DUKE
UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
treasure %>om
s*v
BOTANY
OP THE
NORTHERN AND MIDDLE STATES ;
OR
A DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANTS FOUND IN THE UNITED
STATES, NORTH OF VIRGINIA,
1RRAMCED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTFM.
WITH
A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA ACCORDING TO THE LIBHAAlf SYSTEM —
A SKETCH OF THE RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY, AND
A GLOSSSARY OF TERMS.
BY
LEWIS C. BECK, M. D,
PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY AND NATURAL HISTORY IN RUTGERS COLLEGE,
N. J. ; MEMBER OF THE ROYAL PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH ;
OF THE LINNAAN SOCIETY OF PARIS ; OF THE NATURAL HISTORY
SOCIETY OF MONTREAL ; OF THE NEW-YORK LYCEUM ;
AND OF THE ALBANY INSTITUTE, &C.
ALBANY :
TRINTED BY WEBSTER AND SKINKERS,
Corner of State and North Pearl Street?.
1833.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the District Court of the
United States for the Northern District of the State of New- York,
by Lewis C. Beck, of said District, in the year 1833.
TO THE
Rev. LEWIS D. DE SCHWEINITZ, PH. D,
THIS W ORR
INSCRIBED,
AS A TRIBUTE OF RESPECT AND ESTEEX.
BY HIS OBLIGED FRIEND,
LEWIS C. BECK.
PREFACE.
The object of this work is to famish a Ascription ot
the plants of which it treats, adapted to the pr<*
state of botanical science. In accordance with this de-
sign, I have followed the natural method of arrai
ment, which has already received the sanction of the
best botanists of Europe, and cannot fail of opt-
ed by those of our own country. For the purpose of con-
tributing in some degree to the accomplishment of tin-
desirable result, I have given, as shortly aa possible, the
characters of the Natural Orders, which arc arrp
according to the method of J s modife
Candolle. In this part of the work, I have con-
sulted with great advantage the article Botany in
the new edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica :
and indeed, I have, with 1 the
arrangement and characters of tl iven.
Of the article in question, I regret that I li <■
been unable to ascertain tlio name of the author, I
bears throughout the imp one who i> the-
versed in the subject of which it treats. I should
mention, that 1 have derived much assistant
Lindley's Introduction to the Natural 5
With regard tothet. alterations, and n* it
is conceived, improvement*, willw observed by tie
anist. These con-i-t. generally, in the adoption of the
views of De Candolle and others, who have made tli<
natural system a particular study. A- 1/m-
naean genera are thus divided, and others remodelled, it
may form a ground of objection on the part of those
who have not duly considered the subject. But it
should be remembered, that Botany is a progrr
science ; and it would be strange indeed if the labors
of botanists, since the time of Linnaeus, should not have
resulted in a more correct knowledge of plants, and
5T43S^l
VI PREFACE.
hence of the proper mode in which they should be
grouped together. It is difficult to determine the true
import of the Linna?an maxim, " let the genus give the
character" ; but if it is intended by it that the charac-
ters thus established should be so modified as to embrace
all new plants, or that the genera should not be divid-
ed as nature seems to warrant, it is, in my opinion, quite
as much honored " in the breach as in the observ-
ance."
In the description of the Species, in addition to my
own observations, I have freely availed myself of all
the sources of information within my reach. The works
on American Botany have been constantly consulted ;
especially Pursh's Flora, Torrey's Flora and Compen-
dium, Elliott's Sketch, Nuttall's Genera, Bigelow's Flo-
rida, Muhlenberg's Grasses, and his Catalogue, &tc.
In this part of the ivork, it has been my object to give
an accurate and sufficiently detailed description, togeth-
er with the habitat and geographical range of each spe-
cies, and such popular characters and illustrations as it
was thought would be an additional guide to the begin-
ner. It may be observed, that I have generally adopt-
ed the specific characters of De Candolle, as far as the
Natural Order Composite. With regard to the Gluma-
cea?, I have, with few exceptions, adopted the views of
Dr. Torrey. Dr. Hooker's valuable Flora Bor. Amer.
and Richardson's Appendix to Franklin's Narrative,
have afforded me the means of determining the Northern
limits of many of our plants. For the Southern limits
I have generally depended upon Elliott, and upon the
information which I have received from my friends,
Prof. T. R. Ingalls of Louisiana, and Dr. Isaac Branch
of South Carolina; and for the Western, upon my own
observations, and upon those of Mr. Nuttall, and other
botanists who have explored the region west of the Mis-
sissippi. I should also state, that while this work was
PREFACE. Yll
passing through the press, I received through the kind-
ness of Mr. Albert R. Fox of Sand Lake, a catalogue
of the plants found by Dr. Houghton, now of Detroit,
in his interesting tour to the sources of the Mississippi.
This work being intended as a text-book for the be-
ginner, as well as a convenient manual for the more ad-
vanced botanist, I have added a Sketch of the Rudi-
ments of Botany, drawn chiefly from Prof. Lindley's
Outlines, and the article in the Encyclopaedia, to which
I have before referred ; — a Glossary of Terms, and a
Table of the Linnacan Classes and Orders. And to ac-
commodate 'hose who wish to investigate plants accord-
ing to the Artificial System, a Syn6psis of the Genera b
also introduced, Containing under i ius a reference
to the Natural Order, and t!i«' p ocies
are described. I have not introduced any cnlth
exotics, for the reasons, 1st, thai it would have materi-
ally increased the site and i 4 th< work ;
2dly, that observation has satisfied me of t lie iajniiow
effects, of commencing the study of botany with tjic ex-
amination of plants, which are often so much chan
in their characters by n difference of climate, toil, culti-
vation, kc.
It only remains forme to present my acknowl<
ments to those i idividuals who have afforded me a
ance and encouragement, i.i the pros< i ution of my dV -
sign. To the Rev. L. D. de> Schwtinitz, I am under
particular obligations, fbr the important aid which he
has rendered. Nor should I omit to mention, that I
am indebted to Dr. Asa Gray, of Utica, for much in-
teresting information concerning the Botany of Western
New-York. In all cases it has been my object to give
due credit for every new or interesting fact which has
been communicated to me.
Albany, May, 1333.
ABBREVIATIONS AND CHARACTERS.
All.
Allioni.
Mich.
Michaux.
Bart.
Barton.
Mich. f.
Michaux the younger.
Big.
Bigelow. •
Muhl.
Muhlenberg.
De Cand
De Candolle.
Nutt.
Nuttall.
Desf.
Desfontaines.
P. de B.
Palisot de Beauvois.
Vesv.
Desvaux.
Pers.
Persoon.
Eat.
Eaton.
Raf.
Rafinesque.
Ell.
Elliott.
R.Sr 8.
Roemer and Schultea.
Gmel.
Gmelin.
Rich.
Richard.
Good.
Goodenow,
Salisb.
Salisbury.
Gron.
Gronovius. • ' '
Schk.
Sehkuhr.
Hook.
Hooker.
' Schreb.
Schreber.
Jacq.
Jacquin.
Schw.
Schweiniti.
Juss.
Jussieu.
Spreng.
Sprengel. •
Lam.
Lamarck.
Torr.
Torrey. .
Lamb.
Lambert.
Tourn.
Tournefort.
Lehm.
Lehmann.
Trin.
Trinius.
VHerit.
L'Heritier.
Walt.
Walter.
Light.
Lightfoot.
Wangh.
Wangenheim.
Lind. .
' Liudley.
Willd.
Willdenow.
Linn.
Linnaeus.
Vent.
Ventenat.
%j% Annual.
cf Biennial.
21 Perennial.
fp Shrubby or
arboreous.
Can. Canada,
Car. South Carol
na", unless preceded by an N.
when it
is intended for' North Carolina .
W, to Miss. As far West as Missouri.
W. to Mich. As far West as Michigan.
SKETCH OF THE RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY.
ELEMENTARY ORGANS.
1. The tissue of which plants consist, appears under four forms,
viz : cellular tissue, woody fibre, spiral vessels, and. ducts. These are
called elementary organs.
2. Cellular Tissue or parenchyma is composed of transparent vescicles,
variously cohering with each other. It is the only form universally
found in plants ; the other forms being often partially or entirely want- '
ing.
3. Woody Fibre is a tissue consisting of elongated tubes, similar to
the vescicles of cellular tissue, and is therefore often called elongated
cellular tissue.
4. Spired Vessels are formed of elastic tissue, twisted spirally into
the form of a cylinder, and capable of being unrolled. They only
exist in plants propogated by stamens and pistils, and hence the
two primary divisions of the vegetable kingdom into Vasculares and
Cellulares.
5. Ducts are elongated, transparent tubes, composed of tissue that
is not capable of unrolling.
6. All these' forms are covered by a membrane called the cuticle.
7. Trom peculiar combinations of the elementary organs are formed
the compound organs.
8. The rooL is formed by the descending and dividing fibres of the
stem ; and by it plants are with few exceptions fixed to the earth, and
nutriment absorbed.
9. It is distinguished from the stem by the absence of leaves, of pith
even in those plants in which it is abundant in the stem, and of spiral
vessels.
10. It usually consists of three parts ; the neck, fcollumj or line of
separation from the stem ; the body or middle portion ; and the fibres
or little roots, through which the nourishment is principally derived.
11. The following are the principal kinds of roots :
a. Conical, or principal tap root as it is sometimes called ; tapering
downwards and emitting fibres from various parts of its surface ; as in
the carrot,
b. Fusiform, when the conical root is attenuated towards the neck,
as well as below ; as in the radish.
c. Napiform, whpn it is swollen out extremely in the upper part and
suddenly attenuated below ; as in the turnip.
d. Abrupt, when the fusiform root is as it were cut off suddenly.
la
X RUDIMENTS OP BOTANY.
6. Fibrous, a collection or bundle of fibres connected by a common
head and often merely by the base of the stem ; as in the grasses.
/. Fasciculated, when the fibres swell out slightly in the middle.
g. Tuberous, a fibrous root bearing either at its neck or here and there
attached to its fibres one or more tubers, fleshy, and containing much
starchy /eculent matter. These tubers are properly short subterranean
stems, containing usually eyes or buds from which new plants arise.
— The root should be called tuberifcrous.
h. Granulated, a collection of small tubercles with eyes fit for the
reproduction of a plant, but not enveloped by cellular tissue, filled
with starchy matter.
i. Bulbous, consisting of a number of scales or coats closely applied
to each other, with a crown at the top and fibres below. — It performs
the office of a bud, and such roots may rather be termed bulbiferous.
• 12. The direction of the root is usually towards the centre of the
earth ; but it is sometimes contorted or bent upwards and downwards in
a zigzag manner ; or creeping when it proceeds laterally at right angles
from this. These have often been confounded with subterranean
branches ; the last of which only are troublesome to the agricultur-
alist. •
13. This is the part which springs upwards during the germination
of a seed ; it is the intermediate body between the root and the leaves.
14. When the stem of a plant arising from a seed is evident, the
plant is termed caulescent ; and when not apparent or scarcely so, the
plants have received the name ofacaules, or stemlcss.
15. When the stem instead of ascending, stretches either wholly or
in part, under ground, emitting here and there roots from below and
branches or leaves which rise upwards, it is called a rhizoma ; or if it
do not emit fibres, a cormus. ' Most of what Linnaeus incorrectly de-
scribed as creeping roots are of the former description.
16. Stolons or runners are long stems of a peculiar nature issuing
horizontally from a plant, and emitting only from the extremity roots
and leafy buds, as in the strawberry. •
17. The stem varies in structure, in three principal modes.
18. In vascular plants it is either formed by successive additions to
the outside of the wood, when it is called Exogenous ; or by successive
additions to its centre, when it is called Endogenous. In cellular
plants it is formed by the union of the base of the leaves, or by a sim-
ple elongation or dilatation where no leaves or buds exist.
19. The stem of Exogenous plants may be distinguished into the
pith, the medullary sheath, the wood, the bark, the medullary rays,
and the cambium.
20. The pith is a. mass of spongy cellular tissue occupying the centre
of the stem.
21. The medullary sheath surrounds the pith, and consists of spiral
vessels and ducts. It communicates on one side with the pith and on
the other with the medullary rays, leaf buds and veins of the leaves.
22. The wood lies upon the medullary sheath and consists of con-
Centric layers, one of which is formed every year. These layers are
RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY. XI
composed of cellular tissue, woody fibre and ducts, and are traversed
by the medullary rays composed of cellular tissue, and connecting the
centre with the circumference. — The fully formed or central layers are
called the hcart-ieood, and the exterior the alburnum.
23. The bark surrounds the wood, and like it consists of concentric
layers, but of these the hardest or most fully formed is exterior and
the youngest interior. Each concentric layer is composed of woody
fibre. and ducts covered externally by a layer of cellular tissue ; — the
woody fibre and ducts constituting the liber ; and the outer cellular
tissue, the epidermis.
24. The cambium is a viscid secretion which is formed in the spring,
between the liber and alburnum.
25. The stem of Endogenous plants presents no distinction of pith,
medullary rays, wood and bark, but is formed of bundles of ducts and
spiral vessels interspersed through a cellular tissue ; and this is sur-
rounded by a stratum of cellular tissue and woody fibre different from
bark, inasmuch as it cannot be separated from the 6tem itself. Such
plants have their diameter increased by the addition of central vascular
tissue and ducts.
Projections from the medullary sheaths sometimes reach tjie
circumference of the' stem and branches, forming what are called nodi,
to which are attached leaves and leaf buds, and the spaces between
these are ealled intcrnodia.
27. Whatever is produced by the evolution of a leaf bud is a branch :
A spine therefore Is a kind of branch ; it differs from the prickle which
is a mere dilatation of the cellular portion of the bark.
28. The stem peculiar to the grasses and other allied tribes is term-
ed a cidm. This is simple, or rarely branched, generally hollow within
or fistulose, and separated at intervals by knots or partitions from
which issue the leaves.
20. Tne stem may be simple or branched, and with the branches
majr be cylindrical, ox conical; round, (terete,) or angled ; smootfi.fur-
roiccJ, or rough-, or hairy, &c.
30. With regard to duration the stem is .
a. Annual, (0) when it is completely developed and decays during
the same season.
b. Biennial, ( $ ) when it produces fruit the second season and then
decays.
c. Perennial, {![) when it produces flowers and fruit during* many
successive seasons.
31. The term herb or herbaceous employed in opposition to perennial,
denotes that tl^e stem generally dies down to the ground every year.
LEAF-BUDS.
32. Buds are of two kinds, leaf-buds and flower-buds.
33. Leaf -buds consist of rudimentary leaves surrounding a vital point,
the tissue of wlrich is capable of elongation ; upwards in the form of
stem, and downwards in the form of wood or root:
34. Flower-buds consist of rudimentary leaves surrounding a point,
which does not elongate after it is once developed, and assumes when
fully developed, the form of reproductive, apparatus.
Xll RUDIMEN'TS OP BOTANY.
35. Leaf-buds are of two kinds ; the regular only found in the axil*
of the leaves ; and the adventitious, which may be produced wherever
there is an anastomosis of woody fibre.
36. Leaf-buds have sometimes been confounded with roots by old
botanists. A bulb is a leaf-bud.
37. Leaves are those expansions which issue laterallv from the stem
and branches of plants. They take their origin from tfie bark, and are
always to be observed, whether perfect or rudimentary, immediately
below the leaf-buds.
3~. Those leaves situated near the root are often larger, and of a dif-
ferent shape from those higher up the stem ; the former are termed
radical, the latter caulinc.
39. A leaf consists of a pe'tiole, a lamina or limb, and a pair of sti-
pules ) but sometimes only one of these three parts can be observed.
40. The petiole is the channel through which the vessels of the leaf
are connected with those of the stem ; it is formed of one or more
bundles of spiral vessels and woody fibre, enclosed in a cellular integu-
ment.
41. The lamina of a leaf is an expansion of the parenchyma of the
-petiole, and is transversed by veins which are ramifications or exten-
sions of the bundles of vascular tissue of the petiole, or when there is
no petiole, of the stem.
42. The'se veins either branch in various directions among the paren-
chyma, anastamosing and forming a kind of net-work, or they run
parallel to each other, 'being connected by single transverse unbranched
veins ; the former structure being characteristic of Exogenous, and the
latter, of Endogenous plants. To this the Coni/em and Cijcadcce form
perhaps the only exceptions ; these having the stems of the •Exogen-
ous, but the same arrangement 'of the veins as in the Endogenae.
43. The principal vein of a leaf is a continuation of the petiole, run-
ning in a direct line from the base to the apex of the lamina, and is
called the midrib.
44. The lamina is variously divided and formed ; it is usually thin
and membranous, with a distinct upper and under surface, but some-
times becomes succulent, when the surfaces cannot be distinguished.
. 45. A leaf is either simple or compound ; simple when its lamina is
undivided, or when, if separated into several divisions, these segments
are not articulated with the petiole ; compound when the lamina is ar-
ticulated with the petiole.
46. The modes in which leaves are divided are distinguished by par-
ticular names, as pinnate, pinnatifid, bipinnate, bipinnatifid, &c. Arc.
These terms apply to the mode of division, and are equally applicable,
to simple and compound leaves.
47. Stipules are those small foliaceous organs sometimes situated on
each side at the base of the petiole. They never occur in the Endo-
genae, nor in any Exogenous plants that have sheathing petioles, and
are rarely found in genera with opposite leaves. They are sometimes
transformed into leaves ; they sometimes have leaf-buds in their axils ;
and sometimes also they are changed into spines.
RUDIMENTS OP BOTANY. Xlll
•48. Leaves are originally continuous with the stem, but afterwards,
from a cause which is still unknown, an articulation more or less com-
plete takes place and the fall of the leaf ensues.
49. The mode in which leaves are arranged within their bud is call-
ed vernation or gemmation. This varies much in different groups of
plants.
FLOWER-BUDS.
50. The flower-bud consists of imbricated rudimentary or metamor-
phosed leaves, the external or inferior of which are usually alternate,
and the internal or superior always verticillate or opposite ; the latter
are called floral envelopes and reproductive organs.
51. The leaves from the axils of which the flower-buds arise are call-
ed bracts, (bractca:,) or floral leaves ; and those leaves which appear on
the pedicel between the bracts and calyx, are called bracteokc. These,
although essentially distinct, are often confounded with the former.
52. When a single bract is rolled together, highly developed, and
coloured, and is placed a't the base of the form of inflorescence called a
spadix, it is named a spathe, (spatha. )
53. When several bracts are verticillate or densely imbricated around
the base of the forms of inflorescence called the umbel, or capitulum,
they are termed an involucre ; and those at the base of each partial
umbel are called involucels.
54. Small imbricated bracts are often called sailes ; as in the Com-
posite.
55. Bracts, when placed immediately below the stamen? and pistils,
as in apetalous flowers, are only distinguished from the calyx by being
alternate with each other, and not verticillate ; hence the glumes and
palem of grasses are bracts and not calyx.
56. The elongation of the axis of the flower bud from the point of
its connexion with the stem, as far as the floral envelopes, is called the
peduncle,
57. When several peduncles spring from the axis near to each other,
the axis is termed a rachis, and the peduncles themselves are called
pedicels.
58. Those«axes that spring from the earth and bear no true leaves
are denominated scapes.
59. The modes in which the flower-buds are arranged are called
forms of inflorescence ; and the order in which they unfold, is called the
order of expansion.
LWLORESCESCE,
60. When a flower-bud gives rise to only one flower, terminal on its
peduncle, and the axis of the plant does not elongate beyond the bud,
the flower is commonly called terminal and solitary.
61. When the axis, however, continues to elongate and the bract re-
tains the form and size of a leaf, the flower is called axillary and soli-
tary.
62. If the buds instead of giving rise to one terminal flower have the
axis elongated, bearing several flowers, and each flower on a peduncle,
a raceme is formed,
• la*
XIV RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY.
G3. When each flower is sessile or placed in the axil of the bracts,
without a peduncle, a spike is produced : Hence the only difference
between a spike and raceme is, that in the former the flowers are ses-
sile and the latter stalked. The term spike, however, is applied in
those cases where the peduncle is scarcely perceptible.
C4. A sjmdix is a sort of spike, in which the flowers are closely
packed together upon a succulent axis, which is enveloped in a sjjuthc.
65. An ament or catkin, is a spike, the bracts or scales of which are
nearly of equal size and closely imbricated, and which is articulated
with the stem.
66. When a bud produces flower-buds, with a little elongation of its
own axis, either a head, (capitulum,) or an umbel is produced. The
former bears the same relation to the latter as the spike to the raceme ;
that is, they differ in the flower-buds of the head being sessile, and of
the umbel having pedicels.
67. A raceme, the lowest flowers of which have long pedicels and
the uppermost short ones, forming a sort of level top, is a corymb.
63. A panicle is a raceme, the flower-buds' of which have, in elon-
gating, developed other flower-buds.
69. A panicle, the middle branches of which are longer than those
of the base or apex, is -termed a thyrse.
70. A panicle, the elongation of all the ramifications of which is ar-
rested, so that it assumes the appearance of an umbel, is called a cyme.
The cyme may have the lateral branches very short and the flowers
clustered together, forming a, fascicle ; or it may be so contracted and the
ramification of it so little apparent, as to be confounded with the true
head, when -it is called a glomerule.
71. In all the modes of simple inflorescence, that is those which pro-
ceed from the buds of a single branch, the flowers expand first at the
base and last at the summit. This kind of expansion is called ceniri-
72. Wrfen the inflorescence is compound, or the result of the expan-
sion of several buds or branches, the uppermost or central flowers are
first developed, and lastly the outer or lower ones. This kind of ex-
pansion is called the centrifugal.
FLORAL ENVELOPES.
73. These immediately surround the stamens and pistils and are
formed of one or more whorls of variously modified leaves. When
they consist of but one whorl, they are called calyx ; when of two
whorls, the outer is called calyx, the inner carol, (corolla. J
74. If the floral envelopes are of such a nature that it is not obvious
whether they consist of both calyx and corol, or calyx only, they re-
ceive the name of perianth, or perigonium.
75. Some plants have no floral envelopes ; the flowers are then said
to be naked or achlamydcous.
76. The calyx consists of two or more divisions, usually green, call-
ed sejmls, which are either distinct, when a calyx is sjaid to be polyse-
pa,lous, or which unite by their margins in a greater or less degree,
when it is called monoscpalous or monophyllous, fmorepropeily gamo-
sqyaloui. J
RUDIMENTS OP EOTANY. XV
77. The corol or corolla consists of two or moTe divisions, more or
less coloured, called petals ; when the petals are distinct, a corol is
said to be polypctalous ; when they are united by the margins, it is
called monopetalous , (more properly gamopetalous.J.
76. When all the petals are equal, the corol is said to be regular, but
when they are unequal in size or cohere unequally, it is then called
irregular.
79. The regular monopetalous corol varies greatly in its form, being
campanvlatc or bell-shaped, wfundibuUform or funnel-shaped, rotate or
xclicel-sliaped , &c.
80. The calyx or corol are said to be labiate or bilabiate, when the
sepals or petals are united in one or two parcels.
81. The papilionaceous corol consists of five petals ; the upper
one, usually larger than the others, is called the rexillum or standard ;
the two lateral ones, the ala. or icings ; and the two lower ofies.
Usually more or less united together by their lower margins, the carina
or hed.
82. When the petal tapers conspicuously towards the base, it is said
to be unguiculatc or clawed ; its lower part is called the unguis or
claw, its upper, the limb.
83. The dilated apex of the pedicel, from which the floral envelopes
and stamens arise, is called the torus or receptacle.
84. Whatever intervenes between the bracts and the stamens be-
long to the floral envelopes, and is either calyx or corol ; of which na-
ture are many of the organs commonly called nectaries.
85. The manner in which the floral envelopes are arranged before
they expand is called their estivation, or prafioraiion.
86. Whatever intervenes between the stamens and pistils receives
the general 'name of disk.
87. The disk usually consists of an annular elevation encompassing
the base of the ovary ; but it sometimes appears in the form of a glan-
dular lining of the tube of the calyx, as in the Rose ; or of tooth like
hypogynous processes, as in the Crucifer© ; or of a fleshy mass, as in
Lamium.
88. The disk sometimes appears to be a mere cellular expansion oi'
the torus, (83) .as in Nelumbium.
89. It is one of the parts commonly called nectary.
90. The whorl of organs immediately within the petals is composea
of bodies called stamens, and they are essential to the production of
91. When stamens and pistils occur in the same flower it is termed
perfect or hem aphrodite ; but when the stamens are in one flower and
the pistils in another, the flowers are imperfect or diclinous*
92. The number of stamens is variable; five or ten being the usual
number among the Exogenous, and three to six among the Endogen-
ous plants.
XVI RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY.
93. When the stamens do not contract any union with the sides of
the calyx, they are hypogynous ; as in Ranunculus.
94. When they contract adhesion with the side of the calyx, they
become perigynous ; as in Rosa.
05. If they are united both with the surface of the calyx and of the
ovary, they are epigynous ; as in Umbellifera?.
96. The stamen consists of a filament and an anther.
97. The filament is the body which arises from the torus, and is
sometimes cylindrical, or awl-shaped, or prismatical, and is even at
times expanded, as if into a scale or petal ; but it is not essential to
the stamen.
98. The filaments are usually free or isolated from each other ; but
they are sometimes united into one tube, when they are called monadcl-
phous ; or into two parcels, diadelphous ;tor into several, polyadelphous.
99. When they are united into a solid body along with the style,
they form what is called a column, and are said to be gynandrous. .
100. The anther is a kind of bag borne by the filament, and corres-
ponds to the lamina of a leaf. It is sessile, when there is no filament,
or it is placed at the top of the filament in various ways.
101. The bags or cells of the anther are termed lobes, and the solid
substanee which connects them, corresponding to the midrib of a leaf,
the connectivum. These cells are usually two in number ; sometimes
they are four, rarely one.
102. The lobes ox cells of the anthers open in different ways by
what is called the line of dehiscence ; sometimes only a portion of this
line opens, the- anther is then said to dehisce by pores ; Ex. Azalea.
103. The anthers frequently grow together by their margins, as in
the Compositae ; when they are called syngeneswus.
104. The anther contains and frequently emits a matter called the
pollen, the use of which is to give life to the ovule or young seed.
105. When the grains of pollen burst, they again discharge a multi-
tude of very minute particles, called molecules, or granules.
106. When the grains of pollen easily detach from each other, they
are said to be pulverulent, and then they may be either perfectly smooth
or they may be viscous.
107. Sometimes the grains contained in one cell or bag, instead of
separating readily, cohere into what is termed a poller mass, (pol-
linia.) Ex. Orchidea?.
108. The pistil or pistillum is the organ which occupies the centre of
a flower, within the stamens, and is the fruit-bearing apparatus of
plants.
109. It is distinguished into three parts, viz : the ovary, the style,
and the stigma.
110. The ovary is a hollow case enclosing the ovules or young seeds.
It contains one or more cavities called cells.
111. The stigma is the upper extremity of the pistil.
112. The style is that part whioh connects the. ovary and stigma «*
but it is often wanting, when the stigma is said to be sessile.
RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY. XVII
113. The pistil is either the modification of a single leaf, or of one
or more whorls of modified leaves ; the latter being termed carpels.
114. When the margins of the folded leaf out of which the carpel is
formed meet and unite, a copious developement of cellular tissue takes
place, forming what is called the placenta.
115. If no union takes place among the carpels, the ovary is termed
apocarpous, as in Ranunculus ; but if there is an adherence, so tluit a
compound ovary is formed, it is called sy acarpous.
116. When carpels unite, those parts of their sides which are con-
tiguous grow together, and form partitions between the cavities of the
carpels, called dxsstpimenta,
117. When these dissepiments are so contracted as not to separate
the cavity into a number of distinct cells, but merely project into a
cavity, the placenta? which occupy the edges of these dissepiments be-
come what is termed parietal.
116. If the dissepiments are abortive'or obliterated, the placentas re-
maining unaltered in the axis, a free central 'placenta is formed.
119. A one-celled ovary may also be formed out of several carpels
in consequence of the obliteration of the dissepiments ; Ex. Nut.
120. If the oxanj adheres to the 6ides of the calyx it is called inferior,
and the calyx is said to be superior.
121. If it contracts no adhesion with the sides of the calyx, it is
called superior, and the calyx bifcrior.
122. The oruh or orulum is a body borne by the placenta, and is
destined to become the seed ; its position is of great importance in de-
termining natural affinities.
123. When the ovule is fixed by its base to the bottom of one of the'
cells of the ovary, of which it takes the direction, it is said to be erect ;
or if it hangs from the summit of the cell, it is inverted.
124. When it is attached to the middle portion of the placenta, it
may have an upright direction, and is then called ascendant, or* point
downwards and is then suspended. Generally, however, the erect and
ascendant ovule are confounded under one name, and the inverted and
suspended are known by the term pendulous.
125. The ovule is either sessile, or on a stalk called the funiculus or
podospcrm ; and in either case the point by which the union is formed
is termed the base of the ovule, and the other extremity the apex.
126. The ovule consists of a nucleus and two external coats ; the
outer of which is called the testa or priminc sac ; and the inner, the in
tcrnal membrane, or sccundinc sac, or the tegmen.
157. The base of the nucleus is always incorporated with the base of
the internal membrane, and their common base is attached at some
points to the testa. The junction of the three, forms the chalaza.
123. The mouths of the primine and secundine sacs usually con-
tract into a small aperture called the foramen of the ovule, or the exos-
tomc. It is through this foramen that the molecules of the pollen are
' introduced into the nucleus ; and its position indicates the future posi-
tion of the radicle of the embryo, the radicle being always next th&
foramen.
XVlll RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY.
129. When the apex of the nucleus is contiguous to. the base of the
ovule, a connection takes place between the base of the ovule and the
base of the nucleus, by a bundle of vessel called a raphe.
130. Fecundation having taken place, the floral envelopes usually
fade away, the stamens -disappear and the pistil increases in size and
becomes the fruit.
131. Hence the fruit should have the same structure as the pistil,
but this is not always the case, for as the. pistil advances to maturity
many alterations take places, in consequence of abortion, non-deve-
lopement, obliteration or even union of parts.
132. The base of the fruit is the part where it is joined to the pedun-
cle ; the apex is where the remains of the style are found.
133. The portion of the pistil called the ovary is in the ripe fruit
termed the pericarp.
134. The pericarp consists of three parts, the outer coating called
the epicarp, the inner lining called the endocarp or putamen, and the in-
termediate substance named the sarcocarp or mesocarp. Sometimes
these three parts are readily distinguished, as in the peach ; but they
frequently form one uniform substance, as in the nut.
135. • The axis of the fruit is often called columella ; the space where
two carpels unite is named the commissure. *. •••
136. If the pericarp, neither splits nor opens when ripe, it is said to
be indchiscent ; but if it does split or open, it is said to dehisce, or to be
dehiscent ; and the pieces into which it divides are termed rakes.
137. When a fruit is in its simplest state, or formed by the trans-
formation of one carpellary leaf, there may be two sutures or lines by
which it may open, the one where the margins of the leaf or the pla-
centa? meet, called the ventral suture, the other at the part correspond-
ing to the midrib of the leaf, or the dorsal suture.
138. If, in a compound fruit, the line of opening corresponds with the
junction of the carpels the dehiscence is septicidal. Formerly in this
kind of dehiscence the valves were said to be alternate tcith tlce dissepi-
ment.
139. If the opening is by the dorsal suture of each carpel, the de-
hiscence is loculicidal ; or as it was formerly -said, the dissepiments are
opposite to Hie valves.
140. When a separation of the pericarp takes place across the cells
horizontally, the dehiscence is transverse.
141. If the dehiscence is effected by partial openings of the pericarp,
it is said to take place by pores.
142. All fruits are either simple or multiple ; the former proceeding
from a single flower, as the Apple, Nut, Strawberry, &c. : the latter
formed out of several flowers, as the Pine-apple, Fig, Sec.
143.. Simple fruits are either indehiscent or dehiscent ; of the former
the most important are the caryopsis, the utricle, the achenium and the
drupe.
144. The caryopsis, is where the pericarp is very thin and membran-
ous, and adheres firmly to the integument of the seed ; Ex. Wheat
and Barley.
RUDIMENTS OP BOTANY. XIX
145. The utricle is similar to the caryopsis, the pericarp being mem-
branous, but it has no adherence with the seed.
146. The achenium, (acinc,) in which the pericarp is hard and bony,
as well as distinct from the proper covering of the seed ; as in the Com-
posite.
147. A drupe is a fleshy nut enclosing a putamen ; Ex. Cherry and
Peach.
149. The nut contains a putamen, but the sarcocarp is coriaceous,
instead of being fleshy.
14*J. The dry dehiscent fruits are the follicle and the legume.
150. The follicle is a carpel dehiscing by the ventral suture, and hav-
ing no dorsal suture.
151. The legume is a carpel having both ventral and dorsal sutures,
by either of which or by both or neither it may dehisce ; rarely the
sides fall off, bearing nothing but sutures, which then form a kind of
frame, called a rcplum. "When articulations take place across the
legume and it falls into several pieces, it is said to be* lomentaccous.
15*2. Of fruit formed of several carpels the principal are' the capsule,
the silique, gland, berry, orange, pome, and pepo.
153. The capsule is a many-celled, dry dehiscent pericacp. .
154. The silique, (or pod,) consists of two (or four) carpels fastened
together, the placentae of which are parietal and separate from the
valves, remaining in the form of a replum and connected by a mem-
braneus expansion ; when the silique is very short, or broader than it is
long, it is called a silicle or pouch.
155. The gland is a dry hony, indehiscent, one-celled and one-seed-
ed fruit, proceeding from an ovary of several cells and seeds, and en-
closed by an involucre called a cupulc. Ex. Quercus.
156. The berry is a succulent fruit, the seeds of which lose their ad-
hesion when ripe, and lie loose in pulp ; as the grape or gooseberry.
157. The orange is a berry having a pericarp, separable into an epi-
carp, an endocarp and a sarcocarp, and the cells filled with pulpy bags,
which are cellular extensions of the sides of the cavity.
15S. The pome is a union of two or more inferior carpels, the peri-
carp being fleshy and formed of the floral envelope and ovary firmly
united.
159. The pepo is composed of about three carpels, the sides of which
do not turn far inwards, nor the margins unite. It is a one-celled,
fleshy, indehiscent fruit, with parietal placentae.
#160. The most remarkable modifications of multiple fruits are the
cone, pine-apple, and fig.
161. The cone or strobile is an indurated ament. When it is much
reduced in size, and its scales cohere, it is called a galbulus ; as in
Thuja.
162. The pine-apple in a spike of inferior flowers, which all grow
together in a fleshy mass.
163. The fig is a fleshy, hollow, dilated apex of a peduncle, within
which a number of flowers are arranged, each of which contains an
achenium.
XX RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY.
] 64. The seed is the ovule arrived at maturity.
365. It consists of integuments, albumen and embryo ; a naked seed-
is only found in those rare cases in which the ovule is naked.
166. The seed proceeds from the placenta, to which it is attached
by the funiculus ; sometimes this becomes expanded about the seed into
a fleshy body, called the aril.
167. The scar which indicates the union of the seed with the pla-
centa, is called the hilum or umbilicus.
168. The integuments are called collectively testa, and consist of
membranes resulting from the sacs of the ovule. These membranes
are called by various names.
169. Between the integuments and the embryo of some plants lies a
substance called the albumen or perisperm ; the nature of this is of great
importance.
170. The albumen is sometimes farinaceous, as in the grasses ; cori-
aceous and almost cartilaginous, as in many Umbelifera? ; ruminated or
wrinkled as in Anonaceae ; horny as in the coffee-bean ; or thin and
membranous, as in many Labiatae.
171. The embryo is the organized body that lies within the seed,
which is destined to become a plant similar in all respects to the pa-
rent. It is usually solitary in the seed, but occasionally there are two
or several.
172. The embryo consists of the cotyledons, the radicle, the plumu-
la and the neck.
1 73. The cotyledons represent the undeveloped leaves. .
174. The plumula, is what is destined to become the stem, and is
therefore a rudimentary leaf-bud.
175. The radicle is the rudiment of the Toot, and by germination be-
comes the root.
176. The neck or collum is the line of separation between the radicle
and the portion above it.
177. The number of cotyledons varies from one to several.
178. Plants that have but one cotyledon, or if with two, then the
cotyledons alternate with each other, are Monocotyledonous. These
are also Endogenous plants.
179. Plants that have two cotyledons placed opposite each other, or
a greater number placed in a whorl, are called Dicotyledonous. These
are also Exogenous plants.
180. Plants that have no cotyledons, are said to be AcotyledonovS.
But this term is only applied to cellular plants, which halving no sta-
mens and pistils, can have no seed.
181. When the radicle is so bent that it touches the back of one of
the cotyledons, it is said to be dorsal, or the cotyledons incumbent.
182. When the radicle is applied to the edge or cleft of the cotyle-
dons, it is said to be lateral, or the cotyledons accumbenL
183. When the seed is called into action, germination takes place
And growth commences.
XXI
GLOSSARY OF BOTAMCAL TERMS.
The figures refer to the preceding Sketch.
Abortion, an imperfect develope-
raent of any given organ.
Abruptly pinnate, pinnate with
even pairs only, wanting the odd
or terminal leafet.
Acewmbent, lying on, prostrate, a
term employed in Crucifera?,
] 82.
Accrosc, stiff, linear, and sharp, as
in the leaves of the Pines.
Acine or achenium, 146.
Acotylcdonous , 180.
Aculeate, prickly.
Aculeus, a prickle; growing to the
bark, not to the wood.
Acuminate, taper pointed, more
than acute.
Acute, ending in a sharp point.
Adnata, growing to, affixed lateral-
ly-
Agglomerated, bunched, crowded
together.
gate, standing together, ma-
ny on the same receptacle, but
not compound.
Alated, see Winged.
Albumen. 169.
Alternate, placed alternately on op-
posite sides of the stem.
Ann nt. or catkin, 65.
Amplexicaal. see Clasping.
Aneipital. two edged.
Androgynous, having barren and
fertile flowers on the same spike,
or the same plant, but no per-
fect ones.
Annual, 30 a.
Anther, 100.
Anthcriferous, bearing anthers.
Apetahus, without petals,
Apex, end, tip. or sharp extremity.
Aphyllous, without leaves.
Appendicular, having some appen-
dage.
Apprtssed, pressed against or close
to.
Approximate, near together.
Apterous, without wings. A term
applied to some parts of flowers.
Arboreous, like a tree.
Arborescent, approaching to the
size of a tree.
Arcuate, curved or bent like a bow.
Aril, 166.
Aristate, awned, ending in a bristle.
Armed, furnished with thorns or
prickles.
Articulated, jointed.
Ascending, rising from the ground
obliquely.
Assurgcnt, rising upwards.
Attenuated, gradually diminished or
tapering.
Aurieulatc, having an ear-like base.
Avon, a stiff* bristle, frequently
rough or bearded ; as in the
flowers of certain grasses.
Aimed, having awns.
Aicnless, without awns.
Axil, the angle between a leaf and
stem on the upper side.
Axillary, growing in or from the
axil.
Baccate, berried, having a fleshy
coat or covering.
Banner or rcxillum, 81.
Barren, producing no fruit, con-
taining stamens only.
Beak, any thing which resembles
the beak of a bird, hard short
points. n
Berry, 156.
Bicuspidatc, with two points.
Bidcntaie, with two teeth.
Biennial. 30 b.
Bifid, two cleft, cut nearly in two
parts.
Biglanchdar, having two glands.
Bilabiate, having two lips.
Bilobeel, having two lobes.
BUocular, having two cells.
Binnate, growing two together.
Biphinate, twice pinnate, when
both the leaf and its subdivisions
are pinnate.
Bipinnatifid, twice pinnatifid, both
the leaf and its segments being
pinnatifid.
2a
XXII
GLOSSARY OP TERMS.
Biternatc, twice ternate, the petiole
supporting three ternate leaves.
Bitalvcd, two valved.
Border, the brim, or spreading part
of a corol.
Bruchiate, branches opposite, and
each pair at right angles with the
preceding.
Bract, 51.
Bulb, 36, 11 i.
Caducous, falling early, sooner than
deciduous.
Caspitosc or cespitosc, growing in
tufts.
Calcarate, resembling, or furnished
with, a spur.
Colli, small callosities or rough
protuberances.
Calyciform, shaped like a calyx.
CaLyculatcd, furnished with an ad-
ditional outer calyx.
Calyptriform , shaped like a calyp-
tra or extinguisher.
Calyx, 73.
Campanulate, bell-shaped.
Canalicidatc, channeled or furrow-
ed.
Canesccnt, whitish, hoary.
Capillary or capillaceous, very slen-
der, resembling a hair.
Capitate, shaped like a head, or
bearing a head.
Cap side, 153.
Carina, 81.
Carinated, keeled, furnished with
a sharp or prominent back like
the keel of a vessel.
Carpel, 113.
Caryopsis, 144.
Catkin, see Anient.
Caudate, having a tail ; as in some
seeds.
Caudex, the main body of a tree or
root.
Caulescent, 14.
Caulinc, growing on the stem.
Cell, a cavity or compartment of a
seed vessel, or anther.
Cellular, made up of little cells or
cavities.
Chaffy, made of short membranous
portions like chaff.
CUiate, fringed with parallel hairs.
Cirrose, or cirrhosc, bearing a ten-
dril.
Clasping, surrounding the stem
partly or quite, with the base of
the leaf.
Clavatc, club shaped, larger at top
than bottom.
Claw, the taper base of a petal, 82.
Cleft, split or divided less than half
way.
Clypeate, shaped like a Roman
buckler.
Coadunate, united at base.
Cochlcate, resembling the shell of a
snail.
Coloured, different from green
which is the common colour of
plants.
Columella, 135.
Column, 99.
Comose, covered with cottony hair.
Compound, made up of similar sim-
ple parts.
Compressed, flattened.
Cone, 161.
Conglomerate, crowded together.
Confluent, running into one another.
Connate, jointed together at base.
Connircnt, converging, the tips in-
clining towards each other.
Contorted, twisted, bent from a
common position.
Convolute, rolled together.
Cordate, heart shaped.
Coriaceous, leathery, tough and
thick.
Corneous, horny, having a consis-
tence like horn.
Corniculale, horn shaped.
Corol or Corolla, 77.
Cortical, belonging to the bark.
Corymb, 67.
Costatc, ribbed.
Cotyledons, 171-2.
Creeping, 12, 16.
Crenate, scolloped, having sharp
notches on the edge separated by
round or obtuse dentures.
Cramlatc, finely or minutely cre-
nate.
Croicncd, having a circle of pro-
jections round the upper part of
the tube of a flower, on its inside.
Cruciform, or cruciate, consisting of
four petals placed like a cross.
Crustaceous, having a hard brittle
shell.
Cucullatc, hooded or cowled, rolled
or folded in ; Ex. spathe of Arum
triphyllum.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS.
XXlll
Cucurhitaccous, like gourds or mel-
ons.
Culm, or straw. 28.
Cuneatc. or cuneiform, wedge shap-
ed.
Cupule, 155.
Cuspidate, having a sharp straight
point.
Cuticle, 6, 23.
CyaUuform, cup-shaped.
Cylindrical, round and not tapering,
cylinder shaped.
* 'ijiiu . 70.
t ymose, bearing or flowering in
cvnies.
Deciduous, falling off, in opposition
to persistent and evergreen, later
than caducous.
Declined, or declinate, turned down-
wards.
Decompound, twice compound,
composed of compound parts.
Decumbent, leaning upon the
ground, the base only erect.
Decurrentjwhen the edges of a leaf
run down the stem or stalk.
Decursae, see decurrenL
tsated, or decussating, in pairs
crossing each other.
Deflected, bent off.
Dehiscent, gaping or cracking open.
Deltoid, nearly triangular.
Dentate, toothed, edged with sharp
projections separated by notches,
larger than serrate.
Denticulate, minutely toothed.
Dentures, teeth, the sharp parts
which separate notches.
Depauperated, few flowered.
Depressed, flattened or pressed in at
top.
Diaphanous, transparent.
Dichotomous, forked, dividing into
two equal branches.
Dicoccous, containing two grains or
seeds.
Dicotyledonous, 179.
Didymous, twin.
Didynamous, belonging to the class
Didynamia, with two short and
two long stamens and a ringent
corol.
Diffuse, scattered, widely spread.
Digitate, when a petiole gives off
five or more leafets from a single
point at its extremity.
Dimidiate, halved.
Dioecious, having the barren and
fertile flowers on different plants.
Discoid, having a disk covered with
florets, but no ray.
Disk, 86 : also the centre of a head
of flowers of Composite.
Dissepiments, the partition or inter-
nal wall of a pericarp.
Distichous, two-rowed ; producing
leaves or flowers in two opposite
row-;.
Divaricate, diverging so far as to
turn backward.
Divergent, spreading, separating
widely.
Dorsal, growing on, or belonging
to, the baek.
Drooping, inclining downward,
more than nodding.
Drupaceous, bearing, or resembling,
drupes.
Drupe, 147.
Echinate, beset with prickles, hedge-
hog like.
Effuse, a term applied to a loose one-
sided panicle ; Ex. Jimcus effu-
sus.
Elliptic, oval.
Elongated, exceeding a common or
average length.
Emarginatc, having a notch in the
end.
Ensif or m, sword shaped, two edged.
Entire, even and whole at the edge.
Epidermis, see cuticle.
Eroded, appearing as if gnawed at
the edge.
Esculent, eatable.
Evergreen, remaining fresh through
the winter, not deciduous.
Exserted, projecting or extending
out of the flower or sheath.
Falcate, sickle shaped, linear and
crooked.
Fascicle, 70.
Fascicled, or fasciculate, collected
in bundles.
Fastigiate, flat topped.
Favose, resembling a honey comb.
Fertile, containing perfect pistils
and yielding fruit.
Fibrous, being composed of fibres.
Filiform, thread like, or very slend-
er.
r
XXIV
GLOSSARY OF TERMS.
Fimbriate, finely divided at the
edge like fringe.
Fistulous, oxfistular, hollow or tu-
bular.
Fbabelliform, spreading like a fan.
Flagelliform, like a whiplash.
Flexuous, serpentine or zigzag.
Floral leaf, see bract.
Floret, a little flower, one in an ag-
gregate or compound flower.
Follicle, 150.
Frond, the leaf of cryptogamous
plants.
Frutescent, or fruticosc, shrubby.
Fugacious, that which lasts but for
a short time.
Fanide, or funiculus, 166.
Funnel shaped, tubular at bottom
and gradually expanding at top.
Fusiform,
Galea, a helmet ; the upper part
of a ringent corol.
Geminate, doubled.
Gemmaccous, belonging to a bud,
made of the scales of a bud, 49.
Geniculate, bent like a knee.
Germ or germen, the old name of the
Ovary.
Germination, the sprouting of a
seed.
Gibbous, swelled out, commonly on
one side.
Glabrous, smooth, as it regards
hairiness or pubescence.
Glandular pubescence, hairs tipped
with little heads or glands.
Glaucous, sea green, pale blueish-
green.
Glomerate, gathered in a round heap
or head.
Glume, the scales, valves, or chaff,
which make the calyx of grass-
es.
Glutinous, adhesive, viscid, cover-
ed with an adhesive fluid.
Gramineous, resembling grasses.
Granular, formed of grains, or cov-
ered with grains.
Gymnospermous, having naked
seeds. ♦
Gynandrous, having the stamens
growing on the pistils.
Habit, the general external appear-
ance of a plant, by which it is
known at sight.
Hamate, hooked, a bristle curved
at the end.
Flastate, shaped like a halbert ; it
differs from arroic shaped in hav-
ing the barbs or lateral portion*
more distinct and divergent.
Head, 66.
Helmet, see galea.
Herbaceous, or herb, 31.
Hermaphrodite, 91.
Il'dum, 1G7.
Hirsute, rough with soft hairs.
Hispid, rough witli stiff hairs.
Hoary, covered with white down.
Hooded, see cucullate.
Horn, see spur.
Hybrid, a mongrel or partaking of
the nature of two species.
Hypocrateriform, salver shaped,
with a tube abruptly expanded
into a flat border.
Hypogynous, 93.
Imbricate, lying over each other like
scales, or the shingles of a roof.
Incised, cut, separated by incisions.
Included, wholly received or con-
tained in a cavity, the opposite
of exsertcd.
lncrassated, thickened upward, lar-
ger toward the end.
Incumbent, lying against or across,
181.
Indekiscent, not opening.
Indusium, the involucre or veil'
which covers the fruit of ferns.
Inferior, lowermost.
Inflated, blown up like a bladder.
Inflexed, bending inwards.
Inflorescence, 59.
Infundibuliform, funnel shaped.
Inserted into, growing out of.
Intemode, the space between joints ;,
as in Grasses.
Interruptly pinnate, when smaller
leafets are interposed among the
principal ones.
Involuccl, a partial involucre, 53.
Involucre, or involucrum, 53; also
the Indusium.
Involute, rolled inwards.
Irregular corol, 78.
Keel, 81.
Keeled, shaped like a keel.
Kidney-shaped, heart-shaped with-
out the point, and broader that:
Ion?.
GLOSSARY OP TERMS.
XXV
Ixibiale, 80.
Laciniate, cut or divided into seg-
ments.
Lactescent, yielding a white, or
milky juice, when wounded ; as
in the Poppy.
Lacvnose, covered with little pits or
depressions.
Ijamellated, in thin plates.
Lamina, 41.
lanceolate, spear shaped, narrow,
with both ends acute.
Lanuginous, woolly.
lateral, at the side.
Lax. loose, not compact.
Leafet, a partial leaf, a constituent
of a compound leaf.
Legume, 151.
Leguminous, bearing legumes.
Ligneous, woody.
Ligulate, ribbon shaped, a kind of
corol found in compound flow-
ers, consisting of a tube at bot-
tom, continued into a long flat
portion at top.
Liliaceous, resembling the lil >-.
Limb, 82.
Linear, long and very narrow with
parallel sides.
Lip, the front segment of an or-
c hideous or other flower.
Lobe, a large division or distinct
portion of a leaf or petal.
Loment, 151.
Lunate, or lunulate, shaped like a
half-moon.
Lyrate, pinnatifid, with a large
roundish leafet at the end.
Marcescent, withering.
Melliferous, honey bearing.
Membranous, or membranaceous,
very thin and delicate.
Midrib, 43.
Monadelphous, 98.
Moniliform, arranged like the beads
of a necklace.
Monocotyledonous, 178.
Monoecious, having barren and fer-
tile flowers on the same plant.
Monopetalous, 77.
Monophyllous, 76.
Monosepalous, 76.
Mucronate, having a small point
projecting from an obtuse end.
Multifid, many cleft.
Multipartite, many parted.
Muricate, covered with sharp spines
or prickles.
Nectariferous, bearing honey.
Nectary, 84, 89.
Nerves, parallel veins, 42.
Nodding, inclining to one side,
partly drooping.
Nodi or nodes, 26.
Nodose, having many nodi or
joints.
Nucamentaccous, producing nuts.
Ob, a particle, which when pre-
fixed to any other term, denotes
the inversion of the usual posi-
tion; as obovate, obcordate, &c,
i. e. inversely ovate, inversely
cordate, &c.
Obconic, conic with the apex down-
ward.
Obcordate, heart shaped with the
point inward, or downward.
, longer than oval with the
sides parallel.
Obovate, ovate, but inverted.
Obsolete, indistinct, appearing as if
worn out.
Obtuse, blunt, rounded, not acute.
Ochroleucous, whitish yellow,
cream-colour.
Opposite, standing directly against
each other on opposite sides of
the stem.
Orbicular, circular.
Oval, elliptical.
Ovarium or ovary, 110.
Ovate, egg shaped, oval with 'the
lower end largest.
Ovoid, egg-like.
Ovule or ovulum. 129.
Palate, a large obtuse projection
which closes the throat of a per-
sonate flower.
ralea, a term applied to the parts
of the corol in Grasses.
Paleaceous, chaffy.
Palmate, hand shaped, deeply di-
vided into spreading and some-
what equal segments.
Pandurform, contracted in the
middle like a violin.
Panicle, 68.
Papilionaceous, 81.
Papillose, producing small glandu-
lar excrescences like nipples.
2a*
XXVI
GLOSSARY OF TERMS.
Pappus, the crown of the fruit of
Composite and similar plants.
Parasitic, growing on another plant
and drawing nourishment from
it; as the Misseltoe.
Parietal, 117.
Parted, deeply divided, more than
cleft.
Partial, a term applied to small or
constituent parts in distinction
from general.
Partition, the dividing wall or dis-
sepiment in seed vessels.
Pectinate, like the teeth of a comb,
intermediate between fimbriate
and pinnatifid.
Pedicel, small footstalk of a flower,
57.
Peduncle, the common footstalk of
flowers, 56.
Pellicle, a very thin stratum or
coat.
Peltate, having the stalk attached
to some part of the surface or
disk, and not to the margin.
Pendulous, hanging down.
Pencilled, ending like a painter's
pencil or brush.
Perennial, 30 c.
Perfect flower, 91.
Perfoliate, surrounding the stem on
all sides and perforated by it ; it
differs from connate, in not con-
sisting of two leaves; Ex. Eupa-
torium perfoliatum.
Perianth, perianthium or perigoni-
um, 74.
Pericarp, 133.
Perigynous, 94.
Permanent, see persistent.
Persistent, not falling off; those
parts of a flower are persistent
which remain till the fruit is ripe.
Personate, masked, having the
mouth of the corolla closed by a
prominent palate.
Petal, 77.
Petaloid, like a petal.
Petiole, 40.
Phainognmous, applied to all plants
which have visible flowers con-
taining stamens and pistils.
Pilose, hairy, with a stiff pubes-
cence.
Pi?ince, the leafets or divisions of a
pinnate leaf.
Pinnate, a leaf is pinnate when the
leafets are arranged in two rows
on the side of a common petiole.
Pinnatifld, cut in a pinnate man-
ner ; it differs from pinnate in
consisting of a simple or contin-
uous leaf, not compound.
Pisiform, formed like peas.
Pistil, 108.
Pistillate, having pistils, but no
stamens.
Plane, flat.
Plicate, plaited, folded like a ruffle
or fan.
Plumose, feathery, feather like.
Plumula, 174.
Pod, 154.
Polygamous, having some flowers
which are perfect, and other?
which have stamens only, or
pistils only.
Polygynous, having many styles.
Polymorphous, changeable, assum-
ing a variety of forms.
Polyp eialous, 77.
Polyphyllous, having many leave?,
applied to the calyx.
Polysepetlous, 76.
Polysptrmous, having many seeds.
Pome, 158.
Porrected, extended forward.
Pouch, 154.
Prcemorse or abrupt, 11 d.
Prickle, 27.
Prismatic, having several parallel,
flat sides.
Procumbent, lying on the ground.
Proliferous, an umbel or flower is
said to be proliferous when it has
smaller ones growing out of it.
Pseudopinnate, falsely or imper-
fectly pinnate, not resolving at
any time into separate leafets ;
as the Tea, Vetch, &c.
Pubescent, hairy or downy.
Pulp, the soft, juicy, cellular sub-
stance found in berries and simi-
lar fruits.
Pulverulent, dusty, composed of
powder, or appearing as if co-
vered with it
Punctate, appearing as if pricked
full of small holes, or dots.
Pancliform, resembling dots.
Pungent, sharp, acrid, prickling.
Put amen, a hard shell.
Pyriform, shaped like the fruit of a
pear.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS.
XXV 11
Quadrangular, four angled.
Quatcrnatc, four together.
Quinatc, five together.
Raceme, 62.
Racemose, flowering in racemes.
Rachis, that part of a culm which
runs up through the ear of corn,
and consequently the part that
bears the flowers or fruit in
other plants.
Radiant or radiate. often applied to
a cluster or head of flowers when
those of the circumference or ray
are long and spreading, and un-
like those of the disk.
Radical, growing immediately from
the root.
Radicle, 175.
Ramose, branching.
Ray. the diverging florets or petals
which form the outside of radiate
flowers, cymes, and umbels.
Receptacle, 83.
Reclined., or reclinatr. bending over,
with the end inclining toward
the ground.
lb carve d. curved backwards.
/, bent backward, more than
recurved.
l!< inform, kidney shaped, heart
shaped without the point.
Repand, slightly wavy or serpen-
tine at the edge.
Rcsvpinatc, turned upside down ;
as the corol of Trickostema.
Rctieulale, net like, having veins
distributed like net work.
Refuse, having a slight sinus, or
superficial notch in the end, less
than emarginate.
Rcvolutc, rolled barkward or out-
ward.
Rhomboidal, having four sides with
unequal angles.
Ribbed, marked with parallel ridges
or veins.
it, irregular, with an upper
and under lip. See Labiate.
Rooting, sending out lateral roots.
Rostrate, furnished with a beak.
Rotate, wheel shaped, applied to a
monopetalous corol, the limb of
which is flat and tube very short.
Rudiment, a term applied to an or-
gan that is imperfectly develop-
ed.
Rufescent, becoming reddish-orange
or rusty.
Rugose, Wrinkled, leaves of Sage.
Rugulose, finely wrinkled.
Runcinatc, having large teeth point-
ing backward ; as the leaves of
the Dandelion.
Saccate, bagged, having a bag oi
pouch ; as in many petals.
Sagittate, arrow shaped, like the
head of an arrow.
Salver shaped, see Hypocratcriform.
Samara, a seed vessel not opening
by valves, having a winged or
membranous appendage.
Sarmentose, running on the ground
and striking roots from the
joints ; as the strawberry.
Scabrous, rough with little asperi-
ties.
Scale, any small processes resem-
bling minute leaves ; also the
leaves of the involucre of Com-
posite.
Scape, 58.
Scarious, having a thin membran-
ous margin ; the calyx scales of
Liatris scariosa.
Scions, lateral shoots or offsets
from the root.
Scrobiculate, excavated into little
pits or hollows.
Secund, arranged on one side only,
the same as unilateral.
Segment, a part or principal divi-
sion of a leaf, calyx, or corolla.
Scmibicalrular, half divided into
two- valves.
Sepals, 76.
Septa, the partitions that divide
the interior of the fruit.
Si/jfiferous, bearing septa.
Sericeous, silk}'.
Serrate, notched like the teeth of a
saw. the points tending upward.
Serrulate, minutely serrate.
. placed immediately on the
stem without the intervention
of a stalk.
Setaceous, bristle like.
SeteE, bristles.
Set if ur in, formed like a bristle.
Setose, covered with bristles.
Sheath, a tubular or folded leafy
portion inclosing the stem ; 6ee
the leaves of Grasses.
XXVUL
GLOSSARY OF TERiMS.
Silicle, 154.
Silique, 154.
Siliquosc, having siliques. *
Simple, not divided, branched, or
compound.
Sinuate, having sinuses at the edge.
Sinus, a large rounded indentation
or cavity.
Sobolifcrous, producing young
plants from the root.
Sori, plural of sorus, small clusters
of minute capsules on the back
of the fronds of ferns.
Spadix, 64.
Spathc, a sheathing calyx opening
lengthwise on one side, and con-
sisting of one or more valves.
Spatulate or spathulate, obtuse or
large at the end, and gradually
tapering into a stalk at base.
Spike, 63.
Spikelet, a small spike ; as in many
of the Grasses.
Spindle shaped, see Fusiform.
Spine, 27.
Spimdose, covered with small
spines.
Sporule, that part in cryptogamous
plants which answers to the
seed of other plants.
Spur, a sharp hollow projection
from a flower, commonly the
nectary.
Squamiform, scale shaped.
Squamose, scaly.
Squarrose or squamous, ragged,
having reflected or divergent
scales.
Staminaie, having stamens, but no
pistil.
Standard, see Banner.
Stellate, like a star.
Stem, 13.
Stemless, 14.
Sterile, barren.
Stigma, 111.
Stipe, the stem of a fern or fun-
gus ; also the stem of the down
of seeds, as in Dandelion ; also
a particular stalk of germs, seeds,
&c, which is superadded to the
pedicel.
Stipitate, having a short stalk.
Stipular, belonging to stipules-
Stipule, 47.
Stoloniferous, having scions or Tun-
ing shoots.
Striate, marked with fine parallel
lines.
Strigose, bristly.
Strobile, 161.
Strophiolate, surrounded by protu-
berances,
%/e, 112.
Sub, a particle prefixed to various
terms, to imply the existence of
a quality in a diminutive or in-
ferior degree, as
Subacute, somewhat acute, less
than acute, &©.
Subserratc, slightly serrate, &c.
Subsessilc, nearly sessile.
Subulate, awl shaped, narrow, stiff
and sharp pointed.
Succidcnt, juicy.
Sucker, a shoot from the root or
lower part of the stem.
Suffruticose, somewhat shrubby,
shrubby at base.
Sulcate, furrowed.
Suture, 137.
Tendril, a filiform appendage of
certain vines, which supports
them by twining round other ob-
jects.
Terete, round, cylindrical.
Terminal, extreme, situated at the
end.
Ternate, three together : as the
leaves of common Clover.
Testa, 168.
Thorn, see Spine.
Throat, the passage into the tube
of a corolla.
Thyrse, 69.
Tomentosc, downy, covered with
fine matted pubescence.
Toothed, divided so as to resemble
teeth.
Torose, uneven ; alternately ele-
vated and depressed.
Torulosc, slightly torose.
Torus, 83.
Trifid, three cleft.
Trifoliate, three leaved, see Ternale.
Trilobate, three lobed.
Trilocular, three celled.
Tripartite, three parted.
Triquetrous, having three sides or
angles.
Truncate, having a square termina-
tion as if cut off.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS.
XXIX
Tubcrculatc, covered with knobs or
tubercles.
Tuber, a solid fleshy knob, 11, g.
Tuberous, 11, g.
Tubular, shaped like a tube ; in a
compound flower, the florets
which are not ligulate, are call-
ed tubular.
Tunicatcd, coated with concentric
layers ; as the Onion.
Turbinate, shaped like a top or pear.
Valves, the segments or parts of a
seed vessel, into which it finally
separates, 136 ; also the leaves
which make up a glume or
Bpathe.
Valvular, or voiced, consisting of
valves or seed cells.
Vaulted, arched over, with a con-
cave covering.
Wined, having the divisions of the
petiole irregularly branched on
the under side of the leaf.
Vaitricosc, swelling, inflated.
Vcrrucosc, warty, covered with lit-
tle protuberances.
/ 'ertical, perpendicular.
lerticillate. whorled, having leaves
given off in a circle round the
stem.
J'ersafile, swinging lightly on a
stalk so as to be continually
changing direction.
Vesicular, made of vesicles or little
bladders.
ose, bladder like.
Villous, or villose, hairy, the hair*
long and soft.
Virgate, long and slender, wand
like.
J'irose, poisonous, nauseous, and
strong to the smell.
Viscid, or viscous, thick, glutinous,
covered with adhesive juice.
Via parous, producing a collateral
offspring by means of bulbs.
Umbel, 66.
I mbeltiferous, bearing umbels.
I mbilicate, marked with a central
depression.
Unarmed, without piickles or
thorns.
Uncinate, hooked, hook shaped.
Undulated, wavy, serpentine, gen-
tly rising and falling.
Unguzculate, inserted by a claw, 82.
Unilateral, growing all on one side,
or with the flowers leaning to
one side.
Urceolate, pitcher shaped, swelling
in the middle and slightly con-
tracted at top.
Utricle, or utriculus, 145.
Wedge shaped, formed like a wedge,
and commonly rounded at the
largest end.
Wheel shaped, see Rotate.
Winged, having the sides extended
into a leafy expansion.
Wings, the two lateral petals of r\
papilionaceous flower, 81,
XXX
TABLE OF LINNjEAN ARTIFICIAL CLASSES AND ORDERS.
Div. I. Plants with conspicuous floicers. Phanerogamia.
A. Stamens and Pistils in the saine flower.
* Stamens free and equal.
Cl. 1. Moxandria, with 1 stamen. 6. Hexaxdria, 6 stamens.
2. Diandria, 2 stamen?. 7. Heptandria, 7 stamens.
3. Triaxdria, 3 stamens. 8. Octaxdria, 8 stamens.
4. Tetraxdria, 4 stamens. 9. Exxeaxdria, 9 stamens.
5. Pextaxdria, 5 stamens. 10. Decaxdria, 10 stamens.
*ll. Dodecaxdria, 11 to 19 stamens.
12. Icosaxdria, 20 or more stamens, perigynous or inserted on the calyx.
13. PolYaxdria, 20 or more stamens, hypogynous or inserted on the re-
ceptacle.
Orders. — In the first 13 classes the orders depend solely on the number of
pistils, and they are named — Monogynial. Digynia2. Trigynia3. Tetragy-
niaA. Pentagyniao. Hexagynia 6. Heptagynia 1. Octagynia 8. Enneagyn-
ia 9. Decagyuia 10. Polygynia more than 10.
** Stamens free, unequal.
14. Didyxamia, 4 stamens, 2 longer than the others.
Two orders. 1. Gymnospermia, the seeds naked. 2. Angiosper?nia, the
seeds inclosed in pericarp.
15. Tetradyxamia, 6 stamens, 4 longer than the others.
Two orders. 1. Siliculosa, fruit a silicle or pouch. 2. Siliquosa, fruit a
long pod or silique.
*** Filaments united.
16. Moxadelpkia, filaments forming; 1 set.
17. DiaDELPHIA, filaments forming 2 sets.
*18. Polyadelphia, filaments forming more than 2 sets.
Orders depend upon the number of stamens, and have the same names as
the first 13 classes.
**** Anthers united.
19. Syxgexesia, 5 stamens, the anthers united (compound flowers.)
Five orders. 1. Polygamia ^Equalis, florets all perfect. 2. P. Superflua,
disk florets perfect, rays pistiliferou*. 3. P. Frustranea, disk perfect, rays
neutral. 4. P. Necessaria, disk wilh stamens, rajs with a pistil. 5. P. Segre-
gata, with a perianth to each floret.
***** Anthers united to the pistil.
20. Gyxaxdria.
Orders named according to the number of stamens, as Monandriu, &c.
B. Stamens and Pistils in different flowers.
21. Mokoecia, stamens and pistils on the same individual.
22. Dioecia, stamens and pistils on different individuals.
Orders named according to the number of stamens, except where there is a
union of the filaments ; then named Monad elphia, &c.
*23. Polygamia, perfect and unisexual flowers either on the same or dif-
ferent individuals.
Three orders. Monoecia. Dioecia. Trioecia.
Div. ii. Plants with inconspicuous flowers. Cryptogamia..
24. Cryptogamia, neither stamens nor pistils.
Six orders, viz. 1. Filices. 2. Musci. 3. Algoe. 4. Fungi. 5. Hepaticce.
6. Lichenes.
* The classes marked thus, * viz. Dodecandria, Polyadelphia, and Polyga-
mia, are generally discarded by the American botanists. They comprize, at
least in our country, but few genera, and their characters are extremely va-
riable. They are, however, retained by Muhlenberg and Bigelow, and vary
generally by the European authors.
XXXI
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA, ACCORDING TO THE LINNXAN
SYSTEM.
MONANDRIA.
MoN'OGYNIA.
Sai.icokma. Perianth single, turbinate, fleshy, closed. Slam. 1 — 2.
Style bifid. Utricle included. Chcnopodetz, p. 293.
Hippukis. Cal. adnate to the ovary : limb minute entire. Cor.
none. Style received into a groove of the anther. Nat 1 -seeded.
Haloragect, p. 123.
DlGYN'IA.
Callitriche. Fl. perfect or imperfect. Bracts 2, opposite, peta-
loid. Cal. (corol of authors.) inconspicuous. Cor. none. Caps.
compressed, 2-celled, 4-seeded. Haloragac, p. 123.
Blitum. Perianth single, 3-cleft. Seed 1, covered by the calyx
which becomes a berry. Chcnopodca, p. 299.
DlANDRlA.
MoNOGYNIA.
* Flowers complete , inferior, 1-petallecl, regular.
Ligustrum. Cal. minute. 4-toothed. Cor. with the tube short ; the
limb 4-cleft, spreading. Beery 1 -celled 2 — 4-seeded. Oleacea, p. 231.
CmoriANTHus. Cal. 4-parted ; Cor. deeply 4-parted ; segments long
and linear. Drupe 1-seeded. Nut striate. Olcacece, p. 232.
** Flowers complete, inferior, 1-pelalled, irregular.
Verohica. Cal. 4- rarely 5-parted. Cor. subrotate, 4-lobed, un-
equal. Caps. 2-celled, obcordate. Seeds few. Scropliularinecc, p. 261.
Leptandra. Cal. 5-parted ; segments acuminate. Cor. tubular-
campanulate ; border 4-lobed, a little ringent. Slam, and at length
the pistil much exserted. Caps, ovate, acuminate, 2-celled, many-
seeded. Scrcphularinea. p. 262.
Gratiola. Cal. 5-parted, often with 2 bracts at the base. Cor.
tubular, sub-bilabiate ; upper lip emarginate ; lower 3-lobed. Stig. 2-
lobed. Caps, ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved. Scropkulariaece, p. 264.
Lindernia. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. tubular, ringent ; upper lip short,
emarginate ; lower one 3-cleft, unequal. Fil. 4 ; the two longer, fork-
ed and sterile. Caps. 2 celled, 2-valved ; dissepiment parallel with
the valves. Scropliularinecc, p. 265.
Hemianthus. Cal. tubular, cleft on the under side ; border 4-tooth-
ed. Cor. with the upper lip obsolete ; lower 3-parted ; intermediate
segment ligulate and truncate, much longer, closely incurved. Siam.
2. Fil. bifid ; lateral fork antheriferous. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved.
many- seeded. Scrophularinea, p. 267.
Catali'a. Cal. 2-parted. Cor. campanulate ; tube ventricose :
border 4-lobed, unequal. Slam. 2, fertile ; 2 — 3 sterile. Stig. bila-
mellate. Caps, long, cylindric, 2-valved ; dissepiment opposite to the
valves. Seed membranaceously margined. Bignoniacece, p. 245.
Justicia. Cal. 5-parted, often witli 2 bracts. Cor. 2-lipped ; upper
XXX11 SYNOPSIS OP GENERA.
Up emarginate ; lower 3- cleft. Anth. 1 or 2 orfeach filament. Caps.
attenuated, 2-celled, 2-valved ; dissepiment growing from the centre of
each valve. Acanlhacea, p. 285.
Utricularia. Cal. 2-parted, nearly equal. Cor. personate, with the
lower lip spurred at the base ; Fil. incurved, bearing the anthers within
the apex. Slig. 2-lipped. Caps. 1-celled. Lentibularict, p. 286.
Pinguicula. Cal. 4— 5-cleft. Cor. ringent, spurred at the base be-
neath. Slam, very short. Slig. 2-lipped. Lentibularict, p. 286.
Crypta. Cal. 2-leaved, inferior. Cor. 2—3, petalled, closed. Style
almost wanting. Slig. obtuse. Caps. 2— 3-celled, 2— 3-valved ; cells
4 — 5-seeded. Elalinece, p. 55.
Obs. The remaining genera of this division have lipped corols, and
4 naked seeds. They form, with the plants of Didynamia Gymnosper-
mia, (from which indeed they only differ in having two of the stamens
abortive,) the Natural Order Labiates, p. 270.
*** Flowers complete, superior.
Circjea. Cal. short ; limb 2-parted. Pet. 2. Stig. emarginate.
Caps, ovate, hispid, 2-celled, 2-valved, 2-seeded. Circmacea,, p. 120.
**** Floivers incomplete.
Lkhna. Sterile and fertile fl. collateral. Utricle 1 — 5-seeded.
Pistiaceee, p. 383.
TlilANDRIA.
MoNOGYNIA.
* Floivers superior, complete.
Valeriasella. Cal. with the limb toothed and persistent. Cor.
not calcarate, regular, 5-lobed. Fruit 3-celled, submembranaceous, in-
dehiscent, crowned by the limb of the calyx; 1 or 2 of the cells only
fertile. Valcrianea, p. 164.
Valeriana. Cal. with the limb involute, at length evolved in a de-
cidous plumose pappus. Cor. with the tube obconic or cylindric, equal
or gibbous at base ; limb obtusely 5-cleft. Fruit indehiscent, 1-celled.
1-seeded. Valtrianea,, p. 164.
** Flowers superior., incomplete.
Iris. Perianth 6-cleft ; 3 of the segments larger and reflexed, the
others erect. Style short or none. Stig. 3, petaloid, covering the sta-
mens. Irideai, p. 353.
Lachnaxthes. Perianth 6-parted ; segments unequal. Style de-
clining. Stig. minutely 3-lobed. Caps. 3-celled, truncated, many-
seeded. Hx/nodoraceai, p. 374.
*** Flowers inferior, complete..
. Commelina. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-petalled. Slam. 6, 3 — 4 usual-
ly sterile and furnished with cruciform glands. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved ;
one of the valves often abortive. Commelinea, p. 375.
Xyris. Fl. in an ovate cylindric head. Cal. glumaceous, cartila-
ginous, 3-valved. Cor. 3-petalled, equal. Stig. 3-cleft, Xyride.ee, p.
370.
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. XXxiii
#**# piolcers inferior, incomplete.
Schoixera. Spalh el -flowered. Cor. tube very long ; limb deeply
6-parted. Anik. of 2 forms. Caps. 1-celled. Pontedercce, p. 369.
Hetf.ranthera. Fl. in a spatbe. Cor. tube long and slender :
border 6-parted, equal. Anth. of 2 forms. Caps. 3-celled, many-seed-
ed, opening at the angles ; dissepiment contrary. Pontederea, p. 369.
Sisyrinchium. Spathe 2-leaved. Perianth 6-cleft, flat, equal. Slam.
cohering below. Slig. 3-cleft. Iridem, p. 353.
***** Flowers glumaceous.
Obs. All the genera of this division belong to the subclass Gluma-
T'i , and all except Cenehrus, Sparlina and Oryzopsis, belong to the
order Cypcracecc, p. 420.
Digyni \.
Obs. All the genera of this order are proper grasses. — Graminerr,
)). 386. The family is so entirely natural, that it is unnecessary to re-
peat the generic descriptions.
Trigyma.
Mollugo. CaL 5-parted, coloured within. Cor. none. Caps. 3-
celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Caryophyllecc, p. 50.
Lechea. CaL 3-sepalled, with 3 outer bracts. Pet. 3, lanceolate.
Stig. 3, scarcely distinct. Caps. 3-valved, with as many inner valves
opposite the others. Seeds few. Cistintoc, p. 36.
PROSERriNACA. Cat. superior, with the tube adhering to the trique-
trous ovary. Carp. 3, indehiscent, dry, concreted into a 3-sided fruit.
Halorage<r, p. 121.
Tetrandria.
MONOGYNIA.
* Flowers superior, Corol 1-pelalled.
CephaUlNTHUS, Common cal. none: proper minute, angular, 4-
clefl. Cor. tubular, slender, 4-cleft. Style much exserted. Stig. glo-
bose. Caps. 2-celled, 2-seeded. Recept. globose, hairy. Rubiacecp,
p. 160.
Dipsacus. Common cal. mairy-leaved, foliaceous ; proper superior.
1 -leaved. Cor. tubular, 4-lobed. Seed solitary. Recept. conic, chaffy.
Dipsacae, p. 164.
Galium. Cal. with the tube ovate-globose or oblong ; limb nearly
wanting. Cor. rotate, 4-parted. Seeds 2, roundish, rarely oblong.
Rubiacear, p. 161.
Diodia. Cal. with the tube ovate or obovate, 2 — 4-toothed. Cor.
funnel-form, 4-lobed. Caps, ovate, 2-celled, bipartite. Rubiacecc, p.
161.
Hedyotis. Cal. 4-toothed or 4-parted. Cor. tubular, bearded at the
throat, 4-parted. Cap*, ovate, 2-celled, opening transversely at the
top, many-seeded ; dissepiment contrary to the valves. Rubiacece, p.
160.
Houstonia. Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. funnel-form, 4-cleft. Caps. 2-cell-
ed, 2-valved, many-seeded, opening transversely. Geniianece, p. 242.
3a
XXXIV SYNOPSIS OP GENERA.
Mitchella. Fl. by pairs upon the same germ. Cal. 4-toothed.
Cor. funnel-form ; tube cylindric ; limb 4-parted, spreading, villous on
the inner side. Stam. scarcely exserted. Stig. 4-cleft. Ber. by the
union of 2 germs didymous, 4-seeded. Rubiacea:, p. 160.
Linn^a. Cal. with the tube ovate ; limb 5-parted ; segments lanceo-
late-subulate. Cor. turbinate, subcampanulate, 5-lobed. Stam. some-
what didynamous. Stig. globose. Bcr. small, ovate, dry, 3-celled ;
(one cell only with a perfect seed.) Caprifoliacea, p. 159.
** Floicers superior. Corol many-petalled, or none.
Cornus. Cal. 4-toothed. Pet. 4, oblong. Drupe with a 2-celled
nut. Cornea:, p. 153.
Isnardia. Cal. 4-parted, persistent. Cor. 4-petalled or none.
Caps. 4-sided, 4-celled, many-seeded. Onagraria, p. 119.
Sanguisorba. Cal. 4-cleft, with 2 scales at base externally. Pet.
none. Carp. 2, included within the calyx, crowned by a style with a
nmbricate apex, converted into dry indehiscent 1-seedeefcacines. San-
guisorbece, p. 114.
*** piowsrs inferior. Corol 1-petalled.
Pl vntago. Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. 4-cleft ; border reflected. Stain.
mostly exserted, very long. Caps. 2-celled, opening transversely.
Plantagincce, p. 292.
Centaurella. Cal. 4-parted, appressed. Cor. subcampanulate, 4-
parted ; segments somewhat erect. Stig. thick, glandular, and some-
what 2-cleft. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded, surrounded by
the persistent calyx and corol. Gentianeaz, p. 243.
Exacum. Cal. deeply 4-parted. Cor. 4-cleft ; tube globose. Caps.
bisulcate, 2-celled, many-seeded. Gentiane&, p. 242.
Swertia. Cal. flat, 4 — 5-parted. Cor. 4 or 5-parted ; tube very
short ; border spreading, with 2 nectariferous ciliate pores at the base
of each. Style short. Stig. 2. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved. Gentiane<£,
p. 240.
Frasera. Cal. deeply 4-parted. Cor. 4-parted, spreading; seg-
ments oval with a bearded orbicular gland in the middle of each. Caps.
compressed, partly margined, 1-celled. Seeds few, large, imbricate,
with a membranaceous margin. Gentianece, p. 241.
Obolaria. Cal. 2-parted, resembling bracts. , Cor. campanulate 4-
cleft ; segments entire, sometimes crenulate. Stam. proceeding from
the cleft of the corol, somewhat didynamous. Stig. emarginate. Caps.
ovate, 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Gentiancai, p. 244.
**** Flowers inferior. Corol i—5-petalled.
Ammannia. Cal. campanulate, 8-toothed. Cor. 4-petalled or none,
inserted upon the calyx. Caps. 4-celled, many-seeded. Salicaria, p.
125.
Ptelea. Cal. 4— 5-parted. Pet. 4—5, spreading. Stig. 2. Sa-
mara compressed, orbicular, 2-celled, 2-seeded, with a broad and ch>
cular margin. Zanthoxylea, p. 71.
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. XXXV
***** Flotrers inferior. Corol wanting.
Rivina. Cal. 4-parted, persistent. Pet. none. Ber. 1-seeded.
Seed lentiform, scabrous. (Stam. 4, 8 and 12.) Phytolacceaz, p. 300.
Styrandra. Perianth 4-parted, spreading. Stam. divergent. Ber. -
2-celled. Smilacca:, p. 357.
Sympi.oc arpus. Spatfic ventricose-ovate. acuminate. Spad. subglo-
bose, covered with perfect flowers. Cal. deeply 4-parted, persistent ;
segments cueullate. truncate, becoming thick and spongy. Pet. none.
Style pyramidal, 4-sided. Stig. simple, minute. Scceknumerous, im-
mersed in the spadix. Aroideee, p.
Alcukmim \ Cal. 8-cleft ; segments spreading, alternately small-
er. Cor. none. Style lateral, from the base of the germ. Fruit cover-
ed by the calyx. Sanguisorbccc, p. 114.
Digvm \.
Hamamelis. ('</'. 4-lobed, with 2 — 3 scales at the base. Pet. 4,
long, ligulate. Caps, coriaceous, 2-celled, 2-valved at the top. Seed
1 in each cell. Hamamclidac . p. 152,
Tj:tragym\.
Ilex. Cal. 4 — 5-toothed, persistent. Cor. 4 — 5-parted. Stam.
A — 5. Stig. 4 — 5, subsessile. Ber. 4 — 5-seeded. llicinecc, p. 230.
Su.i.vv. Cal. 4 — 5-parted. Pet. 4 — 5, or none. Caps. 4 — 5-valved,
l-celled, many-seeded. Caryoplajlkcc, p. 49.
Tillxa. Cal. 3 — 4-parted. Cor. 3 — 4-petalled, equal. Carp. 3
or 4, two-seeded. Crassidncca?, p. 133.
Ilrppix. Fl. on a spadix. Cal. and cor. none. Seeds, (Drupes,) 4,
pedicillate. Fhwiales, p. 3
Potamogetow. Fl. on a spadix. Cal. 4-leaved. Cor. none. Anth.
sessile. Nuts 4, 1-seeded, sessile. Fluriales, p. !
Pentandkia.
MoNOGYMA.
* Flowers 1-petalled, inferior, with 4 naked seeds or nuts.
Obs. The genera of this division constitute the Nat. Ord. Boragin-
ta , p. 251.
f* Floicers lpe tailed, inferior . Seeds in a capsule.
(Capsule l-celled.)
An\(.vi.lis. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. rotate, 5-lobed. FtL hairy. Caps.
globose, bursting transversely all round. Primulacecc, p. 291.
Lysimachia. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. rotate, 5-cleft. Caps. 10-valved.
PrunnUufa-, p. 290.
Primula. Cal. tubular, 5-toothed. Cor. salver-form ; tube cylin-
drical ; orifice naked. Stig. globose. Caps, opening with 10 teeth.
Primulactri ', p. 288.
DoDBCAJipHSOir. CaL 5-cleft. Cor. rotate, re flexed, 5-cleft. Stam.
seated in the tube. Caps, oblong, opening at the apex. Primulacece,
Menyanthes. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. funnel-form ; limb spread-
XXXVI SYNOPSIS OP GENERA.
ing, 5-labed, equal, hairy within. Stig. capitate. C(q)s. with the axi?
of the valves seminiferous. Gentianece, p. 244.
Villarsia. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. rotate ; limb spreading, 5-lobed,-
ciliate on the margin. Stig. 2-lobed. Glands 5, alternating with the
stamens. Caps. 2-valved, many-seeded. Gcntianece, p. 243.
Hottoma. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. salver- form, 5-lobed. Stain, seated
on the tube of the corol. Stig. globose. Caps, globose, acuminate.
Primulacea:, p, 289.
Sabbatia. Cal. 5 — 12-parted. Cor. rotate, 5 — I2-parted. Anth.
at length revolute. Stig. 2, spiral. Caps. 2-valved, many-seeded,
Gentianea, p. 241.
Erythr^ea. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. funnel-form ; limb short, 5-cleft
spreading. Anth. after flowering spiral. Style erect. Stig. 2, round-
ish. Caps, linear. Gentianece, p. 242.
Hydrophyllum. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. eampanulate, 5-cleft, with 5
longitudinal melliferous grooves inside. Stain, exsert ; filaments
bearded in the middle. Stig. bifid. Caps, globose, 2-valved. Hydro-
phyllea, p. 255.
Nemophila. Cal. 10-parted ; alternate lobes reflexed. Cor. sub-
campanulate, 5-lobed ; the lobes emarginate, with margined nectarifer-
ous cavities at base. Stam. shorter than the corol ; fil. naked. Style
2-cleft. Caps, fleshy, 2-valved, 4-seeded. Hydrophyllece. p. 255.
(Capsules 2— 2-celled.)
Phacelia. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. subcampanulate, 5-cleft, with 5
longitudinal margined grooves within. Stam. exsert. Style filiform.
Stig. 2. Caps. 2-celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded. Hydrophyllece, p. 256.
Spigelia. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. funnel-form ; border 5-cleft, equal.
Anth. convergent. Caps, didymous, 2-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded.
Spigeliacece, p. 238.
Nicotiana. Cal. urceolate, 5-cleft. Cor. funnel-form, 5-cleft.
Stig. emarginate. Caps. 2-celled, 2-valved. Solanea, p. 258.
Verbascum. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. rotate, 5-lobed, unequal. Stam,
declined, often hairy. Caps. 2-valved, ovate or globose. Solanece*
p. 259.
Hyoscyamus. Cal. tubular, 5-cleft. Cor. funnel-form, irregular ;
lobes obtuse. Stig. capitate. Caps, ovate, covered with a lid. Sola-
nece, p. 259.
Convolvulus. Cal. 5-parted, naked or with 2 bracts at base. Cor.
funnel-form or eampanulate, plicate. Stig. capitate, lobed or divided.
Caps, valved, 1 — 4-celled. Convolvulacea, p. 248.
(Capsules 3 — 5 celled.)
Phlox. \?al. deeply 5-cleft. Cor. salver-form ; border 5-lobed, flat.
Stam. inserted into the tube of the corol above the middle, very un-
equal. Caps, roundish. 3-celled ; cells 1-seeded. Polemoniacecc, p.
246.
Polemonium. Cal. eampanulate, 5-cleft. Cor. rotate, 5-parted.
Stam. inserted upon the five teeth or valves which close tlue orifice of
corol. Polemoniacea, p. 247.
Diapensia. Cal. 5-parted, subtended by 3 bracts. Cor. salver-form?
border 5-cleft, flat. Stam. inserted into the tube and alternating with
SYNOPSIS OP GENERA. XXXVH
the segments of the corol. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valvcd, many-seeded.
Hydroleaceaz , p. 250.
Azalea. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. short, campanulate, 5-cleft. Stam.
equal," shorter than the corol. Anth. opening longitudinally. Caps.
5-celled, 5-valved, opening at the top. Ericete, p. 222.
*** Flowers 1-petalled, inferior. Fruit a berry.
Physalis. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. rotate. 5-cleft. Stam. connivent.
Ber. globose, covered by the inflexed calyx. Solanea, p. 257.
Solanum. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. rotate, 5-cleft, spreading. Anth.
opening with two pores at the top. Ber. subglobose, 2 — 4-celled.
Solnncn. p. 257.
Nicandra. Cal. 5-parted, 5-angled, the angles compressed, segments
sagittate. Cor. campanulate. Stam. incurved. Bcr. 3 — 5-celled,
covered by the calyx. Solancce, p. 258.
**** Flowers Irpetalled, superior. Fruit a capsule.
Campanula. Cal. mostly 5-cleft. Cor. campanulate. the base closed
with 5 slaminiferous valves. Stig. 3 — 5-cleft. Caps. 3 — 5-celled,
opening laterally. Campanulacca?, p. 213.
Lobelia. Cal. 5-deft. Cor. 5-parted, irregular, cleft on the upper
side to near the base. Stam. united into a tube. Stig. 2-lobed. Caps.
2 — 3-celled. Lobcliaccce, p. 214.
Diervilla. Cal. 5-cleft, bibracteate at the base. Cor. funnel-form,
5-cleft, spreading, much longer than the calyx. Stig. capitate. Caps.
oblong, naked, acute, 1-celled, many-seeded. Caprifoliacca, p. 157.
***** Flowers 1-petalled^ superior. Fruit a berry.
Lomcera. Cal. 5- toothed. Cor. tubular, campanulate or funnel-
form, 5-cleft, often irregularly. Stig. capitate. Bcr. 3-celled, few
seeded. Caprifoliacccc, p. 157.
Symphoria. Cal. minute, 4 — 5-toothed. Cor. funnel-form, sub-
equally 4 — o-lobed. Stig. subglobose. Ber. crowned by the calyx,
4-celled, 4-seeded ; 2 cells sometimes abortive. Caprifoliaceaz, p. 159.
Triosteum. Cal. 5-cleft ; lobes linear-lanceolate, nearly as long as
the corol. Cor. tubular, 5-iobed, gibbous at base. Stig. capitate.
Bcr. 3-celled, 3-seeded, crowned by the calyx. Caprifoliaccaz, p. 157.
****** Flotcers 4 — 6-petalled, inferior. Fruit a capsule.
Itea. Cal. 5-cleft, campanulate. Bet. 5, linear, reflexed, spread-
ing, inserted into the calyx. Stig. capitate, 2-lobed. Caps. 2-celled,
2-valved, many-seeded. Sazifragcai, p. 139.
Impatiens. Sep. 5, the lower one spurred. Cor. 4-pelalled, irregu-
lar ; the 2 inner petals unequally bilobed. Stig. 5, united. Caps.
prismatic-terete, elongated, 5-valved. Balsaminea, p. C8.
Viola. Sep. 5. auricled at their base. Pet. unequal, lower one
spurred. Antfi. cohering at the top. Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved. Viola-
ce<z, p. 37.
Solea. Sep. not auricled at base, decurrent into a pedicel. Pet.
nearly equal ; the lower a little larger and somewhat gibbous at base.
Fil. with short broadish claws at base. Violaceaz, p. 41.
Claitonia. Cal. 2-leaved or2-parted. Pet. 5, obcordate or obovate,
3a*
XXXVUl SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.
unguiculate. Style 3-cleft. Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved, 3 — 5-seeded.
Portulacece, p. 130.
Ceanothus. Cal. 5-clefl, campanulate. Pet. 5, saccate and arched,
with long claws. Stig. 3. Caps. 3-celled, 3-seeded, 3-parted, opening
on the inner side. Rhamnece, p. 74.
Evonymus. Cal. 4 — 6-lobed, flat, covered at base by a peltate disk,
Pet. 4 — 6, spreading, inserted into the disk. Caps. 3 — 5-celled, 3 — 5-
angled ; cells 1 — 4-seeded. Cclastrinece, p. 71.
Celastrus. Cal. minute, 5-lobed. Pet. 5, unguiculate. Ovary
with 10 striae, immersed in the disk. Caps. 2 — 3-valved; valves
septiferous in the centre. Seed 1, covered with a large fleshy aril.
Cdastrinea,, p. 72.
******* piov.ers 4 — 5-petalled, inferior. Fruit a berry.
Vitis. Cal. about 5-toothed. Pet. 5, cohering at the top, decidu-
ous. Stig. capitate, sessile. Ber. 2-celled, 4-seeded ; cells and seeds
often abortive. Ampelidcce, p. 66.
Aihpelopsis. Cal. nearly entire. Pet. 5. Stig. capitate. Ovary
not immersed in the disk, 2 — 4-seeded. Ampelidece, p. 65.
Rhamnus. Cal. urceolate, 4 — 5-clefl. Pet. alternating with the
lobes of the calyx, or none. Stig. 2 — 4- cleft. Ber. 2 — 4-celled.
Rhamnece, p. 73.
******** Flowers 5-petalled, superior.
Ribes. Cal. campanulate, 5-cleft. Style 1 — 4-cleft. Ber. 1-celled.
many-seeded Grossulacece, p. 135.
*###*##** Floicers incomplete.
Hamiltonia. Polygamous. Perianth turbinate-campanulate, 5-
cleft. Stig. 2 — 3. Germ immersed in the 5-toothed glandulous disk-
Drupe 1 -seeded, inclosed in the adhering base of the calyx. Santala-
cm, p. 307.
Thesium. Perianth 4 — 5-cleft. Stam. 4 — 5, villous externally. Nut
i-seeded, covered by the persistent perianth. Santalaccce, p. 307.
Glaux. Cal. campanulate, 5-lobed, coloured. Cor. none. Caps.
globose, 5-valved, 5-seeded, surrounded by the calyx. Primulaccx, p.
289.
Anychia. Cal. 5-parted ; segments connivent, subsaccate, callous
at the top. Cor. none. Fil. 3 — 5, distinct. Stig. 2, sub-capitate.
Caps, indehiscent, 1-seeded, surrounded by the calyx. Illecebrea, p.
131.
DlGYNIA.
* Flowers inferior. Carol 1-petalled.
Apocynum. Cal. very small, 5-cleft, persistent. Cor. campanulate ;
border with 5 short spreading or revolute lobes ; the base furnished
with 5 glandular teeth alternating with the stamens. Anth. sagittate,
connivent, cohering to the stigma by the middle. Follicles long, dis-
tinct. Apocynece, p. 233.
Periploca. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. rotate, flat, 5-parted; orifice sur-
rounded with a 5-cleft crown, terminating in 5 filiform awns. Anth.
cohering, bearded on the back. Follicles 2, smooth, divaricate. Ascle-
piadea, p. 238.
Gonolobus. Cor. rotate, 5-parted. Stamineal crown, (nectary,)
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. XXXlX
Bcutelliform, lobed. Anih. opening transversely, terminated by a
membrane. Pollinia (masses of pollen) 5-pairs, not separated into
grains. Stig. depressed. Follicles 2, ventricose. Asclepiadece, p. 237.
Asclepias. Cal. small, 5-parted. Cor. 5-parted, mostly reflexed.
Stamineal crown 5-leaved, concave, erect with a subulate process at the
base of each. Stiff, with 5 angles, opening by longitudinal chinks.
Pollinia 5 distinct pairs. Follicles 2, ventricose. Asclepiadcaz , p. 235.
Gentiana. Col. 4 — 5-cleft. Cor. bell- or funnel-form, tubular at
the base, with the orifice naked. Stam. 4 — 5, included. Stig. 2-lobed.
Cap.<. 1 -celled, 2-valved. Gcntianecc, p. 239.
Cuscuta. Cal. 4 — 5-cleft. Cor. globose-urceolate ; limb 4 — 5-lobed.
Caps. 2-celled, opening all round transversely ; cells 2-seededa
Concolvulacccc, p. 249.
** Floiocrs 5-petalled, inferior.
HiufHKKA. Cal. 5-cleft, persistent. Pet. 5, inserted on the calyx.
Caps, with 2 beaks, 1-celled, many-seed. Saxifrages, p. 139.
*** Floiccrs 5-petalled, superior.
Panax. Fl. polygamous, umbelled. Cal. obsoletely 5-toothed.
Pet. 5. Styles 2 — 3, short. Fruit flesh}7, compressed, orbicular or
iidymous, 2-celled. Araliacccc, p. 151*
**** Floiccrs incomplete.
Atriplex. Polygamous. Perfect Fl. Perianth 5-parted. Fruit
depressed. Female Fl. Perianth 2-parted. Stam. none. Chenopo-
dea, p. 296.
Chenopodium. Perianth inferior, 5-cleft^ persistent, partly covering
the fruit. Chcnopodcaz, p. 295.
Salsola. Perianth inferior, 5-cleft, persistent, enveloping the fruit
with its base and crowning it with its broad scariose limb. Embryo
spiral. Chcnopodca, p. 298.
Ulmus. Perianth inferior, campanulate, 4 — 5-cleft. Fruit com-
pressed, with a broad membranaceous border. Ulmaccai, p. 333.
Celtis. Perfect or polygamous. Perianth inferior, 5-lobed. Drupe
globose, 1 -seeded. Ulrncca?, p. 334..
***** F[0lcers 5-petalled, superior, 2-seeded.
Obs. The genera of this division form the Natural Order Umbellifer<r ,
p. 139.
Trigynia.
* Floiccrs superior.
Viburnum. Cal. with the limb small, 5-toothed and persistent. Cor.
rotate subcampanulate or tubular, 5-lobed. Per. ovate or globose, 1-
seeded, crowned by the teeth of the calyx. Caprifoliacaz, p. 155.
** Floiccrs inferior.
Rhus. Cal. small, 5-parted. Pet. 5, ovate, spreading. Drupe near-
ly dry, with one bony seed. Anacardiacete , p. 75.
Staphylea. Cal. 5-parted, covered at base by an urceolate disk ;
lobes oblong, concave, coloured. Pet. 5, alternate with the sepals.
Caps. 2 — 3-celled ; cells membranaceous, inflated, united at base or
throughout their whole length. Staphyleacea; , p. 73.
Xl SYNOPSIS OP GENERA.
Tetkagynia.
Parnassia. Cal. 5-sepalled. Pet. 5. Scales 5, terminating in glan-
dular bristles at the apex. Caps. 1-celled, 4-valved. Seeds arillate.
Droseraceee, p. 43.
Nemopanthes. Fl. by abortion dioecious or polygamous. Cal.
scarcely conspicuous. Pet. 5, distinct, oblong-linear, deciduous.
Stig. 3—4, sessile. Ber. subglobose, 3 — 4-celled, 3 — 4-seeded. Ilici-
nece, p. 230.
Pentagynia.
Aralia. Cal. 5-toothed, or entire, superior. Pet. 5. Ber. 5 — 10,
seeded. Fl. in umbels. Araliacea, p, 151.
Statice. Cal. funnel-form, scariose, plaited. Pet. 5. Pericarp in-
dehiscent. Plumbagineot, p. 292.
Linum. Cal. 5-parted, persistent. Pet. 5, unguiculate. Caps, sub-
globose, 10-valved, 10-celled. Seed solitary, ovate, compressed.
Linea, p. 56.
Sibbaldia. Cal. 10-cleft, with the alternate segments narrower.
Pet. 5, minute. Styles proceding laterally from the germ. Seeds 5,
clustered in the bottom of the calyx. Roascea, p. 108.
Drosera. Cal. deeply 5-cleft. Pet. 5. Caps, superior, 3-celled,
3 — 5-valved, many-seeded. Droseracea, p. 42.
POLYGYNIA.
Zanthoriza. Cal. deciduous, 5-sepalled. Pet. 5. Caps. 2 — 3-
seeded, by abortion 1-seeded. Ranunculacea, p. 14.
Hexandria.
Monogynia.
* Floicers complete, having a calyx and corol.
Tradescantia. Cal. 3-leaved. Pet. 3. Fil. villous. Caps, supe-
rior, 3-celled, many-seeded. Commelinea,, p. 376.
Berberis. Cal. inferior, 6-sepalled. Pet. 6, with 2 glands upon
their claws. Ber. 2 — 3-seeded. Berderidea, p. 17.
Leontice. Cal. 6-sepalled, naked without. Pef. 6, bearing a scale
at the base. Caps. 2— 4-seeded. Seeds globose, inserted into the bot-
tom of the capsule. Rcrbcrideo!, p. 17.
Prinos. Cal. minute, 6-cleft. Cor. 6-parted. Ber. 6-seeded. Ili-
cinea, p. 230.
Flolrkia. Cal. 3-sepalled. Pet. 3, shorter than the sepals. Style
bifid. Seeds 2 or 3, membranaceously coated, superior. Hydropelti-
decE, p. 19.
** Flowers issuing from a spathe.
Amaryllis. Perianth superior, 6-parted, petaloid, irregular. Fil.
arising from the orifice of the tube, declined or straight, unequal.
AmaryllidccB, p. 354.
Allium. Perianth inferior, 6-parted, generally spreading. Fl. in
crowded umbels, arising from a 2-leaved spathe. Asphodelece, p. 363.
Hypoxis. Spathe 2-valved. PtrianQt superior, 6-parted, persistent.
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. xli
Caps, elongated, narrowed at the base, 3-celled, many-seeded. Seeds
roundish, naked. Hypoxidca, p. 354.
Po.ntederia. Perianth inferior, 6-parted, 2-lipped ; under side of
the tube with 3 longitudinal perforations. Stem, unequally inserted ;
3 of them upon the summit of the tube. Caps, muricate, 1 -seeded.
Pojitcdcrcce, p. 368.
*** Flowers with a single coral-like perianth.
Aletris. Perianth tubular-ovate. 6-cleft, wrinkled. Stam. inserted
upon the orifice. Style 3-sided, 3-parted. Caps, half-superior, 3-cell-
ed, many-seeded. Asphodclac, p. 364.
Lophioi.a. Perianth 6- parted, woolly, bearded inside. Anth. erect.
77/. naked. Stig. simple. Caps, opening at the summit. Hotnw-
doraceai. p. 374.
Agate. Perianth superior, tubular, funnel-form, 6-parted. Stam.
longer than the corol, erect. Caps, triangular, many-seeded. Bro-
meliacea, p. 375.
Hxkkrocallis. Perianth large, persistent, campanulate, 6-cleft-
Stam. declined. Stig. somewhat villous. Asphodelca?, p. 362.
Ormthogalum. Perianth 6-parted, spreading above. Fil. dilated at
the base. Asphodclca. p. 36*2.
Narthecrm. Perianth 6.parted, coloured. Fil. hairy. Caps, pris-
matic, 3-celled. Seed appendaged at each extremity. Juncea, p. 374.
Asparagus. Perianth inferior. 6-parted. Style very short. Stig. 3.
Bcr. 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded. Asphodclac, p. 363.
Erythroml.m. Perianth campanulate. 6-parted; segments reflexed ;
the 3 inner ones usually with a callous tooth on each side near the base,
and a nectariferous pore. Caps, superior, roundish, somewhat stiped.
Liliacea?. p. 365.
Lilium. Perianth campanulate, deeply 6-parted ; segments mostly
reflexed, marked with a longitudinal nectariferous line. Stig. entire.
Caps, superior, 3-sided. Liliacea:, p. 364.
Uvularia. Perianth inferior, 6-parted, erect ; segments with a nec-
tariferous cavity at base. Fil. very short, growing to the anthers.
Stig. reflexed. Caps. 3-sided, 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds many, sub-
globose, arillate at the hilum. Smilacca, p. 361.
Smilacina. Perianth 6-parted, spreading. Stam. attached to the
base of the segments. Bcr. globose, 3-celled. Stnilacca:, p. 357.
Clintoma. Perianth 6-parted, bell-form. Stam. inserted at the
base. Style comoressed. Stig. 2-lobed, compressed. Ber. 2-celled ;
cells many-seeded. Smilacca, p. 356.
Polygon atc.m. Perianth 6-cleft, cylindrical. Stayn. inserted on the
upper part of the tube. Ber. 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded. Smilacea, p.
3.j~.
Streptopls. Perianth 6-parted ; segments with a nectariferous pore
at base. Anth. longer than the filaments. Stig. very short. Ber.
6ubglobose, smooth, 3-celled. Seeds few. Smilaceai, p. 359.
**** Flowers icith a single calyx-lHie perianth, not spathed.
Orontium. Spad. cylindric, crowded with flowers. Perianth 6-pe-
talled, naked. Style and stigma scarcely any. Caps, bladder-like, 1-
seeded. Aroidea. p. 381,
Xlil SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.
Acorus. Spad. cylindric, covered with flowers. Perianth glumace*
ous, 6-petalled, naked. Stig. sessile, very minute. Caps. 3-celled, 3-
engled. Aroidca, p. 381.
Juncus. Perianth inferior, glumaceous, 6-parted. Caps. 3-celled, 3-
valved. Seeds many. Juncea, 371.
Luzula. Perianth 6-parted, glumaceous. Caps, superior, 3-celled,
3-valved ; cells 1-seeded. Juncea, p. 373.
Trigynia.
Melanthium. Polygamous. Perianth rotate, 6-parted ; segments
with claws and 2 glands at the base of each ; claws staminiferous.
Caps, subovate, 3-celled ; apex partly trifid. Seeds many, membrana-
ceously winged. Melanthacea, p. 366.
Veratrum. Polygamous. Perianth 6-parted, spreading ; segments
sessile, without glands. Statu, inserted upon the receptacle. Caps.
oblong, 2-valved, many-seeded. Mdantliaccm, p. 368.
Helomas. Perianth 6-parted, spreading, without glands. Styles 3,
distinct. Caps. 3-celled, 3-horned ; cells few-seeded. Mclanthacea,
p. 367.
Xerophyllum. Perianth subrotate, deeply 6-parted. Fil. contigu-
ous at base. Stig. 3, revolute, partly united below. Caps, subglo-
bose, 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded, opening at the top. Melanthacea, p.
367.
Tofieldia. -Perianth 6-parted, with a small 3-parted involucre.
Caps. 3 — 6-celled ; cells many-seeded. Melanthaceai, p. 366.
Scheuchzeria. Perianth 6-parted. Anth. linear. Stig. sessile, la-
teral. Caps, inflated, 2-valved, 1 — 2-seeded. Juncaginea, p. 379.
Triglochin. Perianth of 6 deciduous leaves, 3 inserted above the
rest. Stain, very short. Caps. 3 — 6, united by a longitudinal re-
ceptacle. Juncagincm, p. 378.
Medeola. Perianth 6-parted, revolute. Stig. 3, divaricate, united
at the base. Bcr. 3-celled ; cells 3 — 6-seeded. Smilacea, p. 360.
Trillium. Perianth 6-parted ; 3 outer segments resembling a calyx;
3 inner petaloid. Stig. 3, sessile. Ber. superior, 3-celled ; cells many-
seeded. Smilacea, p. 360.
Rume\. Perianth 6-leaved. Nut triquetrous, covered by the 3 in-
ner valviform leaves of the perianth. Stig. many-cleft. Polygonece, p.
303.
Tetragynia.
Saururus. Fl. in an ament or crowded spike. Scales ] -flowered.
Cor. none. Anth. adnate to the filaments. Caps. 4, each 1 or rarely
2-seeded. Saururea, p. 317.
Polygynia.
Alisma. Col. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-petalled. Caps, many, clustered,
distinct, 1-seeded, not opening. Alismacece, p. 378.
Heptandria.
MONOGYNIA.
Triektalis. Cal. 7-parted. Cor. 7-parted, regular and flat. Bcr.
dry. opening at the suture, many-seeded. Primulacca>., p. 289.
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. xYu'l
jEsculus. Cal. campanulate. Pet. 4—5, expanded. Fil. recurved
backwards. Caps, echinate. Hipp ocas tanecc, p. 05.
OcTANDRIA.
MONOGYNIA.
* Floiccrs superior.
Rhexiv. Cal. ventricose-ovate at base ; limb 4-cleft. Pet. 4, obo-
rate. Caps, included in the calyx, 4-celled. Seeds numerous, cochle-
ate. Mclastomacea, p. 127.
Oenothera. Cal 4.sepalled; sepals united into a long 4-sided or
S-ribbed tube ; limb and part of the tube caducous. Cor. 4-petalled.
8tig. 4-cleft, or spherical. Caps. 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded.
Onagraricc, p. 117.
Gaura. Cal. 3— 4-sepalled ; sepals united into a long obovate tube;
limb caducous. Cor. 3 — 4-pctalled. Seeds 1 — 4, not crowned with
pappus. Onngraria, p. 117.
Epilobium. Cal. 4-sepalled ; sepals united into a long 4-sided tube;
limb caducous. Pet. 4. Caps, elongated, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-
seeded. Seeds crowned with pappus. Onograr'uv, p. 11G. .
Oxycoccus. Cal. superior, 4-cleft. Cor. 4-parted ; segments sub-
linear and revolute. Fil. converging. Antlt. tubular, 2 parted. Bar.
many-seeded. Vaccinca, p. 225.
** riowcrs inferior.
MenZiesia. Cal. deeply 5-cleft. Cor. ovate, 4 — 5-cleft. Siam. in-
serted into the receptacle. Caps. 4 — 5-cellod, the partitions formed by
the inflexed margins of the valves. Seeds numerous, oblong. EHcea:,
;• 218.
Acer. Fl. mostly polygamous. Cal. 5-lobed, or 5-parted. Pet. 5,
<->r none. Caps 2, each with a long membranous expansion, (samara j
united at base, 1-seeded. Accrinea, p. C3.
Dirca. Perianth coloured, campanulate ; border obsolete. Stam.
unequal, exserted. Bcr. 1-seeded. Thymelco?, p. 306.
Jeffersonia. Cal. 4-sepalled. Pet. 8. Caps, obovate, opening be-
low the top by • semicircular foramen. Seeds many, arillate at base.
Podophyllcm, p. 18.
Trigvnia.
Polygonum. Perianth 4 — 6-parted, petaloid, persistent. Nut 1-seed-
ed, mostly triangular. Polygonea, p. 300.
Enneandria.
MONOGYNIA.
Laorus. Perianth 4 — 5-cleft, equal. Stam. 8 — 12, in a double row ;
outer ones all fertile ; alternate inner ones fertile and furnished at base
with 2 appendices or glands, (nectary.) Drupe fleshy. Laurinet£f p.
305.
Decandria.
MONOGYNIA.
* Flowers regular.
Vaccimum. Cal. superior, 4 — 5-toothed. Cor. urceolate or cam-
Xliv SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.
panulate, 4 — 5-clefl. Fil. inserted upon the germ. Ber. globose,
4 — 5-celled, many-seeded. Vaccinece, p. 223.
