wilder.  They  have  one  son  living, 
Richard  Parkhurst,  a  member  of  the  se- 
nior class  of  Dartmouth  College.  Mr.  Park- 
hurst's  clubs  include  the  I'niversity,  Union, 
Art  and  City  Clubs  of  i'.oston,  the  Winches- 
ter Countrv  Club  and  the  Megantic  F'ish 
and  Game  Club. 


334 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTOX 


TIMOTHY    SMITH 


TIMOTHY  SMITH 

Timoth}'  Smitli,  merchant,  was  born  in 
Eastham,  Mass.,  May  28,  1835,  and  was 
educated    in    the    public    schools    and    at 

academies  at  Or- 
leans and  North 
Bridgewater,  Mass. 
At  the  age  of 
seventeen  he  be- 
came clerk  for  a 
mercantile  concern 
and  after  five  years 
engagetl  in  business 
for  h  i  m  s  e  1  f  at 
llardwich  and  later 
at  Roxbury,  where 
he  has  continued 
since  August  8, 
1862.  He  has  been 
president  of  the 
r  i  m  o  t  h  y  Smith 
Co.,  which  has  conducted  a  department 
store  at  2267  Washington  Street  since  its 
incorporation  in  1901,  vice-president  of  the 
Peoples  National  Bank,  member  of  the  New 
England  Dry  Goods  Association,  of  which 
he  was  first  president,  and  auditor  of  the 
Boston  City  Missionary  Society.  Mr. 
Smith  resides  in  Roxbury  and  his  office  is 
at  the  corner  of  Washington  and  Vernon 
Streets,  Roxbury,  Boston. 

CHANDLER  &  CO. 

The  firm  of  Chandler  &Co.,  151  Tremont 
Street,  is  one  of  the  few  in  Boston  to  ap- 
jjroach  the  century  mark.  The  business  was 
first  founded  in  1817,  by  Messrs.  Johnson 
&  Mayo.  The  successors  to  this  firm  were 
Mayo  &  Hill,  and  then  George  Hill  &  Co. 
assumed  the  business,  the  partners  being 
George  Hill,  Edward  \\'yman,  Edward  \\'. 
Capen  and  \\'illiam  F.  Nichols.  George 
Hill  &  Co.  was  succeeded  by  Chandler  & 
Co.,  Mr.  Hill  withdrawing  and  the  business 
being-  continued  by  John  Chandler  and  the 
remaining  partners.  In  1887,  the  business 
passed  into  the  hands  of  William  H.  Capen, 
William  H.  Flanders  and  Frank  W. 
\\'_\-man.      Mr.    Capen    and    Mr.    Flanders 


dying,  the  firm  of  Chandler  «S:  Co.  was  in- 
corporated in  1905  with  Frank  W.  Wyman, 
president  and  treasurer,  and  Charles  F. 
Bacon,  vice-president.  The  business  was 
originally  established  to  cater  to  the  high- 
est class  of  trade,  and  in  this  regard  the 
house  has  never  deviated  from  the  original 
intention  during  any  part  of  its  long  and 
successful  career.  Chandler  &  Co.  carry 
the  finest  lines  of  dry  goods,  women's  ap- 
parel, and  carpets  and  rugs,  and  the  entire 
service  and  environment  shows  the  dignity 
and  refinement  that  conies  through  long 
years  of  service. 


In  the  manufacture  of  books,  Boston  has 
always  been  the  foremost  American  city. 
Much  business  has  come  to  it  in  this  industry 
through  its  literar}-  prestige. 

PHILIP  A.  GREEN 

Philip  A.  Green,  treasurer,  director  and 
general  manager  of  the  William  C.  Jones 
Co.,  was  born  in  New  York  City,  October 
6,  1882,  and  was 
educated  in  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  Bos- 
ton. He  served  a 
thorough  a]i])ren- 
ticeship  in  the  cot- 
ton waste  l)usiness. 
in  office  work  in  | 
the  mill  and  as  a 
salesman  on  the 
road,  before  he 
reached  his  present  | 
important   position. 

He  is  a  member 
of    the    B  el  m  o  n  t 
Country  Club,   is  a    - 
thirty  -  second      de-  ■'""•"'  '^-  '^'^'^^'^ 

gree  Mason  and  a  Shriner. 

The  William  C.  Jones,  Ltd.,  was  organ- 
ized in  England  forty-two  years  ago.  The 
Boston  l)ranch  was  opened  here  in  1908  and 
incorporated  in  19 14.  Cotton  waste  only  is 
handled  and  the  English  house  has  mills 
and  offices  at  Manchester,  while  the  Boston 
Company  maintains  a  mill  at  New  Bedford. 
The  offices  are  at  200  Summer  Street. 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTOX 


PATRICK    A.    O'CONNELL 

Patrick  A.  O'Cnimell,  wlm  is  j)r(iniinent 
in  the  social  and  business  circles  of  Boston, 
was  born  Februarv   13.   187-',  in  Lawrence, 


PATRICK    A.    O  CONM  1.1 

Mass.  He  was  educated  in  the  jniblic 
schools  of  the  city  of  his  birth  and  Ijegan 
his  business  career  with  a  dry  goods  house 
in  Lawrence,  and  came  to  Boston  over 
twenty  years  ago.  His  first  association  in 
this  city  was  with  William  Eilene  Sons  & 
Co.,  of  which  he  l)ecame  vice-president.  He 
Avas  later  treasurer  and  general  manager  of 
James  A.  Houston  d).,  and  eventually 
bought  the  controlling  interest  in  the  busi- 
ness of  the  E.  T.  Slattery  Co.,  of  which  he 
wns  made  president  and  treasurer,  and  is 
now  the  sole  owner.  In  addition  to  this 
interest,  Mr.  O'Connell  is  a  director  of 
Andrew  Ryan,  Inc.,  of  New  York  City.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Investment  of 
the  Union  Institute  for  Savings  and  of  the 
Faculty  of  Business  Administration  of  Bos- 
ton L'niversitx',  where  he  assists  in  laying  out 
the  courses  and  lectures  on  business  organ- 
ization and  s|)ecial  topics  <in  management, 
lie    has   also   contributed    articles   on   these 


subjects  to  various  tratle  publications.  He 
is  president  of  the  New  Englantl  Dry  Goods 
Association  and  holds  membership  in  the 
Economic,  Clover,  Boston  City  and  E.x- 
change  Clubs,  the  Boston  Athletic  Associa- 
tion, Boston  Chamber  of  Connnerce,  Young 
Men's  Catholic  Association  and  the  Catholic 
L'nion  of  Boston.  He  is  a  Democrat  in 
politics  and  was  formerly  treasurer  of  the 
Democratic  Town  Connnittee  of  Brookline. 
Mr.  C)'Connell  was  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee having  charge  of  the  entertainment 
of  the  Earl  and  Marchioness  of  Alierdeen 
when  thev  visited  Boston,  and  the  complete- 
ness of  ever\-  detail  on  that  occasion  was  in 
a  large  measure  due  to  Mr.  O'Connell's 
ability  to  organize  and  direct. 

L.    P.    HOLLANDER   &    CO. 

The  business  of  L.  P.  FLillander  &  Co., 
dealers  in  dry  goods  and  men  and  women's 
apparel,  was  established  in  1848  by  M.  T. 
Hollander.  Several  stores  in  the  business 
section  were  occupied  until  1886,  when  the 
movement  to  Boylston  Street  was  made  in 
order  to  be  nearer  to  the  residential  section. 
In  1 89 1  and  igoo  two  other  stores  were 
added  to  the  present  premises,  which  in- 
cludes the  buildings  from  203  to  216  Boyl- 
ston Street,  a  frontage  of  100  feet  extend- 
ing through  to  Park  Square.  In  1890  a 
branch  was  opened  in  New  York  City,  and 
the  firm  now  occupies  the  premises  550-52 
Fifth  Avenue,  a  large  eight-story  building 
which  it  erected  in  191 1.  In  addition  to 
the  New  York  and  Boston  houses,  summer 
branches  are  maintained  at  Newport  and 
Watch  Hill.  R.  I.,  Magnolia,  Mass.,  Bar 
Harbor  and  York  Harbor,  Me.,  and  winter 
branches  in  Santa  Barbara,  Cal..  and  Palm 
Beach,  Fla.  Mr.  Louis  P.  Hollander  was 
for  many  years  senior  member  of  the  firm, 
and  since  his  death  the  business  has  been 
conilucted  by  the  surviving  partners,  T.  C. 
Hollander  and  B.  F.  Pitman. 


The  Metropolitan  Park  System  has  a  total 
area  of  10,427  acres,  not  including  a  large 
acreage  owned  b\'  nuniici])alities  and  given 
over  for  care  and  control. 


336 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


JOHN    HOPEWELL    (dECEASEd) 


also  treasurer 
a  director  of 
Sanford  Mills 
a  director  of 
Reading  Rub- 
Co.     and     the 


JOHN  HOPEWELL 

John  Hopewell,  head  of  the  well-known 
firm  of  L.  C.  Chase  &  Co.,  was  born  at 
Greenfield,    Mass.,    February   2,    1845,   and 

was  educated  at 
the  public  schools. 
He  was  a  book- 
keeper and  account- 
ant in  early  life, 
and  after  becoming 
a  salesman  for  L. 
C.  Chase  &  Co.  be- 
came head  of  that 
house  in  1888.  He 
was 
and 
the 
and 
the 
ber 

First  National 
Bank.  Mr.  Hopewell  was  a  Re]niblican  in 
politics,  and  had  been  a  director  of  the  Home 
Market  Club  since  its  organization.  He  was 
honored  with  many  positions  of  trust  by  his 
party  and  was  a  member  of  the  Legislature 
in  1 89 1.  He  held  membership  in  the  Bos- 
ton Merchants  Association,  the  Algonquin 
and  Boston  Art  Clubs,  Cambridge  Club  of 
Cambridge.  Brae  Burn  Country  and  Hunne- 
well  Clubs  of  Newton.  He  was  also  a 
member  of  the  executive  committee  of  the 
National  Association  of  Wool  Manufactur- 
ers. Mr.  Hopewell  died  suddenly  in  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  March  27,  1916. 

GEORGE  W.  WHEELWRIGHT 

In  the  Spring  of  1861,  George  W.  Wheel- 
wright, Jr.,  began  his  business  career  in  his 
father's  paper  warehouse  at  6  Water  Street, 
Boston.  Five  years  later  he  was  admitted 
to  partnership  in  the  business  under  the  firm 
name  of  George  W.  Wheelwright  &  Son. 
Charles  S.  Wheelwright,  a  brother,  became 
a  member  of  the  firm  in  1868,  l)ut  retired 
in  1873.  Following  the  death  of  the  elder 
Wheelwright  in  1879,  the  George  W^.  Wheel- 
wright Paper  Co.  was  incorporated  in  Jan- 
uary,   1880,   and   George   W.   ^^'heelwright 


became  its  first  president,  retaining  the  posi- 
tion until  January,  1914,  when  he  became 
Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Directors.  The 
mills  of  the  company  are  located  at  Fitch- 
burg,  Leominster  and  ^\'heel\vright,  Mass. 
George  W.  WHieelwright,  Sr.,  received  his 
early  training  in  the  paper  business  with  the 
firm  of  Nash  &  Heywood,  Boston.  He 
removed  to  Baltimore  in  1834,  where  he 
engaged  in  business  under  the  firm  name  of 
Turner  &  Wheelwright  and  later  Turner, 
Wlieelwright  &  Mudge.  He  returned  to 
Boston  in  1845  'is  purchasing  partner  of  the 
Baltimore  firm,  but  retired  in  1848  to  join 
Peter  C.  Jones  in  the  firm  of  Jones  &  W'heel- 
wright.  They  had  a  paper  warehouse  on 
State  Street  and  a  mill  in  Watertown,  Mass., 
and  upon  the  dissolution  of  the  partnership 
in  1853,  Mr.  W'heelwright  continued  to 
manufacture  paper,  while  Mr.  Jones  took 
over  the  store  business. 


Metropolitan  Boston  comprises  thirty- 
nine  cities  and  towns,  each  of  which  is  under 
a  separate  municipal  government  and  all  are 
within  a  radius  of  thirteen  miles  of  Boston 
Citv  Hall. 


PARKER,  WILDER  &  COMPANY 

The  firm  of  Parker,  Wilder  &  Co.,  deal- 
ers in  woolen,  worsted  and  cotton  fabrics, 
was  organized  in  1820  by  Isaac  Parker 
and  Jonas  M.  Melville,  under  the  name  of 
Isaac  Parker  &  Co.  The  present  members 
of  the  firm  are  S.  Parker  Bremer,  Samuel 
Rindge,  George  A.  Adam,  William  D.  Jud- 
son  and  Alfred  B.  Wade.  The  business, 
which  was  originally  located  at  60  Broad 
Street,  is  now  contlucted  at  4  Winthrop 
Square,  where  sixty  persons  are  employed. 
The  annual  output  of  the  house  has  in- 
creased twenty-five  per  cent,  in  recent  years 
and  now  amounts  to  $10,000,000,  the  prod- 
uct being  sold  all  over  the  United  States 
and  in  foreign  countries. 


THE    BOOK    (W    BOSTON 


,1^7 


ALBERT    D.    HOWLETT    COMl'AXY 


The  AIl)ert  D.  Howlett  Co.,  one  of  tlie 
largest  firms  in  the  painting  and  decorating 
line  in  the  country,  was  organized  under  the 
laws  of  A'lassachusetts  by  Albert  D.  Howlett 
in  1902.  Mr.  Howlett  had  previously  been 
associated  with  the  C}tus  T.  Clarke  Co.,  as 
vice-president  and  general  manager.  When 
he  became  president  nf  tlie  new  concern  he 


the  management  (if  the  ciimpan\-  l.)elieving 
that  many  a  beautiful  l)uilding  and  many 
architectural  effects  are  spoiled  by  the  im- 
])r()per  application  of  paint.  That  they  have 
l^een  successful  in  securing  the  best  results 
is  proven  by  the  fact  that  they  have  worked 
with  some  (jf  the  most  noted  architects  and 
engineers  in  the  C(iuntr\-.     Some  idea  of  the 


ALBERT    D.    HOWLETT    COMPANY 


brought  to  the  position  a  thoniugh  knowl- 
edge of  every  branch  of  the  business.  The 
company  employs  from  one  hundred  to  three 
hundred  painters  at  different  periods  of  the 
year,  and  does  not  depart  from  its  specialty 
of  interior  and  exterior  painting,  decorating 
and  hard-wood  finishing.  Its  field  is  the 
entire  United  States,  and  in  additinn  u>  the 
executive  oftice  at  40  State  Street,  it  main- 
tains a  permanent  office  at  507  Eifth  Av- 
enue, New  York  City.  The  Albert  D.  How- 
lett Co.  pays  the  closest  attention  to  "the 
grooming  of  a  home,"  and  every  effort  is 
made  to  secure  harmonious  color  schemes. 


character  of  the  compan_\-'s  work  and  the 
extent  of  the  territory  covered  can  ])e  gath- 
ered from  a  partial  list  of  the  work  done. 
This  includes,  the  Boston  City  Club,  New 
England  Trust  Co.,  Boston  Safe  Deposit 
and  Trust  Co.,  Boston  Athena-um,  Oliver 
Ditson  Building,  Boston  :  and  the  Charles  H. 
Ditson  P.uilding,  New  York  City;  the  Waitt 
&  Bond  factory,  the  Rockefeller  Institute, 
New  York  City  :  the  Naumkeag  Cotton  Mill, 
Salem,  Mass.;  Hotel  Stanley,  Estes  Park, 
Colorado;  Hotel  Kimball,  Springfield, 
Mass. ;  Travelers  Insurance  Building,  Hart- 
ford, Conn. ;  Nurses'  Home,  Albany,  N.  Y. ; 


33,S< 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


W.  H.  McElwain  Factor}-,  Manchester, 
N.  H. ;  Salem  Five  Cent  Bank,  Salem, 
Mass.;  State  Armory,  Springfield,  Mass., 
and  palatial  residences  at  Rye,  N.  Y. ; 
Tarrytown,  N.  Y. ;  Braintree,  Mass.,  and 
Syosset,  Long  Island,  etc.  There  is  no 
point  in  the  United  States  too  far  away 
for  the  Albert  D.  Howlett  Co.  to 
cover,  and  no  contract  too  large  to  be 
successfully  handled.  The  Itest  workmen 
only  are  employed  and  the  entire  work  is 
personally  supervised  by  the  most  competent 
artists,  so  that  the  smallest  detail,  which 
sometimes  appears  unimportant  to  the  lav 
luind,  receives  careful  attention  in  order  to 
produce  pleasing,  restful  anil  harmonious 
•effects. 


Strangers  are  attracted  to  Boston  through 
its  homelike  atmosphere,  the  civility  of  its 
•citizens  and  the  courtesy  of  its  tradespeople. 

THE  PUREOXIA  COMPANY 

The  Pureoxia  Company,  which  manufac- 
tures high  grade  beverages  and  makes  a 
speciality  of  ginger  ale,  was  organized  in 
1899  with  a  capital  of  $100,000.  The  plant 
is  located  at  no  Norway  Street,  and  is 
equipped  with  the  latest  improved  machin- 
■ery  for  the  production  of  goods  of  absolute 
purity,  under  the  most  improved  hygienic 
conditions.  The  best  materials  and  distilled 
water  only  are  used,  and  the  reputation  of 
the  I'ureoxia  products  has  largely  increased 
the  company's  sales  during  recent  vears,  the 
trade  territory  now  covering  the  entire  New 
England  States.  Speedy  autos  are  used  for 
cjuick  delivery  in  Boston  and  the  nearby 
points.  The  entire  equipment  suggests  clean- 
liness of  the  highest  order,  and  the  sanitary 
production  and  excellence  of  service  have 
made  many  private  families  constant  users 
of  the  goods. 

The  products  of  the  Pureoxia  Company 
include  ginger  ale,  flavored  beverages,  dis- 
tilled water,  mineral  waters  and  water  dis- 
tilling apparatus.  The  officers  are :  Harry 
A.  Edgerly,  President  and  General  Man- 
ager; Joseph  B.  Crocker,  Treasurer;  and 
Arthur  L.  Despeaux,  Assistant  Treasurer. 


THE  ATLANTIC  WORKS 

Boston's  access  to  the  sea  has  been  respon- 
sible for  much  of  the  city's  growth  and 
prosperity.  It  has  played  its  part  in  the 
commercial  development  of  New  England 
as  well  as  of  the  city  itself.  The  harbor  led 
to  the  first  settlement  and  has  been  perma- 
nent in  its  influence  in  centering  upon  its 
shores  some  of  the  greatest  industries  of  the 
new  world.  The  business  of  the  manufac- 
ture of  marine  goods  has  always  been  an 
extensive  feature  of  the  city's  industries. 
The  shipping  and  transportation  interests 
which  have  their  home  in  Boston  have  natu- 
rall}'  created  a  demand  for  sea-going  ma- 
terial, which  has  been  fully  met  by  a  number 
of  responsible  companies  that  have  grown 
as  the  demand  developed. 

The  Atlantic  Works,  builders  of  marine 
engines  and  boilers,  was  established  in  Bos- 
ton sixty-three  years  ago  by  five  mechanics, 
Abishai  Miller,  Oilman  Joslin,  Mark 
Googins,  James  A.  Maynard  and  \\'illiam  C. 
Hibbard.  The  organizers  had  very  little 
capital,  yet  despite  this  handicap,  the  works 
became,  within  ten  vears,  the  leading  con- 
cern in  its  line  in  Boston,  and  has  main- 
tained that  position  since. 

The  plant  occupies  about  five  acres  of 
ground  fronting  on  Border,  Maverick  and 
New  Streets  in  East  Boston,  and  the  cor- 
poration also  controls  the  East  Boston  Dry 
Dock  Co.  plant,  which  adjoins  it  and 
occupies  about  six  acres. 

In  addition  to  the  construction  of  marine 
engines  and  boilers,  the  Works  make  general 
steamship  repairs  and  employ  between  three 
hundred   and  fifty  and   fnur  hundred   luen. 

The  trade  territory  covered  is  wholly 
domestic  and  mostly  local,  and  the  annual 
turnover  amounts  to  about  five  hundred 
thousantl  dollars. 

The  present  officers  of  the  company  are : 
Fred  McOuesten,  president;  Alfred  E.  Cox, 
treasurer  and  general  manager;  Edward  P. 
Robinson,  superintendent ;  and  Joseph  M. 
Robinson,  purchasing  agent.  The  board  of 
directors  is  composed  of  these  four  and 
\\'illiam  B.  loslin. 


1'HF,    BOOK    OP^    BOS'l'OX 


3,^9 


HER.MAN  L.  BEAL 

Herman  L.  Beal,  presideiu  and  irca.snrtT 
of  the  P'oster  Rubber  Co.,  was  l)orn  in  Bos- 
ton,  Mass.,  November   14,    1862.     He  was 


HHKMAN     L.     BL.\L 


educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Boston  and 
at  the  Bryant  &  Stratton  Commercial  Col- 
lege. The  Foster  Rubber  C<ini])aii\-,  of 
which  Mr.  Beal  is  president,  manufacture^ 
a  large  line  of  rubber  goods,  all  of  which 
are  widel\-  known  and  soUl  throughout  the 
entire  country.  These  include  "Cats  Paw 
Rubber  Heels,"  "Foster  Rubber  Heels,"  the 
"Tred-air  Heel  Cushion"  cane  and  crutch 
ti])s.  and  a  full  line  of  other  sjjecialties.  Mr. 
Beal's  i)lace  of  business  is  at  103  Federal 
Street,  and  his  home  at  nS/i  Common- 
wealth Avenue.  He  is  a  Republican  in  ])iili- 
tics,  but  has  never  held  or  sought  jiublic 
office.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Societv  of 
Colonial  Wars,  the  I'loston  C"haniber  of 
(-"ommerce,  the  Republican  Club  of  .Mas.sa- 
chnsctts,  the  Home  Market  Clul>,  the  lioston 
Athletic  .\ssociation.  Engineers  Club,  the 
Wo,  idlaud  (lolf  Club  and  the  Cliambcr  of 
Commerce  of  .\nierica,  and  inanv  other 
social  and   fraternal  nrganizations. 


CAPT.  FRANCIS  HAWKS  APPLETON 

Cajitain  b'rancis  1  lawks  Appleton,  presi- 
dent of  the  F.  11.  .\]ipleton  &  Son,  Inc.. 
manufacturers  of  reclaimed  rubber,  was 
born  in  Jersey  City,  .\ugust  4,  1854.  He 
was  educated  at  the  public  schools  and  at 
the  Pennington  Seminary,  Pennington.  N.  J. 
Upon  the  completion  of  his  schooling  he  be- 
came a  salesman  for  the  Murjjhy  Varnish 
Co.,  of  Newark,  N.  J.,  and  was  finally  made 
manager  of  the  Boston  branch  of  that  com- 
pany. Flaving  his  own  jimcess  for  the  rec- 
lamation of  rubber,  he  estaljlished  the  pres- 
ent business  in  1898,  and  now  has  a  factory 
at  Franklin,  Mass.,  with  offices  at  185  Sum- 
mer Street,  Boston.  Captain  Appleton  en- 
joys the  distinction  of  having  been  twice  re- 
ceived by  King  George  V  of  England.  On 
the  first  occasion  he  was  one  of  the  three 
delegates  who  visited  Marlborough  House  to 
ainiounce  to  the  king  his  election  to  the  An- 
cient and  Honoral)le  Artillery  Companw  The 
king  acce])te(l  the  courtesy  and  became  suc- 


CAHT.    FRANCIS    HAWKS    APPLETON 

cessor  to  his  f;ither,  b'.dward  \"ll,  in  honor- 
ary nienibcrshii).  '  I*-'  ^^as  again  received  by 
the  king  in   lyij.  when  tlie  Ancients  visited 


340 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


Buckingham  Palace.  The  king  inspected 
the  company  which  Captain  Appleton  com- 
manded, and  the  two  were  photographed 
side  by  side.  Captain  Appleton  was  mar- 
ried, September  30,  1874,  to  Ida  C.  Cook 
of  New  York  City,  and  they  have  one  son, 
Francis  H.  Appleton,  Jr.,  who  is  associated 
with  his  father  in  business,  and  a  grandson, 
Francis  H.  Appleton,  3rd.  Captain  Apple- 
ton  is  a  32nd  degree  Mason  and  a  member 
of  the  Aleppo  Temple.  He  also  holds  mem- 
bership in  the  Chamlier  of  Commerce,  the 
Algonciuin  Club,  the  Point  Shirley  Club,  of 
which  he  is  president,  the  Boston  City  Club 
and  the  Boston  Athletic  Association. 

BIRGER   GUSTAF    A.    ROSENTWIST 

B.  G.  A.  Rosentwist,  Royal  Vice-Consul 
of  Sweden  at  Boston,  was  born  in  Bjuf, 
Sweden,   April  26,    1868.     He  has  studied 

at  the  Royal  Insti- 
tute of  Technology, 
Stockholm,  S  w  e  - 
den,  and  the  Uni- 
versity of  Gottin- 
gen,  Germany.  Mr. 
Rosentwist  is  a  de- 
scend a  n  t  in  the 
eighth  generation 
from  John  Twist, 
of  English  ances- 
try, who  was  born 
in  Germany  in  1638 
and  settled  in  Swe- 
den. The  progeni- 
tor of  the  family 
was  ennobled  by 
King  Karl  XI  of  Sweden  in  1695  and  the 
name  changed  to  its  present  form.  Mr. 
Rosentwist  is  a  chemist  and  is  now  a  mem- 
ber of  the  firm  of  Rosentwist  &  Corner, 
importers  of  and  dealers  in  dyestuffs  and 
chemicals,  at  26  India  Square.  He  is  con- 
nected with  several  other  commercial  con- 
cerns. He  was  decorated  Knight  of  Royal 
Order  of  Vasa  ist  Class  by  the  late  King 
Oscar  II  of  Sweden  in  1907.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the 
Swedish  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  the 
U.    S.    A.,    New    York,    American-Scandi- 


BIRGER    G.    A.    ROSENTWIST 


navian  Society,  the  Swedish  Charitable  So- 
ciety, Masonic  fraternities,  Boston  City 
Club,  Algoncjuin,  Engineers,  Boston  Yacht, 
Hoosic-Wliisick  Country  Clubs  and  Bos- 
ton Athletic  Association  of  Boston  and  the 
Cityklubben  of  Stockholm,  Sweden.  He  is 
also  Honorary  President  of  the  Swedish 
Charitable  Society. 


In  the  Granary  Burying-ground  between 
Beacon  and  Park  Streets  are  the  tombs  and 
graves  of  governors  of  the  Colony  and  Com- 
monwealth, and  of  Samuel  Adams,  James 
Otis,  John  Hancock,  Paul  Revere,  Peter 
Faneuil,  the  parents  of  Benjamin  Franklin, 
•with  many  others  of  distinction  or  interest. 

JOHN  JOYCE 

Vice-President  of  the  Gillette  Safety 
Razor  Company 

In  the  early  days  of  the  development  of 
the  Gillette  Safety  Razor,  progress  was 
much  hampered  by  the  lack  of  funds  to 
conduct  the  necessary  experiments.  After 
many  discouraging  experiences,  when  it 
seemed  at  times  as  though  the  undertaking 
must  be  abandoned,  the  inventor,  Mr.  King 
C.  Gillette,  was  so  fortunate  as  to  meet  and 
interest  in  his  idea  Mr.  John  Joyce  of  An- 
dover,  Mass. 

Mr.  Joyce  was  immediately  convinced 
that  there  was  a  wonderful  field  for  an 
article  such  as  this,  and  the  outgrowth  of 
his  belief  was  the  enterprise  that  is  now 
capitalized  for  thirteen  million  dollars  and 
whose  ramifications  extend  the  world  over. 
It  requires  more  than  an  ordinary  quality 
of  courage  to  capitalize  an  idea  to  the  ex- 
tent of  mau}^  thousand  dollars,  but  so  firm 
was  Mr.  Joyce  in  his  belief  that  the  article 
was  practical  and  would  revolutionize  the 
tedious  process  of  shaving,  he  never  doubted 
as  to  its  viltimate  success. 

That  the  Gillette  Safety  Razor  is  a  suc- 
cess is  "known  the  world  over,"  but  com- 
paratively little  is  known  of  the  man  whose 
foresight  and  business  acumen  is  largely 
responsible  for  the  marvelous  business  that 
has  been  Ijuilt  up  from  this  invention. 


'I'llI-:    IU)()K    OF    BOSTON 


,U1 


JEROME  JONES 

From  an  obscure  clerkship  in  a  ccmntry 
store,  Jenmie  Jones  has  risen  to  tlie  presi- 
(lenc\-   of  tlie    Jones,   McDuffee  i^    Strattim 


JEROME    JONES 

Co.,  one  of  the  largest  and  nmst  prominent 
crockery,  glass  and  chinaware  firms  in  the 
United  States.  He  was  l)orn  at  Athol, 
Worcester  County,  Mass.,  October  13,  1837, 
and  after  being  educated  in  the  public 
schools  became  a  clerk  in  a  store  and  post 
office  in  Orange.  Upon  coming  to  Boston 
in  1853,  he  served  an  apprenticeship  with 
Otis  Norcross,  and  after  receiving  a  thor- 
ough training,  filled  positions  of  constantly 
increasing  importance  which  resulted  in  his 
being  admitted  to  partnership  at  the  age  of 
twenty-four.  He  was  the  European  buyer 
for  fifteen  years.  Upon  the  retirement  of 
Mr.  Norcross  to  become  Mayor  of  Boston, 
in  1868,  the  firm  became  Howland  &  Jones, 
and  upon  Mr.  Howland's  death  in  1871  the 
present  partnership  was  formed,  since  being 
incorporated.  During  his  business  career 
Mr.  Jones  has  been  interested  as  director 
and  vice-president  with  several  fin;uicial  in- 
stitutions, and  held  menibershi])  in  many 
trade  associations.    He  was  one  of  the  orig- 


inal meml)ers  of  the  New  England  Tariff 
Reform  League,  a  member  of  the  Thursday 
Club  of  Brookline,  and  also  holds  member- 
ship in  the  I'nion.  .\rt,  Country,  Algonquin 
and  Unitarian  Clul)S  of  Boston,  and  the  Bos- 
ton Chamljer  of  Commerce.  He  is  a  di- 
rector of  the  Boston  Safe  Dejxjsit  and  Trust 
Co.,  and  vice-president  of  the  Home  Savings 
Bank  and  honorary  chairman  of  the  Mari- 
time Comnuttee  of  the  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce. 

GEORGE  T.  LEIGH 

George  T.  Leigh,  vice-president  of  the 
John  Leigh  Co.,  contractors  and  dealers  in 
cotton  waste  with  a  large  plant  at  241  A 
Street,  South  Boston,  was  born  in  I\Ian- 
chester,  Englantl,  in  1884.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  England  and  came  to  the  United 
States  to  look  over  the  business  of  John 
Leigh,  Ltd.,  the  i)arent  house.  Eight  years 
ago  when  the  Boston  branch  was  started 
he  took  up  his  residence  jiermanently  here 
and    became    vice-president    and    principal 


GEORGE   T.    LEIGH 


owner  of  the  comjiany  which  was  incorpo- 
rated in  1912  with  executive  offices  at  200 
Summer   Street.     He  is   a  member  of  the 


342 


THE    BOOK    OF    ROSTOX 


Boston  City  Club,  the  Boston  Athletic  As- 
sociation, the  Eastern  Yacht  Club,  the  Que- 
quechan  Club  of  Fall  River,  the  National 
Association  of  Cotton  Manufacturers  and 
the  Chamber  of  Commerce.  John  Leigh, 
Ltd.,  the  parent  house  in  England,  was  estab- 
lished by  John  Leigh,  who  is  Chairman  of 
the  Board  of  Directors,  with  John  Leigh, 
Jr.,  and  George  T.  Leigh  as  directors.  The 
concern  is  the  largest  dealer  in  cotton  waste 
in  the  world,  its  markets  extending  to  nearly 
every  country.  The  elder  Leigh  started  in 
business  forty-five  years  ago  in  Oldham, 
England.  He  possessed  excellent  executive 
ability  and  keen  business  judgment,  and 
under  his  careful  and  wise  guidance  the 
small  business  expanded  until  the  annual 
sales  now  run  into  millions  of  dollars,  while 
the  house  owns,  controls  and  operates  many 
large  cotton  mills  throughout  England. 
The  English  house  sells  its  product  all  over 
the  world,  while  the  Boston  firm  confines 
its  efforts  to  the  United  States  and  Canada. 

GURNEY  HEATER 
MANUFACTURING  COMPANY 

The  company  was  organized  under  the 
Massachusetts  Laws  in  1884.  Its  executive 
offices  have  always  been  located  on  Frank- 
lin Street,  in  Boston,  and  the  growth  of  the 
business  has  necessitated  placing  branch  of- 
fices and  distributors  throughout  the  com- 
mercial centres  of  the  United  States,  and 
also  in  various  countries  of  the  world. 
The  Gurney  Company  is  the  pioneer  in  the 
manufacture  of  steam  and  hot  water  heat- 
ing apparatus  in  the  United  States,  and  its 
product  has  become  a  household  word  and 
recognized  as  standard  throughout  the  coun- 
try. It  has  always  been  the  effort  of  the 
company  to  be  the  leader  in  the  industry, 
and  much  of  its  marked  success  is  attribu- 
table to  the  high  standard  adopted  and  to 
the  use  of  only  the  best  grades  of  material 
wrought  by  the  highest  skilled  labor  for 
which  New  England  is  famous.  The  plant, 
covering  twenty-three  acres,  is  located  at 
Franiingham,  Mass.,  where  every  modern 
device  for  the  making  of  its  products  is  in- 
stalled.    The  officers  are :  Edward  Gurney, 


president ;  William  T.  Isaac,  vice-president 
and  general  manager,  and  Alfred  G.  Merser, 
secretary  and  treasurer.     Mr.  Isaac,  the  ac- 


WILLIAM    T.    ISAAC 


tive  head,  has  been  connected  with  the  com- 
pany for  the  past  twenty-four  years,  filling 
the  various  offices  in  the  organization  up  to 
that  now  held  by  him. 


FAIRBAMKS    Mouse,  OEOHAM 


nil.   <U.U   lAlKUANks.   UOl'SE,   DEUHAM,   BUILT  IN    1650 

BY     JO.NATHAN      FAIRBANKS,     AND      REACHED      BY 

THE     BAY     STATE     STREET    RAILWAY    COMPANY 

One  of  the  oldest  houses  in  the  country 
and  previous  to  1896,  when  it  was  purchased 
bv  Mrs.  J.  Amory  Codman  and  daughter  of 
Boston,  it  had  always  been  owned  by  a 
Fairbanks. 


HI 


1^,()()K    OF    BOSTON' 


U,^ 


WILLIAM    WIILFALAN 


Emint'iit  alike  as  manufacturer  and  nier- 
cliant,  Mr.  William  AMiitman  of  Boston  has 
wiekled  an  extraordinary  influence  in  the 
upbuilding  nt  the  great  textile  industries  of 
the  Commonwealth.  .Mthough  for  more  than 
sixty  years  a  resident  of  Massachusetts  and 
attached  to  the  State  by  the  memory  of  his 
ancestors  and  the  earliest  famil\-  traditions. 
Mr.  AMiitman  is  a  native  of  the  town  of 
Round  Hill,  Annapolis  County,  Nova  Scotia. 
He  was  born  there  ^lav  q,  ]S4_',  the  son  of 
John  Whitman,  and  a  descentiant  in  the 
eighth  generation  of  the  pioneer  John  \Vhit- 
man,  who  came  from  England  prior  to  1638 
and  settled  at  Weymouth,  near  Boston.  Mr. 
Whitman  now  owns  a  part  of  tiie  original 
homestead  granted  to  the  first  John  Whit- 
man bv  the  town  of  W  evmouth  in  1642.  Mr. 
William  Whitman's  great-grandfather,  also 
named  John  WHiitman,  was  born  in  Massa- 
chusetts and  was  one  of  those  who  left  that 
State  and  went  to  Nova  Scotia  to  take  pos- 
session of  the  fruitful  lands  of  Acadia. 
There  he  settled  near  Annapolis  u])on  a 
farm,  which  has  ever  since  remained  in  the 
Whitman  family.  On  his  mother's  side,  also, 
Mr.  Whitman  is  of  old  Massachusetts  an- 
cestry. His  mother  was  Rebecca  Cutler,  a 
direct  descendant  of  Ebenezer  Cutler,  a  con- 
spicuous Loyalist,  whose  attachment  to  King 
George  was  the  reason  of  his  banishment 
during  the  War  of  the  Revolution  and  his 
settlement  in  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  in  1778. 

William  Whitman  spent  the  years  of  his 
childhood  at  Round  Hill  and  in  the  neigh- 
boring town  of  Annai)olis,  being  brought  u|) 
in  the  faith  of  the  Church  of  England  and 
actjuiring  the  rudiments  of  education  in  his 
father's  home,  a  small  country  schodl  and 
the  .Annapolis  academy.  At  the  age  of  eleven, 
however,  his  school  days  were  over,  for  cir- 
cumstances compelled  him  to  start  out  to 
make  his  own  \\a\'  in  the  w<jrld. 

It  has  often  happened  that  lack  of  wealth, 
early  years  of  struggle  and  scant  educatic^nal 
advantages  have  proved  helpful  to  young 
men  of  indomitable  energv.  It  was  so  in  the 
case  of  ,\lr.  Whitman.  Lie  came  of  a  long- 
lived  race  on  both  sides  of  his  family.     He 


was  endowed  with  a  roliust  i)liy>ical  c<jnsti- 
tution.  He  had  a  natural  aptitude  for  figures. 
He  acquired  earl\-  a  good  legible  handwrit- 
ing, an  accomplishment  which  in  business 
w  ill  never  lie  out  of  date.  The  early  age  at 
which  he  was  thrown  upcjn  his  own  re- 
sources developed  in  him  that  self-reliance 
which  has  been  a  conspicuous  quality 
throughout  his  life.  He  derived  from  his 
vouthful  training  antl  from  his  honest.  God- 
fearing ancestors  those  principles  of  l)usi- 
ness  righteousness  which  are  exemjilified  in 
his  career. 

It  was,  therefore,  not  altogether  without 
an  equipment  that  he  left  home  May  13,  1854, 
to  enter  the  office  of  a  wholesale  dry  goods 
store  in  St.  John,  New  Brunswick  ;  but  two- 
vears  later,  dissatisfied  with  the  limited  op- 
portunities of  St.  John,  he  came  to  Boston 
and  without  the  aid  of  friends  or  influence, 
this  lad  of  fourteen  secured  a  positioi:  as 
entry  clerk  in  the  firm  of  James  M.  Beebe, 
Richardson  &  Company,  successors  to  James 
M.  Beebe,  Morgan  &  Company,  which  was 
at  that  time  one  of  the  largest  mercantile 
houses  with  a  reputation  which  had  spread 
bevond  Annapolis  and  had  attracted  the  am- 
bitious youth  before  he  left  Nova  Scotia. 
In  this  house,  Mr.  Whitman  remained  eleven 
years,  passing  through  the  various  depart- 
ments bv  successive  promotions  until  the 
firm  was  dissolved. 

In  1867  Mr.  A\'hitman  became  associated 
with  R.  M.  Bailey  &  Company,  as  Treasurer 
of  the  Arlington  W^oolen  Mills  of  Lawrence, 
of  which  Mr.  Bailey  was  President  and  his 
firm  the  selling  agent.  In  i860  Air.  Whit- 
man resigned  his  ])ost  as  Treasurer  because 
of  dissatisfaction  with  the  management  and 
purchased  an  interest  in  a  woolen  null  at 
Ashland,  N.  H.,  where  he  jnirsued  the  man- 
ufacture of  goods  on  his  own  account,  but 
when,  six  months  later,  the  Arlington  i\lil)s 
were  reorganized,  Mr.  Whitman  was  asked 
t(»  resume  the  position  which  he  had  relin- 
(|uished. 

Thus,  from  1867 — with  the  exception  of 
this  brief  interval  of  half  a  year — Mr.  Whit- 
man has  been  continuousl}'  associated  with 


344 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


the  Arlington  Mills,  nntil  1902  as  Treasurer, 
and  from  that  date  to  19 13  as  President. 
Although  he  has  resigned  the  presidenc)-, 
Mr.  Whitman  remains  an  active  director. 
He  is  everywhere  recognized  as  the  chief 
factor  in  the  development  of  the  Arlington 
Mills  from  a  small  concern  with  scant  cap- 
ital and  poor  ecjuipment  into  one  of  the  larg- 
est textile  organizations  in  the  world.  His 
energy  and  foresight  have  enabled  the  mills 
to  anticipate  the  changes  which  have  taken 
place  in  manufacturing  and  to  adapt  their 
resources  and  methods  to  every  emergency. 
During  Mr.  Whitman's  connection  with  the 
Arlington  Mills,  capitalization  has  grown 
from  $150,000  to  $8,000,000  and  the  num- 
ber of  employees  from  300  to  7,200.  The 
mills,  which  are  all  within  one  yard,  contain 
about  sixty-eight  acres  of  floor  space  and 
are  among  the  finest  examples  of  mill  archi- 
tecture in  existence.  They  have  a  capacity 
for  consuming  1,250,000  pounds  of  wool 
each  week,  which  is  ecjuivalent  to  the  fleeces 
of  33,000  sheep  every  day.  While  wool  is 
the  principal  material  manufactured,  the 
cotton  mills  of  the  corporation  constmie 
annually  12,000  bales  of  cotton. 

This  remarkable  development  of  the  Ar- 
lington Mills  under  Mr.  Whitman's  man- 
agement measures  the  greater  part  of  his 
business  life  and  also  the  development  of  the 
American  worsted  industry,  to  which  he  has 
so  largely  contributed.  His  has  been,  to  a 
notable  degree,  the  work  of  a  pioneer  and 
creator,  for  nnich  of  the  growth  of  the  wors- 
ted industry  has  been  in  fields  which  were 
untouched  when  Mr.  Whitman  first  applied 
his  abilities  to  the  manufacture.  How  re- 
cent, how  motlern,  is  all  this  wonderful  de- 
velopment may  be  indicated  by  the  fact  that 
the  man  whose  mind  for  so  many  years  has 
controlled  the  Arlington  Mills  can  recall  the 
period  when  the  clothing  of  his  family  and 
the  community  in  which  he  lived  was  woven 
on  the  hand-loom  from  yarn  spun  on  the 
old-fashioned  spinning-wheel. 

During  the  past  twenty  years,  Mr.  Whit- 
man has  influenced  the  construction  in 
Massachusetts  of  several  large  new  mills, 
for  which  he  acts  as  managing  director.  In 
1902  and  1905  the  Whitman  Mills,  and  in 


1903  and  1908  the  Manomet  Mills  were 
built  at  New  Bedford.  The  former  organ- 
ization, while  IVIr.  Whitman  was  president, 
had  a  capitalization  of  $1,500,000,  and  pos- 
sessed 132,000  spindles  and  3,400  looms, 
employed  in  the  production  of  cotton  cloths; 
the  latter  organization,  with  $3,000,000  cap- 
ital, has  203,000  spindles,  its  product  being 
confined  to  cotton  yarns.  The  Nonquitt 
Spinning  Company,  built  in  1906  and  1910, 
capitalized  at  $2,400,000,  has  160,000  spin- 
dles. This  company  also  confines  its  prod- 
uct to  cotton  A'arns.  The  Nashawena  Mills 
of  New  Bedford,  organized  in  1909,  with  a 
capitalization  of  $3,000,000,  have  163,000 
spindles  and  3,800  looms  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  cotton  cloths.  Mr.  Whitman  also 
influenced  in  1910  the  building  of  the  Mon- 
omac  Spinning  Company  of  Lawrence,  for 
the  manufacture  of  worsted  and  merino 
yarns.  This  corporation  has  43,000  spin- 
dles, with  a  capital  of  $1,200,000.  Mr. 
Whitman  is  president  of  the  Hoosac 
Worsted  Mills  at  North  Adams,  Mass.,  and 
the  Naquog  Worsted  Mills  of  West  Rut- 
land, Mass.,  and  he  is  a  director  of  the  Hope 
Webbing  Company  of  Pawtucket,  R.  I.,  and 
the  Calhoun  Mills,  of  Calhoun  Falls,  S.  C. 

In  19 1 6  Mr.  Whitman  organized  two 
more  enterprises,  the  Katama  Mills  of 
South  Lawrence,  Mass.,  manufacturing  tire 
duck  and  other  heavy  fabrics,  with  a  capital 
of  $500,000  and  300  looms,  and  the  Belle- 
ville Warehouse  Company,  with  $250,000 
capital,  established  to  maintain  in  New  Bed- 
ford a  large  warehouse  with  a  capacity  of 
50,000  bales  of  cotton.  Of  this  latter  con- 
cern Mr.  Whitman  is  the  president,  and  he 
is  a  director  of  the  Katama  Mills. 

The  mill  organizations  under  Mr.  ^^■hit- 
man's  management  have,  altogether,  a  cap- 
ital of  more  than  $19,000,000,  operate 
nearly  800,000  spindles  and  produce  each 
year  52,000,000  pounds  of  yarn  and 
68,000,000  yards  of  cloth. 

In  1887  Mr.  Whitman  l^ecame  a  member 
of  the  firm  of  Harding.  Colby  &  Company, 
commission  merchants  of  Boston  and  New 
York,  who  were  at  that  time  the  selling 
agents  of  the  Arlington  Mills.  When  the 
firm  was  dissolved  two  years  later  by  the 


WILLIAM    UIIITMAN 
ONIC    OF    AMICKICa's    FOREMOST    MKX     IX    TIIK    TFXTlI.l.     IMHSIKV 


346 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


death  of  Mr.  Coll)y,  Mr.  W'liitman  l)ecame 
the  managing  partner  in  the  tinn  of  Hard- 
ing, \\'liitnian  &  Company,  wliich  succeeded 
it.  Upon  tlie  termination  of  this  partnership 
in  1909,  the  business  was  taken  over  by  a 
new  firm,  ^^'ilHam  Whitman  &  Company, 
of  which  ]\[r.  Whitman  was  the  senior  and 
managing  jmrtner.  Tlie  firm  was  incorpo- 
rated in  1913  with  the  title  "WiUiam  Whit- 
man Cijmpany,  Inc.,"  the  capital  stock  of 
which  has  recently  lieen  increased  to  $4,000,- 
000  common  and  $1,000,000  preferred.  ^Ir. 
Whitman  is  the  presiilent  of  the  corporation, 
which  has  its  ofifices  in  the  leading  cities  of 
the  country.  The  growth  of  its  business 
has  been  commensurate  \\  ith  the  remarkable 
growth  of  the  Arlington  'Mills. 

Although  all  these  years  an  exceedingly 
active  man  of  business,  Mr.  ^^'hitman  has 
found  opportunity  to  take  an  alert  interest 
in  the  larger  aspect  of  the  industrial  devel- 
opment of  the  countr}-  and  in  questions  of 
public  policy,  so  far  as  they  have  a  bearing 
on  this  development.  He  has  been  for  many 
years  a  prominent  member  of  the  National 
Association  of  Wool  Manufacturers,  the 
oldest  organization  of  its  class  in  the  United 
States.  In  1888  Mr.  Whitman  was  honored 
by  election  to  the  presidency  of  the  Associa- 
tion and  was  re-elected  each  year  until  in 
1894  the  stress  of  business  compelled  him  to 
retire.  After  an  interval  of  ten  years,  dur- 
ing which  period  he  served  on  the  Execu- 
tive Committee,  he  was  in  1904  again  elected 
president  of  the  National  Association,  and 
continued  in  office  until  191 1,  when  he 
declined  a  renomination.  Mr.  Whitman  is 
also  a  member  of  the  National  Association 
of  Cotton  Manufacturers  and  of  the  Ameri- 
can Cotton  Manufacturers'  Association. 

On  the  reorganization  of  the  directorate 
of  the  Equitable  Life  Insurance  Society  of 
the  United  States,  one  of  the  largest  institu- 
tions of  trust  in  the  world,  Mr.  Whitman, 
in  June,  1905,  was  elected  a  tlirector  as  a 
representative  of  the  policy-holders  of  the 
society,  and  he  served  until  his  resignation 
in  1913. 

Although  Mr.  \\'hitman  has  never  held 
public  office,  he  has  always  been  identified 
with  the  Republican  party  and  has  made  an 


impress    upon   the    industrial-economic    and 
trade  and  tariff  history  of  the  nation.     He 
is    an    acknowledged     authority    in    tarifif 
matters,  particularly  in  connection  with  the 
wool  and  cotton  manufacture,  and  his  advice 
has  repeatedly  been  sought  on  the  wisdom 
and    effect    of    proposed    tariff    legislation. 
Broad  and  thorough  studv,  as  well  as  large 
personal  experience,  have  given   weight  to 
his  views  and  have  enabled  him  on  many 
occasions,   by  speech   and   brief,    to   render 
valualile  service  to  the  textile  manufactur- 
ers of  America.     ]\Ir.  Whitman  has  labored 
indefatigaljly   for  the  welfare   of  the  com- 
merce and  industries  of  ^Massachusetts  and 
of  the  country  at  large.     He  has  prepared 
and  published  papers  on  economic  themes, 
which  have  attracted  marked  attention  and 
have  been  widely  circulated.     These  works 
are :    "Free   Raw    Materials   as    Related   to 
New    England    Industries,"    "Free    Coal — 
\\'ould  It  Give  New  England  ^lanufactur- 
ers  Cheaper  Fuel?"   "Some  Reasons   Why 
Commercial   Reciprocity  Is  Impracticable," 
"Objections    to    Reciprocity    on    Constitu- 
tional and  Practical  Grounds,"  "The  Tariff 
Revisionist,  an  Example  of  the  Nature  of 
His  Demand,"    1906,   "What  are  the  Pro- 
tected  Industries,"    1908.      Mr.   Whitman's 
style  is  clear,  concise  and  forcible.     It  is  the 
more  telling  because  it  is  not  marked  by  any 
effort  at   rhetorical   or  literary  effect.     He 
speaks  or  writes  upon  a  business  or  public 
question  because  he  has  something  to  say — - 
facts    to    communicate    or    convictions    to 
express.     He  says  what  he  has  to  say  with 
directness  and  pungency,   and  when   he  is 
through  he  stops.     His  statements  of  facts 
are   unimpeachable  and   his   arguments   are 
logical  and  hammer-like. 

Mr.  Whitman  has  widespread  affiliations 
with  the  business  and  social  life  of  New 
England.  He  is  a  meml)er  of  the  Arkwright 
Clul),  a  life  member  of  the  American  Acad- 
emy of  Political  and  Social  Science,  the 
Boston  Young  Men's  Christian  Union,  the 
Boston  Press  Club,  the  ^Massachusetts  His- 
torical Society,  the  Nova  Scotia  Historical 
Society,  the  Society  for  the  Preservation  of 
New  England  Antiquities  and  the  National 
Geographic  Society.     He  is  a  member  also 


THK    I^OOK    OF    BOS'l'OX 


,U/ 


of  tlie  Uiiinii  dull,  the  ]'>(l^tllll  riianilic-r  of 
Commerce,  the  Commercial  Chih,  the  Jlos- 
tonian  Society,  tlie  lirookline  Historical 
Society,  the  lUinker  Hill  ]\[omiment  Asso- 
ciation, the  Eastern  Yacht  Cluli.  the  Ciiuntr\- 
Club  of  ]5rookIine,  the  Home  Alarket  Club, 
the  Norfolk  Club  and  other  ors^anizations. 
]'>ut  though  Mr.  \\'hitm;in  lias  ;i  wide 
ac(|uaintance  and  is  sought  on  many  jjulilic 
occasions,  his  tastes  and  inclinatiims  are 
domestic  and  he  finds  his  chief  hajipiness  in 
his  l)eautiful  llrookline  home. 

Mr.  Whitman  was  marrieil  un  the  ii;th  nf 
January.  1865,  to  Jane  Dole  Hallett,  a  native 
of  I'oston,  but  a  descendant  of  distinguished 
Loyalist  families  who  left  Xew  ^'ork  in 
1783  at  the  close  of  the  \\  ar  of  the  Revolu- 
tion and  settled  in  St.  John,  New  Brunswick. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  \\'hitman  have  had  eight 
children,  of  whom  four  sons  an<l  three 
daughters  are  living.  Three  of  his  sons  are 
associated  with  him  in  William  Whitman 
Companw  Inc.,  and  a  son-in-law.  Mr. 
Franklin  W.  Ifcjbbs,  is  jiresident  of  the 
Arlington  Mills. 

I'eloved  in  his  hoiue,  respected  anmng  his 
business  associates,  and  honored  and  influ- 
ential in  the  community  at  large,  Mr.  Whit- 
man stands  for  those  principles  of  personal 
and  business  integrity  upon  which  the  wel- 
fare of  state  and  nation  fundamentally 
depends.  His  career  illustrates  the  possi- 
bilities open  to  a  luan  wlm.  tn  the  old 
re(|uirements  of  a  sound  mind  and  a  smind 
bod}',  adds  a  sound  moralit)-  and  high 
business  ideals.  The  success  which  has 
crowned  his  ambitinn  has  been  hunnralile 
and  dignified. 

\\1NTHR()P  L.   M.\R\IN 

An  extensi\e  newspaper  knowledge  and 
familiarity  w  ith  the  trade  conditions  of  the 
country  have  enabled  Winthrop  L.  Marvin, 
secretary  and  treasurer  of  the  National  As- 
sociation of  Wool  Manufacturers,  to  handle 
the  affairs  of  that  important  body  with  great 
success.  Mr.  Marvin  was  burn  in  New 
Castle,  N.  H.,  Ma\-  15.  iN').^,  and  was  edu- 
cated iu  the  i)ublic  and  high  schools  of 
Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  at  the  Rcxxburx-  Latin 
Scliool    and   at   Tufts    College,    graduating 


A.!!,  frcim  the  last  named  in  1SS4.  During 
the  latter  ])art  of  his  college  term  he  acteil  as 
a    reporter    on    a    daily    pa])er,    .-uid    subse- 


UINTHKOP     L.     MAI<\1N 

quently,  through  successive  changes,  became 
as.sociate  editor  and  chief  editorial  writer  on 
the  Boston  Jdunuil.  remaining  in  that  capac- 
ity until  1904,  when  he  went  to  Washing- 
ton as  secretary  of  the  Merchant  Marine 
C'cimiuission  of  the  United  States.  In  1908 
he  was  elected  to  his  present  position,  with 
headquarters  in  Bo.ston.  ^Ir.  ]\Iarvin  has 
been  an  extensive  writer,  and  is  the  authcr 
iif  "The  American  Merchant  Marine;  Its 
Histor}-  and  Romance,"  a  work  that  is  re- 
garded as  a  standard  historical  wnrk  on  this 
subject.  He  has  also  ccjntributed  to  various 
magazines  editorials  on  manufacturing  and 
the  tariff.  Tufts  College  conferred  the 
honorary  degree  of  Litt.D.  upon  him  in 
1903.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Phi  Beta 
Kappa  and  the  Theta  Delta  Chi  fraternities, 
the  Sons  n\  the  Revolution,  the  Algonquin, 
^Massachusetts,  Home  Market  and  Republi- 
can Clubs,  and  the  I'oston  Chamber  of  Coni- 
luerce.  He  is  also  an  associate  member  of 
the  Society  of  Naval  Architects  ;md  Marine 
F,ngineers. 


ROBERT    DYSART,    B.C.S.,    C.P.A. 


One  of  the  leading  Public  Accountants  of  the  New  England  States,  Counselor 
and.Special_Lecturer  at  the  Pace  Institute  of  Accountancy,  Trustee 
of  the  Department  of  Statistics  for  the 
City  of  Boston,  etc. 


IHF    IU)()K    Ol"    I^OS'ION 


,U<) 


R(>r,l'.Rr    DN'SART.    H.C.S..   C.I'. A. 


Riilicrt  Dxsart.  H.-iclicli  ir  of  C'niiinu'rcial 
Science.  Certified  Pul)lic  .Xccnuntant.  Coun- 
selor ami  Special  Lecturer  at  the  Pace  Insti- 
tute of  Accountancx',  Trustee  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Statistics  for  the  Cit\"  of  i'.oston, 
and  a  writer  on  financial  and  ecunoniic  sub- 
jects, is  a  grandson  tif  the  late  Robert 
Dysart.  Architect,  of  Xew  Prunsw  ick.  Can- 
ada, and  eldest  son  of  the  late  .Xndrew  Kntx 
l)\sart  and  l-".tta  Miriam,  daughter  of  the 
late  Honorable  R(ibert  C'utler.  for  many 
years  a  member  of  Parliament  in  the  Cana- 
dian House  of  C'linmins. 

.Mr.  Dysart  is  a  descendant  i  n  the  ])ater- 
nal  side  of  a  Xornian  famil\-  who  settled  in 
England  at  the  time  of  the  Conijuest  ;  and 
through  his  mother  is  (jf  did  W-w  b.ngland 
and  United  lMn])ire  Loxalist  ancestr\-.  trac- 
ing directh'  from  the  Reverend  Dr.  Samuel 
Cutler,  one  of  the  first  (  )rtho(lox  clergxinen 
to  the  Massachusetts  15ay  Colony,  and  F.lie- 
nezer  L"utler,  the  Royalist,  who  accompanied 
the  British  .Arms  to  Canada  at  the  outbreak 
of  the   Revolutionar\'   War. 

His  earlv  eilucation  was  received  in  the 
public  schools  of  his  native  province,  sujjple- 
iiiented  b\'  sjjecial  graduate  courses  taken  in 
Accountanc}'.  Commerce,  Economics  and 
I-'inance  at  the  University  of  St.  Joseph's 
College,  one  of  the  (jldest  seats  of  learning 
in  Eastern  Canada.  While  a  student  at  this 
institution,  he  was  also  graduated  from  the 
advan.ced  courses  given  in  I-'ngiish  llelle- 
Lettres,  Rhetoric,  History  and  Mathematics. 
I'rior  to  the  foregoing  collegiate  courses,  he 
attended  the  Roy.al  .Military  Schocjl  at 
Fredericton. 

Deciding  updU  a  linanci;il  career,  he  en- 
tered the  offices  of  the  \eteran  .State  Street 
.\cconnt;uit  and  .\uditor.  .\ndre\v  .Stewart. 
(.l'..\..  where  he  remained  for  sever. il 
years,  in  close  touch  with  the  \er\  excep- 
tional   range   (.)f   i  ippurtunities   .afforded    for 


the  ac(pii-.ition  of  that  breadth  of  experience. 
;ind  S(]un(lne>s  of  i)rofessional  training,  so 
essential  to  the  success  of  the  C(  insulting 
])ublic  accountant  of  the  ])resent  da\'. 

He  stibse(|tientl\'  o])ened  offices  of  'lis 
own.  and  has  been  favored  with  a  large 
practice,  lieing  the  audUor  tor  upwards  of 
two  humlreil  and  tift\  millions  of  xested 
cajjital.  in  addition  to  the  general  prac- 
tice of  accountancw  including  periodical 
,'ind  special  inxestigatioiis  and  audits  for 
banks,  trust  companies,  manufacturers, 
directors,  creditors'  coninn'ttees.  municipali- 
ties, trustees  in  probate.  bankru]itc\'  and  es- 
tate aft'airs.  etc.;  he  is  also  extensively  en- 
gaged, with  the  aid  of  a  permanent  staff 
of  assistants,  on  constructixe  and  cost  ac- 
counting :  numbering  among  his  clients  man\- 
of  the  largest  manufacturing,  trading  and 
textile  Corporations  in  the  countr\-.  His 
Jjoston  offices  are  located  in  the  L'nion  Hank 
P.uilding  at  40  .State  .Street,  with  branch 
oftices  in  Xew  \'ork  City  and  in  .St.  John. 
Xew    1  Brunswick. 

Besides  memliership  in  several  literar\- 
.and  charitable  organizations,  he  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  .Academ\-  of  Political 
Science,  the  I'lostoinan  .Sucietx.  the  (,'opkw 
Society,  the  .American  Mathematical  So- 
ciety the  St.  John  ( iun  (  lub,  the  Boston 
City  (lull,  the  Cana<lian  Club  uf  Boston, 
the  L  lover  Llub,  the  I'.coiiomic  Club,  and  is 
a  fellow  of  the  .American  .Association  of 
Public  .\ccountants.  and  of  the  .Sciciet\'  of 
Certified  Public  .\ccountants  of  .M.assa- 
chusetts. 

.\lthough  a  naturalized  citizen  of  the 
Cnile<l  -States.  Mr.  Dysart  still  ni.iint.ains  an 
active  interest  in  his  old  home  in  Xew  Bruns- 
wick, inxariabiy  spending  his  vacations  there 
at  the  l.imily  seat.  Cocaigne.  to  which  he 
succeeded  on  the  death  of  his  father  in  1912. 


350 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


UNITED   SHOE   MACHINERY   COMPANY 


The  United  Shoe  Machinery  Company 
was  organized  February  7,  1899,  by  the 
consohdation  of  three  separate  concerns 
then  manufacturing  shoe  machinery,  each 
making  machines  adapted  to  a  particular 
class  of  operations  :  The  Goodyear  Shoe  Ma- 
chinery Company,  the  Consolidated  and  Mc- 
Kay Lasting  Machine  Company  and  The 
McKay  Shoe  Machinery  Company.  The 
Goodyear  Shoe  Machinery  Company  was 
making  chiefly  machines  for  sewing  the  sole 
to  the  upper  in  welt  shoes,  and  various  aux- 
iliary machines  which  helped  to  perfect  the 
shoes.  The  Consolidated  and  McKay  Last- 
ing Machine  Company  was  manufacturing 
machines  for  lasting  a  shoe.  The  McKay 
Shoe  Machinery  Company  was  producing 
various  machines  for  attaching  soles  and 
heels  by  metallic  fastenings,  and  furnish- 
ing material  for  that  purpose.  The  objects 
of  the  consolidation,  as  subsecpiently  defined 
bv  the  president  of  the  new  organization, 
Mr.  Sidney  \V.  Winslow,  were  :  ( i )  To 
reduce  the  cost  of  pmduction  of  the  ma- 
chines; (2)  to  improve  the  quality  of  serv- 
ice furnished  with(jut  increasing  the  cost  to 
the  shoe  manufacturer;  (3)  to  give  to  each 
manufacturer  who  might  wish  it  an  oppor- 
tunity to  get  from  a  single  company  under 
these  improved  conditions  such  of  these 
machines  as  he  might  need  in  that  depart- 
ment of  the  factory  in  which  soles  and  heels 
are  attached  to  uppers — the  machines  in 
what  is  known  as  the  "l;)ottoming  room." 

The  three  companies  cimsolidated  were 
not  competing  concerns,  Ijut  the  machines 
of  all  three  were  dependent  links  in  an  in- 
dustrial chain.  The  shoe  manufacturer  de- 
siring to  instal  the  chain  in  his  factor}-  had 
previously  been  obliged  to  patronize  all 
three,  going  to  each  for  that  part  of  his 
eciuipment  which  it  exclusively  supplied. 
The  union  of  the  three  in  one  organization 
brought  the  machines  under  a  single  super- 
vision and  control,  and  established  uniform 
methods  of  administration  that  resulted  in 
uninterrupted  and  larger  service  in  the 
factories. 


The  story  of  the  evolution  of  shoe  ma- 
chinery and  the  replacement  of  the  human 
hand  by  the  present  elal)orate  system  of 
machines,  almost  human  in  their  operation 
and  more  than  human  in  the  accuracy  and 
perfection  of  their  results,  began  with  the 
invention  of  the  sewing  machine  in  the 
eighteen  forties.  One  of  the  earliest  uses 
to  which  that  machine  was  put  was  in  the 
sewing  together  of  the  pieces  of  soft  and 
pliable  leather  which  constitutes  the  upper 
of  a  shoe.  The  next  step  was  the  contriv- 
ing of  a  machine  to  perform  the  far  more 
complicated  operations  of  sewing  the  upper 
to  the  thick  and  heavy  sole.  This  was  ac- 
complished, after  some  years  of  endeavor 
had  passed,  with  the  invention  by  Lyman 
R.  Blake,  of  the  McKay  Sewing  Machine, 
introduced  by  Gordon  McKay  in  1862.  By 
that  machine  the  thread  was  carried  through 
into  the  inside  of  the  inner  sole,  leaving  a 
rasping  edge  on  which  the  stockings  of  the 
wearer  rubbed.  Its  service  was  also  limited, 
since  it  displaced  only  the  coarser  grade  of 
shoe.  The  hand-sewn  shoe,  with  its  welt — 
the  thin  and  narrow  strip  of  leather  first 
sewed  to  the  insole  and  upper — and  the 
heavy  outsole  sewed  to  the  welt,  so  that  the 
stitches  come  outside  and  do  not  touch 
the  foot,  remained  the  favored  of  fashion 
and  of  those  who  would  have  comfort  and 
could  afford  the  price. 

To  devise  a  machine  that  would  perform 
this  operation  of  sewing  with  welts,  a  deli- 
cate one  by  hand,  was  the  next  move.  More 
years  elapsed  before  this  was  satisfactorily 
acci  )niplished.  The  problem  was  solved  with 
an  invention  of  Auguste  Destouy,  supple- 
mented by  improvements  and  auxiliaries  by 
Christian  Dancel  and  other  mechanical  gen- 
iuses, under  the  direction  of  Charles  Good- 
year, a  son  of  Charles  Goodyear,  the  famous 
inventor  and  discoverer  of  the  process  of 
vulcanizing  rubber.  Then  appeared  the 
Goodyear  welting  and  stitching  machines, 
so  named  from  Mr.  Goodyear,  who  had 
financed  and  perfected  them.  These  two 
machines  are  the  nucleus  of  the  Goodyear 


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^BIF 

SIDNEY    \V.    WINSLOW 
PRESIDENT    UNITED    SHOE    MACHINERY    CO. 


352 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


Welt  S)-stem  of  today,  to  which  has  been 
attributed  a  revolution  in  the  shoe  industry. 
Although  they  are  entirely  distinct  machines, 
they  are  inseparable,  for  neither  can  be  used 
effectively  without  the  other  in  making  the 
modern  Goodyear  welt  shoe. 

The  next  problem  that  engaged  inventors, 
more  difficult  even  than  that  of  machine- 
sewing  with  welts,  was  the  contrivance  of 
machinery  to  substitute  for  the  human  hand 
in  fitting  the  upper  of  the  shoe  to  the  last 
and  in  pulling  the  leather  over  the  last's 
ileiicate  lines  and  curves.  At  length  this 
was  solved  with  the  invention  of  the  lasting- 
machine  and  the  intricate  series  comprising 
the  Re.x  I'ulling-over  Svstem. 

Thus,  one  after  another,  ever}-  important 
operation  had  yielded  to  invention.  Nu- 
merous machines  followed,  or  were  earlier 
invented,  for  detail  work — as  shaping,  com- 
pressing and  nailing  heels,  attaching  soles  to 
uppers  in  heavy  shoes  by  copper  screws  and 
wires,  rounding,  "buffing"  and  polishing  the 
soles,  and  performing  many  other  opera- 
tions, some  seemingly  trivial  yet  all  essential 
to  perfection  in  comfort,  durability  and 
style. 

Toda}-  fifty-eight  machines  are  emplo-\-ed 
in  a  single  department  in  the  making  of 
every  good  shoe,  and  all  departments  recpiire 
163  machines  and  210  separate  operations, 
and  so  perfectly  are  the  machines  of  the 
Goodyear  System  adjusted  one  to  another 
that  they  are  descrilied  as  working  together 
altnost  with  the  precision  of  a  watch.  Bv 
this  mar\-ell(.ius  system  of  machines  perfect 
shoes  are  turnetl  out  today  by  the  hundred 
in  the  time  it  took  the  old-style  workman  to 
make  by  hand,  and  less  perfectly,  a  single 
pair.  The  industry  has  been  completeh- 
transformed  and  there  is  no  important  oper- 
ation in  a  shoe  which  need  now  be  done  In- 
hand.  The  finest  grades  of  sewn  shoes 
which,  under  the  hand  system,  were  a  lux- 
ury enjoyed  exclusivel\-  1)\-  the  well-to-do, 
are  in  these  days  brought  within  the  reach 
of  persons  of  modest  means.  As  the  clever 
writer  of  "The  Secret  of  the  Shoe"  has  ex- 
pressed it,  "the  feet  of  the  million  are  clad 
today  as  finely  as  the  feet  of  yesterday's 
millionaire."     The  average  man  has  "a  bet- 


ter-fitting, better-wearing  and  Ix-tter-looking 
shoe  than  the  moneyed  man  of  yesterday,  at 
a  fraction  of  the  expense."  So,  too,  the 
coarser  grades  have  been  improved,  and  the 
cost  to  the  wearer  reduced.  Nearly  all  of 
the  machines  now  in  service  are  of  American 
invention. 

The  United  Shoe  Machiner\-  Company 
continued  the  ro}-alty  system  of  the  consoli- 
dated companies,  and  assumed  the  entire  re- 
sponsibility of  replacing  obsolete  machines 
with  others  up  to  date,  and  of  keeping  all 
machinery  in  repair  so  that  no  time  may  be 
lost  through  the  idleness  of  any  part  of  the 
system  which  has  been  installed.  In  look- 
ing after  its  machines  in  the  factories  of  its 
lessees,  and  in  keeping  them  in  repair  and  in 
steady  working  order,  the  compan\-  now  has 
employed  a  force  of  five  hundred  expert 
mechanics,  while  it  keeps  a  staff  of  a  hun- 
dred inventors  in  its  immediate  employ  con- 
tinually on  the  w-atch  for  new  ideas,  or,  in 
the  experimental  laboratories  of  its  great 
factory,  working  out  new  devices  or  im- 
provements upon  those  in  service,  that  its 
machines  may  reach  the  highest  point  of 
productive  efficiency. 

Under  the  ro}-alty  system  in  leasing  its 
machines  which  the  company  maintains,  the 
shoe  manufacturer,  instead  of  buying  his 
machines  outright,  pays  for  their  use  a 
fixed  sum  on  each  pair  of  shoes  made.  The 
royalty  is  what  the  company  gets  for  the 
manufacture,  installation,  use,  care  and 
service  in  keeping  the  machines  in  running- 
order  and  for  instruction  of  operatives.  Ac- 
cording to  official  statement,  the  a\-erage 
royalty  paid  l)y  a  shoe  manufacturer  toda\- 
for  the  use  of  all  machines  furnished  b\-  the 
company  in  the  manufacture  of  all  types 
and  grades  of  shoes,  is  less  than  2  2-3  cents 
per  pair  of  shoes.  This  includes  the  Good- 
year welt  shoe,  the  highest  priced  shoe  and 
the  best  which  can  be  bought,  on  which  the 
highest  royalty  paid  is  less  than  5  1-4  cents 
per  pair.  The  Good\-ear  welt  shoes  consti- 
tute less  than  one-third  of  the  annual  pro- 
duction of  the  United  States.  On  two-thirds 
of  the  total  annual  production,  if  all  the 
company's  machines  were  used  in  their 
manufacture,  the  royalty  would  average  less 


GEORCJE    \V.    BROWN 
VICE-HKKSIUENT    UNITED    SHOE    MACHINERY    CO. 


354 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTOX 


than  I  1-3  cents  a  pair.  On  some  grades 
the  royalty  is  three-quarters  of  a  cent.  The 
machines  are  leased  to  all  shoe  manufac- 
turers, large  and  small,  on  the  same  terms, 
with  special  privileges  to  none.  Thus,  with 
respect  to  machinery,  the  small  manufac- 
turer has  the  same  advantage  as  the  large 
one.  He  is  enabled  to  pursue  his  business 
and  compete  with  the  larger  concerns  in  the 
industry  without  t_\"ing  up  a  large  amount 
of  capital  in  purchased  machinery,  as  the 
large  manufacturer  can  afford  to  do,  and 
machinery  su])ject  to  more  rapid  deprecia- 
tii)n,  it  is  said,  than  that  employed  in  any 
other  large  industry.  The  company  was 
making,  in  1914,  over  three  hundred  differ- 
ent machines,  some  of  which  are  leased  on 
the  royalty  system,  although  many  are  sold 
outright,  and  the  larger  number  may  be 
leased  or  purchased,  as  the  shoe  manufac- 
turer may  prefer.  Of  its  output,  nearly  one 
hundred  are  new  machines  which  it  has 
produced,  sixteen  of  which  perform  opera- 
tions which  before  their  intri;)duction  could 
only  be  done  by  hand. 

The  general  offices  of  the  United  Shoe 
Machinery  Company  are  in  Boston,  the  fac- 
tories in  Beverly.  The  plant  in  Beverly  is 
a  remarkable  industrial  institution.  It  is  at 
once  a  model  factory  of  a  high  type  of 
modern  construction  and  equipment,  and  an 
estaljlishment  in  which  what  is  popularly 
termed  welfare  work,  or  more  practically, 
if  less  tersely,  defined  as  "the  intensive  co- 
operation between  employer  and  employee 
for  the  purpose  of  insuring  the  highest  in- 
dustrial efficiency  in  the  group  and  securing 
for  the  individual  the  best  of  living  and  rec- 
reational conditions,"  has  been  carried  to 
the  highest  standard.  \Vhile  it  is  one  of  the 
largest  of  its  class  in  the  country,  the  pro- 
visions made  for  the  comfort,  safety,  health 
and  contentment  of  its  mass  of  employees, 
at  times  upwards  of  five  thousand  persons, 
men  and  women,  are  pronounced  to  be  not 
excelled,  and,  perhaps,  not  equalled  at  any 
other  factory  in  the  world.  It  occupies  a 
tract  of  three  hundred  acres,  admirably  sit- 
uated on  the  water  front  and  attractivelv 
laid  out.  It  comprises  sixteen  buildings,  all 
constructed  of  re-enforcetl  concrete,  two  of 


them  eleven  hundred  and  twenty  feet  long 
and  sixty  feet  wide,  with  over  twenty-one 
acres  of  floor  space.  All  are  flooded  with 
light  and  abundantly  freshened  with  air. 
Seventy-five  per  cent,  of  the  wall  space  of 
most  of  them  is  devoted  to  windows.  A 
few  of  them  have  as  high  as  ninety  per  cent, 
wall  space  of  glass.  The  whole  plant  is 
also  lavishly  supplied  with  electric  light.  Be- 
sides the  lamps  placed  to  radiate  light  gen- 
erally, there  are  individual  lamps  with 
])rotected  eye-shades  at  every  machine,  read\- 
for  use  at  all  times.  The  plant  is  further 
equipped  with  aerating  apparatus  and  suc- 
tion fans,  for  the  inbringing  of  fresh  air 
and  the  expulsion  of  foul  air,  metallic  dust, 
gases  and  other  impurities. 

These  sixteen  buildings  constitute  the 
works  for  the  making  of  the  many  varie- 
ties of  machines,  of  which,  it  is  stated, 
24,000  are  shipped  annually,  while  the  num- 
ber of  parts  of  machines  shipped  reaches 
21,000,000.  The  provisions  for  the  well- 
being  and  recreation  of  the  thousands  of 
employees  are  as  ample  and  complete  as  are 
the  works  for  their  purposes.  These  include 
a  fully-equipped  emergency  hospital,  rest- 
rooms  comfortably  and  invitingly  furnished 
and  supplied  for  the  women  employees,  a 
great  restaurant  where  the  employees  may 
get  their  mid-da_\-  lunch  at  cost,  the  vege- 
tables grown  in  the  company's  own  gar- 
dens, other  foodstuffs  brought  direct  to  the 
factory  in  freight  cars;  a  luxurious  clul)- 
house,  erected,  equipped  and  given  to  the 
workers  by  the  company,  and  managed  by 
the  United  Shoe  ]Machinery  Athletic  As- 
sociation, the  club  members  paying  each  a 
dollar  a  year  dues;  extensive  athletic  fields 
in  front  of  the  club-house  for  baseball,  foot- 
ball, cricket,  track  sports ;  tennis  courts  at 
its  side,  within  walking  distance  of  the  club- 
house, and  a  shooting  range,  one  of  the 
finest  in  the  State.  Besides  the  usual  club 
equipments,  including  a  well-stocked  read- 
ing-room and  a  dining-room,  are  a  dance 
hall  and  a  theatre.  AVonien  are  club  mem- 
bers as  well  as  men.  There  is  a  special  de- 
partment devoted  exclusively  to  their  use, 
although  they  share  the  rest  of  the  club- 
house with  the  men.    A  golf  club,  yacht  and 


TTIF.    ROOK    OF    BOSTON 


,■),•>  :i 


motor  Imat  clulis  are  also  fostercil,  ami 
there  is  an  admirable  United  Shoe  Ma- 
chinery r.and.  The  .\thletic  Association 
publishes  a  creditable  monthly  magazine  en- 
titled "The  Three  Partners" — the  three  be- 
ing Capital.  Labor  and  the  Public,  gi\ing 
accounts  of  sporting  events  and  United 
Shoe  news.  An  industrial  training  school 
for  boys,  relays  from  the  high  school  of 
Beverl}-,  is  conducted  in  the  factory.  The 
l)ovs  are  taught  in  detail  at  the  machines  and 
in  various  departments,  under  the  direction 
of  instructors,  and  receive  pav  for  their 
^\■ork,  anil  ultimate! v  thev  mav  l)e  graduated 
into  the  factory  as  regular  hands.  The 
school  is  carried  on  bv  the  companv  in  con- 
junction with  the  City  of  Beverly  and  the 
State  of  Massachusetts. 

The  standard  of  work  throughout  this 
factory  is  classed  as  high ;  and  the  content- 
ment of  the  workers,  together  with  the  atl- 
vantages  of  its  situation  and  perfected  sani- 
tarv  conditions,  marks  it,  in  the  judgment  of 
factor}-  experts,  fcjreuMst  among  the  liest 
tx'iie  of  twentieth  centurv  industrial  estab- 
lishments. The  statement  is  officialh-  made 
that  the  wages  ]);u(l  here  average  higher 
than  those  ])aid  in  any  other  factory  of 
equal  size  in  Massachusetts. 

Sidne_\'  \\'ilmiit  Winslow,  the  president 
and  the  head  since  its  establishment,  has 
been  termed  the  guiding  genius  of  this  great 
concern.  He  was  particularly  the  guiding 
genius  in  its  evolution.  It  was  through  his 
initiative  that  the  three  separate  companies 
were  united  into  the  one  organization,  and 
that  under  such  union  the  shoe  manufac- 
turing industr}"  was  standardized;  while 
the  development  of  the  model  Beverly  in- 
stitution, together  with  the  great  prosperity 
of  the  organization,  is  to  be  attributed  solel\- 
to  the  remarkable  ability  of  Mr.  \\'inslow 
and  the  officials  in  association  with  him  in 
the  company's  directorate.  lie  was  the  son 
of  a  shoemaker,  and  himself  had  been  a 
shoemaker  and  later  a  shoe-machine  maker, 
familiar  by  experience  with  ,ill  the  details 
of  shoe  manufacture  and  of  shoe  machinery. 
He  is  a  native  of  ("ape  Cod  and  of  the  best 
of  Pilgrim  stock.    He  was  born  in  lirewster, 


September  20,  1854.  son  of  Freeman  and 
I.ucy  II.  (  Rogers  I  Winslow.  ( )n  the  ma- 
ternal sitle  he  is  descended  from  Thomas 
Rogers,  who  came  out  in  the  "Mayflower" 
in  i6jo,  while  on  the  father's  side  he  is  direct 
from  Kenelm  \\  inslow,  brother  of  Edward 
Winslow  of  the  first  comers,  who  was  the 
third  go\ernor  of  the  Phiiiouth  colony  and 
i)ne  of  the  original  settlers  of  Marshfield. 
Freeman  \\'inslow  was  first  a  shoemaker, 
or  Cobbler,  mi  board  a  whaling  ship.  When 
he  forsook  the  sea  he  opened  a  village  shoe- 
making  shop  of  his  own,  and  here  the  boy, 
Sidney,  got  his  first  lessons  in  the  trade. 
He  attended  the  grammar  and  high  school 
at  Salem,  and.  ui)on  graduation  from  the 
latter,  entered  the  father's  factory.  He  re- 
mained here  fourteen  years,  doing  all  sorts 
of  work,  from  pegging  heels  at  first  to  run- 
ning one  machine  after  another,  liis  last 
service  being  as  foreman  of  the  stitching- 
room. 

When  he  first  began  work  in  the  Salem 
factor\-  onl\-  the  McKa}'  sewing  machine  for 
attaching  soles  to  u])pers  had  been  invented, 
and  that  had  but  recently  lieen  introduced. 
\\  hile  foreman  in  the  stitching-room  he  be- 
came imjiressed  with  the  vital  importance 
of  shoe  machinery  in  the  development  of 
the  lioot  and  shoe  industry,  and  especiallv 
with  the  serious  disadvantages  under  which 
manufacturers  labored  because  of  the  niul- 
tijjlicity  of  companies  controlling  the  vari- 
ous machines  in  performing  the  different 
o]ierations  necessary  in  making  shoes.  Mr. 
Winslow  was  impressed  with  the  economic 
wastefulness  of  the  \arious  small  companies 
that  were  striving  anicnig  themselves  for  the 
business  of  shoe  manufacturers,  with  the  re- 
sulting loss  both  to  labor  and  capital.  His 
first  venture  in  shoe  machinery  making  was 
in  connection  with  a  machine  invented  by 
his  father,  who  was  a  man  of  great  inven- 
ti\e  talents.  This  was  the  Xaumkeag  buf- 
fing machine.  "Sir.  Winslow  secured  a  con- 
trolling interest  in  this  machine  in  1883, 
.•md  still  holds  it.  -Subsequently  he  was  at- 
tracted to  the  hand  method  lasting  machine, 
invented  by  Jan  l'"rnest  Matzeliger,  a  shoe 
worker  of    l.ynn,   in   1883,  which   was  de- 


.^56 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


signed  to  perform  a  delicate  operation  that, 
from  the  beginning  of  shoe  machinery,  had 
always  been  done  by  hand.  Its  inventor, 
after  securing  the  patent,  had  neither  the 
capital  nor  the  business  experience  to  make 
it  commercially  practical  and,  although 
others  became  financially  interested,  it  did 
not  become  a  commercial  success  until  Mr. 
Winslow,  perceiving  its  possibilities,  in 
1892,  associated  with  himself  men  of  or- 
ganizing capacity  and  pecuniar)-  resources, 
and  put  it  on  a  paying  basis.  In  the  mean- 
time other  lasting  machines  had  come  on 
the  market,  each  adapted  to  make  a  particu- 
lar type  of  shoe.  All  of  these  machines 
were  finally  gathered  into  the  possession  of 
the  Consolidated  and  AIcKa\-  Lasting  Ma- 
chine Company,  of  which  ^\'allace  F.  Rob- 
inson became  president  and  George  W. 
Brown  treasurer  and  general  manager, 
while  Mr.  ^^'inslow  was  active  in  the  direc- 
tion of  its  affairs.  Machines  for  perform- 
ing the  various  other  operations  in  making- 
shoes  were  still  in  the  hands  of  numerous 
separate  companies.  By  degrees,  however, 
several  of  the  smaller  concerns  had  gone  out 
of  business,  and  by  1899  the  making  of 
shoe  machinery  had  centered  in  the 
three  companies  subsequently  consolidated, 
through  the  initiative  of  ]Mr.  Winslow,  in 
the  United  Shoe  Machinery  Compan\-,  with 
a  directorate  composed  principally  of  lead- 
ing New  England  and  New  York  business 


men 


^Ir.  Winslow  is  an  indefatigable  worker, 
arriving  at  his  office  early  and  leaving  late. 
Yet,  with  all  his  business  interests,  he  finds 
time  for  wholesome  relaxation.  He  is  a 
devotee  of  chess  and  an  enthusiastic  tennis 
and  golf  player.  He  is  a  connoisseur  in 
paintings  and  has  collected  many  art  treas- 
ures, which  adorn  his  home.  His  club  as- 
sociations are  with  the  Commercial,  Algon- 
quin and  Boston  Chess.  He  was  married 
in  1877  to  Miss  Georgiana  Buxton,  daugh- 
ter of  George  Buxton  of  Peabody,  and  the 
children  by  this  union  are  Sidney  W.,  Jr., 
Lucy,  now  Mrs.  Hill;  Mabel  W.,  now  Mrs. 
Foster,  and  Edward  H.  Winslow. 


George    \\'ashington    Brown,    vice-presi- 
dent of  the  United  Shoe  Machinery  Com- 
pany,   was    1)orn    in    Northfield,    Vermont, 
August  30,  1841,  the  son  of  Isaac  Washing- 
ton and  Sylvia  Elvira  (Partridge)  Brown. 
His  ancestors  were  among  the  earliest  of 
the   sturdy   pioneers   who  journeyed,   after 
the  Revolutionary  \\'ar,  from  Connecticut  to 
A'ermont,  the  forbears  of  a  race  whose  rep- 
resentatives   have    been    prominent    in    all 
branches  of  intellectual  and  commercial  ac- 
tivity.      He    was    educated    in    the    public 
schools  and  the  Newbury  (Vermont)   Sem- 
inary, and  at   the  age  of  eighteen  entered 
the  emplo)'  of  the  \"ermont   Central  Rail- 
road shops  at  Northfield.      In   1865,  he  be- 
came  a   member   of   the    firm   of    Hyde   & 
Brown,    grocers,    and,    in    1867,    formed   a 
partnership  under  the  name   of   McGowan 
&   Brown,   dealers   in  hardware.      In    1869 
he  entered  the  service  of  the  Central  Pacific 
Railroad  as  auditor  of  its  motive  power  de- 
]iartment,  with  headcjuarters  in  Sacramento, 
California.      In    1871   he  returned  East  and 
liecame   a   salesman  in   the   employ   of   the 
\Mieeler  &  Wilson  Company.    His  diligence 
and  ability   led   to  rapid  advancement  and, 
in   1876,  he  was  made  general  manager  of 
the  company's  New  England  business. 

In  1892  Mr.  Brown  resigned  to  become 
general  manager  and  treasurer  of  the  Con- 
solidated Hand  Method  Lasting  Machine 
Company,  and,  under  his  management,  the 
resources  and  standing  of  the  company  so 
developed  that  it  became  the  prime  factor 
in  the  union  of  the  different  busting  machine 
companies  in  a  new  company  known  as 
the  Consolidated  McKay  Lasting  Machine 
Company,  of  which  Mr.  Brown  was  made 
treasurer  and  general  manager.  Under  his 
direction  the  important  divisions  of  the  sh:  e 
manufacturing  industry  served  by  this  com- 
])any  were  developed  and  organized  as  they 
had  never  been  l^efore.  When  the  United 
Shoe  Alachinery  Company  was  organized 
in  1899,  Mr.  Brown  was  made  treasurer 
and  general  manager  of  the  company,  and 
l)r(jught  to  it  experience  of  the  highest 
order.      In    1909   he   resigned  as   treasurer 


'ihp:  book  OI"  i^ostox 


,1,-1/ 


and  <;fiu-ral  manager,  and  since  tlu-n  lias 
l)een  a  vice-president  (if  tlie  c<ini])any  and 
cliainnan  of  its  finance  Cdniniittee. 

Air.  ISrown  has  travelled  extensively  and 
has  a  !ar_<;e  circle  of  personal  friends  and 
liusiness  acciuaintances  in  every  part  of  the 
world.  He  is  a  patron  of  art  and  a  collec- 
tor of  the  best,  and  a  love  of  nuisic  is  cme 
of  his  predominating  ciiaracteristics.  As  a 
member  of  the  execntive  committee  of  the 
\\'elfare  Dejiartment  nf  the  Xatinnal  Civic 
Federatidn,  he  has  been  in  clise  tnuch  \\ith 


its  work,  which  is  rellected  in  his  s])ecial  in- 
terest in  all  that  affects  the  health,  ha])piness 
and  comfort  of  the  cmplo\ees  of  the  United 
.Shoe  Maciiinery  Conijjany,  both  in  the  Bos- 
ton offices  and  at  the  great  factory  at 
J  ieverl}-. 

Mr.  Jirown  was  married  Ma\  5.  ii'^63,  to 
Addie  K.  Perkins,  who  died  in  Jniie,  1900. 
Their  son,  Edwin  P.  Brown,  well  known  in 
the  business  and  financial  circles  of  P)OSton, 
was  chosen  the  general  manager  of  the 
Ci  !m]iaii\'  in   191 1 . 


