Botanical chart, or, Concise introduction to the Linnaean system of botany

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BOTANICAE CHART;

OR, - ^

CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO THE LINNJEAN SYSTEM OF BOTANY.

By JAMES RATTRAY, Surgeon, and Lecturer on Botany, Glasgow.

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Botany is that science which teaches us to distinguish one Plant from another; and consists in associating together, into classes, or groups, such Plants
as possess certain permanent chai’acters in common, and in separating and distinguishing those that are dissimilar in character and appearance, by fixed rules
correctly drawn from Nature; thereby enabling us to discover the properties and uses of the paultifarious and variously organized bodies m the Vegetable
Kingdom, The purpose of this Tabular Scheme, besides giving the Nomenclature of Botany, is to guide the Student, in the clearest and concisest mauner,
to an intimate acquaintance with the Anatomy of a Plant, the functions of- its particular parts, and the elucidation of the most accurate and elegant mode
of arrangement ever offered to the world the genius of man; which system, or mode of ari’angement, is founded upon characters drawn from the figure,
situation, nimiber, proportion, and connection of the various parts of a Plant. ^ . i v

When a Plant is taken up for examination, it is an object to obtain several flowers—some of them fully expanded, some just opening, others whose ;

Seed-vessels may be nearly ripe, and, if possible, one entire specimen of the Plant. Determine first whether the flower is male, female, or hermaphrodite;
then, from the number, insertion, proportionate lengths, and connection of the Stamens, the Class to which the PJant belongs (by looking at the characters of
the Classes in the Key annexed) will be easily found out; and, by counting the number of the Pistils, observing ^{hether the Seeds are naked or covered, and
noticing the shape of the Seed-vessel, &c. the Order will be really ascertained. -By turning up in Dr. Smith’s “ Florae Britannicae,” the Class and Order, the
Genera will be found arranged and grouped together into several sections, by certain very obvious marks of distinction. The specific characters follow, arranged
in a similar manner. These divisions and subdivisions, by lessening the labour, greatly facilitate the study of Botany, and will soon enable the student to

" Find tongues in trees, books in the running brooks,

Sermons in stones, and good in every thing.”

Plants, in general^ are composed of Root,

ROOTS.

The Radix or Root consists of two parts—thfe Caudex or Stock, and the Radicula or
Small Fibres : it is commonly fixed in the earthj ''and imbibes the principaT*hbYirlshtfient
of the plant from the soil. The Roots of some Plants exhale or give out certain excre-
mentitious matter, which impregnates the surrouiding soil, and has led some Physiologists
to suppose that the Roots of all Plants possess similar functions.

The small Fibres, or true roots, consist nearly,‘of cellular substance; and are seemingly
a continuation of the vessels which convey the nourishment of the Plant into the system
of circulation. The solid portion of the Root fe similar in composition and structure to
the Stem: and although the chemical changes •^hich the imbibed juices undergo in the
Root may not be fully understood, yet the wonderful changes which these juices experience
in passing through the vascular system of the Plant are evident, and point out the im¬
portance of the Root in the economy of the vegetable.

The various kinds of Iloots are, the
Articulafiis, when the root is jointed, as in Wo(^Sorrel.

buds under ground. They may be’scalycoated, net-like, solid, lateral, double,
compound, as in LUium, Aliumy &c.

DentatuSy when fleshy branched roots have toothrlike processes. Coral-rooted Ophrys,
^ihrosViSi when the root consists of a number of small fibres. Poa.

Fusiformisy when spindle-shaped, tapering gradually like the Carrot,

Granulatus, forming small round bodies, as in Saxifraga granulata,

Horizontalisy when lying horizontally on the ground, as in Folypodium,

Napiformis, when the knobs are round like the Common Turnip,

PalmatuSy hand-shaped, divided into three or more longish knobs. Orchis latifolia,
Prcemorsusy when the Caudex appears as if bitten"* off, as in DeviVs Bite,

Ramosusy when divided into many branches, as in most trees, &c.

RepenSy creeping under the surface of the earth, and at intervals pushing up stems.
Squamosusy when the Caudex is covered with scales. White Lily,

TeaticulaiuSy when two egg-shaped knobs grow together. Orchis Moria.

Tuberosusj when fleshy knobs adhere to the Caudex or to the fibres. Dropwori.

INFLORESCENCE. ^

Inflorescentia or Inflorescence. —The particular mode of the arrangement of the
Flowers affords one of the most permanent and certain characters of distinction among
Plants, as the mode of Inflorescence seldom or never varies in any one species; although
the number of the Flowers, in any of the following modes, would be a very uncertain
character to found specific distinction upon.

Under this term are comprehended the various modes of arrangement which Flowers
assume, such as the

Amentumy when the flowers are thickly set upon a slender foot-stalk, with intervening
scales, as in Hazely Birchy Oahy &c.

Capitulumy when a number of flowers stand thick on one stalk, either of a spherical or
roundish form, like a head.

Corymhus, when the foot-stalks of a Racemus are lengthened out to a flat surface. Iberis,
^ymay a number of branched foot-stalks rising from a common point, as in Elder, &c.
iTasiculus, an irregular cluster or bundle* as in Sweet-William,

wt

**r'‘*‘““‘^ristle-like, with or without a sheath.

BichotomuSy the branehds dividing regularly and repeatedly into pairs. Missletoe,
Fastigiatusy the branches at the bottom rising to an equal height with those at the top of
the stem. ’

Fron^ when the stem, leaf, and fructification are united. Ferns,

P^uncuhiSy the flower-stalk, supporting only flowers.

Petiomsy the leaf-stalk, bearing only leaves.

Sca^i^ a stem elevating the flowers only, as in the Lily of the Valley, &c.

SJe^o^the stem which beai's only the fructification of mosses.

iS^es^^the stems of ferns, njushrooms, palms, and the pappus of some seeds.

Surcuiusy the stem which bears the leaves of the mosses.