Obs. The remaining genera of this division are included in the
Natural Orders, Ericas, p. 215, and Pyrolacecc, p. 225. — (Leiophyllum,
omitted in its proper place, is described in the Appendix, p. 463.)
** Flowers irregular.
Cassia. Sep. 5, scarcely united at base, somewhat unequal. Pet.
5, subequal. Stam. unequal ; 3 upper ones sterile ; 3 lowest beaked,
upon longer and incurved filaments. Legume membranaceous, 2-valved.
Leguminosa, p. 93.
Baptisia. Cal. half 4 or 5-cleft, bilabiate. Cor. papilionaceous.
Pet. nearly equal in length. Stnjid. with the sides reflexed. Stain.
deciduous. Leg. ventricose, pedicelled, many-seeded. Leguminosa,
p. 77.
Cercis. Cal. 5-toothed, gibbous at base. Pet. 5, with claws, sub-
papilionaceous, all distinct ; icings large. Leg. compressed ; upper
seminiferous suture margined. Seeds obovate. Leguminosa, p. 94.
DlGYNIA.
Hydrangea. Cal. superior, hemispheric, 5-toothed. Pet. 5, regu-
lar. Caps 2-celled, 2-beaked, opening by a hole between the 2 horns.
Saxifrages, p. 137.
Saxifraga. Cal. 5-parted. Pet. 5, entire, with short olaws. Caps.
with 2 beaks, 2-celled, many-seeded, opening between the beaks.
Saxifragcce, p. 137.
Chrysosplexiem. Cal. superior, 4 — 5-cleft, coloured. Cor. none.
Caps, with 2-beaks, 2-valved, many-seeded. Saxifrages, p. 138.
Tiarella. Cal. 5-parted, persistent. Pet. 5, inserted into the
calyx, unguiculate, entire. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved ; valves unequal.
Saxifrages, p. 138.
Mitella. Cal. campanulate, 5-cleft. Pet. 5, laciniate or toothed,
inserted into the calyx. Caps.. 1-celled, 2-valved ; valves equal.
Saxifrages, p. 138.
Saponaria. Cal. tubular, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Pet. 5,
unguiculate. Caps. 1-celled. Caryophylles, p. 49.
Diaxthus. Cal. tubular, 5-toothed, with 2 — 4 imbricated scales at
the base. Pet. 5, with long claws. Caps. 1-seeded. Caryophylles,
p. 47.
Scleranthus. Cal. 5-cleft, with the stam. inserted upon it. Cor.
none. Caps. 1-celled, covered with the calyx. Scleranthe<e, p. 132.
Trigynia.
Silexe. Cal. tubular, 5-toothed, naked. Pet. 5, unguiculate, most-
ly crowned at the orifice ; limb bifid. Caps. 3-celled at base, dehis-
cent at the top into 6 teeth. Caryophylles, p. 47.
Stellaria. Cal. 5-parted. PeL 5, bifid. Caps. 1-celled, opening
with 6 teeth, many-seeded. Caryophylles, p. 50.
Arenaria. Cal. 5-sepalled. Pet. 5, entire. Caps. 1-celled, many-
seeded. Caryophyllece, p. 51.
Pentagynia.
Sedum. Cal. 5-parted. Pet. 5. Caps. 5, with a nectariferous scale
at their base. Crassulaces, p. 133.
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. xlv
Oxalis. Cal. 5-parted, persistent. Pet. 5. Caps. 5-angled, 5-cell-
*id, bursting at the angles, Seeds covered with an elastic aril. Oxali-
■tlca:, p. 69.
Agrostemma. Cal. 1-leaved, tubular, coriaceous, 4-sided. Pet. 5,
-olawed ; limb undivided. Caps. 1-celled. Caryophyllcat, p. 49.
Cerastium. Cal. 5-parted. Pet. 5, bifid. Caps. 1-celled, dehiscent
at the apex with 5 or 10 teeth. Caryophyllca;, p. '53.
Spf.rgula. Cat 5-parted. Pet. 5, undivided. Caps, ovate. Cary-
ophyUecB, p. 50.
Penthorum. Cal. 5-parted. Pet. 5 or none. Cap*- 5-pointed, 5-cell-
">-sided at the apex. Crassnlacetc, p. 133.
DK( V(.Y.MA.
Phytolacca. Perianth 5-leaved, petaloid. Ber. superior. 10-celled.
^0-seeded. Phytolaccctc, p. 299.
IcOSANDRIA.
MONOGYNl \.
Opuntia. Cal. many-sepalled ; outer sepals flat, short; inner ones
petal-like, obovate, rosaceous. Ber. ovate, umbilicate at the apex, tu-
berculate and often bearing spines, t'octae. p. 134.
Prunus. Cal. inferior, 5-toothed. Cor. 5-petalled. Dmpc ovate or
oblong, fleshy, very smooth, covered with greyish dust ; ptitamen com-
pressed, acute at both ends, subsulcate at the margin, elsewhere
smooth. Amygdalae, p. 95.
Cerasus. Drupe globose or umbilicate at base, fleshy, very smooth,
destitute of grey powder ; nucleus subglobose, smooth. Amygdalea .
p. 96.
Lythrum. Cal. cylindric, striate, 8 — 12-toothed. Pet. 4 — 6, equal,
inserted on the calyx. Caps. 2-celled, many-seeded. Salicaria, p. 125.
Cuphea. Cal. inflated, tubular, 6— 12-toothed, unequal. Pet. 6 — 7,
unequal, inserted into the calyx. Caps. 1 — 2-celled, at length bursting
longitudinally. SaHcaruB, p. 126.
Decobon. Cal. hcmispheric-campanulate, 10-toothed ; 5 teeth longer
and spreading. Pet. 5, undulate. Caps, covered with the calyx, 3-
eelled, 3-valved. Salicarice, p. 12G.
Di-Pentagynia.
(From Order 2 to Order 5 inclusive. J
fcsEsuviUM. Cal. 5-parted, coloured. Pet. none. Stig. 3 — 5. Caps.
superior, 3 — 5-celled, opening circularly, many-seeded. Ficoidccc. p.
134.
Obs. The remaining genera of this division belong to the Orders
Rosacea:, (p. 98,) and Pomacccc, (p. 110.)
Polygyria.
Calycanthus. T^obes of the cal. in many rows, imbricate, lanceolate,
somewhat coriaceous, coloured. Cor. none. Stam. unequal. Acincs
many. Calycanthea, p. 115.
Obs. All the other genera of this order are included under Rosa-
cea, p. 98.
4a
xWi SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.
POLYANDRIA.
Mo.NOGYMA.
Tilia. Cal. 5-parted, inferior, deciduous. Pet. 5, naked, or with a
scale within. Caps, coriaceous, 5-celled ; cells 2-seeded, (rarely 1-
celled, 1-seeded.) TiMacae, p. 50.
Helianthemum. Cal. 5-leaved, 2 smaller than the rest. Cor. 5-pe-
talled. Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved ; valves septiferous in the middle.
Cistinca, p. 35.
Hudsonia. Cal. tubular, 5-parted, unequal, inferior. Cor. 5-petall-
ed. Stain. 9 — 30. Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved, 1 — 3-seeded. Cistmece,
p. 36.
Portulacca. Cal. inferior, 2-parted. Pet. 4 — 6. Caps. 1-celled.
opening circularly. Portulacea, p. 130.
Talinum. Cal. of 2 ovate sepals. Cor. 5-petalled. Caps. 1-celled,
3-valved, many-seeded. Receptacle globose. Portulacea, p. 130.
Chelidonium. Sepals 2, smooth. Pet. 4. Caps, elongated,, 1-celled,
2-valved. Seeds numerous, crested, free. Papavcracca, p. 21.
Meconopsis. Pet. 4. Stig. 4 — 6-rayed. Caps, obovate, 1-celled,
4 — 6-valved. Papaveracea. p. 21.
Argemone. Pet. 4 — 6. Stig. 4 — 7, radiating, free. Caps, obovate,
1-celled, opening at the summit by valves. Papaveracea, p. 21.
Sanguixaria. Sep. 2, deciduous. Pet. 8 — 12. Stig. 2. Caps-
superior, oblong, 2-valved Papaveracem, p. 21.
Podophyllum. Sep. 3. Pet. 6—9. Stig. large, subsessile, peltate-
Ber. somewhat fleshy, not dehiscent. Podophyllum, p. 18.
ActjEa. Cal. 4-leaved, deciduous. Pet. 4. Carpels many-seeded.
Ranunculacea, p. 13.
Sarracenia. Cal. double, persistent; outer one of 3 leaves ; inner
one of 5, much larger. Pet. 5. Stig. very large, peltate, covering the
stamens. Caps. 5-celled. Sarracenia, p. 22.
Nympilea. Sep. at the base of the disk. Pet. and stam. connected
with the whole of the disk, which covers the carpels. Nymphaacea, p.
20.
Nuphar. Sep., pet. and stam. inserted at the base of the disk. Nym-
ph.OM.cea,, p. 20.
Di-Pestagynia.
Ascyrum. Cal. 4-sepalled ; the 2 inner larger and cordate. Pet. 4.
Stain, scarcely united at base. Styles 1 — 3. Hypericinca, p. 62.
Hypericum. Sep. 5, unequal, more or less united at base. Pet. 5.
Stain, in 3 or 4 parcels. Styles 3— 5. Caps, membranaceous. Hype-
ricincce, p. 60.
Obs. The other genera belong to Ranunculacca, p. 3.
Polygynia.
Magnolia. Sep. 5. Pet. 6—9. Carpels 2-valved, 1-seeded, imbri-
cated in a cone. Seeds pendulous, arillate. Magnoliacca, p. 14.
Liriodendron. Sep. 3. Pet. 6. Samara, (wing-like carpels,) 1 or
\
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. xlvii
2-seeded, imbricate in a cone, not opening, attenuated. Magnoliacece,
p, 15.
Asimina. CaL 3-parted. Pet. 6, spreading, ovate-oblong; the in-
ner smaller. Anth. subsessile. Bcr. several, ovate, sessile, many-
seeded. Anonaccce, p. 16.
Hypropeltis. Col. of 3 — 4 sepals. Pet. 3 — 4. Ovaries 6 — 18*
Seeds pendulous, ovate, globose . Hydropcltidccc, p. 18.
Nelumbium. CaL petaloid, of 4—6 sepals. Pet. numerous. Carp.
numerous, deeply immersed in the upper surface of a turbinate receptacle
or torus, 1-seeded. Nymphaace&, p. L9.
Obs. The remaining genera belong to the Order Ranunculacea:,
p. 3.
DlDYNAMIA.
2 orders. 1. Gymnospermia. Seeds naked.
2. Angiospcrmia. Seeds in a capsule.
Obs. The genera of this class form a very natural group, hav-
ing irregular or bilabiate flowers, with mostly 4 stamens (2 longer) ;
but sometimes 2 are abortive, and hence such are arranged artificially
in the class Diandria. The whole will be more easil}-, as well as cor-
rectly studied, by the natural orders. The genera belonging to the order
Gymnospermia will be found among the Labiate, p. 270; those belong-
ing to Angiospermia anions the Orobanchete, p. 260, Scrophularinea, p.
261, and Verlcnacca. p. 283.
TETR ADYNAMIA.
Ob*. This class is entirely natural ; and it is therefore altogether
unnecessary to repeat the generic descriptions. It is identical with the
natural order Cracifera, p. 24. I have chiefly for the sake 'of conven-
ience, preserved the Linnasan division into Sfficidosa and Siliquosa. —
Gynandropsis and Polanisia, ( CleomclAnn.) usually arranged under
this class, form the order Capparidca:, p. 34.
MONADELPHIA.
Pe.ntandria.
Passiflora*. Cal. 5-parted, coloured. Pet. 5, or none, inserted in-
to the calyx. Nect. a fikmentous crown. Ber. pedicelled. Passifio-
rea, p. UJ9.
Decandria.
Geranium. Sep. 5, equal. Pet. 5, equal, 5 alternate stam. long-
er, with nectariferous scales at the base. Fruit beaked, separating into
5 1-seeded capsules, each with a long naked simple awn. Geraniacca,
p. 67.
POLYANDRIA.
Obs. The genera of, order from the Natural Order Malvacca, p. 56.
DlADELPHIA.
Hexandria.
Obs. The succeeding genera belong to the Natural Order Fumaria-
cee, p. 22.
Xlviil SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.
Oct
ANURIA.
Poltgala. Col. 5-leaved, 2 of them wing-shaped and colouretf
Caps, compressed, obovate or obcordate, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds pu-
bescent. Polygalea, p. 44.
Decandria.
Obs. The genera of this order, with a few usually arranged undei
the class Decandria, constitute the Legioninosct, p. 76.
Syngenesia.
Ob>. 'The plants of this class, with a few exceptions, have 5 anthers
united into a single tube. They are further characterized by the flowers,
commonly called florets, being clustered together in heads and insert-
ed upon a common receptacle which is surrounded by an involucre :
being usually known as compound flowers. They form the Natural
Order Composite, p. 165.
Gynandria.
Obs. The orders Monandria and Diandria of this class, constitute
the Orchidea, p. 342.
Hexandria.
Aristolochia. Perianth tubular, ventricose at base, dilated at the
apex and ligulate. Caps, inferior, 6-celled, many seeded. Aristolo-
chia. p. 308.
DoDECANDRIA.
Asaruih. Perianth campanulate. 3-cleft. Anth. adnate to the mid-
dle of the filaments. Caps, inferior, 6-eelled. Aristolochia, p. 309.
MONOECIA-
Monandria,
Zoster a. Stam. and Pist. separated, in two rows on one side of a
spadix. Spathe leafy. Perianth none. Sterile Fl. Anth. ovate ses-
sile, alternating with the germs. Fertile Fl. Ovary 1, ovate. Style
bifid. Drvpc 1-seeded. Fluviales, p. 384.
Zanntchellia. Sterile Fl. Perianth none. Fertile Fl. Perianth
single, 1-leaved. Style 1. Stig. peltate. Caps, sessile. FLuviales.
p. 384.
Caulima. Perianth none. Sterile Fl. Anth. sessile. Fertile Fl.
Style filiform. Stig. 2-cleft. Caps. 1-seeded. Fluviales, p. 384.
Euphorbia. Perianth mostly wanting, Invol. 1 -leaved, campanu-
late, 8 to 10 toothed, the inner segments membranaceous and erect.
Sterile Ft. 12 or more. Fil. articulated in the middle. Fertile Fl.
solitary, stipulate, naked. Caps. 3-lobed. Euphorbiacea, p. 311.
Diandria.
Podostemum. Cal. and Cor. none. Sterile Fl. Stain. 2, affixed to
a common pedicel. Fertile Fl. Germ ovate. Stig. 1, sessile. Caps,
2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds minute. Podostemeot, p. 124.
Triandria.
Spargakilm. Fl. in spherical heads. Perianth 3-leaved. Drup*
dry, 1-seeded. Typhacea:, p. 379.
Carex. Fl. collected into an imbricated ament. Glume 1-flowered.
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. xlix
Cor. (nectary or perianth) ventricose, 1-valved, persistent, enclosing
the coriaceous nut or caryopsis. Cyperaceic, p. 430.
Typha. Fl. forming a long cylindrical dense spike. Sterile Fl.
Perianth none. Stamens 3, united below into 1 filament. Fertile
Fl. Perianth none. Pericarp pedicellate, surrounded at base with
hairs resembling a pappus. Typhacccc, p. 380.
Scleria. Sterile Fl. Glumes 2 or 6, many-flowered. Palea un-
armed. Fertile Fl. Glumes 2 or 6, 1-flowered. Paleai none. Stig.
1 — 3. JVut coloured, subglobose. Cyperacea, p. 430.
Tripsacum. Sterile Fl. Glume 2 flowered ; outer one sterile; in-
ner neutre. Cor. a membranous glume. Fertile Fl. Glume 1-flow-
ered, surrounded by a 1 leaved involucre, perforated near the base.
Cor. a 2-valved glume. S'.ylr, 2. Seed 1. Graminece, p. 399.
Comptosia. Sterile Fl. Anient cylindrical ; scales 1-flowered. Per-
ianth 2-parted. Fertile Fl. Anient globose ; scales 1-flowered. Styles
2. AW orate, 1-celled. Amentaaa; p. 334.
Te.TE ANURIA.
Eriocaulon. Fl. collected into a compact scaly head. Sterile
Fl. in the disk. Perianth single, 4-cleft ; the two inner segments
united nearly to their summit. Stamens 4 — C. Fertile Fl. in the
margin. Perianth single, deeply 4-parted. Style 1. Stig. 2 — 3. Caps.
2 — 3 lobed, 2 — 3 celled : cellsl-seeded. Resiiacece, p. 3C9.
Auras. Sterile Fl. Anient long cylindrical ; scales 3-lobed, 3-
flowered. Perianth single, 4-parted. Fertile Fl. Anient ovate ; scales
2-flowered. Perianth none. Styles 2. Nut compressed. Amentacea,
p. 326.
Boehmeria. Sterile Fl. Perianth 4-parted. Fertile Fl. Perianth
none. Style 1. Aut compressed. Urticeu. p. 315.
Urtica. Sterile Fl. Perianth single, 4-leaved. Fertile Fl. Per-
ianth 2-leaved. JihU 1. shining. Urticea, p, 313.
Parietaria. Fl. polygamous. Perfect Fl. Perianth 4-cleft. Sta-
mens elastic. Style 1. JVut 1, enclosed by the enlarged perianth. Ur-
ticeu:, p. 315.
Morus. Perianth 4-parted ; lobes concave. Fertile Fl. Styles 2.
Seeds 1— 2. covered byr the fleshy perianth. Arlocarpea?, p. 316.
Fehtandria.
Crotonopsis. Sterile Fl. Perianth 5-parted, with 5 petaloid scales.
Fertile Fl. Perianth 5-parted. Stig. 3, twice bifid. Caps. 1-seeded,
not opening. Euphorbiacea, p. 310.
Amaranthus. Perianth 2 to 5-leaved. Sterile Fl. Slam. 3 — 5.
Fertile Fl. Styles 3. Caps. 1-celled, 1-seeded, opening transversely
all round. Amuranthacecc, p. 294.
X amtihm. Sterile Fl. Involucre imbricate. Anlh. approximate
but not united. Recept. chaffy. Fertile Fl. Invol. 2-leaved, 1-flow-
ered. Cor. none. JVut 2-celled. Composite, p. 210.
Ambrosia. Sterile Fl. Involucre 1-leaved, hemispherical. Anlh.
approximate but not united. Recept. naked. Fertile Fl. Invol. 1-
leaved. entire or 5-toothed, 1-flowered. Cor. none. JVut formed from
i'omp
4a*
1 SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.
Hexandria.
Zizania. Glume none. Sterile Fl. PaJecc 2, subawned. Fer-
tile Fl. Palece2, cucullate and awned. Style 2-parted. Seed I, in-
vested by the plaited paleae. Graminea:, p. 419.
Hydrochloa. Glume none. Sterile Fl. Palea 2, awnless. Fer-
tile Fl. Palea,2, awnless. Stig. 2. very long. Seed 1, reniform.
Graminea, p. 419.
Polyandria.
(Stems not woody.)
Ceratophylllm. Cal. many-parted. Sterile Fl. Cor. none. Slam.
1G — 20. Jinlh. tricuspidate. Fertile Fl. Cor. none. Style 1, fili-
form. Nut 1-seeded. Ceralophytlca, p. 124.
Myriophyllum. Sterile Fl. Cal. 4-parted. Cor. 4-petalled. Slam.
4-6-8. Fertile Fl. Cal. adhering to the ovary ; limb 4-lobed. Pet.
none. Nuts 4, compressed or subglobose, 1-seeded. Haloragea, p. 121.
Sagittaria. Cal. 3-leaved. Pet. 3. Sterile Fl. Stam. about
24. Fertile Fl. Ovaries numerous. Caps, compressed, margined.
1-seeded. Alismacece, p. 37G.
Arum. Spathe 1-leaved, cucullate, convolute at the base. Spad.
naked above, bearing sessile anthers below the middle and ovaries at
the base. Ber. 1 -celled, many-seeded. Aroidece, p. 381.
Rensselaeria. Spathe convolute. Spad. covered with flowers, fer-
tile at the base, sterile above. Perianth none. Ber. 1-seeded. Aroi-
dect, p. 382.
Calla. Spathe ovate, somewhat flattened. Spad. covered with
flowers. Perianth none. Ber. many-celled, many-seeded. Aroidea,
p. 282.
(Stems woody.)
Obs. The genera of this division are Forest Trees, and are included
under the Nat. Ord. Amentaceot, p. 317.
MONADELPHIA.
(Stems not woody.)
Acalypha. Sterile Fl. Perianth 3 or 4-parted. Stam. 8 — 10.
Fertile Fl. Styles 3, 2-parted. Caps. 3-celled, 3-seeded. Euphor-
biaceot, p. 311.
Ricinus. Sterile Fl. Perianth 5-parted. Stam. numerous. Fer-
tile Fl. Perianth 3-parted. Styles 3, 2-cleft. Caps, mostly echin-
ate, 3-celled, 3-seeded. Euphorbiacea, p. 311.
Phyllanthus. Sterile Fl. Perianth 5 — 6-parted. Fil, often col-
umnar. Fertile Fl., resembling the sterile. Nectary 1 a 12 angled
margin. Styles 3. Caps, mostly 3-grained. Euphorbiacea, p. 310.
Melothria. Sterile Fl. Cal. 3— 5-toothed. Cor. bell-form. Fil.
5, in 3 sets. Fertile Fl. Cal. and cor. as in the sterile. Style 1.
Stig. 3. Fruit 3-celled, many-seeded. Cucurbitacea, p. 128.
Momordica. Sterile Fl. Cal. 5 cleft. Cor. 5 parted. Stam. in
3 sets. Fertile Fl. Style 3-cleft. Ovary 3-oelled. Fruit often mu-
ricate. Cucubitacece} p. 128.
Sicy-os* Sterile Fl. Cat. 5-toothed; teeth subulate. 5-parted.
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.
li
Pil. 3? Fertile Fl. Style 3-cleft. RuU 1-seedeci. often spiny.
Cucurbitacecc, p. 128.
(Stems icoody.J
Obs. The genera of this division belong to Conifera. p. 337.
DlOECIA.
DlANDRIA.
Vaii.onf.ria. Sterile Fl. Spathc ovate, 2 — 4-parted. Spad. co-
vered with minute flowers. Perianth 3-parted. Fertile Fl. Spathe
2-cleft, 1-flowered. Perianth elongated, 6-parted. Stig. 3, sessile,
ovate, bifid. Caps, cylindric, 1 -celled, many-seeded. Hydrocharid or .
p. 341.
Salix. Sterile Fl. Ament cylindric. Scales 1-flowered, with a
nectariferous gland at the base. Perianth none. Stam. 1 — 5. F> k-
i ilk Fl. Scales 1-flowered. Perianth none. Stig. 2. Caps. 1-celled,
2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds woolly. Amtntaceot, p. 31d.
Fraxinus. CaL none, or 3 — 4-cleft. Cor. none, or deeply 4-parted.
Stam. 2. Caps. 2-celled, 2-seeded, compressed and foliaceous at the
extremity. Polygamous. Oleacea, p. 232.
Triandria.
E.mpktri m. Perianth consisting of 2 rows of scales. Sterile Fl.
Stam. 3. Fertile Fl. Stig. with 6 — 9 spreading rays. Ber. round,
superior, 6— 9-seeded. Empetrea, p. 309.
Tetrandria.
Myrica. Ament ovate-oblong : scales lunulate. Sterile Fl. Stam.
4—6. Aniii 4-valved. Fertile Fl. Ovary 1. Stig. 2 Drupe 1-cell-
ed. 1-seeded. Amentacea, p. 324.
Visccm. Cal. with the margin entire or a little prominent. Ste-
rile Fl. Pet. 4, united at base. Anth. 4, adnate with the petals.
Fertile Fl. Ptt. 4, distinct. Stig. 1, obtuse, sessile. Ber. globose,
mucilaginous, 1-seeded. Loranthaceot, p. 154.
Pentandria.
Nyssa. Sterile Fl. Perianth 5-parted. Stam. 5 — 10. Perfect
Fl. Perianth 5-parted. Stem. 5. Style I. Drupe inferior. Santala-
cc(E, p. 307.
. Zanthoxylum. Cal. 3 — 9-lobed, often 4 — 5-parted. Pet. as many
as the lobes of the calyx, rarely none. Stam. and carp, as many as the
lobes of the calyx. Zanthoxyltod, p. 70.
Acnida. Sterile Fl. Perianth 5-parted. Fertile Fl. Per. 3-
parted. Stig. 3 — 5, sessile. Caps. 1-seeded. Chenopodect, p. 297.
Humulus. Sterile Fl. Perianth 5-parted. Anth. with 2 pores at
the extremity. Fertile Fl. Scales of the ament large, concave, en-
tire, 1-flowered. Per. none. Styles 2. Seed 1. Urtieea,, p. 315.
Cannabis. Sterile Fl. Perianth 5-parted. Fertile Fl. Per. ob-
long, opening at the side. Styles 2. JYut 2-valved, covered by the
closed perianth. Urticece, p. 315.
Hexandria.
Smilax. Perianth campanulate-spreading, 6-parted. Sterile Fl.
Hi SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.
Anth. adnate to the filaments. Fertile Fl. Stig. 3. Ber. globose.
3-celled. Smilacea, p. 356.
Dioscorea. Perianth 6-parted. Fertile Fl. Styles 3. Caps. 3-
celled, triangular, compressed ; cells 2-seeded. Seeds with membrana-
ceous margins. Dioscorea., p. 355.
Gleditschia. Sepals 3-4-5, equal. Pel. as many as the sepals,
arising from the tube of the calyx. Style short. Stig. pubescent. Le-
gume compressed, 1 or many-seeded. Seeds compressed. Legumino-
so>; p. 93.
OCTANDRIA.
Populus. Anient cylindrical ; scales lacerated. Sterile Fl. Jlnth.
8—30, arising from a turbinate, oblique, entire, single perianth. Fer-
tile Fl. Per. turbinate. Stig. 4. Caps, superior. 2-celled, 2 -valved,
many-seeded. Seeds woolly. Anient acece, p. 322,
Diospyros. Calyx 4 — 6 cleft. Cor. urceolate, 4 — 6 cleft. Sterile
Fl. Slam. 8 — 16 ; fil. often producing 2 anthers. Fertile Fl. like
the sterile. Stig. 4 — 5. Ber. 8 — 12 seeded. Ebenaccce, p. 229.
Shepherdia. Sterile Fl. Perianth 4-cleft. Slam. 8, included,
alternating with 8 glands. Fertile Fl. Per. 4-cleft, bell-form, supe-
rior. Style 1. Stig- oblique. Ber. 1-seeded, Elozagnecc, p. 306.
Enneandria.
I'i-ora. Spathe bifid. Perianth 6-parted ; 3 inner segments pet-
aloid. Sterile Fl. Slam. 9, 3 of them interior. Fertile Fl. Tube
of the perianth very long. Sterile fil. 3. Caps, bladder-like, about 3-
seeded. Seeds cylindric. Hydrocharidece, p. 342.
Decandria.
Gymnocladus. Cal. tubular, 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petalled. Legume ob-
long, thick, pulpy within. Leguminosce, p. 93.
Polyandria.
Mlmspermum. Sepals and pet. arranged in fours, 2 or 3-rowed. Ste-
rile Fl. Slam. 16 — 20. Fertile Fl. Ovaries 2 — 4. Drupe berried,
roundish-reniform, 1-seeded. Ncnispermacece, p. 16.
MONADELPHIA.
Juniperus. Sterile Fl. Anient ovate ; scales whorled and peltate.
Anth. 4 — 8, 1 celled. Fertile Fl. Anient globose ; scales 3, coadu-
nate. Stig. gaping. Ber. with 3 bony 1-seeded nuts, surrounded
with the united and flesh jr scales. Coni'feroz, p. 337.
Taxus. Fl. surrounded with numerous scales. Sterile Fl. 57am.
8—10. Anth. peltate. Fertile Fl. Style none. Stig. concave. Drupe
fleshy, open at the extremity. Nut 1 seeded. Coniferoz, p. 341.
Cryptogamia.
FlLICES.
Obs. This order forms the Filicoideai, or Fern-like plants, p. 445.
TABLE
NATURAL ORDERS
Showing the accordance of the Systems of Jussn
Df Camvi t i
iiv
TABLE OF THE NATURAL ORDERS.
VASCULARE S OR FLOWERING PLANTS.
Class i. Exogen.e or Dicotyledonous Plants.
Subclass i. Diclilamydem. Thalamiflorcc. D. C.
Perianth double. Petals distinct and hypogynous.
(1. Hypopetalse. Juss. Stamens hypogynous.
Page.
Page.
Order 1.
Ranunculacea?,
1
Order 16.
Droseraceaa,
42
2.
Magnoliacea?,
14
17.
Polygaleae,
43
3.
Anonacea',
15
18.
Caryophylleae,
46
4.
Menispermacese,
16
19.
Elatineae,
55
5.
Berbeiideae,
17
20.
Lineae,
55
6.
Podyphylleae,
17
21.
Malvaceae,
. 56
7.
Hydropeltideae,
18
22.
Tiliaceae,
59
3.
Nymphaeaceae,
19
23.
Hypericinea?,
60
9.
Papaveraceas,
20
24.
Acerineae,
62
10.
Sarracenieae,
22
25.
Hippocastanese,
64
11.
Fumariacese,
22
26.
Arnpelideae,
65
12.
Cruciferae,
24
27.
Geraniaceae,
66
13.
Capparideae,
34
28.
Bahamineac,
68
14.
Cistinese,
35
29.
Oxalideae,
69
15.
Violaceae,
37
30.
Zanthoxylleae,
70
Subclass ii. Dichlamyde<%. Cahjciflorce. D. C.
Perianth double. Petals inserted on the calyx.
(2. Peripetalse. J
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
(3. Epipetalae Juss. Stamens epigynous.)
58, Umbelliferaa, 139 59. Araliaceae,
61. Corneae, 152
(2. Peripetalse.
Juss.
Stamens perigynous.)
Celastrineae.
71
45.
Ceratophylleae,
124
Staphyleaceaa
72
46.
Salicariae,
125
Rhamneae,
73
47.
Melastomaceae,
126
Anacardiaceae,
74
48.
CucurbitaceEe,
127
Leguminosce,
76
49.
Passifloreas,
129
Amygdaleae,
94
50.
Portulaceae,
129
Rosaceae,
98
51.
lllecebreas,
131
Pomaceae,
110
52.
Sclerantheas,
132
Sauguisorbeae,
114
53.
Crassulaceae,
132
Calycantheae,
115
54.
Ficoideae,
133
Onograriae,
115
55.
Cactea;,
134
Circaaceae,
120
56.
Grossulaceae,
135
Halorageae,
121
57.
Saxifrages,
137
Podostemeae,
124
60.
Hamamelideae,
152
150
(4. Epicorollae Corisantherse Juss. Corol epigynous. Anthers free.)
62. Loranthaceaj, 154 65. Valerianeas, 163
63. Caprifoliaecas, 155 66. Dipsaceae, 164
64. Rubiaceae, 159
(5. Epicorollae Synantherae Juss. Corol epigynous. Anthers united.)
67. Compositae, 165
(6 Pericorollae Juss. Corol perigynous.)
68. Campanulaceae, 212 71. Vaccineae,
60. Lobeliacece, 214 72. Pyrolacea;,
70. Ericeai. 215
222
225
TABLE OF THE NATURAL ORDERS.
Iv
Subclass hi. Dicldamydecc Corollijlora. D. C.
Perianth double. Petals hypogynous and bearing the stamens
ocorollao Juss. Corol hypo£
229 Order 85. Bo
229 86. Hi
231 87. So
233 88. Or
e, 234 89. Sc
;, 238 90. La
233 91. Ve
ae, 214 92. A(
245 93. U
ea?, 216 94. Pi
ces, 243 95. PI
is. 250 96. PI
Subclass iv. Monocldamydca.
Perianth or Perigonium single.
(8. Hypostamineoo Juss. Stamens hypogynous.)
Amaranthace;r, 294
(9. PeristaminecD Juss.
Chenopode;t , 295
Phytolacceae
Polygoneae,
(10. Epistaminese Juss.
Santalace;: , 307
(7. Hypocorollae
Juss.
Corol hypogynous.
Order 73.
Ebenaceae,
229
Orde
- 85.
Boragineae.
74.
llicineae,
229
86.
Hydrophylle.T
75.
Oleaceae,
231
87.
Solanea ,
76.
Apocyneae,
233
88.
Orobanchei ,
77.
Asclepiadea?,
234
89.
Scrophularine
78.
Spigeliaceae,
238
90.
Labiatar,
79.
Gentianeae,
233
91.
Verbenacea:,
80.
Bignoniaceae,
214
92.
Acanthacc;r,
31.
Pedulineae,
245
93.
Lentibularia-,
82.
Polemoniacea?,
216
94.
Primulaceae,
83.
Convolvulaceae,
243
95.
Plumbaginea?,
Plantaginea,
34.
Hydroleacea .
250
96.
251
255
256
260
261
270
283
285
286
288
291
292
d. a
97,
93.
99.
100.
299
300
Stamens perigynous. )
101. Laurineae,
102. Elaeagneae,
103. Thyme lea;,
Stamens epigynous. )
104. Santalace;; , 307 105. Aristolochia'.
11. Diclines Juss. Flowers unisexual, or without a perianth.
106. Empetreae, 309 111. Amentacea?,
107. Euphorbiaceae, 310 112. Ulmacea^,
108. Urticeae, 313 113. Juglandeae,
109. Artocarpeae, 316 114. Conifera?,
110. Saurureae, 317
Cuss ii. EndogexjE or Monocotyledonocs Plants.
(12. Monoepigynee Juss. Stamens epigynous.)
305
306
306
308
)
317
333
334
337
115.
Hydrocharideae,
341
118.
Amaiyilidea?,
854
116.
Orch ideas,
342
119.
Hypoxidea-,
354
117.
Irideae,
352
120.
Dioscorea?.
355
129.
Hamodoraceae,
374
(13. Monoperigyna
! JUSS.
Stamens perigynous.)
121.
Smilacese,
355
126.
Kestiaceae,
369
122.
Asphodeieae,
362
127.
Xyrideae,
370
123.
Liliaceae,
364
123.
Junceae,
370
124.
Melanthaceae,
366
130.
Bromeliacear,
375
125.
Pontedereae,
368
(14. Monohypogynce
Juss.
Stamens hypogynous.)
131.
Commelineae,
375
136.
Pistiace.p,
383
132.
Alismaceae,
376
137.
Eluviales,
384
133.
Juncagineae,
378
138.
Gramineae,
386
134.
Typhaceas,
379
139.
Cyperacer,
420
135.
Aroideae,
380
CELLULARES OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS,
Div. i. FilicoidecB, or Fern-like Plants.
140. Equisetaceae, 445 142. Lycopodiacea?,
141. Filices, 447 143. Marsileace*,
459
462
PLANTS
NORTHERN AND MIDDLE STATES.
ARTMNGED ACCORDING TO
THE NATURAL SYSTEM,
VASCULARES, or FLOWERING
PLANTS.
Plants furnished with flowers, and spiral vessels — Phjeno-
gamous or Phanerogamous Plants of Authors.
Class I. EXOGENjE or DICOTYLEDONOUS
PLANTS.
Trunk more or less conical, consisting of three parts,
one within the other, viz. bark, wood and pith, of which
the wood is enclosed within the two others ; increasing
by an annual deposit of new wood and cortical matter,
between the wood and bark. Leaves always articulated
with the stem, their veins branching and reticulated.
Embryo with two or more opposite cotyledons, which
often become green and leaf-like after germination ; rad-
icle naked ; i. e, elongating into a root without penetrat-
ing any external case.
Subclass I. THALAMIFLORjE. De Cand.
Calyx many sepalled. Petals many, distinct, and with the
stamens inserted into the receptacle.
Order I. RANUNCULACEjE. De Cand. Lind.
Calyx with many definite sepals, or many-parted. Petals
5 — 15, (sometimes wanting,,) in one or more rows, distinct
Stamens indefinite in number ; anthers adnate, generally turn-
ed outwards. Pistils numerous. Fruit either consisting of
dry nuts or carpels, or baccate with one or more seeds, or fol-
licular with one or two valves. Seeds albuminous ; when sol-
4 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
itaiy, either erect or pendulous. Embryo minute. Albumen
corneous, large.
Herbs or Undershrubs. Leaves simple, often variously
lobed, with petioles, more or less dilated at their base.
1. CLEMATIS. Lin,..
Involucre none, or like a calyx under the flower. Sepals
4 — S, coloured. Petals none, or shorter than the sepals.
Carpels many, terminated by a long, mostly feathery awn.
Polyandria, Polygyria.
1. C. virginiana Linn. : stem climbing ; leaves ternate ; leafets cordate-
ovate, acute, coarsely toothed or lobed ; flowers paniculate, dioecious,
Hab. Can. to Flor. N. to lat. 55° W. to Columbia river. Aug,
*>. — Stem long. Flowers white, in large panicles. Tails of the
carpels at length clothed with long silken hairs, having the ap-
pearance of tufts of wool. Virgins Bower.
2. C. morna Linn. : stem climbing ; leaves pinnately divided ; seg-
ments entire, or 3-lobed, ovate, acute ; floral ones entire ; peduncles
1 -flowered ; sepals thick, acuminate, connivent, reflexed at the apex.
Hab. Woods. Penn. to Geor. W. to Miss. June, July. If. — FUno-
ers large, nodding, violet. Tails of the carpels long, plumose.
3. C. ockroleuca Ait. : herbaceous, erect, simple, pubescent ; leaves
simple, ovate, very entire, the younger ones with the calyx silky ; flow-
er peduncled, terminal, solitary, nodding. — C. scriccu Mich.
Hab. Woods. Penn. to Geor. June. 21. — Stem 12 — 18 inches
high. Flotoers yellowish- white. Carpels conspicuously feathered,
Sepals 4 ; petals many, minute. Atragene.
4. C. verticillaris De Cand. : leaves whorled in fours, ternate ; leaf-
ets petioled, cordate, nearly entire ; peduncles 1 -flowered ; petals acute,
— Atragene amcricana. Sims. Pursh.
Hab. Rocks. N. Y. Penn. N. to lat. 54°. June. ^,—Stcm
climbing. Floicers very large, purple.
2. THALICTRUM. Linn.
Involucre under the flower none. Petals none. Carpels
dry, not awned, sometimes stipitate, sometimes with a longi-
tudinal furrow. Polyandria. Polygyria.
* Stamens longer than the Calyx.
1. T. cornuti Hook. : leaves decompound ; leafets roundish-obovate
or oblong, 3-lobed, glaucous beneath, with the nerves scarcely promi-
nent ; flowers mostly dioecious ; filaments sub-clavate ; anthers ellip-
tic or sub-linear ; stigmas filiform, membranaceous on the margin ;
carpels ovate-oblong. — T. cornuti and T.pnbescens Pursh. — T. revolutum
Ell.
RANUNCULACEjE. o
Hab. Wet grounds. From lat. 56° N. to Car. June, July. y. —
Stem 3 — 4 feet high, branching. Leaves extremely variable in
form, deep green above, paler glaucous smooth or pubescent be-
neath. Flowers in a compound leafy panicle, greenish. — I have
quoted the above characters from Dr. Hooker, (Fl. Bor. Amer.)
who though doubtful whether this is the T. cornitti of Linnaeus,
considers it the plant described under that name by Pursh. And
he has retained this as a specific name, in preference to reduc-
ing it to a doubtful synonym as De Candolle has done. T. pu-
bescens of Pursh only differs from the present plant in the shape
of the anthers.
2. T. dioicum Linn. : very smooth ; leaves decompound ; leafets
roundish, cordate, obtusely lobed, glabrous ; flowers dioecious, pani-
icled ; filaments filiform ; fruit ovate, striate. — T. lavigatum Mich.
Hab. Banks of streams. Can. to Car. and N. to lat. 67°. April.
11. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Flowers white, in a terminal panicle.
3. T. rugosum Linn. : leaves decompound ; leafets ovate-lanceolate,
rugose, veined, obtusely lobed ; flowers dioecious, in panicles ; fila-
ments filiform.
Hab. Swamps. Penn. to Car. June — Aug. It- — StemZ — 5 feet
high. Flowers white.
4. T. purpurascens Linn. : leaves compound, shorter than the stem ;
leafets roundish, 3-cleft, and incised, glaucous beneath ; panicles near-
ly leafless, contracted ; flowers monoecious or dioecious, cernuous ; fil-
aments coloured.
Hab. Dry hills. Can. to Virg. May, June. It. — Plant small*
Stamens and filaments purple. This is perhaps only T. dioicum
with purple flowers.
** Stamens shorter than Vie petaloid calyx.
5. T. anemonoides Mich. : root tuberous ; radical leaves biternate ; leaf-
ets subcordate, 3-toothed ; floral leaves petioled, resembling an invo-
lucre ; flowers perfect, few, umbelled ; petaloid calyx 8 — 10 leaved. —
Anemone thalictroidcs Linn.
Hab. Woods. Common throughout the U. S. April, May.
It. — Stem. 6 — 8 inches high. Flozccrs white. The flowers of
this species resembles those of Anemone, but the fruit that of
Thalictrum. It is retained in this place by De Candolle and
Hooker. Rue leaved Anemone.
3. ANEMONE. Linn.
Involucre remote from the flower, of 3 divided leaves. Ca-
lyx petaloid, with 5—15 sepals. Petals none
Polyandria. Polygyria.
1. A. ncmorosa, var. quaiquefoUa De Cand. : leaves ternate ; segments
5-parted, incisely dentate, lanceolate, acute ; involucre similar, peti-
oled ; stem 1-flowered ; sepals G, elliptic ; capsules awnless. — A. quin-
quefolia Linn.
1
6 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. N. to lat. 53°, extending west-
ward to the Rocky mountains. April, May. If..— Stem 6 — 8
inches high. Flowers white varying to purple. Leaves narrow,
and more divided than in the European plant. Wood Anemone.
2. A. lancifvlia Pursh : leaves petioled, ternate ; leafets lanceolate,
crenate, dentate ; sepals 5, ovate, acute ; fruit ovate ; style short,
uncinate.
Hab. High mountains. Penn. and Virg. May, July. 21. — Re-
sembles the foregoing species, but the flowers are larger and clear
white. Pursh. — De Candolle who has examined Pursh's plant
in the herbarium of Lambert, thinks it scarcely distinct from the
Linncsan A. trifolia, while Dr. Hooker refers it with a mark of
doubt to A. ncmorosa.
3. A. pennsylvanica Linn. : leaves 3-parted ; segments 3-cleft ; lobes
oblong, incisely toothed, acuminate ; involucre similar, sessile, bearing
several pedicels, one naked and 1 -flowered, the others involucellate ;
sepals 5, elliptic ; fruit pubescent, compressed, crowned with a long
Style.— A. aconitifolia Mich.
Hab. Meadows. Throughout the U. S. N. to Hudson's Bay.
June, July. If. — Stem a foot high. Floicers white, large. By
some botanists A. dichotoma of Linneus, is considered distinct
from the above, but it is most probably identical with it.
4. A. virginiana Linn. : leaves ternate ; segments ovate-lanceolate,
3-cleft, acuminate, incisely toothed ; involucre similar, petiolate ; se-
pal.^ 5, elliptic, acuminate, silky without; peduncles elongated ; fruit
oblong, woolly.
Hab. Woods. Throughout the U. S. and Can. as far N. as
lat. 55°. July. H. — Stem 18— 20 inches high. Floicers small,
greenish. Peduncles elongated.
4. HEPATICA. mild.
Involucre 3-leaved, 1-flowered, resembling a calyx, entire.
Sepals petaloid, 6 — 9, arranged in 2 or 3 rows. Ovaries
many. Carpels without an awn. Polyandria. Polygynia.
H. triloba Willd. : leaves cordate, 3-lobed ; lobes entire ; scape and
petioles hairy. — Anemone Hepatica Linn.
a. lobes of the leaves somewhat acute. — H. triloba De Cand.
b. segments of the leaves acute. — H. acutiloba De Cand.
d. lobes of the leaves obtuse. — H. americana De Cand.
Hab. In woods. Common throughout the U. S. and N. to lat.
52D. April, May. 21. — There appears to be no doubt that these
supposed distinct species are nothing more than varieties. They
grow indiscriminately, and the lobes of the leaves assume almost
every variety of form. Livenoort. — Early Anemone.
RANUNCULACEjE. 7
5. HYDRASTIS. Linn.
Sepals 3, ovate. Petals none. Stame?is and ovaries nu-
merous. Carpels berry-like, numerous, aggregated in a head,
terminated by the style, 1-celled, 2-seeded.
Polyandria. Polygyria.
H. canadensis Linn.
Hab. Rocks woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Rare. May.
2{. — Stem 6 — 8 inches high, with 2 nearly opposite leaves above.
Leaves petiolate. emarginate at base, incisely serrate. Flower
solitary, pedunculate, reddish white. Fruit fleshy, red, like that
of a Rubus. The root affords a juice of a fine yellow colour,
which is used by the Indians for staining skins and clothing.
Yellow Pucoon.
6. RANUNCULUS. Linn.
Sepals 5, not deciduous. Petals 5, rarely 10, with a honey
scale at the base on the inside. Stajnetis and ovaries numer-
ous. Carpels ovate, somewhat compressed, terminating in a
point or horn, smooth, striated, or tuberculated, arranged
in a globose or cylindric head, Polyandria. Polygyria.
* Carpels transversely rugose-striate. Petals white.
1. R. aquatilis, var. eapillaccus De Cand. : stem filiform, floating ;
leaves all submersed, divided into capillary diverging segments ; petals
obovate, longer than the calyx. — R. fluviatilis Wild. Pursh.
Hab. In streams. Throughout the U. S. and British America,
N. to lat. 683. July, Aug. IX. — Stem long. Leaves petioled.
Floicers small, white. There are several varieties of R. aquati-
lis, which have been described as distinct species.
Water Croufoot.
** Carpels smooth, ovate, collected into a roundish head. Floicers yellow.
t Leaves undivided.
2. R. lingua Linn. : leaves lanceolate, subserrate, semiamplexicaul ;
stem erect, smooth, succulent, many-flowered.
Hab. Banks of streams. N. S. July, Aug. If.-— Stem 2—3 feet
high, with erect branches. Leaves very long, linear-lanceolate.
Flowers large. Great Spearwort.
3. R. flammula Linn. : leaves glabrous, linear-lanceolate or sub-ovate,
subentire, the lower ones petiolate ; stem more or less decumbent, root-
ing ; peduncles opposite to the leaves. — R. flammula, var. major Hoof,.
Hab. Swamps. Can. to. Virg. July, Sept. 21. — Stem 12—18
inches high, succulent. Flowers smaller than in the former. —
Said to be a powerful and speedy emetic. Small Spearwort,
4. R. reptans Linn. : leaves linear, entire, remote, smooth ; stem
filiform, creeping, jointed ; joints 1-flowered. — R. filiformis Mich. — R.
reptans, vzr.jiliformis DeCand. Torr. — R. flammula, var. fll^vrmis Hook.
8 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. River banks. N. S. and N. to Labrador. July, Aug.
21. — A very delicate species. — Stem 6 — 12 inches long. Flowers
small. Fruit very smooth. Although coming from such high
authority, I cannot yet adopt the opinion of Dr. Hooker that
this plant is a mere variety of R. jlammula. From a comparison
of specimens, I am satisfied that our plant is identical with the
foreign R. reptans. Filiform Croicfoot.
5. R. pusillus Pursh : leaves petioled ; lower ones ovate, subdentate ;
upper ones linear-lanceolate ; stems many, erect ; pedicels opposite to
the leaves, solitary, 1-flowered.
Hab. Wet grounds. N. J. to S. Car. June — Aug. It. — Stems
6 — 12 inches high, weak. Flowers small, pale-yellow. — Distin-
guished from R. jlammula by its smaller size, and by its lower
leaves being ovate.
6. R. cymbalaria Pursh : stems sarmentose filiform ; leaves petiolate,
smooth, somewhat fleshy, cordate, reniform or ovate, coarsely crenate ;
scapes naked, elongated, 3-flowered ; petals linear, as long as the ca-
lyx ; carpels striate. — R. cymbalaria, var. americanus De Cand.
Hab. Salt marshes. N. Y. Mass. Can. to lat. 68° N. and from
Hudson's Bay to the summits of the Rocky mountains. July,
Aug. 2£. — Scapes 2 — 6 inches high. Flowers small. Fruit ob-
long. Its runners are very properly compared by Dr. Smith, to
those of the garden strawberry. Sea Crowfoot.
tt Leaves divided.
7. R. auricomus Linn. : leaves smooth ; radical ones petioled, cor-
date, mostly 3-parted orlobed ; cauline ones sessile, divided into linear,
entire or subdentate lobes ; calyx pubescent, shorter than the petals,
spreading.
Hab. Woods and meadows. Penn. Pursh. May, June. 21. —
Stem a foot or more high. Floicers middle sized. Pursh, I believe,
is the only authority for this as an American species.
Wood Crowfoot.
8. JR. abortivus Linn. : leaves smooth ; radical ones petiolate, cor-
date-orbiculate, crenate, sometimes 3-parted ; stem leaves ternate and
3 — 5 cleft, with linear segments ; upper ones sessile ; calyx a little
longer than the petals, reflexed.
Hab. Wet grounds. Throughout the U. S. and Can. July, Aug.
21. — Stem a foot high. Leaves very variously dissected, mostl}'
smooth, sometimes pubescent. Floicers small, yellow, the pe-
tals being sometimes twice as long as the calyx. Carpels com-
pressed, forming an ovate or nearly globose head. R. nitidus of
Walter, is a variety of this species, differing only in size, being
nearly twice as large.
9. i?. sceleratus Linn. : leaves smooth ; radical ones petioled, 3-part-
ed, the segments lobed ; cauline ones 3-lobed, lobes oblong, linear, en-
tire ; calyx smooth ; carpels small, numerous, forming an oblong head.
Hab. Wet grounds. From lat. 67° N. to S. Car. May— Aug.
11. — Stem a foot high, branched, succulent. Flowers small.
The plant is almost entirely glabrous. Celery leaved Crowfoot.
RANUNCULACEiE. 9
10. R. iacustris Beck and Tracy: stem elongated ; emersed leaves
reniform, 3 — many parted ; submersed ones cleft into numerous capilla-
ry segments ; petals 5—8, obovate, twice as long as the sepals ; nec-
tary concave ; fruit subglobose. — R. multifidus Pursh. — R. PurshiiHook.
Hab. Stagnant waters. N. S. N. to near the Arctic Sea. W. to
the Rocky mountains. May, June. If. — Stem 3 — 4 feet
long. Flowers large, shining, bright yellow. When the plant
grows in water the leaves are divided into capillary segments, but
when found on muddy banks they are often rounded or reni-
form, and divided into only 3 — 5 blunt segments. Hence the
reason why this plant has been made the basis of several dis-
tinct species. I should observe that the more common state of
it was for a long time mistaken by our botanists for R. fluviait-
Us; as was first shown by Mr. James G. Tracy and myself, in
1822. (N. Y. Mai $ Plnjs. Jour. J The name R. multijidvs,
applied to it by Pursh. had previously been appropriated by Sir
J. E. Smith to a totally distinct species from Egypt. De Can-
dolle gives a new name to the Egyptian plant, retaining Pursh' s
name for the present one ; while Dr. Hooker unites several sup-
posed distinct species under the name of R. Purshii. On the
whole I have thought best to retain the name imposed by us :
though an attentive examination has satisfied me that the plant
is much more variable than I had formerly supposed.
11. 7?. acris Linn.: leaves mostly pubescent, 3-parted ; lobes incise-
ly toothed, acute ; upper ones linear ; stem erect, many-flowered, sub-
pubescent ; peduncles terete, not furrowed ; calyx spreading, sub-vil-
lose ; carpels terminated by nearly a straight point.
Hab. Meadows. N. S. May — Aug. H. — Stc?yi varying much
in height, mostly hairy. Flowers bright yellow, shining. A
specimen in the herbarium of Dr. T. R. Beck, labelled by Muh-
lenberg R. saniculaformis, is identical with the present species.
Mcadoio Crowfoot.
12. R. repens Linn. : leaves temate ; leafets wedgeform, 3-lobed, in-
cisely dentate ; central one petiolate ; main stems prostrate ; flowering
ones erect ; peduncles furrowed ; calyx pilose, spreading ; carpels with
a straight point.
Hab. Wet meadows. Can. to Car. June—Sept. 1£. — Plant
increasing by runners. Floiccring stems erect, 1 — 2 feet high.
Flowers middle sized. I am disposed to unite with this species
R. nitidus of Muhlenberg and Hooker.
13. R, clintonii Beck: somewhat hairy ; stems creeping and rooting
at each of the joints ; lower leaves on long petioles, temate ; leafets
toothed and incised, cuneate, terminal one petioled ; floral leaves in-
cised or linear ; peduncle 1 — 3 flowered ; petals rounded ; calyx
spreading : carpels margined, with a short uncinate style. — R. prostra-
tes Eat.
Hab. Banks of the canal near Rome. Oneida co. N. Y. June,
July. 11. — Much smaller than R. repens, at least of American
botanists, in all its parts except the flower, which is of a bright
yellow and about as large as that of R. acris. Leaves seldom
10 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
more than 1 1-2 inches in length, and about the same in breadth.
Stems distinctly creeping like that of R. reptans; flowering
ones 6 — 8 inches high. Style short and hooked. Whole plant
somewhat hairy. I have named this species, which I must be-
lieve to be quite distinct, in token of my friendship for G. W.
Clinton, Esq. It is undoubtedly the same plant which is des-
cribed by Prof. Eaton in his Manual of Botany, (5th ed. ) under
the name of R. prostratus of Lamarck. But that species, if in-
deed it exists, is a very obscure one, and has heretofore been
found only in the neighborhood of Paris. De Candolledoes not
mention it in his Prodromus, and Sprengel places it as a syno-
nym under R. repens. Syst. Veg. ii. 556. The only description
of it that I have met with is in the elaborate article Ranunculus,
in Rees' Cyclopaedia, from the pen of the late Sir James Edward
Smith.
14. R. hispidus Mich. : erect, branched ; stem and petioles with stiff
spreading hairs ; leaves ternate or 3-parted ; leafets or segments acute-
ly lobed ; pubescence of the pedicels appressed ; calyx hairy, at length
reflexed ; carpels in a globose head, margined, compressed, smooth ;
style very short and straight.
Hab. Wet grounds. Can. to Car. N. to lat. 67° and from Hud-
son's Bay to the Pacific. June — Aug. 2L — Stem 18 inches
high, very hairy ; Loicer leaves on long petioles ; upper ones
nearly sessile ; leafets nearly all petioled, 3-cleft or 3-parted, at-
tenuate at base. Flowers about the size of R. acris.
Hairy Crowfoot.
15. R. pennsylvanicus Linn. : stem erect and with the petioles cover-
ed with stiff spreading hairs ; leaves ternate, villous; segments subpe-
tiolate, acutely 3-lobed, incisely serrate ; calyx reflexed ; carpels with
a short straight style, collected in an oblong head.
Hab. Wet meadows. From the Arctic regions to Geor. July,
Aug. If. — Stem 18 inches high. Flowers large. Distinguish-
ed from R. hispidus, to which it is most nearly allied, by its ob-
long head of fruit, and by its still shorter style.
16. R. recurvatus Pursh : stem erect and with the petioles covered
with spreading hairs ; leaves 3-parted, hairy ; segments oval, subincis-
ed ; the lateral ones 2-lobed ; calyx reflexed; petals lanceolate ; car-
pels uncinate.
Hab. Shady woods. Throughout the U. S. and from Labrador to
the Columbia river. June — Aug. If.. — Stem 12 — 15 inches
high. Floicers small, pale yellow.
17. R.fascicularis Muhl. : stem erect, branched ; leaves on long pe-
tioles, pubescent, ternate ; the middle segment deeply 3-cleft ; lateral
remotely 3-lobed ; calyx spreading, shorter than the petals, villous ;
nectary flat, wedgeform ; pericarps rounded, compressed, collected into
a globose head.
Hab. Woods. N. S. and Can. W. to Miss. April, May. If.
— Root fascicled. Flowers large. Varies considerably in the form
I
RANUNCULACEiE. 11
of its leaves, which are however always much more compound
than is usual in this genus.
18. R. marylandicus Poir. : stem erect, somewhat branched and with
the petioles soft hairy ; leaves smoothish, ternate ; leafets 3-lobed ;
lobes oblong, acute, incisely toothed ; calyx smooth, spreading, shor-
ter than the petals ; pericarps compressed, with a straight acuminate
style.
Hab. Woods. Penn. to Virg. May— July. H.— Flowers pale
yellow. Pursh.
19. R. bvlbosus Linn. : hairy ; radical leaves ternate, on long peti-
oles ; leafets petiolate, 3-cleft, the segments narrow, incisely toothed ;
stem erect, bulbous at the base ; calyx reflexed, hairy ; petals obcor-
date, shorter than the sepals.
Hab. Meadows. May — Aug. 11. — Stem 8 — 15 inches high.
Flmcers large, bright yellow. Medicinal. Sec Big. Med. Bot.
iii. 61. » Buttercups.
*** Carpels aculeate or tuber cidatc.
20. R. hirsutus Curt. : leaves ternate or 3-lobed ; lobes obtuse, in-
cisely-toothed, middle one pedunculate ; calyx reflexed ; stem not bul-
bous at the base ; carpels with a single row of small tubercles on their
margins. — R. philonotis Pursh.
Hab. Wet fields. Conn, and Penn. June — Oct. 11. — This has
probably been confounded with some other species ; but it dif-
fers from all our northern ones, by its tuberculate carpels.
7. CALTHA. Linn.
Calyx coloured, with 5 roundish sepals resembling petals.
Petals none. Stamens numerous. Capsules 5 — 10, com-
pressed, spreading, 1-celled, many-seeded.
Polyandria. Polygyria.
1. C. palustris Linn.: stem succulent, erect ; leaves cordate, subor-
bicular, obtusely crenate, petiolate ; flowers large, pedunculate ; se-
pals ovate.
Hab. In bogs. N. S. and Can. Labrador to the Columbia ri-
ver. April, May. 2J.. — Stem afoot high, dichotomous. Leaves
large and shining. Flowers peduncled, large yellow.
Marsh Marigold.
2. C. inicgerrima Pursh : stem erect, corymbose ; leaves orbicular-
cordate, very entire, with the sinus closed ; floral ones sessile, reni-
form, obsoletely crenate at the base ; sepals oval, obtuse.
Hab. Boggy meadows. N. S. May — July. Lf. — Flowers co-
rymbose, smaller than No. 1. Sepals very obtuse.
3. C. parnassi/olia Rqf. : stem erect, 1-flowered, 1-leaved ; radical
leaves petiolate, lanceolate-cordate, obtuse, many-nerved ; sepalf
elliptical. — C. Jicaroides Pursh. — Ranunculus fiearia Walt.
12 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Cedar swamps. N. J. to Car. June, July. 11. — Floxo*^
ers deep yellow, middle sized.
4. C. JhbeUifolia Pursh : stem procumbent, many-flowered ; leaves
dilated-reniform ; lobes widely spreading, coarsely and acutely tooth-
ed ; peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered ; sepals obovate ; capsules
uncinate.
Hab. Sand spring, on Pokono mountain. Penn. Pursh. July,
Aug. 11. — Ste?n a foot high. Flowers yellow, middle sized.
Allied to C. natans found in Canada and in Siberia.
8. TROLLIUS. Linn.
Sepals coloured, 5 — 10 — 15, deciduous, petaloid. Petals
6 — 20, small. Capsules many, subcylindrical, sessile, many-
seeded. Polyandria. Polygyria.
T. americamts Muhl. : leaves palmate ; sepals 5 — 10, spreading ;
petals 5 — 10, shorter than the stamens. — T. laxus Pursh.
Hab. Wet grounds. Western part of N. Y. Penn. W. to the
Rocky mountains. May — July. H. — Stem a foot or more
high. Flowers terminal, large, yellow. Probably often mistaken
for a species of Ranunculus.
9. COPTIS. Salisb.
Sepals 5 — 6, coloured, petaloid, deciduous. Petals small,
cucullate. Stamens 20 — 25. Capsules 6 — 10, on long
stalks, membranous, 4 — 6 seeded. Polyandria. Polygynia.
C. trifolia Salisb. : leaves on long petioles, ternate ; leafets obovate,
obtuse, toothed or obscurely 3-lobed ; scape 1-flowered. — Helleborus tri-
folius Linn.
Hab. Swamps. N. S. and Can. May — July. 21.— Scape 4— 6
inches high. Flowers white. It affords a bitter infusion and a
yellow dye.— See Big. Med. Bot. i. 60.— Kaf. Med. Fl. i. 127.
Gold Thread.
10. AQUILEGIA. Linn.
Sepals 5, deciduous, petaloid. Petals 5, bilabiate above,
drawn out into a spur at base. Capsules 5, distinct, many
seeded, with acuminate styles. Polyandria. Pentagynia.
A. canadensis Linn. : spurs straight ; styles and stamens exserted ;
sepals somewhat acute, a little longer than the petals ; segments of the
leaves 3-parted, rather obtuse, incisely toothed.
Hab. Rocks. Throughout the U. S. and Can. April, May.
11. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, branched above. Leaves glaucous ;
radical ones biternate, the upper ones becoming gradually more
. simple. Flowers yellow and scarlet. Wild Columbine.
RANUNCULACE.E. 13
11. DELPHINIUM. Linn.
Calyx deciduous, petaloid, irregular, the upper sepal pro-
duced downward into a spur. Petals 4 ; 2 upper ones horned
behind. Capsules 1 — 5. Volyandria. Di-Pcntagynia.
' VapsvlesS — 5. Petals free. Pcrenni./I.
1. D. azurcnm Mich. : petioles a little dilated at the base ; leaves
3 — 5 parted, many-cleft, lobes linear ; raceme erect ; petals densely
bearded at the apex ; flowers on short pedicels.
II \n. Woods. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. May. 21.— Stem 2
feet high. Flowers large, blue.
2. ]). craltatuin Ait. : petioles not dilated at the base : leaves flat.
3 — 7 cleft beyond the middle ; lobes wedgeform, 3-cleft at the apex,
acuminate : lateral ones often 2-lobed ; raceme erect : spur straight,
as long as the calyx ; capsules 3. — D. tridactuhtm Mich.
Hab. Woods. N. S. Tart. Car. Miss. May. U .—Stem 8 feet
high. Flowers large, light blue.
Capsule 1. Petals united. Annual.
3. D. censoUda Linn.; stem erect, somewhat glabrou:-. divaricately
branched : flowers few. in lax racemes ; pedicels longer than the
bracts ; capsule smooth.
Hah. Near cultivated grounds. June. fp. — Stem (1 feet high.
Flowers blue. Introduced. Larkspur.
12. ACONITUM. Linn.
Calyx petaloid, irregular, deciduous, or marcescent ; upper
sepal concave, helmet-Form. Petals (nectaries) 2, with long
claws, (on peduncles) hooded, recurved. Capsules 3 — 5.
Pulyandria. Di-Pcntagynia.
A.uneinatumLinn. : panicle rather loose, with divergent branches;
era lea exactly conical ; spur inclined, somewhat spiral : styles 3 — 5 ;
leaves 3-lobed ; lobes equal.
Hab. Mountains. Penn. to Car. Sept. If. — Stem twining,
branching. Leaves coriaceous, deeply 3-lobed. Flowers 3 — 4,
near the summit of each branch, large, purple. De Candolle
notices two American varieties of this species.
13. ACTjEA. Linn.
Calyx deciduous, 4 sepalled. Petals 4. Carpels many
seeded. Polyandria. Di-Pcntagynia.
* Carpels dry, dehiscent.
1. A. racemosa Linn. : leaves ternately decompound ; leafets ovate-
oblong, dentate and incised ; racemes panicled, very long ; flowers
2
14 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
with 1-style. — A. monogyna Walt. — Cimicifuga seipentaria Pursli. — C.
raccmosa Nutt. and Torr. — Macrotys serpentaria Raf. and Eat.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Flor. July, Aug. U-Stcm 4—5 feet
high. Racemes 6 — 10 inches long, somewhat panicled. Flow-
ers nearly white. Has a very fetid smell. Medicinal.
Black Snake-root.
** Carpel 1, not dehiscent.
2. A. rubra ft'illd. : leaves twice and thrice ternate ; raceme hemis-
pherical ; petals shorter than the stamens, acute ; pedicels of the fruit
smaller than the peduncle ; berries shining, red, many seeded. — A.
spicata Mich. — A. brachijpetala De Cand. — A. americana, var. rubra Pursh.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. May. U.—Stcm 2 feet high. Floic-
crs white. Berries red and shining. Red Cohosh.
3. ^4. alba Big. : leaves twice and thrice ternate ; raceme oblong ;
petals equal to the stamens ; pedicels of the fruit as large as the pe-
duncle; berries white, few-seeded. — A. spicata, var. alba Mich. — A. ame-
ricana, var. alba Pursh. — A. pachyppda Ell.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. May. Z£. — Pedicels shorter and
thicker than in the preceding. Berries milk-white, tipt with
red, smaller than in A. rubra.
14. ZANTHORIZA. Linn.
Calyx deciduous, 5-sepalIed. Petals 5. Capsule 2 — 3
seeded, by abortion 1-seeded. Pentandria. Polygynia.
Z. apiifolia L' Her it.
Hab. Banks of streams. Penn. to Geor. May. T?. — Surfruticose.
Root large, yellow. Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Leaves bipinnate.
Flowers in panicles, dark purple. Yellow Root.
Order II. MAGNOLIACEjE. De Cand. Und.
Sepals 3 — 6, deciduous. Petals 3 — 27, bypogynous, in
several rows. Stamens indefinite, distinct, bypogynous. An-
thers adnate, long. Ovaries numerous, simple, arranged up-
on the torus above the stamens, 1-celled. Style short. Stig-
ma simple. Fruit either dry or succulent, consisting of nu-
merous carpels, which are arranged upon an elongated axis.
Seeds solitary or several, attached to the inner edge of the
carpels. Embryo minute, at the base of a fleshy albumen.
Trees or Shrubs. Leaves alternate, coriaceous. Flowers
large, solitary, often odoriferous.
1. MAGNOLIA. Linn.
Sepals 5. Petals 6 — 9. Carpels 2-valved, 1-seeded, im-
bricated in a cone. Seeds pendulous, arillate.
Polyandria. Polygynia,
ANONACE.C. 15
1. M. glauca Linn. : loaves perennial, elliptical, obtuse, petiolate,
glaucous beneath ; flowers 9 — 12 petalled ; petals obovate, concave.
Hab. Swamps. N. J. to Car. May, June. — A shrub or small
tree with whitish bark. Floiccrs solitary, terminal, white,
odorous. Sweet Bay.
•J. M. acuminata Linn.: leaves deciduous, oval, acuminate, pubes-
cent beneath ; flowers 6 — 9 petalled ; petals obovate, somewhat ob-
tuse.
Hah. Mountains. Perm, to Car. June. July. A middle sized
tree, sometimes, however, attaining the height of 70 feet. Floic-
crs of a dull yellow colour, about the size of those of M. glauca*
Cucumber Tree.
3. M. tripetala Linn. ; leaves deciduous, cuneate-lanceolate, acute,
silky when young ; petals 9. oval-lanceolate, acute, the outer ones re-
flected.— M. umbrella Lam.
Hab. Mountain woods. Penn. to Geor. June.— A small tree
with irregular branches and very large leaves and flowers.
Umbrella Tree.
2. LIRIODENDROX. Linn.
Sepals 3. Petals 6. Carpels (Samara) imbricated in a
cone, 1 — 2 seeded, not opening, attenuated.
Polyandria. Polygyria.
L. tuUpifera Linn.
Woods. Throughout the Y. S. July. One of the largest
i reea of our forest. Leaves alternate, 3-lobed ; the middle lobe
truncate. Floiccrs solitary, large, of a dull yellow colour. Ac-
cording to Dr. Darlington there are two varieties of this species,
differing chiefly in the colour and texture of the wood ; the one
being yellow and the other white. The yellow is the most val-
uable, but both are employed extensively by cabinet makers.
The bark is a valuable tonic, &c. See Bi<r. a\ Bart. Med. Bot.
Dr. P. K. Roger's hum (rural Thesis, Phi I ml. 1803. Dr. Emmet
has found its virtues to reside in a principle which he denomi-
nates liriodendrine. See Jour. Phil. Coll. of Phar.
Tulip Tree. White Wood.
Order III. ANOXACEjE. De Cand. hind.
Sepals 3 — 1, persistent, usually partly cohering. Petals
6, hypogynous, in two rows, coriaceous. Stamens indefinite,
covering a large hypogynous torus, packed closely together,
very rarely definite. Filaments short, more or less angular.
Anthers adnate, turned outwards, with an enlarged 4-cornered
connectivum. Ovaries mostly numerous. Styles short.
Stigmas simple. Fruit consisting of a number of carpels.
Seeds attached to the suture in one or two rows ; embryo mi-
nute, in the base of a hard, fleshy albumen.
16 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Trees or Shrubs, Leaves alternate, simple, almost always
entire, without stipules. Flowers usually green or brown.
1. ASIMINA. De Cand.
Calyx 3-parted. Petals 6, spreading, ovate-oblong ; in-
ner ones smallest. Anthers many, subsessile. Berries usu-
ally 3, ovate or oblong, sessile. Seeds many.
Polyandria. Polygyria.
A. triloba De Cand. : leaves oblong, crenate, acuminate, and with
the branches smoothish ; flowers on short peduncles ; outer petals
roundish ovate, 4 times as long as the calyx. — Anona triloba Linn. —
Orckidocarpum arietinum Mich. — Porcclia triloba Pursh.
Hab. Banks of streams. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. April. —
A small tree 15 or 20 feet high. Floicers solitary, dark-brown.
Fruit large, fleshy, eatable, sweetish. Papaic Tree.
Order IV. MENISPERMACEjE. Be Cand. land.
Floicers diclinous, usually dioecious and very small. Se-
pals and petals confounded in one or several rows, each of
which is composed of 3 or 4 parts, hypogynous, deciduous.
Stamens monodelphous or occasionally distinct, sometimes
opposite the petals and equal to them in number, sometimes
3 or 4 times as many. Anthers adnate. Ovaries sometimes
numerous, each with one style, cohering slightly at base,
sometimes completely soldered together into a many celled
body. Drupes mostly berried, 1-seeded, compressed. Seed
same shape as the fruit ; embryo curved ; albumen wanting or
small ; cotyledons flat.
Shrubs, with a flexible tough tissue and sarmentaceous
habit. Leaves alternate. Flowers small, usually racemose.
1. MENISPERMUM. Linn.
Sepals and petals arranged in fours, 2 or 3 rowed. Ster-
ile Fl. Stamens 16-— 20. Fertile Fl. Ovaries 2—4.
Drupe berried, roundish-reniform, 1-seeded.
Dioecia. Monadelphia.
M. Canadense Linn.: leaves peltate, somewhat glabrous, cordate,
obtusely angled, mucronate ; racemes solitary, compound ; petals 8.
Hab. Banks of streams. Can. to Car. July. Tj.— Varies
somewhat in the angles of the leaves. Stem climbing. Floicers
greenish yellow. Berries black, resembling grapes.
Moon-Seed.
BERBERIDEiE. 17
Order V. BERBERIDEjE. Be Cand. Lind.
Sepals 3 — 4 — 6, deciduous, in a double row, surrounded
externally by petaloid scales. Petals hypogynous, either
equal to the sepals in number and opposite to them, or twice
as many, generally with an appendage at the base in the in-
side. Stamens equal in number to the petals, and opposite to
them ; anthers generally with two separated cells, opening
elastically with a valve from the bottom to the top. Ova-
ry solitary, 1-celled ; style rather lateral ; stigma orbicular.
Fruit a berry or capsule. Seeds 1, 2 or 3, attached to the
bottom of the cell on one side ; cotyledons flat.
Shrubs or herbs. Leaves alternate, compound, without sti-
pules.
1. BERBERIS. Linn.
Sepals 6. Petals 6, with 2 glands upon their claws. Sta-
mens without teeth, or with 2 — 3 teeth. Berry 2 — 3 seeded.
Seeds 2, rarely 3, inserted laterally at the base of the cell.
Hexandria. Monogynia.
B. vulgaris Linn.: spines 3-parted ; leaves simple, obovate, attenu-
ate at base, ciliate-serrate ; racemes many flowered, pendulous ; petals
entire. — B. canadensis Pursh. Nutt.
Hab. Rocky hills. Throughout the U. S. and Can. April, May.
Yp. — A shrub, 4 — 6 feet high. Leaves alternate. Flowers in pen-
dulous racemes, yellow. Berries red, of an agreeable acid. Ex-
actly similar to the European plant. Barberry.
2. LEONTICE. Linn.
Sepals 6, naked without. Petals 6, bearing a scale at the
base. Capsule 2 — 4 seeded. Seeds globose, inserted into
the bottom of the capsule. Hexandria. Monogynia.
L. thalictr o ides Linn. : cauline leaf solitary, bi-tritenate: leafets 2 — 3
lobed ; flowers paniculate from the centre of the leaves. — CaidopJiyllnm
'halictroidcs Mich.
Hab. Rocky woods. Throughout the U. S. and Can. April,
May. li. — Stem a foot high. Flowers small, greenish-yellow.
Berries deep blue, globose, contracted below into a long stipitate
base. Whole plant turns almost black in drying. Cohosh.
Order VI. PODOPHYLLE^. Lind.
Sepals 3 — 4, deciduous or persistent. Petals in two, three
or more rows, each of which is equal in number to the sepals.
2*
18 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Stamens hypogynous, 12 — 18, arranged in two, three or more
rows ; anthers linear, oval, turned inwards. Stigma some-
what peltate. Fruit succulent or capsular, 1-celled. Seeds
indefinite ; embryo small.
Herbs. Leaves broad lobed. Flowers radicals, solitary,
white.
1. PODOPHYLLUM. Linn.
Sepals 3. Petals 6 — 9. Stamens 12 — 18. Stigma large,
subsessile, peltate. Berry somewhat fleshy, not dehiscent.
Seeds many. Polyandria. Monogynia.
P. }) citatum Linn.: stem erect. 2-leaved, 1 -flowered ; fruit ovate.
Hab. Wooda. Throughout the U. S. and Can. May. U —
Stein a foot high, 2-leaved, 1 -flowered. Leaves large, peltate,
lobed. Floiccrs solitary, white, pendulous. Fruit large, ovate,
crowned with the persistent stigma. Known under the name of
May-apple. Its root is often used as a substitute for jalap. Sec
Bier. ^. Bart. Med. Bot. and Schncck's Exper. Inq. fyc. N. Y.
Med. 4- Phys. Jour. ii. 30.
2. JEFFERSONIA. Bert.
Sepals 4. Petals S. Capsule obovate, semicircularly de-
hiscent. Seeds many, arillate at base.
Octandria. Monogynia,
J. diphylla Pers. : — J. bartonis Mich.
Hab. N. Y. Penn. Virg. and Tenn. May. Ii. — Scape a foot
high. Leaf binnate, petioled. Floiccr terminal, solitary, large,
white, resembling that ofSanguinaria. Capsule large, coriaceous.
Seeds shining, oblong.
Order VII. HYDROPELTIDEvE. hind.
Sepals 3 or 4, coloured inside. Petals 3 or 4, alternate
with the sepals. Stamens definite or indefinite, hypogynous,
arising from an obscure torus ; anthers linear, turned inwards,
continuous with the filament. Ovaries 2 or more. Fruit in-
dehiscent, tipped by the indurated style. Seeds definite, pen-
dulous ; embryo seated at the base of a fleshy albumen.
Aquatics, with floating leaves. Flowers axillary, solitary,
yellow or purple.
1. HYDROPELTIS. Mich.
Calyx of 3—4 sepals. Petals 3—4. Stamens 18—36.
Ovaries % — 18. Seeds pendulous, ovate- globose.
Polyandria, Polygyria.
1
NYMPHMEACEiE. 19
H. purpurea Mich. — Brascnia peltuta Pursh. — B. hydropeltis Torr.
Hab. Lakes and ponds. Can. to Geor. July, Aug. If. —
Whole plant covered with a viscid gelatine. Stem floating,
long, terete, branched. Leaves oval, peltate, coriaceous, very
entire and tinged with purple. Peduncles solitary, long, each
springing from the side of a petiole. Floiccrs purple.
Water- Target.
2. FLCERKIA. mild.
Calyx of 3 sepals. Petals 3, shorter than the sepals. Style
bifid. Pericarp none. Seeds 2 or 3, membraceously coated,
superior. Hexandria. Monogynia.
l\ uligmosa MuJd. — F.pakistris Nutt. — Nectris pinnata Pursh.
Hab. Marshes. Ver. to Virg. April, May. 0.— Stcm de-
cumbent, terete, slender, smooth. Leaves somewhat succulent,
alternate, tririd and pinna ti fid. with a long petiole. Peduncles axil-
lary, gradually lengthening. Floiccrs small, white. Dr. Torrey.
in his valuable catalogue of North American plants, appended to
the American edition of Lindley's Introduction to the Natural
System of Botany, places this genus with a mark of doubt, un-
der the present order. I have followed his suggestion, although
it is by no means certain that this is its true place. Further
examination may prove that it belongs to some other order,
or what is more probable, that it should be the type of a new
one. False Mermaid.
Order VIII. NYMPHjEAC&E. Be Cand.
Sepals and petals numerous, imbricated, passing gradually
into each other. Stamens numerous, sometimes forming with
the combined petals, a superior monopetalous corol ; fila-
ments pctaloid ; anthers turned inwards, adnate. Fruit many-
celled, indehiscent. Seeds very numerous. Embryo small,
on the outside of the base of the albumen.
Herbs, with peltate or cordate fleshy leaves arising from a
prostrate trunk, growing in quiet waters.
1. NELUMBIUM. Juss.
Calyx petaloid, of 4 — 6 sepals. Petals numerous. Car-
pels numerous, deeply immersed in the upper surface of a tur-
binate receptacle or torus, 1-sceded. Seed large, round, soli-
tary. Polyandria. Polygyria.
N. lutnnn Willi. : corol, many petalled ; anthers produced into a
linear appendage at the extremity ; leaves peltate, orbicular, very entire.
— Cyamus flavicomus Salisb. Pursh. — C. luteus Nutt.
Hab, Lakes. N. Y. to S. Car. W. to Miss. July. U-— Leaves
alternate, peltate. Peduncles very long, more or less scabrous.
20 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Flowers yellowish-'white and larger than that produced by any
other plant in North America, except Magnolia macrophylla.
Water Chinquepin,
2. NYMPHjEA. Linn.
Sepals at the base of the disk. Petals and stamens con-
nected with the whole of the disk, which covers the carpels.
Polyandria. Monogynia.
N. odorata Ait. : leaves floating, orbicular-cordate, very entire ;
nerves and veins prominent ; calyx 4-leaved, equal to the petals ; stig-
ma 16 — 20 rayed ; rays erect, inflexed at the apex. — N. alba Walt.
Mich.
Hab. Ponds. Can. to Car. June, July. 1[. — Leaves on very
long petioles. Flowers large, white, odorous. N. minor of De
Candolle is probably only a variety of this species. Pond Lily.
3. NUPHAR. Smith.
Sepals, petals and stamens inserted at the base of the disk.
Polyandria. Monogynia.
1. A', lutea Smith : calyx with 5 sepals ; stigma entire, 16 — 20 rayed,
deeply umbilicate ; leaves cordate, oval, lobes approximate ; petioles
3-sided, acute-angled. — Nymphaa lutea Linn.
Hab. In water. N. S. and N. to lat. 64°. June. U.— Sepals
very obtuse. Petals much smaller, truncate. Confounded by
some of our botanists with the next species, from which it is
quite distinct.
2. N. advena Ait. : calyx 6-leaved ; petals numerous, small ; leaves
cordate, with divaricate lobes ; petioles semicylindrical ; fruit sulcate.
— Nymphaa advena Mich.
Hab. In water. Can. to Car. June, July. If. — Leaves up-
right or floating. Floiccrs large, yellow. Yelloio Water Lily.
3. N. kalmiana Ait. : calyx 5-leaved ; stigmas incised, 8 — 12 rayed ;
leaves cordate, submersed, with approximate lobes ; petioles terete. —
Nymphaa lutea, var. kalmiana Mich.
Hab. In water. N. S. and Can. July, Aug. Lf . — Leaves and
flowers small. Kahn's Hater Lily.
Order IX. PAPAVERACEvE. Be Cand, hind.
Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals hypogynous, either 4, or
some multiple of that number placed in a cruciate manner.
Stamens either 8, or some multiple of 4, generally very nume-
rous. Ovary 1. Style short or none. Stigmas 2 or many.
Fruit 1-celled, either pod-shaped, with 2 parietal placentas, or
capsular, with several placentae. Seeds numerous. Embryo
minute, in the base of a fleshy albumen.
PAPAVERACE.E. 21
Herbs or shrubs, with a milky juice. Leaves alternate,
more or less divided. Peduncles long, 1-flowered.
1. ARGEMONE. Linn.
Petals 4 — 6. Stamens many. Style scarcely any. Stig-
ma* 4 — 7, radiating, concave, free. Capsule obovate, 1-cell-
ed ; valves dehiscent at the apex. Seeds spherical.
Pohjandria. Monogynia.
A. mcxicana Linn.
Hab. Banks of streams. Perm, to Flor. W. to Miss. July. -0.
— Stem 2 — 3 feet high, branching, armed with prickles, husoes
sessile, pinnatifid, repand-sinuate, margins and veins beneath
armed with spines. Flowers axillary and terminal, large, yel-
low or white. Prickly Poppy.
2. SANGUINARIA. Linn.
Sejmls 2, deciduous. Petals S — 12. Stamens 24. Stig-
mas 2. Capsule oblong, 2-valved, ventricose ; valves deci-
duous. Pohjandria. Monogynia.
S. canadensis Linn.
Hab. Woods. Throughout the U. S. and Can. April, May.
11. — Root tuberous, affording a bitter orange coloured juice,
which contains a vegeto-alkaline principle. Ideates radical, re-
niform or cordate. Flowers large, white, solitary. Medicinal.
Emetic, Sic. Big. Med. Bot. i. 75. Tully on Sanguinaria. Am.
Med. Recorder, vol. xiii. Blood Root.
3. MECONOPSIS. De Cand.
Petals 4. Stamens many. Style short. Stigmas 4 — 6,
radiating, convex, free. Capsule obovate, 1-celled ; valves
4 — G, dehiscent at the apex. Polyandria. Monogynia.
M. diphylla De Cand. : leaves 2, sessile, hairy ; lobes rounded and
obtuse ; capsules 4-valved, echinate. — Chelidonium diphyUum Mich.
Pursh. — Stylophorum diphyllum Xutt.
Hab. Woods. Penn. to 111. May. 11. — Stem a foot high.
Leaves glaucous. Floiccrs yellow. Abundant in Indiana.
4. CHELIDONIUM. Linn.
Sepals 2, glabrous. Petals 4. Stamens many. Capsule
elongated, 2-valved, 1-celled ; valves dehiscent from the base
to the apex. Seeds several, furnished with a glandular crest.
Polyandria. Monogynia.
C. majus Linn. : leaves pinnate, glaucous ; leafets roundish, den-
tate-lobed ; umbels axillary, pedunculate ; petals elliptic, entire.
22 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Fields. N. S. May— Oct. 2L— Stem 12—18 inches
high. Flowers yellow. Plant full of an orange juice. Probably
introduced. Celadine.
Order. X. SARRACENIEJE. Hook. Unci
Sejials 5, persistent, often having a 3-leaved involucre on
the outside ; (Estivation imbricate. Petals 5, hypogynous ;
unguiculate, concave. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous ; an-
thers oblong, adnate, 2-celled, bursting internally and longitu-
dinally. Ovary -superior, 5-celled ; style single ; stigma
much dilated, peltate, with 5 angles. Capsule crowned by the
persistent stigma, with 5 cells and 5 loculicidal valves. Seeds
very numerous, minute, slightly warted, covering 5 large pla-
centee, which project from the axis into the cavity of the cells ;
albumen abundant ; embryo cylindrical, lying near the base of
the seed, with the radicle turned to the hilum.
Herbs found in bogs. Roots fibrous. Leaves radical with
a hollow urn-shaped petiole, at the apex of which is articula-
ted the lamina, which covers the petiole like a lid. Scapes
having each one large flower.
1. SARRACENIA. Linn.
Sepals 5, with a 3-leaved involucre. Petals 5. 'Capsule
5-celled. Style with a clypeate stigma.
Polyandria. Monogynia.
S. purpurea Linn. : leaves much shorter than the scape, inflated,
contracted at the mouth, having a broad arched lateral wing ; appen-
dix erect, broad-cordate, undulate, not mucronate,
Hab. Sphagnous swamps. Can. to Car. June, July. IX. —
Scape 1 — 2 feet high, with a solitary terminal purple flower.
Side-saddle Flower.
Order XI. FUMARIACEiE. De Cand. Lind.
Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals 4, cruciate, parallel ; the two
outer, either one or both, saccate at the base ; the 2 inner cal-
lous and coloured at the apex, where they cohere and enclose
the anthers and stigma. Stamens 6, in two parcels opposite
the outer petals, very seldom all separate ; anthers membra-
nous. Ovary superior, 1-celled ; style filiform ; stigma with
two or more points. Fruit either an indehiscent 1 or 2 seed-
FUMARIA.CE.E. 23
ed nut, or a 2-valved many seeded pod. Seeds horizontal.
Albumen fleshy. Embryo minute.
Herbs with brittle stems and a watery juice. Leaves usu-
ally alternate, many-cleft, often with tendrils. Fluicers pur-
ple, white or yellow.
1. FUMARIA. Linn.
Calyx of 2 sepala. Petals 4, one gibbous or spurred at
the base. Pouch ovate or globose, 1-seeded, indehiscent, not
pointed with a style. Diadclpkia. Hexandria.
F. officinalis Lena..* stem suberect; leaves bipinnate and cleft, with
linear segments : racemes rather loose ; fruit-bearing pedicels erect.
twice as long as the bracts ; pouch globose, smooth, somewhat retuse.
H ar. Sandy helds. N. S. July. Aug. . . — Stem a foot high.
Flowers rose-coloured. Introduced. Fumitory.
2. DICLYTRA. Dc Cand.
Petals i, 2 outer ones equally spurred or gibbous at base.
Pod 2-valved, many-seeded. Diadclpkia. Hexandria.
1. D. citruUarla Dc Cand.: scape naked; raceme simple, 1-sided;
spurs straight, divaricate, acute ; leaves *2. decompound. — Fumaria cu-
cuUaria Linn. — CorydaUs cucullaria Pers.
11 lb. Shady hills. Throughout Can. and N. S. W. to Miss. May.
2_f. — Root bulbous* Scapt 6 — 8 inches high. Flowers large,
yellowish-white. The spurs are frequently much divaricated.
Dutchman's Breeches.
2. D.formosa Dc Cand. : scape naked ; raceme somewhat com-
pound, many-flowered, nodding ; segments of the leaves oblong, in-
cisely-pinnatifid ; spurs slightly curved, obtuse ; stigmas 2-angled. —
( ■orydaMsfornwsa Pvrsh,
Hab. Hills. Can. and X. S. May. U.—Root bulbous. Floic-
crs rose-coloured.
3. D. cximia Dc Cand. : scape naked, simple, few-flowered ; leaves
bipinnate ; segments linear, glaucous*beneath ; spurs 2, short, obtuse ;
stigma 4-angled. — D.formosa Ell.1. — D. Canadensis Dc Cand. — Coryda-
Us canadensis Goldic.
Hab. Can. to Car. May. 21 — Scape 6—8 inches high. Flow-
ers purplish-red, 4 — 6 in a raceme. Closely allied to D. formosa.
but may be distinguished by its stigma. The root also is tube-
rous and not bulbous.
3. CORYDAUS. De Cand.
Petals 4, one spurred at base. Pod 2-valved, compressed,
many- seeded. Diadelphia. Hexandria.
24 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
1. C. glauca Pursh : stem erect, branched ; leaves glaucous, decom-
pound ; segments cuneate, trifid ; bracts oblong-acute, shorter than
the pedicels ; pod linear, flat, scarcely torulose. — Fumaria glauca Curtis.
Hab. N. S. and Can. N. to 64°. May— July. ^.—Stem
12 — 15 inches high. Floicers variegated with red, yellow and
green.
2. C. anrca JVilld. : stem branched, diffuse ; leaves glaucous, doubly
pinnate, lobes oblong-linear ; bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
toothed, longer than the pedicels ; pod terete, torulose. — Fumaria aurca
Maid.
Hab. Shady rocks. Throughout Can. and N. to lat. 64°. W. to
Rocky mountains, and S. to S. Car. June. %. — Stem 8 — 12
inches high, branching. Racemes opposite the leaves. Floicers
small, bright yellow.
4. ADLUMIA. Raf.
Petals 4, united in a spongy monopetalous corol, persistent,
and with two protuberances at base. Pod 2-valved, many-
seeded. Diaddphia. Hexandria.
A. cirrhosa Raf. :—Corydalisfungosa Pcrs. — Fumaria fungosa Willd.
— F. recta Mich.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Penn. Catskill mountains. July. $ .
— Stems climbing. Leaves decompound, furnished with tendrils.
Flowers numerous, in axillary racemes, pale red.
Order XII. CRUCIFER.E. De Cand. Lind.
Sepals 4, deciduous, cruciate. Petals 4, cruciate, alter-
nate with the sepals. Stamens 6, of which two are shorter,
solitary and opposite the lateral sepals, and four longer, in
pairs, opposite the anterior, and posterior sepals. Disk with
various green glands between the petals and the stamens and
ovary. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Stigmas 2. Fruit a
silicule or silique (pouch or pod,) rarely 1-celled and valve-
less, generally 2-celled and 2-valved, 1 or many-seeded, inde-
hiscent or opening by the two valves. Seeds attached in a
single row by a cord to each of the placenta?, generally pen-
dulous. Albumen none. Embryo with the radical folded
upon the cotyledons.
Herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers usually yellow or white,
rarely purple.
CRUCIFER.E. 25
Div. I. SILICULO&E.
1. CAKILE. Linn.
Pouch 2-jointed, compressed ; the upper joint ensiform or
ovate. Seed solitary in the cells ; upper erect, lower pendu-
lous. Tetr adynamia. Siliculosa.
C. amcricana Nutt. : leaves fleshy, oblong, obtuse, with the margins
toothed ; joints of the pouch 1 -seeded ; the uppermost one ovate,
acute. — C. maritima, var. amcricana Torr. — Bvnias maritima Pursh —
B. edcntula Big.
Hab. Sea coast. N. S. Shores of the great Northern lakes,
Nutt July — Oct. 0. — Plant fleshy, branched and decum-
bent. Floiccrs purple, corymbed. American Sea Rocket.
2. THLASPI. Linn.
Pouch cmarginate at the apex ; valves boat-form, winged
on the back ; cells 2 — many seeded. Petals equal. Calyx
equal at base. Tetr adynamia. Siliculosa.
1. T. arrense Linn. : leaves oblong-sagittate, coarsely toothed,
smooth ; pouch suborbicular, shorter than the pedicel : its wings dilat-
ed longitudinally.
Hab. Stony fields. Can. and N. S. W. to Miss. June. , .—
Stem a foot high, erect, somewhat branched. Leaves smooth.
F/oircrs small, white, in a raceme. Pouch very large, with dilat-
ed wings. Pcnnij-crcss.
2. T. tuberosum Nutt. : leaves rhombic-ovate, obsoletely toothed,
smooth, sessile ; radical ones upon long petioles ; stem pubescent,
very short and simple ; root tuberous ; pouch orbicular.
Hab. Penn. Nutt. April, May. 0. — Stem 4 — 5 inches high.
Floiccrs large, rosaceous.
3. CAPSELLA. De Cand.
Pouch triangular, wedgeform at base ; valves boat-form,
not winged ; cells many-seeded. Tetradynamia. Siliculosa.
C. pursa-pastoris De Cand. ; radical leaves pinnatifid.
Hab. Cultivated grounds. Throughout the U. S. April— Oct.
%. — Stem 6 — 12 inches high. Radical leaves pinnatifid, hairy ;
cauline ones oblong, toothed, sagittate at base. Floiccrs white,
in terminal spiked racemes. Shepherd's Purse.
4. ALYSSUM. De Cand. ,
Pouch orbicular or elliptic ; valves flat, or convex in the
centre. Seeds 2 — 4 in each cell, compressed, sometimes sur-
3
26 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
rounded by a membranous wing. Calyx equal at base. Petals
entire. Stamens somewhat toothed.
Tetr adynamia. Siliculosa.
A f dcntatum Nutt. : stem erect and herbaceous ; radical leaves
subruncinately toothed and somewhat scabrous ; cauline ones linear-
lanceolate, sessile, nearly smooth ; racemes paniculate ; pouch ellip-
tical, compressed, pubescent, contorted, terminating in a style near its
own length, shorter than the pedicel. — Draba arabisans Pursh, not of
Much. (Nutt.).
Hab. Rocks. N. S. 1 May. U-—Stem 6 inches high. This
plant is probably not a native of the northern section of the U. S.
5. DRAB A. Linn.
Pouch sessile, oval or oblong ; valves flat or convex. Seeds
many, not margined. Calyx equal. Petals entire. Stamens
without teeth. Tetr adynamia. Siliculosa.
1. D. caroliniana Walt. : stem leafy at the base, hispid, naked and
smooth at the top ; leaves ovate-roundish, entire, hispid ; pouch lin-
ear, smooth, longer than the pedicels. — D. hisp'ulula Mich.
Hab." Fields. Penn. to Geor. W. to Miss. April. 0. — Stem
2 — 4 inches high. Leaves clustered on the lower part of the
stem, very hairy. Pouch 1-2 an inch long, linear-lanceolate.
Floiccrs white.
2. D. arabizans Mich. : stem leafy, somewhat branched, subpubes-
cent ; leaves lanceolate, acute, toothed ; pouch linear, smooth, longer
than the pedicel.
Hab. Rocks. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. May, June. c?. —
Pouch 5 — 6 lines long, erect, acuminate, twisted. Floicers white.
6. EROPHILA. De Canal.
Pouch oval or oblong ; valves flat. Seeds many, not mar-
gined. Calyx equal. Petals 2-parted. Statne?is without teeth.
Tetr adynamia, Silicidosa.
E. vulgaris De Cand. : pouch elliptic, shorter than the pedicel ; scape
5—15 flowered. — E. americana De Cand. ? — D. verna Pursh. Nutt.
Hab. Fields. Can. to Virg. March— May. ©.— Scape 2—6
inches high. Leaves lanceolate, subincised, hairy. Flowers
white. Specimens of this plant obtained from my friend, Dr.
Matthew Stevenson, of Washington co. N. Y. agree in all re-
spects with the foreign E. vulgaris, as do also those which
I have collected elsewhere. Whether E. americana of De Can-
dolle is a mere variety of this, I have no means of determining ;
but I think there can be no doubt that Draba caroliniana (D< his-
pidula Mich. J is entirely distinct from the present plant.
Whitlow Grass,
CRUCIFEILE. 27
7. COCHLEARIA. Linn.
Pouch sessile, ovate, globose or oblong ; valves ventricose.
Seeds many, not margined. Calyx equal, spreading. Petals
entire. Stamens without teeth. Tetrad ynamia. Siliculosa.
C. armoracea Linn. : root large, fleshy ; radical leaves oblong-cre-
nate ; cauline ones long-lanceolate, toothed or incised ; pouch ellipti-
cal.
]\\r.. Waste grounds. June. If. — RooHarge and very pungent
to the taste. Stem 2 feet high, Flutters white, in elongated
racemes. Introduced. Horse Radish,
8. LEPIDIUM. Lam..
Poucli ovate or somewhat cordate ; valves keeled or rarely
ventricose, dehiscent ; cells 1-seeded. Seeds somewhat tri-
quetrous or compressed. Tetr adynamia. Siliculosa,
1. L. riminintm Linn. : stem branched ; radical leaves pinnatifid ;
stem leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate, smooth ; flowers with 4 petals
and 2 — 4 stamens ; pouch orbicular, flat, emarginate, shorter than the
pedicel. — Thlaspi virgintuuwcm Pair.
Hab. Sandy fields. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. June — Oct.
. — Stem a foot high, panicled above. Floicers minute, white.
Closely resembles L. rutkralc, but the cotyledons are accumbent.
Hooiicr. Wild Pepper-grass.
2. L. campestrc Brown : cauline leaves sagittate, toothed ; pouch
ovate, winged, emarginate. scaly-punctate. — Thlaspi campestrc Linn.
Hab. Hills. N. S. May. ©. — Stem a foot high, erect. Leaves
pubescent. Floicers white. Field Pepper-grass.
S. L. hirft/m Smith: pouch ovate, winged, emafginate, hirsute; cau-
line leaves sagittate, villose, sub-dentate.
Hab. Fields, near New-Brunswick, N. J. June. $. — Stem 12 —
18 inches high, very leafy. Lower leaves petioled, and somewhat
pinnatifid ; stem leaves sub-clasping, sagittate, toothed, covered
with a whitish pubescence. Flowers in dense hairy racemes.
Pouch, in my specimens, scabrous, emarginate, with a style
about half its length. — Perhaps introduced.
Ihtinj Field Pepper -grass.
9. CAMELIXA. Crantz.
Poitch obovntc or subglobose ; valves ventricose, dehiscent
with part of the style ; cells many seeded. Style filiform.
Seeds oblong, not margined. Tctradynamia. Siliculosa.
C. sativa Be Cand. : poucli obovate-pyriform, margined, tipped
with the pointed style ; leaves roughish, subentire, lanceolate, sagit-
ate ; flowers numerous, in corymbs. — Myogram sativum Linn.
28 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab, Cultivated grounds. Penn. June. 0. — Stem about 2 feet
high, branched above. Flowers numerous, in corymbs, small,
yellow. Pouch on a long pedicel. Introduced.
Gold of Pleasure.
10. SUBULARIA. Linn.
Touch oval ; dissepiment elliptical ; values convex ; cells
many seeded. Stigma sessile. Cotyledons incumbent, lin-
ear, 2-plicate. Tetradynamia. Siliculosa.
S. aquatica Linn.
Hab. Margins of ponds. N. S. July. %. — Scape 1—2 inches
high. Radical leaves entire, subulate 10 lines long. Flowers
white, in corymbs. Awl-wort.
11. LUNARIA. Linn.
Pouch pedicellate, elliptic or lanceolate ; valves flat. Fun-
icles long, adhering to the dissepiment. Calyx somewhat
bisaccate. Petals nearly entire. Stamens not toothed.
Tetradynamia . Siliculosa.
L. biennis De Canal. : pouch elliptical, obtuse at each end.
Hab. Fields. Penn. May, June. $ . — Naturalized near Phila-
delphia. Nutt.
Div. II. SILIQUOS.E.
12. DENT ARIA. Linn.
Pod lanceolate ; valves flat, nerveless, often opening
elastically. Seeds ovate, not margined, in one row.
Tetradynamia. Siliquosa.
1. D. laciniata Muhl. : leaves in threes, verticillate, on short petioles,
ternate ; leafets 3-parted ; segments linear, entire, or coarsely toothed ;
root moniliform. — D. concatenata Mich.
Hab. Woods. Throughout the U. S. but rather rare. April,
May. 11. — Stan 8 inches high. Flotcers in terminal racemes,,
pale rose coloured or nearly white. Petals oblong.
2. D. diphylla Mich. : leaves mostly 2, on short petioles, ternate ;
leafets ovate-oblong, unequally and coarsely serrate or laciniate.
Hab. Woods. Throughout Can. and U. S. May. It-Stem
6 — 10 inches high. Leaves large. Flowers white, larger than the
preceding. Toothwort.
3. D. lieterophylla Nutt. : stem 2-leaved ; leaves ternate, petiolate ;
leafets linear, sub-lanceolate, acute, entire, margin rough ciliate ; radi-
cal leafets ovate-oblong, incisely and coarsely toothed.
Hab. Woods. Penn. June. If. — Root tuberous. Corymb about
^-flowered. Flowers pale purple, about the size of those of
Cardumincpratensis. — The smallest of the genus.
CRUCIFER.E. 29
4. D. maxima Xutt. : leaves many, alternate, on long petioles, ter-
nate ; leafets sub-oval, incisely and acutely toothed, lateral ones lobed ;
axils naked ; racemes lateral and terminal.
Hab. Woods. N. Y. and Penn. June. 2{.—Stcm 18—20 inches
high. Leaves 5—7 ; leafets broad. Flowers in racemes, purple.
13. BARBAREA. Brown.
Pod 4-sided, 2-edged ; valves awnless at the apex, con-
cave-carinate. Calyx equal at base.
Teir adynamia. Siliquosa.
B. vulgaris Brotvn : lower leaves lyrate, the terminal lobes round-
ish ; upper ones sessile, obovate, toothed ; pod 4-sided, tapering into a
slender style. — Erysimum basfharea Linn.
Hab. Fields. N. S. and N. to the Arctic regions. June. 1£.
— Stem 12 — 18 inches high, smooth. Flowers small, yellow,
corymbed. — According to Dr. Hooker the best character between
this species and B. prxecox is in the pod. which is here scarcely
more than an inch long and tapers into a long slender style.
Bitter lllnter-cress.
14. ARABIS. Linn.
Pod linear ; valves flat, 1-nerved in the middle. Seeds in
one row in each cell, oval or orbicular, compressed. Cotyle-
dons flat, accumbent. Tetradynamia. Siliquosa.
1. A. sagittata Be Cand. ; leaves subdentate, rough, with the pubes*
cence often branched ; radical ones ovate or oblong, attenuated into a
petiole ; those of the stem lanceolate, sagittate-cordate ; pedicels of
the length of the calyx ; pods stiffly erect.
c. ovaia Dc Cand. : leaves rough ; radical ones ovate, toothed ;
cauline ones clasping. — A. orata Poir. — Turritis ovata Pursh.
d. oblongata Dc Cand. : leaves rough ; radical ones ovate-oblong,
toothed; cauline ones sagittate-amplexicaul. — Turritis oblongata
Raf.
Hab. Rocks. N. S. N. to Arctic America. $ .—Stan 12—18
inches high, simple. Flowers small, white. A very variable
plant.
2. A. hirsuta Dc Cand. : leaves dentate, pubescent or scabrous ; ra-
dical ones obovate-oblong, tapering into a petiole ; cauline ones ovate-
lanceolate ; pedicels as long as the calyx ; p6d erect. — Turritis hursuta
Jacq.
Hab. Conn. June. $. — Stem 6 — 12 inches high, hairy. Flow-
ers small, white. A specimen of this plant, gathered in Con-
necticut by Dr. Robbins, agrees very well with the foreign one,
from which it seems to me our A. sagittata is quite distinct.
Hairy Tower Mustard.
3. A. thaliana Linn. : stem branched ; leaves subdentate, pilose ;
the radical ones petiolate, ovate-oblong ; cauline ones few, sessile ;
3*
30 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
stamens as long as the petals ; pod suberect, on longish pedicels, slen-
der.
Hab. Dry hills. N. S. April, May. 0.—Stem 2—8 inches
high. Floicers in a corymb, white. Common Wall-cress.
4. A. lyrata Linn. : stem somewhat branched, hairy at base ; radical
leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, often pilose ; those of the stem linear and
smooth ; pedicels somewhat spreading ; pod erect.
Hab. Fields and hills. Throughout the N. S. and Can. and W. to
Rocky mountains. April, June. $. — Stem8 — 12 inches high.
Flowers large, white. Dr. Hooker supposes this plant to be
identical with the European A. petran.
5. A. laevigata De Cand. : erect, glabrous and glaucous ; radical
leaves, obovate, petioled, sinuate-dentate ; stem leaves linear, sessile,
very entire ; pod erect ; seeds margined. — Turritis laevigata JVilld.
Hab. Rocky places. N. S. May. 1L — Stem a foot to 18 in-
ches high. Floioers few, small, in corymbed racemes. Pod 2
inches long, linear, quite erect, tapering at the extremity into a
very short style.
6. A. canadensis Linn. : stem leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, acu-
minate, somewhat toothed; pedicels thrice as long as the calyx, pubes-
cent, reflexed in the fruit ; pod pendulous, subfalcate, nerved ; seeds
with a broad wing. — A.falcata Mich. Pursh. — A. mollis Raf.
Hab. Rocky situations. Can. toGeor. June. 11. — Steml — 2feet
high. Flowers white, in long terminal racemes. Pods very long.
Sickle Pod.
15. CARDAMINE. Linn.
Pod linear ; valves flat, nerveless, often opening elastical-
ly. Seeds ovate, not margined ; funicle of the hilum slender.
Tetr adynamia. Siliquosa .
* Leaves undivided.
1. C. rhomboidea De Cand. : root tuberous ; leaves ovate-rhomboid,
obscurely repand-toothed, smooth, lower ones on long petioles. — Ara-
bis rhomboidea Pursh. Pers. ■
Hab. Low grounds. From Hudson's Bay to S. Car. and W. to
the Rocky mountains. May, June. 11. — Stem 6 — 12 inches*
high, erect, smooth, simple. Flowers in terminal racemes, large
white.
2. C. rotundifolia Mich. : root fibrous; leaves suborbicular, subdentate,
smooth, petioled ; stem weak, procumbent ; pod spreading, slender,
with a long style.
Hab. Wet grounds. N. S. July. U.—Stem 12—15 inches
high. Flowers small, white. Dr. Hooker considers the two
preceding plants identical ; but Dr. Darlington, who has exami-
ned this point with much care, has designated the characters by
which they are distinguished. The roots of C. rotundifolia are
constantly fibrous, while those of C. rhomboidea are tuberous ;
the flowers of the former are not more than half the size of t> >
CRUCIFERiE. 31
latter ; the stigma is simple and very small, on a tapering style,
nearly a line in length ; neither is the plant so acrid, being ra-
ther bitter to the taste. Sec Darlington's Florida Ccstrica, and
his paper in Sill. Amcr. Jour. xvii. 350.
3. C. bellidifolia Linn. : leaves glabrous, somewhat fleshy ; radical
ones petioledr ovate, entire ; cauline ones few, entire, or somewhat 3-
lobed 5 pod erect ; stigma subsessile. — C. rotundifolia ? Big.
Hab. Highest summit of the White mountains, Rocky moun-
tains, and throughout Arctic America. July. If. — I received
a specimen of this plant from my friend Dr. Charles Pickering
of Philadelphia, who obtained it from the first named locality.
The $t< m is simple and apparently procumbent, 4 — 5 inches
long. Lower leaves 1-2 — 3-4 of an inch in length, ovate or sub-
orbicular, on long slender petioles. Pod an inch long, surmount-
ed by a short style. It is very near C. alpina.
** Leaves divided.
4. C. pralensis Linn. : leaves pinnate ; leafets of the radical ones
roundish, of the cauline ones linear or lanceolate, entire ; flowers
large, in a terminal corymb ; style very short, nearly as thick as the
pod ; stigma capitate.
Hab. Woods. N. S. and throughout Arctic America. June.
H. — Stem 10 — 12 inches high. Floivcrs purplish, large. Pod
linear, nearly an inch long. This species can be readily distin-
guished by its large flowers and thick style.
5. C. hirsida Linn. : leaves pinnote; leafets of the radical ones petiol-
ed, mostly rounded; of the cauline ones lanceolate, subpetioled, dentate
or very entire ; petals small, oblong-cuneate ; stigma minute, subses-
sile.— C. pennstjlvanica Muhl. De Cand. — C. virginiana Linn.
Hab. Wet grounds. Throughout the U. S. and Can. July. 0.
— I adopt the views of Dr. Hooker concerning this species. I
have never been able to ascertain the specific line between the
C. pcnnsylvanica and ( '. virainica of American botanists; hav-
ing seen every variety in the size, form of the leaves, and direc-
tion of the stem, of these supposed distinct plants. The present
species is very extensively distributed. American Water-cress.
6. C. teres Mich. : leaves sublyrate-pinnatifid, segments oval-oblong,
the terminal one somewhat 3-lobed ; pod short, erect, terete.
Hab. Low grounds. N. Eng. to N. J. Pursb. June, July.
H. — De Candolle thinks this may belong to his genus Nastur-
tium.
16. NASTURTIUM. Broicn.
Pod rounded (sometimes short.) Stigma sub-2-lobed.