Pertinent  Facts  about  the  Manufacturing  Plant  of  the 
United  Shoe  Machinery  Company 


MANUF.VLTIKIXG    PLANT.    U-Mll-.l)    SHOE    .MAl.lllM.KV     CO.Ml'AXV,    B1.\1,K1.V,    M.\S.S. 


M:ic  liiii.'r>     III 


SixliTii   Itiiililliii.',,  of  Kfiiirorft-il  < '.oni-ri'tr  < '.011,^1  riK-lioii.  with  Floor  S|»;n-i*  of  M2I. 0(111  Sqiiar*-  KimM.  iir  o\it  21    \*t€*s 

Maniirafluriiij;  Itiiildin^s.   112(1  F«-el   l.oim.  Mi  K«*fl   >\  i«l«-.  Four  Floors 
l'o\*»T  Molls*-   I  Id  \  tit  Ft.  K(|ui|>|mmI  Willi  Tlirt'r  <!iirtis  'I'lirliint-  FiiKinos.  Twi*  7.1(1  Kw.  Ka4-li.  arul  Oiu-  l.»0(l  Kw. 

Four  ItalK-ro's  ol'  lloilirs.   KIIKI  II.  I'.  Caparily 

i£:llolll    the  >Korks  l)ri\,-n   l>>    <>.*>  Indlli-tion    Motors.  Caiiarily   Kan::iii:z  IVoItl  .3   11.   I*,    (o  T."*  II.   I*.   F.arh 

Founilr>   :l')ll  Fill    l.oii:;  \    l(l<)Fi'i'l   «  idi-.      (  :a|iaiil  >.  .~>(l    Ions  ol  (  last  iims  |M'r  lla\ 

<:a|ia.il>   ol   l>r<>|>  For:;.-  Iliparl  iiiinl .  MI.IXIK  I'i.i  <s  I'.r  W  ..k 

l.id.lKHI  I'oiinils  ol   Slrrl   I  sill    I'lr  \%  iik  ill   Maiilirarllirltli.- 

18(M(  Tons  ol'  Sli-i-l  <;arricil   ill  Sloi-k  SiipiiU    Itooni  for  I  si-  in   Maniifai-llirinu 

Over   lOll.dOl)  Calalouui-il   Mai-liini-  I'arls  Carrii-il  in  Slii<-k  in  Finisli<-il  Stoi  k   Itooni 

<Uir  2I.(IIHMI0II  I'arls  of  Ma.  Iiincs  S.-iH  Out   From  Sloi-k  Kooin    \nniiall> 

0\<-r  2I.(I(KI  Ma<-liin<-s  Slii|i|ii-<l  li>    iIk- <',oni|iany    \nniially 

lliiililinus  lli-al*-il  li\    I  lol  -  \  ir  Sy  sl«-in   During  (  lolil  ^  «-alli<-r.  anil  lilt-  Sanii'  Fans  Su|>|>ly  <  '.olil    Vir  Ihiritii^  llol    Wt-ather 

\  i-nlilal*-(l   Mftal   l.orki-rs  for  ^iirkni(-n's  IJotlli-s.  F.ai-ll   >^orkitiaii   lla«illu  His  lnili>i(liial  l.oi-kf-r  ailfl   Key 

Iii4li\iilnal  Wash  lliisins  anil  Sliowi-r  Itallis  in   >^  ash   Itooins 

Tnili-I   Kooiiis.  \(ash  Kooiiis.  Hath   Koonis  an<l  Lounuinu  Itoonis  for  >Koiii<-n  Fiii|ilo>  i-i-s.  with  Vfatron  in  Altf-nilanrn 

All  Toiirt  Koonis  an-  \  i-nt  ilal<-il  liy   hMiaiist   Fans  of  Siii-li  Si/.i-  and  Spi-t-d  as  to  <  Jianui-  tin-    Vir  K*«'ry  'rwflve  Minuti^ 

Fully    F.«iiii|i|M-(l  hani-r^i-nry    llospital  w  it  li  'rraini-d    \tli-ndanl   inOharu*- 

Itt-stuiirant   with  Si-atiiiu:  Caiiai-ity   for  h.'id 

Forl> -I  lir<-«-  l*ri%iit<-  IIooium  for  Invfiilors*  1  si- 

r.lubhniisf-  for  Fniploy  i-i-s  with   l-loor  Spai-i-  of  0>*-r   I  I. (MM!  Sqiiarr  I-*-*-!  and  a  'l'«-n-  \.-r«-  Kit-Id  for    \lhl«-lit-  SfMirl 


iuti*a 


35S, 


THE    ROOK    OF    BOSTON 


SHERMAN  W.  LADD 

(deceased) 

Shoe  Machinery  Expert 


Sherman  W.  Ladd  was  born  in  Holder- 
ness,  New  Hampshire,  September  27,  1855, 
and  was  descended  from  Samuel  Ladd,  who 


SHERMAN    W.    LADD    (dECEASEd) 

came  from  England  to  Plymouth  County  in 
1643.  His  father,  Hale  Moulton  Ladd,  and 
his  ancestors,  Jesse  and  Herman  Ladd,  were 
inventors. 

Mr.  Ladd  was  twice  married.  First,  to 
Lilla  H.  S.  Jackson,  and  second,  to  Mary, 
daughter  of  Charles  and  Alargaret  Stowell 
of  Medford,  Mass.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Union  Club  of  Beverly  and  the 
Beverly  Board  of  Trade.  ]\Ir.  Ladd  was  a 
natural  mechanical  genius.  He  was  always 
even  in  childhood,  handy  with  his  knife  in 
whittling  out  different  articles,  and  pos- 
sessed that  mechanical  genius  whereby,  in 
later  years,  he  was  able  to  conceive  and  then 
develop  into  first-class  mechanical  shape 
different  kinds  of  mechanism.  He  was  an 
invaluable  man  for  reducing  inventions  to 


practical  commercial  shape,  and  his  specialty 
was  designing  and  constructing  shoe  ma- 
chinery. Early  in  life  he  was  associated 
with  ]\Ir.  Louis  Goddu  in  making  different 
kinds  of  shoe  machinery,  notably  the 
Standard  Screw  machine  for  attaching  the 
outsoles  of  boots  and  shoes  by  a  screw- 
threaded  wire.  This  machine  had  a  success- 
ful career  and  was  well  known  to  shoe 
manufacturers  throughout  the  United 
States.  He  also  was  associated  with  An- 
drew Eppler,  of  the  Eppler  Sewing  Machine 
Co.,  in  improving,  designing  and  manufac- 
turing welt  sewing  machines.  In  1888,  he 
became  associated  with  Cliarles  S.  Gooding, 
mechanical  engineer,  in  the  designing  and 
improving  of  the  Matzeliger  lasting  machine 
for  the  Hand  Method  Lasting  Machine  Co. 
of  L}-nn.  Several  patents  were  taken  out  by 
Mr.  Gooding  and  Mr.  Ladd  on  the  improved 
lasting  machine.  The  first  machine  was 
built  and  successfully  operated  in  a  shoe  fac- 
tory for  a  year  and  a  half.  Subsequent  to. 
his  association  with  Mr.  Gooding,  Mr.  Ladd 
entered  the  employ  of  the  Consolidated 
Hand  Method  Lasting  Machine  Co.,  invent- 
ing and  building  new  machines  during  the 
dift'erent  changes  in  location  and  in  name 
of  the  companies  which  succeeded  said  com- 
pany and  finally  developed  into  the  LTnited 
Shoe  Machinery  Co.,  with  which  concern  he 
remained  until  his  death.  During  this  time 
he  invented  and  took  out  patents  upon 
twenty-six  dift'erent  mechanisms,  the  dates 
covering  a  period  extending  from  1890  to 
October,  191 1.  Between  1903  and  1909,  Mr. 
Ladd,  in  addition  to  inventing,  improving 
and  superintending  the  construction  of  a 
large  variety  of  shoe  machinery,  was  en- 
gaged in  building  and  perfecting  manufac- 
turing plants,  for  the  United  Shoe  iMachin- 
ery  Co.,  in  France,  England  and  Germany, 
and  from  1909  until  his  death  in  191 1,  he 
resided  in  Beverly  and  Montreal. 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


vSQ 


C'1IARL]-:S   S.   (iOUDlN(;,  M.E 
Expert  in  Shoe  AIachixery 


Charles  S.  Gooding  was  born  in  Brook- 
line,  Mass.,  June  22,  185S,  and  was  educated 
in  the  Brookline  Public  Schools,  graduating 


CHARLES    S.    GOODING 


froni  the  I'.rookline  High  ScIkhiI  with 
honors  at  the  age  of  sixteen.  He  passed 
his  examinations  for  the  Massachusetts 
Institute  of  Technology  immediately,  and 
graduated  as  Bachelor  of  Science  in  Me- 
chanical Engineering  at  the  age  of  twenty 
in  the  class  of  '79,  of  which  he  is  secretary 
and  treasurer.  Soon  after  graduating  from 
Tech  he  went  to  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  in  the 
employ  of  the  P.  C.  &  St.  L.  Railway. 
Subsecjuently  he  was  engaged  to  take  a  posi- 
tion as  Professor  of  Mechanical  Engineer- 
ing in  the  H.  C.  C.  L  Institute  of  Charleston, 
South  Carolina,  where  he  started  a  Mechan- 
ical Engineering  department  with  night 
classes  for  mechanics  who  could  not  attend 
the  (lav  classes. 

Resigning   from  his   position   in  Charles- 
ton, Mr.  Gooding  returned  to  Boston  and 


started  a  Mechanical  luiginecring  office  at 
8g  Court  Street,  in  January,  1883.  Two 
years  later  lie  moved  to  School  Street,  where 
he  has  continued  the  practice  oi  Mechanical 
Engineering,  the  soliciting  of  patents  and 
as  an  expert  in  ])atent  causes  for  the  past 
thirty  years.  During  that  time,  he  has 
designed  and  sui)erintended  the  building  of 
large  numbers  of  machines  of  dilTerent 
classes  (jf  invention,  including  shoe  machin- 
evy,  textile  machiner\-,  printing  machinery, 
and  special  machiner\-  of  man\-  kinds.  For 
a  number  of  years  Mr.  Gooding  made  a 
specialty  of  designing  shoe  machinery  and, 
in  association  with  the  late  Sherman  W. 
Ladd,  designed  and  patented  the  first  ma- 
chine that  the  parent  company  of  the 
United  Shoe  ^Machinery  Co.,  viz.,  the  Hand 
Method  Lasting  Machine  Co.,  put  on  the 
market,  this  machine  being  known  as  the 
hand  method  lasting  machine.  During  his 
business  career,  ^Ir.  Gooding  has  invented 
and  patented  a  great  many  machines  and 
devices  and  has  had  United  States  patents 
issued  on  forty-two  of  these  inventions. 

Mr.  (iooding  is  of  English  ancestr\',  the 
American  branch  of  the  family  having  been 
established  by  George  Gooding,  who  came 
to  New  England  in  the  seventeenth  centurw 
He  died  in  1701  and  is  buried  at  Dighton, 
Alassachusetts.  On  the  paternal  side  Mr. 
Gooding  is  directly  descended  from  John 
Howland,  who  came  over  in  the  "May- 
flower." With  the  exception  of  four  years, 
Mr.  Gooding  has  resided  in  Brookline  dur- 
ing his  entire  life.  He  was  married  there 
in  188 1  to  Cora  Adeline  Haven,  and  has 
three  daughters,  all  of  wliom  are  married 
and  li\e  in  that  beautiful  suburlx 

He  is  a  Republican  in  jiolitics  and  is  a 
member  of  the  lioston  City  Clul),  the  Ameri- 
can Sociel}'  ol  Mechanical  Engineers,  the 
.\merican  Association  for  the  Advancement 
of  Science,  the  .American  Patent  Law 
Association,  and  the  Bostcjn  Chamber  of 
Commerce. 


360 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


S.   A.   WOODS   MACHINE  COMPANY 


The  S.  A.  Woods  Machine  Co.  is  one  of 
the  oldest  manufacturers  of  woodworking 
machinery  in   America.     The  original  com- 


HARRY    CR-\XE    DODGE 

|)an\-  was  formed  in  1S54  liy  Snlomun  A. 
Woods.  In  1873  the  company  was  incor- 
porated under  the  name  of  the  S.  .\.  Woods 
Machine  Co.,  with  Solomon  A.  \\'oods  as 
])resident.  Under  his  management  the  com- 
pany grew  rapidly  and  extended  its  line  of 
manufacture.  In  1907,  on  the  death  of 
Solomon  A.  Woods,  his  son,  Frank  F. 
Woods,  succeeded  to  the  presidency  of  the 
company.  In  191 2  Frank  F.  \Wiods  sold 
his  interest  in  the  company  to  H.  C.  Dodge 
and  C.  W.  H.  IMood,  the  former  then  be- 
coming the  jjresident  of  the  company,  and 
the  latter  its  vice-president.  Under  the  new 
management  a  broader  Inisiness  policy  was 
inaugurated  and  its  line  extended.  The 
company  has  for  years  enjoyed  a  reputation 
of  making  a  very  high  grade  of  machinery, 
and  recently  has  extended  its  field  of  busi- 
ness to  include  the  most  prominent  lumber- 
ing sections  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  The 
plant  of  the  company,  which  is  situated  on 
Damrell  Street,  South  Boston,  is  one  of  the 


largest  machine  shops  in  New  England. 
Ouite  recently  they  made  extensive  additions 
which  will  ultimately  give  them  as  large  a 
capacity  as  any  plant  in  the  world,  in 
heavy  planing-mill  machinery.  Harr}-  Crane 
Dodge,  president  of  S.  A.  Woods  Machine 
Co.,  was  born  in  ^^'(>burn,  Mass.,  October 
^r,  1 88 1,  and  was  educated  at  the  Boston 
Latin  School  and  Harvard  University.  He 
is  a  .son  of  Frank  F.  and  Nellie  ( Crane ) 
Dodge,  and  his  ancestors  on  Ijoth  the  pater- 
nal and  maternal  sides  were  among  the  early 
New  England  colonists  settling  at  Newbury- 
port  and  in  the  vicinit)'  of  Plymouth,  re- 
.spectively,  aljout  1635.  Mr.  Dodge  began 
his  business  career  in  1904,  as  a  salesman 
for  S.  A.  Woods  Machine  Co.,  in  the  snuth- 
eastern  district.  He  was  made  southern 
manager,  with  headcjuarters  at  New  Orleans, 
in  Ti)o8:  general  sales  manager  at  I'xiston  in 
i(;ii,  secretary  the  same  >ear.  and  became 


CHARLES    W.    H.    BLOOD 


president  in  October,  iyi2.  He  is  a  memljer 
of  the  Boston  Art  Club,  Boston  Athletic  As- 
sociation, Harvard  Club  of  Boston,  Boston 
Press  Club,  Commonwealth  Country  Club, 
and  the  Seminole  Club  of  Jacksonville,  Fla. 


THK    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


,^61 


C  \\  .  H.  ]!lr>(i(l,  wliii  tills  tin-  ilual  jxisi- 
tion  of  vice-presitlent  and  treasurer  of  the 
compaii}',  was  born  in  Kalamazoo,  ^Michigan. 
July  j,o,  1864.  After  a  j^reparatory  train- 
ing in  the  ])ul)lic  schools  he  entered  Cornell 
L'niversity,  from  which  he  graduateil  in 
iS(;i  with  the  M.l-l.  degree.  Upon  taking 
up  his  residence  in  Boston,  he  became  asso- 
ciated A\ith  S.  .\.  \\'oiids  as  a  mechanical 
engineer,  and  ujjon  the  incurpiiratinn  ol  the 
compan}-  was  elected  its  \ice-president, 
eventually  becoming  one  of  the  owners  of 
the  ])lant  by  purchase,  with  Mr.  Ddtlge,  i>f 
I'rank  ¥.  Woods'  interest.  Mr.  Blood,  in 
adilitinn  to  acting  as  vice-president  and  treas- 
m"cr,  is  general  manager  of  the  plant,  his 
training  and  experience  making  him  familiar 
with  ever}-  phase  of  machinery  ccmstruction. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  American  Societv  of 
}ilechanical  Engineers,  the  I'.iistun  Athletic 
Associatii.n,  the  Biiston  Art  ( "lub  and  the 
Masonic  fraternity. 

HERBERT  T,.   SITERAI  \X 

Herliert  L.  Sherman,  president  of  the 
New  England  Bureau  of  Tests,  Inc.,  is  a 
graduate  of  the  ^Massachusetts  Institute  of 
Technolog\-.  He  was  burn  in  Kingston, 
Mass.,  Novemljer  11,  1881,  and,  after  grad- 
uation in  1902,  entered  actively  upnii  the 
practice  of  his  profession.  He  was  em- 
])loyed  for  a  short  time  as  assistant  chemist 
for  the  Massachusetts  State  Board  of 
Health  and  head  chemist  for  the  Helderberg 
Cement  Company  of  Howes  Cove,  N.  \'. 
He  opened  a  laboratory  in  Boston  in  1904  in 
general  chemical  work,  both  consulting  and 
analytical,  and  made  a  specialty  of  the  test- 
ing and  inspection  of  structural  materials, 
]irincipally  cement  and  concrete.  In  Ajjril, 
0)r4,  he  consolidated  his  interests  with  the 
.New  luigland  interests  of  the  Pittsljurgh 
Testing  Laboratory  and  foun<lcd  the  com- 
])any  of  which  he  is  now  the  executive  head. 
])uring  the  twelve  years  that  have  ensued 
•since  Mr.  Sherman  opened  his  Boston  lab- 
oratory he  has  become  recognized  as  the 
leading  authority  on  tests  and  inspection  of 
all  clas.ses  of  materials  in  New  l'"ngland. 
Some  ol  the  principal  construction  work  for 


which  this  service  has  been  performed  are 
the  Charles  River  basin  and  dam.  Common- 
wealth Biers  No.  s  and  6,  the  \\'oo(l  Worsted 


HKRHKRT    I,.    SllIKMAN 

.Mill,  the  L'liited  Shoe  Machinery  buildings 
and  the  Naunikeag  .Steam  Cotton  Co.  build- 
ings. The  compan\-  makes  nearly  all  the 
cement  tests  for  the  State  of  Massachusetts, 
and  acts  as  consulting  chemists  for  the  Bos- 
ton &  Alban\-  Railroad  Co.  Recenth"  Mr. 
Sherman  designed  the  generating  ecpiipment 
of  the  \'acuum  Company  of  Somerville, 
which  maintains  the  largest  plant  in  the 
countr)-  for  the  fumigation  of  foreign  cot- 
ton in  accordance  with  a  recent  Federal 
Statute,  and  the  New  England  Bureau  of 
Tests,  Inc.,  has  contracted  to  operate  this 
plant  for  the  first  few  months  of  its  exist- 
ence. 

Mr.  Sherman  is  a  member  of  the  Boston 
Society  of  Civil  luigineers,  the  New  Eng- 
land \\'ater  Works  Association,  the  Ameri- 
can Society  for  Testing  Materials,  the 
American  Concrete  Institute,  the  Boston 
City  Club  and  the  Oakley  Count rv  Club. 

The  lal)oratory  ;nid  office  of  the  New 
F'ngland  Bureau  of  Tests,  Inc.,  is  at  12 
Pearl  Street. 


ERASMUS    B.    BADGER 
FOUNDER    OF    THE    E.    B.    BADGER    &    SONS    CO. 


IHF.    nOOK    OF    BOSTOX 


3r,:> 


]•:. 


r.ADCKR  &  SONS  CO. 


Erastus  Beethoven  Badger,  the  subject  <>t 
this  sketch,  was  born  on  the  first  day  of 
October.  1828,  at  tlie  home  of  his  parents 
on  Hanover  Street,  at  the  north  end  of  the 
citv.  Shortiv  afterward  his  father  moved 
to  Fort  Hill,  where  the  son  spent  his  early 
years. 

Flis  grandfather.  I'aptain  i  ),iniel  Hadgcr. 
was  a  rising  ximng  merchant,  having  a 
number  of  vessels  in  the  Africa  and  h'ast 
Indies  trade.  At  the  age  of  forty- fnur 
vears,  he  cimtracted  fever  while  Imarding 
one  of  his  vessels  on  arrival  from  the  coast 
of  Africa,  this  causing  his  death.  He  was 
also  deei)l\"  interested  in  military  affairs  of 
the  day,  being  captain  of  one  (jf  the  com- 
panies organized  l)\'  order  of  the  (iovernor 
to  protect  the  City  of  Boston  during  the 
War  of  1 812. 

His  father,  Daniel  B.  Jkulger,  was  a  ship- 
ping broker,  located  on  Custnm  House 
Street,  opposite  the  old  Custom  1  louse. 
The  son.  Erastus  B.  Badger,  being  l>riiught 
u])  in  full  sight  of  Boston  Harbor,  then  full 
of  all  kinds  of  sailing  vessels,  and  accus- 
tomed to  visiting  them  with  his  father,  be- 
came thoroughly  accpiainted  with  the  various 
rigs  of  ships,  barks,  brigs  and  schooners, 
and  could  climb  the  masts  and  handle  the 
rigging,  having  his  mind  fjn  a  seafaring  life. 
He  became  intimately  acquainted  w  ilh  nian\- 
captains  and  mates,  and  at  the  age  of  14, 
his  one  longing  was  to  go  to  sea.  He  made 
a  bargain  with  Captain  Cross  of  the  Brig 
"Attilla,"  also  another  with  Captain  Meas- 
ury  (if  the  Brig  "Xerious" — buth  \essels 
regular  packet.s — to  the  West  Indies — but 
in  l)oth  instances  his  father  intervened. 

He  was  accustomed  to  go  on  the  news 
boat  then  stationed  at  India  Wharf,  its  duty 
being  to  visit  all  vessels  arriving  in  port,  and 
reporting  to  the  exchange.  This  he  found 
most  interesting  and  exciting.  His  father 
having  frustrated  his  attempts  to  go  to  sea, 
he  could  often  he  found  nn  the  ])ilot  boat 
"Phantom,"  with  Captain  bihn  (  )li\'er.  In 
this  instance  his  father  again  intervened, 
and  on  April  8,  1844,  the  sun  cnnnnenced 
his  apprenticeship  with  the  firm  uf  Rice  & 


Jenkins,  as  coppersmith,  at  the  junctiim  of 
Merrimack,  Traverse  and  I'ortlantl  Streets. 
His  wages  averaged  two  dollars  and  twenty- 
five  cents  per  week.  Being  the  youngest  boy 
in  their  employ,  he  was  obliged  during  the 
first  two  years  U>  ci]>en  the  factory,  start  the 
fires  at  a  very  early  lidur  (about  5:30),  go 
to  breakfast,  and  then  return  fur  the  day. 
At  the  age  of  twenty-one  years  he  was  mas- 
ter of  hydraulics,  which  in  those  early  days 
gave  a  large  amount  of  business  to  the 
concern. 

On  February  22.  1854,  Mr.  Jenkins  hav- 
ing left  the  business,  a  ])artnership  was 
formed  to  continue  the  business  under  the 
name.  Rice,  Hicks  <!<:  Badger,  with  the  stipu- 
lation that  Mr.  Rice  retire  at  the  end  of  the 
first  \ear,  which  he  did.  1  licks  &  Badger 
continuing  the  business  until  :\\)Vi\  8,  1879, 
when  Mr.  Hicks  retired,  and  Mr.  Badger 
was  joined  liv  his  son,  Daniel  B.  Badger, 
who  had  learned  his  trade  with  Hicks  & 
Badger.  Under  this  management  the  busi- 
ness prospered.  In  the  year  1892  Mr.  A.  C. 
Badger,  who  had  learned  his  trade  at  the 
factorv,  was  admitted  to  the  firm,  and  in 
1900  the  business  was  incorporated  as  E. 
B.  Badger  &  Sons  Conqiany. 

Mr.  Badger  was  an  expert  ciippersmith 
in  everv  sense  of  the  word,  having  natural 
aliilitv  for  the  handling  of  a  manufacturing 
business.  He  retired  from  active  Inisiness 
in  1910,  and  is  today  well  and  vigorous  at 
almost  the  age  of  eighty-eight  years.  He  has 
watched  the  Imsiness  grow  from  a  small 
company  to  its  present  magnitude.  The 
nature  of  the  work  has  changed  constantly 
from  coppersniithing  to  all  forms  of  metal 
work  used  in  connection  with  various  manu- 
facturing industries  throughout  the  country. 

Mr.  Badger  was  married  in  early  life  to 
Fannie  Babcock  Campbell  of  Milton.  He 
had  eleven  children  of  whom  seven  sons  and 
one  daughter  are  living.  He  was  made  a 
member  of  the  First  Baptist  Church  in  Bos- 
t(jn.  with  his  wife,  in  May,  1S52.  and  has 
l)een  ver_\'  active  in  all  the  oftices  of  the 
church  to  this  day. 


HENRY    STAPLES     POTTER 

OF    THE    FIRM    OF    POTTER     &    WRIGHTINGTON,    MAN VFACTL'RERS    OF 

CEREALS    AND    CANNED    GOODS 


IHH    HOOK    OF    BOSTON 


HENRY  STAPLES  POTTI-.R 

Mr.  I'dtter  was  hdrn  in  C'anilirid^c. 
Mass.,  Mav  31,  1848.  Ik-  \va>  c(lucatf(l  in 
the  pul)lic  schools  and  passeil  tlie  Harvard 
examinations,  but,  owing-  to  a  serinus  illness, 
did  n<jt  graduate.  He  is  a  director  of  the 
Conuucinwealth  Trust  Co.,  Massachusetts 
Real  l-lstate  Exchange,  antl  managing  trustee 
of  several  estates.  He  was  treasurer  n\  the 
.\lgiin(|uin  Club  during  the  erectinn  nf  its 
new  l)uilding  and  is  a  luember  n\  the  I'.oard 
of  (iovernors  of  the  Boston  City  Clul),  mem- 
ber of  the  IJrookline  Country  L'lub,  ( )akle\- 
Country  Club,  Belmont  Country  Club,  llos- 
ton  Art  Club.  Boston  Athletic  Assuciation. 
Garden  City  and  Union  League  Clubs  of 
New  York.  Mr.  Potter  is  one  of  the  (  )vcr- 
seers  of  the  Poor  of  Boston.  The  fnunder 
of  the  Potter  family  was  Jacob  Potter,  who 
.settled  in  Concord,  ^Massachusetts,  in  1638. 
11.  Staples  Potter's  great-grandfather,  i'\] 
his  f;itlu-r"s  side,  was  in  the  Revolutionary 
War,  and  held  a  c<immission,  signed  I))- 
John  Hancock,  as  Captain  of  a  Concord, 
Massachusetts,  comjjany,  that  he  formed. 
His  great-grandfather,  on  the  maternal  side, 
was  one  of  (ieneral  \\  ashington's  aides. 

geor(;e  \v.  miles 

George  W.  Miles,  chemical  expert,  whose 
laboratorv  is  located  at  88  Broad  Street, 
was  born  in  Milford,  Conn.,  Decemlier  30, 
1868.  He  was  educated  in  the  schools  of 
New  Haven  and  the  Sheffielil  Scientific 
School,  \'ale,  graduating  Ph.l!.,  in  i88y. 
Tile  same  year  he  took  a  course  at  the  Con- 
necticut Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 
New  Haven,  and  then  entered  the  employ  of 
the  Illinois  Steel  Co.,  Chicago.  Erom  there 
he  went  to  New  York  Citv  as  first  assistant 
to  .Stillwcll  kV  (iladding,  and,  upon  coming 
to  JJoston,  for  eight  years  did  all  of  the  an- 
alytical W(irk  in  the  laboratory  of  .\.  D. 
Little.  .Since  severing  his  connection  with 
Mr.  IJttle,  he  has  jiracticed  his  |)rofession 
alone,  being  engaged  in  general  industrial 
chemistrx'   which    includes  the   analxsis   and 


test    of    oils,    soaps,    fertilizers,    water    and 
general    commercial    ])roducts.       Mr.    Miles 

in  general   research 


GKORGI-.    «.    AriLKS 


work,  and  as  a  result  has  in\'ente(.l  a  sewage 
process,  which  experts  sav  is  the  Ijest  known 
for  a  city  like  Boston.  The  ordinary  system 
of  sewage  would  be  costlw  and  is  generalh' 
operated  at  a  loss.  Cnder  ]\Ir.  Aides'  proc- 
ess it  would  bring  a  jirofit,  as  in  the  dail\- 
pumpage  of  one  hundred  luillion  gallons  of 
sewage,  the  ])recipit;ition  would  be  aljout  one 
hundred  tons  of  dry  sludge,  which  \\'(_>uld 
produce  twenty  tons  of  grease  and  eighty 
tons  of  fertilizer.  He  is  also  the  discoverer 
of  hydrated  cellulose  acetate,  which  is  non- 
intfammable  and  transi)areiU.  'Ibis  pr(.nluct 
is  largely  used  for  a  varnish  on  aeroplanes, 
and  in  the  manufacture  of  artificial  silk  and 
moving  picture  films.  Mr.  Miles  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Society  of  Chemical  IndustrN',  the 
American  C'hennCil  .Society  the  Dry  Salters 
t'lub  of  Boston,  the  Royal  Society  of  Arts, 
I'.ngland,  the  'S'ale  Club,  Boston  Chamber  of 
('ommerce  and  Huston  .Societv  of  Arts. 


366 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


SWIFT-McNUTT   COMPANY 


The  Swift-McNutt  Co.,  the  largest  con- 
cern engaged  in  building-wrecking  in  New 
England,  was  formed  l\v  the  consolidation 


FRANCIS    H.    SWIFT 


of  the  Swift  Contracting  Co.  and  the  tirni 
of  Roljert  R.  McNutt,  Inc.  These  two 
companies  had  for  a  long  time  been  en- 
gaged in  the  same  kind  of  work,  and  real- 
izing that  a  comliinatiiin  would  large]\- 
increase  the  etifectiveness  of  each  organiza- 
tion, they  formed  the  new  company  with 
R.  R.  McNutt,  president,  and  Francis  H. 
Swift,  treasurer.  Since  the  consolidation 
the  Ijusiness  has  grown  wonderfully  and  the 
company  does  about  ninet}-tive  per  cent,  of 
all  the  wrecking  in  the  cit\'.  The  work  is  not 
confined  to  New  England,  as  the  firm  has 
completed  large  contracts  in  Kentucky  and 
other  states  in  the  Union. 

The  firm  has  established  a  reputation  for 
the  careful  execution  of  large  contracts 
and  has  recently  completed  the  demolition 
of  the  old  Hotel  Pelhani,  on  the  corner  of 
Boylston  and  Tremont  Streets.  This 
Ijuilding,  on  one  of  the  busiest  corners  in 
Boston,  was  taken  down  in  the  very  short 


time  of  sixty  days  and  presentetl  many  dif- 
ficulties, but  the  site  was  cleared  within  the 
time  specified,  and  the  work  of  erecting  the 
new  building  was  started  promptly  )jy 
the  general  contractors.  Through  the  em- 
ployment of  skilled  foremen  and  its  well- 
organized  sales  department,  giving  a  quick 
market  for  material,  the  Company  is  enabled 
to  meet  conditions,  no  matter  how  difficult, 
and  to  complete  the  work  with  little  delay 
and  with  safety  to  their  employees  and  the 
general  public.  The  Company  maintains  in- 
surance for  the  protection  of  the  owner  of 
the  property,  the  public  at  large  and  their 
own  employees,  and  their  standing  and  rep- 
utation is  such  that  they  are  al)le  to  file  a 
Ijond  in  any  amount  to  insure  the  faithful 
performance  of  their  contract.  In  the 
course  of  its  Ijusiness  the  Compan\-  has  been 
obliged  to  find  a  market  for  such  material 
which  would  appear  difficult  to  dispose  of, 
and,   as   an   outgrowth   of   this   experience, 


ROBERT    R.    MCNUTT 


has  established  an  appraisal  department 
which  can  give  a  value  on  almost  anything, 
having  in  mind  the  prompt  disposal  of  same 


THF.    ROOK    OF    ROSTOX 


367 


for  casli.  This  department  is  used  1)\'  man_\ 
w  111  1  have  collateral  to  dispose  of  other  than 
securities,  and  has  proved  a  most  effective 
instrument  through  which  to  realize. 

To  facilitate  the  work,  storage  yards  are 
k)cate(l  all  over  Boston,  one  being  located 
on  Summer  Street,  one  on  Dorchester  Ave- 
nue. South  Roston,  one  at  Massachusetts 
Avenue  and  Magazine  Street,  and  two  on 
Rroadway.  Cambridgeport.  These  are  all 
used  for  storage  purposes  and  do  away  w  ith 
long  hauls.  The  Compan_\-  ojierates  its  own 
saw  mill  for  the  purpose  of  turning  out 
marketable  stock  from  sizes  not  so  easy  to 
sell,  and  it  is  bv  these  methods  that  it  is  en- 
abled to  make  prompt  delivery  of  all  orders. 


b'.lston  &  Swift  and  the  Swift  Contracting 
Co.  Mr.  Swift  is  of  Pilgrim  ancestry,  his 
family  first  settling  in  Cape  Cod  and  later 
removing  to  New  I'edford.  He  is  a  luember 
of  the  Harvard  Club  of  Boston,  the  Elks, 
^lasonic  fraternitx  and  chilis  in  Xew  York 
and  New  Bedford. 

ROBERT  R.  McNUTT 

Robert  R.  McXutt.  president  of  the  com- 
pany, was  born  in  Xo\a  Scotia.  January  i6, 
1877,  and  was  educated  in  the  schcjols  of 
that  countrw  He  came  to  the  Cnited  States 
in  1895,  locating  at  Lowell,  where  he  lie- 
came  foreman  for  a  firm  of  contractors.  He 


INDIAN    REFINING    COMPANY,    G  EOKl.KTOWN.     KENTUCKY,    WHICH    WAS    RECENTLY    DISMANTLED    BY    THE    S  WIFT-MCNLTT    CO. 


The  Swift-McNutt  Co.  is  capitalized  at 
$50,000  and  the  annual  turnover  i.> 
$500,000.  giving  employment  to  from  300 
to  500  hands,  most  of  whom  are  American 
born  of  Irish  descent.  The  offices  are  lo- 
cated at  70  Devonshire  Street,  where  all  the 
details  (jf  the  work  are  looked  after.  A 
branch  (  ffice  is  maintained  in  Providence. 
R.  J.  There  are  local  representatives  also 
in  most  of  the  large  cities  of  Xew  luigland. 

FRANCIS  H.  SWIFT 

Francis  H.  Swift,  treasurer  of  the  Swift- 
AlcXutt  Co.,  was  born  in  New  Bedford, 
Mass.,  June  ist,  1880,  and  was  educated  at 
the  Milton  Academ\-  and  flarvard  College. 
-After  c(jnii)leting  his  education  Mr.  Swift 
went  to  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  in  the  employ  of 
the  W'estinghouse  Manufacturing  Co.,  but 
returned  to  Boston  shortly  afterwards  and 
became  a  partner  in  the  firm  of  A.  A.  Elston 
&    Co.,    the    concern    e\enluall_\'    becoming 


later  organized  the  firm  of  R.  R.  ^IcXutt, 
Inc..  in  Boston,  which  made  a  specialty  of 
house-wrecking.  Like  his  partner,  Mr. 
Swift,  he  is  thoroughh'  familiar  with  every 
branch  of  the  business,  having  had  many 
years  of  exjierience  in  the  line,  and  is  with- 
out a  peer  as  an  organizer  in  the  contract- 
ing business.  He  is  a  ]\Iason,  member  of 
the  Cottage  Park  Yacht  llub.  and  various 
other   societies  and   organizations. 


The  initiative  in  forming  a  stock  ex- 
change in  Boston  was  taken  October  13, 
1834.  and  the  start  was  made  with  thirteen 
members,  who  assessetl  themselves  $100 
each.  The  13th  of  October  and  thirteen 
original  members !  Financiers  were  evi- 
dentlv  not  sujierstitious  in  those  days,  and 
the  growth  of  the  exchange  and  of  Ijoston 
as  a  financial  centre,  in  the  eighty-two  years 
that  have  intervened,  show  that  they  had 
no  occasion  to  be. 


36S 


THE    BOOK    OF    ROSTOX 


JOSEPH  P.  MANNING  COMPANY 


Joseph  P.  Manning,  president  of  the 
Joseph  P.  Manning  Co.,  was  born  in  Ire- 
land, January  8,    1866.      He  is  the  son  of 


jnsi:PH     p.    MANNING 


Jdhn  and  I-'Uen  ( Dolan  )  }*Ianning,  and,  I)e- 
ing  brought  to  America  in  1871,  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public  schools  of  South  Boston. 
He  has  been  engaged  in  the  wholesale  to- 
bacco business  since  June  30,  1881,  at  which 
time  he  entered  the  employ  of  James  Ouinn. 
He  became  partner  in  the  business  in  1894, 
and  continued  this  association  until  1899, 
when  he  became  a  member  (if  the  firm  of 
McGreenery  &  ^Manning,  24  Fulton  Street. 
In  1913,  Mr.  McGreenery  retiring,  the  busi- 
ness was  continued  under  its  jiresent  title, 
and  the  large  building  was  soon  found  in- 
adequate for  the  rai)idl_\'  growing  business. 
In  addition  to  his  interest  in  the  firm  of 
Joseph  P.  ^Manning  Co.,  of  which  he  is 
president  and  treasurer,  Mr.  ^Manning  is  a 
director  of  the  Commonwealth  Trust  Co.,  the 
Federal  Trust  Co.,  and  Greenlaw  Manufac- 
turing Co.,  and  is  secretary  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees  of  the  Boston  City  Hospital.  He 
is  independent  in  politics  and  is  a  member  of 


the  Algoncjuin,  Boston  Press,  Boston  Ath- 
letic Association,  Boston  Art,  ami  the  Wol- 
laston  Golf  Clubs. 

Mr.  Manning  was  married  July  11,  1900, 
to  Katherine  M.  O'Donnell  of  Boston,  and 
has  three  children,  Mildred,  Katherine  and 
N'irginia  Manning. 

JAMES  F.   LOGAN 

James  F.  Logan,  vice-president  and  assist- 
ant treasurer  of  the  Joseph  P.  Manning  Co., 
was  born  in  Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  February  i. 
1872,  and  was  educated  at  St.  Mary's  School 
in  the  city  of  his  birth.  In  1888  he  became  an 
employee  of  the  Western  Lhiion  Telegraph 
Co.,  four  years  later  becoming  associated 
with  the  wholesale  tobacco  firm  of   lames 


FORMER    LOCATION    OF    THE    JOSEPH     P.    MANNING    CO. 
24    FULTON    STREET 

Ouinn  &  Co.  In  1898,  he  again  became  an 
employee  of  the  telegraph  company,  and  in 
1905  returned  to  the  wholesale  tobacco  busi- 


TIIF.    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


36^> 


ness  witli  tlie  hrin  (it  .Mc(  irec-iKTv  &  Man- 
ning, whicli  later  liecaiiie  the  Joseph  P. 
Maniiini;-  (_'<>.  Mr.  Los^an  is  a  son  of 
Michael  and  Mary  (  Bray  |  Loj;an,  and  on 
lanuarx'  20,  1892,  lie  was  married  to  Mary 
A.  }ilannin£r. 


t<in.  The  salesmen,  thirty-nine  in  nnmlier. 
also  use  autos  in  calling;  npon  the  tratle,  and 
cover  the  territory  within  a  radius  of  twenty 
miles,  while  the  halance  of  New  England  is 
handled  by  railway  service.  A  staff  of  ma- 
chinists and  extra  chatiffenrs  are  employed 


<.»<^.  ■< 


WilHrf^-'^ 


M-U    miiDiM.   II     nil    jc,Mi>n    v.   manning  CO.,  49ST0  51:   atianhc  a\knii; 


The  Joseph  P.  Manning  Co.  is  the  largest 
house  in  the  United  States  in  its  line,  with 
one  exception.  It  was  the  first  commercial 
concern  in  Boston  to  adopt  automobiles  for 
delivery  service,  and  now  uses  fourteen 
motor  trucks,  with  a  garage  in  South  Bos- 


in  case  of  breakdowns  or  other  acciilents. 
When  the  business  had  outgrown  the  old 
building  at  24  Fulton  .Street,  which  had 
eighteen  thousand,  six  hundred  feet  of  floor 
space,  the  company  selected  the  structure  at 
500    Atlantic    Avenue.      This   site   takes    in 


370 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


the  l)uilding  from  498  to  512  Atlantic  Av- 
enue. It  is  three  stories  and  a  basement, 
with   thirty   thousand    feet   of    floor   space, 


JAMES     F.    LOGAN 

every  inch  of  which  has  been  utilized.  The 
principal  business  done  by  the  house  is 
tobacco,  cigars,  cigarettes  and  pipes,  and 
some  idea  of  its  magnitude  can  be  gleaned 
from  the  fact  that  the  annual  turnover  is 
five  million  dollars,  the  number  of  employees 
is  one  hundred  and  fifty-six,  and  the  annual 
sales  of  briar  and  fancy  pipes  is  a  quarter 
million  dollars.  The  daily  sale  of  cigarettes 
amounts  to  one  million,  five  hundred  thou- 
sand. The  building  required  for  the  tran- 
saction of  this  immense  business  has  been 
fitted  up  with  every  modern  contrivance  for 
rapid  handling  and  shipment  of  goods.  The 
executive  offices  are  beautifully  furnished, 
while  rest  and  lounging  rooms  have  been 
prepared  for  the  comfort  of  the  many 
customers. 

Many  streets  in  old  Boston  had  Ijeen 
named  for  London  streets,  but  after  the 
Revolution  the  citizens  made  haste  to 
change  most  of  these  names  for  others  of 
a    more    republican    flavor. 


CHARLES    W.    SHERBURNE 


CHARLES  WILLIAM  SHERBURNE 

Charles  W.  Sherburne,  who  was  during 
his  lifetime  interested  in  many  commercial 
enterprises,  was  born  in  Boston,  October  13, 
1839.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public 
schools  and  began 
his  business  career 
with  the  old  \'er- 
mont  and  Canada 
Railroad.  He  later 
entered  the  railway 
supply  business 
w-ith  W  i  1 1  i  a  m  s, 
Page  &  Co.,  and 
after  a  short  time 
with  this  concern 
organized  the  firm 
of  Sherburne  & 
Co.,  manufacturers 
of  railroad  and 
contractors'  supplies  en  April  i,  1863.  Mr. 
Sherburne  was  a  picneer  in  the  develop- 
ment of  many  of  the  greatest  improvements 
in  railroad  construction,  maintenance  and 
operation.  He  was  also  president  of  the 
Armstrong  Transfer  Express  Co.,  the  Star 
Brass  Mfg.  Co.,  and  was  a  director  of  the 
Armstrong  Dining  &  News  Co.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Algonquin,  Exchange,  East- 
ern Yacht  and  Corinthian  Clubs  and  the 
Beacon  Society.  He  died  Maj'  6,  191 5, 
leaving  one  son  and  two  daughters.  The 
son,  Charles  H.  Sherburne,  succeeded  his 
father  in  his  various  enterprises. 

D.  WHITING  &  SONS 

The  firm  of  D.  \\'hiting  &  Sons  was 
established  in  \\'ilton,  N.  H.,  by  David 
\Vhiting  in  1857,  and  is  now  conducted 
by  Isaac  S.  Whiting,  John  K.  ^\■hiting, 
David  Whiting  and  Charles  F.  Whiting. 
The  business  consists  in  the  sale  of  milk, 
cream  and  Initter  throughout  Greater 
Boston,  and  in  the  purchase  of  milk  and 
cream  throughout  New  England.  The  main 
plant  and  oft^ces  are  at  570  Rutherford 
Avenue,  Boston. 


THK    HOOK    OI"    HOSTOX 


371 


THE    AMERICAN    TOOL    AXl)    MACHINE   COMPANY 


The  American  Tool  and  Maciiine  Com- 
])any.  w  liose  large  jjlant  at  Hyde  Park, 
Mass.,   gives  employment  to  between   three 


MKLVILI.E    H.     BARKER    (DECEASED) 

and  f(inr  luin<lred  persons,  is  one  of  the  (jld- 
est  industrial  concerns  in  New  England. 
The  works  were  established  in  1S50  by 
George  H.  Fox  &  Company,  and  the  com- 
pany was  incorporated  in  1864.  with  a  capi- 
talization of  $100,000.  The  annual  turnover 
of  the  concern  has  increased  fifty  per 
cent,  in  recent  years,  and  now  amounts  to 
nearly  three-ijuarters  of  a  milliun  dollars. 
The  ])ro(luct  of  the  com])an\'  includes  sugar 
machinery,  brass  finishers'  lathes,  belt  knife, 
leather  splitting  machines,  and  sjiecial  ma- 
chinery, such  as  centrifugal  machines  for 
sugar,  chemicals,  smokeless  powder,  etc. 
The  territory  covered  is  the  entire  world, 
and  the  company's  great  success  is  uncpies- 
tionably  due  to  the  ])ersonal  supervision  of 
its  management.  The  officers  are :  \\'alter 
M.  I'acon,  president ;  M.  H.  Barker,  gen- 
er;d    manager,    and    II.    W.    W Isworth, 


treasurer.  The  board  of  directors  is  made 
up  of  the  president,  general  manager  and 
E.  L.  Clatlin,  Francis  K.  ISacon  and  Jacob 
Thaxter. 

Melville  11.  Barker,  who  was  general 
manager  of  the  cumijany  up  to  the  time  of 
luv  de.ith.  March  ().  ii;[6,  had  been  con- 
nected with  this  cimcern  fur  fort\-one  \'ears, 
and  every  luomeiU  of  his  time  during  that 
long  period  had  been  devoted  to  the  im- 
provement of  buildings,  the  installation  of 
llie  most  mmlcrn  machinery  and  tools,  and 
to  the  extension  of  the  companv's  trade  terri- 
tory. The  results  are  almost  un])recedented 
success  along  business  lines  and  one  of  the 
linest  luachine  works  in  New  England.  Mr. 
Harker  was  born  in  iSridgcton,  "Maine, 
August  JO,  iX4,S,  and  educated  in  Lhicago, 
lllin(;is,  ;nid  Madison,  Wisconsin.  He  com- 
]ileted  his  schocjjing  in  1864  and  was  first 
employed  at  Lawrence,  .Mass.,  but  in  a  sh(jrt 
while  became  associated  with  the  .Vmerican 
ro(]l  and  Machine  Company  as  mechanical 
engineer.  He  was  sul)sequently  advanced  to 
the  position  of  general  manager  and  elected 
to  the  directorate,  two  ])ositions  he  retained 
at  the  time  of  his  death.  In  addition  to  his 
interest  in  this  company,  Mr.  Barker  was  at 
one  time  connected  with  the  I'Aerett  Mills 
.•md  the  Atlantic  Mills,  both  of  L.'iwrence, 
Mass.  He  was  a  meiuber  of  the  Boston  City 
Club,  I'.oston  Art  Club,  Boston  Engineers 
Club,  I'.ngineers  Club  of  New  York,  Ma- 
chinery Club  of  New  ^'ork,  the  National 
Metal  Trades  .\ssociation,  of  which  he  was 
president  in  1907-08,  and  the  National 
I-"ounders'  Association.  He  was  a  Republi- 
can in  politics,  Init  had  never  sought  or  held 
elective  office.  The  offices  of  the  company 
are  at  109  ]*.cach  Street. 


THE    BOOK    OF    HOSTOX 


THE  J.   W. 

The  J.  \V.  Maguire  Co.,  exclusive 
aeents  for  the  Pierce-Arrow  car  for 
\Vorcester   Countv,    the   entire   territory   of 


JAMES    W.    MAGl'IRF. 

Eastern  Massachusetts  and  the  State  of 
New  Hanipsliire,  was  established  1)\'  J.  \\  . 
Maguire,  now  the  only  member  of  the  firm. 
Mr.  Maguire's  history  from  early  bo\'hood 
until  he  attained  prominence  in  the  fields  of 
commerce  and  finance  was  a  succession  of 
struggles  and  reverses  that  were  finally 
overcome  l)y  perseverance,  indomitable  will 
and  an  inherent  ability  to  sell  goods.  He 
was  born  in  South  Maiden,  now  West  Ever- 
ett, December  19,  1865,  the  son  of  Patrick 
and  Mary  E.  (McDermott)  Maguire,  and 
attended  the  public  schools  in  that  locality. 
His  parents  resided  on  a  farm  and,  being  in 
ill  health,  nuich  of  the  work  devolved  upon 
the  son,  who  surprised  the  neighbors  by  buy- 
ing and  selling  cattle  when  only  eight  years 
old.  His  father  and  mother  died  before  he 
was  sixteen  and,  determining  to  give  up 
farm  work,  he  secured  a  position  with  the 
Boston  Rubber  Shoe  Co.  as  stock  boy  at 
$2.40  per   week.      The  boy's   determination 


MAGUIRE  CO. 

to  advance  was  shown  1)_\'  his  a])plication  to 
the  details  of  the  business  and  he  was  soon 
manufacturing  women's  shoes.  Ileing  trans- 
ferred to  the  men's  department  he  increased 
his  earnings  to  $2.50  and  $2.60  per  day. 
This  was  good  wages,  even  for  a  man,  at 
that  time,  and  the  older  workmen  protested, 
thinking  the  large  wages  paid  to  a  boy  would 
result  in  the  reduction  of  the  price  per  pair 
and  thus  curtail  their  earning  capacit}-.  The 
controversy  letl  to  Mr.  j\Iaguire's  retire- 
ment and  he  secured  a  position  with  the 
Para  Ruljber  Co.,  at  South  Framingham. 
After  three  years  he  returned  to  the  Boston 
Rubber  Shoe  Co.,  and  soon  began  selling 
l)ic}cles  on  the  instalment  plan  and  was  suc- 
cessful. His  next  venture  was  in  the  wood- 
working liusiness,  where  he  met  his  first  re- 
verse, losing  all  he  had  invested  with  the 
exception  of  less  than  one  hundred  dollars. 
He  returned  to  the  bic}-cle  business  as  sales- 
man for  a  firm  with  a  branch  in  Maiden, 
and  ujxju  the  closing  of  this  store  Ijegan 
Ijusiness  for  himself  and  succeeded  in  mak- 
ing $31,000  in  six  years.  He  then  invaded 
the  automobile  field,  and  in  two  years  and 
a  half  was  again  penniless.  This  did  not 
discourage  him,  however,  and  in  1903  he 
secured  a  partner  with  capital  and  came  to 


PIERCE    CAR    OF    OLD    MODEL 


Boston  to  handle  autnmnliiles  exclusivel}'. 
The  firm  lost  money  the  first  }-ear  and  just 
about  broke  even  the  second.     Dissatisfac- 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


373 


titin  arose  the  fnlldw  int;'  year  ami  .Mr.  Ma- 
quire's  partner  retired.  Since  that  time 
Mr.  ]\[aj^uire  lias  been  very  successful  and 
has  matle  a  wimdcrfnl  rec<iril  in  personal 
salesmanship.  lie  is  at  present  the  owner 
of  several  |)arcels  of  real  estate  and  the  old 
homestead  farm  at  West  h'verett,  is  a  direc- 
tor of  the  l-lverett  Trust  (.'o.,  the  Xew  h.n^- 
land  Casualty  Co.,  and  the  I'.oston  .\utonio- 
hile  Association,  Inc.  lie  is  a  member  of 
the  Press  C'lul),  I'.elmont  Countr\-  Club.  Mel- 
rose Clnb,  J'.ellevue  (Inlf  ('Inl)  of  .Melmse. 
Commonwealth  (iolf  I'lul)  of  JSosti  n.  Kern- 
wood  Club,  the  ( )d(l  Fellows,  and  is 
a  Thirt\ -second  Degree  Mason.  lie  was 
married  in  1S85  to  Agnes  Cor]>ett  and  has 
twi>  chiklren,  a  boy  and  a  girl,  llis  winter 
home  is  at  17  Stratford  .\\enue,  Melrose, 
and  his  summers  are  sjjcnt  at  South  1  Ian- 
son.  His  Inisiness  address  is  743  l!o\lston 
Street,  Boston.  The  car  shown  herewith, 
Avhich  is  Ijeing  driven  b}-  Mr.  ^Maguire,  was 
one  of  the  first  manufactured  by  the  I'ierce 
Conipan}-.  It  had  no  reverse,  and  although 
of  ])rimitive  construction  and  in  striking 
Cf.ntrast  to  the  mechanically  perfect  and 
beautiful  cars  turned  out  b}'  the  company 
to-da_\',  was  one  at  the  best  then  in  existence 
and  it  was  the  stepping-stone  of  .Mr.  Ma- 
guire's  success. 


j.X.Ml'.S   1 

lames  V.  Bliss,  senii 
of  James  Bliss  &  Co., 
the   late   James    liliss, 
-\pril  7.   1X47.     The 
tirm      has      always 
done    a    large    busi- 
ness in  all  shi])  sup- 
p  1  i  e  s.      Mr.     I'.lis^ 
was  formerh'  jiresi- 
dent  and  director  of 
the     Roxl)ur\-     and 
the    Highland    Co- 
i"])erative   l)anks   of 
i\oxbur\-    Crossing, 
lloston.      He    is    a 
nieml)er  of  the  B.os- 
ton  Art,  I'"-xchange, 
Boston     Chy.     and 
b'conomic        I'lubs, 
the    Boston    Cham- 
ber of  Commerce,  the 
tal)Ie  -Mechanics  .\ssoc 
LibrarN'  .Association,  o 
dent   for  three  years,  ; 
Scottish  Rite  .Masonic 
])ublican  and   was   for 
of   the    Massachusetts 
tati\es    for    Ward    T 
business  address  is  91 


■■,   IddSS 

ir  member  of  the  tirm 

founded  in   i'^32  b)- 

was   born    in    lioston 


jA.\ll...i    F.    BLISS 

Massachusetts  Chari- 
iation,  the  Mercantile 
f  which  he  was  jiresi- 
;uid  all  the  York  and 
bodies.  He  is  a  Re- 
tw  1 1  _\ears  a  member 
House  of  Re])resen- 
weh'e,  Bostiin.  His 
Broad  .Street. 


FL 


«3te. 


I  •■  i^'  »».  --  '■ 


RKVKKK    BKACH,    I.OOKIN<;    TO\V.\RD    THE    CITY    OF    I.YNN 


374 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


George    W. 


GEORGE   W. 
Armstrong,    who    organized 


the    Armstrong    Transfer    Company,    and 
buih  up  the  most  complete  transfer  system 


GEORGE    W.    ARMSTRONG    (DECEASED) 

ever  operated  in  New  England,  was  born  in 
Boston,  August  ii,  1836,  the  son  of  David 
and  ManaHa  (Lovering)  Armstrong.  The 
founder  of  the  American  branch  of  the  fam- 
ily was  one  of  the  original  Scotch  settlers  of 
Londonderry,  N.  H.,  whose  ancestors  were 
of  the  Clan  Armstrong  who  dwelt  on  the 
"Debatable  Land"  of  Scotland  near  the  Eng- 
lish border,  and  who  emigrated  to  the 
North  of  Ireland,  and  from  there  to  Amer- 
ica. The  maternal  ancestry  was  descended 
from  Governor  Edward  Winslow. 

Mr.  Armstrong  was  educated  in  the  Bos- 
ton Public  Schools,  but  was  forced  to  leave 
school  and  go  to  work  by  reason  of  the 
serious  illness  of  his  father.  He  became  a 
penny-postman,  with  the  whole  of  South 
Boston  as  his  district,  and  was  next  em- 
ployed on  the  South  Boston  Gazette,  the 
Sunday  Nc7i's,  and  as  a  newsboy  on  State 
Street.  The  olistacles  encoimtered  at  this 
period  were  enough  to  deter  and  discourage 


ARMSTRONG 

the  average  boy,  but  instead  they  imbued  Mr. 
Armstrong  with  determination  that  brought 
success.  This  was  at  first  meager,  but  he 
persisted  until  he  rose  to  a  commanding 
.position  in  the  business  world.  Mr.  Arm- 
strong's father  died  in  the  autumn  of  1851, 
and  the  following  March  he  became  a  news- 
boy on  the  Boston  &  Albany  Railroad,  con- 
tinuing in  this  work  for  nine  years.  He 
was  then  successively  employed  on  the  road 
as  brakeman,  baggage-master,  sleeping  car 
conductor  and  conductor  on  the  regular 
train  until  he  was  made  manager  of  the 
news  service  of  the  Company.  He  resigned 
this  position  to  become  half-owner  of  the 
restaurant  and  newsroom  in  the  Boston  & 
Albany  Statical,  and  in  187 1  sole  owner  of 
the  business.  He  had  previously  purchased 
King's  Baggage  Express  and  organized  the 
Armstrong  Transfer,  adding  passenger 
coaches  to  the  service.  In  1882,  with  the 
co-operation  of  Edward  A.  Taft,  he  estab- 
lished the  "Armstrong  Transfer  Company," 
becoming  president,  with  Mr.  Taft  as  gen- 
eral manager.  The  news  business  of  the 
Fitchburg  Railroad,  of  which  Mr.  Arm- 
strong became  owner  in  1869,  was  extended 
over  the  entire  Hoosac  Tunnel  line  in  1877, 
and  he  was  in  addition  proprietor  of  the 
news  business  over  the  Eastern  Railroad,  the 
restaurants  and  newsrooms  in  the  Boston 
station  and  along  the  line  at  Portsmouth, 
Wolfborough  Junction  and  Portland.  He 
also  owned  the  restaurants  and  newsrooms 
on  the  Boston  &  Albany  line  at  South 
Framingham,  Palmer,  Springfield  and  Pitts- 
field. 

Mr.  Armstrong  was  a  man  of  wonderful 
executive  ability.  He  possessed  unusual 
perspicacity,  probably  inherited  from  his 
Scottish  forbears,  and  was  constantly  ex- 
tending his  system  in  most  profitalile  sec- 
tions. At  the  time  of  his  death,  which 
occurred  June  30,  1901.  his  newsboys  were 
upon  every  train  leaving  Boston,  and  he 
owned  and  personally  controlled  the  dining 
and  newsrooms  on  the  Boston  &  Albany, 
the  Boston  &  Maine,  the  Fitchburg  and  Old 
Colony  systems. 


THK    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


M  r> 


Mr.  Arnistri.ing  was  niarrii.-il  I~)cci.'nilHT 
lo,  1868,  to  Miss  Louise  Marston  of 
Bridgewater,  X.  H.,  who  died  February  17, 
1880.  His  second  wife  was  Miss  Flora  E., 
daughter  of  Dr.  Reuben  Greene  of  Boston. 
He  was  the  father  of  three  children, 
Mabelle,  Ethel  and  George  Robert  Arm- 
strong. Mr.  Armstrong  was  noted  for  his 
strict  integrity.  He  was  aggressively  pro- 
gressive, lieing  deeply  interested  in  the  ad- 
vancement of  Boston's  interests,  and  his 
death  was  universally  regretted  by  a  large 
circle  of  friends  and  business  associates. 

CHARLES    EDWARD    OSGOOD 

Charles  E.  Osgooil,  president  antl  direct'jr 
of  the  C.  E.  Osgood  Company.  744-756 
Washington  Street,  was  Ixirn  Ma_\-  21,  1855, 

in  Rt).\bur\-,  Mass. 
He  attended  the 
Ri i.\Iiur\'  |)ul)lic  and 
Latin  schools,  and 
in  1875  became  as- 
sociated with  his 
father  in  the  auc- 
tion and  commis- 
sion business  at  17O 
Tremont  Street, 
and  from  this  busi- 
ness gradually  de- 
veloped the  largest 
credit  furniture 
house  in  New  Eng- 
land. The  founder 
oiARLKs  E.  ns(;noD  ,,f  ^\^^,  busiucss  re- 

tired in  1889,  since  which  time  C.  K.  Osgood 
has  been  in  direct  control.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Harvard  Congregational  Church,  the 
Masonic  Fraternity,  Odd  Fellows,  the  An- 
cient and  Honorable  Artillery  Co.,  City  Club, 
and  about  twenty-five  other  social  organi- 
zations. He  is  a  director  of  the  Boulevard 
Trust  Co.,  the  Wizard  Co.  of  Mass.,  and 
was  the  first  president  of  the  Home  Fur- 
nishers Association  of  Massachusetts.  He 
resides  in  Bro(jkline,  and  has  a  beautifid 
summer  estate  on  Lake  Massapoag,  .Shanm, 
Mass.  The  C.  E.  Osgood  Company  also 
maintain  branches  in  Cambridge  and  East 
Boston. 


JAMES   lillNNEY   MUNROE 

James  P.  Munroe,  i)resident  of  the  Mun- 
roe  Felt  and  Paper  C(j.,  was  born  at  Lex- 
ington, June  3,  1862,  and  was  educated  at 
the  Massachusetts 
Institute  of  Tech- 
nology, graduating 
in  1882.  Until 
1889  he  was  secre- 
tary to  the  Facult}-, 
and  since  i8()7  has 
been  a  life  member 
(now  also  secre- 
tary) of  the  Cor- 
])oration  of  the 
Institute.  Mr.  Mun- 
roe comes  of  illus- 
trious Scottish  an- 
cestrv,  and  since 
beginning  his  busi- 
ness life  in  1889 
has  l)een  actively  engaged  in  civic  work. 
He  has  written  books  and  magazine  articles 
and  has  deHvered  many  pul)lic  addresses 
on  educational  and  historical  themes,  has 
aided  in  securing  legislation  for  the  develop- 
ment of  education,  and  is  a  strong  advocate 
of  vocational  training.  He  has  also  been 
active  in  stimulating  public  appreciation  of 
the  seriousness  of  the  proljlems  involved  in 
feeble-mindedness  and  blindness,  being  chair- 
man of  the  Massachusetts  Commission  for 
the  Blind.  He  is  a  member  of  many  social 
clubs,  educational  societies  and  commercial 
bodies,  in  a  number  of  which  he  has  served 
as  president  or  other  officer. 


JAMES    p.    MUNR'E 


376 


THE    BOOK    OP'    BOSTON 


HOWE  &  ERENCH 

A  Brief  History  of  One  of  the  Oldest  and  Most  Prominent  Wholesale  Drug 
AND  Chemical  Houses  in  New  England 


One  of  the  largest  and  most  prominent 
concerns  in  New  England  doing  business  as 
importers  and  wholesale  dealers  in  industrial 
drugs  and  chemicals  is  the  house  of  Howe 
&  French.  The  business  had  its  beginning 
in  1834,  and  in  1842  the  original  firm  was 
operating  at  49  Blackstone  Street,  under  the 
name  of  Crocker  &  Badger,  whd  were  suc- 
ceeded in  1849  'jy  ^-  I'l-  Badger.  Two 
rears  later,  John  C.  Howe,  a  brother-in-law 
iif  Mr.  Badger,  who  for  several  years  pre- 
viously had  served  as  a  clerk  in  the  business, 
was  admitted  to  partnership,  the  firm  be- 
coming C.  EI.  Badger  &  Com])any.  In 
1859,  after  the  death  of  Mr.  Badger,  John 
J.  French  l.iecame  a  partner  in  the  business 
under  the  firm  name  of  Howe  &  French, 
which  has  remained  unchanged  since,  and 
at  this  time  the  business  was  conducted  at 
69  and  71  Blackstone  Street.  The  firm  was 
highly  successful  during  the  period  of  the 
Civil  War  and  the  years  following,  achiev- 
ing a  position  of  great  prominence  in  the 
trade  as  importers  of  shellac  and  manufac- 
turers of  isinglass,  earning  a  reputation  that 
extended  from  coast  to  coast.  In  1879  the 
business  was  removed  to  107  ]\Iilk  Street, 
where  it  remained  for  many  }ears.  On 
January  i,  1909,  the  large  buildings  at  99 
and  loi  Broad  Street,  corner  of  Franklin 
Street,  were  secured,  and  the  offices  and 
warerooms  have  since  been  located  there. 

John  C.  Howe,  the  last  survivor  of  the 
old  Howe  &  French  finiL  died  in  the  fall  of 
1 90 1.  The  business  was  incorporated  in 
1904.  The  president,  Clarence  P.  Seaverns, 
and  the  treasurer,  William  D.  Rockwood, 
were  boys  in  the  employ  of  the  original 
Howe  &  French  firm,  Mr.  Rockwood  having 
been  connected  with  the  business  since  1884, 
and  Mr.  Seaverns  since  1889.  Both  were 
Ijorn  in  Boston,  of  old  New  England  ances- 
try, and  were  educated  in  the  public  schools 
of  the  city.  The  vice-president  of  the  Com- 
pany, Mr.  INIilton  S.  Thompson,  is  a  native 
of  New  York  and  a  sraduate  of  the  School 


of  Mines  of  Columbia  University.  Prior  to 
his  connection  with  Howe  &  French,  Mr. 
Thompson  had  been  identified  with  the  drug 
and  chemical  trade  and  later  w  ith  the  cellu- 
loid manufacturing  industry.  These  gentle- 
men are  closely  identified  and  affiliated  with 
several  large  manufacturing  enterprises  in 
Boston  and  neighborhood,  and  with  many 
of  the  banks,  clubs  and  trade  associations. 
Their  interests  are  all  centered  in  New  Eng- 
land generall}',  and  in  Boston  particularlw 
and  individually  and  as  a  firm  the}-  are  al- 
wa\'S  active  in  any  movement  that  will  ad- 
vance the  city's  position  as  an  industrial  and 
commercial  centre. 

The  firm  of  Howe  &  French  is  capitalized 
at  one  hundred  thousand  dollars,  and  the 
annual  business  transacted  considerably  ex- 
ceeds one  million  dollars.  About  fifty  per- 
sons are  enipl<:n-ed,  most  of  whom  are  native 
New  Englanders.  The  trade  territory  cov- 
ered includes  the  whole  of  New  England, 
and  the  chief  products,  industrial  chemicals, 
are  sold  to  the  various  textile  mills,  tan- 
neries and  man}-  other  industrial  plants. 
While  the  firm  is  essentially  a  local  distrilj- 
utor,  handling  pharmaceutical  and  manufac- 
turers' su])plies,  they  specialize  chemicals, 
shellac,  gums,  waxes  and  solvents  of  all 
kinds  \\hich  are  sold  throughout  the  United 
States  and  Canada.  Under  the  present 
management  the  jiercentage  of  increase  in 
output  has  l)een  large,  due  entire]}'  to  the 
personal  supervision  of  the  executive  heads, 
who  have  gathered  around  them  a  trained 
corps  of  able  and  practical  assistants.  Every 
detail  of  the  business  is  carefully  looked 
after  and  prompt  shipments,  standard  prices, 
hig-h-grade  goods,  courteous  treatment  and 
strict  business  integrity  have  made  Howe  & 
P'rench  factors  wherever  drugs  and  chemi- 
cals are  sold.  The  luiildings  occupied  by  the 
firm  are  large  and  light,  and  are  especially 
adapted  for  the  quick  handling  of  the  goods 
carried  in  stock. 


aHLTON   S.   THOMPSON,    VIL  I,-PRESIDENT 


WILLIAM    D.     ROCKWUUU,    TREASLRER 


31    ^^^  a 


-a  _.J!1     Ja 


69-71    DLACKSTONE    STREET  99-101    BROAD    STREET 

OLD   AND   NEW    BUILDINCS    OF    HOWE    &;iRE\ar 


378 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


ELIAS  GALASSI 

Elias  Galassi,  president  and  treasurer  of 
the  Galassi  Mosaic  and  Tile  Co.,  was  born 
in  Italy,  July  20,  1875,  and  was  educated  in 


ELIAS    GALASSI 


local  schools  of  the  place  of  his  birth.  He 
came  to  America  in  1892  and  was  employed 
by  Sharpless  &  Watts  in  Philadelphia.  He 
afterwards  became  associated  with  the  Mur- 
dock  Parlor  Grate  Company  of  Boston,  es- 
pecially in  executing  the  contract  for  the 
mosaic  and  tile  work  in  the  Public  Library 
and  State  House  in  Boston,  eventually  be- 
coming the  firm's  superintendent.  In  1910 
he  began  business  for  himself,  and  since  that 
time  has  executed  some  of  the  most  impor- 
tant work  in  New  England  and  in  other 
States  throughout  the  Union.  For  the  most 
prominent  public  and  private  buildings,  it 
is  worth  mentioning  the  extension  of  the 
Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire  and  Maine 
State  Houses;  the  Portland,  Maine,  City 
Hall,  and  City  Hall  Annex,  Boston,  Mass. ; 
also  completed,  recently,  work  of  its  line  in 
the  new  Armory  Building,  Commonwealth 
Avenue.  They  have  and  are  doing  all  the 
prominent  lunch  rooms  in  the  city,  also  sub- 


way stations  and  work  of  its  character  in 
the  New  Institute  of  Technology,  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.  The  Galassi  Mosaic  and  Tile 
Co.  is  equipped  to  do  the  largest  work  any- 
where in  the  United  States,  and  to  show 
how  far  afield  it  goes  in  the  execution  of  its 
work,  it  is  worthy  to  mention  that  the  com- 
pany successfully  executed  the  contracts  fi  r 
the  Denver,  Colorado,  Post  Office  Building; 
the  new  High  School,  Montclair,  N.  J.;  the 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association  Buik'.- 
ings  in  Springfield,  Mass.,  Hartford, 
Conn.,  and  W'insted,  Conn.,  and  the  n;w 
Court  House  at  Albany,  N.  Y.  All  this 
work  was  executed  in  the  highest  st}le  of 
art,  and  was  commended  by  architect, 
builder  and  general  i)ul)lic.  The  works  rf 
the  company  are  at  5  Ash  Street,  and  the 
offices  are  located  at  127  Federal  Street. 


Shipbuilding  was  one  of  the  earliest 
trades  practiced  to  any  extent  in  New  Eng- 
land, and  the  reason  for  this  was  plainly  the 
necessity  for  trade  which  arose  as  soon  as 
the  hardy  Pilgrims  and  Puritans  were  able 
to  forsake  the  soil  and  spend  some  of  their 
time  in  other  pursuits. 

CHARLES  F.  STODDER 

The  success  of  Charles  F.  Stodder,  presi- 
dent of  the  India  Alkali  Works,  is  unques- 
tional;)ly  due  to  persistent  application  and 
continuity  of  purpose,  two  traits  inherited 
from  rugged  New  England  ancestry,  who 
were  among  the  settlers  of  Hingham  in 
1642. 

As  a  young  man  Mr.  Stodder,  in  1885, 
became  manager  of  the  India  Alkali  Works, 
and  eight  years  later  president  and  general 
manager,  still  filling  the  dual  position.  He 
is  an  authority  on  heavy  chemicals  and  is 
especially  interested  in  "Savogran,"  a 
widely  known  material  manufactured  by 
the  company. 

Mr.  Stodder  is  a  man  of  striking  per- 
sonality and  is  popular  with  l)usiness  and 
social  associates.  He  is  a  member  of  sev- 
eral societies  and  has  one  son,  Clement  K. 
Stodder,  who  is  a  Senior  at  Harvard. 


THE    RnOK    OF    BOSTOX 


379 


\\AKRI-:\"    J;R()'1 
The  BiTi'LiT 

\\'arren  Brothers  Comjiain-,  with  its  ex- 
ecutive offices  in  Boston  and  with  a  large 
manufacturing  plant  and  lal)oratorv  situ- 
ated on  Potter  Street,  East  Canihridge,  was 
organized  in  the  }ear  1900  1)\-  the  seven  sons 
of  the  late  Herbert  M.  Warren  of  Newton, 
Mass.  (Albert  C,  Herbert  M.,  Henry  J., 
George  C,  Frederick  J.,  Walter  B.  and 
Ralph  L.  Warren),  the  father  being  one  of 
six  brothers  celebrated  in  their  time  as 
associated  as  far  back  as  1S47  in  lines 
of  business  analogous  to  that  of  Warren 
Brothers  Company,  and  as  inventors  of  the 
gravel  roof. 

One  of  the  (jlder  generation  was  the  first 
to  pump  oil  from  wells  to  railroad  through 
a  pijie  line,  the  ])oint  to  which  he  delivered 
the  oil  to  the  railroad  being  then  known  as 
"Warren  Landing,"  now  the  city  of 
Warren,   Pa. 

The  chief  business  of  Warren  Brothers 
Company  is  the  manufacture,  laying  and 
sale  of  the  pavement  known  as  "Bitu- 
lithic,"  constructetl  under  patents  issued  to 
the  late  Frederick  J.  Warren,  president  of 
the  Warren  limthers  Company  from  its 
organizatii;>n    until    his    death    in    February, 

1905- 

]\Ir.  Freilerick  J.  Warren's  early  training 

had  been  in  the  refineries  owned  by  his 
father  and  uncles,  and  these  associations 
were  the  stepping-stones  which  led  his  in- 
ventive mind  to  the  discovery  of  a  solution 
of  the  inherent  defects  in  the  pavement  with 
which  he  was  familiar.  He  had  travelled 
extensively  and  it  was  only  natural  tliat  he 
should  see  in  his  invention,  which  combined 
some  of  the  features  of  the  tar  macadam 
and  of  the  sheet  asphalt,  a  resulting  pave- 
ment that  would  to  a  high  degree  retain  the 
good  cjualities  of  each  of  these  types  and 
overcome  man}-  of  the  defects. 

Bitulithic  is  defined  in  Webster's  New 
International  I)ictionar\-  as  "designating  a 
kind  of  paving,  the  main  Ixnly  ni  which 
consists  of  broken  stone  cemented  together 
with  bitumen  or  asphalt." 

Bitulithic     is     distinctly     different     from 


"HERS    COMPANY 

HIC    I^.WEMEXT 

(ither  f(.irms  of  asphalt  ])avement,  in  that 
the  wearing  surface  is  composed  of  a  com- 
bination of  crushed  stone,  varying  in  size 
from  about  one  incli  to  impalpable  powder, 
the  several  sizes  being  so  proportioned  that 
each  receding  size  is  used  in  the  c|uantity 
re(iuired  to  fit  the  voids  or  air  spaces  be- 
tween the  jireceding  coarser  particles  of 
stone.  The  result  of  this  gradation  is  that 
the  "mineral  aggregate"  thus  produced  is 
within  ten  \kv  cent,  i.if  the  density  of 
solid  rock.  The  "mineral  aggregate"  is 
heated  to  a  temperature  of  about  300  de- 
grees F.,  mi.xed  with  pure  asphalt  (also  in 
a  heated  condition)  in  such  quantity  as  to 
coat  each  and  every  particle  of  stone  and 
thoroughI\-  fill  the  remaining  voids.  After 
the  proportions  have  been  determined,  "the 
mineral  aggregate"  is  passed  through  a  ro- 
tary dryer,  from  which  it  is  carried  b\-  an 
elevator  and  through  a  rotary  screen  which 
separates  the  material  into  several  differ- 
ent sizes.  The  jiroper  proportiims  l.)v  weight 
of  each  of  these  sizes  is  secured  by  the  use 
of  a  "multiljeam  scale"  and  the  exact  re- 
quired amount  is  weighed  out  into  a  "twin 
pug"  rotary  mixer,  where  it  is  coml_)ined 
with  the  bitulithic  cement  accurately 
weighed  in  proper  proportions.  The  mixer 
is  then  dumped,  while  hot,  into  carts  or 
trucks  and  is  then  hauled  to  the  streets, 
spread  and  thoroughly  rolled  with  a  heavy 
steam  roller.  Upon  this  is  spread  a  flush  coat 
of  special  bitulithic  cement,  thoroughly  seal- 
ing and  waterproofing  the  surface.  There 
is  then  applied  a  thin  layer  of  finely-crushed 
stone,  which  is  rolled  into  the  seal  coat, 
making  it  gritty  and  thereby  affording  a 
good  foothold  for  horses  and  a  surface 
upon  which  automobiles  will  not  skid. 

The  advantages  claimed  for  the  Bitu- 
lithic pavement  over  the  standard  .sheet 
asphalt  pavement  or  any  of  its  modifica- 
tions, such  as  the  so-called  asphaltic  con- 
crete pavement,  are:  Creater  stabilit\-  and 
consequent  durability,  better  foothold, 
greater  resiliency,  more  thoroughly  water- 
jjroof  and  therefore  more  sanitary. 


380 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


REUBEN  GLEASON 

Reuben  Gleason,  sole  surviving  partner 
of  R.  &  E.  F.  Gleason,  undertakers,  of  335 
Washington  Street,  Dorchester,  was  born  in 


REUBEN    GLEASON 


Boston,  August  13,  1846,  and  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools.  The  business  of  which 
he  is  now  head  was  established  in  1862,  by 
his  eldest  brother,  Sarell,  with  whom  he  was 
associated.  The  founder  of  the  business 
died  in  1879,  and  the  firm  became  R.  &  E. 
F.  Gleason,  the  latter  being  another  brother, 
who  died  in  1903.  During  his  career  as 
an  undertaker,  Mr.  Gleason  has  conducted 
funerals  for  many  of  the  best  known  people 
in  Dorchester  and  Milton,  and  has  per- 
formed similar  service  in  various  parts  of 
New  England.  His  estaljlishment  is  one  of 
the  largest  in  Greater  Boston,  and  the  ecjuip- 
ment  includes  four  auto  hearses,  two  auto- 
moliiles  for  mourners,  several  horse  vehicles, 
and  an  apartment  for  chapel  purposes. 

Mr.  Gleason  is  eighth  in  descent  from 
Thomas  Gleason,  who  was  born  in  Sulgrave, 
Northampton  Co.,  England,  in  1607,  and 
who  settled  in  Watertown  in  1640.  Air. 
Gleason  is  a  veteran  of  the  Civil  ^\'ar,  hav- 


ing gone  to  the  front  with  Co.  I,  42nd  Mas- 
sachusetts Volunteers.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic. 

FRANK  S.  ^\'ATERMAN 

The  undertaking  establishment  of  J.  S. 
Waterman  &  Sons,  Inc.,  has  as  its  presi- 
dent F"rank  S.  Waterman,  who,  in  the  thirt}-- 
seven  years  he  has  been  identified  with 
the  I)usiness,  has  worked  indefatigably  to 
make  it  one  of  the  leading  establishments  in 
its  line  in  the  country.  Mr.  Waterman  was 
l)orn  September  18.  1862,  in  a  modest  house 
at  2326  Washington  Street,  on  the  site  of 
the  present  magnificent  warehouses  and  of- 
fices, where  his  father,  Joseph  S.  Water- 
man, established  the  luisiness  February  21, 
1859,  and  lived  in  the  dwelling  above  his 
workroom  on  the  ground  floor.  Mr. 
Waterman  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  and  in  the  ]5r\ant  &  Stratton  Com- 
mercial College,  after  which  he  became  con- 
nected with  his  father's  business.    E^pon  the 


FRANK    S.    WATERMAN 


death  of  the  founder,  in  1893,  the  business 
was  continued  under  the  same  name  by  Mr. 
Waterman  and  his  brother,  George  H.,  who 


Till-:    r.OOK    OF    BOSTON 


381 


(lied  in  ic;i  I,  It  lias  since  liccn  incurporatcd, 
willi  Mr.  \\'at(.-rnian  as  president,  and  he 
has  as  associates  liis  nephew,  Jusepli  S. 
\\'aterman,    2nd.    and    his    sun,    Frank    S. 


Waterman, 


During;  his  term  as  execu- 


tive head  of  the  concern,  Mr.  Waterman  has 
introchiced  many  innovations,  which  have 
resulted  in  the  most  efficient  management 
and  prdduced  features  that  have  Ijeen  copied 
by  many  other  concerns  in  the  same  litie. 
The  system,  as  introduced  liy  Mr.  Water- 
man, gives  careful  attention  to  the  well- 
being  and  advancement  of  the  employees, 
and  this  has  produced  individual  and  col- 
lective elficiency  of  a  high  order.  Mr. 
Waterman  attended  the  Cincinnati  School 
of  Embalming  in  1882,  and  he  holds  the 
first  diploma  ever  issued  to  an  embalnier. 
He  has  served  in  the  Massachusetts  \^olun- 
teer  Militia,  is  a  member  (if  the  Mas(_)nic 
F'raternity,  Odd  Fellows,  Knights  of 
Pythias,  Mystic  Shrine,  Ancient  and  Hon- 


orable Artillery  Cdnipanv',  lioston  Chamber 
of  Commerce,  lldstdii  Cit\-  Club,  Massachu- 
setts F"uneral  Directors'  Ass(jciation  and 
many  other  (irganizatiuns.  The  firm  has 
had  charge  of  the  funeral  of  some  of  the 
ntost  noted  persons  in  recent  years,  and  its 
estalilishment  on  Washington  Street  in- 
cludes an  elaborately  fitted-up  chapel  for 
mortuary  purposes. 


Boston  nuist  long  be  memorable  among 
the  great  cities  of  the  world  as  the  place  of 
the  historic  Tea  Party.  The  earliest  im- 
porters of  tea  came  to  this  port,  and  Bost(jn, 
notwithstanding  the  extension  of  the  busi- 
ness through  the  growth  of  the  country,  still 
retains  her  prominence  in  the  tea  trade,  and 
this  city  is  one  (jf  the  largest  distriljuting 
centres  for  tea. 


The  B(jston  hospitals  and  homes  for  the 
aged  and  infirm  are  unsurj)assed  in  manage- 
ment and  equipment  by  any  city  in  America. 


CORNHILI.,  A  FAMOUS  BOSTON  THOROUGHFARE.       HOME  OF  THE  OLD  BOOK  STORE  CULTI\  ATKU  BY 
THE    "boston    literati"    OF    THE    DAY.       LOOKING    EAST    FROM    COURT    STREET 


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THE    HOOK    OP^    F.OSTOX 


\\AL\\URT11     AlAXLTACTURING    COMPANY 


C.    C.    WALWORTH 
DECEASED 


The  \\'al\v(.)rth  Manufacturing  Ci:impan\-, 
cne  of  the  largest  imhistrial  CDUcerns  in 
New  England,  was  established  in  New  York 
in  1842  b}-  ^lessrs.  J-  J.  Walworth  and 
Joseph  Nason  under  the  firm  name  of 
"AX  alwdrth  &  Nason."  A  year  later  a 
Boston  plant  was  established  by  Mr.  J-  J. 
Walworth  under  the  name  of  "J.  J.  Wal- 
worth &  Company."  hi  1872  the  business 
was  inc(irpcirated  under  its  present  title 
(Walworth  ^lanufacturing  Company)  with 
Air.  J.  J.  Walworth  as  president,  Alarshall 
S.  Scudder  as  treasurer  and  C.  C.  Wal- 
worth as  tnanager  of  the  mechanical  de- 
])artment.  In  the  following  }ear  Mr.  C.  C. 
^\'alworth  was  elected  vice-])resident  and 
yiv.  E.  C.  Hammer  succeetled  Mr.  Scud- 
der in  1875  as  treasurer,  wlin  in  turn  was 
succeeded  by  Mr.  George  H.  Craves  in 
1886.  From  1880  to  1908,  I\Ir.  (leorge  1!. 
Little  served  as  vice-president  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Mr.  Charles  C.  Hoyt.  who  had 
been  for  some  time  a  director  of  the  coni- 
pany.  Mr.  Theodore  W.  Little  was  elected 
vice-president  in  1913.  Mr.  J.  J.  Walworth 
retired  as  president  in  1891  and  was  fol- 
lowed by  Mr.  C.  C.  Walworth  until  his 
death  in  1894,  at  which  time  Mr.  Wallace 


L.   Pierce   was  elected   president,   and  held 
the  office  until    1913.     Mr.  Howard  Coon- 
ley,  a  successful  Chicago  manufacturer,  was 
at  this  time  offered  and  accepted  the  ofifice 
of  president.     The  ])lant,  originally  located 
in   Cambridgeport,  was  moved  in    1882  to 
City   Point,    South    Boston,    where   it   now 
tccupies   thirteen   acres  of   land,   bordering 
I  n  the  reserve  channel,  and  served  with  an 
industrial     railway     connecting     with     the 
N.  \.,  X.  H.  &  H.  Railroad.    There  is  now 
in  the  variijus  buildings  including  the  gray 
inn    and    malleable    foundries    and    drop 
forge  shdp.   about   525,000  scj.    ft.   of   floor 
space,  and   in  busy  times  al)out    1,300  men 
are  employed.     The  success  uf  the  business 
A\as  largelx-  due  to  the  ingenuity  and  abil- 
ity  of    Mr.    C.    C.    Walworth,   who   was  a 
pi:  neer  in  his  line  and  the  first  to  develop 
a  range  of  sizes  and  weights  for  valves  and 
fittings.      He    invented   and    built    the   first 
machine  for  doing  multiple  work;  was  the 
first  one  t(j  develop  a  satisfactorv  radiator 
for  steam  heating  purposes  and  was  a  power 
in  the  development  of  tools  for  the  steam 
fitting  trade.     The  company's  products  con- 
sist of  cast  iron,  malleable  iron,  brass  and 
steel   valves  and   fittings    fur  all    purposes; 
A\alw(jrth   die  plates,   pipe  cutters,   Stillson 
w  renches,  taps  and  reamers,  etc.     The  com- 
I)any  also  are  large  fabricators  of  pipe  and 
pil)e  Ijends,  and  cater  particularly  to  high- 
pressure     ])(iwer     ])lants.      The     e.Kecutive 
offices  are  located  at  the  works  at  First  and 
O   Streets,  City  Point,  with  branch  stores 
at    142    High    Street,    Boston;    19-21    Cliff' 
Street,  New  York  City,  and  220-222  North 
Desplaines    Street,    Chicago,    111.      Foreign 
branches    are    located    in    London,    Paris, 
Bremen,   Brus.sels  and  Johannesburg,   with 
sales  offices  at  Los  Angeles,   Cal. ;   Dallas, 
Te.xas;    Buenos   .Aires,   Argentine,   Sydney, 
Australia,  and  Havana,  Culja. 


THE 
BOOK  OF  BOSTON 


Fifty    Years'  Recollections  of  the  New  England  Metropolis 


CHAPTER   XIX 


THE  BAR  OF  BOSTON 

Some  of  the  Leaders  of  the  Legal  Profession  of  the  Past  Whose  Brilliance  and 

Learning  in  the  Law  Have  Made  the  City  Known  in  the  Courts  of 

State  and  Nation — Old-Time  and   Modern   Customs 


SHE  first  practicing  attorneys 
in  Boston  had  a  hard  time 
of  it.  They  were  Thomas 
Lechford  and  Herbert  Pel- 
ham,  both  London-bred  to 
the  law.  Both  after  a  few 
years  retnrned  to  England,  disgusted,  and 
Lechford  wrote  a  book  on  his  melancholy 
experiences. 

Lechford,  of  Clement's  Inn,  came  to  Bos- 
ton in  1637.  He  found  attorneys  discoun- 
tenanced here,  though  not  actually  forbid- 
den. A  prisoner  or  suitor  might  plead  his 
own  cause,  or  a  friend  might  appear  in  his 
behalf,  but  not  for  a  fee.  Lechford,  for 
going  to  a  jury  and  pleading  with  them  out 
of  court,  was  "debarred  from  pleading  any 
man's  cause  hereafter  unless  his  own,  and 
admonished  not  to  presume  to  meddle  be- 
yond what  he  shall  be  called  to  by  the 
Court."  Thereafter  the  ilnhappy  lawyer  en- 
deavored to  maintain  himself  as  a  scrivener, 
and  he  obtained  some  employment  from  the 
magistrates.  But  it  profited  him  little.  "I 
am  forced,"  he  writes,  "to  get  my  living  by 
writing  petty  things  which  scarce  finds  me 
in  bread ;  and  therefore  sometimes  I  look  to 
planting  of  corn,  but  have  not  yet  an  house 
of  my  own  to  put  my  head  in,  or  any  stock 
going." 

It  was  not  until  1701,  in  Province  times, 
that  attorneys  were  recognized  as  officers  of 
the  Court.  They  were  required  to  take  this 
oath  before  practicing: 


"  You  shall  do  no  falsehood,  or  consent  to  any 
to  be  done  in  the  Court,  and  if  you  know  of  any  to 
be  done  you  shall  give  knowledge  thereof  to  the 
justices  of  the  Court,  or  some  of  them,  that  it  may 
be  reformed.  You  shall  not  wittingly  or  willingly 
promote,  sue,  or  procure  to  be  sued,  any  false  or 
unlawful  suit  nor  give  any  aid  or  consent  to  the 
same.  You  shall  delay  no  man  for  lucre  or  malice, 
but  you  shall  use  yourself  in  the  office  of  an  attorney 
within  the  Court  to  the  best  of  your  learning  and 
discretion,  and  with  all  good  fidelity  as  well  to  the 
Courts  as  to  your  clients." 