Tnihcusy "the main stem or trunk of trees and shrubs.

"When Plants want the Stem altogether, they are termed Flantce Acaule,

many

Racemus, when every flower has a short foot-stalk, as in the Currant, &c.

Spadix, when all the flower-stalks are contained in a vagina —peculiar to Palms, and some
few other plants.

Spicxda, when a number of flowers have only one Calyx —peculiar to Grasses,

)ica, a spike, a number of flowers without foot-stalks sitting on the stem. Wheat,
'hyrsus, when a panicle is condensed into an ovate form, as in Privet,

Xlmhella, a number of flower-stalks, of one length, issuing from a common centre, like
the radii of a circle, as in Hemloch, Scc-
Verticillus or Whirl, when flowers encircle the stem in rings. Mentha.

Peculiar trf Mosses.

Flos Capituliformisy formed like a little head or sphere.

Flos Bisciformis, the flower formed like a star, as in Polytrichium.

Flos Gemmiformisy when the figure of the flower is like a swollen bud.

FULCRA.

The Fulcra or Props serve for defending, clothing, and keeping weak Plants erect, &c.
Under this head we understand the other parts of the Plant, exclusive of the Root, Stem,
Leaves, and Flowers, such as the

Stem, Inflorescence, Fulcra, Flowers, and Fruit. A short description of the different Parts^ with the Varieties met with among Vegetables^ follows :

STEMS.

The Stem is the principal trunk or body which supports the branches, leaves, &c. of a
vegetable; and may be either simple or branched. The Branches maybe placed opposite
or alternate, scattered or close, compact or spreading, diverging or divaricated, reflected,
deflected, or retroflected. Stems may be bent or procumbent, straight or twining, creep¬
ing or climbing; they may be naked or covered with leaves, scaly or covered with bulbs,

&c. In figure, they may be round or angular, compressed or half-round, woody, herba¬
ceous, fleshy, or firm, smooth or rough. The Trunks of Trees and Shrubs are composed
of a Medulla or Pith, the Lignum or solid wood, and the Alburnum, the soft new layers
of wood: covered ^ith three different coats of bark,— viz, the Liber, the Cortex, and
Epidermis.

Botanists have enumerated the following kinds of Stems: the

•lis, peculiar to herbaceous plants, the principal stem elevating the leaves, flowers, &c.

^ifertus, branches thic^ set or crowded without order.

Coractatus, rising at acute angles from the stem, , and sweeping nearly close np by it. ^Panicula, when a number of flowers are standing on long foot-stalks, unequally divided,

Culmusy the proper stem:of grasses, it* may be simple or branched, knotted or knotless, ^ Grasses.

Aculeus, a prickle, formed from the bark, as in the Rose, Briar, &c.

^^uia, a hollow bladder, found at the roots of some water plants. Utricularice,
Annulus, a thin membrane, like a ring,;surrounding the stalk of the fungi.

Arista, the awn or pointed beard o^ some of the Grasses.

Ascidium, a cylindrical hollow leaf, containing water, sometimes completely covered, open¬
ing occasionally. Mepanihes,

Bractea, floral leaves, situated among the ^owers, generally differing in shape and colour
■ from the leaves of the plant. Qrchis.

Chirrusy a tender, twisted, thread-likej body, which serves weak plants to clasp other
bodies for support. Vine. \

Gemma, the bud whicb contains the ea^jryo of the loaves and flowers.

-©RiTzWa, a round body which either secretes or transpires fluids.

Gongylus, round hard body in the fuci,wluch, on the death of the old plant, becomes a new one.
Indusium is a thin membrane which covers the flowers or seeds of ferns.

Ligula, a small transparent strap, situated on the margin of the vagina, and at the base
of the leaf. Poa.

Ochrca, a leaf-like body, surrounding the flower-stalks of some grasses.

Pileus is the cap or top of a mushroom, supported by the stalk.

Pilus, a slender fine body, like a hair, covering some plants.

Propago is the bud of mosses, which Linnaeus considers as the seed.

Ramentum, small bristle-shaped, brown-coloured, thin leafets, without order on the stem,
as in Fir, &c.

Spina, a thorn, formed from the woody part of the plant. Cochspur Thorn.

'Silpidae, small leaves or scales situated at the base of some of the foot-stalks of leaves.
" '" 'VicicB, Lathyrus,

Vagina, the prolongation of a leaf which rolls itself round the stem. Bistort,

LEAVES.

1 i

The Leaves are organs in a Vegetable, possessing functions nearly analogous to those of
the lungs of Animals, affording an extended surface for the absorption and transpiration
of air and moisture ; and they likewise give shadie to the Vegetable.

The Leaves are a continuation and expansion of the same vessels and matter which
compose the Root, Stem, Branches, and Foot-Stalks; and, in many plants, show their
wonderful susceptibility of certain stimuli, exhibiting the most striking phenomena in
changing their direcfion^ by the contraction or elongation of therf fibres. They may be
simple or compound; and are distinguished and denominated from their connection, situa¬
tion, figure, substance, position, direction, or attachment. On examining a simple leaf,
its base and apex, its circumference and margin, its upper and under surfaces, its substance
and situation, must be considered; and are termed,

Acerosum, needle-shaped, a rigid linear leaf like the Pinus,

Acuminatum, when the point is lengthened out.

Acutum, acute, when tapering gradually to a point.

Auriculatuni, ear-shaped, nearly hastate, but the lobes rounded and smaller.

Angulare, of various angles.

Avenium, having no veins.

Axillare, when standing at the origin of the branch.

Anceps, when a compressed leaf is sharp on both edges.

Acinaciforme, shaped like a scyraitar, a thick leaf with one side sharp and the other broad.
AUerna, when placed alternate.

Amplexicaule, when the lobes of a sessile leaf embrace the stem.

Adpressum, when the upper surface is pressed upwards to the stem.

Adversum, when the margin is turned towards the, stem.