Vahcs concave, nerveless, not keeled. Cotyledons accumbenr.
Calyx spreading. Tetrad ynamia. Siliquosa.
1. N. officinale Brotcn: leaves pinnate ; leafets ovate, subcordate,
•inuate-dentate ; upper ones pinnatifid. — Sisymbrum Nasturtium Linn.
32 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. In water. Throughout the U. S. and to the N. W. coast.
June, July. 2L — Stem decumbent, floating. Leaves large.
Flowers white, corymbed. Pod scarcely an inch long. Es-
teemed as a salad. Water-cress.
2. N. palustre Be Cand. : leaves lyrate-pinnatifid ; lobes confluent,
unequally toothed, smooth; petals as long as the calyx ; pod obtuse at
both ends, turgid ; root fusiform. — Sisymbrium palustre Willd. Pursh.
Hab. Wet places. Throughout the U. S. and to the shores of
the Arctic sea. July. 0. — Stei?i 18 inches high, mostly erect,
Leaves glabrous, all more or less pinnatifid. Floicers numerous
minute, yellow. Pod short.
3. Ar. amphibium Broicn : leaves oblong-lanceolate, lyrate-pinnati
fid or serrate; root fibrous ; petals longer than the calyx; pod elliptical
tipped with the mucronate style. — Sisy?nbrium amphibium Linn.
Hab. Wet places. Throughout the U. S. and Can. June, July
2f, — Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Flowers yellow, minute, in a long ra
ceme. Very variable in the character of its leaves.
4. JV. natans De Cand. : emerged leaves lanceolate, entire, serrate
immersed ones doubly tripinnatifid ; segments capillaceous ; pouch
obovate-globose, with a style equal in length.
Hab. In water. Near Montreal. Hook. Oneida Lake. Dr.
Asa Gray. July. 2L — Stems long, submerged. Lower leaves
finely divided ; middle ones often pinnatifid ; emerged ones lan-
ceolate, undivided, serrate. Floicers very pale yellow, smaller
than in the preceding.
17. HESPERIS. Linn.
Pod roundish, or about 4 cornered. Stigmas 2, erect, con-
nivent. Calyx bisaccate at base. Seeds somewhat 3-sided.
Stamens without teeth. Tetradynamia. Siliauosa.
1. H. matronalis Linn. : pedicels of the length of the calyx ; petals
obovate ; pod erect, torose, glabrous, not thickened on the margin ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, toothed ; stem erect, nearly simple.
Hab. Shores of Lake Huron. Hook. Dame's Violet.
2. H. ? pinnatifida Mich. : lower leaves lyrate-pinnatifid ; upper
ones lanceolate, unequally serrate ; border of the petals obovate, entire;
pedicels at length longer than the calyx.
Hab. Woods. N. S. Torr. W. to Ken. July. U.—Stem a foot
high, very smooth. Flowers pale purple, small,
18. SISYMBRIUM. All.
Pod roundish, sessile upon the torus. Stigmas 2, some*
what distinct, or connate in a head. Calyx equal at base.
Seeds ovate or oblong. Cotyledons flat, incumbent, some-
times oblique. Stamens without teeth.
Tetradynamia, Siliquosa.
CRCCTFER.E. 33
1. 8. officinale De Cand. : leaves runcinate and with the stem hairy ;
flowers in a long raceme ; pod subulate, pressed to the rachis. — Ery-
simum officinale I. inn.
Hab. Road sides. Throughout the U. S. and Can. W. to Colum-
bia river. June — Sept. 0. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, branched.
Leaves hairy, ot nearly smooth. Floiccrs yellow, minute. Va-
ries much in the character of its leaves. Hedge Mustard.
2. 8. sophia Linn.: leaves bipinnate, smooth or pubescent: segments
oblong-linear, cut ; petals shorter than the calyx ; calyx thrice as short
as the pedicel ; pod linear, erect.
Hab. Sandy places. Can. June. July. 0. — Stem 8 — 12 in-
ches high. Flowers yellow, numerous. FruU-bearing-raceme
very long. I have received a specimen of what I think must be
the true 8. sophia from Dr. Holmes of Montreal. The pods are
very narrow-linear, 1-2 to 3-4 of an incb, longer and narrower
than in N. eaneseensof Xuttall, and not clavateasin the latter. In
other respects I cannot observe any difference between these
two plants.
19. ERYSIMUM. Lam.
Pod four-sided. Calyx closed. Cotyledons flat, oblong.
Tetrady nam ia . Siliq uosa .
1. E. chciranthoidts Linn. : leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed and
scabrous ; pod erect-spreading, twice as long as the pedicel ; stigma
small, nearly sessile.
Hab. Fields. Near Fairfield, N. Y. Can. and on all the plains west-
ward of the Rocky mountains. July. <$>. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high,
erect, and with the leaves scabrous. Floiccrs yellow, in long ter-
minal racemes. Pods linear, somewhat spreading, 1-2 to 3-4 of
an inch long.
20. SINAPIS. Linn.
Pod roundish ; valves bearing nerves ; style small, short,
acute. Seeds in one series, subglobose. Calyx spreading.
Tetrady namia. Siliquosa.
1. <S'. nigra Linn. : lower leaves lyrate ; upper ones lanceolate, en-
tire, petiolate ; pod smooth and even, somewhat 4-sided, appressed to
the peduncle.
Hab. Fields. N. S. June, July. 0.—Stem 2—4 feet high.
Floicers yellow. Common Mustard.
2. >S. alba Linn. : leaves lyrate, nearly smooth, the terminal lobe
large ; pod mostly hispid, spreading, shorter than the broad sword-
form beak ; seeds large, pale.
Hab. Waste places. N. S. July. Q.—Stem 1—2 feet high. Floic-
crs yellow, rather large, corymbose. Introduced. White Mustard.
34 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
21. RAPHANUS. Linn.
Pod transversely many-celled or dividing into several
joints. Seeds in one row, globose, pendulous.
Tetr adynamia. Siliquosa.
R. raphanistrum. Linn. : leaves simply lyrate ; pod jointed, 1-celled,
striate, 3 — 8 seeded, longer than the style.
Hab. Fields. N. S. July. -Q.—Stem 1—2 feet high, hispid. Flow-
ers yellow, large. Wild Radish.
Order XIII. CAPPARIDE^. De Cand. land.
Sepals 4. Petals 4, cruciate, usually unguiculate and un-
equal. Stamens 4, 6, or indefinite, but usually some high
multiple of four. Disk hemispherical or elongated. Fruit
either pod-shaped and dehiscent, or fleshy and indehiscent,
rarely 1-seeded, most frequently with 2-polyspermous pla-
centas. Seeds generally reniform ; albumen none ; embryo
incurved ; cotyledons foliaceous.
Herbs, without true stipules, but sometimes with spines
in their places. Leaves alternate, petioled, undivided or pal-
mate.
1. GYNANDROPSIS. Dc Cand.
Calyx of 4 sepals, spreading. Petals 4, Torus elongat-
ed. Stamens 6, united around the torus, free at the apex.
Pod stiped. Tetr adynamia. Siliquosa.
G. pentaphyUa De Cand. : smoothish ; leaves quinate ; the lower
and floral ones ternate ; leafets entire and subserrulate. — Cleome pen-
taphyUa Linn.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. S. to S. Car. July. f.-Sfera 2 feet
high, viscid. Flowers white, in long terminal racemes. Petals
obovate, with very long capillary claws. Pod long, linear, on
a long foot-stalk.
2. POLANISIA. Raf.
Calyx of 4 sepals, spreading. Petals 4. Stamens 8 — 32.
Torus small. Pod sessile or scarcely stiped. Style distinct.
Tetr adynamia. Siliquosa.
P. graveolens Raf. : viscidly pubescent ; leaves ternate ; leafets
elliptical-oblong ; stamens 8 — 12 ; pod oblong, attenuate at base, mu-
ricatewitha glandular pubescence. — Cleome dodecandra, var canadensis
Linn.
CISTINE^E. 35
Hab. Sandy places. N. S. and Can. W. to Miss. June. 11.—
Stem 8 — 12 inches high. Flowers purple and yellow. Whole
plant more or less viscid and fetid.
Order XIV. CISTINEjE. ■ Be Cand. Lincl.
Sepals 5, persistent, unequal, the three inner with a twisted
aestivation. Petals 5, hypogynous, very fugitive, crumpled
in aestivation and twisted in a direction contrary to that of the
sepals. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous, free ; anthers in-
nate ; stigma simple. Ovary distinct, 1 or many celled ;
style single. Fruit capsular, usually 3-5-10-valved, either
1-celled with parietal placenta) in the axis of the valves, or
imperfectly 5 or 10-celled with dissepiments proceeding from
the middle of the valves, and touching each other in the
centre. Seeds indefinite in number. Embryo inverted, either
spiral or curved in the midst of mealy albumen.
Shrubs or herbs. Leaves usually entire, opposite or alter-
nate. Flowers very fugacious.
1. HELIANTHEMUM. Tovm.
Calyx with 3 equal sepals, or 5 disposed in two rows, the
two outer ones often smaller, rarely larger. Petals 5, often
irregularly denticulate at the apex. Stigma capitate. Ova-
ry triquetrous. Capsule 3-valved, with the dissepiment in the
middle of the valves. Seeds angled, smooth.
Polyandria. Monogynia.
* Peduncles one-flow ered.
1. H. canadense Mich. : stem ascending ; branches erect, hirsute ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, hirsute, paler beneath ; peduncles soli-
tary, 1 -flowered ; sepals broad-ovate, acuminate ; capsule shorter than
the calyx.
Hab. Margins of woods. Can. to Car. June. 21. — Stem a
foot high. Racemes few-flowered, generally terminal. FLoiccrs
yellow, large. Rock Rose. Frost Weed.
2. 77. ramuliflorum Mich. : stem erect, pulverulent-pilose, branching,
subdichotomous at the apex ; branches virgate, flower-bearing ; leaves
lanceolate-elliptic or oblong, acute, margin scarcely revolute, white
tomentose beneath ; flowers peduncled, solitary ; sepals broad-ovate,
acuminate ; capsule globose, of the length of the calyx.
Hab. Fields. N. J. to Car. Lf. July.— Ste?n a foot high.
Floicers yellow, small. Calyx and peduncles pilose. Style very
short.
36 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
** Peduncles many flowered.
3. H. conjmbosum Mick. : stemsuffruticose. branching, erect ; branches
dichotomous, subpubescent ; leaves alternate, lanceolate-oblong, some-
what obtuse, white, tomentose beneath ; upper ones revolute on the
margin ; flowers in crowded fastigiate corymbs ; sepals tomentose and
whitish hirsute, outer ones linear-obtuse ; inner ovate, acute, scarcely
as long as the capsule.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. J. to Geor. June — Aug. It. — This
plant is said by Pursh to have the flowers very small and some-
times without petals. On the other hand, Elliott remarks that
although the flowers are much smaller than those of H. carolini-
anum. they are nearly equal in size to those of our other species.
Perhaps the assertion of Pursh that this and the foregoing species
have been mistaken for Lechea major will apply to himself.
2. LECHEA. Linn.
Calyx 3-sepalled, with two outer bracts or sepals. Petals
3, lanceolate. Stamens 3 — 12, and often thrice the number.
Ovary 1, 3-sided. Stigmas 3, scarcely distinct. Capsule
3-valved, with as many inner valves opposite the others.
Seeds affixed to the dissepiment or nerve, very few, often 8.
Triandria. Trigynia.
1. L. rillosa Ell. : radical branches prostrate, villose ; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, mucronate, pilose ; panicle short, leafy ; flowers fasciculate-
racemose, secund, on very short pedicels. — L. minor Linn. — L. major
Mich. Pursh. Ton:
Hab. Barren soil. Can. to Flor. July. It. — Stem 1 — 2 feet
high. Floicers brown. Pin Weed.
2. L. minor Pursh. : nearly smooth ; stem assurgent ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, acute ; panicle leafy ; branches elongated ; flowers on
short pedicels.
Hab. Dry hills. Can. and N. S. July. It-— Stem 8— 12 inches
high. Fruit larger than in the former.
3. L. racemulosa Mich. : whole plant covered with appressed pubes-
cence ; stem erect ; leaves linear, acute, ciliate ; panicle slender and
very branching ; raceme naked ; flowers small, alternate, pedicellate.
Hab. Sandy Hills! N. J. to Car. July. 2L Pursh.
4. L. thymifolia Pursh. : whole plant whitish-villose ; stem erect ;
leaves linear, acute ; panicle leafy, elongated ; branches very short ;
flowers minute, in lateral and terminal fascicles ; pedicels very short.
Hab. Sands. N. Y. to Virg. July. It. — Stem a foot high,
erect, much branched. Leaves villose at base.
3. HUDSONIA. Linn.
Calyx 5-parted ; segments unequal, the two outer ones
minute. Petals 5. Stamens 9—30. Style straight, simple.
VIOLACE.E. 37
Stigma simple. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valvcd, 1 — 3 seeded.
Seeds granulated. Polyandria. Monogynia,
1. H. cricoidcs Linn. : pubescent ; stem suffruticose, sub-erect ;
branches elongated ; leaves filiform, subulate, subimbricate ; peduncles
numerous, lateral, elongated ; calyx cylindrical, obtuse ; capsule
pubescent, 1 -seeded ; valves oblong.
Hab. Pine barrens. N. J. to Virg. May, June. *?.— Stent
4 — G inches high, much branched. Leaves small, persistent.
Floiccrs small, yellow. Stamens about 15. False Heath.
2. H. tomentosa Xutt. : cespitose, hoary-pubescent ; leaves minute,
closely imbricate, ovate, acute ; flowers aggregated, subsessile ; calyx
sub-cylindric, with obtuse segments ; capsule 1 -seeded ; valves ovate,
smooth.
Hab. Sea shore. N. J. to Virg. June. T?. — Stem 6 inches
high. Flowers yellow. Stamens 14 — 18. The whole plant is
silvery gray and tomentose.
Order XV. VIOLACE^B. De Cand. Lind.
Sepals 5, persistent, with an imbricate aestivation. Petals
5, hypogynous, equal or unequal, usually withering, and with
an obliquely convolute aestivation. Stamens 5, alternate with
the petals, occasionally opposite to them, inserted in a hypo-
gynous disk, often unequal ; anthers bilocular, bursting in-
ward, either separate or cohering, and lying close upon the
ovary ; filaments dilated, elongated beyond the anthers ; two
of them, in the irregular flowers, generally furnished with an
appendage or gland at the base. Ovary 1-celled, many-
seeded, or rarely 1-seeded, with 3 parietal placentae opposite
the 3 outer sepals ; style single, usually declinate, with an
oblique hooded stigma. Capsules of 3-valves, bearing the
placentae in their axis. Seeds often with a tumour at their
base. Embryo straight, erect, in the axis of fleshy albumen.
Herbs or Shrubs. Leaves simple, usually alternate, stipu-
late, with an involute vernation. Injiorescence various.
1. VIOLA. Tourn.
Sepals 5, auricled at their base. Petals unequal, the lower
one spurred. Stamens 5, approximated ; filaments distinct ;
anthers connate, the two lower ones with processes at their
back. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, opening elastically.
Pentandria. Monogynia.
Obs. The North American species of this interesting genus have
been studied with much care by the Rev. L. de Schweinitz and by Capt.
4
38 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Le Conte, and those of the Northern and Middle States have been no
less faithfully examined by Dr. Torrey. — See Sill. Jour. vol. v. Ann.
of the New York Lye. vol. ii. Torrey' s Flora, vol. i.
* Stemlcss.
t Floiccrs blue.
1. V. pedata Linn. : leaves pedate, often nearly smooth, from 5 — 7
parted ; segments linear-lanceolate, entire or somewhat toothed ; stip-
ules radical, pectinately lacerate ; petals beardless, entire, rounded at the
extremity ; stigma large, compressed, obliquely truncate and perforate
at the apex. — V. digitata Pursh.
Hab. Rocky hills. From lat. 53 N. to Geor. W. to Miss. May.
H. — Scapes 3 — 5 inefces high, several from the same root.
Floiccrs large, pale blue.
2. V. palmata Linn.: leaves more or less pubescent, reniforrn-cor-
date, palmate, or hastate-lobed ; lobes very various, the intermediate
one always larger ; stipules lanceolate, subciliate ; lateral petals
densely bearded towards the base ; stigma capitate, recurved, margin-
ed, rostrate.
Hab. Swamps and low grounds. Can. to Car. Maj% IX. — Scape
about as long as the leaves. Floioers middle-sized. This species
varies greatly in the form of its leaves, and in some specimens
they are so slightly divided, as to induce me to concur in the
opinion expressed by Dr. Bigelow that it is only a variety of
V. cucullata.
3. V. cucullata Ait. : smoothish ; leaves cordate, cucullate at base,
dentate-serrate, veined ; stipules small, linear, ciliate ; flower oblique ;
lower and lateral petals rigidly bearded ; upper one smooth ; spur very
short, rounded. — V. papilionacea Pursh. — V. affinis Le Conte. — V. obliqua
Ait. Pursh. Torr. V. sororia Pursh.
Hab. Wet meadows. Common throughout Can. and the U. S.
April, May. 2_£. — This species varies considerably in the form
of its leaves, and in the degree of pubescence. The same indi-
vidual, indeed, undergoes changes during the season. A specimen
in the herbarium of my brother, Dr. T. R. Beck, labelled by the
late Dr. Muhlenburg V. obliqua ? is certainly identical with this
species.
4. V. sagittata Ait. : leaves pubescent on the upper surface, oblong,
acute, cordate, sagittate, often hastate at base, serrate or crenate-den-
tate ; petals oblong, ovate, all except the lower one bearded. V. den-
data Pursh.
b. emarginata Nuit. : leaves almost triangular, lacerately toothed
at the base ; petals emarginate or bi-dentate. — V. emarginata Le
Conte.
Hab. Fields. Can. to Car. May. H. — Leaves quite variable.
Flowers middle-sized, purple. — Var. b. is found in the sandy
fields of New-Jersey.
VIOLACEiE. 39
5. ly. ovata Xutt. : leaves oblong-ovate, rather acute, subcordate,
crenate, often lacerately toothed at base, decurrent on the petiole,
pubescent on both sides ; stipules broad-lanceolate, ciliate ; sepals
oblong-lanceolate ; petals obovate, entire ; lateral ones densely bearded.
V, pri/nu/aj<t/i<i Pursh. — V. ciliata Muhl.
Hab. Dry hills. Can. and N. S. April, May. U-— Whole
plant pubescent. Leaves much narrower and more downy than
in C. cuetdlata. Flowers larger than those of J', primula/alia.
6. V. villosa Walt. : leaves reniform-cordate or reniform, obtuse,
crenate, flat, very pubescent ; sepals oblong, auriculate at base ; later-
al and lower petals bearded ; stigma deflexed ; capsule smoothish. —
/ . burbata Muhl.
b. cordifoliu Xutt.: leaves smooth beneath, rather acute ; sepals
narrow, short, smooth and scarcely produced at base. — V. cor-
difolia Seine.
Hab. Rocky hills. Penn. to Car. May. If. — Leaves rather
thick, mostly incumbent on the ground, often purplish on the
under side. Scape longer than the leaves.
tt Flowers yellow.
7. V. rotundifolia Mich. : leaves broad-ovate or orbicular, cordate,
with the sinus at length closed, slightly crenate, smooth beneath ;
stipules lanceolate-subulate ; sepals oblong, narrow, obtuse ; lateral
petals bearded ; lower ones smaller, smooth ; spur very short ; stigma
recurved. •
Hab. Rocky woods. Can. to Car. May. Lf. — Floiccrs yellow,
middle sized. Distinct from V. clandestina of Pursh.
ttt Flowers somewhat it gttlar, small, ichitc.
8. V. lanccolata Linn. : leaves very smooth, narrow lanceolate, at-
tenuated at each end, sub-serrate ; sepals lanceolate, acute, smooth ;
petals beardless, nearly equal ; spur very short ; stigma recurved,
rostrate.
Hab. Swamps. Can. to Car. W. to Lake Huron. April, May.
7£. — Scape nearly as long as the leaves. Floiccrs small, white,
inodorous. The long narrow leaves will sufficiently distinguish
this species. — One of the finest localities that I have met with,
is a swamp about a mile west of Albany.
9. V. acuta Big. : leaves ovate, smooth, crenate, rather obtuse ; sti-
pules linear- subulate ; scape angular ; bracts nearly as long as the pe-
tals ; sepals lanceolate, acute, smooth ; petals ovate, acute, mostly
smooth, lower ones veined ; stigma capitate, rostrate.
Hab. Moist grounds. Cambridge, Mass. Big. 2_£. — A small
species. Distinguished by its even and always acute petals and
by its long linear bracts.
10. V. primula/alia Linn. : leaves smooth, oblong ovate or lanceolate,
subcordate, rather obtuse, sparingly crenate ; nerves beneath and scape
somewhat pubescent ; sepals lanceolate ; petals obtuse ; the two lat-
eral ones a little bearded and striate ; stigma capitate, rostrate.
40 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Wet grounds. N. Y. to Car. April, May. 21-— Floicers
white, odorous, about the size of those of V. lanceolata. Bracts
long. This species varies in the form of its leaves from the
broad-cordate to the lanceolate. Near New-Brunswick, where
what I consider the V. prinmlafolia is very abundant, it certainly
passes into V. lanceolata, with which species I think it will even-
tually prove identical. Dr. Bigelow suggests that V. blanda and
V. lanceolata may be the same ; but so far as my observation
extends, the former is much more constant in its characters than
V. jirimulafulia.
11. V. blanda Tlllld. : leaves broad-cordate, remotely serrate or cre-
nate, nearly smooth ; sinus rounded ; sepals ovate, acuminate ; petals
ovate, obtuse, nearly beardless ; stigma depressed, acutely margined.
Hab. Wet meadows. From lat. 66° N. to Car. April, May.
21. — Floicers small, white, streaked with purple, odorous. This
species very closely resembles the foreign V. palustrts.
12. V. clandestina Pursh : cespitose ; leaves large, suborbicular, ob-
tuse, thin, nearly smooth, crenate, serrate ; sinus closed, cordate ;
stipules ovate, short ; stolons floriferous ; petals narrow, ovate, beard-
less, scarcely longer than the calyx ; flowers often apetalous ; stigma
straight, capitate.
Hab. Shady woods on mountains. Can. and N. S. June — Sept.
2_f. — Flowers often apetalous, generally concealed in the earth.
More nearly allied to V. rotundifolia than to V. blanda, but dis-
tinct from both.
** Caulescent.
13. V. canadensis Linn. : stem erect ; leaves broad-cordate, acumi-
nate, serrate, slightly pubescent on the nerves, lower ones on long pe-
tioles ; stipules broad-lanceolate, membranaceous, entire ; sepals sub-
ulate, lanceolate ; spur very short ; stigma short, pubescent ; capsule
oblong, 3-sided, very obtuse.
Hab. Fields. Throughout Can. and the U. S. May — July.
2_f. — Stem 12 — 18 inches high. Floicers large, blue without,
pale within.
14. V. ochroleuca Schw. : stem assurgent ; leaves alternate, low-
er ones round-cordate, crenate- serrate, obtuse, upper ones acuminate ;
stipules large, oblong-lanceolate, dentate-ciliate ; sepals subulate-lan-
ceolate ; petals obtuse ; the lateral ones and often the lowest profusely
bearded ; spur produced, obtuse ; stigma recurved, subpubescent. —
V. striata Ait. he Conte.
Hab. Swamps. N. S. May. 1L— Stem 6—10 inches. Flow-
ers yellowish- white, large.
15. V. muhlenbergiana De Cand. : stem weak, subprostrate, branch-
ed, smooth ; lower leaves reniform- cordate ; upper ones a little acumi-
nate, crenate-serrate, nearly smooth ; stipules large, oblong-lanceolate,
serrate-ciliate ; sepals linear-lanceolate ; petals obovate, obtuse, the
lateral ones bearded ; spur nearly one third the length of the corol ;
VIOLACEiE. 41
stigma rostrate. — V. muhlenbergii Torr. — V. tdiginosa and asartfolia
MuhL — V. debilis Pursh. Schw.
Hab. Swamps. Labrador, Can. and N. S. May. 2_f. — Stem.
6 — 10 inches high. Flowers middle-sized, blue. My specimens
of this plant agree in every respect with those of *. cajiina of
Linnceus from Scotland and Switzerland.
16. V. rostrata Miihl. : stem diffuse, erect ; leaves smooth, cordate,
acute, serrate ; sinus open ; stipules large, lanceolate, serrate-ciliate J
peduncles filiform, longer than the leaves ; petals obovate, all beard-
less ; spur longer than the corol.
Hab. Rocky hills. Can. and N. S. April, May. U-Sttm
6 — 8 inches high, smooth. Flowers large, pale blue, with a very
long horn or spur, by which this species can be easily recog-
nized.
17. V. pubescens Ait. : villous-pubescent ; stem elongated, erect,
naked below ; leaves broad-ovate, cordate, dentate, more or less acu-
minate ; stipules large, ovate, somewhat toothed ; lateral petals
bearded ; spur short, acuminate. — Jr. pennsylvanica Mich.
b. eriocarpa Nutt. : capsule densely villous. — V. eriocarpa Schw.
Hab. Dry woods. Can. and N. S. W. to Council Bluffs. April,
May. 24-. — Stent 6 — 8 inches high. Fioicers middle sized, yel-
low.
18. V. hastata Mich. : smooth ; stem erect, simple, leafy above ;
leaves on long petioles, cordate-lanceolate or hastate, acuminate ; lobes
obtuse, dentate ; stipules minute, ciliate-dentate ; lower petal dilated,
sub-3-lobed ; lateral ones slightly bearded ; spur short ; stigma trun-
cate, hairy on the sides.
Hab. Mountains. Penn. Muhl. May. If. — Stem 8 — 12 inches
high. Flowers yellow.
19. V. tcnclla Muhl. ; stem 3-sided, erect, mostly simple ; lower
leaves round, spathulate ; upper ones lanceolate; stipules large, run-
cinate-pinnatifid ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, nearly as long as the pe-
tals ; lateral petals bearded ; spur obtuse, not extended ; nectaries
short. — V. bicolor Pursh. — V. arvensis Ell.
Hab. Sandy hills. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. May. If—
Stem 2 — 4 inches high. Flowers small, bluish-white. De Can-
dolle and Hooker consider this a variety of V. tricolor, while
Torrey thinks it is nearer to V. arvensis. 1 still think it distinct.
2. SOLEA. Ging. De Cand.
Sepals scarcely equal, carinate ? not auricled at base, de-
current into a pedicel, at length reflexed. Petals nearly
equal ; lower one a little larger than the rest, and somewhat
gibbous at base. Stamcjis approximate ; filaments with short
broadish claws at base.
Pentandria. Monogvnia.
4*
42 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
<S>. concolor De Cand. — S. stricta Spreng. ? — Viola concolor Fors.
Pursh. Ton:
Hab. Rocks. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. ; rare. April, May.
ll.-^Stem 2 — 4 feet high, simple, erect. Leaves cuneate-lanceo-
late, sessile, irregularly toothed above. Peduncles short, 2 — 3
flowered. Floicers small, greenish. Calyx nearly as long as
the petals. Spur none. I possess fine specimens of this plant
which were gathered near Lebanon, N, Y.
Order XVI, DROSERACEtE. De Cand. Lind.
Sepals 5, persistent, equal, with an imbricate aestivation.
Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens distinct, withering, either
equal in number to the petals and alternate with them, or 2
or 3 or 4 times as many. Ovary single. Styles 3 — 5, either
wholly distinct or slightly connected at the base, bifid or
branched. Capsule of 1 or 3-cells, and 3 or 5- valves, which
bear the placentas either in the middle or at the base. Seeds
either naked or furnished with an arillus ; embryo straight,
erect, in the axis of fleshy or cartilaginous albumen ; cotyle-
dons rather thick.
Delicate herbs, often covered with glands. Leaves alter-
nate, with stipulary cilise and a circinate vernation.
1. DROSERA. Linn.
Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens 5. Styles 3 — 5,
bipartite. Capsides superior, 3-celled, 3 — 5 valved, many-
seeded. Pentandria. Pentagynia.
1. D. rotundifolia Linn. : leaves all radical, orbicular, petiolate,
spreading, covered above and on the margin with crimson hairs ; pe-
tioles long, hairy ; scape bearing a simple terminal raceme ; seeds
arillate.
Hab. Sphagnous swamps. From Arctic America to Car. July,
Aug. If. — Scape 4 — 8 inches high. Flowers small, whitish.
Sundew.
2. longifolia Linn. : leaves crenate-obovate, tapering below into a
long petiole, erect-spreading ; scape deplined at the base ; stipules
many-cleft, capillaceous ; segments of the calyx ovate-oblong, obtuse.
- — D. americana Muhl. — D.foliosa Ell.
Hab. Swamps. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. 1L — Scape 2 — 4
inches long. Racemes simple. Flowers secund.
3. D. filiformis Raf. : leaves filiform, very long, glandulous the
whole length ; scape longer than the leaves, simple or bifid. — D.
t -jifolia Willd.
POLYGALE^E. 43
Hab. Swamps. Mass. N. J. and Del. Aug. Sept. If. — Leaves
6 — 10 inches long. Flowers purple, few, in a one-sided raceme.
2. PARNASSIA. Linn.
Calyx 5-sepalled. Petals 5. Scales (or abortive sta-
mens ?) opposite to the claws of the petals, terminating in
glandular bristles at the apex. Stamens 5. Stigmas 4, ses-
sile. Cto/ww/es 4-valved, 1-celled. Seeds arillate.
Pcntandria. Tetragynia.
1. P. caroliiiitiiui Mick. : radical leaves cordate, orbicular-ovate, on
long petioles ; stem leaf sessile ; flowers solitary, terminal ; scales
3-bristled. — P. americana and P. orata Muhl. ?
Hab. Swamps. Can. to Car. Aug. Sept. U-Stem 12—13
inches high. Leaves mostly radical. Flowers large, yellowish-
white. Parnassus Grass.
2. P. palustris Linn.: leaves all cordate ; cauline one sessile ; scalea
smooth, many-bristled.
Hab. Bog meadows. N. S. Can. and as far north as the Arctic
circle. Flowers white, veins of green or purple. Distinguished
by the numerous, slender, white, pellucid hairs of its scale from
all the other species of the genus.
Order XVII. POLYGALE^. De Cand. hind.
Sepals 5, very irregular, distinct, 3 exterior, of which 1 is
superior and 2 inferior ; 2 inner ones (the wings) often peta-
loid. Petals 3 — 4, hypogynous, one inferior (the keel) the
others alternating with the upper and lateral sepals ; some-
times 5, and then the 2 additional ones minute and between the
lateral and lower sepals. Keel sometimes entire, and then na-
ked or crested ; sometimes 3-lobed without a crest. Sta?)iens
8, unequal, ascending, combined into a tube, which is split
opposite to the upper sepal ; anthers 1-celled, opening by a
terminal pore, or very rarely by a longitudinal cleft. Ovary
superior, 2-celled, with placentae in the axis ; the cells ante-
rior and posterior, the latter often abortive ; ovules 1, rarely 2,
pendulous ; style simple, curved ; stigma simple. Fruit
dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds pendulous, with a copious
fleshy albumen and a straight embryo.
Shrubs or herbs. Leaves generally alternate, mostly sim-
ple and always destitute of stipule?. Flowers usually race-
mose, often small. Pedicels with 3 bra
44 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
1. POLYGALA. Tourn.
Sepals of the calyx persistent ; two inner ones wing-
shaped and coloured. Petals 3 — 5, united to the stamens,
lower one keelform. Capsule compressed, elliptic, obovateor
obcordate. Seeds pubescent. Diadelphxa, Octandria.
* Floicers in racemes or spikes.
1. P. vulgaris Linn. : stem herbaceous, procumbent ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, rather obtuse ; flowers in a terminal spike, erect ; wings
of the calyx obtuse, longer than the corol.
Hab. Banks of the Mohawk, N. Y. Nutt. June. U.— Stems
numerous. Floicers blue, cristate. According to De Candolle
there are 7 varieties of this species.
2. P. incarnata Linn. : glaucous ; stem erect, slender, nearly sim-
ple ; leaves scattered, few, subulate ; racemes spiked, oblong, with-
out glands ; corol with a long tube.
Hab. N. J. to Car. Near Niagara Falls. Hooker. June, July,
0. — Stem 12 — 18 inches high, somewhat angled, with few re-
mote subulate leaves. Flowers flesh-coloured, in a somewhat
loose terminal spike ; petals united into a long slender tube. A
specimen of this plant, received from Dr. Charles Pickering, and
gathered by him in New-Jersey, has only 4 or 5 subulate leaves
on the stem, which is more than a foot high. Milk Wort.
3. P. cruciata Nutt. : stem fastigiate, winged at the angles ; leaves
whorled in fours, linear-lanceolate, punctate ; spikes dense, sessile ;
flowers subcristate ; wings of the calyx cordate, acuminate, mucronate.
Hab. Wet places. Can. to Geor. July, Sept. 0.— Stem 8— 12
inches high, with spreading branches. Flowers greenish-purple.
Corol slightly fimbriate.
4. P. brevifolia Nutt. : stem erect, branched, winged at the angles ;
leaves whorled in fours, oblong-linear, short, sprinkled with resinous
dots ; spikes pedunculate, partly capitate ; flowers subcristate ; wings
of the calyx cordate-ovate, acute, scarcely longer than the capsule.
Hab. Sandy swamps. N. J. to Ohio. July, Aug. 0. — Stem
slender. Flowers brightish red. Resembles the former, but is
quite distinct. Dr. Hooker thinks this may be the true P. cruci-
ata of Linnaeus, while the P. cruciata of Nuttall is distinct. But
there is still some doubt with regard to the correctness of this
opinion.
5. P.fastigiata Nutt. : stem slender and fastigiately branched; leaves
alternate, linear, acute; spikes subcapitate, pedunculate ; flowers sub-
cristate ; wings of the calyx spreading, ovate, acute, scarcely longer
than the capsule.— P. setacea Muhl.
Hab. N. J. #. Nutt. — Nearly allied to P. cruciata.
6. P. purpurea Nutt. : stem fastigiately branched ; leaves alternate,
oblong-linear ; flowers beardless, imbricated in obtuse cylindrical
POLYGALE^E. 45
spikes ; rachis squarrose ; wings of the calyx cordate-ovate, erect,
twice as long as the capsule. — P. sanguinea Mich. Pursh.
Hab. Woods and hill sides, Throughout N. Amer. July, Aug.
0. — Stem 12 — 18 inches high. Flowers rose-coloured.
7. P. sanguinea Linn. : stem fastigiately branched ; leaves alternate,
narrow-linear ; flowers beardless, in long and crowded spikes ; rachis
squarrose ; wings of the calyx obovate, as long as the capsule.
Hab. Dry soils. N. J. to Car. July— Oct. &.—Stcm 8—12
inches high. Flowers dark red. Allied to the former, but a
much smaller plant, the leaves shorter and narrower, and with a
longer and more loose spike ; the rachis also is much more
squarrose.
8. P. ambigna Nutt. : stem erect, virgately branched ; leaves linear;
the lower ones whorled ; the rest scattered ; spikes acute, on very long
peduncles ; flowers cristate ; wings of the calyx round and veined, as
long as the fruit ; bracts deciduous.
Hab. Wet woods. N. J. and Virg. 0. — Floiccrs purple,
distinctly pedicellate, larger than those of the next species.
9. P. rerticillata Linn. : stem erect, branched ; leaves whorled, linear
and remote ; racemes spiked, acute, pedunculate ; bracts deciduous ;
flowers cristate; wings of the calyx roundish, shorter than the capsule.
Hab. Sandy soils. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July— Oct. #.
— Stem 8 — 1*2 inches high, slender, slightly angled. Leaves
sometimes solitary. Flowers small, greenish-white. Capsule
sessile. Dwarf Snake-root.
10. P. senega Linn. : stems numerous, erect, smooth, simple ; leaves
alternate, ovate-lanceolate ; upper ones acuminate ; racemes naked,
spiked ; wings of the calyx orbicular ; capsule elliptical, emarginate.
Hab. "Woods. Can. to Geor. June, July. Ii. — Stem a foot
high. Leaves pale green. Floiccrs whitish, in a terminal spike.
The root is hard, firm and branching, and is much used in medi-
cine. Big. Med. Bot. ii. 97. Bart. ii. 116. Seneka Snake-root.
11. P. polygama Halt.: stems numerous, simple, erect and procum-
bent ; leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuate downwards ; racemes filiform,
terminal and lateral, elongated ; lower ones procumbent, without pe-
tals ; flowers sessile. — P. rubella Jf'illd. Pursh.
Hab. Forests. Can. to Car. June, July. If. — Stem 4 — 8 in-
ches high, angular. Floiccrs purple. The whole plant is bitter
and is used in medicine. Big. Med. Bot. iii. 129. Bitter Pohjgalu.
** Floicers capitate, (yellow.)
12. P.lutea Linn. : stem simple or branched; lower leaves spathulate;
upper ones lanceolate ; flowers in globular heads, yellow ; wings of
the calyx ovate, mucronate ; bracts shorter than the flowers.
Hab. Pine barrens. N. J. to Flor. June — Oct. $ .—Stem
8 — 16 inches high, mostly simple. Floicers bright yellow.
Yellow Polygala.
46 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
*** Floivers in corymbs.
13. P. ramosa Ell. : stem erect, branching, angular, corymbose at
the summit, many-headed ; radical leaves spathulate-obovate ; cauline
ones subequal, linear ; wings of the calyx oblong-ovate, cuspidate. —
P. corymbosa Nutt. not of Mich.
Hab. Sphagnous swamps. Del. to Flor. July, Aug. 2L —
Stem a foot high, sometimes branching from near the base.
Floiccrs in small loose heads forming a very irregular corymb,
yellow, dark green when dry. According to Elliott, P. corym-
bosa of Michaux is a distinct species, identical with P. attenuuta
ofNuttall.
* * * * Flowers axillary, ( large. )
14. P. pauciflora IVilld. : stem simple, erect, naked below ; leaves
ovate, acute, smooth ; flowers mostly terminal and by threes, large,
cristate, sometimes axillary.
b. alba Eights: flower solitary, smaller, white ; stem somewhat
leafy at base.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Lake Huron. June. If.
— Stem 3 — 4 inches high. Floicers large, purple, with the sum-
mit of the keel densely crested. Var. alba was found by Dr.
James Eights in the sand plains near Albany. It has the stem
rather lower and more leafy than in the former ; the flower also
is solitary, smaller, white, and the keel less densely crested.
Floxcering Winter green.
15. P. uniflora Mich. : herbaceous, small ; leaves broad, oval, attenu-
ated into a petiole ; flowers not crested, solitary, scattered, pedecillate.
Hab. Borders of Can. Mich. This plant, which is probably a
native of the Northern States, has been confounded with the
former ; but if Michaux has described it correctly, it must be
distinct, as he says that the keel is not crested, and that the
flowers are solitary and scattered.
Order XVIIL CARYOPHYLLE.E. Be Cancl. hinds
Sepals 4 — 5, continuous with the peduncle ; either distinct
or cohering in a tube, persistent. Petals 4 — 5, hypogynous,
unguiculate, inserted upon the pedicel of the ovary ; occa-
sionally wanting. Stamens twice as many as the petals, in-
serted upon the pedicel of the ovary along with the petals ;
filaments subulate, sometimes monadelphous ; anthers innate.
Ovary stipitate on the apex of a pedicel (called the gyno-
phorus) ; stigmas 2 — 5, sessile, filiform, papillose on the in-
ner surface. Capsule 2 — 5 valved, either 1-celled or 2 — 5
celled, in the latter case with a loculicidal dehiscence. Pla-
centa in the axis of the fruit. Seeds indefinite in number,
rarely definite ; albumen mealy ; embryo curved round the
^Ibumen s iodide pointing to the hilum.
CARYOPHYLLE.E. 47
Herbs, occasionally becoming suffrutescent. Stems tumid
at the articulations. Leaves always opposite and entire, of-
ten connate at the base.
1. DIANTHUS, Linn.
Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, with 2 — 4 opposite imbricate
scales at base. Petals 5, with long claws. Stamens 10.
Styles 2. Capsule 1-celled. Bccandria. Digynia.
D. armaria Linn.: flowers in terminal crowded clusters; scales of
the calyx lanceolate, villous, as long as the tube.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. J. July. ©.—Stem 18 inches high.
Flowers red, inodorous, small, introduced. Pink.
2. SILENE. Linn.
Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked. Petals 5, unguiculate,
mostly crowned at the orifice ; limb bifid. Stamens 10.
Styles 3. Capsule 3- celled at base, dehiscent at the top into
6 teeth. Dccandria. Trigynia.
* Caulescent. Floiecrs solitary or paniclcd.. Calyx inflated.
1. Sf. sttcllata Ait. ; stem erect, branching, pubescent ; leaves verti-
cillate in fours, lanceolate, long-acuminate, smooth ; flowers in panicles ;
calyx vesiculose, pubescent ; limb of the petals fringed. — Cucubalus
Stella (us Linn.
Hab. Hillsides. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 21.— Stem 2—4 feet
high. Flowers white ; petals about 4-cleft. Calyx inflated.
Star Campion.
2. S. inflata Smith : stem branching, smooth and glaucous, decum-
bent ; leaves oblong-oval, acute, nerveless, ; flowers paniculate ; calyx
vesiculate-ovate ; petals bifid, naked ; claws wedge-form ; styles larger
than the stamens. — Cucubalus bclien Linn.
Hab. Rocky hills. Can. andX. S. July. 21 .— Stem l*-2 feet
high. Flowers white ; petals bifid. Calyx bladder like and beau-
tifully veined. Bladder Campion.
3. »?. nicea Muhl. : stem divaricate and dichotomous above ; leave*
oblong-lanceolate, minutely and puberulently pubescent, the upper-
most ovate ; calyx obtuse, bell-shaped, inflated, subpilose ; petals
small, reflexed, bifid at the extremity ; claws exserted beyond the calyx,
nearly naked ; flowers solitary, dichotomal, terminal. — Cucubalus
nivcus Xutt.
Hab. " Upon an Island in the Susquehannah near to Columbia,
Penn. Muhlenberg." Xutt. June, July. 11. — Stem smooth
and slender. Leares opposite, 2 inches long, and 1-2 an inch
wide. Flmccrs white, remote, solitary, dichotomal and terminal.
Nuttall quotes the above name from Muhlenberg as a synonym
for his Cucubalus niceus, but I cannot find it in his catalogue.
It may be the 8. alba of Muhlenberg, and is perhaps only a
variety of S. inflata.
48 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
** Caulescent Flowers in axillary spikes, alternate. Calyx 10-striatc.
4. S. nocturna Linn. : stem branched, pilose below ; leaves pubescent,
long ciliate at base ; lower ones spathulate, upper ones linear-lanceolate ;
spike secund, dense ; flowers sessile, alternate ; calyx cylindrical,
nearly smooth ; petals 2-parted, narrow.
Hab. Penn. and Virg. July. 0. — Flowers white, greenish be-
neath.
p* Caulescent. Stem rigidly erect. Peduncles filiform. Calyx bellform
or cylindrical.
5. S. antirrhina Linn. : almost smooth ; stem erect, branching, some-
what leafy ; leaves lanceolate, acute, subciliate, upper ones linear ;
flowers small, panicled ; calyx ovate, glabrous ; petals obcordate,
crowned ; stamens included.
Hab. Dry hills. Can. to Car. June. 0. — Steml — 2 feet high,
nearly glabrous, with very slender erect branches and peduncles.
Calyx broad-oval or obovate, shining. Blossoms nocturnal.
Corol small, whitish. Sleepy Catch-fly.
**** Caulescent. Flowers panicled, rarely solitary. Pedicels opposite,
short. Calyx tubular.
6. S. catesbm Walt. : branching ; leaves broad-lanceolate ; flowers
in panicles ; calyx clavate, coloured ; petals with long claws ; limb
bifid, with two lateral teeth ; lobes acute. — (S1. virginica Mich. Pursh, not
of Linn.
Hab. Penn to Miss. Muhl. June. It. — Stem a foot high ;
Flowers crimson. Both De Candolle and Hooker concur in sup-
posing the present plant distinct from S. virginica, though it is
confounded by the authors above mentioned and also by Dr.
Torrey and Mr. Elliott.
7. »S'. virginica Linn. : viscid-pubescent ; stem procumbent, assur-
gent, branching ; leaves lanceolate ; lower ones on long petioles, with
long ciliae at base ; flowers large, in panicles ; petals with long claws,
broad, bifid, crowned.
Hab. Penn. to Car. W. to Lake Huron. May, June. If. —
Flowers purple. Distinct from the next.
8. S. pemisylvanica Mich. : viscidly-pubescent ; radical leaves some-
what cuneate ; those of the stem long-linear ; flowers in panicles,
somewhat trichotomous; calyx long, tubular; petals slightly emargi-
nate, subcrenate. — $. caroliniana Walt.
Hab. Sandy woods. Can. to Geor. May, June. If. — Stems
numerous, cespitose, 8 — 12 inches high. Petals bright purple.
Wild Pink.
***** JJespitose. Stems almost wanting. Calyx subinflated. Pedun-
cles 1-flowered.
9. S. acaulis Linn. : stems very densely cespitose, low; leaves linear,
ciliate at base ; peduncles solitary, short, 1-flowered ; calyx campanu-
late ; petals obcordate, crowned.
CARYOPHYLLE.E. 49
Hab. White mountains, N. H. and throughout the whole of Arc-
tic America, N. of lat. 54°. W. to Rocky mountains. — Nearly
stemless, depressed. Flowers rose-coloured.
3. SAPONARIA. Linn.
Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked at base. Petals unguicu-
late ; claw equalling the calyx. Stamens 10. Styles 2.
Capsule 1 -eel led. Decandria. Digynia.
1. 8. vaccaria Linn.: leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile; flowers in
panicles ; calyx pyramidal, 5-angled, smooth ; bracts membranaceous,
acute.
Hab. Fields. Williamstown. Mas?. Damj. July. . —
flowers rose-coloured. — Probably introduced, but completely
naturalized at the above locality." Held Soap-wort.
2. S. officinalis Linn. : leaves ovate-lanceolate, ribbed, acute or
obtuse ; flowers large, in a fasciculate panicle ; calyx cylindrical ; ap-
pendages of the petals linear.
Hab. Roadsides. June — Sept. 2_f. — Stcml2 — 18 inches high.
Leaves opposite and connate. Flmeers large, rose-coloured. — It
is said to make a lather with water, and hence its common name.
Introduced. Soap-wort.
4. AGROSTEMMA. loin.
Calyx tubular, 5-sided, coriaceous. Petals 5, unguiculate,
not crowned ; limb entire. Capsule 1-celled, opening with 5
teeth. Decandria. Pentagynia.
A. githago Linn. : hairy ; leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate ; seg-
ments of the calyx much longer than the corol ; flower solitary, ter-
minal, large ; petals entire, destitute of a crown. — Lychnis githago De
Cana\
Hab. In corn fields. June, July. $£. — Stem 18 — 20 inches high.
Floicers large, purple. Introduced. Corn Cockle.
5. SAGINA. Linn.
Calyx 4 — 5 parted. Petals 4 — 5, or none. Stamens 4 — 5.
Capsule 4 — 5 valved, 1-celled, many seeded.
Tetrandria. Teiragynia.
1. 8. procumbens Linn.: perennial; stems procumbent, smooth,
branched ; leaves linear-mucronate ; petals very short.
Hab. Borders of streams. N. Y. to Car. and W. to the banks of
the Columbia river. July. If.— Stems 2—4 inches high. Pedun-
cles solitary, larger than the leaves. Floicers small, white.
Pearl-wort.
2. S. apctala Linn. : annual ; stems erect or procumbent only at
base, subpubescent ; leaves linear-mucronate ; flowers alternate ;
petals very minute or none.
50 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. J. and Penn. May, June. 0. — Stems
numerous, erect, filiform. Flowers on long slender peduncles.
Petals nearly obsolete, more slender and of a paler green than
in the former. Annual Pearl-wort.
6. MOLLUGO. Linn.
Calyx 5-parted. Petals none. Stamens 3 — 5. Styles 3.
Capsule 3-valved, 3-celled, many seeded.
Triandria. Trigynia.
M. vcrticillata Linn. : stems decumbent, dichotomous ; leaves verticil-
late, obovate-lanceolate, acute ; peduncles 1 -flowered, verticillate.
Hab. Fields. Can. to Car. W. to the Columbia river. July —
Sept. 0. — Stems prostrate. Floicers small, white, on axillary
peduncles. Indian Chickweed.
7. SPERGULA. Linn.
Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 5 — 10.
Styles 5. Capsule 1-celled, 6-valved, many seeded.
Decandria. Pentagynia.
1. &. arcensis Linn. : leaves whorled, with stipules at the base ; pani-
cle dichotomous ; flowers decandrous ; peduncles of the fruit reflexed;
seeds spherical, somewhat hispid, black, with a narrow margin.
Hab. Sandy fields. Can. to Car. W. to the Columbia river.
June — Aug. ©. — Stem 6 — 12 inches high, swelling at the joints.
Leaves narrow-linear, whorled. Flowers white, in a panicle. —
According to Dr. Hooker the margin of the seed varies greatly
in its breadth. — Fl. Scot. — Naturalized. Corn Spurrey.
2. & saginoides Linn. : stem creeping ; leaves opposite, linear,
smooth, awnless ; peduncles solitary, very long ; petals oblong, obtuse,
as long as the calyx ; seeds kidney-form, punctate.— & decumbens Ell.
— S. nodosa Walt.
Hab. Sandy fields. N.J. to Car. W. to N. W. Coast of America.
June. #. — Stem 2 — 4 inches long, decumbent. Floicers erect,
white. Resembles Sagina procumbcns very much.
Pearl-wort Spurrey.
8. STELLARIA. Linn.
Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, bifid. Stamens 10, or by abor-
tion 3 — 8. Styles 3. Capsule 1-celled, 6-valved at the
apex, many seeded. Decandria. Trigynia.
1. 8. media Smith : stem procumbent, with an alternate pubescent,
lateral line ; leaves ovate or lanceolate, very smooth ; upper ones ses-
sile ; capsule deeply 6-valved, scarcely longer than the calyx ; seeds
subreniform, rugose. — Alsine media Linn.
CARYOPHYLLE^S. 51
Hab. Road sides, &c. Can. and N. S. March— Nov. ©.—
Stem spreading. Peduncles axillary and terminal, 1-flowered.
Petals white, deeply cleft. Stamens 5 — 10. Chichceed.
2. S. pubcra Mich. : pubescent ; stem decumbent ; leaves ovate-ob-
long, sessile, acute, ciliate ; pedicels filiform dichotomal, recurved or
deflexed ; petals longer than the calyx.
Hab. Rocky banks. Penn. to Geor. May, June. 21. ? Stem
6 — 12 inches high, diffuse and dichotomous. Floicers large, ax-
illary and terminal, on filiform pedicels.
3. &. longifolia MM. : smooth ; stem erect, square, weak ; leaves
linear-acute, spreading, with the margins often scabrous ; panicle ter-
minal, divaricate, very long, bracteate ; petals broad-obovate, 2-parted,
about as long as the 3-nerved calyx. — Spergulastrum gramineum Mich.
— Micropitahnii grammeum Pcrs.
Hab. Moist woods. N. S. and N. to lat. 64°. June. l[.—Stcm
12 — 15 inches high. Petals white, becoming longer than the
calyx. — There appears to be no just ground for the separation of
the genus Micropctalum from Stcllaria. It is, however, counte-
nanced by De Candolle.
4. >S>. lanceolata Torr. : very smooth, procumbent or ascending ;
leaves lanceolate, acute at each end ; petals about as long as the calyx ;
stigmas mostly 4, or wanting. — Micropctalum lanccolatum Pers.
Hab. Alpine swamps. N. S. June. L£. — Stem 6 — 8 inches.
Flowers solitary, axillary and terminal, on long slender pedun-
cles. By some botanists this plant is considered identical with
the former, while Dr. Hooker considers Dr. Torrey's plant as a
variety of his S. borcafis.
5. 8. borcalis Big. : stem spreading, angular, dichotomous ; leaves
oval-lanceolate ; peduncles axillary, elongated, 1-flowered ; petals
deeply cleft, about equal to the calyx. — S. borealis, var. Hooker.
Hab. White hills. N. H. and throughout Can. to the Arctic cir-
cle. July. Aug. IS. — Stem spreading, angular. Leaves slightly
connate. Petals white, deeply cleft.
G. S. longipes Goldie : weak, very smooth, glaucous ; leaves linear,
subulate, spreading ; peduncles terminal, dichotomously branched ;
bracts membranaceous ; pedicels much elongated ; petals broad-ovate,
deeply bifid, a little longer than the obtuse and obscurely 3-nerved
calyx. — Goldie. Hooker.
Hab. Woods near Lake Ontario. — Floicers large, white, in a ter-
minal leafless panicle. A very minute description of this plant,
and many interesting observations upon the Canadian species of
this genus, will be found in Hooker's Fl. Bor. Amer.
9. ARENARIA. Linn.
Calyx 5-sepalled. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 10, or fewer
by abortion. Styles 3. Capsule 1-celled, many seeded.
Decandria. Trigynia.
52 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
* Leaves linear, with scarious stipules at base.
1. A. nibra Linn. : stem prostrate, pilose ; leaves filiform, acute,
fiat, somewhat fleshy, mucronate, shorter than the internodes ; sepals
lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, scarious on the margin ; peduncles axil-
l&ry, at length deflexed ; seeds compressed, angular, roughish, not
margined.
Hab. Sandy fields. Mass. June. 0. — Stem spreading. Floic-
ers small, red. Common Sand-wort.
2. A. canadensis Pers. : somewhat hispid ; leaves filiform, longer
than the internodes ; sepals lanceolate, obtuse, with the margin broad
and scarious ; stamens 5 ; pedicels at length deflexed ; seeds some-
what cordate, compressed ; radicle somewhat prominent. — A. rubra,
var. marina Linn. Torr. — A. marina Smith. Big:
Hab. Salt marshes. Along the whole coast of North America. —
Stem 3—8 inches long, procumbent, succulent. Floicers axilla-
ry, solitary, on short peduncles, reddish. Capsule subglobose,
longer than the calyx. This plant has been confounded with
A. marina of Smith ; but the latter is characterized by the seeds
having a broad membranaceous border, and is considered by
De Candolle identical with A. media of Linnaeus. De Candolle,
who appears to have seen specimens of the above plant, con-
siders it distinct from A. rubra, though this opinion is opposed
by the authorities above cited. It varies much in the number
of its stamens, being frequently di-tri and pentandrous.
Sea Sand-wort.
f* Leaves linear, lanceolate, or rounded, icithout stipules.
3. A. squarrosa Mich. : cespitose ; inferior leaves squarrose, imbricate,
channelled, smooth ; stem simple, few-leaved ; flowers in dichotomous
panicles, erect ; sepals roundish-ovate, smooth ; petals obovate, much
longer than the calyx ; capsules oval, 3-valved, exceeding the calyx ;
valves obtuse. — A. caroliniana Walt.
Hab. Pine barrens. N. J. to Car. May— Aug. 11. — Stem 6—8
inches high, much divided near the base. Floicers white, in a
small terminal panicle. Squarrose Sand-xcort.
4. A. stricta Mich. : stems numerous, erect, smooth, filiform ; leaves
subulate-linear, erect, subfasciculate, spreading ; panicle few-flowered;
sepals ovate-lanceolate, conspicuously striate, half as long as the petals.
Hab. Mountains. Can. to Car. May, June. LL — Stems 6 — 12
inches high. Leaves more linear than in the preceding, and not
so much crowded near the base.
5. A. glabra Mich. : very smooth ; stems numerous, erect, filiform ;
leaves subulate-linear, flat, spreading ; pedicels 1-flowered, elongated,
divaricate ; sepals oval, obtuse, shorter than the petals. — S. uniflora
Walt.
Hab. Mountains. N. H. N. Y. to Car. June. U- — Stems 4—6
inches high, erect, slender. Floicers white, large.
6. A. seipyllifolia Linn.: stem dichotomous, diffuse ; leaves ovate,
acute, sessile, somewhat rugose, smooth, ciliate ; sepals lanceolate?
CARYOPHYLLEiE. 53
acute, 3-nerved, larger than the corol ; capsule ovate, 6-valved, equal-
ling the calyx ; seeds exactly reniform, rugose.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. Y. to Car. May— July. ®.—Stem
mostly decumbent, 3 — 8 inches long. Flotcers axillary and ter-
minal, solitary.
7. A. lateriflora Linn. : stem filiform, branched ; leaves obtuse, cili-
ate, nerved ; peduncles lateral, solitary, elongated, 1 — 2 flowered ;
one of the pedicels with 2 opposite bracts near the middle; sepals ovate,
obtuse, shorter than the petals ; capsule ovate, obtuse, longer than the
calyx.
Hab. Meadows. N. S. North to Hudson's bay. June. Lf.
— Stem 5 — 10 inches high, erect, filiform. Peduncles axillary,
very slender, forked. Flowers white.
8. A. pcploidzs Linn. : stem dichotomous; leaves ovate, acute, fleshy,
approximate ; flowers solitary, on short peduncles ; sepals oblong,
acutish, about as long as the corol ; capsule globose, depressed,
3-valved ; seeds numerous, black.
Hab. Sea coast, Mass. N. J. N. to Arctic America. June. 7£.
— Stem 8 — 12 inches high. Flotcers axillary, sessile. Petals
white, membranaceous, spatulate.
10, CERASTIUM. Linn.
Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, bifid. Stamens 10. Styles 5.
Capsule 1 -celled, cylindrical or globose, dehiscent at the apex
with 10 teeth. Decandria. Pentagynia.
1. C. ritlgatum Linn. : viscidly pubescent, pale green ; stems nume-
rous, cespitose, suberect ; leaves ovate, obtuse, hirsute ; flowers dicho-
tomous, subumbelled, longer than the peduncles ; petals oblong, emar-
ginate, scarcely longer than the calyx ; capsule oblong, tapering, as
long again as the calyx.
Hab. Fields and hills, Can. to Car. May — Aug. $g.—Stem
6 — 10 inches high. Flotcers white. Introduced.
Mouse-ear Chickicecd.
2. C. ciscosttm Linn. : hairy and viscid, deep green ; stems nume-
rous, erect ; leaves lanceolate-oblong ; flowers in dichotomous umbels,
shorter than their pedicels ; capsule somewhat incurved, terete, as
long again as the calyx.
Hab. Fields and road sides. Can. to Car. May — Aug. 11. —
Stem 6 — 12 inches high. Leaves rather obtuse. Petals white,
obovate, a little longer than the calyx.
3. C. scmidecandrum Linn. : hirsute and viscid ; stems numerous,
erect ; leaves ovate-lanceolate ; flowers pentandrous, somewhat umbel-
led, shorter than their pedicels ; petals slightly notched ; capsule te-
rete, deflexed, as long again as the calyx.
Hab. Dry hills. N. S. May — Aug. ©. — Perhaps only a va-
riety of the preceding. De Candolle places the C. semidecan*
drum of American authors, as a variety under C. vulgatum,
5*
54 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
4. C. arvcnse Linn. : stems ascending ; leaves linear-lanceolate, ob-
tuse, more or less hairy, especially at base ; flowers few, terminal ;
peduncles deflexed, pubescent ; petals twice as long as the calyx ; cap-
sule oblong-cylindrical, scarcely longer than the calyx.
Hab. Fields and rocky hills. N. S. May— Aug. Lf. — Root
creeping. Stems 4 — 8 inches long, ascending, slender, some-
what cespitose. Leaves crowded at the base of the stem, short,
ciliate at base. Floicers large, white, 2 or 3 on terminal pedicels.
Petals deeply cleft, white, twice as long as the calyx. This is
undoubtedly a native near Albany, as it would seem to be also,
according to Dr. Barton, on the banks of the Schuylkill and De-
laware. Fl. Phil. i. 216. Dr. Bigelow credits it to the vicinity
of Boston, but thinks it merely naturalized. Field Chickiceed.
5. C. tenuifolium Pursh. : pubescent-cespitose ; leaves narrow-linear,
longer than the internodes ; flowers on long peduncles, mostly 3, from
tbe top of each stem ; petals obovate, emarginate, thrice as long as the
acute calyx. — C. dichotomum Muhl. ?
Hab. Rocky places. N. S. June. IX. — Stems numerous, erect.
Flowers on long peduncles, 3 from the summit of each stem. Re-
sembles the preceding, but has longer and narrower leaves, and
longer and less deeply cleft petals. But it may, after all, be a
mere variety- Sprengel considers C. pennsylvanicum of Horne-
mann identical with it.
6. C. pubcscens Goldie: pubescent-hirsute; stem deflexed-pilose :
leaves linear-lanceolate, longer than the internodes ; panicle terminal,
about 3 — 6-flowered ; petals acutely emarginate, twice as long as the
calyx.
Hab. Kingston, U. Can. Bellows' Falls, N. H. June. Zf .—
This species was first described by Mr. Goldie. Edin. Phil.
Jour. vi. 327. I have specimens of the same plant collected at
Bellows' Falls, by Mr. G. W. Clinton. They resemble those of
the preceding species, but the stems are much longer and more
slender, and are branched from below in a dichotomous manner ,-
the peduncles also, are much longer, and the flowers more nu-
merous : the sepals have a white shining and scarious margin.
7. C. nutans Rqf. : viscid and pubescent ; stems erect, straight,
deeply striate ; leaves elongated, distant, lanceolate-linear ; flowers
subumbelled, on long petioles ; petals oblong, bifid at the tip, longer
than the calyx ; capsule nodding, twice as long as the calyx. — C. gluti^
no sum, Nutt. — C. longc pedunculatum Muhl.
Hab. Rocky hills. N. S. June. 0. — Stems numerous, 8 — 12
inches high, very viscid. Lower leaves subspathulate. Flowers
terminal, in a loose dichotomous panicle.
8. C. oblongifolium Ton: : cespitose, pubescent ; stems erect, terete,
even ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, rather acute, shorter than the joints ;
flowers terminal, shorter than their pedicels ; petals obovate, bifid at
the tip, twice the length of the calyx. — C. bracteatum Raf. ?
Hab. Mountains. Mass. June. 2_f. — Stems 8 — 10 inches high.
Flowers terminal, few, in a dichotomous panicle.
LINEiE. 55
9. C. connatum Beck : very hairy, diffuse ; leaves somewhat obo-
vate, connate ; flowers in dense clusters ; petals 2-cleft, a little longer
than the acute calyx ; capsule cylindrical, straight, twice as long as the
calyx. — C. hirsutum Mxihl. Ell. Torr. — C. sc7nidccandrian Walt.
Hab. N. Y. Del. S. to Car. May, June. &. — Stem procumbent.
Flowers white, in terminal clusters. I have changed the name
given to this plant by the authors above quoted, in consequence
of finding a foreign C. kursutum, in De Candolle's Prodromus,
which appears to be quite distinct from this species.
Order XIX. ELATINEJ& bind.
Sej)als 3 — 5, distinct, or slightly connate at the base. Pe-
tals hypogynous, alternate with the sepals. Stamens equal
in number to or twice as many as the petals. Ovary 3 — 5-
celled ; styles 3 — 5 ; stigmas capitate. Capsule 3 — 5 celled,
3 — 5 valved. Seeds numerous, with a straight embryo, whose
radicle is next the hilum ; albumen none.
Amiuals, found in marshes. Stems fistulous, rooting.
Leaves opposite.
1. CRYPT A. Nutt.
Calyx 2-leaved, inferior. Corol 2 — 3 petalled, closed.
Style almost wanting. Stigma obtuse. Capsule 2 — 3 cell-
ed, 2 — 3 valved ; cells 4 — 5 seeded.
Diandria. Monygynia.
C. minima Xutt : stems prostrate, creeping and rooting ; leaves cu-
neate-obovate, opposite, entire, obtuse. 1-nerved; flowers very minute,
axillary, sessile, alternate. — Peplis amcricana Pursh.
Hab. Banks of streams. Throughout the U. S. Aug. 0.1 —
Stems prostrate, with assurgent branches. Leaves opposite, obo-
vate or oval. Flowers sessile, with 2 — 3 stamens. Petals round-
ish, white. — For a very minute description of this little plant by
Mr. ^uttall, see Jour. Phil. Acad. i. 117. According to Mr,
Arnott, it belongs to the genus Elatinc. and is a congener, and
indeed very closely allied, to E. triandra. Edin. Jour. Nat. 4*
Gcog. Science, i. 430.
Order XX. LINE.E. De Cand. Lind.
Sepals 3 — 4 — 5, persistent, with an imbricated aestivation.
Fetals equal in number to the sepals, hypogynous, unguicu-
late, with a twisted aestivation. Stamens as many as the pe-
tals, and alternate with them (with intermediate teeth or abor-
tive stamens) arising from an annular torus ; anthers ovate,
erect. Ovary with as many (rarely fewer) cells and styles as
56 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
stamens ; stigmas capitate. Capsules generally pointed with
the hardened base of the styles, many-celled ; each cell par-
tially divided in two by an imperfect spurious dissepiment,
and opening by two valves at the apex. Seeds solitary, in
each spurious cell, compressed, pendulous. Albumen thin,
fleshy ; embryo straight, with the radicle next the hilum ; co-
tyledons flat.
Herbs or small shrubs. Leaves entire, usually alternate.
Flowers terminal, with the petals fugitive.
1. LINUM. Linn.
Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, unguiculate. Stamens 5,
with the filaments united at base. Styles 5, very rarely 3.
Capsule superior, subglobose, 10-valved, 10-celled. Seeds
solitary, ovate, compressed. Pentandria. Pentagynia.
1, L. virginianum Linn. ; stem erect, slender, smooth ; radical leaves
ovate and spatulate ; those of the stem linear-lanceolate, alternate ;
panicle lax, corymbose ; sepals acute ; capsule globose, awnless.
Has. ' Hills and fields. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. 0.—Stem
1 — 2 feet high, slender. Flowers small, yellow, in a dichoto-
mous panicle. Virginian Flax.
2. L. usitatissimum Linn. : stem mostly solitary, round, smooth, sim-
ple, branched above ; leaves lanceolate, alternate ; flowers large, on
peduncles ; segments of the calyx ovate, acute ; petals crenate ; cap-
sule roundish, acuminate.
Hab. Fields. June, July. @. — Flowers large, blue. Introduc-
ed. Common Flax.
Order XXI. MALVACEAE. Be Cand. hind.
Sepals 5, very seldom 3 or 4, more or less united at the
base, with a valvate aestivation, often bearing external bracts
forming an involucrum. Petals equal in number to the se-
pals, hypogynous. Stamens indefinite ; filaments monadel-
phous, often bearing the petals on their base. Jlnthers 1-cell-
ed, reniform. Ovary formed by the union of several carpels
round a common axis, either distinct or cohering ; styles as
many as the carpels, united or free ; stigmas variable. Fruit
capsular or berried ; its carpels being either one or many-
seeded, sometimes united in one, sometimes separate or sepa-
rable. Seeds sometimes hairy. Albumen none, or small ;
embryo curved with twisted and doubled cotyledons.
MALVACEAE. 57
Herbs, trees ox shrubs. Leaves alternate, more or less di-
vided, stipulate.
1. MALVA. Linn.
Calyx surrounded by a 3, rarely 5 — 6-leaved involucre.
Bracts oblong or setaceous. Capsules numerous, 1-celled,
1-seeded, arranged circularly. Monadelphia. Polyandria.
1. M. syfrrstris Linn. : stem erect, herbaceous, branched, hairy ;
leaves large, roundish, with 7 somewhat acute lobes ; flowers large,
axillary, on short pedicels ; pedicels and petioles hairy ; petals obcor-
date, thrice as long as the calyx.
Hab. Fields. July, Aug. If.— Stem 2— 3 feet high. Floiccrs
3—4 together, reddish-purple, veined. Introduced.
High Malloics.
2. M. rotundifolia Linn. : stem somewhat prostrate ; leaves roundish,
cordate, obtusely 5 — 7 lobed ; peduncles bent downwards, and with the
petioles pubescent ; flowers axillary ; corol twice the length of the
calyx.
Hab. Cultivated grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June —
Oct. Lf . — Root fusiform. Flowers small, pink, on pedicels, 2 — 3
together. Extensively naturalized. Loio Mallows.
2. ALTHEA. Linn.
Calyx surrounded by a 6 — 9 cleft involucre. Capsules nu-
merous, 1-seeded, arranged circularly.
Monadelphia. Polyandria.
A. officinalis Linn. : leaves soft tomentose on both sides, cordate
and ovate, dentate, entire or 3 lobed ; peduncles axillary, many flow-
ered, much shorter than the leaves.
Hab. Near salt marshes. Aug. Sept. If. — Stem 2 feet high.
Flowers large, purple. Introduced. Marsh Mallows.
3. HIBISCUS, linn.
Calyx surrounded by an involucre which is often many-
leaved. Stigmas 5. Capsule 5-cellcd ; cells many seeded,
or rarely 1-seeded. Monadelphia. Polyandria.
It H. rirginiens Linn. : leaves acuminate, unequally toothed, sub-
villose ; lower ones undivided, cordate ; upper ones ovate-cordate, 3-
lobed ; pedicels longer than the petiole : flowers cernuous ; pistils nod-
ding ; capsule hispid. — H. clypeatua Walt.
Hab. Salt marshes. N. Y. to Car. Aug. U-—Strm 3 feet
high. Flowers in paniculate racemes, small, rose coloured. In-
volucre 8 — 9 leaved, tomentose.
2. H. moschcutos Linn. : leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, tomentose
beneath ; petioles bearing the peduncles ; calyx tomentose ; capsule
smooth. — H. palustris Walt.
68 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Swamps and salt marshes. N. Y. to Car. Aug. Z£. —
Stem 4 — 6 feet high. Flowers large, white with a purple cen-
tre.
3. H. palustris Linn. : leaves ovate, toothed, somewhat 3-lobed,
white-tomentose beneath ; pedicels axillary, distinct from the petioles,
auriculate above the middle.
Hab. Salt marshes. Can to Car. Aug. 11. — Stem 3 — 4 feet
high. Floicers purple, smaller than the preceding.
4. H. militaris Willd. : leaves 3-lobed, hastate, acuminate, serrate,
smooth ; pedicels articulate in the middle ; corol subcampanulate ;
capsule ovate, acuminate, smooth ; seeds silky. — H. virginicus Walt. —
H. hastatus Mich.
Hab. Banks of streams. Penn. to Car. W. to Arkansas. Aug.
If. — Stein 3 — 4 feet high. Floicers large, purple, axillary, soli-
tary.
5. H. trionum Linn. : leaves toothed ; lower ones scarcely divided ;
upper ones 3-parted ; lobes lanceolate, middle one very long ; calyx
inflated, membranaceous, nerved.
Hab. Apparently naturalized near Albany, N. Y. July. ^. —
Stem 2 feet high. Floicers yellowish- white, with the lower part
purple. Floicer-of -an-Hour.
4. SIDA. Linn.
Calyx naked, 5-cleft, often angled. Style many cleft at
the top. Capsules numerous, arranged circularly, 1-celled,
1 — 3 seeded. Monadelphia. Polyandria.
1. S. spinosa Linn. : leaves ovate-lanceolate, toothed, with the tuber-
cles at the base spiny ; pedicels axillary, solitary, shorter than the
stipules and petioles ; capsules 5, bi-rostrate.
Hab. Pine barrens. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug.
Hi. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, branched. Flowers solitary, yellow.
Leaves sometimes subcordate.
2. S. napota Willd. : leaves palmately 5-lobed, smooth ; lobes oblong,
acuminate, toothed ; peduncles many-flowered ; capsules 10, awnless,
acuminate. — Napota lotvis Linn.
Hab. Rocky places. Penn. to Virg. ; rare, Pursh. Stem 3 — 4
feet high. Floicers small, white.
3. S. dioica Willd. : leaves palmately 7-lobed, rough ; lobes lanceo-
late, incisely toothed ; peduncles many-flowered, bracteate, subco-
rymbed ; flowers dioecious ; capsules 10, awnless. — Napota dioica and
N. scabra Linn.
Hab. Stony ground. N. S. Torr. Oct. U>—Stem 4—5 feet
high. Floicers small, white.
4. Sf. abutilon Linn. : leaves roundish-cordate, acuminate, toothed,
tomentose ; peduncles shorter than the petioles ; capsules 15, trun*
cate, birostrate, hairy.
TILIACEiE. 59
Hab. Waste ground. N. S. July, Aug. f£.Stem 3—5 feet
high. Leaves large. Flowers orange. Introduced.
Indian Nalloics.
Order XXII. TILIACE^E. De Cand. Lind.
Sejials 4 — 5, with the aestivation valvate and rarely imbri-
cate. Petals 4 — 5, entire, usually with a little pit at their
base, rarely wanting. Stamciis generally indefinite, hypogyn-
ous, distinct ; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing longtiudinally.
Torus with 4 — 5 glands at the base of the petals. Ovary
single, composed of from 4 — 10 carpels ; style 1 ; stigmas
as many as the carpels. Fruit dry, of several cells. Seeds
numerous ; embryo erect in the axis of fleshy albumen, with
flat foliaceous cotyledons.
Trees or shrubs, with simple stipulate alternate leaves and
axillary flowers.
1. TILIA. Lam.
Calyx 5-parted, deciduous. Petals 5, naked, or with a
small scale within. Stamens many ; filaments free, or some-
what in sets. Ovary globose, villous, 5-celled ; cells 2-seed-
ed, (JYutt.) coriaceous, by abortion 1 -celled, 1 — 2 seeded.
Polyandria. Monogynia.
1. T. glabra Vent. : leaves deeply cordate, abruptly acuminate,
acutely serrate, subcoriaceous, smooth ; flowers in cymes ; petals
truncate at the apex, crenate ; style as long as the petals ; fruit ovate,
somewhat ribbed. — T. amerkana Linn. Mich. f. T. canadensis Mich.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June. A large tree
with yellowish white flowers. The wood is white and soft, and
much used by cabinet and coach makers.
Linn, or Linden. Bass Wood.
2. T. laxifora Mich. : leaves cordate, gradually acuminate, serrate,
membranaceous, smooth ; flowers in loose panicles ; petals emargin-
ate ; styles longer than the petals ; fruit globose.
Hab. Near the sea coast. Mar. to Geor. May. Lf. — A very
distinct species, though generally confounded with the former.
Pursh.
3. T. pubescens Ait. : leaves truncate at the base, subcordate, oblique,
denticulate-serrate, pubescent beneath ; petals emarginate ; styles
longer than the petals ; fruit globose, smooth. — T. amerkana Walt.
Hab. Banks of streams. N. S. to Geor. June. *?. — A large
tree. Floiccrs white, in axillary cymes.
60 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Order XXIII. HYPERICINEJE. Be Cand. hind.
Sepals 4 — 5, distinct or cohering, persistent, unequal,
with glandular dots. Petals 4 — 5, hypogynous, with a twist-
ed aestivation and oblique veins, often having black dots.
Stamens indefinite, hypogynous, in three or more parcels ;
anthers versatile. Ovary single, superior ; styles several,
rarely connate ; stigmas simple, occasionally capitate. Fruit
a capsule or berry, of many valves and many cells ; the edges
of the former being curved inwards. Seeds minute, indefinite,
usually tapering ; embryo straight ; albumen none ; radicle
next to the hilum, inferior.
Herbs or shrubs, with a resinous juice. Leaves opposite,
entire, dotted, occasionally alternate and crenate. Floivers
generally yellow.
1. HYPERICUM. Linn.
Capsule membranaceous. Styles 3 — 5. Stamens many,
polydelphous at base, rarely indefinite. Petals 5. Sepals 5,
unequal, more or less united at base.
Polyandria. Di-Pentagynia,
* Stamens numerous. Styles 5. Floicers mostly terminal, large, yelloic.
1. H. ascyroidcs Willd. : smooth ; stem simple, square, winged at the
base ; leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, acute ; calyx ovate-lanceolate;
styles free, as long as the stamens. — H. macrocarpum Mich.
Hab. River banks. Can. and N. S. July. 2f.— Stem 2 feet
high. Flowers and leaves large. Capsules nearly as large as nut-
megs.
2. H. kalmianum mild. : frutescent, much branched ; branches
square, leaves linear-lanceolate ; flowers few, in a terminal corymb ;
calyx lanceolate, somewhat obtuse.
Hab. Wet rocks. N. Y. to Virg. July, Aug. ">?.— Stem 3—5
feet high. Flowers large. This species has been found near
Niagara Falls by Dr. Asa Gray.
** Stamens numerous, somewhat definite ("9—15 — 18,) polyadelphous.
Styles 3. Floicers reddish.
3. H. virginicum Linn. : stem suffruticose, terete ; leaves oblong,
obtuse, subclasping, punctate, very obtuse ; flowers peduncled, axilla-
ry and terminal ; calyx lanceolate ; stamens 9 — 12, slightly united at
base. — Elodea campanulata Pursh.
Hab. Bogs and meadows. Can. to Car. July— Sept. U- —
Stem 2 feet high. Leaves opposite, dotted, glaucous beneath.
Flowers few, in a panicle, yellowish-red, middle sized.
HYPERIClNEvE. 61
v** Stamens numerous, indefinite. Styles mostly 3. Flowers yellow.
4. H. angulosum Mich. : stem herbaceous, square, erect ; leaves dis-
tant, elongated, ovate, subclasping, sinuate on the margin, acute, not
punctate ; flowers axillary, solitary, in a dichotomous panicle ; calyx
lanceolate, acute, somewhat keeled. — H. denticulatum Walt.
Hab. Cedar swamps. N. J. to Car. June, July. 7£. — Stem
12 — 18 inches high, branched towards the summit. FUncers
scattered in the panicle and alternate, orange-coloured. Styles
3, often united.
5. H. cistifolium Ixim.: stem angular ; leaves ovate-oblong, some-
what acute, black-punctate beneath, subclasping, revolute on the mar-
gin : flowers in dichotomous corymbs ; calyx ovate ; styles united. —
//. adprcssuni Bart. .'
Hab. Western part of N. Y. Dr. Asa Gray. July. It.
6. H. punctaium Linn. : stem terete, black-punctate ; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, obtuse, subclasping : flowers in dense corymbs ; calyx lan-
ceolate, acute. — H. corymbosum Wdld. Pursh. — H. maculatam Walt.
Hab. Shady woods. Can. to Car. June. 11. — Stem 2 feet
high. Flowers in a compact panicle or corymb. Styles 3, longer
than the stamens. Whole plant, except the filaments and styles,
spotted with black dots.
7. //. perforatum Linn. : stem ancipital ; leaves obtuse, ovate-ellip-
tic, and with the lanceolate calyx pellucid-punctate ; flowers pani-
cled ; anthers with black punctures ; styles diverging.
Hab. Fields. N. S. June— Aug. If.— Stem a foot high,
branched. Flowers yellow. A pernicious weed, producing, ac-
cording to Dr. Darlington, troublesome sores upon horses and
horned cattle, where it comes in contact with them. It would
seem that the dew which collects on the plant, becomes active
in this way. — Fl. Ccstrica. Introduced. St. John s Wort.
8. H. parviflorum Willd. : stem erect, much branched, smooth,
square ; leaves ovate, subcordate, obtuse, sessile, obscurely 5-nerved.
pellucid-punctate ; flowers in a dichotomous corymb ; calyx linear-
laiiceolate, longer than the petals. — H. quinquencrvium Walt. Mich.
Hab. Overflowed grounds. Throughout Can. and the U. S.
June — Aug. 11. — Ste7n 6 — 12 inches high. Flowers very small,
yellow, solitary in the divisions of the stems.
1). H. eanadense Linn,. : stem erect and straight, 4-winged ; leaves
linear, attenuate at the base, rather obtuse ; panicle elongated, dicho-
tomous ; calyx lanceolate ; styles very short ; capsule long, conical,
coloured.
Hab. Gravelly soil. Can. to Car. June — Aug. 0. — Stem 6 — 12
inches high. Floircrs small, yellow. Capsule much longer than
the calyx and of a reddish colour, by which, together with its
linear leaves, it can be readily distinguished from the preceding.
10. H. sarothra Mich. : erect, much branched above; branches seta-
ceous ; leaves minute, subulate, appressed ; flowers terminal, subsoli-
6
62 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
tary ; stamens 5 — 10 ; capsules oblong, 1-celled. — H. nudicauU Walt.
— Sarothra gentianoides Willd.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. E. to Car. Pursh. June— Aug. If.—
Stem 3 — 6 inches high. Leaves and flowers minute. Stamens
very variable in number.
11. H. prolificum Linn. : stem shrubby, terete ; branches angled ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, revolute on the margin, pellucid-punctate ;
corymbs axillary and terminal, few-flowered ; calyx ovate -lanceolate ;
stamens very numerous.
Hab. N. Y. to S. Car. July. J?.— Shrub 2—3 feet high, with
much compressed branches. Leaves 2 inches long. Peduncles
generally 3-flowered, the intermediate one nearly sessile.
12. H. galioides Linn. : stem terete, straight, somewhat shrubby ;
branches square ; leaves linear-sessile, revolute on the margin, acute,
punctate ; panicles terminal, dichotompus and divaricate ; calyx linear,
at length reflexed ; styles often united.
Hab. Sandy moist places. N. J. to Car. July. If. — Stem 2
feet high. Leaves fasciculate. — Scarcely differing from H. fasci-
culatum of Michaux.
2. ASCYRUM. Linn.
Calyx 4-sepalled ; 2 outer sepals smaller. Petals 4. Sta-
mens many, scarcely united at base. Styles 1 — 3.
Polyandria. Di-Pentagynia.
1. A. crux-andrect Linn. : stems numerous, suffruticose, terete, with
erect branches ; leaves ovate-linear, obtuse ; inner sepals suborbicu-
lar ; pedicels with 2 bracts ; flowers sessile ; styles 1 — 2. — A. multi-
cault Mich.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. J. to Car. July. U-— Stems 1—2 feet
high. Fhicers solitary and axillary, nearly sessile, pale yellow.
Mr. Elliott remarks that this plant varies so much in the size
and number of its leaves, in its peduncles, and in the number of
its styles, that it merits culture to determine whether more than
one species are not included under this name. St. Peter's WorU
2. A. sians Mich. : stem fruticose, winged, straight ; leaves ovate-
elliptical, obtuse, glaucous ; inner sepals cordate, orbicular ; stamens
united at the base ; styles 2. — A. hijpericoides Pursh, not of Linn.
Hab. Overflowed sandy soil. N. J. to Car, July, Aug. 11.
Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Floicers larger than the last, yellow.
Order XXIV. ACERINEjE. Be Cand. Lind.
Calyx 5, or rarely 4 — 9-parled, with an imbricate aestiva-
tion. Petals equal in number to the lobes of the calyx, with
which they alternate, rarely wanting. Stamens definite,
usually 8, rarely 5 or 12 ; anthers oblong. Torus discoid.
ACERINEiE 63
Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled ; style 1 ; stigmas 2. Fruit of two
indehiscent winged carpels (samara,) each 1-celled, with 1
or 2 seeds. Seeds erect ; albumen none ; embryo curved or
convolute, with foliaceous wrinkled cotyledons and an inferior
radicle.
Trees, with opposite, simple, rarely pinnate leaves. Flowers
often polygamous, sometimes apetalous.
1. ACER. Linn.
Flowers mostly polygamous. Calyx 5-lobed, sometimes
5-parted. Stamens rarely 5, often 7 — 9. Samara 2, wing-
ed, united at base, by abortion 1-seeded. .
Octandria, Monogynia.
* Flmccrs in corymbs or fascicles.
1. A. rnbrum Linn. : leaves generally 5-lobed, cordate at the base,
unequally and incisely toothed, glaucous beneath ; the sinuses acute ;
flowers aggregated in about fives, on rather long pedicels ; germs gla-
brous.
Hab. Moist woods. Can. to Flor. April. — A tree from 20 — 50
feet high. Flowers 5-petalled, pentandrous. Red Maple.
2. A. eriocarpum Mich. : leaves palmately 5-lobed, truncate at the
base, smooth and whitish-glaucous beneath ; sinuses obtuse ; lobes
acuminate, incisely toothed ; flowers aggregated, on short pedicels ;
germs tomentose. — A. dasycarjmm Willd.
Hab. Banks of streams. Can. to Geor. April, May. — A large
tree. Floiccrs greenish, pentandrous, apetalous.
White or Soft Maple.
3. A. barbatum Mich. : leaves ovate-cordate, with 3 short lobes, un-
equally serrate, glaucous beneath and pubescent on the nerves ; corymbs
sessile ; peduncles hairy ; those of the sterile flowers branched ; of
the fertile simple ; calyx bearded within ; fruit smooth ; wings erect. —
A% carolinianum Walt.
Hab. Cedar swamps. N. S. to Car. April. — A small tree.
Leaves small. Floicers pale green. Calyx densely bearded with-
in.
4. A. saccharinum Linn. : leaves palmately 5-lobed, subcordate at
base, petioled, glaucous beneath ; lobes acuminate ; peduncles corym-
bose, loose, nodding, hairy ; fruit glabrous ; wings divergent.
Hab. In woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. April. — A large
tree. Flowers yellowish, on long filiform peduncles. Petioles
smooth. — Valuable for its timber and for the sugar obtained from
its sap. Sugar Maple.
5. A. nigrum Mich. : leaves palmately 5-lobed, cordate, with the
sinus closed, pubescent beneath ; lobes divaricate, sinuate-dentate ;
64 DICOTYLEDOxXOUS PLANTS.
flowers on long slender peduncles, corymbed ; fruit glabrous, turgid
at base ; wings diverging.
Hab. Mountainous situations. Ver. to Car. April. — A large
tree. Floicers yellowish. Petioles pubescent.
Black Sugar Mapk.
** Floicers in racemes.
C). A. striatum Mich. : leaves with 3 acuminate lobes, rounded at the
base, acutely dentate, smooth ; racemes simple pendulous ; petals oval :
fruit smooth ; wings somewhat diverging.— A. pennsylvanicum Linn.
Hab. Shady rocks. N. S. May. T?.— Shrub 10 or 12 feet
high ; trunk beautifully striate. Leaves rarely undivided. Flowers
greenish-yellow, 10 — 12 in a raceme.
Striped Maple. Moose Wood.
7. A. spicatum Linn. : leaves small, 3 — 5-lobed, acute, dentate, cor-
date, pubescent beneath ; racemes spikeform, erect"; petals linear ;
fruit smooth ; wings somewhat diverging. — A. montanum Ait. Pursh.
Torr.
Hab. On mountains. Can. to Geor. May.— Shrub 8 — 10 feet
high. Floicers greenish, small.
2. NEGUNDO. Be Cand.
Flowers dioecious. Calyx minute, unequally 4— 5-toolhed.
Petals none. Anthers 4 — 5, linear, sessile.
Octandria. Monogynia.
N. frazinifolium Nutt. : leaves ternate and pinnate ; leafets unequal-
ly and coarsely dentate ; odd one often 3-lobed ; flowers in simple
pendulous racemes. — Acer ncgundo Linn. Mich.
Hab. River banks. Penn. to Geor. W. to Rocky Moun. April.
— A large tree with greenish flowers.
Ash-leaved Maple. Box Elder.
Order XXV. HIPPOCASTANE^. De Cand. hind.
Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, Petals 5, or 4 by the abor-
tion of one of them, unequal, hypogynous. Stamens 7 — 8,
distinct, unequal, inserted upon a hypogynous disk ; anthers
somewhat incumbent. Ovary roundish, 3-cornered, 3-celled ;
style 1, filiform, conical, acute ; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit
coriaceous, 1 — 2 or 3-valved, 1 — 2 or 3-celled, 1, 2 or 3-seed-
ed. Seeds large, roundish, with a smooth shining coat, and
a broad pale hilum ; albumen none ; embryo curved, inverted,
with fleshy, very thick, gibbous, cohering cotyledons, germinat-
ing under ground ; plumula unusually large, 2-leaved ; radicle
conical, curved, turned towards the hilum.
AMPELIDE.E. 65
Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, compound. Flowers
in terminal racemes.
1. .ESCULUS. Linn.
Calyx campanulate. Petals 4 — 5, expanded ; limb ovate.
Filaments recurved backward. Capsules echinate.
Heptandria. Monogynia.
JE. fflahra Willri. : leaves quinate, very smooth ; leafets ovate
acuminate ; corol 4-petalled, spreading, with the claws as long as the
calyx ; stamens longer than the corol ; capsules echinate. — ^E. echinata
Muhl.?—Varia Ohiensii Mich. f.
Hab. Woods. Penn. W. to Miss. May. — A large shrub or
small tree. Flowers yellowish-white, in terminal racemose pani-
cles. Buck-eye.
Order XXVI. AMPELIDEjE. Be Cand.
Calyx small, nearly entire. Petals 4 or 5, sometimes co-
hering above, and calyptriform, with a valvate aestivation.
Stamens equal in number to the petals, inserted upon the disk,
sometimes sterile by abortion ; filaments distinct, or slightly
cohering at the base ; anthers ovate, versatile ; ovary supe-
rior, 2-celled ; style 1, very short ; stigma simple ; ovules
erect, definite. Berry globose, pulpy, 2- (or often by abortion
1-) celled. Seeds 4 or 5, or fewer by abortion, bony, erect ;
albumen hard ; embryo erect, about one half the length of
the albumen ; radicle slender ; cotyledons lanceolate.
Climbing shrubs with tumid separable joints. Leaves sim-
ple or compound.
1. AMPELOPSIS. Mich.
Calyx nearly entire. Petcds 5. Style 1. Stigma capitate.
Ovary not immersed in the disk, 2 — 4-seeded.
Pentandria. Monogynia.
1. A.cordata Mich.: stem climbing, with slender branches ; leaves
cordate, acuminate, toothed and angular ; nerves beneath pubescent ;
racemes dichotomous, few-flowered. — Cissus ampelopsis Pcrs. Pursh.
Hab. Banks of streams. Penn. to Car. W. to Arkansa. June,
July. *?. — Leaves cordate, often straight at base as if trun-
cate. Panicles opposite the leaves. Berries pale red.
2. A. licdcracca Mich. : stem climbing and rooting ; leaves digitate,
by fives, on long petioles, glabrous ; leafets connected at base, lance- '
6*
66 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
olate, acuminate, dentate towards the apex ; panicle compound, di-
chotomous, opposite the leaves ; nectary none. — Cissus hederacea Pers.
litis hederacea JViUd.
Hab. Woods. Penn. to Car. W. to Arkansa. June, July. fp.
— Flowers green. Berries dark blue. Common Creeper.
3. A. kirsuta Muhl. : leaves pubescent on both sides ; leafets ovate,
acuminate, coarsely toothed. — Cissus hederacea, var. hirsuta Pursh.
Hab. Alleghany mountains. Pursh. Still a doubtful species.
2. VITIS. Linn.
Calyx somewhat 5-toothed. Petals 5, cohering at their
apex, deciduous. Stamens 5. Style none. Berry 2-celled,
4-seeded ; cells and seeds often abortive.
Pentandria. Monogynia.
1. V. lahrusca Linn. : leaves very large, broad-cordate, sub-3-lobed,
acutely toothed, glabrous above, and with the peduncles tomentose be-
neath ; racemes small, panicled ; berries large.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Flor. June, July. T?. — Stem climbing
to a great height. Floicers greenish. Berries dark purple. —
Undergoes great changes by cultivation. Fox Grape.
2. V. aestivalis Mich. : stem long and slender ; leaves broad-cordate,
3 — 5-lobed, younger ones ferruginous-tomentose beneath, when old
nearly smooth; sinuses rounded; racemes opposite the leaves, rather
crowded, oblong; berries small. — V. intermedia Muhl.
b. sinuata Pursh : leaves sinuate-palmate, coarsely dentate ; sinu-
ses rhomboidal.
Hab. Woods. On banks of streams. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss.
June. *>. — Berries deep blue or purple ; ripen in August.
Summer Grape.
3. V. vulpina Linn. : leaves cordate, abruptly acuminate, incisely
toothed, smooth on both sides ; racemes loose, many flowered ; ber-
ries small. — V. cordifolia Mich. Pursh.
Hab. River banks. Can. to Flor. T?. — Berries amber-colour-
ed ; ripen in November, and have a tart taste. Winter Grape.
4. V. riparia Mich. : leaves cordate, unequally and incisely toothed ;
shortly 3-lobed, pubescent on the margin, nerves and petiole. — V. odo-
ratissima Donn. Cat.
Hab. Gravelly shores of rivers. Penn. to Car. May — July. *?.
— " Flowers of an exquisitely fine smell, resembling Reseda odo-
raia." Pursh.
Ordbr XXVII. GERANIACEjE. De Cand. Land.
Sepals 5, persistent, more or less unequal, with an imbri-
cated aestivation ; 1 sometimes saccate or spurred at the base.
GERANIACE.E. 67
Petals 5, (or by abortion 4, rarely none,) unguiculate. Sta-
mens usually monadelphous, bypogynous, twice or thrice as
many as the petals. Ovary composed of 5 pieces, placed
round an elevated axis, each 1-celled, 1-seeded ; ovules pen-
dulous ; styles 5, cohering round the axis. Fruit formed of
5 carpels cohering round the axis, having a membranous peri-
carp and terminated by an indurated style, which finally twists
and carries the pericarp along with it. Seeds solitary, pendu-
lous ; albumen none. Emhryo curved ; radicle pointing to th©
base of the cell ; cotyledons foliaceous, convolute and plaited.
Herbs or shrubs. Stems tumid and separate at the joints.
Leaves either opposite or alternate.
1. GERANIUM. Linn.
Sepals 5, equal. Petals 5, equal. Stamens 10 ; alternate
fertile ones larger, and with nectariferous scales at the base.
Carpels with long awns, at length separating elastically from
the summit to the base ; aw?is smooth internally.
Monadelphia. Decandria.
* Perennial. Peduncles 2-flowcred.
1. G. maculatum Linn. : stem somewhat angular, erect, dichotomous,
retrorsely pubescent ; leaves 3 — 5-parted, incised ; radical ones on long
petioles ; upper ones opposite, sessile ; petals entire ; filaments scarcely
ciliate at the base.
Hab. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June. H.—Stem 8—15 inches
high. Leaves hairy. Floicers large, purple. The root is very
astringent and is useful for medicinal purposes. — Big. Med.
Bot. i. 19. Barton's Collections.
Spotted Geranium. Crane's-bill.
** Annual. Peduncles 2-Jlowered.
2. G. pusillum Linn. : leaves subreniform, 7-lobed ; lobes 3-cleft :
peduncles short, 2-flowered ; petals emarginate, scarcely longer than
the awnless calyx ; carpels keeled, pubescent ; seeds smooth. — G.
matvorfolium Lam.
Hab. Penn. May. 0. Muhl — Is not Muhlenberg's G. pusil-
lum the next species ?
3. G. dissectum Linn. : leaves 5-parted ; lobes opposite, petiolate
3-cleft, linear ; peduncles short, 2-flo\vered ; petals emarginate, rather
shorter than the awned calyx ; carpels hairy, not rugose ; seeds reticu-
late.
Hab. Fields. N. S. July. @.—Stc,n 12 inches high, pubes-
cent. Floicers small, pale- red. Wood Geranium,
68 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
4. G. columhinum Linn. : leaves 5-parted ; lobes deeply cleft into
linear, acute, segments ; peduncles very long, 2-flowered ; petals en-
tire, as long as the awned calyx ; carpels glabrous, not rugose ; seeds
dotted.
Hab. Fields. Can. and N. S. July. <j$. — Stem mostly decum-
bent, rough. Flowers pale purple.
5. G. carolinianum Linn. : diffuse, pubescent ; leaves 5-lobed beyond
the middle ; lobes incised, 3 — 5- cleft ; peduncles crowded towards the
top ; petals notched, as long as the awned calyx ; carpels hairy ;
seeds smooth.
Hab. Hills. From Arctic Amer. to Geor. W. to Miss. May,
June. #. — Stem 12 — 18 inches long, branched. Floicers small,
white.
6. G. robertianum Linn. : leaves ternate or quinate ; leafets some-
what pinnatifid ; segments mucronate ; peduncles long, 2-flowered ;
calyx angular, hairy, with longish awns, shorter than the entire petals ;
carpels small, wrinkled ; seeds smooth.
Hab. Rocky places. Can. to Virg. June — Sept. 0. — Stc7n
long. Flowers rather small, purple. — Plant very fetid.
Herb Robert.
Order XXVIII. BALSAMINEjE. Be Cartel Lind.
Sepals 5, irregular, deciduous, the two inner and upper of
which are connate, the lower spurred. Petals 4, hypygynous,
united in pairs, so that apparently there are only 2 petals ; the
fifth wanting. Stamens 5, hypogynous ; filaments subulate ;
anthers 2-celled, bursting lengthwise. Ovary single, 5-cell-
ed ; stigma sessile, more or less 5-lobed. Fruit capsular,
with 5 elastic valves and 5 cells. Seeds numerous, suspend-
ed ; albumen none ; embryo straight, with a superior radicle
and plano-convex cotyledons.
Succident herbs. Leaves simple, opposite or alternate,
without stipules. Peduncles axillary.
1. IMPATIENS. Linn.
Sepals 5, the lower one spurred. Corol 4 petalled, irregu-
lar ; the two inner petals unequally bilobed. Stig?nas 5,
united. Capsule prismatic-terete, elongated, 5-valved, open-
ing elastically. Pentandria. Monogynia.
1. J. pallida Nutt. : peduncles solitary, 3— 4-flowered ; leaves rhom-
bic-ovate, sub-acute, mucronate-dentate ; calcarate petal dilated,
shorter than the rest ; spur recurved, very short ; flowers sparingly
punctate. — 1. noli-tangere Pursh. — J. aurca Mirid.
OXALIDEiE. 69
Hab. Damp grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. #. —
Stem 2 feet high, much branched. Flowers pale yellow, larger
thanMhe next. Snap-weed. Touch-me-not.
2. /. fulra Xutt. : peduncles solitary, 2 — 4-flowered ; leaves rhombic-
ovate, obtuse, mucronate-dentate ; calcarate petal longer than the
rest ; spur emarginate, resupinate ; flowers with crowded spots. —
/. biflora Punk. — /. noli-tanzcrc, var. Mich. — /. vwcvlata Niilrf. *
Hab. Wet grounds. Can. to Car. Aug. 0. — Floiccrs deep
yellow, spotted, smaller and less numerous than in the former.
Order XXIX. OXALIDE.E. De Cand.- Unci.
Sepals 5, sometimes slightly cohering at the base, persis-
tent, equal. Petals 5, hypogynous, equal, unguiculate, with
a spirally twisted aestivation. Stamens 10, usually more or
less monadelphous, those opposite the petals forming an inner
series and longer than the others ; anthers 2-celled, innate.
Ovary 5-angled, 5-celled ; styles 5, filiform ; stigmas capitate
or somewhat bifid. Fruit capsular, membranous, with 5
cells, and from 5 to 10 valves. Seeds few, enclosed within
a fleshy integument, which bursts elastically. Albumen be-
tween cartilaginous and fleshy ; embryo straight, as long as
the albumen, with a long radicle pointing to the hilum, and fo-
liaceous cotyledons.
Herbs, undtrshrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, mostly
compound.
1. OXALIS. Linn.
Sepals 5, free or united at base. Petals 5. Stamens 10 ;
filaments monadelphous at base, 5 outer ones shorter. Styles
5. Capsule pentangular, oblong or cylindric.
Decandria. Pentagynia.
* Stemless.
1. O. acctosella Linn. : stemless : root dentate, creeping ; scape 1-
flowered, longer than the leaves, with two small bracts above the mid-
dle ; leaves ternate, dilated-obcordate, pilose ; petals oval, obtuse ;
styles as long as the inner stamens.
Hab. Mountain woods. Can. N; Y. and Penn. June. 11. —
Scape 3 — 4 inches long. Floiccrs large, white, with red veins.
Petals slightly emarginate. — This is the Shamrock of the Irish.
Common Wood Sorrel.
2. O. violacca Linn. : stemless ; root squamous ; scape unbellifer-
ous, 3 — 9-flowered ; flowers nodding ; leaves ternate, obcordate,
smooth ; styles shorter than the outer stamens.
70 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS*
Hab. Rocky woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. May, June.
H. — Scape 4 — 6 inches high. Flowers violet, umbelled, with
the petals obovate and sometimes slightly emarginate.
Violet Wood Sorrel.
** Caulescent.
3. O. corniculata Linn. : pubescent; stem rooting, decumbent, branch-
' ed ; umbels shorter than the petioles ; leaves ternate, obcordate ; pe-
tals obovate, emarginate ; styles as long as the inner stamens. — O.
corniculata, var. Mich. •
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. May — Aug. L£. — Stem 6 — 10 in-
ches long. Floiccrs small, yellow. It is distinguished chiefly
by its habit.
4. O. stricta Linn. : hairy ; stem erect, sometimes procumbent,
branched ; umbels about as long as the leaves ; leaves ternate, obcor-
date ; petals obovate, entire ; styles as long as the inner stamens.
Hab. Sandy fields. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May— Aug.
2£. — Stem 4 — 10 inches high. Floicers small, yellow, 4 — 6 in
an umbel. Upright Wood Sorrel.
Order XXX. ZANTHOXYLE^). Lind.
Flowers diclinous, regular. Calyx 3 — 4 — 5-divided, with
an imbricate aestivation. Petals equal in number (rarely
none) to the sepals ; aestivation usually twisted-convolute.
Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. Ovaries
as many (or fewer) as petals, either altogether combined, or
more or less distinct ; ovales 2 in each cell, or rarely 4 ; styles
more or less combined. Fruit either baccate or membranous,
of 2 — 5 cells, or of several drupes or 2-valved capsules, of
which the sarcocarp is fleshy and partly separable from tho
endocarp. Seeds solitary or in pairs ; embryo lying within
fleshy albumen ; radicle superior ; cotyledons ovate, flat.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves without stipules, alternate or op-
posite, with pellucid dots.
1. ZANTHOXYLUM. Linn.
Dioecious. Calyx 3 — 9-lobed, often 4 — 5-parted. Petals
as many as the lobes of the calyx, rarely none. Stamens and
carpels as many as the lobes of the calyx, 1 — 3-seeded.
Dioecia. Pentandria.
Z.frazineum JVilld. : prickly ; leaves pinnate ; leafets in 4—5 pairs,
ovate, obsoletely serrate, equal at base ; petioles terete, unarmed ;
prickles stipular ; umbels axillary. — Z. ramiflorum Mich. — Z. clava-hcr-
cutis JJnn. EU.
CELASTRINEiE. 71
Hab. Rocky woods. Can. to Car. W. to Ken. April. *>.—
Shrub 3 — 5 feet high, covered with sharp strong prickles. Leaves
pinnate, sometimes prickly on the back. Flowers in umbels,
small, greenish — The bark of this shrub is pungent, and is em-
ployed medicinally. — Big. Med. Bot. iii. 156. Prickly Ash.
2. PTELEA. Linn.
Calyx small, 4 — 5-parted. Petals 4 — 5, spreading. Sta-
mens alternating with the petals. Torus tumid, pentagonal.
Ovary 1. Style short. Stigmas 2. Samara) membrana-
ceous, margined, 2-celled ; cells 2 — or by abortion 1-seeded.
Tetandria. Monogyjiia,
Pt. trifoliata Linn. : leaves on long petioles, ternate ; leafets sessile,
ovate, acuminate, odd one much attenuated at base ; flowers in pani-
cles, polygamous, often tetandrous.
Hab. Moist woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. June. *>.
— Shrub 6— 10 feet high. Flowers greenish- white, small, in co-
rymbose clusters. Shrubby Trefoil.
Subclass II. CALYCIFLOR.E. De Cand.
Calyx with the sepals more or less united at base, (gamo-
sepalous, De Cand. — monophyllous, Linn,') Petals and sta-
mens inserted into the calyx.
Order XXXI. CELASTRINEJE. De Cand. Lind.
Sejmh 4 or 5, imbricated, inserted into the margin of a
large expanded torus. Petals 4 — 5, with a broad base ; aesti-
vation imbricated. Stamens alternate with the petals, insert-
ed into the disk, either at the margin or within it ; anthers in-
nate. Ovary superior, free, surrounded by the somewhat
fleshy disk, with 2, 3 or 4 cells ; cells 1, or many-seeded ;
style 1 or none ; stigma 2 — 4-cleft, Fruit superior ; either a
3 or 4-celled capsule, with 3 or 4 septiferous valves ; or a dry
drupe with a 1 or 2-celled nut, the cells of which are one or
many-seeded. Seeds ascending ; albumen fleshy ; embryo
straight ; cotyledons flat and thick.
Shrubs with simple alternate or opposite leaves. Flowers
in axillary cymes.
• 1. EVONYMUS. Linn.
Calyx 4 — 6-lobed, flat, covered at base by a peltate disk.
Petals 4 — 6, spreading, inserted into the disk. Stamens 4 — 6,
72 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
alternating with the petals. Style 1. Capsule 3 — 5-celled,
3 — 5-angled ; cells 1 — 4-seeded. Pentandria. Monogynia.
1. E. americanus Linn. : branches opposite, smooth, square ; leaves
opposite, subsessile, elliptic-lanceolate, smooth, acute, serrate ; pe-
duncles mostly 3-flowered, terete; calyx small, with acute segments \
corol 5-petalled ; fruit roughened, warty.
Hab. Shady woods. N. Y. to Car. June. *>.— Shrub 4— 6 feet
high, with opposite branches. Flozcers reddish-yellow. Fruit
scarlet. Burning Bush. Spindle Tree.
2. E. atropurpnrcus Jacq. : stem with smooth, opposite, square
branches ; leaves petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, pu-
bescent beneath ; peduncles divaricate, many-flowered; flowers 4-cleft;
fruit smooth.
Hab. Shady woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. June. T?. —
Shrub 4 — 3 feet high. Flowers dark-purple. Fruit bright red.
3. £. obovatus Nutt. : stem prostrate, rooting, nearly simple ; sur-
euli erect, obtusely quadrangular, with 4 elevated lines ; leaves broad-
ovate, obtuse, acute at base, subsessile, acutely serrulate ; peduncles
3-flowered ; petals 4 and 5, roundish.
Hab. Fir swamps. Penn. June. T?. — Shrub a foot high. Flow-
ers green, with a purple tinge.
2. CELASTRUS. Linn.
Calyx minute, 5-lobed. Petals 5, unguiculate. Stamens
5. Ovary small, with 10 striae, immersed in the disk. Style
1. Stigmas 2 — 3. Capsule 2 — 3-valved ; valves septiferous
in the centre. Seed 1, covered with a large fleshy aril.
Pentandria. Monogynia.
C. scandais Linn. : stem climbing, unarmed ; leaves petioled, oval,
acuminate, serrate ; stipules minute ; racemes terminal.
Hab. Rocky woods. Can. to Virg. May, June. ^>. — A woody
vine or low shrub. Leaves alternate. Flowers greenish-yellow,
in small terminal racemes. Fruit scarlet. Climbing Staff Tree.
Order XXXII. STAPHYLEACE^. hind.
Sepals 5, connected at base, coloured, with an imbricated
aestivation. Petals 5, alternate, with an imbricated aestiva-
tion. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals, perigynous. Disk
large, urceolate. Ovary 2 — 3-celled, superior ; ovules erect ;
styles 2 — 3, cohering at the base. Fruit membranous or
fleshy, indehiscent or opening internally, partly abortive.
Seeds ascending, roundish, with a long testa ; hilum large
truncate ; albumen none ; cotyledons thicfc.
RHAMNEiE. 73
Shrubs, with opposite, pinnate leaves. Flowers in terminal
racemes.
1. STAPHYLEA. Linn.
Calyx 5-parted, covered at base by an urceolate disk ;
lobes oblong, concave, coloured. Petals 5, alternating with
the sepals. Stamens 5, alternating with the petals. Ovary
2 — 3-lobed. Styles 2 — 3, sometimes united. Capsule 2 — 3-
celled ; cells membranaceous, inflated, united at base or
throughout their whole length. Pentandria. Trigynia.
8. trifolin Linn. : leaves ternate, on long petioles ; leafets ovate,
acuminate, serrulate, pubescent, the terminal one petioled ; styles gla-
brous ; capsule bladder-like.
Hab. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. April— June. >>.— A shrvb
6 — 10 feet high. Ftoicers white, in axillary and terminal pendu-
lous panicles. Bladder -nut.
Order XXXIII. RHAMNEjE. Be CancL hind.