The  same  act  in  which  this  form  of  oath 
was  prescribed  fixed  the  fee  to  be  allowed  an 
attorney.  In  the  Superior  Court  of  Judi- 
cature it  was  to  be  twelve  shillings;  in  the 
Superior  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  ten  shil- 
lings. By  an  act  of  1708  parties  were  pro- 
hibited from  employing  more  than  two  at- 
torneys, and  no  attorney  was  to  refuse  his 
services  provided  he  were  tendered  the  legal 
fee. 

Benjamin  Lynde  was  the  first  Massachu- 
setts-born law)er  to  be  regularly  educated  to 
the  profession,  and  it  has  been  asserted  that 
he  was  the  first  trained  lawyer  on  the  bench. 
Though  born  in  Salem,  and  making  that 
town  his  residence  through  the  larger  part 
of  his  life,  his  legal  service  was  connected 
almost  wholly  with  Boston.  He  was  grad- 
uated from  Harvard  College  in  1686,  and  in 
1692  went  to  London,  where  he  became  a 
student  at  law  in  the  IMiddle  Temple.  In 
1697  he  was  called  to  the  bar.  The  same 
year  he  returned  to  Massachusetts  with  a 
commission  as  advocate  general  of  the 
Court  of  Admiralty  of  Massachusetts,  Con- 
necticut, and  Rhode  Island;  and  established 


Tin-:  r.noK  ()i-~  bostox 


3S5 


himself  in  Boston.  In  1699  he  married  a 
Salem  lady  and  removed  his  residence  again 
to  Salem.  He  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the 
Su|)eri()r  Court  nf  Judicature  in  17 12,  and 
in  1729  was  matle  chief  justice.  He  retired 
from  the  bench  in  1745,  and  died  in  1749. 
His  son,  IJenjamin  Lynde,  Jr.,  born  in 
Salem  in  1700,  graduated  frdui  Harvarel  in 
1718,  and  educated  to  the  law  under  his 
father's  direction,  and  an  uncle's — Colonel 
S.  I'.rown — also  became  a  judge,  and  suc- 
ceeded his  father  on  the  Superior  l)ench. 
He  was  first  appointed,  in  1739,  a  justice 
of  the  Inferior  Court  of  Common  Pleas  for 
Essex  County.  Then,  in  the  }ear  of  the 
elder  L\nde's  resignation  from  the  Superior 
bench,  1745.  he  was  made  a  justice  of  that 
court,  and  in  1769  was  elevated  to  the  chief 
justiceship.  He  resigned  in  1771,  and  was 
subsequentl}'  appointed  judge  of  probate  for 
Essex  County,  which  berth  he  held  till  his 
death,  in  1781.  The  Lyndes,  when  living 
in  Boston, — Simon,  land  speculator,  father 
of  Benjamin,  senior,  antl  the  two  Ben- 
jamins, father  and  son,  resided  at  the  old 
West  End,  on  the  lane  which  Ijecame  Lynde 
Street,  named  for  the  family. 

Jeremiah  Gridley,  who  flourished  in  the 
law  between  1742  and  1767,  has  been  called 
the  'leather  of  the  Boston  Bar."  Born  in 
Boston  in  1705,  graduated  from  Harvard, 
1725,  Gridley  first  studied  divinity  and 
taught  a  Boston  school.  Then  he  became  an 
editor,  founding  the  IVcckly  RcJicarsal  in 
1 73 1,  more  purely  literary  than  any  of  its 
contemporaries,  w  hich  ran  for  a  year.  After- 
ward, when  he  had  liegun  the  practice  of 
law,  he  edited  for  a  while  the  Aiiicrkan 
.][tuja.::inc  ami  Historical  Chronicle  started 
up  in  1743.  During  almost  all  of  his  career 
at  the  bar  he  occupied  the  position  of  attor- 
ney general.  In  1761  he  acted  as  king's  at- 
torney in  defending  the  ^^'rits  of  Assistance, 
with  his  former  pupil,  James  Otis,  against 
him.  As  a  lawyer  he  is  described  as  "of  a 
daring  and  fearless  spirit.  "  Possessed  of 
extensive  and  accurate  learning  he  became 
one  of  the  most  eminent  lawyers  of  the 
Province.  His  ofifice  was  a  favorite  place 
with     students     of     talent     and     ambition. 


Among  his  pupils,  besides  (_)tis,  who  became 
distinguished  in  the  profession,  were  (Jxen- 
bridge  Thacher,  William  Cushing,  Ben- 
jamin Prat,  afterward  chief  justice  of  New 
York,  John  Adaius.  He  urged  upon  them 
above  all  else  the  thorough  study  of  the  law. 
"Pursue  the  study  of  the  law  rather  than 
the  gain  of  it,"  he  counselled  John  Adams; 
"Pursue  the  study  of  the  law  rather  than 
of  the  briers,  but  give  your  main  attention 
to  the  study  of  it." 

Before  Gridley,  and  as  eminent,  was  John 
Read,  his  predecessor  in  the  attorney  gen- 
eralship. James  ( )tis  characterized  Read  as 
the  "greatest  common  lawyer  the  country 
ever  saw."  Knajip,  in  his  "Biographical 
Sketches  of  Eminent  Lawyers,"  spoke  of 
him  as  "the  pride  of  the  bar,  the  light  of  the 
law,  and  chief  among  the  wise,  the  witty,, 
and  the  eloc|uent."  He  was  a  Harvard 
graduate,  1697,  and,  like  Gridley,  first 
studied  divinit}'.  He  took  up  the  study  of 
law  after  preaching  some  time  acceptably ^ 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  about  1720. 
He  was  chosen  attorney-general  three  years, 
after,  and  served  in  that  station  till  1735. 
He  was  a  memlier  of  the  General  Court  for 
several  years  from  1738,  and  was  the  first 
lawyer  chosen  to  that  body.  He  was  one  of 
the  counsel  for  the  Province  in  its  contest 
with  Rhode  Island  over  the  boundary  line. 
He  died  in  1749.  Davis,  in  the  Suffolk 
County  History,  ranks  him  as  "probably  the 
ablest  law_\er  in  Massachusetts  before  the 
Revolution." 

So  late  as  1 768  there  were  1  jut  eleven  bar- 
risters in  Boston,  or  Suffolk  County,  and 
the  whole  number  in  the  Province  was  only 
twenty-five.  The  eleven  Suffolk  barristers^ 
as  enumerated  1)\'  Davis,  were :  Richard 
Dana,  Benjamin  Kent,  James  Otis,  Jr.,. 
Samuel  Fitch,  William  Read,  Samuel  Swift, 
Benjamin  Gridley.  Samuel  Ouincy,  Robert 
Auchmuty,  and  Arthur  Cazeneau,  of  Bos- 
ton, and  Jonathan  Adams  of  Braintree. 
After  1768  thirty  more  were  called  in  Mas- 
sachusetts, of  whom  five  were  of  Boston : 
Sampson  S.  Blowers,  Benjamin  Hitchborn„ 
William  Tudor,  Perez  Morton,  and  William 
Wetmore.  No  barristers  were  called  after 
1789. 


386 


THE    BOOK  OF    BOSTON 


The  title  i)f  barrister  appears  to  have  been 
first  used  in  the  Province  courts  by  Thomas 
Newton,  who  came  to  Boston  from  Eng- 
land, in  1688,  then  a  young  man,  and  began 
practice  here;  in  1691  he  was  the  prose- 
cuting officer  in  the  "witchcraft"  trials  in 
Salem.  Thereafter  the  title  was  used  occa- 
sionally by  the  elder  members  of  the  bar  for 
nearly  three-quarters  of  a  century.  Then, 
in  1 76 1,  the  Superior  Court  determined  that 
three  years'  probation  in  a  lower  court  was 
necessary  to  become  a  barrister.  In  1766 
this  term  was  extended.  In  1782  the  Su- 
preme Court  was  authorized  to  confer  the 
degree  of  barrister-at-law.  This,  however, 
was  done  only  for  a  short  time.  None  was 
conferred  after  1784.  The  term  barrister 
was  abolished  in  1806  and  that  of  counsel- 
lor was  recognized  for  the  first  time  by  the 
Supreme  Judicial  Court.  In  1836  the  dis- 
tinction between  counsellor  and  att(irney 
was  abolished. 

No  specific  requirements  for  admission  to 
the  bar,  beyond  the  oath  prescribed  in  the 
law  of  1 701,  seem  to  have  been  established 
by  the  Court,  no  definite  term  of  study  re- 
quired as  a  qualification,  till  1781,  when  this 
entry  appears  on  the  records  of  the  Superior 
Court  of  Judicature : 

"  Whereas,  learning  and  literary  accomplishments 
are  necessary  as  well  to  promote  the  happiness  as  to 
preserve  the  freedom  of  the  people,  and  the  learning 
of  the  law  when  duly  encouraged  and  rightly  directed 
being  as  well  peculiarly  subservient  to  the  great  and 
good  purpose  aforesaid,  as  promotive  of  public  and 
private  justice;  and  the  Court  being  at  all  times 
ready  to  bestow  peculiar  marks  of  approbation  upon 
the  gentlemen  of  the  bar  who,  by  a  close  application 
to  the  study  of  the  science  they  profess,  by  a  mode 
of  conduct  which  gives  a  conviction  of  the  rectitude 
of  their  minds,  and  a  fairness  of  practice  that  does 
honor  to  the  profession  of  the  law,  shall  distinguish 
themselves  as  men  of  science,  honor,  and  integrity: 
Do  order  that  no  gentleman  shall  be  called  to  the 
degree  of  Barrister  until  he  shall  merit  the  same  by 
his  conspicuous  bearing,  ability,  and  honesty;  and 
that  the  Court  will,  of  their  own  mere  motion,  call 
to  the  Bar  such  persons  as  shall  render  themselves 
worthy  as  aforesaid;  and  that  the  manner  of  calling 
to  the  Bar  shall  be  as  follows:  The  gentleman  who 
shall  be  a  candidate  shall  stand  within  the  Bar,  the 
Chief  Justice,  or  in  his  absence  the  senior  Justice, 
shall,  in  the  name  of  the  Court,  repeat  to  him  the 
qualifications  necessary  for  a  Barrister-at-law;  shall 
let  him  know  that  it  is  a  conviction  in  the  mind  of 
the  Court  of  his  being  possessed  of  these  qualifica- 
tions that  induces  them  to  confer  the  honor  upon 
hi;ii;    and   shall  solemnly  charge  him  so  to  conduct 


himself  as  to  be  of  singuFar  service  to  his  country 
by  exerting  his  abilities  for  the  defence  of  her 
constitutional  freedom;  and  so  to  demean  himself 
as  to  do  honour  to  the  Court  and  Bar." 

The  next  year,  1782,  the  act  establishing 
the  Supreme  Judicial  Court  gave  this  Court 
authority  to  regulate  the  admission  of  attor- 
neys as  well  as  the  creation  of  barristers- 
at-law. 

Long  before  the  estal)lishment  of  the  rule 
by  the  Superior  Court  in  1781,  however,  the 
student  who  could  be  competent  for  admis- 
sion to  this  bar,  and  to  take  a  leading  posi- 
tion in  the  profession,  was,  or  felt,  obhged 
to  follow  a  pretty  elaborate  course  of  read- 
ing. John  Adams,  in  his  Diary,  relates  with 
picturesque  detail  his  interview  with  Gridley 
when  he  came  to  town  to  prepare  for  admis- 
sion to  the  Suffolk  bar,  and  the  tasks  which 
the  "Father  of  the  Boston  Bar"  set  for  him  : 

"  24.  [October]  Tuesday  [1758].  Rode  to  Boston; 
arrived  at  about  half  after  ten;  went  into  the  Court 
House  and  sat  down  by  Mr.  Paine  at  the  lawyer's 
table.  I  felt  shy,  under  awe  and  concern;  for 
Mr.  Gridley,  Mr.  Prat,  Mr.  Otis,  Mr.  Kent  and 
Mr.  Thacher  were  all  present  and  looked  sour.  I 
had  no  acquaintance  with  anybody  but  Paine  and 
Ouincy,  and  they  took  but  little  notice.  However, 
I  attended  court  steadily  all  day,  and  at  night  went 
to  consort  with  Samuel  Ouincy  and  Dr.  Gardiner. 
There  I  saw  the  most  spacious  and  elegant  room, 
the  gayest  company  of  gentlemen,  and  the  finest 
row  of  ladies  that  ever  I  saw.  [Adams  at  this  time 
was  twenty-three];  but  the  weather  was  dull,  and  I 
so  disordered,  that  I  could  not  make  one  half  the 
observations  that   I   wanted  to  make. 

"  25.  Wednesday.  Went  in  the  morning  to  Mr. 
Gridley  and  asked  the  favor  of  his  advice  what  steps 
to  take  for  an  introduction  to  the  practice  of  law  in 
this  county.  He  answered,  '  Get  sworn.'  Ego. 
'  But  in  order  to  do  that,  sir,  as  I  have  no  patron 
in  this  county' —  G.  T  will  recommend  you  to  the 
Court;  mark  the  day  the  Court  adjourns  to  in  order 
to  make  up  judgments;  come  to  town  that  day,  and 
in  the  mean  time  I  will  speak  to  the  bar;  for  the 
bar  must  be  consulted,  because  the  Court  always 
inquires  if  it  be  with  the  consent  of  the  bar.' 

"  Then  Mr.  Gridley  inquired  what  method  of 
study  I  had  pursued;  what  Latin  books  I  read, 
what  Greek,  what  French?  What  I  had  read  upon 
rhetoric?  Then  he  took  his  commonplace  book  and 
gave  me  Lord  Hale's  advice  to  a  student  of  the 
common  law;  and  when  I  had  read  that,  he  gave 
me  Lord  C.  J.  Reeve's  advice  to  his  nephew  in  the 
study  of  the  common  law.  Then  he  gave  me  a 
letter  from  Dr.  Dickins,  Professor  of  Law  at  the 
L'niversity  of  Cambridge,  to  him,  pointing  out  a 
method  of  studying  the  civil  law;  then  he  turned 
to  a  letter  he  wrote  to  Judge  Lightfoot,  Judge  of 
the  .'\dmiralty  in  Rhode  Island,  directing  to  a  method 
of    studying    the    admiralty    law.     Then  Mr.  Gridley 


rtMbhKTO.N    SQUAIU.,    LOOKING    NOKTH,    THE    COURT    HOL'SE    OX    THE     LEFT 

AND    OFFICE    BUILDINCS    ON    THE    RIGHT,    LARGELY    TENANTED 

BY    LAWYERS    AND    COURT    OFFICES 


388 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


run  a  comparison  between  the  business  and  studies 
of  a  lawyer,  a  gentleman  of  the  bar  in  England,  and 
those  of  one  here:  A  lawyer  in  this  country  must 
studv  common  law,  and  civil  law,  and  natural  law, 
and  admiralty  law;  and  must  do  the  duty  of  a 
counsellor,  a  lawyer,  an  attorney,  a  solicitor,  and 
even  of  a  scrivener;  so  that  the  difficulties  of  the 
profession  are  much  greater  than  in  England.  '  The 
difficulties  that  attend  the  study  may  discourage 
some,  but  they  never  discouraged  me.'  (Here  is 
conscious  superiority.)  '  I  have  a  few  pieces  of 
advice  to  give  you,  Mr.  Adams.  One  is,  to  pursue 
the  study  of  the  law  rather  than  the  gain  of  it; 
pursue  the  gain  of  it  enough  to  keep  out  of  the 
briers,  but  give  your  main  attention  to  the  study  of 
it.  The  next  is,  not  to  marry  early;  for  an  early 
marriage  will  obstruct  your  improvement;  and,  in 
the  next  place,  it  will  involve  you  in  expense.  An- 
other thing  is,  not  to  keep  much  company,  for  the 
application  of  a  man  who  aims  to  be  a  lawyer  must 
be  incessant;  his  attention  to  his  books  must  be 
constant,  which  is  inconsistent  with  keeping  much 
company.  In  the  study  of  law,  the  common  law  be 
sure  deserves  your  first  and  last  attention;  and  he 
has  conquered  all  the  difficulties  of  this  law  who  is 
master  of  the  Institute.  You  must  conquer  the 
Institute.  The  road  of  science  is  much  easier  now 
than  it  was  when  I  set  out;  I  began  with  Coke- 
Littleton,  and  broke  through.'  I  asked  his  advice 
about  studying  Greek.  He  answered,  '  It  is  a  matter 
of  mere  curiosity.' 

"  After  this  long  and  familiar  conversation  we  went 
to  Court,  attended  all  day,  and  in  the  evening  I  went 
to  ask  Mr.  Thacher's  [Oxenbridge  Thacher]  con- 
currence with  the  bar;  drank  tea  and  spent  the 
whole  evening  —  upon  original  sin,  origin  of  evil, 
the  plan  of  the  universe,  and  at  last  upon  law." 

Adams  describes  the  ceremony  of  his  in- 
duction as  an  attorney  by  the  Superior 
Court,  in  1761  : 


"  14.  [October,  1761] 
[Samuel  Quincy]  and 
Superior  Court.  It  is 
since  I  began  the  study 
three  years  since  I  was 
[1758]  ...  Mr.  Gridley 
right  hand  and  said,  '  M 
rose  up;  then  he  bowed 
I  walked  out." 


Saturday.  Brother  Quincy 
I  were  sworn  before  the 
now  more  than  five  years 
of  the  law;  and  it  is  about 
sworn  at  the  Inferior  Court, 
rose  up  and  bowed  to  his 
r.  Quincy,'  when  Mr.  Quincy 
to  me,  '  Mr.  Adams,'  when 


Then  Mr.  Gridlc}-  made  a  speech  com- 
mending the  accompHshments  and  character 
of  the  two  young  candidates;  Benjamin 
Prat  followed  with  a  few  words  of  similar 
nature ;  then  the  oath  was  administered ; 
then  the  two  shook  hands  with  the  meiubers 
of  the  bar  present,  "received  their  congratu- 
lations, and  invited  them  over  to  Stone's  to 
drink  some  punch,  where  the  most  of  us  re- 
sorted and  had  a  very  cheerful  chat." 

When,  in  1806,  counsellors  were  for  the 


first  time  recognized,  these  rules  were 
atlopted  by  the  Supreme  Judicial  Court  for 
admission  to  practice : 

"  (1)  No  attorney  shall  do  the  business  of  a 
counsellor  unless  he  shall  have  been  made  or  ad- 
mitted as  such  by  the  Court.  (2)  All  attorneys  of 
the  Court  who  have  been  admitted  three  years- 
before  the  sitting  of  the  Court  shall  be,  and  are 
hereby  made,  counsellors,  and  are  entitled  to  all  the 
rights  and  privileges  of  such.  (3)  No  attorney  or 
counsellor  shall  hereafter  be  admitted  without  a 
previous  examination.  (4)  The  Court  will  from  time- 
to  time  appoint  from  the  barristers  and  counsellors 
a  competent  number  of  examiners,  any  two  or  more- 
of  whom  shall  examine  all  candidates  for  admission 
to  practice  as  counsellors  or  attorneys,  at  their 
expense;  and  whenever  a  candidate  shall  upon  ex- 
amination be  by  them  deemed  duly  qualified,  they 
shall  give  a  certificate  in  the  form  following.  .  .  . 
(5)  If  after  an  examination  the  examiners  shall  refuse- 
such  a  certificate  as  aforesaid,  they  shall  be  required 
to  give  a  certificate  of  their  refusal,  and  the  candi- 
date may  appeal  from  the  decision  of  the  examiners 
to  a  justice  of  the  Court,  who  will  thereupon  ex- 
amine him  and  either  confirm  or  reverse  the  decision 
of  the  examiners;  and  in  case  of  a  reversal,  the 
candidate  may  apply  to  the  Court  for  admission. 
...  (8)  The  following  described  persons  shall  be 
candidates  for  examination  and  admission  to  the  bar 
as  attorneys,  that  is  to  say  —  firstly,  all  who  have 
been  heretofore  admitted  as  attorneys  in  any  Court 
of  Common  Pleas  in  the  Commonwealth,  and  who 
at  the  time  they  shall  apply  for  examination  shall 
be  in  regular  practice  therein;  and  second,  all  such 
as  have,  besides  a  good  school  education,  devoted 
seven  years  at  the  least  to  literary  acquisition,  and 
three  years  thereof  at  the  least  in  the  office  and 
under  the  instruction  of  a  barrister  or  counsellor 
practicing  in  the  Court." 

The  next  year,  1807,  these  rules  were 
amended  by  the  provision  that  "all  gentle- 
men proposed  by  the  bar  for  admission  as 
attorneys  of  the  Court  before  the  establish- 
ment of  the  rules  regulating  the  admission 
of  attorneys  published  in  March,  1806,  may 
be  admitted  as  attorneys  of  the  Common- 
wealth in  the  same  manner  as  they  might 
have  been  before  the  establishment  of  said 
rules."  In  1810  the  Court  repealed  the 
rules  of  1806  and  substituted  a  new  set.  The 
principal  features  in  this  set  related  to  can- 
didates having  a  liberal  education  and  regu- 
lar degree  at  some  college.  Such  were  to 
have  studied  in  the  office  and  under  the  in- 
struction of  some  counsellor  of  the  Com- 
monwealth for  three  years;  after  that,  he 
was  to  have  been  admitted  an  attorney  of 
the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  for  the  county 
in  which  the  counsellor  with  whom  he  had 


m} 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


studied  dwelt, — having  first  been  recom- 
mended by  the  bar  of  that  county  to  the 
Court  of  Common  Pleas  as  of  "good  moral 
character,  and  as  suitably  qualified  for  such 
admission" ;  and  after  that,  was  to  have 
practiced  "with  fidelity  and  ability"  in  some 
Court  of  Common  Pleas  within  the  State 
for  two  years;  and  then  should  be  recom- 
mended by  the  bar  for  admission  as  an 
attorney  of  the  Supreme  Court.  Also,  pro- 
vision was  made  for  the  admission  of  col- 
lege-bred students  studying  in  the  offices  and 
under  the  instruction  of  attorneys  of  the 
highest  Court  in  other  States.  In  1836  pro- 
vision was  made  by  law  for  examination  for 
admission  to  the  bar  of  "any  citizen  of  the 
Commonwealth,  or  any  alien  who  had  ex- 
pressed his  intention  pursuant  to  law  to  be- 
come a  citizen,  of  twenty-one  years  of  age, 
of  good  moral  character,"  and  such  citizen 
"might  become  an  attorney  after  three  years' 
study,  and  on  the  recommendation  of  an 
attorney." 

When  the  first  Bar  Association  was 
formed  is  not  known.  It  appears  to  have 
been  dissolved  some  time  between  the  dates 
of  1 76 1  and  1767.  In  January,  1770,  the 
second  Bar  Association  was  organized,  at  a 
meeting  of  leading  barristers  and  attorneys 
at  the  Bunch  of  Grapes  tavern.  The  rules 
of  this  Association  regulated  admission 
to  the  bar.  One  of  the  rules  was  that  no 
member  should  receive  a  student  in  his  of- 
fice without  the  consent  of  the  bar.  It  was 
further  voted,  "That  in  all  cases  when  a 
gentleman  shall  be  proposed  as  a  student 
who  has  not  had  a  college  education  he  shall 
always  undergo  an  examination  by  a  com- 
mittee appointed  by  the  bar  previous  to  his 
admission  as  a  student."  And  further, 
"That  all  students  of  colleges  out  of  the 
State  be  not  admitted  to  the  bar  until  they 
shall  have  studied  one  year  longer  than 
those  educated  at  Harvard  University." 
While  the  entries  in  the  "Record  Book"  of 
this  Association,  now  preserved  in  the  Mas- 
sachusetts Historical  Society's  library,  end 
with  the  year  1805,  it  is  Mr.  Davis's  opinion 
(Suffolk  County  History)  that  the  organ- 
ization continued  till  1836,  when  the  amend- 


ments in  the  Revised  Statutes  seemed  to 
render  its  existence  no  longer  necessary. 
After  its  dissolution  no  other  Bar  Associa- 
tion was  formed  in  Suffolk  County  till  1875, 
when  the  present  "Bar  Association  of  the 
City  of  Boston"  was  instituted.  This  was 
organized  on  the  tenth  of  June,  1S76,  with 
the  following  officers,  all  representative 
members  of  the  local  bar :  Sidney  Bartlett, 
president;  Henry  W.  Paine,  William  Gas- 
ton, William  G.  Russell,  vice-presidents; 
Richard  Olney,  treasurer;  Albert  E.  Pills- 
bury,  secretary;  Ebenezer  Rockwood  Hoar, 
Horace  C.  Hutchins,  Gustavus  A.  Somerby, 
Robert  M.  Morse,  Jr.,  Henry  M.  Rogers, 
executive  committee;  Richard  H.  Dana,  Jr., 
Charles  R.  Train,  Seth  J.  Thomas,  George 
O.  Shattuck,  Walbridge  A.  Field,  Robert  D. 
Smith,  Thomas  L.  Livermore,  J.  Lewis 
Stackpole,  Samuel  A.  B.  Abbott,  Moses 
Williams,  Jr.,  judicial  committee.  The  ob- 
jects of  the  Association,  as  officially  defined, 
are  "to  promote  social  intercourse  among 
the  members  of  the  bar,  to  insure  conform- 
ity to  a  high  standard  of  professional  duty, 
and  to  make  the  practice  of  law  efficient  in 
the  administration  of  justice."  In  the  pur- 
suit of  these  objects  the  Association  regards 
it  its  duty  upon  occasion  to  procure  the  ex- 
pulsion from  the  bar  of  lawyers  guilty  of 
professional  misconduct,  and  in  all  proper 
ways  to  sustain  the  pure  and  able  adminis- 
tration of  law.  The  presidents  after  Sidney 
Bartlett  have  been :  Judge  Benjamin  F. 
Thomas,  E.  Rockwood  Hoar,  William  Gas- 
ten,  William  G.  Russell,  Causten  Browne, 
Judge  John  Lowell. 

Among  the  large  names  at  the  Boston,  or 
Suffolk,  bar  at  periods  in  the  first  half  of 
the  nineteenth  century  were:  Francis  Dana, 
the  first  Judge  John  Lowell,  Harrison  Gray 
Otis,  Theophilus  Parsons,  Samuel  Sewall, 
Benjamin  Austin,  Samuel  Dexter,  Christo- 
pher Gore,  James  Sullivan,  Daniel  Webster, 
Jeremiah  Mason,  the  Curtises, — George 
Ticknor  and  Benjamin  Robbins, — Lemuel 
Shaw,  Peleg  Sprague,  Henry  F.  Durant, 
Rufus  Choate. 

Webster's  office  was  in  a  building  on  the 
lower  corner  of  Court  and  Tremont  Streets. 


THK    BOOK    OF    BOSTOX 


3Qt 


He  rtrst  entered  the  law  office  of  Christopher 
Gore,  then  in  Scollay's  Building.  He  had 
come  to  Boston  a  young  man  fresh  from 
tlie  country.  Gore  moved  his  admission  to 
the  bar  in  1805,  in  the  Court  of  Common 
Pleas,  and,  according  to  the  old  custom, 
made  a  brief  speech  in  commendation  of  his 
pupil.     "It  is  a  well-knriwn  traditinn,"  says 


pears  to  have  been  unwilling  to  repeat  the 
words  of  Mr.  Gore's  address."  I\Ir.  Web- 
ster then  returned  to  New  Ham])shire,  and 
soon  became  a  leader  of  the  bar  there.  But 
in  a  few  years  he  was  back  in  Boston,  and 
became  permanently  a  citizen  of  Boston 
in  1816.  Although  he  practiced  somewhat 
in  the  State,   his  chief  business  was  in  the 


ANOTHER    VIEW    OF    THE    SUFFOLK    COUNTY    COURT    HOUSE,    PEMBERTON    SQUARE 

AT    THE    EXTREME     LEFT    AT    THE    END    OF    THE    STREET    APPEARS 

THE     ELKS    CLUB 


George  Ticlvnor  Curtis  in  the  Life  of  Web- 
ster, "that  on  this  occasion  Mr.  Gore  pre- 
dicted the  future  eminence  of  his  young 
friend.  What  he  said  has  not  been  pre- 
served, but  that  he  said  what  Mr.  Welister 
never  forgot,  that  it  was  distinctl)'  a  predic- 
tion, and  that  it  e.xcited  in  him  a  resolve 
that  it  shiiuld  nnt  go  unfulfilled,  we  have 
upun    his    own    autliuritN',    althnugh    he    ap- 


United  States  Supreme  Court.     Before  that 
tribunal  all  his  greatest  efforts  were  made. 

Theophilus  Parsons  came  to  Boston  from 
Newlniryport  in  1806  with  a  high  reputa- 
tion. John  T.  Morse  (Memorial  History 
of  Boston  )  describes  him  as  a  master  of 
prize  and  admiraltv  law.  He  never  used  a 
brief,  says  Morse,  trusting  with  perfect  con- 
fidence to   a   nienmrx'   of    extraiirdinar\-   tc- 


392 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


nacity.  Chief  Justice  Isaac  Parker  (  1814- 
1830)  thus  pictured  him  in  argument:  "He 
put  (ine  foot  on  his  chair,  and,  with  an  elljow 
en  his  knee,  leaned  over  and  l^egan  to  talk 
about  the  case  as  a  man  might  talk  to  a 
neighbor  at  his  fireside."  He  achieved  bril- 
liant successes.  He  followed  Francis  Dana 
in  the  chief  justiceship  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  upon  Dana's  retirement  in  1806,  and 
served  from  1806  till  his  death  in  1813. 

Jeremiah  ]\Iason  came  to  Boston  from 
New  Hampshire  in  1832,  then  over  sixty 
years  of  age,  having  reigned  almost  supreme 
at  the  New  Hampshire  bar.  Long  before 
his  removal  to  Boston  he  had  served  with 
distinction,  a  Federalist,  in  the  United 
States  Senate.  Here  in  Boston  he  shared 
with  Webster  the  leadership  of  the  bar.  He 
retired  from  general  practice  in  1840,  but 
•continued  the  business  of  a  consulting  law- 
yer in  his  office  till  his  death  in  1848.  He 
was  massive  in  mind  and  body.  This  story 
illustrative  of  his  physical  presence  is  told. 
Once  when  riding  through  the  upper  and 
then  narrow  part  of  Water  Street  in  the 
chaise  in  which  he  always  rode,  and  crouch- 
ing down  as  was  his  hal)it  so  that  his  real 
Tieight  was  not  disclosed,  he  met  a  team 
•coming  up.  It  was  of  course  necessary  that 
either  Mr.  Mason  or  the  driver  of  the  team 
should  back  out  of  the  way.  Mr.  Mason 
ordered  the  driver  to  back  in  a  somewhat 
peremptory  manner,  which  the  driver  re- 
sented, returning  the  compliment  bv  telling 
the  old  man  to  back  himself.  After  some 
words  of  a  not  very  friendly  character,  Mr. 
Mason,  getting  a  little  angry,  began  to 
straighten  up,  much  to  the  dismay  of  the 
driver,  who  at  last  exclaimed,  "For  God's 
sake,  mister,  don't  uncoil  any  more,  I'll  get 
out  of  the  way!" 

Of  the  brothers  Curtis,  Benjamin  Rob- 
bins,  the  elder,  born  in  Watertown,  1809, 
graduated  from  Harvard,  1829,  and  trained 
for  his  profession  in  the  Harvard  Law 
School  antl  in  lawyers'  offices,  was  admitted 
first  to  the  Franklin  County  bar,  and  began 
practice  in  Connecticut  Valley  towns — 
Greenfield  and  Northfield.  Returning  to 
Boston  in  1834,  he  was  then  admitted  to  the 


Suffolk  bar,  soon  to  be  classed  with  its  lead- 
ing practitioners.  He  became  Judge  Curtis 
in  185 1  with  his  appointment  to  the  United 
States  Supreme  bench.  He  served  on  the 
bench  till  1857,  when  he  resigned.  A 
decade  later  he  was  conspicuous  as  one  of 
the  counsel  of  Andrew  Johnson  in  the  im- 
peachment trial  of  1868.  He  received  the 
honorar)-  degree  of  LL.D.,  from  Harvard 
(T852)  and  from  Brown  (  1857).  His  son, 
Benjamin  Robliins,  Jr.,  born  in  Boston  in 
1855,  dul}-  graduated  from  Harvard,  1875, 
then  from  the  Harvard  Law  School,  and 
finishing  ofif  with  study  in  a  Boston  lawyer's 
office — Albert  ^Mason's,  afterward  Judge 
Mason,  chief  justice  of  the  Superior  Court, 
— and  admitted  to  the  bar  first  in  Plymouth 
County,  1878,  was  a  worthy  successor  of  his 
father,  though  on  a  much  lighter  scale.  He 
was  a  lecturer  in  the  Boston  University  Law 
School  for  a  few  years  from  1881 ;  and  in 
1886  he  became  Judge  Curtis,  of  a  lower 
court,  the  I\Iunicipal  of  Boston.  He  died 
prematurely  in  1891,  when  he  was  preparing 
for  larger  service  as  a  general  practitioner. 
I  knew  him  well  and  respected  him.  He 
was  a  sober-minded  man,  taking  life  seri- 
ously and  in  a  most  gentlemanly  way.  He 
was  concerned  in  various  wholesome  local 
and  political  reforms.  George  Ticknor  Cur- 
tis, born  in  W^atertown,  1812,  Harvard 
graduate  1832,  admitted  to  the  Suffolk  bar, 
1836,  practiced  many  )'ears  in  Boston,  and 
in  a  wider  field  than  his  brother,  Benjamin 
Robbins.  At  length  he  moved  to  New  York 
and  there  extended  his  reputation.  He  pub- 
lished numerous  books,  but  is  best  known 
from  his  "Life  of  Daniel  Webster." 

Lemuel  Shaw,  who  became  Chief  Justice 
Shaw  of  the  Sujjreme  Judicial  Court,  and 
served  with  high  distinction  for  thirty 
years — fmm  1830  to  i860— native  of 
Barnstable,  born  in  1781,  graduating  from 
Harvard  1800,  after  leaving  college  an 
usher  in  a  Boston  public  school,  and  a 
"newspaper  man,"  as  assistant  editor  of 
the  Boston  Gazette,  a  student  in  a  Boston 
law  office  and  finishing  his  studies  in 
New  Hampshire,  was  first  admitted  to  the 
l)ar  in  that  State,  in  1804.     Later  the  same 


THK    BOOK    OI-'    ROSTOX 


,^93 


_\car,  IiMwcxcr,  he  returned  to  Massachusetts 
aiul  was  admitted  to  the  l)ar  of  this  State, 
at  I*i\niouth.  Soon  estahhsliinj^  liiniself  in 
Boston  he  I)ecaine  c<ins])icuouslv  ideutitied 
with  the  Suffolk  bar.  He  wrote  tlie  act  in- 
corporatius^  the  City  of  Bc)ston,  with  the 
exception  of  two  sections,  the  one  with  re- 
spect to  theatres  and  pul)Hc  exhiljitions,  the 
other  establishing  tiie  Police  Court.  He 
was  appointed  to  the  Supreme  liench  in 
August,     1830,    and    resigned     in    August, 


PEMBERTON    SQUARE,    1S65 

i860,  in  his  eightieth  year.  He  died  in 
Boston,  March  31,  1861,  at  his  home  on 
Alt.  \'ernon  Street,  Beacon  Hill.  He  re- 
ceived the  LL.D.  degree  from  Harvard  in 
183 1,  and  in  1850  from  Brown. 

Peleg  Sprague,  born  in  Duxbury  1793, 
graduating  from  Harvard  iSij,  studying 
law  in  Litchfield,  Connecticut,  and  after- 
ward in  Worcester  and  Boston  offices,  was 
admitted  to  the  Massachusetts  bar  in  1815. 
He  moved  to  Maine,  then  the  District  of 
Maine,  a  part  of  Massachusetts,  and  settling 
in  .Vugusta,  began  j)ractice  there.  Shortlv 
removing  to  Hallowell  he  became  identified 
with  the  afifairs  of  that  town.  After  the 
State  of  ]\raine  was  organized  in  1820,  he 
became  a  member  of  its  Legislature.  Five 
years  later  he  was  cho.sen  to  Congress,  and 
in  1829  was  made  senator.  In  1835  he  came 
back  to  Boston  and  was  admitted  to  the 
Suffolk  bar.  .After  six  years  of  general 
practice    he    was    apiminted    judge    of    the 


United  States  District  Court,  tn  the  seat 
made  vacant  b\'  the  resignation  of  John 
Davis,  will)  had  occupied  it  for  forty  years. 
judge  Sprague  liekl  the  place  for  nearly  a 
(juarter  of  a  century,  when  an  affection  of 
the  e)es,  from  which  he  had  long  suft'ered, 
rendered  his  resignation  necessary.  He  re- 
signed in  1865.  Although  partially  blind, 
he  continued  in  chamber  jjractice  for  some 
>ears  longer.  He  died  at  his  home  in 
Chestnut  Street,  Beacon  Hill,  in  1880,  at 
the  age  of  eighty-seven. 

LIenr\-    Fowle    Durant    was    among    the 
eminent   jur\-  law\ers  nf  the  Suffolk  Ijar  of 
his  da_\-.     His  birth  name  was  Henry  Wells 
Smith,    son    of    a    law\-er,    \Villiam    Smith, 
and  was  ])i)rn  in  I  laiiuN'er,  Nev\'  Hampshire, 
in    i82_>.      His    father,   hciwever,   moved   to 
Ldwell,  ^L^ssachusetts,  when  Henry  was  an 
infant,  and  that  cit\'  was  his  home  till  after 
liis  career  as  a  lawyer  had  begun.     He  was 
graduated   from  Harvard  in    1841,   studied 
law  with  his   father  and  with  ijenjamin  F. 
I'.utler,  and  was  admitted  to  the  Aliddiese.x 
bar  in  1843.    He  removed  to  Boston  in  1847, 
and  his  brilliant  recortl  was  achieved  at  the 
Suffolk  bar.     His  name  was  changed  when 
he  was  practicing  here,  bv  act  of  the  Legis- 
lature in  i85r.  The  foundation  of  a  fortune 
was  laid   in   his  practice,  and  this   fortune 
was  increased  through  business  association 
and  ownership  of  an  iron  mine.     In   1863 
upon  the  death  of  a  beloved  son,  he  aban- 
doned   law    and    devoted   himself    to    serv- 
ice in  the  Orthodox  Church.      In    1863   he 
emerged    from    retirement    to    tlefend    the 
cause  of   Edward  Everett   against  the  City 
of  Chariestown,  which,  in  establishing  the 
Mystic  W^ater  Works,  had  overflowed  the 
most    of    Mr.     Everett's    country    seat    on 
the  pond's  brink  in  ^\'inchester ;  and  he  dis- 
played in  this  case  all  his  old  arts.     With  his 
fortune  he  founded  Welleslev  College,  first 
opened   in    1873.      He  died   in   Wellesle\'  in 
1881. 

Rufus  Choate  was  the  most  ])ictures(|ue, 
fascinating,  amazing  figure  at  the  Suffnlk 
bar  during  the  }cars  of  his  practice  in  Bos- 
ton, which  were  the  latter  years  of  his  life. 
J  le  had  established  his  reputation  as  a  fore- 


394 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


most  advocate  in  Essex  County,  his  birth- 
place, where  he  began  practice,  first  in  Dan- 
vers,  but  soon  after  in  Salem.  It  has  been 
said  that  while  practicing  at  the  Essex  bar 
no  client  of  his  was  ever  convicted  in  crim- 
inal proceedings.  These  clients  were  of  all 
classes,  and  charged  with  every  variety  of 
crime.  People  began  to  say,  says  John  T. 
Morse,  that  he  was  the  scourge  of  society ; 
that  behind  his  ;tgis  crime  could  flourish 
uncontrolled.  Mr.  Morse  recalls  the  amus- 
ing story  first  told,  I  think,  in  Judge 
Parker's  "Reminiscences  of  Choate,"  as  il- 
lustrative of  the  faith  of  criminals  in  him. 
He  was  cross-examining  a  government  wit- 
ness, a  seaman  who  was  testifying  against 
his  comrades  charged  with  stealing  money. 
The  sailor  had  said  that  Choate's  client  had 
instigated  the  theft.  "What  did  he  say?" 
asked  Mr.  Choate;  "tell  me  how  and  what 
he  spoke  to  you."  "Oh,"  replied  the  sailor, 
"he  told  us  there  was  a  man  in  Boston 
named  Choate  who  could  get  us  off  even 
if  we  were  caught  with  the  money  in  our 
boots."  The  courtroom  echoed  with  the 
roar  of  laughter.  ]\Ir.  Choate  showed  no 
sign  either  of  amusement  or  displeasure, 
but  continued  with  even  tranquillitv  as  if 
nothing  peculiar  had  happened.  He  was 
called  the  magician  of  the  bar.  His  elo- 
quent flights,  his  imagery,  pathos  and  humor 
were  marvellous.  His  demeanor  and  bear- 
ing in  the  courtroom  Judge  Parker  thus 
pictures : 

"  It  was  a  model  of  gentlemanly  deference.  He 
took  his  seat  in  the  most  modest,  unassuming  way. 
Indeed,  he  never  did  any  thing  which  had  the 
appearance,  to  use  the  vulgar  phrase,  of  '  making  a 
spread.'  If,  as  sometimes  happened,  the  opposite 
counsel  was  a  young  man,  the  manner  of  the  youth 
would  indicate  that  he  was  the  greater  man  of  the 
two.  Even  when  the  evidence  was  in  and  Mr. 
Choate  came  into  Court,  on  the  morning  of  the 
argument,  pressing  his  way  through  the  thronged  bar 
and  the  crowded  aisles,  he  came  with  no  bold 
warranty  of  supremacy  and  success  in  his  manner. 
He  would  slide  deferentially  into  his  chair,  sling  off 
several  of  his  innumerable  coats,  pile  up  his  papers 
before  him,  rub  his  hands  through  his  tangled  hair, 
push  his  little  table  slightly  away,  rise  and  say 
something  to  the  Judge  which  seemed  the  beginning 
of  a  low  conversation,  but  which  you  afterward 
discovered  was  a  '  May  it  please  your  Honor,'  then 
turn  to  the  jury  with  a  trite  remark  or  two  —  the 
intent  crowd  would  settle  a  little  —  and  then  in  a 
few  sentences  more,  ere  anybody  was  aware  of  it,  he 


would  be  sailing  up  into  the  heaven  of  pathetic 
adjuration,  and  bearing  you  along  with  him,  like  a 
stately  balloon  swinging  steadily  upwards,  far  away 
in  the  air." 

The  manner  of  his  appeal  to  the  jury, 
which  began  long  before  his  final  argument, 
indeed  when  he  first  took  his  seat  before 
them  and  looked  into  their  eyes,  Judge 
Parker  vividl}-  describes : 

"  He  generally  contrived  to  get  his  position  as  near 
to  them  as  was  convenient,  if  possible  having  his 
table  close  to  the  bar,  in  front  of  their  seats,  and 
separated  from  them  only  by  a  narrow  space  for 
passage.  Then  he  looked  over  them  and  began  to 
study  them.  Long  before  the  evidence  was  in,  either 
by  observation  or  enquiry,  he  had  learned  the  quality 
of  every  one  of  them.  ...  I  saw  him  once  in  an 
argument  walk  straight  up  to  a  juryman  and  say, 
'  Sir,  I  address  myself  to  you.  I  will  convince  you 
now,  if  you  will  give  me  your  attention  ';  and  then 
he  proceeded  to  launch  upon  him  a  fiery  storm  of 
logical  thunderbolts  to  conquer  or  paralyze  what 
he  saw  was  his  deadly  hostility." 

His  sudden  bursts  of  humor  and  wit 
helped  him  in  everv  stage  of  the  cause,  says 
Judge  Parker.  Often  they  would  "kindle 
up  such  a  sympathetic  conflagration  of  glee 
all  over  the  courtroom  that  the  dry  case 
seemed  to  take  a  new  start  from  that  mo- 
ment, and  the  lawyers  looked  up  as  if  they 
had  taken  a  sudden  draft  of  fresh  air." 
His  htunor  was  novel  in  its  odd,  eccentric 
association  of  very  opposite  ideas.  The 
following  anecdotes,  two  of  many  examples 
of  his  scintillating  wit,  perhaps  best  illus- 
trate this  distinctive  qualit\-.  On  one  occa- 
sion, in  seeking  to  keep  out  the  evidence 
of  a  certain  witness,  he  exclaimed,  "This  wit- 
ness's statement  is  no  more  like  the  truth 
than  a  pebble  is  like  a  star!"  The  queer- 
ness  of  the  comparison  provoked  a  smile, 
but  on  he  went, — "or  a  witch's  broomstick 
like  a  banner  stick."  This  climax  produced 
great  shouting.  The  other  story :  In  a  rail- 
road case,  where  a  carriage  had  been  run 
over  at  a  crossing,  he  was  showing  that  the 
company  could  not  have  had  any  look- 
out. "They  say,"  he  cried,  "the  engine 
driver  was  the  lookout.  The  engine  driver 
the  lookout !  Why,  what  was  he  doing  at 
this  mument  of  transcendent  interest?  [The 
moment  of  passing  the  crossroad.]  What 
was  the  lookout  doing?  Oiling  his  ptmips, 
they   say — oiling  his  pumps,  gentlemen   of 


Till-:    IU)()K    Ol-'    BOSTON 


,^J5 


tlu'  jurx!  a  tliiiii;  lie  had  im  nmrc-  Imsiness 
to  1)0  diiing'  than  lie  hail  la  br  meriting 
an  I'/'/V  /'()(-;/(  of  Icccnty-foiir  liins:"  The 
courtroom  roared.  The  effect  was  decisive; 
the  case  was  his. 

Choate  was  highly  cultivated  in  literature 
as  in  law.  He  was  one  of  the  most  learned 
men  at  the  Suffolk  bar.  As  John  T.  Morse 
says,  he  was  a  scholar  steeped  in  the  litera- 
ture of  ancient  and  modern  da\s.     He  was 


mouth  at  sixteen.  After  his  ^raduatiim  in 
1819  he  was  a  tutor  in  the  college  for  a 
year.  Then  he  came  down  to  Cambridge 
and  attended  lectures  at  the  Law  School  for 


a  short  time. 


iS_>i  he  went  to  \\'a>hing- 


ton  and  .studied  in  the  office  of  William 
Wirt,  then  United  States  attorney-general. 
Returning  to  Massachusetts  the  next  year, 
he  finished  his  legal  studies  in  Ipswich  and 
Salem;    and  in  iS_'3  he  was  admitted  to  the 


1.11.1  Ml  if 


VIEW    OF    BOSTON    FROM    CUSTOM    HOUSE    TOWER,    SHOWING    BACK    BAY.    CHARLES    RIVER    WITH     ITS     BRIDGES, 

AND    THE    GOLDEN    DOME    OF    THE    CAPITOL 


a  precocious  child.  When  he  was  a  little 
fellow  of  about  six  it  has  been  said  that  he 
could  repeat  fmni  memory  a  large  jiart  of 
"Pilgrim's  Progress."  Ijefore  he  was  ten, 
we  are  told,  he  had  exhausted  the  resources 
of  the  library  in  his  native  town — the  little 
town  of  Essex,  where  he  was  born  in  1799. 
At  ten  he  began  the  study  of  Latin  with  the 
local  minister.  He  was  fitted  for  college 
at   Hampton    .\cadeni_\-.    and    entered    Dart- 


Essex  bar.  He  died  at  Halifax,  July  thir- 
teenth, 1859,  when  on  his  return  voyage 
from  luirope.  whither  he  had  gone  in  the 
hope  of  recovering  his  health,  which  had  lie- 
come  shattereil.  Mr.  Choate  received  the 
LL.D.  from  \-a\l-  in  1844.  from  Dartmouth 
and  Harvard  in  1845,  and  from  Amherst 
in  1848.  The  bronze  portrait-statue  of 
Choate  in  the  great  hall  of  the  Court  House, 
bv   D.   C.   Ereiich,   is  an  excellent  likeness. 


396 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


In  Chapter  Two  1  named  a  nuniljer  of  the 
leading  lawyers  of  the  Boston  of  tifty  years 
asfo.      Several    of    these    were    further    to 
distinguish   the    SulTolk   l)ar    in    the    second 
half  of  the  nineteenth  century.     To  this  list 
should    be   added    such    names    as    Horace 
Gray,   Elias  Merwin,  Charles   Levi  Wood- 
bury,    the     brothers     Crocker — Uriel     and 
George  G. — Frederick  O.   Prince,  John  E. 
Hudson,   Robert   R.    Bishop.     Judge   Gray 
made  his  reputation  first  as  the  re])orter  of 
the  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Judicial  Court, 
to  which  position  he  was  appointed  in  1854; 
his  sixteen  volumes  of   Reports  cover  the 
period  from  1854  to  i860.    He  first  l)ecame 
a  judge  with  his  appointment  in   1864, — a 
justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  whose  reports 
he  had  taken;   he  became  chief  justice  in 
1873.     His  appointment  as  an  associate  jus- 
tice  of  the  United   States   Supreme  Court 
came  ten  years  later,   or  in    1882.     Judge 
Gray's  house   here  in   Boston  was  in  that 
favored  quarter  of  Mt.  Vernon  Street,  on 
the  brow  of  Beacon  Hill,  where  the  row  of 
broad-breasted   houses,    sumptunus    in   pro- 
portions,  is   set  back   from  and  above  the 
public    sidewalk    with    aristocratic    reserve. 
Elias    Merwin,    associated    with    Benjamin 
R.  Curtis  till  the  latter's  apointment  to  the 
United  States  Supreme  bench,  became  one 
of  the  foremost  of  patent  lawyers.     He  was 
sometime  professor  of  equity  in  the  Boston 
University     Law     School.      Hudson     and 
Bishop  were  of  the  group  of  students,  all  of 
whom  in  succession  were  to  come  to  rank 
with  the  leaders  at  the  bar,  who  finished  off 
their  legal  studies  in  the  office  of  the  emi- 
nent Peleg  W.  Chandler,  t'/^..  Oliver  Wen- 
dell Holmes,  Jr.,  to  become  a  justice  of  the 
United   States   Supreme   Court;    James   B. 
Thayer,  later  of  the  Chandler  firm — Chand- 
ler,  Shattuck  and  Thayer — and  finally  be- 
coming   the    head    of    the    Harvard    Law 
School;    Hudson,    Bishop,    and    Benjamin 
Kimball.     Hudson  became  a  member  of  the 
Chandler  firm  in  the  latter  'seventies,  when 
it  was  changed  to  Chandler,  Ware  ( Darwin 
E.  Ware  of  pleasant  memory),  and  Hudson. 
He  it  was  who  drafted  the  charter  of  the 
American    Bell    Telephone    Company;     be- 


came the  company's  first  general  counsel; 
then  was  made  general  manager  of  the  com- 
pany, and  abandoned  law  practice;  in  1887 
was  chosen  vice-president  of  the  company, 
and  in  1889  its  jiresident.  ]\Ir.  Bishop  be- 
came a  judge,  appointed  to  the  Superior 
Court  in  1888.  After  the  Civil  \\'ar.  Gen. 
Benjamin  F.  Ikitler  moved  his  law  offices 
from  Lowell  to  Boston  and  liecame  a  prac- 
titioner at  the  Suffolk  bar  with  all  the  en- 
ergv,  audacit}-,  and  conspicuousness  that 
characterized  his  military  and  political 
career.  His  offices  were  also  political 
headquarters  during  his  various  runs  for 
jiublic  place ;  here  were  arranged  those 
plans  which  ultimately  brought  him  to  the 
height  of  his  ambition — the  governorship 
of  the  State,  overcoming  the  bitter  and  re- 
lentless opposition  of  the  hitherto  most 
influential  leaders  of  the  Republican  and 
Democratic  parties,  with  each  of  which  he 
associated  himself,  one  after  the  other,  to 
attain  his  end. 

The  lawyers'  offices  fifty  years  ago  were 
no  such  elegant  quarters  as  those  of  even 
the  average  lawyer  of  today.  The  more 
eminent  the  lawyer,  the  more  modest  his 
office.  For  many  years  the  lawyers'  of- 
fices clustered  about  the  near  neighborhood 
of  the  Courthouse,  then  where  the  City 
Hall  Anne.x  now  is.  Court  Street  from 
Scollay  Square  to  Washington  Street  might 
well  have  been  called  Lawyers'  Row. 
\Vhen  Pemberton  Square  was  changing 
from  a  select  residential  cjuarter  to  a  place 
of  liusiness  offices,  lawyers'  offices  predom- 
inated here. 

As  the  half  century  advanced,  the  com- 
forts of  the  lawyers'  offices  increased;  and 
the  Suffolk  Bar  grew  to  large  and  influen- 
tial proportions.  It  is  claimed  that  at  pres- 
ent there  are  over  three  thousand  members 
in  good  standing.  Naturally,  leaders  appear 
in  the  present  generation  as  in  those  of  the 
past.  There  is  much  to  fascinate  the  bright- 
est minds  through  an  honored  career  at  the 
Bar,  and  many  of  our  best  youths  enter  the 
profession.  There  is  a  splendid  representa- 
tion of  the  various  branches  on  the  follow- 
ing pages. 


TTIE    RC^OK    OF    BOSTON 


307 


HON.  HENRY  K.   15RALEV 
Henrv  Kint;  I'.raley  was  horn  in  Roches- 
ter, Mass.,  March  17,  1850,  son  of  Samnel 
Tripp  and  Mary  A.  (  King)  Braley.     So  far 


HON.    HEXKV    K.    BRALtV 


as  can  Ije  ascertained  he  is  a  descendant  of 
John  Braley,  a  disciple  of  George  Fox,  who 
settled  in  Portsmouth,  R.  I.,  in  1693.  On 
his  mother's  side  he  numbers  among  his  an- 
cestors the  Douglasses  and  Kings  of  Pl\ni- 
outh  Count}-.  He  was  educated  in  the  com- 
mon schools,  at  Rochester  Academ\-  and, 
after  graduating  from  Pierce  Academy, 
Middleboro,  Massachusetts,  he  taught 
school  in  Bridgewater,  during  which  time 
he  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  Bar 
at  Plymouth,  October  7,  1873.  He  entered 
u])<in  the  practice  of  his  profession  at  Fall 


River,    December,    18 


/,-)• 


and   m 


1891 


was 


appointed  Justice  of  the  Su])erior  Court  nf 
^Massachusetts  by  Govcrncir  Russell,  and  in 
1902  Justice  of  the  Sujireme  Judici;d  iDurl 
of  Massachusetts  by  Covernnr  Crane.  He 
was  City  Solicitor  of  b'all  River  in  1876 
and  Mayor  in  1882  and  1883.  Judge  Braley 
is  a  Past  Grand  Master  nf  the  1.  O.  O.  F.,  a 
Freemason  and   a   member  of   Godfrey  de 


Bouillon  C(imman(kT\,  and  the  Sons  of  the 
American  Revolutii  n.  In  i<;()2  Dartmouth 
College  conferred  the  hcin(;rary  degree  of 
A.^I.  upon  him.  In  ])o!itics  his  affiliations 
have  alwavs  been  with  the  Democratic 
]iart\-.  He  is  a  member  of  the  City  and 
Union  Cluljs  of  Bostnn,  the  Quequechan 
Club  of  Fall  River  and  the  Home  Club  of 
lulgartown.  On  April  29,  1875,  he  was 
married  to  Caroline  W.  Leach  of  Bridge- 
water.  Two  children  were  born  to  them, 
one  of  whom,  Abner  L.  Braley,  a  justice  of 
the  District  Court  of  Dukes  County,  now 
survives. 

H(  )X.  \\'ll.l-ki:i)  l'.<  )LSTER 

Hun.  Wilfretl  Holster,  Chief  Justice  of 
the  Boston  Municipal  Court,  was  born  in 
Ro.xburv,  September  13,  1866,  the  son  of 
IbjU.  Solomon  .\.  P>olster,  who  was  for 
several  years  Justice  of  the  Roxbury  Munic- 
ipal Court.  Judge  Wilfred  Bolster  was 
educated  at  the  Roxlmry  Latin  School,  Har- 


HON.    UIl.FKKD     BOLSTKK 


yard  College  and  H.arvard  L;iw  .School, 
olitaim'ng  the  degrees  of  A.L.,  .\.M.,  and 
LL.l!.,  with  high  honors.     He  began  prac- 


398 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


tice  in  1891  and  was  appointed  to  his  present 
position  in  1906.  Judge  Bolster  is  one  of 
the  Board  of  Governors  of  the  Boston  City 
Clul),  a  member  of  the  American  Institute 
cf  Criminal  Law  and  Criminology,  the 
Economic  Club  and  the  Abstract  Club.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Boston  School  Board 
for  three  years,  and  in  191 1  was  Chairman 
of  the  Commission  on  Sufifolk  Inferior 
Courts. 


The  great  law  schools  of  Boston  have 
made  the  Bar  of  that  city  superior  in  its 
requirements  for  leadership  to  that  of  the 

tisual  American  metropolitan  centers. 

HON.  HENRY  W.  BRAGG 

Hon.    Henry   \\'.    Bragg,   who   has   been 
honored  with  many  positions  of  trust  dur- 
ing his  long  professional  career,  was  born 
in    Holliston,    Mass.,    December    11,    1841, 
the    son    of    Willard    and    Mary    Matilda 
(Claflin)   Bragg.     He  was  educated  at  the 
]\Iilford  and  Pittsfield  high  schools,  finish- 
ing with   collegiate   courses   at   New   York 
University  and   Tufts   College.      He   grad- 
uated   from   the   latter   institution    in    1861 
and  studied  law  in  Natick,  in  the  offices  of 
Hon.  John  W.  Bacon  and  Hon.  George  L. 
Sawin.     He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  Oc- 
tober,  1864,  in  the  Middlesex  County  Su- 
perior Court,  and  began  practice  in  Charles- 
town  in  January,    1865,   opening  an  office 
in  Boston  in  1868.     He  was  City  Solicitor 
of  Charlestown  from   1867  until   1870  and 
Special  Justice  of  the  Charlestown  Munic- 
ipal Court  from  1870  until  1886.     He  was 
Master  in   Chancery  in   Middlesex   County 
from  1869  until  1874  and  has  filled  the  same 
office  in   Suffolk   County   since    1874.      He 
was  Justice  of  the  Charlestown  Municipal 
Court  from  1886  until  January,  19 14,  when 
he    resigned.      Judge    Bragg    has    been    a 
member  of  the  Massachusetts  State  Board 
of  Bar  Examiners  since  1903  and  solicitor 
of     Warren     Institution     of     Savings     of 
Charlestown  since  1867.     He  is  a  member 
of  the  Masonic  Fraternity,  Past  Master  of 
Faith    Lodge,    Charlestown,    a    director   of 
the   American   Humane   Societ\-  and   holds 


meml_)ership  in  the  L'niversity,  Boston  Art, 
Curtis,  Taylor,  Oakley  Country  and  Ab- 
stract Clubs,  the  99th  Artillery  of  Charles- 
town, the  Zeta  Psi  Fraternity,  the  Order  of 
the  Coffee  Pot,  and  is  an  honorary  member 
of  the  Boston  Bar  Association.  Judge 
Bragg  was  married  in  Milford,  January  11, 
1866,  to  Ellen  Frances  Haven. 

HON.  ROBERT  ORR  HARRIS 

Hon.  Robert  O.  Harris  was  born  in  Bos- 
ton May  8,  1854.  He  is  descended  from 
Arthur  Harris,  who  settled  in  Roxbury  in 
1640,  and  Governor  Bradford,  John  Alden, 
Richard  Warren,  Francis  Cook,  John  Wins- 
low  and  others  of  the  Pilgrims  who  came 
over  in  the  "Mayflower."  After  a  thorough 
preparation  he  entered  Harvard  and  gradu- 
ated in  1877,  afterwards  studying  law  at  the 
Boston  L^niversitv  Law  School  and  in  his 


HON.    ROBERT    O.    HARRIS 

father's  office.  He  was  District  Attorney 
of  the  southeastern  district  from  1893  until 
1902,  a  judge  of  the  Superior  Court  until 
March  i,  1911,  a  memlier  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Legislature  in   1899  and  the  National 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTOX 


3Q9 


House  of  Representatives  from  the  Four- 
teentli  District  in  the  62nd  Congress.  Mr. 
Harris  is  a  member  of  the  University,  Har- 
vard and  Boston  Cit_\-  Chihs  and  of  the  I'i 
Eta  Fraternity. 

HON.  charlp:s  :\i.  hruce 

Hnn.  ("haries  M.  ilruce,  justice  <>i  tlie 
First  District  Court  of  Eastern  Middlesex, 
was  born  in  Aslitabula,  Ohio,  November  2>S, 

1863.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  gram- 
mar schools  of 
Ashtabula  and  Bos- 
ton, the  Roxbury 
Latin  School  and 
the  ])Oston  Univer- 
sity Law  School. 
J  'revious  to  enter- 
ing the  Law  School 
he  was  with  the 
Boston,  Lowell  & 
Concord  R.  R.,  and 
after  admission  to 
the  I'ar,  took  up  the 
active  practice  of 
his  profession,  his 
offices  now  being  located  at  84  State  Street. 
Judge  Bruce  was  appointed  Special  Justice 
of  the  First  District  Court  of  Eastern  Mid- 
dlesex by  (iovernor  Greenhalge  in  1893,  and 
was  appointed  Justice  of  that  Court  by  Gov- 
ernor Bates  in  1903.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Pjoston  Art  Clul),  Boston  City  Clul).  Bos- 
ton Yacht  Club,  Middlesex  Clul),  Lincoln 
Club  anil  of  the  Masonic  F'raternity,  Blue 
Lodge,  Chapter,  Council  and  Cuimmandery. 


HON.  THOM.VS  P.  RlLl'.Y 

Hon.  Thomas  P.  Riley,  Special  Justice 
of  the  Maiden  District  Court,  was  born  in 
Medford,  Mass.,  July,  1876.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Seton  Hall  College  and  graduated 
from  the  Boston  L^niversity  Law  School  in 
1899,  obtaining  the  .\.]',..  A.M.,  and  LL.i*.. 
degrees.  He  began  ])raclice  in  1900  and  is 
now  in  general  practice,  with  offices  in  the 
Treniont  P.uilding,  Boston,  and  Court  Build- 


HOX.    CHARLES    M.    BRUCE 


ing,  Maiden.     He  was  re])resentative  in  the 
(ieneral  Court  in  1908-9  and  10,  and  was  ap- 
])ointed  to  the  Alalden  judgeship  in  i(>ii.  He 
was  chairman  of  the 
Democratic   State 
Committee  in  19 12- 
13,    and    First    As- 
sistant .\  1 1  o  r  n  e  \- 
General  of  the  Stat( 
in  1914.    He  is  no\< 
a    memljer    of    tlu 
Massachusetts   Gas 
and   Electric   Light 
Commissioners.  He 
is  a  luember  of  the 
Middlesex    and 
Massachusetts   Bar 
Associations,     Bos- 
ton City,  Press  and 
Clover  Clubs,  Elks, 


Eagles,  Knights  of  Columbus  an( 
(^rder  of  Hibernians. 


HON.    THOMAS    P.    RILEY 

Ancient 


HON.   HARRY  C.  FAP.YAN 

Hon.  Harry  C.  Fabyan,  Special  Justice 
of  the  Municipal  Court  of  the  City  of  Bos- 
ton, District  of  Brighton,  was  born  in  Port- 
land, Me.,  June  15, 
1870.  He  graduated 
from  Bowdoin  Col- 
lege in  1893  and 
from  the  Boston 
University  L  a  w  j 
School  in  1896.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  | 
Suffolk  County  Bar 
the  saiue  year  and 
has  practiced  since 
that  time  in  Boston 
with  offices  at  31 
Milk  Street.  In  ad- 
dition to  his  legal 
and  judicial  duties. 
Judge  Fabyan  is 
president  of  the  Brighton  F~ive  Cents  Sav- 
ings Bank.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Boston 
P.ar  Association,  the  Appalachian  Mountain 
Club,  and  the  Commonwealth  Country  Club. 
He  is  married  and  resides  in  Briijhton. 


HON.    1L\RRY    C.    FABYAX 


400 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


HON.  JOSIAH  S.  DEAN 

Hon.  Josiah  S.  Dean  was  born  in  South 
Boston,  May  n,  i860,  the  son  of  the  late 
Hon.  Benjamin  Dean,  a  former  member  of 
Congress.  He  was  educatetl  in  the  Boston 
public  schools,  and  after  a  year  at  the  Massa- 
chusetts Institute  of  Technology  studied  law 
in  the  offices  of  his  father  and  attended  the 
Boston  University  and  Harvard  Law 
Schools,  being  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1885. 

He  served  as  a  memljer  of  the  Boston 
Common  Council  in  1891  and  1892,  was 
appointed  Special  Justice  of  the  South  Bos- 
ton Municipal  Court  in  1893,  was  a  member 
of  the  Board  of  Aldermen  in  1897,  and  was 
appointed  License  Commissioner  for  the 
City  of  Boston  in  July,  19 12. 


HON.    JOSIAH    S.    DEA  N 

He  is  a  member  of  the  Boston  Art  Club, 
the  Boston  Bicycle  Club,  Boston  City  Club, 
the  American,  Massachusetts  and  Boston 
Bar  Associations,  and  the  Masonic  Fra- 
ternity. 

He  married,  in  1888,  May  L.  Smith,  and 
and  has  four  sons. 


HON.    JAMES    H.    FLINT 

ASSOCIATE      JUSTICE    OF    THE    DISTRICT    COURT 

OF    EASTERN     NORFOLK 


HON.  WILLIS  W.  STOVER 
Hon.  Willis  W.  Stover,  special  Justice  cf 
the  Municipal  Court,  Charlestown  District, 
was  born  March  19,  1870,  in  Charlestown, 
Mass.  He  took  a  special  course  at  Har- 
vard in  1889-90  and  graduated  LL.B.  from 
the  Boston  University  Law  School  in  1896. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  Suffolk  Bar  the 
same  year  and  in  1899  organized  the  law 
firm  of  Stover  &  Sweetser,  with  offices  in 
the  Kimball  Building.  Judge  Stover  is  a 
commissioner  of  sinking  funds  in  Everett, 
where  he  resides ;  is  a  trustee  of  the  Charles- 
town Five  Cents  Savings  Bank ;  is  Colonel 
of  the  Fifth  Regiment  of  Infantry,  M.  V. 
M.,  and  has  served  for  three  years  as  com- 
mandant of  the  Training  School  of  the  Na- 
tional Guard  of  Massachusetts.  He  served  in 
the  Spanish-.Vmerican  \\'ar  as  captain  of 
Co.  A,  Fifth  Massachusetts  Infantry,  LT.  S. 
v.,  and  is  a  member  of  the  United  Spanish 
War  \'eterans,  of  which  he  was  commander- 
in-chief  in  1900-01.  He  was  commander 
of  the  Massachusetts  Commandery  of  the 
Naval  and  Military  Order  of  the  Spanish- 
American  War  in  1913-14  antl  is  a  memljer 


THK    lU)OK    OI-     P.OSTOX 


401 


of  the  Massachusetts  Society,  Sons  of  the 
Revolution,  the  Masonic  Fraternity  and  the 
Army  and  Navy  Club  of  Washington,  D.  C. 
]ie  was  married  October  y,  1901,  to  AHce 
lleswick.  of  Maiden,  Mass. 

HOX.  JOSEPH  A.  SHKF.HAX 

Hon.  Joseph  A.  Sheehan,  \\li()  has  been 
a  Special  Justice  of  the  Municipal  Court  of 
the  City  of  ]!ostcn  since  1913,  was  born  in 

this  city,  X'ovember 
16,  1873.  His  pre- 
]iaratory  education 
was  received  at  the 
English  H  i  g  h 
School,  and  his  le- 
gal training  was  at 
the  Boston  Univer- 
sity school,  from 
which  he  received 
the  LL.l).  degree  in 
1897,  and  the  de- 
gree of  master  of 
laws  (LL.M.)  in 
19 16.  He  was  ad- 
mitted to  practice 
in  1897.  and  has 
since  practiced  in  Boston  with  offices  at 
53  State  Street.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  School  Committee  of  Boston  in  1905- 
06.  Judge  Sheehan  is  a  director  of  the 
Massachusetts  Societv  for  Prevention  of 
Cruelty  to  Animals,  member  of  the  Ameri- 
can and  Massachusetts  Bar  Associations,  the 
Bar  Association  of  the  City  of  Boston,  the 
Massachusetts  Catholic  Order  of  Foresters, 
Boston  Catholic  Union  and  the  .*>t.  A'incent 
de  Paul  Society.  He  was  married  in  1914 
to  Stella  Gertrude  Lomljard  of  Boston. 

JOSEPH  J.  FEELEY 

Joseph  J.  Feeley,  attorney,  was  born  in 
Boston,  May  7,  1862,  and  after  preparing 
at  the  Boston  Latin  Scliool,  graduated 
LL.B.  from  the  lioston  University  Law 
School  in  1884.  He  took  special  courses  in 
scientific  subjects  at  the  Massachusetts  In- 
stitute of  Technology,  and  after  admission 
to  the  liar  in  1884,  ])racticed  in  Boston.  He 
has  served  as  counsel  for  \arious  towns  in 


HON.    JOSEPH    A.    SHEEHAN 


Norfolk  Count}-  and  for  several  manufactur- 
ing concerns.  He  was  trial  justice  of  Nor- 
folk County  from  1886  until  1890;  assistant 
district  attorney  of  Norfolk  and  Plymouth 
counties  from  i8()o  until  i8()4,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Ancient 
and  Honorable  Ar- 
tillery Co.  since 
1896.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Ameri- 
can, Massachusetts, 
Norfolk  and  Boston 
Bar  Associations, 
ex-president  of  the 
Alumni  Association 
of  the  Boston  L^ni- 
versity  Law  Scln^ol 
and  the  ^Masonic 
l-'raternity.  holding 
membership  in  tl.e 
Blue  Lixlge,  Chap- 
t  e  r  Commandery 
and  also  the  Shrine. 
Street. 


JOSEPH    J.    FEELEY 

His  office  is  at  95  Milk 


HOX.  ED\\'ARD  L.  McALANUS 
Hon.  bMward  L.  McAlanus,  Special  Jus- 
tice of  the  First  District  of  South  ]\liddle- 
sex,  was  born  in  Xatick,  Mass.,  Decemlier 
22,  1866,  and  re- 
ceived his  legal 
training  at  the  Bos- 
ton University  Law 
School,  graduating 
LL.B.  in' 1 891.  He 
was  admitted  to 
the  Suffolk  Counts- 
Bar  the  same  year 
and  from  1893  to 
1902  was  attorney 
for  the  Claims  De- 
partment of  the 
West  End  Street 
Railway.  He  was 
in  ])ri\-;ite  practice, 
with  offices  in  Bar- 
risters Hall  when  Governor  Foss  appointed 
him  to  his  present  jxisition  in  uju.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  M.'issachusetts  Legis- 
l.-iture  in  1904-5  and  6.  Judge  McManus  is 
<a  member  of  several  fraternal  organizations. 


HON.    EDWARD    L.    Mt.MANCS 


402 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


SAMUEL  LAWRENCE  BAILEN 

Samuel  L.  Bailen,  an  attorney,  engaged 
in  general  practice  of  the  law  with  Judge 
Frank  Leveroni,  in  the  Tremont  Building. 


SAMUEL    L.    BAILEN 

at  Boston,  of  whom  Dr.  Charles  Fleischer, 
the  eminent  Boston  Divine,  said :  "He  serves 
well  as  an  illustration  of  what  the  poet  said, 

'  He  who  saddles  opportunity 
Is  God's  elect'; 

Mr.  Bailen  gallops  gaily  and  with  steady 
gain  towards  that  fleeting  goal  called,  'Suc- 
cess,' because  of  his  ability  to  effectively  use 
'Opportunitx'.'  .  .  .  Young  Bailen  hurdled 
obstacle  after  obstacle  in  the  race  for  Place 
and  Achievement.  He  worked  his  way 
through  the  various  schools,  until  he  was 
finally  graduated  with  'cum  laude'  honors. 
.  .  .  Bailen  is  a  born  lawyer,  gifted  with 
keen  intelligence,  to  which  he  has  joined  an 
almost  religious  devotion  to  Law  as  being 
our  most  potent  social  instrument  of  Jus- 
tice, a  person  to  whom  'nothing  human  is 
foreign.'  " 

Samuel  L.  Bailen  is  a  member  of  various 
clubs :  the  Boston  Press  Club,  the  City  Club, 
a  contributor  to  many  charitable  institutions, 


such  as  the  Bostcjn  Dispensary  and  the  ^lu- 
seum  of  Fine  Arts,  and  a  devoted  "Red 
Man." 

HON.  FRANK  LEVERONI 

Frank  Leveroni,  of  the  legal  firm  of 
Bailen  &  Leveroni,  was  born  in  Genoa, 
Italy,  September  lo,  1879.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  Boston  public  schools  and  the 
Harvard  and  Boston  University  Law 
Schools,  obtaining  the  LL.B.  from  the 
latter.      He    was    admitted    to    practice    in 

1903,  and  to   the   United   States  Court   in 

1904.  He  was  appointed  legal  adviser  to 
the  Italian  Consulate  in  1905,  and  made 
Special  Justice  of  the  Boston  Juvenile  Court 
one  year  later.  He  is  also  Public  Adminis- 
trator of  Suffolk  County,  is  a  director  of 
the  Federal  Trust  Company,  trustee  of  the 
Home  Savings  Bank  and  a  member  and 
officer  of  many  religious  and  charitable  or- 
ganizations.    He  is  a  member  of  the  Bos- 


HO.N.    IR.V.NK    LL\LKONI 


ton  City  Club,  the  Catholic  Union,  Harvard 
Club  and  Knights  of  Columbus.  He  was 
created  a  Knight  of  the  Crown  of  Italy  by 
King  Emmanuel  in   1908. 


THE    BOOK    OI'    BOSTON 


403 


IIOX.  ORESTES  T.  DOE 

11(111.  Orestes  T.  Doe,  Justice  o(  the  I3is- 
trict  Court  of  Western  Norfolk,  was  horn 
in    Parsonsfield,    Maine,    March    3,     1864. 

.His  i)reliniinary 
echicatinii  was  re- 
[ceived  at  the  I'ar- 
isnntielcl  Seminary, 
from  whence  he  en- 
Iten-d  tlie  Boston 
L'niversity  Law 
ISchdol.  t^Taikiatiui;- 
I  111  1891  with  the 
EL.l).  deg;ree.  After 
aihnissicin  ti>  the 
Jlar  he  het^an  prac- 
tice in  FrankHn, 
Mas  s.,  associated 
I  w  i  t  h  George  W. 
Wiggins,  a  n  d  in 
1898,  seven  years 
later,  lie  was  appointed  to  the  Justiceship 
which  he  still  holds.  He  came  to  Boston  in 
i<>oo.  Jutlge  Doe  is  a  Repuhlican  in  politics 
and  is  active  in  the  counsels  of  his  party.  He 
is  a  trustee  and  memher  of  the  Investment 
Committee  of  the  Benjamin  Franklin  Sav- 
ings Bank  at  I'Tanklin.  His  offices  are  at 
209  Washingtiin  Street,  Boston,  and  he  re- 
sides in  Eranklin,  Mass. 


HON.    ORESTES    T.    DOE 


HON. 
Hon.    E. 


E.  MARK  SULLU'AN 

Mark  Sullivan,  formerly  as- 
sociate justice  of 
the  Third  District 
C(]urt  of  l^ssex, 
was  born  in  Ips- 
wich. ]\[ass.,  Octo- 
ber 12,  1878.  He 
was  educated  in  the 
ublic  schools  tjf 
jiswich  and  grad- 
uated from  the 
Planning  High 
School  there  in 
1896.  He  after- 
wards attended 
Bfiston  College  and, 
ol)taining  the  A.B. 


HON.    E.    MARK    SULLIVAN 


degree 


m 


1900, 


studied  law  at  the  Harvard  Law  School  for 
two  years.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in 
1903  anil  began  practicing  in  Beverlv,  Mass. 
Jn  June,  1907,  he  was  appointed  Assistant 
United  States  District  Attorney,  but  re- 
signed his  position  (Jct<iber  31,  1913,  to 
resume  private  practice.  Mr.  Sullivan  is 
a  member  of  the  Knights  of  Columbus,  the 
Elks,  the  Ninth  Regiment  Club  and  the 
Clover  Club  of  Boston.  Llis  offices  are  at 
53  State  Street. 

HON.  JOSEPH  DANIEL  FALLON 

Hon.  Joseph  D.  Fallon,  Justice  of  the 
South  Boston  Municipal  Court,  was  born 
in  Donir\-,  Ireland,  Decenil)er  25,  1837.  He 
came  to  America 
m  1 85 1  and  gradu- 
ated from  the  Col- 
lege of  the  Holy 
Cross,  Worcester, 
in  1858,  and  is  now 
the  oldest  living 
graduate  of  the 
college.  He  studied 
law  in  the  office  of 
Hon.  Jonathan 
Coggswell  Perkins 
of  Salem  and  was 
admitted  to  the  Bar 
in  1865.  He  began 
practice  in  Boston 
in  the  same  year,  ""''•  -'"'""  "•  ■'■"''■°'^' 
and  was  apiiointed  S])ecial  Justice  in  1874, 
ci  ntinuing  in  this  position  until  1893,  and 
was  Justice  of  the  South  Bo.ston  Municipal 
Court  from  1903  until  19 14,  when  with  the 
consent  of  the  Governor  and  Council  he  re- 
tired on  three-quarters  salar\-.  Judge  Fal- 
lon was  a  member  of  the  Boston  School 
Board  from  1N64  until  1890  and  has  been 
an  examiner  for  the  Massachusetts  Civil 
Service  Commission  at  Boston.  He  is  presi- 
dent of  the  Union  Savings  Bank,  e.x-presi- 
dent  of  the  Boston  Catholic  Union  and  the 
Charitable  Irish  Society  of  Boston,  and  a 
member  of  the  Massachusetts  Bar  Associa- 
tion and  the  Bar  Association  of  the  City  of 
Boston.  His  offices  are  at  43  Trcmont 
Street. 


404 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


HON.  MICHAEL  H.  SULLIVAN 

Hon.  Michael  H.  Sullivan,  special  jus- 
tice of  the  Dorchester  }ilunicipal  Court,  was 
born    in    Granville,    Mass.,    September    15, 

1874,  and  was  edu- 
•cated  at  the  High 
and  State  Normal 
School  in  ^^'estfield, 
Mass.  He  obtained 
the  LL.B.  degree 
from  the  Boston 
University  L  a  w 
School  in  1900  and 
L.M.  degree  in 
igi  I,  and  after 
practicing  nine 
years  was  appoin- 
ted to  his  present 
position  by  Gover- 
nor Draper.  Judge 
Sullivan  is  a  Dem- 
ocrat in  politics,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
Knights  of  Columbus,  Boston  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  Charitable  Irish  Society  and  the 
First  Corps  Cadets  \'eteran  Association. 
He  served  nine  years  in  the  First  Corps 
Cadets.  M.  V.  M.  His  offices  are  at  34 
School  Street  and  his  home  is  in  Dorches- 
ter.    He  is  married  and  has  five  children. 


HON.    .MICHAEL    H.    SILLIVAX 


HON.  FREEMAN  HUNT 

Freeman  Hunt,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Brooklyn.  N.  Y.,  September  4,  1855,  the 
son  of  Freeman  and  Elizabeth  (Parmenter) 
Hunt.  The  family 
dates  its  American 
ancestry  from 
Enoch  Hunt,  whn 
settled  in  Wey- 
mouth. ]\Iass.,  in 
1652.  Mr.  Hunt 
received  the  A.]'), 
degree  from  Har- 
vard in  1877  and 
the  LL.B.  from 
Harvard  University 
Law  School  in 
1 88 1.  He  has  prac- 
ticed in  Boston 
since  1882  and  was 
a  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  State  Senate  in  1890.  He 
also  served  as  a  member  of  the  School  Com- 
mittee and  of  the  City  Council  of  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  makes  his  home.  He  is 
a  Democrat  in  politics  and  a  member  of  the 
Middlesex  Bar  Association  and  the  Masonic 
Fraternity.  His  offices  are  at  6  Beacon 
Street. 


HON.    F.^EEMAN    HUNT 


COMMONWEALTH    AVENUE,    BOSTON.       ONE    OF    THE    \VORLd"s    MOST    NOTED    THOROUGHFARES 


thp:  book  of  i^os'iox 


4(15 


HON.  sa.mli:l  lelaxd  powers 


'It 

■^^^         W 1 

f*^7    ■ 

1^ 

* 

HON.    .SA.MLEL    L.    POWERS 


H(jnorable  Samuel  L.  Pmvers,  lawyer 
and  ex-Congressman,  was  born  at  Cornish, 
New  Hampshire.  Octol)er  26,  1848;  grad- 
uated from  Dartmoutli  College  in  1874; 
studied  law  at  the  University  of  the  Cit\- 
of  New  York;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
Worcester  County  in  1875;  has  practiced 
in  Boston  since  that  date  and  is  senior  mem- 
ber lit  the  firm  of  Powers  &  Hall.     He  was 


a  member  of  the  57th  and  38th  Congresses; 
was  for  man\-  \ears  a  trustee  of  Dart- 
mouth College:  is  jsresident  of  the  Boston 
Art  Club,  a  luember  of  the  University,  Ex- 
ch;inge,  Newton,  Atlantic  Conference,  and 
various  other  Boston  clubs.  He  was  for 
ten  years  connected  with  the  Massachusetts 
Militia,  Boston.  ]lis  offices  are  at  loi 
Milk  Street,  lin.-^ton. 


406 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


HON.  SAMUEL  J.  ELDER 

Samuel  J.  Elder,  lawyer  and  publicist, 
was  born  at  Hope,  R.  L,  January  4,  1850. 
and  was  educated  in  the  pulilic  schools  of 


HON.    SAMUEL    J.     ELDER 

Lawrence  and  Yale  College.  He  studied  law 
with  John  H.  Hardy,  afterwards  Justice  of 
the  Municipal  Court,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  Bar  in  1875. 

Mr.  Elder  is  now  senior  member  of  the 
legal  firm  of  Elder,  Whitman  &  Barnum, 
and  has  made  a  specialty  of  copyright 
law,  acting  as  counsel  for  the  International 
Copyright  League  before  the  U.  S.  Senate 
in  1891. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  lower  house  of 
the  Legislature  in  1885,  declining  reelection, 
and  also  declining  a  position  on  the  Supericr 
Court  bench. 

He  is  president  of  the  Boston  Bar  Asso- 
ciation, a  member  of  the  Yale  Alumni,  and 
the  Union,  L^niversity,  Papyrus,  Curtis, 
Middlesex  and  Taylor  Clubs  of  Boston  and 
the  Calumet  Club  of  \\'inchester,  Mass. 


EREDERICK  P.  FISH 
Frederick  Perry  Fish,  who  is  one  of  the 
leading  corporation  lawyers  in  New  Eng- 
land, and  will  I  is  interested  in  some  of  the 
city's  best  known  financial  institutions,  was 
born  at  Taunton,  Mass.,  January  13,  1855^ 
the  son  of  Frederick  L.  and  Mary  (Jarvis) 
Fish.  The  degree  of  A.B.  was  conferred 
upon  him  by  Harvard  University  in  1875, 
after  which  he  entered  the  law  school  of 
that  institution.  Upon  being  admitted  to  the 
Bar,  he  practiced  law  in  New  York  and 
Boston  until  Jul\-  i,  1901,  when  he  was 
chosen  president  of  the  American  Bell  Tele- 
phone Co.,  and  the  American  Telephone  and 
Telegraph  Co.,  directing  the  affairs  of  those 
important  corporations  until  1907,  when  he 
resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession  with 
the  legal  firm  of  Fish,  Richardson,  Herrick 
&  Neave,  with  chambers  at  84  State  Street. 
Mr.  Fish  is  a  director  of  the  New  England 


Trust  Co 
has  been 


and  the  Old  Colony  Trust  Co.  He 
Imniiretl  with  many  positions  of 
trust  and  imp()rtance.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Board  of  Overseers  of  Harvard  Univer- 
sitv,  member  of  the  corporaticjn  and  execu- 
tive committee  of  the  Massachusetts  Insti- 
tute of  Technolog)-,  chairman  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts State  Board  of  Education,  associate 
and  member  of  the  Council  of  Radcliffe  Col- 
lege, vice-president  of  the  Boston  Nursery 
for  Blind  Babies,  and  trustee  of  the  Bosti  n 
Dwelling  House  Co.  Mr.  Fish  is  ex-presi- 
dent of  the  Union,  City  and  Commercial 
Clubs,  and  holds  membership  in  the  St.  Bj- 
tolph,  University  and  Exchange  Clubs  (  f 
Boston,  and  the  University,  National,  Arts, 
Railroad,  Bankers  and  Grolier  Clubs  of  New 
York  City.  He  was  married  April  7,  i88o, 
to  Clara  P.  Livermore. 


The  merited  legal  fame  of  the  Bar  of 
Boston  has  well  l)een  sustained  by  the  in- 
tegrity and  ability  of  its  practitioners. 


Washington  Street,  first  called  Broadway, 
then  Broad  Street,  and  often  simply  the 
Way,  has  always  been  one  of  the  main 
thoroughfares  of  Boston,  while  the  city's 
residential  sections  equal  any  in  America, 
and  the  handsome  homes  on  Commonwealth 
Avenue,  Beacon  and  Marlborough  Streets 
compare  with  those  in  any  of  the  exclusive 
localities  of  other  cities  where  wealth  and 
culture  congregate. 


THK    HOOK    OF    BOSTON" 


40/ 


HON.  JAMES  F.  JACKSON 
James  Frederick  Jackson,  for  a  third  oi 
a  century  one  of  the  leading  nienil)ers  of  the 
legal   profession,   ex-mayor  of   Fall   River, 


HON.    JAMES    K.    JACKSON" 

and  former  chairman  of  the  State  Railroad 
Commission,  was  born  at  Taunton,  Mass., 
November  13,  185 1,  the  son  of  Elisha  T. 
and  Caroline  Keith  (  Forbes  )  Jackson.  The 
father  was  the  head  of  the  Taunton-Fall 
River  Jackson  family,  and  was  long  a  prom- 
inent citizen  and  successful  Inisiness  man  of 
Taunton.  The  Taunton  Jackson  was  a 
branch  of  the  earlier  Plymouth  County  Jack- 
sons,  Middlebdro  lieing  the  home  of  the  im- 
mediate forbears  of  the  family.  James  Jack- 
son of  Middleboro,  in  which  town  and  at 
Plymouth  the  surname  abounded  from  the 
very  beginning  of  the  settlement,  was  a  lead- 
ing cotton  manufacturer,  a  man  held  in  high 
esteem  ior  his  l)usiness  sagacitx'  and  worth 
as  a  man  and  citizen,  l)ut  who  died  in  the 
midst  of  his  activities  and  usefulness. 

Elisha  Tucker  Jackson,  son  of  James  and 
Julia  Jackson,  was  Ijorn  in  Middleljoro,  Au- 
gust 23,   1829,  and  (lied  June  30,    1908,   in 


Taunton,  aged  seventy-eight  years,  ten 
nuiUths  and  seven  days.  He  had  tilled  a 
large  place  in  the  liusiness  life  of  his  adopted 
citv,  and  that  comnuniity  held  him  in  high 
regard  for  his  ability,  integrity  and  willing- 
ness to  be  of"  service  at  all  times,  and  for 
his  courtesy  and  social  friendliness.  In  his 
coming  to  Taunton  the  city  gainetl  a  most 
worthy  citizen,  as  in  his  death  it  lost  one. 

