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THE BOOK OF DOGS

AN INTIMATE STUDY OF MANKIND’S BEST FRIEND

ERNEST HAROLD BAYNES

AND

LOUIS AGASSIZ FUERTES

Illustrated with 73 Natural Color Portraits from Original

Paintings by Louis Agassiz Fuertes

PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY,
WASHINGTON, D. C.
UrS: A.

ae @

WasuHincton, D. C.
Press or Jupp & Detweiter, INc.

THE
NATIONAL

EOGRAPHIC
SOCIETY

MANKIND’S BEST FRIEND

Companion of His Solitude, Advance Guard in

the Hunt,

and Ally of the Trenches

By Ernest Haroitp Baynes

HEN the intellectual gulf be-
gan to widen, in tne author's
tancy, the man stood on one

side and the rest of the animais on the
other. The man looked upward at the
sky, and all the other animals walked off,
each about his own business. “All,” did
I say? All but one! The little dog sat
on the very edge oi the widening gulf,
ears cocked, tail moving, and watching
the man. Then he rose to his feet, trem-
bling. “TI want to go to him,” he whined,
and crouched as if to leap.

The pig grunted and went on rooting
in the ground; the sheep nibbled a tus-
sock of grass; the cow chewed her cud in
calm indifference. It was none of their
business whether he went or stayed.

“Don’t try that jump,” said the friendly
horse; “you can’t possibly make it; I
couldn’t do that myself.”

“Oh, let him try it,’ sneered the cat;
“he'll break his silly neck and serve him
right.”’

But the dog heard none of them; his
eyes were on the man, and he danced on
the edge of the gulf and yelped. And the
man heard him and looked across and
saw what he wished to do.

“Come!” shouted the man.

“I’m coming,” yelped the dog.

And then he gathered himself and
leaped. But the gulf was very wide—
almost too wide for a little dog. Only
his brave forepaws struck the farther
edge of the chasm, and there he hung
without a whimper, looking straight into
the eyes of the man. And then there
came to the man a strange feeling he had
never had before, and he smiled, stooped
and lifted the dog firmly and placed him
by his side, where he has been ever since.
And this was the very beginning of the
movement which, ages later, led to the
foundation of the first humane society.
And the dog went frantic with joy and
gratitude, piedged his loyaity to the man,
and he has never broken his pledge.

THE BEGINNINGS OF THE FRIENDSHIP

BETWEEN DOGS AND MEN

The dog is the oldest friend man has
among the animals—very much the old-
est. Compared with him the cat and the
horse are new acquaintances. Probably
we shall never know when the friendship
began, but the bones of dogs lying side
by side with the bones of primitive men
tend to show that it was in very, very re-
mote times.

And perhaps in the beginning of their
acquaintanceship they were not friends;
probably not. Probably primitive man

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

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TESmligs

had to fight the wild dogs as
he doubtless had to fight all
the other wild animals he came
in contact with.

And no mean foes would
these wild dogs prove them-
selves. Their speed, strength,
courage, and ferocity, coupled
with their probable habit of
fighting in packs, must have
made them very formidable
enemies to unarmed men, no
matter how strong the latter
may have been. Doubtless in
those early days the encount-
ers would often end in favor
of the dogs, and the man
would go down and be torn to
pieces by the overwhelming
pack.

But the man had two arms
and prehensile fingers and toes,
and so could climb trees which
the dogs could not, and prob-
ably he often escaped his ca-
nine enemies in this way. We
can imagine him, out of breath
and badly bitten, perhaps, sit-
ting up in a tree gazing fear-
fully at the leaping dogs below,
and wondering when he would
be able to descend to get some
food.

Perhaps it was while sitting
thus that some great prehis-
toric genius conceived the idez
that by means of a branch
broken from the tree he sat in
he could strike the dogs with-
out descending to the ground.
And perhaps he carried out
this idea, drove the dogs away
yelping, and the next day
leaped into fame as the in-
ventor of the club, the original
“big stick.”

HOW THE DOG'S RESPECT FOR
MAN GREW

And somewhat later, when
the dogs had learned to dodge
the blows of the club, to snatch
it out of the hands of the man,
perhaps, we can believe that
another great genius came
along and proved that by

THE NATIONAL

GEOGRAPHIC

MAGAZINE

oh)

British oficial photograph, by Associated Illustration Agencies, Ltd.

GREAT

A CANINE COURIER OF THE

This dog as a dispatch-bearer is three and a third times as efficient as a man,

WAR

for in

three minutes it will deliver to local headquarters the message being written by the officer,

whereas a human courier would require ten minutes to make the
allowed to feed this dog—its keeper at headquarters.

trip. Only one man is
Soldiers are not allowed to pet the

animal, as its affection for its keeper must be undivided.

means of a stone, skilfully hurled, dogs
could be killed before they were near
enough to bite. And here began the art
of throwing missiles at an enemy, which
has culminated in the invention of great
guns which hurl projectiles for 60 miles.

Under such convincing tutelage, no
doubt the dogs gradually came to have a
great and healthy respect for man, the
one mysterious creature who could fight
them with something more formidable
than his teeth and claws, and while they
were still at a distance, where they could
not use their own. Perhaps there came
to be a mutual respect. Both of these
powerful races were largely carnivorous
and hunted for a living.

Sometimes when the man was hunting,
probably the dogs would follow at a re-
spectful distance, and when he had made
his kill with a club or a stone, or later

with a spear,
parts of the
carry off.

Sometimes perhaps the dogs would run
down and bring to bay some dangerous
quarry which would have been too fleet
for the man, and while they were circling
about trying to avoid the death which was
sure to come to some of them before the
rest could break their fast, the man would
come up and with his crude weapons kill
their enemy, take what he needed for his
own use, and yet leave them an ample
feast. And because they were useful to
one another in this way, we can easily
imagine that the man and the dog would
gradually form a sort of partnership in
the chase.

Again, when man lived in caves he was
doubtless an untidy, not to say filthy,
creature, who after feeding would toss

they would clean up the
carcass which he did not

4 THE

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

A PHIDIPPIDES OF

Photograph by Associated Illustration \gencies, Ltd.

MODERN WARFARE

Like the famous Greek athlete who ran from Athens to Sparta to summon aid in the
repulse of Persian invaders, this dog scurries over shell holes and mined areas, wriggles
through barbed wire, and braves an artillery barrage to carry a vital message to headquarters

when telephone wires have been shot away
impassable for men (see pages 17 and 73).

the bones and other refuse just outside
his home, until the place looked like the
outside of a fox burrow when the hunt-
ing is good.

Wild dogs when they had been unsuc-
cessful in the chase, perhaps, and conse-
quently hungry, would be attracted by the
odor of this waste food and would come
and carry it off. They would come fur-
tively at first, but as they found they were
not molested they would come boldly, and
by thus disposing of refuse that would
otherwise become offensive even to prim-
itive man they performed a service in ex-
change for benefits received.

In this way man would become used to,
and would even encourage the presence
of, dogs in the vicinity of his home.

Then, with so many wild dogs living
near by, it is certain that occasionally
their dens would be found by the man
and the puppies carried home to amuse

and communicating trenches have been made

the children. Such puppies would grow
up with little fear of their human hosts,
and by their playful, friendly ways would
probably win for themselves at least tol-
erance, 1f not actual affection, and dogs
would become a recognized part of the
household.

The puppies of these dogs would be a
little tamer than their parents, and those
of the next generation a little tamer still,
until some of them became so domesti-
cated as to have no thought of ever re-
turning to the wild state.

SHARING MAN’S COMFORTS

When fire was invented or discovered,
no doubt such dogs shared with man its
comforts and its protection, and this may
have strengthened their determination to
throw in their lot with the mysterious
beings who could create such comfort and
protection for them.

THE NATIONAL

GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 5

“TAKING

While the soldier in the world war was
spring of the dog’s service in the great conflict was dauntless fidelity to its master.

HIS MESSAGE TO

actuated by

Official photograph taken on the British front in France

GARCIA”

the main-
Neither

motives of patriotism,

hazards of terrain nor of battle could stop the dumb courier when bearing a message from the

front-line trenches to the keeper in the rear.

The illustration shows

a British war messenger

dog in the front area swimming across a canal to reach his master and deliver a message.

Sooner or later man would discover
that certain individual dogs were swifter
or stronger than their fellows and there-
fore more useful in the hunt. These
would be encouraged to accompany him;
the others would be left at home. The
less useful dogs would gradually be elim-
inated—driven away from the home or
killed—and the swifter, stronger dogs re-
tained. We can imagine that this proces
of weeding out might continue until a
distinct breed of hunting dogs was devel-
oped.

As dogs were required for other pur-
guarding property, or even
for household pets—other qualities might
be encouraged and other breeds evolved.

The varieties produced in different re-
gions would be likely to differ from one
another partly by reason of the differ-
ence in the wild forms from which they
sprang, partly because of the difference

in the lines along which they were devel-
oped.

In the inevitable intercourse between
peoples from different regions there
would surely be an exchange of dogs, ac-
cidental or otherwise, and the “result
would be new varieties which in the
course of ages and under widely varying
conditions, including finally selective
breeding, might eventuz ally produce the
many widely “differing breeds we see to-
day.

THE ANCESTORS OF OUR DOMESTIC DOG

Have you ever been to a dog show?
I mean a big one like the Westminster
Kennel Glib: show in New York, with
3,000 dogs on the benches and over a hun-
dred different breeds represented? If
you have, perhaps you have been im-
pressed, as I have been, with the marvel-
ous variety of forms to be seen.

6 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

FRENCH WAR DOG: A COURSER

WIOSE

THE

WINGED FEET SPURN EARTH

_ A remarkable “flight” picture of one of the liaison couriers trained and used by the
French for emergencies when the telephone system in the front-line trenches was put out
of commission by enemy artillery (see pages 17, 55, and 73).

Let us recall for a moment some of the
dogs we have noticed and see how widely
they differ in appearance. For instance,
compare a giant Saint Bernard, weighing
between 250 and 300 pounds, with a tiny
Chihuahua, which may barely tip the
scales at a pound and a half and which
can stand on the outstretched hand of a
lady. Or look at the tall, lithe wolfhounds
and greyhounds, built to move like the
winds of heaven, and then turn toward
the short-legged, crooked-jointed bassets
and dachshund, and you will surely smile
and probably laugh out loud.

Compare a Newfoundland or, better
still, an Eskimo dog, whose thick, dense
coat can withstand even the rigors of an
Arctic winter, with a hairless dog of
Mexico or Africa, which looks cold even
in the middle of summer.

\nd we note that such striking com-
parisons can be made not only in the gen-
eral appearance of the dogs, but in almost

every feature of them. We see ears that
stand straight up like those of the Ger-
man shepherd, ears that fall forward at
the tips, like those of the collie, and ears
long and pendulous, like those of the
bloodhound, which extend far beyond the
tip of the nose and sometimes touch the
ground when the animal is on the trail.
These and the endless other compari-
sons of the many different breeds may
make us hesitate to accept the conclusion
which naturalists, led by Darwin, have
arrived at, namely, that all domestic dogs
are descended from a few wild forms,
namely, wolves, jackals, and_ possibly
dingos (page 10). Yet it seems that the
naturalists are correct in their conclu-
sions, and that the many varieties found
at the bench show are but so many proofs
of what Maeterlinck, and Cuvier before
him, point out, namely, that the dog is the
one animal which can follow man all over
the earth and adapt himself to every cli-

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE ah

mate and to every use to which his master
chooses to put him.

THE DOG DOES NOT BOAST OF THE FOX
ON HIS FAMILY TREE

For a long time it was thought that
foxes should be included among the an-
cestors of the dog. They are very dog-
like in general appearance and in many
of their habits.

I have had many American red foxes
in captivity, and one which I reared from
a puppy became almost as tame as a dog.
He followed me on my walks and had the
run of the house. Foxes of this species
whine, yelp, and bark, and, like dogs and
wolves, smile and wag their tails when
pleased, bury food which they cannot eat
at the time, and turn round and round on
their beds before lying down. But in
spite of these similarities s, and in spite of
the fact that they will sometimes make
friends with domesticated dogs, and even
with wolves, it seems that they are not
closely related to either.

As far as I am aware, no one has ever
succeeded in obtaining a cross between a
fox anda dog. The late Mr. A. D. Bart-
lett, for years superintendent of the Zoo-
logical Gardens in London, after a long
series of experiments and observations,
not only failed to procure a cross himself,
but states that he never heard of a single
well-authenticated case of such a cross
having been made.

WOLVES, JACKALS, DINGOS, AND DOGS
INTERBREED

On the other hand, wolves, jackals, and
dingos cross freely with domestic dogs
and. the progeny is fertile. I have myself
seen many crosses between American tim-
ber wolves and dogs. Some shown me
by Superintendent Benson, of Norum-
bega Park, near Boston, some years ago,
were the offspring of a great Dane dog
and a female wolf. They were finely
built, high-strung, very wolfish-looking
dogs, the characteristics of the wild par-
ent distinctly predominating.

In Kansas I once saw two well-grown
puppies whose mother was a coyote and
father an unknown dog. One was gray-
ish, somewhat like the mother; the other
was black. They had wolfish heads and
snarled like coyotes. They were very

nervous and at every opportunity ran
away from me with their tails between
their legs.

Both the American gray wolf and the
smaller prairie wolf, or coyote, are easy to
domesticate, though it has been my ex-
perience that they never become quite as
tame and tractable as domestic dogs.

I had one coyote, which we named
Romulus, for six years, and a good part
of the time he was loose. He followed
my wife and me on our tramps through
the woods and over the mountains, some-
times at heel, sometimes ranging out in
front. He would come at a call, and if
within hearing would respond instantly
to an imitation of the long-drawn howl
of the coyote.

A PLAYFUL, AFFECTIONATE COYOTE

He was very affectionate and would
smile and wag his tail to express his joy
at meeting us, and throw himself on his
back as an invitation to us to caress him.
He was playful, too, and given one end
of a rope or strap would do his best to
pull it away from us. While in,this play-
ful mood he would catch up the skirt of
a coat or dress and walk along with us,
proudly smiling and wagging his tail.
But he was very high-strung and nervous,
and if we attempted to hold him in the
presence of strangers he would bite and
get away as quickly as possible. Once
loose he was no longer afraid and would
often run right in and tear the stranger’s
clothing.

Most writers refer to the coyote as
cowardly, but I have seen nothing which
seems to justify this estimate of his char-
acter. He simply isn’t foolhardy. He's
like the Irishman who said he preferred
to have his enemies cail him a coward to-
day to having his friends say “How nat-
ural he looks” tomorrow.

I will give an example of what I mean.
One bitter winter day I was tramping on
snow-shoes through a New Hampshire
forest with a coyote at my heels. As
we were passing a deserted cabin, three
fox-hounds which had taken refuge from
the recent storm came leaping out in
full cry.

The coyote, outnumbered and taken by
surprise, drifted away over the snow like
a puff of gray smoke, the hounds in pur-

Pa) THE NATIONAL C

A COLLIE OF

Before he “joined the army,”

answers to the more appropriate title of ‘

suit. But they were no match for him
in speed, and after floundering along in
his wake for less than half a mile they
stopped, turned round, and started back.

ai he coyote, who had been running eas-
ily only a few feet ahead of them, seemed
to be completely in touch with the situa-
tion. No sooner had the tired dogs
turned than he wheeled about, pitched
into the rear guard of the enemy, and
in a running counter attack decisively

GEOGRAPHIC

ROYAL ANCESTRY BECAME

this dog of blooded lineage bore the name of “Bum.”

MAGAZINE

Photograph by William Hbnty
OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS
Now he

THE MASCOT

3ullets.”

whipped all three of the hounds and
finally drove them back yelping into the
old house from which they had come.
That didn’t look like cowardice; it
looked like good generalship. And it isn’t
cowardice for an animal the size of
covote to run away from an animal the
size of a man, especially when the little
wolf knows that in some mysterious man-
ner his enemy can kill him when he is still
a quarter of a mile away. That’s a com-

THE NATIONAL

bination of common
sense and good judg-
ment.

THE FIDELITY OF

ROMULUS

My coyote, Romu-
lus, was very destruc-
tive to poultry, and
even to the wild deer,
and I finally gave him
to a zoological garden,
where he died six
years later, at the age
of twelve.

I made a point of
going to see him once
or twice a year, and
he never forgot me.
As soon as he saw me
he would begin to exe-
cute a strange little
rocking dance, mean-
while smiling and
waving his brush. The
keeper would unlock
the door of his pen,
and as I entered the
wolf would rush to
greet me and roll over
on his back like a
friendly puppy. Then
he would throw him-
self upon me, lap my
face and hands, hang
onto my clothing as | is
though to detain me, ge

GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 9g

sae

and when finall ly IT had A DOG AND HIS MASTER PROTECTED ALIKE FROM POISON GAS

to leave him, he would AT THE BATTLE FRONT (SEE PAGE 55)

raise his muzzle in the Every living creature—man, dog, horse, and mule—had to be

air and howl discon- equipped with a gas mask in order to pass through the areas deluged
with poisonous fumes during the world war. In the background

solately.

My experience with
domesticated timber
wolves would tend to
show that they are not so demonstratively
affectionate as the coyotes. As puppies,
they are rather playful, but as they get
older they are apt to take themselves very
seriously

They ‘differ greatly in character. Some
I have had became so savage that it was

necessary to get rid of them; others were
gentle and friendly as long as they lived.

One big, powerful wolf I owned some
times showed marked affection for me,

are seen stretcher-bearers carrying a wounded man to safety.
war dogs were frequently employed in finding the sorely wounded
in No Man’s Land and in leading

The

rescuers to them.

and then
alone. ‘The
made him

but it was only occasionally,
only when we were entirely

presence of a third person
grimly aloof. Nevertheless, he did not
resent the friendly advances even of
strangers, and when I took him with me
on lecture trips, as I often did, he would
follow me through the audience, and the
smallest child present might put its arms
about his neck without fear of being
hurt. But he simply tolerated these ad-

10 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

vances; he never responded to them with
so much as a smile.

He was not so tolerant of dogs, how-
ever, and woe to any dog that ventured
to cross his path. As a joke I once en-
tered him as a “buffalo hound” at one
of the big bench shows. He was accepted.
benched, and behaved himself perfectly,
though I did take the precaution to put
a wire screen between him and the public.

Only once did he even threaten trouble.
That was when I was leading him past
a bench of the Russian wolf hounds, who
instantly leaped to the ends of their
chains, eyes blazing, teeth bared, while
their savage barking brought every dog
in the show to its feet.

The great wolf whirled about facing
the foremost dog, Champion Bistri
o’ Valley Farm. The calmness of the
wild brute was in marked contrast to the
excitement of the dogs. As he stood
there firmly on his four legs, the hair on
his back and neck rising in a tall mane,
menacing fangs unsheathed, and those
cold, merciless eyes gazing straight into
the face of his sworn enemy, I wondered
what was going on in the back of that big
gray head. Perhaps he was wondering
how many dogs of that caliber he could
account for in a fair open fight, taking
one at a time. Then I dragged him off,
mane tossing and with many a backward
glance at the splendid dogs who were just
as eager as he was to come to grips.

Jackals, which in many respects re-
semble our own coyotes, are found in
Asia and Africa. If taken as puppies
they are easily tamed. My father, who
lived for many years in India, had a tame
jackal which showed many doglike traits.
Tt would wag its tail when pleased, and
throw itself upon its back in affectionate
submission.

THE WILD DOG OF AUSTRALIA

The dingo is the wild dog of Australia
and may have been one of the ancestors
of our domestic breeds. There is still
some doubt about this, however, as it is
not quite certain whether the animal orig-
inated in Australia or whether it is de-
scended from the dogs of Asia and was
introduced by man at some very remote

time. In any case, it is a true dog and
is easily tamed.

The native name for the animal is
“warrigal,’ “dingo” being the name
given by the natives to any domesticated
dog of the settlers. The dingos I have
seen were tawny brown in color and
about the size of a smooth-coated collie,
but of more stocky build and more pow-
erful jaws. I once had a dingo puppy,
a lovable ball of soft rich brown fur, but
alas! he died before I had a chance to
study him.

In the wild state dingos hunt in packs,
and formerly were so destructive to sheep
that the stockmen began a war of ex-
termination, aided by a government
bounty of five shillings for every dingo
killed. = Strychnine was the principal
weapon used, and it was so effective that
the ranks of the wild dog were thinned
to a point where they were no longer
a menace.

TRAINING THE DINGO

On the Herbert River the natives find
dingo puppies and bring them up with
the children. A puppy is usually reared
with great care; he is well fed on meat
and fruit and often becomes an important
member of the family. His keen scent
makes him very useful in trailing game,
and his fleetness of foot frequently en-
ables him to run it down. His master
never strikes him, though he sometimes
threatens to do so.

“he threats often end in extravagant
caresses. And he seems to respond to
this kindly treatment, for the dingo is
said to be a “one-man” dog, refusing to
follow any one but his master. Never-
theless, the call of the wild, especially in
the mating season, often proves too strong
for him, and he will rejoin the pack never
to return to his human friends.

When we consider, then, the doglike
friendliness of which these wild forms
are capable, even in the first generation,
it is not difficult to believe that they are
the ancestors of our domestic dogs, with
which they freely interbreed.

Our belief is still further strengthened
if we consider how closely many of the
domesticated dogs resemble the wild
forms of the same regions. ‘The resem-

DEE:

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE iat

WEARING THE CHEVRONS OF

HONOR

FOR SERVICE OVERSEAS

A ship’s mascot is as truly essential in the maintenance of morale among bluejackets as

are clean quarters, good food, and strict discipline.

These tiny tykes, with their blankets

bearing service stripes, are important units of the United States battleship Oklahoma's com-

plement of fighters.

blance is nowhere stronger than in the
Eskimo dogs of Greenland and Alaska,
which are believed to be simply domesti-
cated wolves. Some of the Arctic ex-
plorers have called attention to the diffi-
culty of distinguishing them from the
wild wolves of the same region.

Captain Parry, in the journal of his
second voyage, speaks of a pack of 13
wolves which came boldly within a few
yards of his ship, The Fury, but which
he and his men dared not shoot, because
they could not be quite sure that they
were not shooting sledge dogs and thus
doing the Eskimos an irreparable injury.

A few years ago Admiral Peary kindly
conducted me over Flag Island, in Casco
Bay, that I might see the pure-bred
North Greenland Eskimo dogs which he
brought back after his discovery of the
North Pole. When these animals carried
their tails curled over their backs, as they
usually do, there was no mistaking them
for anything else but dogs, but the mo-
ment they lowered their tails, as they
often did, to all appearances they were
gray wolves.

Another striking example of this simi-
larity between Eskimo dogs and wolves
is shown in a photograph by Donald B.

12 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

MacMillan of one of his female Eskimo
dogs, standing with lowered tail watch-
ing a litter of. puppies w hich she is nurs-
ing. The puppies, which are spotted, are
evidently not pure breed, but the mother
looks as much like a timber wolf as any
timber wolf I ever saw.

In the same way some of the dogs
which in former years were found among
the Indians farther south closely resem-
bled coyotes.

Many of the pariah dogs of India look

much like the wolves of that country ; in
southeastern Europe and the south of
Asia many of the breeds of dogs bear a
close resemblance to the jackals of the
same districts, and some of the South
American dogs show a marked similarity
to the small South American wolves. It
was such considerations which led Dar-
win to the following conclusion:

“Tt is highly probable that the domestic
dogs of the world are descended from
two well-defined species of wolf, namely,
Canis lupus and Canis latrans, and from
two or three doubtful species, namely, the
European, Indian, and North African
wolves; from at least one or two South
American canine species; from several
races or species of jackals, and perhaps
from one or more extinct species.”

HISTORICAL SKETCH

As we have noted, there is good evi-
dence that men and dogs were associated
in very remote times. Among the re-
mains left by the ancient cave-dwellers,
half-petrified bones, some human, some
canine, are found lying together. Rem-
nants of dog bones have been found in
the Danish ‘“‘kitchen-middens’’—heaps of
household rubbish piled by the people of
the newer Stone Age—and dog bones of
later periods have also been found in
Denmark.

Of course, it is often impossible to
form any idea of the appearance of these
dogs in life; but in Switzerland there
have been found records which show that
a large dog differing widely from the
wolf and the jackal, nird which is said to
have borne a resemblance to our hounds
and setters, was at least partially domes-
ticated by the lake-dwellers.

That the men of the so-called aed
period had dogs which they used in th
chase, and perhaps for other purposes, is
evidenced by the crude pictures which
they cut in the rocks to record their
mighty deeds and adventures.