Calyx 4 — 5-cleft, with a valvate aestivation. Petals distinct,
cucullate or convolute, inserted into the orifice of the calyx, oc-
casionally wanting. Stamens definite, opposite the petals.
Disk fleshy. Ovary superior or half superior, 2 — 3 — 4-cell-
ed ; ovules solitary, erect. Fruit fleshy and indehiscent, or
dry and separating in 3 parts. Seeds erect ; albumen fleshy,
seldom wanting ; embryo almost as long as the seed, with
large flat cotyledons, and a short inferior radicle.
Trees or shrubs, often spiny. Leaves simple, alternate,
rarely opposite, with minute stipules. Flowers axillary or
terminal.
1. RHAMNUS. Linn.
Calyx 4 — 5-cleft, urceolate, persistent with and adhering
to the fruit at base. Petals alternating with the lobes of the
calyx, or none. Stamens 4 — 5, inserted above the petals.
Style 2— 4-cleft. Berry 2— 4-celled ; cells 1, rarely 2-seed-
ed. Pentandria. Monogynia.
1. R. alnifolhis V Herit : unarmed ; leaves alternate, oval, acumi-
nate, serrulate, pubescent on the nerves beneath ; flowers dioecious ;
peduncles 1-flowered, aggregate ; calyx acute ; fruit turbinate. — R.
franguloidcs Mich.
Hab. Rocky hills. Can. to Vir. rare. May, June. T>. —
Floiecrs small, greenish, in axillary fascicles. Berries black. —
7
74 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
R. alnifolius of Pursh is described by De Candolle as a distinct
species, under the name of R. purshianus.
2. R. catlmrticus Linn. ; branches spiny ; leaves opposite, ovate,
erosely denticulate ; flowers mostly 4-cleft, polygamo-dioecious ; ber-
ries 4-seeded, subglobose.
Hab. Woods on mountains. N. S. Small tree or large shrub,
with yellowish-green flowers. Introduced. 1 Buck-thorn.
2. CEANOTHUS. Linn.
Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate, persistent and somewhat ad-
hering with the fruit. Petals 5, small, saccate and arched,
with long claws. Stamens exsert. Styles 2 — 3, united to
the middle. Berry dry, (a capsule ?) 3-celled, 3-seeded, 3-
parted, opening on the inner side. Peniandria. Monogynia.
1. C. americamis Linn. : stem shrubby ; branches terete and some-
what pubescent ; leaves ovate-oblong, alternate, serrate, 3-nerved, to-
mentose, pubescent beneath, sometimes subcordate ; panicles axillary,
on long peduncles.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. July. Tp.Stem
2 — 3 feet high. Leaves on petioles. Floicers small, white, in a
racemed panicle. Root very large, dark red.
New-Jersey Tea. Red-root.
2. C. hcrbaccus Raf. : leaves oval, slightly serrulate, smooth ; pani-
cles thyrsoid. axillary and terminal. — P. perennis Pursh.
Hab. Rocky places. Penn. to Car. Suffruticose. Leaves near-
ly as large as in the former, but smooth.
3. C. oralis Big. : leaves oval, glandular-serrate, 3-nerved, the veins
pubescent underneath ; panicle corymbose, abbreviated.
Hab. Shores of Lake Champlain. Dr. Boott. — Leaves 1 — 3 in-
ches long, petioled, elliptical, obtuse or subacute. Peduncles
shorter than in C. amcricana and the floicers larger. Fruit black-
ish.
Order XXXIV. ANACARDIACEiE. hind.
Flowers usually diclinious. Calyx usually small, persis-
tent, 5-(sometimes 3 — 4 — 7) divided. Petals equal in num-
ber to the segments of the calyx, (sometimes wanting) perigi-
nous, imbricated in aestivation. Stamens equal in number to
the petals, and alternate, or twice as many or more ; fila-
ments distinct or cohering at the base. Disk fleshy, annular
or cup-shaped, hypogynous, occasionally wanting. Ovary
single (or rarely 5 — 6) free or rarely adhering to the calyx,
1-celled ; styles 1 — 3, sometimes 4 ; stigmas as many. Fruit
ANACARDIACE.E. 75
mdehiseent, usually drupaceous. Seed without albumen ;
radicle superior or inferior, next the hilum ; cotyledons thick
and fleshy or leafy.
Trees or shrubs, with a resinous, gummy, caustic, or even
milky juice. Leaves alternate, not dotted.
1. RHUS. Linn.
Calyx smnll, 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, ovate, spread-
ing. Stamens 5. Styles 3, short, or 3 sessile stigmas.
Drupe nearly dry, with one bony seed.
Pcntandria. Trigynia,
* Leaves tcmatc,
1. R. toxicodendron Linn.: stem erect, pubescent near the summit;
■leaves ternate ; leafets broad, oval, entire, sinuate or lobed, subpubes-
cent beneath ; flowers dioecious, in sessile axillary racemes. — R. toxi-
codendron, v.ir. querctfoUum Mich.
Hab. Moist woods. Can. to Car. W. to Rocky mountains.
June. Tp. — Shrub 2—5 feet high. Flowers greenish.
2. R. radtcans Linn. : stem climbing ; leaves ternate ; leafets petio-
late, ovate, acuminate, smooth, generally entire ; flowers in axillary
racemes, towards the top of the stem, dioecious ; fruit smooth. — R.
toxicodendron, var. vulgarc Midi. Pursh. — R. toxicodendron, var. radi-
ants Tort.
IIar. Woods and hedges. Can. to Car. June. ^. — Stem
climbing. Flowers greenish. — De Candolle thinks R. radicans
distinct from R. toxicodendron. Both are very poisonous to
persons of peculiar constitutions. — Barton's Collections. Big.
Med. Bot. iii. 19. Christy in N. Y. Med. $> Phys. Jour. N. S. i. 21.
Poison Ivy.
3. R. arouiatica Ait. : branches slender, nearly smooth ; leaves ter-
nate ; leafets sessile, ovate-rhomboid, deeply toothed, tomentose be-
neath ; flowers in dense axillary racemes or catkins, dioecious ; fruit
pilose. — Lobadium aromaticum Raf.
Hab. Mountains. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. May, June.
1?. — $ ft rub 2 — 6 feet high. Floicers yellowish. Fruit red.
** Leaves pinnate, smooth.
4. R. glabra Linn. : stem and branches smooth ; leafets in many
pairs, sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, smooth, whitish
beneath ; flowers all perfect, in terminal compound panicles.
Hab. Old fields. Can. to Geor. July. T?.— Shrub 6— 12 feet high.
Flowers greenish-yellow. Fruit crimson, downy.
5. i?. copallina Linn.: branches terete, downy ; leafets 4 — 7 pairs,
with an odd one, oval-lanceolate, very entire, shining on the upper
76 DICOTYLEDOxNOUS PLANTS.
surface ; petiole winged, appearing as if jointed ; flowers in sessile
panicles, dioecious.
Hab. Dry fields. N. Y. to Car. July. T>.— A small shrub,
with yellowish- green Jloicers. Fruit red, small, compressed, hairy.
Mountain Sumach.
6. R. venenata Dc Cand. : branches, leaves and petioles very smooth;
leafets in 5 — 6 pairs, oblong-oval, abruptly accuminate, nearly entire ;
petioles without joints or wings ; flowers in loose slender panicles, di-
oecious ; fruit smooth, white. — R. vernix Linn.
Hab. Margins of swamps. N. Y. to Geor. June, July. T?. —
Shrub 6 — 12 feet high. Floicers greenish. Poisonous. Bio-.
Med. Bot. i. 96. Poison Ash.
•** Leaves pinnate, pubeseent.
7. R. typhina Linn. : branches and petioles very villous ; leafets in
many pairs, lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, acutely serrate, pubescent
beneath ; flowers in oblong dense panicles, dioecious.
Hab. Rocky hills. Can. to Car. June. T?. — Shrub 10 — 15
feet high. Floicers greenish-yellow. Fruit in clusters, covered
with a purple velvety down. Stag's Horn.
Order XXXV. LEGUMINOS.E. Be Cand. Unci
Calyx 5-parted, toothed or cleft, inferior, with the odd seg-
ment anterior ; the segments often unequal and variously
combined. Petals 5, or by abortion 4, 3, 2, 1, or none, in-
serted into the base of the calyx, either papilionaceous or re-
gularly spreading ; the odd petal posterior. Stamens definite
or indefinite, perigynous, either distinct or monadelphous, or
diadelphous ; very seldom triadelphous ; anthers versatile.
Ovary simple, superior, 1-celled, 1 or many-seeded ; style
simple, proceeding from the upper margin ; stigma simple.
Fruit either a legume or a drupe. Seeds attached to the up-
per suture, solitary or several, occasionally with an arillus ;
embryo destitute of albumen, either straight, or with a radicle
bent upon the cotyledons ; cotyledons either remaining under
ground in germination, or elevated above the ground and be-
coming green like the leaves.
Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves with usually 2 stipules at
the base.
Suborder I. PAPILIONACEiE.
Calyx with distinct lobes. Stamens periginous. Corol
papilionaceous.
LEGUMINOSjE. 77
1. BAPTISIA. Vent.
Calyx half 4 — 5-cleft, bilabiate. Petals 5, nearly equal.
Standard with the sides reflexed. Stamens deciduous. Le-
gume ventricose, pedicelled, many-seeded.
Decandria. Monogynia.
B. tinctoria Broicn: very smooth, much branched; leaves ternate,
petioled, upper ones subsessile ; leafets round-obovate ; stipules seta-
ceous ; racemes terminal ; legume on a long stipe. — Sophora tinctoria
Linn. — Podalijria tinctoria Willd.
Hab. Sandy woods. Can. to Car. July, Aug. If. — Stem 2 — 3
feet high, very bushy. Floiccrs yellow. Whole plant turns
bluish-black in drying. Wild Indigo.
2. CROTALARIA. Linn.
Calyx 5-lobed, subbilabiate ; upper lip 2, lower one 3-cleft.
Standard large, cordate. Keel falcate, acuminate. Fila-
ments all united, with the sheath often divided above. Le-
gume turgid, inflated, with ventricose valves, often many-
seeded, pedicelled. Diadclphia. Decandria.
1. C. sagittalis Linn.: hairy, erect, branched ; leaves simple, oblong-
lanceolate t stipules lanceolate, acuminate, decurrent ; racemes oppo-
site the leaves, about 3-flowered ; corol smaller than the calyx. — C.
sagittalis, var. oblonga Mich.
Hab. Pine barrens. Penn. to Car. July, Aug. 0. — Stem 12
inches high. Floiccrs yellow. Legume inflated. Varies much
in its pubescence. Rattle-box.
2. C. parviflora Willd. : hirsute, erect, branched ; leaves simple,
linear-lanceolate, hirsute ; upper stipules decurrent, with two very
short teeth ; racemes opposite the leaves ; corol smaller than the ca-
lyx.— C. sagittalis, var. linearis Mich.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. Y. to Car. June, July. 0. — Leaves
2 — 3 inches long. Floiccrs yellow.
3. GENISTA. Lam.
Calyx bilabiate, upper lip bipartite ; lower one 3-toothed,
or 5-lobed ; 3 lower lobes united almost to the summit.
Standard oblong-oval. Keel oblong, straight. Stamens mo-
nadelphous. Legume flat-eompressed or rarely somewhat
turgid, many-seeded, rarely few-seeded.
Diadclphia. Decandria.
G. tinctoria Linn. : root creeping ; stem suberect, suffruticose ;
branches terete, striate, erect ; leaves lanceolate, smooth ; flowers in
spiked-racemes and with the legumes smooth.
7*
76 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Hills, near Boston. Big. July. ^>. — Suffruticose. Stem
a foot high, with numerous branches. Floioers on the upper
part of the branches, nearly sessile, yellow. Said to afford a
fine yellow dye. Introduced. Dyer's Weed.
4. MEDICAGO. Lbm.
Calyx subcylindric, 5 cleft. Keel somewhat remote from
the standard. Stamens diadelphous. Legume many-seeded,
varying in form, always falcate or twisted into a spiral.
— Leaves ternate. JDiadelphia. Decandria.
1. M. lupulina Linn. : stem procumbent ; leafets obovate-cuneate,
denticulate at the apex ; stipule lanceolate, acute, somewhat entire ;
peduncles in racemed-spikes ; flowers sessile ; legumes reniform,
1 -seeded, veined and rugose ; seeds ovate, somewhat reniform.
Hab. Fields. Throughout the U. S. June — Aug. #. — Spikes
small, yellow. Introduced. None-such.
2. M. intertexta Willd. : stem procumbent ; leafets obovate, toothed ;
stipules ciliate-toothed ; peduncles somewhat 2-flowered ; legume
pilose, cochleate, membranaceous, obliquely reticulate ; spines straight,
thick, rigid and acute.
Hab. Sandy fields. Conn, and Car. July, Aug. 0. — Floicers
yellow. Introduced.
5. MELILOTUS. Tounu
Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Keel . simple ; wings shorter
than the standard. Legume as long as the calyx, coriaceous,
one or few-seeded, scarcely dehiscent, varying in form.
— Leaves ternate. Diadelphia. Decandria.
1. M. officinalis Willd. : stem erect, branching ; leafets lanceolate-ob-
long, obtuse, remotely serrate ; spikes axillary, paniculate ; legume
2-seeded, rugose ; style filiform, as long as the legume ; seeds unequal-
ly cordate. — Trifolium officinale, var. a. Linn.
Hab. Fields. N. S. Aug. ^.—Stem 2—4 feet high. Flowers
in long racemes, yellow. Plant giving out an odour when dry,
similar to the vernal grass. Introduced. Yellow Melilot.
2. M. leucaniha De Cand. : stem erect, branched ; leafets ovate-oblong,
truncate and mucronate at the apex, remotely serrate ; stipules seta-
ceous ; teeth of the calyx unequal, as long as the tube ; standard
longer than the keel and wings ; legume 1-seeded, ovate, lacunose-
rugose, green ; seeds exactly ovate. — M. vidgaris Willd. Enum. Tri-
folium officinale, var. b. Linn.
Hab. Fields. N. S. July, Aug. £ .—Stem 3—5 feet high.
Flotcers white. Raceme longer and less crowded than in the
former. Both species become fragrant upon drying. Intro-
duced. ? White Melilot. Scented Clover,
LEGUMINOS.E. 79
G. TRIFOLIUM. Tovrn.
Calyx tubular, persistent, without glands, 5-cleft ; seg-
ments subulate. Keel shorter than the icings and standard.
Stamens diadelphous. Legume small, scarcely dehiscent,
often ovate, I — 2-seeded, as long as the calyx and covered
by it, rarely oblong, 3 — 4-seeded, and a little exceeding the
calyx. — Leaves ternate. Diadelphia. Decandria.
* Legume 1-seedcd. Standard of the corol deciduoiis. Flowers net
yclloic.
1. T. arvense Linn. : stem erect, simple or branched, pubescent ;
leaves on short petioles ; leafets linear-obovate, hairy, somewhat
3-toothed at the apex ; stipules narrow, membranaceous, with very long
nerves, subulate, pilose ; spikes oblong, villous, cylindrical ; calyx very
pilose ; segments equal, longer than the many petalled corol.
Hab. Dry pastures. Can. to Car. June — Sept. 0. — Stem
6 — 10 inches high. Floiocrs minute, white or pink. Seeds ovoid,
brown. Stone Clover. Hare's-foot Trefoil.
2. T. pratensc Linn. : stem suberect, branched ; leaves on long pe-
tioles ; leafets oval, nearly entire ; stipules broad, nerved, smooth,
shortly acuminate, inflexed ; heads of flowers ovate, obtuse, subses-
sile ; calyx hairy ; lower tooth shorter than the tube of the monopeta-
lous unequal corol ; seeds reniform, compressed.
Hab. Meadows. May — Oct. 11. — Stcml — 2 feet high. Flowers
rose-coloured. Seeds yellowish. Introduced. Red Clover.
3. T. pcnnsylvanicum Willd. : stem ascending, much branched,
flexuous ; leafets ovate-elliptic, obtuse, very entire ; stipules awned ;
heads of flowers ovate-cylindrical, solitary, dense; lower tooth of the
calyx shorter than the monopetalous corol.
Hab. Woods. Penn. to Virg. June — Sept. L,r. — Flowers fine
red. Resembles T. medium of Linnaeus.
*"* Legume 1-secded. Standard of the corol persistent, scariosc. Flowers
yellow.
4. T. procumlcns Linn. : stems procumbent ; leaves on short petioles ;
leafets obovate or obcordate, denticulate, terminal one petioled ; sti-
pules ovate, ciliate, shorter than the petiole ; heads axillary, ovate ;
peduncles equal to or longer than the leaves ; segments of the calyx
unequal, the 2 upper ones very short ; seeds elliptic.
Hab. "Dry fields. Mass. to Virg. June. 0. — Stem spreading,
3 — 6 inches long. Floiocrs numerous and with the seeds yellow.
Introduced. ? According to De Candolle T. campestre is a mere
var. with erect branching stems. Yellow Clover.
5. T. agrarium Linn. : stem ascending, with erect branches ; leaves
nearly sessile ; leafets oblong-ovate, sessile, denticulate ; stipules
leafy, lanceolate, acute, longer than the petiole ; heads on long pe-
80 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
duncles, oval ; standard obcordate ; calyx campanulate, short ; seg-
ments unequal, smooth, elongated, the upper one smaller ; legume
oval, compressed; seeds cordate.
Hab. Meadows and woods. Penn. to Virg. June — Aug. 0.
— Stem a foot high. Flowers small, light yellow.
*** Legume 3 — 8-seeded.
6. T. repens Linn. : stem creeping and somewhat rooting, leafets
obovate-roundish, somewhat retuse, denticulate ; stipules scariose,
narrow-lanceolate, with a long mucronate point ; heads axillary, on
very long peduncles ; flowers pedicelled and at length reflexed ; seg-
ments of the calyx unequal, shorter than the corol ; legume 4-seeded.
Hab. Meadows. Throughout the U. S. May — Oct. 1£. —
Stem 6 — 12 inches long. Floiccrs white. Seeds brown.
Write Clover.
7. T. reflexum Linn. .* pilose ; stem ascending ; leafets ovate or obo-
vate, serrulate ; stipules leafy, lanceolate-acuminate ; heads globose,
axillary ; flowers on long pedicels, at length reflexed ; segments of
the calyx hairy, nearly equal, very narrow, one-nerved, nearly twice as
long as the tube but shorter than the standard ; legume 4-seeded.
Hab. Dry hills. Penn. to Geor. June, July. 2_f. — Whole
plant very pubescent. Floicers in large heads, red. In my
specimens the stipules are obliquely cordate, as stated by Mr.
Elliott. Known at the south by the name of Buffalo Clover.
8. T. stoloniferum Muhl. : stoloniferous, smooth ; lower leaves on
long petioles ; leafets obovate or wedge-form, serrulate, retuse or
emarginate at the apex ; stipules membranaceous, broad-lanceolate ;
flowers in globose heads, pedicelled, erect, at length reflexed ; seg-
ments of the calyx nearly equal, narrow, smooth, longer than the
tube.
Hab. N. Y. Penn/.W. to the Miss. June. U-—Stem 4—8
inches long. Flowers in middle sized heads. — I suspect this is
not specifically distinct from the preceding. The specimens
collected by myself on the Mississippi, as well as that received
by my brother from Dr. Muhlenberg, agree very well with that
plant, except in the absence of pubescence, and in the smaller
size of the heads of flowers. Running Buffalo Clover.
7. CLITORIA. Linn.
Calyx surrounded at base by 2 larger bracts, 5-cleft Corol
resupinate. Standard large, covering the wings* Stamens
diadelphous. Style somewhat dilated at the apex. Legume
linear, compressed, straight, 2-valved, 1-celled, many-seeded.
Diadelphia. Decandria.
1. C. mariana Linn. : stem climbing, glabrous ; leaves ternate ; leaf-
ets ovate-lanceolate ; peduncles solitary, 1 — 3-flowered ; calyx tubu-
LEGUMINOSiE. 81
lar-campanulate, glabrous, much longer than the lanceolate bracts ;
teeth nearly equal ; legume torulose.
Hab. Banks of streams. Penn. to Car. July, Aug. It. —
Stem climbing, sometimes erect. Flowers large, pale blue.
2. "C. virginiana Linn. : stem twining, and with the ovate leafets
glabrous or subpubescent ; peduncle 1 — 4-flowered ; calyx 5-parted,
about as long as the lanceolate bracts ; legume linear, compressed.
Hab. Hedges. Penn. to Car. Aug. It. — Flowers purple or
violet, larger than that of any of our North American Papilio-
nacea?. De Candolle describes three varieties of this species.
which differ only in the shape of the leaves. Butterfly Weed.
8. GALACTIA. Mich.
Cahjz bihractinte, 4-cleft ; segments acute, nearly equal.
Corol papilionaceous ; petisls 5, oblong, distinct. Standard
incumbent, broader than the others. Stamens diadelphous.
Style smooth. Stigma obtuse. Legume terete or compress-
ed, many-seeded, bivalved, 1-celled, elongated.
Diadelphia. Dccandria.
1. G. mollis Mich. : stem twining, sofily-villous ; leaves ternale :
leafets ovate-oblong, obtuse, pale beneath ; racemes axillary, a little
longer than the leaves, pedunculate ; flowers pedicelled ; calyx acumi-
nate, villous ; legume compressed, villous.— -Hcdysarumvolubilc Linn.
Hab. Pine barrens. N. J. to Car. July, Aug. It- — Stem pros-
trate or climbing. Floiccrs small, purple.
2. G. glabella Mich. : stem prostrate, somewhat twining, smooth ;
leaves ternate ; leafets eliptic-oblong, obtuse, emarginate at each end,
shining above ; racemes axillary, simple, few-flowered, on peduncles as
long as the leaves ; calyx smooth ; legumes pubescent, (smooth, Nutt.)
— Errum voluhilc Walt.
Hab. Pine barrens. N. J. to Car. Aug. It- — Floiccrs reddish-
purple, large. Root fusiform.
9. TEPHROSIA. Pers.
Calyx without bracts, nearly equal, 5-toothed. Standard
of the corol large, roundish, pubescent or sericeous without,
reflexed-spreading ; icings adhering to the obtuse keel. Sta-
mens none or diadelphous. Legume compressed-flat, linear,
many-seeded. Seeds compressed. Diadelphia. Decandria.
T. virginiana Pers. : erect ; leafets 8 — 12 pairs, oval-oblong, mucron-
ate, white villous beneath ; raceme terminal, subsessile ; legumes fal-
cate villous. — Galega virginiana Linn.
Hab. Barrens. Can. and throughout the U. S. July. 2J.. —
Stem a foot high. Floicers varied with red, yellow and white.
Goat's Rue.
82 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
10. AMORPHA. Linn.
Calyx 5-toothed, obconic-campanulate. Standard of the
corol ovate, concave ; wings and keel none. Style filiform,
straight, glabrous. Stamens exserted, monadelphous at base.
Legume compressed, ovate or lunulate, 1 -celled, 1 — 2-seeded.
Diadelphia. Decandria.
A. fndicosa Linn. : subarborescent, smooth ; leaves pinnate, petio-
late ; leafets elliptic-oblong ; spikes aggregated, long ; calyx hoary, 4
teeth, obtuse, the other one acuminate ; legume few-seeded.
Hab. N. J. to Car. W. to Rocky mountains. July. T?. — A
shrub, with spikes of purple flowers. Varies with emarginate,
mucronate and narrower leaves. Wild Indigo.
11. ROBINIA. Be Cand.
Teeth of the calyx 5, lanceolate, two upper ones approxi-
mate. Corol papilionaceous. Standard large. Keel ob-
tuse. Stamens diadelphous, deciduous. Legume compress-
ed, subsessile, many-seeded ; valves flat, thin.
Diadelphia. Decandria.
R. pseudacacia Linn. : leaves pinnate, with an odd leafet ; stipules
prickly ; racemes pendulous, and with the legume smooth ; teeth of
the calyx unarmed.
Hab. Near cultivated grounds, but apparently native. N. Y. to
Car. W. to Miss. May. — A large tree, the wood of which is
much esteemed in ship building. Floioers white, odorous, in
long racemes. Locust Tree.
12. ASTRAGALUS. Linn.
Calyx 5-toothed. Corol with the keel obtuse. Stamens
diadelphous. Legume 2, or half 2-celled ; lower suture in-
flexed. Diadelphia. Decandria.
1. A. canadensis Linn. : erectish, subpubescent ; leafets 10 — 12
pairs with an odd one, elliptic-oblong, rather obtuse, smooth on both
sides ; stipules lanceolate, acuminate ; peduncles about as long as the
leaves ; flowers spiked ; bracts shorter than the calyx ; legume erect,
ovate, terete, smooth.
Hab. Banks of streams. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June. 21.
— Stem 2 feet high. Flowers pale yellow. Mdk Vetch.
2. A. carolinianus Linn.: erect, smooth; leafets 20 pairs, with an odd
one, oblong, pubescent beneath ; stipules ovate, acuminate ; pedun-
cles longer than the leaves ; flowers spiked ; bracts as long as the pe-
dicels ; legume erect, ovate, tumid, rostrate.
Hab. Mountains. Penn. to Car. June, July. 21.— Spikes
dense. Floioers yellow. Perhaps only a variety of the former.
LEGUMINOS^E. 83
13. STYLOSANTHES. Stearic.
Tube of the calyx very long, slender ; limb 5-parted, lobes
unequal. Corol inserted into the calyx. Keel minute, bifid
at the apex. Stamens monadelphous. Style filiform, very
long, straight. Stigma capitate, hispid. Legume with two
joints ; joints 1-seeded ; upper one subuncinate, acuminated
into the base of the style. Diaclelphia. Dccandria.
S. clatior Swartx. : stem erect, herbaceous, pubescent on one side ;
leaves ternate ; leafets lanceolate, smooth, acute ; bracts lanceolate,
ciliate ; spikes few-flowered ; legume indurated, 1-seeded. — S. hispida
Mich. — Aradds optica Walt.
Hab. Sandy woods. Penn. to Car. July, Aug. 21. — Stem a
foot high, branched. Flowers yellow, in terminal compact heads.
Pencil 1 lower.
It. iESCHYNOMENE. Linn.
Calyx 5-cleft, bilabiate ; upper lip 2-eleft or 2-toothed ;
lower one 3-clelt, or 3-toothed. Corol papilionaceous. Sta-
mens 10, in two equal sets. Legume compressed, transverse-
ly jointed, erect, exsert ; joints 1-seeded.
Diaclelphia. Dccandria.
JT.. hispida WUM. : stom herbaceous, erect, and with the petioles
and peduncles hispid ; leaves in many pairs ; leafets linear, obtuse ;
racemes simples, 3 — 5-flowered, legumes distinctly stipitate, with 6 — 9
hispid joints. — Hedysarum virginicum Linn. ?
Hab. Marshes. Penn. to Car. July, Aug. 0. — Stems 2 — 3
feet high. Leafets 20 — 25 pairs. Floiccrs yellow and red.
15. DESMODIUM. Be Cand.
Calyx with 2 bracts at base, obscurely bilabiate to the mid-
dle ; upper lip (bifid ; lower one 3-parted. Corol papiliona-
ceous. Standard roundish ; keel obtuse, not truncate ; wings
longer than the keel. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1) ; fila-
ments subpersistent. Legume with many joints ; joints com-
pressed, 1-seeded, membranaceous or coriaceous ; scarcely
dehiscent. Diadelphia. Dccandria.
1. B. canadense Be Cand. : leaves ternate ; leafets oblong-lanceolate,
somewhat glabrous ; stipules filiform ; racemes terminal ; legumes
jointed ; joints 4 — 5, oval, obtuse, triangular, hispid. — Hedysarum can-
adense Linn.
Hab. Dry woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July. If. —
Stem 3 or 4 feet high, erect. Leafets 3 inches long. Flowers
purple. Bush Trefoil.
84 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
2. D. canescens De Cand. : stem erect, hairy, with the angles hispid ;
leaves ternate ; leafets ovate, roundish, with whitish appressed hairs
beneath ; stipules ovate ; racemes panicled ; bracts cordate ; legumes
jointed ; joints triangular, hispid. — Hcdysarum canescens Linn. — H.
scaberrimum Ell. f
Hab. Dry woods. Can. to Car. June — Aug. 21. — Stem 3 — 4
feet high, and more scabrous than any other American species.
Flowers pale purple, middle-sized.
3. D. marylandicum De Cand. : stem erect, pilose, branching ;
leaves ternate ; leafets oblong, villous beneath ; stipules subulate ;
racemes paniculate ; legumes 3-jointed ; joints rhomboidal, reticulate,
somewhat hairy. — H. marylandicum Linn.
Hab. Dry fields and woods. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. 0. —
Stem hairy above. Flowers purple, in a somewhat loose and
slender panicle.
4. D. obtusum De Cand. : stem erect or ascending, pubescent; leaves
ternate; leafets ovate, obtuse, subcordate at base ; stipules lanceolate-
subulate; panicle terminal; joints of the legume semi-orbiculate, retic-
ulate, hispid. — H. obtusum Muhl. in Willd.
Hab. Woods. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. 21-— Stem 2—3 feet
high, sometimes cespitose. Flowers purple, in a terminal pani-
cle.
5. D. viridiflorum Beck : stem erect ; leaves ternate ; leafets ovate,
obtuse, scabrous on the upper surface, villous and very soft beneath ;
panicle terminal, very long, naked ; joints of the legume triangular.
— Hcdysarum viridiflorum Linn. Ell. Torr. not of Pursh.
Hab. Woods. N. Y. to Car. July. U-— Stem 3— 4 feet high,
very scabrous towards the summit. Leaves very scabrous on the
upper surface, clothed with a velvet-like tomentum on the under.
Flowers purple within, greenish without. This is undoubtedly
the true H viridiflorum of Linnaeus ; a plant which seems to be
quite distinct from the next. See Ell. Sk. ii. 217.
6. D. aikinianum Beck : stem erect, branching, pubescent ; leaves
ternate ; leafets ovate-oblong and sub-deltoid, acute, mucronate, sca-
brous beneath ; stipules lanceolate- cuspidate ; racemes paniculate,
bracted ; legumes with scabrous oval joints. — D. viridiflorum De Cand. ?
— Hedysarum viridiflorum Pursh. — H. aikini Eat.
Hab. Woods and old fields. N. Y. Penn. July, Aug. 21. —
Stem 3 feet high. Floivcrs reddish-purple, becoming green when
dry. This plant differs from the true H. viridiflorum in the
leaves being very scabrous beneath, and was very properly se-
parated by Prof. Eaton in the last edition of his Manual of
Botany.
7. D. ciliare De Cand. : stem erect, branching, pubescent ; leaves
ternate, on short petioles ; leafets small, oval-obtuse, pubescent under-
neath, fringed along the margin ; racemes axillary and terminal, pani-
culate ; joints of the legume (2—3) oval, hispid.— Hcdysarum ciluirt
NutL
LEGUMINOS^E. 85
Hab. Woods. Venn, to Car. Aug. Lf. — A small and slender
species about 2 feet high. Floiccrs small, violet, in a slender
branched panicle.
8. D. larcigatum Dc Cand. : stem simple, erect, smooth, somewhat
glaucous ; leaves temate, on long petioles ; leafets ovate, acute ;
panicle terminal ; flowers in pairs, on long pedicels ; bracts ovate,
acute, shorter than the flower buds ; lower segment of the calyx elon-
gated ; joints of the legume triangular. — Hcdysarum liccigatum Nidt.
Hab. Woods. N. J. to Car. Aug. U.—Stem 3—4 feet high.
Floiccrs purple. The smoothest of the North American species.
9. D. bractcosvm Dc Cand. : stem erect, smooth ; leaves ternate ;
leafets oblong-oval, acuminate, smooth ; stipules subulate : racemes
terminal, few-flowered ; bracts ovate, acuminate, striate, glabrous ;
legume with suboval joints. — Hcdysarum bractcosum Jtfich.
b. cuspidatum Dc Cand. : leafets scabrous on the margin ; stipules
ovate-lanceolate : joints of the legume reticulate, glabrous,
pubescent on their margins. — Hcdysarum cuspidatum JVilld.
Hab. Woods. Penn. to Car. Aug. 2±. — Stem 3 — 5 feet high.
Floiccrs large, purple, violet.
10. D. paniculufum Dc Cand. : stem erect, smooth, leaves ternate ;
leafets oblong-lanceolate, or elliptical, smooth ; stipules subulate ;
panicle terminal ; legumes with 4 rhomboidal pubescent joints. — Hedy-
sarum paniculatum Linn.
Hab. Dry woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. 21. — Stem
3 feet high, slender. Leaves long. Floiccrs purple.
11. D. strktum Dc Cand. : stem stiffly erect, simple, subpubescent ;
leaves ternate ; leafets sublinear, smooth, reticulate, glaucous beneath ;
stipules subulate ; panicles terminal, pedunculate, few-flowered ; le-
gume incurved, with sublunate-triangular hispid joints. — Hedusarum
hirtum Pursh.
Hab. Pine barrens. N. J. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. 2i. —
Stem slender, very erect. leafets narrow. Floiccrs small, pur-
ple, in long axillary and terminal panicles.
12. D. acuminatum Dc Cand. : stem erect, simple, pubescent ; leaves
Ternate, on very long petioles ; leafets ovate, conspicuously acumi-
nate, somewhat hairy, the odd one roundish-rhomboidal ; panicle ter-
minal, on a very long peduncle ; petioles somewhat pilose : joints of
the legume roundish, glabrous. — Hcdysarum acuminatum Mick.
Hab. Shady woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. IS.
— Panicle 1 — 2 feet long. Flowers purple.
13. D. nudiflorum De Cand : stem erect, simple, somewhat gla-
brous ; leaves ternate ; leafets broad-ovate, acuminate ; scape panicu-
late, smooth, radical ; joints of the legume obtusely-triangular, some-
what glabrous. — Hedysarum nudiflorum Linn.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. Aug. Q— Stem 8— 10 feet high.
Scape 2 — 3 feet long, slender. Floiccrs purple.
8
86 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
14. D. rotund if olium De Cand..: stem prostrate, hirsute ; leaves ter-
nate ; leafets suborbicular, hairy ; stipules roundish-cordate, reflexed ;
racemes axillary, paniculate ; joints of the legume subrhomboidal, re-
ticulate, scabrous. — Hedysarum rotund if olium. Mich.-H. canescens.lViUd.
Hab. Rocky woods. N. Y. to Car. Aug. 2|. — Racemes few-
flowered. Flowers purple. — The southern plant seems to differ
from the northern, and may prove distinct.
15. D. humifasum Beck : stem prostrate, smooth ; leaves ternate ;
leafets ovate, slightly hairy ; racemes terminal, elongated ; joints of
the legume subrhomboidal. — Hedysarum humifusum. Muhl. Torr. Big.
Hab. Woods. Mass. Penn. to Car. Muhl. Aug. H. — Resem-
bles the last, but is smoother and has the leafets oval or ovate
and subacute. — Perhaps only a variety.
16. HEDYSARUM. De Cand.
Calyx 5-cleft ; segments linear-subulate, nearly equal.
Standard large. Keel obliquely truncate ; wings much short-
er than the keel. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1.) Legume
with many joints ; joints compressed, roundish, 1-seeded.
Diadelpliia. Decandria.
H. boreale Nutt. : stem subdecumbent ; leaves pinnate ; leafets (7 or
8 pairs) oblong-ovate, partly villose; stipules sheathing, subulate; ra-
cemes on long peduncles *, legumes with smooth, rugose, roundish
joints. — H. alpinum Mich. ?
Hab. Mountains. Can. and Penn. Mich. W. to Fort Mandan,
on the Missouri. Nutt. June, July. 11. — Flowers numerous,
purple.
17. LESPEDEZA. Mich.
Calyx with bracts at base, 5-parted ; segments nearly
equal. Corol papilionaceous. Keel transversely obtuse. Sta-
mens diadelphous (9 and 1.) Legume lenticular, compressed,
flat, not opening, 1-seeded, unarmed. — Leaves ternate.
Diadelphia. Decandria.
1. L. reticulata Pers. : stem erect, simple, nearly smooth ; leafets
oblong-linear, obtuse, mucronate, hairy beneath ; fascicles of flowers
subsessile, numerous ; axillary ones subracemose ; legume ovate, re-
ticulate, acute, longer than the calyx. — L. sessiliflora, var. Mich. — L. an-
gustifolia. Raf. — Hedysarum reticulatum Muhl. in Willd.
Hab. Dry woods. N. J. W. to 111. Aug. It-Stem 2 feet
high, slender, never branched. Leafets 2 lines broad. Flowers
violet.
2. L. sessiliflora Nutt. : stem erect, somewhat branched ; leaves on
short petioles ; leafets oblong-oval, obtuse ; fascicles of flowers aub-
sessile ; axillary ones partly racemose ; legume naked, acute. — Hedy-
sarum sessiUflorum Lam,
LEGUMINOS^E. 87
Hab. Dry woods. N. Y. to Flor. Aug., Sept. U-— Stem 2— 3
feet high, slender. Leaves hairy beneath. Floicers violet.
3. L. stuvei Nutt. : stem simple, erect, softly and sericeously villous ;
leaves on very short petioles ; leafets elliptic-oval, mucronate ; racemes
pedunculate, scarcely longer than the leaves ; legumes pubescent,
naked, longer than the calyx.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. J. to Car. July, Aug. IX.— Stem 2— 3
feet high, covered with a silky pubescence. Peduncles an inch
long. Flowers purple.
4. L. frutcscens Ell. : stem erect: leaves on short petioles; leafets
elliptical, obtuse, silky-pubescent beneath ; racemes axillary, subses-
sile, shorter than the leaves ; calyx shorter than the corol ; legume pi-
lose, shorter than the calyx. — L.fnUicosa Pcrs. — Hedysarum fnitesccns
Linn.
Hab. Dry woods. Penn. to Car. Sept. 21. — Stem 2 — 3 feet
high. Flowers white and red.
5. L. capitata Mich. : stem erect, simple ; leaves on very short peti-
oles ; leafets elliptic, with close pressed hairs beneath ; spikes capitate,
on short peduncles, axillary and conglobate-terminal ; calyx villous,
as long as the corol, with the legume much longer. — Hedysarum con-
glomeratum Lam.
Hab. Borders of woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July,
Aug. 11. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Floicers purple. — This may
be only a variety of the last, although it is not so considered
by De Candolle.
6. L. angustifolia EU. : stem erect, pubescent ; leaves on very short
petioles ; leafets oblong-eliptic or lanceolate, white pubescent beneath;
racemes capitate, longer than the leaves ; corol longer than the calyx.
— L. capitata, var. angustifolia Pursh.
Hab. Sandy woods. N. Y. to Car. Sept. U-— Stem 3— 4 feet
high." Leafets very narrow, villous beneath. Flowers white and
purple, in small heads.
7. L. polystachya Mich. : stem erect, branched, very villous ; leaves
on very short petioles ; leafets round-oval, obtuse ; spikes oblong, ax-
illary, pedunculate, twice as long as the leaves ; corol and legume
about as long as the calyx. — L. hirta Ell. Torr. — Hedysarum hirtum Linn.
Hab. Dry woods. N. Y. to Car. Aug., Sept. U.—Stem £— 4
feet high. Flowers reddish- white, in dense racemes on pedun-
cles which are longer than the leaves.
8. L. ziolacca Pers. : diffuse, much branched, somewhat pubescent ;
leaves on long petioles ; leafets elliptic-obtuse, somewhat hairy ; ra-
cemes subumbelled, about as long as the leaves ; flowers in pairs, dis-
tinctly pedicellate ; legume rhomboidal, reticulate and smooth. — He-
dysarum violaceum Linn.
Hab. Dry woods. Can to Car. W. to Miss. July. 11. — Stem
fong, slender. Flowers violet. — Lespedeza divergens of Pursh, is
probably only a variety of the above, although Mr. Elliott con-
88 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
eiders it very distinct. "It is," he says, "distinguished by
much larger leaves on much longer petioles, its stem is much
more diffusely branched, the peduncles long with the flowers
scattered and distinctly racemose."
9. L. prociunbcns Mich: slender, procumbent, every where pubes-
cent ; leaves on long petioles ; leafets oval, obtuse, mucronate ; pe-
duncles very long, setaceous ; racemes short, subumbellate ; flowers
in pairs, distinct ; legume oval, nearly smooth. — Hedysanim Icspcdcza
[MJ71.
Hab. Sandy woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept.
21. Stem 2 — 3 feet long. FLoiccrs purple, with yellow spots.
10. L. prostrata Pursh : smooth, prostrate ; leaves on very short pe-
tioles ; leafets obovate-elliptic, obtuse; racemes axillary and terminal ,
subpaniculate ; peduncles very long; legumes oval, subpubescent. —
Hedysanim prostration Muhl. in Wilid.
Hab. Sandy soils. N. J. to Car. Aug. LL — Very similar to
the preceding species. Flowers violet.
11. L. repens Bart. : leaves ternate ; leafets roundish-elliptical :
emarginate ; racemes axillary; legume repand. — Hedysarum repens
mud.
Has. Woods. Penn. and Virg. Muhl. July. 1L — This may
be identical with the last.
18. VICIA. Linn.
Calyx, tubular, 5-cleft or 5-toothed ; two upper teeth shorter.
Corol papilionaceous. Stamens diadelphous. Style filiform,
bearded beneath the stigma. Legume oblong, 1 -eel led, many-
seeded. Diadelphia. Decandria,
* Flowers on peduncles. •
1. V. caroliniana Walt. : smoothish ; leafets 8 — 10, elliptical-lanceo-
late, subalternate, obtuse, mucronate ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire;
peduncles many-flowered, as long as or longer than the leaves ; flow-
ers distant j teeth of the calyx short ; style villous at the top ; legume
lanceolate, smooth, obliquely veined. — V. parviflora Mich.
Hab. Mountains. Penn. to Car. May, June. If. — Stem long
and climbing. Floicers small, white. Standard black at the tip.
2. V. americana Muhl. : leafets 8—12, elliptical-lanceolate, obtuse,
smooth, mucronate ; stipules semisagittate, deeply toothed ; pedun-
cles 4 — 10-flowered, shorter than the leaves.
Hab. Shady woods. Penn. W. to Miss. June. 2L — Stem
long. Leaves distant. Floicers purple. American Vetch.
3. V. cracca Linn. : stem branching ; leafets numerous, oblong, al-
ternate and opposite, mucronate, pubescent ; stipules semisagittate-
linear ; peduncles many-flowered, as long as or longer than the leaves;
LEGUMINOSiE. 89
racemes crowded, secund ; teeth of the calyx unequal ; upper ones
very short ; lower ones shorter than the tube j styles hairy at the top;
legume oblong, coriaceous, compressed.
Hab. Meadows. N. S. Aug. L£. — Stem subpubescent. Leaves
pinnate. Flowers small, pale purple, numerous, drooping and
imbricated. Tufted Vetch.
** Flowers nearly sessile.
4. V. satira Linn. : leafets 10 — 12, obovate-retuse or oblong-retuse,
mucronate, smooth or hairy ; stipules semisagittate, toothed, with a
dark spot beneath ; flowers mostly in pairs, sessile ; calyx cylindric ;
segments linear-lanceolate, nearly equal ; style bearded at the top ;
legume compressed.
Hab. Fields. Can. to Car. June. ©. — Stem 1—2 feet high.
Floiccrs small, blue. A very variable species. Common Vetch,
19. ERVUM. Linn.
Calyx 5-cleft, segments linear* acute, nearly equalling the
corol. Stigma glabrous. Legume oblong, 2—4 seeded.
Diadelphia. Decandria.
* Legume broad-oblong, 2-secded.
\+ E. hirsutum Linn. ; leafets linear, obtuse, mucronate ; stipules
semisagittate, narrow ; peduncles 3 — 6-flowered, shorter than the
leaves; segments of the calyx linear-lanceolate, equal, longer than the
tube ; legume oblong, compressed, hairy, finely reticulate ; seeds glo-
bose, variegated. — Vicia Michclli Raf.
Hab. Fields. N. Y. to Car. May, June. ^.—Stcm 2—3 feet
long, much branched and diffuse. Leaves cirrose. Floiccrs
very small, bluish-white. Hairy Tare.
** Legume oblong-linear, 4 — 6-seedcd.
2. E. tctraspermum Linn. : stems cespitose, branching ; leafets 4 — 6,
oblong mucronate ; stipules lanceolate semisagittate ; peduncles 1 — 4-
flowered, filiform ; segments of the calyx unequal, broadish, shorter
than the tube ; legume oblong, compressed, smooth ; seeds subglobose,
black. — Vicia pusilla Muhl.
Hab. Fields, &c. N. S. May, June. 0. — Stems very slender.
Floiccrs minute, bluish-white. Smaller and slenderer than the
last. Smooth Tare.
20. PISUM. Linn.
Segments of the calyx leafy ; two upper ones shorter.
Standard large, reflexed. Style compressed, keeled, villous
above. Legume oblong, compressed, not winged. Seeds
many, subglobose, with a roundish hilum.
Diadelphia. Decandria,
S*
90 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
P. viarvtimum Linn. : stem square, compressed ; petioles flat above;
leafets 5 — 8, ovate or rounded, often alternate, somewhat pubescent ;
stipules ovate-semisagittate ; peduncles many-flowered, shorter than
the leaves ; legumes oblong, obliquely reticulate, small ; seeds small,
numerous, roundish. — Lathyrus maritimus Big. ?
Hab. Shores of the great lakes. Nutt. Salt marshes, Boston.
Big. t May, July. IS.. — Plant pale green. Flowers blue and
purple, large, 6 — 8 in a raceme. — I insert this plant upon the au-
thority of Pursh, Nuttall and other authors, but have no means
of determining whether it is truly a Pisum. Dr. Bigelow's plantT
of which I have specimens from Dr. C. Pickering, seems to me
to be a Lathyrus ; but until the question of the identity of these
plants is more satisfactorily determined, I have thought proper
to leave them as above. Beach Pea.
21. LATHYRUS. Linn.
Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft : two upper lobes shorter. Ca-
rol papilionaceous. Stamens diadelphous. Style flat, dilat-
ed at the summit, villous or pubescent on the upper side. Le-
gume oblong, many seeded, 2-valved, 1-celled. Seeds globose
or angled. Diadelphia. Decandria.
1. L. venosus Muhl. : stem square, naked ; leaves pinnate ; leafets
numerous, (about 5 pairs) ovate, obtuse, subopposite, mucronate,
smooth, veined ; stipules semisagittate, ovate ; peduncles many-flow-
ered, shorter than the leaves.
Hab. Low meadows. N. Y. Penn. July, Aug. 11. — Leafets
large. Floicers purple. Veiny-leaved Vetchling.
2. L. palustris Linn. : stem smooth, winged, weak ; leafets in 3-pairs,
oblong, mucronate ; stipules semisagittate, acute ; peducles 3 — 5-
flowered, a little longer than the leaves ; segments of the calyx un-
equal, sublinear, as long as the tube ; legume compressed.
Hab. Low grounds. Can. and N. S. June, July. Lf. — Stem
lax. Leafets varying in width. Floicers pale purple.
3. L. myrtifolius Muhl. : stem weak, flexuous, square ; leafets 4, ob-
long-lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, mucronate, rigid, smooth, veined ;
stipules semisagittate, lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous on the margin ;
peduncles 3 — 4-flowered, longer than the leaves.
Hab. Salt marshes. N. Y. and Penn. July, Aug. 11. — Re-
sembles the former. Floicers smaller, purple and rose-coloured.
4. L. gl-aucifolius Beck : stem nearly erect, acute-angled ; leafets in
3-pairs, ovate, obtuse, mucronate, glaucous and reticulate beneath ;
stipules large, semisagittate, broad-ovate, acuminate ; peduncles 4 — 10-
flowered, shorter than the leaves ; legume compressed, glabrous. .
Hab. Rocky banks of the Raritan river near New-Brunswick,
N. J. May, June. U — This plant appears to me to be decid-
edly distinct. The Uqfets are uniformly broader and larger than
LEGUMINOS.E. 91
in any American species, being from 1 1-2—2 inches long and 1
broad, and very strikingly glaucous on the under side. The
jloicers also are large and pale yellow. It was first noticed by
ray lamented friend, the late Rev. John De Witt, D. D. of Rutgers
College, who was adding to his other attainments, a knowledge
of the botanical productions of the interesting region around
New- Brunswick.
22. AMPHICARPA. De Cand.
Calyx campanulate, 4-toothed, without bracts at base ;
teeth equal, somewhat obtuse. Corol papilionaceous. Pe-
tals oblong. Standard broad, incumbent, subsessile. Sta-
mens diadelphous. Style filiform. Stigma capitate. Le-
gume compressed, stiped, 1 — 4-seeded.
Diadelphia. Decandria.
A. monoica Ell. ; stem hairy ; leaves lernate ; leafets ovate. 'smooth ;
iacemes of the stem pendulous, bearing petals, sterile ; radical pedun-
cles bearing apetalous fertile flowers. — Glycine monoica Linn.
Hab. Woods. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. 2_£. — Stem twining,
slender. Floiccrs purple.
23. APIOS. Pursh.
Calyx campanulate, with 4 obsolete teeth, 1 acute and
elongated under the keel. Corol papilionaceous. Keel fal-
cate reflecting the apex of the standard. Stamens diadelphous.
Stigma emarginate. Legume coriaceous, many-seeded.
Diadtlphia. Decandria.
A. tuberosa Moench. — Gylcine apios Linn.
Hab. Woods. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. Lf. — Root tuberous.
Stem twining. Leaves pinnate ; leafets 5 — 7. Flowers dark pur-
ple in axillary racemes. Ground-nut. Wild Bean.
24. P^ASEOLUS. Linn.
Calyx campanulate, bilabiate ; upper lip 2-toothed ; lower
one 3-parted. Corol papilionaceous. Keel, stamens and style
spirally twisted or rarely incurved. Legume compressed or
cylindric, 2-valved, many-seeded. — Leaves ternate.
Diadclpkia. Decandria.
1. P. pcrennis Walt. : twining, pubescent ; leafets ovate, acuminate,
3-nerved ; racemes 1 — 3, axillary, paniculate, longer than the leaves ;
bracts minute ; legumes pendulous, broad, falcate, mucronate. — P. pani-
crdatus Mich. — Dolichos polystachyus Linn.
Hab. Dry woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July. 2£.—
Stem long. Panicle G — 10 inches long. Floiccrs purplish, large.
Standard large. Wild Kidney-hean.
92 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
2. P. diver sifolius Pers. : stem prostrate ; leafets ovate, angular, 2 —
3-lobed ; peduncles angled, longer than the leaves j flowers in heads ;
bracts ovate ; legumes linear, terete, subpendulous, pubescent. — P. tri-
lobus Mich. — Strophoslyles angulosa Ell. Torr. — Glycine angvlosa Muhl.
in If'illd.
Hab. Woods. N. J. to Car. Aug. ©. — Stem prostrate and a
little scabrous. Flowers 8 — 14 at the summit of a peduncle 4 — 6
inches long, purple. Seeds reniform-cylindrical.
3. P. helvolus Linn. : climbing or prostrate ; leafets deltoid-oblong,
subsinuate ; peduncles longer than the leaves, 3-flo\vered at the top ;
wings expanding, very large ; legume erect. — Strophoslyles helvola Ell,
Torr.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug.
11. — Stem branching. Flowers purple.
P. vexillatus Linn. : stem prostrate, twining, somewhat hairy ; leaf-
ets oblong- ovate ; peduncles very long ; flowers 5 — 7 in a head ; stan-
dard large, emarginate ; wings small ; legume terete, hairy ; seeds
woolly. — Stropho styles peduncularis Ell. — Glycine peduncularis Muhl.
Hab. Woods. N. J. to Car. July. If. — Stem prostrate or
climbing. Flowers 5 — 7 on a common peduncle 6 — 7 inches
long, large, pink and purple. — This species is credited to New-
Jersey by Prof W. P. C. Barton and to Pennsylvania by Muh-
lenberg. It seems to me to be distinct from the preceding.
25. LUPINUS. Linn.
Calyx deeply bilabiate. Corol papilionaceous. Standard
and wings reflexed ; keel acuminate. Stamens monadelphous.
Sheath entire. Style filiform. Stigma terminal, roundish,
bearded. Legume coriaceous, oblong, compressed, obliquely
torulose. Diadelphia. Decandria.
L. percnnis Linn. : herbaceous, "perennial ; root creeping ; stem and
leaves smoothish ; leaves digitate ; leafets 8 — 9, oblong, mucronate,
villous beneath ; flowers alternate, on pedicels ; calyx without appen-
dages ; upper lip emarginate, the lower entire.
Hab. Sandy woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June.
2_£. — Stem a foot high, ascending, somewhat hairy. Flowers blue,
in a terminal spike or raceme. Common Lupine.
26. CRAFORDIA. Rof. DeCand,
Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft ; segments nearly equal. Stan-
dard large, reflexed ; wings appressed, auriculate at base ;
keel obtuse, longer than the wings. Stamens 10, diadelphous.
Style filiform. Stigma punctiform, glabrous. Legume sub-
dispermous, linear, torulose, striate. Seeds oblong-reniform.
Plant twining. Diadelphia. Decandria,
LEGUMINOS.E. 93
C. bracteata Raf. De Cand.
Hab. Banks of the Susquehannah. Venn. Raf. — Plant twining.
Leaves unequally pinnate ; leafets sessile, oblong, mucronate.
Peduncles longer than the leaAres, somewhat spiked ; bracts sca-
riose, subulate, persistent, ciliate ; flowers white. — This genus
is said by De Candolle to be allied to Galcga and Coluka, but
differs from them as well as from Teprosia, by its 2-seeded legume.'
Si-border II. CVESALPINEyE.
Petals imbricated in testi-vation. Stamens periginous,
mostly free.
27. GLEDITSCHIA. linn.
Flowers by abortion imperfect or perfect. Sepals 3-4-5,
equal. Petals as many as the sepals, arising from the tube
of the calyx. Stamens as many as the sepals and opposite to
them, or by abortion fewer. Style short. Stigma pubescent
above. Legume compressed, 1 or many-seeded. Seeds com-
pressed. Dioecia. Hcxandria.
G. truiamthos Linn. : branches spiny ; spines thick, simple or triple
and compound, leaves equally pinnate ; leafets linear-oblong ; legume
compressed-flat, falcate, many-seeded.. — G. triacanthos and brac/tu-
carpa Pvrsh.
Hab. Woods. N. J. to Car. W. to Miss. A tree sometimes
attaining the height of 40 or 50 feet, with very long spines.
Flowers in axillary racemes. Legume 10 — 12 inches long, many-
seeded, the intervals between the cells of the seeds filled with a
saccharine pulp. The tree is sometimes unarmed, when it forms
the var. inermis of De Candolle. Honey Locust.
23. GYMNOCLADUS. Lam.
Flowers by abortion dioecious. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft.
Petals 5, equal, oblong, exserted from the tube. Stamens 10,
included. Legume oblong, thick, pulpy within.
Dioecia. Decanclria.
G. canadensis Mich.
Hab. Can. N. Y. S. W. to Arkansa. May, June. A middle
sized tree. Leaves very large, bipinnate ; leafets oval, acumi-
nate, pubescent. Floiccrs white, in racemes. Legume large,
dark brown. Coffee Tree.
29. CASSIA. Lin*.
Sepals 5, scarcely united at base, somewhat unequal.
Petals 5, unequal. Stamens 10, free, unequal ; 3 lower ones
longer ; 4 middle ones short and straight ; 3 upper ones with
abortive anthers. Anthers dehiscent at the apex.
Decandria. Monogynia.
94 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
1. C. marylandica Linn.: nearly smooth ; leafets in 8 or 9 pairs,
ovate-oblong, mucronate, equal ; gland at the base of the petiole
ovate ; racemes axillary, many-flowered, shorter than the leaves ;
legume compressed, linear, hispid, at length smooth.
Hab. Banks of streams. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug.
2_C. — Stem 3 — 4 feet. Floiccrs yellow, large, in axillary racemes,
which appear paniculate at the summit of the stem. Medicinal
Big. Med. Bot. i. 166. Wild Senna.
2. C.fasciculata Mich. : nearly smooth ; leafets in 8 or 9 pairs, ob-
long-linear, mucronate ; gland near the middle of the petiole, sessile ;
fascicles lateral, many-flowered ; petals and stamens of the same
colour ; legume smooth, curved, ascending.
Hab. Dry fields. N. Y. to Car. June — Aug. 0. — Flowers
yellow.
3. C. nictitans Linn. : stem erect or pubescent, branched ; leafets in
16 — 20 pairs, oblong-linear, obtuse, mucronate ; gland on the petiole
cup-shaped, on a slender foot-stalk ; peduncles subaxillary, short, few-
flowered ; flowers pentandrous ; legume pubescent.
Hab. Sandy banks of streams. N. Y. to Car. June, July. #.
— Stem a foot high. Flowers small, yellow. The leaves are
somewhat irritable like the mimosa or sensitive plant.
Wild Sensitive Plant.
4. C. chamcecrista Linn. : smoothish ; leafets in 10 — 15 pairs, oblong-
linear, mucronate ; gland sessile on the petiole ; peduncles 2 — 3-
flowered, above the axils, shorter than the petiole; 2 of the petals
spotted ; legume pubescent.
Hab. Sandy places. N. Y. to Car. W.-to Miss. June — Aug.
0. — Stem a foot or more high. Flowers yellow, sometimes the
base of all the petals spotted.
30. CERCIS. Linn.
Calyx 5-toothed, gibbous at base. Petals 5, with claws,
subpapilionaceous, all distinct ; wings large. Stamens 10,
free, unequal. Legume oblong, compressed, 1-celled, many-
seeded ; upper seminiferous suture margined. Seeds obo-
vate. Decandria. Monogynia.
C. canadensis Linn. : leaves roundish-cordate, acuminate, villous at
the axils of the nerves ; legumes on short foot-stalks ; flowers in small
fascicles.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. April. A small tree
with greyish bark. Floieers appearing before the leaves, of a
dark rose colour. Judas Tree. Red Bud.
Order XXXVI. AMYGDALE^l. Lind.
Calyx 5-toothed, deciduous, the odd lobe superior. Petals
5. Stamens about 20, in aestivation curved inwards ; anthers
AMYGDALEJG. 95
erect, 2-celled. Ton/5 lining the tube of the calyx. Ovary
superior, solitary, simple, one-celled ; styles terminal, with a
groove on each side ; stigma reniform. Fruit a drupe. Seeds
usually solitary, suspended from the funiculus, which arises
from the base of the cavity, but coheres with its sides. Em-
bryo straight, with the radicle next to the hilum; albumen
none ; cotyledons thick.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate. Hy-
drocyanic acid present in the leaves and kernel.
1. PRUNUS. Linn.
Drupe ovate or oblong, fleshy, very smooth, covered with
greyish dust ; putamen compressed, acute at both ends, sub-
sulcate at the margin, elsewhere smooth. — (Plum.)
Icosandria. Monogynia.
1. P. maritima Hllld. : peduncles solitary ; leaves ovate-oblong,
acuminate, doubly serrate ; fruit dark purple. — P. acuminata Mich.
Hab. Sea coast. N. J. to Car. May. *?. — Fruit about the
size of the common garden plum, dark purple. Beach Plum.
2. P. Americana Marsh. : leaves oblong-oval, acuminate, sharply
serrate, veined ; umbel 2 — 4 flowered. — P. nigra Muhl. not of Ait.
Hab. Penn. Aug. *?. — A tree 8 — 15 feet high. Floicers white.
Fruit reddish-yellow. By cultivation the fruit becomes large
and luscious. Dr. Darlington, who notices this species in his
Florula Cestrica, thinks it has not been described by any one
except Marshall. — Abustrum Americanum p. hi. — He remarks, " I
certainly should not have expected to find it under the specific
name nigra, if Dr. Muhlenberg's catalogue had not directed my
attention to that species, by the subjoined English name ' Yel-
low Plum.' I think it cannot be the P. nigra of Aiton, Will-
denow. Persoon.&c. for they seem evidently to refer to a species
of cherry, properly so called. This species, though clearly dis-
tinct, approaches nearer to the Chicasa plum than to any other
which I have seen." Yelloio Plum. Brand i/icinc Plum.
3. P. mollis Torr. : younger branches leaves and peduncles pubes-
cent ; umbels sessile, 2 — 3 flowered ; leaves ovate, long-acuminate,
doubly dentate-serrate : stipules setaceous, denticulate ; calyx nearly
smooth ; segments linear-lanceolate, serrate.
Hab. Mass. — A small tree. Flowers large. Fruit oval, nearly
black when ripe.
4. P. spinosa Linn. : branches spiny ; peduncles solitary, calyx
campanulate ; lobes obtuse, longer than the tube ; leaves obovate-ellip-
tic or ovate, pubescent beneath, coarsely and doubly dentate ; fruit
globose.
Hab. Hedge rows. Penn. *? . — Introduced. Pursh.
Black Thorn or Sloe.
96 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
2. CERASSUS. Juss.
Drupe globose or umbilicate at base, fleshy, very smooth,
destitute of grey powder ; nucleus subglobose, smooth. —
(Cherry.) Icosandria. Monogynia.
* Flowers umbelled ; pedicels 1-flowercd, arising from the buds.
1. C.pumila Mich.: striate; branches virgate ; flowers subumbel-
led, peduncled ; calyx short, campanulate ; leaves obovate-oblong,
erect, glaucous beneath, serrulate, smooth; fruit ovate. — Piiinus pu-
mila Lam.
Hab. Banks of streams. Mass. to Virg. May. *>. — Shrub
2 — 3 feet high. Fruit small, ovate, red, acid.
2. C. pygmaxL De Cand. : unarmed ; umbels sessile, few-flowered ;
leaves ovate-elliptic, somewhat acute, smooth on both sides, sharply
serrate, attenuate, with two glands at the base. — Primus pygmcea Willd.
Hab. New-England, N. Y. and Penn. May. T?. — Shrub 2 — 4
feet high. Fruit black, of an indifferent taste, and about the size
of a large pea.
3. C.pubescens De Cand. : umbels sessile, few-flowered; peduncles and
calyx pubescent ; leaves short-oval, serrulate, mostly with two glands
at base ; fruit globose. — Prunus j>ubescens Pursh. — P. spharocarpa Mich.
— P. liltoralis Big.
Hab. Sandy shores. N. Eng. Penn. May. T?. — Shrub 2 — 4
feet high. Fruit shortly pedunculate, purplish, sour and astrin-
gent.— The description of Dr. Bigelow's P. littoralis, does not
differ materially from the above, except in the fruit, which is
large, (sometimes an inch in diameter) globular, eatable, with
the flavor of the common plum. It may be distinct.
Sand Cherries.
4. C. nigra De Cand. : unarmed ; umbels solitary, sessile, few-
flowered ; leaves deciduous, ovate, acuminate, unequally and acutely
serrate, smooth on both sides ; petioles with two glands ; segments of
the calyx obtuse, glandular on the margin ; petals obovate. — Prunus
nigra Ait.
Hab. Mountains. Can. N. Y. and N. Eng. June. T? — Shrub
6—8 feet high.
5. hyemalis Mich. : flowers umbelled, smooth ; segments of the ca-
lyx lanceolate ; leaves oblong-oval or oboval, abruptly acuminate ; fruit
sub ovate.
Hab. Can. Virg. and Car. May, 1?. — Fruit small, black, ex-
tremely astringent, but eatable in winter. Pursh.
Black Choke Cherry.
6. C. depressa <De Cand. : branches angular, depressed, prostrate ;
umbels few-flowered, sessile, aggregated ; leaves cuneate-lanceolate,
remotely serrate, smooth, glaucous beneath ; fruit ovate. — C. pumiia
Mich, not Prunus pumiia Linn. — P. depressa Pursh.
AMYGDALEJE. 97
Hab. Banks of streams. Can. to Virg. May. *>. — A low shrub
with spreading branches. Fruit black, small and agreeably
tasted.
7. C. borealis Mich. : flowers sub-corymbed ; pedicels elongated :
leaves oval-oblong, acuminate, membranaceous, gjabrous, erosely den-
ticulate, smooth ; fruit subovate. — Primus borealis Pursh.
Hab. Mountains. Can and N. S. May. J?. — A small trc<j
with delicate leaves, and hard and fine grained wood. Fruit
small, red, agreeable to the taste, but astringent. Pursh.
Choke Cherries.
** Floircrs racnnosr, arising from the branches.
8. C. pcnnsylvanica De Cand.: umbels subsessile, aggregated, at length
becoming paniculate ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, smooth,
with two glands at the base ; branches punctate. — Pru7ivs Umceolata
Willd. — P. pcnnsylnmica Ait.
Hab. Woods. N. S. N. to Subarctic America. April, May. *?.
— A sizeable tree, resembling Primus cerasus. that small. r<v,
and astringent. — Muhlengberg and Torrey have, I think with-
out reason, confounded this species with P. borealis. Both are
retained by De Candolle. and they are even arranged by him un-
der different sections of his genus Cerasus.
9. C. rirginiana Mirk. .« racemes erect, elongated; petals orbicular ;
leaves oblong, acuminate, dentate, smooth on both sides ; petioles with
2 — 4 glands ; fruit dark red. — Promts rirginiana Linn.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. N. to Arc. Amer.
May. J?. — A large tree with blackish rough bark and very dense
wood, resembling mahogany, which is much used by cabinet mak-
ers. Floicers white, in long simple racemes. Fruit purplish-
black.
10. C. scrotina De Cand. : racemes loose, at length pendulous ; leaves
deciduous, oval or obovate, with a short acumination, opaque, doublv
and very sharply serrate ; midrib bearded on each side towards the
base J petiole with two glands. — rrunus scrotina Willd.
Hab. In woods. N. S. June. T?. — A large tree, resembling
the preceding in its bark and wood. The fruit is dark red and
astringent. According to Dr. Torrey, this species has been con-
founded with the preceding by Michaux and other botanists,
and both are incorrectly described by Willdenow and Pursh.
11. C. oborata Beck : racemes spreading ; leaves obovate, acute,
mostly obtuse at base and sometimes cordate, sharply serrate, smooth,
except the axils of the lower veins beneath ; petioles mostly with two
glands. — Prunus oborata Big. — P. scrotina Pursh not of Willd. ?
Hab. Margins of woods. Can. to Car. ? May. 1?. — A shrub
3 — 4 feet high, rarely rising to the height of a small tree. Fruit
small, red and bitter. — I have long been acquainted with this
shrub which is certainly distinct from C. serotina as above de-
scribed. It may be identical with Prunus hirsutus of Elliott.
12. C. canadensis Dc Cand. : flowers in racemes ; leaves deciduous ,
9 -
98 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
without glands, broad-lanceolate, acutely serrate, rugose, pubescent on
both sides. — Prunus ccmadensis Jfllld.
Hab. In Penn. Muhl. This is supposed by Pursh to be a mere
variety of P. hiemalis of Mich.
Order &XXVII. ROSACEA, hind.
Calyx 4 or 5-lobed, with a disk either lining the tube or
surrounding the orifice ; the fifth lobe next the axis. Petals 5.
Stamens indefinite ; anthers 2-celled. Torus thick, lining the
tube of the calyx, bearing at its margin the stamens and pet-
als, and on its surface the carpels. Ovaries superior, solita-
ry or several, 1-celled ; ovules 2 or more, suspended ; styles
persistent, lateral ; stigmas usually simple and emarginate on
one side. Fruit either 1-seeded nuts, or acines, or follicles
containing several seeds. Seeds suspended, rarely ascend-
ing. Embryo straight, with a taper short radicle next to the
hilum, and flat cotyledons ; albumen, if present, fleshy.
Herbs or shrubs. Leaves simple or compound, with 2 sti-
pules at base.
1. SPIR^A. Linn.
Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens 10 — 50.
Carpels 1 — many, distinct, rarely united at base, short api-
culate, sessile, rarely stiped. Seeds 2 — 6.
Icosandria. Di-Pentagynia .
* Shntbby. Leaves lobed and toothed.
1. S. opulifolia var. tomcntella De Cand. : leaves ovate, 3-lobed,
doubly toothed and crenate, petioled, smooth ; corymbs terminal,
hemispherical, peduncled ; flowers numerous (30 — 40) trigynous ; pedi-
cels pubescent ; lobes of the calyx ovate, obtuse, pubescent ; capsules
large, inflated, compressed ; seeds obovate, shining, yellow. — $. opu-
lifolia Pursh. Mich. Torr.
Hab. Banks of streams. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. June,
July. V?~. — A shrub 3—6 feet high. Floiccrs white, in a corymb.
— According to De Candolle the Linnaean S. opulifolia has the
pedicels and calyx smooth. Nine-bark. Hard-/iack.
** Shrubby. Leaves entire or toothed.
2. »?. hypericifolia De Cand. : leaves obovate- oblong, 3 — 4 nerved,
entire or dentate, glabrous or slightly pubescent ; nerves pinnate ;
flowers in peduncled corymbs or sessile umbels ; pedicels smooth or
pubescent ; segment of the calyx ascending.
b. plukenetiana De Cand. : leaves entire, smooth, corymbs sessile.
— S. hypericifolia Linn. Pursh. Muhl.
ROSACEA. 99
d. crenata De Cand. : leaves obovate, crenulate at the apex,
somewhat pubescent ; corymbs-sessile ; pedicels slightly pubes-
cent.— S. crenata Linn. Muhl.
Hab. var. b. Dry swamps. Can. and N. Y. May. *>.
Pursh. var. d. N. Y. Muhl. — This species according to De
Candolle is very variable, and includes several which have here-
tofore been considered distinct. It is sometimes cultivated in
our gardens, and was formerly known by the name of Hypericum
frutcx, but I believe, it has not been found native ; and the only
authorities for the varieties here mentioned as American plants,
are those above given.
3. >S*. corymbosa Raf. : leaves oblong-obovate, incisely toothed,
pubescent beneath ; corymb terminal, pedunculate, compound, fasti-
giate. somewhat leafy ; flowers pentagynous. — 8. corymbosa Mxihl. ?
>V. ckamadrjfolia Pursh. t
Hab. Alleghany mountains. Re J. May, June. ^>. — Stem 18
inches high, slightly pubescent. Leaves nearly smooth above,
pale beneath Flotoers pale rose-colour, in a compound pedun-
culatecorymb. — I adopt the above description, &c. fromTorrey's
Flora ; though De Candolle still retains Pursh' s plant as a vari-
ety of the Linnacan & charmed rifolia.
4. Sf. salicifulia Linn. : stem and peduncles glabrous ; leaves lanceo-
late, acutely serrate, smooth ; racemes in dense terminal compound
panicles ; flowers pentagynous ; segments of the calyx ovate, spread-
ing.— S. alba Ehrh.
Hab. Meadows. Can. to Car. N. to Arc. Amer. July. ^>. —
Stem 2 — 4 feet high. Flowers white. — This species varies some-
what in the form of the leaves.
5. S. tomentosa Linn. : stem and peduncles reddish tomentose ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, unequally serrate, densely tomentose beneath ;
racemes terminal, compound, crowded ; flowers pentagynous ; seg-
ments of the calyx tomentose on the outer side, reflexed ; capsules 5,
distinct.
Hab. In low grounds. Can. to Car. July, Aug. fp. — Stem
2 — 3 feet high. Floiecrs small, pale purple, in a very dense
elongated conical raceme. Hard-hack.
*** Herbaceous. Leaves pinnate.
6. »S'. aruncus var. americana Pursh : leaves twice or thrice pinnate,
shining ; leafets acuminate, lateral ones lanceolate, terminal one
ovate ; spikes slender, in an oblong panicle ; flowers very numerous,
trigynous, perfect. — 8. aruncus Ell.
Hab. Mountains. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. June. U.^Stem
4 — 6 feet high. Floiecrs white, small, in slender terminal spikes.
Goat' s-beard.
7. S. lobata Jacq. : leaves palmate-pinnate, smooth, lower ones bipin-
nate ; terminal leafet much larger and 7-lobed ; lateral leafets 3-lobed ;
100 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
stipules reniform ; corymbs proliferous ; flowers with 3 — 5 short styles ;
sepals reflexed. — S. palmata Linn.
Hab. Penn. to Car. June. 2£. — Floioers rose-colour, in a com-
pound cyme.
2. GILLENIA. Manch. Nutt.
Calyx tubular-campanulate, contracted at the mouth, 5-
cleft. Petals 5, linear-lanceolate, somewhat unequal, coarc-
tate at the claws. Slamejis 10 — 15, included. Styles 5,
contiguous. Stigmas capitate. Capsule 5-celled ; cells 2-
seeded. Icosandria. Di-Pentagynia.
1. G. trifoliata Mctnck. : leaves ternate ; leafets lanceolate, serrate,
subequal ; stipules small, linear, entire ; flowers in loose terminal pa-
nicles, large. — Spiraa trifoliata Linn.
Hab. Shady woods. N. J. to Geor. W. to Miss. ; rare. June.
11. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Floicers white, in a few flowered ter-
minal panicle. Petals long. Medicinal, emetic, &c. — Bart.
Veg. Mat. Med. i. 69. Big. Med. Bot. hi. 11.
Indian Physic. Ipecac.
2. G. stipulacca Nutt. : radical leaves pinnatifid ; stem leaves ter-
nate ; leafets incisely serrate ; stipules foliaceous, ovate, incisely tooth-
ed and clasping ; flowers in loose terminal panicles, large. — Spiraasti-
pulata Muhl.
Hab. Western part of N. Y. W. to Miss. S. to Car. June.
1[. — It resembles the former, but can readily be distinguished
by its large clasping stipules. I have fine specimens gathered
in the western part of N. Y. by David Thomas, Esq.
3. DRYAS. Unn.
Calyx 8 — 9 parted, naked without ; tube somewhat con-
cave. Petals 8 — 9. Stamens many. Carpels many, crown-
ed by a terminal style, at length terminating in a bearded plu-
mose awn. Seed ascending. Icosandria. Polygynia.
D. integrifolia Vahl. : leaves very entire, acute at base. — D. tcnclfa
Pursk.
Hab. On the white hills of N. H. July. If.— Peduncles 1- flow-
ered.— Scarcely differs from D. octopctala found in the north
western part of Canada.
4. GEUM. Linn.
Calyx with the tube concave ; 10-cleft ; the alternate seg-
ments smaller (or limb 5-cleft and 5-bracted.) Petals 5.
Stamens many. Carpels in a head, awned ; awn naked or
bearded, mostly jointed. Icosandria. Polygynia.
ROSACEA. 101
1. G. strictum Ait. : hairy ; leaves all interruptedly pinnate ; the
terminal leafet larger; leafets ovate, dentate ; stipules ovate, incised ;
calyx with 5 alternate segments, linear and short ; flowers erect ; pe-
tals roundish, a little longer than the segments ; awns naked, uncinate.
— G. canadense Murr.
Hab. Swamps. Can. and N. S. Aug. H. — Stem 2 feet high.
Flowers large, yellow. Yellow Averts.
2. G.virginiamim Linn. : pubescent; radical lower stem leaves ter-
nate ; the upper lanceolate ; stipules ovate, nearly entire ; flowers
erect ; petals shorter than the calyx ; awns uncinate, naked, hairy and
twisted at the summit.
Hab. Shady woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July.
11. — Stem 2 feet high, erect. Lower leaves large, sometimes
quinate. Floicers yellowish-white, on long peduncles.
/ irginian Avens.
3. G. album Willd. : pubescent ; radical leaves pinnate ; stem leaves
ternate ; the upper one simple, 3-cleft ; lower stipules incised ; flow-
ers erect ; petals as long as the calyx ; awns uncinate, naked, hairy at
the summit. — G. canadense Jacq.
Hab. Banks of streams. Can. to Car. June, July. IX. — Stem.
2 feet high. Floicers white, on short peduncles. — De Candolle
thinks it maybe a variety of the former. White Avens.
4. G. rivale Linn. ; pubescent ; stem simple, 1 — 4 flowered ; radical
leaves interruptedly pinnate ; lobes obovate, doubly-serrate ; stem
leaves 3-lobed ; lobes acute ; flowers nodding ; petals as long as the
calyx ; awns plumose, nearly naked at the summit, minutely uncinate.
Hab. Moist places. Can. and N. S. May, June. L£. — Stem
18 inches high. Floicers large, terminal, several on each branch,
dark purple. Hater Avens.
5. G. peckii Pursk. : somewhat hairy ; stem few-flowered ; radical
leaves reniform, incisely toothed and somewhat lobed ; petioles elon-
gated, with minute leafets ; petals roundish, longer than the calyx.
Hab. White hills, N. H. July, Aug. U- — Stem 8— 10 inches
high. Radical leaves on long petioles. Floicers yellow, middle
sized.
6. G. geniculatum Mich. : stem branched above ; stem leaves sessile,
3-parted ; stipules entire ; flowers somewhat panicled ; petals obcor-
date-cuneate ; awns hairy, geniculate in the middle.
Hab. Canada. Mich. An obscure species.
5. COMAROPSIS. Rich.
Calyx with tlve tube turbinate, the limb 5-cleft, not bracted.
Petals 5, without claws. Stamens numerous. Carpels small,
9*
102 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
with an elongated filiform style at the apex. Acines dry, not
united at base. Icosandria. Polygynia.
C.fragarioides Dc Cand. : carpels smoothish ; peduncles branched,
3-flowered ; petals thrice as large as the calyx ; leaves ternate ; leafets
wedge-form, sessile. — Dalibardafragarioides Mich. Pursh. Torr.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. May. 11. — Root creeping. Scapes
3 — 4 inches high. Leaves on long petioles, ternate, rarely qui-
nate, incisely serrate. Floicers 3 — 5, yellow. Dry Strawberry.
6. RUBUS. Linn.
Calyx flat at base, naked, 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens
many, inserted into the calyx. Berry composed of many co-
hering fleshy carpels or acines. Receptacle nearly dry.
Icosandria. Polygynia.
* Leaves pinnate or ternate. ichitc-doimy beneath.
1. R. strigosus Mich. : stem terete, strongly hispid ; leafets in threes,
or pinnate in fives, oval, obtuse at the base, marked with lines and
whitish-downy beneath, the terminal one often subcordate ; peduncles
somewhat 3-flowered and with the calyx hispid ; flowers in terminal
racemes ; petals obovate, longer than the calyx. — R. pennsylv aniens
J jam.
Hab. Rocky hills. Can. to Virg. N. to Subarc. Amer. May.
Tp. — Stem upright, without prickles, but covered with stiff bris-
tles, of a reddish colour. Floicers white.. Fruit red, richly fla-
voured. Red Raspberry.
%. R. occidentalis Linn. : somewhat smooth ; stem terete, glaucous.
armed with strong recurved prickles ; leaves of the sterile branches
pinnate, of the fertile ones ternate ; leafets ovate, coarsely serrate,
hoary-tomentose beneath ; petioles terete ; flowers in terminal racemes;
lobes of the calyx lanceolate-linear, tomentose at the apex; petals obo-
vate-wedgeform, 2-lobed, shorter than the calyx*.
Hab. Side hills. Can. to Car. N. to Subarc. Amer. Ma}' —
July. *?. — Stem A — 5 feet high. Floicers white. Fruit round-
ish, black and reddish. Wild Raspberry.
3. R. idmis Linn. : villose ; stem terete, with slender recurved
prickles ; leaves of the sterile branches pinnate, of the fertile ones ter-
nate ; leafets rhombic- ovate, acuminate, white and very downy be-
neath ; petioles channelled ; flowers somewhat corymbed ; lobes of the
calyx ovate-lanceolate, white-tomentose, submucronate ; petals obo-
vate-wedgeform, entire, shorter than the calyx.
Hab. Hedges and woods. Can. to Penn. Pursh. June. fp. — Stem
2 — 4 feet high. Flowers white, panicled. Fruit red. It is said
to have several varieties.
ROSACEA. 103
** Leaves palmate, icith 3 — 5 Icqfets.
t Fmtcsccnt.
4. R. setosus Big. : stem strongly hispid ; branches setose at the
apex ; leaves ternate or quinate, on long petioles ; leafets obovate-
wedgeform, simply serrate, smooth, of the same colour on both sides ;
flowers in racemes, with bristly pedicels ; petals obovate-wedgeform,
longer than the calyx.
Hab. Swamps. Can. and Mass. Big. June. *?.— Floiccrs
white. Fruit red. Bristly Raspberry.
5. R. cuncifolius Pursh : stem petioles and peduncles tomentose ;
prickles few, recurved ; leaves ternate and quinate, palmate ; leafets
wedgeform, ovate, entire at the base, subplicate, tomentose beneath ;
flowers in terminal panicles; pedicels divaricate, nakedx 1-flowered. — ■
R. parvijlorus Walt.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. J. to Car. June. 1?.— Stem 2—3 feet
high. Floiccrs white. Fruit black, ovate, juicy, eatable.
G. R.frondosus Big. : stem prickly, erect ; leaves ternate or quinate;
pubescence simple ; racemes leafy, about ten-flowered ; petals orbi-
cular.
Hab. Road sides, near Boston. Big. May, June, fp — Flow-
ers white, large. Fruit black, agreeable. — Approaches R. tillo-
sus, and has probably been confounded with it, but differs, ac-
cording to Dr. Bigelow. in habit, and in having the pubescence
simple, the flowers in leafy racemes, and the petals orbicular-
ovate. Leafy Raspberry.
7. R. rillosus Ait. : pubescent, hispid and prickly ; leaves ternate.
rarely quinate-palmate, villose ; leafets ovate, doubly serrate; flowers
in lax panicles ; lobes of the calyx short-acuminate ; pedicels solitary.
Hab. Fields and hedges. Can. to Car. June. *?. — Stem A — 6
feet high. Floiccrs white, 20 or more in a raceme. Fruit large,
black. High Blackberry.
8. R. hispidus Linn. : stem sarmentose-procumbent, and with the pe-
tioles and peduncles strongly hispid ; prickles few, recurved ; leaves
in threes or fives, palmate ; leafets unequally dentate, smoothish,
wedgeform at base ; pedicels solitary, elongated ; petals obovate. — R.
trie ial is Mich. — R. procumbens Muhl. — R. flagcllaris Willd. (According
to Sprengel. ) — R. sempcrrirens Big. ?
Hab. Barren grounds. Can. to Car. May, June. fp. — Floiccrs
white. Berries large, black and well flavoured. — Sprengel's views
concerning the identity of the above supposed distinct species,
appear to me to be entirely correct. Loic Blackberry. Dewberry.
9. R. canadensis Linn. : stem purple, smoothish ; leaves in threes
and fives, palmate ; leafets lanceolate, acutely serrate, naked on both
sides ; stipules linear, subaculeate; pedicels elongated, 1 — 3-flowered ;
calyx 5 — 7-cleft. — Cylactis montana Raf.
104 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Woods and swamps. Can. to N. J. June. T> . — Stent
creeping. Flowers white. Fruit small, dark red, well tasted.
ft Herbaceous.
10. R, saxatilis var. canadensis Mich. : herbaceous, pubescent; stems
creeping ; leaves ternate ; leafets rhombic, acute, incisely dentate, na-
ked, the terminal one petioled ; flowers somewhat in threes ; pedicels
elongated.
Hab. Mountains. Can. to Vir. N, to the sources of the Mis^-
sissippi. June, July, li. — Flowers white. Fruit small, black.
11. R. acaulis Mich. : stem herbaceous, very short, unarmed, 1-flow-
ered ; leaves ternate-palmate ; leafets ovate, rhomboidal, coarsely ser^-
rate ; peduncle somewhat pubescent ; lobes of the calyx lanceolate-
linear, somewhat acute, with the oblong petals much shorter ; fila-
ments dilated ; styles subclavate, approximate. — R. pistillatus Smith.
Hab. Can. and N. Y. W. to N. W. coast. June, July.2j:.—
Flowers rose-colour. Fruit red. — Resembles R. arcticus.
12. R. agopodioides De Cand. : stem herbaceous, somewhat pubes-
cent, unarmed ; leaves ternate and quinate, palmate, very smooth ;
leafets lanceolate, acutely and doubly serrate, ciliate, many-nerved ;
flowers terminal, in pairs, peduncles elongated, pubescent ; lobes of
the calyx lanceolate, acute, shorter than the corol. — R. saxatilis Big.
sec. De Cand.
Hab. White mountains, N. H. June. 0. — Stem a foot high.
Flowers white.
13. R. obovalis Mich. : stem becoming a little woody, hispid with
stiff hairs ; leaves ternate ; leafets obovate-roundish, serrate, naked ;
racemes subcorymbed, few-flowered ; bracts ovate ; pedicels elongated.
Hab. Mountain swamps. N. Y. to Car. June, July. 11. —
Berries with only a few large grains, black and sweet. — Allied to
R. saxatilis.
*** Leaves simple, lobed, bid neither pinnate nor palmate.
14. R. parviflorus Nutt. : stem suffruticose, unarmed ; leaves sim-
ple-palmate lobed ; peduncles about 3-flowered ; lobes of the calyx
ovate, acuminate, villose ; petals ovate-oblong, shorter than the calyx.
Hab. Island of Michilimackinac. Nutt. — Floicers small, white.
15. R. chamamorus Linn. : root creeping ; stem simple, 1-flowered,
somewhat pubescent, unarmed ; leaves somewhat kidney-form, plicate,
denticulate, lobes rounded ; flowers monoecious ; lobes of the calyx
lanceolate subentire, longer than the corol ; petals obovate.
Hab. High mountains. Can. and N. Eng. N. to Arctic Amer.
May, June. li. — Flowers white. Fruit yellow or amber col-
oured.
16. R. odoratus Linn. : stem fruticose, erect ; petioles, peduncles and
calyx glandular-pilose ; leaves 5-lobed, unequally dentate ; flowers sub-
ROSACEA. 105
corymbed ; lobes of the calyx ovate, long acuminate, shorter than the
corol ; petals nearly round.
Hab. Rocks. Can. toGeor. June. *?.—Stcm 3— 4 feet high.
Flowers large, purple. Fruit large, yellow, well flavored, but
not abundant. Floicering Raspberry.
7. DALIBARDA. Linn.
Calyx with the tube short concave ; limb 5 — 6-cleft, naked
without ; lobes dentate. Petals 5. Stamens many, deciduous.
Ovaries 5 — 10, with short terminal styles. Acmes few, dry,
adhering to the calyx. Icosandria. Polygynia.
D. repens Linn. : stem creeping ; leaves simple, cordate, crenate ;
stipules linear-setaceous ; peduncles 1 -flowered ; calyx smooth with-
out, reflexed. — F. violotoidcs Mich. — Rubus dnlihnrda Linn.
Hab. Mountains. Can. and N. S. June. If. — Stems herba-
ceous, rooting and creeping. Leaves on long petioles. Flowers
solitary, white, on long nearly radical peduncles.
8. FRAG ARIA. Town.
Calyx with the tube concave, 5-cleft, and with 5 bracts
without, (or 10-cleft.) Petals 5. Stamens many. Carpels
naked, fixed on a long pulpy deciduous receptacle. Style la-
teral. Icosandria. Polygynia.
1. F. rirginiana Linn. : leafets broad-oval, smoothish above, the la-
teral ones distinctly petioled ; hairs of the petioles spreading, of the
peduncles appressed ; peduncles and petioles of the length of the
leaves ; receptacle pendulous ; styles long.
Hab. Fields. From Arctic America to Florida, and W. to the
Miss. May. IX. — Stem short. Flowers white.
Wild Strawberry.
2. F. canadensis Mich. : larger ; leafets broad-oval, lateral ones mani-
festly petioled ; pedicels long, recurved-pendulous ; receptacle of the
seeds globose, favose-scrobiculate, villous.
Hab. Sandy woods. Can. and N. S. N. to Hudson's Bay. April,
May. 21. — Much larger than the former and apparently dis-
tinct, although generally considered identical. I have fine speci-
mens from the vicinity of Little Falls, N. Y.
Mountain Strawberry.
3. F. vesca Linn. : stoloniferous ; lobes of the leaves plicate, thin,
pilose beneath ; fruit pendulous ; sepals reflexed after flowering ; pe-
duncles with appressed hairs.
Hab. Fields. N. S. April, May. If.— Introduced. There
are a great many cultivated varieties of this species.
Common Strawberry.
106 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
9. POTENTILLA. Linn.
Calyx with the tube concave ; limb 4 — 5 cleft, 4 — 5-
bracted without (or 8 — 10-cleft.) Petals 4—5. Stamens
many. Carpels many, roundish, rugose, naked, fixed to a
small dry receptacle. lcosandria. Polygyria.
* Leaves ternate-palmate.
1. P. norrcgica Linn. : hirsute ; stem erect, dichotomous above ;
leaves ternate-palmate ; leafets lanceolate or obovate, simply and
doubly serrate ; stipules lanceolate ; flowers numerous, subcorymbed
and axillary ; petals obcordate, shorter than the calyx ; lobes of the
calyx lanceolate, acute.
Hab. Old fields. Can. to Car. N. to Arc. Amer. June — Aug.
<p. — Stem 8 — 10 inches high. Flowers jTellow. Stipules large.
Perhaps introduced. Norway Cinquefoil.
2. P. hirsuta Mich. : stem erect, hirsute, dichotomous above ; leaves
ternate, petiolate ; leafets obovate-wedgeform, deeply dentate ; stipules
lanceolate, subentire ; flowers axillary, subcorymbed ; petals oblong-
linear, shorter than the calyx ; carpels rugulous. — P. morisoni De Canrl.
Hab. Western part of N. Y. N. to Subarc. Amer. July. 0.
— Stem very hairy. Flowers few, in a terminal dichotomous
panicle, yellowish- white. — Perhaps only a variety of the former.
3. P. tridcntata Ait. : smoothish ; stem ascending, dichotomous ;
leaves ternate-palmate ; leafets obovate-wedgeform, coriaceous, 3-
toothed at the summit, pubescent beneath ; stipules lanceolate, acumi-
nate ; corymb loose, few-flowered ; petals oblong-obovate, longer than
the calyx.
Hab. Mountains. Arc. Amer. to Car. June, July. Lf. Stem
3 — 6 inches high. Floicers white.
** Leaves digitate. .
4. P. canadensis Linn. : silkly villous ; stem procumbent and ascend-
ing, somewhat branched ; leaves quinate-palmate ; leafets obovate-
wedgeform, acutely dentate ; stipules lanceolate, somewhat obtuse ;
peduncles solitary, elongated ; lobes of the calyx linear-lanceolate,
acute, nearly equalling the corol ; petals obovate, entire.
Hab. Fields and woods. Can. to Car. April, May. 11. — Stem
3—8 inches high. Floicers yellow. Receptacle hairy.
Five-finger.
5. P. simplex Mich. : stem sarmentose, simple, hairy ; leaves qui-
nate, petioled ; leafets ovate- lanceolate, acutely toothed, a little hairy
beneath ; stipules lanceolate, entire ; peduncles lateral, solitary, elon-
gated, 1 -flowered ; lobes of the calyx lanceolate-linear, mucronate, a
little shorter than the roundish obcordate petals. — P. sarmentosa Willd.
—P. caroUniana Poir.
ROSACEiE. 107
Hab. Fields and woods. Can. to Car. May — Aug. *>.— 'Flowers
yellow. Is not this a mere variety of the last 1
G. P. argcntca Linn. : stem ascending or erect, tomentose ; leaves
quinate-palmate ; leafets obovate-wedgeform, incised, revolute on the
margin, white and tomentose beneath ; flowers numerous, corymbed ;
lobes of the calyx lanceolate, shorter than the corol.
b. dentata Dc Cand. : leafets subentire, 3 — 4 toothed at the apex,
tomentose beneath. — P. cincrea Raf.
Hab. Fields. Can. and throughout the N. S. June — Sept. 11.
■^Sterns 4 — 10 inches long. Leaves green above. Flowers yel-
low. Silvery Cinqiufoil.
*** Leaves pinnate.
7. P. fruticosa Linn. : stem fruticose ; leaves pinnate, hirsute ; leaf-
ets oblong-lanceolate, very entire, approximate ; stipules lanceolate,
membranaceous, acute ; flowers in corymbs, large ; petals longer than
the calyx. — P. fruticosa and P. floribunda Pursh.
Hab. Margins of swamps. N. S. N. to Arc. Amer. W. to Rocky
mountains. June. T?. — A shrub 2 feet high, much branched
and hairy. Flowers large, yellow. — P. floribunda of Pursh, dif-
fers only in having the leaves and flowers more numerous.
8. P. supina Linn. : stem decumbent, herbaceous, dichotomous ;
leaves pinnate ; leafets obovate or oblong, somewhat glabrous, more
or less toothed ; peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered ; segments of
the calyx triangular-lanceolate ; petals as long as the calyx.
Hab. Overflowed banks of streams. Can. and Penn. W. to Miss.
June — Aug. 0. — Flowers small, yellow.
9. P. anserina Linn. : stem filiform, rooting ; leaves interruptedly
pinnate ; leafets ovate-oblong, incisely and acutely serrate, smooth
above, silky beneath ; stipules many-cleft ; peduncles as long as the
leaves, axillary, solitary ; lobes of the calyx lanceolate, entire ; pe-
tals obovate, longer than the calyx.
Hab. Wet meadows. N. S. N. to Arc. Amer. June. 11. —
Stems long, reddish. Floicers yellow, on long axillary pedun-
cles. Silccr-icced. Wild Tanscy.
10. P. pennsxjlcanica Linn. : whole plant white tomentose ; stem
herbaceous erect ; leaves interruptedly pinnate ; cauline ones 3-lobed,
lobes oblong-ovate, deeply dentate ; stipules lanceolate, somewhat la-
ciniate ; flowers in corymbose panicles ; inner lobes of the calyx trian-
gular-lanceolate, outer ones oblong-lanceolate, as long as the corol ;
petals obcordate ; receptacle pilose ; carpels rugulous. — P. arguta
Lckm. not of Pursh.
Hab. N. S. N. to Arctic Amer. June. U—Stcm 1—2 feet
high. Floicers pale yellow.
11. P. arguta Pursh: erect, simple, pubescent ; leaves pinnate ;
leafets ovate, sharply dentate, outer ones larger ; stipules rhomboidal,
108 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
incised ', flowers terminal, in a crowded corymb. — P. confcrtiflora Torr.
Fl. Lehm. — P. pennsylvanica Torr. in Ann. N. Y. Lye. ii. 197. — Geum
agnmonoides Pursh. — Bootia sylcestris Big.
Hab. N. S. N. to Arc. Amer. June, July. 11. — Stems many,
3 feet high, erect, nearly simple, branched above and with the
petioles, peduncles and calyx covered with a Whitish and glandu-
lar pubescence. Leaves unequally pinnate, with the leafets un-
equally and doubly serrate, and sometimes lobed. Flowers erect,
at first in dense corymbs, at length paniculate. Calyx with the
five alternate segments smaller. Petals pale yellow. Styles
lanceolate, naked. — Richardson's Appendix to Franklin's Jour. p.
20.
12. P. comarum De Cand. : root creeping ; stem ascending, leaves
pinnate ; upper ones ternate ; leafets lanceolate, acutely serrate ; petals
lanceolate, acuminate, much shorter than the calyx. — P '. palustre Lehm.
Torr. — Comarum palustre Linn.
Hab. In swamps. N. S. N. to Arctic America. June. 11. —
Stem 18 inches high. Floicers large, purple, on the upper part
of the stem. Marsh CinquefoU.
10. SIBBALDIA. Linn.
Calyx 10-cleft, with the alternate segments narrower.
Petals minute. Stamens and carpels often 5. Styles 5, pro-
ceeding laterally from the germ. Seeds 5, clustered in the
bottom of the calyx. Pentandria. ^Pentagynia.
S. procumbens Linn. : leaves ternate ; leafets cuneate, tridentate,
smooth above, hairy beneath ; flowers corymbed ; petals lanceolate,
acute, about as long as the calyx.
Hab. High mountains. Can. and Ver. T?. — A small procumbent
plant with the habit of Potentilla tridentata. Flowers yellow.
11. AGRIMONIA. Linn.
Calyx inferior, 5-cleft, with a lobed calicle at its base. Pe-
tals 5. Stamens 15. Acines 2, in the bottom of the calyx.
Icosandria. Di- Pentagynia.
1. A eupatoria Linn. : hairy ; leaves interruptedly pinnate ; leafets
oblong-ovate, crenate-dentate, the terminal one petioled ; spike vir-
gate, many-flowered, terminal, long and slender ; tube of the calyx
bell-shaped, with spreading bristles near the middle ; petals twice as
long as the calyx ; fruit distant, turbinate, hispid, smooth at base.
Hab. Woods and hedges. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July. 11.
— Stem 2 feet high. Floicers yellow, in a long terminal spike or
raceme. Agrimony.
2. A. parvijlora Ait. : somewhat hairy ; leaves interruptedly pin.
nate ; leafets numerous, linear-lanceolate, incisely serrate ; spike vir-
gate ; flowers on very short pedicels ; petals once and a half the length
of the calyx ; fruit roundish, divaricately hispid.
ROSACEA. 109
Hab. Woods. Penn. to Virg. Pursh — Aug. 11. — Flowers
small, yellow. — Perhaps a mere variety of the former.
12. ROSA. Low.
Calyx urceolate, fleshy, contracted at the orifice, 5-cleft.
Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Carpels numerous, bony, his-
pid, included in the fleshy tube of the calyx.
Icosandria. Polygynia.
Stijlrs colmring in a column. Fruit orate or sub globose.
1. 7?. rubifolia Broirn: stem ascending ; branches glabrous ; prickles
few falcate ; leaves ternate, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, pubescent be-
neath ; stipules narrow, entire ; peduncles and calyx hispid ; flowers
subsolitary ; lobes of the calyx ovate, short, simple ; styles cohering
in a tomentose club-shaped column, as long as the stamens : fruit pisi-
form.
Hab. Shores of the Western lakes, W. to Mi?s. July. >>. —
Flowers very numerous, changing white to different shades of
red, sometimes in a corymb.
** Styles free mostly included. Fruit globose or globose-dqnxssed. Stt-
pular prickles usually in pairs.
2. R. lucida Ehrh. : prickles recurved or none ; leafets 5—9. lanceo-
late-elliptic, coriaceous, obtusely serrate, shining ;• stipules dilated,
large, smooth, serrulate ,• peduncles somewhat hispid ; segments of
the calyx entire, appendaged. spreading but not deflexed ; flowers most-
ly in pairs ; fruit globose-depressed, hispid or smooth.
Hab. Mountain swamps. N. Y. to Car. July. *?. — Shrub 3 — 4
feet high. Flowers large, red. Petals emarginate. Fruit red.
Sir amj) Rose.
3. R. nitida Willd. : arms crowded, slender subequal ; leafets 5 — 9,
rigid, lanceolate, shining ; stipules large, finely serrulate ; lobes of the
calyx spreading ; fruit subglobose, shining, red.
Hab. In Penn. Muhl. J?. — A low shrub. — Perhaps a variety of
the former.
4. R. parriflora Ehrh. ; prickles straight, horizontal, needle-shaped
or none ; leafets 5 — 9, lanceolate, smooth, coarsely serrate, flaccid ;
stipules large, subdenticulate ; fruit depressed-globose and with the pe-
duncle of the calyx very long, appendaged. — R. caroliniana Mich.
Hab. In woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Lake Superior. June,
July. *>. — Shrub 3 feet high. Flowers in pairs. Petals large,
red, broadly obovate, emarginate. — There are a number of varie-
ties of this species.
5. R. Carolina Linn. : prickles recurved, often wanting ; leafets 5—9,
coriaceous, lanceolate or obovate, serrulate, approximate, glaucous be-
neath ; stipules long, with an involute margin; flowers mostly in
110 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
corymbs, rarely solitary ; lobes of the calyx very long, appendaged,
spreading; fruit depressed-globose, hispid, rarely smooth. — R. corym-
bosa Ehrh. — R. pennsylvayiica Mich. — R. jlorida Don.
Hab. Swamps. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July. ^>. —
Shrub 3—8 feet high. Floicers 5 — 7 in terminal corymbs. Pe-
tals large, red, obovate, emarginate. Petioles tomentose. — A
very variable species, including the above and some others which
have been described as distinct species. A variety ? of this
species occurs on an Island near Troy, N. Y. with the stems uni-
formly and constantly smooth, except very near the root, where
there are sometimes a few slender prickles. This, and a slight
difference in the shape of the fruit, which is depressed-globose,
led me to believe it a distinct species.
*** Styles free. Fruit orate, rarely globose Prickles fcic, not stipular.
6. R. gemella Willd. : stipular prickles uncinate, in pairs; leafets
5 — 7, oblong, acute, opaque, pubescent beneath ; flowers mostly in
pairs ; fruit depressed-globose, and with the peduncles glabrous.
Hab. Dry hills. N. Eng. to Car. Pursh. July. 1?.— Shrub
low, with large red flowers. — This species is considered by De
Candolle a variety of the R. cinnamomea, differing from it only in
being more slender and nearly unarmed, and in having the sti-
pules narrower. But this, as well as several other points con-
nected with our roses, must remain doubtful until they have been
more attentively studied.
7. R. stricta Muhl. : very branching; branches with numerous slender
prickles below, naked at the apex ; leafets 7 — 9, ovate, obtuse, some-
what rigid ; peduncles hispid ; fruit small, elongated.
Hab. N. Eng. and Penn. — De Candolle, from whom the above
description and locality are quoted, thinks it may be a variety of
R. alpina.
8. R.rubiginosa Linn. : prickles strong, compressed, uncinate, rarely
straight ; leafets 5 — 7, ovate or somewhat rounded, serrate, more or
less, especially beneath glandular and ferriginous ; fruit elliptical,
short, and with the peduncles hispid. — R. suaveolens Pursh. Ell.
a. pubera De Cand. : flowers subsolitary ; fruit ovate, smooth ;
peduncles glandular-hispid ; leafets roundish, glandular beneath,
and with the petioles somewhat pubescent. — R. micrantha
Smith. Big.
Hab. Hedges and hill sides. Can. to Car. July. f>. — Shrub
tall and slender. Floicers solitary, or 2 or 3 together, pale red.
Fruit orange red. — A very variable species. Var. a. is found
near Boston. Sweet-briar.
Order XXXVIII. POiMACE^E. hind.
Calyx, 5-toothed, the odd segment superior. Petals 5, un-
guiculate. Stamens indefinite. Disk thin, lining the tube of
the calyx, bearing the petals and stamens on its margin. Ova-
POiMACE^E. Ill
ries 1 — 5, adhering to the side of the calyx ; ovules ascending,
2, collateral, rarely solitary; styles 1 — 5 ; stigmas simple.
Fruit an apple, 1 — 5-ceIled, or spuriously 10-celled ; endo-
carp cartilaginous or bony. Seeds solitary, ascending ; al-
bumen none ; embryo erect, with flat, rarely convolute cotyle-
dons^ and a short conical radicle.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, stipulate, simple or com-
pound. Flowers in terminal cymes, white or pink.
1. CRATAEGUS. Lam.
Calyx with the tube urceolate, and the limb 5-cleft. Petals
spreading, orbicular. Stamens many. Ovary 2 — 5-celled.
Styles glabrous. Pome fleshy ovate, closed by the teeth of
the calyx or incrassated disk. Putamen bony.
Icosandria. Di-Pentagynia.
* Leaves dentate or subentire, not lobed.
1. C. crus-galli Ait. : thorny ; leaves obovate-wedgeform, subsessile,
shining, coriaceous ; corymbs compound ; lobes of the calyx lanceo-
late, subserrate ; flowers digynous ; fruit small, mostly 1-seeded. — C.
lucida liangh. amcr.
Hab. Borders of woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May,
June T? . — A shrub or small tree much branched and with long
spines. Flmccrs white in a corymb. Style often solitary. Fruit
red. — There are several varieties of this species.
2. C. punctata Jacq. : thorny or unarmed ; leaves obovate-cuneate,
smooth, somewhat plaited, serrate, tapering at base into a petiole ;
calyx villous ; lobes subulate, very entire ; fruit subglobose, with the
summit depressed.
Hab. Woods and swamps. Can. to Car. May. >>. — A small
tree. Leaves sometimes hairy beneath. Corymbs many-flow-
ered, pubescent. Fruit red and yellow.
Common TJiorn-trce.
3. C. elliptica Ait. : thorny ; leaves elliptical, unequally serrate,
smooth ; petioles and calyx glandular ; fruit globose, 5-seeded.
Hab. Dry swamps. Can to Car. May. Tp. — Calyx with the
segments obtuse. Fruit small, red. Pursh.
4. C. parvijlora Ait. : thorny; leaves obovate-wedgefoim, subsessile,
incisely serrate, pubescent ; flowers subsolitary, pentagynous ; lobes
of the calyx laciniate, villous ; fruit subturbinate, with 5 bony 1-seeded
nuts. — C. tomentosa Linn. — McspUus laciniata Walt.
Hab. Sandy woods. N.J. to Car. June. *?. — Shrub 4 feet
high, with the younger branches and leaves tomentose. Fruit
large yellow.
112 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
** Leaves often incised or lobed.
5. C. pyrifolia Ait. : thorny or unarmed ; leaves ovate-eDiptic, in*
cisely serrate, somewhat plicate and hairy ; calyx villous ; segment?
linear-lanceolate, serrate ; flowers trigynousv
Hab. Rocky woods. Penn. to Car. W. to Michigan. June.
J?. — Leaves large, acute or acuminate at each end. Corymbs
many-flowered. Peduncles and calyx tomentose.
6. C. glandulosa JVUld. z thorny ; leaves obovate-wedgeform, smooth
and shining ; petioles, stipules and calyx glandular ; fruit oval, 5-
seeded.
Hab. Can. and Alleghany mountains. May. *?. — Fruit middle
sized, scarlet.
7. C. coccinea Linn. : thorny ; leaves on long petioles, ovate, sub-
cordate, incisely lobed and serrate, glabrous ; petioles and calyx pubes-
cent and glandular ; flowers pen tagy nous ; petals orbicular.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. May. *>. — A large shrub. Leaves
on long petioles, often subcordate. Floicers in corymbs, white.
Fruit large, red, eatable. Thorn-bush.
8. C. cordata Ait. : thorny ; leaves cordate-ovate, pinnatifid, lobed
and angled, smooth ; petioles and calyx without glands ; flowers pen-
tagynous ; fruit small,, globose, depressed — C. populifblia Pursh.
Hab. Banks of streams. May, June. T?. — A large shrub*
Leaves with 3, 5 or 7 lobes. Corymb compound* Fiitit red.
9. C. oxycantka Linn. : leaves obovate-wedgeform^ nearly entire,
trifid or lacinate, glabrous or shining; flowers in corymbs, 1 — 3 gynous;
calyx without glands, acute.
Hab. Road sides, &c N. S. June. ^.— A shrub 8—10 feet
high. Floicers white. Fruit red, small. — This thorn is prefer-
red in England for hedging. Introduced. Hawthorn. Quickset.
2. AMELANCHIER. De Cand.
Calyx 5-cleft. Petals lanceolate. Stamens many, rather
shorter than the calyx. Ovary with 10, or 5 bipartite, celts.
Styles 5, somewhat united at base. Fruit, when mature,
3— 5-celled.
1. A. botryapium De Cand. : unarmed; leaves eordate, oval, conspi-
cuously acuminate, pubescent when young, smooth when mature ;
flowers in loose racemes, appearing before the leaves ; calyx pubes-
cent ; petals linear-lanceolate. — Aronia botryapium Pers. — Ptjrus botry-
apium Linn. Pursh. — Mespilus canadensis var. cordata Mich.
Hab. Rocky woods. Can. to Car. May. *>•— A small tree.
Flowers large, white. Fruit dark purple.
Service-berry. Shad-bush.
2. A. ovalis De Cand. : leaves roundish-elliptical, acute, smooth
when mature ; flowers in compact racemes ; petals obovate ; germs
POMACEiE. 113
and segments of the calyx pubescent ; fruit black. — Aronia oralis Pers.
— Pyrus oralis Linn. Pursh. — Mcspilus canadensis var. oboralis Midi.
Hab. In swamps. Can. to Car. N. to lat. 62°. May. *>.— A
small shrub. Supposed by some botanists to be a mere variety
of the former, but certainly distinct. The fruit is about the
size of a pea and eatable.
3. A. ? sanguinea De Cand. : leaves oval, obtuse at each end, mucro-
nate, with very slender serratures, subcordate at base ; racemes few-
flowered ; calyx smooth ; petals linear-obtuse. — Pyrus sanguinea Ptirsh.
— Aronia sanguinea Xutt.