The  son,  James  Frederick  Jackson,   was 
fitted  for  college  in  the  schools  of  Taunton, 
and  then  entered  Harvard  University,  from 
which    he    was    graduated    in     1873.       He 
studied  law  in  the  office  of  Judge  Edmund 
H.   Bennett   and   at   the   Boston   University 
Law  School,  from  which  he  received  his  de- 
gree in  1875.    He  began  the  practice  of  law 
in  the  city  of  Fall  River,  and  in  1882  formed 
a    law    partnership    with    David    F.    Slade, 
which    became    Jackson,    Slade    &    Borden, 
upon  the  admission  of  Richard  P.  Borden. 
]\[r.  Jackson  is  a  Republican  in  politics,  and 
it  was  not  long  after  he  began  his  profes- 
sional career  that  he  won  recognition  in  the 
public  affairs  of  Fall   River;    his  ability  as 
a  lawver  being  attested  in  1880,  by  his  selec- 
tion as  Citv  Solicitor,  an  office  he  tilled  with 
srreat  credit  for  nine  rears.     His  familiaritv 
with  municipal  affairs,  and  his  general  fit- 
ness for  the  position,  letl  to  his  nomination 
by  his  party  for  mayor  in   1888.     He  was 
elected  to  that  office  and  was  again  chosen 
in  1889.     ]\Ir.  Jackson  declined  the  nomina- 
tion  for  Justice  of   the   Superior   Court   of 
Massachusetts  in    1898,  and  was  chairman 
of  the  Massachusetts  Railroad  Commission 
from   1899  until    1907,   when   he  resigned. 
He  was  formerly  Lieutenant  Colonel  in  the 
1st  Infantry  Massachusetts  National  Guard, 
rising  to  that  position  from  the  ranks.     Mr. 
Jackson  is  a  member  of  the  Union  and  St. 
Botolph  Clubs  of  Boston  and  the  Harvard 
Club  of   New  York.     He  was  married  to 
Caroline  S.  Thurston  of  Fall  River,  June  15, 
1882,   and  has  one  daughter,    Edith.     His 
home  is  at  1757  Beacon  Street,  Ikookline, 
and  his  offices  are  at  60  State  Street. 


408 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


JAMES  A.  VITELLI 

James  A.  Vitelli,  one  of  the  leading  mem- 
bers of  the  junior  bar,  was  born  in  Italy, 
April  25th,   1886,  the  son  of  Antonio  and 


JAMES    A.    VITELLI 

Filomena  (Berardi)  Vitelli.  He  was 
brought  to  the  United  States  when  an  in- 
fant, the  family  settling  in  New  York  City, 
but  later  removing  to  Boston,  where  the 
father  established  himself  in  business.  Mr. 
Vitelli  was  educated  in  the  Boston  public 
schools  and  was  a  prominent  athlete  while 
a  student  at  the  English  High  School.  He 
was  graduated  from  the  Boston  University 
Law  School  in  1909.  Air.  Vitelli's  prac- 
tice is  extensive  and  varied,  and  when  only 
two  years  at  the  bar,  he  defended  Joseph 
Galli,  who  was  indicted  for  the  killing  of 
Charles  O'Brien  of  Woburn,  and  secured 
his  client's  acquittal  after  five  days  of  mas- 
terly effort.  Mr.  Vitelli's  paternal  ances- 
tors are  noted  in  the  legal  profession  of 
Italy,  and  his  uncle,  Dionisio  Vitelli,  is  now 
a  member  of  the  Court  of  Cassation  at 
Rome.  The  family  was  active  in  the  move- 
ment to  secure  Italian  independence,  and  in 
the  Revolution  of  1848,  one  of  the  progeni- 


tors, Antonio  Vitelli,  an  archbishop,  was 
exiled  by  the  Bourbons  on  account  of  his 
aggressiveness.  Mr.  Vitelli  was  married 
August  20,  1913,  to  Madeline  M.  Dalton  of 
Arlington.  His  offices  are  in  the  Pember- 
ton  Buildins:. 


The  railroad  in  America  was  a  Boston 
idea,  originating  in  Boston,  and  the  "Father 
of  the  American  Railroad"  was  a  Boston 
editor. 

LEONARD  G.  ROBERTS 

Leonard  G.  Roberts,  lawyer,  was  born 
in  Sherman,  Maine,  September  13,  1862, 
the  son  of  Gardiner  and  Adaline  Rolierts. 
After  thorough 
j)reparation  he  en- 
tered Bates  Col- 
lege, from  which  he 
graduated  in  1887 
with  the  degree  of 
A.B.  He  graduated 
from  the  Boston  | 
University  Law 
School  magna  cum] 
laude  with  the  de- 
gree   of    LL.B.    in  I 

1890.  He  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Suf- 
folk County  Bar 
the  same  year,  and 
the    Maine    Bar    in 

1891.  He  practiced  in  Lewiston.  Maine, 
until  1893,  since  which  time  he  has  been 
located  in  Boston.  His  practice  is  a  gen- 
eral one  and  his  offices  are  in  the  Equitable 
Building.  He  is  a  member  of  the  U.  S. 
District  Court  and  the  U.  S.  Circuit  Court 
of  Appeals,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts House  of  Representatives  in 
1910,  and  served  on  the  Judiciary  Commit- 
tee. Mr.  Roberts  is  a  member  of  the  Bar 
Association  of  the  City  of  Boston,  the 
American  Bar  Association,  the  Boston 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  the  Masonic  Fra- 
ternity and  the  Dorchester  Young  Alen's 
Repul)lican,  Massachusetts  Repuljlican,  Park 
Street,  and  Congregational  Clubs.  He  was 
married  January  23,  1899,  to  Mary  E. 
Leavitt  of  Lewiston,  Maine,  and  resides 
at  80  Highland  Avenue,  Newtimville,  Mass. 


LEONARD    C.    ROBERTS 


THK    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


4(W 


HON.  WILLIAM   M.   BUTLER 

William  I\I.  Butler,  lawyer,  legislator  and 
financier,  was  born  in  New  Bedford,  Mass., 
January    29,    1861,    the    son    of    Reverend 


HON.    WILLIAM    M.     BUTLER 


James  D.  and  Eliza  B.  (Place)  Butler. 
After  a  preliminary  education  in  the  public 
schools  he  entered  the  Boston  University 
Law  School  and  graduated  LL.B.  in  1884. 
His  admission  to  the  bar  was  one  year 
earlier,  and  he  began  practice  in  New  Bed- 
ford, removing  to  Boston  in  1895,  now  be- 
ing senior  member  of  the  legal  firm  of  But- 
ler, Cox,  Murchie  &  Bacon,  with  offices  at 
77  Franklin  Street.  Mr.  Butler  is  president  of 
the  Boston  &  Worcester  Electric  Companies, 
the  Boston  &  W^orcester  Street  Railway  Co., 
the  Butler  Mill,  the  Iloosac  Cotton  Mills, 
the  New  Bedford  Cotton  Mills  Corporation 
and  the  Ouisset  Mill.  He  is  also  tru.stee 
of  the  Massachusetts  Lighting  Companies. 
He  was  a  memlier  of  the  Massachusetts 
House  of  Representatives  in  1890-1891,  and 
the  State  Senate  from  1892  to  1895  inclu- 
sive, serving  as  president  of  the  latter  body 
during  the  last  two  years  of  his  term.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  (Commission  to  revise 


statutes  of  the  State  from  1896  to  1900, 
when  he  resigned.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Masonic  fraternity,  trustee  of  the  Boston 
L'niversitv,  and  holds  membership  in  the 
University  Club,  of  which  he  is  president; 
the  Algonquin  and  Exchange  Clubs  of  Bos- 
ton; LInion  League  of  New  York;  Wam- 
sutta  Club  of  New  Bedford,  and  the  Meta- 
l)etchuan  Fishing  and  Game  Club.  Mr. 
Butler  was  married  in  1886,  to  Minnie 
F.  Norton  of  Edgartown,  who  died  in  1905, 
leaving  three  children,  Morgan,  Gladys  and 
Miriam.  His  second  marriage  was  to  Mary 
Lothroj)  Webster  of  Boston,  in  1907,  and 
this  uiii(in  brought  two  daughters,  Beatrice 
and  Mary.  II  is  lidine  is  at  486  Beacon 
Street,  Boston. 

PATRICK    BERNARD    KIERNAN 

Patrick    B.    Kiernan,    one    of    the   oldest 
attorneys  in  the  city,  was  born  in  the  North 
End,  March  2,   1S50,  and  was  educated  in 
the   public   schools, 
at  night  school,  and 
in    private    schools 
in  Boston  and  Chel- 
sea.    After    study- 
ing law  and  admis- 
sion to  the  Bar.  Mr. 
Kiernan      began 
practice     in     Colo- 
rado    and     was 
member  of  the   le- 
gal firm  of  Shackle- 
ford  &  Kiernan  of 
Leadville.  Upon  re- 
turning   to    Boston 
Mr.     Kiernan     lo- 
cated at  34  School 
.Street,  where  he  has  practiced   fur  tlie  last 
thirty-two  years.     His  practice  is  a  miscel- 
laneous one,  his  clients  being  mostly  poor 
working    people.      He   has  brought    on    an 
average  one  hundred  and  fifty  actions  every 
\ear  for  the  jiast  twenty-five  years,  and  has 
tried  at  least  sevent}--five  civil  and  twenty- 
five    criminal    ca.ses    each    year    during    the 
same  ]>erii  kI. 


PATRICK    B.     KIKRNAN 


410 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


HON.  WILLIAM  A.  MORSE 

Hon.  William  A.  Morse,  attorney,  with 
offices  in  the  Equitable  Building,  was  born 
Julv  2"/,  1863,  in  Boston,  and  was  educated 


HON.    WILLIAM    A.    MORSE 


at  ^Martha's  \'ineyard,  Alass.,  and  in  the  law 
schools  of  Boston.     Upon  admission  to  the 
Bar  he  began  practice  in  this  city  in   1886 
and  is  now  interested  in  many  insurance  and 
other  corporations  as  counsel  and  director. 
As  a  trial  lawyer  he  has  figured  in  many  im- 
portant cases.    He  was  of  counsel  for  the  es- 
tate of  Mrs.  Mary  Baker  Eddy  in  the  contest 
over  her  will.      Acted  as  counsel    for  the 
defense  in  the  Richeson  case  and  success- 
fully defended  the  widow  of  Admiral  Eaton, 
who  was  charged  with  the  murder  of  her 
husband.      Air.    Morse   is   a   Republican   in 
politics  and  represented  the  county  of  Dukes 
in  the   Alassachusetts   House  of  Represen- 
tatives in  1893.     He  served  as  Senator  from 
the  Cape  district    during    the    sessions    of 
1895-6-7  and  8,  the  last  two  years  being  a 
memljer  of  the  joint  Judiciary  Committee. 
While  in  the  lower  house  he  was  chairman 
of  the  Harbor  and  Pu1)lic  Lands  Committee 
and  a  meml)er  of  the  Committee  on  Insur- 


ance. Mr.  Morse  is  a  member  of  the 
Masonic  Fraternity,  the  Boston  Yacht, 
Boston  City,  Boston  Press  and  the  Elks 
Clubs.  He  was  married  October  2,  1883,  to 
Florence  B.  Daggett,  of  Martha's  Vineyard, 
who  died  June  7,   1916,  leaving  two  sons. 


This  publication  promises  to  be  of  great 
value  within  a  score  of  years.  Copies  of  it 
will  be  at  a  premium  as  the  years  make  its 
pages  into  history. 

GEORGE  A.  O.  ERNST 
(deceased) 

George  Alexander  Otis  Ernst  (l)orn  No- 
vember 8,  1850;  died  June  13,  191 2)  spent 
his  childhood  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  but  fin- 
ished his  education  at  school  in  Boston  and 
at  Harvard  College,  where  he  took  his  A.B. 
degree  in  1871.  He  later  studied  at  the 
Harvard  Law  School,  and  began  an  active 
and  general  practice  of  law  in  Boston  in 
1875,  continuing  it  until  his  death.  He  mar- 
ried Jeanie  Clarke  Bynner  in  1879,  and  was 
the  father  of  a  son,  Roger,  and  a  daughter, 
Sarah  Otis,  who  married  Edwin  Hale  Ab- 
bot, Jr.,  of  Cambridge,  Mass. 

The  significant  features  of  Mr.  Ernst's 
puljlic  life  were,  in  chronological  order  (i  I 
his  service  in  the  Massachusetts  Legislature 
in  1883-84,  when  he  served  on  important 
committees  and  aided  effectively  in  the  pas- 
sage of  the  first  Civil  Service  Reform  Law ; 
(2)  his  service  on  the  Boston  School  Com- 
mittee in  1901-1903,  when  he  led  in  the 
fight  to  free  the  schools  from  politics;  and 
(3),  most  important  of  all,  his  service  as 
a  member  of  the  original  Finance  Commis- 
sion, appointed  in  1907,  whose  unremitting 
labors  resulted  in  the  exposure  of  much 
inefficiency,  favoritism,  and  corruption  in 
the  city  government,  and  led  to  the  adop- 
tion of  sweeping  amendments  to  the  city 
charter  in  the  interest  of  civic  betterment. 
The  original  drafting  of  those  amendments 
was  done  by  Mr.  Ernst.  In  1910  he  was 
appointed  director  of  the  Bureau  of  Mu- 
nicipal Research,  and,  among  other  services 
while  so  acting,  prepared  for  the  Finance 
Commission  a  valuable  History  of  the  Pulj- 
lic  School  Svstem  of  Boston. 


tup:  book  of  boston 


411 


HOX.  JAMES  WILSON  GRIMES 
Hon.     James     Wilson     Grimes,     lawyer, 
financier  and  legislator,  was  born  in  Hills- 
borough,   N.   H.,   November   21,    1865,   at- 


HON.    JAMES    \V.    GRIMES 

tending  the  schools  there  and  completing  his 
classical  education  at  Phillips  ( Andover ) 
Academ\-.  He  then  entered  the  Boston 
University  Law  School,  from  which  he  grad- 
uated in  1890.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar 
in  Iowa  the  same  year,  and  returning  to  Bos- 
ton in  1 89 1,  began  active  practice  here.  Mr. 
Grimes  became  interested  in  politics  early  in 
his  career  and  served  three  years  in  the 
lower  branch  of  the  Massacliusetts  Legisla- 
ture and  three  years  in  the  Senate.  While 
serving  on  the  last  named  bod\-  lie  was  a 
meml)er  of  the  Judiciary  Committee  and 
Chairman  of  the  Street  Railway  Commit- 
tee, beside  taking  an  active  part  in  all  the 
important  legislation  that  came  before  the 
two  houses  during  his  }ears  of  memljership. 
He  w^as  also  a  member  of  the  Republican 
State  Central  Committee  in  1910,  191 1, 
191 2,  and  in  19 13  was  a  candidate  for  nom- 
inaticjn  for  Congress  from  Middlesex.  IMr. 
Grimes  is  vice-president  and  direclur  of  the 


First  National  Bank  of  Reading,  ^Mass., 
where  he  resides,  and  is  a  director  of  the 
Hillsborough  Electric  Light  and  Power  Co., 
and  president  and  director  of  the  \'ictory 
Webbing  Company,  and  an  incorporator  of 
the  Blackstone  Savings  Bank,  Boston.  He 
is  a  meml)er  of  the  ^lasonic  Fraternity,  the 
Odd  Fellows,  the  Grange,  the  Meado\\i)rook 
Golf  Clul)  of  Reading,  the  New  Hampshire 
Historical  Society,  the  Loyal  Legion,  the 
Sons  of  Veterans,  the  Republican  Clul)  of 
Massachusetts,  the  Middlesex  Club  and  the 
Boston  and  Middlesex  Bar  Associations. 
Flis  offices  are  at  6  Beacon  Street. 

HON.  ASA  P.  FRENCH 
Asa  P.  French  was  born  at  Eraintree, 
}klass.,  January  29,  i860.  After  prepara- 
tion at  the  English  High  School,  Boston, 
Adams  Academy, 
where  he  won  the 
Adams  gold  metlal, 
and  Thayer  Acad- 
enn',  he  entered 
Yale  and  graduated 
A.B.  in  1882.  Fie 
studied  law  at  the 
Boston  L'niversitv 
Law  School  and  in 
the  office  of  bis 
father.  Judge  Asa 
French,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  Bar 
in  1885.  He  was 
district  attorney 
of  the  Southeastern  '""'■  '^'^'^  ■"■  ''"''"^"^ 

District  of  Massachusetts  from  1902  to 
1906,  and  LTnited  States  Attorney  for  Mas- 
sachusetts from  January,  1906,  to  Novem- 
ber, 1914.  He  is  a  director  of  the  Norfolk 
Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Co.  of  Dedham, 
^Nlass.,  president  of  the  Tremont  Tru.st  Co. 
of  Boston,  trustee  of  the  Randolph  Savings 
Bank,  of  which  he  was  formerly  president, 
and  trustee  of  Thayer  Academy,  Braintree. 
Mr.  French  is  president  of  the  Norfolk 
County  Bar  Association,  deputy  governor- 
general  of  the  Society  of  Mayflower  De- 
scendants, and  a  member  of  several  leading 
chilis. 


].    OTIS    WARDWELL 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


41,1 


J.  OTIS  WARDWELL 


Of  the  leadinj;-  nienil)ers  of  the  les^al  fra- 
ternity it  has  been  my  pleasure  tti  meet  and 
associate  with,  J.  Otis  \Var(l\veIl  stands 
among  the  foremost  in  my  recollection. 

Mr.  W'ardwell  is  identified  with  a  num- 
ber of  large  pulilic  utilities  of  Boston  and 
the  State  of  Massachusetts  and  has  led  in 
the  organization  of  many  of  them. 

He  was  born  in  Lowell,  Mass.,  March  14, 
1857,  the  son  of  Zenas  C.  and  Adriana  S. 
Wardwell,  who  in  i860  moved  to  Groveland, 
Mass.  After  passing  through  the  George- 
town High  School  and  the  New  London 
Acadeni}-,  he  studied  law  at  the  Boston  Uni- 
versity Law'  School  and  was  graduated  in 
1879,  being  admitted  to  the  Essex  County 
Bar  the  same  year.  He  settled  in  Haverhill 
in  1879  and  formed  a  partnership  with 
Henry  Nelerton  Merrill.  He  soon  became 
interested  in  politics  and  was  elected  to  the 
Republican  State  Committee  in  1884,  serv- 
ing as  a  member  for  twenty-five  years,  three 
of  which  were  as  secretary.  In  1887,  he  was 
elected  to  the  Legislature,  being  Republican 
tloor  leader  for  four  years  of  the  five  he 
was  a  member.  He  was  twice  a  candidate 
for  Speaker  Ijy  the  Re])ublican  caucus,  being 
defeated  for  the  nomination  by  only  two 
votes  in  i8(_)i,  after  one  of  the  most  bitter 
contests  in  the  history  of  the  State.  Dur- 
ing his  time  as  memljer  of  the  Legislature, 
he  was  Chairman  of  some  of  the  most  im- 
portant committees,  among  them  being  the 
Committees  on  Elections  and  Mercantile 
Affairs.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  com- 
mittee that  investigated  the  charge  of  cor- 
ruption in  the  division  of  the  town  of  Bev- 
erly, and  was  chairman  of  a  committee  that 
investigated  similar  charges  in  the  incor- 
poration of  certain  elevated  railways  in  the 
city  of  Boston. 

After  leaving  the  Legislature  he  moved 
to  Boston  and  became  identified  with  a  num- 
ber of  I'ul)lic  Service  Corporations,  as  coun- 
sel for  the  Industrial  lin[iro\einent  Co., 
which  controlled  the  street  railways  in  the 
Merrimac  \'alley.  He  carried  through  tlie 
Legislature  a  Consolidation  Hill  uniting  the 
Lowell,  Lawrence  and  Haverhill  street  rail- 


wavs,  one  of  the  first  long  distance  trolley 
lines  in  the  country,  and  for  many  years 
was  its  general  counsel.  In  1891,  he  brought 
to  success  the  consolidation  of  the  Ih'ockton 
street  railways  and  of  the  Lynn  and  Boston 
and  Salem  lines,  which  were  owned  Iiy  the 
North  Shore  Traction  Co.  The  following 
year  he  became  general  counsel  for  the  Edi- 
son Electric  Illuminating  Co.,  of  Boston,  and 
still  retains  the  position.  He  was  counsel  for 
the  Bell  Telephone  Co.,  of  Boston,  in  its 
contest  to  increase  its  capital  stock  to 
$50,000,000,  which  bill  was  vetoed  l)y  Gov- 
ernor Greenhalge.  He  was  also  counsel  for 
the  New  York  Central  Railroad  in  its  con- 
test for  the  right  to  lease  the  Boston  &  Al- 
bany Railroad,  counsel  for  the  Boston  Con- 
solidated (ias  Co.,  and  the  Massachusetts 
Pipe  Line  Co.,  for  the  consolidation  of  all 
the  gas  properties.  He  was  counsel  for  the 
Association  of  Massachusetts  (las  Lighting 
Companies  and  the  Electric  Lighting  Asso- 
cation  of  Massachusetts.  He  became  gen- 
eral counsel  of  the  Boston  Elevated  Rail- 
road, which  in  1896  leased  the  West  End 
Railway  Company  and  the  subways,  and 
amended  the  Meigs  Charter  for  elevated 
railways  in  the  city  of  Boston.  In  Novem- 
ber, 1903,  Mr.  Wardwell  formed  a  jiartner- 
ship  with  I'^verett  W.  Burdett  and  Charles 
A.  Snow  under  the  firm  name  of  Ikirdett, 
AVardwell  &  Snow.  In  1905  this  firm  was 
changed  liy  the  admission  of  Hon.  William 
H.  Motjd}-,  then  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  be- 
coming Moody,  Burdett,  Wardwell  &  Snow. 
<  )n  the  appointment  of  Mr.  Moody  as  a 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States,  December  17,  1906,  Judge  Moody 
and  Mr.  Snow  retired,  Mr.  W'ardwell  and 
Mr.  Burdett  continuing  as  Burdett  &  Ward- 
well.  Frederick  ]\Ianley  Ives  and  Sheldon 
E.  Wardwell  were  admitted  to  partnership 
in  June,  19 12,  under  the  name  of  Burdett, 
Wardwell  &  Ives.  In  these  various  enter- 
prises Mr.  Wardwell  was  very  active  and 
soon  became  nationally  known  as  a  lead- 
ing corporation  lawyer.  Mr.  Wardwell's 
and  his  associates'  energies  are  devoted  to 
corporation  law. 


414 


THE    BOOK   OP^    BOSTON 


ROLAND  H.  SHERMAN 
Roland  H.  Sherman,  who  is  an  attorney 
for    numerous    large    estates    and    corpora- 
tions, and  active  in  the  trial  of  causes  both 


ROLAND    H.    SHERMAN 


in  the  civil  and  criminal  courts,  was  born  in 
Lawrence,  Mass.,  November  30,  1873,  and 
was  educated  at  Dummer  Academy  and 
Boston  L^niversity  Law  School,  obtaining 
the  LL.B.  degree  from  the  latter  upon 
graduation  in  1896.  After  admission  to  the 
Bar  he  began  practice  in  Lawrence,  where 
he  was  a  member  of  the  legal  firm  of  Bradley 
&  Sherman,  subsequently  becoming  senior 
member  of  Sherman  &  Ford,  and  finally  of 
Sherman  &  Sherman,  covering  a  period  of 
nine  years  in  the  city  of  his  liirth.  Desiring 
to  widen  the  field  of  his  activity,  Mr.  Sher- 
man came  to  Boston  in  1905  as  a  member 
of  the  legal  fraternity  of  Coakley  &  Sher- 
man. This  partnership  was  eventually  dis- 
solved and  Mr.  Sherman  organized  the  firm 
of  Sherman  &  Hurd,  now  located  in  the 
Pemberton  Building.     He  is  a  Republican 


in  politics  and  was,  for  six  years,  assistant 
district  attorney  of  Essex  County,  in  which 
position    he    made    an    enviable    record    as 
a   capable   and   conscientious    official.      Mr. 
Sherman   comes  of  an   illustrious  ancestry. 
He  is  a  lineal  descendant  of  Roger  Sherman, 
one   of   the   signers   of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,     and    numbers     among     his 
family  connections  the  late  General  William 
Tecumseh  Sherman,  who  became  famous  by 
his  "March  to  the  Sea,"  and  was  afterwards 
commander-in-chief    of   the   Army   of    the 
L^nited  States,  and  the  late  Hon.  John  Sher- 
man, who  framed  the  celebrated  "Sherman 
Law."    His  father,  Hon.  Edgar  J.  Sherman, 
was  a  judge  of  the  Massachusetts  Superior 
Court  for  over  twenty  years.     Although  a 
comparatively    voung    man,    Mr.    Sherman 
has  attained  prominence  in  his  chosen  pro- 
fession and  won  distinction  in  the  field  of 
military  activity.    He  served  in  the  Spanish- 
American   War,    first  as   lieutenant    in   the 
8th    Massachusetts    Infantry,    and    then   as 
aide-de-camp     on     the     staff     of     General 
Waite,    commandant    of   the    2nd    Brigade, 
3rd    Division,    ist   Army    Corps,    and    was 
finally     made     Judge     Advocate     of     the 
3rd    Division,    ist    Army    Corps,    retiring 
from     the     service     with     the     rank     of 
Lieutenant-Colonel.     He  is  now  Judge  Ad- 
vocate  General  of   the   Spanish   War  Vet- 
erans, a  member  of  the  Naval  and  Military 
Order  of  the  Spanish-American  War,  So- 
ciety of  Foreign  Wars,  Sons  of  Veterans, 
the    Masonic    Order,    the    Benevolent    and 
Protective  Order   of   Elks  and   the   Sigma 
Alpha   Epsilon   Fraternity.      Mr.    Sherman 
was   married  April    5,    1898,    to   Alma    C. 
Haerle    of    Indianapolis.      They    have    five 
children,  Julie  P.,  Edgar  Jay,  2nd,  Roger, 
Nancy,  and  Roland  H.,  Jr.     Their  home  is 
in    Winchester    on    the    shore    of    Mystic 
Lake. 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


415 


HON.  ARTHUR  H.  WELLMAN 

Arthur  H.  Wellniaii,  who  despite  his  large 
legal  practice  has  found  time  to  devote  to 
the  activities  of  business,  was  liorn  at  East 


HON.    ARTHUR    H.    WELLMAN 


Randoljih,  now  IIi)ll)r(iok,  Octoljer  30,  1855. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Newton  Schools  and 
Amherst  College,  delivering  the  valedictorx' 
at  the  latter  in  1878.  He  studied  law  at 
Harvard  and  Boston  University  Law 
Schools,  graduating  from  the  latter  summa 
cum  laude  in  1882.  He  served  as  City  Solic- 
itor of  Maiden  and  professor  of  et|uity 
jurisprudence  and  e(|uity  pleading  at  the 
Boston  University  Law  School,  was  a  mem- 
Iier  of  the  Legislature  1892  to  1894  and  of 
tlie  Senate  in  1895.  He  is  a  director  of  the 
Ames])ury  Electric  Light  Co.,  trustee  of 
Central  Massachusetts  Light  and  I'ower 
Co.,  director  of  White  River  Railroad  Co. 
and  the  Maiden  Trust  Co.,  president  of  the 
Maiden  Hospital,  vice-president  of  the  Wey- 
mouth Light  and  Power  Co.,  president  of 
the  Board  of  Ministerial  Aid  of  Massa- 
chusetts,  and   is  a   meniher   of   the   Boston 


and  American  Bar  Associations,  Congrega- 
tional Club,  Maiden  Historical  Society  and 
the  Masonic  Eratemity. 

Tllo.MAS  WILLI. \.M   I'ROCTOR 

Thomas  \\  .  I'roctor  was  liorn  in  Hollis, 
X.  IL.  Xo\eniber  20,  1858,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Lawrence  Acadenn-,  ( iroton,  ^lass., 
and  Dartmouth  College.  He  studied  law 
in  the  office  of  Hon.  John  H.  Hard\-  and  at 
the  Boston  Universit\-  Law  School.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1883  and  one  year 
later  was  made  clerk  to  the  district  attorney 
of  Suffolk  County,  later  becoming  a  member 
of  the  legal  firm  of  Hardy,  Elder  &  Proctor. 
He  was  appointed  second  assistant  district 
attorney  for  the  Suffolk  district  in  1866  and 
then  to  the  first  assistancy.  In  1891  he  be- 
came assistant  solicitor  of  the  city's  law 
department,  but  resigned  in  1894  to  resume 
regtilar  practice,  being  now  a  member  of  the 
firm  of  Xason  &  Proctor.  He  is  a  member 
(if    the    Boston    Bar   Association,    Countr\-. 


THONLXS     W.     PROC  ruR 

University  and  Curtis  Clul)S,  the  Beacon  So- 
ciety, and  is  a  trustee  of  the  Hamilton  As- 
sociation, the  Newton  Free  Library,  and  the 

Newton  Savings  Bank  of  Newton,  Mass. 


EDWIN    A.    BAYLIiY 


THK    I^OOK    OF    BOSTON 


41' 


Edwin  Allen  Bayley,  la\v\er  and  legis- 
lator, was  born  in  Jamaica  Plain,  Boston, 
Mass.,  Jnly  30,  1862,  the  son  of  Edwin  and 
Vesta  (Capen)  Barley.  He  is  a  descend- 
ant, in  the  fuurth  generation,  of  Brigadier 
(ieneral  Jacol)  Ba\ley,  who  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  French  and  Indian  and  Revo- 
Intionary  Wars,  fountled  the  Town  of 
Newbury,  Vt.,  in  1762,  and  held  very  prom- 
inent and  important  offices  during  the  early 
history  of  that  State.  The  paternal  Ijranch 
of  his  family  was  founded  in  America  l)y 
John  Ba}ly,  who  came  from  Englaiul  in 
1635  and  settled  in  that  part  of  Amesbur\ , 
Mass.,  now  known  as  Salisbury  Point.  His 
earliest  maternal  ancestor  in  this  country 
was  Barnard  Capen,  who  came  from  Eng- 
land in  1630,  and  who  was  one  of  the  ear- 
liest settlers  of  Dorchester,  Mass.  Mr. 
Bayley  received  his  preliminary  education 
in  the  public  and  private  schools  of  New- 
bury, Vt.,  and  at  St.  Johnsbury  (Vt.) 
Academy,  from  which  he  graduated  with 
high  rank  in  1881.  While  at  the  Academy 
he  was  one  of  the  editors  of  the  "Academy 
Student,"  the  school  paper,  and  was  one  of 
the  speakers  at  graduation.  He  pursued 
the  regular  classical  course  at  Dartmouth 
College,  graduating  with  the  degree  A.B., 
in  the  Class  of  1885.  During  his  college 
course  he  served  as  president  and  treasurer 
of  his  class,  was  a  director  of  the  athletic 
association,  a  member  of  the  Delta  Kap])a 
Epsilon  F'raternity  and  of  the  Phi  P.eta 
Kappa  Societ}',  delivering  at  Commence- 
ment one  of  the  two  philosophical  orations 
assigned  for  scholarship,  ranking  next  to 
the  salutatory.  For  a  short  time  after 
le  taught  a  private   school   in 


graduation 

Newbury,  \'t.,  and  then  engaged  in  the 
mortgage  loan  business  in  Dakota,  l)Ut  not 
being  satisfied  with  the  future  of  that  busi- 
ness, he  decided  to  stud}'  law,  and,  in  1889, 
entered  the  Law  School  of  lioston  Uni- 
versity. There  he  completed  the  regular 
three-year  course  in  two  years,  graduating 
in  the  Class  of  1891,  with  the  degree 
of    LL.B.,    lUtKjua    citiii    hiiitli-.    and    while 


EDWIN   ALLEN   BAYLEY 

at  the  Law  School  he  served  as  president 
of  his  class.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Suf- 
folk County  Bar  in  1891  and  to  the  L-nited 
State  Courts  in  1898. 

In  1892,  Mr.  Bayley  and  John  H.  Colby, 
one  of  his  classmates  at  Dartmouth,  asso- 
ciated themselves  together  for  the  practice 
of  their  profession  in  Boston  under  the 
firm  name  of  Colby  &  Bayley,  which  con- 
tinued until  the  death  of  Mr.  Colby  in  1909. 
In  his  practice,  Mr.  Bayley  is  strong,  force- 
ful and  thorough.  His  energy  and  his  en- 
thusiasm are  his  marked  characteristics,  and 
he  has  earned  a  well-deserved  success. 
Since  1892  he  has  resided  in  Lexington. 
where  he  has  taken  a  leading  part  in  public 
affairs,  serving  as  a  member  of  the  school 
committee,  liljrary  trustee,  moderator  of 
town  meetings  anti  general  town  counsel. 

He  is  counsel,  clerk  and  a  trustee  of  the 
North  End  Savings  Bank  of  Boston,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  St.  Johns- 
burv  Acadenu',  where  he  prepared  for  col- 
lege, and  is  the  permanent  secretary  of  his 
college  class.  He  has  served  as  president 
and  secretary  of  the  Bailey-Bayley  Famih' 
Association,  to  the  work  of  which  he  has 
added  great  value  by  his  genealogical  re- 
search and  writing.  He  has  also  served  as 
president  of  the  General  Alumni  Associa- 
tion of  Dartmouth  College,  and  has  prepared 
and  delivered  several  historical  and  ^le- 
morial  Day  addresses.  He  holds  member- 
ship in  the  Middlesex  Bar  Association,  Mas- 
sachusetts Conveyancers  Association,  the 
DartuK  luth  Club,  Boston  City  Club,  Boston 
Chamlier  of  Commerce,  Republican  Cluli  of 
Alassachusetts,  ^Middlesex  Club,  A'ermont 
Association  of  Boston,  X'ermont  Historical 
Society,  Lexington  Historical  Society,  Old 
Belfry  Club  of  Lexington,  and  is  an  asso- 
ciate member  of  the  George  G.  Meade  Post 
119,  G.  A.  I\.,  of  F,exington.  His  religious 
affiliations  arc  with  the  Orthodox  Congre- 
gational Church. 

In  politics  ^Ir.  Baxley  h;is  always  been  a 
Rei)ubHcan,  and  in  1909  and  again  in  1910, 
when  he  was  reelected  without  an  opposing 
vote,  he  was  a  member  of  the  ALassachusett.-v 


418 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


House  of  Representatives,  where  his  sound 
judgment  and  ability  as  a  speaker  and  de- 
bater won  for  him  a  place  among  the  ablest 
members  of  that  body.  To  him  more  than 
to  any  one  else  is  due  the  credit  for  the 
enactment  of  the  measure  known  as  the 
"Safe  and  Sane  Fourth  of  July"  law  which 
ended  the  mainifacture  and  sale  in  Massa- 
chusetts of  death-dealing  firecrackers  and 
bombs,  and  in  recognition  of  his  leadership 
in  this  matter,  Governor  Draper  presented 
him  with  one  of  the  pens  with  which  the  bill 
was  signed.  As  a  member  of  the  Commit- 
tee on  Railroads,  he  was  a  close  student  of 
all  transportation  questions  affecting  the  in- 
terests of  the  Commonwealth.  He  drafted 
and  urged  the  passage  of  the  first  bill 
for  a  tunnel  connecting  the  North  and 
South  stations  in  Boston,  and  his  speeches 
on  transportation  matters  were  among  the 
ablest  heard  in  years  on  Beacon  Hill.  The 
following  are  some  of  the  current  news- 
pa])er  estimates  of  his  work  as  a  legislator : 

"Bayley  is  one  of  the  leaders  in  the 
House,  one  of  its  best  orators." 

"He  is  of  a  class  of  men  rarely  found, 
ain fortunately,  willing  to  give  their  time  and 
their  splendid  talents  to  the  service  of  their 
iellows  in  public  service." 

"He  has  shown  himself  one  of  the  ablest 
and  most  fearless  and  aggressive  legisla- 
tors that  has  sat  in  either  branch  of  the 
Massachusetts  Legislature  for  many  years ; 
he,  like  all  strong  men,  possesses  deep  con- 
victions, and  one  is  sure  to  admire  and  re- 
spect him." 

"Representative  Bayley  has  won  for  him- 
self an  enviable  reputation  as  one  of  the 
really  powerful  men  in  the  affairs  of  State 
legislation." 

During  Mr.  Bayley's  first  legislative 
term  the  Massachusetts  State  Board  of  In- 
sanity contracted  for  land  near  Lexington 
Center  on  which  to  erect  an  asylum.  Mr. 
3ayley  aroused  the  citizens  to  an  apprecia- 


tion of  the  disadvantage  of  such  a  location 
and  led  in  the  successful  efforts  which  pre- 
vented its  fulfillment.  For  this  important 
service  he  received  a  public  vote  of  thanks 
in  town  meeting. 

In  connection  with  the  celebration  of  the 
150th  anniversary  of  the  settlement  of  the 
Town  of  Newbury,  Vermont,  held  in  Au- 
gust, 1912,  Mr.  Bayle}'  planned  and  secured 
the  erection  of  a  large  and  impressive 
granite  monument,  suitably  inscribed  and 
prominently  located  on  the  village  common 
to  commemorate  the  life  and  public  services 
of  his  distinguished  ancestor,  General  Jacob 
Bayley  above  referred  to.  The  monument 
was  dedicated  as  a  part  of  the  anniversary 
e.xercises  and  Mr.  Bayley  delivered  the 
dedicatory  address. 

Mr.  Bayley  was  married  June  15,  1892, 
to  Lucia  A.,  daughter  of  Doctor  Eustace  V. 
and  Emily  (Tenney)  Watkins,  of  Newbury, 
Yt.,  and  they  have  one  daughter,  J^Iarian 
Vesta  Bayley. 

Mr.  Bayley  has  always  been  fond  of 
horses  and  until  the  advent  of  automobiles, 
his  chief  out-of-doors  recreation  was  horse- 
back riding  and  road  and  speedway  driving; 
he  has  now,  however,  become  an  enthusiastic 
automobilist. 

Mr.  Bayley  has,  for  many  years,  been 
a  great  admirer  of  Daniel  Webster, 
maintaining  that  no  other  one  American 
has  stood  preeminent  as  a  lawyer,  an  orator 
and  a  statesman,  and  it  has  been  one  of  his 
pastimes  to  collect  portraits  of  Webster, 
until  today  he  has  the  largest  collection  of 
Websterian  ])ictures  ever  gathered  to- 
gether, and  his  law  offices  are  also  a  Web- 
ster picture  gallery. 

Mr.  Bayley  believes  that  the  liest  prepara- 
tion for  success  is  as  broad  and  thorough  an 
education  as  possible ;  a  determination  to  be 
honest  and  fair  with  one's  self  and  others; 
a  purpose  to  do  one's  best  earnestly  and 
enthusiastically  and  a  willingness  to  work 
and  not  shirk. 


THK    BOOK    OF    ROSTOX 


41Q 


HON.    GUY    W.    COX 

(niy  W.  Cox,  of  the  legal  firm  of  Butler, 
■Cox,  Murchie  &  Bacon,  was  born  in  Man- 
chester,  N.   H.,  January    19,    187 r.     Dart- 


sachusetts  Bar  Association,  the  Ijcjston  Bar 
Association,  the  Social  Law  Library,  and 
the  L'niversity,  New  Hampshire,  Wollaston 
and  Repul)lican  Clubs.  His  offices  are  at  77 
Franklin  Street. 


HON.    GUY    \V.    COX 

mouth  College  conferred  the  A.B.  degree 
upon  him  in  1893,  and  A.^L  in  1896.  The 
same  year  he  graduated  magna  cum  laude 
from  the  Boston  University  Law  School. 
Since  admission  to  the  Bar  he  has  practiced 
in  Boston,  specializing  in  life  insurance, 
street  railways  and  gas  companies.  For 
many  years  Mr.  Cox  was  interested  in  city 
and  state  politics,  and  held  many  positions 
of  trust.  Fie  was  a  member  of  the  Boston 
Common  Council  in  1902,  Representative 
from  the  loth  Suffolk  District  in  the  Mas- 
sachusetts Legislature  in  1903  and  1904, 
and  Senator  from  the  5th  Suffolk  District 
in  1906  and  1907.  He  also  served  as  Chair- 
man of  the  delegates  to  the  National  Tax 
Conference  in  1907,  and  Chairman  of  the 
Commission  on  Taxation  for  Massachusetts 
in  1907.  Mr.  Cox  is  a  trustee  of  the  Boston 
and  Worcester  Electric  Companies,  and 
vice-president  and  trustee  of  the  Merriniac 
\'alley  Electric  Company.  Fie  is  a  member 
of  the  American  Bar  Association,  the  Mas- 


HI.KI.ls    K.     BAILEY 


IIOLLIS  R.  BAILEY 

Frouiinent  among  the  able  lawyers  of 
Boston  is  Hollis  R.  Fjailey,  son  of  Otis  and 
Lucinda  Aldcn  (  Loi-ing )  Bailey,  Ijrith  of 
English  stock,  the 
paternal  1)  r  a  n  c  h 
having  lieen  estab- 
lished in  America 
l:)y  James  Bailev. 
who  settled  in 
Rowley  about  1640. 
John  Bailey  of  the 
second  generation 
perished  in  the  ex- 
pedition a  g  a  i  n  s  t 
Canada  in  i6i)o, 
and  Samuel  Bailey 
of  the  fifth  genera- 
tion was  killed  at 
the  battle  of  F)un- 
ker  Hill.  The  ma- 
ternal side  ilates  from  1635,  when  Thomas 
Loring  settled  in  Hingham.  The  mother 
was  also  a  direct  descendant  of  John  Alden. 
Mr.  Bailey  was  born  February  24,  1852,  at 
X^orth  Andover  and  received  his  preparatory 
education  at  Phillips  (Andover)  Academy. 
He  graduated  A.B.  from  Harvard  in  1877, 
obtaining  the  LL.B.  degree  in  1878,  and  the 
degree  of  A.AL  in  1879.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  Bar  in  1880,  since  which  time  he 
has  figured  in  much  important  litigation. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  Bar 
Association,  the  Boston  Bar  Association, 
the  American  Bar  Association,  and  Chair- 
man of  the  State  Board  of  Bar  Examiners 
and  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners  for  the 
Promotion  of  Uniformity  of  Legislation  in 
the  United  States.  He  was  married  Feb- 
ruary 12,  1885,  to  Mary  Persis  Bell,  daugh- 
ter of  ex-Governor  Charles  H.  Bell  of 
Exeter,  N.  H. 


420 


THE    BOOK   OP^    BOSTON 


WILLIAM  R.  SCHARTON 

William  R.  Scharton  of  the  law  firm  of 
McVey,  Scharton  &  McVey,  40  Court 
Street,    was    born    in    Aarau,    Switzerland, 


WILLIAM    R.    SCHARTON 


November  15,  1874.  At  a  very  early  age, 
accompanied  by  his  mother  he  came  to  the 
United  States  and  settled  in  Virginia. 

He  received  his  preliminarj'  education  at 
Monticello  Military  Academy,  subsequently 
entering  Yale  University  and  completing  his 
legal  education  at  New  York  L^niversity 
Law  School.  At  the  termination  of  his  law 
studies  he  commenced  practice  in  Hartford, 
Connecticut,  but  also  maintained  an  office  in 
New  York  City,  having  been  admitted  as  a 
member  of  the  Bar  of  both  Connecticut  and 
New  York.  In  1905  he  removed  to  Boston 
and  has  since  continually  appeared  before 
the  courts  of  Massachusetts. 

Mr.  Scharton's  practice,  while  embracing 
practically  the  whole  field  of  the  law.  has  in 
a  great  measure  been  confined  to  criminal 
and  probate  cases  and  he  has  conducted  a 
number  of  important  trials.  The  one  case, 
however,  with  which  his  name  is  more 
closelv  identified  than  all  others  is  the  fa- 


mous Russell  case  in  which  he  appeared  as 
counsel  for  "Dakota  Dan."  This  case  pre- 
sented one  of  the  strangest  situations  ever 
brought  to  the  attention  of  a  judicial  tri- 
bunal. The  case  involved  a  question  of 
identity  between  two  individuals,  each  claim- 
ing to  be  Daniel  Blake  Russell  of  Melrose, 
Mass.,  and  the  heir  to  the  large  Russell  for- 
tune. The  case  occupied  164  trial  days  and 
140  witnesses  were  examined.  The  finding 
of  the  court  was  against  Mr.  Scharton's 
client  and  in  favor  of  the  so-called  "Fresno 
Dan." 

By  a  judicial  adjudication  the  Russell  case 
was  terminated,  but  one  strange  feature  has 
never  yet  Ijeen  satisfactorily  explained,  and 
that  is,  why  if  Dakota  Dan  was  found  to  be 
an  "impostor  and  perjurer,"  that  no  criminal 
action  was  ever  undertaken  against  him  even 
though  every  effort  was  made  both  by  Mr. 
Scharton  and  Dakota  Dan,  himself,  to  have 
the  latter  indicted  in  order  that  a  jury  of 
twelve  men  might  determine  the  question  as 
to  the  legitimacy  of  the  claimant's  identity. 
The  Russell  case  resembled  the  famous 
Tichbourne  case  tried  in  England,  except 
that  the  English  courts  followed  out  their 
decree  to  its  logical  conclusion  by  punishing 
criminally  those  whom  they  had  legally  ad- 
judicated criminals.  Dakota  Dan  Russell's 
rights  were  never  determined  by  a  jury. 

Mr.  Scharton  resides  in  Reading,  Mass., 
where  he  owns  and  occupies  the  extensive 
Patricia  Farm,  and  where  he  forgets  his 
legal  cares  by  diverting  them  to  the  raising 
of  fancy  fowl. 

EVERETT  WATSON  BURDETT 

Everett  Watson  Burdett,  senior  member 
of  the  law  firm  of  Burdett,  Wardwell  & 
Ives,  was  born  in  Mississippi  of  Northern 
parents,  April  5,  1854.  His  earliest  ances- 
tor in  this  country  was  Robert  Burdett,  who 
came  from  England  and  settled  in  ISIalden, 
Mass.,  prior  to  1653.  Graduating  from  the 
Boston  University  Law  School  in  1877,  Mr. 
Burdett  began  practice,  in  1878,  in  Boston, 
in  the  office  of  Charles  Allen,  afterwards  a 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Judicial  Court.  He 
then  served  for  a  time  as  Assistant  L^nited 


TUK    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


421 


States  Attorney  for  the  District  of  Massa- 
chusetts, but  since  1881  has  devoted  himself 
exclusively  to  private  practice.  He  has 
acted  as  general  counsel  of  the  Alassachu- 


EVERETT    \V.     bUKUETT 


setts  Electric  and  Gas  Association  since  its 
organization  in  1889,  and  of  the  National 
Electric  Lighting  Association  since  1909. 
He  has  also  been  counsel  for  the  Boston 
Edison  Companv  f(ir  inan\-  years  and  for 
many  other  pul)lic  service  companies  in 
Massachusetts  and  elsewhere,  inclu<ling  tlie 
United  Gas  Improvement  Company  of 
Philadelphia,  the  Massachusetts  Electric 
Companies,  the  Massachusetts  Street  Rail- 
way Association,  the  Fitchburg  Railroad 
Company  and  others,  and  was  for  five  years 
special  master  in  the  suit  of  the  Western 
Union  Telegraph  Co.  z's.  the  American  Bell 
Telephone  Co.,  in  which  his  finding  of  sev- 
eral million  dollars  damages  for  the  plaintiff 
was  sustained  by  the  Federal  Courts.  He 
is  the  author  of  numerous  addresses  and 
papers  upmi  the  thenrv  and  practice  of 
municipal  ownership  and  n{\\vv  public 
utility  questions.  He  has  for  many  years 
been  a  member  of  the  Council  of  the  I'ar 
Association   of   the   Cit\'  of    iloston,   and   is 


a  member  of  the  .American  and  Massachu- 
setts Bar  Associations.  Fie  is  a  director  or 
trustee  in  the  Boston  Edison  Company,  the 
Champion  International  (])aper)  Company, 
the  Boston  Five  Cents  Savings  Bank,  the 
Massachusetts  Electric  Companies  and  the 
Massachusetts  HomcEpathic  Hospital,  and 
has  been  the  lecturer  on  medical  jurispru- 
dence in  the  Boston  University  School  of 
Medicine  for  twenty  years.  Fie  is  a  Re- 
publican in  politics,  and  was  one  of  the  or- 
ganizers of  the  Republican  Club  of  Massa- 
chusetts, and  served  as  president  of  the 
Republican  City  Committee  in  1893-1894. 
His  clubs  are  the  Algonquin,  Exchange, 
City,  Country,  Engineers,  Curtis  and  Bev- 
erly Yacht  Clubs.  He  married  Maud  War- 
ner of  Boston,  and  has  two  children,  [Marion, 
wife  of  Prescott  Bigelow,  Jr.,  and  Paul 
Burdett,  both  residing  in  Boston. 

HORATIO  NELSON  ALLIN 

Horatio  N.  Allin  was  bcirn  in  Guildhall, 
\'t.,  August  7,  1848,  and  was  educated  at 
the  (iorham  Seminary,  Maine  and  Dart- 
mouth College.  I  le 
was  a  Professor  in 
the  Universit}-  of 
Tokio,  Japan,  from 
1874  to  1877,  and 
upon  his  return  to 
this  country  he  en- 
tered Harvard  Law 
School,  from  which 
he  graduated  in 
1879.  He  began 
practice  at  Wal- 
tham  and  Boston 
and  has  offices  at 
15  Beacon  Street. 
Mr.  Allin  comes  of 


an   old   New   Eng- 


land   famil}-, 
coming  here 


HOKATIO    N.    ALLIN 

the  first  Anu'rican  forbear 
from  b'ngland  in  the  seven- 
teenth centur\ .  lie  is  a  member  of  the 
Middlesex  and  Norfolk  I'ar  Associations, 
the  Odd  Fellows,  and  was  for  three  years 
a  memlier  of  the  Board  of  Aklermen  of 
Wallliam. 


422 


THE    BOOK   OP^    BOSTON 


RANDOLPH  FROTHINGHAM 

Randolph  Frothingham,  of  the  law  firm 
of  Channing  &  Frothingham,  was  born  No- 
vember 24,  1883.     After  taking  the  degree 


RANDOLPH    FROTHINGHAM 


of  A.B.  at  Yale  in  1905,  he  later  entered  the 
Harvard  Law  School  and  obtained  the 
LL.B.  degree  with  the  class  of  1908.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  Suffolk  Bar  in  1907, 
and  l)ecame  associated  in  a  legal  capacity 
with  the  original  Boston  Finance  Commis- 
sion. For  two  years  he  was  associated  witli 
the  law  firm  of  Tyler  &  Young,  now  Tyler, 
Corneau  &  Fames,  where  he  remained  until 
he  formed  his  present  partnership  in  19 10, 
with  Henry  M.,  son  of  Dr.  ^^'alter  Channing 
of  Brookline.  Mr.  Frothingham  is  de- 
scended from  old  New  England  ancestry, 
his  paternal  forbear  being  William  Froth- 
insrham,  who  established  the  American 
branch  of  the  family  in  1630,  while  his  ma- 
ternal progenitors  first  arrived  in  1629.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  American  Bar  Associa- 
tion, the  Massachusetts  Bar  Association 
and  the  Bar  Association  of  the  City  of 
Boston,  the  Harvard  Club  of  Boston,  the 
Yale  Clubs  of  Boston  and  New  York,  the 
Boston   City  Club   and   the   Eastern  Yacht 


He 


Club  of  Marblehead.  He  is  a  director  of  the 
American  Core  Twine  Company,  and  an  ac- 
tive member  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
and,  as  such,  was  one  of  the  invited  party 
that  went  abroad  in  191 1,  preliminary  to  the 
5th  International  Congress  of  Chambers  of 
Commerce  of  the  World,  held  in  Boston, 
1912,  of  which  he  was  a  member  of  the  or- 
ganizing committee,  and  was  a  delegate  to 
the  6th  International  Congress  held  in  Paris 
in  1914.  Mr.  Frothingham's  practice  is  a 
general  one,  and  his  offices  are  at  18  Tre- 
r.iont  Street. 

RICHARD  WASHBURN  CHILD 

Richard  ^Vashburn  Child,  who  has  at- 
tained prominence  in  law  and  as  an  author, 
\\as  born  at  Worcester  in  1881. 
tained  degrees  at , 
Harvard  College 
and  Harvard  Law 
School  in  1903  and 
1906  and  was  Class  | 
O  ffi  c  e  r  and  Ivy 
Orator.  In  1907, 
after  a  year  as  I 
Washington  corres- 
pondent, he  l^egan 
independent  prac- 
tice of  law.  He 
was  interested  in 
the  management  of 
public  service  cor- 
j)  orations  from 
1908  until  19 1 3  but 
is  now  in  the  active  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion and  business  administration.  His  books 
are:  "Jim  Hands"  (Macmillan),  1911; 
"The  Man  in  Shadow"  (Macmillan),  1912, 
and  "The  Blue  Wall"  (Houghton  Mifflin 
Co.),  19 1 2.  He  is  a  constant  contributor 
to  magazines.  Mr.  Child  is  a  member  of 
the  St.  Botolph,  Union  Boat,  Harvard  Clubs 
of  Boston  and  National  Press  Club  of 
Washington.  His  ancestry  is  wholly  New 
England.  He  never  sought  political  office 
but  interest  in  certain  principles  for  state 
administration  led  him  to  manage  the  cam- 
paigns for  governor  of  Charles  Sumner 
Bird,  who  was  a  gubernatorial  candidate. 


RICHARD    \V.    CHILD 


THE    BOOK    OP^    BOSTON 


42.^ 


'?1'"'8illii  inn  liitiifiifj 


HOME     lOR    AGED     MEN,     l-i->     WEST    SPRINGFIELD    STREET,     BOSTON 


HON.  CHESTER  W.  CEARK 
Chester  \\'.  Clark,  lawyer  and  legislator, 
was  born  in  ( Ihjver,  \'erninnt,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Orleans  Eilieral  Institute.  \'er- 


HON.    CHESTER    VV.    CLARK 


niont,  and  the   l'hilli|)s   (Exeter)   Academy. 
After  the  cnnipletidu  of  his  studies  in  law, 


he  was  admitted  to  the  Alassachusetts  bar, 
March  u.  1S78,  and  shortly  afterwards  to 
the  United  States  district  and  circuit  courts. 
He  has  practiced  in  Sutifolk  and  AEddlesex 
Count}-  ciiurts  and  has  maintained  offices  in 
the  E(juitable  Building.  Air.  Clark  was  a 
member  of  the  Massachusetts  House  of 
Re])resentatives  in  1901,  serving  on  the 
committee  on  the  judiciary.  During  the 
years  1904,  1905,  1906,  he  was  a  member 
of  the  State  Senate  and  acted  as  chairman 
of  the  joint  committee  on  the  judiciary  and 
as  chairman  of  the  joint  committee  on  pub- 
lic lighting.  In  committees  and  on  the  floor 
of  the  Senate  he  strongly  advocated,  and 
was  largely  instrumental  in  the  adoption  of 
the  act  relating  to  the  identification  of  crim- 
inals by  the  aid  of  finger  prints;  the  act  re- 
lating to  the  release  without  arraignment  in 
court  of  persons  arrested  for  drunkenness; 
the  act  i)roviding  for  the  enlargement  of  the 
court  house  in  Boston  by  increasing  its 
height  instead  of  taking  land  and  construct- 
ing a  se])arate  building;  and  the  act  provid- 
ing for  the  so-called  sliding  scale  of  the  price 
of  gas  in  the  city  of  Boston.  He  also  served 
as  a  member  of  the  legislative  committee 
ajipointecl  to  revise  and  consolidate  the  Pub- 
lic Statutes  of  Massachusetts  in  1901. 


424 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


HOMER  BAXTER  SPRAGUE 

Homer  Baxter  Sprague,  educator,  lec- 
turer and  author,  is  descended  in  direct  line 
from   William   Sprague,    one  of   the   three 


HOMER    BAXTER    SPRAGUE 


33 


Spragues  who  founded  Charlestown,  Mass., 
in  1628.  He  was  born  in  Sutton,  Mass., 
Oct.  19,  1829.  He  was  educated  at 
Leicester,  where  he  was  valedictorian  in 
1848,  and  at  Yale,  where  he  was  class 
valedictorian  and  graduated  A.B.  in  1852, 
and  A.M.  in  1855.  He  studied  in  the  Yale 
Law  School  in  1853-4,  '^"'^1  afterwards 
at  Worcester.  He  was  principal  of 
the  \Wircester  High  School,  1850-61.  He 
practiced  law  liriefly  in  New  Haven,  but 
relinquished  it  to  enter  the  LTnion  army. 
He  raised  two  companies,  and  was  succes- 
sively commissioned  Captain,  Major,  Lieut. - 
Colonel,  and  Colonel.  He  was  wounded  in 
battle,  and  was  a  prisoner  of  war  from  Sep- 
tember, 1864,  to  Feljruary,  1865.  Thence- 
forward he  devoted  himself  exclusivelv  to 
educational  matters ;  became  principal  of  the 
Connecticut  Normal  School ;  House  chair- 
man of  Committee  on  Education  in  the 
Connecticut  legislature ;  professor  of  rhet- 
oric and  English  literature  in  Cornell  Uni- 


versity; i)rincipal  of  the  Adelphi  Academy, 
Brooklvn ;  head  master  of  the  Girls'  Hi^h 
School,  Boston;  founder  and  first  president 
of  the  earliest  summer  school,  the  Martha's 
Vineyard  Summer  Institute;  president.  Mills 
College;  president  of  the  L'niversity  of 
North  Dakota ;  professor.  Drew  Theological 
Seminary;  president  American  Institute  of 
Instruction;  president  of  the  North  Dakota 
Teachers'  Association ;  first  president  of  the 
Boston  Watch  and  \\'ard  Society;  member 
of  many  fraternities,  including  Psi  Upsilon, 
Scroll  and  Key;  Grand  Senior  President  of 
Alpha  Sigma  Phi;  Yale  Phi  Beta  Kappa, 
Pilgrim  Societ}-;  formerly  director  Amer- 
ican Peace  Society,  now  Massachusetts 
Peace  Society.  He  is  author  of  many  pub- 
lished essa}s,  lectures,  and  volumes,  and 
has  annotated  many  masterpieces.  He  was 
awarded  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  by  the  Uni- 
versity of  New  York  in  1873;  LL.D.  by 
Temple  University,  anil  again  by  the  L^ni- 
versity  of  North  Dakota  in  1916. 

CHARLES  HOMER  SPRAGUE 

Charles  Homer  Sprague,  lawyer,  was 
burn  in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  July  21,  1856, 
the  son  of  Homer  B.  and  Antoinette  E. 
(Pardee)  Sprague.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Adelphi,  Brookl}'n,  N.  Y.,  and  studied  law 
in  New  York  City,  afterwards  graduating 
LL.B.  from  the  Boston  University  Law 
School.  He  has  been  engaged  in  the 
practice  of  law  in  Boston  since  1878,  and 
was  a  memljer  of  the  Newton,  Mass.,  Board 
of  Aldermen  in  1895-96.  IMr.  Sprague 
was  married  August  11,  1877,  to  Jennie 
Starbuck  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  the  union 
brinsfing:  two  children,  Genevieve  B.,  now 
Mrs.  Everett  W.  Crawford,  and  Starbuck 
Sprague.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Ameri- 
can, Massachusetts  and  Middlesex  Bar  As- 
sociations, Mercantile  Library  Association, 
the  American  \\'hist  Association  of  which 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


42  S 


CHARLES    HOMER    SPRACIE 

he  was  fiirnierly  president,  an<l  the  (Jld 
Planters  Society.  He  also  hulds  iiienilier- 
ship  in  the  Boston  Press  Cluh,  Newton  Boat 
and  Hunnewell  Clubs.  His  offices  are  at  15 
Beacon  Street. 

JOSEPH  P.  WALSH 
Joseph  P.  Walsh,  who  as  senior  counsel 
has  conducted  some  important  cases  in  both 
the  civil  and  criminal   courts,   was  bo.rn   in 

Boston,  October  i, 
1875,  and  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public 
schools,  Boston 
Collet^e  and  Har- 
vard Law  School, 
obtainins^  his  de- 
t;ree  from  the  latter 
in  1900,  being  ad- 
mitted to  the  Piar 
the  same  }-ear. 
While  a  student  at 
die  Boston  College, 
lie  was  a  class  offi- 
cer and  captain  of 
the    football    team, 

JOSEPH    P.    WALSH  =^"'1      ^^i"      T  C  t  a  i  U  S 


membership  in  the  various  college  and 
dramatic  societies.  Mr.  Walsh  practices 
alone  at  43  Tremont  Street  and  is  distinc- 
tivelv  a  trial  lawyer,  handling  many  personal 
injurv  cases.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Har- 
vard Club,  the  Boston  Athletic  Association 
and  the  Knights  of  Columbus.  He  is  a  col- 
lector of  old  prints,  etchings  and  rare  en- 
gravings, and  has  a  large  library  that  con- 
tains nianv  lirst  editiuns  of  choice  Ijooks. 


Boston's  Chamber  of  Commerce  has 
grown  into  one  of  the  greatest  and  most 
active  cnininercial  bodies  in  America  and 
it  has  pla>ed  a  leading  part  in  advancing 
the  interest  of  trade  and  commerce  in  the 
city. 

NATHAN  HEARD 
Nathan    Heard,    senior    member    of    the 
prominent  jiatent  law  firm  of  Heard,  Smith 
&    Teiinant,    furmerly    Crosliy    &    Gregory, 

graduated    in    1893 

at  Worcester  PoU- 

technic        Institute. 

Holds    degrees    of 

B.S.,  LL.B.,  LL.M. 

and  M.P.L.     He  is 

a    member    of    the 

liar  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts and  United 

States     Supreme 

Courts  and  has  been 

for  many  years  in 

active     i>ractice     ii 

the  Federal  Courts, 

particularly   in  pat- 
ent and  trade  mark 

cases,    u]Kin    winch 

he  is  a   recognized 


NAIllAN     HIIAKU 


authority.  jMember  of 
Exchange  and  lioston  City  Clubs,  Cosmos 
C'lub  of  Washington,  Tuesday,  Eight 
O'clock  and  Civic  Clubs  of  Newton,  Boston 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  Appalachian  Moun- 
tain Club.  American  and  Boston  Bar  Asso- 
ciations, .\lderman  of  Newton  1910-1912. 
^Married  Florence  W  ilbelinina  Ruggles  of 
Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  and  has  four  chil- 
dren.    Office,  Old  South  BuiUling. 


LYON    WEYBURN 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


427 


LYON  WEYBURN 

Lyon  Weyburn,  lawyer,  born  October  lo, 
1882,  son  of  S.  Fletcher  and  Flora  (Lyon) 
Weyburn;  descendant  of  W'eybournes,  bar- 
onets, of  Kent  Ctmnty,  England,  and  of 
Boston  1648,  large  propert)'  owners;  mater- 
nal forbears  early  residents  of  Boston 
(grandfather  of  Revolutionary  ancestor 
buried  in  old  Roxi^ury  Cenieter\).  Mr. 
Weyburn  married  Miss  Ruth  Anthony  of 
Boston,  daughter  of  the  late  S.  Reed  An- 
thony, of  Tucker,  Anthony  &  Co.,  bankers. 

Mr.  Weyburn  received  his  A.B.  from 
Yale  in  1905  and  his  LL.B.  from  Harvard 
Law  School  in  1908.  He  was  admitted  to 
the  Massachusetts  Bar  in  1907,  and  began 
practice  in  the  offices  of  the  late  ex-Governor 
Jdhn  D.  Long  and  Alfred  Hemenwaw  He 
is  director  and  president  of  the  American 
Core-Twine  Company,  cordage  manufactur- 
ers, and  is  counsel  and  director  in  a  number 
of  corporations ;  was  Legislative  Counsel 
for  the  Boston  Charter  Association  in 
1912  and  in  1913;  counsel  for  the  Boston 
Chamber  of  Commerce  on  fire  hazard  be- 
fore the  Boston  City  Council ;  counsel  in 
charge  of  the  New  England  Milk  Inves- 
tigation; author  of  "The  Importance  of 
the  Dairy  Industry  to  the  Citizenship  of 
New  England";  speaker  on  the  'subject 
at  the  Twentieth  Century  Club  of  Bos- 
ton and  mass  meetings  in  New  England ; 
speaker  on  Eire  Prevention  at  mass  meeting 
in  Faneuil  Hall,  presided  over  by  Governor 
Walsh  on  the  anniversary  of  the  Great 
Bosttjn  Fire;  former  member  of  executive 
committee  Citizens'  Municipal  League,  com- 
mittees of  Good  Government  Association 
and  committees  of  Boston  Chamber  of 
Commerce;  official  delegate  American  Eu- 
rfipean  tour,  191 1 ;  member  organizing  com- 
mittee International  Congress  of  Chambers 
of  Commerce,  Boston,  1912;  official  dele- 
gate International  Congress  of  Chambers  of 
Commerce,  Paris,   France,  June,  1914. 

Mr.  Weyburn  is  a  member  of  the  Ameri- 
can Bar  Association,  Boston  liar  Associa- 
tion, Boston  City  Club,  Boston  Harvard, 
New  York  Yale,  Boston  Yale,  .Xlgonciuin, 
Eastern  Yacht,  and  Norfolk    Hunt    Clubs. 


His  Boston  home  address  is  113  Cimimon- 
wealth  Avenue.  His  law  offices  are  at  53 
State  Street. 

WILLIAM  E.  McKEE 

William  E.  McKee,  who  in  addition  to 
his  legal  practice,  is  interested  in  several  in- 
dustrial corporations,  was  born  in  I'iqua, 
Ohio,   and   received   his  prcparatc^ry  educa- 


WILLIAM    E.    McKEE 


tion  in  the  High  School  at  Scranton,  Pa. 
A  few  years  later  he  came  to  this  city  and 
entered  the  Boston  LTniversity  Law  School. 
He  graduated  ctoii  laudc  in  1909,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  the  same  year.  He  be- 
gan practice  in  the  law  offices  of  Melvin  O. 
Adams  and  Henry  Y.  Cunningham,  and  was 
subsequently  connected  with  the  office  of 
Harvey  N.  Shepard.  Since  19 13,  he  has 
had  his  own  office,  in  conjunction  with  Lyon 
Weyburn,  in  the  Exchange  Building,  53 
State  Street.  During  his  student  days  he 
was  elected  secretar\-  of  his  class  at  the  Bos- 
ton L"niversit\'  Law  School;  in  1910  he 
received  the  degree  of  LL.M.,  and  was  in- 
structor at  the  same  institution  during  1910- 
1912.    He  was  president  of  Ward  10  Good 


428 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


Government  Association  in  19 13.  He  is  a 
RejuibHcan  in  politics,  is  a  Mason,  hailing 
from  Aberdour  Lodge  of  Boston,  and  holds 
membership  in  the  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
the  Boston  Credit  Men's  Association  and 
the  Gamma  Eta  Gamma  fraternity.  He 
resides  on  Centre  Street,  Newton,  Mass. 


From  the  lawyers  of  Boston  have  been 
drawn  Presidents  of  the  United  States, 
Foreign  Ministers  and  Ambassadors,  Mem- 
bers of  the  Cabinet,  Justices  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  the  United  States  and  mem- 
bers of  many  important  commissions. 

IRVIN  JilcDOWELL  GARFIELD 

Irvin  McDowell  Garfield,  son  of  Hon. 
James  A.  Garfield,  twentieth  President  of 
the  United  States,  was  born  in  Hiram,  Ohio, 

August  3,  1870, 
and  was  educated 
at  St.  Paul's 
School,  Concord, 
N.  H.,  Williams 
College,  A.B.,  '93, 
and  the  Harvard 
i  Law  School,  LL.B., 
'96.  He  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Bar 
in  1896  and  en- 
tered the  offices  of 
Proctor  &  Warren, 
l)ccoming  a  partner 
in  1901,  since 
which  time  the  firm 
has  by  successive 
changes  become  Warren,  Garfield,  White- 
sides  &  Lamson,  specializing  in  corporation 
work,  particularly  street  railways.  Mr. 
Garfield  is  vice-president  and  director  of  the 
Guantanamo  &  Western  R.  R.  Co.,  director 
of  the  ^\'innisimmet  R.  R.  Co.,  and  of  Bos- 
ton and  Chelsea  R.  R.  Co.  He  is  treasurer 
of  the  Suiinyside  Day  Nurery  and  was  ap- 
pointed b}'  Governor  Draper  a  memljer  of 
the  corporation  and  trustee  of  the  Peter 
Bent  Brigham  Hospital  from  1909  o  1915 
and  was  reappointed  by  Governor  A\'alsh 
from  1915-1921.  His  offices  are  at  30 
State  Street. 


IRVIN    M.    GARFIELD 


HON.  WILLIAM  F.  WHARTON 
Hon.  William  Fisher  Wharton,  who  was 
Assistant  Secretary  of  State,  of  the  United 
States,  under  the  late  Hon.  James  G.  Blaine, 
during  the  Harrison  administration,  was 
born  in  Jamaica  Plain,  Mass.,  June  28,  1847. 
He  also  studied  law  in  the  oftice  of  John 
Codman  Ropes  and  John  C.  Gray,  was 
graduated  from  Harvard  College  in  1870, 
and  from  the  Harvard  Law  School  in  1873, 
and,  after  a  two  j^ears'  tour  of  Europe,  took 
up  the  practice  of  law  in  Boston.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Common  Council  from 
1880  to  1884,  and  a  representative  to  the 
Massachusetts  Legislature  from  1885  until 
1888.  In  1889,  he  was  appointed  by  Presi- 
dent Harrison,  Assistant  Secretary  of  State, 
of  the  United  States,  serving  from  1889 
until  1893.  Mr.  Wharton  is  one  of  the 
most  successful  lawyers  at  the  Suffolk 
County  Bar.  At  college  he  won  honors  in 
Greek  and  Latin  and  in  ancient  history.  He 
has  been  a  frequent  contributor  to  legal  lit- 
erature, and  edited  and  annotated  the  last 
edition  of  "Story  on  Partnership."  He  is 
a  member  of  the  Middlesex,  Somerset  and 
City  Club  corporations.  Mr.  Wharton  was 
married  October  31,  1877,  to  Fanny, 
daughter  of  William  Dudley  and  Caroline 
(Silsbee)  Pickman  of  Boston.  By  this 
union  there  was  one  son,  William  P.  Whar- 
ton. His  second  marriage,  contracted  some 
years  after  his  first  wife's  death,  was  to 
Susan  Carberry  Lay,  on  February  10,  189 1, 
the  children  being  Philip,  and  Constance 
\\'hartun,  now  Mrs.  Henry  St.  John  Smith 
of  Portland.  Mr.  \\'hart()n's  offices  are  at 
50  State  Street. 


THE    FAMOUS    ADAMS    HOUSE    IN    QUINCY 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON" 


429 


HON.  GEORGE  HOLDEN  TINKHAM 

George  Holden  Tinkham,  attcinu-y,  wlm 
has  been  for  many  years  active  in  city, 
state  and  national  politics,  was  born  in  Bos- 


HOX.    GEORGE     H.     IINKIIAM 


ton,  Octolier  29,  1870.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Channcy  Hall  and  Hopkinson  schools 
and  was  graduated  from  Harvard  College 
in  1894,  and  attended  the  Harvard  Law 
School.  He  was  admitted  to  the  IMassachu- 
setts  Bar  in  1899  and  has  practiced  his  pro- 
fession alone  since  that  time,  with  offices 
in  Barristers  Hall.  Mr.  Tinkham,  besides 
the  active  practice  of  law  and  the  manage- 
ment of  several  large  estates,  of  which  he 
is  trustee,  has  also  been  very  active  in  poli- 
tics. He  was  a  member  of  the  Bostoit  Com- 
mon Council  in  1897  and  1898,  the  Boston 
Board  of  Aldermen  in  1900,  in  1901  and  in 
1902,  and  in  19 10  he  was  elected  to  the 
Massachusetts  State  Senate,  and  served  in 
that  body  for  three  terms.  While  a  mem- 
ber of  the  legislature  he  was  identified  with 
some  of  the  most  important  and  atlvanced 
legislation  during  the  term  of  his  service. 
He  is  the  author  of  the  second  part  of  Sec- 
tion  22   of   the   National   Federal   Reserve 


Act,  forl)iddiiig  directors,  officers  and  em- 
])loyees  of  national  Ijanks  from  profiting 
through  transactions  made  by  their  banks; 
of  the  ^lassachusetts  statute  for  the  preven- 
tion of  industrial  accidents  and  occupational 
diseases ;  of  the  system  of  the  State  Com- 
mission Control  of  "small  loan"  makers; 
of  the  amendment  to  the  Massachusetts  Con- 
stitution giving  authority  to  the  legislature 
to  submit  a  law  by  referendum  to  the  peo- 
])le  of  the  entire  state;  of  the  ^lassachusetts 
Commission  on  Economy  and  Efficiency; 
of  the  present  twenty-five-year  "subway" 
leases  in  the  City  of  Boston,  and  introduced 
into  ^Massachusetts  the  s}-stem  of  licensing 
and  inspection  of  farms  to  insure  a  pure 
milk  sujji)ly.  Air.  Tinkham's  years  of  ex- 
])erience  in  legislation  and  his  legal  training 
led  to  his  selection  as  a  representative  of 
the  64th  Congress  from  the  iith  Alassa- 
chusetts  district  on  November  3rd,  1914. 
Air.  Tinkham  is  a  member  of  the  Society  of 
Mayflower  Descendants  and  many  of  Bos- 
ton's clubs  and  fraternal  organizations.  He 
is  president  of  the  \Vashington  Home  and 
director  of  the  Federal  Trust  Company. 

JAMES  W.  SPRING 

Tames  \\'.  S])ring,  memlier  of  the  Suffolk 
Count v  Bar,  was  burn  in  Boston,  Decem- 
lier  15,  1876.  He  was  educated  in  the 
pulilic  schools  and  deciding  upon  a  legal 
career,  entered  the  Harvard  Law  School. 
He  graduated  in  the  Class  of  '97  with  the 
LL.B.  degree,  and  after  admission  to  the 
Bar,  became  connected  with  the  legal  firm 
of  Long  &  Hemenway,  of  which  Hon.  John 
D.  Long,  then  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  was 
senior  mcmlier.  Mr.  Spring  afterwards 
])racticed  his  profession  alone  and  now  has 
offices  in  the  Treniout  Building.  His  legal 
work  is  of  a  general  character  and  he  has 
appeared  in  man_\-  important  cases.  Mr. 
Spring  is  a  Republican  in  ]>olitics  but  has 
never  sought  or  held  ])ublic  office.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  L'nion  Club,  Harvard  Club 
of  Boston,  Harvard  Club  of  New  York,  Ab- 
stract Club  and  the  New  England  Historic 
Genealogical  Society.  He  resides  at  New- 
ton Centre. 


430 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


HON.  JAMES  w.  McDonald 

Hon.  James  W.  McDonald,  who  is  promi- 
nent in  Boston's  legal  circles  and  in  the 
social  and  political  life  of  Marlboro,  where 


HON.    JAMES    VV.    McDONALD 

he  resides,  was  horn  in  that  city  May  15, 
1853,  the  son  of  ]\Iichael  and  Jane  McDon- 
ald. After  graduating  from  the  High 
School  he  pursued  his  education  under  pri- 
vate tuition  and  then  entered  upon  the 
study  of  law,  and,  passing  the  necessary 
examinations  successfully,  was  admitted  to 
the  Middlesex  Bar.  He  began  the  practice 
of  his  profession  at  once  in  his  native  town 
and  was  chosen  Town  Counsel  of  Marlboro, 
and  upon  the  incorporation  of  the  city  was 
appointed  City  Solicitor,  in  which  office  he 
served  continuously  for  twenty-four  years. 
He  was  also  a  member  of  the  School  Com- 
nn'ttee  for  twelve  years.  He  was  elected  to 
the  Massachusetts  House  of  Representa- 
tives in  1880,  and  served  on  the  committees 
on  liquor  laws  and  constitutional  amend- 
ments. He  was  a  member  of  the  State 
Senate  in  1891,  from  the  Fourth  Middlesex 
District,  and  was  chairman  of  the  commit- 


tee on  manufactures  which  reported  the 
original  municipal  lighting  act.  He  was  also 
a  member  of  the  committees  on  constitu- 
tional amendments,  probate  and  insolvency, 
the  special  committee  on  congressional  re- 
districting,  and  the  special  committee  which 
sat  during  the  recess  on  the  forming  of  a 
general  city  charter  and  which  reported  a 
bill  adopted  by  the  Legislature  of  1892. 
L'pon  his  reelection  to  the  Senate  in  1892, 
Mr.  McDonald  served  as  a  member  of  the 
committees  on  judiciary  and  as  chairman 
of  the  committee  on  constitutional  amend- 
ments and  on  the  special  recess  committee 
on  the  revision  of  the  judicial  system  of  the 
State.  After  the  expiration  of  the  legisla- 
tive session  in  1892,  Mr.  McDonald  was 
appointed  chairman  of  the  Board  of  Gas 
and  Electric  Light  Commissioners;  after 
serving  two  years  on  this  Board  he  resigned 
to  resume  the  practice  of  law,  and  was  the 
Democratic  candidate  for  Secretary  of  the 
Commonwealth  on  the  ticket  of  1893.  In 
1896  Mr.  McDonald  was  appointed  Justice 
of  the  Police  Court  of  Marlboro,  over 
which  he  still  presides.  He  has  also  held  the 
office  of  Trustee  of  the  Massachusetts  Train- 
ing Schools  since  1905. 

Mr.  ^McDonald's  offices  are  in  the  Sears 
Building  and  he  still  makes  his  home  in 
Marlboro,  where  he  has  resided  since 
his  birth.  An  important  part  of  Mr.  Mc- 
Donald's law  practice  has  been  in  cimnection 
with  municipal  and  public  service  corpora- 
tion matters. 

WILLL-VIM  HENRY  BROWN 

William  H.  Brown,  attorney,  of  30  State 
Street,  was  born  at  Ashland,  Ky.,  October 
24,  1859,  the  son  of  Daniel  and  Anna  Maria 
(Abbott)  Brown. 

He  was  educated  at  the  Bridgewater  Nor- 
mal School  (four  years)  and  afterwards 
entered  the  Boston  University  Law  School, 
from  which  he  graduated  (ciiiii  laudc)  in 
1886.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  the  same 
year  and  began  practice  at  once  at  85  Devon- 
shire Street,  Boston. 


THE    ROOK    OF    BOSTON 


431 


HON.  JOHN  JOSEPH  HIGGINS 

The  life  story  of  John  J.  Higgins  slioukl 
l)e  an  inspiration  for  every  struggling  boy 
in  the  country.     Briefly  told,  it  illustrates 


HON.    JOHN    ].    HIGGINS 

how  courage  and  determination  will  over- 
come all  obstacles.  He  was  born  in  the 
North  End  of  Boston,  May  17,  1865,  and  at 
the  age  of  seven  was  working  as  a  breaker 
])oy  in  a  Penns\lyania  coal  mine.  Two 
j-ears  later  he  was  emplo_\-ed  in  Boston  and, 
losing  his  parents  when  he  was  ten  )ears 
old,  was  sent  to  work  on  a  farm  in  Madljury, 
New  Hampshire,  for  his  board  and  clothes, 
being  allowed  to  attend  the  district  school 
during  the  winter  term.  In  the  fall  of  1S84, 
he  went  to  Exeter  and  worked  his  way 
through  Phillips  Academy,  graduating  in 
1887.  The  following  fall  he  entered  Har- 
vard Law  School,  and  graduated  in  1890 
with  the  degree  of  LL.B.  He  began  the 
practice  of  law  at  once  in  Boston  and  was 
associated  with  the  late  Richard  Stone  from 
1892  until  1906.  In  1892,  Mr.  Higgins 
moved  to  Somerville,  where  he  served  three 
years  as  alderman,  the  last  year  as  presitlent 
of  that  body  and  ex-officio  member  of  the 


School  C<ininiitlce.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Plouse  of  Representatives  in  1906  and 
1907,  serving  on  the  Judiciary  Committee. 
He  was  also  on  the  Special  Recess  Com- 
mittee on  Insurance  and  chairman  of  the 
Cduimittee  on  Constitutional  Amendments. 
\\'hile  in  the  Legislature  he  drew  the  Anti- 
I'.ucket  Shop  ]!ill  and  led  the  fight  for  its 
enactment.  He  also  led  the  fight  on  the 
Anti-Shoe  Machinery  Bill,  the  Shyster  Law- 
yer Bill,  the  Warehouse  Receipts  Bill,  the 
B.ills  of  Sale  Act,  and  the  fight  against  the 
railroad  merger. 

Mr.  Higgins  was  twice  elected  district 
attorney  of  Middlesex  County,  holding  the 
office  from  1908  until  1914. 

While  a  member  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, Mr.  Higgins'  cijurse  was  almost 
universally  connnended.  The  Lynn  Item 
said  of  him  :  "In  the  legislature  he  was  a 
magnetic  Republican  floor  leader  in  the 
house,"  while  Practical  Politics  thus  eulo- 
gized him:  "He  has  a  public  record  to  his 
credit  that  none  of  his  rivals  can  boast  of. 
He  is  known  as  one  of  the  ablest  lawyers  in 
the  Commonwealth,  and  he  made  an  excep- 
tional record  as  the  prt.isecuting  ofticer  of 
Aliddlesex  County,  which  the  people  of  the 
State  have  surel\'  not  forgotten.  He  is  able, 
aggressive  and  popular."  The  Soincn'ille 
Journal  said :  "In  a  little  more  than  one 
year  of  legislative  service,  he  has  won  a  high 
reputation  for  clear  thinking,  decisive  ac- 
tion, forceful  arguments  and  boundless 
courage.  .  .  .  Those  who  know  him  best 
are  the  most  ardent  believers  in  his  char- 
acter, ability  and  political  tutiu-e."  The 
Boston  Journal  pronounced  him,  "One  of 
our  ablest  and  straightest  legislators,"  and 
the  Boston  Transcript  said,  "Higgins  is  uni- 
versally popular  with  Republicans  and  Dem- 
ocrats alike.  Not  only  is  he  universally 
liked,  but  he  is  highly  esteemed  for  his 
honesty  and  ability."  His  course  as  pros- 
ecutor led  the  ll'altliaiii  Free  Press  Trib- 
une to  editorially  declare,  "There  has 
not  been  a  district  attorney  of  Middlesex 
County  within  the  memory  of  living  men, 
and  possibly  not  in  the  history  of  the 
county,   who  has   had   so   many   important 


432 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


cases  in  the  same  time  as  Mr.  Higgins  has. 
He  has  conducted  them  in  a  manner  which 
lias  won  him  the  encomiums  of  his  fellow 
members  of  the  Bar  and  of  the  police  of- 
ficials with  whom  he  has  Ijeen  associated." 
The  Boston  Journal,  commenting  on  this 
same  service,  said,  "While  he  has  been  in 
office,  Mr.  Higgins  has  shown  remarkable 
ability  both  as  a  criminal  investigator  and 
trial  law)'er.  ...  As  a  trial  lawyer.  District 
Attorney  Higgins  showed  great  resource. 
Astute  and  deliberate,  his  manner  of  trying 
cases  has  attracted  widespread  attention, 
and  has  been  marked  by  eminent  fairness, 
which  has  stood  above  all  else.  He  has 
taken  rank  with  the  foremost  legal  fighters 
of  the  day,  and  during  his  term  of  office  has 
successfully  coped  with  the  greatest  crimi- 
nal attorneys  of  the  State.  While  in  the 
Legislature  he  was  considered  as  one  of  the 
most  powerful  men  on  the  floor,  and  few 
measures  he  advocated  failed  to  be  passed." 
Mr.  Higgins  is  a  member  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Cotisistor)-,  32nd  degree,  of  the 
Aleppo  Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine,  and 
of  the  Somerville  Lodge  of  Elks.  He  was 
married  in  Somerville,  June  30,  IQ07,  to 
M.  Isabel  Goldthwait,  and  has  one  son, 
Robert  P.  Higgins. 

DONALD   MACKAY  HILL 

Donald  M.  Hill,  member  of  the  legal  firm 
of  Blodgett,  Jones,  Burnham  &  Bingham, 
was  born  in  Brookline,  November  i,  1877, 
the  son  of  ^\'illiam  H.  and  Sarah  Ellen 
(May)  Hill.  He  attended  the  Berkeley 
School  and  Harvard  College,  graduating 
from  the  latter  in  189S,  after  which  he  en- 
tered the  Harvard  Law  School.  He  re- 
ceived the  LL.B.  degree  in  1901  and  was 
admitted  to  the  Bar  the  same  year.  ]\Ir. 
Hill  began  his  legal  career  with  Carver  & 
Blodgett,  afterwards  becoming  a  member 
of  the  firm  of  Bingham,  Smith  &  Hill,  and 
eventually  forming  his  present  connection, 
with  offices  at  60  Federal  Street,  the  firm 
being  engaged  in  general  practice  and  mak- 
ing a  specialty  of  marine  and  corporation 
law.     Mr.  Hill  comes  of  old  New  England 


stock,  his  ancestors  settling  at  Kittery. 
Maine,  in  1645.  He  is  president  of  the 
Renfrew  &  Hansohoe  Manufacturing  Co. 
and  a  director  in  a  number  of  corporations. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Exchange  Club,  the 
Harvard  Club  of  Boston,  the  Brae  Burn 
Country  Club,  and  the  Bostonian  Society. 
Air.  Hill  was  married  June  11,  1902,  to 
Annie  N.  Turner,  of  Brookline,  and  has 
two  sons,  Donald  Mackay,  Jr.,  and  Mal- 
colm Turner  Hill.  His  residence  is  in 
Waban. 


Bostcn  leads  the  nation  in  a  nunil-'cr  of 
great  industries,  of  which  wool,  woolen 
goods,  textiles,  fish  and  leather  are  a  few. 

HON.  C.  AUGUSTUS  NORWOOD 

Hon.    C.    Augustus   Norwood    was   born 
in  Hamilton.  Mass.,  August  21,   1880,  the 
son  of  Caleb  J.  and  Alartha  A.  (Dane)  Nor- 
wood.    He    gradu- 
ated from  Harvard  I 
A.B.     and     LL.B.,  | 
and    was    admitted 
to    the    Massachu- 
setts  Bar  in   1905.1 
and  has  since  prac- 
ticed in  Boston.  He| 
held  many  local  of- 
fices   in    Hamilton  | 
and  was  a   Repul;- 
lican  member  of  the  | 
House    of     Repre- 
sentatives during 
191 1  and  1912  ses- 
sions   and    of    the 
Senate  durino'    ^°^'  *■•  Augustus  NORWOOD 

1913,  19 14  and  191 5  sessions,  where,  as 
Chairman   of   the   Judiciary   Committee    in 

1915,  he  was  Floor  Leader.  He  is  vice- 
president  of  the  National  Bank,  Ipswich,, 
director  Co-operative  Bank,  Ipswich,  and 
Massachusetts  Trust  Co.,  Boston.  He  is  a 
Commandery  Mason  and  member  of  the 
American  Bar  Association  and  several 
clubs  and  societies.  He  was  married  March,. 

1916,  to  Elisabeth  F.  Gragg,  of  Brookline,. 
where  thev  now  reside. 


tup:  rook  of  bostox 


4,^,^ 


ROBERT   P.   CLAPP 

Robert  P.  Clapp,  of  Johnson,  Clapp  & 
Underwood,  one  of  the  well-known  lej^al 
firms   of  the  citv,   was  born   in   Montague, 


ROBERT    P.    CLAPI' 


Mass.,  October  21,  1833,  a  direct  descendant 
in  the  ninth  generation  of  Captain  Roger 
Clapp,  who  headed  the  company  that  settled 
Dorchester  in  1630.  He  graduated  from 
Harvard  College  in  1879,  '''""^l  from  the 
Harvard  Law  School  in  1882.  W'hile  a 
student  he  acted  as  a  reporter  on  the  Boston 
Daily  Adzrrtiscr.  and  also  took  up  stenog- 
raphv,  in  which  he  liecame  very  proficient. 
Mr.  Clapp  was  admitted  to  the  Suffolk  Bar 
in  1883,  while  in  the  lioston  rjffice  of  Sena- 
tor Bainbridge  Wadleigh  of  New  Hamp- 
shire. For  seven  years  following  1887, 
nearly  all  of  his  time  was  devoted  to  the 
Thompson-Houston  Electric  Co.  and  the 
General  Electric  (^o.,  of  whose  commercial 
law  departments  he  had  general  charge.  He 
returned  to  general  practice  in  1894,  at  that 
time  organizing  with  Benjamin  N.  Johnson 
and  \\\  Orison  Underwood,  the  present 
firm.  Mr.  Clapp  is  a  trustee  of  the  Williston 
Seminarv  and  a  director  of  several  success- 


ful business  corporations.  Fie  was  treas- 
urer of  the  Middlesex  Bar  Association  for 
ten  years  after  its  organization  in  1899,. 
subsequently  serving  as  vice-president  and 
being  elected  president  in  1914.  He  resides- 
in  Lexington,  where  he  has  held  various 
local  elective  offices.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
St.  Botolph,  L'nion  and  Flarvard  Clubs. 
Mr.  Cla])p  was  married  October  28,  1886,  to 
Mary  Lizzie,  daughter  of  Ex-Mayor 
Charles  H.  Saunders  of  Cambridge,  and 
they  have  two  children,  Lilian  S.,  who  grad- 
uated from  Smith  College  in  the  class  of 
1914.  and  Roger  S.  Clapp,  who  graduated 
from  Phillips  (Exeter)  Academy  in  1915^ 
and  is  uiiw  a  freshman  at  Harvard. 