Bulatum, when the parts raised between the veins 'arc like blisters.

Cordatum, heart-shaped. Lamium album.

Cuneiforme, when blunt-pointed, it tapers to the blise like a wedge.

Cuspidatum, when the acuminate leaf ends in a bristle.

Capillare, when scarcely any breadth, like a hair.

Cartilaginum, when the margin is harder than the disk of the leaf,

Crenntum, notched, with small teeth, whose points stand at right angles with the mid rib.
Ciliatum, fringed with long hairs, distant from each other,

Concavum, hollow in .the middle of the leaf.

Canaliculatum, when the mid rib is furrowed or channeled.

Crispum, when fuller on the margin than the middle, the former curled.

Carinatum, when the mid rib is formed like the keel of a ship.

Cucvdlatum, when, rolled up like a hollow cone, or like a sugar paper.

Caulinum, when attached to the principal stem.

Carnosum, fleshy, when there is a pulpy soft substance, as in Houseleeh,

Compressum, compressed, when a thick leaf is flattened on both sides.

Conferta, when so crowded that the stem cannot be seen.

Connatum, when opposite sessile leaves are closely united at their base into one substance#
Becurrens, when the substance of the leaf runs down the stem,

Boedaleum, when the apex has a large circuit, but is cut off and ragged.

Bentatum, when small distinct separate teeth are placed on the margin.

Bepressum, when the upper and under surfaces of a fleshy leaf are pressed together.
Bolahiforme, when a fleshy leaf is compressed and shaped like an axe,

Beltoides, when short and bounded by three broad surfaces, like the letter delta.

Bisticha, when the leaves stand in two rows, as in Yew and Pitch Fir,

Becussata, when set in four rows, forming a St. Andrew’s cross.

Bependens, when the base turns to the zenith and the apex to the earth.

Bemersum, when the leaves are found below water.

Emarginatum, w'hen blunt-pointed and notched deeply, a portion taken out.

Enervium, when no nerves rise from the base, nerveless.

Endforme, sword-shaped, like the Iris.

Erectum, when the leaf’forms a very acute angle upwards with the stem,

Erosum, gnawed, unequally sinuated, as if bitten at the edges.

Fasicvlata, when the leaves stand in tufts, as in Larch, &c.

Fissum, cleft, when merely cut into the leaf.

Flabelliforme, when shaped like a fan.

Florale, when standing close by the flower.

Gihbosum, w'hen both surfaces are convex, or seem swelled out.

Horizontale, when the i^per surface of the leaf makes a right angle with the stem.

overlaps another, like tiles on a house,
one lobe is larger than the other,
t the point towards the stem,
fface is hollow between the veins, pitted,
ere are several irregular clefts in an oblong leaf,

Lanceolotum, shaped liffi*a spear, gradually narrowing to the point.

Lineatum, streaked witfeepressed but not always parallel lines.

Lineare, of equal breadwfrom the base to the apex, margins nearly straight.
Linguiforme, when a ccftpressed leaf is somewhat tongue-shaped.

Lobatum, deeply dividemuto lobes.

Lunalum, moon-sbapedMke the moon in her third quarter.

Lyrafum, lyre-shaped, v®*en the extreme segment of any of the two former is large and round

Imhricatum, when one
IncequaJe, unequal, wh
Incurjvum, when bent i
Lacunosum, when the
Laciniatum, torn, whe

Membranaceum, like a membrane, when without any pulpy substance,

Mucronatum, when a blunt-ended leaf ends in a bristle.

Natans, when the leaf swims, as in Water Lily.

Nervosum, when the vessels run in parallel lines from base to apes. •

Obliquum, when in a direction between horizontal and perpendiculai*.

Obtusum, when the end of the leaf is blunt. ';

Opposita folia, when the leaves are set opposite.

Orbiculatum, when the circumference is in all points at equal distances from the centre.
Ovatum, egg-shaped, nearly oval, but the diameter greater at the base than at the apex.
Paleaceum, when the foot-stalk is attached to the margin. ;

Palmatum, when more than half-way divided into five or six finger-like lobes.
Panduriforme, fiddle-shaped, having a deep curve or bay on both sides of an oblong leaf.
Parabolicum, a quadrangular figure, with two obtuse and two acute angles.

Petiolatum when a leaf has a foot-stalk.

Peltatum, when the foot-stalk is inserted into the disk of the leaf.

Pinnatifidum, when the incisures or bays go almost down to the mid rib.

Planum, when the upper surface forms an even plane.

Plicatum, when the leaf is laid in regular folds.

Premorsum, when the point seems as if bitten off.

Punctatum, dotted, having dots or points instead of veins or ribs,

Radigale, when they spring from the root, as in Viola odorata.

Radicans, when the leaf strikes roots. ■

Ramosum, when rising from the branches.

Reclinatum, when standing with its point towards the earth.

Remota, when separate from one another by considerable interstices.

Reniforme, kidney-shaped. Ground ivy, \

Reticulatum, when the veins are like net-work. - Jr

Repandum, serpentine, small sinuses without angles on the marg^

Retusum, slightly and bluntly notched at the end.

Revolutum, when rolled backwards with its point to the stem.

Rugosum, wrinkled, when the surface is raised between the vein?

Runcinatum, when the incisures of a. pinnatifidlcdii are pointed a|ld bent downwards.
Sagitatum, arrow-shaped, the lobes pointed and bent outward likrfbarbs.

Seminale, when they grow out of the seed lobes when gerrainatinm''

Serratum, when the point of the teeth are turned to the apex likeo saw.

Sessile, when fixed to the stem, and there is no foot-stalk.

Sinuatum, sinuated, when shallow bays are cut out of the margi:

Spinosum, when set with spines as in the Thistle,

Sparsa, when they stand thick on the stem, scattered without order.

Squarroso Laciniatum, when the incisures run in every direction, as in the Thistle,
Stellata sive Verticillgta, when several are set star-like round the stem.