Hab. Can. and Mass. W. to Columbia river. Pursh. May. ??.
—A small tree with blood red branches. Berries red, eatable.
Pursh.
3. PYRUS. Linn. De Cand.
Calyx with the tube urceolate, and the limb 5-lobed. Petals
roundish. Styles often 5, rarely 2 — 3. Apple closed, 5-cell-
ed, with a cartilaginous putamen. Cells 2-seeded. Seeds
with a cartilaginous covering. Icosandria. Di-Pentagynia.
* Petals spreading, flat. Styles IS, nearly united at base. Leaves simple ,
without glands, Mai.us.
1. P. coronaria Linn. : leaves broadly-oval, round at the base, some-
what angular, serrate, smooth ; corymbs terminal, few-flowered, on
long peduncles ; flowers large ; fruit depressed. — Malus coronaria
Mich.
Hab. In woods. N.J. to Geor. May. J?.— A tree 15— 20
feet high. Flowers large, fragrant, pale rose-colour.
2. P. angustifolia Ait. : leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute at base,
slightly crenate-dentate, shining ; peduncles corymbose. — Malus an-
gustifolia Mich.
Hab. Penn. May. *>. Muhl— A tree 15— 20 feet high. Leaves
said fruit smaller than in the preceding.
** Styles 2 — 5. Leaves pinnate. Sorbus.
3. P. amcricana De Cand. : leaves pinnate ; leafets oblong-lanceo-
late, acuminate, somewhat equally serrate, and with the common peti-
ole very smooth ; flowers in terminal corymbs. — Sorbus americana
Pursh.
Hab. Mountains. Can and N. S. May. *?. — A shrub or small
tree with the younger branches pubescent. Floicers white. Sta*
mens very numerous. Styles mostly 3. Fruit globose, fulvous,
remaining on the tree all winter. Mountain Ash.
4. P. microcarpa De Cand, : leaves pinnate ; leafets acuminate,
acutely and incisely serrate, and with the common petiole smooth ;
serratures setaceously mucronate, — Sorbus microcarpa Pursh.
Hab. High mountains. N. J. to Car. Pursh. May. T? . — A large
shrub, with the younger branches glossy. Floicers white. Fruit
small, scarlet.
10*
114 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
*** Petals spreading, with claws. Styles 2 — 5. Leaves simple, glandu-
lar above near the rachis. Adenorachis.
5. P. arbutifolia Linn. : leaves obovate-lanceolate, acute, crenately
serrulate, tomentose beneath (especially the younger ones ;) midrib
glandular above ; flowers in corymbs ; calyx tomentose. — Aronia pyri-
folrn Pers.-^A. arbutifolia Ell. Nutt. Torr.
Hab. Low woods. Can. to Car. May, June. *?. — Shrub 2 — 5
feet high. Flowers reddish. Fruit about the size of a large wor-
tle-berry, scarlet.
6. P. melanocarpa IVilld. : leaves obovate- oblong, acuminate, serrate,
smooth beneath, midrib glandular; flowers in terminal corymbs ; ca-
lyx smooth. — Aronia arbutifolia Pers. — A. arbutifolia var. melanocarpa
Torr.
Hab. Bogs. Can. to Car. May, June. *>. — A shrub about the
size of the preceding and perhaps not distinct.
Order XXXIX. SANGUISORBEjE. hind.
Flowers often declinous. Calyx 3 — 4 — 5-lobed, with a
thickened, afterwards indurated tube ; aestivation valvate.
Petals none. Stamens definite, alternating with the lobes of
the calyx, (though sometimes fewer than them by abortion,)
rarely indefinite ; anthers erect, 2-celled and bursting longi-
tudinally, or 1-celled and bursting transversely. Ovary soli-
tary, simple, with a style proceeding from the apex or the
base ; ovule solitary, attached to the ovary close to the base
of the style ; stigma simple or compound. Nut solitary.
Seed solitary, suspended or ascending ; embryo without albu-
men ; radicle superior ; cotyledons large, plano-convex.
Herbs or wider shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, lobed or
compound, with stipules. Flowers small, often in heads.
1. ALCHEMILLA. Linn.
Calyx tubular ; tube somewhat contracted at the top ; limb
8 parted, the alternate lobes smaller. Petals none. Sta-
mens 1 — 4. Carpels 1 — 2, with a filiform capitate style on the
side, at length dry and 1-seeded. Tetrandria. Monogynia.
A. alpina Linn. : leaves digitate ; leafets 5 — 7, lanceolate-cuneate,
obtuse, serrate at the apex, white and silky beneath.
Hab. High mountains. N. Ham p. and Ver. June, July. U. —
Flowers white.
2. SANGUISORBA. Linn.
Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-cleft, with two scales at base
externally. Petals none. Stamens 4. Carpels 2, included
f
ONAGARIiE. 1 15
within the calyx, crowned by .a style with a fimbriate apex,
converted into dry indehiscent 1-seeded acines.
Tetrandria. Monogynia.
1. & canadensis Unn. : leaves pinnate ; leafets ovate-oblong sub-
cordate, coarsely serrate ; spikes cylindrical, very long ; stamens long-
er than the corol.
Hab. Wet meadows. Can. to Geor. Aug. — Oct. If. — Stem
2 — 4 feet high. Flowers white, in crowded spikes which are
from 2 — 5 inches long- Burnet Saxifrage.
2. £. media Linn. : leaves pinnate and with the bracts smooth ; leaf-
ets ovate, subcordate, toothed ; spikes ovate-cylindric ; stamens scarce-
ly longer than the corol.
Hab. Wet meadows, principally on the mountains. Can. to Car.
July. Aug. 11. — The spikes shorter than in the former, and
tinged with red. Pursh.
Order XL. CALYCANTHE/E. Be Cand. Linn.
Sepals and petals confounded, indefinite, imbricated, com-
bined in a fleshy tube. Stamens indefinite, inserted into a
fleshy rim at the mouth of the tube, the inner sterile. An-
thers adnate, turned outwards. Ovaries several, simple, 1-
celled, with one terminal style adhering to the inside of the
tube of the calyx. Nuts enclosed in the fleshy tube of the
calyx, 1-seeded, indehiscent. Seed ascending ; albumen none ;
cotyledons convolute.
Shrubs with square stems. Leaves opposite, simple. Flow-
ers axillary, solitary.
1, CALYCANTHUS. Linn.
Lobes of the calyx in many rows, imbricate, lanceolate,
somewhat coriaceous, coloured. Stamens 12, unequal, deci-
duous ; outer ones fertile. Acines many.
Icosandria. Polygynia.
C. larcigatus JFdld. : lobes of the calyx lanceolate ; leaves oblong or
oval, gradually acuminate, somewhat rugose, smooth and green on both
sides; branches straight, erect. — C. ferax Mich.
Hab. Mountains. Penn. to Car. May — July. fp. — Shrub 4 — 6
feet high. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers large, solitary, ter-
minal. Calyx brownish-purple. Carolina Allspice.
Order XLI. ONAGRARLE. De Cand. Lind.\
Calyx superior, tubular, with the limb usually 4-lobed ; the
lobes cohering in various degrees, with a valvate aestivation.
116 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Petals generally equal in number to the lobes of the calyx, into
the throat of which they are inserted, regular, with a twisted
aestivation. Stamens definite, inserted into the calyx ; fila-
ments distinct ; pollen triangular, usually cohering by threads.
Ovary of several cells, generally crowned by a disk; style fili-
form ; stigma capitate or 4-lobed. Fruit a berry or capsule,
many-seeded, 1 — 2 — 4-celIed. Seeds numerous, without al-
bumen ; embryo straight ; radicle long and taper; cotyledons
very short.
Hei'bs or shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite.
Flowers axillary or terminal, of various colours.
1. EPILOBIUIVL Linn.
Cayx 4-sepalled ; sepals united into a long 4-sided lube ;
limb caducous. Petals 4. Stamens 8 ; pollen not viscous.
Capsule linear, obtusely 4-sided, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-
seeded, united with the calyx. Seeds crowned with pappus.
Octandria. Monogynia,
1. E. sjncatum Lam.: stem tali, terete, smooth, branched above ;
leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, veined, smooth ; flowers large, pe-
dicelled, in a terminal spike ; petals irregular : stamens unequal, de-
clined.— E. angustifolium Linn.
Hab. Swamps and moist woods. Can. and N. S. W. to Miss.
July. LL — Stem 3 — 5 feet high. Flowers purple, in a terminal
leafless spike or raceme. Willow Herb,
2. E. color atum Muhl. : stem terete, pubescent ; leaves mostly oppo-
site, lanceolate, serrulate, "petiolate, smooth, with coloured veins; upper
ones alternate ; flowers small, axillary, near the extremity of the
branches.
Hab. Wet meadows. N. S. July, Aug. U.—Stem 3—4 feet
high, Floioers small. — A very variable plant.
3. E. squamatum Nutt. : pubescent ; root squamous, bulbous ; stem
terete, branching above ; stem leaves opposite ; those of the branches
linear and entire, revolute on the margin ; flowers pedunculate ; petals
bifid ; stamens unequal ; stigma clavate, undivided. — E. rosmarinifb-
Hum Pursh. Torr. — E. lineare Muhl. Big. ?
Hab. Moist woods, &c. N. S. Aug. 11. — Stem a foot high,
slender. Flowers small, terminal, white. — E. rosmarinifolium
was a name applied by Haenke to a different species, which is
recognized by De Candolle.
4. E. palustre Linn. : stem terete, branched, somewhat hirsute ;
leaves sessle, lianceolate, somewhat toothed, opposite and alternate,
smooth ; stigma undivided ; fruit pubescent.
ONAGARLE. 117
Hab. Low grounds. Penn. N. to Arc. Amer. Aug.. Sept. If.
— Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Fkncers pale red.
5. E. leptophyllum Raf. : stem branching, somewhat scabrous ; leaves
alternate, subsessile, narrow-linear, entire, smooth, 1-nerved, acute,
narrowed at base ; flowers axillary, solitary, pedunculate.
Hab. Moist woods. Penn. and Mar. — Raf. in De Cand. Prod.
6. E. Utrmgomtm Linn. : stem 4-sided, nearly smooth ; leaves sessile,
lanceolate-oblong, denticulate, lower ones opposite ; stigma undivided.
Hab. Low grounds. Can. to Car. July. 11. — Stem 2 feet
high, branched, smooth. Flowers small, pale red, in terminal
racemes. — Distinguished by its square stem.
7. E. strictum Mahl. : densely and softly pubescent ; stem terete ;
leaves oblong-linear, sessile, very entire ; the lower ones opposite ;
upper ones alternate ; flowers pedicillate, subterminal, regular ; petals
2-lobed ; stigma entire. — E. mollc Torr.
Hab. Sand plains. N. Y. Aug. 2L — Stem 18 inches high,
branched above and covered with a white pubescence. Leaves
narrow, numerous. Flowers small, pale purple. — The name
given to this species h7 Dr. Tnrrpy is objectionable, having been
previously appropriated to another specioc found on the conti-
nent of Europe. My specimens agree very well with Sprengefs
description of E. strictum of Muhlenberg.
8. E. afpinum Linn. ; stem simple, subterete, one or two flowered;
leaves opposite, elliptical, entire ; flowers sessile.
Hab. White mountains. N. H. N. to Arc. Amer, — Big. July.
H. — The smallest species. — not above two inches high. Flowers
pale purple.
2. GAURA. Linn.
Calyx 3 — 4 sepalled ; sepals united into a long obovate
tube ; limb caducous. CorolS — 4 petalied Stamens 6 — 8.
Ovary 3 — 4-sided, united to the base of the calyx. Seeds
1 — 4, not crowned with pappus. Octandria. Monogynia.
G. biennis Linn. : stem herbaceous erect, hairy, mostly purplish ;
leaves alternate, sessile, lanceolate, toothed ; flowers numerous, ses-
sile, in terminal spikes ; fruit roundish, slightly 4-angled, pubescent.
Hab. Banks of streams. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. tf. — Stem
2 — 3 feet high. Flowers dark rose-coloured, sessile, in terminal
spikes.
3. CENOTHERA. Linn.
Calyx 4-sepalled ; scjjals united into a long 4-sided or
8-ribbed tube ; limb and part of the tube caducous. Petals
4. Stamens 8, erect or declined ; pollen triangular, viscous.
Stigma 4-cleft, or spherical. Capsule oblong-linear, obtusely
118 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
4-sided or obovate-clavate, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded,
united with the base of the calyx. Octandria. Monogynia.
* Capsule elongated, 4-sided, sessile.
1. (E. biennis Linn.: stem villous and scabrous; leaves alternate,
ovate-lanceolate, flat, toothed, very pubescent ; lower ones on short
petioles ; upper sessile ; flowers sessile, in a terminal spike ; petals ob-
cordate ; stamens shorter than the corol.
Hab. Fields. Throughout the U. S. June— Sept. 0 and q*.
— Stem 3 — 5 feet high. Flowers yellow, large, in a terminal
leafy spike. Scabis/i-tree. Primrose.
2. <E. mxiricata Linn.: stem purplish, muricate ; leaves lanceolate,
flat ; petals obcordate ; stamens as long as the corol.
Hab. Old fields. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. q". — Flowers yel-
low, smaller than in the preceding species. — According to De
Candolle it resembles the next, but the margin of the capsule is
not 8-cleft.
3. (E. parviflora Linn. : stem smooth, subvillous ; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, flat ; stamens longer than the corol ; capsule crowned with
an 8-cleft margin.
Has. Fields and woods. Can. to Virg. rare. ,j". — rursh.
4. (E. grandiflora Ait. : stem nearly smooth, branched ; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, mostly smooth ; flowers axillary, sessile, large ; petals
deeply obcordate ; stamens declining, shorter than the corol.
Hab. Fields. Penn. to Car. July, Aug. tf.—Stem 2—3 feet
high. Floicers axillary, very large, bright yellow. Introduced.
5. (E. sinuata Linn. : stem diffuse, pubescent ; leaves oval-oblong,
dentate-sinuate or incised ; flowers solitary, axillary, sessile, villous ;
capsule prismatic.
b. minima Nutt. : stem low, simple 1-flowered ; leaves entire. —
(E. minima Pursh.
Hab. Pine barrens. N. J. to Geor. W. to Miss. June. 11. —
Stem 1 — 6 inches high. Flowers small, terminal, yellow. Petals
obcordate.
** Capsules obovate-clavate, angular, mostly pedicellate.
6. (E. fruticosa Linn. : pubescent ; stem branching from the base,
divaricate ; leaves sessile, lanceolate, slightly toothed, acute, pilose ;
flowers in a terminal raceme ; petals broad-obcordate ; capsule oblong-
clavate, pedicellate, angled.
Hab. Shady woods. N. Y. to Geor. July. U.—Stem 12—18
inches high, purplish. Flowers pale yellow. Corol larger than
the stamens. Sun-drop. Shrubby (Enotfiera.
7. (E. ambigua Spreng. : more or less pilose ; stem simple ; leaves
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, subdenticulate ; petals obcordate,
longer than broad ; points of the calyx very short ; capsule eubsessile,
ONAGARLE. 119
v'ays smooth, oblong and 4 winged ; raceme naked below. — (E. fru-
Acosa var. ambigua Nutt.
Hab. Hills and dry woods. N. Y. Penn. Bart. July. If. —
Stem a foot or more high, simple. Floiccrs pale yellow, smaller
than in CE. friUicosa.
8. CE. incana Nutt. : stem slender, erect ; leaves flat, hoary and to-
mentose, very entire, elliptic-ovate, acute ; raceme few-flowered,
naked ; capsule subsessile, oblong and square.
Hab. Dry woods. N. Y. and Mar. Stem 6 — 8 inches high.
Flowers bright yellow. — Dr. Torrey supposes it to be a variety
of CE. fruticosa.
9. (E. hybrida Mich. : stem erect, villous ; leaves pubescent on both
sides, lanceolate, remotely toothed, undulate ; capsules somewhat
spiked, on short foot-stalks, ovate, 4-angled.
Hab. Old Fields. Penn. — Darlington. S. to Geor. July —
Sept. 11. — Stem 9 — 18 inches high. Floiccrs pale yellow.
Tube of the calyx 3 or 4 times as long as the segments.
10. (E. pumila Linn. : stem weak, smooth or slightly hairy ; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, very entire, obtuse, flat ; flowers small, in a termi-
nal raceme ; segments of the calyx longer than the tube ; capsule sub-
sessile, 8-angled. — (E. chrysantlia Mich.
Hab. Dry fields. N. S. to Car. July. 2L— Stem 8— 12 inches
high. Floieers small, bright yellow.
11. (E. pusilla Mich. : subpubescent ; stem nearly simple ; leaves
lanceolate-oblong, somewhat obtuse, entire ; flowers axillary at the
summit ; capsule sessile, clavate-turbinate, almost equally 8-angied.
Hab. High mountains. Penn. to Virg. — Pursh. July, Aug.
It. — Stem 6 — 8 inches high, erect. Flowers small, yellow.
12. (E. chrysantha Mich. : stem slender, minutely pubescent : leaves
lanceolate, rather obtuse, flat, entire ; segments of the calyx as long
again as the tube ; capsule clavate-sessile, acute, angled.
Hab. Mountains. Can. and N. S. July. 11. —Stem a foot
high. Floieers small, bright yellow. — I am induced to believe
that this is not distinct from the former, but that CE. chi-ysantha.
(E. pusilla and CE. canadensis of Goldie, are all mere varieties of
the same species, probably CE. pumila of Linnaeus.
4. ISNARDIA. Linn.
Tube of the cahjz ovate or subcylindric, short, adhering to
the ovary ; limb 4-parted, persistent. Petals sometimes 4,
alternating with the calyx ; sometimes none. Stamens 4.
Style filiform, deciduous. Stigma capitate. Capsule obov*ate
or nearly cylindrical, 4-sided, 4-valved, many-seeded.
Tetrandria. Monogynia.
* Petals 4. Ludwigia.
1. /. alternifolia De Cand. : stem erect, branched, nearly smooth ;
leaves alternate, lanceolate, somewhat scabrous on the margins and
120 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
under side ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered ; capsules obovate-globose,
4-angled, winged ; segments of the calyx large, ovate. — Ludwigia al-
tenvfotia, Linn. — L. macrocarpa Mich.
Hab. Swamps. Can. to Flor. July. 1[. — Stem 2 to 3 feet high.
Flowers yellow, on short peduncles.
2. /. uniflora Beck : stem straight, simple ; leaves alternate, lanceolate,
acute, smooth ; flower terminal ; petals longer than the calyx. — Lud-
wigia uniflora Raf. Torr.
Hab. N. Jersey. — This seems to be sufficiently distinct. — Dr.
Torrey, however, suggests that it is a variety of the former.
.3 /. hirsute, R. fy S. : stem erect, sparingly branched, hairy ; leaves
alternate, oblong, sessile, somewhat hirsute ; peduncles 1-flowered,
axillary; capsules globose, 4-angled, winged, hairy. — Ludwigia jnlosa
Walt. — L. hirsuta Lam.
Hab. Ditches and pools. July, Aug. Lf. — Stem 2 feet high.
Floicers yellow, axillary.
** Petals none. Isnardia.
4. /. palustris Linn. : stem prostrate, creeping, glabrous ; leaves op-
posite, ovate-lanceolate, tapering at base, petioled, smooth ; flowers
axillary, solitary, sessile ; capsule subovate, slightly angled. — Ludici-
gianitida Mich. Pursh. — L. palustris Ell. — L. apetala Walt.
Hab. Stagnant waters. Throughout the U. S. June. If. —
Stem succulent. Flowers solitary, axillary, sessile. Corol none.
Order XLII. CIRCjEACE^. hind.
Calyx superior, deciduous, tubular, with a two parted limb.
Petals 2, alternate with the lobes of the calyx. Stamens 2,
alternate with the petals, inserted into the calyx. Disk large,
cup-shaped, filling up the whole of the tube of the calyx and
projecting beyond it. Ovary 2-celled ; style simple ; stigma
emarginate. Fruit 2-celled, 2-valved, 2-seeded. Seed sol-
itary, erect ; albumen none ; embryo erect ; radicle short.
Herbs with opposite toothed and petioled leaves. Floicers
in terminal and lateral racemes, covered with uncinate hairs.
1. CIRCiEA. Linn.
Calyx short ; limb bipartite. Petals 2, obcordate. Sta*
tnen^ 2, alternating with the petals. Stigma emarginate.
Capsule ovate, hispid, with uncinate hairs, 2-celled, 2-valved,
2-seeded. Diandria. Monogynia.
1. C. lutctiana var. canadensis Linn. : stem erect ; leaves petioled,
ovate, remotely toothed, opaque, nearly smooth. — C. canadensis Muhl.
— C. lutctiana Big.
HALORAGEiE. 121
Hab. Moist woods. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 11. — Stem a foot
and a half high, smooth, simple. Floicers in long terminal ra-
cemes, reddfsh- white. Enchanter's Nightshade.
2. C. alpina Linn. : stem branched, very smooth, often procumbent ;
leaves broad-cordate, membranaceous, acutely toothed, shining.
Hab. Moist shady places on mountains. Can. to Car. July. If.
— Stem 6 — 8 inches high, somewhat diaphanous. leaves very
thin and delicate. Raceme filiform. — Many botanists consider
this a mere variety of the preceding.
Order XLII1. HALORAGE^. Be Cand. Lind.
Calyx superior, with a minute limb. Petals minute, in-
serted into the summit of the calyx, or wanting. Stamen,*
inserted into the same place, mostly equal in number to the
petals. Ovary adhering inseparably to the calyx, with one
or more cells ; styles none ; stigmas equal in number to the
cells. Fruit dry, indehiscent, membranous or bony, with 1
or more cells. Seeds solitary; albumen fleshy; embryo
straight, in the axis ; radicle superior.
Herbs, growing in wet places, with alternate, opposite or
whorled leaves. Flowers sessile, occasionally monoecious or
dioecious.
1. PROSERPINACA. Linn.
Tube of the calyx adhering to the triquetrous ovary ; limb
3-parted. Petals none. Stamens 3. Stigmas 3, sessilo
upon the top of the ovary. Carpels 3, indehiscent, dry, con-
creted into a 3-sided fruit. Triandria. Trigynia.
1. P. palustris Linn. : upper leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate ; lower
ones often pinnatifid ; fruit angular, acute. — P. palustris var. a. Mirk.
Hab. Wet places. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 2_f. — Stem pro-
cumbent. Leaves alternate, sessile. Floicers axillary, nearly
sessile. Mermaid Weed.
2. P. pectinata Lam. : leaves all pinnatifid-pectinate ; nut large,
angular, obtuse. — P. palustris var. b. Mich.
Hab. Wet grounds. N. J. to Geor. Aug. 2_f. — Distinguished
from the former, by having the leaves all finely pectinate and the
fruit with rather obtuse angles.
2. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Linn.
Flowers monoecious or rarely perfect. Sterile Fl. Ca-
lyx 4-parted. Petals 4-lobed, alternating with the calyx,
ovate, caducous. Stamens 4 — 6—8. Perfect Fl. Calyx
11
122 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
adhering to the ovary ; limb 4-lobed. Petals none. Nuts 4,
compressed or subglobose, 1-seeded. ,
Monoecia. Polyandria*
* Flmccrs octandrous.
1. M. spicatum Linn. : leaves verticillate, pinnately divided ; lobes
capillary ; spike terminal, nearly naked ; floral leaves shorter than the
flower ; lower ones subserrate and mostly very entire.
Hab. In water. Can. and N. S. Aug., Sept. If. — Stem slen-
der, branched. Leaves in whorls, by fours, pectinate.
Water Milfoil.
2. M. verticillatum Linn. : leaves verticillate, pinnately divided ;
lobes capillary, opposite ; spike terminal, leafy ; floral leaves all pin-
nately divided, much longer than the flowers, and scarcely distinct
from the leaves.
Hab. In water. Can. to Car. July. 11. — Upper flowers some-
times perfect.
** Flowers hexandrous.
3. M. heterophyllum Mich. : leaves verticillate, pinnately divided into
capillary lobes ; spike terminal, nearly naked ; floral leaves opposite,
ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, longer than the flowers. — Potamogeton
verticillatum Walt.
Hab. In water. N. S. to Geor. July. 14-. — Stem simple.
Flowers purple.
*** Floicers tetrandrous.
4. M. capillaceum Torr. : leaves all capillary-pinnate ; flowers axil-
lary, opposite and alternate, tetrandrous, mostly perfect ; fruit quad-
rangular, formed of 4 cylindrical seeds.
Hab. Ponds. July, Aug. 11. — Floating-stem branched, di-
chotomous. Leaves hair-like.
5. M. ambiguum Nutt. : leaves petiolate, pinnate, the lowest ones
capillary ; emerging ones pectina'.e ; uppermost nearly entire, subser-
rate ; anthers partly oblong ; fruit quadrangular.
b. limosum Nutt. : stem rooting, erect ; leaves rigid, partly entire,
or divided above, mostly trifid ; segments setaceous and acute.
— Purshia humilis Rqf. ?
Hab. Ponds. N. J. July. 11. — Floating in extensive masses.
Stem dichotomous. Leaves attenuated so as to appear petioled,
pectinately pinnatifid. Floicers axillary, solitary, sessile. —
var. b. Miry shores of the Delaware, N. J. Stem erect, 2 — 4
inches high, decumbent and rooting. Leaves rigid and spreading,
very narrow, setaceous and acute. Flowers as in the preceding,
but the anthers are roundish.
6. M. tencllum Big. : stem simple, nearly leafless, erect, somewhat
rooting at base ; leaves in form of scales, alternate, entire ; upper ones
bearing flowers in the axils ; spike terminal, interrupted; flowers alter-
nate.
HALORAGE.E. 123
Hab. Ponds. Mass. July. 21.. — Stem 4 — 12 inches high.
Flowers alternate, sessile. Petals white, 3 times as long as the
calyx.
7. M. procumbens Big. : stem procumbent, round, rooting, branched ;
leaves pinnatifid with five or six narrow segments ; flowers axillary,
solitary, sessile.
Hah. Ponds. Danvers, Mass. — Resembles M. scabralum of Mi-
chaux.
3. CALLITRICHE. Linn.
Fh?ccrs perfect or imperfect. Bracts 2, opposite, petaloid.
Calyx (corol of authors) inconspicuous. Petals none. Ste-
rile Fl. Stamen 1, (rarely 2) with the filament filiform and
exserted ; anthers renilorm. Fe utile Fl. Styles 2, filiform,
glandular. Capsule compressed, 2-cclled, 4-seeded.
Monandria% Digynia.
1. C. rcma var. intermedin Jlifhl. : upper leaves spatulate-obovate.
lower ones linear, obtuse and emarginate ; flowers polygamous ; mar-
gins of the capsule obtuse. — C. keterophijlla Pnrsh. — C. vernaMich. — C.
oquatica Big.
Hab. In shallow streams. Throughout the U. S. May — Aug.
0. — Stem floating, sometimes 2 or 3 feet long. Uppermost
leaves crowded into a stellated tuft, and 3-nerved. Floicers soli-
tary, axillary, white.
2. C. aulumnalis Linn. : leaves all linear, 1-nerved, truncate or emar-
ginate ; capsule with acute margins ; flowers perfect. — C. linearis Pursh.
Hab. Ponds, &c. N. S. May. <p. — Scarcely differing from
the former, except in having the leaves more generally linear.
3. C. terrcstris Raf. : procumbent, diffused ; leaves oblong, uniform,
rather obtuse ; capsule grooved on the margin. — C. brevifolia Pvrsh.
Hab. Swamps, &c. N? Y. to Virg. June — Aug. 0. — Stem
creeping Leaves crowded, short obtuse. Floicers polygya-
4. HIPPURIS. Linn.
Tube of the calyx adnate to the ovary ; limb minute, entire.
Petals none. Stamen 1, inserted into the margin of the calyx.
Style filiform, received into a groove of the anther. Nut 1-
seeded, crowned with the margined limb of the calyx.
Monanclria. Monogynia.
JI. vulgaris Linn. : leaves whorled, linear, acute.
Hab. Ponds and lakes. N. Y. and Penn. Aug. If. — Stem
12 — 18 inches high, simple, erect. Leaves linear, mostly in
whorls of eight. Flowers at the base of the upper whorls, one
to each leaf, sessile, minute. Mare's Tail.
124 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Order XLIV. PODOSTEMEjE. Lind.
Flowers naked, monoclinous, bursting through an irregu*
larly lacerated spathe. Stamens hypogynous, varying from
2 to an indefinite number, monadelphous, alternately sterile
and shorter. Ovary, free, spuriously 2-celled ; ovules nu-
merous ; styles two or none ; stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit slightly
pedicillate, capsular, opening by two valves, which fall off
from the dissepiment which is parallel with them. Seeds
numerous, minute, their structure unknown, or according to
Von Martius, entirely simple.
Herbs with floating stems. Leaves capillary or linear, or
irregularly lacerated, or minute and imbricated. Flowers mi-
nute.
1. PODOSTEMUM. Mick.
Monoecious. Calyx and corol none. Stamens 2, affixed
to a common pedicel. Germ ovate. Stigma 1, sessile. Cap-
suk. 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds minute.
Monoecia. Diandria.
P. ceratophyllu7?i Mich.
Hab. Rocks in streams. Del. to Car. July. It. — Stem fili-
form, floating. Leaves pinnate. Flowers axillary.
Order XLV. CERATOPHYLLE^. De Cand. Lind.
Flowers monoecious. Calyx inferior, many-parted. Sta-
mens 12 — 20 ; filaments wanting ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary
superior, 1-celled ; ovule solitary, pendulous ; stigma filiform,
oblique, sessile. Nut 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent, termi-
nated by the hardened stigma. Seed pendulous, solitary ; al-
bumen none ; embryo with 4 cotyledons, alternately smaller ;
pfomula many-leaved ; radicle superior.
Floating herbs with multifid cellular leaves.
1. CERATOPHYLLUM. Linn.
Monoecious. Calyx many-parted. Sterile Fl. Corol
none. Stamens 16 — 20; anthers tricuspidate. Fertile Fl.
Corol none. Style 1, filiform. Nut 1-seeded.
Monoecia, Polyandria*
C. d^cmersum Linn. : fruit armed with 3 spines.
SALICARIvE. 125
Hab. Under water. N. Y. to Virg. July. It-Stem long, slen-
der. Leaves verticillate, in eights. Floicers axillary, solitary,
very minute. Hornwort.
Order XLVI. SALICAROS. hind.
Calyx with one sepal, the lohes with a valvate or separate
rcstivation. Petals inserted between the lobes of the calyx,
very deciduous, sometimes wanting. Stamens inserted into
the tube of the calyx below the petals, to which they are some-
times equal in number ; sometimes twice, thrice or four
times the number ; seldom four ; anthers adnate, 2-celled ;
ovary superior, 2 — 4-celled ; style filiform ; stigma usual-
ly capitate. Capsule membranous, covered by the calyx,
usually 1-celled. Seeds numerous, small, without albumen /
embryo straight ; radicle turned towards the hilum. Cotyle-
dons flat and leafy.
Herbs rarely shrubs. Leaves opposite, seldom alternate,
entire. Flowers axillary or in terminal spikes or racemes.
1. AMMANNIA. Linn.
Calyx campanulate, S-toothed. Petals 4, or none. Sta-
mens 4. Capsule 4-cellcd, many-seeded, 1-celled.
Tetrandria. Monogynia,
1. A. ramosior Linn. : stem erect, somewhat 4-sided ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, dilated at the base ; flowers axillary, sessile ; the lower
ones compactly whorled ; the upper ones solitary ; petals 4, obovate-
roundish ; stamens 4.
Hab. Salt meadows. N. J. to Car. Aug., Sept. ^. — Stem
4 — 8 inches high ; sometimes much higher. Flowers purple,
minute.
2. A. huviilis Mich. : stem procumbent at the base, square, some-
what branched ; leaves narrow-lanceolate, tapering at base ; flowers
sessile, solitary, axillary ; petals 4, orbiculate ; stamens 4. — A. ramo-
sior Walt.
Hab. Damp grounds. N. Y. to Car. Aug. #. — Stem 4—8
inches high, much more slender than in the former. Floicers
small, blue.
2. LYTIIRUM. Linn.
Calyx cylindric, striate, 8—12 toothed. Petals 4 — 6, in-
serted into the calyx. Stamens as many or twice as many
as the petals, sometimes fewer. Style filiform. Stigma capi-
tate. Capsule oblong, 2-celled, many seeded.
Icosandria. Monogynia*
11*
126 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
1. L. salicaria var. pubescens Pursh : pubescent ; leaves opposite and
ternate, sessile, lanceolate, cordate at the base ; flowers with 12 sta-
mens, terminal, verticillate-spiked ; capsule oblong.
Hab. Wet meadows. Can. and N. S. July, Aug. If. — Stem 2 feet
high. Flowers purple, very showy. — Pvrsh. Purple Loosestrife
2. L. kyssopifolia Linn. : stem sparingly branched, square ; leaves
alternate and opposite, linear-lanceolate, somewhat obtuse ; flowers
axillary, subsessile, shorter than the leaves ; bracts acute, small ; pe-
tals 4 — 6, oblong ; stamens 5 — 8.
Hab. Low grounds. N. Y. Nutt. U-—Stcm 12—18 inches
high. Flowers pale purple. I have a specimen from Connecti-
cut which agrees exactly with Elliott's L. lanceolatum the L. vir-
gatum of Walter, and I am inclined to believe that these two
plants have been confounded.
3. CUPHEA. Jacq.
Calyx tubular, ventricose, 6 — 12 toothed, unequal. Petals
6 — 7, unequal. Stamens 11 — 14, rarely 6 — 7, unequal.
Style filiform. Stigma simple or sub-bifid. Capsule mem-
branaceous, 1 — 2-celled, at length bursting longitudinally.
Icosandria. Monogynia.
C. viscosissima Jacq. : viscous ; leaves opposite, petioled, ovate-oblong,
a little rough ; flowers lateral, solitary, on short peduncles ; calyx 6-
toothed ; petals 6 ; stamens 12.
Hab. Mountains. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Ken. Sept. 0.—
Stein 12 — 18 inches high, erect, branching. Floicers purple. —
Dr. Matthew Stevenson has found this plant on the wet ground*
near Cambridge, N. Y.
4. DECODON. Gmel. De Cand.
Calyx hemippheric-campanulate, 10-toothed, 5 teeth longer
and spreading. Petals 5, undulate. Stamens 10, 5 very
long. Capsule covered with the calyx, 3-celled, 3-valved.
Seeds minute, apterous. Icosandria. Monogynia.
D. verticillatum Ell. — Lythrum verticillatmn Linn.
Hab. Swamps. Can. to Flor. Aug. H-— Stem 2—3 feet high,
erect, pubescent. Leaves opposite and alternate, sometimes by
threes, lanceolate, petiolate. Floicers axillary, whorled. Pe-
tals undulate, purple. Fruit subglobose. Swamp Willow-herb.
Order XL VII. MELASTOMACE^E. De Cand. Lind.
Calyx with 4 or 5 teeth or divisions, which are more or less
deep, or are sometimes united and separate from the tube like
a lid. Petals equal to the segments of the calyx, perigynous.
CUCURBITACE^E. ' 127
Stamens usually twice as many as the petals, sometimes equal
to them in number ; anthers long, 2-celled. Ovary more or
less coherent with the calyx, with several cells, and indefinite
ovules ; style 1 ; stigma simple, either capitate or minute.
Pericarp either dry or distinct from the calyx, or succulent
and combined with it, with several cells. Seeds innumerable,
minute, without albumen ; embryo straight or curved, with
equal or unequal cotyledons.
Herbs, trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, undivided, usu"
ally entire, with several ribs..
1. RHEXIA. Broicn.
Calyx with the tube ventricose-ovate at base, narrowed at
the apex ; the limb 4-cleft. Petals 4, obovate. Anthers 8,
attached to the filaments behind, naked at base. Capsule free
in the calyx, 4-celled. Receptacle lanceolate, pedicellate.
Seeds cochleate. Octandria. Monogynia.
1. R. mariana Linn. : very hairy ; leaves lanceolate, acute at each
end, 3-nerved, subpetiolate ; calyx tubular, nearly smooth.
Hab. Bogs. N. J. to Car. July, Aug. If.— Stem 1—2 feet
high. Leaves sometimes ovate-lanceolate, serrate, ciliate. Pe-
tals obovate, hairy on the outer surface, purple.
2. R. ciliosa Mich. : stem nearly square, smooth; leaves subpetiolate,
oval, serrulate, ciliate, 3-nerved, smooth beneath, slightly hispid above;
flowers with an involucre. — R.pctiolata Walt.
Hab. Del. to Car. July. IS.— Stem 12—18 inches high. Flow-
ers in a loose dichotomous panicle, purple, with an involucre
of leaves at the base of each.
3. R. virginica Linn. : stem with winged angles, somewhat hairy,
square ; leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, serrate, 3 — 7 nerved,
sprinkled with hairs on both sides ; corymbs dichotomous.
Hab. Wet meadows. N. Y. to Car. July. Lf. — Stem a foot
high. Floicers large, purple. Deer Grass.
Order XLV1II. CUCURBITACEjE. De Cand. Lind.
Flowers usually declinous, sometimes monoclinous. Ca-
lyx 5-toothed, sometimes obsolete. Corol 5-parted, scarcely
distinguishable from the calyx, very cellular, with strongly
marked reticulated veins, sometimes fringed. Stamens 5,
either distinct, or cohering in 3 parcels ; anthers 2-celled,
very long and sinuous. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 3 pa-
rietal placentas ; style short ; stigmas very thick, velvety or
128 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
fringed. Fruit fleshy, more or less succulent, (a pepo.)
Seeds flat, ovate, enveloped in an arillus, which is either juicy
or dry and membranous; embryo flat, with no albumen ; co-
tyledons foliaceous, veined ; radicle next the hilum.
Stem succulent, climbing by means of tendrils formed by
abortive leaves. Leaves palmated, or with palmate ribs.
1. SICYOS. Linn.
Flowers monoecious. Sterile Fl. Calyx 5-toothed ;
teeth subulate. Carol 5-pnrted. Filaments 3 ? (or rather 5,
in 3 sets.) Fertile Fl. Style trifid. Stigma somewhat
thick, trifid. Fruit l-seeded, often spiny.
Monoecia. Monadelphia.
S. angulaius Linn. : leaves cordate, 5-angled, toothed, scabrous ;
lobes acuminate ; tendrils umbellate ; sterile flowers corymbose-,
capitate, with the common peduncle long ; fertile ones sessile.
Hab. Banks of streams. Can. to Car. June. 0. — A small
procumbent vine. Floioers whitish with green. Fruit small,
ovate, hispid. Single-seeded Cucumber.
2. MOMORDICA. Linn.
Flowers monoecious. Sterile Fl. Calyx 5-cleft ; tube
very short. Carol 5-parted. Stamens in 3 sets ; anthers
connate. Fertile Fl. Style 3-cleft. Ovary 3-celled.
Fruit often muricate, bursting elastically when mature.
Monoecia. Monodelphia.
M. ? echinata Muhl. : leaves cordate, angularly 5-lobed ; lobes acu-
minate, very entire, glabrous, tendrils many-cleft; fruit roundish, se-
taceous-echinate, 4-seeded. — Sicyos lobata Mich.
Hab. Banks of streams. Penn. W. to Michigan. Aug. 0.
— Plant climbing. Fruit 1 — 2 inches long. Balsam Apple.
3. MELOTHRIA. Linn.-
Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Calyx 3 — 5 toothed. Corol
campanulate. Filaments 5, in three sets. Fertile Fl.
Calyx and corol as in the sterile. Style 1. Stigmas 3, fim-
briate. Fruit 3-celled, many-seeded.
Monoecia. Monadelphia.
M. pendula Linn. : leaves somewhat reniform, lobed and angled,
slightly hispid ; fruit oval, smooth, pendulous.
Hab. Banks of streams. Penn. to Car. June. 0. — A slender
vine running over small shrubs and herbs. Stem hairy. Leaves
on petioles. Tendrils 5 — 6 inches long. Flowers axillary, yel-
low, the sterile in small racemes, the fertile solitary.
Small Creeping Cucumber,
PORTULACE.*:. 129
Order XLIX. PASSIFLOREjE. De Cand. Lind.
Sepals 5, sometimes irregular, combined in a tube of varia-
ble length, the sides and throat of which are lined by filament-
ous or annular processes, apparently metamorphosed petals.
Petals 5, arising from the throat of the calyx, on the outside of
the filamentous processes, occasionally wanting, sometimes
irregular, imbricated in aestivation. Stamens 5, monadel-
phous, rarely indefinite, surrounding the stalk of the ovarium ;
anthers turned outwards, linear, 2-celled, bursting longitudi-
nally. Ovary seated on a long stalk, superior, 1-celled ;
styles 3, arising from the same point, clavate ; stigmas dilated.
Fruit surrounded by the calyx, stalked, 1-celled, with 3 parie-
tal polyspermous placentae, sometimes 3-valved. Seeds at-
tached in several rows to the placenta, with a bristle sculp-
tured testa surrounded by a pulpy arillus ; embryo straight, in
the midst of fleshy thin albumen ; radicle turned towards the
hilum ; cotyledons flat, leafy.
Herbs or shrubs usually climbing. Leaves alternate, with
leafy stipules.
1. PASSIFLORA. Juss.
Calyx 5-parted, coloured, with the tube very short. Petals
5, or none, inserted into the calyx. Stamens 5, monadelphous.
Crown of many filiform rays. Berry often pulpy, rarely sub-
membranaceous, pedicelled. Monadelphia. Pentandria.
1. P. lutca Linn.: leaves cordate, 3-lobed, obtuse, nearly smooth ;
petioles without glands ; peduncles axillary, in pairs ; petals much
longer than the calyx.
Hab. Banks of streams. Penn. to Flor. June — Aug. 21. —
Stem climbing, slender. Flowers small, greenish-yellow.
Yellow Passion-floiccr.
2. P. incarnata Linn. : leaves smooth, subcuneate at base, 5-nervedr
deeply 3-cleft ; lobes oblong, acute ; petioles with 2 glands ; involucre
3-leaved ; leafets lanceolate, glandular-serrate ; ovary villose.
Hab. Banks of streams. Del. to Flor. Sept. 11 — Stan long,
climbing. Petals white. Nectary purple, longer than the corol.
Fruit subacid and spongy, eatable.
Order L. PORTULACE^. Dc Cand. Lind.
Sepals 2, seldom 3 or 5, cohering by the base. Petals ge-
nerally 5, occasionally 3, 4, or 6, either distinct, or cohering
in a short tube, sometimes wanting. Stamens inserted along
130 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
with the petals irregularly into the base of the calyx, variable
in number, all fertile, sometimes opposite the petals ; filaments
distinct ; anthers versatile, with 2-cells, opening lengthwise.
Ovary superior, l-celled ; style single, or none ; stigmas sev-
eral, much divided. Capsule l-celled, dehiscing either trans-
versely or by 3 valves, occasionally 1-seeded and indehiscent.
Seeds numerous, if the fruit is dehiscent; attached to a cen-
tral placenta ; albumen farinaceous ; embryo curved round
the circumference of the albumen, with a long radicle.
Succulent shrubs or herbs. Leaves alternate, seldom oppo-
site, entire, without stipules, or sometimes with membrana-
ceous ones on each side at the base.
1. PORTULACCA. Linn.
Calyx inferior, 2-parted. Petals 4 — 6, equal, inserted into
the calyx. Stamens 8 — 15. Style 1, 3 — 6-cleft at the apex,
or s/2//« none, and stigmas 3 — 8-elongated. Capsule subglo-
blose, l-celled, many-seeded, opening circularly.
Polyandria. Monogynia.
P. oleracea Linn. : leaves cuneiform, fleshy, smooth ; axils genicu-
late, naked ; flowers sessile.
Hab. Near gardens, &c. N. S. May — Aug. ©. — Stem spread-
ing, succulent. Floxvers yellow. Introduced. According to
Mr. N uttall it is indigenous on the plains of the Missouri.
Purslane*
2. TALINUM. Sims.
Calyx of 2 ovate deciduous sepals. Petals 5, distinct, or
somewhat concreted at base. Stamens 10 — 20. Style fili-
form, cleft at the apex. Capside l-celled, 3-valved, many-
seeded. Polyandria. Monogynia.
T. teretifolium Pursh. : leaves terete, subulate, fleshy ; cyme terminal,
dichotomous corymbose ; flowers pedunculate, polyandrous.
Hab. Rocks. Penn. to Virg.. July — Sept. 11. — Root of a firm
and fleshy consistence. Stem 4 — 10 inches high. Leaves crowd-
ed, cylindrical, incurved, 1—2 inches long. Floicers reddish-
purple. — A figure and detailed description of this handsome little
plant are given by Dr, Darlington in his Florula Cestrica.
3, CLAYTONIA- Linn.
Calyx of 2 ovate or roundish persistent sepals. Petals 5,
obcordate or obovate, unguiculate. Stamens 5, inserted into
the claws of the petals. Ovary sessile. Style 3-cleft. Cap*
sule l-celled, 3-valved, 3— 5-seeded.
Pentandria. Monogynia*
ILLECEBRE.E. 131
C. virginica Linn. : leaves about 2, opposite, linear-lanceolate, thick;
flowers in a loose simple raceme ; sepals somewhat acute.
b. latifolia Torr. leaves ovate-lanceolate ; sepals obtuse. — C. spa-
thuUrfulia Nvtt. .'
Hab. Wet meadows. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. April, May.
2£ . — Stem 6 — 10 inches high, erect or procumbent. Flowers
rose-red, in a raceme. Varies much in the form of the leaves.
Var. b. often supersedes the common variety. Spring Beauty.
Order LI. 1LLECEBRE.E. Lind.
Sepals 5, seldom 3 or 4, distinct or more or less cohering.
Petals minute, inserted upon the calyx between the lobes, oc-
casionlly wanting. Stamens perigynous, exactly opposite the
sepals, if equal to them in number, sometimes fewer by abor-
tion ; filaments distinct ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior ;
styles 2 or 3, distinct or partially combined. Fruit small, dry,
1-celled, either indehisccnt, or opening with 3-valves. Seeds
either numerous, upon a free central placenta, or solitary and
pendulous from a funiculus originating in the base of the cavi-
ty of the fruit ; albumen farinaceous ; embryo lying on one
side of the albumen, more or less curved, with the radicle al-
ways pointing to the hilum ; cotyledons small.
Herbs or half shrubby plants. Leaves opposite or alter-
nate, entire, with scarious stipules.
1. ANYCHIA. Mick.
Calyx 5-parted ; sepals connivent, subsaccate, callous at
the apex. Petals none. Stamens 3 — 5 ; filaments distinct.
Style none. Stigmas 2, subcapitate. Capsules indehiscent,
1-seeded, surrounded by the calyx.
Pentandria. Monogynia.
1. A. dichotoma Mich. : stem erect or spreading, dichotomously
branched, pubescent ; leaves opposite, lanceolate, smooth, acute ;
flowers solitary, terminal and axillary, very minute, on very short pedi-
cels, about as long as the stipules. — A. canadensis Ell. — Queria cana-
densit Linn.
Hab. Dry soils. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. #.— Stem 6— 12
inches high, very pubescent. Fluicers solitary, terminal, very
minute. Forked Clmkicecd.
2. A. capillacca Dc Cand. : stem very smooth and slender ; leaves
ovate ; stipules shorter than the flowers ; flowers remote. — A. dichoto-
my b. Torr. — Queria capillacca Nutt.
Hab. Pine barrens. N.J. Aug. 0.— Probably only a variety
of the former.
132 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Order LII. SCLERANTHE.E. Lind.
Floicers monoclinous. Calyx 4 or 5-toothed, with an urce-
olate tube. Stamens 1 — 10, inserted into the orifice of the
tube. Ovary simple, superior, 1-seeded. Styles 1 or 2,
emarginate at the apex. Fruit a membranous utricle, enclosed
within the hardened calyx. Seed pendulous from the apex of
a funiculus, which arises from the bottom of the cell ; embryo
cylindrical, curved round farinaceous albumen.
Small herbs. Leaves opposite, without stipules.
1. SCLERANTHUS. Linn.
Calyx 5-cleft, persistent ; tube urceolate. Petals none.
Stamens 10, rarely 5 or 2. Styles 2. Capsule very smooth,
without valves, covered by the indurated tube of the calyx.
Decandria. Digynia.
S. annuus Linn. : stems spreading, slightly .pubescent ; flowers de»
candrous ; calyx of the fruit spreading, acute.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. S. July. ©. — Stems numerous, pro-
cumbent. Floicers very small, green, in axillary fascicles.
Knawel.
Order LIII. CRASSULACE.E. De Cand. Land.
Sepals 3 — 20, more or less united at the base. Petals in-
serted in the bottom of the calyx, distinct or cohering in a mo-
nopetalous corol. Stamens inserted with the petals, either
equal to them in number and alternate with them, or twice as
many ; filaments distinct, subulate ; anthers 2-celled, burst-
ing lengthwise. Hypogynous scales several, 1 at the base of
each ovary, sometimes obsolete. Ovaries as many as the
petals, 1-celled, tapering into stigmas. Fruit consisting of
several follicles, opening by the suture in their face. Seeds
attached to the margins of the suture, variable in number ;
embryo straight in the axis of the albumen, with the radicle
pointing to the hilum.
Succulent herbs or shrubs. Leaves entire or pinnatifid ;
stipules none. Flowers usually in cymes, sessile, often ar-
ranged unilaterally along the divisions of the cymes.
FICOIDE.E. 133
1. TILL^A. Link.
Calyx 3 — 4-parted. Petals 3 — 4, oblong, acuminate.
Stamens 3 — 4. Scales none or minute. Carpels 3 — 4,
somewhat contracted in the middle, 2-seeded.
Tetrandria. Tctragynia.
T. simplex Nutt. : stem erect and simple ; leaves connate, oblong-
linear and somewhat acute ; flowers alternate, sessile ; petals erect,
twice as long as the cal}-x.
Hab. Muddy banks of streams. N. S. July. Aug. 0. — Plant
minute. — Mr. Xuttall has given a figure and detailed description
of this plant in the Journal of the Philadelphia Acad. i. 114.
2. SEDUM. Linn.
Calyx 5-parted ; sepals ovate, often turgid and leafy. Pe-
tal* 5, often spreading. Stamens twice the number of the
petals. Carpels j, with a nectariferous scale at the base of
each. Dccandria. Pentagynia.
1. S. tcrnaUnn Mich. : stem creeping, a little scabrous ; leaves flat,
rounded-spathulate, ternate ; cymes mostly 3-spiked ; terminal flow-
ers decandrous ; the rest octandrous. — fif. portulaccoides MuhL
Hab. Rocks. Penn. to Car. May. 21. — Stem 4 — 6 inches
long. Loiccr leaves rounded, the upper lanceolate. Flowers
white, sessile. Stone Crop.
2. 8. dhpliioidcs Mich. : leaves ovate, flat, acute at each end, tooth-
ed ; corymb fasciculate, many-flowered.
Hab. Rocks. N. J. to Car. July. 1[. — Stem branching. Leaves
alternate, sometimes oval. Corymb terminal, many-parted.
Flowers pale purple.
3. PENTHORUM. Linn.
Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Carpels 5, con-
creted at base into a capsule. Capsule 5-beaked, 5-celled,
5-sided at the apex. Seeds many.
Dec a n dria . Pentagyn ia .
P. sc/loulcs Linn. : stem branched, angular above : leaves alternate,
lanceolate, subsessile, unequally serrate ; flowers in terminal one-sided
spikes or racemes ; seeds numerous, elliptical.
Hah. Overflowed grounds. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 24*. —
Stem 12 — 18 inches high. Flowers white or pale yellow.
Virginian Stone Crop.
Order LI V. FICOIDE.E. De Cand. Lind.
Sepals definite, usually 5, but varying from 4 to 8, more or
less combined at the base, equal or unequal. Petals indefi-
12
134 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
rrite, coloured, opening beneath bright sunshine, sometimes
wanting. Stamens arising from the calyx, definite or indefi-
nite, distinct ; anthers oblong, incumbent. Ovary inferior, or
nearly superior, many-celled ; stigmas numerous, distinct.
Capsule either surrounded by the fleshy calyx, or naked, many-
celled, often 5-celled, opening in a stellate manner at the apex.
Seeds definite or indefinite ; embryo lying on the outside of
mealy albumen, curved or spiral.
Shrubs or herbs. Leaves succulent, opposite, simple.
1. SESUVIUM. Linn.
Calyx 5-parted, persistent, lobes coloured within. Petals
none. Stamens 15 — 30, inserted at the top of the short caly-
cine tube. Ovary free, sessile. Style none. Stigmas 3 — 5.
Capsule 3, rarely 4 — 5-celled, opening circularly, many-seed-
ed. Icosandria. Di-Pentagynia.
S. portulaca strum Linn. : leaves linear or lanceolate-oblong, flat ;
flowers pedicelled or subsessile.
Hab. Sea coast. N. J. to Flor. June — Sept. ZL— Stem suc-
culent. Leaves opposite, entire. Floicers solitary, axillary, red-
dish.— " Varies with flowers upon long pedicels, S. pedunculatum
Pers. and with the flowers subsessile, §. sessile Pers." — De Cand.
Order LV. CACTE^E. De Cand. Lind.
Septals numerous, usually indefinite and confounded with
the petals, either crowning the ovary or covering its whole sur-
face. Petals numerous, usually indefinite. Stamens indefi-
nite, more or less cohering with the petals and sepals ; fila-
ments longer, filiform ; anthers ovate. Ovary fleshy, 1-cell-
ed ; style filiform ; stigmas numerous, collected in a cluster.
Fruit succulent, 1-celled, many-seeded, smooth or covered
with scales, scars or tubercles. Seeds without albumen ; em-
bryo straight, curved or spiral ; cotyledons flat, thick, folia-
ceous
Succulent shrubs, very variable in form. Leaves mostly
wanting ; when present fleshy, smooth, and entire or spine-
like.
1. OPUNTIA. Tourn.
Sepals numerous, leafy, adnate to the ovary ; outer ones
flat, short ; inner ones petal-like, obovate, rosaceous ; tube
GROSSULACEvE. 135
above the ovary none. Stamens numerous, shorter than the
petals. Style cvlindric, contracted at base. Stigmas many,
erect, thick. Berry ovate, umbilicate at the apex, tubercu-
late and often bearing spines. Icosandria. Monogynia.
0. vulgaris Dc Cand. : stems erect or procumbent, destitute of pro-
per leaves, articulately proliferous ; articulations compressed, ovate ;
spines setaceous ; flowers large, sessile on the margin of the joints ;
fruit succulent, smooth. — Cactus opuntia Linn.
Hab. Dry rocks and sandy soils. N. Y. to Car. and W. to Miss.
June, July. 2f.. — Flowers yellow, sessile. Fruit pulpy and eat-
able. Seeds numerous, immersed in the crimson pulp.
Prickly Pear.
Ordeh LVI. GROSSULACE/E. Lind.
Calyx 4 — 5-cleft, regular, coloured. Petals 4 — 5, minute,
inserted in the throat of the calyx. Stamens 4 — 5, inserted
alternately with the petals, very short. Ovary 1-celled ; style
2 — 4-cleft. Berry crowned with the remains of the flower,
1-celled ; the cell filled with pulp. Seeds numerous, suspend-
ed among the pulp by long filiform funiculi ; embryo minute,
with the radicle next the hilum ; albumen corneous.
Shrubs either unarmed or spiny. Leaves alternate, lobed.
1. RIBES. Linn.
Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens 5, rare-
ly 6; filaments free. Style 1 — 4 cleft. Berry 1-celled, ma-
ny-seeded. Pentandria. Monogynia.
* Stem without thorns. Ribesia.
1. R. albincrrium Mich. : unarmed ; leaves short, acutely lobed,
smoothish ; nerves white ; racemes recurved ; berries smooth.
Hab. Catskill mountains. N. Y. April, May. *?. — Floiccrs-
small, greenish-yellow. Berries red. Pursh.
2. R. trifidum Mich. ; unarmed ; leaves moderately lobed, smooth
above, pubescent beneath ; racemes loose, pubescent ; flowers rather
flat, with the segments of the calyx somewhat 3-cleft ; petals spatu-
late, obtuse ; berries hairy.
Hab. Mountains. Penn. April, May. Pursh. *p. — Branches
weak. Leaves with subacute lobes. Corol purple. Berries red.
3. R. rigens Mirh. : unarmed ; branches straight ; leaves on long
petioles, acutely lobed and dentate, reticulate-rugose, pubescent be-
neath ; racemes loose, many-flowered, becoming stiffly erect ; seg-
ments of the calyx obovate, obtuse ; berries hispid.
Hab. Mountains. N. S. May, June. *?. — Racemes few-flower-
ed, erect. Calyx and corol purple. Berries red, hispid.
Mountain Currant.
136 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
4. R. prostratum L'Herit. : unarmed ; branches smooth, reclined-
prostrate ; leaves lobed, nearly smooth, with the margin ciliate ; ra-
cemes somewhat erect, loose ; calyx rather flat ; petals deltoid ;
bracts minute ; berries hispid. — R. glandulosum Ait.
Hab. Mountains, N. H. and Penn. May. T?.— Shrub 2— 3 feet
high. Flowers reddish-yellow, in a loose raceme. Berries red.
5. R. flpridum Ullld. : unarmed ; branches smooth, recurved ; leaves
on long petioles, punctate both sides, acutely 3-lobed, pubescent ; ra-
cemes pendulous, many-flowered, white pubescent ; calyx tubular ;
bracts longer than the pedicels ; berries ovate-globose. — R. recurvatum
Mich. — R. pennsyl 'rani cum Lam.
Hab. Woods and hedges. Can. to Virg. N. to Subarc. Amer.
April, May. Tp. — Shrub 3 — 4 feet high. Floicers pale yellow,
12 — 15 in a pendulous raceme. Berries black and insipid.
Wild Black Currant.
** Stem thorny. Grossularia.
C. R. hirtcllum Mich. : spines subaxillary ; branches somewhat his-
pid ; leaves small, half 3-cleft ; lobes subdehtate ; peduncles 1-flower-
ed ; berries smooth.
Hab. Rocks on the Alleganies, Can. to Vir. May, June. J?. —
Berries red. Pursh.
7. R. gracile Mich. : spines subaxillary ; leaves on slender petioles,
pubescent on«both sides ; lobes acute, dentate, incised ; peduncles slen-
der, erect, about 2-flowered ; calyx tubular, campanulate ; berries often
spiny.
Hab. Mountains. N. Y. to Car. April — June. ^>. — Shrub
2 — 3 feet high. Petals white. Berries green becoming purple.
8. R. trijlorum IVilld. : spines subaxillary, short, leaves smooth,
3 — 5-lobed, incisely toothed, on short petioles ; peduncles about 3-
flowered ; pedicels elongated ; bracts very short ; petals spatulate,
undulate ; styles hairy, exserted, deeply 3-cleft j berries small, smooth.
Hab. Mountains. N. S. May, June. *?.— Shrub 3—4 feet
high. Petals white. Berries smooth, pale red, somewhat re-
sembling the common gooseberry. Wild Gooseberry.
9. R. oxycantfwides Linn. : larger spines subaxillary ; smaller ones
scattered over the stem •, leaves smooth, somewhat 3-lobed ; lobes den-
tafe ; peduncles short, about 2-flowered ; berries globose, smooth.
Hab. Rocks. April, May. f?. — Shrub 3 feet high. Flowers
pale yellow. Berries purplish-blue.
10. R. lacustre rursh : spines subaxillary, compound ; stem on every
part aculeate-hispid ; leaves lobed beyond the middle ; petioles villous ;
racemes pendulous, loose, 5 — 6-flowered ; berries hispid. — R. oxycan-
tltoidss var. lacustris Pars. — -R. oxycantlioides Mich.
Hab. Mountains. N. H. April— June. "*?. — Shrub 3 — 4 feet
high. Floicers small, greenish-yellow. Benics dark brown, his-
pid.
SAXIFRAGES. 137
11. R. cynosbati Jacq. : subaxillary spines in pairs ; leaves with short
lobes, incisely toothed, softly pubescent ; racemes nodding, few-flower-
ed ; calyx erect-campanulate ; berries prickly.
Hab. Mountains. N. H. and Penn. April, June. *>. — Racemes
few-flowered. Calyx white. Petals very small. Berry cover-
ed with long prickles. Prickly Gooseberry.
Order LVI1. SAXIFRAGES. De Cand. Lind.
Calyx either superior or inferior, 4 — 5-cleft. Petals 5, or
none, inserted between the lobes of the calyx. Stamens 5 — 1 0,
inserted either into the calyx, or beneath the ovary. Disk either
hypogynous or perigynous. Ovary inferior, or nearly supe-
rior, usually consisting of two carpels, 1 or 2-celled, rarely 4
or 5-celled. Styles none. Stigmas sessile on the tips of the
lobes of the ovary. Fruit a capsule or berry, with numerous
minute seeds. Embryo taper in the axis of a fleshy albumen.
Herbs. Leaves simple, alternate, without stipules.
1. HYDRANGEA. Linn.
Calyx hemispheric, adnate to the germ, 5-toothed. Petals
5, regular. Stamens 10. Styles 2, distinct. Capsule 2-
celled, crowned by the styles* and teeth of the calyx, opening
by a foramen between the styles. (Placed under Caprifolia-
cecz by Lindley.) Decandria. Digynia.
1. H. vulgaris Mich. : leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, dentate, ob-
tuse at base, smooth beneath ; flowers in terminal naked cymes. — H,
arborescens Li)in.
Hab. Rocky situations. Penn. Pursh. July. Tp. — Shrub
4 — 6 feet high. Floicers white.
2. H. radiata Wait. : leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate, serrate, to-
mentose and white beneath ; cymes terminal, radiate. — H. nivea Mich.
Hab. Penn.- to Geor. Muhl. July. *?. — Shrub 6 feet high.
Floicers white, very ornamental. Hydrangea.
2. SAXIFRAGA. Linn.
Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, entire, with short claws. Sta-
mens 10. Capside with 2-beaks, 2-celled, many-seeded, open-
ing between the beaks. Decandria. Digynia.
1. S. virginiensis Mich. : pubescent ; stem nearly leafless, corym-
bose-paniculate ; leaves oval, obtuse, crenate, narrowed at the base into
a petiole ; flowers subsessile; petals oval, much larger than the calyx;
capsule half inferior. — S. zemalis Big. — S. nivalis Muhl.
12*
138 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Rocky hills. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. April, May.
21. — Stem 4—12 inches high. Radicle leaves rather spathulate.
Flowers crowded near the extremities of the branches, white.
Early Saxifrage.
2. S. pennsylvanica Linn. : pubescent ; stem naked ; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, acute at each extremity, obsoletely denticulate ; panicle
oblong ; flowers fasciculate ; petals linear, longer than the calyx ; cap-
sule superior.
Hab. Wet grounds. N. S. May, June. It. — Stem 1 — 2 some-
times 3 — 4 feet high. Petals yellowish-green. Much larger
than the preceding. Root very astringent. Large Saxifrage.
3. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Linn.
Calyx 4 — 5-cleft, coloured. Corol none. Stamens 8 — 10.
Styles 2. Capsule with two beaks, 2-valved, at length 1-cell-
ed, many-seeded. Decandria. Digynia.
C. oppositifolium Linn. : leaves opposite, roundish, narrowed into a
petiole, slightly crenate.
Hab. Springs and brooks. Can. to Car. April, May. 11. —
Plant succulent, creeping, with small sessile flowers. Stamens
usually 8. Golden Saxifrage.
4. MITELLA. Linn.
Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Petals 5, inserted into the
calyx, laciniate or toothed. Stamens 10. Styles 2, united.
Stigmas scarcely distinct. Capsule 1-celled, 2 valved ; valves
equal. Decandria. Digynia.
1. M. diphylla Linn. : radicle leaves cordate-lobed, toothed and cili-
ate ; cauline ones 2, opposite, smaller ; flowers in a terminal raceme ;
petals toothed-pinnatifid ; calyx and capsule at length membranaceous.
Hab. On wet rocks, &c. N. S. May. U-— Stem 8—10 inches
high. Flowers small, white, in a long terminal spike.
False Sanicle,
2. M. cordifolia Linn. : radicle leaves cordate, sub-3-lobed, doubly
crenate ; scape naked or with a single leaf, scaly at base ; petals fim-
briate-pinnatifid. — M. nuda Willd. — M. reniformis Lam. Pursh.
Hab. Moist rocks. Can. and N. S. June. U- — Stem 6—8
inches high, sometimes prostrate with creeping suckers.
5. TIARELLA. Linn.
Calyx 5-parted, persistent, with the lobes obtuse. Petals
5, inserted into the calyx, unguiculate, entire. Stamens 10.
Styles 2, distinct. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved ; valves une-
qual. Decandria. Digynia.
UMBELLIFERvE. 139
T. cordifolia Linn. : leaves cordate, acutely lobed, dentate ; teeth
mucronate ; scape racemed ; petals with long claws.
Hab. Shady rocks. Can. and N. S. May. li.— Scape 8 — 10
inches high. Flowers white, in a simple terminal raceme.
Mtrc-irort.
6. HEUCHERA. Linn.
Calyx persistent, 5-cleft. Petals 5, inserted on the calyx.
Stamens 5. Styles 2, distinct, as long as the stamens. Cap-
sules with 2-beaks, 1-celled, many-seeded.
Pentandria. Digynia.
1. H. amcricana Linn. : vicidly pubescent ; scape and leaves some-
what scabrous ; leaves radical, on long pubescent petioles, with round-
ed and dentate lobes ; flowers in a long terminal panicle or thyrse ;
calyx short, obtuse ; petals lanceolate, as long as the calyx ; stamens
exserted. — H. cortusa JSLich. — H. viscida Pursh.
Hab. Shady rocks. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. June, July. If.—
Scape 2 — 3 feet high. Floiccrs small, red, in a long simple pani-
cle.— This species has been found by Dr. Samuel B. Mead near
North Salem, Westchester county, N. Y. Alum-root.
2. H. pubescens Pursh: pulverulent-pubescent ; scape smooth be-
low ; leaves somewhat acutely lobed, smooth beneath, toothed ; teeth
rounded, mucronate ; peduncles short, with crowded flowers ; calyx
large, bell-shaped; petals longer than the calyx ; stamens scarcely
exserted.
Hab. Mountains. Penn. and Virg. May, June. 2X. — Scape
2 feet high. Flowers large, red with yellow.
7.? ITEA. Linn.
Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate. Petals 5, linear reflexed, in-
serted into the calyx. Stamens 5. Style 1. Stigma capi-
tate, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved ; valves bent in-
wards. (Placed by Dr. Torrey, with a mark of doubt, under
this order ; by other botanists under Ericece. Its true place
does not appear to be fully settled.) Pentandria, Monogynia.
J. virginica Linn.
Hab. Borders of swamps. N. J. to Car. June. *?. — Shrub
4 — 8 feet high, branching. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, acumi-
nate, serrulate, pubescent beneath. Flowers white, in simple
terminal racemes.
Order LVIII. UM BELLI FERiE. De Cand. hind.
Calyx superior, either entire or 5-toothed. Petals 5, in-
serted on the outside of a fleshy disk. Stamens 5, alternate
140 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
with the petals. Styles 2, distinct; stigmas simple. Fruit
consisting of two carpels, which are attached to a common axis
by their face (the co?nmissure) from which they separate when
ripe ; each carpel traversed by ribs or ridges, of which 5 are
primary, and 4 alternating with them, secondary. Seed soli-
tary, pendulous ; embrijo minute, at the base of a horny albu-
men.
Herbs with fistular furrowed stems. Leaves mostly com-
pound and sheathing at the base. Flowers in umbels.
Suborder 1. ORTHOSPERMjE.
Albumen flat or flattish within.
* Umbels simple or imperfect.
1. HYDRQCOTYLE. Linn.
Calyx with the tube subcompressed, and the margin of the
limb obsolete. Petals ovate, entire, acute, with apex straight.
Fruit laterally compressed ; ribs 5, filiform, the middle and
lateral ones often obsolete. — Umbel simple. Involucre few-
leaved. Pentandria. Digynia.
1. H. intemtpta Muhl. : stem filiform, creeping, rooting at the joints,
smooth ; leaves peltate, orbicular, doubly crenate ; flowers 5 — 8 in
axillary umbellate heads.- — H. vulgaris Mich.
Ha^. Wet places. Can. to Geor. Pursh. June — Aug. 11. —
Flowers minute, white, in small umbels or bunches, which are
much shorter than the petioles. Marsh Penny-wort.
2. H. umbellata Linn. : stem glabrous, rooting at the joints; leaves
peltate-orbicular, doubly crenate ; emarginate at the base ; umbels
20 — 30-flowered ; flowers distinct, pedicelled.
Hab. Swamps. N. Y. to Geor. June— Aug. If. — Umbels on
peduncles longer than the leaves. Flowers white, minute.
3. H. americana Linn. : root tuberous ; stem filiform, with long
creeping suckers ; leaves reniform, slightly 7-lobed, crenate ; umbels
few-flowered, axillary, nearly sessile.
Hab. Moist places. Can. to Geor. June, July. 11 . — Leaves
nearly orbicular, 9-nerved. Umbels 4 — 6 flowered, axillary.
Petals greenish- white.
4. H. cymbalarifolia Muhl. : creeping, glabrous ; leaves reniform,
3-lobed, the intermediate one smaller, cordate, crenate ; umbels
Few-flowered, on peduncles ; flowers nearly sessile. — H. ranunculoides
Linn.f.Torr.
Hab. Penn. to Geor. June. H. — Differs from the former in
having the leaves smaller, more coriaceous in their texture, more
UMBELLIFERiE. 141
distinctly lobed, and in having the umbel pedunculate. — Spren-
gel considers this species identical with H. nitidula Mich.
2. CRANTZIA. Nutt.
Calyx with the tube subglobose ; limb nearly wanting. Pe-
tals roundish, entire, obtuse. Styles obtuse. Fruit round-
ish ; commissure excavated. Carpels (Mericarpia D. C.)
unequal, with 3 marginated dorsal ribs, and 4 obtuse-angled
grooves. — Umbel simple. Involucre [5 — 6-leaved. Flowers
white. Pentandria. Digynia.
C. lincata Ni/t/.—Hydrocotylc lincata Mich. Torr.
Hab. Muddy banks of streams. N. Y. to Geor. July. If. —
Stem smooth, creeping. Leaves about 2 at each joint, 11-2 inch
long, thick, sessile, linear, cuneate, with transverse lines. Urn."
bcls 8 — 10 flowered, on long peduncles. Flowers pedicellate,
white.
3. ERIGENIA. Nutt.
Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals 5, obovate, entire,
equal. Styles persistent, very long, subulate. Fruit oval,
somewhat laterally compressed. Carpels gibbously convex,
marked with 3 striae. — Umbel irregular, imperfect. General
involucre none ; partial one a few unequal leafets. Petals
white. Pentandria. Digynia.
E. hulbosa Nutt. — Hydrocotylc composita Pursh. — H. bijnnnata Mu/tl.
— Sison bulbosum Mic/t.
Hab. Wet grounds. Lancaster, Penn. and W. to Miss. March,
April. 11. — Root globose, tuberous. Stern simple, 4 — 5 inches
high, 2-leaved. Leaves 3-parted ; partitions subpinnate ; seg-
ments rhomboidal, cleft. Umbels terminal, 3 — 5 flowered. Flow -
ers white. — The habit of this plant is so decidedly different from
Hydrocotylc as to warrant its separation.
4. SANICULA. Linn.
Calyx with the tube echinate and the lobes persistent. Pe-
tals erect connivent, obovate, deeply emarginate. Fruit sub-
globose, solid, not ribbed, armed with uncinate bristles. — Um-
bels few-rayed. Leafets of the involucre few, often divided.
Flowers polygamous. Pentandria. Digynia,
S. marilandica Linn. : leaves digitate ; leafets oblong, incisely ser-
rate ; flowers in small head-form umbels ; fertile ones sessile, sterile
ones pedicellate.
b. canadensis Torr. : leaves subternate ; leafets ovate, coarsely
toothed. — S. canadensis Linn.
142 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Woods. Throughout the U. S. June, Aug. 21.— Stem
2 feet high, erect, smooth. Flowers greenish- white. — Var. b. is
found, according to Mr. Brace, at Litchfield, Conn.
5. ERYNGIUM. Linn.
Calyx 5-parted ; tube rough with scales. Petals erect,
connivent, oblong-obovate, deeply emarginate. Fruit scaly
or tuberculosa — Flowers in a roundish -or oblong head. Low-
er bracts often large and resembling an involucre ; the rest
(chaff,) mixed with the flowers. Pentandria. Digynia.
1. E. aquaticum Linn. : leaves linear-lanceolate, nerved, remotely
ciliate-spinose ; lower ones subensiform ; those of the flowers lanceo-
late, dentate; flowers in ovate heads, at the extremities of the branches;
leafets of the involucre 8 — 9, shorter than the head and with the chaff
entire. — E. yuccctfolium Mich.
Hab. Wet grounds. N. J.? to Geor. Aug. U-— Stem 2— 3
feet high, smooth, dichotomous above. Flowers white or pale
blue. Leaves 12 — 18 inches long. Medicinal. See Ell. Sk. i.
343. Button Snake-root.
2. E. virginianum Lam. : leaves long-lanceolate, serrate, tapering at
each end ; flowers in large terminal umbels or corymbs ; leafets of the
involucre 7 — 8, longer than the heads, laciniate, subulate, whitish be-
neath ; chaff 3-cleft.— _E. aquaticum Mich.
Hab. Marshes. N. J. to Geor. July, Aug. U-Stem 3—4
feet high, hollow. Leaves 6 — 8 inches long. Flowers pale blue
or white.
3. E. virgatum Lam. : leaves spatulate-ovate, irregularly toothed,
short petioled, sometimes a little cordate ; heads of flowers small, pe-
dunculate, shorter than the linear leafets of the involucre ; chaff 3-cleft.
■ — E. ovalifolium Mich. Ell.
Hab. Wet meadows. N. J. to Geor. July. 21. — SCem 2—3
feet high, simple, branching above. Leaves about 2 inches long.
Flowers blue, in small heads.
*# Umbels compound or perfect.
6. CICUTA. Linn.
Calyx with the margin 5-toothed. Petals obcordate, reflex-
ed. Fruit roundish, didymous, laterally contracted. Carpels
with 5 equal flattish ribs ; the lateral ribs margined. — Gene-
ral involucre none or few-leaved; partial one many leaved.
Flowers white. - Pentandria. Digynia.
1. C. maculata Linn. : stem spotted ; lower leaves triternate and
quinate; upper biternate ; segments lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, mucronately serrate ; umbels large, axillary and terminal ;
partial involucre of 5—6 setaceous leaves.
UMBELLIFERiE. 143
Hab. Wet grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July* Aug.
21. — Stem 3 — 4 feet high, terete, smooth. Petals white, obcor-
date. Poisonous and medicinal. Big. Med. Bot. i. 125.
Water Hemlock.
2. C. bul/iift ra Linn. : leaves various, ternate and biternate ; leafets
linear and linear-lanceolate, remotely toothed ; umbels small,' termi-
nal, solitary; partial involucre of 3 — 5 subulate leaves; axils of the
leaves bulbiferous.
Hab. Swamps. Can. and N. S. Aug. 21. — Stem 2 — 3 feet
high, smooth and slender. Umbels small. Floicers white.
7. ZIZIA. Koch. De Cand.
Calyx with the margin obsolete or very short, 5-toothed.
Petals elliptic, attenuated into a long indexed point. Fruit
laterally contracted, subdidymous, roundish or oval. Carpels
with 5 prominent equal ribs ; the lateral ribs margined. — Ge-
neral involucre none ; partial one few-leaved. Flowers yel-
low, rarely white or dark purple. Pentandria. Digijnia.
1. Z avrca Koch: leaves biternate, shining; segments oblong-lan-
ceolate, attenuate at base, incisely serrate ; partial involucre 3-leaved,
unilateral. — Siiiijmium aurcum Linn. — Sison aureus Sprcng. Ton. —
Thaspium aureum Xutf.
Hab. Rocky hills. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July.
IT. — Stt in 1 1-2 to 2 feet high. Rays of the umbel short. Floic-
i rs bright yellow.
2. Z. cordata Koch : radical leaves undivided, cordate, crenate, pe-
tiolate ; cauline ones subsessile, ternate ; segments petiolate, ovate,
cordate, serrate ; partial involucre 1-leaved. — Smymium cor datum Walt.
— & trifoliatum Xutt.
Hab. Meadows. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June. 21 . —
Stem 12 — IS inches high, smooth. Flowers yellow. Fruit black.
3. Z. intcgerrima Dc Cand. : leaves biternate, somewhat glaucous ;
segments ovate, very entire ; partial involucre 1-leaved, very short. —
Simjrnium infi airrinimn Linn. — Sison integerrimus Sprcng. Torr.
Hab. Mountains. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. June. 21. —
Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Umbel with elongated filiform rays. Flow-
ers yellow.
8. DISCOPLEURA. De Cand.
Cahix with 5 subulate persistent teeth. Petals ovate, en-
tire. Fruit ovate, subdidymous. Carpels with 5 ribs; 3
dorsal ribs filiform, exsert, subacute ; 2 lateral ones with a
thick margin — Leaves much divided ; the segments linear.
Partial involucre a few linear setaceous leafets. Flowers
white. Pentandria. Digynia.
144 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
D. capillacea De Cand. : stem erect or procumbent ; umbels 3 — 10-
rayed ; leafets of the involucre 3 — 5, mostly 3-cleft. — Ammi majus
Walt. — Ammi capillaceum Spreng.
Hab. Bogs. N. Y. toGeor. July— Sept. #.— Stem 1—2 feet
long, geniculate, smooth. Leaves many-parted, with the seg-
ments all linear. Flowers white, on axillary umbels.
Bishop Weed.
9. CRYPTOTiENIA. De Cand.
Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals obovate, sub-
entire,' inflexed. Fruit laterally contracted, linear-oblong,
crowned with straight styles. Carpels with 5 equal filiform
obtuse ribs. — Umbels numerous, arranged somewhat in the
form of a panicle. Rays few. General involucre none ; par-
tial one few leaved. Flowers white. Pentandria. Digynia.
•
C. canadensis De Cand. : leaves ternate, smooth ; leafets rhomboid-
ovate, acute, incisely toothed, acutely serrate; umbels numerous, lower
ones rising from the axils of the upper leaves ; fruit oblong, rostrate
with the persistent styles. — Sison canadense Linn. — Clueroplujllum cana-
dense Pers. Pursh. — Myrrhis canadensis Nutt. Torr.
Hab. Rocky woods. Can. to Car. June. If. — Stem2— 3 feet
high, erect, smooth. Flowers white.
10. SIUM. Linn.
Calyx with the margin 5 toothed, often obsolete. Petals
obovate, emarginate, inflexed. Styles divergent-reflexed, ca-
pitulate at the apex. Fruit compressed or contracted at the
side, subdidymous, crowned with the styles. Carpels with
equal filiform and somewhat obtuse ribs. — Mostly aquatics.
Leaves pinnate. Umbels terminal. Involucre many-leaved,
rarely wanting. Flowers white. Pentandria. Digynia.
1. & latifolium Linn. : root creeping ; stem erect, angular ; leaves
pinnate ; leafets ovate-lanceolate, unequal at base, sessile, smooth,
equally serrate, sometimes pinnatifid ; umbels terminal, large, many-
rayed ; involucres many-leaved.
Hab. Swamps. Can. to Car. July. If. — Stem 2—4 feet high.
Flowers white. — When growing in water the lower leaves are
bipinnatifid, or have the leafets laciniate. Water Parsnip.
2. S. linear e Mich. : stem erect, smooth, angular and sulcate ; lower
leaves pinnate, upper ones ternate ; leafets linear-lanceolate, acutely
and finely serrate ; umbel terminal, with short rays ; involucres many-
leaved, linear. — <S. tenujfolium Muhl.
Hab. Swamps. N. S. July. 1L — Stem tall. Leafets very
long and narrow. Flowers white.
UMBELLIFERiE. 145
11. BUPLEURUM. Linn.
Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals roundish, entire,
involute. Fruit laterally compressed or subdidyrnous, crown-
ed with the depressed style. Carpels with 5 winged acute,
filiform or obsolete ribs ; lateral ribs marginal. — Leaves most-
ly simple. Umbel compound. Involucre various. Flowers
yellow. Pentandria. Digynia.
B. rotund if oliii in Linn. : stem leaves perfoliate, roundish-ovate : um-
bel 5-rayed ; general involucre none ; partial one of 5-mucronate leaf-
ets. — B. pcrfoliatunt Lean,
Hab. Near cultivated grounds. O- — Introduced, but apparently
growing wild near North Salem, Westchester co. N. Y. Dr.
Sa7?vucl B. Mead.
12. ^THUSA. Linn.
Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals obovate, emar-
ginate, inflexcd. Fruit ovate-globose. Carpels with 5 ele-
vated, thick and acutely keeled ribs ; the lateral ribs margined
and a little broader, and surrounded by a somewhat winged
keel. — Leaves much divided. General involucre none or 1-
leaved ; partial one 1 — 3 or 5 leaves. Flowers white.
Pentandria. Digynia.
.£. ajnap'.um Linn. : leaves bi- and tri-pinnate. dark green; segments
ovate-lanceolate ; umbels terminal.
Hab. Road sides, &c Boston, probably introduced. Big. July,
Aug. 0. — Stem about a foot high, smooth. Floiccrs white, in
many rayed umbels — Said to resemble Conium maculatum, but
is smaller. Poisonous. FooVs Parsley.
13. CNIDIUM. Cuss. De Cand.
Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals obovate, emargin-
ate, reflexed. Fruit roundish in the transverse section. Car-
pels with 5 equal winged ribs ; wings membranaceous ; late-
ral ribs margined. — General involucre various ; partial one
many-leaved. Flowers white or reddish. Allied to Seseli,
but differs, in the membranaceous-winged ribs of the fruit, and
the obsolete margin of the calyx. Pentandria. Digynia.
T. canadensis Spreng. : stem angular, flexuous ; leaves bipinnate,
shining ; leafets many-parted ; segments lanceolate ; involucres many-
leaved. — Selinum canadense Mich. Pursh. — Apium bipinnatum Walt.
Hab. Banks of streams. Can. to Car. July. 21. — Floiccrs
white. Pursh.
13
146 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
14. THASPIUM. Nutt.
Calyx with the margin 5-toothed. Petals elliptic, attenu-
ated into a long inflexed point. Fruit not contracted at the
side, subelliptic. Carpels convex, with 5 winged ribs ; wings
subequal ; intervals grooved. — General involucre none ; par-
tial one about 3-leaved. Differs from Cnidium in its 5-tooth-
ed calyx, — petals not emarginate, — involucels 3-leaved — and
in its habit. Pentandria. Digynia.
* Umbels opposite. Floiccrs dark purple.
1. T. atropurpureum Nutt. : stem smooth, dichotomously branched ;
radical leaves subcordate, simple, serrate ; cauline ones ternate ; leafets
ovate, acute, subcordate. — Cnidium atropurpureum Spreng. Torr.
Hab. Moist grounds. N. S. June. 11. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high.
Petals dark purple. Fruit small, with membranaceous wings.
** Umbels terminal. Floicers yelloic.
2. T. actarifolium Nutt. : stem very tall, smooth and straight ; lower
leaves tri-ternate ; upper ones bi-ternate ; leafets oval, coarsely tooth-
ed; umbels numerous, terminal, somewhat whorled ; partial involucre
setaceous. — Ligusticum actaifolium Mich. Torr.
Hab. Can. to Car. July. U.—Stem 3—4 feet high. Fruit ob-
long-oval, with the ribs somewhat winged.
3. T. barbinode Nutt. : petioles and nodes of the stem pubescent ;
lower leaves tri-ternate ; upper ones bi-ternate ; segments cuneate-
ovate, acute, unequally and incisely serrate, entire at the base ; partial
involucre 3-leaved, setaceous. — Ligusticum barbinode Mich.—Smijrnium
barbinode MuJil. — Thapsia trifoliata Spreng. Torr.
Hab. Banks of the Schuylkill, near Philadelphia. Nutt. Stem
2 — 3 feet high. Floiccrs yellow, in a terminal umbel.
15. LIGUSTICUM. Linn.
Calyx with the margin 5-toothed or obsolete. Petals obo-
vate, acute, emarginate, inflexed ; claw very short. Fruit
roundish in the transverse section, or slightly laterally com-
pressed. Carpels with 5 equal and somewhat winged ribs ;
the lateral ones margined. — Involucre various — partial one
many-leaved. Flowers white. Pentandria. Digynia.
L. scoticum Linn. : stem erect, smooth and striate ; lower leaves bi-
ternate ; upper ones ternate and nearly sessile ; leafets broadly ovate,
coarsely serrate ; umbels many-rayed ; flowers equal } petals inflexed ;
involucres linear-lanceolate, 5 — 7-leaved.
Hab. Borders of salt marshes. Salem, Mass. Big. Aug. It.
— Stem 12 — 18 inches high. Flowers white. Identical with the
foreign plant. Sea Lavage.
f
UMBELLIFERiE. 147
16. ANGELICA. Liiin.
Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals lanceolate, entire
acuminate, with a straight or incurved point. Fruit com-
pressed on the back, with the central raphe two-winged on
each side. Carpels with 3-dorsal filiform elevated ribs ; the
2 lateral ribs dilated into a membranaceous wing. — Umbels
terminal. General involucre none or few-leaved; partial one
many-leaved. Flowers white. Pentandria. Digynia,
1. A. iriqirinafa Mich. : stem terete, pubescent above; leaves on long
petioles, ternate, the partitions quinate ; leafets oblong-ovate, equally
serrate, smooth ; lower ones 2-lobed at the base ; general involucre
none ; partial one of 6 — 8 subulate leaves, directed to one side. — A.
hirsute MuhL — Ferula villosa Walt.
Hab. Dry grounds. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. !(.— Stem 2—3
feet high, erect and straight, white, villous below the umbel.
Leafets ovate or subrhomboidal. Umbels mostly 3. Floicers nu-
merous, white.
2. A. atropurjmrca Lam. : stem large, smooth, coloured ; leaves ter-
nate, on large inflated sheathing petioles ; partitions subquinate ; leaf-
ets large, oblong-ovate, coarsely serrate, sublobed ; the three terminal
ones often united at base ; general involucre none ; partial one of
8 — 10 subulate leaves. — A. triquinata Big.
Hab. Wet meadows. June. 11. — Stnn 3 — 6 feet high, purplish.
(Dr. Darlington says it is often nearly the size of a man's arm
at base.) Flowers white. — This, undoubtedly, is the A. atropur-
jmrca of most of our American botanists, except Dr. Bigelow ;
but whether it be the true Linnsan plant I have no means of de-
termining. Our A. atropurpurea is much larger than A. triquin-
ata, has its leafets large and ovate-oblong, instead of small and
ovate. Plant powerfully aromatic. Root poisonous.
Common Angelica.
3. A. lucida Linn. : stem erect, glabrous ; leaves bi- and tri-pinnate ;
leafets equal, ovate, cuneate at base, incisely serrate ; general involu-
cre about 5-leaved ; partial one subulate. — Inperatoria lucida Nutt. f
Hab. Shady woods. Can. to Car. Pitrsji. June, July. 11.—
f<tcm 1 — 2 feet high. Flowers white. Root aromatic.
17. ARCHEMORA. De Cand.
Calyx with the margin 5-toothed. Petals obcordate, in-
flexed. Fruit dorsally compressed, flat, oval or obovate. Car-
pels with 5 subcarinate equidistant filiform ribs ; lateral ribs
dilated into a membranaceous margin nearly as broad as the
seed. — General involucre none or few-leaved ; partial one
many-leaved. Flowers white. — Has the habit of (Enanthe
or Sium ; the fruit of Pastinaca. Pentandria. Digynia.
148 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
1. A. rigida Be Cartel. : stem erect, rigid, striate ; leaves pinnate,
smooth ; leafets 4 — 5 pairs, large, oblong-lanceolate, entire or with
several remote teeth : umbels terminal, on long peduncles ; general
involucre none ; partial one of 6 — 8 subulate leaves ; fruit much com-
pressed.— Sium rigidius Linn. — Sium marginatum Mich. — Pastinaca
rigida Spreng. Torr. — (Enanthe rigida Nutt.
Hab. Swamps. N. J. to S. Car. Sept. 24..— Stem 2—4 feet
high. leaves with a white and sometimes scabrous margin.
Flmccrs white.
2. A. ambigua Dc Cand. : stem erect, slightly angular ; leaves pin-
nate, smooth ; leafets narrow-linear or linear-lanceolate, long, mostly
entire, somewhat glaucous beneath ; umbels terminal, subsolitary ;
general involucre none ; partial one of 3 — 5 subulate leaves. —
(Enanthe ambigua Ntitt. — Pastinaca ambigua Torr. — Sium longifuliam
Pursk.
Hab. Brackish swamps. N. J. Aug. It. — Stem 3 — 5 feet
high. Floiccrs white. — Dr. Torrey considers this plant identical
with (Enanthe ambigua of Nuttall ; while according to the latter
botanist it is undoubtedly Sium lincare of Linnaeus. The prin-
cipal difference between the present plant as characterized by
Torrey and Sf. lineare, consists in the absence of the general
involucre. Dr. Asa Gray informs me that this species has been
found in the sandy swamps of Michigan.
18. PASTINACA. Linn.
Calyx with the margin obsolete or minutely denticulate.
Petals roundish, entire, involute. Fruit dorsally and flatly
compressed, surrounded by a diiated margin. Carpels with
very slender ribs ; 3 intermediate ribs equidistant ; 2 lateral
ones contiguous. — Umbels' compound. Involucres none or
few-leaved. Flowers yellow. Penta?idria. Digynia.
P. sativa Linn. : stem smooth, sulcate ; leaves pinnate ; leafets ses-
sile, subpubescent beneath, oblong, incised, terminal one 3-lobed ; um-
bels large, terminal ; fruit oval, much compressed.
Hab. Fields. July, Aug. tf.—Stem 2—3 feet high. Flowers
yellow. Introduced. Wild Parsnip.
19. HERACLEUM. Linn.
Calyx 5-toothed. Petals obovate, emarginate, inflexed ;
outer ones often rayed, bifid. Fruit dorsally and flatly com-
pressed, surrounded by a membranaceous margfn. Carpels
with 3 equidistant ribs on the back ; 2 lateral ribs with a di-
lated margin. — Umbels many-rayed. General involucre ca-
ducous, often few-leaved ; partial one many-leaved.
Pentandria. Digynia.
UMBELLIFER.E. 149
H. lanatum Mich. : stem sulcate, pubescent ; leafets ternate, peti-
oled, tomentose beneath ; leafets petioled, round-cordate, lobed ; par-
tial involucre 5 — 6 leaved ; fruit orbicular.
Hab. Meadows. June. 11. — Stem 3 — 5 feet high. Petioles
very broad and membranous. Floiccrs white, in very large ter-
minal umbels. — One of our largest umbelliferous plants. Spren-
gel considers it identical with the foreign H. panaccs Linn.
Coic Parsnip.
20. DAUCUS. Linn.
Calyx with the margin 5-toothed. Petals obovate, emargi-
nate, inflexed ; outer ones often rayed and deeply bifid. Fruit
somewhat laterally compressed, ovate or oblong. Carpels
with ;> primary filiform ribs ; 3 intermediate dorsal ones, 2
lateral flat, placed on the commissure ; 4 secondary ones
equal, with prominent wings, parted into a simple aculeate
series. — General involucre with many pinnate or pinnatifid
leaves ; partial one with many entire or trifid leafets. Flow-
ers white or yellow. Pcntandria. Digynia.
D. carota Linn. : stem erect, hispid ; leaves tripinnate ; leafets in-
cised, linear-lanceolate, acute ; umbel at length concave ; fruit bristly.
Hab. Old fields. June — Aug. rf . — Stem 2 feet. Floicers white.
Introduced. JFild Carrot.
gi border II. CAMFYLOSPERiVLE.
Albumen involute.
21. CHtEROPHYLLUM. Linn,
Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals obovate, emargi-
nate, inflexed. Fruit not beaked, laterally contracted or com-
pressed. Carpels with 5 obtuse equal ribs ; lateral ribs mar-
gined.— General involucre none or few-leaved ; partial one
many-leaved. Flowers white, sometimes reddish.
Fentandria. Digynia.
C. procumbens Imih. : stem procumbent, somewhat hairy ; leaves
bipinnate ; segments lanceolate, rather obtuse ; umbels terminal, 3-
rayed ; partial involucre of 4 — 5 ovate ciliate leaves ; fruit prismatic,
smooth, crowned with the persistent styles. — Scandiz procumbens Linn.
— Mi/rrhis procumbens and M. Infida Sfpreng.
Hab. In shady situations. N. Y. to S. Cai. May. 0. — Stem
6—8 inches high. Umbel bifid, few-floweied. Flowers small,
white.
22 OSMORHIZA. Rof.
Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals ovate, scarcely
emarginate, witb a very short inflexed point. Fruit elongated,
13*
150 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
attenuated at base, solid, acute-angled, in the transverse sec-
tion roundish. Carpels with hispid angles and 5 acute ribs ;
commissure sulcate. — General involucre 2 — 3-leaved ; partial
one often 5-leaved. Flowers white ; central ones sterile ; outer
ones fertile. Pentandria. Digynia.
1. O. longistylis De Cand. : stem smooth and striate ; leaves biter-
nate ; the lower ones on short petioles ; leafets ovate, incisely lobed
and dentate ; umbel 3 — 4-rayed. — Myrrhis longistylis Torr. — Urasper-
mwn claytoni Nutt. — Scandix dulcis Muhl.
Hab. Wet meadows. N. S. June. 21.— Stem 3 feet high.—
Can be most easily distinguished by its long subulate styles.
2. O. brcvistylis De Cand. : stem hairy (at first hoary- white) ; leaves
biternate, pubescent ; leafets incisely lobed, dentate ; umbel 3-rayed ;
styles very short. — Myrrhis claytoni Torr. — Uraspermum hirsutum Big.?
Hab. Shady rocks. Can. to Car. May, June. It. — Stem 2
feet high. Floicers white. Whole plant sweet tasted.
Sweet Cicily.
23. CONIUM. Linn.
Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals obcordate, some-
what emarginate, very short and inflexed. Fruit ovate, late-
rally compressed. Carpels with 5 prominent equal, undulate
ribs ; the lateral ribs margined. — Involucres 3 — 5-leaved ;
partial one dimidiate. Flowers white, all fertile.
Pentandria. Digynia.
C. maculatum Linn. : stem erect, branched, smooth and spotted ;
leaves large, tripinnate ; leafets lanceolate, pinnatifid ; ultimate seg-
ments lanceolate, mostly entire ; general and partial umbels many-
rayed ; general involucre of several short lanceolate leaves ; partial
one few-leaved, setaceous, directed to one side.
Hab. Road sides. Can. and N. S. July. cf.—Stem 2—4 feet
high. Leaves smooth and shining. Floicers white, numerous.
Probably introduced. Whole plant highly poisonous ; fetid
when bruised. Medicinal.—^. Med. Bot. i. 113.— Raf. Med.
Fl. i. 118. Hemlock.
Order LIX. ARALIACEiE. De Cand. hind.
Calyx superior, entire or toothed. Petals definite, 5 or 6,
deciduous. Stamens definite, 5 or 6 or 10 or 12, arising from
within the border of the calyx, and from without an epiginous
disk. Ovary inferior, with many cells ; ovules solitary, pen-
dulous ; styles equal in number to the cells ; stigmas simple.
Fruit succulent or dry, consisting of several 1-seeded cells.
Seeds solitary, pendulous.
ARALIACE.E. 151
Trees, shrubs or herbaceous plants with the habit of umbelli-
ferse.
1. ARALIA. Linn.
Calyx 5-toothed or entire. Coral 5-petalled. Stamens 5,
often more. Styles 5, spreading. Berry 5 — 10-seeded,
crowned with the styles. — Umbels often with small involucres.
Pentandria. Pentagynia.
1. A. nudicaidis Linn. : nearly stemless ; leaf mostly solitary, tri-
quinate ; leafets sessile, oblong-oval, acute, serrate, smooth ; scape
naked, shorter than the leaf, 3-cleft at the top ; umbels few, small, on
long peduncles, without involucres.
Hab. Rocky woods. Can. to Car. N. to Arc. Amer. W. to
Rocky mountains. June, July. U.. — Root thick and creeping,
aromatic. Flowers small, 3-umbelled, greenish. Wild Sarsaparila.
2. A. racemosa Linn. : stem herbaceous, branched ; petioles 3-part-
ed ; divisions ternate and quinate ; leafets ovate, often cordate, acu-
minate, sharply serrate, mostly smooth ; umbels numerous, compound,
in large axillary panicles ; involucre small, few-leaved.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Rocky mountains. June
— Aug. J?. — Stem 3 — 4 feet high. Floicers white. — The root
is highly aromatic, and is sometimes used for medicinal purpo-
ses. Spikenard.
3. A. hispida Mich. : low, sufFruticose ; stem and petioles hispid ;
leavres doubly pinnate ; leafets ovate, sharply serrate, unarmed ; um-
bels axillary and terminal, on long peduncles.
Hab. Rocky woods. Can. to Virg. July. *?. — Stem a foot
and a half high, with stiff and thick bristles at the base. Flow-
ers greenish-white. Wild Elder.
4. A. spinosa Linn. : arborescent; stem and leaves spinous ; leaves
doubly pinnate; leafets ovate-acuminate, sessile ; umbels numerous, in.
compound panicles ; involucre small, few-leaved.
Hab. Fertile woods. Penn. to Geor. W. to Miss. Aug.,
Sept. ??. — Shrub 8 — 12 feet high, with the leaves crowded at
the summit. Flowers white, in very large terminal panicles. —
A watery infusion of the bark is said to be both emetic and ca-
thartic. Ell. Sk. i. 373. Angelica Tree.
2. PANAX. Linn.
Calyx with the margin very short and obsoletely 5-toothed.
Petals 5. Stamens 5, .inserted under the margin of the disk
and alternating with the sepals. Styles 2 — 3, short. Fruit
fleshy, compressed, orbiculate or didymous, 2-celled ; cells 1-
seeded. — Flowers in simple umbels, polygamous.
Pentandria, Digynia.
152 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
1. P. quinquefolium Linn. : root fusiform ; stem angular; leaves ter-
nate-quinate ; leafets oval, acuminate, petioled, serrate ; peduncles
shorter than the petioles ; styles and seeds 2.
Hab. Mountains. Can. to Geor. June. Lf. — Stem 12 inches
high. Flowers greenish. — Highly esteemed by the Chinese for
its supposed medicinal properties.-^- Big. Med, Bot. ii. 82.
Ginseng,
2. P. trifolium Linn. : root tuberous, roundish ; stem simple, smooth;
leaves ternate ; leafets subsessile, oblong-lanceolate, serrate ; styles
often 3 ; berry 3-seeded.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Geor. May. 2L — Stem 4 — 6 inches high.
Leaves ternate or quinate. Dtcarf Ginseng.
Order LX. HAMAMELIDE^. Be Cand. hind.
Calyx superior, in 4 pieces. Petals 4, linear, with a val-
vular aestivation. Stamens 8, of which 4 are alternate with
the petals, anthers turned inwards, 2-celled, each all opening
by a valve which is finally deciduous, and 4 are sterile, and
placed at the base of the petals. Ovary 2-celled, inferior,
Styles 2. Fruit half inferior, capsular, usually opening with
two septiferous valves. Seeds pendulous. Embryo in the
midst of fleshy albumen.
Shrubs, with deciduous alternate leaves and small axillary
flowers.
1. HAMAMELIS. Linn.
Calyx 4-lobed, with 2 — 3 scales (an involucre) external-
ly at base. Petals 4, long, ligulate, alternating with the
lobes of the calyx. Stamens 4, with very short filaments.
Capsule coriaceous, 2-celled, 2-valved at the top ; valves bifid.
Tetrandria. Digynia.
H. virginica Linn.: leaves ovate, acute, toothed, cordate, with the
sinus small ; flowers in axillary clusters.
b. parvifolia Nutt. : leaves oblong-ovate ; upper part undulately
and coarsely crenate ; under surface pubescent, somewhat hir-
sute ; segments of the calyx oblong ; stamens and perigynous
filaments often nearly equal.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Flor. Oct., Nov. T?.— Shrub 6—12
feet high. Floicers yellow and continue during a great part of
the winter. — Var. b. is found on mountains in Penn. and is
smaller than the common variety. Nutt. Witch-hazel.
Order LXI. CORNER. De Cand.
Calyx 4-lobed. Petals 4, oblong, broad at the base, regu-
lar, inserted on the top of the tube of the calyx ; aestivation
CORNER. 153
valvate. Stamens 4, alternate with the petals, inserted with
them ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary closely cohering with the
tube of the calyx, 2-celled ; ovules pendulous, solitary ; style
filiform ; stigma simple. Fruit fleshy, crowned by the re-
mains of the calyx, 2-celled, (or rarely 1 -celled by abortion,)
endocarp thick and bony. Seeds solitary, pendulous ; albu-
men fleshy ; embryo straight ; radicle superior, shorter than
the oblong cotyledons.
Trees, shrubs or herbs. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate.
1. CORWUS. Linn.
Calyx with the tube adnate to the ovary, the limb very
small and 4- toothed. Petals 4, oblong. Stamens 4. Style
1. Drupe with a 2-celled nut. Tctandria. Monogynia.
* Floiecrs capitate, surrounded by an involucre.
1. C. canadensis Linn. : herbaceous ; lower leaves opposite, small ;
upper ones verticillate, veined ; leaves of the involucre ovate, acumi-
nate, white ; flowers numerous, very small, in a terminal head ; drupe
globose.
Hab. Woods. Arc. Amer. to Car. May, June. 11. — Stem
6 inches high. Involucre white. Floiecrs reddish- white. Drupe
red.
2. C. Jlorida Linn. : arborescent ; leaves opposite, ovate-acuminate,
entire, ribbed ; leaves of the involucre 4, large, obcordate, nerved,
white ; flowers in terminal heads.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. May, June. ^ . — A tree 15—20
feet high. Flowers greenish-yellow. Involucre very large,
white. Drupe scarlet. Medicinal. Big. Med. Bot. ii. 73.
Dog Wood.
** Floiecrs naked, in cymes.
t Leaves opposite.
3. C. circinata V Herit. : branches warty ; leaves on short petioles,
broad-oval, acuminate, white-downy beneath; cymes crowded, depress-
ed; drupe globose. — C. tomentulosa Mich. — C. rugosa Lam.
Hab. Banks of streams. Can. to Virg. June, July. T>. —
Shrub 6—8 feet high. Leaves broad, waved on the edges. Flow-
ers white. Drupe blue.
4. C. sericea L' Herit. : branches expanded ; leaves ovate, acuminate,
the under surface clothed with a silky ferruginous down ; cymes de-
pressed, woolly. — C. lanuginosa Mich. — C. alba Halt.
Hab. Banks of streams. Can. to Car. June. *>. — Shrub 5 — 10
feet high. leaves oblong, sometimes slightly cordate. Drupe
bright blue.
154 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
5. C. sanguinea V Herit. : branches straight; leaves ovate, green on
both sides, pubescent beneath ; cymes expanding.
Hab. Low grounds. Can. to Car. June, July. T?. — Shrub
8 — 12 feet high. Branches pubescent when young. Leaves
broad, often oval. Drupe dark brown.
6. C. stricta L Herit. : branches stiff and straight, fastigiate ; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, green on both sides, somewhat
naked; cymes panicled. — C. fasti giata Mich. — C. sanguinea Walt.
Hab. Banks of streams. Can. to Car. June. *?. — Shrub 8 — 12
feet high, stoloniferous. Cymes naked, sometimes paniculate.
Flowers white. Drupe blue.
7. C. alba V Herit. : branches recurved, smooth ; leaves broad-
ovate, acute, pubescent, hoary beneath ; cymes depressed, slightly
pubescent. — C. stolonifera Mich.
Hab. Wet woods. Can. and N. S. N. to Arc. Amer. May —
July. *?. — Shrub 6 — 10 feet high. Cymes small. Drupe white
or lead-coloured.
8. C. paniculata L' Herit. : branches erect ; leaves ovate, acuminate,
sometimes lanceolate-ovate, hoary beneath; cymes panicled. — C. ra-
cemosa Lam.
Hab. Wet woods. July. >>. — Shrub 6— 10 feet high. Flowers
in compact panicles, white. Drupe white, nearly globose.
tt Leaves alternate.
9. C. alternifolia Linn. : branches warty ; leaves alternate, ovate,
acute, hoary beneath ; cymes depressed, expanding.
Hab. Shady woods. Can. to Car. June. T>. — Small tree,
15 — 20 feet high. Leaves on slender petioles. Drupe purple.
Order LXII. LORANTHACEjE. Be Cand.
Calyx with 2 bracts al base. Petals 4 — 8, more or less
united ; aestivation valvate. Stamens as many as the petals,
and opposite to them. Ovary 1-celled ; ovule pendulous ;
style 1. or none ; stigma simple. Fruit fleshy, 1-celled ; endo-
carp membranaceous. Seed 1, pendulous; embryo straight
in the axis of fleshy albumen ; radicle superior, next to the
hilum.
Shrubs, almost parasitical. Leaves fleshy, entire, opposite,
rarely alternate or wanting.
1. VISCUM. Linn.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx with the margin
entire or a little prominent. Sterile Fl. Petals 4, (rarely
3 or 5) united at base. Anthers 4, adnate with the petals.
CAPRIFOLTACEiE. 155
Fertile Fl. Petals 4, distinct. Germ crowned with the
margin of the calyx. Stigma 1, obtuse, sessile. Berry glo-
bose, mucilaginous, 1-seeded. Dioecia. Tetrandria.
V. flavcsccns Pursh : branches terete, opposite and verticillate ;
leaves cuneate-obovate, 3-nerved ; spikes axillary, solitary, about
as long as the leaves; sterile flowers mostly trifid. — V. vcrticillalum Xutt.
Hab. Parasitic on trees. N. J. to Car. and throughout the val-
ley of the Mississippi. Berries white and diaphanous. Misseltoc.
Order LXIII. CAPRIFOLIACEjE. De Cand.
Calyx with its limb 5- (very rarely 4-) lobed. Corol mono-
petalous, lobed, sometimes irregular, the divisions alternate
with those of the calyx. Stamens as many as the lobes of the
corol, and (sometimes 1 abortive) alternating with them ; fila-
ments subulate; anthers ovate, 2 celled. Ovary cohering
with J the calyx, 3- rarely 1 — 5-celled ; ovules few in each cell,
pendulous ; style 1, exserted. Stiginas as many as the cells.
Fruit crowned by the limb of the calyx, fleshy, or rarely al-
most dry, 1 or many-celled. Seeds solitary, in pairs or seve-
ral ; embryo straight, in fleshy albumen ; radicle superior.
Shrubs, with opposite leaves destitute of stipules. Flowers
terminal, corymbose or axillary.
1. SAMBUCUS. Linn.
Calyx minute, 5-cleft. Corol subrotate, 5-cleft, with the
lobes obtuse. Stamens 5. Style none. Stigmas 3, sessile.
Berry roundish, 1-celled, 3 — 5-seeded.
Pentandria. Trigynia.
1. &. canadensis Linn. : stem frutescent ; leaves pinnate ; leafets4or
5 pairs, oblong-oval, acuminate, smooth and shining ; nerves and peti-
oles smooth ; stipules wanting ; cymes 5-parted. lax.
Hab. Wet grounds. Can. to Car. May, June. *?. — Shrub
5 —10 feet high. Leaves sometimes bipinnate. Floicers white.
Fruit oval, deep purple. Common Elder.
2. S.pubcns Mich. : stem frutescent ; leaves pinnate ; leafets in 2 or
3 pairs, oval-lanceolate and with the petioles pubescent beneath ; cymes
dense, panicled or racemose. — S. pubescens Pcrs.
Hab. Mountains. Can. to Car. June, July. *>. — Shrub 6 — 3
feet high. Flowers white. Fruit small, red.
2. VIBURNUM. Linn.
Calyx with the limb small, 5-toothed and persistent. Corol
rotate subcampanulate or tubular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5,
1£6 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
equal. Stigmas 3, sessile. Berry ovate or globose, 1-seed-
ed, crowned by the teeth of the calyx.
Pentandria. Tryginia.
1. V. pninifolium Linn.: branches spreading, smooth; leaves obo-
vate, nearly round and oval, very smooth, acutely serrate ; petioles
winged ; cymes large, lateral ; corol large.