OSCAR  STORER 

( )scar  Sturer  of  the  legal  firm  of  Stebbins, 
Storer  &  Burbank  was  l)()rn  at  MorrilL 
Me..  September  14,  1867.  After  a  pre- 
liminary education  _ 
in  liucksport.  Me., 
be  entered  Boston 
University,  gradu- 
ating from  the  aca- 
demic department 
in  1892,  and  the 
law  department, 
magna  cum  laude. 
in  1895.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  Bar 
the  preceding  year, 
and  has  since  been 
engaged  in  general 
])ractice,  most  of 
which  is  of  a  ci\il 
character.  He  has  °"''''*  ^™''" 
been  an  instructor  at  the  Boston  University 
Law  School,  in  some  capacit\',  ever  since 
graduation,  having  taught  at  various  times 
sales,  torts  and  constitutional  law.  Mr. 
Storer  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  order 
and  was  nominated  for  the  thirty-third  de- 
gree at  the  last  conclave  held  in  P>oston. 
Fie  also  holds  membership  in  the  Odd  I"el- 
lows.  Knights  of  Pythias  and  the  Delta  Tail 
Delta  and  the  Phi  Delta   I'hi  l-'raternities. 


434 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


ARTHUR  ELMER  DENISON 

(deceased) 

Arthur  E.  Denison,  who  died  May  i8, 
19 lo,  was  one  of  Boston's  best  known  law- 
yers and  one  of  Camljridge's  most  highly 


ARTHUR    E.    DENISON    (dECEASEd) 

respected  citizens.  He  was  born  in  Burke, 
Vermont,  December  5,  1847,  "I'^d  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Westl^rooke  Seminary  and  Tufts 
College.  He  graduated  from  the  latter  with 
the  B.A.  degree  in  1869  and  had  the  M.A. 
degree  conferred  upon  him  in  1907.  While 
.a  student  at  Westbrooke  he  enlisted  in  the 
U.  S.  Army,  April  8,  1864,  and  after  three 
months  service  in  Kittery,  Maine,  was  mus- 
tered out  with  the  rank  of  sergeant.  He 
resumed  his  studies  in  the  fall  of  1865  and 
.after  graduation  he  founded  and  became  the 
first  cashier  of  the  Norway  (Vt.)  National 
Bank.  Resigning  this  position  he  went  to 
Portland,  Me.,  and  studied  law  in  the  office 
of  Hon.  Wirt  Virgin,  later  an  Associate 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Maine. 
After  admission  to  the  Maine  Bar  he  came 
to  Boston  and  continued  practice  here  until 
the  time  of  his  death.  Mr.  Denison  came 
•of  old  New  England  stock  and  was  the  son 


of  Lucius  and  Adelaide  (Hobart)  Denison. 
He  married  Ida  E.,  daughter  of  Dr.  Ward 
E.  Wright  of  Cambridge,  the  union  bring- 
ing two  children,  a  daughter  who  died,  and 
Arthur  W.  Denison,  who  was  associated 
with  his  father  in  legal  work.  Mr.  Denison 
was  a  member  of  the  Masonic  Fraternity, 
University  Club,  Colonial  Clulj,  a  trustee  of 
Tufts  College  and  past  president  of  the 
Universalist  Club  of  Boston. 

Arthur  W.  Denison,  son  of  Arthur  E.  and 
Ida  (Wright)  Denison,  was  born  in  Cam- 
l)ridge,  Mass.,  December  3,  1878.  He 
graduated  from  Harvard  in  1903  and  the 
}ear  following  entered  the  law  offices  of 
Denison,  Drew  &  Clarke,  of  which  his 
father  was  senior  member.  Mr.  Denison 
now  practices  alone  at  68  Devonshire  Street. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Corinthian  Yacht, 
Economic,  Harvard  and  University  Clubs, 
and  of  the  Pi  Eta  Societv. 


As  early  as  1624  a  cargo  of  fish  was 
shipjied  liy  the  Puritans  from  Boston  to 
England. 

BOYD  B.  JONES 

Boyd  B.  Jones,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Georgetown,  Mass.,  October  13,  1856.  He 
graduated  A.B.  from  the  New  London  Lit- 
erary and  Scientific  Institute  in  1874  and  the 
Boston  University  Law  School  conferred 
the  LL.B.  degree  upon  him  in  1877.  He  be- 
gan practice  in  Haverhill,  Mass.,  where  he 
resides,  in  1877,  and  in  Boston  in  1897. 

He  was  assistant  district  attorney  of 
Essex  County  for  one  year,  and  City 
Solicitor  of  Haverhill  for  the  same  period. 

He  served  as  a  member  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Ballot  Law  Commission  for  three 
years,  and  in  1897  President  McKinley 
appointed  him  United  States  Attorney  for 
the  District  of  Massachusetts. 

Mr.  Jones  is  a  member  of  the  law  firm  of 
Hurlburt,  Jones  &  Cabot,  with  offices  at 
53  State  Street. 


TIIR    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


4,vS 


UlLLIAM    HEXKI    IKKSU 

LAWYER 

244    WASHINGTON    STREET 


HON.  EDWARD  LAWRENCE  LOGAN 

Hon.  Edward  L.  Logan,  Justice  of  the 
Municipal  Court,  South  Boston  District,  was 
1m. ni  in  Boston,  January  20,  1875,  the  son 

of  Lawrence  J.  and 
C  a  t  li  e  r  i  n  e  M. 
( O'Connor )  Logan. 
After  thorougli 
preparati<  )n  at  tlie 
B  (I  s  1 11  n  L  a  t  i  n 
Sclidol,  he  gradu- 
ated A.B.  from 
Harvard  U^niversity 
in  1898  and  from 
tlie  Harvard  Law 
School  witli  the 
LL.B.  degree,  in 
1901,  afterwards 
taking  a  post-grad- 
uate course.  He  has 
HON.  EDWARD  L.  LOGAN         i,^.^,„  j,.,  practice  iu 

Boston  since  liis  a<hnissii>n  to  the  I'.ar  in 
T901  and  in  addition  has  l)een  vcr)-  active 
in  political  and  military  circles.  Judge 
Logan  was  Sergeant-Ma j or  of  the  9lh  Regi- 


ment L'.  S.  A'lilunteers  iu  the  Sj^anish- 
American  War.  He  was  afterwards  Ser- 
geant-Majcjr  of  the  9th  Regiment,  M.  V.  ]\L, 
and  being  elected  Second  Lieutenant  of 
Companv  A,  of  that  regiment,  rose  to  the 
ciimmand  of  the  cnni])an\'  and  then  l)ecame 
Maiiir  and  finally  Cdlonel  of  the  regiment, 
which  he  c(.immanded  during  the  Mexican 
troubles  in  19 16.  He  was  aide-de-camp 
on  the  staff  of  Governor  Draper,  with  the 
rank  of  Captain  in  1909-1 9 10,  and  has  been 
a  member  of  the  State  Armory  Commission. 
Colonel  Logan  was  a  member  of  Boston 
Common  Council  in  1899- 1900,  of  the 
Massachusetts  House  of  Representatives  in 
1901-1902  and  of  the  Senate  in  1906.  He 
was  appointed  Special  Justice  of  the  IMunic- 
ipal  Court,  South  Boston  District  in  1907, 
and  has  filled  the  jiosition  since  that  time. 
He  is  a  director  of  the  Old  South  Trust 
Co.,  the  South  Boston  Savings  Bank,  the 
Hibernia  Savings  Bank,  and  hokls  member- 
ship in  the  Harvard,  L^niversity  and  City 
Clubs.     His  offices  are  in  Barristers  Hall. 


WhI.U    A.    ROLLINS 

LAWYER 

305     SHAW.MLH     DANK     lUTI.DINi; 


FRED    L.    NORTON 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


43/ 


FRED  L.  NORTON 

Fred  L.  Norton,  who  is  one  of  the  best 
known  and  most  successful  practitioners  at 
the  Suffolk  bar,  was  born  in  W'estlield, 
JMass.,  November  24,  1865,  the  son  of  Lewis 
R.  and  Harriet  N.  (Fletcher)  Norton.  His 
preparator}'  education  was  received  in  the 
public  and  high  schools  of  Westfield,  after 
which  he  entered  Amherst  College.  Grad- 
uating in  1886,  he  was  selected  as  a  member 
of  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Society  and  as  a 
commencement  speaker.  He  took  a  post- 
graduate course  of  one  year  at  Johns  Hop- 
kins University  and  then  studied  law  at  the 
Boston  University  Law  School,  from  which 
he  graduated  with  the  LL.B.  degree.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  liar  in  1889,  and  at  once 
entered  the  office  of  William  B.  French  in 
lioston,  at  the  same  time  beginning  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  on  his  own  account. 
Mr.  Norton  was  associated  with  Hon.  Wil- 
liam M.  Butler  from  i8g6  imtil  1907,  since 
which  time  he  has  practiced  alone,  with  of- 
fices in  the  Tremont  Building.  His  practice 
is  of  a  general  character,  and  he  has  con- 
tlucted  many  civil  and  criminal  cases  in  the 
various  courts  of  Suffolk  and  the  other 
counties  of  the  Commonwealth.  Mr.  Norton 
is  a  Democrat  in  politics  and  is  a  member  of 
the  Boston  City  Club,  the  Twentieth  Cen- 
tury Club,  the  Boston  Congregational  Club, 
the  Appalachian  ^Mountain  Club  and  the  Chi 
Phi  fraternity.  He  was  married,  T""e  16, 
1897,  to  Mary  R.  Russell,  who  died  July  _', 
191 1.     He  resides  in  Brookline. 

BENTLEY  WTRTH  WARREN 

After  studying  law  under  Hon.  Thomas 
P.  Proctor  and  at  the  Boston  University 
Law  School,  Bentley  W'irth  Warren  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Bar  and  is  now  senior  mcmlier 
of  the  legal  firm  of  Warren,  Garlicld, 
Whitesides  &  Lamson.  He  was  born  in 
Boston,  April  20,  1864,  was  educated  at  the 
Boston  Latin  School  and  at  Williams  Col- 
lege, from  which  he  graduated  A.I'.,  in 
1885.  He  ^\■as  a  meml)er  of  the  IMassachu- 
setts  House  of  Representatives  in  1891-92 
and  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission  in 
1903-05.     He  is  president  of  the  Winnisim- 


met  R.  R.,  trustee  of  the  Worcester  Rail- 
ways and  Investment  Co.,  director  of 
the  East  Middlesex  Street  Railway  Co.,  the 
Boston  &  Revere  Street  Railway  Co.,  the 
State  Street  Trust  Co.,  the  Boston  &  Chelsea 
R.  R.  Co.,  and  the  Boston  Morris  Plan  Co., 
and  trustee  of  the  I'righton  Five  Cent 
Savings  Bank,  Williams  College  and  Brim- 
mer School  (Boston).  His  clubs  are  the 
Union,  Ll^niversity,  Country  and  Boston 
City,  and  the  L'niversity  of  New  York  City. 


The  Medical  schools  of  Boston  have  de- 
veloped that  science  imtil  this  city  leads  the 
c(juntry  in  the  men  devoting  their  lives  to 
that  pnifession. 

JOSEPH  F.  WARREN 

Joseph  F.  \\'arren,  senior  member  of  the 
law  firm  of  Warren,  Burt  &  Palmer,  was 
born  in  Foxborough,  Mass.,  October  6, 
1872,  the  son  of 
Henry  G.  and  Eliza 
(Wilber)  Warren 
and  grandson  of 
Judge  Ebenezer 
Warren,  a  brother 
of  General  Joseph 
Warren,  who  was 
killed  at  the  battle 
of  Bunker  Hill.  He 
was  educated  in  the] 
Foxborough  High 
School,  and  he  af- 
terwards entered 
Boston  Universit}- 
Law  School,  from 
which  he  graduated  '°^^-''"  ''•  "•■^■^'<'-'' 

cum  laude  in  i8(;()  with  the  LL.B.  degree. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  the  same  year 
and  has  been  in  active  practice  in  Boston 
since.  ]\Ir.  ^^'arren  is  a  member  of  the 
Masonic  Fraternity,  the  Boston  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  Appalachian  Mountain  Club,  Bar 
Association  of  the  City  of  Boston,  the  Mas- 
sachusetts Bar  Association,  Boston  Univer- 
sity Ahunni  Association.  He  was  married 
September  15,  1904,  to  Maud  Battelle 
IVIowry  of  Walpole,  Mass.  His  offices  are 
at  50  Congress  Street,  Boston. 


438 


THE  BOOK  OF  BOSTON 


RALPH  SYLVESTER  BARTLETT 

Ralph  Sylvester  Bartlett,  lawyer,  was 
born  April  29,  1868,  in  Eliot,  Maine,  the 
son   of    Sylvester   and   Clementine    (Raitt) 


RALPH    S.    BARTLE'IT 

Bartlett.  He  gradnated  from  Berwick 
Academy.  South  Berwick,  Maine,  in  1885, 
received  the  A.B.  degree  from  Dartmouth 
College  in  1889,  and  the  A.M.  degree  from 
the  same  institution  in  1892,  The  L.L.B. 
degree  was  conferred  upon  him  by  the  Bos- 
ton University  Law  School,  from  which  he 
graduated  magna  cum  laude  in  1892.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  Suffolk  bar  the  same 
year,  and  to  the  United  States  courts  in 
1894.  He  was  associated  in  practice  with 
former  Governor  William  E.  Russell  from 
1892  until  the  latter's  death  in  1896;  since 
that  time  he  has  been  engaged  in  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  in  Boston,  with  offices 
at  53  State  Street.  Mr.  Bartlett  is  eighth 
in  direct  descent  from  Richard  Bartlett,  who 
emigrated  from  Sussex,  England,  and  set- 
tled in  Newbury,  Mass.,  in  1635.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  University,  Dartmouth,  Mid- 
dlesex and  Economic  Clubs,  Sons  of  the 
American   Revolution,   New   England   His- 


toric Genealogical  Society,  Theta  Delta  Chi. 
Society,  Phi  Delta  Phi  Society,  American 
Bar  Association,  Massachusetts  Bar  Asso- 
ciation, Bar  Association  of  the  City  of  Bos- 
ton. Mr.  Bartlett  served  in  coast  defence 
duty  during  the  Spanish-American  War  in 
1898,  with  the  First  Corps  Cadets,  M  .V.  M, 
He  was  an  active  member  of  this  organiza- 
tion from  1894  until  1903,  and  now  holds 
honorary  and  veteran  meml>ership.  He  re- 
sides at  139  Beacon  Street,  Boston. 


Boston  was  not  lightly  named  "The  Hub."' 
Workl  tourists  today  can  well  appreciate 
why  it  is  entitled  to  this  distinction. 

ROBERT  J.  BOTTOMLY 

Roljert  J.  Bottomly,  whose  law  office  is 
at  161  Devonshire  Street,  was  born  Decem- 
lier  30,  1883,  at  Worcester,  Mass.  He  was- 
educated  at  the 
W'orcester  Classical 
High  School,  Am- 
herst College,  and 
Boston  LTniversity 
Law  School,  ob- 
ta  i  n  i  ng  the  A.B. 
and  A.AL  degrees  | 
from  Amherst,  and 
the  LL.B.  and 
J.B.  from  Bos- 
ton University.  He 
was  admitted  to  the 
Ear  in  1909,  and 
has  since  been  in 
general  practice. 
For  several  years  '*°''''''''  '■  bottomly 
he  has  been  Secretary  of  the  Good  Govern- 
ment Association  and  Secretary  of  the  Bos- 
ton Charter  Association.  In  191 2  he  was 
Executive  Secretary  of  the  Fifth  Inter- 
national Congress  of  Chambers  of  Com- 
merce. Mr.  Bottomly  is  of  old  New  Eng- 
land ancestry.  He  is  a  member  and  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Boston  City  Club, 
a  director  of  the  City  History  Club  and  of 
Denison  House,  a  member  of  the  National 
Municipal  League  and  the  Pan-Americani 
Societv  of  the  L^nited  States. 


THE    HOOK    OF    BOSTON 


43>^ 


JAMtS    t.    MCCON.NELL 


JAMES  E.  .McOJXXELL 

James  E.  McConnell  of  tlie  legal  firm  of 
McConnell  &  McConnell,  Tremont  Ijiiild- 
ing,  was  born  in  North  Ailams,  Mass.,  April 

22,  1866.  He  grad- 
uated from  Holy 
Cross  College  in 
1886  and  from  the 
Boston  University 
L  a  \v  S  c  h  o  o  1  i  n 
1888,  after  which 
he  began  practice 
in  Fitchburg,  but 
removed  to  Boston 
in  1905.  Mr.  Mc- 
Connell is  a  Demo- 
crat and  was  candi- 
date for  Lieutenant- 
Governor  in  1896 
and  for  Attorney 
General  in  1908, 
also  serving  as  Chairman  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Commission  on  Pensions  in  1914.  For 
many  years  he  was  Supreme  Advocate  of 
the  Knights  of  Columl)us,  is  a  member  of 
the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Bar  Association  and  various  Chamber 
of  Commerce  Committees.  His  clubs  are 
the  Boston  City  and  Wollaston  Golf. 

HENRY  \\'ALTON  SWIFT 

Henry  W.  Swift,  counsellor  at  law,  whi) 
has  for  years  been  prcjininent  in  municipal, 
state  and  judicial  affairs,  was  born  Decem- 
ber 17,  1849,  at  New  Bedford,  Mass.  Fie 
was  educated  at  the  Friends  Academy-  of 
New  Bedford,  rhillijis  Exeter  Academy, 
Harvard  College  and  the  Harvard  Law 
School.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Suffolk 
County  Bar  in  June,  1874,  and  has  since 
been  active  along  various  lines.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Boston  Common  Council  in 
1879  ^'""J  1880,  a  member  of  the  Boston 
School  Committee  in  1881,  a  member  of  the 
Legislature  in  1882,  was  appointed  a  member 
of  the  Board  of  Harbor  and  Land  Commis- 
sioners in  1 89 1  and  was  chairman  of  that 
board  for  about  three  years.  He  was  ap- 
pointed United  States  Marshal  in  1894  and 


served  for  about  four  and  one-half  years. 
He  was  for  one  year  lecturer  on  Sales  at  the- 
Harvard  Law  School,  during  an  illness  of 
Professor  ^^'illiston.  He  is  now  Reporter 
of  Decisions  of  the  Supreme  Judicial  Court, 
having  assumed  the  duties  of  that  office  on 
January  i,  190 1.  Since  that  time  he  has 
l>roduced  forty-seven  volumes  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Reports,  namely,  177  Mass.  to  223 
Mass.,  inclusive.  Mr.  Swift  is  a  descendant 
of  William  Swift,  who  came  here  from 
England  in  1630,  and  his  maternal  ancestry 
includes  many  men  who  were  prominent  in 
Colonial  history.  He  has  an  office  for  his 
private  practice  at  50  State  Street,  and  is  a 
memljer  of  the  Somerset  and  L^nion  Clubs. 


The  Park  system  of  Boston  includes  30 
miles  of  picturesque  river  banks,  12  miles 
of  delightful  .seashore,  79  miles  of  beautiful 
boulevards  and  over  50  miles  of  woodland 
roads. 

JOSEPH  W.  McCONNELL 

Joseph  W.  IMcConnell,  attorney,  of  the 
firm  of  McConnell  &  McConnell,  was  Imrn 
in  North  Adams,  Alass.,  June  17,  1877.  Fie 
graduated  fro  m 
Williams  College  in 
1898  and  from  the 
Boston  University 
Law  Sell  ool  in 
1901.  After  ad- 
mission to  the  Bar  | 
he  ])  r  a  c  t  i  c  e  d  in 
Fitchburg,  Mass., 
for  two  years,  and 
removed  to  Bost(  m 
April,  1905,  form- 
ing his  present  con- 
nection and  engag- 
ing in  the  general 
practice  of  his  pro- 
fession. Mr.  Mc- 
Connell is  a  Veteran 
Lieutenant  of  the  9th  Infantry,  Massachu- 
setts X'olunteer  Militia  and  a  memlier  of  the 
\\'(>(Klland  Golf  Club.  His  offices  are  in  the 
Tremont  I'.uilding,  and  he  resides  at  14 
Cbamblet   Street,  Dorchester. 


JOSEPH    \V.    MCCONNELL 

the  1st  Corps  Cadets, 


440 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


DANIEL    J.    CALLAGHF.R 


DANIEL  J.  GALLAGHER 
Daniel  J.  Gallagher,  who  since  admission 
to  the  Bar  has  been  active  in  legal  and  po- 
litical circles,  was  born  in  Newton,  Mass., 
August  31,  1873.     He  was  educated  in  the 

schools  of  Water- 
town,  Boston  Col- 
lege and  Boston 
LTniversity  L  a  w 
School.  He  was 
ilass  orator  at  the 
Boston  College  in 
1892  and  winner  of 
the  prize  oifered  by 
the  Fulton  Debat- 
ing Societ}'.  He  was 
the  youngest  man 
to  receive  the  A.M. 
degree  at  the  Bos- 
ton College  in  1894 
and  delivered  the 
master's  oration. 
Fie  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1895  and  has 
appeared  successfully  in  several  criminal 
and  nuirder  cases.  He  also  received  the 
largest  verdict  ever  awarded  in  Norfolk 
County  in  a  suit  for  personal  injury.  Mr. 
Gallagher  was  appointed  an  assistant  to  Dis- 
trict Attorney  Pelletier,  February  28,  19 16. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Catholic  Order  of 
Foresters  and  State  Deputy  of  the  Knights 
of  Columbus.  He  was  a  memlier  of  the 
Democratic  State  Central  Committee  from 
1896  to  1898,  and  is  the  organizer  of  the 
^'B.  C.  Home  Night,"  the  chief  annual  event 
conducted  by  the  Boston  College  Alumni 
Association. 


EDMUND  H.  TALBOT 

Edmund  FI.  Talljot,  attorney  at  law,  of 
35  Congress  Street,  was  admitted  to  the 
Suffolk  Bar  in  1888  and  has  since  been  en- 
gaged in  the  general  practice  of  the  law, 
with  special  attention  given  to  mercantile, 
banking  and  trusts. 

He  is  a  director  and  counsel  of  the 
American   Glue   Company,   director   of   the 


International  Trust  Company,  Potter  Drug 
and  Chemical  Corporation,  Robinson 
Brothers  &  Company,  Chester  Kent  &  Com- 
pany, Indexical  Soap  Co.,  and  trustee  of 
several  large  estates  in  Boston. 

GEORGE  A.  SWEETSER 

George  A.  Sweetser,  of  the  law  firm  of 
Anderson,  Sweetser  &  Wiles,  was  born  in 
Saugus,  Mass.,  November  2t,.  1872,  and 
was  educated  in  the 
puljlic  schools  of 
Saugus  and  Mai- 
den, Mass.  After 
a  short  business  I 
experience  in  one  | 
of  the  large  Bos- 
ton corporations,  he  I 
was  admitted  to  the  [ 
Bar  in  1901,  and 
has  since  been  in 
active  practice  in  I 
Boston.  Mr.  Sweet- 1 
ser  has  given  par- 
ticular attention  to 
corporation  law  and 
to  trial  work.  Mr. 
Sweetser  is  a  director  and  clerk  of  the  E.  T. 
Slattery  Company,  154  Tremont  Street, 
Boston;  a  director  and  treasurer  of  the 
Edward  Bryant  Company,  213  Central 
Street,  Boston ;  and  is  a  director  of  the 
^\'ellesley  Cooperative  Bank  and  the  Welles- 
ley  Publishing  Company,  of  Wellesley, 
Mass.  He  resides  at  Wellesley  Hills,  Mass., 
and  was  Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Select- 
men of  the  Town  of  Wellesley  from  1907 
to  191 1.  He  is  a  member  of  the  American 
Bar  Association,  the  Boston  Bar  Associa- 
tion, the  Norfolk  Bar  Association,  the  Bos- 
ton Chamber  of  Commerce,  the  Academy  of 
Political  Science  of  the  City  of  New  York, 
and  the  Theta  Delta  Chi  Fraternity.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  IMaugus  and  the  Nehoi- 
den  and  A\'ellesley  Clubs,  of  Wellesley, 
Mass.,  and  of  the  Boston  City  Club  of  Bos- 
ton, Mass.  His  offices  are  at  84  State  Street, 
Boston. 


GEORGE    A.    SWEETSER 


UK    ROOK    OF    BOSTON 


441 


HON.    WILLIAM     B.     LAURENCL 


IIOX.    WILLIAM    11.    L.WVRENCE 

Hon.  \\'illiani  B.  Lawrence,  lawyer  and 
legislator,  was  Ixirn  in  Charlestmvn,  Mass., 
X(iveml)er    i6,    1856.      Lie  graduated    from 

the  I'oston  Latin 
Scliiiiil  in  1875, 
.\.i').  from  Harvard 
in  iSjf)  and  LL.ll. 
fr(ini  1  lar\ard  L'ni- 
\iT>it\'  Law  School 
in  iSS_>.  He  was 
achnitted  In  the  I'.ar 
i  the  following  year 
and  has  since  prac- 
ticed in  lioston. 
Mr.  Lawrence  was 
a  meniher  of  the 
AI  a  s  sac  h  u  s  e  1 1  s 
House  of  Represen- 
tatives in  1891-2 
and  of  the  Senate 
in  1893-4.  He  is  a  trustee  of  the  Medfurd 
Savings  Bank  and  has  been  jiresident  of  the 
Cajie  Cdd  Pilgrim  Memorial  .\ssiiciation 
since  1912.  He  is  a  thirt\ -third  degree 
MasdU  and  a  memlier  of  the  I'niversity  and 
(  onimercial  LIuIjs.  His  offices  are  at  18 
Tremont  Street. 

PIERPONT    L.    STACKPOLE 

Pierpont  L.  Stackpnle,  attnrney.  was  horn 
in  Brookline,  February  16,  1875,  the  son  of 
Stephen  Henry  and  Julia  (  Faunce)  Stack- 
])ole,  who  were  of  English  and  Welsh  an- 
•cestry.  He  attended  Colgate  .Academy  and 
■Colgate  L'niversity  at  Flaniilton,  N.  Y.,  and 
then  entered  Harvard  College,  graduating 
in  1897.  His  legal  studies  were  at  the  Har- 
vard Law  School  and  were  completed  in 
1900.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  the 
same  year  and  immediatelv  became  associ- 
ated with  the  legal  tirm  of  J.  P..  &  H.  F.. 
\\'arner.  which  eventually  assumed  its  pres- 
ent title  of  Warner,  Warner  &  Stackpole, 
with  offices  at  84  State  Street.  Mr.  Stack- 
])nle  is  interested  in  several  corporations, 
and  he  holds  membership  in  the  I'niou, 
'Tennis  and  Racquet,  and  other  clubs. 


HON.  WILLI. \.\1   W.  CLARKE 

Hon.  William  W.  Clarke  was  born  in 
(Iroton,  Mass.,  March  lu,  1870.  He  at- 
tended the  iniblic  schools  previous  to  enter- 


HON.    «  U.LLVM    W.    CLAKKK 


ing  Harvanl  College  and  afterwards  the 
Harvard  Law  School  for  two  years.  Mr. 
Clarke  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1895. 
He  has  no  associates  and  his  practice  was 
of  a  general  character  until  about  three  years 
ago,  when  he  took  up  corporation  work  and 
has  since  .specialized  in  that  line  of  his  pro- 
fession. In  addition  to  his  legal  work  Mr. 
Clarke  is  interested  in  several  corporations. 
He  is  a  director  of  the  Bay  State  Pumj) 
Company,  president  of  the  Columbia  Mutual 
F'ire  Assurance  Com])any  of  Boston  and 
president  of  the  American  Oil  Company  of 
New  England.  He  is  interested  in  the  de- 
velopment of  oil  fields  at  Jamestown,  R.  L, 
where  wells  are  being  drilled,  a  deposit 
of  heavv  paraffine  oil  having  been  discov- 
ered in  that  locality.  In  politics  he  is  a 
Democrat  and  was  a  member  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts House  of  Representatives  in  1904 
and  of  the  State  Senate  in  1907.  being  a 
member  of   the   E.xamining   Committee   of 


442 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


the  Boston  Public  Library  \\hile  in  the 
Senate.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the 
special  committee  appointed  by  the  House 
and  Senate  to  consider  relations  between 
employers  and  employees.  He  was  mar- 
ried February  7,  1907,  to  Alice  Agnew 
Doyle.     His  offices  are  at  75  State  Street. 

HON.  CHARLES  J.  BROWN 

Hon.  Charles  J.  Brown  was  l)(irn  in  Bos- 
ton June  29,  1874,  and  was  educated  at  the 
pul)lic  schi;ols  and  the  Young  ]\Ien's  Chris- 

t  i  a  n  Association. 
Lie  studied  law  in 
the  office  of  Hon. 
Jdhn  L.  Bates  and 
was  admitted  to  the 
Bar  in  1900.  He 
has  been  in  active 
practice  since,  with 
the  exception  of 
the  }ears  1903-4, 
when  he  was  sec- 
retar\-  to  <  loverm  ir 
Jjates.  In  19 10  he 
was  appointed  to 
the  East  Boston 
District  Court  and 
is  now  senior  jus- 
tice. He  is  a  Re]niblican  in  politics,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Knights  of  Columbus,  the  M.  C. 
O.  of  F.  and  is  a  trustee  of  the  Sumner  Sav- 
ings Bank.  His  offices  are  in  the  Tremont 
Building  and  he  resides  in  W'inthrop. 

J.  ALFRED  ANDERSON 

The  obstacles  that  a  foreign-born  citizen 
of  the  United  States  encounters  are  man}-, 
and  success  along  any  line  of  endeavor  is 
worthy  of  record — hence  the  story  of  J. 
Alfred  Anderson's  career.  He  was  born  in 
Uleaborg,  Finland,  December  16,  1880,  and 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Viborg, 
Finland,  and  at  the  Berkeley  Preparatory 
School,  after  coming  to  the  United  States 
in  1895.  While  engaged  in  mercantile  pur- 
suits, six  years  of  which  were  spent  as  Land- 
ing Passenger  Agent  of  the  Cunard  Steam- 
ship Co.,  he  was,  in  1907,  admitted  to  the 


Boston  LTniversity  Law  School.  He  also 
studied  in  the  V.  M.  C.  A.  Law  School.  He 
began  to  practice  law  in  Boston  in  Febru- 
ary,   1911,  and  in  June  of  the   same  year 


HON.    CHARLES    J.    BROWN 


J.    ALFRED    ANDERSON 

received  the  LL.B.  degree  from  the  law 
school.  The  following  year  he  organized 
the  legal  firm  of  Anderson,  Carney  &  Peter- 
son, with  offices  at  209  Washington  Street, 
and  has  been  very  successful,  specializing  in 
Federal  Court  practice  and  being  counsel  in 
important  cases  in  the  New  England  States, 
New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio.  This 
achievement  will  seem  more  remarkable 
when  it  is  known  that  Mr.  Anderson  could 
not  speak  a  word  of  English  a  score  of  years 
ago.  His  adaptabilit)'  is  such,  however, 
that  during  his  connection  with  the  Cunard 
Company,  he  overcame  all  linguistic  difficul- 
ties and  conducted  business  for  that  line  in 
at  least  ten  different  languages.  He  attained 
legal  prominence  soon  after  admission  to 
the  Ijar  by  his  activity  in  jjrosecuting  acci- 
tlent  cases. 

^Ir.  Anderson  was  one  of  the  organizers 
of  the  Eastern  Finnish  Temperance  League, 
which  now  has  a  large  meml:)ership.  He 
also  organized  a  large  number  of  Finnish 
workingmen's  associations,  and  is  a  leader 
in  all  the  Finm'sh  activities  in  the  Eastern 
States. 


TlIK    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


443 


HON.  RICHARD  S.    TI^ELING 

Hon.  Richard  S.  Teeliiii;',  attnnicy-at-law, 
was  Ixirn  in  Charlestown,  l)ecenil)er  2(), 
1878,  and  has  always  resided  in  tliat  chs- 


IIOX.    RICH.\RD    S.    TEELING 

trict.  He  was  educated  in  the  Bunker  Hill 
Oramniar  School,  Boston  Latin  School 
and  linstcm  College,  from  which  he  was 
graduated  in  189c)  with  the  degree  of  A.B. 
He  then  attended  the  Boston  University  Law 
School  from  which  he  received  the  degrees 
of  B.L.  and  J.M.,  upon  his  graduation  in 
1904.  He  at  once  began  the  practice  of 
law  after  his  admission  to  the  ISar,  and  al- 
though (jue  of  the  vounger  memliers  of  the 
profession,  Mr.  Teeling  has  proven  himself 
well  alile  to  liandle  cases  that  usually  <lemand 
lunger  experience.  He  has  an  extensive 
clientele  which  has  grown  through  his  as- 
siduity and  integrit}'. 

In  politics  Mr.  Teeling  has  alwa\s  been 
a  Democrat.  He  represented  the  Fourth 
Suffolk  District  in  the  Massachusetts  House 
<lin'iiig  1 !):)()  and  1907,  and  was  a])])iiinted 
a  nieml)er  of  the  Taxation  ('(juimission  of 
1907.  Mr.  Teeling  was  elected  lu  the  ^lassa- 
chusetts  Senate   for   i<;o<j  and    1910,  where 


he  served  as  a  Memlier  uf  Rules  and  the 
Juiliciar\-.  His  career  in  the  Massachusetts 
Legislature  was  an  active  and  honorable  one, 
and  the  public  experience  which  he  obtained 
therein  has  done  much  to  enhance  his  abil- 
ity to  successfully  carry  through  much  im- 
portant litigation. 

Mr.  Teeling  is  vice-president  and  direct(jr 
of  the  Charlestown  Trust  Company.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  (.■hamlier  of  Commerce, 
Boston  Bar  Association,  City  Club,  Knights 
of  Columbus,  Massachusetts  Catholic  Order 
of  F^oresters,  Catholic  .\lumni  Society,  Bos- 
ton Athletic  Association,  and  the  lielmont 
Springs  Country  Club. 

Mr.  Teeling's  offices  are  in  the  Merchants 
Bank  I'.uilding,  30  State  Street. 


The  old  r.oston  merchant  risked  a  fortune 
in  everv  shipload  and  usually  made  one  out 
of  it. 

JAMES  M.  GRAHAM 

Tames  M.  Graham,  secretary  and  organ- 
izer of  the  Forest  Hills  Cooperative  Bank, 
and  member  of  the  legal  firm  of  McDonald 
&  Graham,  was 
born  in  B  o  s  t  o  n 
Mav  26,  1884,  and 
was  educated  at  the 
Boston  Grammar 
and  Boston  Latin 
schools.  He  studied 
law  in  the  office  of 
John  ¥.  McDon- 
ald, his  present  as- 
sociate, and  was 
admitted  to  the 
Massachusetts  Bar 
February  23,  1896, 
and  to  the  L^nited 
States  Court  the 
following  year.  ^Ir. 
( "iraham  is  engaged  iirincipally  in  trial  work 
and  he  has  been  very  successful.  He  is  a 
mem]>er  of  the  Knights  of  Columbus,  Bos- 
ton City  Club,  the  Catholic  L'nion  and  the 
Savin  blill  ^'acht  Club.  His  offices  are  in 
the  Treniciut   iUiilding. 


JAMES    M.    GRAHAM 


444 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


FRANCIS  M.  CARROLL 

Francis  M.  Carroll,  who,  in  addition  to  his 
large  legal  practice,  has  been  active  in  many 
civic   Ijcttcrment   movements,   was   Ijorn   at 


FRANCIS    M.    CARROLL 

Ware,  Mass.,  March  u,  1875.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Boston  University,  olitain- 
ing  the  A.B.  degree  in  1897  and  A.M.  in 
1899.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1903, 
and  has  since  been  actively  engaged  in  prac- 
tice, being  now  a  mem1)er  of  the  tirm  of 
Carroll,  Flye  &  Nunn,  with  offices  in  the 
Newport  Building,  68  Devonshire  Street. 
Previous  to  taking  up  active  practice,  ]\Ir. 
Carroll  taught  school  from  1897  until  1902 
and  was  principal  of  the  Ware  High  School. 
He  was  trustee  of  the  Medfield  State 
Asylum  from  1907  until  1910.  Mr.  Car- 
roll is  a  member  of  the  American  Bar  Asso- 
ciation, the  Massachusetts  State  Bar  Asso- 
ciation, the  Boston  Art  Club,  the  Wollaston 
Golf  Club,  the  Bostonian  Society,  the  Beta 
Theta  Pi  Fraternity,  and  the  National  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce,  of  which  he  is  a  member 
of  the  Committee  on  Fire  Prevention.  He 
is  a  Democrat  in  politics,  and  always  takes 
part  in  the  activities  and  counsels  of  that 
party. 


JOHN    E.    EATON 


JOHN  E.  EATON 

John  E.  Eaton,  senior  member  of  the 
firm  of  Eaton  &  McKnight,  attorneys,  45 
Milk  Street,  was  born  February  26,  1871, 
at  Truro.  N.  S.  He 
was  educated  at 
Acadia  College, 
WOlfville,  N.  S., 
.•mtl  after  w  a  r  d  s 
graduated  f  r  o  m 
Harvard  L'niver- 
sity  in  1S93  and 
Harvard  L  a  w 
School  in  1896,  ol)- 
taining  the  degrees 
(.t  A.B.  and  LL.B. 
He  was  admitted 
to  the  Bar  in  1895 
one  year  before  his 
graduation  from 
the  Law  School, 
in  1896  he  fnrnied  a  law  partnership  with 
luhvin  T.  McKnight  under  the  style  of 
Eaton  S:  ^McKnight,  and  the  firm  has  re- 
mained unchanged  since.  Mr.  Eaton  is  a 
director  of  the  ( iuaranty  Trust  Co.  of  Cam- 
bridge, the  Hyde  Park  Trust  Co.,  and  the 
Melrose  Trust  Co.  His  clubs  are  the  Bostnn 
Cit\-  and  the  Highland  of  West  Roxbury, 
of  which  he  is  vice-president.  Mr.  Eaton 
was  married  March  20.  1897,  to  Anna  M. 
Hathaway,  and  they  have  two  children. 
Ruth  Hathaway  Eaton  and  John  Edgar 
Iviton,  Jr. 

h:i)WARD  HUMPHREYS  PALMER 

Edward  H.  Palmer,  member  of  the  law 
firm  of  Emery,  Booth,  Janney  &  \'arney  of 
Boston  and  New  York,  was  i)(jrn  in  Boston. 
Shortly  after  the  death  of  his  father,  Ed- 
ward Dorr  Griffin  Palmer,  who  was  a  well 
know  physician,  he  was  educated  in  the 
schools  and  universities  of  France  and  Ger- 
manv.  Upon  his  return  to  this  country  he 
graduated  LL.B.  from  the  Harvard  Law 
School  in  1894.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
New  York  Bar  and  the  Suffolk  County  Bar 
in  1895.  and  is  also  a  memlier  of  the  Federal 
Bar.  The  Sorbonne,  Paris,  France,  con- 
ferred the  S.B.   degree  upon  him  in    1890. 


THE    I^OOK    OK    BOSTON' 


445 


After  practicing-  for  some  time  aldue  in  Bos- 
ton, he  was  for  six  years  one  of  the  patent 
attorneys  in  the  Patent  Department  of  tlie 
United   States   Machinery  Co.     He  became 


EDWARD    H.    PALMKR 


associate<I  with  tlie  lirni  <if  iuner_\ ,  Bodth, 
Janney  &  X'arney  in  191 2  antl  was  admitted 
to  partnership  in  1914,  handling  United 
States  patent  law  cases  and  specializing  in 
foreign  patent  law  on  account  of  his  knowl- 
edge of  foreign  languages  and  familiarity 
with  the  requirements  and  technicalities  of 
foreign  patent  ])ractice.  ]\Ir.  Palmer  is  a 
memljer  of  the  Masonic  fraternitv,  and  is 
associated  with  St.  Johns  Lodge  of  Boston 
and  .Mt.  \  ernoii  Cha])ter  of  Ro.xliurw  His 
forbears  were  Puritans  who  came  over  in  the 
"Fortune"  about  162  i,  and  settled  in  Plxin- 
outh.  The  first  American  ancestor  was 
William  Palmer,  and  many  menil)ers  of  the 
early  family  figured  in  the  Revolutionar\- 
and  Indian  \\  ars.  Mr.  Pahuer's  early  child- 
hiMid  was  si)ent  at  the  famil\-  home  in  what 
was  then  Montgomery  Place,  now  Bosworth 
Street,  where  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  and 
other  notable  characters  were  neighbors. 
His  offices  are  at  50  Congress  Street. 


JOHN  LOWELL 

John   Lowell,  the  sixth  of  that  name  in 
direct  line,   was  born  in  Boston,   May  23, 
1856,  educated  at  private  schools,  graduated 
from  Harvard  Col- 
lege   in     1877,     at- 
tended the  Harvard  \ 
Law     .School,     and 
after    admission    to  I 
the     Bar     in     1880 1 
])racticed  alone  un- 
til    he      j(jined     his 
f  a  t  h  e  r,     the     late 
Judge  Ji  ihn  Li  iwell, 
who  resigned   from 
the  bench  in    18S3, 
the  firm  name  Ijeing 
John    Lowell,   John 
Lowell,    Jr.,    which 
later      lie  c  a  m  e 

I  11  ,-         •    I  .,  JOHN     LOUEI.L 

Lowell,     Smith     tK: 

Lowell,  and  eventuall_\-  assumed  the  present 
title  of  Lowell  &  Lowell,  his  brother,  James 
A.  Lowell,  being  n;>\v  associated  with  him. 
He  is  engaged  in  general  practice  and  is 
trustee  and  general  counsel  for  the  Em- 
])loyers'  Liabilitx'  .Assurance  Co.,  of  Lon- 
don, b.ngland,  counsel  for  several  large  cor- 
])orations,  member  of  the  Council  of  the  Bar 
.Association  of  the  City  of  Boston,  and  of 
the  I'.xecutive  Committee  of  the  .American 
Bar  .Association,  trustee  of  the  Massachusetts 
General  Hospital,  the  Society  for  Promot- 
ing Agriculture,  treasurer  of  the  Harvard 
Loan  Fund,  member  of  the  Sinking  Fund 
Commission  of  Newton,  the  A'isiting  Com- 
mittee of  the  -Arnold  .Arboretum  and  Bussey 
In.stitution,  the  ALassachusetts  Charitable 
Society,  the  Harvard,  Tavern  and  E.xchange 
Clubs  of  Boston,  Harvard  Club  of  New 
A'ork,  and  ]iresi(.lent  of  the  Union  C  lulj  of 
Boston. 


.Almost  with  the  settling  of  Boston  there 
were  supplementar\-  and  inferior  Courts,  but 
f I  ir  many  years  there  was  no  Bar. 

Not  until  1701  were  attorneys  recognized 
as  officers  of  the  Court.  In  that  year  thev 
were  required  to  take  oath  before  being- 
allowed  to  pr.'ictice. 


446 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


ROBERT  GARDNER  McCLUNG 

Robert  Gardner  McClung  was  born  in 
Knoxville,  Tenn.,  July  3,  1868.  His  father, 
Franklin  Henry  McCIung,  was  a  prominent 


ROBERT    G.    MCCLUNG 


merchant  of  the  Southwest.  Flis  great- 
grandfather, Charles  ]\lcClung,  was  a 
member  of  the  Tennessee  Constitutional 
Convention  of  1796;  and,  as  a  member  of 
the  committee  appointed  for  that  purpose, 
drafted  the  first  Constitution  of  Tennessee. 
One  of  his  ancestors  was  James  White,  who 
was  a  captain  of  North  Carolina  Militia 
(1779-81  ),  in  the  Revolution,  and  was  the 
f:, under  of  Knoxville,  Tennessee,  in  1791. 
The  lantl  having  been  granted  to  him  by  the 
state  of  North  Carolina,  he  settled  upon  the 
site  of  the  future  Kmixville  in  1786;  but  it 
\\as  five  vears  later  that  the  land  was  sur- 
veyed, and  sold  in  lots,  and  the  name  Knox- 
ville given  to  the  town  in  honor  of  General 
Henry  Knox,  who  was  Secretary  of  War  un- 
der President  \\'ashington.  In  1813,  as  briga- 
dier-general of  East  Tennessee  Militia  Vol- 
unteers, he  accompanied  General  Jackson  in 
the  expedition  against  the  Creek  Indians. 
His  mother  was  a  daughter  of  Adam  Lee 


Mills,  of  St.  Louis,  who,  as  a  young  man, 
fought  under  General  William  Henry  Har- 
rison in  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe;  was  the 
first  president  of  the  Boatmen's  Bank  of  St. 
Louis,  the  oldest  Itank  in  Alissouri ;  and  is 
said  to  have  established  the  first  mail  line 
west  of  the  Mississippi  River.    Through  his 
father's  mother  (  a  daughter  of  Calvin  Mor- 
gan, a  merchant  and  landowner  of  Knox- 
ville,   Tennessee )    he    is    descended    f  re  mi 
James   Morgan,   who   landed  in   Boston   in 
1636,  and  settled  in  Roxbury,  Mass.,  but  in 
1649  removed  to  New  London,  Conn.  From 
James  Morgan  were  descended,  also,  Edwin 
D.    Morgan,    the    Republican    "War    Gov- 
ernor" of  New  York;  General  John  Hunt 
Morgan,    the    daring    Confederate    cavalry 
officer;  and  John  Tyler  Morgan,    for  thirty 
years  L^nited  States  Senator  from  Alabama 
(T877-1907).     From  Miles   Morgan,  who. 
according    to    a    historian    of    the    Morgan 
family,  was  a  brother  of  James  Morgan,  and 
who  landed  at  Boston  in   1636,  and  in  the 
same    year    settled    at    Springfield,    Mass., 
Junius    Spencer   Morgan,   the   London   and 
New  York  banker,   was  descended.     Also, 
through    his    father's    mother,    he    is    de- 
scended    from    John    Emerson,     the    first 
Emerson    graduated    at    Harvard    College 
(1656),  and  the  first  minister  of  Gloucester, 
Mass. ;  and  from  Samuel  Symonds,  Deputy 
Governor    of    Massachusetts    Bay    Colony 
(1673- 1 678),  whose  daughter  Ruth  married 
John  Emerson.     From  John  Emerson  and 
from  Deputy  Governor  Symonds  were  de- 
scended, also,  Samuel  Phillips,  a  founder  of 
Phillips    Academ}-,   Andover,    ]\Iass. ;    John 
Phillips,  founder  of  Phillips  Exeter  Acad- 
emy,   Exeter,    N.    H. ;    John   Phillips,    first 
mayor    of    the    City    of    Boston ;    W'endell 
Phillips ;  and  Phillips  Brooks.  From  Joseph, 
a  brother  of  John  Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo 
Emerson  was  descended.     A  brother,   Lee 
McClung,  was  treasurer  of  Yale  L^niversity 
(1904-1909)    and  treasurer  of   the   L'nited 
States  (1909-19 12). 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  is  a  graduate 
of  Phillips  Academy,  Andover  (1886),  Yale 
College  (1891),  and  the  Harvard  Law- 
School    (T894).      He  was  admitted   to  the 


TIIF.    BOOK   OF    BOSTON' 


447 


Suffolk  County  Bar,  Scpteinljer  12,  1893. 
For  two  Aears  (1894-1896)  he  was  in  the 
office  of  Jolm  D.  Long  and  Alfred  Hemen- 
wav.  F"or  several  years  his  practice  was 
general ;  Init  he  now  specializes  in  the  law 
of  propertv,  and  his  work  consists  largely 
in  drawing  wills,  trust  indentures,  and  sim- 
ilar legal  i)apcrs,  and  in  settling  estates.  In 
politics  he  is  an  indoi)cndent  Republican.  In 
college  he  was  a  meniher  of  the  Psi  Upsilon 
Fraternity.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Boston 
Bar  Association  ami  of  the  i'niversity  Club 
of  Boston.  His  office  is  at  6  Beacon  Street, 
and  he  resides  at  24  Marlborough  Street. 


Boston  leads  the  nation  for  the  excellence 
of  her  hotels  and  restaurants,  when  jirices 
are  taken  into  consideration. 

FRFD  H.   CII.F 
Fred  11.  tiile,  attorney-at-law  and  inven- 
tor of  the  (iile  Monocycle  Engine,  was  born 
at  Alfred,  Maine,  June  7.    i860,  the  son  of 

.\lbion  Keith  Gile, 
I  \\  ho  was  a  member 
I  f  the  Maine  Legis- 
lature and  who 
[tilled,  at  different 
I  times,  nearly  every 
office  in  the  town 
of  Alfreil  and  the 
|('ounly  of  York, 
land  was  also  the 
pioneer  grow  er  of 
I  c  ra  n  be  r  r  i  e  s  in 
Maine.  .Mr,  Gile 
was  educated  at 
Bow  (loin  C'ollege 
and  the  L'niversit\- 
of  Michigan.  He 
began  his  business  career  at  Buffalo,  X.  ^'., 
in  1882  and  is  now  engaged  in  the  practice 
of  law  at  6  iieacon  Street.  Fie  is  president 
of  the  C.ile  Engine  Cori)oration  and  Chair- 
man of  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  (iile 
^Monocycle  Engine  (  o.,  :i  subsidiar\'  con- 
cern. He  is  a  luember  of  the  I'si  \J  Fra- 
ternity. Air.  (iile  was  man-ied  August  8, 
i88r,  to  F'annie  M.  Lincoln,  of  Brunswick, 
Me.     He  has  three  sons  and  two  daughters. 


I'.DWIX   UTIS  CIllLDS 

l'".dwin  ( ).  Childs,  attorney-at-law,  was 
born  in  Xewton  .Vugust  10,  1876.  He  re- 
ceived the  A.B.  degree  upon  graduating 
from  Harvard  in 
1890)  and  olitained 
the  LL.B.  degree  in 
i9(.)i  from  the  Bos- 
ton L'niversit\'  Law 
School.  He  is  a 
Republican  anc 
served  as  Mayor 
of  Newton,  Mass., 
in  1914-15  and  has 
been  reelected  for 
'16  and  '17.  Mr. 
Childs'  practice  is 
general  in  charac- 
ter and  he  main- 
tains a  Boston  office 
at  405  Sears  Build-  edvmn  o.  child-, 

ing.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Middlesex  Club,  the  Harvard 
Clul).  the  Nonantum  Athletic  Association, 
the  Pi  Eta  Society  and  the  Epsilon  Pi  F^'ra- 
ternit\-.  Mr.  Childs  is  also  a  member  of 
the  Elks,  the  Betsy  Ross,  N.  E.  O.  P.,  the 
Ancient  Order  of  United  Workmen,  the 
Heptasophs,  Knights  of  Pythias,  and  is  a 
Mason  of  high  standing,  lielonging  to  Blue 
Lodge,  Cha])ter,  Council,  Conimantlery  and 
the  Scottish  Rite  bodies. 

GEORGE  A.  SALTMARSH 

George  A.  Saltmarsh,  attorney-at-law, 
comes  of  fine  old  English  ancestry.  His 
first  American  ancestor  was  Thomas  Salt- 
marsh,  a  captain  in  the  Ro\al  Navy,  who 
settled  in  Charlestown,  Mass.,  early  in  the 
eighteenth  centur)-.  Mr.  Saltmarsh  is  the 
eklest  son  of  (iilman  and  Harriet  Emeline 
(Robertson)  Saltmarsh,  and  was  born  in 
Bow,  N.  H.,  October  j8,  1858.  He  at- 
tended the  ])ulilic  schools  of  Bow  and  Con- 
cord, the  seminar}-  at  Tilton.  and  took  two 
rears'  ])rivate  instruction  under  the  late 
Amos  Hadley,  Ph.D.  Mr.  Saltmarsh  then 
entered  Dartmouth  College,  from  which  he 
graduated  with  honors  in  1884,  recei\'ing  the 


448 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


degree  oi  A.B.  In  1885  he  entereil  the 
Boston  University  Law  School  and  grad- 
uated in  1887  with  the  degree  of  B.L. 
Short!}'  after  graduation  lie  was  achnitted  to 


GEORGE    A.    SM.T.MARSH 


the  Suffolk  Bar,  and  in  1906  to  the  New 
Hampshire  Bar.  Soon  after  his  admission 
to  the  Bar,  Mr.  Saltmarsh  opened  an  office 
in  Boston,  since  which  time  he  has  practiced 
his  profession  with  great  success.  For  ten 
years  Mr.  Saltmarsh  was  associated  with 
Sherman  L.  Whipple,  the  eminent  lawyer, 
but  he  now  practices  his  profession  alone. 

Since  1900  Mr.  Saltmarsh  has  resided  in 
Winchester,  with  a  summer  home  near  Con- 
cord, where  his  family  spend  several  months 
of  the  year. 

Mr.  Saltmarsh  is  an  attendant  of  the  Con- 
gregational Church.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Palestine  Lodge  of  Everett,  Royal  Arch 
Chapter  Commandery,  Knights  Templar  and 
of  the  Massachusetts  Consistory  of  Boston, 
in  which  he  has  attained  the  thirty-second 
degree. 

Mr.  Saltmarsh  married  in  1890,  in  Ever- 
ett, Mass.,  Miss  N.  Gertrude  Soulee,  daugh- 
ter  of   David   A.   and   Lucy   M.    (Rogers) 


Soulee  of  Everett.  Five  children  have  been 
born,  Sherman  Whipple,  George  .\l)bott,  Jr., 
Lucy  Marguerite,  and  Roger  Walcott,  and 
Harriet   Gertrude,   who  died  young. 

ROBERT  H.   O.   SCHULZ 

Rol)ert  H.  O.  Schulz,  memljer  of  the 
Norfolk  County  Bar,  was  Ijorn  in  Boston, 
April  7,  1866,  and  was  educated  in  the  pub- 
lic schools.  He  read 
law  in  the  office  of 
W.  E.  L.  Dillaway 
in  Boston  and  w  ith 
Charles  A.  Mackin- 
tosh of  Dedham, 
also  ob  t  a  i  n  i  n  g  a 
course  of  study  at 
the  Boston  Univer- 
sity Law  School. 
He  was  admitted  ti  > 
the  Bar  in  1888 
and  started  to  prac- 
tice law  in  Ded- 
ham, suljsequently 
removing  to  Bos- 
ton. His  offices  are  '^^""'^  "•  °-  ^'^"'"-^ 
in  the  Tremont  Building.  Mr.  Schulz  is  a 
Repuljlican  and  was  for  nine  years  Assistant 
District  Attorney  of  the  southeastern  dis- 
trict. He  has  also  served  as  Town  Moder- 
ator of  Dedham.  Mr.  Schulz  has  worked 
alone  during  the  greater  part  of  his  legal 
career  and  his  practice  is  of  a  general  char- 
acter. He  is  a  director  of  the  W.  F. 
Schrafft  &  Sons  Corporation,  and  in  1893 
was  married  to  Louise  N.  Schrafft,  a  daugh- 
ter of  the  founder  of  the  company.  They 
have  two  sons  and  one  daughter. 

JAMES  R.  MURPHY 

James  R.  Murphy,  member  of  the  Suffolk 
Bar,  was  born  at  Boston,  July  29,  1S53,  the 
son  of  James  and  Catherine  Murphy.  He 
was  graduated  from  Georgetown  Univer- 
sity, A.B.,  in  1872.  Loyola  College,  A.M., 
in  1873,  and  Boston  University,  LL.B.,  in 
1876.  For  three  years  he  acted  as  in- 
structor in  Latin  at  Loyola  College,  Balti- 
more, and  Seton  Hall,  New  Jersey,  at  the 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


449 


same  time  taking  up  the  private  study  uf 
law.  In  1873  he  entered  the  ottiees  of 
Judge  J.  (i.  .\l)hott  and  Benjamin  Dean  in 

F)()ston.  and  was  aihuitted  to  the  bar  at  the 


JAMES    R.    MURPHY 

close  of  the  same  vear.  lie  liegan  jjractice 
alone,  along  general  lines,  his  clientele  in- 
eluding  many  well  known  building  con- 
tractors. He  has  been  counsel  in  many  im- 
portant cases,  among  which  were  the  Fru 
murder  case,  the  Florence  Street  murder 
case,  and  the  first  important  suit  instituted 
under  the  new  Employers'  Liability  Act.  In 
politics  he  is  a  Democrat,  although  he  has 
never  sought  preferment  along  those  lines. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Catholic  church,  and 
took  an  active  part  in  the  organization  of 
the  Young  Men's  Catholic  Associations  and 
the  Catholic  Alumni  Association.  He  holds 
membership  in  the  Catholic  Union  and  the 
Royal  .Arcanum.  Mr.  Murphy  was  mar- 
ried in  Maryland,  November  22.  1881,  to 
Mary  Randall,  and  they  have  two  daughters. 
His  otitices  are  in  the  new  Niles  I'.uildinp-, 
and  he  resides  at  the  Hotel  Buckminster. 


In   1830  the  boot  and  shoe  industrv  was 
acknowledged   as  a  leading  one   in    Boston. 


(  11ARLF:S  EDWIN  STRATTUN 
Charles  E.  Stratton  was  born  in  Boston 
November  17,   1846,  and  educated  at  a  pri- 
vate   school,    at   the   (juinc\'    (Iranimar   and 
B  o  s  t  o  n       Latin 
Schools.  He  gradu- 
ated from  Harvanl 
in   1866,  and  after- 
wards entering  the 
1 1  a  r  \-  a  r  d      L  a  w 
School  received  tlu- 
degree  of  LL.l'..  in 
1868.     He  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Bar  in 
1869    and    at    once 
took  up  the  general 
])ractice  of  his  pro- 
fession, ,-uid  in  ad- 
(liti(  m    h  a  n  d  1  i  n  g 
numerous       trust 

eSflteS  l-lIAKI.hN     I.IJWIN     STKATTON 

Mr.  Stratton  was  one  of  the  organizers 
of  the  ^  oung  Mens  Democratic  Club  of 
Massachusetts,  serving  as  its  ])resident  from 
i8()3  until  1896.  He  was  for  many  years  a 
member  of  the  Board  of  Park  Commis- 
sioners of  the  Citv  of  ISoston  and  served  as 
chairman  thereof  for  twelve  }ears,  1896- 
1 908. 

CHARLES  E.  HELLIER 
C'harles  E.  Ilellier,  lawyer,  who  has  many 
corporate  interests  in  addition  to  his  large 
law  practice,  was  born  in  Bangor,  Maine. 
July  8,  1864,  the  son  of  Walter  Schermer- 
horn  and  F.unice  Blanchard  (  Bixb)- )  Hellier. 
On  the  ])aternal  side  he  is  descended  from 
John  Hellier,  who  came  to  Bangor  from 
Devonshire,  luigland,  in  1824.  The  mater- 
nal ancestors  were  Puritans,  who  came  to 
New  England  in  1630,  1637  and  i')44.  Mr. 
Hellier  received  his  preliminary  education  at 
the  Bangor  High  School,  graduated  from 
A'ale  in  1886,  and  after  a  semester  course  at 
the  University  of  Berlin,  entered  the  Boston 
L^niversity  Law  School,  from  which  he 
graduated  LL.B.  in  1890,  completing  his 
legal  studies  in  the  ofifice  of  Robert  M. 
Morse.  Shortly  alter  his  admission  to  the 
bar  he  became  interested  in  the  development 
of  railroads  ;ind  coal  fields  in  Kentuckv.     He 


450 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


is  president  of  the  Dig  Sandy  Co.,  which  owns 
one  hundred  and  thirty-three  thousand  acres 
in  the  Elkhorn  coal  fields  of  Pike  County, 
Kentucky ;   president  of  the  Elkhorn  Coal  & 


CHARLES     E.     HELLIEK 


Coke  Co.;  a  director  of  the  Mitchell  Coke 
Co..  and  the  Allegheny  Coke  Co.  He  is  also 
interested  in  many  industrial  and  commer- 
cial companies.  :\Ir.  Hellier  served  as  a 
member  of  the  Citizens'  Examining  Com- 
mittee, Boston  Public  Library,  and  is  at 
present  a  member  of  the  American  Academy 
of  Political  and  Social  Science;  the  Massa- 
chusetts Horticultural  Society,  the  Massa- 
chusetts Society  of  Natural  History,  Uni- 
versit\'  Clulj  of  I5oston,  University  Club  of 
New  York,  and  the  Graduates  Club  of  New 
Haven.  Mr.  Hellier  was  married,  July  8, 
1886,  to  Mary  L.  Harmon  of  New  Haven, 
Conn.  His  offices  are  in  the  Equitable 
Building,  and  he  has  residences  at  105 
Beacon  Street  and  Marion,  Massachusetts. 


In  New  England,  during  Colonial  days, 
the  practice  of  law  was  not  given  a  very 
high  place  among  the  pursuits  of  men. 


LOUIS  C.  SMITH 
Louis    C.    Smith,    of   the   legal    firm    of 
Heard,  Smith  &  Tennant,  was  born  at  Mid- 
dlefield,    Mass.,    March   3,    1870.      He  was 
educated      at      the 
Worcester  (Mass.) 
Polytechnic      Insti- 
tute,   ranking  third  I 
in    his    class,    and  | 
being    one    of    six 
who  received  prizes 
for  scholarship.  He 
spent  seven  years  as 
examiner      in     the 
patent    office    at 
Washington,      dur- 
ing  which  time   he 
studied   law  at  the  | 
National  University 
Law    School,    from ' 
which    he    received  louis  c.  smith 

the  degree  of  LL.B.  in  1895  and  LL.M. 
in  1896.  He  took  a  special  course  in  patent 
law  at  the  Law  School  of  George  Wash- 
ington University,  receiving  the  M.P.L.  de- 
gree in  1897.  With  this  th(_irough  equip- 
ment he  came  to  Boston  and  formed  his 
present  connection. 

LAWRENCE  A.  FORD 
Lawrence  A.  Ford,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Newton,  Mass.,  September  21,  1874,  the 
son  of  William  Henry  and  Bertha  (Mahan) 
Ford.  His  classical 
education  was  ob- 
tain e  d  at  Holy 
Cross  College, 
from  w  h  i  c  h  he 
graduated  A.B.  in 
1895.  Harvard 
Law  School  con- 
ferred the  LL.B. 
degree  upon  him  in 
1898,  and  after  ad- 
mission to  the  Suf- 
folk Bar  he  began 
practice  in  the  of- 
fice of  G  a  s  t  o  n. 
Snow  &  Saltonstall. 
and    was    admitted  lawrence  a.  ford 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


451 


to  partnership  in  the  linn  in  191 2.  Mr. 
Ford  is  a  Democrat  in  poHtics  and  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  I5ar  Association,  the 
Bar  Association  <>{  the  City  of  Boston,  the 
Essex  County  Bar  Association,  Elks, 
Knights  of  Columbus,  and  the  Harvard 
Club  of  Boston.  His  offices  are  at  ^^  Con- 
srress  Street  and  he  resides  at  Beverlv.  Mass. 

FREDERICK  ADAMS  TENNANT 

l'>ederick  A.  Tennant,  of  the  firm  of 
Heard,  Smith  &  Tennant,  patent  attorneys, 
was  born  in  Riplex',  Chautauqua  Count\-,  N. 

v..  May  18,  1 87 1. 
He  is  a  graduate  of 
Cornell  University 
and  of  the  National 
Law  School  and 
George  Washing- 
ton Universitv  of 
Washington.  D.  C. 
He  became  an  as- 
sistant examiner  in 
the  L'nited  States 
I'atent  Office,  Au- 
gust 18,  1895,  and 
was  Assistant  Com- 
missioner of  Pat- 
ents from  1909  un- 
til June  15,  1913. 
Mr.  Tennant  was  furmerh'  a  member  of 
the  Faculty  of  the  Natii;nal  University  Law 
School.  Although  born  in  New  York  State 
he  is  of  old  New  I'.ngiand  ancestrv.  descend- 
ing from  the  Ailams  family,  nf  which 
Presidents  John  Adams  and  John  Uuinc}- 
Adams  were  members. 

His  clubs  are  the  Boston  Cit\-  :uiil  the 
University,  of  \\'ashington,  D.  C.  His 
cffices  are  in  the  (  )ld  South  Building. 

BERNICE  J.  NOYES 

liernice  J.  No}-es,  [latent  solicitor,  was 
l)orn  in  .\])ington,  February  23,  1863,  the 
son  of  Henry  and  Mary  Ellen  (Faxon) 
Noyes.  He  is  the  ciglith  in  descent  from  the 
originator  of  the  .\merican  branch  of  the 
fann'lv,  whu  settleii  in  Newburxpurt  in 
1631.      }ilr.    Noyes'    immediate   pri  igcnitors 


FREDERICK    A.    TENNANT 


have  always  resided  in  Abington,  his  grantl- 
father,  great-grandfather  and  great-great- 
grandfather, all  surnamed  Daniel,  having 
been  residents  of  that  town.  Mr.  Noyes 
was  educated  in  the  ])ublic  schools  and  by 
private  teachers,  and  at  the  age  of  seven- 
teen vears  he  entered  the  office  of  a  patent 
soliciting  iirm.  Two  years  later  he  was 
ajipearing  in  cases  before  the  Patent  Of- 
fice, and  luning  learned  every  detail  of 
the  work  began  business  for  himself  in 
1802.  The  thoroughness  of  his  work  soon 
bn  night  him  a  large  clientele  and  he  nnw 
conducts  patent  catises  for  some  of  the  larg- 
est corporations  in  the  State.  Mr.  Noyes 
is  a  menilier  of  the  firm  of  Noyes  &  Harri- 
man,  with  offices  at  40  Court  Street,  his 
partner  being  a  member  of  the  P>ar,  who 
looks  after  the  legal  end  (if  the  business. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  City  Club  and  the 
Boston  Society  of  Electrical  Engineers. 
His  residence  is  in  West  Roxbury. 

MARSLLALL  PUTNAM  THOMPSON 

Marshall  P.  Thoiups(jn,  lawyer,  was 
l)orn  January  24,  1869,  in  Lawrence,  ALass. 
He  received  the  A.B.  degree  from  Dart- 
mouth College  in 
1892  and  he  grad- 
uated from  Har- 
vard Law  School 
in  1897  with  the 
degree  of  LL.P).. 
jiracticing  in  Bus- 
ton  since.  Mr. 
T  h  o  m  p  s  o  n  has 
been  connected  with 
m  a  n  \'  important 
cases  relative  to 
corjiorative  man- 
agement and  or- 
ganization, h  a  s 
acted  frequently  as 
Receiver,  Auditor,  ^'a'^shai...  p.  tho.mpson 
IMaster  and  Arl>itrator.  He  has  delivered 
luimerous  public  addresses  and  was  lecturer 
on  Private  Liternational  Law  at  the  Amos 
Tuck  .Schoiil  of  Dartmouth  College  in 
1901-2  and  is  a  menilier  of  the  Massachu- 


452 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


setts  Bar  Association,  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon 
Fraternity,  Harvard  Cluli,  Sons  of  the  Revo- 
lution, Sons  of  the  American  Revolution, 
Society  of  the  War  of  1812,  Loyal  Legion, 
Society  of  American  Wars,  Reserve  Corps 
7th  Co.,  Coast  Artillery  M.  V.  M.,  Bos- 
tonian  Society  and  the  Dartmouth  and  Re- 
publican Clul)S.  His  offices  are  at  15  State 
Street. 

CHARLES  AIANDE\-1LLE  LUDDEN 
Charles  M.  Luclden,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Dixfield,  Maine,  November  3,  1863.  He 
graduated  from  Tufts  College  with  the  de- 
gree of  A. B.  in  1886 
and  from  Har- 
\ard  L^niversit}-, 
Law  School  in 
the  class  of  1889 
with  the  A.M.  and 
LL.B.  degrees.  He 
w  as  admitted  to  the 
Bar  in  1889,  and 
has  since  practiced 
in  Boston,  making 
a  specialt}'  of  cor- 
poration law.  Mr. 
Ludden  comes  of 
English  ancestry, 
the  American 
CHARLES  M.  LUDDEN  Jjrauch  of  thc  fam- 

ily being  established  at  Braintree  in  1687. 
One  of  his  uncles,  Luther  H.  Ludden,  was 
a  prominent  lawyer  of  Oxford  County, 
Maine,  and  another,  Mandeville  Ludden, 
also  a  lawyer,  was  mayor  of  Lewiston, 
Maine.  His  brother  Forest  E.  Ludden  is  a 
lawyer  of  Auburn,  Maine,  and  his  brother 
William  E.  Ludden  is  a  lawyer  with  offices 
in  Boston.  Mr.  Ludden  is  a  member  of  the 
L^nitarian  Church  and  is  a  Republican.  He 
was  City  Solicitor  of  Waltham  1890-97,  and 
President  of  the  City  Council  of  Aledford 
1906-7.  His  offices  are  in  the  Congress 
Building,  Boston. 

Boston  was  a  pioneer  in  the  development 
of  electricity  as  a  motive  and  lighting  power 
and  her  capitalists  have  millions  employed 
in  street  railways  and  lighting  plants  about 
the  countrv. 


HARRY    E.    PERKINS 


HARRY  E.  PERKINS 

Harry  E.   Perkins,  attorney-at-law,  with 
offices  at  43  Tremont  Street,  is  a  native  of 
Georgetown,  where  he  was  born  December 
8,    1873.      After  a_ 
preliminary   educa 
tion    in    the    puljlic- 
schools     and     at 
Dummer  Academ\ . 
he    entered    Bostim 
Lniversity,     from 
Mhich  he  graduated 
C.   L.   A.   in    i8()5. 
He    then    took    up 
the  study  of  law  at  I 
Harvard      Law 
Sch(.)(il,  and  receiv- 
ing   his    degree    inj 
1898  was  admitled] 
to  the  Bar  and  be- 
gan practice  in  the 
office  of  Hiram  P.  Harriman.     Mr.  Perkins 
is   treasurer  of  the   Board  of   Trustees   of 
the  Carleton  Home,  Georgetown,  and  is  a 
member  of  the  Beta  Theta   Pi  Fraternity. 
He  is  a  Re])ublican  in  politics  and  resides 
at  58  East  Main  Street,  Georgetown. 

ARTHUR  J.  WELLINGTON 

Arthur  J.  Wellington,  of  the  legal  firm 
of  Wellington  &  Page,  was  born  in  Arling- 
ton,  julv  21,   1 87 1.     He  graduated  magna 
cum     laude      from 
Harvard     in     18941 
and     received     his 
law     degree     from  I 
the    Harvard    Law 
School    in    1896. 
Upon  admission  t  ) 
the  Bar  in  1897  he 
began     practice     in 
the  office  of  Nason 
&    Proctor    and    in  I 
1900  organized  the  | 
present  firm. 

Mr.    Wellingtim 
is  a  Repuljlican  and  I 
was   a   member    of 

the     Legislature     in  arthur  j.  Wellington 


THE    BOOK   OP^    BOSTON" 


45,? 


1905-6.  He  is  a  trustee  and  CDUiisel  fi>r 
the  Arlington  Five  Cents  Saving  Bank  antl 
has  heen  trustee  of  the  Robbins  Library  of 
ArHngton  for  twelve  years.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Harvard  Club,  Boston  City  Club, 
Massachusetts  Reform  Cluli,  of  which  he  is 
secretary  and  treasurer,  the  Conveyancers 
A.ssociation  and  the  Boston  and  Middlesex 
l^)ar  .Associations. 

THOMAS  HUNT 

Thomas  Hunt,  of  tlie  firm  of  Castim, 
Snow  &  Saltonstall,  was  Ixirn  in  New  Or- 
leans,  La..  Se]nenil>er  8,    1866,  the  son  of 

(arlctiin     llunt,     a 
lawyer,        Aleml)cr 
of     Congress     and 
1  )can  of  Law  Fac- 
iill\   (if  the  L'niver- 
sit\'    of    Louisiana. 
His       grandfather. 
Thomas  Hunt,  was 
an  eminent  surgeon 
and     1 'resident     of 
the     L'niversity    of 
Louisiana.    Mr. 
1  hint  prepared    f  1  >r 
college    at    Phillips 
(  Exeter)   Academy 
and    graduate  tl 
from  Harvard  Col- 
lege  in    1887.      He 
grailuated    from   the   Harvard   Law    School 
in   1890  and  began  practice  in  the  office  of 
Robert  M.  Morse.     He  was  for  seven  years 
associated  with  the  late  Solomon  Lincoln. 
Mr.  Hunt  now  devotes  himself  exclusivelx' 
to  trying  and  arguing  cases.    He  has  general 
charge  of  the  litigation  of  his  firm  and  has 
often   appeared    for   the   Boston    &   Maine 
Railroad,  the  Boston  Elevated  Railway  Co., 
the  National  Shawmut  Bank  and  the  Boston 
Consolidated  Gas  Co.     He  tried  and   won 
the  Rantoul  divorce  case.     He  argued,   ftir 
the  Boston  Elevated  Railway  Co.,  the  case 
involving  the  constitutional  cjuestion  of  its 
right  to  occupy  land  under  the  Boston  Com- 
mon for  a  subway  station.     Mr.  Hunt  is  a 
director  of  the  East  Boston  Gas  Light  Co. 


THOM.HS    Hl'NT 


and  the  Elkhorn  lHal  and  Coke  Co.  His 
clubs  are  the  L'nion  and  ILarvard  of  Bos- 
ton, and  the  University  of  New  York.  He 
resides  at  44  Mount  X'ernon  Street  and  in 
summer  at  S\\am|)scott. 

GILBERT  A.  A.  PE\'EY 

Gilliert  .\.  A.   iV-\ey,  attorne\-at-law,  was 
born    in    Lowell,    Mass.,    August   22,    1851, 
and  was  educated  at  the  Lowell  High  School 
and    Harvard    Col- 
lege.     He     studied 
law  in  the  office  of 
Sweetser    &    Gard- 
ner,   and    was    ad- 
mitted to  the  Bar  in 
1876.     Lie  was  as- 
sistant  counsel    fi^r 
the  Boston  &  Maine 
R.    R.    under    Col. 
John     H.     (leorgf, 
was   master   in    the 
famous      Russcl! 
will     contest     case, 
was     City      Solic- 
itor   of    Cambridge 
for  seventeen  \ears. 
and  assistant  district  attorney  of  Middlesex 
County  for  three  xears.     He  is  a  member 
of    the   Cambridge   and   Colonial    Clu1)s   of 
Cambridge,  the  Masons,  Odd  Fellows,  Bap- 
tist   Social    L'nion,    Trade    Association    of 
Cambridge  and  member  nf  the  council  and 
chairman  of   the  committee  on  Grievances 
of    the    Middlesex    Bar    Association.      His 
offices    are     in     the     I'emberton     Building, 
Boston. 

MARCELLUS  COGGAN 
Marcellus  Coggan,  senior  member  of  the 
legal  firm  of  Coggan,  Coggan  &  Dillaway, 
who  is  one  of  the  oldest  lawyers  at  the 
Suffolk  Bar,  was  born  in  P.ristol,  Maine, 
September  7,  1847.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Lincoln  Academy,  New  Castle,  Me.,  and 
Bowdoin  College,  Brunswick,  Me.  After 
graduation  he  was  a  teacher  at  Nichols 
Academy,  Dudley,  Alass.,  for  seven  years 
and  was  principal  at  Dudle\-  .\cademy  from 


GILBERT    A. 


454 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


1872  until  187Q.  lie  read  law  in  the  office 
of  Child  &  Powers,  Boston,  and  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  in  1881,  remaining  with  his 
preceptors  until  1886,  when  he  formed  a 
partnership  with  the  late  Judge  Schofield, 
under  the  firm  name  of  Coggan  &  Schofield, 


which  continued  until  1896.  Mr.  Coggan 
then  practiced  alone  until  1900,  when  his 
son,  M.  Sumner  Coggan,  became  his  part- 
ner. In  March,  1910,  Linus  C.  Coggan, 
another  son,  was  admitted  to  the  firm,  and 
in  i(>i2,  George  L.  Dillaway  became  an  asso- 
ciate and  the  firm  assumed  its  jjresent  title. 
Mr.  Coggan's  practice  is  of  a  general  char- 
acter and  included  in  it  is  consitleral)le  cor- 
poration work.  He  was  mayor  of  Maiden 
in  1886  and  1887,  and  was  chairman  of  the 
Maiden  School  Board  for  two  years.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  Fraternity,  the 
Odd  Fellows  and  the  Knights  of  Pythias. 
Mr.  Coggan  was  married  November  26, 
1872,  to  Leulla  B.  Robbins,  and  in  addition 
to  the  two  sons  who  are  associated  with  him 
in  jiractice,  has  one  daughter — Florence  B. 
Coggan.  His  offices  are  in  the  Tremont 
Building  and  he  resides  in  Winchester. 

GEORGE  LEWIS  WILSON 

George  L.  Wilson  was  born  on  June  16, 
1870,  on  the  edge  of  the  Miramichi  Timber 
Portage,  in  Fredericksburg.  York  Count}-, 
New  Brunswick,  Canada,  the  son  of  George 
and  Mary  (Bird)  Wilson.  He  graduated 
from  the  University  of  New  Brunswick 
with  the  A.B.  degree  in  1888,  afterwards 
studying  law  and  beginning  practice  in 
Fredericton  in  1892.  Following  a  visit  to 
the  Canadian  West,  he  came  to  Boston, 
February  ist,  1897,  and  was  immediately 
admitted  to  practice  on  motion  before  the 
Supreme  Judicial  Court.  He  established  his 
present  offices  in  the  fall  of  1913.  Mr. 
Wilson  is  a  meml)er  of  the  American  Bar 
Association,  Bar  Association  of  the  City  of 
Boston,  the  Masonic  Fraternity  and  the 
Wollaston  Golf,  Boston  City,  and  the 
Belmont  Springs  Country  Clubs.     He  was 


married  October  2,  1900,  to  Adeline  Eunice 
Durham  of  Belmont,  Mass.,  who  died  Au- 
gust II,  1901,  leaving  no  issue.  He  was 
married  the  second  time  October  28,  1903, 
to  Margaret  Elinor  Henderson  of  Arling- 


GEORGE    L.    WILSON 


ton,  Mass.,  and  has  three  children.  George 
Lewis,  Jr.,  aged  10;  Mary  Elinor,  aged  8, 
and  William  Malcolm,  aged  4.  He  resides 
in  Belmont,  Mass.,  and  has  his  offices  at 
15  State  Street,  Boston.  IMr.  Wilson's 
practice,  while  general  in  character,  is 
mainly  confined  to  corporation  and  probate 
matters,  in  which,  as  in  trial  work,  he  has 
been  successful. 


The  last  decade  has  shuwn  a  steady 
growth  of  the  industries  of  Boston,  and  the 
present  outlook  in  business  circles  is  very 
bright.  This  condition  of  affairs  has  been 
brought  about,  in  a  very  large  measure,  by 
the  present  tendency  of  Bostonians  to  in- 
vest their  mone\-  in  home  industries.  It  can 
no  longer  be  said  that  Boston  money  is  con- 
stantly going  to  different  sections  of  the 
United  States  to  build  up  various  enter- 
prises, to  the  detriment  of  our  local  progress. 


THR    HOOK    OF    BOSTON' 


455 


EDWARD    M.    MOORI. 


EDWARD  M.   .MOORE 

F.dward  M.   Moore,  nicnilicT  of  llie  lecal 

o 

finn  nf  Russell,  Moore  &  Russell,  was  bom 
in  Lawrence,  Mass.,  November  23,  1870. 
lie  was  educated  at  the  Boston  Latin  School 

and  ILirvard  L'ni- 
versit}',  receiving 
the  degrees  of  A.B. 
ni  189J  and  LL.B. 
in  1895.  .Vfter  ad- 
mission to  the  Bar 
lie  became  asso- 
ciated \vith  Russell 
&  Russell  as  junior 
clerk  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  partner- 
ship in  1903.  Mr. 
.Moore  is  a  Repub- 
lican in  politics,  is 
a  member  of  the 
llarvanl  Cluli  of 
Boston,  director  of  the  Asbestos  Protected 
Metal  Co.,  and  John  Roberts  &  Son  I'ajier 
Co.  His  cf^ces  are  at  2^  State  Street  and 
his  residence,  60  Pembroke  Street,  Newton. 

THOMAS  HASTINGS  RUSSELL 
Thomas  H.  Russell,  lawyer,  was  l)orn 
August  31,  1874,  in  Newton,  Mass.,  the  son 
of  Charles  F.  and  Mary  S.  (  Ba.xter )  Rus- 
sell. Fie  is  de- 
scended friim  John 
H  o  w  1  a  n  d  ,  who 
came  over  in  the 
■'  Mayflower."  and 
Capt.  Samuel  Has- 
tings of  the  Revo- 
1  u  t  i  o  n  a  r  y  army. 
^Ir.  Russell's  pre- 
l)aratory  education 
was  received  at  the 
1!  o  s  t  o  n  L  a  t  i  n 
Sciiool  and  his  clas- 
sical course  at  Har- 
vard, which  gradu- 
ated him  X.W.  in 
the  Class  of  i8(/). 
His  legal  studies  were  at  the  Boston  L'ni- 
versity  School  of  Law,  from  which  institu- 


tiiin  he  received  the  LL.l'..  degree  in  i8<;i;. 
.Mr.  Russell  is  a  member  of  the  legal  firm 
of  Russell,  Moore  &  Russell,  with  offices  at 
-'7  State  Street.  He  holds  memltership  in 
the  Bar  Association  of  the  City  of  Boston, 
the  Masonic  Fraternity,  the  Princeton  Golf, 
and  Boston  City  Clubs,  the  Board  of  Direc- 
tors of  the  Boston  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association,  is  treasurer  of  the  Central  Con- 
gregational Church,  trustee  of  the  Brazer 
Building,  and  trustee  cjf  the  Northeastern 
College. 

ARTHUR  II.  RL'SSELL 

Arthur  11.  Russell  of  the  legal  firm  of 
Russell,  Aloore  &  Russell  began  his  career 
as  a  partner  in  the  firm  of  C.  T.  &  T.  H. 
Russell,  organized 
in  1845  with  office, 
at  27  State  Street 
and  f  (J  r  o  \-  e  r  | 
sevent}'  xears  con- 
ducted by  members  | 
of  the  same  familw 

Mr.  Russell  was  | 
l)orn  in  Ijoston.  De- 
cember I.  1 85V.  and 
was  educated  at  the 
Boston  Latin 
School,  Amherst 
College  and  the  | 
Law  School  of  the 
University  of  Bos- 

^^„  TT„     •  ,  ARTHUR    II.    RUSSELL 

ton.     JHe  IS  counsel 

for  many  large  commercial  interests  and 
has  acted  for  the  Canadian  Government  in 
certain  international  questions.  Mr.  Rus- 
sell is  a  son  of  Thomiis  11.  Russell,  who, 
at  the  time  of  his  death  in  1911,  was  Nestor 
of  the  Boston  Bar.  and  is  descended  from 
William  Russell,  who  settled  in  W'atertown 
in  1645  '"itl  Colonel  Sanuiel  Hastings  of 
Revolutionary  fame.  Air.  Russell  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Boston  City.  Calumet  and  Mon- 
day Clubs  of  ^\'inchester  and  an  original 
member  of  the  Universitv  Clul)  of  Boston. 


THOMAS    H.    Rl'SSELL 


Al.iy    I.    1822,   Boston    was    incorporated. 
|ohn    Phillips,    father   of    Wendell    Phillips, 


was  the  first  mayor. 


456 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON- 


WALTER  ALEXANDER  LADD 

Walter  A.  Ladd,  attorney-at-la\v,  was 
horn  in  Charlestown,  Mass.,  April  lo,  1872. 
lie  is  a  great-great-great-grandson   of   the 


WALTER    A.    LADD 


famous  Paul  Revere  and  also  great-great- 
great-grandson  of  Captain  Isaac  Baldwin, 
a  memher  of  Colijnel  Stark's  regiment  who 
was  killed  at  the  hattle  of  Bunker  Hill.  Mr. 
Ladd  was  educated  in  the  puhlic  schools  of 
Boston  and  then  entered  the  Boston  Uni- 
versity Law  School,  graduating  in  the  class 
of  1897.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Suffolk 
bar,  August  3,  1897,  the  United  States  Cir- 
cuit Court,  January  24,  1899,  and  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court,  ]VIay  2,  1910. 
Mr.  Ladd's  practice  is  a  general  one,  and 
despite  his  activity  he  has  found  time  to 
write  and  edit  \'olume  II,  Index  Digest  of 
Massachusetts.  He  is  president  of  the  New 
England  Auto  Service  Company,  and  he  is 
also  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  Bar 
Association,  Somerville  Bar  Association, 
Boston  L'niversity  Law  School  Association, 
Faith  Lodge  A.  F.  &  A.  M..  St.  Paul's  Royal 
Arch  Chapter,  Orient  Council,  R.  &  S.  M., 
Cceur  de  Lion  Commandery,  Knight  Tem- 


plars, Sons  of  the  American  Revolution  and 
the  Bunker  Hill  Monument  Association. 
Mr.  Ladd's  offices  are  in  the  Old  South 
Building,  and  he  resides  in  Somerville. 


In  appearance,  in  customs  and  in  manners, 
Boston  has  changed  marvelously  during  the 
past  half  century ;  and  a  great,  far-reaching, 
imposing  modern  city  has  taken  the  place  of 
the  bustling,  quaint,  picturesque  town  of  a 
hundred  years  ago. 

HON.  JAMES   HENRY   \AHEV 

Hon.  James  H.  \'ahey,  senior  meml>er  of 

the  legal  firm  of  Vahey  &  Casson,  was  born 

in  Watertown,  Mass.,   December  29,    i87r. 

His   education   was 

received    in    the 

\\'aterto\\  n     public 

and     high     schools 

and    the    B  o  s  t  o  n  | 

L'niversity        L  a  w 

School,  from  which  I 

he    graduated    cum  | 

1  a  u  d  e    with    the  | 

LL.B.      degree     in  | 

1892.       After    ad- 
mission to  the  Bar  I 

he    l)egan    jiractice 

fur  himself  in  1893 

and  has   since  that 

time  tried  man}-  no- 
table cases,  several 
of  which  were  capital.  Mr.  Vahey  has  been 
a  member  and  chairman  of  the  School  Com- 
mittee and  member  and  chairman  of  the 
Board  of  Selectmen  of  Watertown,  was  a 
delegate  to  the  Democratic  National  Con- 
vention, 1904;  a  member  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Senate,  First  Middlesex  District,  in 
1907-8,  and  the  Democratic  cancUdate  for 
Governor  in  1908-9.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
American  Bar  Association,  Massachusetts 
Bar  Association,  Boston  Bar  Association, 
Middlesex  Bar  Association,  Social  Law  Li- 
brary, Boston  Citv  Club,  Knights  of  Colum- 
bus, A.  O.  U.  W.',  A.  O.  H.,  and  the  Chari- 
table Irish  Society.  His  offices  are  at  18 
Tremont  Street. 