Subulatum, awl-shaped, a linear leaf sharply pointed.

Teres, round, when formed like a cylinder.

Terna, when three leaves stand round the stem,

Tetragonum, when a long leaf is hounded by four narrow surfaces.

Tiiqueirum, three-sided, when hounded by three narrow long sides.

Truncaium, when the point of a leaf is cut off or ends in a straight line.

Tubulosum, when hollow within, as in the leaves of the Onion,

XJndidatum, waved, when the margin is bent upwards and downwards,

XJncinatum, when a leaf has a hook-shaped appearance.

Venosum, when the fibres are branched from the mid rib,

Verucosum, warty, having little lumps or warts on the surface.

Verticale, perpendicular, forming a right angle with the horizon.

When there are several leaves on one foot-stalk, they are termed Compound Leaves.—
Under the following kinds will be found most of the varieties which compound leaves
assume, with regard to arrangement.

Bigeminatum, when a divided leaf-stalk bears two leaves at each point.

Binatum, when the leaves stand in pairs.

Bipinnatum, double pinnated.

Biternatum, when a foot-stalk separates into three, bearing three leaves on each point.
Conjugato pinnatum, when a foot-stalk divides, and each pair makes a pinnated leaf,
Becompositum, when the primary leaf-stalk divides, each division forming a compound leaf.
Bigitatum, when the base of several leaves rest on one kindred foot-stalk.

Bigitato pinnatum, when four or five simply pinnated leaves are fixed to one stalk.
Patens, when expanding in a direction nearly horizontal,

Pedatum, when there is some resemblance to the foot of a bird, as in Black Sellebore,
Pinnatum, winged, when a series- of leafets, on the same plane, are fixed to one foot-stalk.
Ouinatum, when five leaves are fixed to one foot-stalk.

Supra Becompositum, when more than doubly compound.

Ternatum, when three leaves are supported on one foot-stalk,

Trigeminatum, when the former has two leaves at the division of the principal stalk,
Tripiiinatum, when several doubly pinnated leaves are fixed to one common foot-stalk,
Triternatum, when a foot-stalk is divided into three, at each point again divided into
three, these nine points bearing, each three leaves.

I

The following are the Parts of Fructification, or the Flowers and Fruit 5 with that Appendage^ sometimes met with in Flowers, termed the Nectarium

The Parts of Fructification are seven in numbei^i^. the Caltx, Corolla, Stamina, Pistillum, Pericarpidm, Semen, and Receptacl^ These parts of the Flower
afford the most permanent marks or characters of distinction; and may indeed He looked upon aa so many vegetable letters inscribed on the physiognomy of plants by the hand
knowledge of which may be acquired jEvith ease and celerity; and, when rightly understood, will lead, with safety and certainty, to the true knowledge of that most

extended volume of Nature’s productions, the Vegttable World. ^ ^ j . , j ui 1 1 . *

either single or double, simple] or compound. A flower is said to be single when all its parts are distinct and natural; double, when these become monstrous,

ed, or deformed. When a calyk contains only one set of stamens and pistils, &c. it is a simple flower; when a number of florets are contained within one

Flowers are
multiplied, mutilated

common calyx, it is termed a compound flower. The florets in a compound flower may be either male, female, neuter, or hermaphrodite; when the latter, the stamens are five
in number, united by their anthers round one pistil. The compound flowers naturally associate themselves into three distinct beautifiil orders, viz, the Discoidece, when the
! florets are all Tubular and of equal length, as in Tansys Semifiosculosi, when all the florets are Ligulate, or tongue-shapfed, like those in Dandelion; and the Radiaii,

' when, like the Mountain Daisyj the florets in the centre are Tubular and those in margin Ligulate, They are distinguished into genera by the figure and leaves of the
■ calyx, by the structure and appearance of the Receptacle, and by the presence or absence of down or chaff on its surface, or on the seeds.

CALYX,;

Ist, The Calyx, or Flower-Cup. The empafement or outer covering of the Flower
is considered by Linnaeus to be the termination of .the cortical epidermis or outer bark of
the plant; which, after accompanying the trunk through all its branches, breaks out with
the flower, and is present in the fructification in th^ new form. The Calyx is mostly of
a thick coarse substance, and generally green; while the Corolla is a delicate membrane,
of a much finer texture, and is blue, red, or some bther colour distinct from that of the
leaves or stem of the plant. The use of the Calyx te seemingly to enclose, defend, support,
and retain in their proper situation, the less hardy ^t more essential organs of fructifica¬
tion : it differs as to situation, figure, and number ^Of its parts, and is termed accordingly,
from its varied appearances,— r

flhhreviatus, when considerably shorter than the ci^olla.

Amentum, catkin, chaffy-like scales, among the floNfers, as in Hazel, Willow, &c.
Anthodium, or Calyx communis, is a calyx which (pntains a number of little florets, so as,
in appearance, to constitute only one flower as in the Mountain Daisy, &c.
Cadueus, falling off before the flower. Fapaver ^omniferum.

Calyculatus sive Auctus, a calyx, having a calyx o* little cup at the base, as in Dianthus,
Dandelion, &c. ,

Cdlyptra, a veil, like an extinguisher, as in some fosses.

Gluma, a husk, the chaff of Oats, Barley, Wheat, ind most Grasses.

Deciduus, falling off at the same time with the flotrer. Tilia Europwa,

Dentatus, when the segments on the margin are not deeper than the fourth of the tube.
Duplex, double, as in Malva, Althea, &c.

Fissus, when the segments are cut down to the mildle of the tube.

Integer, entire, not cut on the margin.

Monophyllus, consisting of one leaf. consisting of two or more leaves.

Fartitus, divided beyond the middle and near to th^ base.

Fersistens, remaining after the flower falls.

Feriantimm, when it embraces the flower, as in Fmrose, Finh, &c.

Involucrum, a cover or fence, when standing remote from the flower, as in Carrot, Hem-
. lock, &c.