Hab. Woods. N. Y. to Car. June. *?. — Shrub or small tree.
8 — 15 feet high. Floiocrs large, white. Fruit oval, dark blue.
2. V. pyrifolium Lam. : leaves ovate-oblong, somewhat acute, sub-
serrate, smooth ; petioles naked ; cymes large, spreading, on angular
peduncles ; fruit ovate-oblong.
Hab. Mountains. N. S. May, June. T?.— Shrub 5—10 feet*
high. Floiccrs white, on large spreading cymes. Fruit red. .
3. V. lentago Linn. : smooth ; leaves broad-ovate or oval, acuminate,
sharply serrate ; petioles with waved margins ; cymes terminal, ses-
sile ; flowers small.
Hab. Rocky banks of streams. N. Y. to Geor. June. *?. —
Shrub 10 — 15 feet high. Flowers small, white. Fruit black.
4. V. nudum Linn. : leaves oval-oblong, slightly acuminate, smooth
above, veins and margins pubescent beneath, obsoletely crenulate ;
petioles naked ; cymes peduncled ; flowers small, crowded; fruit oval,
dark blue. — V. squamatum R. & S.
Hab. Swamps. Can. to Geor. June. T?. — Shrub 8 — 12 feet
high. Floicers white. Fruit black.
5. V. lantanoides Mich. : branches flexuous and often procumbent ;
leaves orbicular-cordate, abruptly acuminate, unequally serrate ; nerves
and petioles purverulent-tomentose ; cymes closely sessile ; fruit
ovate. — V. lantana var. grandiflorum Ait.
Hab. Mountains. Can. and N. S. May, June. ^. — Shrub
4 — 8 feet high. Fruit red, black when ripe. Hobble Bush.
6. V. dentatum Linn.: nearly smooth ; leaves on long petioles, or-
bicular-ovate, with coarse serratures, plaited ; axils of the veins pubes-
cent beneath ; cymes large, terminal, peduncled ; fruit nearly globose,
small. — V. dentatum var. glabellum Mich.
Hab. Moist woods. Can. to Car. June. >>. — Shrub 8 feet
high. Flowers white, in a large expanding cyme. Fruit blue,
small. Arrow-icood.
7. V. pubescens Pursh : pubescent ; leaves on very short petioles,
ovate, subcordate, acuminate, dentate- serrate, villous beneath ; cymes
pedunculate; fruit oblong. — V. dentatum var. semitomentosum Mich.
Hab. High grounds. N. Y. to Car. June. J? . — Shrub 6 feet
high. Flotcers in a small cyme.
8. V. acerifolium Linn. : leaves subcordate, 3-lobed, acutely serrate,
pubescent beneath ; petioles without glands, hairy ; cymes on long
peduncles ; fruit oval, compressed.
CAPRIFOLIACE.E. 157
Hab. Woods. N. Y. to Car. May, June. T?.— Shrub 4— S
feet high. Flowers white. Fruit black.
9. V. ozycoccus Pursh: leaves 3-lobed, acute at the base, 3- nerved ;
lobes divaricate, acuminate, remotely and obtusely toothed ; petioles
glandular ; cymes radiate ; flowers of the ray large and abortive. — V.
opulus var. amcricana Ait. — V. opuloidcs Muhl.
Hab. Woods. Can. and N. S. N. to Arc. Amer. May, June.
T?. — Shrub small, with spreading branches. Fruit large, sub-
globose, red, of an agreeable acid resembling that of cranberries.
Tree Cranberry.
M), V. cdule Pursh: leaves 3-lobed, rather obtuse at the base, 3-
nerved ; lobes very short, with acuminate-dentate serratures ; petioles
glandular-, cymes radiate. — V. opulus var. cdulc Mich.
Hab. Banks of rivers. Can. and N. Y. N. to Aic. Amer. July.
IX. — A smaller and more upright shrub than the preceding ;
berries of the same colour and size, but when completely ripe
more agreeable to eat. Pursh.
3. TRIOSTEUM. Linn.
Calyz 5-cleft ; lobes linear-lanceolate, as long as the corol.
Corol tubular, subequally 5-lobed, gibbous at base. Stamens
5, included. Stig?na capitate. Berry 3-celled, 3-seeded,
crowned by the calyx. Pentandria. Monogynia.
T. perfoliatum Linn. : leaves connate, spatulate, lanceolate, acumi-
nate, pubescent beneath ; margin undulate ; flowers 1 — 3 in the axils
of the leaves, sessile. — T. jnajus Mich.
Hab. Rocky woods. N. Y. to Car. June. U-—Stem 2—3 feet
high. Floiccrs purple. Medicinal. Big. Med. Bot. i. 90.
Fever Root.
4. DIERVILLA. Tourn.
Calyx oblong, 5-cleft, bibracteate at base. Corol funnel-
form, 5-cleft, spreading, much longer than the calyx. Stamens
5, somewhat exserted. Stigma capitate. Capsule oblong,
acute, not crowned, 1-celled, many-seeded.
Pentandria. Monogynia.
D. tournefortii Mich. : peduncles axillary and terminal, dichotomous,
2 — 3-flowered ; leaves opposite, ovate, on short petioles, serrate, acu-
minate, smooth. — D. lutea Pursh. — D. canadensis Muhl. — Loniccra dier-
rilla Linn.
Hab. Rocky woods. Throughout the U. S. June. fp. — Shrub
2 — 3 feet high. Corol yellow.
5. LONICERA. De Cand.
Calyz 5-toothed. Corol tubular, campanulate or funnel-
14
158 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
form, 5-cleft, often irregularly. Stamens 5. Style filiform,
Stigma capitate. Berry 3-celled, few-seeded.
Pentandria. Monogynia.
* Flowers capitate-verticillate. Berry solitary, 3-celled, crowned by th?
calyx. LoxMcera.
1. L. Jlava Sims : leaves ovate, glaucous beneath, with a cartilagin-
ous margin ; upper ones connate-perfoliate ; spikes verticillate, termi-
nal ; corol ringent ; segments oblong, obtuse. — Caprifolium flavum
Ell. — C. fraseri Pursh.
Hab. Catskill mountains, N. Y. S. to Car. June, July. *?. —
Shrub twining, very smooth. Flowers bright yellow.
Yelloio Honeysuckle.
2. L. hirsuta Eat. : leaves broad ovate and obovate, pubescent and
ciliate, glaucous beneath ; upper ones connate-perfoliate, nearly
smooth ; spikes verticillate, terminal, subcapitate, glandular-pubes-
cent.— Caprifolium pubescens Goldie.
Hab. Rocky woods. N. S. June. fp. — Shrub climbing. Floic-
ers yellow, pubescent. Berries orange. Distinct from the pre-
ceding. Rough Woodbine.
3. L. parviflora Lam. : leaves deciduous, glaucous beneath, all con-
nate-perfoliate ; spikes verticillate, in heads, subsessile ; corol ringent ;
gibbous at base ; filaments bearded. — Caprifolium parviflorum Pursh. —
C. bracteosum Mich.
Hab. Rocky woods. N. Y. to Car. N. to Subarc. Amer. June,
July. *?. — Shrub twining. Floicers yellow, smaller than in
either of the preceding.
4. L. grata Ait. : leaves perennial, obovate, slightly mucronate, re-
ticulate and paler beneath ; upper ones connate-perfoliate ; spikes ver-
ticillate, approximate ; corol ringent, with the tube long. — Caprifolium
gratum Pursh.
Hab. Mountains. N. Y. to Car. June — Sept. *?. — Shrub climb-
ing or erect. Floicers scarlet.
5. L. sempervirens Ait. : leaves oblong, glaucous beneath, shining
above, the upper ones connate-perfoliate ; spikes verticillate, some-
what naked, terminal ; corol nearly equal, with the tube ventricose
above. — Caprifolium sempervirens Mich.
Hab. Stony dry woods. N. Y. to Car. May— Aug. *? . — Shrub
climbing. Leaves evergreen. Flowers crimson.
*v Pedicels axillary, in pairs. Berries in pairs, distinct or more or less
connate, 2-celled, many-seeded. Xylosteum.
6. L. ciliata Muhl. : stem erect ; leaves opposite, ovate and subcor-
date, ciliate on the margin, younger ones villous beneath ; tube of the
corol calcarate at base, ventricose above ; segments short, acute ; style
exserted ; berries distinct. — Xylosteum ciliatum Pursh. Torr.
rubiace^:. 159
Hab. Hills and rocks. Can. and N. S. May, June. ^. — Shrub
2 — 4 feet high. Corol yellow, long, bilabiate. Berries ovate,
red. Fly Honeysuckle.
7. L. villosa Muhl. ; leaves oblong and oval, obtuse ; the younger
ones as well as the corol villous ; peduncles much shorter than the
flower ; berries coadnate. — Xylostcum villosum Mich. — X. solonis Eat.
— X. oblongifolium Gohl'n .
Hab. Mountains. Hudson's bay to N. J. May. b. — Shrub
2 — 4 feet high. Floiccrs axillary, yellow. Berries red or purple.
6. SYMPHORIA. Pcrs.
Calyx minute, 4 — 5-toothcd. Corol funnel-form, sub-
equally 4 — 5-lobed. Stamens 5, scarcely exserted. Stigma
subglobose. Berry crowned by the calyx, 4-celled, 4-seeded ;
2 of the cells sometimes abortive. Pentandria. Monogynia.
1. £>. glomerate, Pursh: racemes axillary, capitate, glomerate ; leaves
opposite, ovate, on short petioles ; flowers small, numerous. — &. vul-
garis Mich. — Symphoricarpos vulgaris De Cand.
Hab. Sandy fields. Penn. to Car. July, Aug. ^>. — Shrub 3 — 4
feet high. Corol red and yellow. Berries purple.
2. S. racemosa Pursh : racemes terminal ; corol bearded within :
leaves elliptical ovate, opposite. — Si/mphoricarpos raccmosus Mich.
Hab. Niagara Falls. N. Y. W. to Miss. July. T?._ Shrub 2— 3
feet high. Corol pale red. Berries large, white.
7. LINN^A. Gron.
Calyx with the tube ovate ; limb 5-parted ; segments lance-
olate-subulate. Corol turbinate, subcampanulate, 5-lobed.
Stamens 4, subdidynamous, included. Slig?nas globose.
Berry dry, small, ovate-globose, 3-celled, (one cell only bear-
ing a perfect seed.) Tctrandria. Monogynia.
L. borealis Gron.
Hab. Woods and hills. N. S. N. to Arc. Amer. July. 11. —
Evergreen, creeping. Leaves opposite, on short petioles, round-
twate, crenate, slightly hairy. Pedundes erect, long. Flowers
2, drooping, pedicelled, white or pale red. Twin Flower.
Order LXIV. RUB1ACE.E. De Cand.
Tube of the calyx adhering to the ovary ; the limb variable,
truncate or lobed, consisting of as many sepals as petals,
rarely with accessary intermediate teeth. Petals 4 — 5, rarely
3 — S, united, inserted on the top of the tube of the calyx.
Stamens as many as the lobes of the corol and alternate with
them ; anthers oval, 2-celled, turned inwards. Ovary 2 — many
160 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
celled, (by abortion 1-celled) crowned by a fleshy urceolate
disk ; style single, sometimes partly divided ; stigmas usually
2, rarely several. Fruit splitting into 2 cocci, or capsular,
or baccate, or drupaceous, 2 or many-celled. Seeds one or
many in each cell. Jllbumen copious, horny or fleshy ; em-
bryo straight or slightly curved ; radicle turned to the hilum ;
cotyledons leafy.
Trees, shrubs or herbs. Leaves simple, entire, opposite,
rarely verticillate.
1. HEDYOTIS. Linn.
Calyx 4-toothed, or 4-parted. Coral tubular, bearded at
the throat, 4-parted. Stamens 4, somewhat exserted. Cap-
sule ovate, 2-celIed, opening transversely at the top, manv-
seeded ; dissepiment contrary to the valves.
Tetrandria. Monogynia.
H. glomerata Ell. : stem procumbent, assurgent, pubescent j leaves
opposite, lanceolate, attenuate at base, pubescent ; flowers in clusters,
sessile, axillary and terminal. — H. anriculata Walt. — Oldenlandia glome-
rata Mich.
Hab. Damp grounds. N. J. to Car. Aug. 0 7— Stem 1—3
inches high. Floicers white, minute, in clusters forming whorls.
2. MITCHELLA. Linn.
Flowers by pairs upon the same germ, superior. Calyx 4-
toothed. Carol funnel-form ; tube cylindric ; limb 4-parted,
spreading, villous on the inner side. Stamens 4, adnate to
the tube, scarcely exserted. Stigma 4-cleft. Berry by the
union of 2 germs, didymous, 4-seeded.
Tetrandria. Monogy?iia.
M. repens Linn. : stem branched, smooth, creeping ; leaves opposite,
petioled, round or ovate, cordate at the base, smooth, very entire ;
flowers terminal, in pairs on each germ ; calyx minute.
Hab. Woods, among dried leaves. Can. to Geor. June, July.
21. — A small, evergreen, creeping plant. Floicers white, hairy
within, fragrant. Berries red. Partridge Berry.
3. CEPHALANTHUS. Linn.
Common calyx none ; proper superior, small and angular,
4-cleft. Corol tubular, slender, 4-cleft. Style much exsert-
ed. Stigma globose. Capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded, (mostly 2
partile.) Receptacle globose, hairy. — Flowers in a globose
head. Tetrandria. Monogynia.
RUBfACEiE. 161
C. occidentalis Linn. : leaves opposite or ternate, ovate or oval, acu-
minate ; peduncles much larger than the head of flowers.
Hab. Borders of ponds and streams. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss.
July, Aug. *?. — Shrub 4 — 5 feet high, branched. Leaves
ovate-oblong, petioled, smooth. Floiccrs in heads, white.
Button Bush.
4. DIODIA. Linn.
Calyx with the tube ovate or obovatc, often 8-nerved ; 2 — 4-
toothed. Corol funnel-form, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, exserted
or included. Style bifid or undivided. Fruit crowned with
the calyx, 2-cclled, bipartite ; carpels 1-seeded.
Telrandria. Monogynia.
1. D. teres Halt. : stem procumbent, diffuse, terete, hairy ; leaves
linear-lanceolate, nearly smooth, margin and keel serrulate ; stipules
with numerous long bristles ; flowers axillary, solitary, alternate ;
corol bearded within ; fruit ovate, pubescent, crowned by the 4-lobed
calyx. — Spcrmacocc diodina Mich.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. J. to Car. Aug. %. — Stem 6 — 8 inches
long. Flowers opposite, often clustered, white or pale purple.
2. D. virginiea Linn. : smooth ; stem procumbent, nearly terete; leaves
lanceolate, opposite, acute, scabrous on the margin ; corol nearly
smooth within ; fruit oblong, smooth, crowned by the 2-lobed calyx,
Hab. Damp soils. Md. to Car. Sept. 2L — Stem smooth,
slender, purple. Flowers white, solitary, opposite,
5. GALIUM. Lam.
Calyx with the tube ovate-globose or oblong ; limb nearly
wanting. Corol 4-parted, rotate, (very rarely 3-parted.) Sta-
mens short. Styles 2, short. Fruit didymous, roundish,
rarely oblong. Tetrandria. Monogy?iia.
* Fruit smooth. Floiccrs yellow.
1. G. verum Linn. : leaves about 8 in a whorl, linear, grooved, entire :
flowers in dense panicles.
Hab. Pastures. N. S. June, July. H.—Stcyn erect, 9—18
inches high, slender, branched. Leaves linear, deflexed, round-
ish. Floiccrs yellow. Introduced ? Yellow Beihtraw.
** Fruit smooth. Flowers white.
2. G. trifidum Linn. : stem procumbent, scabrous downward ; leaves
4 — 6 in a whorl, linear, obtuse, scabrous on the margin and midrib ;
peduncles smooth, spreading, 3-cleft ; corol 3 — 4-cleft. — G. claytoni
Mich.
Hab. Swamps and wet fields. Can. to Car. N. to Arc. Amer.
June, July. 21. — Stems procumbent and assurgent, much branch-
14*
162 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
ed. Floicers in threes, white, very minute. — It varies with obo-
vate-cuneate leaves. Small Cleavers.
3. G. tinctorium Linn. : stem diffuse, smoothish ; leaves linear, some-
what acute ; those of the stem in sixes ; of the branches in fours ;
peduncles terminal, elongated, mostly 3-flowered.
Hab. Wet woods. N. S. June— Aug. If. — Stem weak, branch-
ing. Leaves very narrow. Corol white, mostly 4-cleft. Used
as a red dye. Dyer's Cleavers*
4. G. obtusum Big. : stem smooth, procumbent ; leaves in fours, ob-
lanceolate, obtuse, rough on the edge and midrib ; peduncles slender,
3-flowered ; lobes of the corol acute ; fruit smooth, globose.
Hab. Banks of streams. Mass. Big. July. Lf. — Stem much
branched, entire, smooth. Leaves very obtuse. Flowers white.
— Plant larger and more open than G. tinctorium.
5. G. asprcllum Mich. : stem diffuse, very branching, aculeate back
wards ; leaves in fives and sixes, lanceolate, acuminate, their margins
and nerves aculeate ; pedicels short.
Hab. Moist places. Can. to Virg. June, July. If. — Stem 1 — 2
feet high. Floicers white, minute.
*** Fruit hispid.
6. G. aparine Linn. : stem weak, branching, aculeate backwards ;
leaves 6— 8 in a whorl, linear-lanceolate, mucronate, with the keel and
margin rough with reflexed prickles ; fruit with hooked bristles.
Hab. Moist woods. N. S. June. ^.^Siem 3 — 4 feet long.
Flowers white, numerous, on axillary and terminal peduncles.
7. G. micranthum Pursh : stem very branching, divaricate, with re-
flexed prickles; leaves short, lanceolate, mucronate, smooth, their mar-
gin and keel aculeate ; flowering branches divaricate ; pedicels sub-
2-flowered, hispid.
Hab. Mountain swamps. Can. and N. J. July, If — Flowers
white, and very minute. Fruit mostly 1-seeded. Pursh.
8. G. brachiatum Pursh : stem flaccid, elongated, brachiate-ramose ;
branches short ; leaves in sixes, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, smooth,
their margin and keel setaceously-ciliate ; flower bearing branches long-
er than the whorls, divaricate and dichotomous ; pedicels 2-flowered ,•
fruit with hooked bristles.
Hab. Woods and meadows. N. S. June — Aug. li. — Flowers
white. Pursh. — Perhaps not distinct from G. aparine.
9. G. triflorum Mich. : stem procumbent, smoothish ; leaves in fives
and sixes, obovate-lanceolate, mucronate, glabrous, margin scarcely
ciliate ; flowering branches long, 3-flowered at the summit; flowers on
short pedicels ; fruit small, hispid. — G. cuspidatum Muhl. Ell.
Hab. Moist woods. Can. to Car. July, Aug. li. — Stem weak.
3 — 5 feet long. Floicers white, very small.
10. G. puncticulosum Mich. : stem erect, very branching, scarcely
pubescent ; leaves in fours, ovate, obtuse, smooth, with pellucid dots ;
VALERIANE.E. 163
margin and nerves pubescent ; flowering branches elongated ; fruit
with hooked bristles. — G. bcrmudianum Pursh not of Linn. ?
Hab. In wet places. Penn. to Car. June. If. — Stem erect,
nearly smooth. Floiccrs purple.
11. G. pilosum Ait. : stem nearly simple, elongated, ascending,
with remote joints, hispid ; leave's in fours, oval, mucronate, very hairy
on every part, nerveless ; flowering branches elongated, nearly simple,
3-flowered at the extremity ; fruit hairy. — G. pancticulosuynxar. pilosum
De Cand.
Hab. Woods. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. IS. — Stem a foot
high, rough. Flowers purple. — Probably not distinct from the
preceding.
1*2. G. circcezans Mick. : stem erect, smooth or slightly pubescent
on the angles ; leaves in fours, oval, obtuse, smooth ; margin and
nerves ciliate ; peduncles short, divaricate, few- flowered ; flowers re-
mote, subsessile, alternate ; fruit nodding, with hooked bristles. — G.
horcalc Wall. — G. hrachiaium Muhl.
Hab. Rocky woods. N. Y. to Car. June, July. If. — Stem
about a foot high. Flowers purple.
13. G. lanccolalum Torr. : stem erect, very smooth, with remote
joints ; leaves in fours, lanceolate, generally acute, smooth, 3-nerved,
margin subciliate ; peduncles long, divaricate ; fruit sessile, nodding,
covered with hooked bristles. — G. torreyi Big.
Hab. Rocky woods. N. S. July. U.—Stcm 12—18 inches
high. Floiccrs purple. — De Candolle considers this a variety of
the former.
14. G. septentrional^ R. $ S. : stem erect, branched above, very
smooth ; leaves in fours, linear-acute or linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved,
smooth, margin involute and scabrous ; flowers in a divaricate termi-
nal panicle ; fruit with minute hooked hairs. — G. horcalc Pursh. Torr.
— G. strictum Eat.
Hab. Sandy woods. N. S. Aug. 21.— Stem 1 1-2—2 feet
high. Floiccrs white, in a terminal crowded panicle.
Order LXV. VALERIANE.E. De Cand. hind.
Calyx with a limb of various kind?, either membranous or
resembling pappus. Corol inserted into the top of the ovary,
3 — 5-lobed, regular or irregular, sometimes calcarate at the
base. Stamens 1 — 5, inserted into the tube of the corol and
alternate with its lobes. Ovary inferior, 1 — 3-celled ; ovule
solitary, pendulous ; style filiform ; stigmas 1 — 3. Fruit
dry, indehisccnt, with 1 fertile cell and 2 empty ones. Seed
solitary, pendulous ; embryo straight, destitute of albumen ;
radicle superior.
Herbs. Leaves opposite, without stipules.
164 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
1. VALERIANELLA. Mxnch. De Cand.
Calyx with the limb toothed and persistent. Corol not cal-
carate, regular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas scarcely divided
or trifid. Fruit 3-celled, submembranaceous, indehiscent,
crowned by the limb of the catyx ; 1 or 2 of the cells only
fertile. Triandria. Monogynia.
V. radiata De Cand. : leaves spathulate-oblong, nearly entire, atten-
uate at base ; fruit oblong, smooth, somewhat 4-sided. — Fedia radiata
Mich. Pursk. Torr.
Hab. Fields. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. May. ^.—Stcm
a foot high, dichotomous. Leaves opposite. Flotcers small,
pale blue, in fastigiate corymbs, with lanceolate bracts at base.
Wild Lamb Lettuce.
2. VALERIANA. Be Cand.
Calyx with the limb involute, at length evolved in a deci-
duous plumose pappus. Corol with the tube obconic or cy-
lindric, equal or gibbous at base, limb obtusely, 5-cleft. Sta-
mens 3. Fruit indehiscent, l-celled, 1-seeded.
Triandria. Monogynia.
V. sylvatica Rich, f : flowers triandrous, perfect ; cauline leaves pin-
nate, acute ; radical ones oblong, entire.
Hab. Spagnous swamps, near Fairhaven, Ver. June, July. 2£.
— Root consisting of numerous long fibres, having the odour and
probably the medicinal properties of V. officinalis. Stem 2 — 3
feet high, simple, smooth, erect. Radical leaves on long peti-
oles, usually simple, but sometimes lobed at base, varying from
lanceolate, to ovate and subcordate ; stem leaves pinnate ; leaf-
ets in 4 — 6 pairs with an odd one, ovate oval or somewhat rhom-
boidal, coarsely but sometimes very sparingly toothed. Flowers
numerous, reddish- white, perfect, in a large and dense dichoto-
mous corymb. Corol gibbous at base, 5-cleft, Stamens and
pistil much exserted. Capsule ribbed, as long as the narrow and
hispid bracts. — This plant agrees very well with the short des-
cription given by Dr. Richardson ( App. to Frank. Jour.) of V.
sylvatica, a new species found in Arctic America and Newfound-
land, but it may prove distinct. From V. paziciflora it appears
to differ, although I have had no opportunity of comparing spe-
cimens. It was first discovered by Dr. Robbins at the above lo-
cality, where I have since found it growing abundantly.
Order LXVI. DIPSACE^. De Cand. hind.
Calyx with a limb short or elongated, entire or toothed, or
pappose. Corol tubular, inserted into the calyx ; limb oblique,
4 — 5-lobed, with an imbricate aestivation. Stamens usually
4 or 5, alternate with the lobes of the corol ; anthers distinct.
COMPOSITE. 165
Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with a single pendulous ovule; style
1 ; stigma simple. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1-celled, crowned
by the pappus-like calyx ; embryo straight, in the axis of
fleshy albumen ; radicle superior.
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flow-
ers densely capitate or very rarely whorled.
1. DIPSACUS. Linn.
Flowers collected in an ovate or roundish head. Common
calyx (involucre) foliaceous, many-leaved ; proper superior,
of one leaf. Corol tubular, 4-cleft. Stamens 4. Stigma
longitudinal. Fruit crowned with the limb of the calyx.
Tclrandria. Monogynia.
D. sylvestris Linn. : leaves opposite, rarely connate ; the many-leav-
ed involucre curved upwards ; scales of the receptacle straight.
II.vu. Fields and waste places. N. S. July. cf". — Stem 3 — 5
feet high, strong, angular, prickly. Flowers blue, in dense oval
heads, shorter than the scales of the receptacle. Introduced.
Wild Teasel.
Order LXVII. COMPOSITE. Mans. hind.
Calyx with the limb cither wanting or membranous, and
divided into bristles palea? or hairs, and called pappus. Co-
rol monopetalous, usually deciduous, either ligulate or tubular;
in the latter case 4 — 5-toothed or lobed, with a valvate aestiva-
tion. Stamens 5, alternate with the teeth of the corol ; fila-
ments distinct ; anthers cohering in a cylinder. Ovary inferi-
or, 1-celled, with a single erect ovule ; style single ; stigmas
2, distinct or united. Fruit a small indehiscent dry pericarp,
(acine) crowned with the limb of the calyx. Seed solitary,
erect ; embryo with a taper inferior radicle ; albumen none.
Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, usually
simple, without stipules. Flowers (called florets) collected
in dense heads upon a common receptacle, surrounded by an
involucre.
Suborder 1. CICHORACE.E.
Obs. In the arrangement of the genera of this suborder. I have
adopted Mr. Don's New Classification of the Cichoraceae. Edin. New
Phil. Jour. vi. 305. Wherever he has enumerated the species of his
new genera, I have quoted him as the authority ; although he has not
in any case given specific descriptions.
166 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
1. HIERACIUM. Linn. Don.
Involucre imbricate. Receptacle subfavose. Acines sim-
ple at the apex. Pappus with the rays numerous, persistent,
setaceous-pilose, arranged in one row.— Flowers yellow, so-
litary or corymbose. Syngenesia. JEqualis.
* Steiidess. Scape many-flowored.
1. H. vcnosnm Linn. : scape hairy at base, smooth and branching
above ; branches 1 -flowered ; leaves obovate-oblong, entire, a little
hairy above ; margins ciliate ; veins coloured ; involucre smooth.
Hab. Shady woods. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 14-. — Scape
1 — 2 feet high, branching towards the summit. Leaves all radi-
cal, spreading on the ground, coloured with dark red veins.
Flowers panicled, on slender pedicels, yellow. Veiny Haickicced.
** Stem leafy, many-flowered.
2. H. gronovii Linn. : radical leaves oblong, obtuse, very entire,
ciliate ; cauline ones ovate and clasping ; flowers in loose racemes ;
pedicels glandular-pilose ; involucre smooth.
Hab. Dry woods. Can. to Car. July, Aug. If. — Stem 2 feet
high, nearly naked. Flowers yellow, in a long terminal panicle
or raceme. — Both Pursh and Elliott have probably taken this
for the next.
3. H. marianum Willd. : stem erect, villous ; leaves obovate-oblong,
strigose-villous on the midrib ; lower ones slightly toothed; pedicels
and involucre hispid. — H. gronovii var. foliosum Pursh. — H. scabrum
Mich.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 2_f. — Stem 2 feet high,
very rough. Floioers in a small irregular panicle, yellow.
Rough Hawkweed.
A. H. paniculatum IVilld. : stem erect, leafy, smooth above, whitish
tomentose below ; leaves lanceolate, oblong, few-toothed, membrana-
ceous, naked ; pedicels divaricate, capillary, 1-flowered ; bracts seta-
ceous.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. July — Sept. If. — Stem slender,
1 — 2 feet high. Leaves thin, paler beneath. Flowers small, on
long slender pedicels, forming a large panicle.
5. H. kalmii Linn. : stem erect, simple, smoothish ; leaves sessile,
obloiig-lanceolate, acuminate, acutely and divaricately toothed; pedicels
tomentose, somewhat in the form of an umbel; involucre loose. — H.
virgatum and H. fasciculatum Pursh.
Hab. Rocky woods. Can. and N. S. Aug. If; — Stem 2 feet
high. Leaves with acute diverging teeth. Pedicels axillary and
terminal, covered with down, thick, erect. •
2. HARPALYCE. Don.
Involucre cylindric, many-leaved, in a single row, with a few
very short appressed scales at base. Receptacle slightly pit-
COMPOSITE. 167
ted. Florets indefinite. Stigmas filiform, somewhat hispid.
.Qcines narrow, angled, sulcate, simple at the apex. Pappus
pilose, stiffly erect, fragile, persistent and coloured, with the
rays crowded in a double row, denticulate-scabrous.
St/ngenesia. JEqualis.
I, II. altissima Don: stem branching; leaves 3-lobed, petioled,
angular, denticulate, scabrous on the margin ; racemes axillary ; flow-
ers nodding ; involucre about 5-flowered. — Prenanthes altissima Linn.
Pursh.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. Aug. li. — Stem 4 — 6 feet high,
brandling, glabrous. Floicers in axillary panicles or racemes,
yellowish.
2. II. cordata Don : stem paniculate above ; leaves petiolate, cordate,
toothed, ciliate ; the floral ones sessile, oblong, very entire ; panicle
loose, with the flowers somewhat racemose and nodding ; involucre
6-leaved, 6 — 8-flowered. — Prenanthes cordata Pursh.
Hab. Woods. N. Y. to Car. Aug. If.— Stem 4—6 feet high.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, cordate. Floicers in long loose pani-
cles, yellowish.
3. H. virgata Don : smooth ; stem simple ; leaves all lyrate and
jjinuate, sessile ; racemes generally secund ; flowers pendulous ; invo-
lucre 8-leaved, 10-flowered. — Prenanthes virgata Mich.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. J. to Car. Aug., Sept. U.— Stem 2—5
feet high. Flowers in a long terminal raceme, pale-purple.
4. H. alba Don : radical leaves angular-hastate, toothed and some-
what lobed ; stem-leaves roundish-ovate, toothed and petioled, the
upper ones lanceolate ; panicle loose ; fascicles terminal, nodding ;
involucres 8-leaved, 9 — 12-flowered. — Prenanthes alba Linn.
b. nana: stem low ; lower leaves 3-parted •, middle ones hastate,
upper ones ovate or lanceolate; sometimes all are entire. — P.
alba var. nana Big. Torr.
Hab. Woods. N. Y. to Car. Aug. U-—Stem 5 feet high.
Floicers in a loose panicle which is composed of small terminal
clusters, yellowish-white. Var. b. White mountains. Stem
4 — 15 inches high. Floicers in simple or panicled racemes,
purple.
5. H. serpentaria Don : leaves toothed, rough ; those of the root pal-
mate ; of the stem on long petioles, sinuate-pinnatifid, somewhat 3-
lobed, the middle segment 3-parted ; upper leaves lanceolate ; racemes
terminal, paniculate, short, nodding; involucre 8-leaved, 12-flowered.
— Prenanthes serpentaria Pursh.
Hab. Mountain woods. N. Y. to Car. Aug. H.—Stem2 — 4 feet
high, nearly glabrous. Floicers in loose terminal panicles, purple.
— Resembles H. alba, and by Dr. Torrey is placed as a variety
of that species. The whole genus, indeed, is so liable to varia-
tion, that it may be doubted whether many of the species usual-
ly considered distinct, are more than mere varieties. But as
168 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Pursh has apparently investigated it with more attention than
any succeeding botanist, I have preferred adopting his views
concerning the species. H. serpcntaria is said to be a cure for
the bite of the rattle snake. Pursh. Lion's Foot.
6. H. racemosa Don : stem simple ; leaves all undivided, smooth ;
radical ones oval-lanceolate ; cauline ones subclasping ; racemes ob-
long, very hairy, in nodding fascicles ; involucre 8 — 9-leaved, 9 — 12-
flowered. — Prenanthes racemosa Mich.
Hab. Can. Mich. N. S. Ton: Sept. If.— Stem 2 feet high.
FLoxcers purple.
3. LEONTODON. Schreb.
Involucre imbricate, with a few loose scales at base. Re-
ceptacle naked. Pappus simple, stipitate.
Syngenesia. JEqualis,
L. taraxacum Linn. : outer scales of the involucre reflected ; leaves
runcinate, smooth, the segments lanceolate and toothed ; scape 1-flow-
ered.
Hab. Pastures, &c. Throughout the U. S. April— Nov. If.
— Leaves all radical, smooth. Scapes often several from each
root, with one terminal large yellow flower. Introduced.
Dandelion.
4. OPORINIA. Don.
Involucre deeply many-parted, with a {ew appressed scales
at base. Receptacle dotted. Anthers bisetose at base. Acines
somewhat fusiform, compressed, sulcate ; furrows transverse-
ly rugose. Pappus with the rays distinct, in a single row,
persistent, plumose, scariose and dilated at base. — Flowers
pedunculate, yellow. Syngenesia. JEqualis.
0. autumnale Don : scape branching ; peduncles scaly ; leaves lan-
ceolate, toothed or pinnatifid, smoothish. — Apargia autumnale Willd.
Hab. Fields and road sides. N. S. July — Sept. 1£. — Scape
spreading, branching into a few peduncles which are furnished
with a few remote scales. Flowers bright yellow, resembling
the Dandelion. Introduced.
5. CYNTHIA. Don.
Involucre many-parted ; segments in a double row. Re-
ceptacle scrobiculate. Anthers 2-toothed at base, Stigmas
linear-ligulate, pruinose. Acines oval, complanate. Pappus
double ; outer one chaffy, very short ; inner pilose, rough. —
Flowers yellow. Syngenesia. JEqualis.
1. C. amplexicaule Beck : smooth and glaucous ; scape somewhat
fleshy, simple or bifid ; branches 2 — 3-flowered ; radical leaves subly-
rate, spatulate ; cauline ones clasping, lanceolate, entire, smooth. —
COMPOSITE. 169
Krigia amplexicaulis Nutt. — Trozimon virginicum Pursh. — Hyoscris am-
plexicaulis Mich.
Hab. Wet woods. N. J. to Car. W. to Miss. June. If.—
Stem a foot high, resembling a scape, and divided into long
slender branches. Floicers solitary at the extremity of the
branches, large, orange-yellow.
2. C. virginica Beck : glaucous ; primary leaves roundish, entire,
the rest lyrate, nearly smooth ; scape 1-flowered, smooth, at length
longer than the leaves. — Krigia virginica Linn. — Hyoscris virginica
Mich.
Hab. Fields and arid soils. Can. to Flor. May — Aug.
Scape 2 — v inches high. Floicers small, orange-yellow. — This
plant continues in flower for some time ; during which it varies
greatly in the length of the scape. Krigia dichotoma of Nutt-
all can be nothing more than a mere variety.
6. LACTUCA. Linn.
Involucre imbricate, cylindrical ; the scales membranace-
ous at the margin. Receptacle naked. Seeds smooth. Pap-
pus simple, stipitate. Syngenesia. jEqualis.
1. L. clan gain Muhl. : leaves smooth beneath ; the lower ones runci-
nate, amplexicaule ; upper ones lanceolate, sessile ; flowers in corym-
bose panicles.
Hab. Woods and road sides. Can. to Car. Aug. Sept. rf. —
Stem 3 — C feet high. Leaves long, spreading, runcinate, clasp-
ing. Panicle terminal, composed of small clusters of yellow
flowers. — This plant appears on grounds newly burnt over and
hence called Fire Weed.
2. L. hirsuta Nutt. : lower part of the stem and leaves hirsutely pi-
lose ; radical leaves lyrate, segments truncate ; the upper ones partly
runcinate-pinnatifid ; flowers in racemes ; scales subulate.
Hab. In Pennsylvania. Muhl. Aug. If. — Floicers yellow and
purple.
3. L. intcgrifolia Big. : leaves sagittate, entire, unarmed and clasp-
ing ; flowers panicled.
Hab. Road sides. N. S. July. $ .—Stem 3—4 feet high,
round, smooth and striated. Leaves pale beneath. Floicers yel-
low, in a panicle which is more compact than that of L. elongata,
from which Dr. Bigelow thinks it may be descended. It should
not be confounded with the L. mtegrifolia of Nuttall, which is
now removed to the genus Agathyrsus of Don.
4. L. sanguinea Big. : leaves clasping, runcinate, smooth beneath,
with the midrib filamentous ; flowers panicled.
Hab. Dry woods. N. S. July, Aug. $ .—Stem 2—3 feet
high, erect and smooth, mostly of a reddish-purple colour. Floic-
ers panicled, with short acuminate bracts. Involucre purple.
Coral crimson.
15
170 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
5. L. canadensis Linn. : leaves lanceolate-ensiform, clasping, toothed f
raceme compound, terminal. — So?ichus pallidus Pursh. Torr.
Hab. Woods and road sides. Can. and N. S. July — Sept. 11.
— Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Floicers small, yellow.
6. L. villosa Jacq. : radical leaves slightly runcinate ; those of the
stem, ovate, acuminate, petiolate, toothed in the middle ; flowers pa-
niculate ; peduncles somewhat scaly. — Sonchus acuminatus JVilld.
Hab. Shady woods. Mass. to Car. Aug., Sept. $ .—-Stem
3 — 4 feet high. Leaves attenuated at base into a winged petiole,
hairy beneath. Flowers in a loose terminal panicle, purple. Pe-
duncles with a few ovate ciliate scales. Florets about 15. Pap-
pus stipitate. — Although this plant differs somewhat in its habit
from the other species of Lactuca, it agrees more nearly with
this genus, than with Sonckus.
7. AGATHYRSUS. Don.
Involucre many-leaved, terete, closely imbricate ; the
inner scales elongated and connivent. Receptacle very
smooth. Florets indefinite. Anthers obtusely bidentate at
base. Jlcines ancipital-compressed, 5-ribbed on each side,
transversely rugulous, somewhat attenuated at the summit ;
disk epiginous, nearly flat, dilated. Pappus very slender, m-
gaceous, with the rays very numerous and arranged in a triple
row — Flowers corymbose paniculate, blue.
Syngenesia. tMqualis.
1. A. leucophctus Don : stem virgate and panicled ; leaves runci-
nate, acuminate ; peduncles scaly ; flowers racemose. — Sonchus leuco-
phorns Wild. Pursh. Torr. — S. spicatus Lam.
Hab. Woods and road sides. N. S. July — Sept. $. — Stem 2
feet high. Flowers bluish- white.
2. A. Jloridanus Don : stem terete ; leaves petioled, lyrate-runci-
nate, segments oblong, acuminate, toothed ; flowers paniculate ; pe-
duncles somewhat scaly. — Sonckus jloridanus Linn. Pursh. Torr.
Hab. Woods and road sides. N. S. S. to Car. July — Sept.
$. — Stem erect, 3 — 5 feet high. Leaves narrow lanceolate,
sometimes with runcinate segments. Flowers in a long slender
panicle, small, blue. — Pursh states that this plant is used as a
cure for the bite of the rattle snake, in the same manner as Pre-
nanthes serpentaria, and is called — Gall of the earth.
3. A. macrophyUus Don : ? leaves lyrate, cordate at base, very hairy
beneath ; petioles winged ; flowers paniculate ; peduncles hairy, naked
— Sonchus macrophyUus Willd. and the American authors.
Hab. Springy ground. Penn. to Car. Aug., Sept. U. — Stem
4 — 7 feet high. Leaves large, lyrate, very hairy beneath. Floio-
ers blue, of the size of Cichorium intybus. Root tuberous.
COMPOSITE. 171
8. SONCHUS. Lin*. Don.
Involucre many-leaved, closely imbricate, dilated at base,
connivent at the summit. Receptacle pitted, scabrous, w!th
the elevated and torn margins of the pits slightly dotted. Flo-
rets indefinite, the mouth very villous without. Anthers acute-
ly bidentate at base. Stigma hispid. Acines ancipital-com-
pressed, sulcate, transversely rugose, simple at the summit,
very soft, capillary, fugaceous ; rays very copious, unequal,
fasciculately connate at base — Flowers yellow, corymbose,
rarely solitary. Syngenesia. JEqualis.
L 8. olcrdcnis Linn. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, clasping, slightly
toothed and sinuate ; involucre smooth ; peduncles somewhat tomen-
tose.
IIab. Waste grounds. Can. to Car. July — Sept. ©. — Stem
2 — 4 feet high, hollow and succulent. Peduncles axillary and
terminal, covered with a cotton-like down. Flowers yellow. —
It differs from the generic character in its smooth receptacle.
Introduced. Soto Thistle.
2. 8. arvensis Linn. : root creeping ; leaves runcinate, denticulate,
cordate at base ; involucre hispid ; peduncles hispid, somewhat umbel-
Led.
Hab. Near cultivated grounds. N. S. If. — Stem 2 feet high.
Flowers large, deep yellow. Introduced.
3. »S'. spinulosis Big. : leaves clasping, oblong, waved, prickly ;
riowers somewhat umbelled.
Hab. Salt marshes. Mass. Aug. 0. — Strm 2 feet high, smooth
or slightly hairy. Leqfets smooth, with teeth ending in short
spines. Floiccrs somewhat umbelled, small, yellow.
9. CICHORIUM. Linn.
Involucre surrounded with leafy scales. Receptacle some-
what chaffy. Pappi s plumose, sessile, unequal, shorter than
than the acines. Syngenesia, JEqualis.
C. intybus Linn. : leaves runcinate ; flowers axillary, sessile, in
pairs.
Hab. Fields. N. S. July— Sept. U—Stcm 2—3 feet high,
with rough branches. Floiccrs large, blue. Introduced.
Succory.
Suborder II. CARDUACE^.
10. ARCTIUM. Linn.
Involucre globose, each of its scales with an incurved hook
at the extremity. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus simple, the
rays short. t Syngenesia. Mqualis.
A. lappa Linn : leaves cordate, petiolate, 'unarmed.
172 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Waste grounds. N. S. July, Aug. 11.— Stem 3—4 feet
high. Leaves very large, cordate and wavy. Flowers numerous,
purple. — As Dr. Bigelow remarks, " this plant intrudes itself on
every one's acquaintance by the sharp firm hooks at the end of
the calyx scales, which attach themselves to the clothes, and
serve as a remarkable mechanism for dispersing the seeds." In-
troduced. Burdock.
11. CARDUUS. Linn.
Involucre ventricose, imbricate, with spinous' scales. i?e-
ceptacle hairy. Pappus pilose or plumose, deciduous,
Syngenesia. JEqualis.
* Leaves decurrent.
1. C. lanceolatus Linn. : stem hairy ; leaves decurrent, pinnatifid,
hispid ; the segments divaricate and spinous ; scales of the involucre
lanceolate, spreading. — Cnicus lanceolatus Willd. — Cirsium lunceolatum
Sprang.
Hab. Road sides. N. S. July— Sept. tf.—Stem 2—4 feet
high. Leaves woolly beneath, the segments armed with long
and acute spines. Flowers terminal, purple, middle-sized.
** Leaves sessile.
2. C. altissimus Linn. : leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, scabrous,
tomentose beneath, dentate-ciliate ; radical ones pinnatifid ; involucre
ovate, bracteate ; scales ovate, lanceolate, spinous, appressed. — Cnicus
altissimus Willd.
Hab. Old fields. Perm, to Car. June— Sept. U-—Stem 3—8
feet high, and on the Missouri, according to Mr. Nuttall, 12 — 18
feet. Floiccrs terminal, large, purple.
3. C. arvensis Linn. : stem paniculate ; leaves sessile, pinnatifid,
spinous ; involucre ovate or globose ; scales ovate-lanceolate, mucron-
ate, appressed. — Cnicus arvensis Willd.
Hab. Fields and roads sides. N. S. July. 2_£. — Root creeping.
Stem 2 — 3 feet high, many-flowered. Leaves very thorny.
Flowers terminal, small, purple. — A very troublesome weed.
Introduced. Canada Thistle.
4. C. muticus Nutt. : leaves all pinnatifid, woolly beneath ; segments
spinulose, somewhat lanceolate, acute ; branches naked, I-flowered ;
involucre globose ; scales unarmed. — Cnicus muticus Fursk. — Cirsium
muticum Mich.
Hab. Mountains and low grounds. N. Y. to Car. Aug., Sept.
<£ . — Stent 2 — 4 feet high, branching above. Flowers purple,
middle-sized. Lower scales of the involucre spinous ; upper ones
simple, acute. — C. glaber of Nuttall appears to be only a variety
of this species.
5. C. virginianus Willd. : stem attenuated, mostly 1-flowered ; leaves
sessile, lanceolate, margin revolute, distantly and spinosely serrate,
COMPOSITE. 173
smooth above, tomentose beneath ; involucre ovate ; scales appressed,
shortly mucronate, carinate. — Cnicus virginianus Pursh. — Cirsium vir-
ginianum Mich.
Hab. Woods. Penn. to Car. July— Sept. U.—Stem 2—3
feet high, covered with a white down, especially towards the
summit. Flowers solitary, terminal, purple.
(5. C. discolor Nutt. : stem divaricately branched ; leaves lanceolate,
sessile or clasping, more or less deeply pinnatifid, smooth above, tomen-
tose beneath ; segments 2-lobed, ciliate and spinous ; involucre sub-
globose ; scales ovate, spinous. — Cnicus discolor Muhl.
Hab. Margins of swamps. N. J. to Car. July, Aug. $ . —
Stem 3 — (3 feet high, hairy and tomentose ; branches leafy.
Leaves long. Flowers solitary, middle-sized, purple.
7. C. pumilus Nutt. : stem hairy, few-flowered ; leaves clasping,
green on both sides, oblong-lanceolate and pinnatifid ; segments irregu-
larly lobed, ciliate and spinous ; involucre large, and somewhat globose,
naked ; scales appressed, lanceolate, acuminate, spinous.
Hab. Dry fields. N. S. $. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, erect or
subdecumbent. Leaves large, the lowest often 12 inches long.
Floiccrs few. very large, purple. Pappus more than an inch in
length. — Nuttall describes a variety of this species with the stem
simple, 1-flowered, and the leaves densely margined with spines.
It occurs on the banks of the Hudson near the city of New-
York, and is called var. hystrix.
8 C. spinosissivnis Walt. : leaves sessile, pinnatifid, acutely incised,
very spinous, woolly beneath ; flowers crowded, bracteate ; bracts very
spinous, the spines generally in pairs ; involucre unarmed. — Cnicus
horridulus Pursh.
Hab. Fields. N. S. to Car. July— Sept. 14.— Stem 2—3 feet
high, hollow. Floiccrs axillary and terminal, large, yellowish-
white, (pale purple Elliott.) Bracts 20 or 30 round the base of
each flower, on the outer ones spines in pairs. Scales of the
involucre lanceolate, very acute, but scarcely spiny.
9. C. glutinosus Beck : leaves pinnatifid, with divaricate segments ;
involucre ovate, with unarmed glutinous scales. — Cnicus glutinosus
Big.
Hab. Damp soils. Mass. Aug., Sept. $ — Stem 4 — 6 feet
high, branching. Leaves sessile, somewhat clasping. Flowers
small, on slender stalks, deep purple. — Allied to C. muticus, but
differs by its leaves and by the ovate glutinous scales of the in-
volucre.
12. ONOPORDON. Linn.
Involucre ventricose, with the scales spreading and spinous.
Receptacle pitted. Pappus deciduous, rough.
Syngenesia. Mqualis.
15*
174 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
0. acanthium Linn. : leaves ovate-oblong, sinuate and spinous, de-
current, woolly on both sides ; scales of the involucre subulate, spread-
ing.
Hab. Waste grounds. N. S. July. $. — Stem 4— 6 feet high,
branched and winged to the summit ; wings very spinous. In-
volucre globose. Floicers large, solitary, purple. Introduced. »
Cotton Tldstfcr^
13. CENTAUREA. Linn.
Involucre scaly. Receptacle bristly. Corol of the ray in-
fundibuliform, irregular, larger than those of the disk. Pap-
pus simple. Syngenesia. Frustranea,
1. C. jacea Linn. : leaves linear-lanceolate, the lower ones broader
and toothed ; scales of the involucre scariose and torn, the lower ones
pinnatifid.
Hab. Penn. Muhl. July, Aug. 2£. — Scales of the involucre
pale-brown and shining, the outer ones deeply pinnatifid, the in-
ner or uppermost ones torn. Floicers purple. Introduced.
Broicn Knapweed.
2. C. nigra Linn. : lower leaves angular-lyrate, upper ones ovate ;
•scales of the involucre ovate, ciliated with capillary teeth.
Hab. Mass. and Penn. July, Aug. 1£. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high.
Leaves scabrous. Scales of the involucre almost black, the teeth
brown. Floicers solitary, terminal, purple. Introduced. — Be-
sides the above, C. cyanus. C. benedicticta and C. calcitrapa are
naturalized in some parts of the United States. None of them
are indigenous. Black Knapweed.
14. ELEPHANTOPUS. Linn.
Partial involucre 4-flowered. Florets ligulate, 5-cleft, per-
fect. Receptacle naked. Pappus setaceous.
Syngcnesia. Segregata.
E. caroUnianvs Willd. : stem branched, leafy, hairy ; leaves of the
root and stem oblong, tapering at base, hairy.
Hab. Dry soils. Md. to Car. Sept. U-—Stem 2 feet high,
villous, especially near the base, branching towards the summit.
Heaols of flowers composed of four clusters, each 4-flowered,
with the involucre 9 — 10-leaved. Corol purple.
Elephant' s -foot.
15. VERNONIA. Linn.
Involucre ovate, imbricate. Receptacle naked. Stigma
bifid. Pappus double ; outer short, chaffy ; inner capillary.
Syjigenesia, Mqualis.
COMPOSITE. 175
1. V% novtboracensis Willd. : leaves numerous, lanceolate, scabrous,
serrulate ; corymb fastigiate ; scales of the involucre filiform at the
summit.
Hab. Wet grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept.
11. — Stem A — 6 feet high, branching towards the top. Floicers
in a very large terminal corymb, purple.
2. V. prealta Willd. : stem very tall, angular, densely pubescent ;
leaves numerous, lanceolate, acutely serrate, pubescent beneath :
corymb fastigiate : scales of the involucre ovate, acute, unarmed.
Hab. Meadows. N. S. to Car. Aug.— Oct. y.— A very tall
rough looking plant. Flowers purple.
1C. LIATRIS. Linn.
Involucre oblong, imbricate. Receptacle naked. Pappus
feathered, generally coloured. Acines pubescent, obconic.
Syngencsia. JEquaUr.
1. L. spicata Willd. : leaves linear, entire, smooth, ciliate at base,
nerved and punctate ; flowers in spikes; scales of the involucre linear,
obtuse. — L. maerostackya Mich. Piqrsk.
Hab. Meadows. Penn. to Car. Aug., Sept. If. — Stem 3 — C
feet high. Floicers in a terminal spike, purple. Involucres 8 — 10-
flowered.
2. L. pilosa Willd. : stem simple, pubescent ; leaves linear, hairy,
ciliate ; flowers in loose racemose heads ; scales of the involucre ob-
long, obtuse ; pedicels bracteate.
Hab. Pine barrens. N. J. to Geor. Sept. — Nov. 11. — Stem
2 — 3 feet high, a little hairy. Leaves long and linear. Raceme
long, leafy. Involucre with 10 — 14 flowers. Flowers small,
bright purple.
3. L. scariosa Willd. : stem erect, hairy ; leaves lanceolate, pubes-
cent, scabrous on the margin ; raceme long ; involucre 14-flowered ;
scales obovate, nearly glabrous, with the margins scarious ; the lower
ones expanding.
Hab. Sandy woods. Penn. to Car. Aug. — Oct. 21. — Stem
3 — 4 feet high. Loicer leaves very long. Floicers numerous, in a
terminal raceme, bright purple. A very variable species. See.
Ell. 8k. ii. 281.
4. L. squarrosa Willd. : stem simple, pubescent ; leaves very long,
linear, nerved, with the margins scabrous ; racemes few-flowered,
leafy ; upper scales of the involucre lanceolate, rigid and spreading ;
segments of the florets linear, villous internally.
Hab. Sandy woods. Penn. to Flor. W. to Miss. Sept. — Oct.
11 • — Stem 2—3 feet high. Flowers generally 4—5, in a terminal
raceme, bright purple. Involucre about 20-flowered.
17. BACCHARIS. Linn.
Involucre imbricate, its scales ovate and somewhat coria-
176 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
ceous. Receptacle naked. Florets tubular, dioecious. Ste-
rile with the anthers exserted, unawned at base, pappus slight-
ly feathered. Fertile filiform, pappus capillary.
Syngenesia. Superflua.
B. halimifolia Linn. : leaves obovate and oval, incisely toothed near
the summit ; panicle compound, leafy ; heads of flowers peduncled.
Hab. Sea coast. Md. to Geor. Sept., Oct. *?. — A shrub 6— 12
feet high, and with the leaves covered with a whitish powder or
dust. Floicers in a large loose terminal panicle. Pajynis of the
fertile florets hairy, twice as long as the corol.
Plough?na?l, s Spikenard.
18. CONYZA. Linn.
Involucre imbricate, the scales appressed. Receptacle nak-
ed. Marginal florets fertile, 3-cleft. Pappus simple, ca-
pillary. Acines hairy. Syngenesia. Superflua.
C. camphorata Pnrsh : herbaceous, slightly pubescent ; leaves on
petioles, ovate-lanceolate, very acute, denticulate ; corymbs terminal
and axillary, shorter than the leaves ; scales of the involucre acute, as
long as the florets. — Erigcron camphoratum Linn.
Hab. Salt marshes. Mass. to Geor. Aug., Sept. 11. — Stem
1 — 2 feet high, rather succulent. Floicers in axillary and terminal
corymbs, purple. — When bruised, this plant gives out a strong
spicy but somewhat disagreeable odour. Big. Marsh Fleabane.
19. INULA. Linn.
Involucre squarrose or imbricate. Florets of the ray very
numerous, yellow. Anthers each with 2 bristles at the base.
Receptacle naked. Pappus simple. Nutt.
Syngenesia. Superflua.
I. heler.tium Linn. : leaves clasping, somewhat toothed, ovate, ru-
gose and tomentose beneath ; scales of the involucre downy.
Hab. Roadsides. N. S. July, Aug. U-— Stem 3— 4 feet high,
branching at the top. Leaves very large, those of the root petio-
led, of the stem clasping. Flowers large, solitary, terminal,
yellow. Elecampane.
20. CHRYSOPSIS. Nutt.
Involucre imbricate. Anthers naked at the base. Recep-
tacle naked. Pappus double ; the outer chaffy and minute ;
the inner hairy, scabrous and many rayed. Acines obovate,
villous. — Rays of the corol mostly yellow.
Syngenesia. Superflua.
COMPOSITE. 177
1. ft ?naria7ia Nutt. : hairy; leaves oblong, lanceolate, serrate; the
upper ones sessile, acute ; the lower ones spathulate and generally ob-
tuse ; corymb simple ; involucre viseidly pubescent. — Inula mariana
Linn.
Hab. Sandy woods. N. J. to Car. Aug.— Oct. 2_f.— Stem 1— 2
feet high, clothed with long hairs. Floiccrs in corymbs ; fiords
of the ray 16—20.
2. C. faleata Hick: woolly and villous ; leaves sessile, linear, very
acute, subfalcate and spreading ; nerves pilose on both sides ; flower*
in axillary corymbs ; involucre pilose. — Inula faleata Pursh.
Hab. Pine woods. N. J. Sept., Oct. 2X. — Strm 6—12 inches
high, flowers in crowded corymbs, small, bright yellow. Ray
floret* oblong, tridentate. — Mr. Nuttall supposes this species to
be a mere variety of the preceding.
3. ft gramin folia Nutt. : silky ; stem leafy towards the summit ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, entire, nerved ; corymb compound. —
Inula graminifolia Mich.
Hab. Sandy woods. Del. to Flor. Aug.— Oct. 2|. — Stem 1—2
feet high and with the leaves covered with a silky pubescence.
Leaves long, linear. Corymb made up of many heads. Flow-
ers yellow. — Closely allied to ft argentea of Elliott, but the
leaves are conspicuously nerved, the corymbs generally more
compact and the heads more numerous — The three species above
described, differ so much in habit from Inula helenium, as to war-
rant their separation ; a suggestion first made by Mr. Nuttall,
and subsequently adopted by Mr. Elliott. But it is doubtful
whether the range of the genus is so extensive as we should be
led to infer from the remarks of Mr. Nuttall.
21. ARNICA. Linn.
Involucre hemispherical, with the leafets equal and longer
than the disk. Receptacle naked. Pappus simple. Florets
of the ray often with 5 filaments destitute of anthers, (yel-
low.) . Sy agenesia. Superfiua.
A. nudicaulis Nutt. : hirsute ; radicle leaves opposite, decussate,
broad-lanceolate, nerved and toothed ; stem nearly leafless, divided
near the summit into a few 1-flowered branches. — A. claytoni Pursh. —
Doronicum nudicaidc Mich.
Hab. Pine barrens. Penn. to Car. July, Aug. 11. — Stem 2 — 3
feet high, simple, hirsute, somewhat viscid. Leaves of the root
large, spreading, strongly nerved. Floiccrs large, yellow.
Leopard' s-bane.
22. GNAPHALIUM. I***.
Involucre imbricate, with the scales membraneous and often
coloured. Receptacle naked. Florets of the ray subulate ;
some of the disk occasionally abortive. Pappus rough.
Syngenesia. Supcrflua.
178 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
* Floicers perfect.
1. G.pobjcephahim Mich. : herbaceous, erect ; leaves linear-lanceo-
late, acute, glabrous on the upper surface, pubescent beneath ; stern
paniculate, tomentose ; corymbs terminal, clustered.
Hab. Fields. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July— Sept. 0.—
Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Flowers in thick clusters forming a large
terminal cotymb, pale yellow. Fragrant Life Everlasting.
2. G. pvrpweum Linn. : herbaceous ; stem erect, simple ; leaves li-
near-spathulate, tomentose beneath ; flowers sessile, clustered, axil-
lary and terminal.
Hab. Barren soil. N. Y. to Car. July — Oct. If. — Stem erect
and assurgent, 8 — 12 inches high. Flowers in compact axillary
and sessile clusters, purplish.
3. G. syhaticum Linn. : stem herbaceous, very simple, nearly erect ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, downy on both sides ; flowers axillary, form-
ing a distant and leafy spike.
Hab. Woods. Can. and N. S. July, Aug. H. — Stem a foot
high. Flowers sessile in the axils of the leaves, forming a more
or less interrupted spike. Scales of the involucre oblong, shin-
ing, with a broad brown border.
4. G. americanum Linn. : stem herbaceous, erect, branching ; leaves
obovate-spathulate, pubescent beneath ; flowers axillary and terminal,
in clustered spikes.
Hab. Rocky woods. Penn. andVirg. July— Sept. ©. — Stem
6 — 10 inches high. Flowers small, pale yellow.
5. G. uliginosum Linn. : stem herbaceous, branched, diffuse, woolly ;
leaves linear-lanceolate ; flowers in terminal crowded clusters which
are shorter than the leaves.
Hab. Wet grounds. Can. and N. S. Aug., Sept. 0. — Stem
a span high, very much branched. Floicers small, 2 — 3 togeth-
er, forming oblong clusters at the extremity of the branches.
Scales of the involucre yellowish-brown, shining.
Marsh Cudweed.
6. G. germanicum Smith : stem herbaceous, erect, proliferous at the
summit ; leaves lanceolate, acute, downy ; flowers capitate in the ax-
ils of the branches and terminal.
Hab. Fields and pastures. Penn. and Virg. July, Aug. #.— -
Ste?7i G — 8 inches high, with numerous leaves. Floicers in a
globular head. Scales of the involucre yellowish, very acute.
Common Cudweed.
7. G. decurrens Ices : stem erect, much branched ; leaves linear-lan-
ceolate, very acute, decurrent, white and woolly beneath, naked
above ; flowers in dense terminal roundish clusters.
Hab. Hills. N. S. Aug. U>~Stem 1 1-2—2 feet high. Flow-
ers yellowish.
COMPOSITE. 170
** Floiccrs dioecious. Antexxaria. Broun.
8. G. margaritaccum Linn. : herbaceous ; stem brandling near the
summit ; leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering, acute; tomentose beneath ;
corymb fastigiate ; flowers on pedicels.
Hab. Woods and mountains. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. IX. —
Stem 1 — 2 feet high, clothed with a thick wool. Flowers large,
in terminal corymbs. Involucre white. Florets yellow.
Life Everlasting.
9. G. phntagineum Linn. : shoots procumbent ; stem simple ; radi-
cal leaves ovate, nerved ; corymb clustered ; flowers dioecious ; inner
scales of the involucre long, obtuse, coloured. — G. dioicum var. plan-
tugincum Mich.
1 1 \ i!. Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May, June. IX. —
Stem 8 — 10 inches high, downy. Radical leans large and broad,
those of the stem lanceolate. Flowers in a small terminal co-
rymb, reddish-white ; fertile ones cylindrical and slender.
Suborder III. ASTERE^E.
23. ERIGERON. Linn.
Involucre imbricate. Receptacle naked. Florets of the
ray numerous, very narrow, (mostly of a different colour from
the disk.) Pappus double; the outer very small ; the inner
hairy, of a few rays. Synge?iesia. Superjlua.
1. E. bcllidifolivm Linn. : hirsute-hoary ; radical leaves obovate.
slightly serrate ; those of the stem sessile, scattered, oblong-lanceo-
late ; stem 3 — 5-flowered ; rays twice as long as tiie involucre. — E.
pulchellum Mich.
Hab. Shady woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June — Aug.
IX . — Stem 12 — 18 inches high. Flowers few, large, pale purple.
Robin's Plantain.
2. E. integrifolium Big. : stem simple, leafy, smooth ; leaves lance-
olate, entire, 3-nerved ; flowers corymbed ; involucre hemispheric,
with acute scales.
Hab. Woods and road sides. N. S. June — Aug. IX. — Stem
2 feet high, simple. Leaves slightly clasping, lower ones some-
times toothed. Flowers white, on rough leafy peduncles.
3. E. phihidclpliicum Linn. : pubescent ; lower leaves cuneate, ob-
long, sometimes incisely toothed ; stem leaves oblong-lanceolate, clasp-
ing; flowers somewhat corymbose ; florets of the ray capillary, twice
as long as the involucre.
Hab. Fields and woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug.,
Sept. IX. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, slender. Floicers in a loose
corymb, pale purple ; ray florets very numerous.
4. E. purpureum Linn. : pubescent ; leaves oblong, toothed, clasp-
ing ; upper ones very entire ; peduncles corymbed, thick, the lower
180 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
ones elongated ; scales of the involucre pilose ; rays twice as long as
the calyx.
Hab. Woods and pastures. Can. to Virg. N. to Arc. Amer.
July, Aug. If. — Stem 12 — 18 inches high. Floiccrs large,
purple.
5. E. strigosum Linn. : strigose and hairy ; leaves lanceolate, atten-
uate at each end, entire or with a few coarse teeth in the middle ; flow-
ers in a corymbose panicle. — E. strigosum and E. nervosum Pursh. f
Hab. Fields and meadows. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July,
Aug. cj\ — Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Floicers white, with the rays
capillary.
6. E. heterophyllum Linn : radical leaves roundish-ovate, deeply
toothed, petiolate ; those of the stem lanceolate, acute, serrate in the
middle ; corymb terminal.
Hab. Waste grounds. N. S. June — Aug. (?. — Stem 2 — 3
feet high. Floicers white.
Subgenus Ceanotus. Nutt. Pappus simple.
7. E. canadense Linn. : stem hispid, paniculate, often profusely
branched ; leaves lanceolate-linear ; florets of the ray numerous,
crowded, very short. — E. canadense and E. pusillum Nutt.
Hab. Dry fields. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. July— Sept. #.
Stem 6 inches to 6 feet high. When small, constituting E. pusil-
lum of Nuttall.
24. ASTER. Linn.
Involucre imbricate, with the lower scales often spreading.
Florets of the ray generally more than 10, (not yellow.) jRe-
ceptacle naked. Pappus simple, hairy.
Syngenesia. Super -flua.
Obs. Mr. Elliott's admirable sketch of the Botany of South Caro-
lina and Georgia, contains detailed descriptions of many of our North-
ern Asters, and may be consulted with much advantage. The whole
genus is liable to great variations ; and it is more than probable that
many of the species here enumerated, will be found, on more minute
investigation, to be mere varieties.
* Florets of the ray 5, white. Scales of the involucre ivhite, icith the sum-
mits green.
1. A. solidaginoides Mich. : leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, scabrous
on the margin ; branches corymbose-fastigiate ; flowers sessile, aggre-
gate ; scales of the involucre oblong-obtuse, appressed, somewhat re-
flexed at the summit. — Conyza linifolia Linn.
Hab. Dry swamps and woods. Penn. to Car. Aug. — Oct. It.
— Stem 2 feet high, smooth. Leaves almost linear, obscurely 3-
nerved. Flowers in small clusters, forming a fastigiate corymb.
COMPOSITE. 181
2. A. conyzoides Willi. : stem simple, smooth and rigid ; leaves oval-
lanceolate, acute, serrate towards the summit, 3-nerved ; the lower
ones attenuate at base ; the upper entire ; scales of the involucre oval,
obtuse, appressed, slightly reflexed at the summit.—.!, marykindicvs
Mich.
Hab. Woods and copses. Penn. to Geor. July, Aug. 21.—
Stem 1—2 feet high.-Var. plantiginifol&ue of Nuttall, differs only
in being smaller and in having its leaves cuneate-ovate.
** Florets of the ray numerous. Pappus simple.
t Leaves entire.
3. A. hyssopifolius Linn. : leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, dotted,
acute, with the margin scabrous; branches fastigiate, clustered; flo-
rets of the ray about 5 ; scales of the involucre about half as long as the
disk.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. J. to Car. Aug.— Oct. If.— Stem 1—2
feet high, smooth. Floircrs in small terminal fastigiate corymb?.
Florets of the ray 3—7 or more, white or purplish.
4. A. subulatus Mich. : very smooth ; leaves linear-subulate, acute,
orect; branches many-flowered ; involucre cylindrical, the scales sub-
ulate ; florets of the ray minute.
Hab. Salt marshes. Penn. to Car. Aug. — Nov. 2_f.—
erect, 2 — 3 feet high, smooth, with numerous spreading branches.
Flowers very small, in a loose terminal panicle, pale purple.
5. A foliolosus Ait. : stem bearing many branches, erect; leaves linear-
lanceolate, attenuate at each end, acuminate, margin scabrous ; those
of the branches minute and numerous ; branches few-flowered ; scales
of the involucre linear-acute, appressed. — A. cordifulius Mich.
Hab. Fields and road sides. Can. to Car. Aug. — Oct. 11. —
Stem 2—3 feet high, with spreading branches. Floiccrs in a
compound panicle, white or pale purple.
6. A. tenuifolius Linn. : stem smooth, erect, with 1-flowered branches;
leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering at each end, very entire, slightly sca-
brous along the margin ; scales of the involucre acute, loose.
Hab. Fields and road sides. Can. to Car. Aug.— Nov. It. —
Stem 'J — 3 feet high, with numerous leaves. Flowers numerous,
in racemes along the main branches, pale purple. — It sometimes
has the branches paniculate, and at others the leaves are quite
linear, constituting in the former case A. dumosus Linn., in the
latter A. ericoides Linn.
7. A. ncmoralis Ait. : leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuate at base, with
the margin scabrous and revolute : branches filiform, naked, 1-flower-
ed ; involucre loosely imbricated, with the scales acute and much short-
er than the disk; rays numerous. — A. ledifulius Pursh.
Hab. Sphagnous swamps. Can. and N. J. Sept, Oct. Lf. —
Stem simple, 12—18 inches high, fragile and thickly set with
leaves which are sometimes minutely bidentate. Flowers large,
pale violet. — The stem is sometimes simple and 1-flowered.— A.
uniflorus Mich.
16
182 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
8. A.paludosus Ait. : stem simple; leaves sessile or clasping, subu-
late, smooth, with the margin scabrous; peduncles few, 1-flowered,
axillary and terminal, leafy, pubescent ; involucre large and squarrose.
— A. grandiflorus Walt. ?
Hab. Borders of swamps. N. J. to Flor. Aug. — Nov. If. —
Stem 1—2 feet high, smooth nearly to the top, 3 — 5-flowered.
Flowers very large and beautiful, the rays bright blue.
9. A. multiflorus Ait. : stem diffusely branched, pubescent ; leaves
linear, entire, nearly smooth, slightly ciliate ; involucre and peduncles
squarrose, the scales oblong and ciliate. — A. ■multiflorus and A. ciliatus
Willd.
Hab. Fields and road sides. Can. to Car. Aug. 24.. — Stem
2 — 3 feet high, branching, very pubescent. Floicers in crowded
terminal racemes, on horizontal branches. Ray florets nearly
white, disk ones yellowish.
10. A. sparsiflorus Mich. : very smooth ; stem slender, much branch-
ed ; leaves linear-subulate, somewhat fleshy and reflexed ; branches
spreading, leafy, 1-flowered; scales of the involucre acute, appressed.
Hab. Salt marshes. N. Y. to Car. Sept.— Nov. Lf.— Stem
1 — 2 feet high. Floicers large ; rays pale purple ; disk yellow.
11. A. concolor Linn. : stem simple, erect, pubescent ; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, entire, hoary and pubescent on both sides ; raceme termi-
nal ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, silky, appressed.
Hab. Pine woods. N. J. to Flor. Aug. — Nov. Lf.— Stem 2— 3
feet high, sparingly branched. Flowers in a long terminal ra-
ceme, blue. Root often tuberous.
12. A. salicifolius Pursh: stem smooth, paniculate at the summit ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, nearly entire, smooth ; involucre lax, with the
scales acute and spreading at their summits. — A. prealtus Lam.
Hab. Low grounds. N. S. Aug. — Oct. If. — Stem 4— 6 feet
high. Floicers middle-sized, reddish-blue.
13. A. ccstivus Ait. : stem branching from the base, erect, hispid ;
branches hairy ; leaves lanceolate, subclasping. attenuate at the apex,
with the margin scabrous ; scales of the involucre loose, linear, acute,
equal.
Hab. Dry swamps. N. S. July— Sept. Lf.— Stem 2 feet high.
Flowers middle-sized ; rays blue.
14. A. noxaanglice Linn. : stem erect, hairy, paniculate ; leaves nar-
row-lanceolate, hairy, clasping, auriculate, crowded on the branchlets ;
scales of the involucre lanceolate, loose, rather longer than the disk.
Hab. Meadows. Can. to Car. Sept.— Nov. U.—Stem 3—6
feet high, almost hispid, with spreading branches. f Flowers
large, in a loose terminal panicle, blue or purple. — A very orna-
mental species.
15. A. cyaneus Pursh : stem very smooth, branching, the branches
spreading ; leaves linear-lanceolate, clasping, smooth ; flowers in pani-
COMPOSITE. 183
culate racemes ; scales of the involucre loose, lanceolate, as long as
the disk. — A. none anglia var. b. Ait.
Hab. Old meadows. N. Y. to Car. Sept.— Nov. If.— Stem
3 — 4 feet high, smooth or slightly pubescent on the young
branches. Flowers large, blue and purple. — Said by Pursh to
be the handsomest of the genus.
16. A. phlogifolius lirdld. : stem very simple, pubescent ; leaves
lanceolate, cordate, clasping, pubescent beneath, scabrous on the mar-
gin ; panicle terminal, loose, few-flowered ; scales of the involucre
loose, imbricate, lanceolate. — A. amplexicatdis Mirk.
Hab. Moist grounds. N. J. toVirg. Aug.— Nov. 1£. — Stem 1 — 2
feet high. Flowers middle-sized, violet.
17. A. patens Ait.: stem branching, hair}'-; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
ciliate, cordate, clasping, scabrous and hairy on both sides ; branches
spreading, elongated, few-flowered, with minute leaves ; scales of the
involucre imbricate, lanceolate, spreading. — A. diversifolius Mich.
Hab. Hedges. N. S. Sept.— Nov. H.—Stem 1—2 feet high.
Flowers middle-sized ; rays blue or purple ; disk yellow.
tt Leaves lanceolate and orate ; the loicer serrate.
1. Floiccrs in corymbs.
18. A. nudiflorus Nutt. : stem simple and smooth ; leaves sessile,
ovate-lanceolate, subacuminate, sharply serrate, upper surface sca-
brous ; corymb simple, few-flowered ; peduncles pubescent, naked,
mostly 1-flowered ; involucre hemispherical, closely imbricated ; scales
linear-oblong and ciliate.
Hab. Swamps. N. J. rare. H.—Stem 2—3 feet high.
locates 3 inches long, 1 inch wide. Flowers on peduncles 3—4
inches long, large, pale purple.
10. A. radula Ait. : stem erect, simple, angular ; leaves lanceolate,
serrate, acuminate, rugose and very scabrous ; corymb terminal ; in-
volucre imbricate ; scales lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, subsquarrose.
Hab. Nova Scotia and high mountains in N. S. Sept. — Nov.
11. — Floiccrs middle-sized ; rays short, white.
20. A. strictus Pursh : leaves sessile, narrow-lanceolate, serrate, sca-
brous ; stem one or few-flowered above ; scales of the involucre imbri-
cate, appressed, oblong, acute, scarcely shorter than the disk. — A. bi-
Jlorus Mich.
Hab. High mountains. N. S. N. to Labrador. Sept., Oct.
K.. — Stem 4 — 6 inches high. Flowers middle-sized ; rays pale
violet ; disk brownish-yellow.
21. A. surculosus Mich. : stem simple, low and slender, minutely pu-
bescent ; lower leaves linear-lanceolate, entire or subserrate, scabrous
above ; upper ones linear, clasping ; corymb 3 — 5-flowered, somewhat
naked ; involucre imbricate, subsquarrose ; scales ciliate, linear-ob-
long, inner ones obtuse ; rays about 20.
Hab. Woods. N. S. Torr. S. to Car. Sept. Oct. U-— Root creep-
ing. Stem 12 — 18 inches high. Flowers rather large, violet
184 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
purple ; inner scales of the involucre often coloured. — The habit
of this species is very much like that of a corymbose Liatris, and
Mr. Nuttall thinks it is the Ji. clegans of Willdenow.
22. A. spectabilis Ait. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, somewhat scabrous
and clasping ; lower ones serrate in the middle ; branches corymbose ;
involucre hemispherical, somewhat glandularly pubescent, foliaceous
and squarrose ; scales ciliate, cuneate-ovate and partly acute.
b. bellidfolius Nutt. : leaves oblong-obovate, serrate ; corymb near-
ly simple, with the branchlets mostly 1-flowered. — A. bellidiflorus
Willd. ?
Hab. Swamps. N. J. to Virg. Aug. — Nov. 2£. — Stem 2 feet
high ; branches 2 or 3-flowered, somewhat hairy. Floicers 10 — 15
in a corymb, large and blue. Var. b. has the stem never hairy
above.
23. A. serotinus Willd. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile,
smooth, scabrous on the margin ; lower ones serrate ; branches corym-
bose, smooth ; branchlets 1-flowered ; scales of the involucre lanceo-
late, acuminate, spreading.
Hab. Low grounds. N. Y. to Virg. Sept. — Nov. 11. — Stem
3 feet high. Flowers large, blue.
24. A. puniccus Linn. : stem hispid ; leaves clasping, lanceolate, ser-
rate, somewhat scabrous ; branches paniculate ; involucre loose, ex-
ceeding the disk ; scales linear-lanceolate, nearly equal.
Hab. Salt swamps. Can. to Car. Sept. — Nov. !£• — StemG — 8
feet high, purplish. Flowers large, purple or blue.
25. A. novi belgii Linn. : stem terete, smooth ; leaves subclasping?
lanceolate, smooth, scabrous on the margin ; lower ones somewhat ser-
rate ; branches subdivided ; involucre loosely imbricated ; scales linear-
lanceolate. — A. novi belgii and A. floribvndus Willd.
Hab. Fields. N. S. Aug.— Oct. U-Stcm 3 feet high.
Flowers middle-sized, pale purple.
26. A. acuminatus Mich. : stem simple, flexuous, angular ; leaver
broad-lanceolate, tapering and entire towards the base, unequally
serrate near the summit, conspicuously acuminate ; panicle corym-
bose, divaricate, dichotomous ; scales of the involucre loose, linear,
shorter than the disk.
Hab. Can. and mountains in N. S. Aug. — Oct. 11. — Stem a
foot or more high. Leaves large. Floicers middle-sized; rays
white.
27. A. dracunculoides Willd. : stem nearly smooth ; leaves linear,
acuminate, very entire ; lower ones linear-lanceolate, subserrate ;
branches corymbose ; involucre imbricate.
Hab. Low grounds. N. J. to Car. Sept.— Nov. 2L — Stem 4
feet high. Floicers small ; rays white.
2. Flowers in panicles.
28. A. amplexicaulis Willd. : stem smooth, paniculate ; leaves ovate-
COMPOSITE. 185
oblong, acute, clasping, cordate, serrate, smooth ; scales of the invo-
lucre lanceolate, closely imbricate. — A. j)ennsylvanicus Lam.
Hab. Woods. N. 'J. to Car. Sept.— Nov. U.—Stem 2—3
feet high. Lower leaves attenuate and clasping, the upper ones
more cordate. Flowers in a terminal panicle, middle-sized, blue.
29. A. prenanthoides JVdld. ; branches hairy ; leaves clasping, spath-
ulate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate in the middle, cordate at base ;
scales of the involucre lanceolate, squarrose.
Hab. Penn. Muhl. Aug. — Oct. If. — Flowers blue.
30. A. lavigatus Hllld. : stem much branched, smooth ; branches
many-flowered ; leaves subclasping, broad-lanceolate, subserrate,
smooth ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, loose, as long as the disk,
Hab. Wet woods. N. Y. to Car. Sept., Oct, y.-Stem 2 — 4
feet high, profusely branched. Upper leaves narrow and nearly
entire. Flowers numerous, pale purple ; disk yellow.
31. A. versicolor Hllld. : stem much branched, smooth ; leaves sub-
clasping, broad-lanceolate, smooth, somewhat serrate ; radicle ones
serrate in the middle ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, loose, shorter
than the disk.
Hab. Fields and Woods. N. J. to Car. Aug.— Oct. U-—
Stein 2 feet high. Floicers large and very numerous, clustered
towards the summits of the branches; disk yellow; rays white,
changing to a deep violet. Pursh.
32. A- mutabilis Linn. : stem smooth ; branches virgate ; upper
leaves somewhat clasping, lanceolate, acuminate, very entire ; lower
ones lanceolate, narrow at base, serrate ; scales of the involucre loose,
shorter than the disk,
Hab. Fields and woods. Penn. to Virg. Aug. — Oct. U- —
Flowers middle-sized ; disk yellow ; rays deep purple, changing
to purple. Pursh.
33. A. lotvis Linn. : stem smooth, angular ; branches simple, 1 -flow-
ered ; leaves somewhat clasping, remote, oblong, very entire, shining ;
radical ones subserrate ; scales of the involucre imbricate, subcunei-
form, acute, thickened at the apex.
Hab. Woods and sides of ponds. N. Y. to Virg. Sept. — Nov.
U- — Stem 2 feet high. Flowers large, bluish-purple.
34. A. concinnus Willd. : stem simple, paniculate at the summit ;
leaves lanceolate, somewhat clasping ; lower ones smooth, subserrate ;
involucre closely imbricate.
Hab. Woods. N. Y. and Penn. Sept.— Nov. U.—Stem 2
feet high. Flowers bluish-purple. Leaves, said by Pursh, to re-
semble those of Phlox maculata.
35. A. tardiflorus Linn. : branches divaricate ; leaves sessile, serrate,
smooth, spathulate-lanceolate, attenuate at base, margin reflexed ; in-
volucre loose ; scales linear-lanceolate, nearly equal, smooth.
Hab. Low ground. N. S. Sept.— Nov. U. rare.— FUncws
middle-sized ; rays pale blue.
16*
186 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
36. A. tradcscanti Linn. : stem terete, smooth ; branches virgate ;
■leaves lanceolate, serrate, sessile, smooth ; involucre imbricate
Hab. Dry swamps. Can. to Virg. Aug. — Oct. If. — Stem
3 — 4 feet high. Floicers very small ; rays white or purple. — A. rc-
curvatus of Willdenow, is considered by Dr. Torrey as a mere
variety of the above. It has the leaves narrower and the panicle
sometimes recurved.
37. A. eminens Willd. : stem paniculate ; branchlets 1-flowered ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous on the margin ; lower
ones subserrate ; involucre imbricate ; scales lanceolate — and A. laxus.
mm.
Hab. Fields. N. J. to Virg. Sept.— Nov. U>— Floicers middle-
sized ; rays pale, like ; disk yellow^ changing to red. — As sug-
gested by Mr. Nuttall, A. laxus of Willdenow is scarcely to be
distinguished from this species.
38. A. simplex Willd. : stem very smooth, paniculate at the summit :
leaves lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous on the margin ; those of the
stem serrate at the apex, of the branches very entire ; involucre loose-
ly imbricate ; scales linear-subulate.
Hab. Penn. Torr. 1L — Rays white ; disk yellow. Pursh.
39. A. polyphyllus Willd. : stem much branched, pubescent ,* leaves
linear, very entire ; radical ones oblong, subserrate ; involucre loosely
imbricate.
Hab. Penn. Torr. IX. — Rays white ; dish yellow, changing to
red or brown. Pursh.
40. A. junceus Ait. : stem paniculate, smooth ; branches virgate ;
leaves lanceolate-linear, sessile, smooth ; lower ones subserrate ; those
of the branches lanceolate ; involucre imbricate.
Hab. Low grounds. N. S. Aug.— Oct. U.—Stem 4—6 feet
high. Floicers flesh coloured. — A lunceolatus of Willdenow, is
only a variety with a branched stem and smaller flowers.
41. A.fragilis Willd.: stem smoothish ; branches corymbose-pani-
culate ; leaves linear, acuminate, very entire ; radical ones oblong,
serrate ; involucre imbricate ; scales appressed.
Hab. Fields. N. -S. Sept. ZL— Stem 2 feet high. Floicers
small, white.
42. A. miser Linn. : stem villous ; leaves sessile, lanceolate, serrate,
smooth ; involucre imbricate ; scales acute ; disk equal to the ray.
a. dicer gens; leaves elliptical-lanceolate. — A. diver gens Ait.
b. diffusus ; leaves all proportioned. — A. diffusus Ait.
c. pendulus ; leaves of branches rather remote. — A. pendulus Ait.
Hab. Fields. N. S. Aug. — Nov. 11. — Floicers small, white.
— I follow Dr. Torrey in uniting the above species with A. miser.
3. Leaves cordate and ovate, serrate.
43. A. undulatus Linn. : stem paniculate, hispid ; branchlets secund,
leafy, 1-flowered ; leaves oWong, cordate, clasping, very entire, hairy,
COMPOSITE. 197
subundulate ; lower ones cordate, ovate, subserrate, petiolate ; petioles
winged. — A. direr? if alius Mich.
Hab. Old fields. N. Y. to Car. Sept. U-Stcm 2—3 feet
high. Floicers large, in a terminal spike ; ray pale blue ; disk
yellow. — According to Mr. Elliott A. patens of Willdenow and
A. amplejcicuidis of Michaux are identical with this species.
44. A. sagittifolius Willd. : stem smooth, branched ; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, serrate in the middle ; radical ones ob-
long, cordate-saggitate, serrate, petiolate ; scales of the involucre
loosely imbricate, lanceolate.
Hab. Rocky woods. N. S. Torr. S. to Car. Sept. U- —
Stem 2 — 3Veet high, erect, with many branches. Floicers mid-
dle-sized, blue.
45. A. paniculatus Ait. : stem much branched, smooth ; branchlets
hairy ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, subserrate, smooth, petiolate ; radical
ones ovate-cordate, serrate, scabrous, petiolate ; petioles naked ; invo-
lucre loose, somewhat imbricate.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. Aug.— Oct. U-Stem 2—4 feet
high. Flowers rather small, but numerous ; rays changing from
white to blue ; disk from yellow to purple or brown. — Scarcely
different from A. undulatus.
46. A. cordif alius Linn. : stem paniculate, nearly smooth ; leaves
cordate, hairy beneath, coarsely serrate, petiolate ; petioles winged ;
panicle divaricate; involucre loose, slightly imbricate — and A. hetcro-
phyllus iVilld.
Hab. Mountainous woods. Can. to Flor. Sept. — Nov. 11. —
Stem 2 — 3 feet high, branched, with the branches pubescent.
Floicers small, in panicles composed of crowded racemes, white
or pale purple.
47. A. corymbosus Ait. : stem smooth ; branches hairy ; leaves ovate,
sharply serrate, acuminate, nearly smooth ; lower ones cordate, petio-
late ; petioles naked ; corymb fastigiate ; involucre oblong, imbricate ;
scales obtuse, closely appressed.
Hab. Dry woods. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. 1£.—Stcm 2 feet
high. Floicers larger than in the preceding, in a fastigiate co-
rymb, white tinged with purple.
413. A. macrophyllus Linn. : stem branched, diffuse ; leaves ovate,
petiolate, serrate, scabrous ; upper ones cordate-ovate, sessile ; lower
ones cordate, petiolate ; petioles somewhat margined ; involucre cylin-
drical, closely imbricate ; scales oblong, acute.
Hab. Rocky woods. Can. to Geor. Sept., Oct. 11. — Stem
1 — 2 feet high. Floicers above middle-size ; rays white or blue.
*** Pappus double. Floicers generally in corymbs.
49. A. linariifalius Linn. : stem somewhat decumbent ; branches fas-
tigiate, 1-flowered ; leaves numerous, linear, mucronate, without
nerves or punctures, carinate, scabrous, rigid •, those of the branches
recurved ; involucre imbricate, as long as the disk — and A. rigidm
Willd. Pursh. — Chrysopsis linariifolia Nutt.
188 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Gravelly and rocky places. N. Y. to Car. Sept., Oct.
2_L — Stein 1 — 2 feet high, pubescent when young Leaves very
scabrous on the margins. Branches 1-flowered, forming an
umbellate corymb. Floicers middle-sized ; rays pale violet : disk
yellow.
50. A. linifolius Linn. : stem corymbosely branched, scabrous ;
branches leafy ; leaves linear, without nerves, punctate, scabrous,
reflexed-spreading ; involucre imbricate, short ; rays nearly equal to
the disk. — Chrysopsis linifolia Nutt.
Hab. Shady woods. N. S. Sept., Oct. If.— Stem 1 1-2—2
feet high. Flowers large, white or pale purple. — Scarcely dis-
tinct from the preceding. 1
51. A. humilis Willd.; leaves somewhat rhomboidal, oval-lanceolate,
acuminate at each end, slightly petiolate, smooth, hispid on the mar-
gin ; corymb diverging, dichotomous, rather naked, few-flowered ; in-
volucre loose, imbricate ; florets of the ray 8 — and A. cornifolius JVilld*
— A. infirmus Mich. — Chrysopsis humilis Nutt.
Hab. Rocky situations. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. 1L — Stem
1 — 2 feet high, pubescent. Floicers in small terminal corymbs,
white and large in proportion to the plant ; ray florets about 8.
52. A. amydalinus Lam. : stem simple, corymbose-fastigiate at the
summit ; leaves lanceolate, attenuate at base, acuminate, scabrous on
the margin ; involucre loose, imbricate ; scales lanceolate, obtuse. — A.
umbellatus Ait. — Chrysopsis amygdalina Nutt.
Hab. Low grounds. N. S. Aug., Sept. 11. — Stem 2 feet high.
Fhioers numerous ; ray florets about 12, narrow, white. — Closely
allied to the former.
25. SOLIDAGO. Linn.
Involucre imbricate, with the scales appressed. Florets of
the ray about 5. Receptacle naked, punctate. Pappus sim-
ple, hairy. — Flowers yellow. Syngenesia. Superflua.
Obs. An excellent monograph of this difficult genus by Sir J. E.
Smith, will be found in Rees' Cyclopaedia, art. Solidago. The re-
marks made concerning the variable character of the preceding genus
will equally apply to this.
* Racemes secund. Leaves with 3 combined nerves.
1. & canadensis Linn. ; stem villous ; leaves lanceolate, serrate, 3-
nerved, scabrous ; racemes paniculate, secund, recurved ; rays short.
Hab. Fields. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. U-—Stem 2—5 feet
high, very villous. Leaves large, always scabrous on the upper
surface. Flowers in secund racemes, on large branches, recurved
at the summit. Golden Rod.
2. S. procera Ait. ; stem erect, villous ; leaves lanceolate, serrate, 3-
nerved, scabrous, villous beneath; racemes erect, spiciform, before
flowering nodding ; rays short. -
COMPOSITE. 189
Has. Swamps and low grounds. Can. to Geor. N. to Subarc.
Amer. July — Sept. 2£. — Stem 4 — 7 feet high. Flowers in a
pyramidal panicle which is recurved before flowering.
3. <S\ serotina Ait. : stem erect, terete, smooth ; leaves linear-lanceo-
late, serrate, smooth, 3-nerved ; racemes paniculate, secund ; pedun-
cles pubescent.
Hab. Woods. N. S. Sept., Oct. U-— Stem 4 feet high. leaves
ciliate on the margin when young.
4. 8. gigantca Ait. : stem erect, smooth ; leaves lanceolate, serrate,
scabrous on the margin, obscurely 3-nerved ; racemes paniculate, se-
cund : peduncles hirsute ; rays short.
Hab. Low grounds. N. S. Aug., Sept. If. — Stem 4 — 7 feet
high, purplish.
5. S. ciliaris Willd. : stem erect, smooth ; leaves lanceolate, sub-3-
nerved, smooth, scabrous on the margin, subserrate ; raceme panicu-
late, secund ; peduncles smooth ; bracts ciliate ; rays short.
Hab. Woods. Penn. Aug. 1L — Stem 3 feet high, angular.
Radical leaves oval, petioled.
6. S. reflcxa Ait. : stem erect, villous ; leaves lanceolate, subserrate,
3-nerved, scabrous, reflexed ; branches paniculate, subsecund, reflexed.
Hab. Pine woods. N. J. to Car. Aug., Sept. 21. — Leaves
narrow-lanceolate, with a few serratures in the middle. Racemes
short.
7. S. lateriflora Linn. : stem erect, somewhat hairy ; leaves lanceo-
late, sub-3-nerved, smooth, scabrous on the margin ; the lower ones
slightly serrate ; racemes paniculate, somewhat recurved, secund.
Hab. Dry woods. Can. to Car. Aug. — Oct. 11.— Stem 2 — 3
feet high j the lower part sometimes with lateral flowering
branches. Floicers larger and leaves broader than in any of the
preceding species.
** Racemes secund. Leaves veined.
8. j§>. aspcra Ait. : stem erect, terete, hairy ; leaves ovate, somewhat,
elliptic, very scabrous, rugose, serrate, without nerves ; racemes pani-
culate, secund.
Hab. Fields and woods. N. Y. to Car. Sept. U-— Stem 3— 5
feet high, very hairy and somewhat scabrous. Floicers in along
terminal panicle composed of secund racemes.
9. S. altissitna Linn. : stem erect, hispid ; leaves lanceolate, the
lower ones deeply serrate, very scabrous, rugose ; panicle secund and
often spreading — and A. rugosa Willd.
Hab. Fields and woods. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. If. — Stem
3 — 7 feet high, robust and hairy, much branched at the summit.
Leaves sessile, lanceolate, acute, rugose and scabrous. Flowers
in large and almost corymbose panicles composed of small,
nearly erect recurved branches. — A very variable species.
10. <S. scabra Willd. : stem erect, hairy. sulcate ; leaves oblong, at-
190 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
tenuate at both ends, acuminate, glabrous above, rugose and scabrous
beneath, with appressed serratures in the middle ; racemes secund.
Hab. Old fields. Penn. to Virg. Aug.— Oct. If.— Stem 2— 5
feet high.
11. & memoralis Ait. : stem erect, tomentose ; radical leaves some-
what cuneate, serrate ; cauline ones lanceolate, hispid, very entire ;
racemes paniculate, secund.
Hab. Sandy fields. Can. to Car. Aug.— Oct. Lf.— Steml— 2
feet high. Flowers in a small and somewhat corymbose panicle.
— The whole plant has a greyish or pulverulent appearance.
12. S. patula IVilld, : stem erect, smooth ; leaves elliptic, serrate,
smooth ; radical ones oblong-spathulate ; racemes paniculate, secund,
spreading ; peduncles pubescent.
Hab. Shady woods. N. S. Sept., Oct. U .— Stem 2 feet high,
virgate and striate. Racemes short, with the floicers rather
large.
13. & ulmifolia IVilld. : stem erect, smooth, striate ; leaves elliptic,
deeply serrate, acuminate, villous beneath ; radicle ones obovate ; ra-
cemes paniculate, secund ; peduncles villous ; rays short.
Hab. Shady woods. N. S. Aug.— Oct. H.—Stem 3-4 feet
high. Floicers in an oblong terminal panicle composed of secund
and recurved racemes.
14. & arguta Ait. : stem erect, smooth; leaves smooth, acutely and
unequally serrate ; radical ones spathulate- ovate ; cauline elliptic ; ra-
cemes paniculate, secund ; florets of the ray long.
Hab. Woods and meadows. Can. to Car. Sept. — Nov. 24. —
Stem 2 — 3 feet high, smooth or a little pubescent. Floicers on
recurved racemes forming long terminal panicles.
15. S. juncea Ait. : stem erect, smooth; leaves lanceolate, smooth,
scabrous on the margin ; lower ones serrate ; racemes paniculate, se-
cund.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. J. to Car. Aug.— Oct. 24-— Stem 3
feet high, slender ; branches when young pubescent. Leaves
long, lanceolate. Racemes secund, forming a scattered terminal
panicle.
16. S. elUptica Ait. ; stem erect, smooth ; leaves elliptic, smooth,
serrate ; racemes paniculate, secund ; rays middle-sized.
Hab. Shady woods. N. Y. to Car. ? Aug— Oct. U.—Stem
2 — 3 feet high. Leaves large.
17. &'. recurvata Willd. : stem erect, pubescent ; leaves lanceolate,
serrate, scabrous on the margin ; racemes elongated, secund, recurved,
paniculate.
Hab. Shady woods. Penn. and Virg. Sept.— Nov. U .— Pursh.
18. S. sempervirens Linn. : stem erect, smooth ; leaves linear-lance-
olate, somewhat fleshy, smooth, very entire, scabrous on the margin ;
racemes paniculate, secund ; peduncles hairy.
COMPOSITE. 191
Hab. Swamps. Can. and N. S. Sept. — Nov. 21 . — Stem 2 — 3
feet high.
19. S. odora Ait. : stem ertct, pubescent ; leaves linear-lanceolate,
entire, smooth, scabrous on the margin ; racemes paniculate.
Hab. Fertile woods. Can. to Car! Aug. — Oct. 21. — Stem 3
feet high, pubescent near the summit. Racemes recurved, form-
ing a pyramidal panicle. — The flowers when dried, form an ex-
cellent substitue for tea, and have been exported to China.
Punk. The leaves yield by distillation, a fragrant volatile oil.
Big. Med. Bot. i. 187. Golden Rod.
*** Racemes erect.
20. & speciosa Nutt. : stem smooth, simple or virgately branched ;
leaves lanceolate, entire, somewhat fleshy, scabrous on the margin ;
the lower very broad ; radical ones subserrate ; racemes terminal, erect
and compound, pubescent ; peduncles mostly shorter than the involu-
cre ; rays elongated. — S. sempcrvirens Mich.
Hab. Shady woods. N. J. to Car. Sept., Oct. 21.— Stem often
6 feet high, smooth and sulcate. Leaves large. Racemes numer-
ous, terminal and erect ; rays very broad.
21. S. bicolor Linn. : stem and leaves hairy; leaves elliptic, the
lower ones serrate ; branches leafy ; racemes erect ; scales of the in-
volucre obtuse. — Aster bicolor Nees and Sprcngel.
Hab. Dry hills. Can. to Car. Aug.— Oct. 21-— Stem 1—2
feet high, erect, very pubescent. Leases covered with a whitish
pubescence. Floicers numerous, rather large, in short clusters,
forming a compact raceme along the upper part of the stem ;
rays nearly white.
22. jS. petiolaris Ait. : stem erect, villous ; leaves elliptic, somewhat
scabrous, petiolate ; racemes erect ; rays elongated.
Hab. Sandy woods. N. J. to Car. Sept., Oct. 21.Stem2—3
feet high, very villous. Leaves large, the upper ones nearly ses-
sile, the lower tapering into a petiole. Racemes numerous, short.
23. S. stricta Ait. : stem erect, smooth ; cauline leaves lanceolate,
very entire, smooth, scabrous on the margin ; radical ones serrate ;
racemes paniculate, erect ; peduncles smooth.
Hab. Sandy woods. N. J. to Car. Aug. — Oct. 21. — Stem 2
feet high, very smooth.
34. Sf. rirgata Mich. : stem smooth and simple, summit racemose ;
leaves smooth, lanceolate-oblong, somewhat obtuse, appressed to the
stem, diaphanously punctate ; the upper ones small and entire ; branch-
es of the panicle elongate, racemed at the summit ; peduncles erect,
smooth, filiform and squarrose.
Hab. Swamps. N. J. to Geor. Sept., Oct. If.— Stem 4 — 5
feet high, much attenuated. Leaves gradually diminishing up-
wards ; lower ones very large, serrulate. Fluiccrs small.
23. S. casia Ait : stem erect, smooth ; leaves lanceolate, smooth ;
racemes erect ; rays middle-sized.
192 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Sandy woods. N. J. to Car. Aug.— Oot. 21-— Stem 2
feet high, very smooth and glaucous. Racemes not very com-
pact, sometimes slightly recurved. Leaves sometimes scabrous
on the margin, finely and acutely* serrate.
26. & hispida Willd. : stem erect, hispid, scabrous ;. leaves lanceo-
late, scabrous, entire ; radical ones serrate ; racemes erect ; rays mid-
dle-sized.
Hab. Fields and woods. N. J. to Virg. Oct. 1[. — Resembles
& casia.
27. & lithospermifolia Willd. : stem branched, pubescent ; leaves
lanceolate, scabrous on both sides, attenuate, 3-nerved, very entire ;
racemes erect ; rays elongated.
Hab. Sandy woods. N. J. to Car. Aug. — Oct. 21. — Pursh.
23. <!?. laevigata Ait : stem erect, smooth ; leaves lanceolate, fleshy,
very entire, very smooth ; racemes paniculate, erect ; peduncles scaly,
villous ; rays elongated.
Hab. Salt marshes. Can. to Virg. Sept., Oct. 21-— Stem
4—5 feet high. Radical leaves somewhat ovate. Rays about 10.
29. (Si. viminea /Jit. : stem erect, subpubescent ; leaves linear-lance-
olate, membranaceous, attenuate at base, smooth, scabrous on the mar-
gin ; lower ones slightly serrate ; racemes erect ; rays elongated.
Hab. Banks of streams. Can. to Virg. Aug. — Oct. 21.
30. SL limonifolia Ears. : stem oblique, smooth ; leaves" lanceolate,
somewhat fleshy, entire, smooth on both sides ; racemes panicled,
erect ; peduncles scaly, smooth ; rays long. — <S. mcxicana Willd.
Pursh.
Hab. Salt marshes. N. S. S. to Car. Aug.— Oct. If.— Stem 3—5
feet high, generally purple, Leaves sessile, lower ones very
large. Racemes generally erect, rarely recurved. Flowers large.
31. <S>. macrophylla Pursh: lower leaves ovate, acuminate, attenuate,
unequally and acutely serrate, smooth ; cauline ones lanceolate, atten-
uate at each end, nearly sessile, serrate ; racemes axillary, peduncu-
late, leafy, as long as the leaves ; involucre oblong, turgid, many-flow-
ered ; rays somewhat elongated.
Hab. Woods, near White mountains. Big. Can. Pursh. Aug.
21. — Stem 3 feet high. Flotcers yellow, in short axillary ra-
cemes.— This plant, which is described by Pursh, from a speci-
men in the Banksian Herbarium, he thinks intermediate between
this genus and Aster. According to Dr. Bigelow it has broader
leaves than any other species, sometimes rough beneath.
32. S. flexicaulis Linn. : stem flexuous, smooth, angled ; leaves ovate,
acuminate, serrate, smooth ; racemes erect, axillary ; rays middle-sized,
— and <S\ latifolia Muhl.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. Aug.— Oct. 21.— Stem 2—3 feet
high, slender and flexuous. Racemes scattered, as long as the
stem, small, axillary, erect.
COMPOSITE. | |$
33. & axillaris Pursh : stem smooth, terete, very erect ; leaves lan-
ceolate, serrate, smooth ; racemes axillary, subglobose, erect ; rays-
elongated.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Virg. Aug.— Oct. If-— Stan 2—3 feet
high. Leaves narrow-lanceolate. — This species, which is quite
common, is distinguished from the former by its narrower leaves
and by its compact, somewhat globular racemes, clustered along
the stem.
34. <S. rigaurea Linn. : stem erect, terete, pubescent and branching
at the top ; cauline leaves lanceolate, serrate, attenuate" at each end ;
lower ones elliptic, somewhat hairy ; racemes erect ; rays elongated.
If. alpina Big. : a few inches in height, with obovate or lanceolate,
mostly entire, leaves.
Hab. Woods on the sides of the White Mountains. Big. N. to
Labrador. Aug.-Oct. H. — Stem flexuous, 1 — 3 feet high. Daves
elliptic or lanceolate, often with a long narrow base, serrate ;
the upper ones nearly entire. Floiccrs in a large panicle, yel-
low;'rays 5 — 10. — Distinguished from all other species by its
much larger flowers. Common to Europe, Asia and America.
Var. b. is found, according to Dr. Bigelow, on the alpine sum-
mits of the White Mountains.
35. & rigula Linn. : stem hairy and scabrous ; leaves ovate-oblong,
rough with minute hairs ; those of the stem very entire, lower ones
serrate ; flowering branches paniculate ; racemes compact ; scales of
the involucre obtuse ; rays elongated.
Hab. Mountains. N. J. to Car. Aug.— Oct. 1J.— Stem 3 — 4
feet high, very pubescent when young. Floiccrs large, some-
what clustered near the summits of the branches, forming a
somewhat fastigiate corymb.
36. S. novchoracensis Linn. : radical leaves ovate-oblong, petiolate ;
stem nearly naked, with fastigiate branches.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. Y. Muhl. Sept. Oct. U.—Stem 3 feet
high. Leaves rough. Florcers large.
37. S. squarrosa Muhl. : stem thick, pubescent above ; leaves smooth,
lower ones very broad, spathulate oval, serrate, acute, margin scabrous:
the upper sessile, lanceolate-elliptic, entire ; racemes glomerate, rigid
and pubescent ; involucre squarrose, many-flowered; rays elongated.
10 or 12.
Hab. Rocky hills. Ver. to Geor. Sept. U.—Stem 2—3 feet
high, always simple. Rhcemes axillary, thick and crowded,
forming a compound spike. — Well distinguished by its squarrose.
involucre.
38. S.pubcrula Nult. : stem simple and terete, somewhat pubescent ;
leaves lanceolate, entire, on each side minutely pubescent, attenuated
at eaeh end ; radical ones subserrate ; racemes spiked, axillary, erect,
and condensed ; peduncles pubescent ; scales of the involucre linear-
lanceolate, acute; rays elongated, about 10.
17
194 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. J. Nutt. If. — Stem brownish,
1 — 2 feet high. Racemes shorter than the lower leaves, collect^
ed into a leafy spike ; rays bright yellow. — Resembles S. nemo-
ralis.
* Scales of the calyx agglutinated. Ray florets 10 — 20, very small, yellow.
Receptacle setose. Euthamia. Nutt.
39. S. lanceolata Ait : stem much branched, angular, hairy ; leaves
lanceolate-linear, very entire, nearly erect, 3 — 5- nerved, somewhat
scabrous on the margin, nerves beneath minutely hispid ; corymbs ter-
minal, fastigiate ; branches clustered ; rays 15 — 20, as long as the disk.
— Chrysocoma graminifolia Linn. — Euthamia graminifolia Nutt.
Hab. Fields and meadows. Can. and N. S. N. to Subarc. Amer.
Sept., Oct. IX. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, with the branches very
numerous. Flowers numejous, clustered in a terminal corymb.
40. fif. tenuifolia Pursh : stem angled, scabrous, with fastigiate
branches ; leaves very narrow, linear, spreading, obscurely 3-nerved,
scabrous on the margin, the axils leafy ; corymbs terminal, fastigiate,
heads clustered ; rays about 10, scarcely as long as the disk. — S. lan-
ceolata var. minor Mich. — Euthamia tenuifolia NutU
Hab. Pine barrens. N. J. to Flor. Sept., pet. Zf. — Stem 12— 18
inches high Leaves linear, covered with glandular dots. Scales
of the involucre viscid. — Every way smaller than the preceding.
26. CHRYSOCOMA. Linn.
Involucre imbricate, oblong or hemispherical. Style scarce-
ly exserted. Receptacle naked. Pappus pilose, scabrous.
Kays crowded and unequal. Acincs pubescent.
Syngenesia. JEtCpualis.
C. virgata Nutt : herbaceous and every where smooth ; stem vir-
gately branched ; branches corymbiferous, fastigiate ; leaves all narrow
and linear ; involucre oblong, 3 — 4-flowered ; scales glutinous and ap-
pressed.
Hab.' Swamps. N. J. 2X- — Stem 18 inches high and branched
nearly from the base. Leaves 1 — 2 inches long, smooth and
thickish. somewhat remote. Floicers yellow.
27. BOLTONIA. D Bent.
Involucre imbricate. Rays numerous. Receptacle conic,
punctate. Jicines flat and margined. Pappus consisting of
many minute setae, with two of them opposite and mostly
elongated. Syngencsia. Superjlua.
1. B. glastifolia U Herit : lower leaves serrate ; flowers on short pe-
duncles ; seeds obcordate, conspicuously winged, pubescent ; awns of
the pappus 2, nearly of its own length.
Hab. Banks of .streams. Penn. to Virg. July, Aug. 2X- — Stem
2 feet high. Leaves linear, alternate. Flowers reddish.
COMPOSITE. 195
2. B. aster oides L'Herit: leaves entire ; flowers on long peduncles ;
seeds oval, smooth, nearly awnless. — Chrysanthemum carolinianum
Walt.
Hab. Swamps. N. S. to Car. W. to 111. Aug. H.—Stem
1 — 2 feet high. Leaves lanceolate. Rays flesh coloured.
Suborder IV. EUPATORINE^).
28. KUHNIA. Linn.
Involucre imbricate, cylindric. Receptacle naked. Pap
pus plumose. Seed pubescent, many-striate.
Syngenesia. JEqualis,
1. K. cupatorioidrs Linn. : smooth ; leaves petiolate, broad-lanceo-
late, serrate ; corymb terminal, few-flowered, crowded.
Hab. Shady woods. Penn. to Virg. Aug., Sept. !(.. — Stem
2 — 3 feet high. Flowers white. Resembles an Eupatorium.
2. K. cr-itonia Linn. : pubescent ; leaves narrow-lanceolate or linear,
petioled, punctate and glandular beneath ; panicle terminal, divaricate.
— Criton ia hah n ia Mich .
Hab. Mountains. Penn. and Virg. Aug., Sept. 1£. — Floicers
pale yellow. Seed striate. Pappus of 24 rays.
29. EUPATORIUM. Linn.
Involucre imbricate, oblong. Style long, deeply cleft. Re-
ceptacle naked. Pappus hairy, generally scabrous. Acines
smooth, 5-striate or angled. Syngenesia. JEqualis.
* Involucre 3 — 5-flowered.