HON.    JAMES    H.    VAHEY 


THE    IU)()K    OF    BOSTON 


457 


WALTER  HERBERT  FOSTER 

\\'alter  II.  Foster,  <if  tlie  law  firm  of 
Foster,  Colby  &  Pfroinm,  has  attained 
prominence  in  various  phases  of  corporation 


HALTER    II.     FOSTER 


law.  Jle  was  born  at  Lagrange,  Maine, 
March  31,  1880,  the  son  of  Ernest  Mont- 
gomery and  Caroline  (Banton)  F'oster. 
Two  of  his  forljears  served  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary War,  Captain  Timothy  Foster  and 
his  son  Stephen,  the  latter  being  only  four- 
teen years  of  age  when  he  entered  the  serv- 
ice. Mr.  Foster  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  and  by  private  instruction,  and  came 
to  Boston  in  iqoo.  He  graduated  from  the 
University  of  Maine  Law  School  in  i<)05 
with  the  LL.B.  degree.  He  then  entered 
Harvard  L'niversity  and  took  a  special 
course  in  advancetl  English,  Philosoph\', 
Economics  and  History.  He  entered  the 
ofiRces  of  Bancroft  G.  Davis  and  Henry  S. 
MacPherson  in  1907,  and  one  year  later 
formed  a  partnership  with  Mr.  MacPherson 
under  the  lirm  name  of  MacPherson  & 
Foster.  During  the  ne.xt  two  years  he  was 
engaged  in  trying  injury  cases  for  the  Bos- 
ton Elevated  Railway,  and  argued  a  number 
of  important  ones   in   the  Supreme  Court. 


Ju  Ma}-,  lyio,  he  organized  the  tirm  of 
F'oster  &  Colby,  which  eventually  became 
F'oster,  Colby  &  Pfromm.  Mr.  Foster  is 
connected  with  important  litigation  upon  the 
question  of  promoters'  lialjilit}-  to  corpora- 
tions, and  has  handled  large  matters  in  the 
New  York  and  Pennsylvania  courts,  as  well 
as  in  Massachusetts.  He  received  his  de- 
gree of  LL.M.  from  the  l'ni\-ersitv  of 
Maine  in  1914.  Mr.  Foster  was  married 
October  23,  1909,  to  Gertrude  Sullivan  of 
Brookline,  and  they  have  one  daughter, 
Daphne,  born  FVbruary  15,  1913.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Harvard  Club  of  Boston, 
the  Boston  Ikisiness  and  Professional  Men's 
Military  School  and  the  lioston  liusiness 
and  Professional  Men's  RiHe  Club.  Mr. 
F\)ster  resides  at  Belmont,  and  is  fond 
of  out-door  life.     He  is  a  L'nitarian. 

FRANCIS  PAUL  GARLAND 

Francis  P.  Garland,  who  is  an  unusuallv 
active    trial    lawyer,    was    born    at    \'allejo, 


187^.      He    came    to 


California,  April  jo, 
Boston  when  eleven 
years  of  age,  antl 
after  preparation  in 
the  public  an( 
Latin  High  Sclioo 
of  Somerville,  en- 
tered Harvard, 
f  r  o  m  w  h  i  c  h  h  e 
graduated  summa 
cum  laude  in  1898 
with  the  A.M.  and 
A.B.  degrees.  I  lis 
legal  education  was 
obtained  at  Har- 
vard Law  School  I 
and  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  liar 
in  1900.  He  is  a  member  of  the  .\merican 
and  Massachusetts  Bar  Associations,  the 
Harvard  Club  of  Boston,  the  Harvard  and 
Central  Chilis  of  Somer\ille,  and  the  Somer- 
ville Board  of  Trade.  Mr.  Ciarland  was 
married  June  4,  n^o^,  to  Alice  R.  McGann 
of  Somerville,  and  they  have  one  daughter, 
Dorothy  Garland.  Mr.  Garland's  offices 
are  in  the  i'emberton  Building. 


FRANCIS    P.    GARLAND 


458 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


GEORGE  \V.  ABELE 

George  W.  Abele,  lawyer,  who  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  firm  of  French,  Abele  &  Allen, 
was  born  February  22,  1875.  He  gradu- 
ated from  Harvard  College  in  1897  and 
from  the  Harvard  Law  School  in  1900.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  Bar  immediately  after 
leaving  Harvard  and  began  practice  the 
same  year. 

Mr.  Abele  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic 
Fraternitw  the  American  Bar  Association 
and  the  Boston  City  Clulj.  He  was  a  mem- 
lier  of  City  Council  in  1908-09  and  in  1912, 
and  is  at  present  a  member  of  the  Cit}-  Plan- 
ning Board.  Mr.  Abele  is  also  a  trustee  of 
the  Thomas  Crane  Public  Library,  11 
Washington  Street,  Ouincy,  Mass.,  which  is 
a  coml)ination  of  three  former  puldic 
libraries.  His  offices  are  at  45  Milk  Street, 
Boston. 

JULIUS  NELSON 

Julius  Nelson,  senior  meml)er  (if  the  well 
known  legal  firm  of  Nelson,  Reinstein  & 
Hill,  was  born  in  Boston,  October  10,  1871. 
Mr.   Nelson  was  educated  at  the  Brimmer 

Grammar      School, 

English  High 
School  and  the  Bos- 
l'  lU  L'niversit\'  Law 
Schi  Kil. 

L'pon  his  gradu- 
al ii  m  fmm  the  Eng- 
lish High  School  in 
1888  he  received 
the  Franklin 
Medal,  and  in  1895 
he  was  graduated 
from  the  Boston 
University  L  a  w 
School  with  the 
degree  of  LL.B. 
JULIUS  NELSON  (  HI  a  g  u  a        c  u  m 

laude).  Immedatel\-  upon  admission  to  the 
Bar  in  1895,  Mr.  Nelson  liegan  the  practice 
of  his  profession,  remaining  seven  years  in 
the  office  of  George  R.  Swasey.  and  he  then 
formed  his  present  connection. 


In  jiiilitics,  Mr.  Nelson  is  a  Republican, 
although  he  has  never  sought  or  held  pub- 
lic office.  Llis  offices  are  at  18  Tremont 
Street. 

ALVAH  L.  STINSON 

Alvah  L.  Stinson,  lawyer  and  writer  on 
legal  and  other  subjects,  was  born  at  Swan's 
Island,  Maine.     He  was  educated  at  Rock 


ALVAH     L.    STINSON 


Port,  Maine  High  School,  Maine  Wesleyan 
Seminary,  Kents  Hill,  Maine,  and  by  private 
tutors  in  Boston.  He  began  his  business 
career  in  Boston,  in  1890,  as  a  private  tutor 
in  the  English  branches,  and  preparing  ad- 
dresses and  orations  for  public  speakers, 
many  of  which  were  pronounced  masterly. 
He  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to 
the  Massachusetts  Bar  in  1900,  and  to  the 
United  States  Bar  in  1901.  Mr.  Stinson  is 
engaged  in  the  general  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession and  is  a  successful  trial  lawyer,  par- 
ticularly in  jury  trials,  many  verdicts  attest- 
ing his  ability  as  a  jury  advocate.  He  is  a 
most  successful  handler  of  witnesses  and  is 
a  forceful  speaker,  appearing  in  many  polit- 
ical campaigns;    and  in   1913,    1914,    1915 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


459 


lectured  Ijefore  the  W'uiiien's  Clubs  oi  Mas- 
sachusetts on  laws  pertaining  to  \vomen. 
He  is  the  author  of  "Women  under  the 
Law,"  ])ulilislK'(l  ill  11)14.  \\hicli  had  a  large 
sale. 

Mr.  Stinson  is  a  ineniher  of  several 
clubs,  and  is  a  director  in  many  corpora- 
tions. He  is  a  prodigious  reader,  well  in- 
formed and  inde])endent  in  politics.  His 
offices  are  in  the  Tremont  Building. 


Jeremiah  (IridlcN'.  whcj  tlnurished  in  the 
law  between  174 J  and  iy()J.  has  been  called 
the  "Father  nt   the   I'.nstnn   I'.ar." 

RKIIARD  r.  ELLIOTT 

]\ichanl  P.  I'-Uiott,  la\v\er,  mechanical 
engineer  ami  inventor,  was  born  Julv  N, 
1858,    and     was     educated     in     the     public 

schools,  ]\rcGaw 
Xornial  Institute, 
Merrimac,  N.  H., 
and  at  the  Boston 
University  Law 
School.  He  began 
his  business  career 
as  a  mechanical  en- 
gineer in  1878,  and 
has  taken  out  pat- 
ents on  upwards  of 
fort  V  inventions 
;dong  the  line  of 
machiner\"  design- 
ing and  machine 
buikling.  His  legal 
ci  lurse  was  taken 
as  an  aid  to  his  stud\"  in  patent  causes,  and 
he  graduated  LL.B.  in  1897.  Air.  Elliott 
is  president  of  the  Eco  Manufacturing  Co., 
director  of  the  Peerless  Machinery  Co.,  and 
treasurer  (jf  the  Eco  Welt  Shoe  Co.  Since 
taking  up  the  ]iractice  of  law,  he  has  been 
counsel  for  a  large  number  of  corporations. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Nashua,  N.  H., 
school  board  for  six  years  and  holds  mem- 
bership in  the  Boston  City  Club,  the  Lex- 
ington Golf  Club  and  tin-  Xa^hu.a  (  ountry 
Club. 


RICHARD    P.     hLLIOTT 


FLh:rciik:R  kanney 

I'letcher  Ranne\-,  whose  predilection  for 
legal   work   is  doubtless  due  to  his   profes- 
sional  ancestry,   was  born   at   Boston,   Sep- 
tember J,  i86n.   1  le 
was  educated  at  the 
R  o  X  b  u  r  \-      Latin 
School     and     Har- 
V  a  r  d      L'ni\ersit\\ 
graduating     from 
the     latter      magn;i 
cum  lautle  in  1883. 
He  afterwards  en- 1 
tered     the     Bostcn  | 
L'niversit\'        Law 
School  and  finished  | 
leader    in    the   class] 
of  1886.    After  ad 
mission  to  the  Bar  I 
of  Suffolk  Count\-, 
he    began    his    pro-  fletcher  rannev 

fessional  career  in  the  (;ffice  of  Ranney  & 
Clark,  the  senior  memljer  of  which  was  his 
father,  Amljrose  .\.  Ranney,  a  leading  mem- 
ber of  the  Bar,  who  was  a  representative  in 
Congress  irom  the  Thirtl  Massachusetts 
District  from  1880  to  1886.  Richard 
Fletcher,  Mr.  Rannex's  great-uncle  on  the 
maternal  side,  was  a  Justice  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Sujireme  Judicial  Court  from  1848 
to  1857.  In  1895  Mr.  Ranney  severed  his 
connection  with  the  firm  of  Ranney  &  Clark 
and  for  four  years  practiced  alone.  In 
i8(j9  he  associated  with  Samuel  B.  Elmore 
in  the  firm  of  Ranney  &  Elmore,  and  since 
the  dissolution  of  that  partnershiii  in  igo2 
he  has  been  engagetl  alone  in  general  trial 
wurk.  Lie  has  been  president  of  the  Rox- 
bury  Storage  Warehouse  Co.  since  1906,  and 
is  a  member  of  the  Harvartl  Club,  the  Bos- 
ton Athletic  Association,  the  Phi  Kappa 
Beta  hVaternit)-,  and  was  jjresident  of  the 
Boston  L'ni\-ersity  Law  Sch<  lol  Alumni  in 
i()ii  and  i()i_'.  Mr.  Ranney  was  married 
June  J4.  1886,  to  Amy  Porter  of  Haverhill, 
-who  died  June  22,  1894,  leaving  two  chil- 
dren, I)udle\'  Porter  Ranne\-  and  luhel 
(  Ranne\  I   Lang,  wife  of  Malcolm  Lang. 


460 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


JOHN  H.  BLANCHARD 

Tolin  H.  Blanchard,  lawyer,  was  Ijorn  in 
Somerville,  Mass.,  Aug;ust  i6,  1861,  and 
was  educated  in  the  Charlestown  da\-  and 

tlie  Boston  night 
I  schools.   He  studied 

law  in  the  office 
lot"  Col.  F.  S.  Hasel- 

tine  and  was  ad- 
I milted   to   the    Bar 

ni    1S83.     He    has 

al>o  been  admitted 
[to    all    the    U.    S. 

Courts,       including 

the  Supreme  Court. 
Air.  Blanchard  was 

inarried    April    21, 

1884,  to  Mary  A. 
iSkally    of    Boston. 

The\'  have  three 
JOHN  H.  BL.ANCHAKI)         childreu,   Hugh  C, 

who  is  associated  with  his  father  in  the  firm 
of  Blanchard  &  Blanchard,  William  H.  and 
Marguerite  E.  Blanchard.  Mr.  Blanchard 
is  a  member  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias,  the 
Elks  and  the  Wellington  Cluli.  His  offices 
are  in  the  Pemberton  Building. 

WILLIAM  REED  BIGELOW 

William  R.  Bigelow  of  the  legal  firm  of 
Moulton,  Loring  &  Bigelow,  was  born  at 
Natick,  Mass.,  February  10,  1867,  receiv- 
ing his  preparatory 
education  in  the 
public  schools  and 
graduating  fro  m 
Harvard  College, 
cum  laude,  in  1889. 
Harvard  Law- 
School  conferred 
the  LL.B.  degree 
upon  him  in  1892, 
and  being  admitted 
to  the  Bar  the  same 
year  he  began  prac- 
tice in  the  office  of 
Strout  &  Coolidge, 
afterwards  practic- 
ing  alone   until   he 


formed  his  present  connection.  Air.  Bige- 
low has  conducted  many  important  cases  in 
corporation  work.  He  was  admitted  to 
practice  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States,  December  20,  1899.  He 
is  descended  from  John  Bigelow,  an  early 
settler  of  Watertown,  whose  marriage 
to  Mary  ^\'arren  was  the  first  recorded 
there.  His  offices  are  in  the  Old  South 
Building. 


WILI,I.\.\1    R.    BIGELOW 


Boston  is  the  world's  greatest  leather 
market,  outranking  in  the  value  and  extent 
of  its  trade  in  this  staple  all  other  cities. 
One  of  the  great  aids  in  estalilishing  Boston 
as  a  leather  market  was  the  fact  that  fish  oil 
for  the  dressing  of  the  hides  was  very  plenti- 
ful and  easily  obtained. 

ALPHONSO  ADELBERT  W\'MAN 

.\l])hons(i  A.  Wxnian,  lawyer,  was  born 
in  West  Acton,  Mass.,  January  29,  1862. 
the  son  of  Oliver  C.  and  Caroline  ( Chand- 
ler) Wynian.  He 
was  educated  at 
Phillips  Exeter 
Academy  and  Har- 
vard College,  ob- 
taining the  A.r>. 
degree  upon  grad- 
uation in  1883. 
After  studying  law 
and  admission  to 
the  Bar,  he  began 
practice  in  Boston 
in  1885  and  has 
been  active  in  the 
various  branches  of 
his  profession  since 
that  time,  giving 
especial  attention  to  corporation  matters. 
He  is  a  Republican  in  politics  and  was  an 
Alderman  in  Somerville,  where  he  still  re- 
sides, in  1908.  1909  and  1910.  He  is  a  direc- 
tor of  the  E.  L.  Patch  Co.,  manufacturing 
chemists.  Air.  \\'\nian  was  married  in 
1886  to  Laura  Aldrich,  of  West  Acton. 
His  offices  are  in  the  Old  South  Building. 


ALPHONSO    A.    WVMAN 


THK    BOOK    OF    BOSTOX 


401 


\\II.I!l'R  ]IO\VARD  roWKRS 


\\  illmr  1  Inward  Towers  is  desceiuled 
from  the  Poers  who  figuretl  in  luiglish  his- 
tory. The  name  LePoer  was  anghcized  by 
William  the  Cnn(|ueror,  and  the  American 


WILBUR    H.    POWERS 


Iiranch  was  established  by  Walter  Power, 
who  came  from  Essex,  England,  and  landed 
at  Salem,  Mass.,  in  1634,  and  settled  in 
what  is  now  the  town  of  Littleton,  Mass. 
The  sons  of  Walter  Power  added  the  "s"' 
to  the  name.  Ekler  John  White  was  Mr. 
Powers'  first  ancestor  in  this  conntry  on  his 
mother's  side.  He  helped  to  found  Cam- 
liridge,  and  was  elected  on  its  first  Board  of 
Selectmen  in  1634  and  1635.  Later  he 
moved  to  Hartford,  Conn.,  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  that  town  and  a  recognized 
leader  in  civic  affairs.  Li  1659  he  removed 
to  Hadley,  Mass.,  and  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  that  town  and  served  as  repre- 
sentative in  the  ( ieneral  Court  of  Massa- 
chusetts. Captain  Joseph  Ta\lor,  Mr. 
Powers'  maternal  great-grandfather,  was  in 
all  the  Indian  and  Colonial  wars,  and  in  the 
War  of  the  Revolution  was  aide-de-camp 
to  General  Stark.  I'lzekiel  Powers,  Mr. 
^\'ilbur  Powers'  great-grandfather,  was  one 


of  the  first  settlers  of  Croydon.  X.  IL,  w;is 
its  largest  landow'ner  and  wealthiest  man, 
and  was  a  magistrate  of  the  town  under 
King  George  HL  ^lajor  Abijah  Powers, 
Mr.  Powers'  grandfather,  was  a  luember  of 
the  Poard  of  Selectmen  of  Croydon,  X.  H., 
for  many  years,  represented  the  town  in  the 
State  Legislature  three  times,  and  served  in 
the  War  of  181 2  as  Captain  and  Major. 
I-'dias  I'owers,  father  of  Wilbur  Powers,  was 
a  farmer  ami  land  surveyor,  born  May  i, 
1S08,  and  died  January  29,  1891.  He  was 
a  Count}'  Comiuissioner  and  Justice  of  the 
Peace  and  of  the  Quorum. 

\\'ilbur  Howard  Powers  was  born  Janu- 
ary _>2,  1849,  in  Croydon,  X.  H.  His  early 
life  \vas  S])ent  on  a  farm,  but  being  aml)i- 
tious  to  (jbtain  an  education  he  graduated 
from  Kimball  L'nion  Academy,  Meriden, 
X.  H.  Relying  wholly  upon  his  own  eliforts 
for  a  collegiate  course,  he  found  a  friend  in 
Ruel  Durkee, — the  Jethro  Bass  of  Winston 
Churchill's  novel,  "Coniston" — who  agreed 
to  finance  him  to  the  extent  of  sixteen  hun- 
dred tlollars,  but  Mr.  Powers  was  obliged  to 
borrow  only  si.K  hundred  and  seventv  dol- 
lars from  his  benefactor,  for  he  earned  the 
rest  of  his  college  expenses  by  his  own  ef- 
forts. He  received  the  tlegree  of  A.B.  from 
Dartmouth  College  in  1875;  A.M.  in  1880, 
and  LL.B.  from  the  Boston  L^niversitv 
School  of  Law  in  1878.  In  1879 — January 
22 — he  began  the  practice  of  law  at  13  Pem- 
berton  Sipiare,  Boston.  From  that  time  on 
his  life  has  l)een  filled  with  man_\-  and  grow- 
ing activities  in  various  lines  of  service, 
])rofessional,  political,  social  and  educational. 
He  has  been  counsel  for  several  towns  and 
railroads,  and  is  executor  antl  trustee  of 
several  very  large  estates.  He  represented 
Hyde  Park  in  the  Legislature  three  succes- 
sive years,  1890-1892;  was  a  member  of  the 
Republican  State  Committee,  1893-1894, 
and  was  a  presidential  elector,  casting  his 
vote  for  AIcKinley  in  1897,  and  filled  luanv 
official  positions  in  Hyde  Park.  Wliile  a 
member  of  the  Legislature  he  had  charge  of 
many  important  measures,  and  his  conspicu- 
ous   service    made    him    the    acknowledged 


462 


THE    BOOK    OP'    BOSTON 


floor  leader  on  the  Repuljlican  side  of  the 
House  in  the  latter  part  of  his  legislative 
experience.  He  has  been  an  active  member 
of  the  United  Order  ui  the  Golden  Cross, 
National  Fraternal  Congress  of  America, 
Roval  Arcanum,  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon. 
Masons,  Society  of  Sons  and  Daughters  of 
American  Revolution,  Boston  City  Club, 
Colonial  Club  of  Cambridge,  Waverly  Club 
of  Hyde  Park,  of  which  he  was  president 
for  manv  vears.  Point  Independence  Yacht 
Club,  Dartmouth  Alumni  Association, 
Alunuii  Association  Boston  University 
School  of  Law,  and  president  of  the  Asso- 
ciation, 1 905- 1 906;  Kimball  Union  Acad- 
emv  Alumni  Association,  also  president; 
the  Republican  Club  of  Massachusetts,  and 
president  National  Fraternal  Congress  of 
America  in  19 13. 

]\Iay  I,  1880,  he  was  married  to  Emily 
Owen,  and  they  had  two  children,  Walter 
Powers,  who  is  a  lawyer,  and  Myra  Powers, 
who  died  March  4,  1916.  His  first  wife 
died  in  19 12,  and  on  May  17,  19 14,  he  mar- 
ried Lottie  I.  KoehJer,  nee  Mills,  and  now 
resides  in  Brooklint ,  IVIass. 

ALFRED  LITTLE  WEST 

Alfred  Little  West,  attorney,  who  is  a 
member  of  the  legal  firm  of  Tinkham,  Chit- 
tenden &  West,  with  oftices  at  27  State 
Street,  was  born  January  29,   1874. 

He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  and 
the  Boston  Latin  School,  graduating  in 
1893  and  l)ecoming  engaged  in  mercantile 
pursuits  the  following  year.  He  subse- 
quentlv  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to 
practice  in  191 1. 

Mr.  \\'est"s  maternal  ancestors  were  of 
old  New  England  stock,  four  male  mem- 
bers being  officers  in  the  Revolutionary  War. 

He  is  a  Republican  in  politics,  and  holds 
membership  in  the  Central  Club  of  Somer- 
ville,  the  Knights  of  Pythias,  Elks  and  the 
Masonic  Fraternitv. 


CLARENCE    W.    ROWLEY 


CLARENCE  W.  ROWLEY 

Clarence  W.  Rowley,  who  is  a  prominent 
member  of  the  Boston  Bar,  was  born  May 
19,    187 1,    at    Edgartown,    Martha's    Vine- 

\ard.     He     studied 

law  in  the  oiSce  of 
\\\  B.  Gale,  teach- 
ing night  school  in 
1890-91  while  pur- 
suing his  studies. 
He  was  admitted  to  | 
the  Bar  February 
10,  1893,  after- 1 
wards  passing  the 
examinations  that 
permitted  him  to 
j)ractice  at  the  Bar 
of  the  United 
States  District  and 
Circuit  Courts,  the 
United  States 
Court  of  Ajipeals  and  the  L^nited  States 
Supreme  Court.  His  offices  are  in  the  Old 
South  Building. 

WILLIAM  GOODWIN  RENWICK 

William  Goodwin  Renwick,  attorney,  was 
born  of  American  parents  in  Berlin,  Ger- 
manv,  January  10,  1886.     He  was  educated 

at  the  Pomona  Col-  

lege  in  California 
and  Harvard  Law 
School,  received  the 
A.B.  degree  from 
the  college  in  1907, 
and  the  LL.B.  from 
the  Law  School  in 

191 1.  He  began 
practice     alone     in 

19 1 2,  along  general 
lines.  He  is  coun- 
sel for  the  Massa- 
c  h  u  s  e  1 1  s  State 
Automobile  Asso- 
ciation and  is  the 
legal  representative        wiluam  >..  .<i...w.K 

of  several  corporations.  Mr.  Renwick  is 
descended  from  James  Renwick,  the  last 
Covenanter    martvr    of    Scotland,    and    his 


THK    BOOK    OF    BOSTOX 


463 


.qrandnintluT  was  a  l'"iel(l.  (jf  NorthfifKl, 
Mass.,  of  wliicli  family  L'yrus  and  Eugene 
I'ield  were  members.  He  is  a  !neml)cr  of 
the  Oakley  Country  C'lul),  and  the  C'lilnnial 
Cluh  of  Cambridge,  the  Weston  Golf  Club, 
the  International  Law  Club  of  I'oston,  the 
American  Society  of  Internatinnal  Law, 
and  Commander  of  tlie  Nth  Regiment 
Machine  (inn  Company,  and  is  a  collector 
of  antique  weapons. 


BENJAIMIN     PHILLIPS 

Benjamin  Phillips,  senior  member  of  the 
legal  firm  of  Phillips,  \'an  Everen  &  Fish, 
patent  attorney's,  was  born  at  Lynn,  April 


Weld  Hill,  in  the  Arnold  Arboretum,  was 
selected  b\-  Washington  as  a  point  to  fall 
back  upon  in  case  of  necessity  at  the  siege  of 
Boston. 

AMASA  COLLINS  GOULD 

Amasa  C.  Gould,  a  successful  lawyer  who 
is  interested  in  many  corporations,  was  born 
July  6,  187c),  in  Newton,  Alass.     He  is  de- 

scended    from    okl 

New  England  an- 
cestry, the  Ameri- 
can branch  being 
established  here  in 
1640.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  New- 
ton ])ul)lic  schools 
and  Harvard  Col- 
lege, the  last  named 
institution  confer- 
ring upon  him  the 
degree  of  A.l!.  in 
1900,  A.M.  in 
1 00 1,  and  LL.B. 
in  loo.v  He  was 
AMASA  c.  GOULD  admitted  to  the  Bar 

in  1903,  and  has  practiced  here  since, 
specializing  in  corporation  law.  He  is  a 
director  of  the  Co(")perati\-e  Association, 
I'.reail  Loaf  Alountain  Power  Co..  H.  A. 
Walker  Co.,  Davis  Arms  Co.,  Roxbury 
Shoe  Thread  Co.,  Wood  Bros.  Co.,  Jessuji 
&  Moore  Paper  Co.,  the  Hyatt  Memorial, 
and  trustee  of  the  Boston  Corporation.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Bar  Association  of  the 
City  of  Boston,  Boston  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, Brae  Burn  Cotmtry  Club  and  the 
Harvard  Clubs  of  Bo.ston  and  New  York. 
His  offices  are  at  24  Milk  Street. 


BENJAMIN     rillLLIl's 

25,  1862.  His  preparatory  education  was 
received  at  the  Wesleyan  Academy,  after 
which  he  graduated  from  Dartmouth  College 
in  1883  witli  the  usual  degrees.  The  next 
two  vears  were  spent  in  study  at  the  Thayer 
School  of  Civil  Engineering,  and  in  1885  he 
entered  the  Law  School  of  Boston  L^niver- 
sitv,  graduating  in  1888.  He  was  admitted 
to  practice  the  same  year  and  at  once  formed 
a  partnershi])  with  his  father,  Edward  K. 
Phillips,  in  Lynn.  During  his  last  years  in 
Lvnn  he  made  a  study  of  i)atent  causes,  anil, 
upon  conn'ng  to  Boston  in  the  early  'nineties, 
devoted  himself  to  that  phase  of  legal  i)rac- 
tice.  In  1894  he  organized  the  firm  of 
riiillips  &  Anderson,  and  this  firm  through 
successive  changes  became,  in  1907,  Phillips, 
\'an  Everen  &  Fish,  which  is  now  one  of 
the  largest  and  most  iironiinent  in  its  line  in 
the  citv,  numbering  among  its  clients  many 
of  the  im])ortant  corporations  of  the  .State. 
.Mr.  Phillips  is  a  memlier  of  the  Algonquin 
Club  ;md   is  of   Welsh   .ancestrv.      Llis   for- 


464 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


bears  were  among  the  early  settlers  of  New 
England  and  figured  prominently  in  the  pro- 
fessional life  of  the  early  colony.  His  of- 
fices are  in  the  Exchange  Building,  53  State 
Street,  a  large  suite  of  rooms  and  a  com- 
petent staff  of  assistants  being  necessary 
for  the  extensive  business. 


The  combination  of  fire  and  marine  in- 
surance is  one  (if  the  most  important  of  the 
branches  of  the  insurance  industry  in  New 


England. 


HON.  LOUIS  C.  SOUTHARD 

Hon.  Louis  C.  Southard  was  born  in  Port- 
land, Maine,  April  i,  1854.  Educated  in  the 
public    schools    of    Portland,    Westbrooke 

Maine  Seminary, 
Dorchester  Massa- 
I  c  h  u  s  e  1 1  s  High 
School,  University 
of  Maine  and  Bos- 
ton University  Law- 
School.  Received 
degree  of  B.S.  in 
1875,  J^I-S.  in  1892, 
and  LL.D.  in  1904. 
As  a  student  was 
engaged  in  teaching 
and  newspaper 
work,  and  edited 
the  Easton  Bulletin 
for  two  years  after 
HON.  LOUIS  c.  SOUTHARD  commenciug  prac- 
tice of  law  at  North  Easton,  Massachusetts, 
in  1877.  ^^^s  a  Representative  and  Senator 
in  the  Massachusetts  Legislature.  Is  mem- 
ber of  the  Alumni  Advisory  Council,  Uni- 
versity of  Maine,  president  American  In- 
valid Aid  Society,  thirty-second  degree 
Mason,  Past  Deputy  Grand  Master  of 
Masons  in  Massachusetts,  managing  direc- 
tor and  treasurer  of  the  International  Pur- 
chasing Company,  director  and  treasurer  of 
the  Hudson  Tannery  Company,  president 
of  the  State  Wharf  and  Storage  Company, 
trustee  Dorchester  Savings  Bank,  etc. 
Clubs :  University,  Twentieth  Century,  Pud- 
dingstone,  Boston  City,  Society  of  the  A\'ar 
of  1812. 


EDWARD  C.  STONE 

Edward  C.  Stone,  who  has  taken  great 
interest  in  legal  educational  work  and  in 
political  aft'airs,  was  born  at  Lexington, 
Mass.,  June  29, 
1878,  and  was  edu- 
cated in  the  Lex- 
ington p  u  1j  1  i  c 
schools  and  the 
Boston  LIniversity 
Law  School,  gradu- 
ating from  the  lat- 
ter magna  c  u  ni 
laude  and  obtaining 
the  LL.B.  degree. 
He  began  practice 
in  the  office  of 
Choate  &  Hall, 
eventually  becom- 
ing a  member  of 
the  firm  of  Sawyer, 
Hardy,  Stone  &  Morrison.  Mr.  Stone  has 
Ijeen  instrvictor  and  lecturer  at  the  Boston 
University  School  of  Law,  and  was  a  lec- 
turer and  memljer  of  the  faculty  of  Y.  M. 
C.  A.  Evening  Law  School,  Boston.  He  is 
trial  counsel  for  the  American  Mutual  Lia- 
bilit\-  Insurance  Co.  and  other  corporations. 
Mr.  Stone  is  a  Republican  in  politics  and 
was  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  House 
of  Representatives  in  1903  and  1904.  He 
has  been  Selectman  and  Moderator  of  the 
town  of  Lexington.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Masonic  Order,  the  Odd  Fellows,  the 
Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon  Fraternity,  the  Old 
Belfry  Club  of  Lexington,  the  Belmont 
Spring  Country  and  the  Boston  City  Clubs. 


EDWARD    C.    STONli 


To  many  outside  its  limits  Boston  is 
almost  a  synonym  for  education. 

HON.  GEORGE  M.  STEARNS 

As  an  attorney  of  wide  experience  and  a 
sound  practical  and  judicial  mind,  Hon. 
George  M.  Stearns  assumed  the  position  of 
special  justice  of  the  police  court  of 
Chelsea,  to  which  he  was  appointed  by 
Governor  Bates  in  1903,  with  all  the  neces- 
sary qualifications  for  that  important  office. 


THE    l^OOK    OF    I^OSTOX 


465 


He  was  burn  in  Spencer,  April  27,  1856, 
and  received  his  education  at  the  Spencer 
Higli  School  and  W'ilbrahain  Academy. 
He  afterwards  entered  the  liJoston  Uni- 
versity Law  School  and  g;raduated  LL.B. 
in  1879.  H^  ^^''s  admitted  to  the  bar  the 
following   year    and    to    the    United    States 


HON.    GEORGE    M.    STEARNS 


Circuit  Court  in  June,  1899.  He  was  city 
solicitor  of  Chelsea  for  four  years  antl 
during  his  term  of  office  rendered  many 
important  decisions.  He  was  also  a  member 
of  the  Common  Council  for  three  years  and 
served  on  the  Board  of  Aldermen,  being 
for  some  years  chairman  of  the  Board. 
Judge  Stearns  comes  of  old  New  England 
stock,  his  first  American  ancestor  being 
Isaac  Stern,  the  original  way  of  spelling 
the  name,  who  settled  at  W'atertown  in 
1630.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Sons  of  the 
Revolutitfn,  the  Knights  of  Pythias,  the 
Masonic  Fraternity,  the  Unitarian  Church, 
and  is  a  staunch  Republican  in  politics. 
His  legal  jtractice  is  of  a  general  character 
and  he  has  a  large  clientele.  Judge  Stearns 
has  been  connected  with  many  important 
cases  during  his  long  and  busy  career.  His 
offices  are  at  18  Tremont  Street. 


BENJAMIN  H.  CKEENHOOD 

Benjamin  H.  Greenhood,  member  of  the 
legal  firm  of  Greenhood  &  Gallagher.  i8- 
Tremont  Street,  was  born  in  Dedhanu 
Mass.,  November  _ 
20,  1870.  After  due 
preparation  he  en- 1 
tered  the  Boston 
University  L  a  w 
School  and  gradu- 
ated cum  laude  in  | 
iN()5.  lie  Ijegan 
])ractice  in  Dedham 
the  same  year  and 
afterwards  formed  j 
his  Boston  connec- 
tion, but  retained 
his  office  in  ]3ed- 1 
ham.  He  was  asso 
ciated  with  Asa  I' 
French  in  the  de-  benjamin  h.  greenhood 
tense  of  Joseph  V.,  Seer\-,  charged  with  the 
nuirder  of  his  mother  at  East  Dedham  in 
1898,  and  despite  public  sentiment  secured 
the  acquittal  of  Seery  after  a  ten  days'  trial. 
He  is  a  memlier  of  the  Odd  Fellows,  the 
Nor f (ilk  Bar  Association,  New  Century 
Club,  the  Boston  Universit\-  Alunuii  and 
the  Detlham  Societx'  for  the  .\])])rehension 
of  Horse  Thieves. 

ALPHONSE  CANGL\NO 

Alphonse  Cangiano,  attorney  at  law,  with 
offices  in  the  Pemljerton  Building,  was  born 
in  Italy,  March  11,  1884.  Attended  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  Boston  and  the  Ballou  &  Hobi- 
gand  Preparatory  School ;  entered  the  Bos- 
ton University  Law  School,  from  which  he 
graduated  in  1908  with  the  degree  of  LL.B. ; 
was  admittetl  to  the  l)ar  in  1910  and  began 
])ractice  at  once  in  conjunction  with  John 
E.  Crowley,  an  association  that  still  con- 
tinues. His  practice  is  a  general  one  and  he 
has  appeared  as  counsel  in  many  important 
criminal  cases.  He  has  served  on  various 
Boston  connuittees  for  the  relief  of  earth- 
quake and  other  sufYerers  of  Italy.  Mr. 
Cangiano  comes  of  illustrious  Italian  ances- 
tr\-.      His   grandfather.    Michael    Cangiano, 


466 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


was  appointed  ]\Iayor  of  Sant'Angelo  AU'- 
Esca  by  decree  of  King  Eerdinand  II,  later 
was  appointed  Mayor  by  King  Victor 
Emanuel  II,  and  again  by  King  Humbert  I. 


ALPHONSE    CANCIANO 


In  1844  he  was  made  a  Knight  of  the  Royal 
Order  of  Erancis  I,  and  later  was  awarded 
the  Cross  of  Honor  in  recognition  of  his 
distinguished  service.  He  acted  as  Govern- 
ment Delegate  for  the  County  of  Paterno- 
poli,  was  Captain  of  the  National  Guards, 
and  Conciliatory  Judge  for  twelve  years. 
Mr.  Cangiano's  father,  Mark  Anthony,  a 
physician,  graduated  from  the  University 
of  Naples  and  practiced  in  Boston  for  many 
years.  Daniel  Cangiano,  his  father's  uncle, 
was  for  a  long  period  physician  to  the  Ro)'al 
House  of  Bourbons. 

CONRAD  J.  RUETER 

Conrad  J.  Rueter,  attorney,  was  born  in 
Boston,  September  26,  1863,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Harvard  College,  Boston  Univer- 
sity Law  School  and  Bonn  University,  Ger- 
many. Since  admission  to  the  Bar,  Mr. 
Rueter  has  been  active  in  his  profession  and 
in   several   commercial   enterprises.      He   is 


secretary  of  the  A.  J.  Houghton  Company, 
and  treasurer  of  Rueter  &  Company.  He  is 
a  Trustee  of  the  Boston  City  Hospital  and 
on  the  Visiting  Committee  of  the  Germanic 
Museum,  Harvard  Universitv,  holds  mem- 
lit-rship  in  the  Boston  Art  Club,  Harvard 
Club,  Massachusetts  Automobile  Club,  Bos- 
ton Athletic  Associati(_)n,  \\'(.illaston  Golf 
Clul),  the  Brae  Burn,  Seapuit  and  Tedesco 
Country  and  the  Eastern  Yacht  Clul)S,  also 
the  Corinthian  Yacht  Club. 


JOSEPH  WIGGIN 

Joseph  Wiggin,  attorney,  of  Maiden, 
Mass.,  was  born  at  Exeter,  N.  H.,  Alarch  7, 
1871,  the  son  of  (Judge)  Joseph  E.  and 
Ruth  (  Hollis  )  Wiggin.  His  parents  moved 
tn  Alalden  in  1880.  He  attended  the  Mai- 
den Pul)lic  Schools,  graduated  from  Har- 
vard College  (magna  cum  laude)  in  1893 
and  from  the  Harvard  Law  School  in  i8g6. 
After  his  admission  to  the  Bar  in  1896  he 
practiced  with  his  father  until  the  latters 
death  in  1906,  since  which  time  he  has  prac- 
ticed alone. 

Mr.  Wiggin  has  Iieen  interested  in  many 
of  the  local  enterprises  and  organizations  in 
Maiden.  He  was  Maiden's  City  Solicitor 
for  eight  years,  a  member  of  its  School 
Board  for  five  years,  and  is  now  serving 
his  fifth  year  as  a  trustee  of  the  Maiden 
Public  Library.  He  is  vice-president  and  a 
director  of  the  Eirst  National  Bank  of  Mai- 
den, a  trustee  and  member  of  the  Invest- 
ment Committee  of  the  Maiden  .Savings 
Bank,  and  trustee  and  treasurer  of  Sanborn 
Seminary  of  Kingston,  N.  H.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Council  of  the  Middlesex 
Bar  Association,  the  Grievance  Committee 
of  the  Massachusetts  Bar  Association,  holds 
memltership  in  the  Boston  and  American 
Bar  Associations,  and  the  Harvard  Club  of 
Boston.  In  college  he  was  prominent  in 
athletics  and  was  for  a  year  captain  of  the 
Harvard  baseball  team. 


THR    ROOK    OF    I'.OSTOX 


467 


KDWAKD    i.    TAYLOR 


Ein\ARl)   IR\"IN(i  TAYLOR 

Edward  I.  Taylor,  law  \er,  and  general 
attorney  tor  New  luigland  of  the  Mary- 
land Oasnaltx-  C"o.  of  Italtiinore,  was  born  in 

New  Vc  irk  City, 
l)eceml)er  30, 
i88j.  He  is  of  old 
(juaker  ancestry, 
1 )  e  i  n  g  descended 
from  John  Sharp- 
less,  of  Ilathertoii, 
(  heshire,  England, 
who  settled  near 
I  hester.  Pa.,  in 
(682.  Another  an- 
cestor was  Donald 
L"argill,  Scottish 
Covenanter,  w  h  o 
was  beheaded  in 
Edinburgh,  July  27, 
1 68 1,  at  the  age  of 
seventy  years,  because  of  his  religious  l)e- 
liefs.  After  a  ])reparatorv  education  in  the 
schools  of  lloboken,  N.  J.,  be  became  a 
traveling  salesman  and  then  entered  the  New- 
York  Universit)-  Law  School,  from  whicli 
he  graduated  in  1907.  He  was  admitted  to 
the  New  York  Bar  in  1908,  and  began  prac- 
tice there  the  same  year.  The  New  Jersey 
Bar  admitted  iiiiu  July  5,  191 1,  and  upon 
his  apjxiintment  to  the  position  of  general 
attorney  of  the  Maryland  Casualty  Co.,  he 
was  admitted  to  practice  in  Massachusetts, 
February  14,  k^i.v  Mr.  Taylor  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  .\iuerican  Bar  Association,  the 
Philomatliic  Society  of  HoJxjkeii,  N.  J., 
New  York  University,  Cha])ter  Delt.a  (.'hi, 
and  Colfax  Council,  Ro)'al  Arcanum,  lie 
is  a  Republican  in  politics  and  a  member  of 
the  executive  committee  of  the  Republican 
Central  Committee  of  Hudscjn  Count)', 
N.  J.  His  r.ffices  are  at  11  1  Milk  Street. 
Boston. 

CH. \RLES  P.  SE.\RLE 

Charles  1'.  Searle  of  the  legal  firm  of 
Searle  &  Waterhouse  w;is  born  in  New 
^ilarlboro,  Mass.,  July  21,  1854.  After 
graduating   fnmi   -\niherst   College   in    1876 


he  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  Suf- 
folk County  i>ar  in  1884.  Air.  Searle  makes 
a  s|)ecialty  of  customs  and  revenue  practice, 
and  his  lirni  h;is  the  largest  business  in  this 
line  in  New  iuigland.  He  is  a  Rei)ublican 
in  politics  and  holds  memliershi])  in  the 
lirookline  Countr\-  L'hib,  .\lg<jn(pun  Club, 
the  L'niversity,  Mxchange  and  I'.ssex  Coun- 
try Clubs,  and  the  Metropolitan  Club  of 
Washington,  llis  offices  are  at  50  Congress 
Street  and  his  residence  280  Commnnwealth 
Avenue. 


One  of  the  luost  beautiful  streets  in  the 
world  is  Commonwealth  Avenue,  in  Boston's 
fashionable  Back  J  Sack  district. 

J.\Mb:S  MOTT  FL\LLOWELL 

James  Mott  Hallowell,  lawyer,  was  born 
in  We.st  Medford,  Mass.,  February  13,  1865. 
He  graduated  A.B.  from  Harvard  in  1888 
and  LL.r>.  from 
PI  a  r  van!  Law 
School  in  i8<;3.  I  Ic 
was  admitted  to  the 
Bar  and  began 
practice  in  New- 
York  City  the  same 
y  e  a  r.  Returning 
to  Massachusetts  he 
was  made  Second 
Assistant  Attorne\- 
General  of  the 
State  in  1894,  and 
Assistant  Attornex 
General  in  1898. 
He  resigned  in 
1903  to  take  up  pri- 
vate practice,  and  l)ecame  a  member  of  the 
firm  of  Knowlton,  Hallowell  &  Hammond. 
Upon  the  death  of  Mr.  Knowlton  in  1902, 
the  firm  became  Hallowell  &  Hammond,  and 
since  191 1  has  been  Mayberry,  Hallowell  & 
Hammond.  Lie  was  City  Solicitor  for  Med- 
ford, Mass.,  1902-6.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  American,  Massachu.setts  and  Boston 
Bar  AssociatitMis  and  the  L'nion  and  Coun- 
try Clubs,  llis  ofifices  are  at  20  Pem1)erton 
Square. 


IAMi:S    M.    HALI.OWKl.L 


468 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


HON.    ELMER    L.    CURTISS 


HON.  ELMER  L.  CURTISS 

Hon.  E.  L.  Curtiss.  of  the  legal  firm  of 
French  &  Curtis.s,  was  horn  in  Der1)v,  Conn., 
June  II,  1861,  and  was  educated  in  the  puh- 

lie  schools  and  the 

Bridgewater  Nor- 
mal School.  He 
graduated  in  1884, 
lauglit  school  for 
light  years  and 
filled  the  position 
of  Superintendent 
of  Schools  for  six 
>-ears.  He  tutored 
liiniself  in  law'and 
was  admitted  to  the 
liar  in  1898.  Mr. 
( "urtiss  was  elected 
ti)  tlie  Massachu- 
setts Legislature  in 
1908  and  was  a 
member  of  the  Committee  on  Metropolitan 
Affairs  which  framed  the  Boston  Charter. 
He  has  been  a  Civil  Service  Commissioner 
since  1909  and  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic 
Fraternity,  the  Odd  Fellows  and  the  Wom- 
pateeck  Club  of  Hingham,  of  which  he  was 
president  for  two  years.  His  offices  are  at 
89  State  Street. 

ARTHUR  BLACK 

Arthur  Black,  attorney-at-Iaw,  was  born 
in  Troy,  N.  Y.,  December  3,  1880.  After 
a  preparatory  education  he  entered  Harvard 
College  for  the  classical  course  and  .gradu- 
ated with  the  Class  of  1903.  He  then 
entered  the  Harvard  Law  School  and  was 
the  recipient  of  the  LL.B.  degree  upon 
graduation  in  1906. 

After  admission  to  the  Bar  he  began  prac- 
tice in  Boston  and  has  remained  here  ever 
since.  Mr.  Black  ])ractices  independently, 
and  the  character  of  his  legal  work  is  of  a 
general  nature,  specializing  in  no  particular 
line. 

His  offices  are  at  53  State  Street  and  he 
resides  in  \\'inchester. 


MARK  STONE 

Mark  Stone,  lawyer,  43  Tremont  Street, 
was  l)orn  in  Neumark,  Prussia,  August  8, 
1857,  and  brought  to  Boston  when  one  and 
a  half  years  of  age.  He  was  educated  in 
the  Boston  elementarv  grammar  schools 
and  English  High  School,  being  awarded 
the  P'ranklin  medal  by  the  latter  upon  grad- 
uation in  1874.  While  acting  as  confiden- 
tial bookkeeper  for  a  Boston  house  he 
studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in 
1906.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  Fra- 
ternity, Odd  Fellows,  Royal  Arcanum,  For- 
esters of  America,  the  Independent  Order 
r]'nai  B'rith,  and  is  secretary  of  the  Home 
for  Jewish  Children  and  secretary  for  the 
past  fifteen  years  of  Temple  Ohahei  Shalom. 

HERBERT  S.  AVERY 
Herbert  S.  Avery,  who  is  the  attorney  in 
charge  of  the  Boston  Claim  Department  of 
the    London   Guarantee   and    Accident    Co., 
Ltd.,    was   born   in 
Plymouth,      Mass., 
September    15, 
1883.    He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Plym- 
outh  High   School. 
Bost<:)n     L^niversitx 
College   of    Liberal 
Arts,  and  the  Bos- 
ton LTniversity  Law 
School.      He      was 
admitted  to  the  liar 
August.    1909,    and 
practiced    with 
Dickson  &  Knowles 
from  that  time  un- 
til   19 1 3,    when   he 
resigned  to  accept  his  present  position.    Pre- 
vious to  taking  up  the  study  of  law,  Mr. 
Avery  filled  a  clerkship  with  the  N.  E.  Tele- 
phone &  Telegraph  Co.,  later  becoming  a 
stenographer  for  William  Filene's  Sons  Co., 
and  subsecjuently  assistant  superintendent  of 
employees  for  the  same  firm. 


HERBERT    S.    AVERY 


Many  historic  spots  throughout  the  city 
have  been  designated  permanently  by  placing 
of  bronze  taljlets. 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


W) 


FREDERICK   MAXLi:\    I\  ES 

Frederick  Mauley  Jves,  of  tlie  legal  tirin 
(if  I'.urdett,  Wanlwell  &•  Ives,  was  born  in 
Salem,    Mass.,   January   5,    1880.     His  ])re- 

paratiiry  educatiim 
was  received  in  the 
jiuMic  schddls  of 
Salem,  after  which 
le  entered  Harsard 
L'niversity,  and  in 
11)11'  won  t  h  e 
"  r.iiwdiiin  I'rize  " 
fur  an  essa}'  im 
"Constitutional  As- 
])ects  of  the  Acqni- 
sitiiiii  I  if  I'dreigii 
'l"erritiir\-  l)v  the 
Cnited  States."  lie 
was  awarded  the 
A.l'i.  degree  in  H)or 

FREDERICK    M.    ,V.^  .^,,,,     j,^     ',  ,^^q  .     j,,..^,,j,_ 

ated  from  the  Harvard  Law  School,  LL.Il. 
Mr.  Ives  is  a  member  (if  the  liar  of  Massa- 
chusetts, State  and  Federal  Courts  and  of 
the  United  States  Supreme  Court.  Fle  has 
been  principal!}'  engaged  in  the  trial  of  cases 
for  the  Edison  Company  of  Boston  and 
the  Boston  Elevated  Railway.  He  has 
Feen  Moderator  of  the  town  of  Winchester 
for  the  past  five  years  and  is  a  member  of 
the  Harvard  Club  of  Boston,  the  Boston 
City  Club,  Engineers  Club  antl  the  Massa- 
chusetts Club. 

FREU  JUV 

Fred  Joy  is  descended  from  an  old  Xew 
England  family  that  settled  here  in  16,^5, 
liis  first  .\inerican  ancestor  being  Thomas 
Joy,  who  was  architect  and  builder  of  the 
F'~irst  Town  House,  that  stood  on  the  site 
of  the  present  Old  State  House.  Mr.  Joy 
■was  born  in  Winchester,  Jul_\-  8,  1859,  and 
graduated  from  Harvard  in  ]88i.  He 
studied  law,  and  being  admitted  to  the  Bar 
in  1884  began  jiractice  in  I'mston,  where 
he  has  since  been  located.  He  had  served 
as  a  Re])ublican  in  both  branches  of  the 
State  Legislature,  and  has  been  most  suc- 
cessful  along  legal   lines.      He  is  a  director 


of  the  Cutting  lar  Co..  the  Cnited  States 
F'a.stener  Co.,  and  other  cor])orations,  and 
a  trustee  of  the  Winchester  Savings  Bank. 
Mr.  Joy  holds  membershij)  in  the  Harvard 
Club  of  I'.oston  and  Xew  ^'ork  City  and 
the  I'niversitv  Club  of  Boston.  He  resides 
at  Winchester  and  his  offices  are  at  ()5  Milk 
Street,  Boston. 


■raduated    A.B.    from 


The  first  crv  for  the  protection  of  .\nier- 
ican  industries  was  raised  in  Charlestown  in 
1811  in  connection  with  the  manufacture  of 
moroccan  leatlier. 

S.  HEXRY  HOOFER 

S.  Henr\-  Hooper,  law  \er,  was  Ijorn  in 
Boston,  July  29,  1853,  of  old  Xew  luig- 
land  ancestry.  He 
Ilarvar(.l  in  1873 
and  from  the  Har- 
\ard  Law  School  in 
]iSj8;  was  promi- 
nent in  athletics  in 
college  and  there- 
after. Fie  has  prac- 
ticed in  B  o  s  t  o  n 
since  1880  and  was 
admitted  to  the 
U  n  i  t  e  tl  States 
Courts  in  1882.  Mr. 
Hooper  has  been 
identified  with 
much  imjiortant 
litigation  in  State 
and  Federal  Courts. 
He  was  president  of  lloojier.  Lewis  &  Co., 
a  corporation,  from  1900  mitil  ii)iJ,  dur- 
ing which  period  he  paid  more  attention 
to  the  stationery  business  than  to  law  prac- 
tice. He  compiled  the  list  of  l)ankrupts  in 
the  District  of  Massachusetts,  August  i, 
1898,  to  July  31,  1905.  His  clubs  are  the 
A^arsity  (Harvard)  and  the  Annisquam 
^'acht.  Mr.  Hooper  married  June  7,  18S8, 
Annie  Heywood  Lord  of  Boston.  The\' 
have  three  children,  viz. :  Linzee  Sewall, 
Dorothy  and  John  Sewall  IIoo])er.  His 
offices  are  in  Barristers  Hall  and  his  home 
in  Hingham,  Mass.,  at  the  old  famih  home- 
stead, "The  Cirange." 


S.    HEXRY    HOOPER 


470 


THE    BOOK    OP'    BOSTON 


GEORGE  WTNSLOW  WIGGIN 

George  W.  \\'iggin,  attorney  at  law,  was 
l)orn  in  Sandwich.  N.  H.,  March  lo,  1841. 
He  was  educated  in  the  puliHc  schools,  at 

the  Friends  Board- 
nig  School,  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  and  at 
the  ]'hillii)S  (Exe- 
ter )  Academy.  He 
a  fterwards  read  law 
;n  the  office  of  the 
1  Inn.  Samuel  War- 
ner, and  was  admit- 
ird  to  the  Norfolk 
I  Ounty  Bar  in 
i^j2.  He  began 
practice  in  Franklin 
a  n  d  subsecjuently 
( )pened  a  Boston 
(,ffice,  being  at  the 
ce:.rgi;  «.  wuu.in  present  time  located 

in  the  Tremont  Building.  Mr.  ^^'iggin  is 
descended  from  Samuel  W'insley,  one  of  the 
first  settlers  of  Salisbury,  Mass.  He  was 
for  ten  years  moderator  of  the  town  meet- 
ings in  Franklin,  and  has  officiated  as  com- 
missioner in  many  cases  for  the  elimination 
of  grade  crossings. 

JEROME  J.  PASTENE 

Jerome  J.  Pastene,  president  of  the  As- 
sociation of  Italian  ^Members  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Bar,  is  attorney  for  some  of  the 

largest  Italian  firms 
in     the     United 
States     and      Italy 
and   has   many    in- 
u-rests     in     Boston 
idmmercial      con- 
cerns. He  was  Ijorn 
in  this  city  Decem- 
ber  31,    1 87 1,   and 
after  a  preparatory 
course   entered   the 
I  loston    University 
,aw   School,   from 
w  hich  he  graduated 
_  ,  cum  laude  in  1897. 
^  I  le  was  admitted  to 
jEKOME  J.  pASTtNE         tlic    Bar    thc    same 


year.  Mr.  Pastene  is  interested  in  the  P. 
Pastene  &  Compan\-,  Incorporated,  T.  Dex- 
ter Johnson  Co.,  tiie  Talbot  Avenue  Auto 
Station,  and  W.  H.  Brayton  Co.  On  De- 
cember 31,  191 1,  ^Ir.  Pastene  was  married 
to  Florence  I.  Labelle  of  Boston.  He  is  a 
thirty-second  degree  Mason,  a  member  of 
the  Cora  Temple,  A.A.O.N.M.S.,  the  Royal 
Arcanum  and  the  Boston  Italian  Club.  His 
offices  are  at  18  Tremont  Street. 

SAMUEL  HALL  WHITLEY 

Samuel  H.  Whitley,  lawyer,  was  Ijorn 
Feliruary  15,  1881,  at  Plattslnirg,  N.  Y., 
the  son  of  Samuel  J.  and  Jennie  (Hall) 
Whitley.  He  is  a 
descendant  of  the 
Pa\'n  f  a  m  i  1  \-  >■■  \ 
"  Mayflower  "  ;ui- 
cestrv,  and  many 
of  his  ])rogenitors 
were  soldiers  in 
the  Revolutionarx 
Army  and  figured 
prom  i  n  e  n  1 1  y  in 
C  o  1  o  n  i  a  1  afi^airs. 
]\lr.  Whitley  was 
educated  at  Platts- 
burg  High  School, 
Brown  Universitx, 
and  graduated 
from  the  Harvard 
Law  School  in  1906 


SAMUEL    H.    WHITLEY 


He  was  admitted  to 


the  Bar  the  following  year  and  began  prac- 
tice at  once,  specializing  in  probate  work 
and  corporation  investigation.  He  is  a 
member  of  Phi  Delta  Theta  Fraternity, 
Paul  Revere  Lodge  of  Masons,  the  Boston 
Scottish  Society,  and  served  three  years  in 
the  Cadet  Corps,  M.  V.  M.,  and  is  now  a 
memljer  of  the  Veteran  "Corps.  His  offices 
are  at  15  Beacon  Street. 

GEORGE  FOX  TUCKER 

George  F.  Tucker,  lawyer  and  author, 
was  born  in  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  January 
19,  1852,  and  was  educated  at  the  Friends 
Academy,  New  Bedford,  the  Friends 
School,    Providence,   and  finally   graduated 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


471 


from  JJrtjwn  University,  Pruviilencc,  in 
1873.  After  studying  law  and  admission  to 
the  ]!ar,  he  began  practice  in  New  Bedford 
in  1876,  removing  to  Boston  in  1882.  He 
has  specialized  largely  in  wills  and  corpora- 
tions, having  written  legal  works  on  both 
sul)iects  and  collaboratetl  with  Dr.  Wilson 
on  International  Law.  He  is  also  the  author 
of  a  work  on  the  ^lonroe  Doctrine  and  a 
novel  entitled  "A  (Juaker  Home."  !Mr. 
Tucker  is  of  the  seventh  generation  of 
Quakers  in  this  country.  He  is  an  Inde- 
pendent Democrat  in  politics  and  was  on  the 
SchcKil  Committee  of  New  Bedford  in  1881 
and  a  meiuber  of  the  Massachusetts  Legisla- 
ture in  1890-91  and  \)2.  He  is  a  memljer  of 
the  Authors  Club,  and  the  R(i\al  Societies 
Club  of  Londi.n.  His  ifhces  are  in  Bar- 
risters Hall. 

HENRY  T.   RICHARDSON 

Henry  T.  Richardson,  lawxer,  was  born 
in  Chicago,  111.,  December  26,  1871.  He 
was  educated  in  the  pulilic  schools  of  ?\Ias- 

sachusetts,  and  was 
admitted  to  the 
Suffolk  Bar  in  Jan- 
uarw  1893.  begin- 
ning i)ractice  at 
once.  He  has  been 
in  general  practice 
since  that  date.  Air. 
Richardson  is  a 
member  of  the  Bos- 
ton Cit\-  Club,  a 
trustee  and  former 
president  of  the 
^Mercantile  Library 
Association,  mem- 
Ijer  and  one  time 
])resident  of  the 
Boston  Congregational  Club,  a  meml)er  of 
the  American.  Massachusetts  and  Norfolk 
Bar  Associations  and  one  of  the  Council  of 
the  latter.  He  is  married  and  has  five  chil- 
dren. His  offices  are  in  the  Kimball  lliu'ld- 
ing,  iS  Trenmnt  Street.  He  resides  in 
Erookline. 


HENKV    T.     RICHARDSON 


SHI'.LDOX    l'"..   W  \R1)\\  l-.Ll. 

Sheldon  ¥..  W'ardwell,  attorne\',  was  liorn 
at  Haverhill,  Mass.,  in  1882,  and  after  jirej)- 
aration  at  St.  Paul's  School,  Concortl,  New 
Hampshire,  he  en- 
tered Yale  and 
graduated  with  the 
degree  of  A.B.  in 
1904.  The  Har- 
vard Law  School 
conferred  the 
LL.B.  degree  upon 
him  at  graduation 
in  1907,  after 
which  he  went  to 
AW'ishington  as  sec- 
retary to  Hon.  ^\■iI- 
liam  H.  M  ood  \- , 
Justice  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  the 
United  States.  Re- 
turning to  I'.oston  in  1909,  he  became  asso- 
ciated with  the  legal  department  of  the  Bos- 
ton Elevated  Railway  Co.,  and  one  vear 
later  entered  the  office  of  Burdett,  W'ard- 
well &  Ives,  of  which  his  father,  |.  C)tis 
Wardwell,  was  a  partner,  and  in  i()i2  he 
became  a  member  of  that  firm.  He  is  a 
meml)er  of  the  Massachusetts  and  Federal 
FJars,  the  ISoston  Athletic  Association,  En- 
gineers, Harvard,  Oakley  and  Country 
Clubs,  the  ^'ale  Club  of  New  York  City,  the 
^Metropolitan  Club  of  Washington,  D.  C, 
and  the  Massachusetts  Club. 


SHKI.DON     E.    WARDW  hi.L 


When  the  first  liar  Association  was 
formed  is  not  known.  It  a])pears  to  have 
been  dissolved  some  time  between  the  dates 
of  1761  and  1767.  In  January,  1770,  the 
second  Bar  Association  was  organized  at  a 
meeting  of  leading  barristers  and  attorneys 
at  the  Bunch  of  Grapes  Tavern.  The  rules 
of  this  association  regulated  admission  to  the 
I'.ar.  (  )ne  of  the  rules  was  that  no  member 
should  receive  a  student  in  his  office  with- 
out the  consent  of  the  I'.ar.  'i"he  present 
"Bar  .Association  of  the  City  of  Boston"  was 
organized  on  June   10,  1876. 


472 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


AN    ATTRACTIVE    VIEW    OF    THE    COURT    OF    THE    BOSTON    PUBLIC    LIBRARY 


BUTLER  ROLAND  WILSON 


Butler  R.  Wilson,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Atlanta,  Ga..  July  22,  i86r.  He  obtained 
the  A.B.  degree  in    1881   and  the  A.M.   in 

1884  from  the  At- 
lanta L^niversity, 
ami  graduated 
LL.B.  from  the 
iloston  University 
School  of  Law  in 
1884.  He  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Suf- 
i"i  ilk  Bar  the  same 
\ car  and  has  prac- 
iiced  in  Boston 
-nice  with  offices  at 
S4  School  Street. 
I  le  has  been  a  Mas- 
ter in  Chancery 
since  1901  and  is  a 
member  of  the 
American  and  Massachusetts  Bar  Associa- 
tions,   the    American    National    Red    Cross 


BUTLER    R.  WILSON 


Association,  director  of  the  Boston  Home 
for  Aged  Colored  Women,  secretary  of  the 
Boston  Branch  of  the  National  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Colored  People, 
secretary  of  Board  of  Directors  of  the  Har- 
riet Tuliman  House,  member  of  the  Speak- 
ers Committee  of  the  Eord  Hall  Lecture 
Courses,  member  of  the  Executive  Commit- 
tee of  the  South  End  Improvement  Asso- 
ciation, an  Odd  Eellow  and  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  Republican  Club. 


Greater  Boston  is  a  big  industrious  hive; 
the  core  of  New  England ;  one  of  the  busiest 
factory  districts  of  the  Globe;  a  great  trade 
and  money  centre  and  port ;  conspicuously 
a  city  of  piled-up  wealth,  financial  means, 
and  i)ower.  It  is  the  second  American  port 
and  is  next  to  New  York  as  a  Iianking  centre. 
It  is  well  named  the  "Hub." 


"HE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


473 


JOSEPH  P.  FAGAN 

Joseph  P.  Fagan,  who  has  since  admis- 
sion to  the  Bar  in  1899  1)een  associated  with 
James  E.  Cotter  in  the  general  practice  of 

law,  was  born  at 
Dedham,  Mass., 
January  i,  1878. 
He  was  educated 
at  the  public 
schools  and  at  the 
E  n  g  1  i  s  h  EI  i  g  h 
Schoiil,  afterwards 
entering  the  Boston 
L'  n  i  V  e  r  s  i  t  y  Law 
School,  from  which 
he  received  the 
EL.B.  degree  upon 
graduation  in  1898. 
Since  beginning 
practice  he  has  been 
JOSEPH  P.  FAGAN  eugagcd   in   impor- 

tant litigation,  relating  principally  to  cor- 
porate and  commercial  law.  He  is  a  direc- 
tor of  the  Coffin  Valve  Co.,  and  is  a  memljer 
of  the  Boston  City  Club,  Commonwealth 
Country  Club,  Young  Men's  Catholic  As- 
sociation, and  the  Knights  of  Columbus. 
His  office  is  in  the  Sears  Building. 

EDWARD  O.  HOWARD 
Edward    O.    Howard,    attorney,    of    53 
State  Street,  was  born  March  11,  1852,  at 
Winslow,    Kennebec    County,    Maine.      He 

attended  the  Water- 
ville  Classical  In- 
stitute, now  Coburn 
Institute;  Colby 
University,  n  o  w 
Ciilb}-  College,  and 
Bowdoin  Ci)llege, 
graduating  f  r  o  m 
the  latter  in  1874. 
He  began  the  prac- 
tice of  law  in  Fair- 
field, Me.,  in  1877, 
I)ut  removed  to  Bos- 
ton in  1880,  and  has 
continued  his  legal 
work  here  since. 
EDWARD  o.  HOWARD  Mt.  Howard  is  de- 


scendetl  from  John  Howard,  who  came 
from  England  about  1635  and  settled  at 
Bridgewater.  On  the  maternal  side  he 
numbers  among  his  forbears  William  Bas- 
sett,  also  from  England,  who  settled  at  the 
same  New  England  town  in  1621.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  Dirigo  Club  of  Dorchester 
and  the  Zeta  Psi  Fraternit\'. 


In  the  good  old  days  of  our  grandfathers 
there  used  to  be  a  great  deal  of  hand  weav- 
ing, but  now  that  is  all  gone,  and  the  clatter 
and  rattle  of  textile  machinery  is  to  be  heard 
within  the  walls  of  many  a  heavily  Iniilt 
brick  building  in  and  around  Boston. 

AUSTIN  M.  PINKHAM 

Austin  M.  Pinkham,  of  the  legal  firm  of 
Pinkham,  Chittenham  &  West,  27  State 
Street,  was  born  in  Gloucester,  Mass.,  Oc- 
tober 2,  1871.  He 
was  educated  at  the 
Boston  Latin 
School,  Harvard 
College  and  the 
Boston  Luiiversit} 
Law  School.  Upon 
graduation  fro  m 
the  latter  in  1897, 
he  was  admitted  to 
the  Bar  and  began 
practice  at  once. 
After  practicing 
alone  for  several 
years  he  organized 
the  present  firm  and 


is  now  engaged  in 


AUSTIN    M.    PINKHAM 


corporation  work,  freciuently  conducting 
cases  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  various 
New  England  States.  Mr.  Pinkham  is  at- 
tornev  for  the  American  Express  Co.,  mem- 
ber of  the  Boston  City  Club,  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  and  the  Central  and  Clarendon 
Clubs.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
Aldermen  of  Somerville,  the  Somerville 
Planning  Board  and  of  the  Covmcil  of  Fifty 
of  the  City  Planning  Board  of  the  State. 


474 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


LOUIS    L.    G.    DE    ROCHEMONT 


LOUIS   L.   G.   DE  ROCHEMONT 

Louis  L.  G.  de  Rochemont,  lawyer,  was 
born  November  29,  1872,  in  Portsmouth, 
N.  H.     His  education  was  received  at  the 

Portsmouth  Hi  g  h 
School,  Harvard 
College,  and  the 
Boston  University 
Law  School,  his 
graduation  fro  m 
the  last  named  in- 
stitution being  in 
1894.  After  ad- 
mission to  the  Bar 
he  took  up  the  prac- 
tice of  commercial 
and  corporation 
law.  He  was  a  resi- 
dent of  Chelsea  at 
this  ])  e  r  i  o  d  and 
served  that  munici- 
pality as  City  Solicitor  for  eight  years.  Mr. 
de  Rochemont  is  of  French  Huguenot  an- 
cestry on  the  paternal  side,  and  his  maternal 
progenitor  was  a  member  of  the  Nutter 
family,  who  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  of 
the  town  of  Newington.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  B.  A.  A.,  Boston  Press  Club,  and  the 
Calumet  Club  of  Winchester.  His  offices 
are  at  15  State  Street. 

ARTHUR  NOBLE  RICE 

Arthur  N.  Rice,  who  in  addition  to  legal 
work  is  interested  in  several  commercial 
enterprises,  was  born  in  Boston,  October  4, 
1878.  He  graduated  from  Harvard  College 
in  1900  and  from  the  Harvard  Law  School 
in  1904.  After  admission  to  the  Suffolk 
Bar,  he  began  practice  alone  in  Boston,  and 
has  offices  at  50  Congress  Street.  Mr.  Rice 
has  a  clientele  that  includes  individuals  and 
corporations  in  both  criminal  and  civil  prac- 
tice. He  comes  of  old  New  England  ances- 
try, his  grandfather  having  been  the  late 
ex-Governor  Alexander  Hamilton  Rice  of 
Massachusetts,  while  his  maternal  forbears 
also  figured  in  the  early  history  of  the  State. 

Mr.  Rice  is  treasurer  and  director  of  the 
Albany  Clay   Products   Co.,,  president   and 


director  of  the  Monarch  Pool  Mining  Co., 
and  was  formerly  second  vice-president  and 
director  of  the  Swift  Contracting  Company. 
He  is  a  Repul)lican  in  politics  and  is  con- 
nected with  many  organizations.  Among 
these  are  the  Massachusetts  Bar  Association, 
the  Boston  Bar  Association,  the  Nevada 
Bar,  Harvard  Club  of  Boston,  Harvard 
Club  of  New  York,  Society  of  Colonial 
Wars,  the  Tennis  and  Racquet  Club  of  Bos- 
ton and  the  Delta  Kappa  Epilson  Fraternity. 
He  is  unmarried  and  resides  at  13  West 
Cedar  Street,  Boston. 


Boston  Common,  one  of  the  greatest  as- 
sets any  city  could  have,  is  located  in  the 
very  heart  of  the  town.  It  is  a  solace  to  the 
eyes,  feet  and  bodies  of  thousands  every 
day.  Its  present  extent  is  forty-eight  and 
two-fifths  acres. 

GEORGE  L.  DILLAWAY 

George  L.  Dillaway,  lawyer,  was  born 
November  12,  1870,  in  Natick,  Mass.  After 
a  preparatory  education  he  graduated  from 
Bowdoin  College  in 
1898  and  from 
Harvard  Law 
School  in  1901.  He 
is  in  active  practice 
before  the  State  and 
United  States 
Courts.  Mr.  Dilla- 
way comes  from 
old  New  England 
ancestry,  being  de- 
scended from  Wil- 
liam Dillaway,  who 
was  a  trooper  in 
King  Philip's  War 
in  1675.  ^J^r.  Dilla- 
way is  married  and 
resides  on  Dillaway 
Mass.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Converse 
Lodge,  the  Bear  Hill  Golf  Club  of  Wake- 
field, the  Order  of  the  Eastern  Star,  the 
Wakefield  Republican  Town  Committee,  the 
Zeta  Psi  Fraternity,  and  has  for  a  long  time 
l^een  a  vestrvman  of  Emmanuel  Episcopal 
Church,  Wakefield. 


GEORGE    L.    DILLAWAY 


Street,     Wakefield, 


THE    BOOK    Ol'    BOSTON 


475 


VINCENT    BROGNA 


VINCENT   l',R()(;XA 

\'iiicent  Brogna,  legislator  and  lawyer, 
was  l)orn  in  Italy,  May  14,  1S87,  and  was 
educated  in  the  pulilic  schools,  the  English 

High  School  and 
the  Boston  Univer- 
sit\'  Law  School. 
He  graduated  cum 
laude  from  the  lat- 
ter in  1908  with  the 
LL.B.  degree.  He 
was  admitted  to  the 
15ar  previous  to  his 
graduation  and  has 
otiices  in  the  Tre- 
mont  Building.  Mr. 
Brogna  is  a  Demo- 
crat in  politics  and 
was  a  member  of 
the  Legislature  in 
1912-13  and  '14. 
He  was  again  elected  to  the  House  in  19 16 
and  is  a  member  of  the  Judiciary  Commit- 
tee. He  was  appointed  a  Master  in  Chan- 
cery by  Governor  Foss  to  succeed  the  late 
Judge  Dewey,  and  is  the  youngest  man  ever 
appointed  to  that  (piasi  judicial  positiim. 

WALTER  BRUCE  GRANT 

Walter  B.  Grant,  who  has  attained  a  na- 
tional reputation  in  connection  with  his  legal 
work,  was  born  in  Alilwaukee,  Wisconsin, 
March  21,  1859.  His  preparatory  education 
was  received  in  the  public  schools  of  Derry, 
N.  H.,  Lawrence,  Mass.,  and  Washington, 
D.  C.  He  was  principal  of  a  school  in  Falls 
Church,  Va.,  in  1881-1882,  and  then  entered 
Columbian  College,  Washington,  D.  C. 
While  pursuing  his  legal  studies  at  the  Co- 
lumbian College  Law  School  he  filled  a  law 
clerkship  in  the  U.  S.  Pension  Bureau  and 
was  legal  adviser  of  Committees  in  the  5tith 
Congress.  The  University  conferred  upon 
him  the  degree  of  LL.B.  in  1884,  and  of 
LL.M.  in  1885.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia. May  15,  1885,  and  to  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  L^nited  States,  January  28, 
1889.     He  removed  to  ALissachusetts  two 


\ears  later,  and  upon  admission  here  took  uj) 
the  practice  of  his  profession  in  Boston.  In 
September,  1910,  Mr.  Grant  was  appointed 
counsel    for  the  L^nited   States   in  the  Cha- 


WALTER    B.    GRANT 


mizal  .Arbitration  Case,  which  fi.xed  the 
boundary  line  lietween  the  United  States 
and  Mexico  under  treaty  between  the  two 
countries.  Mr.  Grant  is  president  and  di- 
rector of  the  American  Tube  Works,  and  is 
a  member  of  the  Masonic  Fraternity,  the 
Phi  Kappa  Psi  Fraternity,  and  of  several 
clubs.  He  is  descended  from  Peter  Grant, 
who  came  to  New  England  from  Scotland 
in  1652,  and  settled  in  Boston  and  later  in 
York  Co.,  Me.  His  maternal  forbears 
were  Scotch-Irish,  and  were  among  the 
early  settlers  of  Londt)nderrv,  N.  H.  He 
was  married  August  28,  1889,  to  Lue  E. 
Tripp.  His  offices  are  in  the  Old  South 
Piuildinsj-. 


The  first  man  in  I'.oston  who  reallv  called 
himself  a  lawyer  was  Thomas  Lechford, 
who  was  educated  for  the  B.ar  in  England. 

The  lawyers  of  Boston  today  hold  an  en- 
\ialile  position  throughout  the  United  States, 
and  the  civilized  world. 


476 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


FRANK  M.  ZOTTOLI 


The  descendant  of  an  illustrious  Italian 
ancestry,  Frank  M.  Zottoli  was  born  Sep- 
tember 20,  1872,  in  Serre  di  Persano,  Prov- 


FRANK    M.    ZOTTOLI 


ince  of  Salerno,  Italy.  After  a  partial 
traininc^  in  the  elementary  schools  of  his 
native  land,  he  came  to  Boston  with  his 
parents  and  received  his  preparatory  educa- 
tion in  the  public  schools  and  the  Latin  High 
School  of  Boston.  He  then  took  up  the 
study  of  law  at  the  Boston  University  Law 
School  and  graduated  in  1899  with  the 
LL.B.  degree.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar 
immediately  after  leaving  the  University 
and  began  practice  at  27  Tremont  Row  in 
1900.  His  adaptability  and  unceasing  en- 
ergy soon  brought  a  large  clientele,  and  in 
the  years  that  have  intervened  he  has  de- 
fended twenty-five  persons  charged  with 
homicide,  of  which  number  he  succeeded  in 
securing  nineteen  acquittals.  Three  of  these 
cases  were  tried  in  other  States,  and  in  one  of 
them  the  Chief  Justice,  Hon.  L.  A.  Emery 


of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State  of 
Maine,  speaking  of  Mr.  Zottoli  said :  "We 
have  reason  to  be  grateful  to  the  eminent 
counsel  who  has  come  here  from  Boston 
to  defend  his  compatriot,  and  for  his  labor, 
vigilance  and  faithfulness  in  the  defence  of 
this  case."  This  unusual  record  fixed  Mr. 
Zottoli's  status  as  a  criminal  lawyer  of  more 
than  ordinary  ability.  He  does  not,  how- 
ever, confine  himself  to  this  class  of  work, 
having  a  general  practice  and  appearing  f  re- 
cjuently  in  the  civil  courts  and  acting  in  nu- 
merous cases  as  counsellor.  The  energy 
that  marks  Mr.  Zottoli's  actions  along  legal 
lines  is  illustrated  in  two  cases  where  the  time 
record  for  speed  was  broken.  One  of  these 
was  the  obtaining  of  a  pardon  for  a  client 
twenty  minutes  after  the  petition  had  been 
filed  with  Governor  Foss,  and  the  other  was 
the  securing  of  a  divorce  decree  within 
twenty-four  hours  of  its  return  day.  Mr. 
Zottoli  is  a  Democrat  in  politics,  and  was 
appointed  Bail  Commissioner  of  the  County 
of  Suffolk  in  1906,  still  holding  the  office  by 
reappointment  of  the  Justices  of  the  Su- 
perior Court.  Mr.  Zottoli's  ancestors  were 
all  professional  men.  His  paternal  grand- 
father, Raffaele  Zottoli,  was  Secretary  of 
State  when  General  Colleta  was  vice-King 
of  Sicilv.  The  maternal  branch  is  descended 
from  the  ancient  Dell  '/Vquila  family,  which 
owned  and  governed  the  Province  of  Bene- 
vento.  Many  of  the  male  members  of  this 
illustrious  family  were  magistrates  and  pro- 
fessional men,  who  figured  pronnnently  in 
politics  and  the  social  history  of  their  coun- 
try. Some  years  ago  Mr.  Zottoli  moved 
his  private  office  to  240  Hanover  Street,  in 
a  district  where  he  has  a  large  practice, 
which  is  by  no  means  confined  to  his  own 
countrymen,  many  English-speaking  people 
being  numbered  among  his  clients.  Mr. 
Zottoli  was  married  in  1903  to  Fillipa  j\I. 
Nobile,  and  has  one  son,  Anthony  G.  R. 
Zottoli. 


THE    BOOK   OP^    BOSTON 


477 


HENRY    E.    HURLBURT.    Jr. 
After  being  educated  at  St.  Pauls  School, 
Concord,   N.   H.,   Harvard  University  and 
Harvard    Law    School,    and    obtaining   the 

A.B.  and  LL.B.  de- 
grees from  the  last 
two  named  institu- 
tions, Henry  F. 
Hurlburt,  Jr.,  be- 
gan tlie  practice  of 
law  September, 
1905,  with  the  firm 
of  Hurlburt,  Jones 
&  Cab(.>t,  of  whicli 
his  father  is  seninr 
member,  and  was 
admitted  to  part- 
nerslii])  in  Januar}-, 
191 1.  H  i  s  w  o  rk 
during  his  ten  }  ears 

HENRY    F.    HURLBURT.    JR.  r  ,.•  1  1 

of  practice  has  been 
the  trial  of  causes  defending  various  cor- 
porations and  individuals,  ]iri>ininent  among 
which  is  the  Bay  State  Street  Raih\ay  Co. 
Mr.  Hurlburt  is  a  member  of  the  Harvard, 
Matigus,  Wellesley  Country  and  Railroad 
Clubs.  His  home  is  at  Wellcsle}'  Hills  and 
his  ofifices  at  53  State  Street. 

GEORGE  L.  :\rAYBERRY 
Born  in  Edgartown  in   1859,   George  L. 
Mayberry   received   his  preparatory  educa- 
tion in  the  public  schools  of  his  birthplace, 

and  after  taking 
the  classical  course 
at  Harvard  entered 
the  Boston  Univer- 
sity Law  School 
for  legal  training. 
He  graduated  from 
the  Law  School  in 
JS85  ami  was  atl- 
mitted  to  the  Bar 
the  same  year.  He 
began  practice  in 
Boston  and  A\'al- 
tham  and  jjecame 
Citv  Solicitor  of 
the  last-named  city 

GEORGE    I..    MAYBERRY  f""''         y^^^^^S         hltcr. 


and  in  1891  was  elected  Alayor.  He  was 
reelected  the  following  year  and  again  in 
1898,  1899,  and  1900.  Mr.  Majberry  has 
handled  some  of  the  biggest  law  cases  tried 
in  the  Commonwealth  in  recent  years,  and 
he  is  recognized  as  one  of  the  leading  cor- 
|)oration  law\ers  of  the  city. 


Benjamin  Lynde  was  the  first  Massachu- 
setts Ijorn  law\er  to  be  regularly  educated 
to  the  profession,  and  it  has  been  asserted 
that  he  was  the  first  trained  lawyer  on  the 
bench.  He  was  a])pointed  a  judge  of  the 
Superior  Court  of  Judicature  in  1712  and  in 
1729  was  made  chief  justice.  He  retired 
from  the  bench  in   1745  and  died  in  1749. 

JOHN  FREDERICK  NEAL 

John  F.  Neal,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Dover, 
N.  H.,  September  21,  1874.     He  graduated 
from   Harvard  College  in    1897  and   from 
the    Harvard    Law 
School  in  1900.  His 
graduation     from 
Harvard  was  ma,^- 
na  cum  laude  with  | 
the  A.B.  degree  am 
he  received  honor- 1 
able  mention  for  his 
proficiency    in    ])hi- 
losophy     and     his- 
torv.     He  has  been 
actively  engaged  in 
general   legal    prac- 
tice since  1900.  Mr. 
Neal    comes     from  I 
Col(inial  and  Revo- 
lutionary   ancestr)-,  '"""  ''■  '"'■'''■ 
his  forbears  being  among  the  early  settlers 
of  Dover  and  Portsmouth,  N.  H.     He  is  a 
member  of   the  Masonic  Fraternity,  being 
Past  Master  of  Mount  Vernon  Lodge,  of 
Maiden,  and  associated  with  various  bodies 
of   the  order.     He  also  holds  membership 
in  the  Bostcjn  City  Club  and  the  Kernwood 
and     University    Clubs    of     Maiden.     His 
offices  are  in  the  Tremont  Building  and  he 
resides  in  Maiden,  Mass. 


478 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


WILLIAM    M.    NOBLE 


WILLIAM  M.  NOBLE 
William  M.  Noble,  senior  memljer  of  the 
legal   firm   of    Noble,    Davis    &    Stone,    53 
State  Street,  was  born  at  Springfield,  Mass., 

February  27,  1865, 
and  was  educated 
at  the  Chelsea  High 
School  and  spent  a 
year  in  private 
study  of  classics 
after  graduation. 
His  legal  studies 
were  at  the  Boston 
University  L  a  w 
School,  from  which 
he  graduated  LL.B. 
in  18S8.  After  ad- 
mission to  the  Bar 
he  was  for  some 
lime  in  the  office  of 
Sherman  L.  Whip- 
ple, after  which  he  began  practice  alone. 
He  organized  the  present  firm  ten  years 
ago,  his  associates  being  former  employees. 
Mr.  Noble's  practice  is  general  and  he  has 
been  very  successful.  He  is  trustee  of  the 
Newton  Centre  Savings  Bank,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Massachusetts,  L^nited  States  and 
California  Bar  Associations. 

CHARLES    A.    McDONOUGH 
Charles  A.  McDonough,  lawyer,  was  born 
ill  Dcdiiam.  Mass..  February  18,  1872,  and 

was  educated  in  the 
public  scho(jls.  He 
studied  law  with 
ludge  Henry  ^'\'. 
Bragg,  with  whom 
he  has  shared  of- 
lices  at  18  Tremont 
Street,  since  his  ad- 
mission to  the  Bar, 
Vugust  8,  1893. 
His  practice  is  a 
general  one  and  he 
acts  as  counsel  for 
a  large  number  of 
commercial  and 
manufacturing  cor- 

CHARLES    A.    MCDONOUGH  pOratlOHS.  Lie         IS 


deeply  interested  in  historic  and  eco- 
nomic subjects  and  holds  membership  in  the 
American  Bar  Association,  Massachusetts 
Bar  Association,  Bar  Association  of  the 
City  of  Boston,  Bostonian  Society  (Life 
Member),  Academy  of  Political  Science, 
New  York,  American  Economic  Associa- 
tion, Boston  Economic  Clul)  and  the  Bos- 
ton Citv  Club. 


The  first  steps  to  organize  a  bank  clearing 
house  for  Boston  were  taken  in  1855. 


Boston  is  still  the  distributing  centre  of 
two  great  lines  of  industry — boots  and  shoes, 
and  wool.  The  firms  representing  these 
lines  refuse  to  }-ield  Boston's  supremacy. 

RALPH  E,  JOSLIN 

Ralph  E.  Joslin  was  born  at  Hudson  Au- 
gust 26,  1864.  He  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  there  and  at  Tufts  College,  which 
conferred  the  A.B. 
degree  upon  him  inl 
1886.  He  after- 
wards entered  the  | 
Boston  University 
Law  School,  from  | 
which  he  graduated 
LL.B.  in  1888,  and 
supplemented  h  i  s 
legal 


tramuig 


l)V 


reading  law  in  tbi- 
office  of  his  father. 
James  T.  Joslin. 
with  whom  he  \\a> 
associated  after 
being  admitted  to 
the    Bar    in    1889.  '"''■"'  ""■  ■'°^"^' 

Mr.  Joslin  comes  of  old  New  England  an- 
cestry, both  the  i)aternal  and  maternal 
branches  being  established  here  in  1635.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Theta  Delta  Chi  and  the 
Phi  Beta  Kappa  Fraternities,  the  Calumet 
Clul)  and  the  American,  Massachusetts  and 
Middlesex  Bar  Associations.  He  is  a  Mason 
and  an  Odd  Fellow.  He  has  been  a  resident 
of  \\  iuchester  since   1900. 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTOX 


479 


HENRY  FRANCIS  Hl'RLBURT 

Henry  F.  Hurllnirt,  lawyer,  was  horn  in 
Boston  June  29,  1854.  He  was  educated 
in   the   schools  of   Hudson,   Massachusetts, 

and  Cornell  Uni- 
versity. He  studied 
law  in  the  offices  of 
I'lUrliank  >.K;  Lund, 
r.tistiin,  and  was 
admittetl  to  the  Bar 
in  iNjj,  lies^innin;; 
practice  in  Lynn. 
1  le  was  District 
Attorney  of  Essex 
County  from  1883 
until  1889  and  in 
1897  removed  to 
i  '.I  )Ston  and  f oriued 
a  partnership  with 
Bo)-d  B.  Jones,  who 

HENRY    F.    HURLBURT  ^^..^g       ^^        ^J^^^f        ^i,„p 

U.  S.  Attorne}-  for  Massachusetts.  The  firm 
subsecjuently  became  Hurlburt,  Jones  & 
Cabot,  with  offices  at  53  State  Street,  and  is 
engaged  in  general  and  corporate  practice. 
Mr.  Hurll)urt  holds  membership  in  the  Al- 
gonquin Club,  Beacon  Society,  Boston  Art 
Club,  Eastern  ^'acht  Club  aiul  Countr\- 
Club. 


in  1878,  finishing  his  legal  studies  in  the 
(iftice  of  Brooks,  Ball  &  Storey.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  Suffolk  Bar  in  1879,  and 
has  been  engaged  in  active  ]iractice  in  Bos- 


Precisely  as  "Wall  Street"  or  "Thread- 
needle  Street"  represents  a  power  rather 
than  a  thoroughfare,  so  "State  Street"  is 
kufjwn  to  the  world  in  a  financial  rather  than 
a  geogra])hical  sense.  It  has  become  a  s\no- 
n_\'m  for  financial  Boston. 

JOHN  TYLER  WHEELWRKTIT 

John  T.  Wheelwright,  who,  in  addition 
to  his  legal  practice,  has  l)een  active  in  the 
affairs  of  the  State  and  City,  was  Imrn  at 
Roxbury,  February  20,  1856,  the  son  of 
George  William  and  Hannah  Ci.  (Tvler) 
Wheelwright.  He  was  prepared  for  col- 
lege at  the  Roxbury  Latin  School  and  grad- 
uated from  Harvard,  with  the  A.B.  degree, 
in  1876.  He  entered  the  Harvard  Law 
School  in  September,  J  877,  in  the  second 
vear  class  and   olitained   the   LL.l!.    degree 


JOHN    T.    WHtELWRIGHT 

ton  since  that  time,  being  now  a  member  of 
the  firm  of  Wheelwright  &  Codman,  with 
offices  at  19  Milk  Street.  Mr.  Wheelwright 
has  filled  several  non-elective  offices.  He 
was  chairman  of  the  Board  of  Gas  and  Elec- 
tric flight  Coniniissii  iners  of  Massachusetts 
in  1894,  and  from  1896  to  1900  was  assist- 
ant corporation  counsel  of  the  City  of  Bos- 
tun.  He  was  acting  Park  Commissioner  of 
the  city  in  1897  and  1898  and,  during  Gov- 
ernor RusselFs  term,  was  on  the  .staff  of  that 
official  as  quarter-master  general,  with  the 
rank  of  colonel,  and  is  now  a  member  of 
the  Council  of  the  Massachusetts  State  De- 
l)artment  of  Health.  Mr.  Wheelwright  is 
a  directiir  of  the  George  W.  Wheelwright 
Paper  Co.  lie  was  married  (\-tober  19, 
1907,  to  Mabel  (leL.  Merriam,  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  and  has  one  son,  Merriam  Wheel- 
w  right,  who  was  born  July  30,  1908.  He 
resides  at  14  West  Cedar  Street,  Boston. 