One such picture, 5 feet high by 12 feet
long, cut thousands of years ago in the
solid quartz at Bohuslau, on the shores of
the Cattegat, depicts what seems to be a
hunting party consisting of men, dogs,
and horses, just landed from a boat and
engaged in the pursuit of reindeer.

Other prehistoric artists have engraved
rude figures of dogs on the surface of
bones and horns; and these, no doubt,
were aboriginal dogs. In fact, with the
exception of a few islands, namely, the
West Indies, Madagascar, some of the
islands of the Malay Archipelago, New
Zealand, and the Polynesian Islands, there
are few parts of the world where we can-
not find evidence that the dog in some
form existed as an aboriginal animal.

THE DOG DOMESTICATED IN EARLY TIMES

In most parts of the world the dog has

been more or less domesticated from. very
early times, though it is not until we be-

gin to study the “records of such highly
civilized peoples as the ancient Assyrians
and Egyptians that we find dogs which
we can recognize as belonging to distinct
breeds.

The Assyrians had at least two, the
greyhound and the mastiff, the former
much like our coursing dogs, the latter a
large, heavy-built, powerful beast, but
evidently much more active than the mas-
tiffs seen in modern kennels and at the
bench shows.

In the Nimrod Gallery of the British
Museum may be seen a bas-relief tablet
showing Assur-bani-pal and his attend-
ants with Assyrian mastiffs straining at
the leash, and another showing similar
mastiffs hunting wild horses.

The ancient Egyptians seem to have
been at least as familiar with dogs as we
are, and on the Egyptian monuments of
5,000 years ago are figured several widely
differing breeds, showing that even in
those days dogs were used not only in the
chase, but as companions and household

pets.

DOGS OF THE CHASE 2,500 YEARS AGO

Among the ruins of Nineveh have been found marble slabs upon which are carved such
scenes as this, which shows attendants with nets holding the leashes of the hunting dogs of
Assur-bani-pal, the grand monarque of Assyria, magnificent patron of art and literature and
creator of the great library of Nineveh. This panel proves that the hunting dogs of twenty-
five centuries ago were much the same as those of today.

Photograph by Paul Thompson

AT THE DOG SHOW: THE SMALLEST AND THE LARGEST EXHIBITS
The astonishing differences in the various species of the dog family are strikingly de-
picted in this picture. Wonderful Tiny, the Yorkshire terrier, in his mistress’ hands, weighs
only 10 ounces, while Boy Blue, the great St. Bernard, weighs 250 pounds.

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE al)

Some of the Egyptian greyhounds bore
a striking resemblance to modern Eng-
lish greyhounds. Others had fringed
tails and had doubtless been introduced
from Persia, where this breed, unchanged
in form, is used today (see page 22).
Another hound kept by the Egyptians
was not unlike our great Dane, and there
was a short-legged toy dog which carried
its tail curled over its back. It is in-
teresting to note that one kind of hunt-
ing dog kept by the ancient Egyptians
was called “unsu,” or “unsau,” meaning
“wolves,” perhaps indicating a knowl-
edge of its descent from the wild form.

WORSHIPED BY THE EGYPTIANS

But to the Egyptians dogs were much
more than either assistants in the chase
or household pets. They were objects of
veneration and worship. They appear in
the friezes of the temples and were re-
garded as divine emblems.

Herodotus tells us that when a dog be-
longing to an Egyptian family died, the
members of the household shaved them-
selves as an expression of their grief, and
adds that this was the custom in his own
day.

An interesting explanation of this ven-
eration associated it with the annual over-
flowing of the Nile. The coming of the
great event, on which depended the pros-
perity of Lower Egypt, was heralded by
the star Syrius, which appeared above
the horizon at this time. And as soon
as this star was seen the inhabitants be-
gan to remove their flocks to the higher
pastures, leaving the lower ones to be
fertilized by the rising waters. The warn-
ing was so timely and unfailing that the
people called Syrius the “dog star,” be-
cause it seemed to show the friendly
watchfulness and fidelity of a dog.

A feeling of gratitude for this service
was no doubt gradually replaced by the
stronger feeling of veneration and wor-
ship. The dog came to be regarded as
a god—the genius of the river—and was
represented with the body of a man and
the head of a dog. As Anubis, it became
a great figure in Egyptian mythology,
and its image was placed on the gates of
the temples.

At a later period Cynopolis, the city
of the dog, was built in honor of Anubis,
to whom priests celebrated great festivals
and sacrificed earthly dogs—black ones
and white ones alternately. These dogs,
and others of a reddish color, were em-
balmed, and many dog mummies have
been found.

EGYPTIAN DOG WORSHIP SPREAD TO OTHER
LANDS

Dog worship spread from Egypt to
many other countries, where it took dif-
ferent forms. The Romans. sacrificed
dogs to Anubis, to the lesser dog star,
Procyon, and to Pan, and the Greeks
made similar offerings to propitiate Pros-
erpine, Mars, Hecate, and other imagi-
nary beings of whom they stood in fear.

Plutarch says: “The circle which
touches and separates the two hemis-
pheres, and which on account of this di-
vision has received the name of horizon,
is called Anubis. It is represented under
the form of a dog because this animal
watches during the day and during the
night.”

Out of this idea it seems there arose
two mythical personages—Mercury, or
Hermes, and Cerberus, the three-headed
dog supposed to guard the gates of hell.

But there were humbugs even in those
days, and they humbugged the dog wor-
shipers even as charlatans often hum-
bug Christians today. Perhaps the limit
of deception was practiced on a certain
nation in Ethiopia, which is said to have
been bamboozled into actually setting up
a dog for its king. Clad in royal robes
and with a crown upon his head, he sat
upon his throne and received the homage
of his subjects. He signified his approval
by wagging his tail and his disapproval
by barking. He conferred honors upon
a person by licking his hand, and a growl
might condemn a man to captivity or
death.

Even so, since he was a dog, his sub-
jects might have expected justice and
possibly mercy had it not been for the
“advisers” by whom he was surrounded.
These gentlemen, of course, had their
own interests to serve, and no doubt
served them by skilfully juggling the in-

terpretations of the “‘king’s” commands.

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THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 17

WORK OF DOGS IN THE WAR

It would not be fair to close this article
without brief mention of the splendid
work performed by dogs on the battle-
fields of Europe.

From the very beginning of the war,
dogs have had a paw in it. When the
Germans invaded Belgium the harness
dogs, which up to that time had been used
for hauling milk, vegetables, and other
produce, began to assist the refugees in
getting their children and household
goods out of the invaded territory. Since
then they have hauled light artillery, and
carts laden with blankets, bread, hay, and
scores of other things for the comfort of
soldiers and their horses.

They have done sentry duty in the
trenches and, with their masters, patrol
duty out on No Man’s Land, their acute
senses often making them aware of the
approach of an enemy long before an un-
assisted man could have detected it.

They have carried dispatches through
barb-wire entanglements and amid the
hail of bullets, and in neat baskets
strapped to their backs have delivered
homing pigeons intended to carry mes-
sages for longer distances.

But perhaps the greatest service they
have rendered has been in connection with
the Red Cross, especially in the French
and German armies. A part of their

OUR COMMON

work has been to find the wounded after
a battle.

It is well known that when a man is
wounded, usually one of his first thoughts
is to get out of the way of the bullets
and the shells, and if he has strength he
will crawl to some comparatively safe
place, often a place where it would be
difficult for a man to find him, especially
at night. Later, perhaps, he will be too
weak to crawl out again or even to cry
for help, and in many cases he would be
lost if it were not for the dogs.

Keen of scent, these animals are not
dependent on eyesight or hearing, and
one of them will probably find him. If
it does it will take his cap or something
else belonging to him and hurry back
to the lines and presently return with
stretcher-bearers, who will carry the poor
fellow in to receive the best attention
possible.

Other dogs, each with a big can of hot
soup strapped to either side, are sent
through the front-line trenches to carry
this cheering fare to the fighting men.

Many of the dogs have been mentioned
in the dispatches, a number have been
decorated for bravery or distinguished
service, and many, many more have done
their bit, the biggest bit it is possible to
do, and gone without a whimper where
the best men and the best dogs go.

DOGS

By Louis Acassiz FurrTes AND ErRNest Haroitp BAYNES

With Illustrations by Louis Agassiz Fuertes

HE dog isa species without known
beginning, and of all man’s de-
pendent animals the most variable
in size, form, coat, and color. Further-
more, no breed as we now know can be
considered a species, as any dog may
breed with any other and produce fertile
offspring, which in itself is the very defi-
nition of a species.
The great plasticity of the present-day
dog is due, of course, to this fact, and
no other one of man’s domestic animals

(excepting possibly chickens) presents
the range of possibility and the readiness
with which new “varieties” may be pro-
duced and stabilized. Thus, up to 1885
the well-known and justly popular Aire-
dale was a nondescript and variable ter-
rier of the lowly poacher—simply a
clever, faithful, and dependable mongrel.
Today no breed demands a more exact-
ing set of requirements nor meets them
so generally!

The illustrator’s problem in preparing

DINGO

OTTERHOUND

20 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

this series was not the production of a
“standard of perfection” of the various
“breeds” of dogs. It was to give, as far
as possible, the proper appearance of ac-
ceptable types that have been dignified by
a name, and to show in what way they
are entitled to the friendship and care
and companionship of man. Let it not
be thought that it was an easy task, nor
that had time, opportunity, early concen-
tration, and a larger acquaintance with
the field been part of the artist’s equip-
ment, the result would not have been far
more satisfactory to the reader and to
him.*

It these pictures it has been less his
notion to establish types and a pictorial
standard than to show the “man on the
street” the general appearance and the
special reason for being of the seventy-
odd “kinds” of dogs that seemed to the
editor and the artist best included in such
an exposition as this. There are, of
course, other recognized varieties of degs,
but those shown are the kinds best
known.

* Outstanding among the many helps in the
preparation of this series are the names of
many men and women who entered early into
the codperative spirit of the times and gave
essential aid where it was much needed. Man
is a fickle animal, and as the natural conse-
quence of this trait many loves of earlier days
languish and fade as newer beauties meet his
eye. Thus it was impossible to get modern
material on such dogs as the Newfoundland
and pug, no longer extensively bred, as their
day of grace is done. For these reference was
freely made to books, chief among which were
Leighton’s “Book of the Dog” and Watson’s
“Dog Book” (first 2 vol. ed.) to “Field and
Fancy,’ and to the illustrated supplements to
“Our Dogs,” published in England.

To his “contributing collaborators” the art-
ist desires gratefully to acknowledge the help
of Messrs. Skinner and Lewis, of “Field and
Fancy,” and of Mr. A. R. Rost for informa-
tion, material, and kindly criticism; Messrs.
Harry W. Smith, Miss Amy Bonham, Mrs.
Henry Sampson, Jr., Mrs. C. H. Yates, Mrs.
Haley Fisk, Mr. A. J. Davis, Mr. R. M. Barker,
Mr A. K. Easton, Mr Jacob Rupert, Jr.,
Major B. F. Throop, Mr. F. Gualdo Ford, Mr.
E. Kilburn-Scott, Miss Ruth Nicholls, the
Mepal Kennels, and others for the generosity
with which they supplied photographs and
other material bearing on the dogs in which
each is particularly interested.

Indeed, should the artist specifically acknowl-
edge each one who has contributed his share
in the work, it would, he fears, occupy more
space than does the finished article!

THE WOLVES AND COYOTES
(For illustration, see page 18)

The timber, or gray, wolf, which undoubtedly
has an influence in the formation of the native
Indian and Eskimo dogs of this country, for-
merly occupied practically all of the northern
continent of America. He is a large, strong
animal, attaining a weight of probably well
over 100 pounds. His main points of differ-
ence from “true” dogs are the woolly brush
and the small, obliquely set eyes.

In form he is close counterpart of such dogs
as the German shepherd (see page 48). His
coat is harsh and quite long, especially on the
neck, throat, shoulders, and hind quarters. In
color he ranges from nearly pure white in the
Arctic to black in Florida and the more humid
regions. The average color is grizzled gray
and buff.

The coyote is extremely similar in color, fol-
lowing the changes, geographically, which char-
acterize his big and burly cousin. In weight
the coyote seldom goes over 60 pounds, and an
average would probably be under 4o. He is
much more fox-like in general appearance,
having relatively as well as actually a more
slender muzzle and even bushier tail. His gait
is an easy, shadow-like trot until scared or in
hot pursuit, when he flattens out and simply
flies over the ground.t

DINGO
(For illustration, see page 18)

Several fine dingos have been kept in various
zoological gardens in this country, those in
Washington being especially typical and well
conditioned. The dingo is the most doglike
of any of the wild members of the canine
group, and the fact that they interbreed freely
and produce regularly fertile progeny is fur-
ther evidence of its proximity to the dogs of
mankind.

He is a medium-sized animal, weighing 60 to
80 pounds, possessing all the dog’s traits of
character and of physique. He has a broad
head, moderate-pointed ears, strong, well-
boned legs, and a deep chest, which fit him for
the long chase. His one wolfy characteristic
is the quite bushy tail, which is about half-way
between what a dog of similar coat would
carry and the brush of a wolf.

Dingos untinctured by dog blood are self-
colored red or tawny and are very fine-looking
animals. They are said to be readily tamable,
and those the artist has known were as tame
and companionable as any dog. They would
come to the bars of their inclosure, ears back
and tails wagging, and lick the hand of their
keeper, and did the same for the artist if the
keeper was present. Never having tried to

7 For a more detailed description of wolves
and coyotes, see E. W. Nelson’s “Wild Ani-
mals of North America,” with illustrations in
color from paintings by Louis Agassiz Fuertes,
published by the National Geographic Society.

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE il

force friendship nor made advances when
alone, it is impossible for the writer to say how
catholic their tolerance was (see also page 10).

THE NORWEGIAN ELKHOUND
(For illustration, see page 19)

The Norwegian elkhound is one of the wolfy-
looking dogs from which the shepherd dogs of
middle Europe (see pp. 48 and 55) have been
evolved, and is probably a more dependable
dog than any of them, having been bred for
the specific uses of hunting big game, and left
free of the refinements and stultifications de-
manded by the more effete market, which is
largely dependent on the whims of wealth and
caprice.

The elkhound, in short, looks like a small,
stocky, wide-faced German shepherd dog,
standing about 22 inches instead of 26 or 27,
but wearing the same strong, rough working
coat of grizzled buff and brown, or wolf colors.
He is a rare dog in the United States, but in
northern Europe plays an important part in the
life of the people of the mountainous and
wooded country.

He is used to some extent as a carrying and
draft animal, but is unsurpassed in the rough
and tumble of the hunt for such big game as
bear, wolves, and elk (the “moose” of northern
Europe), and is so keen of nose and so tract-
able that he can easily be trained to the more
subtle arts of hunting the capercailzie and
black grouse.

The only one the artist ever saw was the
single specimen shown in the Westminster
show of 1918, and no dog in the whole show
made him more envious of his owner. For
what Mark Twain characterized as “the pur-
poses of a dog” this strong, friendly, and primi-
tive-looking animal seemed a most perfect
creature. He was alert, bright, and self-reliant,
but willing to extend a reserved welcome to a
new acquaintance.

PERSIAN GAZELLEHOUND, OR
SLUGHI

(For illustration, see page 22)

This ancient race is one of the most peculiar,
most beautiful, and most puzzling of dogs.
His graven image comes to us as one of the
earliest of man’s essays in art, and is so easily
recognizable that there is no doubt possible as
to the archaic artist’s model. Possibly no dog
known has changed less from our earliest
knowledge of it to the present day.

The first peculiarity to strike the eye is the
curious combination of short, close body hair,
with silky, flowing Afghan fleece on the ears
and long silken feather from the stern. Other-
wise he looks at first glance very like a grey-
hound.

But, unlike other coursing dogs, the slughi is
short and straight in the body, though very
long and rangy of leg. As he stands in profile

the outline of fore legs, back, hind leg, and
ground form an almost perfect square.

A fact tending to show the antiquity of the
slughi is that no combination of known dogs
seems to be capable of producing a creature
just like him.

In color they are almost without limit.
Cream, fawn, “hound” colors—that is, black,
with tan chops, legs, belly, and feather—seem
to predominate, and while pictures are rather
rare and the dogs practically non-existent out-
side the Mediterranean regions of Africa and
upper India, we have never seen any that were
irregularly pied with white, as are most dogs.

This argues a very dominant character for
their ancient ancestors, for this symmetry of
coloring, found in all wild animals, is about
the first superficial characteristic to disappear
under domestication; and when it persists, as
in this instance, through countless generations,
we may be sure of a very persistent and domi-
nant character for the original wild stock.

The gazellehound is about the size of a me-
dium greyhound—<z6 to 28 inches at the shoul-
der. The falcon is sometimes used to harry
the game until the dogs come up with it.

THE OTTERHOUND
(For illustration, see page 19)

It is said that every sizable stream in Great
Britain has its otter. To hunt this elusive and
wily animal, a very distinct type of dog has
been evolved. The requirements of the hunt
demand the keenest of noses, the staunchest of
“wills to hunt,’ the utmost courage, and the
ability to stand the roughest of wet and dry
coursing.

These qualities have been assembled in the
otterhound, which may be described as a blood-
hound clad in the roughest of deerhound coats.
In general he is all hound, with long, sweeping
ears, deep jaw, and deep-set eye showing the
haw. He is broader in the brow than the
bloodhound and not quite so large, but he has
the same fine carriage, on straight, strong, and
heavily boned legs; large, sound, and partly
webbed feet. The hair over the eyes is long
and ragged, and there is a strong tendency
toward beard and moustache.

He is a great favorite in Great Britain, but
is rarely seen in America. In color he may be
“hound colors,” or “self-colored,” fawn, brown,
tawny, or black. The working dogs are so
hardened by rough work that they are not par-
ticularly suitable as house dogs; when reared
to it, however, their fine qualities render them
exceptional companions even for children.

THE GREYHOUND
(For illustration, see page 27)

Developed originally for great speed in the
pursuit of antelope, gazelles, and desert hares,
the greyhound, though one of the most ancient,
is also one of the most extreme types of dog
known to man.

SCOTTISH DEERHOUND

PERSIAN GAZELLEHOUND

TRISH WOLFHOUND

24 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

Very slender and fine of line, he still main-
tains great strength, and his lovely “compen-
sating” curves and streamlines of form present
a wonderful example of the beauty that inev-
itably accompanies a perfectly adapted mech-
anism His motion is supremely graceful and
easy, and jin repose his elegance does not di-
minish.

This is a tall dog, measuring from 28 to 31
inches at shoulder and weighing from 60 to 70
pounds. The hair is short and close, revealing
intimately the wonderful surface muscles. The
slender legs have sufficient bone for strength,
and the arched back is well muscled, though
slender. The sloping shoulders allow for a
long forward reach in the spring, and the chest,
while rather narrow, is immensely deep, with
ribs fairly sprung, giving sufficient capacity.

The head, while slender, has considerable
strength of jaw, and the eye is bright and re-
sponsive. While not as intelligent as some
dogs, the greyhound is by no means stupid.
His finely chiseled head, delicate ears, and
arched neck give him a distinctive and well-
born appearance equaled by few dogs.

The Italian greyhound is simply a diminutive
greyhound. In both any color is permissible.

As we look to the ancient Greeks for the
highest development of the human body, so we
look to the great hunting dogs of ancient line-
age for the highest development of canine
grace. These tall, powerful hounds, trained
for ages to match their speed and strength
against fleet and often savage wild creatures,
have attained that beauty found only in those
things which are perfectly adapted to the pur-
poses for which they are used.

Swiftest and most graceful of all, perhaps,
is the English greyhound. Built, it would seem,
of spring steel and whipcord, and with a short
satin coat which offers no resistance to the
wind, this swallow among dogs cleaves the air
and barely touches the ground he flies over.
Even the fleet English hare is no match for
him in speed, and were it not that the hare has
a clever knack of dodging at the moment the
dog is about to overtake her, she would be
quickly caught.

General Roger D. Williams, of Lexington,
Kentucky, who has done a great deal of wolf-
hunting in the West, states that greyhounds
can not only overtake a timber wolf, but will
close with him instantly, regardless of conse-
quences, which is more than some wolfhounds
will do.

WHIPPET
(For illustration, see page 79)

A small and very swift breed of greyhound
called the whippet has been developed in Eng-
land, and whippet racing is an old and favorite
sport among English workingmen, particularly
in the northern and northwestern counties.
The dogs are raced over a 200-yard straight-
away course, and are usually handicapped ac-
cording to weight and previous performance.

There are two men to each dog—the handler,

who holds the animal’s fore paws on the mark,
and the “runner-up,” usually the owner or
some other person of whom the dog is fond
and toward whom he runs. The starter, pistol
in hand, stands behind the “scratch.”

The owners now run away from the dogs,
each waving a rag and shouting, “Hi! Hi!” to
attract his favorite’s attention, and, still urging
the dogs, take their position behind the ‘“over-
mark,” which is 10 yards beyond the winning
post. Each handler holds his dog’s neck with
the left hand, and with the right grasps the
root of the tail. At a word from the starter,
the handler gets ready by lifting his whippet’s
hind feet well off the ground, while its fore
feet remain on the mark.

At the crack of the pistol the dog is literally
thrown into its stride, and with the other com-
petitors flashes down the track, crosses the
winning mark at top speed, slowing up only as
it approaches its owner, who is still frantically
calling and waving the rag.

Each dog wears a colored ribbon about his
neck—red, white, blue, yellow, green, or black—
and at the finish of each heat a flag the color
of the winner’s ribbon is hoisted by the judges
to announce the result. The distance has been
covered in 11%4 seconds, or an average of 52
feet 2 inches per second for the 200 yards.

Color is not a point in whippets, their sole
purpose being to go as fast as possible. They
come in all colors, like greyhounds; indeed,
they are judged along exactly parallel lines.
If anything, they are even more extreme in
their peculiarities of form, being very roached
up in the back and clear of limb. The ideal
weight is about 15 pounds for males and 13 for
females. The head shows usually some Man-
chester terrier tendencies, and the tail has gen-
erally longer hair along its under side than
covers the rest of the dog.

In spite of the fact that these slight little
dogs are rather delicate and trembly, they are
staunchly declared by those who own them to
be very bright, affectionate, and loyal.

As is generally the case, when “the fancy”
takes hold of a utility breed an artificial stand-
ard, based almost entirely on looks, supersedes
the more erratic standard, based upon perform-
ance. The English foundryman would pay
more for a snipy, knobly little dog that could
run like a scared spirit than for the most
graceful and cleanly silhouetted beauty at the
bench show, should it lack in speed and racing
courage.

SCOTTISH DEERHOUND
(For illustration, see page 22)

There is something about the shaggy hunting
dogs of Britain that makes a particular appeal
to those who are attracted to dogs. It may be
the touching contrast of their harsh coat and
rugged body with the soft, affectionate look in
the almost hidden eye. It may be the knowl-
edge of the indomitable courage and immunity
from fear that is latent in the friendly creature
that noses our palm and meets our advances

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 25

with such amiable readiness. Whatever its
causes, these brave and friendly dogs, such
favorites with Landseer and Burns, have surely
maintained their enviable position in our re-
gard.

In the United States they are seldom seen,
as only a few have been introduced and little
done to establish the breed here. This is un-
fortunate, though easy to understand, as our
laws do not permit the hunting of antlered
game with dogs, and our carnivorous big game
demands dogs of a heavier and more aggres-
sive nature than these fleet chasers of the
Highland stag.

In appearance the deerhound is much like a
harsh-coated, grizzled greyhound, and is an
undersized counterpart of the great Irish wolf-
hound, standing from 26 to 29 or 30 inches.
They are self-colored, the dark blue grays
being perhaps the favorites. Cream, fawn,
sandy brown, and both light and dark brindles
are perhaps more frequently seen. Any large
amount of white is a fault, as it indicates a
foreign strain, even though the dog be fine in
other respects.

The Scottish deerhound might well be de-
scribed as a powerfully built, rough-coated
greyhound. While not as swift as his English
cousin, he has speed enough for most purposes
and strength and stamina, which made him a
valued partner in the chase before the days of
the modern rifle.

In olden times the possession of a fine deer-
hound was a matter of sufficient consequence
for tribes to go to war about. In a battle be-
tween the Picts and Scots over one of these
dogs more than 160 men were killed.

The deerhound makes a wonderful com-
panion. His honest, dark hazel eyes, looking
straight out from under their shaggy brows,
quiet but fearless, bespeak the rugged beauty
of his soul and gain at once our admiration
and our confidence.