1 . E. hifssopifalium Linn. : stem erect ; lowest leaves opposite, lan-
ceolate-linear, slightly toothed ; corymb nearly fastigiate ; style much
larger than the corol.
Hab. Pine woods. N. J. to Car. Aug.. Sept. If.— Stem 1— 2
feet high. Leaves small, punctate. Floicers in a terminal co-
rymb, white, sprinkled with glandular dots.
2. E. linearifolium Walt. : stem somewhat procumbent, villous to-
wards the summit ; stem leaves opposite, lanceolate-linear, rarely
toothed, sometimes clustered ; style as long as the corol.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. J. to Car. Aug.— Nov. 1£. — Stem gen-
erally procumbent, I — 2 feet long, almost viscidly-pubescent.
Floicers in an irregular corymb, white. — This species seems to
have been confounded with the preceding, by both Walter and
Michaux. I have adopted the characters given by Elliott.
3. E. lanccolaium Willd. : leaves sessile, distinct, oblong-lanceolate,
scabrous, deeply serrate at base ; scales of the involucre similar co-
loured.
Hab. Dry woods. Penn. to Virg. Aug. — Nov. 21. — Resem-
bles the preceding.
196 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
4. £. verbenafolium Mich. : leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, oblong,
notched and toothed, rugose, scabrous ; flowers small — E. teucrifolium
JVUld. Pursh.
Hab. Low woods. N. Y. to Car. Aug.— Nov. U>—Stem 1—2
feet high, pubescent. Leaves opposite, somewhat deltoid, very
hairy beneath. Floicers in a fastigiate corymb, small, white.—
Michaux's name for this species has the claim of priority, and
as Mr. Elliott remarks, is equally, perhaps more appropriate.
5. E. melissoides Wittd. : leaves petiolate, ovate, somewhat obtuse,
obtusely serrate, veined, nearly smooth.
Hab. Penn. Muhl. Aug.— Oct. 1L— Resembles the last, but
the leaves are smaller, petiolate and smooth. Still a doubtful
species.
6. E. rotundifolium Linn. : leaves sessile, distinct, roundish-cordate,
obtusely serrate, veined ; scales of the involucre acuminate.
Hab, Shady woods. Can. to Car. Aug. — Nov. li. — Stem
12 — 18 inches high. Leaves large. Flowers subfastigiate.
7. E. pubescens Willd. : stem paniculate, pubescent ; branches fasti-
giate ; leaves sessile, distinct, ovate, scabrous, veined : lower ones
doubly serrate ; upper ones subserrate.
Hab, Sandy woods. N. J. to Car. Aug.— Oct. li-Stem 2
feet high, the lower branches opposite. Leaves thin and slightly
scabrous. Flowers in a fastigiate corymb, white.
8. E. ceanothifolium Willd. : leaves petioled, ovate, -acuminate, den-
tate, 3-nerved, glabrous.
Hab. Shady woods. N. Y. to Virg. Aug. — Nov. 21. — Resem-
bles Ceanothus americanus in its foliage exceedingly.
9. E. ovatum Big. : hairy and scabrous ; leaves opposite, sessile,
ovate," obtusely toothed ; corymb fastigiate ; involucre about 8-flow-
ered.
Hab. Low grounds. Mass. July, Aug. li. — A stout rough
species, 3 — 4 feet high. Leaves perfectly ovate. Flowers white
in a level topped corymb.
10. E. altissimwn Linn. : leaves subsessile, lanceolate, 3-nerved, at-
tenuate at each end, pubescent ; lower ones serrate in the middle.
Hab. Sandy woods. Penn. to Virg. W. to the Miss. Aug.—
Oct, U-— Stem 3— 7 feet high.
11. E. amotnum Pursh : leaves on short petioles, opposite and ter-
nate, lanceolate-oblong, acute at each end, serrate, nearly smooth,
somewhat rugose, reticular-veined beneath ; panicle corymbose-fasci-
culate, crowded ; scales of the involucre oblong, somewhat acute, col-
oured.
Hab. Mountains. N. J. Sept., Oct. U.—Stem 2 feet high,
solid, smooth, purple ; peduncles tomentose. Flowers small, ir
a crowded corymbose panicle, pale purple.
12. E. trifoliatum Linn. : leaves petiolate, in threes or fours, ovate,
attenuate at each end. serrate, somewhat scabrous.
COMPOSITE. 197
IIab. Banks of streams. N. Y. to Virg. W. to Miss. Aug. —
Oct. U. — Stem 2 — 4 feet high, solid. Flowers in a large co-
rymb, purple.
13. E. scssi/ifotium IJnn. : stem nearly smooth ; leaves sessile,
clasping, distinct, ovate-lanceolate, round at base, serrate, very smooth.
Hab. Rocks on mountains. Mass. to Car. Aug., Sept. 11. —
Stem obscurely angled. Leaves opposite, but not connate, mi-
nutely dotted beneath. Flowers in a terminal corymb, white.
14. E. truncation Muhl. .• stem pubescent ; leaves sessile, clasping,
distinct, lanceolate, truncate at base, serrate, nearly smooth.
Hab. Shady woods. Penn. to Car. July — Sept. It. — Stem
slightly hairy. — Very similar to E. scssilifnUuni, yet sufficiently
distinct by a stem, pubescent ; leaves truncate at base, the serra-
tures larger and more obtuse, and the involucre more pubescent.
mud.
15. E. album Linn. : leaves nearly sessile, oblong-lanceolate, some-
what scabrous, serrate ; the inner scales of the involucre long, lanceo-
late, scarious, white. — E. gfandulosum Mich.
Hab. Woods. Penn. to Car. Aug. — Oct. If. — Stent erect,
1 1-2 — 2 feet high, villous. Involucre with glandular dots. Flow-
ers in fastigiate corymbs, white.
** Involucre mamj-floiccrcd.
1C. E. purpura/ m Linn. : stem smooth and glaucous, hollow ; leaves
petiolate, in fours or fives, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rugose-veined,
somewhat scabrous.
Hab. Wet woods. Can. to Virg. Aug. — Oct. IX. — fifeenf
5—6 feet high, purplish. Floiccrs in a large terminal corj'mb,
pale purple.
17. E. maculatum Linn. : stem solid, furrowed ; leaves petiolate, in
fours or sixes, ovate-lanceolate, unequally serrate, pubescent beneath.
Hab. Low grounds. Can. to Car. Aug. — Oct. 11. — Stem 4 — 5
feet high, furrowed and dotted with purple. Leaves pubescent
and slightly scabrous beneath. Involucre 5 — 8-flowered ; corol
purplish.
18. E. vcrlicilhitiim Muhl. : stem solid, smooth ; leaves petiolate, in
threes or fours, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, unequally ser-
rate, nearly smooth. — E. purpureum Mich.
Hab. Low grounds. N. Y. to Car. Aug. — Oct. 2L — Stem
4 — 0 feet high, tinged with purple. Leaves large, smooth, dot-
ted beneath. Floiccrs in a terminal corymb, purple.
11). E. punctntuw WiUd.: stem solid, terete ; leaves petioled, in fours
or fives, ovate, acuminate, serrate, scabrous on both sides.
Hab. Mountains. N. J. and Penn. Aug. — Oct. If. — This
plant is described by Pursh as not so tall as the preceding —
with the rlowers purple and very ornamental. It may be only a
variety.
17*
198 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
20. E. ptrfoliatum Linn. : stem villous ; leaves connate-perfoliate,
oblong, becoming gradually narrower, serrate, rugose, tomentose be-
neath.— E. connatum Mich.
Hab. Swampy grounds. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug.,
Sept. 11. — Stem 2—4 feet high, hairy, branched at the top-
Leaves large. Flowers in large corymbs, white. — The whole
plant is bitter, and is used as a tonic. Big. Med. Bot. i. 33. An-
derson's Inaugural. BoneseU Thoroughicort.
*** Involucre simple.
21. E. aromaticum Linn. : stem paniculate at the summit ; leaves
petiolate, ovate, acute, 3-nerved, obtusely serrate, smooth ; flowers in
corymbs ; involucre simple.
Hab. Low woods. Penn. to Flor. Aug., Sept. It. — Stem 2
feet high, pubescent. Floicers in small corymbs, large, white
and aromatic.
22. E. ageratoides Linn. : leaves petioled, ovate, acuminate, 3-nerv-
ed, unequally and coarsely serrate, smooth ; corymb many-flowered,
divaricate ; involucre subsimple. — E. urticafolium Mich.
Hab. Woods and rocky hills. Can. and N. S. W. to Miss.
Aug. — Oct. 11. — Stem 2 feet high, round and smooth. Leaigs
opposite, the lower ones on long petioles and somewhat cordate.
Flowers small, white, in small panicled corymbs.
30. CCELESTINA. Cassin. Spreng.
Involucre imbricate. Receptacle naked. Acines angled,
with a membranaceous crown. Syngenesia. JEqualis.
C. carulea Cassin : perennial ; leaves petioled, cordate- ovate, some-
what obtuse, obtusely serrate, 3-nerved, scabrous ; involucre many-
leared ; flowers in corymbs. — Eupatorium calestinum Linn.
Hab. Woods. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug.— Oct. — Stem
2 — 3 feet high, pubescent. Leaves on petioles, opposite, some-
times deltoid. Flowers in close fastigiate corymbs, fragrant,
light blue. Involucre about 30-leaved, 40— 60-flowered.
Suborder V. JACOBE^E.
31. MIKANIA.
Involucre 4 — 6-leaved, equal, 4— 6 flowered. Receptacle
naked. Style long, deeply cleft. Pappus pilose.
Syngenesia. JEqualis.
1. M. scandens Willd. : stem climbing, smooth ; leaves cordate, re-
pand-toothed, acuminate, with the lobes divaricate and unequal ; flow-
ers in corymbs. — Eupatorium scandens Linn.
Hab. Low grounds. Can. to Car. July— Sept. U-— A twin-
ing plant. Flowers bluish- white, in axillary corymbs.
Climbing Thoroughwort.
COMPOSITE. 199
2. ftf. pubescens Nutt. : stem climbing, pubescent ; leaves cordate,
acuminate, angularly toothed, and with the calyx pubescent ; lobes di-
varicate, equal. ^
Hab. Low grounds. Penn. to Car. Sept. L£. — Flvwers pale
purple, odorous, in paniculate corymbs which are axillary and
terminal. — Nearly allied to the preceding.
32. CACALIA. Linn.
Involucre cylindric, oblong, the base only somewhat scaly.
Receptacle naked. Pappus hairy. Syngencsia. JEqualis.
1. C. suaveolcns Linn. : stem herbaceous ; leaves petiolate, hastate-
sagittate, serrate, smooth, similarly coloured on both sides ; flower?
corymbed, erect ; involucre many-flowered.
Hab. Banks of streams. Penn. to Car. Aug., Sept. If. — Ston.
3 — 4 feet high. Leaves large. Flowers white, with yellow an-
thers.— According to Mr. JN'uttall it is a Scnccio.
2. C. atriplicifolia Linn. : stem herbaceous ; leaves petioled, smooth,
glaucous beneath ; radical ones cordate, toothed ; cauline ones rhom-
boidal, somewhat toothed on each side ; flowers corymbed, erect ; in-
volucre 5-flowered.
Hab. Low ground. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. Zf. — Stem 3 — 6
feet high. Peduncles almost white. Flowers nearly white, in a
small terminal corymb.
3. C. reniformis Willd. : stem herbaceous ; leaves petioled, smooth,
hairy on the veins beneath ; radical ones broad-cordate, reniform, re-
pand- toothed : cauline oblong, toothed, wedgeform and very entire at
base ; corymbs fastigiate ; involucre many-flowered.
Hab. Low grounds. Penn. to Virg. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept.
If. — Stem 5 — 8 feet high. Flowers white.
33. TUSSILAGO. Linn.
Involucre simple, swelling ; scales equal, even with the
disk and submembranous. Receptacle naked. Pappus sim-
ple. (Floicers mostly polygamous, dioecious.) Fertile
florets ligulate or tubular. Syngenesia. Superflua.
1. T.frigida Linn. : scape with a fastigiate many-flowered thyrse ;
flowers radiate ; leaves roundish, unequally toothed, tomentose be-
neath.
Hab. Mountains. Can. and N. S. June. If. — Stem 5 — 10
iches high. Florets of the ray white ; of the disk pale purple.
2. T. palmata Ait. : scape with a fastigiate thyrse ; flowers obscurely
rayed ; leaves roundish-cordate, half 7-lobed, incisely toothed, tomen-
tose beneath.
Hab. Swamps. Fairhaven, Ver. Islands of Lake Huron. Nutt.
N. to Labrador. April, May. 21. — The leaves of this species
200 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
are aptly compared by Mr. Nuttall to those of the Podophyllum
peltatum, although they are not so large.
3. T. farfara Unit. : scape 1-flowered, bracteate ; flowers rayed ;
leaves cordate, angular, toothed, pubescent beneath.
Hab. Low grounds. April. 2L — Stem 6 — 10 inches high.
Flowers appearing before the leaves. Introduced 1 Colt's-foot.
34. SENECIO. Linn.
Involucre cylindric, scaly at base ; scales withered at the
points. Receptacle naked. Pappus simple, capillary and co-
pious. fSyngenesia. Superflua.
* Floicers radiate.
1. S. gracilis Pursh : radical leaves on very long petioles, orbicular,
subcordate, crenate ; cauline ones few, very remote, linear-oblong,
dilated at base, incisely toothed ; peduncles very short, hairy, some-
what umbelled ; involucre smooth ; rays few, very short.
Hab. Rocky banks. Penn. N. to Subarc. Amer. May — Aug.
24. — Stem, a foot high, very slender. Floicers small, yellow.
2. >S". obovatus JVilld. : stem smoothish ; radical leaves obovate, cre-
nate-serrate, petiolate ; cauline ones pinnatifid, toothed; flowers some-
what umbelled, on long peduncles.
Hab. Rocky hills. N. Y. to Virg. June, July. ZL — Stem a
foot high, simple. Flowers in small terminal panicles. Rays
10—12, yellow.
3. & balsa?nitte Willd. : stem and peduncles villous at the base ; rad-
ical leaves oblong, serrate, petiolate ; lower cauline ones lyrate-pinnati-
fid, serrate ; upper pinnatifid- toothed ; flowers somewhat umbelled. —
*S'. bjratus Mich.
Hab. Damp grounds. Can. to Car. N. to Subarc. Amer. June,
July. 24-. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, smooth except at the base.
Flowers in small terminal umbels. Kays 10 — 12, deeply 3-cleft.
4. S. aureus Linn. : radical leaves ovate, cordate, serrate, petiolate ;
cauline ones pinnatifid, toothed, the terminal segments lanceolate ;
peduncles thickened ; flowers somewhat umbelled.
Hab. Shady woods. Can. to Car. N. to Subarc. Amer. June,
July. 24.. — Stem 2 feet high. Radical leaves on long petioles.
Flowers in a simple terminal umbel, yellow.
5. S. dubius Beck : woolly and tomentose ; radical leaves on long
petioles, spathulate-obovate and ovate, somewhat acute and pinnatifid ;
cauline ones 2 — 3, linear, pinnatifid ; flowers corymbed. — & heterophyl-
lus Nutt. 7'orr.— -Cineraria heterophylla Pursh. — C. dubia Spreng.
Hae. Rocks in Blue Mountains. Penn. Pursh. May, June.
If. — Stem about a span high. Floicers deep yellow. — I have fol-
lowed Mr. Nuttall and Dr. Torrey in placing this plant under
genus Senecio, although there is still some doubt whether it
really belongs to this or to Cineraria. Mr. Nuttall thinks it a
variety of C. intcgrifolia of Willdenow and Pursh, a plant which
COMPOSITE. 20]
is still retained under the latter genus by Dr. Richardson, (App.
to Frank. Jour.) and by Dr. Torrey, in his account of plants col-
lected during a journey to the Rocky Mountains by Dr. E.
James. I have changed the specific name, as that of hetero
phyllus had been long since applied to another Scnccio from the
Cape of Good Hope.
** Florets tubular : those of the ray wanting.
G. 8. vulgaris Linn. : leaves mostly clasping, pinnatifid, toothed :
flowers in crowded corymbs.
Hab. Cultivated grounds. N. S. May— Oct. U—-Stcm 18
inches high. Floiccrs yellow. Introduced. Groundsel.
7. S. hicracifolius Linn. : stem virgate, paniculate ; leaves clasping,
oblong, acute, unequallj', acutely and deeply toothed ; involucre
smooth ; seeds pubescent.
Hab. Road sides, &c. Can. to Car. July, Aug. @. — Stem
2 — G feet high, succulent, branching towards the summit. Floic-
crs in a compound terminal panicle, white. Fire Weed.
8. S. elongatus Pursh: smooth; radical leaves spathulate, serrate
attenuated into a petiole ; cauline ones pinnatifid, toothed, very re-
.mote ; peduncles elongated, umbelled, corymbed.
Hab. Rocks on banks of streams. Penn. July, Aug. 24.. —
Resembles <S. balsamite, but is destitute of ray florets.
Suborder VI. HELIANTHEjE.
35. IIELENIUM. Linn.
Involucre simple, many parted. Rays deeply 3-cleft. Pap-
pus chaffy ; chaff 5-awned. Receptacle globose, naked,
chafTy on the margin. Acines villous.
Syngenesia . Superflua .
H. autumnale Linn. : leaves lanceolate, serrate, decurrent ; flowers in
corymbs ; florets of the disk 5-cleft ; of the ray flat, reflexed.
Hab. Low grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Sept., Oct,
11. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, winged by the decurrent leaves. Floic-
crs in small corymbs, yellow. — Whole plant intensely bitter.
American Sn&czcicort.
36. HELIANTHUS. Linn.
Involucre imbricate, generally squarrose, leafy. Receptacle
chafTy, flat. Pappus 2-leaved, caducous.
Syngenesia. Frastranea.
* Florets of dish dark purple.
1. H. atrorubens Linn.: hispid; stem naked towards the summit,
loosely paniculate ; leaves opposite, spathulate, oblong-ovate, crenate.
3-nerved, scabrous on the upper side ; scales of the involucre ovate-
lanceolate, as long as the disk.
202 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Gravelly soil. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept.
2£. — Stem 3 — 4 feet high, somewhat "branched. Loicer leaves
, very large. Floicers in a loose terminal panicle. Rays yellow;
disk dark purple.
2. H. angastifolius Linn. : stem slender, slightly scabrous ; leaves
narrow-lanceolate, entire, glaucous beneath, with the margin revolute,
the upper ones alternate ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate,
ciliate, spreading ; chaff 3-toothed. — Rudbeckia angustifolia Willd.
Hab. Cedar swamps. N. J. to Flor. Sept. — Nov. If. — Stem
2 — 3 feet high, sparingly branched. Leaves opposite below,
alternate above, scabrous on the upper surface. Floicers small,
terminal. Rays about 12, yellow ; disk dark purple at the sum-
mit.— I have adopted the specific description of Mr. Elliott.
** Florets of the disk yclloicish.
t Leaves opposite.
3. H. divaricatus Linn. : stem smooth, branched ; leaves ovate-lan-
ceolate, 3-nerved scabrous above, smooth beneath ; panicle trichoto-
mous ; flowers small.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. Aug. — Oct. IX.— Stem 5—6 feet
high, di- and tri-chotomously divided. Leaves on long petioles, '
rounded at base, and tapering to a long almost acuminate point ;
upper ones often alternate. Floicers small, in terminal panicles.
4. H. trachelifolius Willd. : leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ser-
rate, 3-nerved, very scabrous on both sides ; scales of the involucre
linear-lanceolate, ciliate, outer ones larger. — H. gigas Mich.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. Aug. — Oct. Lf. — Stem 3 — 4 feet
high, branching towards the summit, very scabrous. Leaves at-
tenuated at base into a short petiole. Floicers in a loose termi-
nal panicle. Rays 10 — 12. — This species is united by Sprengel
with H. decapctalus.
5. H.frondosus Willd.: stem smooth below ; leaves ovate, acutely
serrate, peduncles scabrous ; involucre squarrose, undulate, leafy, cili-
ate ; rays 8-flowered.
Hab. Woods. Can. and N. S. Aug., Sept. 2X-—Stcm 4 feet
high. Flowers small. — Resembles H. decapetalus and multifioriis
in several respects, but is distinct. Pursh.
6. H. mollis Willd. : stem smooth below, scabrous near the summit ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, scabrous above, pubescent and
hoary beneath ; flowers-few, terminal.
Hab. Low grounds. Penn. to Car. July — Sept. 2_f. — Stem
3 — 6 feet high, purple, smooth except near the top. Floicers
few, in a terminal panicle. Rays about 10. — This is the H. mol-
lis of EHjott, which, although it agrees in most points with
Pursh's description, is not according to the former author H. to-
jntntosus of Michaux.
tt Upper leaves alternate.
7. H. giganUus Linn. : leaves alternate, lanceolate, serrate, scabrous,
COMPOSITE. 203
obscurely 3-nerved, tapering at each end, nearly sessile, ciliate at base ;
scales of the involucre lanceolate, ciliate.
Hab. Dry swamps. Can. to Car. Aug. Sept. 2_£. — Stem very
tall, branching, rough near the summit. Leaves paler and often
nearly smooth beneath. Floiccrs in a loose terminal panicle.
Rays .12 — 14, not large.
8. H. altissimus Linn. : leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, serrate,
scabrous, 3-nerved, tapering towards the summit, petioled ; petioles
ciliate ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, ciliate.
Hab. Mountain meadows. Penn. to Car. July — Sept. 21. —
Resembles the preceding, but the stem is smooth and purple.
Leaves petiolate, broader and almost ovate-lanceolate. Scales of
the involucre shorter. Florets of the ray about 16. Itllld. -Ynrsh
Bays the chaff of the receptacle is green in this species, but
black in the preceding.
9. H. strumosus Linn. : leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, 3-nerved,
scabrous beneath ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, ciliate at
base.
Hab. Can. and N. Eng. Aug. — Oct. 11. Pursh. — Uuder the
above name Mr. Elliott describes a plant found in North-Caroli-
na ; but it seems doubtful whether it is really the same. Stem
tall, slender, sparingly branched and smooth. Leaves lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, thin, slightly scabrous
on both sides, paler beneath. Ftowers small, few, terminal.
Florets of the ray 8 — 10. There are probably several species of
this genus in the N. S. not now credited to it.
10. If. dccapctahis Linn. : leaves ovate, acuminate, remotely serrate,
3-nerved, scabrous ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, nearly
equal, somewhat ciliate. — H. macrophyttus Wittd. Pi/rsh.?
Hab. Rocky woods. Can. to Car. Aug. — Oct. IS. — Stem 3 — 4
feet high, branching. Leaves alternate above, the petioles cili-
ate at base. Flowers large, in terminal panicles.
11. //. multijlorus Linn. : leaves 3-nerved, scabrous, lower ones cor-
date ; upper ones ovate ; florets of the ray numerous; scales of the in-
volucre lanceolate.
Hab. Mountain woods. Penn. to Car. July — Sept. 1$. — Stem
and peduncles scabrous. Scales of the involucre 40 — 50, loosely
imbricated, not squarrose.
12. H. tuljcrosus Linn. : leaves 3-nerved, scabrous; lower ones cor-
date-ovate ; upper ones ovate-acuminate ; petioles ciliate.
Hab. Fields. N. S. July— Sept. U-—Root tuberous. Stem
4 — 8 feet high. Naturalized in various parts of the N. S.
Jerusalem Artichoke.
37. HELIOPSIS. Pcrs.
Involucre imbricate ; scales subovate, nearly equal. Rays
large and linear. Receptacle chaffy, conic ; chaff lanceolate.
Seeds 4-angled, Pappus none. Syngencsia, Superjiua.
204 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
H. loecis Pers. : leaves opposite, ovate, serrate, 3-nerved. — BuphthaU
mum helianthoides Willd. — Hdianthus lecvis Linn.
Hab. Banks of streams. N. Y. to Flor. Aug., Sept. 21. —
Stem 3 — 5 feet high, dichotomously branched above. Flowers
solitary, terminal and in divisions of the stem, on long pedun-
cles, large, yellow.
38. RUDBECKIA. Linn.
Involucre nearly equal ; scales in a double series. Recep-
tacle conic, chaffy. Pappus a 4-toothed margin.
Syngefiesia. Frustranea.
* Involucre imbricate; chaff of the receptacle mucronatt.
1. R. purpurea Linn. : very rough ; lower leaves broad- ovate, atten-
uate at base, remotely toothed ; cauline ones lanceolate-ovate, acumi-
nate at each end, nearly entire ; ray florets very long, deflexed, bifid.
Hab. High grounds. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. July— Sept.
21. — Stem 3 — 4 feet high, sparingly branched, differing some-
what in the degree of roughness. Leaves also varying much in
length and breadth. Flowers large, terminal ; rays purple ; disk
brown. — This plant has been found by Mr Edward Dunn, on
the banks of the Hudson, about two miles below this city, which
I believe is the most northern station yet discovered. It differs
considerably in its generic character from most of the other spe-
cies, and Mr. Elliott, indeed, suggests its separation from them.
** Involucre nearly equal ; chaff unarmed.
2. R. fulgida Ait. : stem hispid, the branches long, virgate and 1-
flowered ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, denticulate, hispid, narrowed and
slightly cordate at base ; scales of the involucre as long as the ray ;
chaff lanceolate. — R* chrysomela Mich.
Hab. Mountains. Penn. to Car. July — Oct. 2J.. — Stem 2 — 3
feet high, branched. Ray florets 12 — 14, 2-clefl at the summit,
yellow, scarcely longer than the leafy scales of the involucre.
3. R. hirta Linn. : very hirsute ; stem virgate, sparingly branched,
1 -flowered ; peduncles naked ; leaves ovate-spathulate, 3-nerved, ser-
rate, hairy ; scales of the involucre imbricate, in a triple series, shorter
than the ray ; chaff obovate, acute.
Hab. Mountains. N. S. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept.
21. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, scabrous and hairy. Leaves alternate,
sessile or subclasping, very hairy. Flowers solitary, terminal.
Ray florets about 14, bifid, hairy, yellow, twice as long as the
involucre.
4. R. triloba Linn. : hairy-hispid ; stem paniculate ; branches divari-
cate, many-flowered, leafy ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate at each end,
serrate ; the lower ones 3-lobed ; scales of the involucre linear, deflex-
ed, as long as the ray.
Hab. Mountains. N. S. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept.
COMPOSITE. 205
It. — Stem 4 — 5 feet high. Floiccrs numerous, on the summits of
the branches. Ray florets about 8, yellow : disk dark purple.
5. R. laciniata Linn. : stem smooth ; lower leaves pinnate, the seg-
ments 3-lobed ; upper ones ovate ; pappus crenate.
Hab. Borders of swamps. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug.,
Sept. If. — Stem 4 — 6 feet high, branching. Leaves rough, the
lower ones pinnate orpinnatifid, with about 5 segments; upper
ones nearly sessile, ovate or 3-cleft. Floiccrs large, yellow, in a
loose terminal panicle. Ray florets about 6, 3-toothed.
Cone Floiccr.
(!. R. digitaia Ait. : stem smooth ; lower leaves pinnate, the seg-
ments pinnatifid ; the upper ones simple, pinnate ; the highest 3-cleft;
pappus crenate.
Hab. Mountains. N. S. to Geor. W. to Miss. Aug. — Oct.
Lf . — Stem 5 — 6 feet high. Leaves thin, the segments more or
less toothed, generally lanceolate. Flowers terminating the
branches, yellow.
7. R. pinnata Mich. : stem furrowed, hispid ; leaves all pinnate ;
lower segments sometimes 2-parted ; pappus entire.
Hab. Mountains. Penn. Muhl. W. to Miss. S. to Geor.
July— Oct. If. — Floiccrs very large, yellow. Rays long re-
flexed ; disk ovate, purple.
39. VERBESINA. Linn.
Involucre many-leaved, the leaves in a double series. Rays
about 5. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus 2-awned.
Sy agenesia. Superflua.
V. siegesbeckkt Mich. : stem winged ; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceo-
late, acuminate at each end, acutely serrate ; corymb brachiate ;
branches irregularly many-flowered at the summit. — Sicgcshcchia occi-
dentqMs Linn.
Hab. Shady woods. Penn. to Car. July — Sept. 2£. — Root
creeping. Stem erect, 4 — 6 feet high, 4- winged. Flowers in
large somewhat fastigiate corymbs, yellow ; rays 3-toothed.
40. CALLIOPSIS. Reichcnhach.
Involucre double ; inner one many-parted, coloured ; outer
erect. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus none.
Syngenesia. Frustranca.
C. rosea Spring. : small and very smooth ; stem mostly simple ;
leaves linear, entire, axils leafy ; flowers few, on long peduncles, axil-
lary, terminal ; rays unequally 3-toothed} seeds very entire, naked. —
Coreopsis rosea Xntt.
Hab. Swamps. N. J. to Geor. Aug. 21.— Stem 12 inches
high, smooth and generally simple. Leaves '2 inches long, op-
18
206 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
posite and connate at base. Floiccrs small, few, on peduncles
3 inches long, pale red.
41. COREOPSIS. Linn.
Involucre double, each many-leaved ; the inner one equal,
subcoriaceous and coloured. Receptacle chaffy, scales flat.
Acines compressed, emarginate, bidentate ; dentures rarely
awned. Syngencsia. Frustranca.
* Leaves opposite, divided.
1. C. trichosperma Mich. : smooth ; leaves generally quinate, pin-
nate ; segments linear-lanceolate, serrate ; flowers in corymbs ; leafl-
ets of the outer involucre spathulate, ciliate-serrate ; rays entire ;
acines cuneate, 2 — 4-toothed.
Hab. Swamps. N. J. and Car. Aug., Sept. $. — Stem 2 — 3
feet high, branching towards the top. Flowers peduncled, op-
posite and terminal ; rays about 8, lanceolate, yellow.
Ticksecd Sunfloiccr.
2. C. triptcris Linn. : smooth ; leaves petiolate, lanceolate, very en-
tire ; radical ones pinnate ; cauline ternate j rays entire ; acines obo-
vate, naked at the summit.
Hab. Mountains. Penn. to Car. Aug., Sept. IX. — Stem 4. — 6
feet high, terete. Flowers rather small, in a loose terminal co-
rymb ; rays about 8, yellowish.
** Leaves alternate.
3. C. gladiata Walt. : stem smooth, dichotomous towards the sum-
mit ; leaves narrow-lanceolate, entire, thick, tapering into a petiole ;
acines obovate, winged, the wings serrulate ; pappus 2-awned, bristly.
— C. dichotoma Mich.
Hab. Swamps. N. J. and Car. July — Sept. $ . — Stem 2—3
feet high, simple and slender. Leaves thick, 3 — 6 inches long.
Flowers terminal ; rays 8, dilated, trifid-yellow ; disk dark pur-
ple.
4. C. aspcra Pursh : leaves lanceolate-linear, rough ; upper ones
alternate ; lower opposite ; stem 1-flowered.
Hab. In Maryland. Pursh.
42. ACTINOMERIS. Nutt.
Involucre simple, many-leaved ; leaves nearly equal. Rays
remote, elongated, (4 to 8.) Receptacle small and chaffy,
the scales embracing the margin of the acines. Acines com-
pressed and marginated, with the summit persistently 2-awn-
ed. Syngenesia. Frustranca.
A. f sqnarrosa Natt. : stem erect, winged, pubescent towards the
summit ; leaves lanceolate, serrate, scabrous ; panicle loose, leafy ;
COMPOSITE. 207
involucre spreading ; receptacle nearly globose. — Coreopsis alternifolia
Linn. — Verbesina coreopsis Mich. Spreng.
Hab. Penn. to Car. July— Sept. If..— Stem 3—4 feet high.
Leaves alternate. Flowers varying, yellow and white. — There
seems to be still some doubt with regard to its generic character.
43. BIDENS. Linn.
Involucre double, the outer unequal. Ray florets frequent-
ly wanting. Receptacle chaffy, flat. Pappus of 4 reflected
or erect and rctrosely scabrous awns. Acines 4-angled.
Syngenesia. Frustranea.
1. B. renin a Linn. : flowers subradiate, cernuous; outer involucre as
long as the flower ; leaves lanceolate, subconnate, dentate.
Hab. Near ponds and ditches. Can., N. Y. and Penn. W. to
Miss. Aug. — Sept. ©. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Ray florets as
in all the species, yellow, often wanting. — This plant is some-
limes not more than 8 inches high, with very small erect flow-
ers, when it constitutes the variety minima.
Water Beggar-ticks.
2. B. chrysanthemoides Mich. : flowers radiate, nodding ; florets of
the ray thrice as long as the nearly equal involucre ; leaves oblong, ta-
pering at each end, toothed, connate at base.
I Jar. Wet places. N. Y. to Car. Aug., Sept. 0.—Stem 1—3
feet high. Lea ves glabrous. Flmccrs erect, yellow. Acines com-
monly with 4 awns. — From the remarks of Mr. Elliott, it is not
improbable that several distinct species are covered under the
above name.
3. B. frond osa Linn. : flowers discoid ; outer involucre six times as
long as the flower, its leafets ciliate at base ; lower leaves pinnate ;
upper ones ternate, lanceolate, serrate.
Hab. Woods and fields. N. Y. to Car. Aug., Sept. Q.—
Mem 3 — 4 feet high, branching. Floiccrs terminal, erect, sur-
rounded by a large leafy involucre. Rays none. Acines 2-awned.
Burr Marygold.
4. jB. connata IVilld. : flowers discoid ; outer involucre thrice as
long as the flower ; cauline leaves ternate ; lateral ones connate ; flo-
ral oblong-lanueolate.
Hab. Fields. Can. to Car. July— Sept. 0.— Stem 2 feet high.
Peduncles opposite, 1-flowered.
5. B. hipinnata Linn.: flowers somewhat rayed; outer involucre as
long as the inner ; leaves bipinnate ; leafets lanceolate-pinnatifid.
Hab, Near cultivated grounds. Penn. to Car. July — Sept. 0. —
Stt m 2 — 4 feet high. Floicers on long, mostly terminal pedun-
cles. Jiays 3, or none, obovate, yellow.
C. B. heckii Torr. : stem subsimple ; submerged leaves capillaceous-
multifid ; emersed ones lanceolate, connate, acutely serrate or lacini-
ate ; flowers rayed ; the rays longer than the involucre.
203 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. In water. Can. and N. Y. July, Aug. 11. — Sicm2—3
feet long, simple or with very small and slender branches arising
from the axils of the upper leaves. Lower leaves very multifid,
capillary, as in Ranunculus aquatilis ; upper ones about an inch
and a half long, broadly lanceolate, attenuated at each extremi-
ty, deeply serrated. Floiccrs solitary, at the extremity of the
stem, rather large, yellow. Rays much longer than the involu-
cre.— This species was first discovered in a pond near Schenec-
tady, N. Y. It has since been found in Canada, by Mr. Goldie,
and more recently in the western part of N. Y. by Drs. Asa
Gray and William Aikin. Water Marygold.
44. POLYMNIA. Linn.
Involucre double ; the outer one 4 — 5-leaved ; the inner 10-
leaved ; leafets concave. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus none.
Syngenesia. JYecessaria.
1. P. canadensis Linn. : viscid and villous ; leaves denticulate, acu-
minate : lower ones pinnatifid, upper 3-lobed or entire.
Hab. Shady hills. Can. to Car. June, July. Zf,— • &tetn, 2—4
feet high. Leaves thin, slightly scabrous. Floiccrs in a loose
terminal panicle, yellow.
2. P. uvedalia Linn. : leaves opposite, 3-lobed, acute, decurrent into
a petiole ; lobes angled and sinuate ; rays elongated.
Hab. Mountains. Penn. to Car. July — Sept. U.—Stem 3—5
feet high, terete. Leaves opposite or alternate. Flowers in a
loose terminal panicle ; rays about 10, 3-toothed, yellow.
45. SILPHIUM. Linn.
Involucre leafy, squarrose. Receptacle chaffy. Seeds com-
pressed, obcordate-marginate, 2-toothed.
Syngenesia. Nccessaria.
1. S. perfoliatum Linn. : stem 4-angled, smooth ; leaves opposite,
connate, ovate, serrate.
Hab. Mountains. Penn. to Car. Aug. 21. — Stem 6 feet high,
angled, smooth. Peduncles terminal and from the axils of the
highest leaves ; rays 24, yellow.
2. S. trifoliatum Linn. : stem 6-angled, smooth ; leaves verticillate
by threes, ovate-lanceolate, unequally toothed and serrate, scabrous on
the upper surface ; upper ones sessile, panicle trichotomous. — S. terni-
folium Mich.
Hab. Mountains. N. S. Torr. S. to Car. Sept., Oct. If.—
Stem 4—6 feet high, mostly purple. Flowers in a terminal co-
rymb ; rays about 14, long, bright yellow.
3. & ternatum Retz : stem terete, smooth ; leaves verticillate by
threes, petiolate, lanceolate, slightly toothed, ciliate at base, somewhat
scabrous; upper ones scattered, sessile ; panicle dichotomous; in-
volucre ciliate.
COMPOSITE. 209
Hab. Penn. to Car. July. 21. — Stem 4—6 feet high. Flowers
in a loose terminal corymb ; rays 14, long, yellow. — Mr. Elliott
doubts whether the two last species are sufficiently distinct.
Suborder VII. AMBROSIACE^.
46. IV A. Linn.
Involucre about 5-leaved or 5-parted. Florets of the ray 5,
naked. Receptacle bristly. Pappus none. Acines obovate.
{Anthers approximate, not united.) Syngencsia. Necessaria.
I. fmtcseens Linn. .« shrubby ; leaves opposite, lanceolate, deeply ser-
rate, slightly scabrous ; heads globular-depressed.
IIar. Sea coast. N. Y. to Flor. Aug. If.— Shrub 3—8 feet
high, with numerous opposite branches and leaves. Flowers
small, in axillary leafy raceme, forming a large terminal pani-
cle.
47. AMBROSIA. Linn.
Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Involucre 1-leaved, hemisphe-
rical, many-flowered. Anthers approximate but not united.
Receptacle naked. Fertile Fl. Involucre 1-leavcd, entire
or 5-toothed, 1 -flowered. Corol none. Styles 2. Nut
formed from the indurated calyx, 1-sceded.
Monoecia. Pcntandria.
1. A. integrifoUa Muhl. : leaves ovate, sessile, acuminate, serrate,
hispid on both sides, ciliate at base ; racemes terminal and mostly ter-
nate.
Hab. Near ponds and ditches. Penn. and Virg. July — Sept.
@. — Pursh.
'2. A. bidentata Mich. : very hairy ; leaves closely sessile, simple,
lanceolate, 1 — 2 toothed on each side near the base ; fruit 4-sided, 4-
spined below the summit.
Hab. Allegany mountains. W. to Illinois. — Perhaps not in the
limits assigned to the present work. July — Sept. 0.
3. A. trifida Linn.: hirsute, rough; leaves 3-lobed, serrate; the
lobes oval-lanceolate, acuminate ; fruit 6-spined below the summit.
Hab. Banks of streams. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July-
Sept. #.— Stem 4— 8 feet high. Leaves very large. Floioers
in large terminal panicles composed of long axillary and termi-
nal spikes.
4. A. clatior Linn. : stem virgate ; leaves bipinnatifid, nearly smooth;
petioles conspicuously ciliate ; racemes terminal.
Hab. Old fields. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. 0.—Stem 1—4
(at the south 4 — 7) feet high. Flowers in paniculate racemes.
Nut with 6 spines. Hog Weed.
IS*
210 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
5. A. artemisifolia Linn. : leaves bipinnatifid, hoary underneath, the
uppermost pinnatifid ; racemes by threes, terminal ; branches fastigi-
ate. — A. absynthifolia Mich.
Hab. Fields. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. #.—
Steyn 4 — 6 feet high. Leaves opposite below, alternate above,
Racemes loosely paniculate. Spines of the fruit very short.
G. A. paniculata Mich. : stem branching, paniculate at the summit,
and with the petioles villous ; leaves green on both sides, bipinnatifid,
the segments lanceolate ; fruit somewhat clustered, small, obovate,
slightly awned. — Ira monophylla Walt.
Hab. Old fields. Can. to Flor. July— Sept. 0. Pursh.—
Stem 2—4 feet high. Flmcers in simple terminal and axillary
racemes.
7. A. heterophylla Muht. : stem paniculate ; cauline leaves pinnati-
fid, subdentate, petiolate, those of the branches lanceolate, sessile ; pe-
tioles with long ciliee ; racemes terminal, solitary. — A. peruviana Willd,
Hab. Banks of streams. Penn. July— Sept. %. Muhl.
48. XANTHIUM. Linn.
Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Involucre imbricate. Anthers
approximate, but not united. Receptacle chaffy. Fertile
Fl. Involucre 2-leaved, 1 -flowered. Corol none. Drupe
dry, muricate, 2-cleft. Nut 2-celled.
Monoecia. Ventandria.
1. X. stmmarium Linn. : stem unarmed, branching ; leaves cordate,
lobed, serrate, scabrous, 3-nerved ; fruit elliptic, pubescent, armed
with rigid hooked bristles.
Hab. Road sides. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept.
0. — Stem 3 — 6 feet high. Floiccrs in axillary racemes.
Clot-weed.
2. X. macrocarpon De Cand. : stem unarmed, spotted ; leaves cor-
date, lobed, obscurely sinuate-toothed, scabrous, 3-nerved ; fruit oval,
densely armed with short rigid uncinate bristles ; horns incurved.—
A', orientate Linn. — X. maculatum Raf.
Hab. Near salt water. N. S. Aug. 0.—Stem purple, spotted.
Fruit very large, woolly.
3. A', spinosum Linn. : spines ternate : leaves 3-lobed.
Hab. Waste ground. Md. to Geor. Q.—Stem 3 feet high.
Flowers small. Prickly Clot-weed.
Suborder VIII. ANTHEMlDEiE.
49. SPARGANOPHORUS. Mich.
Involucre somewhat globose, imbricate, with the scales re-
curved at the point. Receptacle naked. Jlcines crowned
with a small cartilaginous cup. Syngenesia. JEqualis.
COMPOSITE. 211
S. verticillatus Mich. : leaves linear, verticillate ) heads few, termi
nal ; pappus canipanulate, 5-toothed.
Hab. In shallow water. N. J. to Flor. Aug., Sept. 11. — Stem
a foot high, simple. Leaves linear, an inch long, 0—8 in a whorl.
Floicers purple.
50. TANACETUM. Linn.
Involucre imbricate, hemispherical, scales acuminate. Rays
of the corol obsolete, trifid. Receptacle naked. Pappus sub-
emarginate. Syngencsia. tiuperflua,
T. vidgarc Linn.: leaves doubly pinnate, incisely serrate; corymb
terminal.
Hab. Road sides, &c. Aug., Sept. If. — Stem 2 — 4 feet high.
r/mrcrs in a dense terminal corymb, yellow. — Whole plant
odorous. Naturalized. Tansey.
51. ARTEMISIA. Linn.
Involucre imbricate ; scales round, connivent. Florets of
the ray none. Pappus none. Receptacle naked, or slightly
villous. Syngenesia. Superflua.
1. A. vulgaris Linn. : leaves tomentose beneath; cauline ones pin-
natifid ; segments lanceolate, subdentate, acute; floral ones undivided,
linear, lanceolate ; flowers nearly sessile, oblong, erect ; involucre to-
mentose.
Hab. Banks of streams. Can. and N. S. N. to Arc. Amer,
Sept. — Nov. U.— Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Flowers few, purplish.
Mugwort.
2. A. canadensis Mich.: stem herbaceous and paniculate, mostly erect;
radical leaves subpinnate, somewhat tomentose ; cauline subpinnate ;
segments subsetaceous, incised, flat, nearly smooth ; flowers partly
glomerate and sessile ; involucre subglobose ; scales oval, scarious. —
A. campestris Pursh.
Hab. Sandy shores of Lake Erie, &c. W. to Miss. N. to Hud-
son's Bay. July, Aug. 11. — Stem sometimes decumbent at base,
mostly erect, 3 — 4 feet high. Leaves of linear segments, singly or
doubly pinnatifid or subpinnate. Floicers small, very numerous,
in terminal panicles resembling spikes. Wild Wormwood.
3. A. caudata Mich. : stem herbaceous, simple, densely and pyra-
midally paniculate ; radical and lower cauline leaves sub-bipinnate,
pubescent ; upper subpinnate ; segments subsetaceous, alternate, di-
varicate, somewhat convex ; flowers pedicillate, erect, globose ovate.
Hab. Sea shores. N. J. to N. Car. If.— Stem 2—6 feet high,
52. CHRYSANTHEMUM. Linn.
Involucre hemispherical, imbricate ; innermost scales scari-
ous. Receptacle naked. Pappus none.
Syngenesia. Supcrflua,
212 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
C. leucanthcmum Linn. : stem erect, branching ; leaves clasping,
.anceolate, deeply notched and toothed at the base.
Hab. Fields, &c. Can. to Car. June— Aug. 1L— Stem 1—2
feet high, sparingly branched. Floiccrs solitary on the branches,
large ; rays white ; disk yellow. Introduced. Ox-eye Daisy.
53. ANTHEMIS. Linn.
Involucre hemispherical, subequal. Rays more than 5.
Receptacle chaffy ; chaff flat, with rigid acuminate points.
Pappus none or a membranous margin.
&y agenesia. Superflua.
1. A. arvensis Linn. : leaves bipinnate ; segments lanceolate-linear ;
receptacle conic ; chaff lanceolate ; acines crowned with a margin.
Hab. Waste grounds. Penn. to Virg. Aug., Sept. @. — Stem
branched and with the leaves hoary-pubescent. Floicers at the
end of each branch, large ; disk yellow ; rays broad, white. In-
troduced. Common Chamomile.
2. A. cotula Linn. : leaves bipinnatifid ; segments subulate, 3-part-
ed ; receptacle conic ; chaff setaceous ; pappus none.
Hab. Road sides. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. June— Oct.
0. — Stem a foot high, erect, branched. Floicers solitary, termi-
nal ; disk convex, yellow ; rays white. — An exotic, now almost
every where naturalized. May-weed.
54. ACHILLEA. Linn,
Involucre ovate, imbricate. Rays 5—10, roundish. Re-
ceptacle chaffy. Pappus none. Syngencsia. 8uperf.ua.
1. A. ptarmica Linn. : leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, equally
and acutely serrate, smooth.
Hab. Dry swamps. Arc. Amer. Can. and N. Y. Aug., Sept.
11. — Pursh. Stent 1 — 3 feet high, erect, terminating in a large
corymb. Floicers white. Introduced. 1 Sneeze-wort.
2. A. millefolium Linn. : stem furrowed ; leaves bipinnate, slightly
hairy ; segments linear, toothed, acute.
Hab. Fields and road sides. Can. to Car. N. to Arc. Amer.
W. to Miss. June — Aug. 1L. — Stem erect, branched at the
top. Flowers in large dense terminal corymbs ; rays 4 or 5,
white or rose coloured, — A powerful astringent. Introduced. ?
Yarrow.
Order LXV11I. CAMPANULACE^E. Lind.
Calyx superior, usually 5-lobed, (sometimes 3 — 8,) persis-
tent. Corol monopetalous,. inserted into the top of the calyx,
usually 5-lobed, (sometimes 3 — 8,) withering on the fruit,
regular ; sestivation valvate. Stamens inserted into the calyx
CAMPANULACEiE. 213
alternately with the lobes of the corol, to which they are equal
in number; anthers 2-celled, distinct ; pollen spherical. Ova-
ry inferior, with 2 or more polyspermous cells opposite the
stamens or alternate with them ; style simple, covered with
collecting hairs ; stigma naked, simple, or with as many lobes
as there are cells. Fruit dry, crowned by the withered calyx
and corol, dehiscing by lateral irregular apertures, or by
valves at the apex, always loculicidal. Seeds numerous, at-
tached to a placenta in the axis ; embryo straight, in the axis
of fleshy albumen ; radicle inferior.
He?-l>$ or undershrubs yielding a white milk. Leaves sim-
ple or deeply divided, without stipules.
1. CAMPANULA. Linn.
Calyx mostly 5-cleft. Corol campanulate, the base closed
with 5 staminiferous valves. Stigma 3 — 5-cleft. Capsule
inferior, 3- (rarely 5-) celled, opening by lateral pores.
Pentatidria. Monogynia.
1. C. ro/ioulifolla Linn. : glabrous ; stem erect, slender, somewhat
branched at base ; radical leaves reniform-cordate, crenate or cut ; cau-
line ones linear, entire ; panicle lax, few-flowered.
Har. Rocky banks. N. S. N. to Subarc. Amer. W. to Rocky
Mountains. June, July. Zf . — Stem 8 — 12 inches high. Radi-
cal leaves cordate, (withering early.) Floiccrs few, large, blue,
in a loose terminal panicle or raceme. Flax Bell-Jlower.
2. C. amplexicaulis Mich. : stem simple, erect, angular ; angles his-
pid backwards ; leaves cordate, toothed, clasping ; flowers sessile, 1 — 5
in the axil of each leaf. — C. perfoliata Linn.
Hah. Fields. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. May— July. ©. —
Stem 8 — 12 inches high. Leaves sessile, closely embracing the
stem, but never perfoliate. Floiccrs small, sessile, 1 — 4 in the
axil of the leaf, purple. Clasping Bell-jloiccr.
3. C. americana Linn. : stem simple, smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceo-
late, much acuminate, membranaceous, uncinately serrate ; lower ones
somewhat cordate, with the petioles ciliate ; flowers subsolitary, nearly
sessile, in a terminal leafy raceme ; corol subrotate ; style exserted. —
C. acuminata Mich.
Hab. Mountains and rocks. Niagara Falls and S. to Geor.
July, Aug. Tl'—Stem 2—3 feet high. Floicers blue, flat, 1—2
in the axils of the leaves.
4. C. aparinoides Pursh: stem slender, much branched, acutely
angled ; angles with the margin and nerves of the leaves aculeate
backwards ; leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile, somewhat serrate, smooth
214 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
above ; flowers solitary, on terminal filiform flexuous peduncles. — C.
erinoides Muhl. — C.flexuosa Mich.?
Hab. Wet meadows. Can. to Geor. June, July. %. — Stem a
foot high. weak. Flowers small, white. Prickly Bell-floicer.
Order LXIX. LOBELIACEtE. Lind.
Calyx superior, 5-lobed, or entire. Corol monopetalous,
irregular, inserted into the calyx, 5-lobed, or 5-cleft. Stamens
5, inserted into the calyx alternately with the lobes of the
corol ; anthers cohering ; pollen oval. Ovary inferior, with
from 1 to 3-cells ; ovules very numerous, attached either to the
axis or the lining ; style simple ; stigma surrounded by a cup-
like fringe. Fruit capsular, 1 or more celled, many seeded,
dehiscing at the apex. Seeds attached either to the lining or
the axis of the pericarp; embryo straight, in the axis of
fleshy albumen ; radicle pointing to the hilum.
Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Floiv-
ers axillary or terminal.
1. LOBELIA. Linn.
Calyx 5-cleft. Corol monopetalous, irregular, cleft on the
upper side nearly to its base. Stamens united into a tube.
Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule inferior or semisuperior, 2 or 3-
celled, opening at the summit. Seeds minute, scabrons.
Pentandria. Monogynia.
1. L. dortmanna Linn. : leaves linear, 2-celled, fleshy, obtuse ;
scape nearly naked ; flowers in a terminal raceme, remote, pedicelled,
nodding. — L. paludosa Nutt.
Hab. Ponds and swamps. Mass. to Geor. July. 2_£. — Scape
18 inches high. Leaves growing in a single tuft about the root,
obtuse, spreading and recurved. Flowers 3 or 4, very remote,
pendulous, pedicelled, pale blue. Water Gladiulc.
2. L. kalmii Linn. : whole plant smooth ; stem erect, branched ;
leaves linear, remotely toothed ; radicle ones spathulate ; racemes ter-
minal, lax, few-flowered, leafy ; peduncles longer than the fruit, with
2 minute bracts near the flower ; capsule tapering at base.
Hab. Fields. N. S. July, Aug. U.—Stem 12—20 inches
high, slender. Floiccrs blue, on long peduncles.
3. L. nuttallii R. <$• S. : stem erect, minutely scabrous, simple, or
with filiform branches ; leaves oblong-linear, denticulate ; flowers in
slender racemes, distinct ; peduncles coloured, shorter than the flower,
with minute bracts near the base ; capsule obtuse below. — L gracilis
Nutt.—L. kalmii Bart. Ell
ERICE.E. 215
Hab. Margins of swamps. N. J. to Car. Aug. & — Stem
filiform, erect, 2 feet high, often flexuous. Peduncles 1-4 inch
long. Flowers pale blue, smaller than in the preceding ; seg-
ments of the calyx nearly double the length of the capsule.
4. L. claytoniana Mich. : stem erect, simple, pubescent ; leaves ob-
long, pubescent, obtuse, nearly entire ; radical ones spatulate ; raceme
virgate, naked; segments of the calyx subulate, nearly as long as the
tube of the corol. — L. cluytoniana and L. pallida MuM.
Hab. Fields. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 2f.— Stem 1 1-2— 2
feet high, generally simple. Flowers pale blue, as large as those
of L. liulini't, from <> — SJO iu a raceme. — I follow Dr. Torrey in
uniting L. pallida of Muhl. with this species. They are, how-
ever, considered distinct by Mr. Elliott.
.". L puh, villa Mich. : covered with silky down ; stem erect, simple,
slightly angled; leaves oblong-oval, obtuse, repand-serrulate ; flowers
nearly sessile, in a 1 -sided spike ; segments of the calyx longer than the
tube of the corol, ciliate ; margins reflexed.
Hab. Mountains. Penn. to Geor. Sept. 11. — Stem 2 'feet high.
Lower leaves obovate^ upper lanceolate. Flowers large, in a sc-
cund-spike or raceme, nearly sessile, bright blue. — Allied to the
next, but smaller in all its parts.
f>. L. syphilitica Liiui. : stem erect, somewhat hairy : leaves closely
sessile, ovate-lanceolate, unequally serrate, with scattered hairs on the
tipper surface ; raceme leafy, with the flowers on short pedicels ; calyx
hairy, with the margins reflexed.
II lb. Bogs, &c. Can. to Car. Sept. lf.<—Stem 2—3 feet
high, simple, hairy on the margin. Flowers on short pedicels,
in a long leafy raceme, large, blue.
7. L. inflata Linn. : stem erect, hairy, branched ; leaves ovate-lanceo-
essile, serrate, hairy ; racemes leafy, somewhat paniculate ; cap-
sules inflated.
Hab. Fields and woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug.
©. — Stem a foot high. FUneers numerous, small, pale blue, in
leafy spikes or racemes. — Plant acrid and powerfully medicinal.
Big. Med. Bot. i. 177. Indian Tobacco.
8. L. cardinalis Linn. : stem erect, simple, smooth ; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, serrate ; lower ones tapering at base ; spike 1-sided, sorne-
what leafy, with the flowers on pubescent pedicels; stamens longer
than the corol.
Hab. Low wet grounds. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 2_£. — Stem
1 1-2 — 2 feet high. Flowers very large, bright scarlet, in a termi-
nal raceme which is from 8 — 10 inches long. — One of the most
splendid plants in the Northern Section. Cardinal Flower.
Order LXX. ERICE.E. Linn.
Calyx 4 or 5-cleft, nearly equal, inferior, persistent, Corol
hypogynous, monopetalous, 1 or 5-cleft, occasionlly separable
into 4 or 5 pieces, regular or irregular. Stamc?is definite,
21G DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
equal in number to the segments of the corol, or twice as many,
bypogynous, or inserted into the base of the corol. A?ithers 2-
celled, the cells hard and dry. Ovary surrounded at the base
by a disk or secreting scales, many-celled, many-seeded ; style
1, straight ; stigma 1, undivided or toothed. Fruit capsular,
many-celled, with central placentae. Seeds indefinite, minute ;
embryo cylindrical, in the axis of fleshy albumen ; radicle op-
posite the hilum.
Shrubs or under shrubs. Leaves evergreen, rigid, entire,
whorled or opposite, without stipules.
1. ARBUTUS. Linn.
Calyx minute, 5-parted. Corol ovate, diaphanous at the
base ; border small, 5-cleft, revolute. Stamens 10. Berry
superior, 5-celled ; cells 1, or many-seeded.
Pecandria. Monogynia.
A. uva ursi Linn. : stem woody, procumbent ; leaves petioled, cune-
ate-obovate, very entire, coriaceous ; margin convex ; flowers in a ter-
minal clustered raceme ; berries red, persistent, 5-seeded. — Arctostaphy-
los uva ursi Adans. Spreng.
Hab. On mountains. N. S. N. to Subarc. Amer. April, May.
Tp. — A trailing evergreen. Floicers pale red. Berries scarlet.
— The leaves are astringent and medicinal. Big. Med. Bot. i. 66.
Bear-berry.
2. GAULTHERIA. Linn.
Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed, bibracteate at base. Corol ovate ;
border portly 5-cleft, revolute. Stamens 10, with the fila-
ments hirsute. Anthers two horned at the summit. Capsule
superior, 5-celled, invested by the calyx which becomes a ber-
ry. Decandria. Monogynia.
1. G. procumbens Linn. : stem procumbent, with the branchesTerect ;
leaves obovate, wedgeform at the base, ciliate-denticulate ; flowers' few,
terminal, nodding.
Hab. Dry woods. N. S. May— July. 21.— Stem creeping ;
branches ascending, 4 — 6 inches high. Leaves evergreen and
shining. Floicers axillary, white. Fruit having the appearance
of a bright scarlet berry. Spicy Wintergreen.
2. G. hispidula Muhl. : stem filiform, creeping, hispid ; leaves ovate,
acute, with scattered hairs ; flower solitary, axillary, subsessile, oc-
landrous ; corol small, bell-shaped. — G. serpyllifolia Pursh. — Vaccinium
hispidulum Linn. — Arbutus filiformis Lam. — Oxycoccus hispidulus Persl
Hab. Alpine swamps. N. S. April, May. T?. — Stems creep-
ing. Leaves evergreen, small, ovate or roundish oval. Floicers
ERICE.E. 217
solitary, on recurved peduncles. Calyx in 4 acute segments.
Corol small, white, with as many segments as the .calyx. Berry
white. Taste of the leaves resembling that of> G. procumhens. —
There is some doubt with regard to the generic character of this
plant. Dr. Torrey thinks it will constitute the type. of a new
genus.
3. ANDROMEDA. Linn.
Calt/z 5-parted, minute, inferior. Corol ovate or subcy-
lindrical, smooth; border 5-cleft, reflexed. Stcnnens 10.
Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved ; valves producing dissepiments
from the middle ; margins naked. Dccandria. Monogynia,
* Leaves evergreen.
1. A. hypnoides Linn. : leaves imbricate, subulate, smooth ; pedun-
cles solitary, terminal, 1-flowered ; corol nodding, globose-campanu-
late.
Hab. White Hills, N. H. and N. W. Coast. June. ^>.— Shrub
creeping, resembling a moss ; flowering branches erect. Flmn-
crs white, tinged with red.
2. A. polyfolia Linn. : leaves linear-lanceolate, convex, revolute,
whitish-glaucous beneath ; flowers in short terminal racemes.
Hab. Sphagnous swamps. N. S. N. to Arc. Amer. June. T?.
. — Stem a foot high. leaves varying from linear to oblong.
Floiccrs white, tinged with red.
3. A. calyculata Linn. : leaves lanceolate-oblong, rather obtuse, ob-
solete!}' serrulate, subrevolute, ferruginous beneath ; racemes terminal,
leafy, subsecund ; pedicels short, solitary, axillary ; calyx bibracteate ;
corol oblong-cylindrical.
Hab. Swamps. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. April, May. h.
— A shrub 3 — 4 feet high; Leaves coriaceous, covered with
white dots above, pale beneath. Floiccrs white, in terminal
leafy racemes.
** Leaves deciduous.
4. A. mariana Linn. : leaves oval, somewhat acute, very entire,
smooth, subcoriaceous. paler beneath ; floweiing branches nearly nak-
ed ; pedicels fasciculate ; calyx leafy ; corol ovate-cylindric ; anthers
simple at the summit.
Hab. Sandy soils. N. J. to Flor. June, July. £.— Shrub 2— 3
feet high. Floiccrs white and pale red, large. Anthers with two
minute awns at the base.
5. A. racemosa Mich. : leaves oval-lanceolate, acute, serrulate, mem-
branaceous, smooth above, somewhat pubescent beneath ; racemes
terminal, secund, simple or branched ; corol oblong-cylindrical, an-
thers 4-awned at the summit. — 4. paniaduta Walt.
19
218 ; DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Swamps and wet woods. Can. to Flor. June, July. 1}J
— Shriii 4 — 6 feet high. Flowers white, in racemes which are 3
t or 4 inchesJong. Corol contracted at the mouth. Anthers cleft,
' 4-awned.
6. A. arborea Linn. : branches terete ; • leaves oblong-oval, acumi-
nate, sharply serrate, smooth ; panicles terminal, many-spiked ; corol
ovate-oblong, pubescent ;. anthers unawned, linear.
Hae. Mountains. Penn. to Flor. June, July. T?. — A beauti-
ful tree 40 — 50 feet high. Leaves large, shining above, paler b e-
neath. Flowers white, in large terminal panicles consisting of
numerous secund racemes or spikes. Sorrel Tree.
7. A. Ugustrina Muhl. : pubescent ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, acu-
minate, minutely serrulate ; flower-bearing branches terminal, panicu-
late, naked; corol nearly globose, pubescent; anthers unawned. — A.
paniculata Pursh. — Vaccinium ligustrinuvi Linn, not of Mich. — Lyonia
paniculata Nutt.
Hae. Swamps, &c. N. Y. to Car. "June, July. T?. — Shrub
4 — 6 feet high. Flowers white, in compound nearly naked and
erect panicles. Corol small, white, pubescent.
4. CLETHRA. Linn.
Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, Stamens 10. Style
persistent. Stigma short and trifid. Capsule 3-celled, 3-
valved, enclosed by the calyx. Decandria. Monogynia.
C. alnifolia Linn. : leaves cuneate-obovate, acute, serrate, smooth,
of the same colour on both sides ; racemes spiked, simple, bracteate,
hoary tomentose.
Hab. Swamps. N. Y. to Car. July, Au£. f?. Shrub 3— 6
feet high. Flowers white, in long terminal racemes or spikes,
' with downy pedicels. Sweet Pepper-bush.
5. MENZIESIA. Smith.
Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corol ovate, 4 — 5-cleft. Stamens
8 — 10, inserted into the receptacle. Capsule 4 — 5-celled,
dissepiments produced by the inflected margins of the valves.
Seeds numerous, oblong. Oclandria. Monogynia.
1. M. cxrulca Swartz: stem branched, woody below; leaves scatter-
ed, crowded, linear-toothed ; peduncles terminal, aggregate, 1-flower-
ed ; flowers bell-shaped, 5-cleft, decandrous ; cal}-x very acute. — An-
dromeda cmrulsa Linn. — Erica .carulea Willd.
Hab. White Hills, N. H. N. W. Coast and Labrador. July. 1>.
— An evergreen shrub resembling a heath in its foliage and flow-
ers. Leaves -one third of an inch long. Floiccrs large, purple,
on long red peduncles.
2. M. globularis Salisb. : leaves lanceolate, glaucous beneath, except
the nerves, pubescent ; calyx 4-cleft ; flowers globose, octandrous. —
M. smithii Mich.
ERICE.E. 219
Hab. Mountains. Venn, to Car. June. T?. — Shrub 4 feet
high. Leaves very hairy when young. Flowers yellowish-brown.
C. KALMIA. Lin*.
Calyx 5-parted. Carol salver-form ; border on the under
side producing 10 cornute protuberances and as many cavi-
ties in which the anthers arc concealed. Capsule j-celled,
many-seeded ; dissepiments marginal.
Dccandria. Monogynia.
1. K. glauca Ait. : branchcs^ancipitous ; leaves opposite, subsessile,
oblong, smooth, glaucous beneath, re volute on the margin ; corymbs
terminal and axillary, bracteate ; peduncles and calyx very smooth.
b. rosmarinifoUa Pursk: leaves linear, 'conspicuously revolute,
nearly green beneath.
Hab. Spliagnous swamps. N. S. N. to Arc. Amer. June, July.
lp. — Shrub 12 — 18 inches high, with opposite lanceolate leaves.
Flowers pale rose coloured, in terminal corymbs or umbels. Var.
/;. is found in a swamp two miles cast of this city.
• Glaucous Kalmia.
2. K. ang^istifulia Linn. : leaves scattered or tomato, petiolate, ob-
long, obtuse, slightly ferruginous beneath ; corymbs lateral-linear ; pe-
duncles and calyx glandular-pubescent.
IIab: Sandy woods. Can. to Car. June, July. T?. — Shrub
12 — 18 inches high.. Leaves entire, somewhat glaucous beneath.
Flowers deep rose colour, in lateral corymbs, forming a kind of
whorl around the stem. Sheep Laurel.
3. K. lafifolia Linn. : leaves on long petioles, scattered and ternate,
oval, coriaceous, green on both sides ; corymbs terminal, viscidly pu-
bescent.
Hab. Hills and mountains. N. Y. to Car. June, July. *?. —
Shrub 4 — 10 feet high, with large leaves and flowers, which are'
arranged in terminal corymbs. Carol rose coloured. Medici-
nal. Big. Med. But. i. 133." Mountain Laurel. Calico Bush.
7. EPIGtEA: Linn.
Calyx large, 5-parted, with 0 braoto a* the base. * Corol
salver-form ; border 5-parted, spreading ; tube villous within.
Stamens 10. Capsule 5-celled. Receptacle 5-parted.
Dccandria. Mo?iogy?iia.
E. repens Linn. : branches, nerves of the leaves and petioles very
hairy ; leaves on long petioles, cordate-ovate, very entire ; corol sub-
cylindrical.
Hab. Side hills, roots of pines. Can. and" N. S. April. *?.
— A small trailing and creeping evergreen. Floiccrs white, ting-
ed with red. very fragrant. Ground Laurel.
220 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
8. RHODORA. Linn.
Calyx S-toothed. Corol 3-petalled ; petals unequal, slight-
ly united at the base ; the upper one thrice broader and 3-
lobed, (or corol bilabiate; upper lip 2 — 3- cleft"; lower one
2-toothed.) Stamens and style declinate. Capsule 5-celled,
5-valved, opening at the top ; dissepiments formed of the in-
flexed margins of the valves. Decandria. Monogynia.
R- canadensis Linn.
Hab. Mountain bogs. Can. and N. S. May. T?.— Shrub 2 feet
high. Leaves alternate, oval, v^ry entire, pubescent and glau-
cous beneath. Flowers purple, in terminal clusters or umbels,
appearing before the leaves.
9. RHODODENDRON. Linn*
Calyx 5-parted. Corol somewhat funnel-form, 5-cleft.
Stamens 5—10, declinate; anthers opening by 2 terminal
pores. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, opening at the summit.
Decandria. Monogynia.
Obsi It was suggested by Pursh, that all the species of Azalea which
he described, except A. procumbens. should be unitsd with Rhododen-
dron. This view has been adopted by Mr. Don and Dr. Torrey. These
genera do not appear to differ at all, except in the number of stamens,
which even in the true Azalea is liable to great variations. — See Don's
remarks on Azalea, Rhododendron, Ledum and Leiophijllum in Edin. Phil.
Jour. vi. 47.
* Stamens 5 — 10.
i. R. Lapponicum IVahl. : leaves elliptical, roughened with excavated
punctures ; flowers in terminal leafy clusters, campanulate ; stamens
' mostly 8. — Azalea lapponica Linn.
Hab. White Hills, N. H. Big. N. to Arc. Amer. July. Tp.
— Shrub 8 — 10 inches high, with coriaceous evergreen leaves.
Flowers deep purple, in terminal clusters or umbels.
2. 1}. maximum Linn> : arborescent ; leaves rwkio^g-, ^uie, pafer »e-
neath : umhpls terminal , augments of the calyx oval, obtuse ; corol
campanulate.
Hab. Swamps and bogs. N. Y. to Car. June, July. ??.—
Shrub 10—15 feet high. Leaves large, coriaceous. Flowers rose'
coloured, in a large compact cone-like raceme, covered when
young with large acuminate ferruginous bracts. — Several varie-
ties occur in various parts of the U. S. Medicinal. Big. Med.
Bot. iii. 101. American Rose Bay.
• ** Stamens 5.
3. R. nudiflorum Torr. :. flowers rather naked } leaves lanceolate-ob-
long, nearly smooth and green on both sides; the midrib beneath br-ist-
ERICEiE. 221
ly ; margin ciliate : flowers not viscous ; tube-longer than the divisions ;
teeth of the calyx short, somewhat rounded ; stamens much exserted.
— Azalea nudiflora Linn. — A. pcrichjmcnoidcs Mich.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Geor. April, May. fp.— Shrub 2— 6
feet high. Flowers reddish, in terminal clustered racemes, ap-
pearing before the leaves. — Of this species there are a number
of varieties. Among others mentioned by Pursh, is one which
has from 10 — 20 stamens. Upright Honeysuckle. Pinxter Blom.
4. R. viscosum Torr. : flowers leafy ; branches hispid ; leaves oblong-
obovate, acute, smooth and green on both sides, ciliate on the mar-
gin ; midrib bristly ; flowers glutinous, hairy ; tube as long again as
the segments ; teeth of the calyx short, rounded ; stamens scarcely
longer than the corol. — Azalea viscosa Linn, and A. glauca Pursh.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Geor. June. fp. — Shrub 6 — 8 feet
high. Flowers white, in terminal clusters, sweet scented. Corol
viscous and pubescent. A. glauca of Pursh appears to be only a
variety, with the leaves glaucous beneath.
5. R. calcndulaceum Torr. : flowers rather naked ; leaves oblong,
pubescent on both sides, at length hirsute ; flowers la\ge, not viscous ;
teeth of the calyx oblong ; tube of the corol hairy, shorter than the
segments. — Azalea calendulacea Mich. — A. nudiflora var. coccinea Ait.
Hab. Perm, to Car. May. Tp. — Shrub 2— G feet high. Flowers
yellow or flame colour. — Said to be the handsomest shrub in N.
America.
6. R. arborcscens Torr. : flowers leafy ; leaves obovate ; somewhat
obtuse, smooth on both sides, glaucous beneath, ciliate on the margin ;
nerve almost smooth ; flowers not viscous ; tube longer than the seg-
ments ; calyx leafy, with the segments oblong, acute } filaments ex-
serted.— Azalea arborcscens Pursh.
Hab. Blue Mountains, Penn. May— July. V« Pursh. — Shrub
10—20 feet high. F/oiccrs large, reddish ; scales of the flower-
buds large, yellowish-brown, surrounded with a fringed white
border. Pursh.
7. R. nilidum Torr. : flowers leafy ; branches somewhat smooth ;
leaves oblanceolate, submucronate, coriaceous, smooth on both sides,
shining above ; nerve bristly beneath ; margins revolute-ciliate ; flow-
ers viscous ; tube a little, longer than the segments ; calyx very short.
— Azalea nitida Pursh.
Hab. Mountain swamps. N. Y. to Vir. June, July. *?. —
Leaves dark green and shining, smaller than in any other species.
Floiccrs white, with a reddish tinge. Pursh.
8. R. hispidum Torr. : flowers leafy ; branches straight, very hispid;
leaves long-lanceolate, hispid above, smooth beneath, glaucous on both
sides ; nerve bristly beneath ; margin ciliate ; flowers very viscous ;
tube scarcely longer than the segments ; teeth of the calyx oblong,
rounded ; filaments exserted. — Azalea hispida Pursh.
Hab. Margins of lakes. Blue Mountains, Penn. July, Aug. fp.
— Shrub 10 — 15 feet high. Floiccrs white, with a' red border.
19*
222 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Stamens often 10. — This shrub is said by Pursli to have a blue-
ish appearance, by which it may be distinguished from all others
at a great distance.
10. AZALEA. Linn. Don.
Calyx 5-parted. Corol short, canipanulate, 5-cleft. Sta-
mens 5, equal, shorter than the corol ; anthers opening longi-
tudinally. Style straight, included. Capsule 5-celled, 5-
valved, opening at the top. Pentandria. Monogynia.
A. procumbens Linn. : stems diffusely procumbent ; leaves opposite,
elliptical, glabrous, revolute on the margin, included. — Loiselcicria pro-
cumbens R. fy S.
Hab. High mountains. N. S. N. to Arc. Amer. July. *?..
— Shrub 3 — 4 inches long, branched, leafless below. Flowers-
small, reddish, in small terminal umbels or corymbs.-
11. LEDUM. Linn.
Calyx mitiute, 4-toothed. Corol 5-petalled, spreading.
Stamens 5 — 10, exserted ; anthers opening by two terminal
pores. Capsule subovate, 5-celled, 5-valved, opening at the
base, pedicellate. Seeds numerous, flat, linear, scabrous,
with a membranaceous wing at each extremity.
Decandria. Monogynia.
1. L. latifolium Ait. : leaves oblong, replicate on the margin, ferru-
ginous tomentose beneath; stamens 5, as long as the corol. — L. palus-
tre var. latifolium Mich.
Hab. Sphagnous swamps. N. S. N. to Arc. Amer. June. *>.
— An evergreen shrub, with the stem irregularly branched ; the
branches woolly. Leaves alternate, broad-oblong, obtuse. Floic-
ers large, in terminal corymbs, white. Labrador Tea.
2. L. palustre Linn. : leaves linear, revolute on the margin, ferrugi-
nous tomentose beneath ; stamens 10, longer than the corol.
Hab. Swamps. N. S. N. to Arc. Amer. June. If. — A shrub
smaller than the last and with narrower leaves. — I have found
both species in a spfiagnous swamp near Fairhaven, Vt.
Order LXXI. VACCINES. Be Cand. hind.
Calyx superior, entire, or with from 4 to 6 lobes. Corol
monopetalous, lobed as often as the calyx. Stamens distinct,
double the number of the lobes of the corol, inserted into an
epigynous disk ; anthers with 2 horns and 2 cells. Ovary
inferior, 4 or 5-celled, many-seeded ; style simple ; stigma
simple. Berry crowned by the persistent limb of the calyx,
succulent, 4 or 5-celled, many-seeded, Seeds minute; em-
VACCINES. 223
bryo straight, in the, axis of a fleshy albumen; cotyledons
very short ; radicle long, inferior.
Shrubs, with alternate coriaceous leaves.
. 1. VACCIXIUM. linn.
Calyx adherent, 4 — 5-toothed. Corol urceolate or cam-
panulate, 4 — 5-clcft. Stamens 8 — 10. Filaments inserted
on the germ. Berry globose, 4 — 5-celled, many-seeded.
Decandria. Monogynia.
* leaves deciduous.
t Curol campanulatc,
1. V. stamineum Linn. : much branched ; the younger branches
pubescent ; leaves oval, acute, very entire, glaucous beneath ; pedi-
cels solitary, axillary, filiform, nodding ; corol campanulate, spread-
ing ; segments oblong, acute ; anthers exserted, awned, somewhat
pyrifofm. — V. stamineum and V. album Pursh.
Ha'b. Dry woods. Can. to Flor. May, June. fp. — Shrub 2 — ?>
feet high. Floiecrs white, on the lateral branches of the stem,
which appear like leafy racemes. Berries large, greenish-white.
DccT-bcrru.
2. V. dumosum Curt. : younger branches, leaves and racemes sprink-
led with resinous dots ; leaves obovate, wedgeform at the base, mucro-
nate, entire, (or finely serrulate,) green on both sides ; racemes bracte-
ate ; pedicels short, axillary, suhsolitary ; corol campanulate ; seg-
ments rounded; anthers included. — V.frondosum Mich.
Hab. Pine woods. N. J. to Flor. June. T?.^-Shrub 12—13
inches high. Flowers large, white, nodding, in leafy racemes.
Berries large, globular, black and shining.
3. V. frondosum Linn. : leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse, very entire,
sprinkled with resinous dots, glaucous beneath ; racemes lateral, few-
flowered, loose, bracteate ; pedicels long, filiform ; corol Ovate-cam-
panulate ^ anthers included. — V. glaucum Mich.
Hab. Sandy woods. Can. to Car. ,June. * *?. — Shrub 3 — 5 feet
high. Raceme lateral, few-flowered. Floicers small, white.
Berries large, bluish, sweet, ripening later than the other species.
WhoriU-berry. Blue-tangle*.
tt Corol urceolate.
a. Floicers racemose or fasciculate.
4. V. resinosum Ait. : leaves petiolate, oblong-oval, mostly obtuse,
very entire, sprinkled with resinous dots beneath ; racemes lateral, se-
cund, bracteate ; corol ovate, conic, pentangular, contracted at the
mouth.
PLyb. Woods and hills. Can. to Car. May, June. >>. — Shrub
2—4 feet high. Flowers reddish-green,, in short lateral racemes
or fascicles. Berries globular, black, sweet. Black Whortle-bernj,
224 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
5. V. corymbosum Linn. : flower bearing branches almost leafless ;
leaves oblong-oval, acute at each extremity, nearly entire ; the young
ones pubescent ; racemes short, sessile, bracteate ; corol cylindrical-
ovate— and V. fuscaium Ait. and V. arhcenum Pursh. — V. disomorphum.
Mich.
Hab. Swamps and wet woods. Can. to Virg. June. *?. —
Shrub 4 — 8 feet high, with a few straggling branches. Flowers
purplish- white, in racemes which are crowded near" the summit
of the naked branches. Berries large, black, subacid.
High JVhortle-berry.
6. V.pennsylvanicum Lam.: branches angular, (green;) leaves ses-
sile, ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, serrulate, shining on both surfaces ;
fascicles of flowers, subterminal ; corol ovate. — V. virgatum Ait.? — V.
tenellum Pursh.
Hab. Dry hills. N. Y. to Geor. May, June. T?. Shrub
12 — 18 inches high, much branched. Floicers pale red, C — 8 hi
a fascicle. Calyx green. Berries large, blue and somewhat
glaucous. Low' Blue-berry.
7. V. tenellum Ait. : racemes bracteate, sessile ; corol^vate cylindri-
cal ; leaves oblong-elliptic, subcuniform, serrulate, nearly smooth.
Hab. N. J. and Penn. April. fp.—Muhl.
8. V. ligustrinum Mich. : branches angular and erect ; leaves subses-
sile, erect, lanceolate, mucronate, serrulate ; fascicles gemmaceous,
sessile ; flowers nearly sessile ; corol oblong-ovate.
Hab. Dry woods. Penn. and Virg. May, June.. ^>. — A small
shrub with straight and slender branches. Flowers purplish-red.
Berries black. — It is said to vary very much in the shape and
size of its leaves.
b. Flowers solitary.
9. V. uliginosuin Linn. ; procumbent ; branches rigid ; leaves obo-
vate, very obtuse, entire, smooth above, veined and glaucous beneath ;
flowers subsolitary, octandrous ; corol short, ovate, 4-cleft ; anthers
awned at the base. — V. uliginosum var. alpinum Big.
Hab. White HiHs, N. H. N. to Arc. Araer. April, May. fp.
— A low procumbent shrub. Floicers single or in pairs, nearly
sessile. Berries oblong, deep. blue, crowned with the style.
"^Leaves evergreen.
10. V. vitis idea Linn. : stem oreeping ; branches erect ;' leaves obo-
vate, evergreen, dotted beneath, subentire and revolute at the margin ;
flowers in terminal drooping racemes ; corol oblong, campanulate.
Hab. High mountains. N. S. N. to Arc. Amer. May, June.
T? • — A low shrub, with a creeping stem and angular branches.
Leaves small, coriaceous. Flowers few, in a raceme, pale red.
Corol mostly 4-cleft, with 4 stamens. Beiries red, acid.
Cow-berry.
PYROLACEiE. 225
2. OXYCOCCUS. Pcrs.
Calyx superior, 4-cleft. Corol 4-parted, with the segments
somewhat linear and revolute. Stamens 8. Filaments con-
nivent ; anthers tubular, 2-parted. Berry many-seeded.
Octandria. Monogynia.
1. O. maerocarjms Pursli ; stem prostrate, filiform, creeping; leaves
oblong-, nearly flat, obtuse, with distant obsolete serratures, glaucous
beneath ; pedicels elongated, 1-flowered ; segments of the corol linear-
lanceolate. — (). vulgaris var. inacrocarpus Pcrs. — Vaccinium ooycoccin-
var. oblongifolius Mich.
Hab. Sphagnoue swamps, Can. and N. S. June. *>. — Shrub
creeping and throwing up short erect branches. Leaves alter-
nate, small. Flowers white or pale red, on slender axillary pe-
dicels. Berry large, bright scarlet. Common Cranberry.
2. Q. palustris Pcrs. : stem filiform, creeping ; leaves ovate, ever-
green, entire, with revolute margins ; peduncles 1-flowered, terminal :
corol 4-parted ; segments ovate. — O. vulgaris Pu'rsh. — Vaccinhirr1 oxy-
coccus Linn.
Hab. Alpine bogs. Can. and N. S. June. *?. — A small ever-
green creeping plant. Flowers red. Berries bright purple,
smaller than the former.
Order LXXII. PYROLACE.E. Lind.
Calyx 5-parted, persistent, inferior. Corol monopetalous,
hypogynous, regular, deciduous, 4 or 5-toothed, with an im-
bricated aestivation. Stamens hypogynous, twice as nu-
merous as the divisions of the corol ; anthers 2-celled, open-
ing longitudinally, and furnished with appendages at the base.
Ovary superior, 4 or 5-celled, many-seeded, with a hypogyn-
ous disk; style 1, straight or declinate ; stigma simple.
Fruit capsular, 4 or 5-celled, dehiscent, with central placen-
ta}. Seeds indefinite, minute, winged ; embryo minute, in-
serted at the extremity of a fleshy albumen.
Herbs, rare'y widershrubs, sometimes parasitica! and leaf-
less. Leaves either wanting or simple. Flowers solitary, or
in terminal racemes.
1. PYROLA. Linn.
Calyx minute, 5-cleft or 5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens
10, slightly united at base. Anthers opening by 2 pores at
base. Stigma 5-lobed. Capside 5-celled. Placenta lunate.
Seeds invested with a long aril. Decandria. Monogynia,
226 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Obs. In the arrangement and description of our species of Pyrola.
I have mainly adopted the views expressed by Mr. Don in his valu-
able monograph of this genus. — Wernerian Transactions, v. 220*
' Valves of the capsules with their margins connected by an intricate fine
tomentum, dehiscent at the base. Leaves alternate. Floioers in racemes.
t Stamens ascending. Style decimate, longer* than the petals. Stigma
annulate.
1. P. rotundifolia Linn. : leaves roundish, very entire or crenulate,
coriaceous, shorter than the dilated petiole ; scape triquetrous ; seg-
ments of the calvx lanceolate, acute ; stigma clavate, obtusely 5-tooth-
ed. •
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. July. 2_£. — Leaves all radical,
evergreen, sometimes scarcely half the length of the petioles.
Scape a foot or more high. Floioers cernuous, white, in an erect
elongated raceme, emitting a fragrant smell. — The largest of
the whole. genus. Round-leaved Wintergreen.
2. P. asarifolia Mich. : leaves reniform, coriaceous,, repandly cre-
nate, half as long as the dilated petiole ; scape acutely triquetrous ;
raceme many- flowered ; segments of~"the calyx ovate, acuminate, ap-
pressed ; stigma clavate, with the disk elongated and 5-lobed.
Hab. Dry woods. Can. and N. S. If. — Mr. Don considers
this to be entirely distinct from the next, with which it is con-
founded by Mr. Nuttall. — " The leaves," he observes, "appear
to be subject to some slight variations ; but in the true state '
they are of a reniform shape, nearly about the size and form of
those of Asarum europeum : this remarkable, character, if con-
stant, would alone have been sufficient to distinguish it from
every other species. The plant itself, is about the size of P.
rotundifolia, which it greatly resembles in the figure and dispo-
sition of its flowers, which are of a greenish- white colour."
3. P. chlorantha Sioartz: leaves orbicular, refuse, obscletely crenu-
late, half as long as the narrow petiole ; raceme few-flowered ; seg-
ments of the calyx very short, obtuse ; petals oblong ; pores of the
anthers tubular ; stigma clavate, with the disk elongated and 5-lobed.
— P. rotundifolia var. mummularia Muhl. Cat,
Hab. Woods. Can. and N. S. 21-
• 4. P. elliptica Nutt. : leaves elliptic or ovate, membranaceous, serru-
late, longer than the dilated petiole ; raceme few flowered ; bracts
lanceolate-subulate, recurved at the summit ; segments of the ualyx
very short, with recurved points ; petals oval ;. stigma clavate. with
the disk elongated and 5-lobed.
Hab. Dry w^oods. Can. and N. S. July, Aug. 21.— Leaves
membranaceous, finely serrate, ". oblong-oval, sometimes ovate,
with an attenuated base, much longer than the petiole. Raceme
few-flowered. Floioers white, odorous.— Allied to P. rotundifo-
lia, but is smaller.
tt Stamens erect. Style straight. Stigma not annulate.
5. P. minor Linn. : leaves roundish or oval, coriaceous, repandly-
PYROLACE.E. 227
crenate, longer than the dilated petiole ; racemes spiked, with bracts
much longer than the pedicels ; segments of the calyx very short ;
style included ; stigma nearly flat, 5-lobed.
Had. N. Y. and Penn. Pursh c\- Muhi, N. to Arc. Amer.
June. 11. — Resembles P. media, from which, however, it is dis-
tinguished by its straight style, equal to the length of the stamens,
and shorter than the petals ; by its spiked and closer raceme, by
tho p. dicels being shorter £han the bracts, and the petioles shorter
than the leaves, &c. Don credits this species only to Northern
Europe and Asia, and Sprengel unites the P. minor of Pursh
with P. chlorantha of Swartz. — But it cannot be mistaken for
the latl
6. P. scran,/, i Linn. : leaves ovate, acute, membranaceous, sharply
serrate, longer than the narrow petiole ; raceme secund ; segments of
the calyx rounded ; petals oblong; stylo exserted; stigma nearly flat,
5-lobed.
Hab. Sandy woods. Can.- and N. S. T?. — Stem 2 — 3 inches
high. Flowers greenish-white, in a one-sided raceme.
'*" Fatves of the capsules with their margins unconnected by tomentum,
opening from the top. Leaves in threes or verticillalc. Flowers soli-
tary, in corymbs or umbels.
7. P. uniflora Linn. : flower solitary ; leaves orbicular, serrate ; pores
of the anthers elongated-tubular ; stigma acute ; style straight, 5-tooth-
ed.
II \r. Can. and N. S. rare. July. H- — A small and very deli-
cate species. Flower terminal, large, white, fragrant, nodding.
I P. umbeliatd Linn. : leaves cuneate-lanceolate, serrate, in fours or
; peduncle pubescent, corymbed ; bracts linear-subulate ; appen-
dages of the filaments ciliate ; style immersed in the germ. — Chima-
pkita corymbosa Pursh.
Hab. "Woods. Can. and N. S. July. 11. — Root woody and
creeping. Stem ascending, somewhat woody. Leaves ever-
i. smooth and coriaceous, lower surface somewhat paler.
pe or peduncle 4 — 6 inches high. Flowers large, greenish-
white tinged with purple, in a terminal corymb or imperfect
umbel, on nodding pedicels.— It is known by the Indians by the
name of Pipsissatoa or Sipsisciva. Medicinal. See Big. Med.
Boti ii. 15. * .
.'. P. in aculata Linn. : leaves lanceolate, acuminate, incisely serrate,
discoloured, opposite or in threes ; peduncles pubescent, corymbed ;
bracts linear ; appendages of the filaments woolly ; style very short. — •
Chimopktta metadata Pursh,
Hab. Sandy woods. Can. to Car. July. If. — This species
may he distinguished by its varigated leaves. £tcm 3 — 4 inches
high. Flowers large, reddish-white, nodding, fragrant, 2 or 3 in
a corymb or umbel. Spotted Winter green.
2. MQNOTROPA. Linn.
Cahjz 4— 5-parted, or none. Covol 5-petalled, cucullate
228 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
at base. Anthers 2-celled, with two obtuse horns at their
base. (Dun.) Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved. Seeds numerous,
surrounded by a membrane. Decandria. Monogynia,
* Scape many-fioxcered. Htpopithys. Nutt.
1. M. lanuginosa Mich. : scape bearing the flowers in a spike ; bracts
and flowers woolly. — Hypopithjs lanuginosa Nutt.
Hab. Roots of trees. Can. to*Car. Aug. If. — Scape 4 — 6
inches long. Leaves merely scales, lanceolate, obtuse,, crowded
at base and a little hairy. Floicers white', in a terminal spike, on
ghort peduncles. — Whole plant of a clear white, turning black by
decay or by drying. Tobacco-pipe.
2. M. hypopithjs Linn. : scape bearing the flowers in a spike ; scales
and flowers smooth externally ; lateral flowers with 8 stamens. — Hy-
popithys europea Nutt.
Hab. ' Roots of trees. Can. Perm. andN. Car. June, July. If.
— The whole plant is of a brownish-yellow colour. There is
still some doubt whether this is a plant of the Northern States ;
what lias been called by that name here being merely a smooth
variety of the preceding. According to Sprengel, the Monotropsis
odorata of Elliott is identical with this species.
** Scape l-flowered. Monotropa. Nutt.
3. M. uniflora Linn : scape straight, elongated, 1 -flowered ; flowers
with 10 stamens, erect, or cernuous.
Hab. • Shady woods. June. 11. — Scape 5 — 8 inches. Floicers
large, mostly nodding, but sometimes erect. Whole plant white.
3. PTEROSPORA. Nutt.
Calyx 5-parted. Carol monopetalous, ovate; margin 5-
toothed, reflexed. Anthers excentrically peltate, 2-celled, ad-
na'te to the filaments by the margin, bisetose. ■ Capsule 5-cell-
ed, imperfectly 5-valved ; dissepiments from the middle of the
valves ; septa and valves uniting towards the base, and coa-
lescing with the receptacular axis ; receptacle 5-lobed. Seeds
very numerous and minute, each furnished with a terminal
wing. * Decandria. Monogynia.
P. andromeda Nutt.
Hab. Clay soils* Can. Banks of the Seneca Lake. Gray ; and
near Albany, N. Y. July. %. — Plant covered with brownish viscid
hairs. Stem 1 1-2—2 feet high, simple, brownish-red or purple,
clothed at base with lanceolate bracts. Flowers very numerous,
irregularly disposed in a long-terminal raceme, red and white.
Peduncles filiform, nodding, longer than the flowers.
Subclass III. COROLLIFLORjE.
Petals united in the form of a hypogynous corol, which is
not attached to the calyx. Stamens inserted into the coro\
ILICINEiE. 229
Order LXXIII. EBENACEiE. Vent. Lind.
Flowers polygamous or dioecious, rarely perfect. Calyx
3 — 6-divided, nearly equal, persistent. Carol monopetalous,
regular, deciduous, somewhat coriaceous, 3 — 6-divided ; aesti-
vation imbricated. Stamens inserted on the corol, or hypogy-
nous, definite ; filaments usually in two rows ; anthers erect,
linear-lanceolate, 2-celled, bursting longitudinally. Ovary
tree, sessile, many-celled ; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, pendu-
lous ; style divided, rarely simple ; stigmas simple or bifid.
Fruit fleshy, round or oval, the pericarp sometimes opening
regularly. Seeds few, with a membranous coat ; embryo
straight; albumen cartilaginous ; radicle next the hilum ; co-
tyledons foliaceous.
Trees or shrubs, without milky juice. Leaves coriaceous,
alternate, without stipules.
1. DIOSPYROS. Linn.
Dioecious. Calyx 4 — 6-cleft. Corol urceolate, 4 — 6-cleft.
Sterile Fl. Stamens S — 16, often producing 2 anthers.
Fertile Fl. Style 1. Stigmas 4 — 5. Berry 8 — 12-cell-
ed. Dioecia. Octandria.
D. virghvana Linn. : leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, reticulately
veined, nearly smooth ; petioles pubescent ; buds smooth.
Hab. Woods. Penn. to Geor. and throughout the Western States.
May. T?. — A small tree, seldom more than 30—40 feet high.
f^cares alternate. Flou'crs solitary, axillary, on short peduncles,
greenish-yellow. Fruit as large as a common plum, golden-yel-
low, well flavored when fully ripe, but very astringent before
that time. Persimmon.
Order LXXIV. ILICINEiE. Lind.
Sepals 4 — 6 ; aestivation imbricated. Corol monopetalous,
4 — 5-parted, hypogynous ; asstivation imbricated. Stamens
inserted into the corol, alternate with its segments ; filaments
erect ; anthers adnate. Disk none. Ovary fleshy, superior,
somewhat truncate, 2 — 6-celled ; ovules solitary, pendulous
from a cup-shaped funiculus ; stigma subsessile, lobed. Fruit
fleshy, indehiscent, with from 2 to 6 stones. Seed suspended,
nearly sessile ; albumen large, fleshy ; embryo small, 2-lobed,
lying next the hilum, with minute cotyledons and a superior ra-
dicle.
20
230 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Trees or shrubs* Leaves alternate or opposite, coriaceous.
1. ILEX. Linn.
Calyx 4 — 5-toothed, persistent. Corol 4 — 5-parted. Sta-
mens 4 — 5, alternating with the petals. Ovary sessile, 4-
celled. Stigmas subsessile, 4 — 5, sometimes distinct, some-
times united. Berry 4 — 5-seeded.
Tetrandria, Tetragynia.
I. opaca Ait. : leaves ovate, flat, coriaceous, acute, smooth, their
margins with sharp spines ; flowers scattered at the base of the young-
er branches ; teeth of the calyx acute. — I. aquifolium Walt.
Hab. Sandy woods. Can. to Car. W. to Arkansas. June fp.
— An evergreen tree 10 — 15 feet high. Leaves tough, smooth
and shining, with rigid spines at the edges. Flowers growing
in bunches around the branches, small, white. — It is stated by
the younger Michaux, that birdlime may be extracted from the
bark. The wood is fine grained and compact, and is employed
by cabinet makers and turners. American Holly.
2. NEMOPANTHES. Raf.'
Flowers by abortion dioecious or polygamous. Calyx
small, scarcely conspicuous. Veials 5, distinct, oblong-linear,
deciduous. Stamens 5, alternating with the petals. Ovary
hemispheric. Style none. Stigmas 3 — 4, sessile. Berry
subglobose, 3— 4-celled, 3 — 4-seeded.
Fentandria. Tetragynia.
N. canadensis De Cand. : leaves deciduous, ovate-oblong, very entire,
smooth, mucronate ; peduncles subsolitary (or fasciculate) very long,
1 -flowered ; fruit obtusely quadrangular. — A7", fascicularis Raf. — Rex
canadensis Mich.
Hab. Mountains. Can. to Car. May, June. T?. — A shrub 3 — 6
feet high. Leaves smooth, oval, entire or slightly toothed. Flow-
ers small, green, on long slender peduncles. Berries deep red.
Canadian Holly.
3. PRINOS. Linn.
Characters same as Ilex, but the flowers are often by abor-
tion dioecious or polygamous, 6-cleft, 6-stamened, and the
berry 6-seeded. Hezandria. Monogynia.
1. P. verticillatus Linn. : stem much branched ; leaves deciduous,
oval, serrate, acuminate, pubescent beneath ; flowers dioecious, 6-cleft ;
sterile ones axillary, subumbellate ; fertile ones aggregated ; berries
globose. — P. gronovii Mich.
b. dubius De Cand. : flowers 4 — 5-cleft. — P. ambiguus Pursh. — P.
verticillatus var. tenujfolius Torr. ?
OLEACE/E. 231
Hab. Swamps. Can. to Car. June, July. *?. — Shrub 6 — 8
feet high. Flowers small, white. Berries bright scarlet.
Winter Berry.
2. P. ambiguus Mich. : leaves deciduous, oval, entire, acuminate at
each end ; flowers 4-cleft ; sterile ones crowded on the lower branch-
lets ; fertile onea solitary, on long peduncles.
Hab. Wei woods. Penn. to Geor. 1 July. *?. — A small tree,
with whitish bark. Leaves 1 1-2 inch long, and 1 inch wide,
petiolatc.
3. P. faoigatUM Pttrsh : leaves deciduous, lanceolate, with appressed
serratures, smooth] on both sides, shining above ; nerves beneath
scarcely pubescent ; flowers 0-r.left ; fertile ones axillary, subsessile ;
sterile scattered, pedunculate.
II vt?. In swamps. N. S. W. to Miss. July. "*?. — A shrub
<>— 8 feet high. Leaves 2 1-2 inches long. Berries large, red.
4. P. glaber Linn. : leaves evergreen, wedge-form, lanceolate, coria-
ceous, smooth and shining, somewhat toothed at the extremity ; pedi-
cels axillary, subsolitary, mostly 3-flowered.
IIar. Swamps. N. Y. to Car. July. £.— ShruB 3—4 feet high.
Flowers white. Berries globose, black and shining. Ink Berry.
Order LXXY. OLEACE.E. Lind.
Flmncrs inrmoclinous, sometimes dioecious. Calyx mono-
pliyllous, divided, persistent. Covol hypogynous, monopeta-
lous, 4-clcft, sometimes of 4 petals, connected in pairs by the
intervention of the filaments, rarely wanting ; aestivation some-
what valvate. Stamens 2, alternate with the segments of the
corol ; anthers 2-celled, bursting longitudinally. Ovary free,
2-celled ; ovules in pairs, collateral, pendulous ; style 1, or
none ; stigma entire or bind. Fruit drupaceous, baccate or
capsular. Seeds often by abortion solitary ; albumen dense,
ileshy, abundant ; embryo straight, about half the length of
the albumen ; radicle superior ; cotyledons foliaceous.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple, sometimes pin-
na ti fid.
1. LIGUSTRUM. Linn.
Calyx minute, 4-toothed. Co rol with the tube short ; the
limb 4-cleft, spreading. Stamens 2. Berry 1-celled, 2 — 4-
seeded. Diandria. Monogynia.
L. vulgarc Linn. : leaves elliptical-lanceolate, somewhat acute,
smooth ; panicle terminal, compact.
232 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Woods. N. Y. toVirg. W. to Miss. May, June. *?•
— Shrub 4 — 6 feet high. Leaves dark green, opposite, entire,
with a small point. Flowers white, in dense terminal panicles.
Berrks purplish-black. Privet or Prim.
2. CHIONANTHUS. Linn.
Calyx 4-parted. Corol deeply 4-parted ; segments long
and linear. Stamens 2 ; anthers nearly sessile, on the tube.
Drupe 1-seeded. Nut striate. Diandria. Monogynia.
C. virginka Linn. : panicle terminal ; peduncles 3-flowered ; leaves
acute.
a. montana Pursh : leaves oval-lanceolate, coriaceous, smooth ;
panicles dense ; drupe oval.
b. maritima Pursh: leaves obovate-lanceolate, membranaceous, pu-
bescent ; panicles very loose ; drupe elliptical.
Hab. a. on mountains; b. on the sea coast. Penn. to Car. May,
June. T?. — A small tree, 6 — 10 feet high, with opposite branch-
es. Floicers whiteJin pendulous panicles.^ Drupe purple. The
corol is sometimes 5" or 6-cleft. Fringe Tree.
3. FRAXINUS. Linn.
Calyx none, or 3 — 4-cleft. Corol none or deeply 4-parted,
Stamens 2. Capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded, compressed and foli-
aceous at the extremity. Seed solitary, pendulous. — Polyga-
mous. Vioecia. Diandria,
* Flowers naked, never perfect. Anthers sessile.
1. F. sambuctfolia Willd. : leaves pinnate ; leafets sessile, ovate-
ianceolate, rugose and shining, rounded and unequal at base ; axils of
the veins villous beneath ;- flowers naked.
Hab. River banks. Can. and N. S. April. *?. — A large tree,
with the buds deep blue ; young shoots dotted, green. Leafets
in 5 pairs. Black Ash. Water Ash.
** Floicers calyculate, apetalous.
2. F. acuminata Lam. : leaves pinnate ; leafets petiolate, oblong,
shining, acuminate, very entire or slightly toothed, glaucous beneath;
flowers calyculate. — F. americana Willd. — F. concolor Mich. f.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. May. ^>. — A large tree 50 — 60
feet high. Leaves at first downy, at length green above and
white beneath. Leafets in 3 — 4 pairs. — The wood is valuable
in many of the arts. White Ash.
3. F. pubescens Walt. : leaves pinnate ; leafets petiolate, elliptical-
ovate, serrate ; the under surface, petioles and young branches tomen-
toae ; flowers calyculate. — F. tomentosa Mich. f.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. April, May. fp. — A large tree.
Leafets in 3 — 4 pairs, acuminate, with a long summit, often near-
ly entire, very long. Red Ash.
APOCYNE^. 233
4. F. juglandifolia Lain.: leaves pinnate; leafets petiolate, ovate,
opake, serrate, glaucous beneath ; axils of the veins pubescent ; branch-
es smooth ; flowers calyculate.
Hab. Wet woods. Can. to Car. May. J?. — A small tree.
Leafets in 3 pairs. Sicamp Ash.
*** Flowers calyculate, 4-petalled. Anthers pedicellate. Ornus. Pers.
5. F. ornus Linn. : ? leaves pinnate ; leafets broad-ovate, serrate, the
terminal one obcordate. — Ornus curopea var. amcricana Pcrs. — O. ante-
ricana Fursh.
Hab. Shady woods. Md. and Virg. ; rare. May. *?. Pursh.
— A tree with opposite and unequally pinnate leaves. Flowers
in panicles resembling those of Chionanthus. Fruit small and
winged. — A very obscure plant, concerning which so little is
known, that it is impossible to determine whether it is distinct
from the foreign F. ornus, or a mere variety. It is certain, how-
ever, that the genus Ornus of Persoon is not sufficiently distinct
from Fraxlnus. Floicering Ash.
* Orper LXXVI. APOCYNE^. Jus*. Land.
Calyx divided in 5, persistent. Cordl monopetalous, hypo-
gynous, regular, 5-lobed, deciduous ; aestivation contorted-
imbricate. Stamens 5, inserted on the corol, alternate with
its lobes ; filaments distinct ; anthers 2-celled, bursting lon-
gitudinally ; pollen granular, globose, or 3-lobed, immediately
applied to the stigma. Ovaries 2, or 1 — 2-celled, many-
seeded ; styles 2 or 1 ; stigma 1. Fruit a follicle, capsule, or
drupe or berry, double or single. Seeds indefinite or rarely
definite ; albumen fleshy, cartilaginous, or horny, rarely want-
ing ; embryo foliaceous ; radicle turned totfie hilum.
Plants with usually a milky juice. Leaves entire, general-
ly opposite.
1. APOCYNUM. Linn.
Calyx very small, 5-cleft, persistent. Corol campanulate ;
border with j short spreading or revolute lobes ; the base fur-
nished with 5 glandular teeth alternating with the stamens.
Stamens 5, included. * Anthers sagittate* connivent, cohering
to the stigma by the middle. Ovaries 2 ; style obsolete; stig-
mas dilated, conic at the apex. Follicles long, distinct.
Peniandria. Digynia.
1. A. androseemifolium Linn. : leaves ovate, smooth onboth sides :
cymes lateral and terminal, smooth; tube of the corol longer than the
calyx.
20*
234 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Has. Fields, &c. Subarc. Amer. to Car. June; July. 1[. —
Stem 3 — 5 feet high, erect, with spreading brandies. Flowers
pale red, with the border spreading. Medicinal. Big. Med Boi.
ii. 148. Dog's Banc.
2. A. cannab'mum Linn. : leaves on short petioles, lanceolate, acute
at each end, smooth on both sides ; cymes paniculate ; calyx as long
as the tube of the corol.
Hab. Fields and woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June.
July. 2_f. — Stem erect, branched. Flowers small, greenish-
white, in terminal cymes. — Has the leaves narrower and the
flowers smaller than in the preceding. Indian Hemp.
3. A. hypericifolium Ait. : leaves oblong, smooth, on very short pe-
tioles, mucronate, obtuse and subcordate at base ; cymes shorter than
the leaves ; calyx nearly as long as the tube of the corol.
Hab. Gravelly banks of streams. N. S. June, July. 11. — Stem
2 feet high, erect. Floiccrs small, greenish- white. — Plant small-
er than the former.
4. A. pubescens Brown : leaves on short petioles, ovate-oblong, mu-
cronate, hoary-pubescent beneath ; cymes short, pubescent; corol long-
er than the calyx. — A. cannabinum Mich. Pursh.
Hab.' Fields. N. S. June, July.. U-—Stem 2—3 feet high.
Flowers small, greenish-white. — Can be distinguished by the
pubescence of its leaves and cymes.
" Order LXXVII. ASCLEPIADE^. Brown. Ldhd.
Calyx 5-divided, persistent. Corol hypogynous, monope-
talous, 5-lobed, regular deciduous ; aestivation contorted-
imbricate, rarely valvate. Stamens 5, inserted into the
base of the corol, and alternate with its segments ; filaments
usually connate ; anthers 2-celled, each cell sometimes divid-
ed by incomplete septa ; pollen, when the anther bursts, coa-
lescing into masses which are as numerous as the cells, or
sometimes confluent by pairs, and sticking to the 5 processes
of the stigma, either by twos, by fours, or singly. Ovaries
2 ; ovules indefinite ; styles 2, close to each other, often very
short ; stigma 1, common to both styles, dilated, with 5 cor-
pusculiferous angles. Placenta attached to the suture, at
length separating. Follicles 2, 1 of which is sometimes abor-
tive. Seeds indefinite, imbricate, pendulous, usually with a
conja at the hilum ; albumen thin ; embryo straight ; radicle
superior ; cotyledons foliaceous.
Plants, with usually a milky juice, often twining. Leaves
entire, usually opposite, with interpetiolar cilia?, instead of sti-
pules.
ASCLEPIADE^E. 235
1. ASCLEPIAS. Linn.
Calyx small, 5-parted. Corol 5-parted, reflexed. Stamineal
crown (nectary) 5- leaved ; leafets opposite the anthers, each
producing from its base a subulate averted process. Stigma
with 5-angles, opening by longitudinal chinks, depressed.
Pdllinia 5 distinct pairs. Follicles 2, ventricose, smooth or
muricate. Seeds comosc. Pcntandria. Digynia.
* Leaves opposite. Nectaries with horns.
1. A, syriaca Linn. : stem simple ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, petio-
late, tomentose beneath ; umbel subterminal, many-flowered, nodding ;
llowers large; nectary 2-toothcd ; follicles muricate.
Hab. Fields and road sides. N. S. W. to .Miss. July, Aug.
H. — Stem 2 — 4 feet high. Umbels lateral and terminal, 15—20
flowered. Floiccrs large, pale purple. Nectaries red.
Common Milk-wccd.
2. A. phytolnccoidcs Pursh : stem erect, simple ; leaves broad-lance-
olate, acuminate, smooth, pale beneath; umbels many-flowered, late-
ral and terminal,- solitary, on long peduncles, nodding ; nectary 2-
toothed. — Ji. cxaltata and acuminata Nuhl.
Hab. Wet rocky grcjunds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June.
July. If. — Stem 3 — 4 feet high. Leaves large. Umbels few-
flowered, on long peduncles. Floiccrs large, greenish-purple.
— A more delicate species than the preceding.
3. A. dchilis Mich. : smooth ; stem erect, weak, simple ; leaves peti-
oled, oval-lanceolate, acute at each end, membranaceous ; umbels ter-
minal, loose ; pedicels capillary. — A. parvi flora Linn. ?
Hag. Rocks near streams. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. 11. —
Leaves large. Flowers white. Pursh.
4. A. incarnaia Linn. : stem erect, tomentose, branched above ;
leaves lanceolate, subsessile, somewhat tomentose ; umbels erect,
mostly in pairs ;. nectary entire ; horns subulate, exserted.
b. pulchra rcrs. : stem and leaves very hairy. — A. pulchra Willd.
Hab. Banks of streams. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug.
2_f . — Stem 2 — 4 feet high. Umbels numerous, generally in pairs.
Flowers pale purple. Var. b. differs only in its pubescence.
5. A. amctna Linn. : stem erect, branched above, with 2 longitudi-
nal pubescent lines ; leaves subsessile, oblong-oval, acute, pubescent
beneath ; umbels terminal, erect, many-flowered ; nectary entire ;
horn subulate, exserted.
Hab. Swamps and wet grounds. N. S. July, Aug. 11. — Stem
3 feet high. Umbels many-flowered. Floiccrs purple.