Spatha, a sheath bursting lengthways, and allowaig the flower-stalks to put forth, as in
Snowdrop, &c.

Volva, a curtain surrounding the stem and attached to the pileus or top of many of the
Fungi.

COROLLA.

2d, The Corolla —the Wreath, Little Crown, or Blossom—the term given by Lin-
nseus to the beautiful painted leaves of the Flower. The most conspicuous part of the
Fructification, standing within, and supported by, the Calyx, is an expansion of the fine
inner bark of the plant, generally consisting of three parts,— viz. t^u^ the i\ihe,. fgux the
throat, and the or expanded part of the blossom. These parts vary as to figure,

situation, number, kc. Flowers may be of one or more petals or blossom-leaves; and
are termed, Monopetalous, Dipetalous, Tripetalous, Tetrapetalous, Pentapetalous, Hexa-
petalous, and Polypetalous. When a flower becomes double, it is. a monster.

Monopetalous Flowers are termed

Campanulata, gradually widening towards the mouth like a bell.

Diformis, when the tube, after expanding, divides into unequal lobes. Lonicera.
Hypocrateriformis, when the tube is long, and the rim flat and broad like a salver. Phlox,
Infundibiliformis, an obverse cone, flat and turned out at the rim like a funnel. Datura,
Ligulata, when a short tube terminates in a long expansion on one side, like a tongue, as
in Dandelion,

Ghhosa, when, like a sphere, it widens out gradually to the middle. Vacdnium,
Personata, when both segments of a ringent corolla are close shut up, and the stamens
' and the pistils masked. Snap-dragon,

Rotata, when the tube is very short, and the rim flat like a wheel. Verbascum.

Ringerv^ corolla having two segments, like the lips of an animal gaping open. Lamium,
'Tubulosa, when like a hollow pipe of nearly equal diameter. Red Valerian,

Unilahiata, upper or under lip of a ringent corolla is wanting—one-lipped. Teucrium.

Polypetalous Corollas are termed

Caryophyllacea, when fiVd petals are shaped and disposed as in Clove, Pink, &c.

Crucig^, when four petals stand opposite to one another, cross-like, as in Stock, Mustard, &c.
Trreg'idaris, consisting of two or more petals of different lengths and inclinations.

Liliacea, when plants have one, three, or six petals, three or six stamens, a bulbous root,
and leaves with longitudinal fibres, as in the Crocus, Narcissus, Lily, &c.
Molvacea, when five petals are attenuated downwards, so as to unite close at the base, as
in Mallows, &c.

Papilionacea, butterfly-shaped, having four petals, the vexillum, carina, and the two alee
' as in the Pea.

Rosacea, when the petals are pretty round, and have no claws at the base, like the Rose, \

STAMINA.

I 8 d, The Stamina or Stamens are thread-shaped processes, with little tops, generally
isurrounding the seed-bud, and constituting one of the essential,parts of the flower (the
male organ), said to be formed of the woody part of the plant j (fonsisting of three parts,
viz, the Filanienlj. the Antler, and the Pollen. The Stamens vary as to situation, figure,
jnumber, ^proportionate lengths, and connection.

' The Filament is that part which elevates the Anther, and is described in terms suited
to its varied appearances, as ^

Articulatum, when there are evident joints or commisures.

\Capillare, equal thickness, as fine as a hair. Filiforme, thicker than a hair, thread-like.
Conniventia, when several filaments bend to one another at their tops. ^

f uniforme, compressed, tapering to a point, wedge-like. Dilatatum, broad, widened out.
fleclinata, when, without describing a large circle, they turn downwards.

'Geniculatum, bent at the joints like a knee. Incurvum, bent in from the middle, bow-like.
Plumosum, feathery—P27osMm, hairy—AZhdam, naked— Librum, loose—Connata, joined.
Pedicellatum, when standing on foot-stalks, as in Sage.

Suhulatum, like an awl, thicker below than above, gradually tapering.

The Anther is that little bag or cellular body, containing the Pollen or fecundating
powder, which, viewed through a magnifying lens, appears hollow,, and filled with a subtile
fluid, and varying in figure, as

Aristata, slender sharp substances, like awns of Barley, Muticus, awnless, beardless.
Adnata, closely attached on both sides to the point of the filaments
Apice dehiscens, opening at the top. Latere dehiscens, opening or bursting at the side.
Bifida, cleft, as in the Grapes,

Bilocularis, having two cells. Unilocularis, having only one cell.

Cristata, crested with cartilaginous points on the sides or base. :

Dentata, when there are indentations or teeth on the margin. . f
Didyma, when double, or like two joined together. r

\Globosa, round like a globe. Oblonga, diameter greater one way^than the other.
Horizontalis, horizontal. Incumbens, lying obliquely on the top of the filament.

\ Linearis, when long, flat, and of equal breadth, strap-shaped.

Feltata, when circular, flat on both sides, and attached by the middle.

Reniformis, shaped like the kidney of an animal. Sagitata, shaped like an arrow*

Sessile, sitting, having no filament.

Versitalis, moveable with the wind or any slight cause. ' 1 ^

PISfTILLUM.

4th, The Pistillum or Pistil, therfemale, or second essential organ of the Flower *
consisting of three parts— viz. the Gerp^n or rudiment of the future fruit; the Stylus,

and the Stigma or top of the style: covered in
in most plants only visible through the micro-

the style or shaft, seated on the Germen
general with numerous inhaling tubercl
scope, and may vary in number, figure,

The GEBiteN or Seed-Bud is
Angiospermia, the seeds contained in a covering, Gymnospermia, the seeds naked.
Germen inferum, sive fios superus, wheii the germen is below the calyx and corolla.
Germen superum, sive fios inferus, when the germen is above the calyx or corolla.
Monospermum, one; Disperma, two; Tetrasperma, four; Polysperma, many seeds.
Pedicellatum, when furnished with a foot-stalk.