IRISH WOLFHOUND
(For illustration, see page 23)

While not so heavy as the St. Bernard, the
Trish wolfhound is considerably taller, and
easily outclasses all the other big dogs for size
and bulk, reaching the extreme height at the
shoulder of 36 inches. A big Dane with his
feet on a man’s shoulder looks about level into
his master’s eyes; a wolfhound towers head
and shoulders over even a tall man in the same
position.

The picture gives a concrete idea of how this
dog should look. His immense size and shaggy,
grizzled coat add greatly to his impressiveness,
And, combined with these, this fine dog pos-
sesses that rare union of great courage and
bravery with a gentle and affectionate disposi-
tion. He was used as a guardian against
wolves by the Irish shepherds of old. One can
hardly imagine a more effective animal for this
purpose.

There are some who think the Irish wolf-
hound an even better dog than the Scottish

deerhound. If he is, it must be because there
is more of him; for, barring the fact that he
is of rather more massive build, he is practi-
cally a gigantic deerhound.

Though of very ancient lineage and one of
the great dramatic figures of canine history, he
would probably have been lost to us if it had
not been for the untiring efforts of Captain
G. A. Graham, of Dursley, England. With the
disappearance of the last wolf in Ireland, this
great hound’s chief occupation was gone, and
the breed as such was neglected until about
sixty years ago, when there were but a few
degenerate specimens bearing the distinguished
name of Irish wolfhound.

But Captain Graham did not hold the rather
general belief that this breed had become ex-
tinct. He was of the opinion that after the
extermination of the Irish wolves the large
dog used to hunt them became reduced in size
and strength to conform to the lighter work
required of it—that of hunting deer—and that
it was now represented by the deerhound. So
he bought a few specimens, still bearing the
original name, and by carefully cross-breeding
with the deerhound and great Dane, and later
with the Russian wolfhound and some other
large breeds, has produced a giant hound
closely corresponding to the best descriptions
and the best drawings of the favorite dog of
the Irish kings.

Like the deerhound, this great wolf dog has
a friendly, intelligent face, which, with his
physical ability to accomplish about anything
which he undertakes to do, wins respect and
confidence at the first glance.

The Irish wolfhound “figures in many legends,
the best known perhaps being that of Gelert,
who has given his name to the Welsh village
Beth Gelert (the grave of Gelert). The hound
was presented to Llewelyn the Great, King of
Wales, by King John of England in 1205.

The story goes that one day, the dog having
left him in the field, Llewelyn returned from
the chase in an angry mood. When he reached
his castle, Gelert, covered with blood, rushed
out from the chamber of his little son to greet
him. The king entered and found the bed
overturned and stained with gore. He called
to the boy, but there was no answer, and rashly
concluding that the dog had killed him he
plunged his sword into Gelert’s body.

A further search revealed the child sleeping
unharmed beneath the overturned bed and be-
side it the dead body of a huge wolf, which
had been killed by the gallant hound. It is
said that remorse led Llewelyn to build a
chapel in memory of Gelert and to erect a
tombstone over his grave. At any rate the
chapel and the tombstone are there to this day.

All colors are permissible except part col-
ored; all pure-bred dogs of this breed, how-
ever, come naturally “whole” or “self” colored,
and blotches of irregular white showing for-
eign blood are almost invariably accompanied
by other conspicuous defects.

In build the Irish wolfhound should be slen-
derer than the Dane and more sturdy than the
greyhound. He should be strong and straight

ANNOHATOM NVISSAt

SANNOHAGYO

28 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

of limb, fairly heavy in bone, but not “leggy
the hair should be straight, rough to the touch,
and in no sense woolly or silky. The best dogs
have conspicuous eyebrows and beard. There
should be no dewlap nor throatiness, as this is
an active working breed, which should be al-
ways in good fighting trim.

BORZOI, OR RUSSIAN WOLFHOUND

(For illustration, see page 26)

Those who proclaim the Russian wolthound,
or borzoi, the most wonderful dog in the
world have strong grounds for their opinion.
Of great size, a marvelous silky coat not long
enough to hide his graceful lines, speed almost
equal to a greyhound’ s, strength almost equal
to that of an Irish wolf dog, and with long,
muscular jaws, like a grizzly- -bear trap, it is no
wonder that he is such a favorite, and that
beautiful women are so proud of his company.

But the gods always withhold something
even from those whom they favor most, and
the borzois we have seen appeared to lack
both the keen intelligence and the frank ex-
pression characteristic of their British cousins.

We know that the champions of the breed
will differ from us in this, but the fact remains
that the form of the Russian dog’s head leaves
little room for brains.

In Russia these hounds are used in wolf-
hunting. The wolves are first driven out of
the woods by smaller dogs or by beaters, and
when a wolf comes into the open two or three
borzois, well matched as to speed and courage,
are unleashed and sent after him.

They are trained to seize the wolf, one on
each side, just behind the ears, and they
should do this both at the same moment, so
that their antagonist cannot use his formidable
teeth on either of them. They hold their
quarry until the huntsman arrives, leaps from
his horse, and either dispatches the wolf with
a knife or muzzles him and carries him off to
be used in training young dogs in a large, railed
inclosure made on purpose.

This handsome animal should be of extreme
slenderness of head, leg, and waist; narrow
through the shoulders, but very deep in the
chest. Pasterns and hocks well let down, and,
like the greyhound and whippet, the borzoi
should have the back strongly arched or
roached to give play to the enormous unbend-
ing spring. The legs are straighter than in the
greyhound, especially at the stifle.

Color is not a cardinal feature, as in Russia
at least the borzoi is really used for wolf-
hunting and the color is unimportant. Here
and in England, however, where they are kept
solely for their graceful beauty, those in which
white predominates, with head and flank mark-
ings of lemon, bay, brown, or black, are favor-
ites.

The head should be extremely slender and
narrow, the coat deep, silky, and nearly straight,
the eyes full and round. Indeed, the eyes of
the best dogs look rather flat and scared to
one who sees them for the first time. In spite

of his slender, rather obsequious, appearance,
the borzoi is a serious opponent when in
trouble.

Woolly hair, bent pasterns, straight back,
“cow hocks,” and a gaily carried tail are all
defects to be avoided.

GREAT DANE
(For illustration, see page 38)

Not quite so swift as the greyhound, deer-
hound, or wolfhound, the great Dane is more
powerful than any of them and fast enough to
overtake most things that run. At his best he
is a huge dog, built on greyhound lines, but
much more massive.

This is probably one of the very oldest
breeds, and has been used for ages in hunting
all kinds of wild animals. In Germany this
dog is still used for hunting the wild boar, but
in most places he is now regarded as a com-
panion and a guardian of property.

The great Dane is a typical German dog, and
is in fact a synonym of “Deutsche Dogge,” by
which name he is known throughout central
Europe.

Like all oversized dogs, the Dane is given to
many weaknesses, both of body and of dispo-
sition. The perfect Dane is a most statuesque
and magnificent animal; the ordinary one is
indeed an ordinary dog. Very seldom, and for
an exorbitant price, we may get a dog that
lives up to the standard, with strong, straight
legs and back, massive deep head, strong, close
feet, and, most essential of all, even and trust-
worthy temper. Far more often, though, prom-
ising puppies grow up to be saggy in the back,
cow-hocked behind, and rabbit-footed in front,
and while elephantinely playful as 1oo-pound
pups, surly and really dangerous as grown
dogs. When properly housed, restrained, and
exercised, they are splendid creatures.

But often they outgrow the capacity of their
owners to care for them, when they become
the bane of the neighborhood; for the truth is
they are too big and too dangerous to be al-
lowed unhampered freedom, and the fright
they cause, even in play, among people unac-
quainted with their ways, renders them fre-
quently very unwelcome adjuncts to a neigh-
borhood. In addition to their power and size,
they have a rather excitable and impatient dis-
position, which unfits them at once as children’s
playmates.

There are few things which have such a
healthful moral effect upon a criminal as to find
a big, resolute great Dane standing squarely
across his path. If the criminal is a judge of
dogs, he may read in the grim face a look
which says, “You shall not pass,” and if he
isn’t a fool, he’ll “go while the going is good.”

A few years ago a burglar in Missouri met
a Dane in this way, and either failed to read
the danger sign or thought the dog was bluff-
ing. He was strangled to death in front of
the window by which he was attempting to
enter the house, and the verdict for the dog
was “justifiable homicide.”

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 29

When one walks down the street with a great
Dane, about half the people one meets refer to
him as a bloodhound. This mistake is largely
due to the fact that the managers of the nu-
merous “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” shows traveling
about the country usually select great Danes
instead of bloodhounds as the dogs required
in the play. They do this because the Danes
are much bigger and more spectacular, and
therefore attract more attention when led
through the streets of a town before the per-
formance. They also are easily excited into
the spirit of the act, whereas the kind, sentt-
mental, and heavy bloodhounds would walk
through the part without the slightest thrill to
themselves or to the palpitating audience.

THE BLOODHOUND
(For illustration, see page 30)

The bloodhound is a dog of only medium
size and, in spite of his name and reputation,
is gentle and affectionate.

According to some authorities, these dogs
were brought to England by William the Con-
queror; according to others, they were brought
by pilgrims from the Holy Land.

They are often spoken of as “black St. Hu-
berts,” but there were white ones and red ones
also, and it is quite possible that our modern
bloodhounds are a blend of the three. They
probably derive their name from the fact that
originally they were used to track animals
which were wounded and bleeding, though they
have long been associated chiefly with the
tracking of men, and for the last hundred years
or more, particularly with the trailing of crim-
inals.

The English bloodhound is simply the ex-
treme development of those characteristics
which typify the hound: long, low-hung ears,
loose skin, long muzzle, and somber expression
find in him their greatest degree of perfection.

In fact, the skin of the head and face is so
loose and ample that it falls into deep folds
and wrinkles; the weight of the ears pulls it
into furrows, and the lower eyelid falls away
from the eye, disclosing a deep haw. The ears,
of thin, fine leather, are so long as to trail
when the nose is down.

The head is well domed, the occipital point
is very prominent, the flews and dewlap reach
excessive development, only equaled in the St.
Bernard.

The bloodhound should stand 23 to 27 inches
and weigh from 80 to 95 or 100 porns He
should be black and tan, in strict conformity
with the standard as shown in the picture, or
all deep tan. The more primitive coloring, the
black and tan, is generally preferred. The tail
is not carried quite so gaily as in the case of
foxhounds and beagles. Any appreciable
amount of white betrays impurity of strain. In
disposition he is the gentlest of gentle hounds,
though his rather fearsome name has earned
him an unjust notoriety with those who do not
know much about dogs.

Only a few kennels breed bloodhounds now.
They are used by police departments, both in
this country and in Europe, and if brought to
the scene of a crime within a few hours after
it has been committed, and if the criminal fled
across ground not too much trampled over by
other people, they can render valuable assist-
ance by leading the police directly to the man
they are seeking.

There have been bloodhounds credited with
following a trail thirty hours after it was made,
but such performances must be made under
ideal conditions and are very rare, to say the
least.

FOXHOUNDS
(For illustration, see page 34)

The English foxhound for more than 300
years has been one of the principal factors in
the great English sport of fox-hunting. Per-
haps no other single sport has done so much to
mold the national character. The dogs in packs
follow the fox across country, and the fox-
hunters, under the direction of a “master of
foxhounds,” ride after them.

The fine qualities developed by hard riding,
by facing all kinds of weather, and by the dan-
gers incident to jumping high fences and wide
ditches, coupled with the sportsmanly behavior
which constitutes the etiquette of the hunting
field, were just the traits required to make gal-
lant soldiers and successful colonists.

The English foxhound, while of ancient line-
age and highly standardized in England, has
not been found to meet exactly the require-
ments of the rougher sport in this country.
Thus, through the efforts of a few assiduous
fox-hunters, there has been produced a some-
what rangier, lighter, and more courageous dog,
known as the American foxhound.

The lighter built and more speedy American
foxhound is used either in packs, followed by
mounted hunters, as in England, or singly, or
in couples, to drive the fox within range of a
gun.

The development of this breed has been
largely due to the initiative and energy of a
few men, notably Mr. Harry W. Smith, of
Worcester, Massachusetts, in the North, and
Brigadier General Roger D. Williams, of Lex-
ington, Kentucky, i in the South.

In essentials the American and English
breeds are, of course, very similar. The Eng-
lish dog is a little squarer and more pointer-like
in the head, with shorter ears and straighter,
longer legs. Our dog seems more like a hound
to us, with its fuller leather and more elastic
pastern and hock and stifle. The English dog
looks rather stiff and stilty in comparison,
though undoubtedly just what the Englishman
wants. And surely the English huntsman
knows just exactly what he wants.

The hound is a very primitive type of dog,
and one of the proofs of this is his unvarying
and rigid adherence to his pattern of color.
White, “of course, is not natural, but the result

BEAGLE BASSET

POINTE

DALMATIAN

By THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

of ages of domestication, and may occur any-
where on a dog, as partial albinism, without
regard to symmetry or rule.

It will be found, however, that through all
the ages nothing has been able to upset the
fundamental pattern on all the hound- like dogs,
which we see preserved in its purity in the
black and tan bloodhound. White may sup-
plant it anywhere, but if there is color it will
invariably fall according to this design. Thus
beagles, foxhounds, and many other dogs with
hound blood in them will without exception
have their black marks in the proper area for
black to come, and their tan marks likewise,
whether they come in large patches or as ticks
or flecks of color in a white ground.

The drawings show the main characteristics
of the two types, as well as their markings.

THE BEAGLE
(For illustration, see page 30)

The beagle is not over 15 inches high. He
must not be bandy-legged like the dachshund,
nor long and low in the body, these qualities
being reserved for the basset. He should be
an active, intelligent, well proportioned, and
capable little dog, with plenty of tenacity of
purpose, though great speed is not to be ex-
pected. The ears, while long, do not in any
way equal those of the bloodhound or basset,
reaching just to the tip of the nose.

He must have no terrier traits, either physi-
cal or temperamental, nor any throaty tendency
nor flews. The expression is just like that of
a very alert foxhound. The legs must be
strong and straight, the stifle well let down,
and the hock fairly well bent, and the feet
strong and close, with full, hard pads. Any
hound colors are correct—that is, black saddle
and neck, with tan legs, hips, shoulders, and
head, interrupted anywhere by white.

They carry a gay stern, and are in every way
very engaging, safe, companionable little dogs.
Like all hounds, they make friends easily, and
are therefore more easily led astray than some
dogs, particularly when young.

Harriers resemble foxhounds, but are some-
what smaller, and, as the name implies, are
kept for hunting hares. They are not used in
this country, but in England they are hunted
in packs as in fox-hunting, the hunters follow-
ing on horseback.

The beagle and basset are smaller hounds,
used chiefly for hunting hares and rabbits, and
are usually followed on foot. There are
smooth-coated and rough-coated varieties of
both breeds.

BASSET
(For illustration, see page 30)

The basset, which is little known in this
country, was imported into England from
France between fifty and sixty years ago. It
was a popular sporting dog in Germany and

Russia also at that time. With its keen scent,
extremely short legs, and very slow movements,
it was well equipped for finding game in dense
cover. The face of the rough basset is often
very wistful; it is one of the most beautiful
canine faces I know.

The basset is doubtless a compound of the
old long-eared hound and the dachshund. In-
deed, the type is exactly described if we picture
a small bloodhound set on a dachshund’s legs,
and further words become unnecessary, except
to say that the breed “comes” in two forms—
smooth or hound-coated and rough or terrier-
coated.

The latter has never, I think, and the former
but seldom, been introduced into this country,
where the more active (though possibly more
erratic) beagle has so firm a hold. In Europe
it is used as a rabbit dog, being low enough to
enter the warren. Here, where the rabbits do
not dig, but live on the surface, the lively beagle
is more useful than his slow, sedate, and steady
congener. Any “hound color” is correct,

THE POINTER
(For illustration, see page 31)

So far we have spoken of dogs which when
used for hunting purposes are usually sup-
posed to catch and kill the game which they
follow. We now come to a class of. hunting
dogs which are not expected to kill the game,
but to help their masters to kill it, or to re-
trieve it after it has been killed.

In the very front ranks stand the pointer and
the setters—English, Irish, and Gordon—and
which is the best is largely a matter of indi-
vidual taste.

The chief duty of each is to scent out the
game (usually such birds as partridge, grouse,
and quail), and, when near enough, point out to
the gunner the spot where it lies concealed.
As the hunter approaches, the birds rise and
are shot on the wing. Very often the dogs are
trained to pick up and bring in the game after
it is shot.

The pointer, as the illustration shows, is
smooth coated, and his name suggests his busi-
ness.

This most popular of upland hunting-dogs
has undergone many changes in standard as to
size, conformation, and color. But certainly
no “strain” has been more successful, nor
stamped its virtues more generally upon fol-
lowing generations of pointers, than the famous
“sraphic” pointers of 20 years ago, and it is
one of the best of these that was used as a
model.

The working pointer should be a lean, hard-
limbed, and well-muscled dog of about 60
pounds weight, though to pounds either way
would meet the preferences of different fan-
ciers. He must be keen of eye and nose, obe-
dient, teachable, and staunch. Many otherwise
fine pointers lack the courage of their convic-
tions, and it is easy to spoil a good dog either
by too gentle or too rough handling.

Colors are legion; white should predominate,

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE rs)

with liver, lemon, or black distributed in al-
most any fashion, according to taste. No finer
upland bird-dog exists, and his endurance and
energy are things to marvel at.

As in all working dogs, the “tools of his
trade” must be right. Soft, spready feet, weak
legs or back, small or “snipy” nose are all
vital defects. ‘The head is shaped very like
that of a setter, but should be wider across the
ears. A good, square profile is essential, with
a well-defined stop. The tail, strong and full at
the base, should taper rapidly and be as straight
as possible.

The breed is so popular and so widely used
that there is little difficulty in getting well-
balanced pointers.

The continental “pointing griffon” is a type
of growing popularity, with little to commend
it above the better-known field-dogs except its
novelty. It may be described as a wire-haired
pointer, whose coat is rough and quite long,
particularly over the eyes and on the muzzle.
It has a terrier-like expression that is rather
prejudicial to the impression it makes upon one
familiar with the frank, loyal look of a setter
or pointer.

DALMATIAN, OR COACH DOG
(For illustration, see page 31)

The Dalmatian was originally a “pointer”
and in his native country was used for sport-
ing purposes. But in England he was found

to be very inferior to the native pointer, and, -

as he showed a marked fondness for horses
and stables, he was specially trained as a
“coach” or “carriage” dog.

For more than a hundred years before the
day of the automobile, it was a common thing
on English roads to see one of these muscular,
deep-lunged, spotted dogs trotting easily be-
tween the hind wheels of a fashionable “turn-
out’”—so close, in fact, that it had the appear-
ance of “weaving” in and out as the horses’
heels flew back. The automobile has virtually
done away with it as a vehicle guardian and
companion; still its unusual appearance has
been sufficient to maintain it among the fancy
and a goodly number find their way to the big
shows.

The coach dog strongly resembles a small,
straight-legged pointer in general conforma-
tion, and differs chiefly in the shorter ear,
straight front, and less arched stifle.

In color it must be white, evenly spangled all
over with round, clearly defined spots of black
or dark brown. Black is preferable and more
usual. These spots must be sharp, and the
more even and uniformly distributed the better.
They may be confluent on the ears—it is a
virtue to have dark ears—but elsewhere on the
body it is a fault. In size they should be from
half an inch to an inch in diameter, roughly.

The legs should be strong and straight, of
good bone, for speed and endurance. The feet
should not be large, but compact, and with toes
well arched and pads deep and elastic.

The coach dog should be from 19 to 23 inches
high and weigh from 35 to 50 pounds.

SETTERS
(For illustration, see page 35)

Setters have long but “flat” silky coats and
plumed tails, and as a rule very gentle faces,
full of expression. In olden times, when it was
customary to “net” game, these dogs were
taught to point the birds and then to crouch or
“set,” that the net might be thrown over and
beyond them; hence the name.

The English, Irish, and Gordon setters are
almost too well known to need any physical
description. Fashions have changed somewhat,
and will probably continue to do so, in these as
in other popular breeds.

Still, the needs are so definite, and perform-
ance is such a necessary foundation for ap-
pearance, that the setters will probably never
deviate very widely from the present standard,
except in minor points attained by crossing the
known types. It is doubtful if any serious
breeder would trust other than setter blood in
these already very beautiful and useful dogs.

In this country no dog is so well fitted for
hunting grouse, pheasants, quail, and feathered
upland and woodland game in general.

In comparing the three principal types, the
English is the largest and strongest, and is
largely white, with liver, tan, orange, or black
blotches and “ticking.” The Irish is the light-
est and most finely drawn, and is all rich ma-
hogany tan; he has a more high-strung dispo-
sition than either of the others, and is rather
more nervous and subject to temperamental
weaknesses, though when well trained and in-
telligently handled is unsurpassed as a field
and hunting dog.

The Gordon is a north British development,
to be used chiefly on the red grouse of the
heathery uplands, and is black, with deep tan
chops, ear-linings, chest, belly, feet, and feather,
and the characteristic tan spots over the eyes
and on the cheeks. For several years he was
bred to a very delicate, slender-headed type;
he was then a very affectionate and beautiful
creature, but lacked the staunchness such a
hunting dog must have. The present standard
dictates a dog of almost exactly the conforma-
tion of the English setter: wide across the fore-
head, strong, fairly broad, and very deep in the
chest, with~plentiful bone in legs and good,
hard, compact feet.

In this country, where the autumn woods
abound in russet browns and deep shadows, the
solid red and the black and tan dogs are harder
to follow with the eye than those with a fair
amount of white; hence the English setter and
the mainly white pointer are favorites among
the hunters, though the Irish has many adher-
ents among those desiring a beautiful and com-
panionable dog. The Gordon is nearly obsolete
inthis country.

The English has been modified in several re-
spects, and excellent types have come to be

AMERICAN FOXHOUND

ENGLISH FOXHOUND

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IRISH SETTER

GORDON SETTER

36 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

known by the kennel names of their breeders,
such as Belton and Llewellyn setters. These
are excellent quail-dogs, being somewhat more
of the build of the Irish setter and consider-
ably lighter and more delicately put together
than the staunch old English setter. Both are
white, with much fine ticking of black which
in the long white coat has a bluish appearance.

All setters should show quite a marked stop,
have full, sympathetic, and intelligent eyes,
soft, fine, nearly straight hair, a full feather
along the back of all four legs, as well as from
the lower side of the tail.

They should be built much like a pointer, ex-
cept that they lack the springy arched quality
of legs and back, being rather more careful, but
much less rapid, workers than these rangers of
the open fields. The stifle should be straight
from front or back instead of free and out-
turned.

Under his soft and rather silky coat, the
setter should be hard, finely muscled, and com-
pact, and none of these dogs should be allowed
to get fat and lazy, as they so often become in
the hands of affectionate owners. No dog has
a more wheedling way with him, and it takes a
rather firm nature to withstand his wiles.

RETRIEVER
(For illustration, see page 39)

Many breeds of dogs have been trained to
find and bring in game which has been shot,
but retrievers, as their name implies, are bred
specially for that purpose. English sportsmen
had for some time been experimenting with
different breeds in an effort to find a dog ex-
actly suited for retrieving game, when, about
the middle of the last century, there was intro-
duced from Labrador a hardy, black-coated,
small-eared, medium-sized dog, which seemed
to answer the purpose. He was a typical water
dog and not subject to ear canker, which so
often develops in spaniels used to retrieve
waterfowl.

This Labrador dog, crossed probably with
the English setter, and perhaps with other
breeds, produced the retriever, which may be
either black or liver brown.

In size about like a pointer, covered all over
with a coat of tight, curly hair, Astrakhan-like,
except for his smooth head and face, he is a
curious-looking dog. He is a capable and
teachable creature, however, and makes a capi-
tal assistant in the duck-blind or as a gun-dog,
where birds are the quarry.

The curly retriever may be either coal black
or dark liver brown. He should weigh about
65 to 80 pounds.

There is also a smooth retriever, which is
much like the curly in form and size, but has
straight hair.

The Labrador retriever is shorter of leg than
the other types and generally more solidly built.
It is generally some shade of brown, and none
of the retrievers should show more than a
trace of white on the chest. All have smaller

ears than the pointer or setter, and the curly
type carries his close to the head.