480 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


HENRY    C.    SAWYER 


HENRY  C.  SAWYER 

A  foremost  interpreter  of  insurance  law 
in  New  England  is  Henry  C.  Sawyer,  of  the 
legal  firm  of  Sawyer,  Hardy,  Stone  &  Mor- 

r  i  s  o  n  ,  who  was 
born  in  Fitchburg, 
Mass.,  January  24, 
1878.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  public 
schools  and  at  the 
Boston  University 
Law  School,  from 
which  he  graduated 
magna  cum  laude 
in  1899.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  Bar 
the  same  year  and 
was  Assistant  Dis- 
trict Attorney  for 
the  Northern  Dis- 
trict from  1910  un- 
til 1912  and  has  been  a  professor  of  law  in 
the  Boston  University  Law  School  since 
191 1.  He  is  counsel  for  the  Employers' 
Liability  Corporation,  Ltd.,  the  Zurich  Gen- 
eral Accident  &  Liability  Co..  the  Fidelity 
&  Casualty  Company  of  New  York,  and  the 
Hartford  Accident  &  Indemnity  Co.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  Masonic  Fraternity,  the 
Lexington  Country  and  Vesper  Country 
Clubs,  Yorick  and  Aurora  Clubs,  and  the 
American,  Boston,  Massachusetts  and  Mid- 
dlesex Bar  Associations. 

JOSEPH  T.  ZOTTOLI 

Joseph  T.  Zottoli,  who  has  been  very  suc- 
cessful as  a  trial  lawyer  at  the  Suffolk 
County  Bar,  was  born  in  Italy,  September 
30,  1880,  the  son  of  Anthony  L.  and  Car- 
mela  (Del  Aciuila)  Zottoli.  He  was 
brought  to  Boston  by  his  parents  when  quite 
small  and  was  educated  in  the  public  schools 
and  the  Dorchester  High  School.  Entering 
the  Boston  University  Law  School,  he  took 
the  full  legal  course  and  graduated  cum 
laude  in  1903,  with  the  LL.B.  degree.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  the  same  year  and 
began  practice  Avith  his  brother,  Frank  M. 
Zottoli,  at  2-]  Tremont  Row.     This  associa- 


tion continued  until  1909,  when  Mr.  Zottoli 
started  alone  at  43  Tremont  Street,  where 
he  still  has  his  offices.  He  is  an  active  trial 
lawyer,  and  his  practice  is  mostly  criminal. 


JOSEPH    T.    ZOTTOLI 

Mr.  Zottoli  conies  of  a  famil}-  well  known  in 
the  legal  circles  of  Italy.  His  uncle,  An- 
tonio Zottoli,  ex-mayor  of  Salerno,  is  still 
practicing  at  the  age  of  ninety  years.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Dorchester  Club,  the 
Savin  Hill  Yacht  Club,  the  Independent 
Order  of  Red  Men  and  the  Knights  of 
Pythias.  He  is  a  Republican  in  politics,  but 
has  never  held  office.  Mr.  Zottoli  resides 
in  Dorchester. 


Up  to  the  end  of  the  first  quarter  of  the 
nineteenth  century  the  business  of  Boston 
was  almost  entirely  commercial  in  its  char- 
acter. Its  wealthy  and  successful  merchants 
were  shipowners  and  importers ;  but  at  about 
that  time  the  business  of  manufacture  re- 
ceived an  impetus,  and  those  merchants  who 
had  been  importers  of  merchandise  from 
England,  France  and  other  European 
countries,  began  to  enter  upon  the  work  of 
domestic  production. 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


481 


ARTHUR    E.    BURR 


ARTHUR  ELLINGTON  BURR 

Arthur  E.  Burr,  attornev-at-law,  was 
born  in  Boston,  July  23,  1870.  His  prepara- 
tory   education    was    at   the    Boston    Latin 

School,  after  which 
he  entered  Har- 
vard. He  gradu- 
ated ii:  1 891  with 
the  degree  of  A.B., 
iiiai/ua  cum  huide, 
and  i)l)tained  his 
LL.B.  from  the 
Harvard  L  a  \v 
School  in  1894.  He 
has  practiced  in 
Boston  since  and 
now  has  offices 
at  15  Congress 
Street.  ^Mr.  Burr 
was  a  member  of 
the  Massachusetts 
House  of  Repre- 
sentatives in  1915  and  1916,  serving  on 
the  Judiciary  and  Election  Laws  Commit- 
tees. He  is  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts 
Bar  Association,  the  Brae  Burn  Countr\-, 
City,  University  and  Harvard  Clubs  of 
Boston,  the  Massachusetts  Club,  the  Repub- 
lican Club  of  Massachusetts  and  the  IMasonic 
Fraternity.  He  was  married  April  17,  1899, 
to  Emily  Frances  Sturtevant  of  Hyde  Park, 
Mass.,  and  the\'  have  one  son,  Sturtevant 
Burr. 

WILFRED  H.   SMART 

\\'ilfred  H.  Smart,  who  is  one  of  the 
successful  younger  members  of  the  liar, 
was  born  in  Dorchester,  N.  H.,  April  22, 
1883.  His  classical  education  was  obtained 
at  Dartmouth  College  and  his  legal  training 
at  the  Harvard  Law  School.  After  com- 
pleting his  studies,  and  admission  to  the 
Bar,  he  entered  the  law  office  of  Powers  & 
Hall,  and  after  one  year  with  those  well- 
known  attorneys,  organized  the  legal  firm  of 
Smart  &  Burns,  with  offices  at  8  Winter 
Street.  Mr.  Smart  is  secretary  of  the  Bos- 
ton Alumni  Association  of  Dartmouth  Col- 
lesre  and  is  a  niemlier  of  the  Dartnunitli  and 


Harvard  Clubs  of  Boston,  the  Middlesex 
Club  and  the  Belmont  Springs  Country 
Liub.  He  was  married  at  the  end  of  his 
junior  )ear  in  college  to  Rachel  G.  Smith, 
of  Meredith,  N.  FI. 

J.  WESTON  ALLEN 

J.  Weston  Allen,  lawyer  and  legislator, 
was  born  in  Newton  Flighlands,  April  19, 
1872,   the   son   of    Walter   Allen,    formerly 

editor  of  the  Bos- 

ton  Adi'L-rtiscr.  Mr. 
Allen  graduated 
from  Yale  in  1893 
and  from  the  Har- 
vard Law  School 
in  1896.  He  has 
since  been  engaged 
in  the  practice  of 
the  law,  during  ten 
years  in  association 
with  ex-Governor 
John  D.  Long.  Fie 
has  served  as  a 
member  of  the 
Board  of  Directors 
of  Lasell  Seminary,  >■  "■'^"™^'  '^'''■'=^' 

the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Roe  Indian 
Institute,  and  vice-chairman  of  the  Boston 
Indian  Citizenship  Committee.  In  1912  he- 
was  engaged  in  the  investigation  of  land 
and  timber  frauds  among  the  (Jjib\va\'  In- 
dians and  in  1913  he  made  an  investigation 
of  conditions  among  the  Five  Civilized 
Tribes  in  Oklahoma  and  the  Navajos  in 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona.  In  19 15  and 
1916  he  was  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts 
House  of  Representatives,  in  the  latter  year 
serving  as  a  member  of  the  special  com- 
mittee of  the  Legislature  ujion  the  consoli- 
dation of  Commissions. 


The  cit}"'s  residential  sections  equal  any 
in  America  and  the  handsome  homes  on 
Commonwealth  Avenue,  Beacon  and  Alarl- 
borough  Streets,  compare  with  those  in  anv 
of  the  exclusive  localities  of  other  cities- 
\\here  wealth  and  culture  congregate. 


482 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


JAMES  L.  PUTNAM 

James  L.  Putnam,  of  the  legal  firm  of 
Putnam,  Putnam  &  Bell,  was  bom  in  Cam- 
bridge,   Mass.,    February    20,     1872.    His 

preparatory  educa- 
tion was  at  Noble's 
School,  Boston, 
after  which  he  en- 
tered Harvard  Col- 
lege and  graduated 
in  the  classical 
course,  afterwards 
oljtaining  the  de- 
gree of  LL.B.  from 
the  Harvard  Law 
School.  Upon  ad- 
mission to  the  Bar 
he  entered  the  of- 
fices of  Russell  & 
Putnam     in     1895, 

JAMES    L.    PITNAM  j^^J      j-j^j      Jjeej-^      QOU- 

nected  with  that  firm  and  its  successors 
since.  The  offices  of  the  firm  are  at  60 
State  Street,  Boston,  and  48  Wall  Street, 
New  York  City. 


ARTHUR    H.    DAKIN 

Arthur  H.  Dakin,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Freeport,  Bl.,  April  27,  1862.  He  graduated 
from  Amherst,  A.B.  in  1884,  and  received 

the  A.M.  degree  in 
1887.  He  studied 
law  at  the  Harvard 
University  L  a  w 
School.  In  1887 
he  was  admitted  to 
ihe  Bar  and  now 
practices  at  6  Bea- 
con Street.  His 
commercial  c  o  n  - 
nection  includes  the 
I  guano  Land  and 
Mining  Co.  and  the 
Menominee  Water 
C  o  m  p  a  n  y.  He 
holds  membership 
in  the  L^niversity 
■Club  of  Boston,  Universitv   Club  of   New 


He  has   for   vears 


York,  Cosmos  Club  of  Washington,  D.  C, 
Union  Boat  Club,  Oakley  Country  Club, 
Boston  City  Club,  Amherst  Alumni  Asso- 
ciation and  the  American  Society  of  Arts 
and  Sciences.  He  was  married  October  20, 
1903,  to  Emma  Frances  Sahler  of  New 
York,  and  has  two  sons. 

JEREML\H  A.  TWO:^IEY 

Jeremiah  A.  Twomey  was  born  in  Bos- 
ton June  9,  1865,  and  received  his  education 
in   the   public   schools, 
lieen  connected  with 
the     Bankers     Life 
Insurance     Co.     of 
New    York    as    an 
assistant    manager, 
and    with    the    Co- 
1  u  m  1)  i  a    National 
Life  Insurance  Co. 
of  Massachusetts  in 
the  same  capacity. 

Mr.  Twomev  has 
also  been  a  Con- 
stable of  the  City 
of  Boston  for 
twelve  years  and  is 
jiroprietor  of  the 
Massachusetts  Constables  Exchange,  47 
Court  Street.  He  is  a  Democrat  in  politics 
and  holds  membership  in  the  Knights  of 
Columbus,  Hibernians,  Order  of  the  Alham- 
lira,  the  American  Legion  and  the  Ninth 
Regiment,  \'eteran  Corps,  ]\I.  V.  M. 


JEREMIAH    A.    TWOMKV 


ARTHUR    H.    DAKIN 


Paul's  bridge  at  milton 


483  a 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


ELMER  JARED  BLISS 


Elmer  Jared  Bliss  was  born  at  Wrentham, 
Mass.,  August  ii,  1867,  and  was  educated 
at  the  public  schools  in  Foxboro  and  Edgar- 


ELMER   JARED   BLISS 

town,  Mass.  After  preparing  for  college  at 
the  Edgartown  High  School,  he  decided  to 
go  into  business  immediately,  and  entered 
the  employ  of  Brown-Durell  Co.  of  Boston, 
and  went  on  the  road  as  a  salesman.  While 
traveling  in  their  interests,  he  was  seriously 
injured  in  a  railroad  wreck,  but,  contrary  to 
expectations,  he  recovered.  The  compensa- 
tion for  his  injuries,  awarded  him  by  the 
railroads,  netted  him  $1,500,  and  gave  him 
an  opportunity  to  make  a  modest  start  in 
developing  a  new  selling  plan  that  would 
revolutionize  shoe  retailing,  which  he  had 
clearh'  worked  out  in  his  own  mind  during 
the  period  of  convalescence.  From  that 
$1,500,  and  an  idea,  grew  the  Regal  Shce 
Company.  It  started  with  a  single  store  on 
Summer  Street,  Boston,  in  1893,  and  spread 
throughout  the  country  and  the  world,  until, 
today,  there  are  four  Regal  factories  and 
more  Regal  stores  and  agencies  than  there 
were    dollars    in    the    original    investment. 


Mr.  Bliss'  idea  was  to  have  a  factory  dupli- 
cate the  styles  he  purchased  of  the  most  ex- 
clusive high-grade  custom  bootmakers  in 
this  country  and  abroad — and  get  them  into 
the  hands  and  on  the  feet  of  the  consumer — - 
in  the  shortest  possible  time  and  at  the  least 
expense.  Mr.  Bliss  foresaw  that  improved 
facilities  in  transportation  would  bring  the 
consumer  nearer  the  maker,  and  after  per- 
manent outlets  for  distribution  were  estab- 
lished in  the  principal  cities,  the  first  national 
pulilicity  campaign  in  the  shoe  liusiness  was 
started  in  the  magazines  and  metropolitan- 
dailies,  which  gave  Mr.  Bliss  an  opportunity 
to  explain  direct  to  the  consumer  the  merit 
of  the  new  plan  and  product.  The  force 
and  originality  of  this  campaign  made  his- 
tory in  the  shoe  trade  and  Ijecame  familiar 
to  the  public  as  the  chain  of  stores  increased. 
The  origin,  growth  and  development  of  the- 
Regal  Shoe  Company  to  its  present  enor- 
mous proportions  of  plant  and  product  is  a 
monument  to  the  enterprise,  ability  and  in- 
tegrity of  the  man  who  conceived  the  idea 
of  selling  direct  from  factory  to  foot,  and 
duplicating-  st}-les,  at  a  moderate  price,  that 
were  formerly  considered  the  exclusive- 
property  of  the  custom  bootmakers.  ]\Ir. 
Bliss,  who  is  the  chief  executive  and  !Man- 
aging  Director  of  the  Company,  although 
known  as  the  "Human  Dynamo"  among  his 
I)usiness  associates  for  his  tremendous  ac- 
tivit\-  and  tireless  energv,  is  the  most  modest 
and  unassuming  member  of  the  entire  staff. 
He  shrinks  from  notoriety  and  dislikes  per- 
sonal pulilicitv,  and  has  repeatedly  refused 
to  all(.)w  his  name  to  lie  used  for  any  political 
office — state  or  national.  Personally,  ]\Ir. 
Bliss,  though  extremely  quick  mentally — in- 
stinctively so — is  deliberate  and  polished  in 
manner,  quiet  and  affable  in  speech.  He  is 
as  magnetic  among  his  numerous  friends  as 
he  is  dynamic  among  his  business  associates. 
It  is  not  to  be  supposed,  however,  that  prac- 
tical business  is  all  that  interests  ^Ir.  Bliss. 
As  is  generally  the  case  with  great  organ- 
izers, 7'c-rsatilitv  is  one  of  the  qualities  which 
enaliles  him  to  understand  and  put  to  best  use 
the  a1)ility  of  others.  He  is  equally  fond  of 
outdoor  exercises  and  is  as  vigorous  at  play 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


483  b 


as  he  is  strenuous  at  work — an  enthusiastic 
horseman  and  yachtsman,  and  it  is  charac- 
teristic of  the  man  that  he  rides  his  own 
horses  and  sails  his  own  yachts,  and  always 
lieads  for  the  deep  sea  or  the  woods,  almost 
invariably  accompanied  l)y  ]\Irs.   Bliss  and 
the  children.     In   1901,   Mr.   Bliss  married 
Lena  Harding,  daughter  of  I'hilander  and 
Lena  (Tinker)  Harding,  a  lineal  descendant 
of  Abraham  and   Elizabeth   Harding,  who 
landed  at  Salem,  Massachusetts,  on  the  good 
ship  Abigail,  in  1635.    They  have  two  chil- 
dren, Elmer  Jared,  Jr.,  and  Muriel  Harding. 
An    interesting    sidelight   that    reveals    the 
character  of  the  man  occurred  at  the  time 
of  the  earthquake  in  San  Francisco.     Mr. 
Bliss  was  en  route  to  the  Pacific  Coast  when 
he  first  heard  that  the  fire  had  destroyed  the 
entire  city.     His  first  thought  was  for  the 
lielpless,  homeless  little  ones.     He  stopped 
off  at  Los  Angeles,  bought  all  the  available 
supplies,  organized  an  expedition  which  he 
headed,  and  took  them  with  him  in  auto- 
mobiles  over   the   road    to    San   Francisco. 
Mr.    Bliss    started    the    first    movement    to 
]irovide   food   and   clothing   for  the  babies 
in     the     stricken     districts,     .served     with 
the     local    committees     and     took     prompt 
action  in  telegraphing  every  Regal  store  in 
all  the  large  cities  to  gather  and  forward 


food  and  supplies  for  the  babies.     Mr.  Bliss 
has   been   president   of   the    Massachusetts 
Society  of  Industrial  Education  and  director 
of  several  large  banking  institutions.     His 
genius  for  organization  made  his  adminis- 
tration as  president  of  the  Boston  Chamber 
of  Commerce  notaltle.     A  j^rominent  mem- 
l)er  of  the  Eastern  Yacht  Club,  he  won  his 
laurels  as  a  real  sailor  when  he  sailed  his 
^•acht,  Vcnona.  to  victor)-  in  the  notable  race 
from    Marblehead    to   Bermuda   in    1908 — • 
lashed  to  the  wheel.    He  is  a  member  of  the 
Country  Club  of  Brookline,  Massachusetts, 
the  Norfolk  Hunt  Club,  the  Algoncjuin  Club, 
the  Lotus  and  Mid-day  Club  of  New  York. 
yir.   Bliss   is  a  man   of  broad  views,   and 
widely  read,  and  although  starting  in  busi- 
ness after  he  had  fitted  for  college,  he  has 
distinguished  himself  as  a  leader  in  educa- 
tive  and   civic   affairs,   and   is   one   of   the 
few  prominent  Ijusiness  men  who  have  been 
asked  to  lecture  in  the  Harvard  School  of 
Business  Administration.     Active  in  public 
life,   though   never  a   candidate   for   public 
oftice,  he  gives  without  stint  his  practical  co- 
operation in  pul)lic  aft'airs,  proving  the  real 
virtue  of  broad  and  patriotic  citizenship  in 
making     government     more     efiicient     and 
effectual  for  the  welfare  of  all. 


iSriS^^ 


A    VIEW    IN    FRA.NKLIX    PARK 


THE 
BOOK  OF  BOSTON 


Fifty    Years'  Recollections  of  the  New  England  Metropolis 


CHAPTER    XX 


HOW  BOSTON  IS  FED 


A   Remarkable   Growth   of   Restaurants  and   General  Catering  Establlshments 
Has  Made  the  City  the  First  in  the  Country  in  Feeding  Its  Citi- 
zens —  Many   Hotels   and  Restaurants   Illustrated 


H  OSTON  has  long  been  cele- 
brated for  good  feeding. 
Its  markets  are  uncom- 
monly well  and  choicely 
stocked.  Food  prices,  per- 
haps,  range  somewhat 
higher  than  in  other  great  centres  of  popu- 
lation, the  city  being  farther  from  the 
sources  of  supply  for  many  staples.  But 
then  the  quality  is  higher.  "Boston  wants 
the  best,"  it  is  said,  "and  is  willing  to  pav 
for  it."  And  can  afford  it,  too,  it  might  be 
added,  since  the  wealth  per  capita  and  the 
average  earning-capacity  are  greater  here 
than  in  any  other  metropolitan  city  in  the 
world.  Dealers  in  meats  in  the  West  will 
tell  you  that  the  choicest  cuts  are  invariably 
sent  to  Boston.  A  New  England  man  who 
became  a  high  official  of  one  of  the  great 
railway  systems  of  the  Far  West  was  once 
asked  what  things  of  the  home  land  he 
missed  the  most.  "Fresh  fish  and  music," 
he  replied,  "and  when  I  go  to  Boston  I  make 
it  a  point  to  indulge  to  the  limit  in  both." 
Boston  being  the  second  fishing-port  of  the 
world  and  the  great  centre  of  the  fresh-fish 
trade  for  the  United  States,  no  better  place 
to  indulge  one's  appetite  for  good  fish  could 
well  be  found  in  this  country.  The  fish- 
trade  is  extraordinarily  well  organized  for 
meeting  the  wants  of  the  rest  of  the  country 
from  this  point.  The  fastest  freight-train 
in  the  world,  running  daily  between  Boston 
and  New  York,  is  known  as  the  "fish- 
freight,"  or  "Flying  Fisherman,"  the  bulk 
of  its  west-bound  consignments  consisting 
of  fish  from  this  market. 


Boston  has  the  reputation  of  having  the 
best  popular  restaurants  in  the  United 
States — superior  in  food,  service,  and 
equipment.  The  proportion  of  showy  es- 
tablishments for  extravagant  dining  is  small 
indeed  as  compared  with  New  York.  But 
the  average  of  public  eating-facilities  ranks 
higher  than  elsewhere.  As  in  other  great 
cities,  the  high-class  restaurant  patronage 
largely  goes  to  the  great  hotels,  whose  local 
trade  often  compares  in  importance  with 
that  from  visiting  guests. 

The  cosmopolitan  character  of  Boston's 
population  is  reflected  in  the  numerous 
foreign  restaurants,  where  the  characteristic 
cooking  of  various  countries  may  be  en- 
joyed :  German,  French,  Italian,  Greek, 
Syrian,  Armenian,  and  Chinese — not  to 
mention  the  many  where  Hebrew  characters 
at  the  entrance  indicate  that  the  orthodox 
requirements  of  Jewish  immigrants  from 
Russia  and  Poland  may  be  satisfied  within. 
The  Bohemian,  or  semi-Bohemian,  patron- 
age of  the  city  largely  goes  to  the  Italian, 
French  and  German  restaurants.  Various 
standard  dishes  of  the  respective  nationali- 
ties have  met  with  such  popular  favor  that 
the}-  have  become  standard  features  of  the 
menus  of  favorite  native  estalilishments,  as 
well.  Cosmopolitanism,  indeed,  has  affected 
in  no  little  degree  the  character  of  Boston's 
restaurant  life. 

The  local  dishes  of  national  reputation, 
such  as  Boston  baked  beans  and  brown 
bread,  fish-balls,  hulled  corn,  and  "New 
England  boiled  dinner,"  are  by  no  means  so 
predominant  as  strangers  may  expect  to  find 


m 


4'4' 


.     li  3  a  3 


COPLEY-PLAZA    HOTEL,    COPLEY    SQUARE,    OPPOSITE    PUBLIC    LIBRARY 


HOTEL    SOMERSET,    COMMONWEALTH    AVENUE 


486 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


them.  But  they  may  be  had  in  excellent 
quality.  One  local  institution  that  includes 
New  England  in  its  name  deserves  mention 
as  the  uncommonly  successful  result  of  a 
great  philanthropic  organization  of  women 
to  demonstrate  the  possibility  of  healthful 
cookery  at  moderate  cost.  Its  restaurant  at 
the  old  West  End,  in  its  simplicity  and 
pleasant  informality,  has  a  social  charm  that 
might   be    called    a    Puritan    Bohemianism. 


Ijasis  of  a  cooked-meats  business.  Then 
there  are  the  numerous  "tea-rooms,"  cosy 
and  artistic,  with  deliciously  dainty  menus 
of  homelike  character,  as  in  refined  families. 
These  tea-rooms  are  largeh'  the  enter- 
prises of  women :  ladies  of  cultivation  and 
skilled  in  dainty  home  cooking,  who  thus 
have  found  profitable  vocational  opportuni- 
ties. They  might  be  called  the  twentieth 
century   successors   of    such   pleasantly    re- 


y^ 


K^ 


CiJ 


I 


till 


HOTEL    PURITAN,    390    COMMONWEALTH    AVENUE 


This  institution  supplies  the  lunches  for  the 
Boston  high  schools. 

An  establishment,  with  its  high  standard 
of  culinary  excellence,  its  air  of  unpreten- 
tious refinement,  and  its  rigidly  enforced 
"no-fee"  rule,  has  been  so  successful  as  to 
have  become  the  centre  of  an  important 
chain  of  restaurants  distributed  over  the  city 
■ — its  specialties  in  such  wide  favor  that  an 
important  mail-order  business  has  been  built 
up  with  them.  Other  popular  restaurants  of 
high  quality  have  been  developed   from  a 


membered  establishments  as  "Mrs.  Vin- 
ton's," or  the  old-fashioned  "Mrs.  Haven's" 
on  School  Street,  where  Henry  Wilson, 
Governor  Rice,  and  other  notables  used  to 
go  for  their  frugal  bowls  of  bread  and  milk; 
or  later,  "Mrs.  Atkinson's"  of  Newspaper 
Row,  out  of  whose  profits  two  or  three 
theatres  were  built. 

Finally  there  are  the  hundreds  of  quick- 
lunch  places  all  over  the  city — their  standard 
of  quality  and  neatness  well  above  the 
average  of  similar  establishments  elsewhere. 


L_  j^^AJ^trf^y fS r^''  "-'■^' ' ■ ""' -  '("■UIV  \ 


J^ 


».-    -      #«^  A  ■  ■  ■         .  .^      If   ■■ 


■*~'-    «*-»-■       »-•  IW-  te      VVi-       fc,w        ^„-         V^. 


(      fc-«(      kl.(      kikll       b.        ,       Vv*ri, 


■'-//'/     ^'     '       *■'     '       *M       *"'(       ^'^\       ^'  '^^*^'' 

►»  Yk-«    v-«=    V  ••    V-  ^^    r™    pj«='    r«-     r*^     ^ 


—  »WS.-       r-         r  ■         r  ■  r  ■  r     •       r-*-       » —    /) 

^         ^^  ■  ~  ■     '  ■  '■  "  !■  V  li  iittii  inii)  (I  iTfllJL'':!  dfi 'II, 


'.I,  o  i 


cr:ii| 

CI    IB 
CI    1  'I 

cm 

cm'  111 

cut 


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nil; I  rrip:i  n  fel 


n  !  I ;  '  r  ■    ri  r  ■  rni 


r 


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488 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


One  of  these,  its  name  a  household  word, 
ahliough  immensely  profitable,  has  not  been 
tempted  to  "branch  out,"  but  from  a  modest 
beginning  has  expanded  to  enormous  dimen- 
sions on  the  spot :  a  marvel  of  organization — 
milk,  coffee,  etc.,  carried  like  water  to  every 
part  in  pipes  of  block  tin.  ]Most  of  these 
quick-lunch  places  are  in  "chain-systems," 
variousl}-  designated:  from  "sandwich- 
depots"    (an   evolution    from    the    old-time 


the  oven.  Every  restaurant  is  thus  kept  free 
from  kitchen  odors.  Remarkable  economies 
result  from  purchasing  for  so  many  units 
all  under  one  management.  All  middlemen 
are  thus  eliminated;  supplies  in  huge  quan- 
tities are  bought  on  most  favorable  con- 
ditions direct  from  manufacturers  and 
producers — foreign  articles  being  directly 
imported  from  various  parts  of  the  world. 
These  quick-lunch  houses  of  various  sorts, 


HOTEL    BRUNSWICK,    BOYLSTON    STREET,    FACING    COPLEY    SQUARE 


"beanery"  )  to  the  "cafeteria" — with  various 
devices  for  assuring  the  quick '  and  eco- 
nomical service  that  makes  for  low  cost  and 
low  prices.  One  of  these  quick-lunch  sys- 
tems has  twenty-five  restaurants  scattered 
throughout  the  city,  besides  others  in  other 
New  England  cities  :  Springfield,  Worcester, 
Lynn,  Lowell,  etc.,  and  one  of  the  city's 
most  successful  caterers  has  recently  in- 
vaded Canada  with  marked  success.  All 
baking  and  cooking  for  the  chain  is  done  in 
one  great  central  establishment — two  bak- 
ings a  day,  to  assure  pastry,  etc.,  fresh  from 


found  on  every  hand  in  all  parts  of  the 
city,  are  object-lessons  in  culinary  neatness ; 
spotless  white  interiors,  glittering  with  tile, 
tastefully  and  simply  decorated,  and  ap- 
jietizing  in  aspect. 

Mention  has  lieen  made  elsewhere  in  this 
volume  of  the  old-time  hotels,  where  men 
of  note  met  nightly  and  where  the  original 
clulj  life  of  Boston  was  inaugurated  and 
fostered.  Most  of  these  old  houses  have 
disappeared  in  the  relentless  march  of  im- 
provement, l)ut  a  few  that  still  remain  have 
kept  alireast  of  the  times  antl,  having  lieen 


THE    BOOK    OF    I'.OS'l'OX 


4sy 


modernized,  favorably  compare  with  tlie 
houses  of  later  construction.  Particularly 
is  this  the  case  with  the  Adams  House  on 


Washington  Street. 


During  the  long  years 


of  its  existence  it  has  successfully  met 
every  changing  condition  and  its  interior 
and   cuisine  have  al\va\s  l)een  of   the  best. 


class  entertainment  is  the  historic  Revere 
House,  which  up  to  a  little  more  than  a 
quarter  century  ago  was  the  place  of  en- 
tertainment of  many  famous  men  and 
W(jmen  of  the  world.  Of  the  hotels  erected 
tluring  the  last  decade,  greater  attention  has 
been   ])aid   ti)  architectural   effect,   and  they 


AUAMS    iioisi;. 


WASHINGTON    STREEI 


The  Llelle\ue,  on  lieacon  Hill,  atlmirablx' 
located,  with  a  handsome  dining-room  and 
commodious  lobby,  is  another  of  the  older 
houses  that  has  retained  popularity,  through 
good  management.  Still  another  old  house 
that  has   preserved  its   reputation   for  first- 


ecpial  in  beauty  antl  appointment  the  lead- 
ing hotels  in  the  largest  cities  of  the  coun- 
try. Most  of  these  are  located  in  the  Back 
ISay  district,  where  wide  avenues  and  hand- 
some buildings  make  a  beautiful  environ- 
ment.     The  hotels   in   this   section  are:   the 


490 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


Copley-Plaza,  an  inipusing  house  on  Copley 
Sfjuare ;  the  Hotel  Puritan  on  Common- 
wealth Avenue,  the  Hotel  Somerset  on  the 
same  thoroughfare,  the  Hotel  Brunswick 
on  Boylston  Street,  facing  Copley  Square, 
the  Oxford  on  Huntington  Avenue,  and 
the  Canterbury  on  Charlesgate,  West,  the 
lessees    of    the    last-named    two    also    con- 


Like  the  hotels  in  the  Back  Bay  and  other 
of  the  districts  of  the  city,  it  is  conducted 
along  the  most  approved  lines. 

The  Hotel  Napoli,  on  Friend  Street  near 
Washington,   makes  a   specialty  of   Italian 


cooking,    and 


its    large    dining-rooms    are 


crowded  nightly  with  diners  who  come  from 
ever\-  section  of  the  citw 


CASTLE    SQUARE    HOTEL EUROPEAN    PLAN 

THREE    BLOCKS    FROM    BACK     BAY    STATION FACING    TREMONT,    BERKELEY    AND     CHANDLER    STREETS 


ducting  the  Hotel  Nantasket  at  Nantasket 
Beach.  The  Hotel  Victoria,  at  Dartmouth 
and  Newbury  Streets,  is  another  of  the 
newer  hotels  that  is  popular  and  well  pat- 
ronized. Centrally  located  is  the  Castle 
Square  Hotel,  a  commodious  and  well- 
ai)pointed  house.  Opposite  the  South  Sta- 
tion is  the  Hotel  Essex,  which  is  most  con- 
veniently   located    for    incoming    travelers. 


Many  of  the  hotels  in  the  Back  Ba}-  dis- 
trict are  strictly  family  hotels,  while  others 
have  both  permanent  and  transient  guests. 
The  Hotel  Somerset  numbers  some  of  the 
\\ealthiest  families  in  the  city  among  its  per- 
manent patrons,  and  the  Puritan,  Brunswick 
and  \'ictoria  also  cater  to  the  same  class. 
There  is  probably  no  city  in  the  country 
where  better  accommodations  are  provided. 


THE    ROOK    OF    BOSTON 


401 


.MARCIANO    Dl     PLSA 


ALFRED    DI    PESA 


Tlie  Hotel  Na])(ili,  located  at  84  Friend 
Street,  is  patronized  1)_\'  I'.oston's  most  fasti- 
dicius  diners.  It  has  tun  dining  rooms  with 
a  seating-  capacity  of  600  and  a  specialty  is 
made  ni  a  daih"  lunch,  which  the  manage- 
ment claims  is  the  higgest  and  best  served 
in  Boston  tor  the  money.  A  iablc  d'hote 
dinner  is  also  served  in  the  evening,  and 
anything  outside  the  regular  dinner  can  be 
ordered  a  la  carte.  During  the  afternoon 
and  evening  jjopular  and  classic  selections  are 
rendered  bv  an  excellent  orchestra.    Onlv  the 


HOTEL  NAPOLI 

Ijest   fo.jdstuffs  are  served  and  the  cuisine 
and   service  are   perfect.      The   proprietors 


•  f  the  Hotel  Napoii  are  Afarciano  Di  Pesa 
and  Alfred  Hi  Pesa,  his  son,  both  of  whimi 
were  Ixirn  in  Italy.  The  father  was  born 
in  1847,  and  came  to  P.oston  in  1883.  He 
was  first  engaged  in  commercial  ])ursuits, 
afterwartls  jjecoming  proprietor  of  the  old 
Hotel  Italy  in  North  Scpare.  Twelve  years 
ago  he  assumed  charge  of  the  Friend  Street 
hotel,  which  was  greatly  run  down.  Good 
management     and     excellent     service     soon 


492 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


brought  a  large  clientele,  and  it  is  now  one 
of  the  best  known  and  most  popular  dining 
resorts  in  the  city.  Alfred  Di  Pesa,  junior 
member  of  M.  Di  Pesa  &  Son,  was  born  in 
1877.  He  was  educated  in  Boston  schools 
and  graduated  from  the  New  England  Con- 
servatory of  Music  in  the  class  of  1899,  and 


then  joined  his  father  in  the  management  of 
the  hotel.  The  elder  Di  Pesa  has  the  distinc- 
tion of  being  the  only  Italian  postmaster 
ever  appointed  in  New  England,  being  thir- 
teen years  in  charge  of  the  North  End  sub- 
station, which  was  discontinued  when  the 
large  station  on  Hanover  Street  was  built. 


THE  HOTEL  VICTORIA 


?5 


HOTEL    VICTORIA 
IN    THE    HEART    OF     THE    BACK    BAY    DISTRICT 

While  the  city  is  well  provided  with  hotels 
and  restaurants  of  all  kinds,  the  Hotel  Vic- 
toria has  been  especially  noted,  for  many 
years,  for  the  high-class  character  of  its 
management  and  particularly  for  the  excel- 
lence of  its  cuisine.  Only  the  highest  qual- 
ity of  food  is  served  in  its  cafe  and  private 
dining  rooms,  and  this  is  one  of  the  pre- 
dcminating  features  of  the  hotel.  The  em- 
ployees are  courteous  and  willing  and  it 
would  be  hard  to  find  better  service  in  any  of 
the  larger  hotels  in  the  city.  This  fact  is 
shown  by  the  large  number  of  business  men, 
who,  with  their  families,  make  their  home  in 
this  hotel,  where  the  managers  do  everything 
necessary  to  make  hotel  life  as  homelike  as 
possible.  It  also  caters  to  the  commercial 
traveler  and  travelers  in  general,  and  every 
modern  convenience  possible  has  been  in- 
stalled by  the  management  for  the  comfort, 
pleasure  and  safety  of  its  guests. 

As  in  all  other  branches  of  Inisiness  in 
Boston,  proprietors  of  hotels  strive  to  outdo 
each  other,  with  the  result  that  Boston  peo- 
ple and  visitors  to  this  city  who  are  com- 


MAIN     DliNING    ROOM,    HOTEL    VICTORIA 

pelled  to  resort  to  hotel  life  receive  a 
material  advantage,  and  for  the  same  reason 
the  hostelries  of  this  city  have  more  than 
a  local  reputation,  it  extends  world-wide. 

The  Victoria,  which  has  a  quiet,  refined 
and  homelike  atmosphere,  is  located  at  the 
corner  of  Dartmouth  and  Newbury  Streets, 
in  the  heart  of  the  Back  Bay  district,  one 
Ijlock  from  Copley  Square,  neighboring  the 
Pul)lic  Library,  Museum  of  Art,  New  Old 
South  and  Trinity  Churches,  the  State 
House  on  Beacon  Hill,  Faneuil  Hall,  and 
all  places  of  historical  and  of  literary  inter- 
est are  easily  reached,  while  the  shopping 
and  theatre  districts  are  also  within  walking 
distance  of  the  Hotel  Victoria. 

It  is  conducted  on  the  European  plan  and 
is  very  accessible  for  automobilists. 

Automobiles  seating  five  and  seven  pas- 
sengers, with  thoroughly  reliable  and  com- 
petent drivers  may  be  obtained  by  applying 
at  the  hotel  office  at  any  time  of  the  day  or 
night.  Mr.  Thomas  O.  Page  is  the  hotel 
manager  and  treasurer  of  the  Hotel  \^ictoria 
Company. 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


493 


The  Jlutel  Xantasket  is  lucated  at  the 
Nantasket  Beach  Reservation  on  the  South 
Shore — a  charming-  summer  resort  of  over 
twenty-five  acres.  The  hotel  is  controlled 
In'  the  Metropolitan  Park  Commission  and 
is  leased  to  and  managed  by  Messrs.  Stearns 


HOTEL    CA.NILKBUKY,    CHARLESGATE    WEST 

The  much  talked  of  Fenway  is  one 
of  the  most  admired  features  of  Boston, 
and  it  is  in  this  attractive  section  that 
the  H(itel  Canterbury  is  located,  on 
Charlesgate  \\'est.  The  hotel  is  ad- 
miral)l\'  ci inducted  and  has  been  very 
successful  from  the  day  of  its  opening 
al)out  twelve  \ears  ago. 


HOTEL  NANTASKET,  NANTASKET  BEACH,  MASS. 

and  Pretto.  It  is  a  splendid  sea-side  hos- 
telry with  a  dining  room  that  seats  about 
one  thousand  persons.  Nantasket  Beach 
is  famous  for  its  fine  bathing  facilities  and 
is  easily  accessible  from  Boston  by  either 
train  or  steamboat. 


The  Hotel  Oxford,  46  Huntington 
Avenue,  is  pleasantly  located  in  one  of  the 
m(«t  desiraiile,  artistic  sections  of  Boston. 
It  is  but  a  step  from  the  hotel  to  the  Pul)lic 
Library,  Copley  Square  and  Trinity  Church. 
The  Back  Bay  station  of  the  New  York, 
New  Haven  and  Hartford  Railroad  is  just 
around  the  corner,  and  trolley  lines  radiate 
in  all  directions  from  Huntington  Avenue. 


MOTEL   OXFORD,   46   HUNTINGTON   AVENUE 


494 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


CAPTAIN    RODEN    S.    HARRISON 

Captain  Roden  S.  Harrison,  the  present 
proprietor  of  the  historic  Revere  Honse, 
was  born  in  Tottenham,  England,  the  third 
son  of  Reverend  David  J-  Harrison,  rector 
of  Liulgvan,  Cornwall,  England.  He  as- 
sumed the  lease  of  the  Revere  House  in  No- 
vember, 1906,  and  immediately  inaugurated 
a  policy  of  progressive- 
ness  that  has  once  more 
made  the  old  hotel  a 
popular  resort.  He  made 
many  changes  and  im- 
provements in  the  in- 
terior of  the  liuilding, 
among  which  is  the  Per- 
gola, a  dining  room  crea- 
tion that  is  most  popular 
and  pleasing.  It  rejire- 
sents  a  forest  of  massive 
trees  with  clinging  vines 
and  refreshing  foliage, 
\\ith  backgrounds  of 
paintings  of  woodland 
scenery.  Four  fountains 
with  concealed  lights  give 
the  room  a  most  fairylike 
appearance.     The  Revere 


CAPTAIN  RODEN  S.  HARRISON 

House  has  been  a  famous  resort  for  over 
three-quarters  of  a  century,  and  has  enter- 
tained some  of  the  most  eminent  men  and 
women  of  the  last  century.  These  included 
Daniel  Welister,  the  Prince  of  W'ales,  Grand 
Duke  Alexis,  Jenny  Lind,  Patti,  Parepa, 
Christine  Nelson,  King  Kalakawa,  Empercr 
Dom  Pedro,  General  Grant,  while  President, 
and  many  other  notables.  Captain  Harrison 
is  very  fond  of  all  out-door  pursuits.  He 
is  a  devoted  equestrian,  and  is  owner  of  the 
Rodendale  Farm,  at  South  Billerica,  Mass., 

the  raising  of  thor- 
He  has  one  of  the  finest 
herd  of  Ayrshire  cattle  in  the  country  and, 
in  addition  to  propagating  this  strain,  raises 
thoroughbred  Berkshire  pigs  and  high-class 
hackney  and  coach  horses.  He  is  the  owner 
of  "King  Jo,"  a  handsome  dark  mahcigany 
bay  stallion  that  has  won  many  blue  ribbons 
at  various  shows  throughout  the  different 
states,  in  competition  with  some  of  the  best 
horses  in  the  country.  Captain  Harrison 
resides  at  ^Vinthrop  Highlands. 


which  is  given  over  tc 
oughbred  stock. 


The  paper  mill  Avas  until  very  recent 
years  found  almost  wholly  in  New  England 
where  it  is  still  the  dominant  factor  in  the 
])aper  business. 


THE    REVERE    HOUSE 


TllK    I'.OOK    OF    BOSTON' 


405 


ARTHUR  P. 

Anhur  P.  Pearce,  surviving  mem1)er  of 
the  tirin  of  A.  Tomfohrde  &  L'"..  conducting 
the   cafe   and    restaurant,  45    to    51    ("ourt 


ARTHUR    P.    PEARCE 

Street,  was  l.)orn  in  (iernianw  Marcli  28. 
187 1.  He  was  brought  to  Boston  in  in- 
fancv.  1)y  his  parents,  and  was  eckicated  in 
the  pu1)lic  schools  here.  At  the  age  of 
eleven  \'ears  he  entered  the  enii)loy  of  his 
two  brothers,  who  conducted  a  grocery  and 
])rovision  store  in  Sotith  Boston,  under  the 
firm  name  of  Pearce  Brothers.  He  saved 
enough  from  his  earnings  to  buy  a  third  in- 
terest ill  this  firm  and  successively'  bought 
the  shares  of  his  hnithers  until  he  became 
sole  proprietor  of  the  store.  On  November 
2,  1898,  he  was  married  to  Caroline  M., 
only  daughter  of  the  late  A.  Tomfohrde,  and 
sold  his  business  in  South  Bnston  in  urder 
to  become  associated  in  business  with  his 
father-in-law  in  the  business  which  he  now 
owns  and  manages.  In  1907,  Mr.  Tom- 
fohrde admitted  ]\Ir.  Pearce  to  partnership. 
This  ])artnership  continued  until  the  time  of 
Mr.  Tcmfohrde's  death,  September  18, 
1910,  when,  under  tlie  terms  of  the  will,  Mr. 


PEARCE 

Pearce  became  trustee  of  the  estate  and 
owner  of  the  business.  He  is  a  direct<ir  of 
the  Fidelity  Trust  Co.,  and  the  Massachu- 
setts Real  Estate  Exchange,  a  member  of 
the  Ancient  and  Honorable  Artillery  Com- 
pany, Boston  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Bos- 
tonian  Society,  president  of  the  New' 
England  Lutheran  Society  and  a  member 
of  several  automobile  clubs.  Mr.  Pearce  has. 
two  children,  Madeline  1).,  and  Arthur  P. 
Pearce,  Jr.  His  home  is  at  Jamaica  Plain. 
The  Cafe  Tomfohrde,  one  of  the  oldest., 
largest,  most  centrall_\-  located  and  Ijest  ap- 
pointed in  the  city,  was  established  in  1868.. 
bv  the  late  A.  Tomfohrde.  The  original  lo- 
cation was  on  the  site  nnw'  occtipied  by 
Young's  Hotel.  In  1870.  he  removed  the 
business,  which  was  only  a  small  lunch  room 
at  that  time,  to  the  basement  of  the  build- 
ing. 45  Court  Street.  In  a  few  years  the 
trade  grew  tn  such  an  extent  that  he  pur- 
chased the  building  and  transferred  the 
liusiness  to  the  ground  floor.  Eventually 
the  buildings  from  45  to  51  Court  Street 
were  required  and  occupied  by  the  steadily 
growing  business.  Mr.  Tomfohrde  was  a 
man  of  rare  discernment  and  foresight.  He 
realized  the  !ocalit\-  was  bound  to  increase 


TOMFDHKDE    CAFE 

largelv  in  value,  .and.  in  addition  to  the 
Iniildings  occui)ie(l  by  the  cafe,  he  jnir- 
cliased    the    Minot    Puilding   adjoining,   and 


4^6 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


property  in  other  sections  of  the  city,  the 
estate's  holdings  now  being  assessed  at  ap- 
proximately $1,500,000. 

In  April,  1912,  Mr.  Pearce  entirely  re- 
modelled the  exterior  and  interior  of 
the  buildings  and  has  now  one  of  the 
largest  and  most  complete  restaurants 
for  ladies  and  gentlemen  in  the  city. 
It  was  the  lioast  of  the  founder  of 
the  business  that  the  cuisine  of  his  res- 
taurant could  not  be  excelled,  and  this 
feature  of  the  business  still  predominates. 
The  foods  served  are  the  best  that  can 
be  purchased,  and  are  bought  by  Mr.  Pearce 
personally,  who  insists  that  everything  must 
be  up  to,  or  beyond,  the  standard.  The 
dining-rooms  are  large  and  airy,  richly  dec- 
orated, and  the  service  is  the  best,  while  an 
orchestra  of  skilled  musicians  renders  clas- 
sical and  popular  selections.  The  kitchens 
are    conducted    along   the    latest    improved 


sanitary  lines  and  are  presided  over  by  a 
chef  of  note  and  a  corps  of  trained  assist- 
ants. Over  a  half  hundred  people  are  em- 
ployed in  the  preparation  and  serving  of  the 
well-cooked  and  carefully-selected  foods. 
The  wine  cellar,  which  is  nearly  as  large 
as  the  iloor  space  of  the  buildings,  is  stocked 
with  wines  of  the  rarest  and  oldest  vintage, 
and  the  largest  stock  of  whiskies  and 
brandies,  in  bulk  and  bottle,  in  the  city,  is 
carried.  A  Rathskellar  is  located  in  the 
basement,  where  patrons  who  do  not  care 
for  music  and  more  elaborate  service  are 
served  with  the  same  cjuality  of  foodstuffs 
and  beverages  that  may  be  obtained  as 
promptly  as  in  the  larger  dining-room  up- 
stairs. All  these  features  make  the  Cafe 
Tomforhde  one  of  the  most  popular  resorts 
of  the  city,  where  the  diner  can  pass  an 
afternoon  or  evening  under  the  most  enter- 
taining and  homelike  conditions. 


THE  FLOYD  LUNCH  COMPANY 


SUMMER    STREET,    BOSTON,    SHOWING    THE    SOUTH    STATION    AND    THE    LOCATION    OF 
TWO    OF    THE    FLOYD    LUNCH    COMPANY'S    RESTAURANTS 


The  Flo}d  Lunch  Company,  which  con- 
ducts a  chain  of  high-class  restaurants  and 
lunch  rooms,  is  noted  for  the  excellence  of 
its  cuisine  and  the  qualit)^  of  the  foodstuffs 
served.  The  business  is  under  the  direct 
supervision  of  J.  A.  Floyd,  president  of  the 
company,  who  has  had  wide  experience  in 
the  restaurant  field.  The  dining-rooms  are 
located  at  639  Atlantic  Avenue,  675  Atlantic 


Avenue,  353  Congress  Street,  608  Tremont 
Street,  16  Pearl  Street  and  168  Summer 
Street.  All  are  fitted  up  along  the  latest 
improved  sanitary  lines.  The  kitchens  are 
absolutely  clean  and  the  service  is  quick 
and  satisfactory.  These  features  make  the 
Floyd  Lunch  Co.  popular  with  both  tran- 
sients and  permanent  patrons,  and  have  been 
instrumental  in  the  company's  success. 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


497 


11-:  WALTON   LUXCH  SYSTEM 


DAVID    H 


Tlie  \\'alt(_)n  Lunch  S_\steni  was  estali- 
lished  in  1903  by  David  H.  Walton,  its 
president  and  general  manager,  and  the 
business  has  grown  from  one  small  store 
to  a  chain  of  handsome,  mudernly-equipped 
and  absolutely  sanitary  restaurants.  The 
Boston  stores  are  located  at  Nos.  242  and 
424  Treniont  Street,  629  and  1083  Wash- 
ington Street,  7  School  Street,  42  Federal 
Street,  44  Summer  Street.  Two  branches 
are  maintained  in  Montreal,  Canada,  one 
being  located  at  259  St.  James  Street  and 
the  other  at  Peel  and  St.  Catherine  Streets. 
The  executive  offices  of  the  system  are  lo- 
cated at  10S3  Washington  Street  and  the 
Ijakery  and  kitchen  at  616  Waterford  Street. 
Mr.  Walton's  one  aim  in  the  conduct  of  his 
business  is  to  make  every  one  of  the  stores, 
bakery  and  supply  kitchen  absolutely  hy- 
gienic. Cleanliness  has  been  his  watch- 
word, and  this,  coupled  with  the  fact  that 
the  highest  grade  of  foodstuffs  are  pur- 
chased, has  brought  deserved  popularity  to 
the  Walton  System.  Everything  in  the  way 
of  approved  sanitation  has  been  adopted  in 
the  Walton  Lunch  rooms.  Tile  has  su|)er- 
seded  wood  and  has  left  no  sj^ot   for  dirt 


WALTON 

or  vermin  to  collect.  The  eiuployees  of  the 
bakery  and  stores  wear  spotless  white  uni- 
forms, and  they  are  cautioned  that  they  can 
only  hold  their  positions  by  thorough  clean- 
liness and  polite  attention  to  the  patrons. 
Mr.  \\'alton  has  been  engaged  in  the  restau- 
rant Inisiness  his  entire  lifetime,  beginning 
as  a  boy  in  the  kitchen  and  gaining  practi- 
cal experience  l)y  work  in  every  department 
of  the  Ijusiness.  He  was  born  in  Canaan, 
King's  County,  Nova  Scotia,  in  1874,  where 
he  attended  the  public  schools,  previous  to 
coming  to  Boston.  He  .subse([uently  took 
a  three  years"  course  at  the  New  England 
Conservatory  of  !Music  antl  three  years  at 
Boston  High,  antl  after  school,  working 
for  ten  years  in  some  of  the  best  bakeries, 
restaurants  and  hotels,  started  in  business 
for  himself.  Mr.  Walton  gives  personal 
attention  to  the  chain  of  restaurants  bear- 
ing his  name,  and  keeps  in  touch  with  the 
best  markets  through  a  well-organized  pur- 
chasing department,  made  possible  by  his 
long  and  varied  experience.  Mr.  AValton  is 
a  member  of  the  Masonic  F'raternity,  a  di- 
rector of  the  b'idelity  Trust  Co.,  and  a  mem- 
l)er  of  the  Boston  Chamlicr  of  Commerce. 


THE    EXECUTIVE    OFFICES    OF    THE    UALToN     LUNCH    SYSTEM,     lUSj    WASHINGTON    STREET 


THE    WALTON    LUNCH    ROOM    AT    1083    WASHINGTON    STREET 


rut    WALTON     BAK1;RV,     llJSj     WASHINGTON    STREET 


A    WALTON    Ll'XCH    ROOM    AT    242    TREMONT    STREET 


ir      THE   NEXT   GENERATION      \\ 


FOUR    GENERATIONS    OF    THE    MARSTON    FAMILY    WHICH    HAS    BUILT    UP    THE 
BEST-KNOWN    RESTAURANT    BUSINESS    IN    NEW    ENGLAND 


THE    HOOK    01--    HOSroX 


50! 


Tin-:   .MARSTON 

The  Marstiiii  rt-staurants  and  lunclienn 
ri>iinis,  wliicli  owe  their  great  success  t<>  the 
trachtiniial  idea  of  cuhivated  service,  well- 
cooked,  delectable  tOnds  and  an  envirdnnient 
of  quiet  and  refinement,  were  fminded  in 
1847  by  the  late  Ca])tain  Marstim.  He  had 
been  a  sailor  in  early  life,  but,  becoming 
tired  of  the  sea,  became  a  partner  of  a  man 
named  Berry,  in  an  eating  house  then  con- 
ducted in  a  little  shanty  "on  the  dock  side" 
of  Commercial  Street,  near  the  old  Balti- 
more Packet  Pier.  The  place  had  a  seating 
ca])acity  of  fifteen  people.  In  1S48,  ]Mr. 
Perr\-  sold  his  interest  to  .\lmon  Sampson, 
the  firm  becoming  Marston  &  Sampson,  the 
little  eating  place  meantime  having  gained 
a  reputation  for  absolute  cleanliness  and 
wholesiime,  1  ild-fashii  nied  cooking.  A  Imild- 
ing  was  erected  for  them  in  1849  on  Com- 
mercial Street  with  a  seating  capacity  of 
sixty.  Four  years  later  a  branch  was  estab- 
lished at  13  f^rattle  Street,  and  George  P. 
Marston,  an  elder  brother  of  tiie  founder, 
became  a  jiartner.  The  business  was  re- 
moved to  2"  P>rattle  Street  in  Decenil)er, 
1854,  and  has  been  conducted  there  since 
that  time.  In  1835,  circumstances  com- 
pelled the  relinquishment  of  the  Commercial 
Street  restaurant,  and  the  entire  business 
was  consolidated  at  27  Brattle  Street. 
George  P.  Alarston  retired  from  the  firm 
in  1866,  Captain  Russell  Marston  conduct- 
ing the  business  alone  until  1870,  when 
Howard  Marston,  his  son,  and  Joshua 
Backus  were  admitted  to  partnership  under 
the  firm  name  of  R.  Marston  &  Co.  One 
year  later  Mr.  Backus  retired,  and  the  busi- 
ness was  carried  on  by  father  and  son  until 
Captain  Marston's  death  in  1907,  when 
Howard  Marston  became  sole  proprietor. 
The  business  was  incorporated  February, 
1913,  when  his  son,  .Shirley  Marston,  be- 
came associated  with  the  management.  In 
1857,  the  store  at  25  Ilrattle  Street  was  con- 
nected, and  29  was  added  in  1881.  In  1893, 
two  floors  of  the  building.  17  and  _>i  Han- 
over -Street,  were  made  part  of  the  immense 


RESTAURANTS 

restaurant  and  the  Brattle  Street  dining 
room  was  enlarged.  In  1895,  a  part  of  33 
Hanover  Street  was  added,  and  a  women's 
luncheon  was  established.  This  was  popu- 
lar from  the  start  and  now  has  a  seating 
capacity  of  two  hundred  and  fifty.  In  1903, 
a  branch  was  opened  in  the  JeiYerson  Build- 
ing, 564  Washington  Street,  with  a  rear 
entrance  on  Harrison  Avenue,  which  is 
open  from  11  A.^f.  until  3  p.m.  Another 
branch  \\as  opened  at  121  Summer  Street 
in  1905,  and  the  restaurant  at  81  Devon- 
shire Street  was  opened  to  the  public  in 
1910:  this,  like  the  Washington  Street 
branch  is  open  from  11  a.m.  until  3  p.m. 
In  all  these  restaurants  an  air  of  quiet  and 
refinement  is  noticeable.  They  are  all  hand- 
S'lmelv  iitted  up  and  the  l)est  food  onlv  is 
served,  with  scruinilous  cleanliness  and  at  a 
fair  price.  In  19 12,  the  Company,  by  the 
nnrchase  of  Imildings  on  Purchase  and  Hisrh 
Streets,  increased  the  size  of  their  food 
manufacturing  plant  until  now  it  is  one  of 
the  largest  in  New  England,  and  their  cele- 
brated products  are  handled  under  the  luost 
sanitary  conditions.  Sales  counters  for 
food  to  carry  home  are  established  in  all 
their  ])laces,  and  a  special  department  for 
sending  parcel  post  orders  has  been  opened 
at  165  High  .Street,  where  also,  is  located 
their  most  recentl}'  titted  up  luncheon 
room  for  men  and  women.  To  meet  the 
requirements  of  many  patrons  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  the  Subway  Station  at  Massachusetts 
.\venue,  a  restaurant  was  opened  in  1914 
at  1070  Boylston  Street,  and  at  1302  Beacon 
.Street,  Coolidge  Corner,  Brookline,  a  small 
shop  has  been  recently  opened  for  the  sale 
of  their  food  products.  Every  branch  of 
the  Marston  equipment  is  as  perfect  as 
modern  hygienic  construction  can  make  it, 
and  the  management  spares  no  expense  that 
will  bring  to  the  guests  the  best  and  most 
cleanly  oI)tainal)le.  It  is  this  liberalit}-  that 
has  made  ".Marston's"  famous,  not  alone  in 
Boston,  but  throughout  the  whole  of  New 
England. 


502 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


COBB'S  LUNCH  DEPARTMENTS 


CoblVs  lunch  departments,  which  had 
their  origin  a  qnarter  of  a  century  ago  with 
the   estaljHshment    of    Cobb's    Spa    at    107 


CHARLES   M.    LITTLE 
PRESIDENT    COBb's    LUNCH    DEPARTMENTS 

Court  Street,  have  so  grown  in  popularit_y 
that  they  are  now  the  best  patronized  in  the 
Scollay  Scjuare  district.  Rapidly  increasing 
business  necessitated  additional  space,  and 
large  and  correctly  appointed  dining  rooms 


were  estaljlished  at  75  Court  Street,  with 
additional  entrances  at  83  and  85  Cornhill 
and  8  Brattle  Street.  A  lousiness  men's 
lunch  was  also  located  at  the  last  address. 
The  main  dining  rooms  have  a  seating  capac- 
ity of  two  hundred  and  twenty-five,  and  are 
located  on  the  second  floor.  They  are  in 
charge  of  competent  foreladies  and  assist- 
ants, and  a  large  menu,  consisting  of  all 
varieties  of  foods,  is  provided,  both  read\- 
to  serve  and  cooked  to  order.  The  dining- 
rooms  are  open  for  breakfast,  dinner  and 
supper,  and  many  specialties  are  arranged. 
The  business  men's  lunch  is  the  largest  in- 
dividual, cpiick  service  luncheim  counter  in 
Boston.  Many  prominent  business  and  pro- 
fessional men  are  numbered  among  the  regu- 
lar patrons.  Large  cjuantities  of  wholesome 
and  nutritious  foods  are  al\va}-s  on  hand, 
and  the  quickest  service  in  the  city  is  guar- 
anteed. The  Spa,  at  107  Court  Street,  is  the 
pioneer  quick  service  lunch  counter  of  Bos- 
ton, and  it  was  here  that  Cobb's  lunch  de- 
partments originated.  At  the  main  dining 
room  there  is  a  ladies'  parlor  or  rest  room 
provided  with  every  modern  convenience. 
A  smoking  and  wash  room  has  also  been 
provided  for  the  gentlemen  patrons.  The 
main  kitchen,  where  all  foods  are  prepared 
and  later  distributed  to  the  various  dining 


MAIN    DINING    ROOM,    COBB  S    RESTAURANT 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


503 


rooms  and  lunclieon  counters,  is  in  charge 
of  a  competent  chef,  who  has  been  in  tliis 
department  for  many  }ears.    He  thoroughly 


0^ 

1 

« 

^^^H 

W 

1^ 

^H^  J 

i 

fi 

COBB  S    BUSINESS    MEN  S    LUNCH 

understands  the  art  of  blending  foods  that 
gives  them  a  flavor  of  home  cooking,  and 
only  the  best  materials  that  the  market  af- 
fords are  used.  The  pantry  room,  from 
which  all  orders  are  distributed  to  guests, 
contains  the  best  ecjuipment  that  can  be  pro- 
vided for  containing  all  foods  to  be  served. 
The  baking  department  is  located  on  the  top 
floor  of  the  building.  Pure  food  and  good 
ventilation  add  immeasurably  to  its  sanitary 
environment.  Pies,  puddings,  and  other 
pastry,  are  made  from  the  firm's  own 
recipes,  antl  all  the  mincemeat  is  prepared 
on  the  premises,  while  the  green  apples, 
])um[)kins,  squashes  and  other  vegetables 
are  brought  direct  from  the  farm.  A 
high  horse  i)ower  motor,  with  a  capacity 
of  displacing  thirty  thousand  culiic  inches 
of  air  a  minute,  is  used  to  keep  the 
kitchen  perfectly  ventilated.  Gas  is  em- 
ployed exclusively  for  cooking  purposes, 
thereby  eliminating  all  dust  and  ashes. 
The  kitchen  floor  is  of  concrete,  and  the 
w^alls  are  brick  with  a  plastered  ceiling.  All 
orders  are  sent  from  the  dining  room  by 
the  pressing  of  a  button  through  an  annun- 
ciator system,  thus  securing  speed  and  ac- 
curacy. r<i])])'s  lunch  departments  are 
operated  b\-  the  C.  M.  Little  Compan\-,  of 
which  C.  M.  Little  is  president.  Ilefore  the 
organization  of  the  C.  AL  Little  Co.,  Mr. 
Little  had  been  cnnnccted  with  the  business 


for  twenty  years.  Air.  Little  was  born  in 
Concordia,  Cloud  County,  Kansas,  Febru- 
ary 19,  1872.  Lie  was  brought  up  on  a 
farm  in  Alaine,  and  was  educated  in  the 
pul)lic  schools.  He  came  to  Boston  in  1896 
and  was  made  night  manager  of  the  Spa 
shortly  after  it  was  opened.  He  worked  in 
the  various  departments,  and  after  familiar- 
izing himself  with  the  kitchen,  bakcrv  and 
dining  rooms,  became  general  manager  of 
the  system.  Fie  held  this  position  until  the 
C.  AL  Little  Co.  Avas  incorporated,  when  he 
became  president,  a  position  he  still  retains. 
Air.  Little's  untiring  efforts  to  please  have 
])laced  him  at  the  head  of  the  most  popular 
restaurants  in  Bostijn.  His  ancestry  is 
among  the  oldest  in  New  England,  and  he 
is  a  member  of  the  Alasonic  fraternitv,  the 
( )(ld  Fellows  and  the  Ancient  and  Honor- 
able Artillery  Co.  He  was  married  in  Sep- 
tember, 1893,  to  Alertie  A.  Spearing  of 
(juilford,  Alaine,  and  has  two  daughters, 
Thelma  S.  and  Helen  C.  Little.  His  home 
is  in  Revere,  where  he  is  a  member  of  the 
Citv  Ctiuncil. 


The  reputation  of  the  hotels  and  restau- 
rants of  Boston  has  become  world-wide. 
It  would  l>e  hard  to  lind  better  service  in  any 
city  in  the  country.  They  have  been  the 
favorite  meeting-places  for  social,  patriotic 
and  ]iolitical  organizations,  and  manv  fa- 
mous men  have  been  entertained  at  banquets 
held  in  their  dining  halls. 

HARRY    S.    KELSEY 

Harry  S.  Kelsey,  organizer  and  jiresident 
of  the  Kelsey  Co.,  which  operates  the  Wal- 
dorf Lunch  system,  was  born  in  Claremont, 
N.  H.,  Alarch  26,  1879.  Fie  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools  and  at  the  W'esleyan 
Academy,  beginning  his  business  career  in 
Springfield,  Mass.,  in  1904.  From  one 
small  establishment.  Air.  Kelsey  expanded 
the  business  rapidly,  and  Inially  organized 
the  Kelsey  Co.,  of  which  he  became  presi- 
dent and  Samuel  L.  Bickford,  vice-presi- 
dent. 1"he  executive  offices  of  the  com- 
])any  are  at  44  Bromfield  Street,  and  it  \v\\\ 
ri])crates    a    chain    of    sixty    lunch     rue  mis 


504 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


through  New  England.  Twenty-three  of 
these  are  located  in  Boston  and  Cambridge 
and   are   popular    for  the   quality   of    food 


HARRY    S.    KELSEY 


served  and  the  sanitary  arrangement  of  the 
dining-rooms  and  kitchens.  A  complete 
baking  plant  and  laundry  are  maintained, 
and  in  Itoth  of  these  necessary  apartments 
absolute  cleanliness  prevails.  Mr.  Kelsey  is 
a  thirtv-second  degree  Mason  and  a  member 
of  the  Shrine,  the  Boston  City  Club,  Belfry 
Club,  Lexington,  and  several  other  social 
organizations.  He  is  heavily  interested  in 
real  estate  in  Springfield  and  in  Boston  and 
has  ,a  farm  at  Lexington  which  he  conducts 
along  scientific  lines,  and  maintains  a  herd 
of  choice  imported  cattle.  He  is  very  proud 
of  his  agricultural  achievements  and  finds 
relaxation  from  his  many  business  cares  by 
getting  "back  to  the  soil." 

SPAL'LDING'S    SYSTEM 

The  lunch  and  restaurant  business  car- 
ried on  under  the  name  of  Spaulding's 
System  was  established  fourteen  years  ago 
by  Dana  E.  Spaulding.  Mr.  Spaulding  was 
born  in  Maine  and  was  educated  in  that 
State.     Deciding  to  enter  business  for  him- 


self, he  came  to  Boston,  and  with  no  knowl- 
edge whatever  of  the  preparation  or  pur- 
chase of  foods,  started  his  first  lunch  at  228 
Tremont  Street.  He  met  with  almost  im- 
mediate success,  and  from  this  modest  be- 
ginning soon  had  several  restaurants  in 
different  parts  of  the  city,  eventually  selling 
all  but  two,  and  to  these  he  gives  his  per- 
sonal attention.  They  are  located  at  1024 
Boylston  Street  and  329  Massachusetts 
Avenue.  These  are  both  models  of  elegance 
and  sanitation,  the  Massachusetts  Avenue 
rooms  being  more  ornately  decorated,  and 
of  later  establishment.  Mr.  Spaulding, 
personally,  superintends  the  kitchen,  where 
the  best  foods  purchasable  are  prejiared. 
Special  attention  is  paid  to  all  details,  and 
the  fact  that  both  restaurants  have  a  large 
female  clientele  is  a  guarantee  of  cleanli- 
ness, good  cooking  and  pleasant  and  re- 
fined surroundings.  The  bvisiness  done  by 
Spaulding's  System  is  large  and  steadily 
At   the  noonday   and   evening 


DANA    E.    SPAULDING 


hours  both  restaurants  are  crowded,  many 
residents  in  the  neighborhood  dining  there 
regularly. 


THE    ROOK    OF    BOSTON 


505 


COBB'S   TEA   COMPANY 

The  coffee  and  tea  rooms  at  tlie  corner  of 
Cornhill  and  Court  Streets  is  one  of  the 
city's  unique  institutions.  It  was  estab- 
lished in  1883  in  connection  with  the  retail 
store,  where  the  highest  grades  of  tea  and 
coffee  are  handled,  and  has  developed  into 
one  of  the  most  popular  and  best  patronized 
resorts  in  the  city.  A  branch,  conducted 
along  the  same  lines,  has  recently  been  estalj- 
lished  at  ioqa  Summer  Street.  In  speaking 
of  the  original  character  of  the  coft'ee  antl 
tea  rooms,  a  patron  recently  said:  "It's  the 
only  place  in  the  country  where  a  lady  can 
stand  at  the  bar  and  order  a  drink  with  the 
utmost  propriety."  Stanley  W.  Ferguson 
is  general  manager  of  the  company's  busi- 
ness and  David  T.  Kingston,  store  man- 
ager, with  Claude  R.  Tabor  as  assistant. 


M.    F.    COTTRELL    COMPANY 

One  of  the  Ijest-appointed  down-town 
restaurants  is  that  known  as  Cottrell's  Res- 
taurant at  19  Exchange  Street,  immediately 
oft'  State  Street,  and  in  the  heart  of  the 
financial  district.  The  president  of  the  M. 
F.  Cottrell  Co.  is  :\Iillard  F.  Cottrell,  who 
was  born  in  Belfast,  Maine,  I'ehruary  26, 
1 85 1.  U]ion  the  com])letion  of  his  school- 
ing he  followed  the  sea  for  twenty  years  and 
then  came  to  Boston  and  started  an  eating- 
house  on  Niirth  Market  Street.  His  suc- 
cess led  to  the  leasing  of  the  present  build- 
ing, which  has  a  frontage  of  65  feet,  and 
it  was  fitted  up  with  every  modern  appliance 
under  Mr.  Cottrell's  supervision,  the  first 
and  second  floors  and  basement  being  oc- 
cupied as  a  dining-room,  kitchen  and  for 
storage  purposes.  Everything  has  Mr.  Cot- 
trell's personal  attention. 


COBB  S    TEA    ROOM 


^06 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


HIRAAI  RICKER  &  SONS 
The  Late  Hiram  Ricker  and  the  Modest  Beginnin'gs  of  the   Ricker    Interests 


^^   ,  I !  !  »TT1    i    jf' 


-;      ■"*«*:,..  ; 


MANSION    HOUSE.    1797 


■^1? 
'':^' 


THE    LATE    HIRAM    RICKER 


THE    SPRING,     1795 


Many  of  the  favorite  resorts  of  Boston 
people  are  located  in  that  wonderful  sum- 
mer land — Maine.  Rest,  recreation  and 
pleasure  are  lieing  sought  in  that  delightful 
climate  of  pure  air  and  clear  skies  by  a 
greater  number  of  people  each  year,  and 
now  that  the  curative  waters  at  Poland 
Spring  have  been  so  firmly  established,  that 
charming  resort  has  much  to  offer. 

Poland  Spring  and  the  House  of  Ricker 
make  a  strong  appeal  to  me  for  I  have  in 
mind  one  the  pleasantest  journeys  of  my 
life  when,  some  twenty  years  ago,  I  was 
called  there  to  "write  them  up,"  and  tlie 
years  which  have  intervened  since  that  time 
have  only  confirmed  what  was  then  written. 
I  find  at  that  time  the  following  sentence 
which  contained  fact  and  prophecy  then,  and 
Avhich  is  being  reduced  to  facts  only  toda>'. 
"The  Rickers  of  Poland  Spring,  now  world 
famous,  have  Ijuilt  up  their  great  business 
interests  from  Lilliputian  beginnings,  and 
have  covered  their  noble  ancestral  hill — the 
forest  farm  of  a  century  ago — with  the 
magnificent  structure  which  indeed  l)ecomes 
it  'as  a  crown  l^cometh  a  king's  head.' 
Sturdv,  rugged,  New  England  stock,  inljred 
in  the  soil,  hard-working,  persistent,  ener- 
getic, alert,  enterprising.  The  extension  of 
Poland  Spring  will  go  steadily  on,  while  the 
water  continues  its  beneficial  work ;  and  in 
the  fullness  of  time  when  the  control  falls 
into  the  hands  of  the  sons  of  Hiram  Ricker's 
Sons,  it  will  have  become  indeed  a  noble  in- 


heritance, a  monument  of  sturdy  enterprise 
and  sagacity."  Brieily  that  is  the  secret  of 
the  commercial  side  of  this  world  envelop- 
ing business,  founded  upon  the  sturdy  in- 
tegrity of  its  pioneers  and  maintained  by 
the  enterprise  and  sagacity  of  this  wonder- 
ful famil\-. 

To  mv  kniiwledge  the  proprietors  of  no 
similar  Ijusiness  in  America,  or  the  world  in 
fact,  can  trace  so  perfect  a  lineage  as  that 
of  the  present  firm  of  Hiram  Ricker's  Sons. 
The  Ricker  family  descends  from  the  feudal 
and  knightly  Riccars  of  Saxony  down 
through  the  years  to  Jabez  Ricker,  who  was 
the  first  of  the  name  to  occupy  this  present 
site.  This  was  in  1794,  and  he  in  turn  was 
succeeded  by  his  son,  Wentworth  Ricker — 
the  "Wentworth"  being  a  family  name 
handed  down  through  the  generations,  and 
he  in  turn  gave  over  to  the  late  Hiram 
Ricker  whose  name  has  become  world  fa- 
mous, and  who  was  the  father  of  the  present 
generation.  Hiram  Ricker  was  born  No- 
vember 17,  1809,  and  attained  the  ripe  and 
honored  age  of  eighty-four. 

Hiram  Ricker  was  the  discoverer  of  the 
curative  cjualities  of  the  Crystal  Spring. 
His  name  will  be  long  remembered  by  the 
thousands  who  visit  the  resort  each  year. 

The  superb  hotels  and  recreation  resorts 
that  now  add  fame  to  the  name  of  Ricker, 
and  the  Poland  Water  which  finds  a  market 
in  almost  every  corner  of  the  glolie,  are  held 
in  great  favor  bv  Bostonians. 


TT{E    l^^OOK    Ol"    P,()S'I"()X 


507 


(iKORCE    ir.    WALKER 


GEORl.E    H.    WALKER 


President  of  the  Walker-Gordon  Laboratory  Co., 

1106    Boylston  Street,  and  the  Walker 

Lithograph  &  Publishing  Co., 

.Wb  to  402  Newbiirv  Street 


George  II.  Walker  estahli.-^hed  l)u>ine.ss 
headquarters  at  Eo.ston  in  1878  and  founded 
and  developed  the  two  companies  of  which 
lie  is  now  president.  \\'alker-Gordon  Milk 
Lahoraliiries  ami  depot  are  ulcerated  in  Bos- 
ton, New  York,  Philadelphia,  lialtimore, 
Cleveland,  Detroit,  St.  Louis,  Washington, 
Lrooklyn,  Atlantic  City,  Jer.sey  City,  Lake- 
wood,  Princeton.  Trenton,  West  I-lnd,  and 
London,  England. 

\\'alker-Gor(lon  Alilk  is  alwaxs  pro- 
duced from  cows  ownetl  and  cared  for  l.)y 
this  company.  It  is  clean,  safe,  uniform  and 
unchanged.  AX'alker-Gordon  ^Modified  Milk 
is  one  of  many  thousands  of  coml)ina- 
tions  of  milk  constituents  alwa\s  made 
from  \\'alker-(rordtin  Milk  on  ph\-sicians' 
prescriptions  onlv. 

The  Walker  Lithograph  &  I'uhlishing  Co. 
is  fully  equipi)ed  with  modern  machinery 
for  all  kinds  of  printing.  Mr.  Walker  is 
now  erecting  a  fireproof  building,  388  to 
394  Xewhury  Street,  to  i)rovi(le  for  the  in- 
creasing demands   on  the   pulilishing  plant. 


WALKER-CORDON    LABORATORY    CO. 


Farms  in  New  Jersey,  2200  acres,  half  way  between  New  York  and  Philadelphia,  where  Walker-Gordon  Milk 

is  produced  for  delivery  in  .New  York,  Philadeli>hia,  and  the  New  Jersey  shore  resorts. 

Princeton  College  Buildings  and  Carnegie  Lake  showing  in  the  distance 


SOcS 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


FRANCIS  S. 

The  dairy  business  conducted  by  Francis 
S.  Cummings  in  West  Somerville,  which  has 
grown  to  large  proportions  under  his  per- 


SILAS    L.    CUMMINGS 
WHO    ESTABLISHED    THE    CUMMINGS    DAIRY    IN    1872 

sonal  supervision,  was  established  in  1872 
by  his  father,  Silas  L.  Cummings,  in  East 
Lexington.  Francis  S.  Cummings  was  born 
in  Lexington,  June  i,  1880,  and  after  at- 
tending the  public  schools.  High  School  and 
a  business  college,  became  associated  with 
his  father  in  1900.  The  Inisiness  was  re- 
moved to  Davis  Square,  and  the  father  dving 
in  1909,  Mr.  Cummings  assumed  full  con- 
trol of  the  plant.  One  wagon  was  ade- 
quate for  delivery  in  1872  and  when  the 
founder  died,  four  were  being  used.  At  the 
present  time  15  wagons  and  two  trucks  are 
necessar}-,  and  this  large  increase  is  directly 
the  result  of  Mr.  Cumming's  personal  ef- 
forts. Outgrowing  his  old  quarters,  he 
erected  a  commodious  plant  at  534  Boston 
Avenue,  opposite  Tufts  College  station,  in 
191 5,  and  installed  the  most  modern  appa- 


CUMMINGS 

ratus  for  scientific  sterilization  and  the 
handling  of  the  product  along  approved 
hygienic  lines.  Mr.  Cummings  obtains  his 
milk  from  White  Mountain  farms,  one  of 
the  best  milk  producing  sections  in  New 
England,  noted  for  its  fine  grass,  good  spring 
water  and  germless  air.  The  milk  comes  to 
the  Tufts  College  plant  by  the  fastest  trains 
on  the  B.  &  M.  Railroad,  which  insures  abso- 
lutely pure  milk  to  the  consumer.  Mr.  Cum- 
mings is  a  Mason,  belonging  to  the  Somer- 
ville Blue  Lodge,  Chapter,  Council  and  the 
Coeur  de  Lion  Commandery  of  Charlestown. 
He  also  holds  membership  in  the  Aleppo 
Temple,  A.  A.  O.  N.  M.  S.,  and  the  Odd  Fel- 
lows fraternity.  He  is  treasurer  of  the  Lan- 
caster Milk  Co.,  organized  to  secure  fast 
service  in  the  transportation  of  milk  from 
producing  centres  to  distribution  plants. 
Mr.  Cummings  is  of  old  New  England  an- 


cestr\-, 


being  descended    from   Isaac   Cum- 


mings, the  founder  of  the  family  in  Amer- 
ica, who  settled  at  Iiiswich  in  1630. 


FRANCIS    S.    CUMMINGS 
PRESENT    OWNER    OF    THE    CUMMINGS    DAIRY 


THE    BOOK    OF    IK)STOX 


509 


DAIRY    AND    PAjT  LL  KIZINo     PLAN  I     Ml-     hKA.NCls 


New  England  is  the  great  paper-manu- 
facturing district,  and  Boston  is  the  office 
and  seHing  centre  for  most  of  the  big  con- 
cerns in  that  Inisiness  in  the  Northeast.  The 
city  also  has  a  very  heavy  jobbing  trade, 
with  sales  all  over  the  United  States.  Ex- 
porting is  carried  on  to  some  extent,  too, 
particularly  to  England.  Some  of  the  larg- 
est firms  in  the  United  States,  making  fine 
book  and  plate  paper  are  in  Boston,  and 
many  people  are  employed  in  this  industry. 

It  is  only  natural  that  Boston,  which  has 
so  long  held  enn'nent  place  in  the  intellectual 
progress  of  the  countr}-,  should  be  promi- 
nently engaged  in  the  publishing  of  school 
books.  It  is,  in  fact,  one  of  the  greatest 
centres  of  that  business  in  the  Union,  and 
in  the  publishing  of  books  for  the  higher 
grades  Boston  certainly  leads  at  the  present 
time. 


The  pre-eminence  that  Boston  has  ob- 
tained in  the  business  of  publishing  and  sell- 
ing books,   is  the  natural  result  of  having 


OLD    SHIP    CHURCH    AT    HINCHAM,    BUILT    1680 
ON    ROUTE    OF    THE    BAY    STATE    STREET    RAILWAY' 

within  and  arnund  her  bnundaries,  men 
whose  names  stanil  at  the  head  of  the  au- 
thors of  America.  Boston's  publications, 
both  book  and  periodical,  have  from  the 
early  d.ays  of  the  first  settlement  been  among 
the  foremost  in  the  countrv. 


510 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


H.    P.  HOOD   &   SONS 


Any  work  attempting  t(i  show  Boston's 
progress,  in  the  last  half  century,  would  be 
incomplete  without  reference  to  the  efforts 
of  H.  P.  Hood  &  Sons  to  give  the  city  a 
"germless  milk."  As  conceded  by  scien- 
tists, the  cow  is  a  producer  of  bacilli,  and 


The  business  of  H.  P.  Hood  &  Sons  was 
founded  by  H.  P.  Hood,  who  nearly  a 
quarter  of  a  century  ago  collected  milk  in 
Derry,  New  Hampshire,  and  shipped  it  to 
Boston  dealers.  The  output  was  about  a 
carload  a  day  and  the  product  of  an  indiffer- 


FOUNDER    AND    PRESENT    OFFICERS    OF    H.    P.    HOOD    &    SONS 


milk  an  effective  germ  carrier,  contributing 
largely  to  adult  ailments  and  infantile  mor- 
tality. By  the  "Hood  method,"  as  per- 
fected by  seventy  years  of  scientific  research, 
the  danger  lurking  in  this  household  neces- 
sity has  been  eliminated  and  the  work  of 
the  city's  inspectors  made  easy. 


ent  character,  there  being  no  scientific  super- 
vision at  that  time.  Despite  the  founder's 
limited  capital,  the  business  developed  rap- 
idly, and  with  the  increase  came  a  deter- 
mination to  improve  quality,  with  the  result 
that  the  intervening  years  have  been  narked 
by  "Hood's"  leadership  in  every  movement 


THE    lU")OK    OF    BOSTON 


51 T 


to  obtain  pnrity.  Tlie  work  of  improve- 
ment was  slow  and  toilsome.  It  began  with 
the  physical  examination  of  the  cow,  the 
feed  antl  tlie  care  in  the  pasture  ami  the 
provision  made  for  winter  keep.  The  clean- 
liness of  stable  and  stalls  was  also  consid- 
ered, and  only  choice  farms,  rich  in  pastur- 
age and  notable  for  good  healthy  stock, 
were  selected  for  the  supply.  Then  labora- 
tories were  established  where  methodical 
testing  was  done,  and  the  Hood  company 
became  the  pioneers  in  making  bacteriologi- 
cal and  chemical  tests — methods  that  have 
since  been  adopted  by  every  progressive  city 
in  the  country.  It  was  the  first  company  to 
adopt  a  thorough  system  of  cleaning,  scour- 
ing and  sterilizing  cans,  bottles  and  all  other 
receptacles,  and  also  the  first  tn  use  the 
hygienic  carrier,  which  is  filled  and  capped 
by  automatic  machinery  and  goes  into  the 
home  absolutely  clean  and  free  from  jxillu- 
tion.  When  scientists  discovered  that  milk 
was  ofttimes  laden  with  Ijacteria  and  pro- 
duced epidemics  oi  t\phoid  and  scarlet 
fever,  "Hood's"  met  the  situation  Ijy  in- 
stalling a  complete  pasteurizing  plant,  and 
this  method  is  always  used  in  treating  its 
products  without  extra  cost  to  the  consumer. 
Every  measure  has  been  taken  to  safeguard 
the  public.  The  Hood  stations,  which  are 
models  of  cleanliness,  are  always  open  to  the 
public  for  inspection  and  the  salesmen  are 
awarded  premiums  for  personal  tidiness  and 
habits  and  for  the  care  of  the  horses  and 
wagons  used  in  the  delivery  service.  The 
company  also  organized  a  shareholding  plan 
for  employees.  The  stock,  with  a  par  value 
of  ten  dollars,  has  voting  power  and  is  re- 
deemable at  an  increase  of  twenty-five  per 
cent,  in  case  of  the  death  of  the  holder. 
The  organization  has  a  council  made  up  of 
representative  route  salesmen  fmm  the  vari- 
ous stations  and  three  members  selected 
by  the  company.  The  Council  meets  each 
month  for  the  adjustment  of  matters  af- 
fecting the  employees  and  the  corporation. 
Its  findings  are  submitted  t(j  the  Board  of 
Directors  for  final  action. 

H.  P.  Hood  &  Sons  have  been  awarded 
nineteen  certificates  of  (|uality  at  difi^erent 


dair\nien's  exhil)iti<)ns  for  excellence  of 
milk,  cream  and  butter  jjroduced  and 
handled.  The  officers  of  the  company,  un- 
(juesti<inal)ly  the  largest  producers  and  dis- 
tributors of  certified  milk  in  New  England, 
are  Charles  H.  Hood,  president  and  treas- 
urer, Edward  J-  Hood,  vice-president,  and 
Gilbert  H.  Hood,  secretary.  The  ofiices  and 
plant  are  located  at  494  Rutherford  Avenue, 
Boston. 


One  hundred  million  pounds  of  fish  are 
handled  in  Boston  every  year.  The  industry 
employs  thousands  of  persons  and  in\nlves 
millions  of  dollars  per  annum. 

ALBERT  OILMAN  BARBER 

Albert  G.  Barl)er,  ])resident  of  the  Globe 
Optical  Co.  and  treasurer  of  the  Globe  Ear- 
phone Co.,  both  of  which  he  founded,  was 
born  at  Epping,  N. 
H.,  July  18,  1857, 
and  was  educated 
at  E  p  ])  i  n  g  an  d 
Athol,  Mass.,  grad- 
uating from  the 
High  School  in 
1873.  After  learn- 
ing the  optical  busi- 
ness y\r.  Barljer 
opened  a  wholesale 
house  in  Boston  in 
1889,  and  his  vari- 
ous enterprises  ha\'e 
grown  from  this 
beginning.  Mr. 
Barber  is  of  old 
New  England  ancestry,  the  American 
branch  of  the  family  being  established  at 
Dover,  N.  H.,  about  1650,  by  Robert  Bar- 
ber. He  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  Fra- 
ternity, the  Methodist  Social  Union,  and  is 
chairman  of  the  Selectmen  of  North  Read- 
in"-,  where  he  resides. 


ALBERT    G.    BARBER 


The  first  bank  in  America  was  established 
in  Boston.  It  began  a  three  years'  course 
in  1686,  and  loaned  money  on  real  and  per- 
sonal estate  and  imperishable  merchandise^ 


512 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


BOSTON,  REVERE  BEACH  &  LYNN  R.  R. 


One  of  the  greatest  factors  in  the  de- 
velopment of  the  suburban  sections  lying 
contiguous  to  Boston,  is  the  Boston,  Revere 
Beach  &  Lynn  R.  R.  The  company  operates 
less  than  fourteen  miles  of  road  on  its  Lynn 
and  Winthrop  lines,  yet  it  touches  twenty 
residential  sections  which  the  company  has 
made  populous  by  efficient  service  and  low 
rates.  The  road  is  narrow  gauge  and  this 
makes  for  economy  in  operation ;  as  cars 
and  locomotives  are  lighter  a  longer  life  to 
rails  and  bridges  is  assured. 

The  president  of  the  company  is  Melvin 
O.  Adams,  and  the  superintendent  is  John 
A.  Fenno.  These  officials  are  constantly 
planning  improvements  that  will  insure 
economv  and  efficiencv  and  the  road  is  there- 
fore an  example  of  intense  growth  and  a 
specimen  of  railroad  operation  that  war- 
rants close  study. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Massachusetts  Public 
Service  Commission,  at  which  a  question  of 


consolidation  arose,  residents  along  the  line 
requested  that  the  "Narrow  Gauge"  should 
not  be  compelled  to  enter  any  consolidation 
and  should  not  be  permitted  to  do  so.  They 
stated  that  they  were  content  with  the  serv- 
ice and  did  not  want  to  risk  the  loss  of 
its  present  efficiency.  This  request  is  the 
strongest  testimonial  ever  given  to  the 
management  of  a  railroad  in  this  country. 
The  terminals,  ticket  offices  and  rolling 
stock  of  the  company  are  kept  in  the  best  of 
condition  and  everything  possible  is  done 
for  the  comfort  of  its  patrons.  The  com- 
pany's generosity  and  fair  dealing  are  at- 
tested by  the  absence  of  strikes,  the  long 
years  of  service  of  many  employees  and  the 
fact  that  wages  have  on  several  occasions 
Ijeen  voluntarily  raised. 

The  company  also  operates  the  Point 
Shirley  Street  Railway  which  gives  Win- 
throp a  good  local  service. 