Sessile, sitting, when the seed-bud has & 6 'foot-stalk.

The Sttle or Shaft may be
CqpiZZizm, .slender, like a hair of equal thickness.

Clavatus, when thicker above than belowj club-shaped.

Crassus, gross, when very thick and sl^’t.

Deciduous, falling off immediately aftei^ [impregnation.

Dichotomus, divided into two branches, jach of which is again divided.

Lateralis, attached to the side of the geimen. Terminalis, standing at top of germens.
Marcescens, first withering, and then fating off. Fersistens, when it does not fall off.
Multifidvs, many cleft. ^

Setaceus, slender, but ridged like a brist]^.

Subulatus, thicker below than above, and sharp-pointed like an awl.

The Stigxa or Summit may be

Acutum, terminating in a sharp point. Obtusum, terminating in a blunt point.
Capitatum, headed, when hemispherical and flat under.

Concavum, when hollow in the top, lilsf the Violet,

Convolutum, when the divisions are roled inwards.

Dentatum, when set with fine teeth. ^ •

Emarginatum, when flat and notched ^n the summit.

PencilHforme, consisting of thick closefleshy fibres, like a pencil.

Petaloideum, when it has the appearanee of a petal.

Revolutum, the divisions rolled backwards. Spiralis, when rolled up like a watch-spring.
Uncinaium, hooked at the point.

PERICARPIUM.

5th, The Pericarpium is the Seed-Vessel, <r developed Seed-Bud, containing the
seeds after fecundation. The Receptacle, or Calyi, performs this office in the Compound
Flowers, and in all the Gymnospermia Plants. ■ ^here are eight distinct kinds of seed-
vessels described by Linneeus, viz,—the . ^

Bacca, a berry, pulpy without valves, seeds in thjC julp, as in Gooseberry,

Capsula, capsule, a membraneous vessel containing ^e seed, of various shapes and divisions.
Drupa, a pulpy seed-vessel without valves, inclo|u^ a stone, as in Cherry, Pluird), &c.

«» at OnC

Ligumen, a membrane of two valves, seeds fixed tf one suture, as in Pea.

Pomum, a fleshy or pulpy seed-vessel, covering, a .apsuie containing the seed, as in Apple,
Siliqua, a long pod with two valves, seeds attached^tq both sutures.

Sh'dbilus, a set of hard-tiled scales, as in the cone ^ the Fir,

‘Willdenow adds the fojlowiDg

Lomentum, a two-valved seed-vessel, with cells not opening.

Pepo, a succulent fruit; the seeds attached to the ^d.

Samara, a winged fruit, as in Elm. . .

Theca, a dry fruit, opening with a lid; and NiiSi^ nut, as in Hazel,

SEMEN.

6 th, The Semen or Seeu, is the essence of every fruit, aud the rudiment of a new
vegetable, rendered fertile by the aspersion of the Pollen. The parts of the Seed are the

\Ala, a membrane or wing found attached to the back or margin of some seed-vessels.

^ Arillus, an ill-defined membrane, covering the seed, and sometimes the pericarpium.
Coronvla, a little cro\ya or pappus, attached to the seed of the compound flowers.
Corcxdum, the little heart, consisting of the rostellum and plumulla, the former descends
into the earth and becomes the root, and the latter ascends and becomes the stem.

\Coiy 2 cdoMas, tko oR ft nging at germination into leaves. „

I Hilum, an external scat or mark, indicating the place of the corculum.

' Tunica externa, the oiMer integument or covering.

Tunica interna, the inter integument or covering of the seed.

Pappus, down, a feathffy or hairy flying crown on the seeds of most compound flowers.
CapiUaris vel PUiosus, ^ihen very fine, like hairs.

Paleaceus, chafiy-like scaes or small leaves on the top of the seed.

Plumosus, down divided like a feather. Tragapogon.

Sessilis, sitting on the seei without foot-stalk. Stipitatus, supported by a little foot-stalk.
Setaceus, when covered with rigid bristles. Centurea Negra.

RECEPTACULUM.

7th, The Receptaculum or Receptacle, the place upon which the other parts of
the Flower rest; it may be proper or common, bearing one or jnore flowers; it may be
flat or spherical, dry or hard, soft or fleshy, smooth or covered with hair; and is some¬
times the esculent part of the fruit, as in the Strawberry, &c, aud is termed

Apicvlatum, when covered with fleshy erect short points, prickly.,

C^onicum, rising to a point in the centre. ‘

Convexum, somewhat elevated in the centre.

i^Pavoaum, when pite, like the oclls of a konoy-comh, cover tko ~

Gldbrum, smooth, destitute of hairs or points.

Paleaceum, when set with scales or short leaves like chaff.

PUosum, set with short stiff hairs. Villosum, set with long softjhairs.

Planum, flat.

Punctatum, when the surface is covered with small punctures.

Scorhiculatum, when there are deep round pits on the surface. ; i
Setaceum, covered with rigid bristles. Paleaceum, set with small leaves or scales.
Tuberculatum, when covered with small round eminences, or waity-like substances.
Varium, when the centre is smooth, and rim chaffy, hairy, or pijlckly.

NEpTARIUM.

There is still another important pa^ met with frequently in Flowers, called the Nec¬
tarium, or Honey-Cup; the office oft which seems to be the secreting or containing the
honey of the flower, and affords the be^ marks of generic distinction. The principal di¬
versities, in form or situation, of this striking appendage may be embraced in the follow¬
ing varieties: — f

I

. »•

Barba, short hairs or soft bristles at t^e opening of the calyx or corolla. Thymus,
Calcaraium, when shaped like a cocksjB.', as in March Violet, &c.

Cornicitlatumy wken shaped axid'eroo^^ a’ho^n. XtAjpMnixim.

Cucullum, a hollow bag or hood, as m Aeonitum.