The original “Labrador,” or something very
like, still exists under the same name, as a dis-
tinct and recognized breed. He has all the
good qualities of both of these highly intelli-
gent parents.

CHESAPEAKE RETRIEVER
(For illustration, see page 39)

This is an essentially American dog and has
come to a high state of perfection along the
eastern seaboard, and, as an introduced type,
is much esteemed in the ducking marshes of
the Northwest. His parentage is supposed to
be chiefly otterhound and Labrador, but it is
altogether probable that other blood runs in
his veins, as he is one of the dogs that has
been developed for a particular use through
particular qualities his ancestors were found in
actual practice to possess. The result is a very
curious, very excellent, but not very stable nor
beautiful dog.

But no known dog is such an unswervable
retriever or can stand a fraction of the ex-
posure to icy wind and icy water which this
hardy fowling dog seems to revel in. To meet
this rigorous demand, he has a curious, deep
woolly undercoat that seems never to wet
through, such as we find on water-dwelling
mammals like the otter; this is protected and
covered by a harsh, strong coat of regular
hair, straight or slightly curly, from which one
good shake drives practically all the water.
They will chase a wounded duck over or under
the ice and will follow the liveliest “cripple”
till it wearies. In open deep-water duck hunt-
ing such a dog is invaluable.

They vary from 60 to 80 pounds in weight
and from 22 to 25 inches in height. The ear
is quite short and set rather high, giving a
squarer look to the head than in the setter,
which it remotely resembles. They are tawny
brown or “sedge color” generally, though other
less desirable colors are met with occasionally.

THE IRISH WATER SPANIEL
(For illustration, see page 39)

Identified more or less with the retrievers,
because they perform similar duties, are the
sporting spaniels, which, because they are di-
vided into so many branches, constitute per-
haps the largest dog family in the world.

The English “Kennel Club” recognizes Irish
water spaniels, water spaniels other than Irish,
Clumber spaniels, Sussex spaniels, field span-
iels, English springers, Welsh springers, and
cocker spaniels. They are all used to assist
the gunner to find his game and to retrieve it
after it is shot.

The Irish water spaniel is in a class by him-
self. You need to see him but once to remem-
ber him forever. It is said that he was the
very last dog to be made, and that it was only

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 37

by using the remnants of half a dozen other
breeds that enough material was found of
which to make him.

When he comes up to you for the first time,
youll probably laugh at him; but don’t laugh
too long; there'll be tears in your eyes if you
do. For this quaint creature who looks as if
he had borrowed from friends everything he
has on, including his tail, has such an honest
face, such a charming expression, and such a
dignity of manner that he'll win your sympa-
thy and your respect before the first smile of
amusement has left your face. As a water
dog, he is generally regarded as superior to
any other member of his family, though most
spaniels take kindly to the water.

Formerly quite a popularly known dog for
sniping and ducking, the old Irish water span-
iel seems to have been almost entirely aban-
doned, and few are now seen in this country.
Perhaps the uses to which he was put are more
satisfactorily met by the setters and retrievers,
both of which are stronger and heavier and can
equal him in work in the water.

The type of this breed should weigh about
50 pounds and be of a uniform liver-color.
The coat is quite long and tightly curled, but
by no means woolly. It is long on the crown,
but the face, front of hind legs, and most of
the tail should be clothed in short, soft, rather
dull hair, giving the appearance of having been
clipped.

It is very different in appearance from the
land spaniel of thé cocker type, being in shape
and size not greatly unlike the poodle, but dif-
fering much from this breed in texture of coat
and in the perfectly smooth face. In disposi-
tion it is like both the poodle and the spaniels
generally—kind, affectionate, playful, and
bright, but showing a strong tendency to be a
little aloof with strangers. They have also a
strong trend toward obesity in age, when they
become heavy, untidy, and decrepit.

CLUMBER, FIELD, AND COCKER
SPANIELS

(For illustration, see page 43)

These rather closely related dogs may, like
the setters, be considered each in relation to
the others.

The clumber is the largest, weighing up to
65 pounds, though the average is probably
about 50. He is perhaps best described as a
very low, heavily built English setter, all white
except for lemon or orange ears and eye-
patches, with ticking of the same on forelegs
and as little as possible elsewhere. He is a
benign, affectionate creature and very sedate
in manners. :

As a gun-dog, he is used in England on
woodcock, snipe, and other lowland birds, but
he has never been much used or bred in this
country. The soft, deep eye shows consider-
able haw in mature dogs. The coat should be
almost perfectly straight, and the tail, belly,
and legs, down to the hocks, should be full-
feathered.

The cocker is the smallest of the three and
is an active, playful, intelligent little dog,
which takes on the spaniel dignity rather later
in life than the clumber and the business-like
field spaniel. He gets his name, “cocker,”
from the use to which he was bred in hunting
woodcock. They are easily trained to fowling,
being already predisposed in scenting out and
flushing grouse-like birds (including the do-
mestic hen). This tendency is taken advantage
of and developed, to force grouse up into the
trees, where they are easily shot. The cocker
rushes his bird and then barks and keeps it
busy and preoccupied. If the hunter himself
flushed the game, it would go far and probably
not again be seen.

The cocker should weigh from 18 to 24
pounds. In color he may be black, red, liver,
or lemon, with or without white. These colors
should be clear and pronounced, not pale or
washed out, and if predominant over white
should be virtually solid, the white being re-
stricted to a mere dash on the chest. If white
predominates, the color should be solid on ears
and face, except for the fore-face and a blaze
up the nose. In this case, color should be dis-
tributed about as in the English setter.

The ears, while long, silky, and set low,
should not reach beyond the nose when drawn
forward. The legs must be strong, straight,
and of good bone and not too short, and the
squarely built body hard and muscular. They
are admirable house-dogs, but when kept as
such should be rather sparingly fed and kept
in good trim. A fat spaniel is not an attractive
object.

The field spaniel is much larger and stronger
than the cocker, but not so restless. He is,
however, more active and lively than the clum-
ber. While not so thoughtful-looking and se-
date as the latter, he is highly intelligent, good-
natured, and obedient. His body is long and
low, but he carries his head with an air of
courage and determination. His coat is straight
and silky, and his color may be solid black,
solid liver, liver and white, black and white,
black and tan, orange, or orange and white.
The black and the liver are the colors preferred.
The proper weight is from 30 to 45 pounds.

NEWFOUNDLAND
(For illustration, see page 42)

Two dogs which rival the Eskimo in their
ability to endure deep snow and extreme cold
are the St. Bernard and the Newfoundland,
both of which have become famous as savers
of life. Both are well-known subjects of the
poet and the painter, who delight to record
their heroic deeds or their simple fidelity.

The Newfoundland has the further unique
distinction among dogs of being figured on a
postage stamp of his native land. He is a won-
derful swimmer and is credited with saving
many people from drowning.

It is a real pity that this noble, useful, and
typically American dog should have lost popu-
larity to such an extent that now he is almost

SANVd LVaAUO

TRISH WATER SPANIEL

CURLY-COATED RETRIEVER

CHESAPEAKE RETRIEVER

40 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

never seen. Only two strains are preserved, so
far as can be learned—one in England and one
in New Jersey. Therefore it was a great pleas-
ure as well as a great assistance in the making
of the plate to meet face to face at the West-
minster show of 1918 the straight descendant
of the very dog whose photograph had been
the artist’s model.

The magnificent St. Bernard carries on better
than any other breed the qualities that charac-
terize the Newfoundland. For many years the
breed, which had been perfected and stabilized
in England, was used as a farmer’s helper,
having the intelligence needed for a herding
dog and the weight and willingness to churn
and do other real work.

His benignity and unquestioned gentleness
made him a very desirable guard and compan-
ion for children, and his deep voice rather than
his actual attack was usually a sufficient alarm
against unwonted intrusions. Aside from these
fine qualities, however, his mere beauty and
staunch dependability should have been suffi-
cient to preserve him from the fate that seems
to be almost accomplished.

Weighing from 120 to 150 pounds and stand-
ing 25 to 27 inches at the shoulder, the deep-
furred, massive-headed, and kind-eyed New-
foundland was one of the most impressive of
dogs. He was strong, active, and leonine both
in looks and in action, having a rolling, loosely
knit gait. There were two recognized colors—
all black (white toes and breast spot were not
defects, however) and white, with large black
patches over the ears and eyes and on the body,
the latter being known as Landseer Newfound-
lands, because a dog of this type is the subject
of Sir Edwin Landseer’s well-known painting,
“A Distinguished Member of the Humane So-
ciety.” The forehead was domed almost to
the point of looking unnatural; the broad fore-
head, deep jaw, flews, and dewlaps betokened
a kind and gentle nature.

SPITZ
(For illustration, see page 46)

The “wolf spitz” of the mid-Victorian fan-
cier is now seldom seen in this country; yet he
is a very interesting dog, having much to do in
the gradual evolution of many types popular
today. Almost unaltered except in size, we see
him now as the popular toy Pomeranian (see
page 67); his influence is easily seen in the
saucy black schipperke (see page 74); there is
little doubt that he has a share in the various
shepherd dogs of central Europe, and one can
see strong probability that this strain reappears
in the fine dogs of the North, represented by
the Samoyed and sled dogs of the Eastern and
the Eskimos of the Western hemispheres,
though it is not clear how it got there.

The true spitz is a dog weighing about 25 to
30 pounds, and the best dogs are white or
cream-color, though fawn, brown, and even
black dogs are found. The mixture of white
in patches with any of these “self” colors is an
unpardonable defect with the fancy. They are

bright, fascinating, pretty dogs; but it must in
candor be said they are very “choicy” in mak-
ing friends and very ready to repel with sharp
teeth any unwelcome advances by dogs or hu-
mans they don’t know. They are apt to be a
real responsibility to the owner on this account.

The Eskimo dog, Samoyed (page 50), spitz
(page 46), and Chow-Chow (page 50), al-
though differing in size and sometimes in color,
probably had a common origin. Their dense
coats show that they all properly belong in the
North, and their straight, upright ears and
general appearance betray their blood rela-
tionship to the wolf.

The spitz, usually solid white or solid black,
has long been a favorite in Germany. Thirty
or forty years ago it was popular in this coun-
try, but it is a dog of uncertain temper, and
that may be one reason why it is no longer in
favor, except in a reduced form as a toy dog.

ALASKAN ESKIMO DOGS
(For illustration, see page 46)

There is no set standard for Eskimo dogs,
and nowadays one must go very far into the
Arctic to find the packs pure and uncontami-
nated with the blood of the white man’s dogs;
for the best huskie is the strongest, most will-
ing, and obedient dog, whatever his lineage,
and these qualities have undoubtedly been in-
creased through the introduction of such
strains as the Newfoundland, Dane, shepherd
dog, and others of less pure but equally civil-
ized blood.

There are a good many names for the Eskimo
dogs and a good many types, as their range
covers a stretch of country some 4,000 miles
long and 1,500 miles wide. It is therefore
easily understandable that the dog of the Aleu-
tians and Alaska should present quite a differ-
ent appearance from that of Hudson Bay or
Greenland.

The typical Alaskan “huskie” is generally
black or dark, with white and buff markings,
distributed as shown in the plate. The brown
leader is the famous dog Napoleon, from
Nome, who went as leader to France in 1915.
The white-faced dogs are “huskies”; the
“masked” dog in the middle is a “malamute,”
and the pale dogs are of the North Greenland
type.

All Eskimos are strong, wolfy, self-reliant
dogs, with straight, strong legs, solid body, and
massive head; even of jaw, keen of eye and
ear, and well equipped by nature for the semi-
feral life they lead among their nomadic mas-
ters. They have the pricked ears, deep-furred
neck, dense waterproof coat, well-furred feet,
and gaily carried tail of all the Arctic and
northern Asiatic dogs, and are represented by
similar dogs across northern Lapland, Russia,
and Siberia.

A good average weight for these dogs is
about 70 pounds, though they often scale much
more. They share with the Asiatic dogs the
peculiar horizontal width of jaw so marked in
the Chow. They are used by the Eskimos for

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 41

pulling sledges and for hunting musk-ox and
Polar bear which are overtaken and held at
bay until the hunters arrive.

NORTH GREENLAND ESKIMO DOG
(For illustration, see page 47)

Polaris was chosen as our model of this
type because he has been considered the most
perfect North Greenland Eskimo dog known.
He shows the light color so prevalent among
the dogs of the extreme north on both conti-
nents, and the marked depth and breadth of
muzzle. This seems to be a characteristic of
many Asiatic dogs, the Chow and Tibetan
mastiff notably, and may point to an Asiatic
connection with Greenland via the Polar ice
or across Arctic America. There is a heavy,
pale buff, deep-jawed dog found along the
Arctic coast of America from the eastern to
the western extent of land.

No white man living has had more experi-
ence with this breed than Admiral Robert E.
Peary, who frankly admits that if it had not
been for the sledge dogs he never would have
discovered the North Pole. He is a firm be-
liever in the pure-bred North Greenland Eski-
mo, which is practically a domesticated wolf,
and most of the dogs which went to the Pole
were of this type.

A puppy from these famous animals, secured
by one of the coauthors of this article from
Admiral Peary, was named “ Polaris,’ and he
developed into what Captain “Bob” Bartlett
declared to be the finest living specimen of the
breed.

Polaris weighed about 100 pounds, but looked
much larger, owing to his wonderful coat,
which at its best measured nine inches long on
the shoulder. The hair of the tail was 1214
inches long. He took to the sledge and to the
pack-saddle without any training whatever, and
pulled a sledge three miles through deep snow
the first time he was put in harness.

He was extremely gentle and affectionate
with people and with a little Scotch terrier of
ours, but a devil incarnate toward everything
else that walked, flew, or swam. From grass-
hoppers and wild mice, through cats and pigs
to sheep and cattle, there was nothing he could
not or did not kill. Yet such was the magic of
his smile, the twinkle of his eye, and the wheed-
ling wave of his tail, that no one would believe
anything against him unless he was caught in
the act, which he usually wasn’t.

He was finally presented to Dr. Wilfred
Grenfell, and celebrated his arrival in Labrador
by whipping every other dog in sight.

SAMOYED
(For illustration, see page 50)

Due largely to the efforts of Mr. and Mrs.
E. Kilburn Scott, of Kent, England, the fine
and picturesque Samoyed has become well es-
tablished and pretty generally known both in
England and America.

In appearance he is between a white spitz
dog and a white Eskimo; in character he is one
of the very nicest of dogs. He is of medium
size, weighing about 40 pounds.

He has a little of the width of jaw that char-
acterizes the Chow and other Asiatic types, and
has the characteristic of all Arctic dogs of car-
rying his tail in a chrysanthemum-like pompom
on his back. The fine dark eye, alertly pricked
ear, and deep, soft, white coat make him every-
where a conspicuous favorite. The feet are
well protected from the cold by thick fur be-
tween the toes, almost covering the black pads.

While the dogs bred in England and America
are all of the pure white or pale creamy type,
black, black and white, and brown and white
dogs are found among the wandering Samoyed
people of Siberia and the Arctic shores of
Russia and Nova Zembla.

The Samoyed is a compact, staunch little
sledge dog, used by the Samoyed, a semi-
nomadic race living in northeastern Russia and
Siberia. These people keep herds of reindeer,
and some of the dogs are used in rounding up
and driving these animals, much as collies are
used in caring for sheep and cattle.

CHOW
(For illustration, see page 50)

Though there are two types of Chow in
China, whence we got it, the smooth type has
never been popular here nor in England, and
may be ignored in this connection. The rough
or common Chow is a most attractive and dis-
tinctive dog of medium size, always “whole”
colored; red, black, brown, blue, or “smoke,”
cream or white. The red and “smoke” are the
favorites among breeders and owners; the
darker and purer the color the better.

Perhaps no dog has more individuality, nor
knows his own mind better than the Chow. He
is frisky, playful, intelligent, and willing to
obey his master implicitly; the rest of earth’s
population has no interest for him whatever.
Those the artist has known were entirely tol-
erant of his presence, and even his caresses, in
their own home or when their master was with
them elsewhere. Off the porch or on the street
they will not so much as notice a stranger, ex-
cept that it is impossible to put a hand on them
or elicit a glimmer of recognition. Of all dogs
they are the most consistently a “one-man”
type.

The Chow has several real peculiarities,
among which the most pronounced is the pur-
plish black interior of the mouth, including the
tongue. He is a very cobby dog, standing on
four exceedingly straight legs. He is straighter
in the stifle than any other dog. The muzzle
should be short, the head square and massive,
with a sort of scowl or frown that is helped
by the widely set eyes.

The fur is very dense and deep, with a sepa-
rate underfur like that of the Eskimo or other
Arctic dogs, from» which the Chow is sup-
posedly derived. It also has the wide chops,
small eye, and curly tail of his congeners.

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The feet are small and catlike and the pointed
ears are held upright. The neck all round has
very deep fur, forming a sort of mane or ruff.
All in all, he is about the most distinct type of
dog to be seen. He-has plenty of courage,
though he is generally prudent and keeps out
of trouble. With those he knows he is ex-
tremely patient, being in this respect a fine dog
to be among children.

The Chow is a common dog in China, but in
this country he is regarded as an aristocrat,
which is not unreasonable considering his
proud bearing and ancient lineage.

Whether black, red, yellow, blue, or white,
he is a dog of striking appearance and reminds
one of an animated Chinese carving.

ST. BERNARDS
(For illustration, see page 51)

The St. Bernard won both his name and his
fame in the Swiss Alps, where for many years
the monks of the Hospice St. Bernard have
used dogs to assist them in saving the lives of
travelers lost in the snow. One of these dogs,
Barry, saved 40 people and was killed by the
4ist, who mistook him for a wolf.

But the dogs used by the monks have changed
greatly in appearance from time to time. Oc-
casionaly an avalanche will destroy a large
number, and those remaining will be bred to
Newfoundlands, Pyrenean sheep dogs, and
others having similar characteristics.

Some of the dogs kept at the hospice now
resemble powerful foxhounds and would never
be admitted to an American bench show in
competition with modern St. Bernards, either
smooth or rough coated, such as are pictured
on page 5I.

The old-time working hospice dog had none
of the grandeur of this more modern successor
to his name, which has been compounded rather
recently of several other dogs. Still he is
about the most distinct of any of the large
dogs, the Newfoundland being the only dog
even remotely resembling him.

Like all very large heavy dogs, this breed is
greatly given to weakness in the legs, cowhocks
and weak hips being rather the rule than the
exception. The “dewclaw,” or extra hind toe,
is also generally present (and was formerly
considered desirable).

The perfect St. Bernard is a very large, very
strong, straight-backed, strong-legged, and
heavily organized dog, the colors, as shown,
being those most eagerly sought. They may
be either rough or smooth in coat. The best
American dogs are those of Mr. Jacob Rupert,
of Newark, N. J., and Miss C. B. Trask, of
California. Indeed, it is doubtful if their dogs
are to be surpassed anywhere.

The benign St. Bernard should show, in both
types, broad, domed, massive head, loose skin,
deep-set, rather mournful, eye, haw quite pro-
nounced, and deep-folded flews and dewlap,
though he should not be too “throaty.” What
is not mentioned in most brief accounts of this
dog is the tremendously impressive voice in

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

which he speaks. Probably no other dog has
such a deep bass voice, nor such a volume of
it. Yet it is as benign and kindly as his ex-
pression of countenance, and would tend rather
to inspire hope and confidence than fear, even
with the timid.

The deep personal affection with which St.
Bernard owners invariably invest their com-
panions is the best expression of the character
of these great, dignified and rather somber dogs,
which inspire no fear, even in little children,
and which return the stranger’s gaze with a
look of calm, steady, and indulgent tolerance,
and endure the advances of the unacquainted
with a patience and dignity that speak worlds
for their gracious and enduring disposition.

COLLIE
(For illustration, see page 54)

There is little resemblance between the work-
ing “collie’ of the Scottish sheep-herder and
the elaborately furred, slender faced, bench-
dog now so popular. The broad-skulled, rather
neglected looking “shepherd dog” of our boy-
hood, with his friendly, democratic manners
(or lack of them) would get short shrift now
at any show or gathering of the élite, while
of all dogs his handsome, richly frilled de-
scendant, with all the ear-marks of aristocracy,
is the cause of more “Ohs” and “Ahs” than
any other dog in the show.

Nevertheless, one might see an “ornery-look-
ing,” half-moulted type of the countryside han-
dle a drove of 3,000 or more sheep in Sas-
katchewan in a manner to bring one up stand-
ing. And when, on returning at nightfall, he
puts every ewe and lamb in one corral and
every ram in another, without error or vio-
lence, one feels like asking him if he would
shake hands with a mere spectator! It is
doubtful if any borzoi-headed champion could
do that with a lifetime of training.

Still, the collie is a most intelligent and hand-
some dog, and the present tendency is toward
a greatly elongated and consequently narrowed
head, forming almost a straight or even slightly
deflected line from nose to occiput. The neck,
throat, and chest bear a great frill of long hair,
and the back of the thighs also is very deeply
and richly furred. The hair of the body is
and straight, rather harsh, but with a
and woolly undercoat. The feet, from
hock and wrist down, should be smooth.

In color, the collie may be black and tan,
“sable,” or rich orange brown, with white frill,
collar, and face “harlequin”; or white, with
black spotting and freckling at random; “blue,”
or mouse color, and white, or even pure white
everywhere. Some few kennels specialize in
white collies and advertise extensively; they
are very beautiful dogs, though probably re-
quiring more care to keep presentable than
the more “practical” colors, as our mothers
would call them.

The collie should stand 20 to 24 inches and
weigh from 40 to 60 pounds. He requires con-
siderable exercise, and while growing up needs

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 45

watching to prevent his acquiring a taste for
chickens and even lamb. Once this predilec-
tion gets established, it is hard if not impossible
to eradicate.

In this country we know the collie chiefly as
a beautiful, vivacious, and alert companion, but
in the great sheep-raising districts of Scotland,
northern England, and Wales, he is an abso-
lutely indispensable assistant of the shepherd.

Not that the working collie looks very much
like the long-muzzled, much- beruffled, and well-
groomed specimens which grace the benches at
our dog shows. He would never be allowed
inside the ring at Madison Square Garden, and
if he were he would stand about as much
chance of taking a prize as a blue-ribbon win-
ner would have of defeating him in one of
the great annual sheep-dog trials of his native
land. He lacks the superficial beauty neces-
sary to win in the show-ring but he has the
brains, the courage, and the stamina without
which the sheep industry of Great Britain
would quickly come to a standstill.

In the land of misty mountains one good
dog can do the work of a dozen men, and
there is no other animal which could possibly
replace him.

Obeying the voice, or, better still, the whistle,
of his master, a good working collie will ”run
out” to a distant pasture, round up his flock,
separating them if necessary from other sheep,
and bring them along at just the right speed;
head off any which may try to take a wrong
direction; go back and hurry those which lag
behind; fight off strange dogs if necessary, and
finally bring them into the fold without losing
one.

Next morning he will take them away to the
pasture and guard them all day, if asked to
_ do so, or help his master to drive them to the
market, along the quiet country lanes and the
crowded city streets alike, preventing every at-
tempt of his charges to wander or stampede.

The Shetland collie, a tiny sheep - herder
weighing between six and ten pounds and 1m-
ported from the Shetland Islands, is becoming
known in the country as an attractive pet.

SMOOTH COLLIE
(For illustration, see page 54)

The smooth collie is to be judged by exactly
the same standards in everything, except coat,
as the rough, or common, collie.

The artist had never seen one and was some-
what desperate for a model, when to his sur-
prise he found that the Belgian farmer who
comes for the neighborhood garbage was ac-
companied by a fine specimen, brought with
him in 1914 from home, whence he fled at the
instance of the Hun!

It is somewhat of a surprise to see what a
collie looks like in short hair, but it rather in-
creases our regard for him than otherwise.
For he is a fine, strong, “doggy” animal, and
in this example, at least, the “refinement”
which so often results in extremely nervous
and high-strung dogs has not been sought.

The present fad for long, slender, roman-
nosed and narrow-faced collies seems to intro-
duce an entirely undesirable slenderness of
temper as well, quite different from the genial,
easy-going dependability of the “old- fashioned”
collie, wide between the eyes and ears. It is
a distinct loss to the breed.

ENGLISH SHEEP-DOG
(For illustration, see page 54)

Rapidly gaining in popularity, the curious
woolly sheep- dog has become thoroughly estab-
lished in the United States; he has long been
used as a practical helper in the great sheep
ranges of western Canada. He bears no re-
semblance whatever to the familiar collie type
of sheep-dog, but looks rather like a great
long-legged, round-headed, bounding terrier.