THE 
BOOK  OF  BOSTON 


Fifty    Years'   Recollections  of  the   New  England  Metropolis 


CHAPTER   XXI 

BOSTON'S  FISHING  INDUSTRY 

Tracing   the   Growth    and  Denelopment  of  a  Great   Source  of   New   England's 

Wealth — Contrasts  and  Changes  in  Handling  the  Products  of  the  Sea — 

The  New  England  Fish   Company 

B\'  Frederick  Roche 


INCE  to  Boston  belongs 
the  honor  of  having  been 
the  first  fishing  port  of  the 
United  States,  it  is  but  fit- 
ting that  Boston  today 
should  take  her  place  as 
the  greatest  fishing  port  in  the  world.  Long 
before  she  was  known  for  the  proverl)ial 
baked  beans,  Boston  was  famed  for  her 
sacred  codfish.  The  development  of  her 
fisheries  has  been  somewhat  slower  than 
that  of  her  other  industries,  for  although 
the  city  and  State  have  enjoyed  their  grow- 
ing prosperity,  they  have  done  little  to  aid 
in  their  advancement. 

To  find  the  beginning  of  this,  from  a 
lavman's  point  of  view  perhaps  the  most 
interesting  of  all  Boston's  industries,  one 
must  go  back  almost  into  the  age  of  fable. 
In  those  remote  times  when  the  redskin  was 
the  sole  citizen  of  the  city,  the  Indian 
doubtless  caught  cod  and  haddock  in  Bos- 
ton Bay  and  traded  it  with  his  fellows  for 
tobacco  and  corn.  At  any  rate  there  is  no 
question  that  the  earliest  settlers  did  so, 
and  fish  was  one  of  the  principal  foods  of 
their  tables. 

Cargoes  of  cod  and  haddock,  caught  not 
so  very  far  out  in  tiie  l)ay,  were  shipped  to 
England.  Exactly  when  fisliing  l)egan  to 
be  a  recognized  trade  in  the  Hub  is  one  of 
the  many  points  which  history  has  neg- 
lected to  clironicle.  Very  early,  indeed, 
however,  numerous  fishermen  used  to  hook 


fish  from  small  l)oats  off  Nahant,  and 
bring  them  to  the  docks  at  Charlestown, 
where  they  were  offered  for  sale. 

In  these  da\s  the  fisherman  was  also  the 
fish  merchant.  After  catching  the  fish,  he 
sold  them  at  retail  from  his  craft.  In  win- 
ter he  carted  his  wares  a  short  distance  into 
the  country,  peddling  them  from  house  to 
house  in  a  hand  cart,  and  occasiijnally  in 
warm  weather  he  carted  salted  fish  a1)out 
in  the  same  manner.  All  manner  of  fish 
were  plentiful,  and  as  the  men  did  not  have 
to  go  out  of  sight  of  land  to  catch  them, 
small  boats  were  used  entirely. 

Finally,  however,  local  shore  waters 
ceased  to  give  up  so  abundant  a  supply,  and 
oliliged  to  seek  further  aseas,  the  men  began 
to  use  larger  boats.  The  scjuare-nosed  lug- 
ger, slow  but  safe,  became  the  type  of  ves- 
sel most  in  use,  and  the  fishermen  started 
to  frequent  Jeffries  Bank,  ]\Iiddlebank, 
Georges  Banks,  and  the  South  Channel, 
grounds  which  have  continued  fertile  to  the 
present  day. 

Boston  really  l)egan  as  the  centre  of  the 
fresh  fish  trade  in  1835,  when  for  the  first 
time  in  its  history  a  wholesale  fish  house  was 
opened  here.  The  store,  owned  by  Hol- 
brook.  Smith  &  Co..  was  opened  on  Long 
\Miarf,  and  thither  the  adventurous  spirits 
who  had  invested  in  vessels,  and  dared  the 
elements  to  venture  further  afloat  than  the 
edges  of  the  har1)or,  l)rought  their  catches 
for  sale. 


514 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


Ice  was  not  used  in  connection  with  the 
industry,  and  fish  continued  to  be  sold 
fresli  in  winter  and  salt  in  suninier.  The 
lone  wholesale  firm  did  a  thriving  business, 
however,  and  it  was  not  long  before  it  had 
a  competitor.  Moving  to  a  wooden  shack 
on  Commercial  Wharf  in  1838,  the  firm 
soon  found  itself  surrounded  by  a  number 
of  other  concerns. 

Isaac  Rich,  who  began  life  as  a  peddler 
of  salt  fish  and  ended  as  a  millionaire,  and 
others,  came  into  the  business.  Frequently 
they  cast  longing  glances  at  the  great  stone 
structure  on  the  pier.  At  this  time,  how- 
ever, the  fine  big  warehouse  was  deemetl 
far  too  good  for  the  fish  business,  and  their 
glances  were  cast  in  vain. 

Competition  increasing  to  the  point  where 
time  was  money,  the  dealers,  each  wishing 
to  be  on  hand  to  outbid  the  (ither  when  a 
trip  of  fish  came  in,  slept  on  the  wharf,  and 
lantern  in  hand  made  several  trips  nighth' 
down  to  the  end  of  the  pier,  to  scan  the  har- 
bor in  search  of  a  sail. 

Statisticians  of  these  times  had  other 
things  to  figure  about  than  the  number  of 
craft  in  the  fishing  fleet  or  the  size  and 
value  of  their  catches.  On  the  other  hand 
men  today  engaged  in  the  fish  business  can 
remember  back  to  these  days  on  Commer- 
cial Wharf  and  bear  negative  evidence  to 
the  effect  that  sometimes  weeks  went  by 
withotit  any  fish  at  all  coming  in. 

Cramped  for  room  in  the  row  of  wooden 
shacks,  the  dealers  came  together  in  1884,. 
and,  despite  the  keen  competition  which 
existed  between  them,  managed  to  remain 
harmonious  long  enough  to  form  an  or- 
ganization to  lease  T  \Miarf. 

Grave  were  the  doubts  as  to  the  success 
of  so  great  a  venture,  and  many  the  pessi- 
mists who  predicted  failure  in  ^y  varieties. 
John  Burns  bid  for  the  first  store  on  the 
pier  and  got  it.  New  buildings  were  erected 
to  suit  the  needs  of  the  fish  dealers,  and 
still  trembling  at  their  own  daring  they 
moved.  They  remained  there  f(.)r  thirty 
years,  and  instead  of  failing  grew  until  they 
outgrew  their  "palatial"  cjua.rters  once  more. 
T  Wharf  became  known  from  one  end  of 


the  land  to  the  other  as  the  great  fresh  fish 
pier  of  the  country.  It  was  one  of  Boston's 
shfjw  places,  although,  it  must  be  confessed, 
not  always  a  sight  for  the  gods. 

The  fishing  fleet  grew  larger,  and  the  tj'pe 
of  vessel  most  in  use  became  the  swift 
schooner.  Thomas  F.  McWanus,  the  yacht 
designer,  and  others,  put  their  brains  to 
work,  and  the  result  was  the  present  type 
of  knockabout,  built  like  a  fine  private  yacht. 
Of  late  years  auxiliary  gasoline  engines 
have  l)een  placed  in  most  of  the  boats. 

^Vhile  the  type  of  vessel  has  changed,  and 
the  type  oi  fisherman,  too.  for  todav  in- 
stead of  the  native  of  New  England  or  the 
young  Irish  immigrant,  it  is  men  from  the 
British  Maritime  Provinces  and  the  Azores 
and  Italy  who  catch  our  fish,  there  has  been 
suprisingly  little  change  in  the  methods  of 
fishing. 

That  daring  adventurer,  the  fisherman, 
still  leaves  his  vessel,  in  a  dory,  to  set  his 
man}-hooked  trawl  line,  and  he  is  as  care- 
less of  his  life  today  as  were  his  ancestors 
of  years  ago.  A  few  vessels  have  adopted 
the  scheme  of  fishing  with  a  single  line  hung 
over  the  vessel's  cjuarter.  and  in  mackerel- 
ing,  of  course,  .the  seine  is  used.  But 
ground  fishing  is  stilldone  in  the  way  of  the 
ancients. 

In  1905  the  Bay  State  Fishing  Company 
put  into  operation  here  ■  the  first  of  what 
has  developed  into  a  good-sized  fleet  of 
steam  trawlers,  a  vessel  previously  confined 
to  the  European  fisheries.  Fishing  with  a 
huge'  heavy  net  which  is  operated  by  ma- 
chinery to  sweep  the  sea  and  gather  up 
everything  including  vegetation  and  tin 
cans,  this  mode  of  fishing  is  far  less  dan- 
gerous than  that  used  Iiy  the  ordinary  men. 
Its  introduction  met  with  a  storm  of  protest 
from  the  "regular"  fishermen.  It  has 
proven  a  success  financially,  however,  and 
seems  doomed  to  stay  with  us. 

IMeantime  the  most  important  change 
effected  in  the  wholesale  fish  business  had 
taken  place  on  T  Wharf,  when  in  1908  the 
following  dealers  held  a  meeting  and  or- 
ganized the  New  England  Fish  Exchange : 
John  R.  Neal,  Benjamin  F.  Rich,  Christo- 


THE    BOOK    OP^    BOSTON 


.■^l,-> 


pher  J.  Whitman,  William  J.  O'Brien, 
.Vlhert  E.  Watts.  Maurice  P.  Shaw,  Her- 
bert F.  Phillips.  John  Burns,  Jr.,  Francis  J. 
O'Hara,  Jr.,  Alvin  G.  Baker,  aiul  Albert 
F.  Henry. 

Up  to  this  time  the  fish  ])ri>ught  t<i  ])iirt 
had  been  b(>UL;'ht  from  the  skippers  at  the 
capiog  of  the  pier,  the  bu_\ers  shouting  their 
bids  to  the  incoming  boat.  The  individual 
dealers  i)aid  when  they  gut  around  U>  it, 
and  the  skipper  delivered  his  fare  hap- 
hazard. 

The  I'^xchangc,  under  the  management  of 
^^'illiam  K.  Beardsle\-,  an  .\lban\'  Pailmad 


Wharf.  J  Jul  the  wharf  could  not  be  niatle 
any  larger  and  not  much  cleaner.  The 
Board  of  Health  objected  to  the  old  pier, 
and  finally  things  reached  the  point  where 
either  the  dealers  must  find  a  new  site  or 
give  up  the  fish  business. 

Cooperating  with  the  Conunonwealtli,  the 
dealers  formed  the  Boston  Fish  Market 
Corporation,  and  undertook  to  build  under 
the  super\-ision  of  State  engineers,  at  South 
Boston,  next  to  the  Commonwealth  Pier, 
the  biggest  and  most  sanitary  fish  pier  in 
the  world.  Jn  ]\larch.  1014,  the\'  moved 
into  their  new  quarters. 


BOSTON    FISH    PIKK 


man.  changed  all  this,  reducing  chaos  to 
system.  ]>idding  was  done,  as  it  is  done  to- 
day, within  specified  hours  on  the  floor  of 
the  Exchange.  The  skipper  gets  his  money 
from  the  Exchange  the  minute  he  accepts 
the  bid,  and  the  dealer  is  guaranteed  that  he 
will  get  the  fish  he  bought  in  the  condition 
contracted  for.  Thus  the  Exchange  put  the 
relations  between  the  wholesaler  and  the 
fisherman  on  a  business  basis. 

The  Boston  Wholesale  Fish  Dealers' 
Credit  Association,  organized  through  Mr. 
Beardsley  a  few  years  later,  has  placed  the 
dealings  of  the  retailers  and  wholesalers  011 
the  same  sound  basis. 

Business    continued    to    increase    at    T 


I'igures  are  tiresome.  Let  it  lie  enough 
that  the  pier  is  an  entire  city  in  itself.  At 
the  end  stands  the  Administration  Build- 
ing, where  the  Exchange  and  commission 
dealers  have  offices.  Up  the  pier  from  this 
in  two  long  parallel  rows  are  the  wholesale 
fish  stores.  They  are  each  three  stories 
high,  of  uniform  red  brick  with  stone  trim- 
mings. Thev  are  finished  inside  with  con- 
crete floors  and  water  pipes,  and  each  is 
equipped  with  a  special  fire  hose  outfit, 
which  is  used  nightly  to  flush  out  every  inch 
of  the  place. 

A  broad  avenue  in  the  centre  of  the  pier, 
between  the  rows  of  stores,  is  reserved  for 
teruning,    while   the   <iutside   spaces  between 


516 


THE    BOOK   OF   BOSTON 


the  stores  and  the  caplogs  are  used  for  un- 
loading the  fish.  Cleanliness  is  the  order  of 
the  day,  and  a  couple  of  special  policemen 
see  that  the  order  is  carried  out. 

At  the  head  of  the  pier  is  the  giant  plant 
of  the  Commonwealth  Ice  and  Cold  Storage 
Company,  where  ice  for  the  vessels  and 
stores  is  made  and  chopped,  and  where  the 
surplus  supply  of  fish  is  frozen. 

Along  Northern  Avenue  to  the  left  are 
two  more  rows  of  stores,  one  being  for  the 
use  of  the  oyster,  clam  and  lobster  dealers, 
and  the  other  for  the  bank,  restaurants, 
supply  houses,  and  other  small  merchants. 

Each  month  the  amount  of  fish  increases. 
On  the  other  hand  the  life  of  the  fisherman 
changes  little.  He  is  still  the  most  daring 
toiler  who  produces  any  food  product. 

ORSON  M.  ARNOLD 

Orson  M.  Arnold,  president  of  the  New 
England  Fish  Company,  was  born  in  Dux- 
Ijury  December  lo,  1844.     For  many  years 

he  was  engaged  in 
mackerel  seining, 
and  in  1878  became 
associated  with  G. 
C.  Richards  at  32 
Commercial 
Wharf.  Three  years 
later  he  organized 
the  firm  of  Arnold 
&  \\'insor,  which 
was  one  of  the 
twent3'-seven  firms 
to  lease  T  Wharf 
for  a  term  of  thirty 
years.  He  is  presi- 
dent of  the  Arnold 
&  \\"insor  Co.,  now 
located  at  14  and  44  Boston  Fish  Pier, 
director  in  the  Northwestern  Fisheries  Com- 
pany and  the  Canadian  Fish  &  Cold  Storage 
Co.  of  Vancouver,  B.  C.  ]\Ir.  Arnold  is  a 
member  of  all  the  IMasonic  bodies  of  the 
York  and  Scottish  Rites,  the  Odd  Fellows, 
A.  O.  U.  W.,  Aleppo  Temple,  and  the  Bos- 
ton Chamber  of  Commerce. 


ORSON    M.    ARNOLD 


THE  NEW  ENGLAND  FISH 
COMPANY 
As  early  as  1868  this  company  was  or- 
ganized for  the  purpose  of  systematizing 
and  improving  the  catching  of  halibut.  In 
1902  the  business  had  grown  so  large  that 
the  company  was  incorporated  and  its  main 
office  located  in  Boston,  at  the  lower  end 
of  the  New  Fish  Pier,  where  there  is  a  fine 
counting  house  and  a  splendidly  equipped 
directors'  room. 

W'ith  the  increased  demand  for  halibut 
and  the  immense  consumption  which  soon 
set  in,  it  became  necessary  to  go  further  and 
further  to  obtain  these  fish  and  when  they 
were  at  one  time  very  scarce  along  the 
Atlantic  Coast  our  fishing-vessels  were 
obliged  to  go  to  Greenland  and  even  to  Ice- 
land to  obtain  a  supply,  but  they  consumed  so 
much  time  in  going  and  returning  it  became 
needful  to  seek  some  other  source  of  supply. 
So  in  1893  the  Company  turned  its  atten- 
tion to  the  Pacific  coast.  In  1897  it  built 
the  steamer  "New  England"  at  a  cost  of 
some  $50,000,  and  sent  her  on  her  long 
journey  around  Cape  Horn  up  north  to 
Seattle. 

The  West  Coast  fishing  proved  a  success 
from  the  start.  In  1902  it  purchased  on  the 
stock  and  finished  building  the  steamer 
"Kingfisher,"  and  in  1906  it  built  the 
steamer  "Manhattan,"  both  of  which  were 
emploved  in  the  same  fisheries.  It  found  the 
1)anks  along  the  coast  teeming  with  halil)ut 
and  good  fares  were  readily  secured.  The 
fish  are  landed  at  Y'ancouver,  B.  C,  and 
lioxed  and  iced  and  shipped  b}'  the  Canadian 
Pacific  Railroad  across  the  continent  until 
it  gets  in  touch  with  some  New  England  rail- 
road, and  then  the  express  companj'  takes 
them  in  charge.  The  cost  for  transportation 
from  \^ancouver  to  Boston  is  three  cents  per 
pound.  Formerly  all  the  cars  came  through 
to  Boston,  Ijut  for  the  last  few  years  cars 
have  been  switched  off  for  New  York  as 
needed,  where  the  company  has  established  a 
branch  ofifice  with  George  H.  Case  in  charge. 
At  times  it  has  had  twenty  cars  en  route, 
averaging  25,000  pounds  to  the  car — so  some 
idea  of  the  quantity  of  fish  handled  can  be- 
gathered  from  this. 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


517 


Tlie  CDiniiuiiy  owns  and  maintains  three 
cold  storage  plants  on  the  Pacific  coast,  two 
of  them  being  among  the  largest  and  most 
modern  of  anything  in  this  country  or 
Canada.  On  account  of  shipping  so  many 
fish  across  the  continent  it  made  it  possible, 
with  the  carrying  of  the  Canadian  mails, 
for  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railroad  to  run 
its  trains,  on  which  are  proper  refrigeration 
cars.  The  cars  containing  these  fish  are 
hitched  to  a  fast  passenger  train,  thus  mak- 
ing the  trip  in  less  than  five  days  from  coast 
to  coast. 

At  the  time  of  the  incorporation  all  of 


the  Jjtjston  wholesale  fish  dealers  came  into 
the  company  and  a  dividend  is  now  declared 
on  the  stock.  Since  1906,  Orson  Arnold 
has  been  president,  and  A.  F.  Rich  treasurer, 
secretary  and  office  manager. 

The  New  England  Fish  Co.  has  been  a 
sheet  anchor  to  the  fish  business  of  the  port 
of  Boston  and  has  been  largely  instrumen- 
tal in  making  it  the  second  largest  fish  mart 
in  the  world. 

The  Boston  fish  pier  is  the  largest  in  the 
world  devoted  to  wholesale  fish  business.  It 
was  erected  by  the  State  at  a  cost  of  three 
million  dollars. 


ALBERT    FRANCIS    RICH 

Albert  F.  Rich,  who  is  one  of  the  oldest 
fish  merchants  on  the  Boston  Fish  Pier,  is 
in  addition  secretary,  treasurer  and  director 

of  the  New  Eng- 
land Fish  Co.  Mr. 
Rich  was  born  in 
Ouincy,  Mass., 
F  e  1)  r  u  a  r  \'  24. 
1 84 1,  and  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public 
schools.  After 
leaving  school  he 
followed  the  sea 
until  1S67,  when  he 
entered  the  whole- 
sale fish  business  on 
Commercial  \\'harf 
and  succeeded  the 
firm  of  Holbrook 
&  Smith  in  1868. 
The  Ijusiness  was  conducted  under  the  name 
of  A.  F.  Rich  &;  Co.,  although  ]\[r.  Rich  was 
the  sole  owner  until  the  admission  of  his 
son  to  the  business,  and  it  was  then  removed 
to  the  T  Wharf  and  conducted  there  for 
thirty  years.  The  firm  is  now  located  at  44 
Boston  Fish  I'ier.  yir.  Rich  is  a  member 
of  the  Boston  Fish  Market  Cor])oration, 
Abraham  Lincoln  Post  11,  G.  A.  R.,  the 
Odd  Fellows  and  the  Royal  Arcanum.  He 
is  also  past  president  of  the  Crand  Army 
Club  of  Massachusetts  and  the  lilackman 
Club. 


ALBERT    F.    RICH 


WILLIAM    K.    BEARDSLEY 

William  K.  Beardsley,  first  and  present 
manager  of  the  New  England  Fish  Ex- 
change, and  the  originator  and  present  man- 
ager of  the  Whole- 
sale Fish  Dealers" 
Credit  Association, 
was  born  in  Al- 
bany, N.  Y.,  June 
16,  1869.  He  re- 
ceived an  academic 
and  business  educa- 
tion in  the  institu- 
tions of  learning  in 
Albany,  after  which 
he  entered  commer- 
cial pursuits,  and 
was  connected  witli 
T.  M.  Hackett 
&  Co.,  at  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  and  the  N. 
Y.  C.  &  H.  R.  R.  R.  at  New  York  City. 
He  came  to  Boston  in  1902  as  an  office 
manager  for  A.  Booth  &  Co.  of  Chicago, 
and  in  1909  he  was  appointed  to  his  present 
position.  He  served  his  time  as  a  memlier 
of  the  71st  Regiment,  N.  G.  N.  Y.,  is  a 
member  of  the  Masonic  Fraternity  and  the 
Benevolent  Protective  Order  of  Elks.  He 
is  the  author  of  "Recipes  for  Sea  Food," 
jniblished  in  1913.  His  business  address  is 
the  Boston  Fish  Pier,  and  his  home  is  in 
Roslindale,  Mass. 


WILLIAM     K.     BEARDSLEY 


THE 
BOOK  OF  BOSTON 


Fifty    Years'  Recollections  of  the  New  England  Metropolis 


CHAPTER   XXII 


THE  CITY'S  AMUSEMENTS 


Playhouses  and  Players — Sports  and  Recreations 


HILE  the  laws  against  play- 
houses and  "play  actors" 
were  in  force  throughout 
the  Province  period  and 
after  establishment  of  the 
Commonwealth ;  and  the 
first  theatre  was  not  set  up  till  1792,  and  that 
disguised  under  the  innocent  title  of  "Moral 
Lectures,"  Boston  today  is  classed  a  leading 
city  in  playhouses.  Now  its  regular  thea- 
tres number  eleven,  its  vaudeville  houses 
seven,  and  its  "movies"  too  numerous  to 
count.  Its  prominence  as  a  theatre  centre 
is  due  in  nu  small  degree  to  its  situation — 
the  city  surrounded  by  smaller  cities  and 
towns,  thirty-six  of  them  within  a  radius  of 
twelve  miles  from  the  State  House — ■ 
Holmes"  "hub  of  the  solar  system" — that 
patronize  the  Boston  theatres,  for  which  the 
railroads  run  accommodating  theatre-trains 
nightly. 

For  the  opposition  to  the  establishment  of 
playhouses  and  the  hostility  to  players,  it  has 
been  the  custom  of  local  historians  to  hold 
Governor  Hancock  as  mainly  responsible, 
and  so  to  berate  him.  But  he  was  only  ex- 
ecuting the  law  as  he  found  it.  Doubtless 
he  was  in  sympathy  with  it,  and  his  indigna- 
tion was  genuine  when  the  play  actors  de- 
fied it,  and  he  referred  to  the  matter  in  his 
message  to  the  Legislature  and  shut  up  their 
house.  This  first  playhouse  was  "The  New 
Exhibition  Room,"  an  old  stable  on  Board 
Alley,  now  Hawley  Street,  roughly  remod- 
elled for  theatrical  purposes;  and  its  open- 
ing performance  was  on  the  evening  of 
August  ten,  1792.  The  law  against  "stage 
plays  and  other  theatrical  entertainments" 


was  first  enacted  in  1750,  and  re-enacted  in 
1784.  It  was  impelled  originally  by  the  per- 
formance, in  the  early  part  of  1750,  by  a 
"company  of  gentlemen,"  two  English  ac- 
tors and  local  volunteers,  of  Otway's  "Or- 
phan :  or  Unhappy  Marriage,"  given  in  the 
British  Coffee  House,  on  King  Street. 
During  the  siege,  Faneuil  Hall  was  con- 
verted into  a  temporary  playhouse  by  the 
British  officers,  assisted  by  a  "Society  for 
Promoting  Theatrical  Amusement,"  com- 
posed of  Royalist  citizens  who  remained  in 
the  beleaguered  town,  and  several  plays  were 
performed  by  soldiers  as  actors.  One  play, 
at  least,  was  original  and  on  a  local  theme : 
"The  Blockade  of  Boston,"  written  by  Gen- 
eral Burgoyne;  it  is  related  that  its  perform- 
ance was  interrupted  by  the  sudden  appear- 
ance at  the  door  of  a  sergeant  with  the 
report  that  "the  Yankees  are  attacking  our 
works  at  Charlestown,"  and  that  the  officers 
were  ordered  to  their  posts. 

The  first  performance  of  the  Board-Alley 
Theatre  was  given  in  the  guise  of  "A  Moral 
Lecture"  by  a  band  of  London  comedians 
under  the  management  of  Joseph  Harper,  a 
member  of  the  company  of  Hallam  &  Henry, 
who  had  successfully  established  playhouses 
in  New  York  and  Philadelphia.  Samuel 
Adams  Drake,  in  his  "Old  Landmarks," 
preserved  the  bill  fur  this  opening  night.  It 
offered :  first,  an  exhibition  of  "Dancing  on 
the  Tight  Rope,  by  Monsieurs  Placide  and 
Martin.  IMons.  Placide  will  dance  a  Horn- 
pipe on  a  Tight  Rope,  play  the  \^iolin  in 
various  attitudes,  and  jump  over  a  cane 
Iiackwards  and  forwards."  There  was  to 
follow  an  "Introductory  Address,"  by  Mr. 


THE    BOOK   OP^    BOSTON 


519 


Harper;  "singing  by  Air.  Wools";  and  more 
"feats  of  tumbling  Ity  Mons.  Placiile  and 
jMartin,  who  ^\■ill  make  somersetts  back- 
wards over  a  tal)le,  chair,  &c. ;  Mons.  Mar- 
tin will  exhi])it  several  feats  on  the  Slack 
Rope."  "In  the  course  of  the  Evening's  En- 
tertainment," Mr.  Harper  was  to  deliver 
"The  Gallery  of  Portraits,  or  the  \Vorld  as 
it  Goes"  ;  and  the  show  was  to  conclude  with 
"A  Dancing  Ballet  called  The  Bird  Catcher, 
with  the  Minuet  de  la  Cour  and  the  Gavot." 
The  success  of  this  first  performance  em- 
boldened the  players,  and  further  "Lectures" 
were  given  of  some  of  the  best-known  plays 
of  the  day.  Thus  Otway's  "Venice  Pre- 
served," in  "Moral  Lectures  in  five  parts," 
in  which  "the  dreadful  effects  of  conspiracy 
will  be  exemplified,  "  was  announced;  Gar- 
rick's  "Lethe,"  as  a  "Satirical  Lecture,"  by 
Mr.  Watts  and  Mrs.  Solomon ;  Shakespere's 
plays  in  the  same  slender  disguise.  At 
length,  after  unsuccessful  efforts  to  procure 
an  indictment  against  the  enterprise  from 
the  grand  jury,  a  warrant  was  obtained  for 
the  arrest  of  Harper  and  others  of  the  com- 
pany.    On  the  evening  of  December  fifth, 


1702,  in  the  midst  of  a  performance  of  one 
of  Shakespere's  "Aloral  Lectures,"  the 
Sheriff  appeared  on  the  stage  and  put 
Harper,  wh(i  was  costumed  for  and  deliver- 
ing the  jiart,  under  arrest.  The  audience, 
for  the  most  part,  evidently,  in  sympathy 
with  the  actors,  raised  a  tumult.  A  portrait 
of  Hancock  which  had  adorned  the  stage- 
box,  with  the  state  arms,  was  torn  from  its 
place,  and  portrait  and  arms  trampled  under 
foot.  At  a  hearing  the  next  day,  in  Faneuil 
Hall,  the  prisoner  was  defended  by  Harri- 
son Gray  Otis,  who,  nevertheless,  supported 
the  prohibitory  law,  and  his  discharge  ob- 
tained through  a  technicality.  Thereafter 
the  theatre  was  reopened,  and  its  perform- 
ances continued  at  intervals  without  further 
interruption  till  the  Spring  of  1793,  when 
the  movement  for  the  erection  of  Boston's 
first  substantial  theatre,  a  Bulfinch  design, 
was  advancing.  Then  the  first,  Board-Alley, 
playhouse  was  abandoned. 

It  must  have  been  a  most  inviting  play- 
house, this  first  substantial  theatre,  of  Bul- 
finch's  design.  It  was  fashioned  after  the 
London  theatres.* 


*  At  this  point  the  editor's  hand  relaxed.  The  pen 
which  had  been  his  faithful  friend  for  fifty  years  of 
newspaper  and  literary  work  was  laid  down  forever. 


520 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


THE  LATE  EDWIN  M.  BACON 

Boston  Newspaper  Comments  upon  the  Lamented  Death  of  Edwin  M.  Bacon, 
THE  Editor  of  This  Book,  Which  Occurred  on   February  24,    1916 


THE  POST 

Edwin  M.  Bacon,  71,  veteran  anther  and 
former  editor  of  the  Post,  died  last  night 
at  his  home,  36  Pinckney  Street,  after  a 
Hngering  illness. 

Edwin  Munroe  Bacon's  journalistic 
career  was  in  that  literary  period  of  Boston 
often  referred  to  as  its  "golden  age."  He 
was  born  in  Providence  on  October  20, 
1844,  the  son  of  a  Universalist  minister. 
After  a  limited  course  in  the  schools  of 
Providence  and  Philadelphia  he  was  gradu- 
ated from  an  academy  kept  by  James  L. 
Stone  in  Foxboro. 

When  nineteen  years  of  age  he  began  his 
newspaper  career  as  a  reporter  for  the  Bos- 
ton Daily  Advertiser,  under  Charles  Hale. 
After  a  few  years  he  went  to  Chicago 
to  take  charge  of  the  Illustrated  Nezvs. 
Thomas  Nast  was  one  of  his  associates  on 
this  publication. 

From  Chicago,  when  the  Nci^'s  suspended 
publication,  Mr.  Bacon  returned  East  to 
New  York,  where  he  became  first  night  edi- 
tor and  later  managing  editor  of  the  Times. 
His  work  there  was  under  the  direction  of 
the  founder,  Henry  J.  Raymond,  and  the 
late  S.  S.  Conant. 

In  1872  he  returned  to  Boston  because 
of  ill  health  and  again  became  connected 
with  the  Advertiser.  After  a  year  on  this 
publication  he  went  to  the  Boston  Globe 
as  managing  editor.  He  remained  in  this 
position  five  years,  and  in  1878  again  re- 
turned to  the  Advertiser  as  managing  edi- 
tor. He  held  this  position  till  1883,  when 
he  was  made  editor-in-chief. 

In  1886  he  came  to  the  Post  as  editor-in- 
chief,  holding  the  position  till  1891.  In 
1897  he  became  editor  of  the  Time  and  the 
Hour,  remaining  there  till  1900.  During 
all  the  years  of  his  work  in  Boston  he  was 
correspondent  for  New  York  papers  and  the 
Springfield  Repiiblieaii. 

He  was  also  the  author  of  various  vol- 


umes and  historical  works  relating  to  Bos- 
ton and  New  England.  Among  these  were 
"Boston  Ilkistrated,"  "Bacon's  Dictionary 
of  Boston,"  "Boston  of  Today,"  "Walks 
and  Rides  in  the  Country  Round  About 
Boston,"  "Historic  Pilgrimages  in  New 
England,"  "Literary  Pilgrimages  in  New 
England,"  "Boston :  a  Guide  Book,"  and 
"The  Connecticut  River  and  the  Valley  of 
the  Connecticut." 

His  last  literary  work  was  "Rambles 
Around  Boston,"  published  last  year,  pre- 
vious to  which  a  series  of  reminiscences  of 
notable  men  associated  with  journalism  in 
Boston  appeared  in  the  Post  in  1914.  For 
the  past  year  he  had  been  in  failing  health, 
but  was  not  taken  seriously  ill  till  a  couple 
of  months  ago.  He  is  survived  by  a  wife 
and  daughter. 

Editorial 

A  rare  soul  passed  away  from  earth  in 
the  death  of  Edwin  M.  Bacon.  He  was  one 
of  our  New  England  people  whose  impulse 
was  toward  the  higher  ideals  of  that  civili- 
zation for  which  we  stand,  and  whose  whole 
career  was  characterized  by  a  loft)-  pur- 
pose for  its  development. 

In  his  work  in  journalism  Mr.  Bacon 
manifested  a  purpose  of  practical  idealism. 
Entering  this  profession  at  an  early  age 
and  continuing  until  his  services  were  in 
demand  for  the  conduct  of  leading  news- 
papers in  New  York  and  in  Boston,  he  took 
place  at  the  head ;  in  his  chosen  line  of  work 
he  represented  the  ethical  force  which  is 
now  recognized  as  the  basis  of  newspaper 
production  today. 

Air.  Bacon  was  infused  with  the  New 
England  spirit.  His  frequent  additions  to 
the  literature  of  our  history  are  character- 
istic. Thev  show  not  only  the  inspiration 
of  inherited  love  for  the  soil,  but  that  of 
the  most  careful  investigation.     Boston  and 


Till-:    IU)()K    OF    BOSTON 


521 


New  England  owe  mueh  to  the  record  which 
he  has  made,  in  his  jnihHslied  \cihinies,  of 
their  intimate  history. 

As  a  man  among  men,  he  was  honored  h\' 
all  who  knew  him,  genial,  straightforward, 
bearing  modestly  his  honors.     \ale! 

THE  TRANSCRIPT 
Edwin  Munroe  Bacon,  author,  and  for 
many  years  one  of  the  most  prominent 
newspaper  men  of  Boston,  died  Thurs(la>- 
night  at  his  home,  36  Pinckney  Street.  He 
was  seventy-one  years  old.  For  the  past 
3'ear  he  had  been  in  failing  health,  but  was 
not  taken  seriously  ill  till  al)out  two  months 
ago.  At  various  times  in  his  career  Mr. 
Bacon  was  editor-in-chief  of  the  Boston  Ad- 
vertiser, the  Boston  Globe,  and  the  Boston 
Post,  and  had  been  connected  with  other 
newspapers.  Of  late  he  had  been  editor  of 
the  "Book  of  Boston,"'  with  an  office  at  112 
Water  Street. 

Mr.  Bacon  was  born  in  Providence,  R.  L, 
October  20,  1844,  the  son  of  Henry  Bacon 
and  Eliza  Ann  (Munroe)  Bacon.  His 
father  (the  son  of  Robert  Bacon  of  an  early 
Cape  Cod  family)  was  a  Universalist 
clergyman  and  editor,  who  died  in  Philadel- 
phia when  his  son  was  twelve  years  old. 
Mr.  Bacon  came  of  old  English  and  Scotch 
ancestr}',  and  on  his  mother's  side  was  a 
descendant  of  William  Munroe  of  Scot- 
land, who  settled  in  Lexington  in  1660. 
Later  memljers  of  this  family  fought  in  the 
battle  on  Lexington  Green,  at  the  beginning 
of  the  Revolutionary  war. 

^fr.  Bacon's  early  education  was  gained 
in  i)rivate  schools  in  Providence,  Philadel- 
phia and  in  Boston,  finishing  at  a  private 
school  in  Foxboro  (of  which  James  L. 
Stone  was  principal)  where  young  men 
were  fitted  for  college.  \\"ell  prepared  for 
college,  Mr.  Bacon  decided  not  to  enter,  but 
to  begin  at  once  a  literary  career,  first  en- 
gaging in  newspaper  work  at  the  age  of 
nineteen,  when  he  became  connected  with 
the  Boston  Paih'  Adi'crtiser  as  a  rei)orter 
under  Charles  Hale,  who  was  editor.      Mr. 


I'.acon  remained  there  for  several  years  and 
resigned  to  take  the  editorship  of  the  Illiis- 
tratcd  Chicago  Neil's,  an  enterprise  which 
enjoved  a  Ijrief,  yet  rejmtable,  career. 

From  Chicago  Mr.  Bacon  returned  East, 
and  in  1868  became  identified  with  the  New 
York  Times,  successively  as  assistant  night 
editor,  night  editor,  and  managing  or  news 
editor.  In  1872  Mr.  Bacon,  because  of  ill 
health,  resigned  his  position  and  returned 
to  Boston  and  here  he  re])resented  the  Times 
as  its  New  England  corresixmdent.  Event- 
uallv  he  returned  to  the  Boston  Adi'criiser 
and  became  its  general  news  editor. 

In  1873  Mr.  I5acon  was  chosen  as  the 
chief  editor  of  the  Boston  Globe,  and  for  five 
vears  conducted  that  paper  as  an  inde- 
pendent journal,  resigning  in  1878  upon  a 
change  of  policy.  He  then  returned  to  the 
Advertiser  as  managing  editor.  When  Ed- 
ward Stanwood,  in  1883,  resigned  as  chief 
editor  of  the  Advertiser,  Mr.  Bacon  came 
into  full  editorial  charge  of  that  paper,  as 
Mr.  Stanw(_)od's  successor.  Later  Mr.  Ba- 
con organized  the  staff  of  the  Evening  Rec- 
ord for  the  Advertiser  corporation.  In  Jan- 
uarv,  1886,  when  the  Advertiser  passed  into 
new  hands  and  its  policy  was  changed,  ]\Ir. 
Bacon  retired,  and  in  May  of  that  year  was 
made  chief  editor  of  the  Boston  Post,  when 
that  paper  was  purchased  by  a  number  of 
men  who,  in  politics,  were  kn(  i\\  n  as  In- 
dependents. Lender  Mr.  Bacon's  editorship 
the  paper  addressed  itself  to  the  best  citizens 
of  the  community. 

When,  in  1891,  the  control  of  the  paper 
was  sold,  Mr.  Bacon  retired  and  he  since 
had  Ijeen  engaged  in  general  journalistic  and 
literarv  work.  For  many  years  he  was  the 
writer  of  a  Boston  letter  to  the  Springfield 
Republican  and  had  been  editor  of  Time  and 
the  Hour. 

In  his  work  as  an  author,  j\Ir.  Bacon's 
books  have  included  various  historical  works 
relating  to  lioston  and  New  England. 
Among  these  were  "Boston  Illustrated," 
"Bacon's  Dictionary  of  l^joston,"  "Boston 
of  Todav,"  "Walks  and  Rides  in  the  Coun- 
trv  R<iund  About  Boston,"  "Historic  Pil- 
grimages in  New  England,"  "Literary  Pil- 


522 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


grimages  in  New  England,"  "Boston :  a 
Guide  Book,"  "The  Connecticut  River  and 
the  Valley  of  Connecticut,"  "Yesterday  in 
Journalism,"  and  "The  Boys'  Drake."  His 
last  literary  work  was  "Rambles  Around 
Old  Boston." 

On  October  24,  1867,  at  Somerville,  Mr. 
Bacon  married  Miss  Gusta  E.  Hill,  daugh- 
ter of  Ira  and  Hannah  Hill.  Mrs.  Bacon 
survives  her  husband,  with  a  daughter,  Mrs. 
Palmer,  who  formerly  was  Madeleine  L. 
Bacon. 

Editorial 

Edwin  M.  Bacon,  who  died  yesterday  in 
this  city,  was  a  journalist  of  the  old,  thor- 
ough, and  conscientious  school,  whose  idea 
of  an  editor's  responsibility  was  never  less 
than  that  of  Edward  Everett  Hale  himself, 
the  traditions  of  whose  honorable  journalis- 
tic family  Mr.  Bacon  ably  continued  on  the 
old  Advertiser.  As  an  editor,  Mr.  Bacon 
wrought  his  personality  into  every  line  of 
the  newspaper  at  whose  head  he  stood — and 
it  fell  to  his  lot  to  be  chief  in  command  at 
different  times  of  three  leading  Boston 
dailies.  But  Boston  journalism  may  be  said 
to  have  moved  away  from  him ;  and  an- 
other field  of  activity,  that  of  the  prepara- 
tion of  descriptive  books  about  the  New 
England  which  he  so  deeply  loved,  occupied 
his  time.  As  the  historian  of  the  Connecti- 
cut valley  he  had  attained  an  honorable  place 
in  literature.  But  personally  he  will  be  long 
remembered  by  a  generation  of  American 
journalists  whom  he  had  trained  up  in  the 
most  painstaking  work.  Many  of  these  men 
have  passed  to  widely  different  fields  of  ac- 
tivity; but  all  of  them  will  remember  the 
lessons  of  conscience  and  thoroughness  in 
work  which  he  taught  them. 

THE  GLOBE 

Edwin  M.  Bacon,  newspaper  editor  and 
publicist,  died  at  his  home,  36  Pinckney 
Street,  of  pneumonia,  at  10  o'clock  last 
evening.  Although  Mr.  Bacon  had  not  done 
any  regular  newspaper  work  for  more  than 
a  decade,  he  was  a  contributor  to  magazines 


on  a  variety  of  subjects  and  a  keen  student 
of  Americana,  especially  of  the  early  history 
of  Boston  and  the  Massachusetts  Bay 
Colony. 

A  generation  ago  Mr.  Bacon  was  one  of 
the  best-known  newspaper  men  in  the  coun- 
try. He  was  born  in  Providence,  October 
20,  1844.  At  the  age  of  nineteen  he  went 
to  work  as  a  reporter  on  the  Boston  Ad- 
vertiser, doing  miscellaneous  work.  A  little 
later  he  became  editor  of  the  Illustrated 
Chicago  Neivs,  from  \\hich  he  went  to  the 
New  York  Times  in  1868  and  remained  un- 
til 1872,  doing  editorial  and  dramatic  work. 
In  1873  he  returned  to  the  Boston  Adver- 
tiser, where  he  remained  only  a  few  months, 
«  hen  he  became  editor  of  the  Boston  Globe, 
which  position  he  held  until  1878,  when  he 
became  managing  editor  of  the  Boston  Ad- 
vertiser and  editor-in-chief  in  1884.  In  1886 
he  became  editor-in-chief  of  the  Boston 
Post.  A  few  years  later  he  retired  to  pur- 
sue literary  tastes  and  studies  more  conge- 
nial to  his  nature  than  the  routine  of  news- 
paper work.  Erom  1897  to  1900  he  edited 
a  little  weekly  paper.  Time  and  tlie  Hour. 

He  was  the  author  of  several  guide  books 
of  Boston,  in  which  he  showed  not  only  a 
fine  knowledge  of  historic  Boston,  but  a 
rare  intimacy  with  the  life  and  growth  of  the 
city  in  all  of  its  activities.  One  charming 
book  was  entitled  "Walks  and  Rides  in  the 
Country  Round  About  Boston" ;  another 
was  "Historic  Pilgrimages  in  New  Eng- 
land," and  another,  "Literary  Pilgrimages 
in  New  England." 

Mr.  Bacon  had  a  charming  personality. 
He  was  highly  regarded  b\'  many  of  the 
younger  writers,  whom  he  was  always  de- 
lighted to  advise,  and  he  was  a  veritable 
"fund  of  information''  at  all  times  on  Bos- 
ton events  and  Boston  people.  He  could 
entertain  by  the  hour  with  stories  and  rem- 
iniscences of  his  newspaper  experience, 
and  especially  with  stories  of  the  eminent 
people  he  had  known.  He  had  not  enjoyed 
very  good  health  for  a  year  or  more.  Henry 
Bacon,  the  famous  artist,  who  died  in 
Egypt  a  few  years  ago,  was  his  brother. 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


523 


THE  HERALD 

Edwin •  IMuiiroe  Bacon,  former  editor  of 
the  Boston  Adi'crtiscr  and  of  tlie  Boston 
Globe,  and  at  one  time  managing  editor  of 
the  New  York  Times,  died  last  evening  at 
his  home  on  Pinckney  Street,  at  the  age  of 
seventy-one  years. 

He  was  born  at  Providence,  October  20, 
1844,  and  graduated  from  Dartmouth  Col- 
lege in  1879.  At  the  age  of  nineteen  he  be- 
came a  reporter  on  the  Boston  Daily  Ad- 
7rrfiscr  and  a  short  while  later  editor  of  the 
Illustrated  Chieago  N'e^cs.  The  years  be- 
tween 186S  and  187 J  he  spent  in  an  editorial 
ca])acity  on  the  New  York  Times,  returning 
later  to  the  Boston  Adc'ertiser, 

In  1873  he  went  to  the  BxistdU  Globe  and 
soon  became  editor-in-chief  of  that  paper. 
He  also  served  during  that  period  as  Bos- 
ton correspondent  of  the  New  York  Times. 

After  his  service  on  the  Boston  Globe 
he  returned  to  the  Boston  Aihrerfiser.  and 
also  was  correspondent  frum  this  citv  to 
the  Springfield  Republican. 

His  later  interests  made  him  author  and 
eflitor  of  various  historical  works  relating 
to  Boston  and  New  England,  including 
"The  Boston  Blustrated,"  "Bacon's  Diction- 
ary of  Boston,''  "Boston  of  Today."  "Walks 
and  Rides  in  the  Country  Round  AI)ciut  Bos- 
ton," "Historic  Pilgrimages  in  New  Eng- 
land,'' "Literary  Pilgrimages  in  New  Eng- 
land," "Boston:  a  Guide  Book,"  "The 
Connecticut  River  and  the  A'alley  of  the 
Connecticut." 

The  Sunday  Herald 

To  the  late  Edwin  Munroe  Bacon,  who 
died  at  his  home  in  Pinckney  Street  on 
Thursday  in  his  seventy-first  year,  be- 
longed the  distinction  of  having  been  one 
of  the  most  enthusiastic  and  devoted  news- 
paper men  of  his  time.  This  is  not  saying 
that  he  was  entitled  to  rank  as  a  great  jour- 
nalist. He  lacked  some  of  the  essential 
<luaIifications  that  have  entitled  his  more 
successful  professional  brethren  to  that  high 
rank,  Init  his  industry,  iidelity  and  passion 
for  his  calling  were  as  cons])icuous  in   his 


journalistic  career  as  in  that  of  any  of  the 
best  of  them.  It  is  only  necessary  to  note 
the  many  and  prominent  positions  in  jour- 
nalism he  occupied  from  time  to  time  to  at- 
test his  activities  therein.  During  the  half- 
century  he  devoted  to  newspaper  work  he 
had  for  a  time  filled  al)out  all  the  positions 
that  are  open  t(j  a  journalist,  beginning  as 
an  office  boy  and  subsequently  sjianning  the 
whole  ganuit  from  local  reporter,  corres- 
pondent, city  editor,  telegraph  editor,  man- 
aging edit<jr,  up  to  editor-in-chief.  In  one 
or  all  of  these  special  capacities  he  from 
time  to  time  served  the  New  Y^ork  Times, 
the  Springfield  Republican  and  the  Daily  Ad- 
vertiser, the  Globe  and  the  Post  of  this  city. 
His  most  ambitious  undertaking  in  connec- 
tion with  any  of  these  newspapers  was  his 
effort  to  put  the  old  Post  on  its  feet  at  a 
time  when  it  was  experiencing  some  of  those 
severe  vicissitudes  of  fortune  that  overtake 
so  many  newsjiapers  at  some  time  or  other, 
and  for  one  cause  or  amither,  in  their  his- 
tory. Having  obtained  the  backing  of  sev- 
eral gentlemen  of  light  and  leading  in  this 
vicinity,  with  ample  financial  resources,  Mr. 
liacon  at  the  head  of  an  accomplished  staff 
suddenly  transformed  the  old  Post,  that 
had  formerly  flourished  as  a  Democratic 
r)rgan  in  folio  form,  into  \vhat  was  then 
called  a  nuigwump  publication,  in  quarto 
form,  catering  more  particularly  to  that 
somewhat  limited  constituency  which  |)refer 
the  idealistic  in  politics  and  only  what  is  nice, 
exemplar}-  and  proper  in  the  daily  chronicle 
of  events.  It  also  aimed  to  be  strictly  liter- 
ary and  artistic.  It  was  a  noble  and  praise- 
worthy endeavor  on  the  part  of  Mr.  Bacon 
and  his  fine  staff,  but  it  failed  after  a  com- 
])aratively  lirief  and  fitful  existence,  and  the 
permanent  establishment  of  "the  ideal  news- 
l)aper"  was  again  indefinitely  postponed. 
The  popular  verdict  on  the  remains  was  that 
Mr.  Piacon's  news])aper  was  too  choice  for 
this  wicked  world,  and  that  the  management 
made  the  mistake  of  shooting  over  the  heads 
of  the  people.  ]\Ir.  Grozier,  who  succeeded 
the  I'.acou  management  in  both  the  manage- 
ment  and   ownershi])  of   the  Post,  changed 


524 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


this  policy  radically,   with   results  that  are 
now  conspicuously  obvious. 

A  notable  trait  of  Mr.  Bacon's  service  as 
a  newspaper  man  was  his  entire  loyalty  and 
devotion  to  the  news])apers  with  which  he 
was  connected  from  time  to  time.  Some- 
times this  enthusiastic  devotion  got  him 
into  trouble.  When  he  was  a  reporter  on 
the  Daily  Advertiser,  for  instance,  his  esti- 
mate of  the  standing  and  importance  of  that 
newspaper  in  all  mundane  circles  amounted 
to  hero  worship.  It  was  Reporter  Bacon's 
opinion  that  all  the  accredited  representa- 
tives of  "the  Respectable  Daily,"  as  the  Ad- 
vertiser was  then  called,  were  entitled  to  the 
entree  at  all  gatherings  of  every  kind,  busi- 
ness, political  and  social,  wherever  held,  at 
any  time.  Mr.  Bacon  was  fond  of  telling 
how  this  sort  of  enthusiasm  on  his  part  led 
to  an  awkward  situation  for  him  on  one 
occasion.  This  was  at  a  meeting  of  the 
members  of  the  Union  Club  called  to  take 
appropriate  action  on  the  death  of  Edward 
Everett,  who  had  been  the  club's  first  presi- 
dent. Reporter  Bacon  attended  the  meet- 
ing, paying  no  heed  to  the  club's  rules  of 
privacy.  When  his  presence,  with  his  note- 
book in  hand,  was  observed  in  the  club- 
house, a  member  bluntly  asked  him  what  he 
was  there  for. 

"I  represent  the  Daily  Advertiser," 
proudly  replied  Reporter  Bacon. 

"Get  out.  Reporters  have  no  business 
here,"  shouted  the  member. 

"But  I  represent  the  Daily  Advertiser," 
said  Reporter  Bacon  again,  with  swelling 
chest. 

"I  don't  care  a  damn  for  the  Daily  Ad- 
vertiser," retorted  the  member.     "Get  out." 

"And  I  care  no  more  for  you,  sir,"  said 
proud  Reporter  Bacon. 

In  a  moment,  a  very  brief  moment,  Re- 
porter Bacon  found  himself  seized  by  the 
collar  and  gently  but  firmly  deposited  on 
the  broad  sidewalk  in  front  of  the  club- 
house. "It  was  a  most  humiliating  expe- 
rience," Mr.  Bacon  used  to  say,  "but  I  felt 
the  greater  hurt  from  the  indignity  cast 
upon  the  newspaper  I  proudly  represented." 
In  his  later  years  Mr.  Bacon  took  an  oppor- 


tunit}-  to  tell  the  story  at  a  Union  Clul)  din- 
ner at  which  he  was  an  honored  guest. 

In  his  later  years,  Mr.  Bacon,  after  his 
permanent  retirement  from  journalism,  de- 
voted himself  to  literary  work,  preparing  or 
editing  numerous  historical  works  of  a  local 
character  as  well  as  some  useful  handbooks 
and  guidebooks  of  Boston.  The  "Dictionary 
of  Boston,"  edited  by  him,  contains  a  large 
fund  of  information  about  the  city  and 
some  very  piquant  comments  on  Boston 
manners  and  customs  as  well.  Speaking  of 
club  life  here,  the  editor  discourses  at  length 
on  what  goes  on  in  these  exclusive  precincts. 
"The  Boston  clubman,"  he  says,  "is  always 
decorous,  even  in  his  indecorum.  If  he  in- 
dulges too  freel}'  and  recklessly  in  a  game 
of  cards  he  does  not  give  vent  to  slangy 
abuse  of  his  luck,  but  comforts  himself  with 
the  Horatian  reflection  about  the  certainty 
of  the  changes  of  fortune  and  the  balm  of 
a  contented  mind.  If  he  happens  to  partake 
too  generously  of  wine  he  does  not  careen 
over  or  run  desperately  aground  on  some 
fragile  piece  of  furniture.  He  avoids  the 
susceptible  cuspidor  and  the  yielding  chan- 
delier and  plants  himself  finally  in  a  recep- 
tive arm-chair  or  upon  a  genial  sofa,  and 
waits  till  meditation  and  the  economy  of  his 
digestive  organs  restore  his  mental  and 
ph3-sical  equilibrium.  It  is  the  social  and 
covivial  safety-valve  which  lets  off  the 
superfluous  steam  in  season  to  prevent  an 
explosion." 

This  description  of  club  life  in  Boston 
may  not  be  wholly  faithful  or  graphic,  but 
it  is  at  least  picturesque  and  readable. 

George  F.  Babbitt. 

THE  RECORD 

Edwin  M.  Bacon,  71,  veteran  author  and 
former  editor  of  the  Post,  died  last  night 
at  his  home,  36  Pinckney  Street,  after  a  lin- 
gering illness. 

Edwin  Munroe  Bacon  was  born  in  Provi- 
dence, the  son  of  a  Universalist  minister. 

When  nineteen  )-ears  of  age  he  began  his 
newspaper  career  as  a  reporter  for  the  Bos- 


TMF.    ROOK    OF    ROSTOX 


,■>_',-) 


ton  Daily  .-idi'rrtisrr.  under  Charles  Hale. 
After  a  few  years  he  went  to  Chicago  to 
take  charge  of  the  Illustrated  Ncivs. 

From  Chicago,  \\  lien  tlie  A'i'Ti'.s-  suspended 
jnihHcation,  'Mr.  Bacon  returned  East  to 
New  York. 

In  1872  he  returned  to  I'.oston  l>ecause  of 
ill  health  and  again  became  connected  with 
the  Advertiser.  After  a  year  on  this  pub- 
lication he  went  to  the  Boston  Globe  as 
managing  editor.  In  1878  he  again  returned 
to  the  Advertiser  as  managing  editor,  and 
in  1883  he  was  made  editor-in-chief. 

In  1886  he  went  to  the  l\->st  as  editor-in- 
chief,  holding  the  position  till  1891.  In 
1897  he  became  editor  of  Time  and  the 
Hour,  remaining  there  till  1900. 

He  was  also  the  author  of  various  vol- 
umes and  historical  works  relating  to  Bos- 
ton and  New  England.  Among  these  were 
"Boston  Illustrated,"  "Bacon's  Dictionary 
of  Boston,"  "Boston  of  Today,"  "Walks 
and  Rides  in  the  Country  Round  About  Bos- 
ton," "Historic  Pilgrimages  in  New  Eng- 
land," "Literary  Pilgrimages  in  New  Eng- 
land," "Boston :  a  Guide  Book,"  and  "The 
Connecticut  River  and  the  A'allev  of  Con- 
necticut." 

THE  JOURNAL 

Edwin  M.  Bacon,  for  many  years  one  of 
the  most  prominent  newspaper  men  of  Bos- 
ton, died  last  night  at  his  home,  36  Pinck- 
ney  Street.    He  was  seventy-one  years  old. 

At  various  times  in  his  career  he  was 
editor-in-chief  of  the  Boston  Globe,  the 
Boston  Post  and  the  Boston  Advertiser.  Of 
late  he  had  been  editor  of  the  "Book  of  Bos- 
ton," with  an  office  at  112  Water  Street. 
A  wid(jw  and  a  daughter  survive  him. 

The  Post 

"Many  at  the  Fiinend  of  Baeon" 

Men  prominent  in  civic  and  journalistic 
life  gathered  }'esterday  afternoon  in  the 
home  of  Edwin  Munroe  Bacon,  36  I'inckne}' 
Street,  to  pay  their  last  tribute  to  the  author 
and  newspaper  man  who  at  different  times 


held  the  highest  positions  on  three  Boston 
newspapers. 

The  funeral  services,  planned  by  Mr.  Ba- 
con during  his  last  illness,  were  extremely 
simple.  There  were  no  pall  bearers  and  no 
music.  Floral  tributes  were  only  from  mem- 
bers of  the  family  and  a  few  of  the  closest 
friends.  The  body,  also  in  accordance  Avith 
Mr.  I'acon's  wish,  was  taken  to  IMt.  Au- 
burn crematory  for  cremation. 

"He  saw  tlie  doors  opening  I)ef(}re  him 
in  his  last  illness,  and  his  desires,  almost 
apologies  for  causing  even  the  slightest 
trouble,  were  characteristic  cif  the  man,"  de- 
clared the  Rev.  Edward  A.  Horton,  former 
pastor  of  the  Second  L'nitarian  Church,  and 
a  lifelong  friend  of  Mr.  Bacon,  in  his 
eulog\-. 

A  poem  written  Ijy  M.  J.  Savage  was  read 
by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Ilorton.  Prayers  com- 
pleted the  brief  ceremony. 

I\Ir.  Horton  spoke  feelingly  of  his  long 
friendship  with  the  former  editor-in-chief 
of  the  Post. 

"His  conscientiousness  was  the  granite 
foundation  of  his  character,"  declared  Mr. 
Horton.  "It  gave  him  convictions,  and 
when  asked  for  his  ojjinion,  he  told  it  read- 
ily.    He  was  sincere  in  all  things. 

"Our  friend  declared  only  a  short  time 
ago  that  a  true  Bostonian  is  one  who  is  con- 
scientious, is  firm  in  his  convictions  and  is 
a  lover  of  old  New  England.  Mr.  Bacon 
had  these  attributes,  giving  him  a  firm  in- 
dependence.    He  did  not  compronuse. 

"Fie  had  an  enthusiasm  in  his  work,  and 
ne.xt  to  his  love  of  his  home  and  friends  he 
prized  his  joy  in  his  work.  Wherever  were 
his  pen  and  desk  and  book  was  his  happi- 
ness. 

"He  did  not  lose  himself  in  scholastic  pur- 
suits, yet  kept  in  touch  with  them.  Always 
was  he  with  a  noble  cause.  He  recognized 
safe  and  sane  channels  for  the  uplift  of 
luimanitv. 

"'idle  man  we  mourn  had  coiupassion  and 
ap])lied  to  human  weaknesses  the  brotherly 
hand.  He  was  for  levelling  up  and  not 
down.     He  was  one  who  believed  the  world 


526 


THE    BOOK   OF    BOSTON 


could  be  bettered  and  tbat  the  Almighty  had 
provided  for  it." 

Mr.  Horton  referred  to  'Mr.  Bacon  as  a 
man  with  a  "good-will  heart."  He  declared 
that  the  wife,  daughter  and  friends  of  the 
dead  man  must  not  mourn  his  loss,  but  be 
joyful  because  it  had  been  given  them  to 
know  such  a  man. 

Editors  at  Service 

Among  those  who  attended  the  service 
were  J.  E.  Chamberlin,  editorial  writer  of 
the  Boston  Evening  Transcript ;  Nathan 
Haskell  Dole;  Lindsay  Swift,  editor  of  the 
Boston  Public  Library  publications ;  George 
F.  Babbitt  of  the  Boston  Herald;  Robert 
Lincoln  O'Brien,  editor  of  the  Herald;  C. 
W.  Barron,  editor  of  the  Boston  Nczvs  Bu- 
reau; Henry  C.  Merwin  and  Edwin  L. 
Sprague. 

Governor  McCall,  who  was  an  intimate 
friend  of  Mr.  Bacon,  planned  to  attend  the 
funeral  service,  liut  was  unavoidably  absent. 
He  sent  his  sympathy  to  the  wife  and  daugh- 
ter of  Mr.  Bacon. 

After  cremation,  the  ashes  will  be  held 
at  Mt.  Auburn  until  more  clement  weather, 
and  will  then  be  buried  in  Saco,  Me. 

The  name  of  Edwin  M.  Bacon  is  one 
which  will  live  in  the  history  of  Boston 
journalism.  He  participated  in  the  news- 
paper business   in  this  and  other  cities  of 


the  country  for  more  than  half  a  century, 
and  held  many  responsible  positions. 

He  began  his  newspaper  work  on  the 
Boston  Daily  Advertiser,  as  a  reporter, 
when  nineteen  years  old.  Then,  in  succes- 
sion, he  worked  as  an  editor  of  the  Chicago 
Illustrated  Nczvs,  night  editor  and  manag- 
ing editor  of  the  New  York  Times,  return- 
ing to  the  Advertiser  in  1872  for  a  year. 
Then  he  went  to  the  Globe  as  managing  edi- 
tor, and  after  five  years  became  managing 
editor  of  the  Advertiser.  He  was  made 
editor-in-chief  of  the  paper  in  1883. 

His  connection  with  the  Post  was  made 
in  1886,  when  he  became  editor-in-chief,  a 
position  he  held  five  years.  He  was  editor 
of  the  Time  and  the  Hour  from  1896  until 
1900. 

During  his  newspaper  work  and  after  re- 
tiring from  the  game,  Mr.  Bacon  wrote  nine 
books,  the  last,  "Rambles  Around  Boston," 
being  pul)lished  last  year.  For  a  year  he 
has  Ijeen  in  failing  health,  but  his  illness  did 
not  become  serious  until  two  months  ago. 

Mr.  Bacon  retained  his  interest  in  news- 
paper work  and  civic  affairs  until  the  hour 
of  his  death.  The  last  article  by  him  to 
be  published  in  a  Boston  newspaper  was 
written  December  13,  1915.  It  was  an  able 
argument  urging  voters  to  go  to  the  polls 
and  elect  the  Citizens'  ticket. 


EDWIN    MONROE    BACON* 

A  cherished  friend  lies  here  asleep  today. 

After  the  hours  <if  weariness  and  pain, 
An  angel  drew  her  curtains  round  his  bed, 

And  though  we  call,  he  answers  not  again. 

Nor  would  \\c  wish  to  w;d<e  him  if  we  might, 
For  he  has  seen  the  Unseen  face  to  face. 

His  work  is  finished.     \\'ho  would  dare 

To  call  him  back  again,   from  his  high  place? 

And  yet,  O  friends,  it  is  such  men  as  he 
That  make  the  earth  seem  empty  when 
they  leave. 

That  he  was  noble  is  our  comfort  now, 
And  yet  'tis  for  this  ver\-  cause  we  grieve. 

A  true  and  sincere  soul,  with  vision  clear. 
Firm  was  he  in  the  battle  for  the  right : 

Yet  tender-hearted,  too,  and  moved  by  pain 
O'er  human  woes  that  ever  met  his  sight. 

He  loved  his  home.    As  needle  to  the  pole 
Turns  ever  true  on  all  the  seas  men  roam. 

So  to  his  fireside  turned  his  faithful  heart — • 
No  spot  tci  him  su  cherished  as  his  home. 

When  all  is  thought  and  said,  we  turn  to    this— 
Though  clouds  be  round  us  and  tears  dim 
our  way, 

\\'e  still  will  trust  that  He  who  makes  the  night. 
Must  lead  us  through  it  to  the  coming  day. 

^\'e'll  jilace  his  living  memory  in  our  hearts; 

With  l<jve  we'll  trace  the  pathway  that  he  trod ; 
And  make  our  days  ascending  steps  upon 

The  beckoning  slopes  that  lead  to  him  and  Ood. 

- — Minot  J.  Savage. 


*  These   lines  were  read   by   the   Re\'.  Edward  A.  Horton 
at  the  private  funeral  exercises  of  the  editor. 


INDEX 


Page 

Abbott,  Saimicl  A.  B 208 

Abele,  George  \V.         458 

Adams  House 49,  489 

Adams  Mansion 428 

Akeroyd,  Alfred 323 

Allard,  Dr.  Frank  Ellsworth 299 

Allen,  J.  Weston 481 

AUin,  Horatio  N 421 

American  House 49 

American  Tool  &  Machinery  Co 371 

Anderson,  J.  Alfred 442 

Andros,  Sir  Edmund 32 

Appleton,  Capt.  Francis  H 339 

Aquarium,  at  City  Point 210 

Armstrong,  George  W 374 

Arnold  Arboretum 152 

Arnold,  Orson  M 516 

Arnold,  Dr.  Seth  F 303 

Art  Museum 257 

Athenaeum,  Boston 52,  253 

Atlantic  Works,  The         338 

Attack  on  Bunker  Hill,  \ie\v 37 

Avery,  Charles  F 326 

Aver\-,  Herbert  S 468 

Aviary  in  Franklin  Fark 152 

Ayres,  Bridges  &  Co 322 

Ayres,  Samuel  L 322 

Babb,  Edward  E 198 

Bacon,  Edwin  M 5,  520-527 

Badger,  Dr.  George  S.  C 308 

Badger  &  Sons  Co.,  E.  B ?62-363 

Bailen,  Samuel  L 402 

Bailey,  Hollis  R 419 

Baldwin,  Colonel  L 100 

Barber,  Albert  G 511 

Barker,  Melville  H 371 

Bartlett,  Ralph  S 438 

Bateman,  William  R 318 

Bates,  Ex-Governor  John  1 189 

Battison,  William  J 318 

■  Bayley,  Edwin  A 416-418 

Beacon  Hill  in  1811 42 

Beacon  Hill  Reservoir 55 

Beacon  Street 256 

Beal,  Herman  1 3,^9 

Beardsley,  Willi.im  K 517 

Bellevue  Hotel 487 

Bellingham-Cary  House 375 

Benedict,  George  W 321 

Bennett,  Josiah  0 216 

Bigelow,  Dr.  Jacob 286 

Bigelow,  William  R 460 

Bird  Club 117 

Black,  Arthur 468 

Blackmere,  Herbert  C 195 


Page 

Blanchard,  John  H 460 

Blaxton,  pioneer  settler 26 

Bliss,  Elmer  J 483.^-483B 

Bliss,  James  F i73 

Blood,  Charles  W.  H 360-361 

Board  of  Trade  Building 71 

Bolster,  Hon.  Wilfred 397 

Boston  Athletic  Association 121 

Boston  Canyon 59 

Boston  City  Club 122-123 

Boston  City  Hos]iital 287-289 

Boston  College 229-230 

Boston  Common 159,  213 

Boston  Dispensary 288 

Boston  Elevated  Railway  Co 114 

Boston  F'ish  Pier 82,  515 

Boston  Harbor 14,  33,  183 

Boston  Insurance  Company 226 

Boston  Museum  of  .Art 255 

Boston  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Co 224 

Boston  Opera  House 247 

Boston,  Revere  Beach  &  Lynn  R.R 512 

Boston  Safe  Deposit  &  Trust  Co 215 

Boston  University 230 

Boston  LIniversity  School  of  .Medicine    ....     292 

Boston  &  Lowell 103 

Bottomly,  Robert  J 438 

Bradstreet,  Samuel 33 

Bragg,  Hon.  Henry  W 398 

Braley,  Hon.  Henr>-  K 397 

Brazer  Building 42 

Brennan,  James  H 239 

Bridges,  Samuel  W 322 

Brigham  Hospital,  Peter  Bent 290 

Brigham  Hospital,  Rofjert  Breck 290 

"  Britannia  "  in  Boston  Harbor 79 

Brogna,  Vincent 475 

Brown,  Allen  A 222 

Brown,  Hon.  Charles  J 442 

Brown,  George  W 353 

Brown,  Jacob  F 320-321 

Brown,  James 267 

Brown,  William  H 4M) 

Bruce,  Hon.  Charles  M 399 

Brunswick  Hotel 488 

Bunker  Hill  Monument 143 

Burdett,  Everett  W 420-421 

Burgis  Map  of  Boston  in  1729 29 

Burr,  .Arthur  E 481 

Butler,  Hon.  Willi.im  .M 409 

Cabot,  Dr.  Hugh 298 

Cambridgeport  Savings  Bank 219 

Cangiano,  ."Mphonse 465-466 

Canoeing  on  the  Charles  River 282 

Canterbury  Hotel 493 


530 


THE    BOOK   OP'    BOSTON 


Page 

Capitol  of  Massachusetts 21 

Carleton,  Edward  B 326 

Carney  Hospital 290 

Carroll,  Francis  M 444 

Casas,  W.  B.  de  las 190 

Castle  Square  Hotel 49U 

Cathedral  of  the  Holy  Cross 177 

Central  Congregational  Church 175 

Chadwick,  George  W 260 

Chamberlain,  Dr.  M.  L 300-301 

Chamber  of  Commerce 69-72,213 

Chandler,  Asa  E 280 

Chandler  &  Company 334 

Charitable  Eye  &  Ear  Infirmary 289 

Charles  River  Bridge 32,  81 

Charles  River  Esplanade 289 

Chase  &  Co.,  L.  C 336 

Cheney,  Benjamin  P 268-269 

Chestnut  Hill  Reservoir  and  Drive 274 

Child,  Richard  W 422 

Children's  Hospital 295 

Childs,  Edwin  Otis 447 

China-American  Trading  Co 323 

Christ  Church 139 

Church  Green 53 

City  Hall 48,  202 

City  Hall  Annex 181 

City  Hospital 287-289 

Clapp,  Robert  P 433 

Clarke,  Hon.  Chester  VV 423 

Clarke,  Hon.  William  W 441 

Clementson,  Sidney 323 

Cobb's  Lunch  Departments 502-503 

Cobb's  Tea  Company 505 

Codman,  Col.  Charles  R 267 

Coggan,  Marcellus 453-454 

Cole,  Fred  B 199 

Cole,  John  N 216 

Common,  Boston 213 

Commonwealth  Avenue 404 

Commonwealth  Pier 82 

Conant,  Dr.  William  M .     .     303 

Concord  Battle  Field  Memorial 141 

Congress  and  Milk  Streets 38 

"  Constitution  "  in  Boston  Harbor 42 

Converse  Building 331 

Cooley,  Morgan  L 262-263 

Copley-Plaza  Hotel 171,485 

Copp's  Hill  Bur>'ing-ground 133 

Cornhill  Street 381 

Cottrell  Company,  M.  F 505 

Court  House 391 

Court,  Public  Library 472 

Cox,  Hon.  Guy  W 419 

Cram,  Ralph  A 242 

Crystal  Lake 304 

Cummings  Dairy 509 

Cummings,  Francis  S 508-509 

Cunard  Company 78 

Currj',  Dr.  Samuel  S 232 

Curtiss,  Hon.  Elmer  L 468 

Pustom  House 63,  211 


Page 

Dahlquist,  Theodore  W 263 

Dakin,  Arthur  H 482 

Dalton  House,  Captain  James 38 

Dawson  &  Co.,  H 325 

Dean,  Hon.  Josiah  S 400 

De  las  Casas,  William  B 190 

Denison,  Arthur  E 434 

de  Rochemont,  Louis  L.  G 47-1 

Desmond,  G.  Henri 241 

Dever,  John  F 192 

Dillaway,  George  L 474 

Dodge,  Harry  C 360 

Doe,  Hon.  Orestes  T 403 

Donovan,  Hon.  James 192 

Dudley  Gate  at  Harvard  College 483 

Duggan,  John  A 190 

Dysart,  Robert 348-349 

Eaton,  John  E 444 

Ebann,  Dr.  C.  Deletang 304 

Edwards,  Truman  G 278 

Elder,  Hon.  Samuel  J 406 

Elks  Home 119 

Elliott,  Richard  P 4.S9 

Enneking,  John  J 255 

Engineers  Club 124 

English,  William  A 319 

English  &  O'Brien 319 

Ernst,  George  A.  0 410 

Esplanade,  Charles  River 389 

Essex  Hotel 487 

Evans  House 49 

Exchange  Coffee  House 57 

Fabyan,  Hon.  Harry  C 399 

Fagan,  Joseph  P 473 

Fairbanks  House,  Old 342 

Fallon,  Hon.  Joseph  D 403 

Faneuil  Hall 40,  201 

Farragut  Statue,  Marine  Park 257 

Farrell,  John  L 326 

Feather  Store 25 

Feeding  Ducks  in  Franklin  Park 151 

Feeley,  Joseph  J 401 

Fenway,  The .  89 

Fire  of  1872 66 

First  Baptist  Church 169 

First  Boston  Town  House 20 

First  Church 165 

First  Church  of  Christ,  Scientist    ....        172-173 

First  Congregational  Church 168 

First  National  Bank  of  Boston 214 

Fish,  Charles  H 194 

Fish,  Frederick  P 406 

Fish  Pier 82,  515 

Fitzgerald,  Desmond 198 

Flint,  Hon.  James  H 400 

Floating  Bridge 101 

Floyd  Lunch  Company 496 

Ford,  Lawrence  A 450 


INDEX 


531 


Page 

Forsyth  Dental  Infiriiiary 296-297 

Fort  Hill 48,  60 

Foster  Rubber  Co ii'i 

Foster,  Walter  H 457 

French,  Hon.  Asa  P 411 

French,  John  J .'"" 

Franklin  Park 155,  483 

Franklin  Street 53,  58,  59 

F'rog  Pond,  Public  Garden 159 

Frothinghan),  Randolph 422 

Galassi,  Elias 378 

Gallagher,  Daniel  J 440 

Garfield,  Irvin  M 428 

Garland,  Francis  P 457 

Gaugengigl,  Ignaz  M 258 

Gile,  Fred  H 447 

Gillette  Safety  Razor  Co 340 

Gilman,  Arthur 90 

Ginn  &  Company 332-333 

Gleason  Pulilishing  House 55 

Gleason,  Reulien 380 

Glidden,  Walter  S 22(1 

Globe  Optical  Co 511 

Glunts,  James  D 281-282 

Gooding,  Charles  S 359 

Gould,  Amasa  C 463 

Graham,  James  M 443 

Grant,  Walter  B 475 

Graves,  Dr.  William  P 305 

Gray,  W.  Chester 280 

Great  Boston  Fire 65 

Green,  Dr.  Charles  M 298 

Green,  Philip  A 334 

Greenhood,  Benjamin  H 465 

Gridley,  Jeremiah 385 

Grimes,  Hon.  James  W 411 

Gurney  Heater  Mfg.  Co 342 

Hale,  Charles  F 197 

Hall,  William  Franklin 281 

Hallowell,  James  Mott 467 

Hancock  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Co.,  John       .     .  225 

Harbor  views 14,  183 

Harris,  Hon.  Robert  0 398 

Harrison,  Captain  Roden  S 494 

Harvard  Gate 254 

Harvard  Medical  School 291-293 

Harvard  Monument,  John 133 

Harvard  Square 281) 

Harvard  Trust  Company 219 

Harvard  Yard 231 

Havens,  George  W 238 

Haymarket  Square 101 

Heard,  Nathan 425 

Hellier,  Charles  E 449-450 

Higgins,  Hon.  John  J 431 

Hill,  Donald  M 432 

Hollander  &  Co.,  L.  P 335 

Holmes,  Dr.  Oliver  W 286 


Page 

Holmes,  Otis  W 224 

Home  for  Aged  Men 423 

Home  of  the  Boston  Lodge  of  Elks 119 

Hood  &  Sons,  H.  P 510-511 

Hooper,  S.  Henry 469 

Hoosac  Tunnel '1 

Hopewell,  John 336 

Hornblower  &  \\'eeks 223 

Horticultural  Hall 209 

Hosford,  John  T 242 

Hotel  Bellevue 487 

Hotel  Brunswick 488 

Hotel  Canterbury 493 

Hotel  Essex 487 

Hotel  Nantasket 493 

Hotel  Napoli 491 

Hotel  Oxford 493 

Hotel  Puritan 486 

Hotel  Somerset 485 

Hotel  Victoria 492 

House  of  the  Har\.ircl  Club 117 

Howard,  Edward  0 473 

Howe,  John  C 377 

Howe  &  French 376-377 

Hewlett  &  Co.,  Albert  D 337 

Hunt,  Hon.  Freeman 404 

Hunt,  Thomas 453 

Hurlburt,  Henry  F 479 

Hurlburt,  Jr.,  Henry  F 477 

Hutchins,  Franklin  H 243 

Irish,  William  H 435 

Isaac,  William  T 342 

Ives,  Frederick  M 469 

Jackson,  James 221 

Jackson,  Dr.  James 286 

Jackson,  Hon.  James  F 407 

John  Hancock  Mutual  Life  Ins.  Co 225 

Johnson,  Arthur  S 192 

Jones,  Boyd  B 434 

Jones,  Dr.  Everett 303 

Jones,  Jerome -^41 

Jones  Ltd.,  William  C 334 

Jordan,  Noah  W 218 

Joslin,  Ralph  E 478 

Joy,  Fred 469 

Joyce,  John 340 

Joy's  Building 134 

Julien  House 57 

Kellogg,  Harold  F 242 

Kelsey,  Harr>-  S 503-504 

Kiernan,  Patrick  B 409 

Kimball,  Dr.  Samuel  A 302 

King's  Chapel -57 

King's  Chapel  Burying-ground 133 

Ladd,  Sherman  W -^58 

Ladd,  Walter  A 456 


532 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


Page 

Lafayette  Mall 132,  147 

Lake  in  the  Public  Garden 91 

Lawrence,  Hon.  William  B 441 

Leigh,  George  T 341 

Leveroni,  Hon,  Frank 402 

Little,  CM.       502 

Logan,  Hon.  Edward  1 435 

Logan,  James  F 368-370 

Lothrop  \-  Bennett 323 

Lovell,  Dr.  Joseph 286 

Lovett,  Albert  J 243 

Lowell,  John 445 

Ludden,  Charles  M 452 

Lyall,  George 277 

Lying-in  Hospital 289 

Maclaurin,  Richard  C 228 

Magrath,  Dr.  Geo.  B 304 

Maguire  Co.,  James  W 372 

Main,  Charles  T 196 

Manning  Company,  Joseph  P 368-370 

Mansfield,  Gideon  M 281 

Marston  Restaurants,  The 500-501 

Marvin,  Winthrop  L 347 

Masonic  Temple 261 

Massachusetts  General  Hospital    ....       285,  288 
Massachusetts  Homoeopathic  Hospital  .     .       290-291 

Masters,  J.  Edward 275 

Mather,  Increase 32 

Mayberry,  George  L 477 

McCall,  Gov.  Samuel  W 188 

McClung,  Robert  G 446 

McConnell,  James  E 439 

McConnell,  Joseph  W 439 

McDonald,  Hon.  James  W 430 

McDonough,  Charles  A 478 

McKay,  Donald 82 

McKee,  William  E 427 

McManus,  Hon.  Edward  1 401 

McNary,  Hon.  William  S 193 

McNutt,  Robert  R 366-367 

Merchants  Exchange 49 

Merchants  National  Bank 217 

Metropolitan  Railroad  Co 110 

Middlesex  Fells 156 

Miles,  George  W 365 

Mixter,  Dr.  Samuel  J 299 

Moore,  Edward  M 455 

Morse,  Edwin  S 275,  276 

Morse,  Hon.  William  A 410 

Morton,  Dr.  W.  T.  G 286 

Meyer,  Orlando  C 276 

Munroe,  James  P 375 

Murphy,  James  R 448-449 

Nantasket  Hotel 493 

Napoli  Hotel 491 


Page 
Nawn,  Harry  P 99 

Neal,  John  Frederick 477 

Nelson,  Julius 458 

New  England  Bureau  of  Tests 361 

New  England  Conservatory  of  Music     ....     260 

New  England  Fish  Company 516-517 

New  England  Hospital  for  Women 290 

New  Old  South  Church 163,  167 

New  TechnologN- 228 

N.  Y.,  N.  H.  &  Hartford  Ry 108-109 

Nickerson,  Augustus 278 

Noble,  William  M 478 

Noodle's  or  Maverick's  Island 85 

North  Station 109 

Norton,  Fred  L 436-437 

Norwood,  Hon.  C.  Augustus 432 

Nowell,  Dr.  Howard  W 305 

Noyes,  Bernice  J 45 1 

O'Brien,  John  H 319 

O'Connell,  Patrick  A 335 

O'Connell,  His  Eminence,  William,  Cardinal   .     .  176 

Old  Brattle  Street  Church 162 

Old  Brick  Church 57 

Old  Corner  Bookstore 126, 205 

Old  Fairbanks  House 342 

Old  Feather  Store 25 

Old  Granary  Burying-ground 132 

Old  National  Theatre 50 

Old  North  Church 141 

Old  Ship  Church 509 

Old  South  Church 50 

Old  South  Meetinghouse 136 

Old  State  House 1 

O'Meara,  Stephen 195 

Osgood,  Charles  E 375 

Overlook  at  Franklin  Park 155 

Oxford,  Hotel 493 

Palmer,  Edward  H 444-445 

Park  Square 57 

Park  Street  Church 145,21.^ 

Park  Street  View 11 

Parker  House 48 

Parker,  Wilder  &  Co 336 

Parkhurst,  Lewis 332-333 

Pastene,  Jerome  J 470" 

Paul  Revere  House 36 

Paul  Revere  Map  of  Boston 31 

Paul's  Bridge 482 

Pearce,  Arthur  P 495 

Pemberton  Square 387,  393 

Perkins,  Harry  E 452 

Perkins  Institute  for  the  Blind       ...      86,  146,  235 

Perkins,  Col.  T.  H 96 

Pevey,  Gilbert  A.  A 453 

Phillips,  Benjamin 463 

Phillips,  John 43 

Pinkham,  Austin  M 473 

Piper,  Henry  A 278 

Plymouth  Rock 147 


INDEX 


533 


I'opc,  Col.  Albert  A 264-266 

Porter,  Alexander  S 24,? 

Post  Office 39 

Potter,  Henry  Staples 364-365 

Powers,  Leland  T 236 

Powers,  Hon.  Samuel  L 405 

Powers  School  of  the  Spoken  Word    .     .     .       236-237 

Powers,  Wilbur  H 461 

Pratt  &  Co.,  Daniel  S 31.S-317 

Preface 6 

Prest,  Edward  J 242 

Prest,  William  M 218 

Pride,  Edwin  L 275 

Proctor,  Thomas  W' 415 

Public  Garden 47,  ,S7,  153,  157 

Public  Library 52,  207,  472 

Pureoxia  Company,  The 338 

Purington,  Frank  H 239 

Puritan  Hotel 486 

Putnam,  James  L 482 

Quincy  House 49 

Quincy,  Josiah 44 

Ranney,  Fletcher 459 

Ransom,  Dr.  Eliza  T 306-307 

Ratigan,  Thomas  H 238 

Reggio,  Dr.  A.  William 308 

Renwick,  William  G 462 

Revere  Beach 83,  373 

Revere  House,  The 494 

Revere  House,  Paul 134 

Rice,  Arthur  N 474 

Rich,  Albert  F 517 

Rich,  Isaac 55 

Richardson,  Henn,-  T 471 

Ricker  &  Sons,  Hiram 506 

Riley,  Hon.  Thomas  P 399 

Roberts,  Leonard  G 408 

Rockwood,  William  D 377 

Rogers,  William  B 228 

Rollins,  Weld  A 435 

Rosentwist,  Birger  G.  A 340 

Rowley,  Clarence  W 462 

Rueter,  Conrad  J 466 

Russell,  Arthur  H 455 

Russell,  Thomas  H 455 

St.  Botolph  Club 122 

St.  Elizabeth's  Hospital 289 

St.  John's  Theological  Seminary 233 

St.  Mary's  Infant  Asylum 289 

Saltmarsh,  George  A 447-448 

Sawyer,  Henry  C 480 

Sawyer,  Hollis  H 277 

Scenes  on  Bay  State  Street  Ry 105 

Scharton,  William  R.  .     . 420 

School  Street 51 

Schulz,  Robert  II.  0 448 

Scollay  Square  of  1910 187 


Page 

Searle,  Charles  1' 467 

Sears  Building 270 

Seaverns,  Clarence  P 377 

Second  Church .^■'i.  164 

Sergeant,  Charles  S 1'''' 

Sheehan,  Hon.  Joseph  A 401 

Sherburne,  Charles  W 370 

Sherman,  Herbert  1 361 

Sherman,  Roland  H 414 

ShiUaber,  William  G 218 

Simmons  College 233 

Smart,  W'ilfred  H 481 

Smith,  Louis  C 450 

Smith,  Timothy 334 

Somerset  Club 50,  120 

Somerset  Hotel 485 

South  Station 107 

Southard,  Hon.  Louis  C 464 

Sparrow,  Gustavus  H 281 

Spaulding,  Dana  E 504 

Spaulding  System 504 

Spoffard,  John  C 240-241 

Sprague,  Charles  H 424-425 

Sprague,  Homer  B 424 

Spring,  James  W 429 

Stackpole,  Pierpont  L 441 

Stanwood,  Charles  E 279 

State  Street 34,  35  39, 

State  Street  Trust  Company 221 

Stearns,  Hon.  George  M 464-465 

Steinert,  Ale.xander 259^ 

Stinson,  Alvah  L 458 

Stock  Exchange '3 

Stodder,  Charles  F 378 

Stone,  Edward  C 464 

Stone,  Mark 468 

Storer,  Oscar 433 

Stover,  Hon.  Willis  W 400 

Stratton,  Charles  E 449 

Suffolk  County  Court  House 391 

Suffolk  Law  School 234 

Sullivan,  Hon.  E.  Mark 403 

Sullivan,  Hon.  Michael  H 404 

Sullivan,  Patrick  F 97 

Summer  Street 185 

Sutcliffe,  F.  Lucas 325 

Swampscott  Scene 160 

Sweetser,  George  A 440 

Swift,  Francis  H 366-367 

Swift,  Henry  W 439 

Swift-McXutt  Co 366 

Symphony  Hall 210,249 

Talbot,  Edmund  H 440 

Taylor,  Edward  1 467 

Teeling,  Hon.  Richard  S 443 

Temple,  Adath  Israel 266 

Tennant,  Frederick  A 451 

Thompson,  Marshall  P 451 

Thompson,  Milton  S 377 

Tinkham,  Hon.  George  H 429- 


^34 


THE    BOOK    OF    BOSTON 


Page 

Tomlhorde  Cafe 495-496 

Towle,  Loren  D 244 

Town  House 34 

Train,  Enoch 80 

Tremont  Street 40 

Tremont  Street  Mall 42 

Trinity  Church 171 

Tucker,  George  F 470-471 

Tufts,  Bowen 221 

Tufts  College 294 

Tuttle,  Lucius 110-111 

Twomey,  Jeremiah  A 482 

Ulrich,  Dr.  Helmuth 304 

Union  Club 120 

University  Club 122 

United  Shoe  Machinery  Co 350-357 

United  States  Custom  House 212 

United  States  Hotel 49 

Vahey,  Hon.  James  H 456 

Victoria  Hotel 492 

View  from  Cupola  of  State  House 46 

View  from  Custom  House  Tower 395 

Vitelli,  James  A 408 

Waldorf  Lunch  System 503-504 

Walker,  George  H 507 

Walker-Gordon  Laboratory  Co 507 

Walker,  Henry  L 194 

Walker  Lithograph  &  Publishing  Co 507 

Walsh,  Ex-Governor  David  1 191 

Walsh,  Joseph  P 425 

Walton,  David  H 497 

Walton  Lunch  System 497-499 

Walworth  Manufacturing  Co 382-383 

Wardwell,  J.  Otis 412-413 

Wardwell,  Sheldon  E 471 

Warren,  Bentley  W 437 


Page 

Warien  Brothers  &  Co 379 

Warren,  Dr.  John 285 

Warren,  Dr.  Joseph 285 

Warren,  Joseph  F 437 

Washburn,  Dr.  George  H 302 

Washington  Elm 137 

Washington  Statue 153 

Washington  Street 43,  75,  103 

Waterman,  Frank  S 380 

Wellington,  Arthur  J 452-453 

Wcilman,  Hon.  Arthur  H 415 

Wentworth  Institute 234 

Wesselhoeft,  Dr.  Conrad 298 

Weyburn,  Lyon 426-427 

West,  Alfred  L 462 

Wharton,  Hon.  William  F 428 

Wheelwright,  George  W 336 

Wheelwright,  John  T 479 

Whitley,  Samuel  H 470 

Whiting  &  Sons,  D 370 

Whitman,  William 343,  347 

Widener  Library  at  Harvard 127 

Wiggin,  George  W 470 

Wiggin,  Joseph 466 

Wilson,  Butler  R 472 

Wilson,  George  L 454 

Winslow  Bros.  cS:  Smith  Co 330 

Winslow,  Sidney  W 351 

Women's  City  Club 124 

Woodbury,  C.  J.  H 197,  198 

Wood,  William  M 327-330 

Woods  Machine  Co.,  S.  A 360 

Wright,  John  G 324 

Wyman,  Alphonso  A 460 

Young's  Hotel 49 

Young  Men's  Christian  Assn.  Bldg 211 

Zottoli,  Frank  M 476 

Zottoli,  Joseph  T 480 


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BINDERY   INC. 

1985 

N.  MANCHESTER, 
^S»^  INDIANA  46962 


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