Cyathiforme, when formed like a cup, ^bracing the germen. Narcissus,

Favosum, when honey-combed, or having pits like a honey-comb. Fritillaria,

Fornix, the arch, a small elongation on the tube or throat of the corolla, as in Anchusa.
Glandules Nectariferce, small glands or round bodies giving out honey. Cruciform fiowers.
Plicatum, when some part of the corolk is folded inwards. Staticce.

Pori Nectariferi, small holes or pores giving out honey, as in Hyacinth,

Staminiforme, an appearance like stamps, as in Parnasia Palustrus,

Sgumes Nectariferi, small scales that s^rete honey, as in Ranunculii,

A Key to the Four Grand Divisions of Linnjeus' Sexual System of Botany, illustrated by the Indigenous Plants of Great Britain^

L—CLASSES.

The Classes are founded upon the number, thrfproportionate lengths, the connection, or .the
situation of the Stamens. The first 20 comprelfod all the flowers which are obviously her¬
maphrodite; the 2 Ist, such plants as have stameil.on one flower and pistils on another; in the
22 d, we find stamens in the flowers of one plam and pistils in the flowers of another of the
same species; in the 2Sd are found male, female,4nd hermaphrodite flowers on the same plant;
and in the 24th class, the parts of fructification]al inconspicuous.—The Classes are exemplified
by, at least, one Genus, with the Natural Ordej to which it belongs, according to Linnaeus’
“ Fragments of a Natural Method,”

1 Monandria, cont aining Plants of 1 Stamec^.... Hippuris, Inundata:,,,

2 Diandiia. 2 do. . .Pinguicula, Corydales,

3 Triandria,

3 do. L . Foa, Grammes,

4 Tetrandria,

4 do. af equal lengths....-R rMu, Stellatce,

5 Petandria.

5 do. iiot united. Airopa. Lurid<e,

6 Hexandria,

6 do. tf equal lengths,.

7 Heutandria.

7 do. L. ... TrientalisJ Rotacecs

8 Octand ria,

9 Ennean dria,^
10 Decandria,

8 do.

.. Epilohium, Calucanthemm

9 do. K. ... Butomust Trivetaloidece,

11 Dodecandria,

12 Icosandria,

from 11 to 19 do.

10 do. L . Dianthus, Caryophyllei,

20 or more do.

y. Euphorbia, Tricocece,,..,

m the Calyx. Fvrus„ Pomacece,

is Folvandria,

20 to 1000 do. ibnthe Receptacle. Papaver, Rheeadex,

14 Didvnamia.

15 Tetradynaroia,

4 do. B long and 2 short, Lamium, Ringentis,

• * • • •

6 do. li long and 2 short, Cochlearia, CruciformcBj

16 Mouadelpbia, all the Filaments united. a. . Malva,-Columniferce,

17 Diadclphia. Filaments united into 2 sets. ... Vicia., Payilionac^, .

18 Folvadeluhia, Filaments united into 3 or mot sets,. Hypericum, Rotacea:^

19 Syngenesia. 5 Stamens united hv their Anftra^. Anthemis, Comvosita:^

20 Gyandria, the Stamens growing on the ... Orchis^ Orchidece,

21 Monosecia, Flowers with Stamens, others iy Is. on same Plan t. Conifera:, , .

22 Uiosecia, Stamens on one Plant, and Fii^a on another...

28 Folyganiia, both or one se x and herma. floitaon Rame Plant, Atrivlex,Holoracea:,,,,„
24 Cryptogamia, Inconspicuous Flowers,.. Polypodium, Bryum, ^c.

IL—ORDERS.

The characters of this division depend upon the number of the pistils, the presence or
absence of a seed-vessel, its shape, on the number and connection of the stamens, or
the arrangement d the florets. The Orders in the first 18 classes are taken from the
number of the pistils; the I4tb, from the seeds being naked or covered; the 15th, from
the shape of the seed-vessel; the 16th, 17th, and 18th, from the number of stamens; the
19th, from the arrangement of the florets; the 20 th, 21 st, 22 d, and 23d, from the num¬
ber and connection of the stamens; the orders of the 24th class are formed of natural
families.

Has 2 Orders. Monogynia and Digynia, .1 and 2 Pistils
^ do. “Mono- and JUigynia,

y •••••a

3 do. ! Mono- Hi- and I’rigynia,

3 do. |; Mono - Di- and Tetragy nia...

7 do. ! Mono- Pi- Tri- Tetra- Fenta- Hexa- and Polygynia,.

3_^ Mono- Tri- and Polygynia,..

do. ? ^lonogyniOi

4 do. ; Mono- Di- Tri- and Tetragynia. ...

1 do. Hexagynia

4 do. ~^Mono- Di- Tri- and Pentagynia,

III.—GENERA..

<'

Nature has connected the vegetable tribes by certain affinities or resemblances, and these
resemblances have been made the foundation of Genera to facilitate the knowledge of
plants. To distinguish the Genera, it is necessary to describe accurately all the seven
parts of fructification; and such a description is termed the generic character. The
essential character of a genus depends upon some peculiarity in the structure of the flower,
in which the plants of a genus agree with one another, and which essentially distinguishes
them from every other, and is most frequently taken from the calyx or corolla, or from
the nectarium when present.

*3 do. T Mono- Fenta- and Polygynia
^ uv t s.jIlL ' j

• •

do. Mono- Fenta-^nd Tolygym^ ......

■ do. ^ Gymnospermia and Angiospermia

• • • • •

••••••

9

••••••

2 do. ■ Siliculosa and Siliquosa......

__ iqi

3 do. r Pent- Dec- and PoIyan3ria

3 do. Hex- Oct- and Decandrl^

y ••••••••

1 do. [•Folvandria,..... . ..

3 do. 1 Polygamia, Equalses, Superflua, and Frustranea,.g^.ag^^,at>gk^.ti^j.J^ ^^

3 do. : Mono- Di-and Hexandria,

0 do. i Mono- Tri- Tetr- Pent- Polyandria, aud Monadelphia,

8 do. T pi- Tr\. fetr- Pent- Hex- Uct- Enneandria* and MonadelphiX*.*...