He has a formidable voice, very different in-
deed from the rather fox-like yap of the collie,
and whilé he is some 24 to 27 inches at the
shoulder and weighs 60 to 80 pounds one can-
not quite get away from the impression that
he is, in fact, a huge terrier of some kind. The
effect is heightened greatly by the long woolly
hair on his head and face, which virtually
hides the clever eyes, and makes a study of
his actual head-form very difficult. The hair
on back and hips is very long; when combed
out they look very curious indeed.

In color they are usually blue gray and
white; any strong tendency toward brown is
not good. The white usually occupies most of
the head and fore-quarters.

He is a dog of very striking appearance—one
might almost say of un-dog-like appearance.
He is large, rather tall on the legs, tailless, and
covered from head to foot with a long, loose
hair, which tosses about freely when he runs
or jumps, giving him the appearance of a huge
animated floor-mop. But if you part the hair
on his face you will find a pair of beautiful,
intelligent, friendly eyes. He is active, good-
natured, and makes a fine companion.

Dogs of this breed were not always bob-
tailed; originally they were probably as well
provided with tails as other dogs. Many of
them were used for herding, and. consequently
exempt from taxation. It is said that the
drovers amputated the tails of their working
sheep-dogs to distinguish them from those
which were not exempted.

It is believed by some authorities that this
mutilation, continued through many genera-
tions, created in the breed a tendency to pro-
duce tailless and short-tailed offspring. What-
ever the cause, it is certain that today many
Old English sheep-dog puppies are born bob-
tailed. When they are born with tails it is
customary to dock them to within an inch or
two of the root, and the operation is per-
formed not more than four days after birth.

The docking accentuates the characteristic
rounded quarters and increases the somewhat
bearlike appearance of the animal.

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GERMAN SHEPHERD, OR POLICE,
DOG

(For illustration, see page 55)

On the continent of Europe there are many
kinds of dogs used for guarding sheep, but
those best known in this country are the Ger-
man and Belgian sheep-dogs. They have come
into unusual prominence within the last five
years because of the notable part they have
played with the Red Cross units and in other
activities on the battlefields of France and
Belgium.

This is one of the handsomest and most at-
tractive of dogs, and approximates more
closely than any other the really wolf type.
Strong and clean of limb, bright of eye, and
alert in every sense, gifted with a very high
intelligence and a wonderful memory for what
he has been taught, he is a most excellent and
useful working dog.

The German shepherd dog should stand 22 to
26 inches at the shoulder and show in every
line the qualities which he is supposed to pos-
sess: “intelligence, alertness, loyalty, gentle-
ness, courage, obedience, willingness, and de-
votion.” He is a graceful, powerful dog, with
beautiful lines and curves denoting both
strength and speed.

It is not necessary to mention the many uses
he has been put to in the present war, as Red
Cross, No Man’s Land patrol, messenger, and
ration-carrier. It is perhaps as well to say here
that any such active, restless, vigorous, and in-
telligent animal as this becomes a grave respon-
sibility to its owner and should be sedulously
cared for and kept in control every minute.

They become very dangerous when neglected
or turned adrift or thrown on their own re-
sources by being lost, and once they form a
habit of chicken or sheep killing they become
inveterate and persistent in their maraudings
and ordinarily must be shot.

One very beautiful dog of this kind was re-
cently shot in the Catskills after repeated ray-
ages which started a rumor of wolves in the
region. This impression was very natural, and
when the photographs sent to the Conservation
Commission were identified as a dog the rustic
sufferers were still only partly convinced. Dog
it was, however, and apparently a very fine ex-
ample of this new and interesting type.

While the standard allows great range of
color, those most often seen in this country are
of the so-called “wolf” colors—dark tipping of
hair over a tawny or buff ground. The muzzle
(unlike that of a wolf) is usually blackish.

Both the German and the Belgian dogs may
be divided into three general types, namely,
rough-haired, wire-haired, and smooth-haired.
By their erect ears and general expression they
betray their near relationship to the wolf.

Some of the varieties are becoming popular
in this country as companions, and while they
do not seem demonstratively affectionate they
are staunch and loyal and conduct themselves
with quiet dignity which is equaled by few
other breeds.

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

THE BELGIAN SHEPHERD DOG
(For illustration, see page 55)

Many types of shepherd dogs have been de-
veloped in Europe, and doubtless a good many
have just “growed,” like Topsy. But it is not
likely that the Belgian dog is of the latter class,
for in common with several other Belgian va-
rieties he has arrived at a very concise stand-
ard, and has proved in the present war one of
the most dependable and valuable of dogs for
the purposes of finding and bringing aid to the
wounded in No Man’s Land, as well as carry-
ing messages where a man could not go and
live.

He is a trifle smaller than the better known
and more extensively advertised German shep-
herd, or “police,” dog, and is usually solid black
in color. He is also a bit stockier and less
rangy in build and has a little more width of
brow. While not so strong as his big, light-
colored German congener, nor so formidable
as an antagonist, he is equally intelligent and
capable, equally keen of scent and sight, and
probably less of a responsibility for his owner.

THE PYRENEAN SHEEP-DOG
(For illustration, see page 58)

One of the most beautiful dogs in the world
is the Pyrenean sheep-dog, but, alas! the breed
is almost extinct. Technically speaking, this
animated snowdrift is not a sheep-dog at all,
but closely related to the mastiffs. In form of
body and texture of coat he greatly resembles
the Tibet mastiff, though the latter is not so
tall on the legs and is quite different in color,
being velvety black, with rich tan markings.

Had the Pyrenean dog been a herder of sheep
like the collie, no doubt his tribe would have
been as numerous as ever; but the Spanish, and
later the French, shepherds used him chiefly
to guard their flocks against the ravages of the
wolves and bears.

When wolves and bears became scarce in the
Pyrenean Mountains, the need of this valiant
defender grew less and the breed was neglected,
until now but a few specimens remain.

The Pyrenean sheep-dog is one of the finest
dogs that has been used in the manufacture of
the present-day St. Bernard. It is quite possi-
ble that the old hospice-dog (which died out
when roads and railways cut hither and thither
through the Alps) was more of this type than
is generally supposed.

The Pyrenean dog is one of the large dogs,
but by no means so immense as the St. Bernard.
A good male dog would probably weigh about
100 to r10 pounds, as against 250 pounds for the
St. Bernard.

He is usually pure white or cream-colored
and bears a coat much like that of a Newfound-
land, only with more underfur and of a more
woolly texture.

He has seldom been brought to this country
or even to England. He is preéminently a
guardian dog, used to insure safety to the
flock from the attack of wolves, smaller and

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 49

nimbler dogs being used for the purpose of
driving and herding.

The type is easier to conceive from the pic-
ture than by a written description. Like all
dogs bred for utility, and not yet taken up by
“the fancy,” he is bound by no standard of per-
fection and is subject to considerable variation.
The best dog is the one that does his work best,
which is as it should be.

THE MASTIFF
(For illustration, see page 58)

If the Pyrenean dog is one of the most
beautiful dogs in the world, surely the English
mastiff is one of the most famous. It is re-
garded as probably the oldest of all British
dogs, and, as we have seen, its ancestors were
used by the Assyrians for hunting big game.

It is believed that this large, powerful dog
was introduced into Britain in the sixth cen-
tury B. C. by the adventurous Pheenician
traders, and was used by the Britons in hunting
and in warfare. The Romans found him well
established when they invaded the island in
55 B. C., and thereafter mastiffs, because of
their great size, strength, and courage, were
used to fight in the Roman amphitheaters.

In more recent times the breed has become
heavier and less active and has been used
chiefly as a companion and a guardian of prop-
erty.

Perhaps the most famous strain of mastiffs
in England is at Lyme Hall, in Cheshire; it is
said to have come down in unbroken descent
from the fifteenth century. When I [Mr.
Baynes] was a small child my father’s place,
“Harewood,” was close to Lyme Park, and one
of my earliest recollections is of going with
my parents to an entertainment at Lyme Hall.
Coming away we descended into a flagged
court-yard, and I remember that we were at
once surrounded by a number of huge, tawny
dogs which I was told were the Lyme mastiffs.

Many stories are told of the services ren-
dered by these splendid dogs to their masters,
the Lees of Lyme. It is said-that when Sir
Peers Lee lay wounded on the battlefield of
Agincourt, he was guarded by a mastiff’ which
had. followed him to the war and which lay
beside him through the night. Sir Henry Lee,
of the same family, was saved from death by
one of the dogs, which pinned to the floor a
valet who had come to his master’s bedroom
to murder him.

The perfect mastiff may be either fawn with
a dark face, ears and muzzle, or brindle. He
stands about 28 inches, and should weigh
about 170 pounds. There should be no dew-
claw, and the small, dark eye should show no
haw. Strong, straight and heavy, both of body
and limb, with a deep chest and massive square
head, the perfect mastiff is an exceedingly
splendid-looking animal.

He is now bred mostly as a companion, and
hever sees service in his old romantic calling.
He is probably part ancestor of the great Dane,
whose principal other component is greyhound.
One of the noblest of dogs, it is to be regretted

that his unwieldiness and expensive keep have
rendered him rather unpopular, so that now he
is indeed rarely seen.

Points to avoid are a light, narrow, or un-
dershot head, cow-hocks, sagging back and
rolling gait, weak legs and bent pasterns, curly
tail and pale face.

BULLDOG
(For illustration, see page 62)

The English bulldog for hundreds of years
and in almost every land has typified unflinch-
ing courage and unshakable determination. As
the lion has been used to represent the majesty
of Great Britain, so the bulldog has been used
to represent her persistence—her ability to
“hang on” until she has accomplished whatever
she has undertaken.

As his name implies, the bulldog got his
name from the fact that he was used in the
old-ttme “sport” of bull-baiting, which was
popular among certain classes in England for
at least 700 years, until it was made illegal in
1835. Even after that, occasional matches were
continued illegally until 1853, and the actual
rings for bull-baiting still remain in several
places in England.

The “sport” was usually held at some “gar-
den” maintained for this and similar purposes,
or sometimes in a public market-place. Here
a bull with a rope about his horns was teth-
ered to a ring bolted to a rock or to a stake
driven into the ground. The rope being about
15 feet long, the bull had considerable room in
which to move without being able to endanger
the lives of the onlookers.

The object of the dog was to seize the bull’s
nose in his teeth, pin it to the ground and not
leave it. He was bred with an undershot jaw
and a retreating nose, that he might hang on
to the bull and breathe easily at the same time.

The bull, of course, did his best to toss the
dog with his horns, and often succeeded.
Pepys, who witnessed a bull-baiting in South-
wark in 1666, naively describes it as “a very
rude and nasty pleasure.”

The dogs were also used to bait full-grown
bears and for dog-fighting. -For such work
they had to be not-only strong, but very active.
They were real and splendid dogs in spite of
the barbarous uses they were put to.

The bulldog of today is a grotesque deform-
ity —short-legged, short-winded, © short-lived,
and barely able to reproduce its kind. It is
chiefly useful for infusing courageous blood
into other breeds, for adding variety to a dog
show, and as an example (to be avoided) of
what can be done by senseless breeding to spoil
a perfectly good dog.

But they haven’t quite spoiled him, for he
still retains his old-time dauntless courage,
and he has a homely smile that would melt the
hearts of even the few unfortunates who boast
that they hate dogs.

And here is an appropriate place to register
a friendly protest against the arbitrary fixing
of points for which dog owners must breed in
order to win at the dog shows, without suffi-

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cient reference to the requirements of the dog
as a working ally of man.

No one feels more deeply the debt of grati-
tude which we owe to the many intelligent and
unselfish breeders who, often at great “sacrifice
of time and money, have given us our long list
of useful and beautiful dogs. But there is ten-
dency in the very proper enthusiasm over dog
shows and show dogs to forget that the pri-
mary object of breeding most dogs is to pro-
duce animals which are useful in different
fields of activity, and not to conform to a par-
ticular standard unless that standard is the one
most likely to develop dogs fitted in mind and
body for the work required of them.

With the idea of making as ugly and surly
looking a beast as possible, the present stand-
ard for the bulldog demands a type that is all
but unfitted for existence, so great are the
deformities exacted of this unfortunate dog.
Undershot so that he can scarcely eat his food;
teeth that should normally meet never being
able to do so; the nose so jammed in that
breathing through it becomes almost or quite
impossible; the shoulders so muscled and legs
so out-bowed as to make locomotion difficult,
he is indeed a tribute to the art of man in its
most perverted manifestation.

The large, square, heavy head has the face
deeply wrinkled, the lower jaw three sizes too
long for its mate, the nose thumbed back into
the face, the eyes very wide-set and low on
the face and the ear wrinkled back to form a
“rose.” A straight-edge laid along the top of
the head should touch forehead, eyebrow, nose
and lower jaw; the neck is thick and. short,
the shoulders very wide and low, the back
curving up to the hips, which are a little higher
than the shoulders. Hind legs strong, arched,
with the stifle and toes turned out a little and
the hock correspondingly turned in. Brindle
is the favorite color, but white, black and
white, fawn, red, brown, and even solid black
are met with. A good bulldog should weigh
from 30 to 40 pounds.

He is a good-natured, gentle creature, in
spite of his forbidding appearance, and makes
a safe and dependable family dog. When once
aroused to anger, however, his tenacity and
courage are proverbial, and he justifies every
claim that could be made for him, being totally
without fear, under whatever odds he may be
placed, and apparently insensible to pain, stay-
ing at his battle to the very death.

There has been developed in England a so-
called “miniature” bulldog with a maximum
weight of 22 pounds. A perfect specimen has
been described as the larger variety seen
through the wrong end of a telescope. As the
weight would indicate, he is not a toy, and is
highly regarded as a companion by those who
require a staunch little dog not quite as active
and excitable as most terriers are.

THE FRENCH BULLDOG

(For illustration, see page 59)

The French bulldog, we are told, was origi-
nally a Spanish bulldog, a much larger animal,

. things,

¢ THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

formerly used in Spain for baiting bulls. But
dogs of the original type found their way to
France, where they were eventually reduced
in size and “beautified,” until today a normal
specimen of this breed is not unlike a minia-
ture bulldog, except that his teeth do not show
when his mouth is closed, and that he has well-
rounded “bat” ears, which form perhaps his
most noticeable characteristic.

This bat-eared, flat-faced little gnome among
dogs has a wide and enthusiastic following.
The reason for this is doubtless that he is such
a nice little dog in spite of all man can do to
make him unfit for life, by condensing the
nasal region and developing an oversize jaw.
The bulldog tendencies are exaggerated. The
head is similar, but the face is flatter and more
vertical in profile, with the jaw somewhat less
turned up. They are perky, inquisitive little
but much given to asthma and the
sniffles, which is not their fault but ours. The
proper color is dark brindle, though light brin-
dle is not frowned upon. More than a trace
of white on toes and chest is discountenanced.
The tail, carried low, should be either screwed
or straight.

In form he is all bulldog, the. only radical
differences being the flat face/and the large
upstanding ears, graphically called “bat-ears”
by the fancy. These are important, and should
be wide at the base, tapering up to a rounded
point, carried high but not too close together,
and with the orifice, directed forward. The
light weight should weigh: under 22 pounds, the
heavy weights from 22.to 28 pounds.

Next to toy dogs, the French bulldog and
the “miniature” bulldog (see preceding sketch)
are among those best suited to city life. Nei-
ther of them requires a great deal of exercise,
and with intelligent, thoughtful owners may be
kept successfully, even in a flat. But life in a
flat, even for dogs of this kind, is a hard one
unless they are the care of some conscientious
person who will give them daily exercise.

THE TERRIERS

(For illustrations, see pages 59, 62, 63, 66,
67, 70, and 78)

The terriers, as their name suggests, go to
the earth (la terre) for their prey—dogs pri-
marily intended to unearth foxes, badgers, rab-
bits, rats, and other comparatively small ani-

mals which seek refuge in burrows in the
ground.
“Ay, see the hounds with frantic zeal

The roots and earth uptear;

But the earth is strong and the roots are long,
They cannot enter there.

Outspeaks the Squire, “Give room, I pray,
And hie the terriers in;

The warriors of the fight are they,
And every fight they win.’”

Though dogs of this general character have
been used perhaps for a thousand years, little
attention was given to classification until com-
paratively recent times. For example, the

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC. MAGAZINE

modern fox terrier is a very definite breed, but
in the middle of last century almost any dog
of terrier size and build, with the strength and
courage to go into a burrow and pull out or
“bolt” a fox, was a fox terrier. Many other
dogs were as loosely defined.

Most of the terrier breeds we see today have
been developed within a hundred years, and a
good many of them within fifty. And this is
not surprising when we consider that the first
dog show under modern conditions was held in
England only sixty years ago, that the first
trial of dogs in the field was held six years
later, and that in spite of the fact that dog
shows at once became popular, it was not until
fourteen years after the first show that there
Was any organization having authority to regu-
late such exhibitions.

With two or three notable exceptions, ter-
riers are rather small dogs, and generally
speaking are bright, active, vivacious little ras-
cals, full of fun and mischief and with courage
out of all proportion to their size.

Almost all of them make good companions
and are ready to “do their bit” when rats and
other vermin begin to make themselves ob-
noxious.

They are sometimes divided into three
groups, as follows: (1) Smooth-coated :—
black-and-tan or Manchester terrier, bull ter-
rier, Boston terrier, smooth fox terrier, Dober-
mann Pinscher; (2) broken-haired :—wire-
haired fox terrier, Airedale, Bedlington, Irish,
Welsh, Scottish, West Highland white; (3)
long-haired :—Skye and Yorkshire. There are
others, but these are the ones most commonly
seen in this country.

The white English terrier, one of the older
breeds, has seldom been seen in America and
seems to have almost died out even in England.
No doubt it played its part in helping to estab-
lish some of the more modern varieties.

The bull terrier, formerly known as bull and
terrier, is probably one of these, the cross with
the bulldog giving the size, strength, and cour-
age necessary to make the great fighting dog
developed by the English gamesters in the early
half of last century.

The old wire-haired black-and-tan terrier
also probably contributed to the making of this
dog, which as a canine fighting machine has
never been equaled. Literally, he would sooner
fight than eat, and no matter how brutal and
degrading dog-fighting may be, we cannot but
adinire in a dog, as we do in a man, those qual-
ities which enable him to bear without whim-
pering the severest punishment and_ physical
pain, sometimes for hours, and finally die in the
pit rather than save himself by showing “the
yellow streak.”

Fortunately the “sport” has long been pro-
hibited by law, and practically died out in Eng-
land fifty years ago. Though illegal in this
country, it still flourishes among certain classes
and in certain sections, and pit-bull terriers
have been exhibited at a big bench show in
Ohio within a very few years.

Most of these dogs were brindle and white
in various proportions and had much shorter
faces than the now thoroughly respectable and
gentlemanly white bull terrier so well known
to us all and so skillfully depicted in Richard
Harding Davis’ “The Bar Sinister’—one of the
best dog stories ever written.

The bull terrier is a very strong, active, te-
nacious dog, and some supporters even claim
great intelligence for him.

The accepted type is pure white with a black
nose. He is a very symmetrical dog, splendidly
muscled, with very straight legs and sturdy
sloping shoulders, rather short, compact body,
and a long, even muzzle, with heavy jaw mus-
cles. He is built to fight other dogs, and noth-
ing has been sacrificed, as with the bulldog,
that will help him in the combat. They fight
without a sound, whatever their punishment.

The small, oblique, triangular eye, coupled
with the pink showing through the fine hair of
face and muzzle, give even the best bull terrier
a somewhat piggy look. But aside from this he
is a handsome, active, and sturdy dog, free
from nonsense, and with a good dependable
disposition, although his capable shoulder seems
to carry an invisible but easily dislodged chip
on it. Other dogs, whatever their size, have no
terrors for him.

MANCHESTER, OR BLACK AND TAN
TERRIER

(For illustration, see page 59)

This active, speedy little dog has had much
influence in the formation of many of the pres-
ent-day breeds.

A generation ago the “rat terrier,” as he was
commonly and very appropriately called, was
a well-known and popular dog, though now he
is rarely seen. He is a product of the mining
region of Manchester, England, and was quite
a prominent figure in the holiday sports of that
district.

His “long, flat, narrow, level, and wedge-
shaped” head had little room left in it for good
nature, after the native keenness and self-in-
terest had been accommodated, and this breed
has never been as popular with the outside
world as with its owners on this account. AI-
though they are very spirited and courageous,
they are apt to be very short-tempered and
snappy.

He is a beautifully set up little dog, clean of
line as a greyhound, and only a degree or two
less slender. He is entirely black, except for
the deep mahogany tan that covers the chops
and throat, chest, inner sides of legs, feet (ex-
cept black toe-tops), ear linings, spots on eye-
brows and the papilla on the cheek, and the
under side of the tail at the root. His coat is
close, hard, and very glossy, revealing his beauti-
fully muscled, yet delicate frame. About 18
inches high, he should weigh 16 to 20 pounds,
though a diminutive toy type exists, which is
the tiniest of all dogs.

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56 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

DOBERMANN PINSCHER

(For illustration, see page 59)

Perhaps the finest terrier with black-and-tan
coloring is the Dobermann Pinscher, a sort of
glorified Manchester terrier, which has been
developed in Germany within the last 60 years.

He is about the height and weight of an Aire-
dale, but perhaps by reason of his smooth coat
and the fact that his tail is docked very short,
he appears taller and slimmer than the British
dog. He has a splendid carriage and an air of
dignity and distinction. He is unusually intelli-
gent, and to this fact may be attributed his
phenomenal success as a police dog. His de-
lightful personality is rapidly bringing him into
favor with Americans looking for a dog of
good size that doesn’t get in one’s way.

This big German derivative of the black-and-
tan, or Manchester terrier, might best be de-
scribed as a large, strong bull terrier, with the
strict black-and-tan coat, although one some-
times sees him in solid black, brown, or mole-
color “blue.” White should never be present
in a good Dobermann, nor other parti-color
than black or tan.

Like most of the dogs popular with the Ger-
mans, this is best handled with a firm and un-
compromising domination. He is a willing and
effective fighter, and, true to his terrier blood,
is a relentless enemy to all ground vermin, such
as marmots, hares, and badgers.

Decidedly a “one-man” dog, he does not
readily make friends nor welcome advances of
a friendly nature. He is faithful and loyal to
“the hand that feeds him,” however, and is
justly popular with those who own him. He is
certainly one of the handsomest of the smooth
dogs, being glossy of coat, trim, and straight,
and strong of leg and body, and bright and
keen of eye, lacking entirely the rather piggy
look of the bull terrier with which he has been
compared. He is rather larger than. the bull
terrier, however. He has never been exten-
sively bred in this country.

BOSTON TERRIER
(For illustration, see page 59)

The Boston terrier is an American-made ani-
mal, whose bull and terrier ancestors came
from England between 40 and 50 years ago.
Many of them settled in Boston, where they
became so refined that in a few generations
much of the bulldog was bred out of them.

When, about 1891, their owners formed the
American Bull Terrier Club of Boston and ap-
plied to the American Kennel Club for the reg-
istration of the breed, the application was re-
fused on the ground that the dogs were no
longer “bull” terriers.

It was suggested that the breed be named
simply “Boston terrier.” This suggestion was
accepted, the club changed its name to the Bos-
ton Terrier Club, and the breed received full
recognition in 1893. It is said to be the most
scrupulously courteous dog having any bulldog

blood in his veins, and is generally recognized
as the most conservative terrier in the world.

The Boston terrier is not as large as the bull
terrier, weighing from 15 to 27 pounds, and be-
ing judged in three classes, according to weight.
The most popular “middleweight” class is from
17 to 22 pounds. The ideal markings are brin-
dle (dark preferred, some are almost black),
with white muzzle, blaze, neck all-round, chest
and all or part of fore legs and hind legs below
hocks. The coat is short, smooth, and bright.
The ears are commonly trimmed.

The deformities of the bulldog are here hap-
pily lacking, and we have a bright, playful,
courageous little dog that stands well over (not
hangs between) his legs, which, while well
apart, are not bowed nor bandied, but strong,
fairly heavy in bone, and straight. The stifle,
however, is well bent. He is all in all a very
compact little dog. The tail, “screw” or
straight, must be carried low.

The face is intelligent, rather square, the
nose, while short, is not pushed in, and the jaws
are even, broad, and fairly deep. He is in
every sense a good practical dog.

FOX TERRIER
(For illustration, see page 63)

Among the best known of all dogs is that
buoyant, irrepressible, and violently affection-
ate creature known as a fox terrier. Some-
how he is always associated in many minds
with sunshine and dancing, and when properly
cared for and kindly treated he is a joyous
thing.

Like other dogs, when ill treated or badly
cared for, he can degenerate into anything.
Often, from overfeeding and insufficient exer-
cise, he becomes fat, and a fat, wheezy dog,
except an aged and decrepit one, is a disgust-
ing object to any real dog lover.

There are two varieties of fox terrier—
smooth-coated and wire-haired—and which is
the better is a matter of taste. It is true the
smooth-coated dog has always been the more
popular, but apparently for the sole reason that
his coat is smooth; in other respects the dogs
are almost identical.

When properly reared and trained they are
as courageous as they are cheerful, which
leaves little to be said for their courage.

The smooth fox terrier is a sprightly, clean-
cut little dog of from 12 to 20 pounds weight.
with a short compact body and straight, strong
legs that never tire or even show signs of
fatigue. His keen, rather pointed nose should
taper smoothly to the head, with just a little
“stop,” and a slight break in the line of the
nose and forehead. The alert expression is
due partly to the bright, rather deep-set eyes
and partly to the pointed, semi-erect ears,
which turn inquisitively forward. The jaws,
while fine and fox-like, are deep enough to be
of good service, and as a vermin dog the fox
terrier has no superiors in courage and will-
ingness to face the music.

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Sil

In color he should be chiefly white, with
black markings on head and body. These are
to be left largely to the taste of the judge; a
little tan is usually seen if the head is largely
marked, occurring on the chops and in a small
spot over the eye and where the “bristle”
grows on the cheek; brown, red, or brindle
body markings are decidedly objectionable.

The wire-haired fox terrier should conform
to the standard for the smooth dog in every
respect except in coat. In place of the close,
smooth, hard coat, he should have a_ hard,
wiry, harsh coat of broken surface. Silky or
woolly hair is very faulty.

THE IRISH TERRIER
(For illustration, see page 63)

The Irish terrier has well earned his nick-
name “dare-devil,” for: he has few if any
equals for sheer reckless courage. He is an
interesting, loyal pal, and until he “hears the
call of duty,” he has a quiet, unobtrusive man-
ner, which is very deceptive; but he will stand
for no nonsense, and once trouble has been
started, he’ll stay till it’s over.

While on a hunting expedition in Africa a
few years ago, some hunters were trying by
means of a pack of dogs to dislodge a lion
which had been brought to bay in a dense
tangle of bushes. For a long time they had
been unsuccessful, when, without any apparent
reason, the lion bolted from the cover. A
moment later the reason became apparent. As
he dashed into the open his tail stood straight
out behind, and on the end of it was a little
Irish terrier with his teeth locked. _

The Irish terrier is intermediate in size be-
tween the Airedale and the Welsh, and is a
“self-colored” dog, either wheaten or red. The
latter is more desirable. In weight 24 pounds
is perfection, and in general contour he should
be the counterpart of the Airedale, differing
only in size and in color. In disposition he is
a true terrier; staunch and courageous, and
as he attains years he takes on a dignity and
self-reliance rather unusual in a dog of his
size. He is essentially a rough or wire-haired
dog, and silky or woolly hair is a distinct fault.

THE WELSH TERRIER
(For illustration, see page 63)

The Welsh terrier may best and most briefly
be described as a wire-haired fox terrier col-
ored in general like an Airedale. This does not
of course cover the finer points, but gives a
general impression of his looks.

He is in every respect a true terrier, and
closely resembles a diminutive Airedale. His
color is very strictly dictated by the standard;
he must have tan legs, belly, and head, with a
black saddle, and black on the forehead and all
around the neck. This is sometimes replaced
by grizzled gray, but it is less typical and not
as popular as the pure black and tan. Black
on legs or feet is very bad.

Being a fine, sturdy, active and friendly
little dog, the Welsh terrier is rapidly gaining
popularity in this country, and the breed was
represented in the 1918 Westminster show by
a large entry.

AIREDALE TERRIER
(For illustration, see page 66)

By far the most popular big terrier, in this
country at least, is the Airedale, and for an
all-around dog he would be very hard to beat.
He is afraid of nothing that walks or crawls
on land, and his great fondness for the water
betrays the otterhound blood which is in him.

While not necessarily quarrelsome, this dog
knows his strength, and as a rule will not
walk far out of his way to avoid a scrap.
Airedales are usually intelligent, and hundreds
of them have been used for Red Cross work
on the battlefields of Europe.

So well established and in such favor is this
breed today, it is hard to believe that sixty
years ago it was practically unknown outside
of Yorkshire, England, where it existed as an
unkempt, shaggy-coated, long-eared mongrel,
in which the blood of the otterhound and the
old black-and-tan wire-haired terrier were eas-
iest to recognize. But after about thirty years
of careful breeding most of the hound blood
was bred out of him, and there was left some-
thing very much like the stylish, well-built,
well-marked Airedale, now to be seen every-
where.

To be a “good” one, he should weigh from
35 to 45 pounds, and be about 22 inches high,
and of the color and type shown in the plate.
The distribution of the tan or sandy color is
rigorously dictated by standard; the saddle and
neck may be either black, which is preferable,
or grizzled gray. The head, set at an exact
right-angle to the ‘straight, strong neck, should
be long, and a straight line from occiput to
nose, or very’slightly “roman.” This effect is
frequently heightened by the hair on the face
between the eyes, being a little longer than
that on the nose and crown. There is quite a
marked tendency for the hair on the lips and
chin to be long, forming a sort of beard,

The back must be straight and strong, the
legs also must be very straight and well boned
and muscled, the feet short and round. .

This is one of the best of terriers, and of
his thousands of owners hardly one could be
found to say an unfavorable word for him.
Being a terrier, he is playful and rather de-
structive in his youth, but in a season he
grows up, and becomes a remarkably thought-
ful, companionable, and dependable dog. He
can be trained to hunt, but is rather impetuous
for this work.

The hair should be fairly long, hard, and
nearly straight. It would be hard to win a
ribbon with a curly Airedale, however good
otherwise. Cow-hocks, a marked stop, sprung
pasterns, and white markings are all defects.

PYRENEAN SHEEP-DOG

MASTIFF
58

MANCHESTER TERRIER DOBERMANN PINSCHER

BOSTON TERRIER FRENCH BULLDOG

60 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC: MAGAZINE

BEDLINGTON TERRIER
(For illustration, see page 66)

The Bedlington terrier is a dog of very de-
ceptive appearance, and this may account in
some degree for the fact that he has never
been very popular.

Clad in a woolly coat and a smile that would
have graced Mary’s little lamb, one who did
not know him would hardly suspect the stout
heart which beats beneath the wool—the steel-
trap jaws behind that cherubic smile. He’s
as game as the gamest, and if you had a Bed-
lington terrier between you and a wild cat—
well, you should feel sorry for the wild cat.

There has never been a pronounced fancy
for the Bedlington in this country, though he
is a very distinctive dog, resembling no other
type. Not quite as large as the Airedale of
today, he is characterized by his harsh, rough
coat and his curiously lamblike head, occa-
sioned by the silky pale top-knot and brow.

The only one the artist ever knew was an
inveterate ratter, and if the breed is as good
on all vermin as this one was on his favorite
quarry, it should be popular as a pest-ridder!

In conformation they are true terriers—
straight of back and leg and active to a de-
gree. Their color may be blue, blue and tan,
liver, liver and tan, sandy, or sandy and tan.
In all colors the head should be decidedly
paler than the rest of the dog.

The Dandie (or Dandy) Dinmont, a Scottish
terrier rather popular in this country, resem-
bles the Bedlington somewhat, but is extremely
short in the legs and big in the head. He is a
quaint, affectionate little fellow, whose woolly
crown gives an odd expression of sadness to
the half-hidden eyes.

SCOTTISH TERRIER
(For illustration, see page 78)

Of very different appearance, but with the
same stout heart. is the Scottish terrier, or
“Scottie,” as he is familiarly called—a short-
legged, stocky-bodied, wire-coated “tyke,” who
looks like nothing else in the world.

Of course, he hails from the Highlands of
Scotland, where he is used to unearth foxes
and other “varmints.” [lis pluck has earned
for him the soubriquet “die-hard,” and usually
he “lives” right up to it.

The “Scotty” is a “one-man dog.” There is
probably no dog more indifferent to the ad-
vances of any one but his own master or mis-
tress. Mrs. Baynes has a Scottish terrier
named Heatherbloom. The little tyke cares
nothing for the other side of the Baynes
household, and only in the absence of her mis-
tress will she condescend to follow him. For
her, other people do not exist, except as things
to bark at sometimes. But to the one and only
mistress she is loyalty itself.

If separated for five minutes, the little ter-
rier greets her as if she had not seen her for
months. And if Mrs. Baynes is ill, Heather-

bloom will lie on the bed hour after hour, her
head between her paws, and her bright eyes,
half screened by her long lashes, steadily shin-
ing on the face she loves.

His trustful eye, homely comeliness, and
whimsical playfulness combine to endear the
Scottish terrier strongly, and no dog is more
companionable or unobtrusively affectionate.
In these traits he is much like his rough little
cousin, the West Highland white, from which,
in fact, he differs in nothing so much as in the
color of his coat.

The Scotty is usually black or very dark
grizzled with yellowish tips, although steel or
iron gray, brindle, sandy and wheaten speci-
mens are occasionally seen. The dark dogs
are much more popular here, however. A
good dog should stand Io to 12 inches and
weigh 16 to 20 pounds.

The long-whiskered face; low, strong body;
short, heavy legs, and. rather heavy though
gaily carried tail are all “earmarks” of the
well-bred Scotty. He is all terrier, and with
all his busy, active ways he combines a dig-
nity and solemnity of manner that is very
amusing.

THE WEST HIGHLAND WHITE

TERRIER
(For illustration, see page 78)
The West Highland white is almost the

counterpart of the Scottish terrier except in
color, which must be pure white, with black
nose. The forehead is higher, and a distinct
stop is evident in the profile. The coat is
double, the long outer hair being very harsh
and wiry, the under coat much shorter and
softer.

The Cairn and Sealyham terriers are rap-
idly coming into popularity, and belong in
this group. The Cairn terrier has less pro-
nounced whiskers than the Scotty, and his coat
is somewhat shorter and reveals his form
rather more, while the Sealyham is quite dif-
ferent in that the ears, instead of being short
and pointed, are quite long and lop forward
like an Airedale’s. In color they are like the
wire-haired fox terrier—white, with or without
patches of black (or sandy red) on the face.

The Sealyham is supposed to have Dandie
Dinmont in his make-up, which gives him sub-
stance and rather a more bandy-legged appear-
ance than Scotty or his white cousin should
have. The head, with its lopping ears and
more pronounced stop, has a less piquant ex-
pression. The tail is docked and carried high.

THE SKYE TERRIER
(For ulustration, see page 78)

No doubt in his earlier days the Skye ter-
rier was a good sport, but of late years he has
given so much consideration to “dress” that
he has degenerated into a lap-dog. His coat.
which is his chief title to distinction, is so

THE N

long that it is not easy to see whether he is
going or coming. And he can't tell you, for
there is so much hair over his eyes that he
can’t see for himself.

The long hair covers this dog so completely
as totally to conceal the physical characteris-
tics it is supposed to possess. There are two
types: those with pendent ears and those with
upright “pricked” ears.

The dog himself is long and low, like the
other Scotch terriers, and the hair, which parts
from his nose to his tail, comes nearly or quite
to the ground. This outer coat is quite hard
and nearly straight, curls being a grave fault,
though a moderate wave is generally present;
it should be at least 5% inches long on the
body, though shorter on the head. It falls
forward and nearly conceals the eyes. The
only visible feature of a good Skye is his black
button of a nose. The undercoat is much
softer and more sympathetic to the touch.

In color the Skye may be dark or light
“blue” or gray, or fawn with black points.
The height is about 9 inches and the weight
16 to 20 pounds.

THE YORKSHIRE TERRIER
(For illustration, see page 7o)

The Yorkshire terrier (page 70), as a rule,
is frankly exhibited as a toy. This breed, too,
claims to have had sporting instincts, but today
he is an artificial creature, and, so far from
being useful, practically requires a valet to
keep his beautiful long, silken coat in order.

Special brushes are made for his benefit,
special cosmetics are recommended for his
hair, and very often he takes his meals with a
mask on to keep his long whiskers out of his
plate. Many owners go a step farther and
put cotton or linen stockings on his hind feet
to protect his precious coat when he scratches
himself.

This little dog is virtually concealed by his
long silky coat, which reaches to the ground.
It is parted on his nose; the part extends unin-
terrupted to the root of the tail, which is of
medium length, carried straight out.

He is in general a delicate “refinement of the
Skye, which he resembles strongly in confor-
mation. His back must be level and straight
and he must carry his head well up.

The standard dictates a very strict color
scheme: the body from just back of the ears
is all steel blue; the head and feet are all
golden tan, the shorter hair of nose, ears, and
feet being darker and richer, the long, flowing
hair of crown, cheeks, and chest being dark at
base, but growing steadily paler toward the
extremities.

There are three classes, according to weight;
5 pounds and under, 7 pounds and under, but
over 5, and over 7 pounds,

THE MALTESE TERRIER
(For illustration, see page 67)

The Maltese terrier, which should be pure
white, is said to be of very ancient lineage and

YATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 61

to have been a favorite of the ladies of olden
Rome. He is covered with long, straight,
silky hair from head to toes, and he has dark,
snappy eyes, which in some individuals give
an appearance of great alertness and intelli-
gence.

Some dogs of this breed are very bright,
active, and interesting. Others are so delicate
that they are kept in glass cases for fear of
draughts—little more than slightly animated
pen-wipers.

The head is like that of a droop-eared Skye,
being, however, rather shorter and deeper in
muzzle. Like the Skye and Yorkshire, this
breed is completely lost in his coat and has to
be felt of to be judged. He must not exceed
10 pounds in weight.

THE POMERANIAN
(For illustration, see page 67)

Toy dogs have been developed from larger
breeds by selective preeding, They all serve
one main purpose, and it is a good one—they
bring joy and companionship to the thousands
of people who own them. And they do harm
to none, unless it be to those very few foolish
people who lose all sense of values and make
themselves the slaves of their canine pets,

As companions, even little dogs are far pref-
erable to cats. They love with an unselfish
love, which cats do not, and they are guiltless
of the slaughter of the millions of useful birds
which are destroyed by cats in the United
States alone every year. If we keep pets, it
is our duty to keep those which are not peren-
nially destructive to useful things.

One of the most popular toy dogs in this
country and in England is the Pomeranian,
which from his general appearance, including
the bushy tail curled over the hind quarters,
would appear to be descended, long ago, no
doubt, from the Samoyed dog of ‘the north
(see page 41). Their more recent forefather
is the spitz (see page 40), and today the chief
difference between a spitz and a Pomeranian
is in size.

As a result of careful breeding, many
“Poms” are less than five pounds in weight,
and in addition to black and white we now see
several beautiful colors, including blue, brown,
sable, red, orange, and fawn.

The best, or at least most desired, class scale
under eight pounds. They are deep-furred,
laitten - footed, round-headed, pointed - nosed,
prick-eared, mincing little toy dogs, and they
come in all colors, but the parti- -colored ones
are not so desirable and are seldom seen.

The coat consists of a deep, soft, fluffy
underfur, through which protrudes a plentiful
overfur of long, straight, glossy hair covering
the whole body, being especially full and abun-
dant on the throat, chest, neck, rump, and hind-
quarters. The tail is a pompon flowing over
the back. The legs are straight and delicate,
and the dog i in action is exceedingly light and

“steppy.”

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64 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

THE PEKINGESE
(For ulustration, sce page 70)

This Oriental toy is of great antiquity, as is
proved in the art and sculpture of ancient
dynasties in China. He is a tiny, soft, cuddly,
little creature, rather less exclusive in his
friendships than the English toys, easily dis-
tinguished from them and from the toy span-
iels by his long, low body and short legs, as
well as by his deep, soft, straight, and woolly
rather than silky coat.

The fancy desires a type whose expression
implies “courage, boldness, self-esteem, and
combativeness, rather than prettiness, dainti-
ness, and delicacy.” As a rule, they have
plenty of self-esteem; most of them are fully
aware of their immunity from deserved pun-
ishment, due to their tiny size and general de-
fenselessness, and take full advantage of it.

They are of any color, to:meet the whimsical
tastes of the wealthy; it would be foolish to
lose a sale, at prevalent Pekingese prices, be-
cause a purchaser liked a “wrong” color, and
the fancy is accordingly lenient.

He has the short muzzle, full (not to say
poppy) eyes, prominent “dome,” and pompon
tail of ali toy spaniels, but he excels all in the
elaborate ruff on the chest, and long, rich
feather from thighs, sides, and fore legs. He
must be under 18 pounds, and the smaller he
is the better.

The Pekingese are the sacred temple dogs
of Peking, and were once so carefully guarded
that their theft was punishable by death. The
first specimens to reach England were brought
over in 1860 by Admiral Lord John Hay, who
found them in the garden of the Summer Pal-
ace, where they had doubtless been left when
the court fled to the interior on the approach
of the Allied forces. These, with a few other
specimens smuggled out of China, often with
ereat difficulty, were the ancestors of many of
the ‘“Pekes” we see today.

With his comparatively large head, crush
nose, and wide-apart eyes, the Pekingese looks
as quaint as a bit of ancient Chinese pottery.

JAPANESE SPANIEL
(For illustration, see page 70)

There are many kinds of toy spaniels, and
in imperfect specimens it is sometimes difficult
to know just where to place them. To add to
the ease of confusion, fashion or caprice some-
times dictates new names for old friends, and
the maze of synonyms is hard for the unin-
itiated to follow.

The Japanese is largely white, with either
black or red, brown, fawn, or orange patches,
clearly and as near as possible symmetrically
distributed. It is virtually essential that the
head should be marked about as shown, with
the eyes, cheeks, ears, and sides of neck dark,
leaving the muzzle, stop, forehead, and crown
white.

This is a cobby little dog, standing well up

on its legs (thus differing from the Peke).
The ears are moderate—in fact, small—for a
spaniel. The nose is very short and the fore-
head very high and round. It would be badly
apple-headed in other breeds than toy spaniels,
where it is a much-cherished “dome.” The
tail is carried on the back or twisted high to
one side. In shows they are classed as above
or below seven pounds. Like all these toy
terriers, they are snobbish to a degree and
view all strangers from a disdainful angle, and
are ready with a repellent snarl or snap to
meet any advance.

The Japanese spaniel is also of ancient EKast-
ern origin and may have descended from the
Tibet spaniel, which is supposed to be the an-
cestor of the Pekingese. But he is a much
smaller dog, weighing from four to nine
pounds or thereabouts. Like other Oriental
lap-dogs, he was bred small that he might
easily be carried in the sleeve.

THE KING CHARLES SPANIEL
(For illustration, see page 71)

This is one of the English toys, which name
in this country includes the King Charles
(named after Charles II, with whom they were
favorites), Prince Charles, or tricolor; Ruby,
and Blenheim spaniels. They differ from one
another only in distribution of color, being
identical in conformation.

They are all small, scaling from seven to
twelve pounds. The ears are very long and
flowing, reaching nearly to the ground, and are
heavily furred with long, silky hair. The coat
throughout should be long and silky, straight
or wavy, but never curly. They all have the
bulby head, short muzzle, deep jaw, wide-set
bulging eyes, dark and large pupil, showing
the white when they look askance, which is
much of the time.

Owing to the condensed face, their breathing
is often faulty and asthmatic; owing to their
surroundings they generally get fat and fussy;
owing to their high price, the public is not
greatly troubled with them; owing to their
physical disabilities and the inherent weak-
nesses due to long generations of inbreeding,
they are poor reproducers and hard to rear;
and owing to their snobbish dispositions, they
have never been popular, nor ever will be.

The King Charles is the pure black-and-tan
type.

The tricolor, or Prince Charles, is black and
tan with a large amount of white.

The Ruby is all deep rich red or mahogany
bay.

The Blenheim is mainly “pearly white,” with
large, evenly distributed ruby or chestnut
markings.

THE BRUSSELS GRIFFON
(For illustration, see page 71)

The origin of the Brussels griffon is in
doubt. Some authorities say that he really

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 65

came from Brussels; others say that he origi-
nated in the coal mines of England. In any
case, he is one of the funniest-looking dogs in
the world, and has little to commend him to
popular taste but his entirely bizarre appear-
ance. His weight is below nine pounds, the
best class having six pounds as a maximum.

The rather ov versized round head is carried
with an alert cockiness, and the perky expres-
sion is heightened by the bright, full, dark
eyes. The muzzle is very short. The ears, if
clipped, stand erect; if in their natural form
they lop a little, being held semi-erect.

The most peculiar feature is perhaps the
fringed: beard, which gives the griffon a very
human expréssion. The hair, red in color, is
harsh and wiry. He should be a rather stock-
ily built little animal, with straight, strong,
though slender legs. He is a toy, pure and
simple, however, and these qualities are rather
the aim than the achievement of the breeders.
In truth, he must, at present at least, be con-
sidered rather a grotesque, spindly little crea-
ture.

There is a smooth
“Brabancon,” but they
known in this country.

THE DACHSHUND
(For see page 74)

The dachshund, or badger dog, combines to
a high degree the qualities of the hound and
the terrier, and probably both of these were
used in his development, but where he got his
crumpled legs is less apparent. He is the fa-
vorite dog of Germany, where his special worl
is to enter a badger hole and hold the attention
of the animal until it can be dug out.

Badgers often work serious havoc in the cul-
tivated fields, and they can dig their way
through the ground so rapidly that it is very
difficult for diggers to overtake one without the
use of a dog. To follow this fierce, belligerent,
and really dangerous animal into his burrow
and drag him out requires a dog of great cour-
age and tenacity, not to mention peculiar de-
sign. His long body, short legs, and large, out-
turned fore feet subject him to much ridicule,
and it is often said that-id Germany he is sold
by the yard.

The dachshund usually seen in this country

griffon and a larger
have never become

ulustration,

has a short and very silky coat, but there are.

also a long-haired and a rough-coated variety.

The well-formed dachshund should be three
times as long, from nose to base of tail, as he
is high at the shoulder. The head should. be
long and slender, but far from snipy, the nose
running smoothly into the line of the forehead,
with little depression at the top, and the occi-
put should be evident. The hound-like ears,
combined with this more terrier-like head, give
him an expression all his own.

The body and neck are long, but muscular
and compact, entirely free from sagginess ‘or
weakness, and the tail is the true, tapering, ter-
rier style, as nearly straight as may be.

The legs and feet are very important. While
extremely short, they must be very strong and

well boned. The fore legs, while bowed and
twisted somewhat, must be strong, elbows out,
wrists in, and feet turned out. The hind legs
are to be strong and capable, and viewed from
behind must go down straight and by no means
show the turning in at the heel, known as cow-
hocks. This is very common and very bad.
The thigh, when standing, goes down nearly
straight; the shank (between stifle and hock)
goes straight back horizontally, and the last
joint, or rear pastern, is about vertical, parallel
to the thigh. The feet are large, deep, and well
padded.

They are generally black and tan, revealing
the terrier strain here in’ the persistency of this
dominant color-pattern. There are strains, how-
ever, of a whole-colored dark red tan, or
‘cherry,” or even solid brown. The last named
are not considered as good, and must be excel-
lent in other respects to be given a favorable
rating with the better-known colors.

In disposition they combine to an unusual
degree the virtues of their respective ancestors,
having the affectionate, companionable quali-
ties of the hound and the tenacity, courage,
and self-reliance of the terrier.

THE SCHIPPERKE
(For illustration, see page 74)

The schipperke got his name from being so
frequently seen on the canal barges of Belgium,
where he makes a good “watch” and keeps
down the rats. The word is pronounced “skip-
perkee” and is the Flemish for “little skipper.”

Doubtless an offshoot of the “wolfspitz,” of
Central Europe, this Belgian pet dog has at-
tained a marked individuality, and really re-
sembles no other dog at all closely.

He is a glossy, shining black all over, has a
fox-like head, with rather small but very bright
and intelligent eyes, a small, sharp nose, and
erect, prick ears. The whole neck and breast
are covered with an erect frill of longer hair, as
are the back margins of the thighs. The shoul-
ders and chest are deep and strong, and the
well-tucked-up little body is firm and springy.
The legs are light, but strong, and the feet small
and dainty. The tail is a mere stump, or but-
ton, more than an inch being a disqualification.
They are said to be born tailless, and probably
some are. But it is easy to meet this require-
ment, and it is certain that not any grow up
with a tail, however they started in.