I do, [- Monoseci^ __

4 do. r Felices, Musci, Algae, and Fungi

11

do.

48

do.

22

do.

97

do.

26

do.

i

do.

13

do*

1

do.

20

do.

5

do.

12

do.

21

do.

33

do.

29

do.

5

do.

19

do.

1

do.

41

do.

11

do.

23

do.

14

do.

1

do.

41

do.

Has 5 Genera, 4 in the 1 st Order, and 1 in the 2 d,

10 in the 1st Order, and 1 in the 2d,

12 in the 1st Order, S3 in the 2d, and 3 in the 3d,.

14 in the 1 st Order, I in the 2 d, and 7 in the 3d,.

41 in Ist Order, 46 in 2d, 5 in Sd, 1 in 4tli, 3 in 5th, 1 in 6 th, & 1 in 7th,

19 in 1st Order, 1 in 2d, 6 in Sd, and 1 jn 4th,.

Calyx 7 leaved, Corolla 7 parted, equal flat, Berry one-celled, dry,.

9 in Ist Order, 1 in 2d, and 3 in 3d, ..

Calyx, Involucre simple, 3 leaved, Cor. 6 Retailed, Capsulis 6 , seeds many,

4 in 1 st Order, 6 in 2d, 4 in 3d, and 7 ii 4th,.

2 in Ist Order, 1 in 2d, 1 in 3d, and 1 in 4th,...

1 in 1 st Order, 3 in 2 d, and 8 in 3d, .

8 in Ist Order, 5 in 2d, and 8 in 3d,.

20 in 1 st Order, and 13 in the last, .....

15 in Ist ^^rder, and 14 in 2d....................

1 in 1st Order, 1 in 2d, and 3 in 3d, «.v<...*.*.*.....

1 in Ist Order, 1 in 2d, and 17 in 3d,..,....

Cal^ 5 parted, Cor. 5 petalled, Styles 1 ,3, or 5, Stamens in 3 or 5 sets,
22 in 1st Order, 18 in 2d, and 1 in Sd,...

9 in 1st Order, 1 in 2d, and 1 in Sd, .......

2 in 1st Order, 5 in 2 d, 4 in 3d, 3 in 4ih, 10 in 3th, and 1 in 6 th,....

1 in 1st Order, 2 in 2 d, 3 in 3d, 1 in 4t, 1 in 5t, 2 in 6 t, 2 in 7t, 2 in 8 t,

Hermaphrodite, Calyx 6 leaved, no Cor(^a, Stamens 6 , Style cleft, seed 1,
18 in 1st Order, and 23 in 2 d, 3d and 4th not enumerated,......

it—SPECIES.

By a Species is meant each pajticular plant belonging to a genus, which retains
its peculiar characteristic marks- unchanged when raised from seed. They are,
however, liable to vary, by culture, in colour, and some accidental circumstances.
Specific distinction is founded 4 d peculiarities of the stem, branches, leaves, in¬
florescence, roots, the presence ;or absence of down or thorns, the duration of the
plant, &c.

t

Contains 14 Species, 10 Annuals and 4 Perennials.

9 Ann. 25 Per. and 4 Trees.

42 Ann*.3 Biennials, and 120 Per.

16 Ann, 2 Bien. 43 Per. and 2 Trees.

56 Ann,^23 Bien. Ill Per. and 27 Shrubs.

4 Ann. 81 Per. and 1 Shrub.

Europa.

9 Ann, I Bien. 15 Per. and 13 Shrubs,

XJmbelhtus,

24 Ann- 75 Per, and 4 Shrubs.

3 Ann.4 Per.

23 Per. i9 Trees and Shrubs.

16 Ann. 84 Per. and 10 Shrubs.

25 Ann. 2 Bien. and 60 Per.

34 Ann. 13 Bien. 23 Per, and 1 Shrub.

10 Ann. 1 Bien. and 10 Per.

29 AnnJ35 Per. and 6 Shrubs.

10 Per. and 1 Shrub.

34 Anni 18 Bien. and 84 Per.

All Perinnials.

10 Ann. 1 Bien, 81 Per. and 12 Trees and Shrubs.
X Ann; @ Per, 66 Trees and Shrubs.

6 Ana and 1 Shrub.

61 Ani]y and 355 Per.

IS 14 Specie

38

do*

162

do.

63

do.

217

do.

86

do.

1

do.

38

do.

1

do.

106

do.

7

do.

72

do.

60

do.

87

do.

71

do.

21

do.

70

do.

11

do.

136

do.

S3

do.

104

do.

73

do.

7

do.

416

do.

Thus I have endeavoured to bring together, andlresent to the eye at one view, in a more narrow compass than has hitherto been done, nearly all that is essential to be known, towards prosecuting, with success, the study of Practical Botany; and, should this Breviate happen to excite, in any one, a desire tocultivate an acquaintance with this most delightful

health and strengthen the body; while the nice distinctions, requisite in the examination of plants, will sharpen the powers of discernment, and will ultimately improve the mind, I

science, it may become the source of much pleasul to the individual, as the exercise necessary in' the pursuit will confirm the
order and regular succession of the different geneijtions of Vegetables, and of the sublimely-simple, yet inflexible laws, imposed by the Creator and Moral Governor of the Universe upon the Third-Day Volume of his Book.

by furnishing it with coiTect conceptions of the beautiful

ENTERED XN STATIONS

HAEIi.

GIjASGOW; DAVID ALLAN & CO. SHIP BANK BUILDINGS, 23, GLASSFORD-STREET ; G. T. ALLAN & CO. PAISLEY.

SOLD BY D. LIZARD, A. BLACK, AND J. ANDERSON, JUN. EDINBURGH; HURST, CHANCE, & CO. LONDON; AND W. CURRY, JUN. & CO, DUBLIN.

cubll, printer.

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