The “little skipper” finds his congenial home
on the canal-boats of Belgium and Holland, but
has discovered a satisfactory substitute in the
pampered homes of the rich in other countries.
Like all,spitz offshoots, he is bright, active, and
affectionate, but just a little snobbish, and apt
to be very jealous of any other pets in his
household. He is a small dog, weighing about
12 pounds.

POODLES
(For illustration, see page 75)

. The poodle is admitted to be among the most
intelligent of dogs, and why he should have

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been specially selected for the clown is hard
to understand; but the fact remains that for
hundreds of years it has been the custom to
treat his coat in such a way as to make him
ridiculous.

Either they clip his face, body, and legs,
leaving ruffles about his paws, tie the hair on
top of his head with a ribbon, and send him
out looking like a little girl going to a party,
or they partially clip him and allow the rest of
the hair to grow long until it twists itself into
cords which trail on the ground, making it
practically impossible to keep the dog clean
and sweet. Some owners tie these long cords
in little bundles over the back to hold them
out of the dirt, but fortunately the great diffi-
culty in keeping the so-called “corded” poodle
fit for exhibition is causing him to become less
and less popular.

Thus the clever and adaptable poodle must
forever, it seems, be made a clown when in
reality he is one of the cleverest and most
teachable of dogs. Incidentally, he has all the
qualities of a first-class fowling dog: keen
scent, good sight, venturous spirit, and an in-
veterate love for the water. In many ways,
both physical and temperamental, he resembles
the strong and capable old Irish water spaniel,
and doubtless they have much in common.

The “Caniche,” as the French rather affec-
tionately call him, is the trick-dog par e-xcel-
lence. Every dog show or “animal act” is
largely dependent on him for its best features
and the “bad dog” is almost invariably of this
type.

The pictures show the three best known
variations. In any case, everybody knows a
poodle, and it is a pity that this humorous
fashion of making him look ridiculous should
have the effect of | hiding from most people’the
truly fine character that these dogs possess.

Physically he differs from the Irish water
spaniel in being taller on his legs and generally
slenderer; the muzzle is a little longer and
there is a strong tendency toward beard and
moustache which the clean-faced spaniel should
never show. They may be black, brown, red,
tawny, or white, but must be self-colored. The
extravagant growth of woolly hair is a strange
feature of the breed, particularly in the less-
popular corded variety. The “toys” are gov-
erned (though less strictly) by the same stand-
ards as the bigger type. The eye, though small,
is very bright and intelligent, and of all dogs
these seem to enjoy most keenly the perform-
ance of tricks and capers taught by their mas-
ters. There is almost no limit to their capac-
ity to learn. In Europe, heavier and more
muscular strains of the breed are used as
draught dogs, and in parts of Germany there
is a strain used for herding sheep.

MEXICAN HAIRLESS
(For illustration, see page 75)

Every kind of a dog, however bizarre or
degenerate, can find a human friend some-
where, and this most unprepossessing product
of our unfortunate neighbor to the south is no

,ATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

exception. For unpleasant to the eye as he is,
with his sausage-like exterior, weak, lashless
eyes, and quivering drawn-in hind-quarters, he
is said, by his friends, to be a bright and very
affectionate little dog, which repays amply the
care and regard of his master.

There seems to be a good deal of variation
permissible as to size, form, and contour, so
long as the prime misfortune of complete bald-
ness be present. The best specimens, however,
just to be bizarre, carry a topknot of. silky
white hair on their crown. In general they are
like any medium-sized or small terrier whose
hair has been scalded off.

The skin may be all pink, all dark purplish
like old bologna, or a marbled combination of
the two. The absence of a tempering coat of
hair makes’ them feel unpleasantly fevered to
the touch, and of course they are very sensi-
tive to changes in the temperature and hence
are rarely seen in the northern part of our
country. For the “purposes of a dog’ they
are useless.

CHIHUAHUA

(For illustration, see page 75)

Probably no animal known to man has had
so much nonsense and ignorant misconception
written about it as this rather insignificant
little Mexican product. Some writers have
claimed for him part ancestry with squirrels,
because he can scramble up the rough and
straggly chaparral of his native State, or with
the prairie-dog, from which he learns to dig
his alleged burrow.

In cold fact he is just dog, and rather an
ordinary dog at that, without any faintest trace
of anything rodent-like in his entire physical
make-up. It would be as natural to expect a
hybrid between a bear and a beaver—or a wolf
and a rabbit. All this kind of talk, in which
animals of different orders are supposed to hy-
bridize, is, of course, pure nonsense and utterly
impossible, such as the widespread and_ gen-
erally credited raccoon and cat parentage of
the so-called “Maine Coon-Cat.”

The Chihuahua dog is simply a diminutive,
spindly, prominent-eyed and apple-headed lit-
tle terrier-like dog—all dog and simply dog.
He is an affectionate and benign little creature,
as most large-headed dogs are, and his physical
characteristics are shown in the plate. No
more mystery surrounds him than does any
other dog. He is a good illustration of Mr.
P. T. Barnum’s well-known estimate of the
public, which likes to be humbugged.

Full-grown specimens of this breed some-
times weigh less than a pound and a half and
can stand comfortably on an_ outstretched
hand; according to the standard, four pounds
is the limit.

THE PUG
(For illustration, see page 79)

The pug was once a great favorite with
those who like pet dogs, but he has long since

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 69

been supplanted by other and more attractive
breeds.

Almost obsolete in. America, at least, the pug
is now most often encountered in his china
image, which still graces the mantel in many
a mid-Victorian ome.

Mastiff colors characterize this curly tailed
stocky, stiff-legged little dog, “apricot fawn,”
with black face and ears being the invariable
rule except for the all-black variety, which
was never popular here. On fawn dogs, a

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black “trace” down the back is very greatly
prized.

The face is very short and cobby, the chest
wide, neck short and loose of skin, and the
legs straight and well boned, but not too heavy.
The eyes are set wide apart and quite low.
They are rather full and prominent. The ears
are small, thin, and soft, and the coat is short,
fine, and hard. They are clean, companionable
dogs, with a tendency to get fat, blind, and
asthmatic as they get old.

SAGACITY AND COURAGE OF DOGS

Instances of the Remarkable Intelligence and Unselfish
Devotion of Man’s Best Friend Among
Dumb Animals

THER papers in this number of

the GEoGRAPHIC have pictured the

outward dog. They have shown
the great gap between the stub-nosed,
short-legged pug and the long-muzzled,
lank-limbed greyhound. They have con-
trasted the bare - skinned, pocket - sized
Chihuahua with the rough-coated, mas-
sive-built Newfoundland.

But this article attempts to portray
the inner dog—its nature rather than its
form. Could there be a greater gap than
that existing between the tenacious bull-
dog that dares to die at grips with a foe
and the timorous toy spaniel that would
run from a rabbit? Or a greater diver-
gence than between the pointer that, on
the run, can tell the difference between
the foot scent and the body scent of a
quail yards away and the Pekingese
whose nose would not tell him, standing
still, the difference between a pig and a
porcupine a pace distant?

How truly does Maeterlinck put it
when he says that in all the immense cru-
cible of nature there is not another living
being that has shown the same supple-
ness of form or plasticity of spirit as
that which we soon discover in the dog.

It is but natural that concerning a
creature so faithful, a being so intimately
identified with man’s daily existence, an
animal possessing so many and_ such
varied qualities that appeal, there should

have grown up a literature at once ex-
tensive and charming.

But even a casual examination of that
literature reveals the fact that it is just as
hard for a dog lover to be coldly scientific
in telling of the deeds of his dog as it is
for a fisherman to measure correctly the
length and weight of the individuals that
compose his catch.

Perhaps of all dogs the pointer and the
setter deserve first rank, because of the
exquisite development of their olfactory
organs and their astonishing adjustment
to the Nimrod’s needs. Indeed, one
scarcely knows which to admire the more,
the immeasurable refinement of. their
sense of smell or their generalship in the
field.

Galloping across a field at ten miles an
hour, as he seeks living targets for his
master’s gun, amid a riot of odors and
scents that range from the smell of de-
caying vegetation to the perfume of au-
tumn flowers, and from the aroma of
autumn grass to the body scents and
foot tracks of mice and hares and small
birds, a well-bred, well-trained pointer
can detect a quail at ten paces or more.
He can as unerringly pick out the one
scent that is uppermost to his purpose
as a trained musician can distinguish the
one note he seeks in a score.

Not only does he know the quail scent
from all others, but he knows the com-

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posite scent of several birds from .the
simple scent of ones Furthermore, he
knows instantly the difference between
the body scent and the foot scent of a
bird. And, still further, he can invaria-
bly tell which way the foot scent leads.
Did he take the heel of a trail instead of
the toe, he would feel that he was surely
coming to his second puppyhood.

Furthermore, such a dog can tell the
difference between a dead and a wounded
bird. If his master kills the quail out-
right, the dog, without hesitation, rushes
in and retrieves it. But if it is only
wounded, the dog as promptly comes to
a point again and holds his position.

The bloodhound’s ability to hit a trail
and keep it is one of the marvels of
nature. Hours may have passed since
the tracks were made. The way may
lead through a veritable mélange of
odors—now down a road where sheep
and cattle and hogs and horses. have
passed, now through a field where rabbits
and mice and moles have played, and now,
perchance, through a farmyard where
chickens and ducks have tracked over
every square foot—but the bloodhound
goes on, without deviation, toward, his
quarry.

THE DELICACY OF A DOG'S NOSE

Of salt, man can perceive one part in
640 through his sense of taste; of qui-
nine, one part in 152,000. Likewise, his
optic nerve becomes conscious of a change
of color when one part in 1,000,000 of
methyl violet is added to colorless water.
The delicacy of a man’s olfactory nerve
surpasses that of his optic nerve, as his
optic nerve is more sensitive than the
nerves of taste. One grain of musk will
go on and on for days and weeks and
even years permeating a whole room and
writing the image of its odor upon the
brain of man without apparent diminu-
tion.

Yet man’s nose is as irresponsive to the
scents that stir the trained dog to action
as a hippopotamus is irresponsive to a
dissertation on the fourth dimension. To
what astonishing delicacy, therefore, must
a dog’s olfactory nerve attain to enable
him to detect such infinitesimal emana-
tions!

One cannot too highly extol the work
of the huriting dog. As a recent writer
says, “We all applaud the stiff antics of
the high-school-trained horse’ and wax
enthusiastic over the tricks of the lion-
tamer’s tawny pupil, but not one in fifty
of us stops to reflect that the bird-dog
displays an intelligence far beyond these.
He ranges over the country as free as the
winter wind, but always under perfect
control. No bit guides him, yet he turns
to the right or the left at the wave of a
hand. No snapping whip compels obedi-
ence, but he obeys the call of a whistle
promptly and cheerfully.”

DOGS THAT OVERCOME PRIMITIVE PASSIONS

Another writer, along the same line,
says: “Consider the wonderful self-con-
trol of the pointer. If the savage tiger or
the docile cow could be taught such per-
fect obedience, science would investigate
the case as abnormal; but no one con-
siders it strange in a dog. The pointing
habit is only the momentary pause be-
fore the wild dog springs upon his prey,
developed by long training and selective
breeding until it is stronger than the
natural instinct. Think what self-control
is demanded to stand staunch when the
bird flushes, and what a hold on primitive
passions to pick up the bird and return it
gently to the master.”

Men often become devoted to their
hunting dogs and write about them in
the most striking terms. A gem that has
a fugitive place in a sporting journal thus
describes two hunting dogs: “Old Joe
is a strapping, lemon-marked dog, with a
heavy head and a tail like a couple of
feet of garden hose. But he is a mighty
hunter, as sedate as a senior deacon, and
as serious as a professor of Sanskrit.
Queen is a common-looking little rat,
light and racy, thin as a match-stick and
as nervous as the needle of a pocket
compass.”

SOME MARVELOUS TALES

As before stated, the stories of excep-
tional intelligence in dogs are without
number; but, alas, many of these seem
to reflect the enthusiasm of the dog lover
rather than the observations of the cold
seeker after truth. ‘The London Spec-

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE ss

tator some years ago published a book
filled from cover to cover with claimed-
to-be-authentic stories of dogs. One
story published told of an old mastiff
that, wanting a fresh egg for dinner,
caught a hen and carried her to his ken-
nel, where he kept her a prisoner until
she laid one, after which captor and cap-
tive became inseparable friends.

Another story alleged that a Dr. Bar-
ford’s dog was muzzled, but managed
to get out of the nosepiece, which -he
promptly hid. A policemarr found him
and summoned his master to court. ‘The
children of the family told the dog how
wicked he had been to get his master into
so much trouble, and added the infor-
mation that he, too, would have to appear
in court on a given day. Later the case
was postponed, but the dog was in court
as per schedule.

Then there is the story of a dog which,
on being rewarded with a bun for res-
cuing a drowning child, pushed another
into the water so that he might get
another bun. Still another story has it
that a man on a walking tour in the
Maine woods left his note-book at a
lodge. He didn’t have time to go back
for it, so the lodgekeeper held the tour-
ist’s glove to the dog’s nose and com-
manded him to go back to the camp and
get the book. In due time the dog was
back with the forgotten diary.

A DOG THAT BROUGHT AN INJURED PAT,
TO A PHYSICIAN

Another story relates that a bulldog
owned by a tavern-keeper followed his
master to a surgeon’s office and watched
the latter set a broken arm for his master.
After several weeks the surgeon heard a
scratching at his door. Upon opening it
he found the self-same bulldog with a
canine pal that needed a leg set.

Another veracious gentleman vouches
for this story: One night he was way-
laid by “Sweep,” an Australian collie,
whose master was a friend of his. The
dog took his hand in his mouth, and
gently but firmly attempted to lead him
away. Although provoked, he decided to
follow the dog, which piloted the way to
the ferry, where he was requested in dog

language to buy a ferry ticket that would
permit. the collie to cross the river.

These are but samples of an endless
array of stories of dog intelligence, every
one solemnly vouched for, that fill the
literature concerning dogs. The pity is
that men who tell such stories seriously
tend to discredit actual instances of in-
telligence on the part of these faithful
animals.

THE DOG'S MANIFOLD DUTIES AT THE
BATTLE FRONT

The stories of the devotion of dogs to
their masters under the most trying con-
ditions of the battle front form one of
the epics of the great struggle.

It is said that there were about ten
thousand dogs employed at the battle
front at the time of the signing of the
armistice. They ranged from Alaskan
malamute to St. Bernard and from
Scotch collie to fox terrier. Many of
them were placed on the regimental
rosters like soldiers. In the trenches they
shared all the perils and hardships of the
soldiers themselves, and drew their turns
in the rest camps in the same fashion.
But they were always ready to go back,
and it is not recorded that a single one
of them ever failed when it came to
“going over the top” (see also page 17).

The Red Cross dogs rendered inval-
uable service in feeding and aiding the
wounded. Each one carried a first-aid
kit either strapped to its collar or in a
small saddle pouch. When they found a
soldier who was unconscious, they were
taught to bring back his helmet, handker-
chief, or some other small article as a
token of the discovery. Many of them
learned wholly to ignore the dead, but to
bark loudly whenever they came upon a
wounded man.

Not only did the dog figure gloriously
as a messenger of mercy in the war, but
did his bit nobly as a sentinel in the
trenches. Mounting guard at a listening
post for long hours at a stretch, ignoring
danger with all the stolidness of a stoic,
yet alert every moment, he plaved an
heroic role.

Full many a time it was the keen ear
of a collie that first caught the sound of
the approaching raiding party. And did

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76 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC

FIVE FRIENDS ON

ALAS R= SAW? :

MAGAZINE

Photograph by William Reid

SCOTLAND

The dog is man's oldest friend among the animals, and the one with whom he most

willingly trusts his children.

Both as playfellow and as protector, the dog has for centuries

been a loved and loving member of countless households.

he bark? How natural it would have
been for him to do so! But no, a bark
or a growl might have told the raiders
they were discovered, and thus have pre-
vented the animal's own forces from giv-
ing the foe a counter-surprise. So he
wagged his tail nervously—a canine adap-
tation of the wig-wag system which his
master interpreted and acted upon, to the
discomfiture of the enemy.

Often whole companies were saved be-
cause the dog could reach further into
the distance with his senses ‘than could
the soldiers themselves.

It was found that many dogs would do
patrol and scout duty with any detach-
ment. But there was another type of dog
worker needed in the trenches—the liai-
son dog, trained to seek his master when-
ever turned loose. Amid exploding shells,
through veritable fields of hell, he would
crawl and creep, with only one thought—
to reach his master. Nor would he stop

until the object of his search was attained.
Many a message of prime importance he
thus bore from one part of the field to
another, and nought but death or over-
coming wound could turn him aside (see
pages 2-6).

But the work of the dogs of war was
not limited to the front. Where the
motor lorry was helpless, where the horse
stood powerless to aid, where man him-
self found conditions which even the iron
muscle and the indomitable will that is
born of the fine frenzy of patriotism
could not conquer, here came the sled
dog to the rescue.

Alaska and Labrador contributed the
motive power for the sleds that kept the
men in their mountain-pinnacle trenches
in the high Alps provisioned and muni-
tioned in the dead of winter. In four
days, after a very heavy snowfall, one
kennel of 150 dogs moved more than fifty
tons of food and other supplies from the

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE vi

valley below to the

front line on _ the
mountain above.
In the Vosges

Mountains more than
a thousand Alaskan
sled dogs helped to
hold the Hun during
the last year of the
war.

DOG TEAMS THAT WON
THE CROIX DE
GUERRE

One woman brought
back to America a
Croix des Gauwleaie
awarded by France to
her intrepid teams of
sled dogs. The occa-
sion that won them
that honor was their
salvation of a storm-
bound, foe-pressed
outpost in the French
Alps. Dispatch bear-
ers had been sent back
repeatedly, but no suc-
coring answer came,
for the messengers
were overwhelmed as
they passed through
the blinding blizzard.

At last matters be-
came desperate. The
foe was pressing his
advantage with dash
and courage, and noth-
ing but quick action
could save the situa-
tion. So Lieutenant
Rene Haas hitched his dogs to a light
sled and started through a blizzard be-
fore which human flesh, in spite of the
“urge” of a consecrated patriotism, had
failed. In “sweepstakes racing time”
they covered the trip down the mountain
and over a perilous pass to the main army
post.

There the 28 dogs were hitched to 14
light sleds, and these were loaded with
ammunition. Back over the forbidding
trail they went, under an artillery fire,
facing a bitter wind, and plowing through
blinding clouds of snow. On the fifth

FRIENDS

THROUGH

a
Photograph by Harry F. Blanchard

SUNSHINE AND SFEOWERS

From their present state of mutual trust and comradeship, it is
difficult to picture the age when the forebears of these three play-
mates were bitter antagonists—the cave-man and the wolf.

day, at sunrise, the panting malamutes
reached the outpost, their burden of am-
munition was rushed to the gunners, and
the mountain was saved from the in-
solent foe.

The stories of courage and bravery
among individual dogs on the battlefield
are many and inspiring. Michael was the
name of a dog which, unaided, dragged
his master, who had been left for dead
in No Man’s Land, back to the trenches.
Lutz, the dog hero of Verdun, was
awarded the war cross star for his work
as an advanced sentinel. Nellie, a fox

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SO THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

terrier that followed her master through
the rain of shot and shell at the first
battle of Ypres and afterward adopted a
Belgian regiment, was wounded by shrap-
nel twice, but continued to “go over the
top” until brought to America by the
Belgian Mission.

Fend I’Air, a black and white setter,
partially dug his master out when he was
buried by a shell explosion, and remained
with him for three days and nights, until
he was rescued. Follette, of the Tenth
French Army, traveled a mile under a
curtain of fire, and, although wounded,
continued on her mission. She died of
her wounds five days later.

Filax, a sheep dog, failed to win a
prize at the New York dog show a few
years ago, being pronounced ‘somewhat
too coarse for show purposes.” Ils
master thereupon put him into Red Cross
work. Braving the dangers of No Man’s
Land on innumerable occasions, he saved
the lives of a hundred wounded French
soldiers.

Whose eyes have not floated in seas of
tears as the story of good dog Barry, that
noble old St. Bernard that saved 40 lives,
has been read? Yet there are thousands
of good dogs Barry in the world. Rex,
a St. Bernard, rescued two boys from
the undertow at Fort Hamilton in 1899.
Happy, an Airedale, rescued Jack, a
fox terrier, from a raging mountain tor-
rent in the Adirondacks some years ago.
Stranger and friend, man and beast, have
each in their turn known what it is to be
rescued from flood and fire by faithful
dogs.

FAMOUS DOG: ACTORS

Dogs have long played an interesting
role as actors on the stage. For instance,
there is Teddy, seen in the Mack Sennett
comedies. It is said among the players
at the Sennett laboratories that Teddy
never wagged his tail in his life, and that
it would be as much of a surprise at the
studio to see him do so as it would in
Washington to see a sedate justice of the
Supreme Court skip a rope. He does
as he is told as painstakingly as the most
conscientious actor who ever posed be-
fore the clicking camera, but if he has
ever enjoyed the experience or felt bored,

his demeanor has never registered that
fact.

Jasper is another celebrated canine
actor. He has entertained a President,
visited with a cardinal, showed a Su-
preme Court justice what a dog can do,
and has thrilled his tens of thousands
with his acting in “Young America.”
Jasper is a 35-pound brindle bull.

Shep, in “The Road to Happiness,”
played his role for three years without
missing a rehearsal or performance, while
Jack, in “The Little Shepherd of King-
dom Come,” distinguished himself by his
ability to portray before the footlights
the faithful devotion of a dog for his
master. Both have a rival in the great
Dane that played the second lead with
Mabel Taliaferro in “The Price She
Paid.” Another famous dog actor is
Michael, owned by Laurette ‘Taylor,
whose touching role in “Peg o’ My
Heart” will be recalled by every one who
saw that appealing comedy.

NOTED GLOBE-TROTTING DOGS

Many dogs have developed a fondness
for traveling, acknowledging as master
for the moment any one who would help
them on their way. An antipodean ex-
ample of the traveling dog was Bob,
whose stuffed form now graces an Aus-
tralian museum. Born in the rabbit
country, he later attached himself to a
railroad employee, and began to ride on
the tender of a locomotive. His license
was always bought and paid for by the
men, and his collar bore the inscription,
“Stop me not, but let me jog; I am Bob,
the drivers’ dog.”

But eclipsing all records as a traveler
was Owney, the Railway Postal Clerks’
dog. In his puppyhood Owney adopted
the post-office staff at Albany, New York.
One day he went down to the train with
a mail wagon and decided he would go
out with the boys in the postal car. He
went, and he liked seeing the world so
well that the wanderlust got the better
of him. Finally, the Albany post-office
clerks decided to ask the men to tag him
on every run he made, with the result
that before long it was found that Owney

‘had visited every big city in the United

LARGE FAMILIES ARE THE RULE IN THRIFTY SCOTCH KENNELS

Photographs by William Reid

THEIR ANCESTORS CAME FROM THE CELESTIAL KINGDOM

Each of these Chow, or Chow-Chow, puppies, when it arrives at dog’s estate, will be a
frisky, intelligent, and obedient companion for its owner—and none other. The Chow is not
sociably inclined; it is indifferent to all the world save to him whom it acknowledges as
master (see page 50).

ioe)
pa

82 THE NATIONAL

GEOGRAPHIC

MAGAZIN

Photograph by William Reid

WE ARE SEVEN”

A Scotch lassie and her half-dozen setter puppies.

States, with side trips to Mexico and
Canada.

When he reached Washington, he
called on the Postmaster General, who
ordered a harness to take the place of
his overloaded collar. After some fur-
ther traveling he went to San Francisco,
where he was awarded a medal and fitted
out with a regular traveling bag, in which
to carry his blanket, comb. and_ brush,
harness and credentials. Thus duly
equipped, he took passage on the steam-
ship Victoria, as the guest of Captain

Panton. Arriving at Yokohama, he was
given the freedom of the Japanese Em-
pire under the personal seal of the Mi-
kado. After doing Japan in regulation
distinguished-visitor style, he then went
to Foochow, where he was entertained
aboard the U. S. S. Detroit, dining on
lobscouse and plum duff in the mess-
room.

Thence Owney went to Hongkong,
received a personal passport from the
Chinese Emperor, and then headed for
Singapore, Suez, and Western Europe.

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE &:

DOGS DO THEIR FARM
AND HOLLAND—A SCENE IN
Eventually he took return passage to
America. Upon his arrival in New York
he was “interviewed” by reporters of the
metropolitan newspapers, but the lure of
Broadway was short-lived. He hastened
on to Tacoma and thus completed his trip
around the world in 132 days, carrying
more than 200 new medals, tags, and cer-
tificates as testimonials of his travels.

When Owney died every postal clerk
in America lamented his death. His
stuffed skin, accoutred in all the trap-
pings of his travels, is mounted in the
Post-Office Department Museum in the
city of Washington.

The most recent departure in canine
traveling is accredited to a dog by the
name of Flock. Marcel Therouin, an
aviator sent to reconnoiter a district in
Serbia, saw a small boy clinging to the
dead body of his father and weeping
piteously, for he alone of the population
of the neighborhood had been spared.
A dog crouched beside the boy. The-
rouin decided to rescue the lad and
strapped him in the airplane. The dog
howled so piteously at the prospect of
being left entirely alone that the aviator

AND HOUSEHOLD BIT

wos)

Photograph by Edith S. Watson

IN CANADA AS WELL AS IN
PERCE, PROVINCE OF QUEBEC

BELGIUM

took him aboard also. Ever since the
dog and the aviator have been inseparable
friends. When he goes up, the dog lies
curled at his master’s feet and never
budges during the flight.

A DOG UNDER A FLAG OF TRUCE

One might write a whole article on the
dogs of famous men. George Washing-
ton maintained a pack of foxhounds at
Mt. Vernon, and after the close of the
war was constantly making reference to
them and the chase, in his well-kept
diary. In the Memoirs of Chevalier de
Pontiband a fascinating story of the
Revolutionary War is told, showing how
great military leaders respect one an-
other. One evening while at dinner a
very fine sporting dog, as hungry as he
was good looking, came into the presence
of General Washington. Examining the
collar, the General found it bore the
name “General Howe.” After feeding
the dog well, he sent him back to his
owner under a flag of truce, and received
a letter of thanks from General Howe in
acknowledgment of his kindness.

SP} AJaL
sje ALL Mo]

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 85

A PHILIPPINE

LIVE-STOCK MARKET

The Igorrotes are among the few tribes of the earth that habitually eat dog flesh.

A DOG THAT TOOK PRECEDEN
KINGS

ICE OVER NINE

Everybody, of course, knows the story
of the little wire-haired terrier that was
the favorite of King Edward VII of
Great Britain. On his collar was the in-
scription “I am Cesar, and I belong to
the King.” When that sovereign died,
his favorite charger and his best loved
dog marched in the procession just be-
hind the King’s coffin. Each was led by
a Highlander, and Cesar took precedence
over nine kings and nearly all the princes
of the earth (see page 94).

Pompey, a spaniel, “adopted a prince.”
He attached himself to the suite of Wil-
liam the Silent, in spite of all the efforts
of the prince’s retainers. Later he gave
warning of a surprise attack on his royal
master’s camp in time to thwart it, and
was credited by his sovereign with hav-
ing saved his life. On the monument of
William the Silent, at the Church of St.
Ursula, in Delft, Pompey is carved lying
at his master’s feet.

In all dogdom there are no more in-
teresting animals than those of the Polar
regions. The man who observed that
dogs make the Northern world go round
told a big story in little compass. So im-
portant are their services that the Com-
mander of the Department of the Colum-
bia recommended some time ago that a
system of pensions for those in the em-
ploy of the Government be established.

Discussing the subject, he said that
during a tour of inspection he was dis-
tressed by the present practice of turning
the old and disabled dogs adrift. “They
afford the only line of communication be-
tween many of the army posts,” said he,

“there being three hundred of them con-
stantly in the service.”

The man who has been served faith-
fully by one of these animals cannot
have the heart to kill him, and yet it is an
expensive business keeping dogs that can-
not make their way in such regions.

Is a Pole to be discovered, man stands
powerless before the ice and the snow

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THE NATIONAL

GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 87

THE

OFFSPRING OF A

TIMBER

WOLF AND COLLIE DOG

During the winter of 1917 wolf tracks were observed leading from the south shore of
gs. E 7 C ! § i
Lake Superior across the ice to Grand Island, one of the finest game preserves east of the

Mississippi.
near the remains.

Several days later some carcasses of deer were found, and a trap was placed
The next day one of the game protectors found an animal struggling in
the trap and he killed it before having a chance to examine the animal.

While lox ykine much

like a timber wolf, the hair was longer and finer, the legs and tail being feathered much like

that of a collie dog.
a hybrid of dog and wolf.
Photograph and note by George Shiras, 3rd.

without the dogs of the North. Is an
expedition to reach the interior of a bleak
region in dead of winter to rescue some
hapless explorer or pioneer, or to help an
ice-besieged population fight an epidemic
of fever or smallpox, then the sleds and
the dogs make the trip possible.

In some parts of the Frozen North
dogs are laden with packs instead of
hitched to sleds, and it is surprising what
burdens they can bear. Stefansson often
used dogs in this way.

Many a traveler has told of the dread
of dogs for rushing waters, and has re-
cited how, as they approach the icy tor-
rent of a mountain stream, they make the
welkin ring with their dismal howling.

But once across, the dismal how! is
succeeded by the joyous bark, and it is
said to be one of the striking incidents
of the wilderness of frost to hear half a
pack on one side of a stream lugubriously

It is the opinion of those examining the mounted specimen that it was
The animal accompanying it was undoubtedly a timber wolf.

bemoaning the ordeal ahead and the half
pack on the other side gleefully cele-
brating a safe passage.

5 5

DOG-RACING IN THE FAR NORTH

One of the principal sports of the Far
North is dog-racing. The annual All-
Alaska Dog Race is the classic sporting
event of King Frost’s dominions. A 412-
mile run over snow and ice, from Nome
to Candle and return, calls for phenom-
enal endurance. Usually it is a contest
between the Alaskan malamutes and the
Siberian wolf-dogs, and the rivalry is as
keen as that displayed in a_ baseball
world’s series. Four years out of seven
the sweepstakes went to the Siberian
wolf-dogs. Ina recent year one of these
teams made the round-trip in 80 hours
and 27 minutes.

The Red River International Derby is
another race that tries the mettle of the

SS THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

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© Donald McLeish
A LIFE-SAVING ST. BERNARD AND HIS MASTER AT THE HISTORIC STEPS OF THE
ST. BERNARD MONASTERY: SWITZERLAND

One of the most famous dogs of modern times was a St. Bernard—Barry. Among the

40 lives saved by him was a child found in the snow and overcome with the drowsiness

which precedes death by freezing. The dog restored the child to consciousness by licking its

face; then crouched in the snow so that the little sufferer might climb upon him and be

carried to the monastery on dogback. Over Barry’s grave is the inscription: “Barry, the

heroic. Saved 4o persons and was killed by the 41st.” The tragedy was due to an unfortu-
nate mistake, a lost traveler thinking that his dog rescuer was about to attack him

dogs of the North. ‘This race 1s run hours and 16 seconds, he won the longest
over the Pembina trail, from Winnipeg dog-race ever held and set a Marathon
to St. Paul. It is a straightaway course mark that will be hard to lower.

nearly 500 miles long. When Albert The dogs of the Far North are devoted
Campbell, the Cree Indian, drove his to their masters, but the eternal cold and
team of six dogs across the finish line at the unbroken solitude of the lonely places
St. Paul, making the 522 miles in 118 within the Circle often make the devo-

THE NATIONAL

MERELY BECAUSE THERE ARE

NO REASON WHY NOME

In no other part of the world is the rivalry keener

sled dogs in the far north.
(see text, page 87).

tion mutual. When Lieut. George F.
Waugh, of the United States Army, was
making that lonely trip from the Cana-
dian frontier to the Bering Sea coast,
the story of which is told in his “Alone
Across Alaska,” he met a man carrying
five small puppies. He was three days
making twelve miles, two of them with-
out a bit of food. He had frozen his
feet and hands, but ihe puppies had to be
cared for, whatever the odds.

Another striking case of devotion to
one’s dog is related of Captain Robert

GEOGRA PHIC

MAGAZINE 89

NO HORSES, JOCKEYS, OR RACE TRACKS IN ALASKA IS
SHOULD

NOT HAVE ITS RACES

than between owner-driven teams of

Women not infrequently enter the lists, as shown in this picture

Bartlett, now planning an aérial expedi-
tion to the North Pole. He was in com-
mand of the Karluk when the ship was
caught in drift ice and carried helplessly
on to her doom and away from Stef-
ansson, whose expedition she was carry-
ing. After the brave old craft at last
surrendered to the shearing process of
the ice and had gone down with her talk-
ing-machine playing the funeral march,
it became Captain Bartlett’s duty to bring
relief to the members of the ice-stranded
party. So he first saw them to reason-

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NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 91

Photograph from Department of Agriculture

REMAINS OF 193 SHEEP KILLED IN A SINGLE NIGHT BY TWO DOGS

The best friends of the dog are the most earnest advocates of legislation against the

renegade of his race—the sheep-killing mongrel.

And when a pedigreed dog runs amuck

he is even worse than his nondescript fellow-sinner.

able safety on a lonely island, and then,
with his dogs and one Eskimo, set out
for civilization again. En route, his lead-
ing dog, in trying to jump an ice-lane,
fell into the water.

He was quickly res-

cued, but the sea-water on his hair al-
most immediately became ice.
the dog from freezing, the two men suc-
cessfully chewed the ice out of their four-

rs
l'o save

footed ally’s coat.

SHEEP-KILLERS—THE PARIAHS OF DOGKIND

OT the vivid oratory of a Vest,
nor the lovable brush of a Land-
seer, nor yet the blazing eloquence

of a Byron has served to overdraw the
picture of the well-bred, well-trained dog.

But those friends of the dog who are
most jealous of his good name are among
the first to advocate legislation that will
at once protect the public from the evil
deeds of the pervert of his kind and the

good dog from maledictions he does not
deserve.

In these days, when wool is so high
that one has to wonder whether it was
not the sheep instead of the cow that
jumped over the moon; in these times,
when a hungry world abroad and a
diminishing meat area at home alike call
loudly for new meat production, the na-
tion suddenly awakes to the fact that the

92 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

farm east of the Missouri River having
a flock of sheep is the exception and not
the rule. And why?

Not because sheep-raising is naturally
unprofitable. Presenting her owner with
a fine lamb or two every spring, giving
him a nice fleece of wool at the beginning
of each summer, and yielding a goodly
lot of savory mutton at the end of her
career, a good ewe is no mean invest-
ment, normally.

If the farmer has a field overrun with
briars, a flock of sheep will do the work
of two or three grubbing-hoes. They
will live where cattle would starve, and
thrive on grass too short for anything
else except goose pasture. The farmer
loves a flock of sheep about the place.
Then why does he not have them?

THE FARMER'S PLAINT

Here is his own answer:

“Only a few days ago the last of my
sheep were driven away. I watched
those old Merino ewes and their foldy-
necked lambs walk down the road and
out of sight, and, as I watched, a lump
came into my throat and the tears were
not far away.

“Now these ewes are gone. Because
I have lost interest? Far from it! I
would walk farther to see a good Merino
than any other animal that lives. Be-
cause I think tariff changes have knocked
the industry into a cocked hat? No, for
I think the future of the industry is
bright, and that the ‘‘golden hoof” will
be worth as much—perhaps more—in the
future as in the past. Then why? The
one reason for present abandonment
would be shouted by thousands of shep-
herds if the question were put—just
dogs!

“Old stuff? Maybe to you, but it’s
ever new to the sheepmen of eastern
Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia,
and to flock owners everywhere. The
man who has walked out to his pasture
and found dead, torn, crippled, bleeding,
scared sheep will appreciate what I say.

“My farm is bounded on two sides by
small towns, with a joint dog population
of two hundred; one mile away, on the
third side, is still another village, and
two miles in the remaining direction is a

fourth—the last two with more dogs
than people. We found our sheep dead ;
we found them with throats cut and legs
torn off ; we found them one time huddled
together in the farthest corner of the
field, another time scared into the public
highway, and, again, chased four miles
from home.

“The foreigners’ dogs chased them;
the neighbors’ dogs chased them; dogs of
all kinds, seen and unseen, had a whack
at my Merinos.

““Why don’t you shoot the marau-
ders?’ queries one. ‘Why don’t you poi-
son them?’ another asks. And ‘Why
don’t you keep your sheep at the barn?”
another wants to know.

“But can a farmer who gets up at half-
past four in the morning, finishing his
chores, eating his breakfast, and reach-
ing the field by seven, sit up all night
waiting for the dogs? Ordo you expect
him to violate the law that prohibits the
setting of poison? Or should he, after
having followed a plow from sun-up to
sun-down, have to drive his sheep in
every night and out every morning?”

A HUNDRED THOUSAND SHEEP KILLED
ANNUALLY BY DOGS

Alas! how many farmers who loved
to have gentle-faced, soft-bleating sheep
and gamboling lambs around the place
have given a negative answer after trial.
and how many others have been deterred
from sheep-raising by seeing the ravages
of the unrestricted dog in some neigh-
bor’s flock!

The Department of Agriculture esti-
mates that more than one hundred thou-
sand sheep are annually sacrificed by the
unrestricted dog. Some dogs kill one or
two, others continue the attack until all
the sheep are destroyed or crippled.
Still others chase the flock till its mem-
bers die from exhaustion.

Many of the States have laws under

which taxes on dogs go into funds for
the reimbursement ‘of farmers for sheep
killed or crippled. But the appraisers
cannot take cognizance of the damage
done to those members of the flock that
escape actual destruction or injury from
the teeth of the attacking brutes.

The dogs work both singly and in

ECese |

Photograph by Public Ledger Service

POLICE DOG IN ACTION AT A TRAINING STATION

Until recent years, it was the bloodhound which invariably was associated in the public
mind with the capture of criminals, but nowadays it is the police dog which is the animal
guardian of law and order. Bold, indeed, is the burglar who will brave so tenacious and cour-
ageous an assailant as a well-trained dog of the breed here shown. A “graduate” dog of a
training station is an important asset to any metropolitan police department.

TIE

yy Paul Thompson

=
tL
a

AND PRINCES OF

KINGS

FOREMOST

THE

‘
Y
E

BEFORE

MARCHING

EDWARD VII,
FUNERAL PROCESSION OF HIS MASTER (s HO

KING

DOG OF

FAVORITE

THE

CAESAR,

THE NATIONAL

groups in attacking sheep, and often
travel for miles. One sheep-killing dog
can soon lead astray his associates of a
whole neighborhood. Usually such a dog
has no countenance, and the phrase “he
looked like a sheep-killing dog,” so often
used by countrymen to describe some fel-
low’s lack of ability to look another in
the eye, is an expressive one to those who
have seen such an animal.

Many suggestions have been advanced
for overcoming the attacks of dogs upon
flocks. Oné of these is that the sheep
be driven to a sheepfold every night—a
burdensome measure.

Another suggestion is that dog-tight
fences be built. Such fences call for
barbed wire at the bottom and the top,
and any one who has seen horses cut to
pieces in such a fence wonders whether
there are not better means.

Some farmers have improved condi-
tions by teaching their young dogs to re-
spect the sheep and the sheep to defend
themselves. It is striking how much re-
spect for the prowess of a ram can be put
into a puppy by two or three vigorous
buttings from his ramship; but not less
surprising how much courage an old ram
can muster who has taught a puppy or
two their place.

The dogs that are homeless and the
ones that are permitted out of bounds
are a menace not only to the sheep indus-
try, but to the health of man and beast as
well. So great is this menace that the
United States Department of Agriculture
says there is a growing conviction that
while his innate qualities and the fund of
affectionate sentiment which attaches to
him warrant the preservation of the dog
with a responsible owner, who will keep
him clean and free from vermin of all
sorts, holding him within reasonable
bounds and restraint and assuming re-
sponsibility for his acts, on the other
hand, the ownerless dog, the dog that
carries vermin and disease, the dog that
kills sheep or destroys property of any
sort—the trespassing dog—must be elim-
inated.

DISEASES SPREAD BY DOGS

_Dogs spread many diseases—most ter-
rible of these being rabies. In a recent

GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 95

year 111 human beings in the United
States died of hydrophobia. Tens of
thousands of dogs suffering from this
disease are killed, and yet there is no ex-
cuse for its existence. Years ago the dis-
ease became so generai in England as to
amount to a national menace. <A strin-
gent muzzling law was enacted, its terms
enforced, and a quarantine on imported
dogs established, with the result that the
disease has entirely disappeared from the
country, the only case that has occurred
since 1902 being that of an imported dog
held in a six months’ quarantine.

Australia and New Zealand have a sim-
ilar quarantine, and the disease has never
reached those lands. The man who as-
serts that it is the populace and not the
dog that goes mad when there is a rabies
scare should recall that the same condi-
tions prevailed in England until the en-
actment of the muzzling and quarantine
law.

Other diseases which the wandering
dog is known to spread are hyatid and
gid, both worm complaints, the first af-
fecting the liver, kidneys, brain, and lungs,
and the other attacking the brain and
spinal cord of farm animals; tapeworm,
which attacks man and beast alike, round-
worm, etc.

A MODEL LAW FOR PROTECTION OF AND
AGAINST DOGS

The United States Department of Ag-
riculture has collected all of the clauses
in all of the State laws that have proved
their merit under the test of time and
has formulated them into a model dog
law, which it recommends to the consid-
eration of all true friends of the dog—
friends who believe in perpetuating the
good that is in dogs and in eradicating
the evil.

This model law embodies the idea that
the tax assessor should list the dogs ; that
unspayed females should be subject to a
high tax; that all dogs should be required
to wear collars and tags bearing the
names of their owners; that all dogs, un-
less under leash or reasonable control of
their owners, should be confined from
sunset to sunrise; that sheep-killing dogs
may be killed by any one, without lia-
bility to owner; that any dog running at

96 THE
large upon the enclosed lands of a person
other than the owner of the dog may be
killed, at the time of finding him, by the
owner of the land, his agent, tenant, or
employee ; that dog owners shall be liable
to the county for all money paid out for
damages done by their dogs; that sheep
owners may set out poison on their farms
after public notice of such intention.
Such a law aims as much at the pro-
tection of the dog that is entitled to a
good name, and has an owner who
knows and lives up to his responsibilities,
as it is for the protection of the commu-
nity itself. It espouses the cause of the
good dog against the homeless, ill-kept

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC

MAGAZINE

wretches that are as much a misery to
themselves as they are an evil to the
community.

The law has regard for every right of
every owner of a dog who respects his
neighbors’ rights, and seeks only to curb
the carelessness of that owner who has
a dog—whether pedigreed or mongrel—
that is allowed out of bounds. And, in
passing, it must not be forgotten that the
only thing worse than a mongrel out of
bounds is a pedigreed animal running
amuck; for blooded dogs are more in-
tense in their make-up than the mongrel,

INDEX TO OUR

Tor For
picture, description,
see page see page

Ancestors of dogs...... seteke on 5
Barry, St. Bernard dog..... 5 80, 88
TET GETAN (Geeacheumtero ciao GeROc otic 30 32
Heavier wink... ews de eere 30 32
BlOOdnOUNnd Were oruesstereretete = 30 29
sorzoi, or Russian wolfhound 26 28
Bulldogs Wns IShs «ies + se «pene 62 4)
Bulldogs Wrench setcjetsaratersue:s 59 52
Bulldog, Miniature ........ ace 52
Bulldog, Spanish .......... ote 52
GHartOf ar GOk ecicvarac siclee ss 16 sue
(CUE EAS Hic oe ona o TS

(ivikts Geddaton meodsoaece ao 50

IWOACRS GOL Srspevste rac o elsienst arate 3

(olhiatate ome eb oom On OD 54

Collie; Shetland 7.o..0..555.. ote

GOI S MOO mie «le -tecsnere d+

GCOYO TCR crore caterer erateq neha cxeredsreyaxe 18

WACHS Din Gas ere sheyersvetetenerouchs teks 74

LD EWboo tha EH ON) Ropu bee oO p-cuar DiceO 3

Deerhound, Scottish ....... 22

AO} bo kop sabes Siniis DO ma Sa reO 18

Diseases spread by the dog. . oe

Elkhound, Norwegian ...... 19

Eskimo dog, Alaskan......- 46

Eskimo dog, North Greenland 47

AVIS ES Wy) O Pua. cpabetevetatence’s cuctene a

Foxhound, American ....... S4

Foxhound, English ........ 34
Gazellehound, Persian ...... 22
Gnreatabanel sonussrehelerstersisne de 38
Greynoun Glenys aoc ee ev oleres ste 2
Greyhound, English ........ ate
Greyhound, Italian ........ oc

Griffon, Brabancon ...<.:... Gio

Griffons sBLussels sere ieee 71

Griffon; ) Pointines Acer. he

Griffon WS mMOOtn Perc to tency sass G

ELAURICHStereiee eeithetenenoseaeti crete :
Intelligence of dogs......... °

TQDUA MOG COM eiieie eyes) serene 5

Law, .Modellvdogz.ke: c.tsare ciciere 2

NG oie Aan Sore Aaenanot 58

Mais tiffs hile tier ceaertgrrci)ereve = 41,
Mexican hairless dog....... i
Newfoundland 42
Otterhound 19

Pekingese TO

MI NOR Hes on Soto o DUG Om B31

Rolices dog hei reamecmeacuaveres 5D.
Romeranianiy a cecieleci cere 7

Poodles, Corded, Curly, Toy. 5

PUES Wate sapeuete etn eee ietls eeereseierele 9

ERDLES see crarereterstetcurs reir reteueie co 9:
Races, Dog eeaetersire Sie 24,8
teindeer dog, Siberian...... 50

Retriever, Chesapeake ...... 39

and therefore more destructive when
they “go off the reservation.”

For Yor
picture, description,
see page see page

Retriever, Curly coated...... 39 36
St. Bernard, Rough and smooth 51 4
Samoyed, or Siberian reindeer 50 41
Scent, Dog's keen sense of... aS 72
Schipperke, Belgian ........ 74 65
Setter, (Beltome sac 3.005 s-s.chsh- Pa 56
Setters en glshy cerere er cievensielars 35 33
Setters (Gordon tc, e arate oD 33
Setter: Urishien. serv cto eccuele 35
Setter; Llewellyn: 2... -.c.0. Bits
Sheep dog, English......... 54
Sheep dog, Pyrenean........ 58
Sheep-killing dogs’......... eal
Shepherd, Belgian ......... 55
Shepherd, German ......... a9
Slughi, or gazellehound..... 22
ISNA) Gogo cameo. Asoo a raaicod 46
Ryyws AWObe geod inconta snobs a 40,6
Spaniel, Blenheim ......... os
Spaniel, Clumber 43
Spaniel; (Cocker)... scjccs 2 ce oe 43
Spaniel, [English Springer... np
Spaniel Wield ejecstees dere cre. 43
Spaniel, lrish water......:. Bis)
Spaniel, Japanese .......... 70
Spaniel, King Charles Ahae 71
Spaniel, Prince Charles..... nD
Spaniel, Ruby 6
Spaniel, Sussex . ave
Spaniel, Welsh Springer..... eo
Terrier;; Airedale’ is.sstpac 66
Tertier,. Bedlington’ .....5.< 66
FRELTTGI IS OSTOUS Mepereteteteresenete 59
Mevrier) Bulli trices ete cuties 62
PDOrviere © aiciieen serrate easter 5
Terrier, Dandie Dinmont.... Sa
Terrier, Dobermann Pinscher, 59
Terrier, English white......
Terrier, Fox, Smooth, and
Whivesbaiveds ci etme © esete cue 63 56
Terrier; Tish, 2s: 5 .:..: 63 57
Terrier, Maltese 67 G1
Terrier, Manchester, or black
and stan enrcreatrcictmicnre 59 53
MeLrier; sSCOuUISH) wejsieccmie ce 78 6O
Terrier, Sealyham <......... ee 60
i SEVe@: 26s tee sis 78 GO
Wrelslic Sia taser nee 63 dT
r, West Ilighland white 7S 60
Merrienr, MOUKSHINGH s.r ere 70 61
Dim ber) WwoOltie yee cere casveverese ce 18 20
Variations of the dog....... a 7. 69
War Dogsiinisiectcite tis eeeier BO 6, 17, 13, 77
Wihippets: Syne iscren em ceiacser 79 24
Wolfhound, Uishy yee cee 23 25
Wolfhound, Russian ....... 26 28
NVOlE aiDim Derm see oreeiers ere 18 20
Worship of the dog... . aie 15

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