6. A. purpurascens Linn. : stem erect, nearly simple ; leaves ovate,
subsessile, nearly smooth above, white, downy beneath, with the mid-
rib broad and purple ; umbels erect ; horns of the nectary resupinate.
Hab. Near Boston. Big. July. U.—Stem 3—4 feet high.
236 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Umbels terminal, on short peduncles. Flowers dark purple, about
the size of A. syriaca. — Well defined by the peculiar curvature
of the horn.
7. A. obtusifolia Mich. : stem simple, erect ; leaves closely sessile or
clasping, oblong-obtuse, undulate on the margin, very smooth, glauc-
ous beneath ; umbel terminal, long peduncled, generally solitary ; nec-
tary slightly 2- toothed ; horns exserted. — A. purpurascens Walt.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. Y. to Car. June. 21.— Stem 2—3 feet
high, erect, simple, very smooth. Umbels 1 — 3, terminal, on
long peduncles. Leaves much waved on the margin. Floicers
large, pale purple,
8. A. variegata Linn. : stem simple, erect ; leaves ovate, petiolate,
smooth, somewhat glaucous beneath ; umbels lateral and terminal, on
short peduncles, crowded ; pedicels tomentose ; horn broad-falcate. —
A. hybrida Mich.
Hab. Woods. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. 21.— Stem 3—4 feet
high, pubescent above. Leaves slightly, acuminate, on pubescent
petioles. Umbels 2—6, densely flowered. Floicers white.
9. A. acuminata Fursh : stem erect, very smooth, simple ; leaves
ovate, subcordate, acuminate, subsessile ; umbels lateral, solitary,
erect ; nectary acute ; horns scarcely exserted. — A. periploca folia Nutt.
— A. cordata Walt.
Hab. Sandy swamps. N. J. to Car. Aug. 21. — Root large
and tuberous. Stem 18 inches high. Leaves smooth on both
sides. Umbels about 2, dense. Floicers purple and green.
10. A. laurifolia Mich. : stem erect, smooth ; leaves nearly sessile,
oval-lanceolate, tapering at the summit, very acute, smooth, margins
somewhat rough ; umbels on long peduncles, terminal and axillary.
Hab. Penn. Muhl. Aug. If- — Stem 2 feet high, pubescent
near the top. Leaves sessile, obtuse at base. Umbels few, near
the summit. Corol 3 or 4 times as the long as calyx, green and
purple. . :
11. A. quadrifolia Jacq. : stem erect, simple, smooth ; leaves in
fours, ovate, acuminate, membranaceous, petiolate, smooth ; umbels
2, terminal, erect, loose ; pedicels capillary ; nectary 2-toothed ; horn
very short.
Hab. Stony woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June. 21.—
Stem 1 — 2 feet high, slender, pubescent towards the top. Leaves
in fours ; the upper and lower ones often opposite. Umbels few,
on long peduncles. Flowers small, white.
12. A- verticillata Linn. : stem simple, marked with pubescent lines ;
leaves mostly whorled, narrow-linear, revolute ; nectaries short, biden-
tate ; horns falcate, much exserted.
Hab. Dry hills. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July. 21-
— Stem 3 feet high, very slender. Leaves generally in whorls of
5 or 6, 2 — 3 inches long, very narrow. Umbels numerous. Flow-
ers small, yellowish- white.
ASCLEPIADEiE. 237
** Leaves opposite. Nectary icithout horns. Acerates.
13. Ji. triridiflora Raf. ; stem erect, simple, hairy ; leaves oblong, on
short petioles ; tomentose-pubescent on both sides, obtuse ; umbels la-
teral, solitary, subsessile, nodding, dense ; pedicels tomentose ; horns
of the nectary wanting. — A. nutans Muhl.
b. obovata Torr. : leaves obovate. — A. obovata Ell.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. S. W. to Miss. July. If.— Stem 2 feet
high, very pubescent. Leaves thick, nearly sessile, varying in
in form, i mbcls about 3, on long peduncles. Floiccrs green.
14. A. lanceolate Ires : stem decumbent, hirsute ; leaves opposite,
lanceolate, acute, subsessile, hirsute ; umbels lateral, solitary, sessile,
nodding, subglobose, dense flowered ; horn of the nectary wanting. —
A. riridifora var. lanceolata Torr.
Hab. Near New Haven. Conn. Ives. July. 11. — Certainly dis-
tinct from the preceding. •
*** Leaves alternate.
1"). A. tuberosa Linn. : stem erect, hairy, with spreading branches ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile, alternate, somewhat crowded; um-
bels numerous, forming terminal corymbs.
Hab. Sandy fields. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug.
11. — Root large, tuberous. Stem 2 — 3 feet high, with spreading
branches above. Floicers large, in numerous erect umbels,
bright orange. Medicinal. Big. Med. Bot. ii. 59.
ricuriay Root.
2. GONOLOBUS. Mich.
Corol rotate, 5-parted. Stamineal crown scutelliform,
lobed. Anthers opening transversely, terminated by a mem-
brane. Pollinia 5 pairs, not separating into grains. Stigma
flattish-depressed. Follicles 2, ventricose. Seeds comose.
Pentandria. Digynia.
1 . G. olliquus Broicn : stem climbing, hairy ; leaves ovate-cordate.
villous, acute; corymbs axillary ; segments of the corol ovate, acumi-
nate, oblique, revolute ; calyx small. — Cynanchum obliquum Muhl.
Hab. Near Philadelphia, Penn. Bart. July. 11. — Stem 4 — 5
feet long. Leaves veined on both sides. Umbels axillary, much
shorter than the leaves. Flowers fetid, dark purple.
2. 6'. hirsutus Mich. : stein twining ; younger branches very hairy ;
leaves cordate-oval, acuminate, pubescent on both sides ; segments of
the corol linear-oblong ; follicles oblong, muricate. — Gonolobium hir-
sntum Pursh.
Hab. Hedges near streams. Penn. to Car. Pursh. June, July.
If.. — Stem trailing and climbing, 3 — 4 feet long, pubescent.
Leaves slightly auriculate at base. Umbels axillary, 3 — 4-flow-
ered. Floicers dark purple.
238 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
3. PERIPLOCA. Linn.
Calyx 5-cleft. Corol rotate, flat, 5-pa'rted ; orifice surround-
ed with an urceolate 5-cleft crown, terminating in 5 filiform
awns. Filaments distinct. Jfnthers cohering, bearded on the
back. Pollinia dilated at the apex and united to the corpus-
cules of the stigma, solitary, composed^c-f.4 confluent grains.
Follicles 2, smooth, divaricate. Seeds comose.
Pentandria. Digynia.
P. graca Linn. : climbing ; leaves opposite, ovate, acuminate ; flow-
ers hairy within, and terminal.
Hab. Western part of N. Y. Aug. £.— Shrub climbing.
Leaves on short petioles. Corymbs axillary, on long peduncles.
. Flowers dark purple. — It has been found, and I believe growing
wild, near Rochester, N. Y., by my friend Dr. Samuel B. Brad-
ley.
Order LXXVIII. SPIGELIACEjE. hind.
Calyx inferior, regularly 5-parted. Corol hypogynous, 5-
lobed ; aestivation valvate. Stamens 5, inserted into the corol ;
pollen triangular, the angles globular. Ovary free, 2-celled ;
ovules few ; style articulated with the ovary ; stigma simple.
Fruit capsular, 2-celled, 2-valved, the valves turned inwards
at the margin, and separating from the central placenta. Seeds
several, small ; albumen copious, fleshy ; embryo very mi-
nute ; radicle next the hilum.
Leaves entire, opposite, with stipules, or a tendency to pro-
duce them.
1. SPIGELIA. Linn.
Calyx 5-parted. Corol funnel-form ; border 5-cleft, equal.
Stamens 5. Jlnthers convergent. Capsule didymous, 2-
celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. Pentandria. Monogynia.
8. marilandica Linn. : stem, simple, square, smooth ; leaves all op-
posite.
Hab. Woods. Penn. to Car. W. to Arkansa. U.—Stem 6—18
inches high. Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate. Flowers in a sim-
ple secund terminal raceme, large, crimson. Medicinal. Big.
Med. Bot. i. 142. Pink-root. Worm-grass.
Order LXXIX. GENTIANE^. Juss. Lind.
Calyx monophyllous, 5 — 10-divided, inferior, persistent.
Corol hypogynous, monopetalous, usually regular, withering
GENTIANE.E. 239
or deciduous ; limb divided into as many lobes as the calyx ;
aestivation imbricatc-twisted. Stamens inserted upon the
corol, alternate with the segments and equal to them in num-
ber, some occasionally abortive ; pollen 3-lobed or triple.
Ovary single, 1 — 2-cellecl, many-seeded ; style 1, continuous;
stigmas 1 or 2. Fruit capsular or fleshy, 1-celled, usually 2-
valved, the margins of the valves turned inwards, and in the
genera with 1-ccll bearing the seeds ; in the 2-celled genera
inserted into a central placenta. Seeds small ; embryo straight,
in the axis of soft fleshy albumen ; radicle opposite the hilum.
Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves opposite, without stipules.
1. GENTIAN A. IJnn.
Calyx 4 — 5-cleft. Corol tubular at base, campanulate,
or funnel-form, 4 — 5-cleft, with the orifice naked. Stamens
4 — 5, included. Stigma 2-lobea. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved.
Seeds without any margin. Pcntandria. Digynia.
* Corol 5 — 10-chft, campanulate, or funnel-form.
L G. saponaria Linn. : stem terete, smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceo-
late, acute, 3-nerved ; flowers axillary and terminal, sessile, capitate-
verticillate ; corol ventricose, closed, 5-cleft ; inner segments unequal-
ly 2-cleft, as long as the outer ones; segments of the calyx ovate,
shorter than the tube. — G. catcsucei Walt.
llw.. Woods and meadows. Can. to Car. Sept., Oct. If. —
f high. Leaves opposite, sessile. Floiccrs very
large, bright blue. Soap Gentian.
2. G. ochroleuca WiUd. : stem subangular ; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
acute, scabrous on the margin ; flowers in terminal subsessile fascicles ;
segments of the calyx linear-lanceolate ; corol campanulate-ventri-
cose, 5-cleft ; segments acute, slightly connivent ; inner ones short
toothed. — G. saponaria Walt. — G. villa sa Linn.
Has. Sandy fields. N. J. to Flor. Aug., Sept. IS. — titan a
foot high, a little scabrous. Floiccrs yellowish- white, inside
striped with blue and purple, large.
3. G. pncunionanthe Linn. : stem terete, smooth ; leaves linear-lan-
ceolate, obtuse ; terminal flowers fascicled ; lateral ones solitary, pe-
duncled ; corol campanulate, 5-cleft ; segments rounded ; inner folds
1-toothed, short. — G. pseudd pneumonantke R. <$• S.
II lb. Swamps, &e., near Portland, Maine. Big. Aug., Sept.
H. — Stem a foot high? Flowers large, blue. — Allied to G. sapo-
naria, but much more slender in all its parts.
4. G. qnini/uijlura Willd.: stem square, branched ; leaves ovate-lan-
ceolate, subclasping, acute, 3-nerved ; flowers somewhat in fives, ax-
illary and terminal, pedicellate ; corol tubular-campanulate, 5-cleft .-
240 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
segments lanceolate, mucronate ; calyx very short. — G. amarelloides
Mick. Pursh.
Hab. Woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. $ .—
Stem 12—18 inches high. Flowers small, pale blue, generally
3 — 5 on the summit of the branches.
5. G. angustifolia Mich. : stem terete, smooth, simple, slender, 1-
flowered ; leaves linear, spreading, smooth, the lower ones somewhat
wedge-shaped ; corol funnel-form, 5-cleft; inner segments lacerate. —
A. purpurea Walt.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. J. to Car. Aug., Sept. 11. — Stem a
foot high. Floioers large, sky blue, terminal.
6. G. linearis Willd. : stem simple, somewhat scabrous ; leaves
linear-lanceolate, undulate, and with the segments of the calyx ciliate ;
flowers sessile, in crowded terminal fascicles ; corol campanulate, 5-
cleft ; segments obtuse, with the inner folds toothed. — G. pubcnda
Mich.
Hab. Mountains. Penn. Pursh. Aug. 24.. — Flowers blue, mid-
dle-sized.
** Corol 4t-cleft. funnel-form ; segments ciliate. Crossopetalum.
7. G. crinita Willd. : stem smooth, terete, below, square above ;
branches elongated, 1-flowered ; leaves lanceolate, acute; corol 4- cleft;
segments obovate, fringed at the top ; inner folds simple.
Hab. Pastures and Woods. Can. to Car. Oct., Nov. $ . —
Stem 18 inches high. Flowers large, sky blue, fringed on the
edges, tetrandrous. Fringed Gentian.
2. SWERTIA. Linn.
Calyx flat, 4 — 5-parted. Corol rotate ; tube very short ;
border 4 — 5-parted ; segments lanceolate, with 2 nectariferous
ciliate pores at the base of each. Stamens 4 — 5. Style
short, terminated by 2 stigmas. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved.
Tetrandria. Monogynia.
1. & deflexa Smith: stem 4-sided ; branches short; leaves opposite,
sessile, ovate ; corol campanulate, with deflexed horns at the base. —
S. corniculata Pursh.
Hab. Swamps. Can. and N. Y. Aug. <£ . — Stem 18 inches
high. Floioers axillary and terminal, greenish-yellow. — Plant
almost black when dried. It has been found in Canada by Mr.
Goldie, and near Fairfield, N. Y. by Prof. Hadley. Fehcort.
2. S. pusilla Pursh: stem simple, 1-flowered; leaves few, small, ob-
long ; corol rotate, twice as long as the calyx ; segments oblong, acu-
minate.
Hab. White Hills, N. H. June. If. Pursh.— Stem an inch
high. Leaves 1 or 2 pairs, small. Flowers large, blue.
GENTIAN E.E. 241
3. FRASERA. Wait,
Calyx, deeply 4-parted. Carol 4-parted, spreading ; seg-
ments oval, with a bearded orbicular gland in the middle of
each. Stamens 4. Capsule compressed, partly margined,
1-celled. Seeds few, imbricate, large, elliptic, with a mem-
branaceous margin. Tctrandria. Monogynia.
F. tcaltcri Mich. — F. carolinicnsis Walt. — F. verticUlata Mitht.
Hab. Swamps. N. Y. to Car. July. $ — Stem 3—6 feet high,
nearly square, branched, furrowed. locates smooth, usually
whorled, sometimes opposite, oblong-lanceolate. Flowers on
whorled peduncles, greenish-yellow. Peduncles 1-flowered. —
This rare and interesting plant has been found by Prof. Ha'dlev
in the vicinity of Fairfield, N. Y. Medicinal.
American Columbo.
4, SABBATIA. Adans.
Calyx 5 — 12-parted. Corol rotate, 5 — 12-parted. Sta-
mens 5. Anthers at length revolute. Stigmas 2, spiral.
Capside 1-celled, 2-valved. Pentandria. Monogynia.
1. 8. campamdata Ton-.: stem terete; leaves linear-lanceolate,
smooth ; calyx as long as the corol. — Chironia campamdata Linn.
Hab. Wet grounds. Penn. to Car. July, Aug. cf« — Stem a foot
high, terete, with long branches. Flowers terminal, subsolitary,
purple, on long peduncles.
2. S. stcllaris Pursh : stem terete, dichotomously branched ; branch-
es elongated, 1-flowered ; leaves sessile, lanceolate, acute ; segments
of calyx subulate, half as long as the corol ; segments of the corol ob-
ovate. — 8. gracilis Ell.
Hab. Salt marshes. N. Y. to Car. Aug. $ .—Stem 12—18
inches high. Leaves somewhat fleshy, obscurely 3-nerved. Flow-
ers solitary, at the extremity of the branches, forming a small
corymb, rose coloured.
3. S. annularis Pursh : stem erect, square, somewhat winged ; leaves
ovate, clasping ; peduncles elongated, corymbed ; segments of the ca-
lyx lanceolate, much shorter than the corol. — Chironia annularis Linn.
Hab. Wet meadows. Can. to Car. Aug. 0 and $ . — Stem
1—2 feet high, with opposite branches. Leaves obscurely 5-
nerved. Flowers rose coloured. American Centaury.
4. S. calycosa Pursh : stem erect, leafy, few-flo wered ; leaves ob-
long, 3-nerved ; flowers solitary, 7— 9-parted ; calyx leafy, longer
than the corol ; segments oblanceolate. — Chironia calyculosa Mich. —
( '. dichotoma Walt.
Hab. Wet meadows. N. Y. to Car. Aug. £ . — Stem a foot
high, slightly angled, with few branches. Leaves sessile, oval,
thin. Flowers terminal, often solitary.
21
242 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
5. & chloroides Pursk : stem weak,, somewhat angled ; leaves lan-
ceolate, erect; branches few, 1- flowered ; flowers 7 — 12-parted ; seg-
ments of the calyx linear, shorter than the corol. — Chironia chloroides.
Mich. — C. dodccandra Walt. — Chlora dodecandra Linn.
Hab. Salt bogs. N. Y. to Car. Aug. $ .—Stem 2—3 feet high.
Leaves closely sessile, acute, without nerves. Floicers solitary,
terminal, bright rose coloured. — This and the preceding are very
variable.
6. S. corymbosa Bald.: stem erect, nearly square; leaves ovate, close-
ly sessile ; flowers corymbed ; segments of the calyx subulate, much
shorter than the corol. —S. paniculata var. a. Pursh. — Chironia lanceolata
Walt.
Hab. Swamps. N.J. to Car. Aug., Sept. 2/. — Stem a foot
high, branched near the summit. Leaves somewhat clasping.
Corymb few-flowered. .Corol white, 4 — 6-parted.
5. ERYTHRiEA. Rich.
Calyx 5-cleft. Corol funnel-form ; limb short, 5-cleft,
spreading. Stamens 5. Anthers, after flowering, spiral.
Style erect. Stigmas 2, roundish. Capsule 1-celled, linear.
Pentandria. Monogynia.
E. centaurium Pers. : stem erect, nearly simple ; leaves ovate-oblong,
nerved ; flowers subsessile, fasciculate-paniculate ; calyx half as long
as the tube of the corol. — Chironia centaurium Willd.
Hab. Dry grounds. N. S. July, Aug. #.— Stem 8— 12 inches
high. Leaves variable ; the lower ones broader than the upper.
Floicers in fascicles, near the top of the stem.— I have specimens
of this plant which were found near Oswego, N. Y. by the Rev.
David Brown of Lockport. It is apparently indigenous.
6. EXACUM. Linn.
Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corol 4-lobed, with the tube glo-
bose. Stamens 4. Style 1 . Stig?na 2-cleft. Capsule bi-
sulcate, 2-celled, many-seeded. Tetrandria. Monogynia,
E. pulchellum Pursh : calyx 4-parted ; corol 4-cleft, segments subu-
late ; panicle corymbed ; peduncle filiform.
Hab. Sea Coast. N. J. rare. Aug. Q. — Floicers rose co-
loured.
7. HOUSTONIA. Linn.
Calyx 4-cleft. Corol funnel-form, 4-cleft. Stamens 4.
Stigma simple. Capsule half superior, 2-celled, .2-valved,
many-seeded, opening transversely.
Tetrandria. Monogynia.
1. H. cxrulea Linn. : stem erect, setaceous, dichotomous ; radical
leaves spatulate-oval ; stem leaves lanceolate ; peduncles solitary, ax-
GENTIAN EJE. 243
illary, very Ions, 1- flowered ; segments of the corol acute. — H. linncci
Mich.
Hab. Fields. N. Y. to Flor. April, May. U-Stem 4—8
inches high. Floiccrs blue, sometimes nearly white.
2. H. longifotia JJllld. : stem branched, smooth ; leaves narrow-lan-
ceolate, tapering at each extremity, very smooth ;* flowers mostly in
threes, terminal, nearly sessile. — H. angustifolia Midi.
Hab. Hills and mountains. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. June.
11. — Stem 6 — 10 inches high, branched at the top. Leaves about
an inch long. Floiccrs often by threes, purple.
3. H. purpurea IVilld. : stem erect, branched above, pubescent at the
joints ; leaves sessile, ovate or lanceolate, obtuse at base ; flowers in
terminal corymbs. — H. varians Mich.
Hab. Dry woods. Penn. to Car. Pursh. June— Aug. 2_f. —
Stem erect, with the angles ciliate. Leaves broad, 3-nerved.
Floiccrs purple, in terminal corymbs.
4. H. ciUolata Torr. : smooth, branched above, with remote joints ;
radical leaves ovate, obtuse, tapering at base ; margin ciliate ; stem
ieaves ovate-spathulate, sessile : flowers in terminal corymbs ; pedi-
celled ; peduncles trichotomous ; segments of the calyx linear-lanceo-
late.
Hab. Wet rocks. Niagara Falls, N. Y. W. to Michigan. July.
IX' — Stem 4—6 inches high. Floiccrs terminal, blue.
5. H. pubescens Raf.: leaves wedge-form, acute, pubescent; the
lower ones somewhat petioled, lanceolate ; upper ones semi-
oval, sessile ; panicle trichotomous, terminal.
Hab. Penn. and Ohio. Raf.
8. CENTAURELLA. Mich.
Calyx 4-parted, oppressed. Corol subcampanulate, depart-
ed ; segments somewhat erect. Stamens 4. Stigma thick,
glandulous and partly bifid. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved,
many-seeded, surrounded by the persistent calyx and corol.
Tetrandria. Monogynia.
C. paniculata Mich. : stem somewhat branched, smooth ; peduncles
opposite, the lower ones branched ; leaves minute, subulate, alternate
below, nearly opposite above; flowers in panicles; corol as long as
the calyx ; style very short. — C. autumnalis Pursh. — Bartonia panicula-
ta Muhl. Torr.—S(i^inarirLrinica Willd.
Hab. Damp grounds. Mass. to Car. Aug., Sept. 0. — Stent
4 — 8 inches high, square, often twisted. Floiccrs small, green-
ish-white, on the ends of the branches.
0. YILLARSIA. Vent.
Calyx, 5-parted. Carol rotate ; tube short ; limb spread-
ing, 5-lobed, ciliate on the margin. Siajnens 5. Style 1.
244 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS*
Stigma 2-lobed. Glands 5, alternating with the stamens.
Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded.
Pentandria. Monogynia.
V. lacunosa Pursh : leaves reniform, subpeltate. slightly crenate, la-
cunose beneath;, petioles bearing the flowers; corol smooth.— V.
aquatica R. $ S. — V. frachysperma Ell. — Menyanthes trachysperma Mich.
Hab. P,onds and lakes. N. Y. to Car. Aug. 2L — Stem long,
filiform, floating. Leaves on long petioles. Flotocrs white,
somewhat umbelled. — Abundant in Sand Lake, N. Y.
10. MENYANTHES. Linn.
Calyx 5-parted. Corol funnel-form ; limb spreading, 5-
lobed, equal, hairy within. Stamens 5. Style 1. Stigma
capitate. Capside 1-celled, with the axis of the valves semi-
niferous. Pentandria. Monogynia.
M. trifoliata Linn. : leaves ternate, petioled, sheathing, smooth.
Hab. Marshes. Subarc. Amer. to Virg. May. 2L — Stem8—12
inches high. Flowers pale red, in a terminal raceme.
Buck-bean.
11. OBOLARIA. Linn.
Calyx 2-parted, in the form of bracts. Corol campanulate,
4-cleft ; segments entire, sometimes crenulate. Stamens 4,
subdidynamous, proceeding from the clefts of the corol. Stig-
ma emarginate. Capsule ovate, 1-celled, 2-valved, many-
seeded. Tetrandria. Monogynia,
O. virginica Linn.
Hab. Woods. Penn. to Car. April, May. U- 1—Stem 4—6
inches high, cespitose, nearly simple, smooth. Leaves opposite,
obovate, sessile, glaucous. Flowers in pairs or threes, towards
the top of the stem, white or pale red.
Order LXXX. BIGNONIACEtE. Brown, hind.
Calyx divided or entire, sometimes spathaceous. Corol
liypogynous, monopetalous, usually irregular, 4 — 5-lobed.
Stamens 5, unequal, always 1, sometimes 3, sterile; anthers
2-celled. Ovary seated in a disk, 2-celled, or spuriously 4-
celled, many-seeded. Style 1 ; stigma of 2 plates. Capsule
1 or 2-celled, sometimes spuriously 2 or 4-celled, 2-valved.
Seeds transverse, compressed, often winged ; albumen none :
embryo straight, foliaceous; radicle next the hilum.
Trees or shrubst often twining or climbing. Leaves oppo-
site, or rarely alternate, without stipules.
PEDALLNE^E. 245
1. BIGNONIA. Linn.
Calyx 5-toothcd, cyathiform, partly coriaceous. Corol 5-
lobed, campanulate, ventricose on the under side. Stamens
didynamous. Pod 2-celled. Seeds membranaceously wing-
ed. Didynamia. Angiospcrma.
B. radicans J Ann. : stem creeping ; leaves pinnate ; leafets ovate,
toothed, acuminate ; corymb terminal ; tube of the corol three times
as long as the calyx'.
Hab. Banks of streams. Penn. to Flor. W. to Miss. July,
Aug. fp. — Creeping on trees and rocks. Flowers very large,
scarlet. Trumpet Flower.
2. CAT A LP A. Juss.
Calyx 2-parted. Corol campanulate ; tube ventricose ;
border 4-lobcd, unequal. Stamens 2, fertile ; 2 — 3 sterile.
Stigma in 2 plates. Capsule pod-form, long, cylindric, 2-
valved. Dissepiment opposite to the valves. Seed membra-
naceously margined. Diandria. Monogynia.
C. cordifolia Ell. : leaves simple, cordate, entire ; flowers panicled.
— C. bipnonioides Walt. — C. syringafolia Sims. Pursh, — Bignonia Ca-
talpa Linn.
Hab. Fields, about habitations. N. Y. to Flor. and throughout
the Western and Southwestern States. July. fp. — A large
tree with irregular branches. Leaves round, cordate, whorled in
threes, largp. Flowers white, yellow and purple, in large pyra-
midal terminal panicles. Probably introduced, as it is generally
found in the vicinity of habitations, Indian encampments, &c.
Order LXXXI. PEDALINE^. Brown, hind.
Calyx divided into 5 nearly equal pieces. Corol monopeta-
lous, hypogynous, irregular ; tube ventricose, the limb 5-Iob-
ed, bilabiate. Stamens 4, didynamous, (2 sometimes sterile,)
with the rudiment of a fifth. Ovary seated in a glandular
disk, 1 — 2-celled, of 2 carpels, the introflexed margins of
which by splitting and diverging constitute several cells ;
ovides few in each spurious cell ; style 1 ; stigma divided.
Fruit drupaceous, or rarely capsular and 2-valved, spuriously
many-celled. Seeds few, large, pendulous ; albumen none ;
embryo straight.
Herbs, with opposite leaves and axillary flowers.
1. MARTYNIA. Linn.
Calyx 5-cleft. Corol ringent. Capsule ligneous, corticate,
4-celled, 2-valved ; each of the valves terminating in a long
hooked beak. Didynamia. Anginspermia.
21*
246 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
M. j)roboscidea Linn. : stem viscid, pubescent, branched, mostly de-
cumbent ; leaves alternate, cordate, nearly round, very entire, villous;
flowers axillary, on long peduncles.
Hab. River banks. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept.
#. — Stem 1 — 2 feet long. Floicers dull yellow, large, spotted.
Whole plant fetid. Unicom Plant.
Order LXXXII. POLEMONIACE^. Lind.
Calyx 5-parted, persistent, sometimes irregular. Carol re-
gular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the middle of the tube
of the corol and alternate with its segments. Ovary superior,
3-celled ; ovules ascending ; style simple ; stigma trifid. Cap-
sule 3-celled, or spuriously so, 3-valved, with a loculicidal de-
hiscence ; the valves separating from the axis. Seeds angular
or oval, often enveloped in mucus, ascending ; embryo straight
in the axis of horny albumen ; radicle inferior, next the hilum ;
cotyledons elliptical, foliaceous.
Herbs, with opposite or alternate, simple or variously divid-
ed leaves.
1. PHLOX. Linn.
Calyx prismatic, deeply 5- cleft ; segments connivent. Corol
salver-form ; border 5-lobed, flat ; lobes cuneate. Stamens
inserted above the middle of the tube of the corol, very un-
equal. Capsule roundish, ovate, 3-celled ; cells 1-seeded.
Pentandria. Monogynia.
1. P. paniculata Linn. : stem erect, smooth ; leaves lanceolate, flat,
the margin scabrous ; corymb panicled ; segments of the corol round-
ed ; calyx tapering to an awn.
Hab. Meadows. Penn. to Car. June, July. 21. — Stem 2—3
feet high. Leaves opposite. Floicers in opposite corymbs, some-
what paniculate, purple ; tube of the corol pubescent, much long-
er than the calyx.
2. P. pyramidalis Smith : erect, smooth ; stem scabrous ; leaves cor-
date-ovate, acute ; panicle fastigiate, pyramidal ; segments of the
corol cuneate, truncate ; teeth of the calyx somewhat erect, lanceo-
late, acute.
Hab. Mountain meadows. Penn. to Car. Aug. 21. Pursh. —
Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Leaves opposite, sessile, very entire.
Corol beautiful purple.
3. P. maculata Linn. : stem erect, scabrous and spotted ; leaves ob-
long-lanceolate, smooth, with the margin scabrous ; panicle oblong,
POLEMONlACEiE. 247
many-flowered ; segments of the corol rounded ; teeth of the calyx-
acute, recurved.
b. suavcolcns Nutt. : stem without spots ; corol white. — P. suareo-
lens Ait. — P. macnhita var. Candida Mich.
Hab. Moist meadows. N. J. to Car. June. 21. — Stem 2—3
feet high, simple. Corymbs few-flowered. Corol pale purple.
Var. b. according to Mr. Nuttall is only a white flowered varie-
ty, raised from seed.
4. P. aristala Mich. : stem erect, weak, viscid-pubescent ; leaves
linear or linear-lanceolate ; panicle lax, fastigiate ; segments of the
corol obovate ; tube curved, pubescent ; teeth of the calyx very long,
subulate.
Hab. Wet woods. N. J. to Car. W. to Miss. June. 21. —
Stc?n 18 inches high, simple. Leaves sometimes nearly linear,
with the margins revolute. Teeth of the calyx awned. Corol
pale purple or white.— -P. pilosa is not distinct from this species.
5. P. divaricata Linn. : stem low. pubescent, decumbent ; leaves
oval-lanceolate, the upper ones alternate ; branches divaricate, loose,
few-flowered; segments of the corol slightly obcordate ; teeth of the
calyx linear, subulate.
Hab. N. Y. and Penn. June. Lf. — Stems numerous, 9 — 12
inches high. Flowers in a terminal panicle, blue. —Dr. Gray in-
forms me that this species is very abundant near Utica, N. Y.
6. P. reptans Mich. : pubescent, with creeping suckers ; radical leaves
spatulate-obovate ; stem leaves oval-lanceolate ; corymb few-flowered,
divaricate ; segments of the corol obovate ; teeth of the calyx subu-
late, reflexed. — P. stolonifcra Pursh.
Hab. Mountains. Penn. to Car. June. If. — Stem 6—8 inches
high. Floiccrs in a small corymb, blue, with a purple centre.
7. P. subulata Linn. : procumbent, cespitose, pubescent ; leaves
linear-subulate, rigid, ciliate ; corymb few-flowered ; segments of the
corol wedgeform, emarginate ; calyx with subulate teeth shorter than
the tube of the corol.
Hab. Rocky hills. N. J. to Car. April, May. 21-— Stem 3—4
inches high. Flowers pink, with a purple centre. — Very abun-
dant near New-Brunswick, N. J. Mountain Pink.
8. P, setacca Linn. : procumbent, cespitose, hairy ; leaves fascicu-
late, subulate, ciliate, rigid'; pedicels few-flowered, terminal, somewhat
umbelled ; segments of the corol wedgeform, emarginate ; teeth of the
calyx subulate, much shorter than the tube of the corol.
Hab. Penn. to Car. May. 21. — Floicers large, reddish, with a
purple star in the centre. — Resembles the preceding, but the
leaves are longer and more hairy.
2. POLEMONIUM. Linn.
Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Corol rotate; limb 5-lobed,
erect. Stamens 5 ; filaments broader at the base, inserted
248 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
upon the 5 teeth or valves which close the orifice of the corol.
Anthers incumbent. Pentandria. Monogynia.
P. repians Linn. : stem erect, branched, -smooth ; leaves pinnate,
mostly by sevens ; leafets ovate-lanceolate, acute ; flowers terminal
nodding.
Hab. Hills. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. May. U< — Stcm
foot high. Flowers blue, somewhat corymbose.
Jacob's Ladder
Order LXXXIII. CONVOLVULACE^. Lind.
Calyx 5-divided, persistent. Corol deciduous, regular, 5-
lobed ; aestivation usually plicate. Stamens 5, inserted into the
base of the corol, alternate with its segments. Torus discoid.
Ovary free, with 2 — 4-cells, seldom with 1 ; ovules erect,
definite, when more than 1 collateral; style ], sometimes en-
tire, usually bifid, rarely 2; stigmas obtuse or acute. Cap-
side with from 1 — 4-cells ; the valves fitting at their edges to
the angles of a loose dissepiment, bearing the seeds at the
base, sometimes valveless or dehiscing transversely. Seeds
at the base of the placentae ; albumen mucilaginous ; embryo
curved ; cotyledons shrivelled ; radicle inferior.
Herbs or shrubs, usually twining and with a milky juice.
Leaves alternate, without stipules,
1. CONVOLVULUS. Linn. Sprcng.
Calyx 5-parted, naked or with 2 bracts at base. Corol fun-
nel-form or campanulate, with 5 plaits. Stamens 5, shorter
than the limb. Ovary 2 — 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded. Style
undivided. Stigma capitate, lobed or divided. Capsule
valved, 1 — 4-celled. Pentandria. Monogynia.
Obs. I concur with Sprengel in uniting Jpomoza with this genus ;
which can scarcely be distinguished, except perhaps, by its simple
etigma — a character too unimportant for the basis of a generic dis-
tinction.
1. C. arvensis Linn. : stem climbing ; leaves saggitate, with acute
lobes ; peduncles mostly 1-flowered ; bracts minute, remote from the
flower. — C. sagittifolius Mich. ?
Hab. Fields. Maine to Car. rare. June, July. ZL — Stem
hairy, often prostrate. Leaves rather hastate. Flowers white,
an inch long, on axillary peduncles ; which are longer than the
leaves —This plant has been found on the banks of the canal
near this city.
CONVOLVULACE.E. 249
2. C. septum Linn. : stem climbing, angular, twisted : leaves sagi-
late, very acute, with the lobes truncate ; peduncles square, 1-flower-
ed ; bracts large, cordate, close to the flower. — Cahjstcgia upturn
Broirn.
II ib. Hedges and woods. Can. to Car. June. July. T£. — Stem
climbing or trailing, pubescent. Flowers large, white, on pe-
duncles which are longer than the leaves. Gn at Bind-weed.
3. C. pandurotus Linn. : stem climbing, pubescent ; leaves cordate,
entire or lobed and panduriform ; peduncles long ; flowers in fascicles :
calyx smooth ; corol tubular-campanulate.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. Y. to Car. July. If.— Root very large
and thick. Stems numerous, trailing. Peduncles 1 — 4. Flowers
large, purple. — Found in Orange co.. N. Y., by Dr. W. Hor-
ton. Jun. Medieinal. Man of tin
4. C. spithamaus Linn. : stem erect or trailing ; leaves oval or ob-
long, subcordate. pubescent, hoary ; peduncles 1-flowered. about as
long as the leaves ; bracts much longer than the calyx. — C. stans Muh.
— Cahjstcgia tomentosa and spithanuc i Pursh.
11 u:. Sandy woods. Can. and N. S. June. 11. — Stem erect
or spreading. Flowers white, on peduncles which are about as
long as the leaves.
5. C.pvrpureus linn. : stem twining and climbing: leaves cordate.
acuminate, undivided, entire; peduncles 2 — 3-flowered ; pedicels
thickened, nodding; capsule smooth. — Ipomcta purpurea Pursh. Torr.
Hab. Fields, &c. July. Aug. — Stem hairy, climbing to a
great height. Flowers large, blue, purple or nearly white. In-
troduced. Common Morning Glory.
G. C. lacunosus Sprcng. : stem smooth ; leaves cordate, acuminate,
angled at base ; peduncles short, generally 1-flowered ; calyx hairy ;
corol tubular, short ; capsule hairy. — Ipomcta lacunosa Linn. Pursh.
Torr.
Hab. Penn. Muld. S. to Flor. Aug., Sept. g.— Flowers
white with a purple rim.
7. C. nil Linn.: stem hairy, twining; leaves cordate, 3-lobed ; pe-
duncles short, 1 — 3-flowered ; calyx very villous ; segments acuminate,
subulate ; corol funnel-form. — Ipomcta nil Pursh. Torr.
Hab. Penn. Muld. S. to Car. Aug. 0. — Floicers 1 — 2. on
peduncles shorter than the petioles. Corol white at base, blue
near the border. Morning Glory.
2. CUSCUTA. Linn.
Cahjz 5- rarely 4-cleft. Corol globose-urceolate ; limb
\ — 5-cleft, marcescent. Stamens 4 — 5, inserted into the
corol. Stigmas 2. Capsule 2-ceIled, opening all round
transversely; cells 2-seeded. Fentandria. Digynia.
1. C. amcricana Linn. : flowers in umbellate clusters, pedunculate,
250 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
5-cleft ; stigmas capitate ; corol tubular-bell-shaped, with the border
small and spreading.
Hab. Low grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July.
0. — Stem filiform, twining around other plants ; parasitic. Flow
ers small, white. American Dodder.
2. C. europea Linn. : flowers in sessile clusters ; corol 4 — 5-cleft,
without scales at the base of the stamens ; stamens 4 — 5 ; stigmas sim-
ple.
Hab. Parasitic on flax, &c. Sch'y, N. Y. July. -%.—Stem
filiform, long and climbing, leafless. Flowers clustered, pale
yellow or rose coloured. Introduced. Dodder.
Order LXXXIV. HYDROLEACE^. Kunth. hind.
Calyx 5-parted, persistent ; aestivation imbricated. Corol
regular, monopetalous, not always agreeing with the calyx in
the number of its divisions. Stamens 5, inserted on the corol,
equal ; anthers deeply lobed at the base, 2-celled. Ovary su-
perior, surrounded by an annular disk, 2 — 3-celled ; ovules in-
definite ; styles 2 or 3 ; stigmas thickened. Fruit capsular,
2 — 3-celled, splitting through the middle of the cells. Seeds
indefinite, very small ; embryo straight in the axis of a fleshy
albumen ; radicle next the hilum ; cotyledons flat.
Herbs, or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or lobed,
without stipules.
1. DIAPENSIA. Linn.
Calyx 5-parted, subtended by 3 bracts. Corol salverform ;
border 5-cleft, flat. Stamens 5, from the summit of the tube,
alternating with the segments of the corol. Stigmas 3. Cap-
side 3-cellpd, 3-valved, many-seeded.
Pentandria. Monogynia.
1. D. lapponica Linn. : cespitose ; leaves spatulate, smooth ; flower
terminal, solitary, on short peduncles } anthers simple. — D. obtusifolia
Pursh.
Hab. Summits of the White Mountains, N. H. June. If. —
Stems short, diffuse. Leaves crowded, fleshy, evergreen, very
entire. Floicers white.
2. D. barbulata Ell. : leaves lanceolate-wedgeshaped, pubescent at
base ; flower solitary, terminal, sessile ; anthers horizontal, beaked at
base. — D. cuneifolia Pursh. — Pyxidantliera barbulata Mich.
Hab. Pine barrens. N. J. to Car. May, June. Lf. — Plant small,
creeping, forming dense mats ; branches assurgent, 1-flower-
ed. Upper leaves crowded near the base of the flower which is
small and white. — Very abundant in New- Jersey.
BORAGINE.^. 251
Order LXXXV. BORAGINE.E. Juss. Land.
Calyx 5-divided, persistent. Corol hypogynous, monopcta-
lous, regular, 5-cleft ; aestivation imbricate. Stamens insert-
ed into the corol, alternate with its segments ; anthers erect.
Ovary 4-lobed, 4-celled ; ovules 4, each suspended from the
inner angle near the summit of the cell ; style simple, arising
from the base of the lobes of the ovary ; stigma simple or
bifid. Nuts 1, distinct. Seed separable from the pericarp,
destitute of albumen ; embryo with a superior radicle; coty-
ledons plano-convex.
Herbs or shrubs with round stems. Leaves alternate, sca-
brous, without stipules.
1. LITHOSPERMUM. Linn.
Calyx 5-parted. Corol funnel-form, small, 5-lobed. Sta-
mens included. Nuts imperforate at base, shining, smooth or
rugose. Pentandria. Monogynia.
1. L. arvensc Linn. : stem erect, branched ; leaves sessile, linear-
lanceolate, rather acute, veinless, rough, hairy ; calyx a little shorter
than the corol ; segments spreading ; nuts rugose.
Hab. Fields. N. S. April, May. 0.— Plant hispid-pilose.
Flowers solitary, axillary, white. Calyx with the segments
thrice as long as the fruit. Introduced. Corn Gronucdl.
2. L. officinale Linn. : stem erect, much branched, covered with rigid
hairs : leaves broad-lanceolate, acute, nerved, rough on the upper sur-
face, hairy on the lower ; tube of the corol as long as the calyx ;
nuts smooth.
Hab. Fields. N. S. May. U — Stem 1—2 feet high. Flowers
axillary, pale yellow. Nuts whitish-brown, highly polished.
Introduced. Common Gronucdl.
3. L. dcnticulatum Lchm. : stem erect ; leaves nerved, subglabrous,
acute ; margin scabrous, with minute teeth ; radical ones ovate ; those
on the stem oblong ; segments of the calyx denticulate on the margin.
— Pulmonaria sUnriea Pursk. App.
Hab. New-York. June. If. Muhl—Stcm 6—10 inches high.
Peduncles many-flowered. Corol purple.
4. L.maritimum Ldirn. : very smooth ; stem procumbent, branched;
leaves ovate, obtuse, fleshy, glaucous. — Pulmonaria mariti ma Linn.
Hab. Sea shore. New-Eng. Purs/i. N. to Subarc. Amer. July.
It- — Stem diffuse, much branched. Lower leaves on petioles,
and acute ; upper ones sessile. Flowers somewhat racemed,
purplish-blue; tube short. Seaside Gromwill.
252 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
2. BATSCHIA. Gmel.
Calyx 5-parted. Corol salver-form, rather large ; tube
straight, much longer than the calyx, closed at the base by a
bearded ring ; orifice naked or partially closed ; border orbi-
culate, nearly flat, segments rounded. Nuts shining. — Flow-
ers yellow. Peniandria. Monogynia,
1. B. cancsccns Mich. : stem erect, simple, villous; leaves oblong,
obtuse, slightly mucronate, silky above, subvillous beneath ; flowers
axillary, crowded near the top of the stem ; tube of the corol as long
again as the calyx. — Anchusa canescens Muhl. — Lithospermum canescens
Lchm. Torr.
Hab. Hills. N. Y. to Virg. N. to Subarc. Amer. W. to Miss.
June, July. 2_£. — Stem 8 — 12 inches high. Ftoiccrs axillary,
crowded near the top of the stem, bright orange. — Found near
Fairfield, N. Y. by Prof. Hadley. Used by the Indians as a red
dye. Puccoon.
2. B. gmclini Mich. : plant hirsute ; stem simple ; floral leaves
ovate ; those of the stem oblong; flowers in a terminal raceme ; calyx
with long lanceolate segments. — Batschia caroliniensis Gmel. — Jlnchasa.
hirta Muhl.
Hab. Woods. Penn. to Car. June, July. 11. — Stem 8 — 12
inches high. Floicers in a terminal raceme, orange.
3. ONOSMODIUM. Mich.
Calyx deeply 5-parted ; segments linear. Corol somewhat
tubular-campanulate ; border ventricose, half 5-cleft ; segments
connivent, acute. Anthers sessile, included. Style much
exserted. Nuts imperforate, shining.
Pentandria . Monogynia .
1. O. hispidum Mich. : stem hispid, branched ; leaves obovate-lan-
ceolate, hairy, papillose-punctate ; segments of the corol subulate. —
Lithospermum rirginianum Linn. — Purshia hispida Lehm.
Hab. Hills. N. Y. to Car. Aug. U-Stem 1—2 feet high.
Flowers white, in simple leafy secund racemes which at first are
recurved and afterwards straight.
2. O. molle Mich. : whole plant white-villous ; leaves oblong- oval,
somewhat 3-nerved; segments of the corol semi-oval.— Lithospermum
molle Muhl. — Purshia mollis Lehm.
Hab. N. Y. and Penn. S. W. to Tenn. July, Aug. Z/.— Dif-
fers from the former in its soft white pubescence, and in the
broader segments of its corol. It has been found by Mr. George
W. Clinton, in the sand plains near Albany.
4. SYMPHYTUM. Linn.
Calyx 5-parted. Corol ventricose, its orifice closed with
connivent subulate scales. Nuts imperforate at base.
Peniandria. Monogynia.
BORAGINE^. 253
5. officinale Linn. : stem hispid; radical leaves on long petioles,
rough ; those of the stem ovate-lanceolate below, lanceolate above,
sessile, very decurrent and winging the upper part of the stem.
Hab. Springy grounds. N. Y. and Penn. June. 11. — Stan
1—3 feet high, branched above. Racemes in pairs, secund,
drooping. Corol large, yellowish-white. — Apparently native
near Fairfield, N. Y. Comfrey.
5. ECHIUM. Linn.
Calyx 5-parted. Corol subcampanulate ; tube very short ;
border broader, unequally and obliquely 5-lobed. Nuts im-
perforate at base, tuberculate. Pentandria. Monogynia.
E. vulgnrc Linn. : stem erect, bristly and tuberculate ; leaves lance-
olate, very hispid, radicle ones petiolate, spreading, very long; flow-
ers in lateral spikes ; stamens longer than the corol.
IIab. Hills. N. S. June, July. $ .—Stem 2—3 feet high.
Floicers large, blue, in lateral spikes, which are at first recurved
but gradually become erect. Introduced. Viper's Bugloss.
C. LYCOPSIS. Linn.
Calyx 5-cleff. Corol funnel-form, with an incurved tube;
orifice closed with convex connivent scales. Nuts perforate at
the base. Pentandria. Monogynia.
L. arvensis Linn. : leaves lanceolate, repand-denticulate, very hispid ;
lower ones tapering into a petiole ; upper ones sessile, subclasping j
racemes leafy ; calyx erect while in flower, shorter than the tube of the
corol. — Anckusa arvensis Lelnn.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. S. June, July. f^.— Stcm 12— 18 inches
high. Floicers bright blue, in a leafy raceme. Introduced. ?
Small Bugloss.
7. MYOSOTIS. Linn.
Calyx 5 cleft. Corol salver-form ; tube short ; limb flat,
with 5 emarginate lobes ; orifice closed, with short connivent
scales. Nuts smooth or scabrous. Pentandria. Monogynia.
1. M. palustris Roth. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, rough, with short
mostly appressed hairs ; racemes rather short ; peduncles when in
fruit divergent, twice as long as the 5-clefl spreading calyx ; border
of the corol expanded, longer than the tube. — M. scorpioides WUld. —
M. scorpioides var. palustris Linn.
Hab. Ditches and wot grounds. Can. and N. S. May — July.
It.— Stem 12—18 inches high, Flowers very small, bright blue,
in secund racemes. — Our plant differs from the foreign one, in
having the flowers very small. Marsh Scorpion Grass.
2. M. arvensis Sibth. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, hairy ; racemes very
long ; pedicels when in fruit spreading, twice as long as the 5-cleft
22
254 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
and closed calyx ; limb of the corol erect-spreading, about as long as
the tube. — M. scorpioides var. arvensis Linn. — M. verna Nutt.
Hab. Sandy woods. Can. and N. S. W. to Miss. June. #.
— Plant gray, pubescent. Stem 4 — 10 inches high. Floicers
very small, white, on long pedicels. Field' Scorpion Grass.
8. ECHINOSPERMUM. Lehm.
Calyx 5-parted. Corol salver-form, closed by connivent
scales. Nuts fixed to a central column, echinate, compressed.
Pentandria. Monogynia.
1. E. lappula Lehm. : stem branched above ; leaves lanceolate or li-
near-lanceolate, hairy ; ccrol longer than the calyx ; border erect,
spreading ; nuts with 2 rows of hooked prickles on the margin. — Myo-
sotis lappula Linn. — Rochelia lappula R. 4* $• Torr.
Hab. Road sides. Can. and N. S. N. to Subarc. Amer. July.
0. — Stem a foot high, branched above. Flowers minute, blue,
erect when in fruit.
2. E. virginicum Lehm. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sca-
brous above ; racemes divaricate, dichotomous ; nuts densely covered
with hooked prickles. — Myosotis virginiana Linn. — Rochelia virginiana
R. S? S. Torr.
Hab. Can. to Car. July. $. — Stem 2 feet high. Leaves very
large. Floicers minute, pale blue, in dichotomous racemes.
9. CYNOGLOSSUM. Linn.
Calyx 5-parted. Corol short, funnel-form, 5-lobed ; ori-
fice closed with convex connivent scales. Nuts- depressed,
affixed to the styles by their inner margin.
Pentandria. Monogynia.
1. C. officinale Linn. : leaves lanceolate, attenuate at the base, ses-
sile, downy ; lower ones large, petiolate ; upper onee subclasping ;
flowers in terminal racemes ; stamens shorter than the corol.
Hab. Road sides, &c. N. S. June, July. $. — Plant dull
green, soft and downy, fetid. Floicers purplish-red. Fruit rough.
Introduced. Hound's Tongue.
2. C. virginicum Linn. : leaves oval-oblong, acute, hairy ; lower
ones long, petiolate ; upper ones cordate and clasping at the base ; co-
rymb on a large almost naked panicle. — C. amplexicaule Mich.
Hab. Shady woods. N. Y. to Car. May. U.—Stem 2—3 feet
high, very hispid. Leaves less hairy than in the former. Flowers
in a small terminal corymb, blue.
•
10. PULMONARIA. Linn.
Calyx prismatic, 5-sided. Corol funnel-form, somewhat
5-lobed ; orifice naked. Nuts imperforate at base.
Pentandria. Monogynia.
HYDROPHYLLE^E. 255
P. rirginica Linn. : smooth ; stem erect ; radical leaves obovate-
oblong, obtuse ; stem leaves narrower ; flowers in' terminal racemes
or fascicles ; calyx much shorter than the tube of the corol ; seg-
ments lanceolate, acute. — Litlwspcrnvim pulchrum Lehrn.
Hab. Wet grounds. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. May. U-—
Stem 6—12 inches high. Leaves smooth and a little glaucous.
Flowers large, bright blue, in terminal racemes. Plant turning
black by drying. Lungicort.
Order LXXXVI. HYDROPHYLLE.E. Lind.
Calyx 5 — 10-divided, persistent. Corol monopetalous,
regular, or nearly so, 5-lobed, with 2 lamella) towards the
base of each constituent petal. Stamens alternate with the
lobes of the corol ; anthers ovate, 2-celled, versatile, bursting
longitudinally. Ovary free, simple, 1-celled ; ovules definite
or indefinite, suspended ; style terminal, bifid ; stigmas 2.
Placenta 2, parietal, or on stalks from the base of the cavity.
Fruit capsular, few, or many-seeded, invested with the per-
manent calyx. Seeds definite or indefinite; embryo taper, ly-
ing at the end of a copious cartilaginous albumen ; radicle su-
perior.
Hispid herbs. Leaves opposite, or alternate and lobed.
1. HYDROPHYLLUM. Linn.
Calyx 5-parted. Corol campanulate, 5-cleft, with 5 longi-
tudinal margined melliferous grooves on the inside. Stamens
5, exserted ; filaments bearded in the middle. Stig?na bifid.
Capsule globose, 1-celled, 2-valved, 1-seeded, 3 other seeds
mostly abortive. Pentandrta. Monogynia.
1. 11. xirgim cum Linn. ; stem nearly smooth ; leaves pinnatifid and
pinnate ; segments oval-lanceolate, with deep serratures ; clusters of
flowers crowded ; peduncles larger than the petioles.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. June. H. — Stem 13 inches high.
Flowers white and blue, in compact lateral and axillary clusters.
Water-leaf.
2. H. canadensc Linn. : somewhat hairy ; leaves angularly sub-5-
lobed, cordate at base ; remotely serrate ; flowers in crowded fascicles ;
peduncles shorter than the petioles.
IIab. Mountains. Can. and N. S. June. 11.— -Stem 18 inches
high. Leaves large and broad, somewhat palmate, about 5 — 7-
lobed. Flowers blue and white, in clusters.
2. NEMOPHILA. Nutt.
Calyx 10-parted ; alternate lobes reflexed. Corol subcam
256 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
panulate, 5-lobed ; the lobes emarginate, with margined nec-
tariferous cavities at base. Stamens 5, shorter than the corol ;
filaments naked. Style 2-cleft. Capsule fleshy, 1-celled, 2-
valved, 4-seeded. Feniandria. Monogynia.
N. panicvlata Spreng. : very hairy ; radical leaves subpinnatifid ;
cauline ones angularly lobed ; sinuses of the calyx with minute oval
appendages. — Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Mich.
Hab. Moist woods. Penn. and Virg. W. to Miss. May. $ .
— Stem a foot high. Flowers blue, on short peduncles, some-
what paniculate. — Very properly separated from the preceding
genus. — See Nutt. in Jour. Phil. Acad. ii. 179.
3. PHACELIA. Juss.
Calyx 5-parted. Corol subcampanulate, 5-cleft, with 5
longitudinal margined melliferous grooves on the inside. Sta-
mens 5, exserted. Style filiform. Stigmas 2. Capsule 2-
celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded, each of the valves septilerous in
the centre. Ventandria. Monogynia,
1. P. fimbriata Mich.: whole plant hairy; stem ascending ; leave*
pinnatifid with undivided lobes ; flowers in a simple terminal raceme ;
segments of the corol fimbriate.
Hab. Alluvial soil. Penn. to Geor. W. to Miss. May, June.
2£. 1 — Stem a foot high. Flowers blue, in a terminal raceme, at
first revolute, afterwards erect.
2. P. bipinnatifida Mich. : stem erect, hairy ; leaves pinnatifid, seg-
ments incisely lobed ; racemes mostly bifid, oblong, many-flowered ;
divisions of the corol entire.
Hab. Mountains. Penn. W. to Miss. May, June. 21. ? —
Stem a foot high. Flowers blue, in terminal racemes.
3. P. parviflora • Pursh : stem diffuse, pubescent; leaves subsessile,
pinnatifid ; segments oblong, rather obtuse, entire ; racemes solitary ;
pedicels short ; segments of the corol round, very entire. — Polemoniwm.
dubium WiUd.
Hab. Penn. May. ©. — Stem C — 8 inches high. Flotcers pale
blue, much smaller than in the preceding. — May belong to a dif-
ferent genus.
Order LXXXVII. SOLANEjE. Juss. hind.
Calyx 5- rarely 4-parted, persistent. Corol monopetalous,
hypogynous ; limb 5- rarely 4-cleft, regular or somewhat un-
equal, deciduous ; aestivation plaited, or somewhat imbricate.
Stamens inserted on the corol, alternate with its segments,
sometimes 1 abortive ; anthers bursting longitudinally or by
terminal pores. Ovary 2 or more celled ; style continuous ;
SOLANEiE. 257
stigma obtuse, rarely Iobed. Fruit either a capsule, which is
2 — 4-celIed, 2 — 4-valved, with a double dissepiment, parallel
with the valves, or a berry with the placentae adhering to the
dissepiment. Seeds numerous, sessile ;. embryo more or less
curved, often eccentric, lying in fleshy albumen ; radicle next
the hilum.
Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate.
Div. I. Fruit a berry.
1. BOLANUM. Linn.
Calyx 5-cleft. Corol rotate, 5-cleft, spreading. Anthers
5, erect, connivent, opening with 2 pores at the extremity.
Berry subglobose, 2- rarely 4-celled.
Fre?itandria. Monogynia .
1. 8. dulcamara Linn. : stem fruticose, flexuous. without thorns,
smooth or pubescent ; leaves ovate-cordate, smootli ; upper ones has-
tate ; flowers in lateral clusters.
Hab. Low grounds. N. S. July, Aug. *>. — Stem climbing.
Flowers purple, with 2 green tubercles at the base of each seg-
ment. Berries red, oval. -Woody Night-shade. Bittcr-siceet.
2. & nigrum var. virginianum Linn. : stem herbaceous, without
thorns, angular, toothed ; leaves ovate, obtusely toothed and waved ;
flowers subumbelled. — S. nigrum Big.
Hab. Old fields. Can. to Car. July, Aug. ^. — Stem erect,
2 — 3 feet high, angles roughened. Flowers nodding, white,
3 — 6 in an umbel. Berries spherical, black, 2-celled.
Common Nightshade.
3. S. carolincnsc Linn. : stem annual, aculeate ; leaves ovate-oblong,
tomentose, hastate-angled, prickly on both sides ; raceme simple, lax ;
berries globose.
Hab. Road sides, &c. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. June. li.
— Stem erect, branched, a foot high, armed with sharp prickles.
Flowers white, in lateral racemes. Berries yellowish.
Horse Nettle.
2. PHYSALIS. Linn.
Calyx 5-cleft. Corol rotate, 5-cleft. Anthers 5, oblong,
erect, connivent. Berry globose, covered by the inflated ca-
lyx. Pentandria. Monogynia,
1. P. viscosa Linn. : leaves in pairs, subcordate-oval, repand, obtuse,
gubtomentose, a little viscous; stem herbaceous, paniculate above :
fruit bearing calyx pubescent.
22*
258 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Roadsides. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. 2/.
— Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Flowers yellow. Berries viscous.
Ground Cherry,
2. P. obscura Mich. ,• pubescent ; stem prostrate, divaricate ; leaves
broad-cordate, subsolitary, unequally and coarsely toothed ; flower so-
litary, nodding ; calyx very hairy. — P. pruinosa Ell. ?
Hab. Hills. Penn. to Car. Pursh. Aug. 0. — Flowers pale
yellow, with 5 purple spots at base. Anthers bluish.
3. P. lanceolata Mich. : stem erect, densely pubescent ; leaves most-
ly in pairs, oval-lanceolate, very entire, narrowed at the base into a
petiole ; flower solitary, nodding ; calyx villous.
Hab. Penn. Muhl. S. to Car. July. U-Stem 1—2 feet high,
Floiocrs pale yellow.
4. P. pennsylvanica Linn. : stem herbaceous, branched ; leaves ovate,
somewhat repand, obtuse, nearly naked : peduncles axillary, solitary,.
a little longer than the petioles.
Hab. Road sides. Penn. to Car. July— Sept. 2J. — Stc7n a
foot high. Floivcrs yellow. Berries red.
3. NICANDRA. Adans.
Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the angles compressed, segments
sagittate. Corol campanulafe. Stamens incurved. Berry
3 — 5-celled, covered by the calyx. Pentandria. Monogynia.
N. physaloides Pers. : stem herbaceous ; leaves sinuate, angled, gla-
brous ; flowers solitary, axillary, on short peduncles ; calyx closed,
with the angles very acute. — Atropa physaloides Linn.
Hab. Cultivated grounds. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. %j%. —
Stem 2 — 3 feet high, much branched. Leaves alternate. Flowers
solitary, axillary, on short peduncles, pale blue. Introduced.
Div. II. Fruit a capsule.
4. NICOTIANA. Linn,
Calyx urceolate, 5-cleft. Corol funnel-form, 5-c]eft, regu-
lar. Stamens 5. Stigma emarginate, Capsule 2-valved.
Pentandria. Monogynia.
N. rustica Linn. : plant viscid-pubescent ; stem terete ; leaves peti-
oled, ovate, very entire ; tube of the corol cylindrical, longer than the
calyx ; segments round.
Hab. Western part of New- York. Nv.tt. ^j.—Stem 12—18
inches high. Floieers greenish-yellow, in a terminal panicle or
raceme. — According to Mr. Nuttall it has been introduced by
the Indians. Tobacco.
5. DATURA. Linn.
Calyx large, tubular, ventricose, 5-angled, deciduous ; the
SOLANEiE. 259
base orbicular, peltate and persistent. Corol funnel-form,
with the tube long, the limb 5-angled and plaited. Stamens
5. Stigma bilamellate. Capsule smooth or echinate, 2-
celled ; cells 2 — 3-parted. ' Pentandria. Monogynia.
D. stramonium Linn. : stem dichotomously branched ; leaves ovate,
smooth, angular-dentate, somewhat cordate ; capsule spiny, erect.
b. tatula Torr. : stem and flowers purple. — D. tatula Linn.
Hab. Waste grounds, &.c. Throughout the U. S. July — Sept.
0. — Stem 2 — 6 feet high. Flowers solitary, large, blue and
white, on peduncles. Very fetid. Medicinal and poisonous.
Big. Mul. But. i. 16. Jamcstoion Weed. Thorn-apple.
6. HYOSCYAMUS. Linn.
Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Corol funnel-form, irregular, lobes
<. obtuse. Stamens o. Stigma capitate. Capsule ovate, oper-
culate at the extremity. Pentandria. Monogynia.
H. niger Linn. : hispidly pilose and fetid ; stem erect, very leafy ;
leaves sinuate, clasping ; flowers sessile, arranged in terminal re-
curved leafy spikes ; corol reticulate.
Hab. Waste places. N. Y. and Penn. June. fg or $ . — Stem
12 — 18 inches high. Flowers large, dull yellow, with purple
veins. — Introduced. ? Fetid, poisonous and medicinal.
Henbane.
7. VERBASCUM. Linn.
Calyx 5-parted. Corol rotate, 5-lobed, unequal. Stamens
5, declined, often hairy. Capsule 2-valved, ovate or globose.
Pentandria. Monogynia.
1. V. tkapsus Linn. : stem simple, erect, tomentose : leaves ovate-
oblong, decurrent, very woolly on both sides ; flowers in a long dense
terminal spike ; stamens unequal, two smooth.
Hab. Road sides. &c. Throughout the U. S. June. g. —
Stem 3 — 6 feet high, angular, winged. Flowers yellow, in a long
dense cylindrical spike. Introduced. ? Mullein.
2. V. blattaria Linn. : stem angled, smooth ; leaves clasping, ob-
# long, serrate ; flowers in a terminal raceme ; peduncles l-flowered,
solitary.
Hab. Road sides. N. Y. to Car. June, July. £. — Stem 2
feet high. Flowers white and yellow. — Considered by some as
distinct varieties.
3. V. lychnitis Linn. : leaves oblong-cuneifoim, naked above, white-
tomentose beneath ; stem angular, panicled ; spikes lax, lateral and
terminal.
Hab. Penn. Fursh. S. to Car. June, July. $. — Stew straight
260 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
and angled. Leaves very white beneath. Flowers pale yellow,
clustered, on short peduncles.
Order LXXXVIII. OROBANCHE^l. Juss. hind.
Calyx divided, persistent. Corol irregular, usually bilabi-
ate, persistent; aestivation imbricated. >S7«wze?2s4>didynamous.
Ovary superior, seated in a fleshy disk, with 2 — 4-parietal
many-seeded placentae ; style 1 ; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit
capsular, inclosed within the withered corol, 1-celled, 2-valv-
ed, each valve bearing 1 or 2 placentas in the middle. Seeds
indefinite, minute ; embryo very minute, inverted at the apex
of a fleshy albumen.
Herbs growing parasitically upon the roots of other species.
Stems covered with brown or colourless scales.
1. OROBANCHE. Linn.
Calyx 4— 5-cleft ; segments often unequal. Corol ringent.
Capsule ovate, acute, 1-celled, 2-valved. Seeds numerous.
A gland beneath the base of the germ.
Didynamia. Angiospermia.
1. O. americana Linn. : stem very simple, covered with ovate-lance-
olate imbricate scales ; spike terminal, smooth ; corol recurved ; sta-
mens exserted.
Hab. Woods. Car. to Geor. July. 11. — Stem 6 — 8 inches
high, thick, leafless, scaly. Flowers in a terminal spike covered
by the scales of the stem, brownish-yellow. Parasitic.
. Cancer-root.
2. O. uniflora Linn. : stem very short ; peduncles elongated,
gcapiform, 1-flowered, naked ; scales smooth, concave ; lobes of the
corol oblong-oval, with a pubescent coloured margin.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May— July. 2_f —
Peduncles 4 — 6 inches long, subpubescent. Floicers recurved,
bluish- white. — Parasitic.
2. EPIPHAGUS. Mat.
Polygamous. Calyx abbreviated, £>toothed. Corol of the •
sterile flower ringent, compressed, 4-cleft, lower lip flat ; of
the fertile flower minute 4-toothed, deciduous. Capsule trun-
cate, oblique, 1-celled, imperfectly 2-valved, opening only on
one side. Didynamia. Jlngiospermia.
E. americanus Nutt. — Orobanche virginiana Linn.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. July— Sept. U.— Stem a foot
high, branched, leafless, with small ovate scales. Flowers alter-
SCROPHULARINE.E. 261
nate, distinct, small ; fertile ones deciduous ; sterile ones larg-
er, white striped with purple. — Parasitic. Beech-drops.
Order LXXXIX. SCROPHULARlNE^l. Juss. Lind.
Calyx divided, unequal, persistent. Covol usually irregu-
lar and bilabiate, or personate, deciduous ; asstivation imbri-
cate. Stamens usually 4, didynamous, rarely equal, some-
times 2. Ovary free, 2-celled ; ovules definite or indefinite ;
style simple ; stigma 2-lobcd, rarely entire. Fruit capsular,
rarely fleshy, 2- rarely 1-celled, 2 — 4-valved ; the valves en-
tire or bifid, with a dissepiment either double from the inflexed
margin of the valves, or simple parallel and entire, or opposite
and bipartible. Placenta central, cither adhering to the dis-
sepiment or separating from it. Seeds indefinite ; embryo
straight, included within a fleshy albumen.
Herbs, seldom shrubs. Leaves usually opposite.
Div. I. Veuonice.e.
1. VERONICA. Linn.
Calyx 4- rarely 5-parted. Carol subrotate, 4-lobed, un-
equal, the lower segments narrower. Stamens 2, antherifer-
ous, sterile ones none. Capsule 2-celled, obcordate. Seeds
few. Diandiia. Monogynia.
* Spikes or racemes terminal.
1. V. serpyllifolia Linn. : racemes spiked, many-floweied ; leaves
ovate, slightly crenate ; capsule broadly obcordate.
Hab. Meadows, &c. Throughout the U. S. May to Aug. 21.
—Stems procumbent, 3 — 5 inches long, sometimes creeping.
Flowers small, pale blue, in a long spike or raceme. Introduced.
Thyme-leaved Spccdicell.
** Spikes or racemes axillary.
2. V. scutellata Linn. : racemes alternate ; pedicels divaricate ; leaves
linear, dentate-serrate.
Hab. Moist places. N. S. W. to Miss. May. U- — Stem erect,
weak, G — 12 inches high. Flowers flesh-coloured, in simple
rarely compound racemes. Introduced. Scull-cap Speedwell.
3. V. anagallis Linn. : racemes opposite ; leaves lanceolate, serrate ;
stem erect.
Hab. Ditches and moist places. Can. to Car. June — Aug.
H. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, succulent. Leaves varying in width.
Flowers blue, in long racemes. Pedicels shorter than in the pre-
ceding, but never derlexed. Water Speedwell.
262 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
4. V. beccahunga Linn. : racemes opposite ; leaves elliptical, ob-
tuse, subserrate, glabrous, on short petioles ; stem procumbent, root-
ing at base.
Hab. Ditches, &c. N. S. June. If.— Whole plant smooth
and shining. Racemes many-flowered, longer than the leaves.
Flowers bright blue. Broolrfime.
5. V. officinalis Linn. : flowers in spikes ; leaves ovate or obovate,
serrate, shortly petiolate, rough, pubescent ; stem procumbent, rough.
Hab. Pastures and dry woods. Can. to Car. June. 1£. — Stems
6 — 12 inches long, rooting below. Floicers pale blue, in erect
pedunculate spikes. Common Speedwell.
*** Floicers axillary, solitary.
6. V. agreslis Linn. : flowers peduncled ; leaves on short petioles,
cordate-ovate, deeply serrate ; segments of the calyx ovate-lanceolate;
stem procumbent.
Hab. Sandy fields. Can. to Car. May. 0. — Stems 3 — 9 inches
long, hairy. Peduncles rather longer than the leaves and recurved
when in fruit. Flowers small, pale blue or whitish. Introduced.
7. V. peregrina Linn. : flowers solitary, sessile ; leaves oblong, -ser-
rate, rather obtuse ; stem erect. — V. caroliniana Walt. — V. marilandica
Mich.
Hab. Clay grounds. Arctic Amer. to Car. W. to Miss. May,
July. %. — Whole plant smooth. Stem simple, or branched
only at base. Flowers very small, white or pale blue, nearly or
quite sessile.
S. V. arvensis Linn. : flowers subsessile ; leaves cordate-ovate, deep-
ly serrate, floral ones lanceolate ; segments of the calyx lanceolate ;
stem nearly erect.
Hab. Fields, &c. Penn. to Car. April — July. 0. — Stem
somewhat branched at base. Flowers nearly sessile, very small,
pale blue. Capsule compressed and ciliate. Introduced.
Small Speedwell.
9. V. hederifolia Linn. : leaves cordate-ovate, mostly 5-lobed, peri-
led ; segments of the calyx cordate, ciliate, acute ; stem procum-
bent.
Hab. Shady rocks. N. S. April. ©. — Stems weak and un-
branched. Corol pale blue, smaller than the calyx. Capsule 2-
lobed, turgid.
10. V. reniformis Raf. : stem procumbent, hispid ; leaves sessile,
reniform, entire, hairy, villous ; flowers axillary, solitary, subsessile.
Hab. Sandy soils. N. J. Raf. May — July. 0. — Ste?ns few,
terete, procumbent. Flowers white or pale blue. — It* should not
be confounded with V. reniformis of Pursh. It may be only a
variety of V. arvensis.
2. LEPTANDRA. Nutt.
Calyx 5-parted ; segments acuminate. Corol tubular-
SCROPHULARINEiE. 263
campanulate ; border 4-lobed, a little ringent, the lower seg-
ment narrower. Stamens 2, and with the pistil at length much
exserted. Capsule ovate, acuminate, 2-celled, many-seeded,
opening at the summit. Diandria. Monogynia.
L. virgmica \>i/f. • leaves whorled in fours or fives, lanceolate, ser-
rate, petiolate. — Veronira virgmica Linn. — CaUistachya virginica Rqf.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. Z£.—
Stem angular, 2 — 4 feet high, smooth, simple. Leaves in whorls,
slightly pubescent beneath. Floiccrs white, in long dense ter-
minal spikes.
Div. II. Erinaceje.
3. BUCHNERA. Lam.
Calyx 5-toothed. Corol with the tube slender ; border
5-cleft and nearly equal ; lobes cordate. Capsule 2-celled.
Didynamia. Jingiospcrmia.
B. amcricana Linn.; stem simple; leaves lanceolate, subdentate,
rough, 3-nerved ; spikes with the flowers remote.
Hah. Sandy places. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July. 21.—
Stem 12 — 18 inches high. Leaves opposite, sessile. Floiccrs
blue. — Plant blackens by drying. Blue Hearts.
DlV. III. §CROPHULARlE.E.
4. SCROPIIULARIA. Linn.
Calyx 5-cleft. Corol subglobose ; limb contracted, short-
ly 2-lipped ; upper lip 2-lobed (with a scale or abortive sta-
men frequently within) ; lower 3-lobed. Capsule 2-celled.
Didynamia. Angiospermia.
1. S. marylandica Linn. ; leaves cordate, serrate, acute, rounded at
the base ; petioles fringed near the base ; branches of the panicle com-
posed of loosely flowered clusters.— «S'. nodosa var. amcricana Mich.
Hap,. Low grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July.
21. — Stem 3 — 4 feet high, much branched. Leaves opposite.
Flowers greenish-brown, small, in an erect compound terminal
panicle. Capsule globular. Figicort.
2. S\ lanccolata Pursh: leaves lanceolate, unequally and incisely
serrate, acute at the base ; petioles naked ; fascicles of the panicle co-
rymbed.
H .:-. Wet meadows. N. S. Aug. 21-— Stem 2— 3 feet high.
Floiccrs greenish-yellow.
5. ANTIRRHINUM.- Linn.
Calyx 5-parted. Corol personate, with a defiexed promi-
264 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
nence or spur at the base. Capsule 2-celled, opening at the
extremity with minute valves. Didynamia. Angiospermia.
1. A. elatine Linn. : procumbent, hairy ; leaves alternate, hastate,
■very entire ; peduncles solitary, axillary, very long.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. Y. to Virg. July. ^.—Stem 1—2 feet
long. Floicers small, bluish-white. Introduced. ?
2. A. linaria Linn. : stem erect ; leaves linear-lanceolate, scattered,
crowded ; spikes terminal ; flowers imbricate ; calyx smooth, shorter
than the spur.
Hab. Road sides. N. S. June— Oct. Lf.— Stems 1—2 feet
high. Flowers large, yellow, in long spikes. Introduced. ?
Snap-dragon. Toad Flax.
3. A. canadense Linn. : assurgent, smooth, mostly simple ; leaves
scattered, erect, linear, obtuse ; flowers in racemes ; suckers (or sterile
branches) procumbent.
Hab. Low grounds. Can. to Car. June — Aug. &. — Stem 6 — 12
inches high, slender. Floicers very small, blue, in a terminal
raceme. Flax Snap-dragon.
6. MIMULUS. Linn.
Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Corol ringent ; upper lip re-
flexed at the sides ; palate of the lower lip prominent. Stigma
thick, bifid. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. Seeds minute.
Didynamia. Angiospermia.
1. M. ringens Linn. : erect, smooth ; leaves. sessile, lanceolate, acu-
minate, serrate ; peduncles axillary, opposite, longer than the flower ;
teeth of the calyx oblong, acuminate.
Hab. Wet grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. 2L —
Stem 2 feet high, angular. Flowers large, pale purple.
Monkey Flower.
2. M. alatus Linn. : erect, smooth ; leaves petioled, ovate, acuminate,
eerrate ; peduncles axillary, opposite, shorter than the flower ; teeth
of the calyx round, mucronate ; stem square, winged.
Hab. Wet meadows. N. Y. to Car. Aug. H.—Stem 2 feet
high, winged. Floicers pale blue. — Abundant in the western
part of New-York. Distinguished from the former by its larger
and petiolate leaves and winged stem.
7. GRATIOLA. Linn.
Calyx 5-parted, often with 2 bracts at the base. Corol tu-
bular, sub-bilabiate ; upper lip emarginate ; lower 3-lobed.
Stamens 4, 2 sterile, Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovate, 2-
celled, 2-valved. Diandria. Monogynia.
1. G. aurea Muhl. : smooth ; leaves linear-oblong, -subclasping, ob-
scurely toothed ; segments of the calyx equal ; sterile filaments mi
nut«. — G. officinalis Mich. — G. caroliniensis Pers.
SCROPHULARIiNE^E. 265
Hab. Sandy swamps. N. Y. to Car. Aug. U.—Stcm 1—2
feet long, rooting at base. Flowers bright yellow, on axillary
peduncles. Hedge Hyssop.
2. G. rirginica Linn. : stem pubescent, assurgent, terete ; leaves
smooth, lanceolate, sparingly dentate-serrate, attenuate and connate at
the base ; segments of the calyx equal.
Hab. Inundated meadows. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July,
Aug. 11. — Stem 6 inches high, branched at base. Peduncles
shorter or longer than the leaves ; upper ones opposite. Flow-
ers yellowish-white.
3. G. megalocarpa Ell. : leaves lanceolate, serrate, pubescent ; pe-
duncles opposite, longer than the leaves ; segments of the calyx linear,
as long as the globose capsule. — G. acuminata Pnrsh. (excl. syn.)
Hab. Ditches and pools. Penn. to Car. July — Aug. 11. — Flow-
ers pale-yellow, large. Capsule larger than in any other species.
8. LINDERNIA. Linn.
Calyx 5-parted. Corol tubular, ringent ; upper lip short,
emarginate; lower one trifid, unequal. Filaments 4 ; 2 longer,
forked and sterile. Stigma emarginate. Capsule 2-celled,
2-valved ; dissepiment parallel with the valves.
Diandria, Monogynia.
1. L. dUateta Muhl.: leaves dilated at the base, clasping, remotely
toothed ; peduncles longer than the leaves. — L. pyxidaria Pursh. — Gra-
tiola ana gall aid ca Mich.
Hab, Inundated banks. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. #. — Stem
H inches high, 4-sided, smooth. Flowers pale purple, on alter-
nate and opposite peduncles.
2. L. attenuate Muhl. : leaves lanceolate and obovate, narrowed at
the base ; peduncles shorter than the leaves, erect. — L. pyxidaria var
major Pursh.
Hab. Inundated banks. N. Y. to Car. July — Sept. 0. — Stem
erect or procumbent. Peduncles shorter or nearly as long as the
leaves.
:?. L. monticola Muhl. : stem slender, dichotomous ; radical leaver
spathulate ; cauline ones linear, small and remote ; peduncles very
long, at length deflected.
Hab. White Hills, N. H. June. U.—Stem erect, 4— 6 inches
high. Radical leaves obscurely toothed, punctate ; cauline ones
%ery few. Flowers pale blue.
9. SCHWALBEA. Linn.
Calyx ventricose, tubular, obliquely 4-cleft ; upper seg-
ment shortest; the lower large, emarginate or bidentate. Co-
rol bilabiate ; upper lip entire, arched ; the lower 3-lobed.
Capsule ovate-roundish, 2-celled, 2-valved ; dissepiment pro-
duced by the inflected margin of the valves, and parallel with
23
266 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
the longitudinal receptacle. Seeds numerous, imbricated, li-
near and winged. Didynamia. Angiospermia.
S. americana Linn.
Hab. Pine barrens. N. J. to Car. Aug., Sept. H.—Stem
12 — 18 inches high, simple, pubescent. Leaves alternate, lan-
ceolate, entire, somewhat 3-nerved. Flowers in a terminal ra-
ceme, alternate, subsessile, dark purple.
10. CHELONE. Linn.
Calyx 5-parted, with 3 bracts. ' Cor -ol ringent, ventricose.
Sterile filaments shorter than the rest ; anthers woolly. Cap-
sule 2-celied, 2-valved. Seeds membranaceously margined.
Didynamia. A ngiospermia.
C. glabra Linn. ; smooth ; leaves opposite, oblong, lanceolate, acu-
minate, serrate ; flowers in dense spikes.
Hab. Wet grounds. Can. to Car. Aug.— Oct. 2L — Stem 2
feet high, simple. Flowers large, white or reddish, in a com-
pact terminal spike. Snake-head.
11. PENTSTEMON. Linn.
Calyx 5-leaved. Corol bilabiate, ventricose. The fifth
sterile filament longer than the rest and bearded on the upper
side. Anthers smooth. Capsule ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved.
Seeds numerous, angular. Didynamia. Angiospermia.
1. P. lavigatum Linn. ; smooth ; leaves ovate-oblong, clasping at
base, slightly toothed, the lower ones entire ; flowers paniculate ; ste-
rile filament bearded near the top. — Chclone pentstemon Walt.
Hab. Low grounds. Penn. to Car. June. 2L — Stem 1 — 2 feet
high. Floiocrs in terminal panicles.
2. P. pubescens Linn. : stem pubescent ; leaves serrulate, lanceolate-
oblong, sessile, claspmg ; flowers in panicles ; sterile filament beard-
ed from the top below the middle.
Hab. Hill sides. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. June. IS. —
Stem 18 inches high. Floiocrs pale purple, in terminal panicles.
12. HERPESTIS. Gaert.
Calyx 5-cleft, unequal, bibractate at base. Corol tubular,
sub-bilabiate. Stamens included, all fertile. Capsule 2-cell-
ed, 2-valved ; dissepiment parallel to the valves.
Didynamia. Angiospermia.
H. cuneifolia Pursh : very smooth ; leaves cuneate-obovate, obscure-
ly crenate near the summit ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; corol 5-
cleft — Monniera cuneifolia Mich.
Hab. Inundated banks. Penn. to Car. Aug. 2L — Stem pros-
SCROPHULARINEiE. 267
trate, creeping. Leaves opposite, thick, somewhat clasping.
Flowers very small, pale purple, solitary, axillary.
13. HEMIANTHUS. Nutt.
Calyx tubular, cleft on the under side ; border 4-toothed.
Corol with the upper lip obsolete ; the lower 3-parted ; inter-
mediate segment ligulate and truncate, much longer, closely
incurved. Stamens 2; filaments bifid, lateral fork antherif-
erous. Style bifid. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded.
Diandria. Monogynia.
H. micranthemoides Nutt. — Hcrpestis micrantha Pursh. (excl. syn.)
Hab. Inundated banks. Del. Aug., Sept. 0. — Stem creep-
ing, dichotomous. Leaves opposite, crowded, sessile, obscurely
3-nerved, Flowers axillary, solitary, minute.
14. collinsia. mat.
Calyx 5-cleft. Corol bilabiate, orifice closed ; upper lip
bifid ; the lower trifid ; intermediate segment carinately sac-
cate and closed over the declinate style and stamens. Capsule
globose, partly 1-celled and imperfectly 4-valved. Seeds 2 — 3,
umbilicate. Didynamia. Jlngiospermia.
C. vcrna Nutt. : leaves ovate-oblong, sessile, obtuse, the lower ones
attenuated into a long petiole ; peduncles axillary, long.
IIyi^ Banks of streams. N. Y. W. to Miss. July. &.—Stem
a foot high. Leaves opposite. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered.
Floiecrs particoloured. — Very abundant about Utica, N.Y. Gray.
15. LIMO SELLA. Linn.
Calyx 5-cleft. Corol shortly campanulate, 5-cleft, equal.
Stamens approximating by pairs. Capsule 2-valved, sub-bilo-
cular, many seeded. Dydynamia. Jlngiospermia.
L. sulmlata Ives : leaves linear, very narrow, scarcely dilated at the
apex ; scape 1 -flowered, as long as the leaves.
Hab. Muddy shores. N. S. Aug. If. — Stem an inch high. Flow-
ers very small, bluish- white. Mudwort.
16. GERARDIA. Linn.
Calyx half 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Corol subcampanulate,
unequally 5-lobed ; segments mostly rounded. Capsule 2-
celled, opening at the summit. Didynamia, Jlngiospermia,
* Flowers purple.
1. G. purpurea Linn. : stem angular, much branched ; leaves linear,
long, acute at each end, very scabrous ; flowers nearly sessile ; teeth
of the calyx subulate, short, acute.
268 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Fields and woods. N. Y. to Car. Aug.— Oct. ^.—Stem
1 — 2 feet high, slender, much branched. Flowers large, axilla-
ry, purple.
2. G. tcnuifolia Linn. : stem much branched, smooth ; leaves linear,
acute at each end, smooth, rough ; peduncles axillary, opposite, long-
er than the flowers; teeth of the calyx, small, acute. — G. erectd IVali
Hab. Fields and woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July-
Sept. %. — Stem 6—10 inches high, much branched. Floxccri-
small, purple.— Differs from the former in its corol and pedun-
cle.
3. G. maritima Raf. : stem angular ; leaves linear, fleshy, short,
rather obtuse ; flowers pedunculate ; upper segments of the corol cili-
ate ; calyx truncate, with minute teeth G. purpurea var. crassifolia
Pursh.
Hab. Salt marshes. N. S. July— Sept. #.~ Stem 6— 12 inches
high. Flowers middle-sized, purple, axillary and terminal. —
Easily distinguished by its truncate calyx.
3. G. auriculata Mich. : subsimple, scabrous ; leaves ovate, lanceo-
late, auriculate at the base, very entire, sessile ; flowers sessile, axil-
lary.
Hab. Rocky fields. Penn. W. to 111. Aug. ^.—Stem 8—12
inches high. Floicers middle-sized.
** Floicers yelloic.
5. G.flava Linn. : pubescent; stem mostly simple; leaves lanceo-
late, entire or toothed, the lower ones notched and pinnatifid ; flowers
axillary, opposite, nearly sessile.
Hab. Rocky woods. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug.— Sept.
H.-Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Flowers large, yellow. False Foxglove.
6. G. glauca Eddy : smooth ; stem panicled ; leaves petioled, pin-
natifid, paler beneath ; the upper ones lanceolate ; flowers axillary,
opposite, on pedicels. — G. quercifolia Pursh.
Hab. Woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. U.
— Stem 3 — 5 feet high. Floicers large, yelloAV. — Resembles the
preceding, but has the stem smooth and more branched, the
leaves petioled and pinnatifid, and the flowers on pedicels.
7. G. pedicularia Linn. : stem much branched, villous ; leaves ob-
long, smoothish, pinnatifid ; segments uncinate, serrate ; flowers axil-
lary, opposite, on pedicels ; segments of the calyx leafy, notched and
toothed.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 11.— Stem 2—3 feet
high, much branched. Flowers large, villous on the outside. —
Liable to much variation.
Div. IV. Rhtnanthe^:.
17. RHINANTHUS. Linn.
Calyx inflated, 4-toothed. Corol ringent ; upper lip com-
SCROPHULARINE^E. 269
pressed ; lower one flat, 3-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, obtuse,
compressed. Didynamia. Jingiospermia.
R. crista galli Linn. : upper lip of the corol arched ; calyx smooth ;
leaves lanceolate, serrate.
Hab. Meadows. Arc. Amer. Can. N. Y. and Mass. June,
July. Q. — Stem a foot high, branching. Leaves opposite, cor-
date, lanceolate. Floiccrs axillary, but somewhat spiked, yel-
low. Calyx becoming very large after flowering. Yclloio Rattle.
18. PEDICULARIS. Linn.
Calyx ventricose, half 5-cleft. Corol with the upper lip
emarginate and compressed. Capsule 2-celled, mucronate,
oblique. Seeds angular, coated.
Didynamia. Angiospcrmia.
1 . P. pallida Pursh : stem smooth, branched, with pubescent lines ;
leaves subopposite, lanceolate, pinnatifid, toothed and crenate,. sca-
brous on the margin ; helmet of the corol truncated at the apex ; calyx
bifid with round segments — and P. lanccolata Mich.
Hab. Low grounds. N. Y. to Virg. W. to Miss. Sept. 2_f •
— Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Floiccrs large, straw yellow. Capsule
short and broad-ovate.
2. P. canadensis Linn. : stem simple ; leaves pinnatifid, notched and
toothed ; spike leafy at the base, hairy ; helmet of the corol with 2
setaceous teeth ; calyx obliquely truncate.
IIab. Meadows. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May— July. U-
— Stem 8 — 10 inches high. Floiccrs yellow and purple, in a
short terminal spike. Lousc-icort.
3. P. gladiaUi Mich. : stem simple ; leaves lanceolate, pinnatifid.
toothed : spikes leafy, hairy, with the flowers alternate ; capsule ter-
minating in a long flat point.
Hab. Wet meadows. N. Y. to Virg. May, June. 2X. — Stem
a foot high. Floiccrs yellow and purple.
19. EUPHRASIA. Lam.
Calyx tubular, 4-cleft. Corol bilabiate ; upper lip bifid ;
lower one of 3 notched lobes. Anthers with their lobes mu-
cronate at base. Capsule ovate-oblong, 2-celled. Seeds stri-
ate. Didynamia. Angiospermia.
E. officinalis Linn. : leaves ovate, deeply toothed, furrowed ; flowers
axillary towards the summit ; calyx 4-toothed, hairy ; segments of the
lower lip of the corol emarginate.
Hab. Can. Mich. Arctic Amer. Rich. July — Sept. &. —
Flowers white, with purple veins. Eye-bright.
23*
270 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
20. BARTSIA. Linn.
Calyx 4-cleft, mostly coloured. Corol ringent, with a con-
tracted orifice ; upper lip concave, longest, entire ; lower
one in 3 equal reflexed lobes. Capsule ovate, compressed,
2- celled, many-seeded. Seeds angular.
Didynamia. Angiospermia*
B. pallida Mick. : leaves alternate, linear, undivided, 3-nerved ; up-
per ones lanceolate ; floral ones sulcate, toothed at the end ; teeth of
the calyx entire, acute.
Hab. Mountains. N. H. Can. and Labrador. Aug. If. — Stem
12 inches high. Floicers yellow, pubescent ; floral ones purple.
— Sprengel has removed this species to the genus Castelleja of
Mutis.
21. EUCHROMA. Nutt.
Calyx ventricose, 2 — 4-cleft. Corol bilabiate ; upper lip
very long and linear, embracing the style and stamens ; lower
lip short and trifid, without glands. Anthers linear, with un-
equal lobes, all cohering in the form of an oblong disk. Cap-
side compressed, ovate, oblique, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds
numerous, small, surrounded by a membranaceous inflated
vesicle. Didynamia. Angiospermia.
E. coccinea Nutt. : leaves and coloured bracts pinnatifidly 3-cleft ;
segments divaricate ; calyx 2-cleft, nearly as long as the corol ; seg-
ments retuse and emarginate. — Bartsia coccinea Linn.
Hab. Wet grounds. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June.
21.— Stem 8 — 12 inches high. Bracts scarlet. Corol yellow.
JPaintcd-cup>
22. MELAMPYRUM. Linn.
Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corol compressed, margin
folded back ; lower lip grooved, trifid, subequal. Capsule 2-
celled, oblique, opening on one side ; cells 2-seeded. Seeds
cartilaginous, cylindric-oblong. Didynamia. Angiospermia.
M. americanum Mich. : lower leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate ;
floral ones lanceolate, toothed at the base ; flowers axillary, distinct.
— M. lineare Lam. and M. latifolium Muhl.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. June, July. %.—Stem 8—12
inches high, branched at the upper part. Flowers yellow. — It
varies considerably in the form of the leaves. Cow Wheat.
Order XC. LABIATE. Juss. hind.
Calyx tubular, regular or bilabiate, persistent. Corol bi-
labiate ; upper lip entire or bifid, the lower 3-cleft ; the upper
LABIATiE. 271
in aestivation overlapping the lower. Stamens 4, didynamous,
(2 being sometimes abortive, ) inserted on the corol, alternate
with the lobes of the lower lip ; anthers 2-celled, sometimes
apparently I -celled, either by the obliteration of the septum or
by the abortion of a cell. Ovary% free, deeply 4-lobed ; ovules
4; style 1, proceeding from the base of the lobes; stigma
bifid, usually acute, sometimes unequal or dilated. Fruit
1 4 small nuts, enclosed within the persistent calyx. Seeds
erect, with little or no albumen ; embryo erect ; cotyledons
flat.
Herbs or undcrshrubs with square stems and opposite
branches. Leaves opposite, without stipules.
Div. I. Menthoide^i.
1. LYCOPUS. Linn.
Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, mouth naked. Corol tubular, near-
ly equal, 4-lobed ; upper segments broader and notched.
Sta7Jicns 2, distant, simple. Biandria. Monogynia.
1. L. curopxus Linn. : leaves narrow, lanceolate, serrate ; calyx 5-
cleft with the segments acuminate, longer than the seed. — L. amcrica-
nus Mvhl. — L. curopaus var. angust'folius Torr.
Hab. Moist places. N. Y. to Car. Aug. 11. — Stem erect,
1 — 2 feet high, square. Leaves opposite, upper ones slightly,
lower ones deeply toothed. Floiccrs in dense whorls, white.
Calyx with spines, longer than the seed, Water Horchound.
2. L. virginicus Linn. : leaves broad-lanceolate, serrate, tapering and
entire at the base ; calyx shorter than the seed, spineless.
Hab. Wet places. Can. to Car. W. to Rocky Mountains.
June — Aug. 11. — Stem pubescent. Leaves opposite, sessile,
variously toothed. Floicers in small whorls. Calyx unarmed
— Formerly in high reputation as a remedy in haemoptysis.
Bugle Weal.
3. L. unijlorus Mich. : plant small ; root tuberous ; stem simple :
leaves oval, obtuse, obsoletely toothed ; axils 1-flowered.
Hab. Penn. Muhl. Aug. 11. — Root tuberous ; suckers pro-
cumbent, leafy. Stem about 3 inches high, rather smooth.
lucaves on petioles, with few teeth. Floiccrs axillary, solitary.
Mich. — An obscure species, perhaps only a variety of the form-
er.
2. ISANTHUS.. Mich.
Calyx subcampanulate. Carol 5-parted ; tube straight
and narrow ; segments of the border ovate and equal. Sta-
mens subequal. Stigma linear, recurved.
Didynamia. Gymnospermia.
272 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
/. cot) ulcus Mich.
Hab. River banks. N. Y. to Virg. W. to Miss. July, Aug.
0. — Plant viscidly pubescent, a foot high. Leaves oval-lanceo-
late, acute at both ends, 3-nerved. Flowers \ ale blue, 1—2 on
axillary peduncles.
3. MENTHA. Linn.
Corol nearly regular, 5-lobed ; the broadest lobe notched.
Stamens erect, distant. Didynamia. Gymnospcrmia.
* Floieers in a spike.
1. M. piperita Linn.: spikes obtuse, interrupted below ; leaves ovate,
subgiabrous, petiolate ; calyx very smooth at the base.
Hab. Marshy grounds near Salina, N. Y. ; apparently native.
July. It. — Stem 12 — 15 inches high, erect, often purplish.
Leaves varying in form from cordate-ovate to ovate-lanceolate.
Floieers purple. Peppermint.
2. M. viridis Walt. : spikes interrupted ; leaves subsessile, lanceolate-
ovate, smooth ; bracts setaceous, and with the teeth of the calyx some-
what hairy ; stamens not exserted. — M. tenuis Mich.
Hab. Wet grounds. N. Y. to Geor. July, Aug. 21. — Stem
12 — 18 inches high. Floieers pale purple, in a long spike con-
sisting of remote whorls. Spearmint.
** Floieers whorlcd.
3. M. canadense Linn. : flowers whorled ; leaves lanceolate, serrate,
petioled, hairy ; stamens as long as the corol.
Hab. Sandy soils. Can. and N. S. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept.
21. — Stem a foot high. Flowers in axillary whorls, pale purple.
4. M. borcalis Mich. : ascending, pubescent ; leaves petioled, ovate-
lanceolate, acute at both ends ; flowers in whorls ; stamens exsert.
Hab. Moist grounds. Can. and N. S. July, Aug. 21. — Stem
1 — 2 feet high. Flowers white or pale purple. Stamens twice
as long as the corol. — Perhaps not distinct from the preceding.
Div. II. Satureine.e.
4. PYCNANTHEMUM. Mich.
Heads of flowers surrounded by an involucre of many bracts.
Calyx tubular, striate, 5-toothed. Corol with the upper lip
nearly entire, the lower one trifid ; middle segment longer.
Stamens distant ; cells of the anthers parallel.
Didynamia. Gymnospermia.
* Stamens exserted.
1. P. incanum Mich. : leaves oblong-ovate, shortly petiolate, acute,
subserrate, hoary-tomentose ; heads of flowers pedunculate, compound,
lateral and terminal ; bracts setaceous. — Clinopodium incanum Linn.
LABIATE. 273
Hab. Low fields. N. Y. to Car. July— Sept. U.±Stem 2—V,
feet high, whitish. Flowers pale red, in dense lateral and termi-
nal heads or whorls. — Whole plant covered with white soft
down. Wild Basil.
2. P. aristatum Mich. : leaves lanceolate-ovate, subserrate. on very
short petioles, whitish ; heads sessile; bracts awned. — Nepeta virginiea
Lam.
Hab. Woods. Md. to Car. W. to Term. July, Aug. U-— Stem
1 — 2 feet high. Upper haves hoary. Flowers very small, white,
in one or two sessile whorls and a terminal head. Brads and
calyx terminated by long awns.
3. P. linifolium Pursk : stem straight, much branched, somewhat
scabrous ; leaves linear, 3-nerved, very entire, smooth ; heads termi-
nal, in a fasciculate corymb — Brachystcmum virginicum Mich. — B. Knt-
folium W'dld.
Hab. ' Woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. U-—
§ // 1*2 — 18 inches high, with trichotomousfastigiate branches.
Flowers white, minute, spotted internally. Virginian 7
** Stamens included.
4. P. Uinccohiiinn Piirsh : stem straight, branched, somewhat rough,
leaves linear-lanceolate, subsessile, very entire, veined ; heads termi-
nal, sessile, in fascicled corymbs. — P. virginicum. — Brachystcmum Ian-
ccolatum Wit Id.
Hab. Hills. Penn. to Car. July, Aug. 2f. — Stem, 2 feet high.
oets minute, white, in heads which form irregular corymbs.
5. P. viuticum Pcrs. : leaves ovate-lanceolate, subdentate, smoothish:
heads terminal; bracts lanceolate, somewhat acute. — Brachystcmum
muticum Mich.
Hab. Rocky hills. Penn. to Geor. July. Aug. 2£. — Stem 2
feet high. Leaves large. FUnoers whitish, small, in loosely
flowered heads.
6. P. rcrticillatum Pcrs. : leaves ovate-lanceolate, sometimes tooth-
ed : whorls sessile, compact ; bracts acuminate. — Brachystcmum verti-
cil In tutu Mich.
Hab. Mountains. Penn. to Car. July, Aug. U. — Stem 2 feet
high, very pubescent when young. Flowers small, white.
5. THYMUS. Linn.
Calyx subcampanulate, orifice closed with villous hairs.
Corol shortly 2-lipped ; upper one notched ; the lower one the
largest, submarginate. Didynamia. Gymnospermia.
T. scrpyllum Linn.: stems branched, decumbent ; leaves flat, ovate.
obtuse, entire, petioled, more or less ciliate at base ; flowers capitate.
Hab. Fields. Penn.; naturalized. Nutt. July, Aug. If. — Stem
spreading, procumbent, branched. Leaves more or less hairy.
Flowers purple or white, in heads, on short hairy pedicels.
Wild Thyme.
274 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
C. ORIGANUM. Linn.
Flowers collected into a 4-sided cone or dense spike. Up-
per lip of the corol erect, flat, emarginate ; lower 3-parted.
Didynamia. Gymnospermia.
0. vulgare Linn. : spikes roundish, panicled, clustered, smooth )
bracts ovate, longer than the calyx ; leaves ovate, entire.
Hab. Rocky fields. N. S. July— Sept. !£.— Stems 8—12
inches high, hairy. Floiccrs purplish, in numerous small spikes,
which are crowded together so as to form a terminal head.
Marjoram.
7. HYSSOPUS. Linn.
Lower lip of the corol 3-parted ; middle lobe subcrenate.
Stamens straight and distant. Didynamia. Gymnospermia.
1. H. nepetoidcs Linn. ; spike formed of whorls, cylindrical ; leaves
opposite, subcordate, ovate, acuminate, toothed; styles shorter than
the corol.
Hab. Woods. N. Y. to Virg. W. to Miss. July. U.—Stem
3—6 feet high, pubescent. Flowers small, yellowish- white or
pale purple. Calyx smooth, segments linear. Bracts dilated.
2. H. scrophiilarifolius Linn. : spike formed of whorls, cylindrical ;
leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate, obtusely toothed ; styles longer than
the corol.
Hab.. Wet woods. Penn. to Virg. W. to 111. July, Aug. U-
— Stem 2 feet high. Flowers purple. Calyx smooth, segments
subovate. Bracts ovate. — Closely resembles the former, but
most probably distinct.
Div. III. Ajugoide^:.
8. TEUCRIUM. Linn.
Upper lip of the corol short, 2-parted ; the lower one 3-
lobed, the middle lobe the largest. Stamens projecting through
the cleft in the upper lip. Didynamia. Gymnospermia.
1. T. canadense Linn.: hoary-pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
serrate, all petiolate ; spike whorled, crowded, long ; bracts longer
than the calyx.
Hab. Low grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. 1L
Stem 12 — 18 inches high, erect. Flowers purple, in a terminal
whorled spike. Wild Germander.
2. T. virginicum Linn. : pubescent ; leaves ovate-oblong, serrate ;
the upper ones subsessile ; spikes whorled, crowded ; bracts as long as
the calyx.
Hab. Low grounds. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. 1L —
Resembles the preceding and is not perhaps specifically distinct.
LABIAT.E. 275
9. TRICHOSTEMA. Linn,
Calyx resupinate. Upper lip of the corol falcate. Stamens
very long and incurved. Didynamia. Gymnospermia.
1. T. dichotoma Linn. : leaves rhombic-lanceolate, pubescent ; sta-
mens very long.
Hab. Dry bills. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. June— Aug. 0.
Stem 6 — 10 inches high. Floicers blue, in dichotomous panicles.
Blue Curls.
2. T. linearis Walt. : stem viscidly pubescent ; leaves linear-smooth,
sessile, acute at each end ; teeth of the calyx awned ; stamens very
long. — T. dichotoma var. linearis Pursh.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. J. to Car. June— Sept. ©.—Resem-
bles the former in habit, but is smaller. It is considered distinct
by Nultall and Elliott.'
10. COLLINSONIA. Linn.
Calyx bilabiate, 3-toothed above, bifid below. Corol much
longer than the calyx, somewhat funnel-form, unequally 5-
lobed ; lower lobe longer and fimbriate. Stamens 2 — 4.
Diandria. Monogynia.
C. canadensis Linn. : leaves broad-cordate-ovate, glabrous ; teeth
of the calyx short, subulate ; panicle terminal, compound.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. July—Sept. 2Lf. — Stem 2— 3 feet
high, smooth. 4-sided. Leaves opposite, large, acuminate, tooth-
ed. Floicers large, yellow. Horse Weed.
DlV. IV. MONARPEJE.
11. MONARDA. Linn.
Calyx 5-toothed, cylindric, striate. Corol ringent, with a
long cylindric tube ; upper lip linear, nearly straight and en-
tire, involving the filaments ; lower lip reiiexed, broader, 3-
lobed, the middle lobe longer. Diandria. Mono gy ma.
* Calyx zoith o equal teeth. Floicers in heads. Monwrda. Raf.
1. M. didyma Linn.: nearly smooth; stem acute-angled, smooth;
leaves broad-ovate or oblong, sometimes cordate, acuminate, mucro-
nate, serrate, rugose, on hairy petioles, midrib and veins hairy beneath;
heads of flowers large, often proliferous ; bracts oblong, acuminate,
nearly entire, coloured ; calyx somewhat pubescent ; corol large, pu-
bescent.— M. purpurea Lam. — M. coccinca Mich. — M. kalmiana Pursh.
Hab. Swamps. Can. to Car. July, Aug. If. — Stem 2 — 3
feet high, simple or branched at the top. Leaves varying from
lanceolate to broad-ovate, sometimes attenuate at base, some-
times subcordate. Flowers scarlet or crimson, in large heads
which are sometimes proliferous. — This species, like most of
276 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
the rest, is very variable. I have specimens from Whitesborough,
N. Y., in which the leaves as are much attenuated at base as in
Pursh's figure of M. keUmiana : but this is not a constant cha-
racter, nor do I know of any by which that species can be dis-
tinguished. Osiccgo Tea.
2, M. fistulosa Linn. : stem obtuse-angled, nearly smooth, hollow ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, thin and nearly
smooth, on slightly pubescent petioles ; heads simple or proliferous ;
outer bracts oblong, smooth ; calyx long, curved, bearded ; corol
rough, pale.
IIab. Rocky banks. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. 21. — Stem 2
feet high, always simple. Leaves yellowish- green, petioled, 3—4
inches long and 1 broad, membranaceous, nearly smooth, coarse-
ly toothed. Floicers pale yellow, in heads which are smaller
than in the preceding ; corol pubescent. — When cultivated the
leaves are often smaller, subcordate, ovate, and more hairy than
in the native state. Abundant near Rochester, N. Y.
3. m. allophylla Mich. : stem obtuse-angled, branched and hairy
above ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, remotely toothed, smooth above,
somewhat hairy beneath ; heads simple ; outer bracts ovate, acute,
coloured : calyx short, densely bearded at the throat. — M. longifolia
Lam. — M. mollis Pursh not of Linn. — M. oblongata Ait. Tori:
Rab. Rocky woods. N. Y. to Car. July. U.—Stcm 3—4
feet high, much branched. Leaves often rounded at base, and
with a few large teeth, varying in the degree of pubescence.
Flowers in heads, about the size of the preceding, pale blue. —
The habit is sufficiently characteristic of this species.
4. M. clinopodia Linn. : stem obtuse-angled, smooth ; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, remotely serrate, tapering at base, nearly smooth ; heads
simple ; bracts broad-ovate, acute, entire, nearly smooth ; calyx short.
ciliate ; corol pubescent, slender. — M. glabra Linn. ?
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. Pursh. July — Sept. If. — Stem
3 feet high, obtuse-angled and nearly smooth. Leaves ovate-
lanceolate, tapering at base into a petiole, with a few serratures
near the middle, punctate as in the preceding, whitish beneath,
(closely resembling those of Clinopodium incanum,) though ap-
parently quite smooth. Flowers pale purple. — I am not sure
that this is the plant described by Pursh under the above name,
but I believe it to be the Linncean one. It it cultivated at Al-
bany, and in many respects much resembles the preceding, with
which it may be hereafter united.
** Calyx icith 5 unequaKecOi. Flowers in whorls, Cheilyctis. Rof.
5. M. punctata Linn. : nearly smooth ; stem obtuse-angled, branch-
ed, white-downy ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, remotely and obscurely
serrate, smooth ; flowers whorled ; bracts lanceolate, coloured, longer
than the whorl. — M. lutea Mich.
Hae. Pine barrens. N. J. to Car. W. to Miss. Sept. U and
«J. — Stem 2—3 feet high, branched. Flowers in whorls; calyx
long ; corol yellow', dotted with brown. Bracts large, red and
LABIATE. 277
yellow. — It contains an assential oil, which is sometimes em-
ployed medicinally. See Med. Recorder, ii. 294. Raf. Med. Bot.
ii. 38. Horse Mint.
*** Calyx bilabiate ; vppcr lip shorter bidentafe ; loiccr tridentate. Floic-
ers in iciiorls. Blephilia. Raf.
6. M. hirsi/ta Pursh : whole plant hairy ; leaves on long petiules.
ovate, acuminate serrate, hirsute* flowers small, in whorls ; bracts
short, oblong, acuminate ; calyx 2-lipped ; upper lip of two short
acuminate teeth ; lower of three almost bristleform awns. — M. ciUata
Mich.
PIab. Low woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. June. July.
U. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, branched. Whorls 4 or 5 on the up-
per part of each branch. Corol small, pale blue, dotted with
purple.
12. CUNILA. Linn.
Calyx, cylindrical, 10-striate, 5-toothed. Corol ringent,
with the upper lip erect, flat and ernarginate. Stamens l-
sterile ; the 2 fertile ones with the style exserted nearly twice
the length of the corol. Stigma unequally bifid.
Diandria. Monogynia.
1. C. mariana Linn. : leaves ovate, serrate ; corymb axillary and
terminal, dichotomous. — Ziziphora mariana R. <$• S.
Hab. On rocks. N. Y. to Car. W. to Arkansa. July, Aug.
Lf. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, angled, much branched, purple.
Leaves opposite, sessile, nearly cordate. Floiccrs pale red.
Dittany.
2. C. glabella Mich. : smooth ; stem surculose ; radicle leaves near-
ly oval ; stem leaves oblong-linear, all entire ; flowers axillary, mostly
solitary, on long peduncles. — Hcdeoma glabra Pers. — Ziziphora glabella
R. $ S.
Hab. Limestone rocks. Niagara Falls. W. to Miss. Aug. IS.
— Stem 8 — 10 inches high, branched below. Corol violet, much
longer than the calyx. — Dr. Houghton has found this species at
the Falls of St. Anthony.
Div. V. Nepeteje.
13. GALEOPSIS. Linn.
Calyx, 5-cleft, awned. Upper lip of the corol vaulted,
subcrenate ; lower lip with 3 unequal lobes, having 2 teeth
on its upper side. Didynamia. Gymnosycrmia.
1. G. ladanum Linn. : stem hairy, not swollen below the joints ;
leaves on short petioles, lanceolate, more or less serrate, hairy; flowers
whorled ; upper lip of the corol slightly crenate.
Hab. Waste grounds. N. S. July. t&.—Stcm a foot high,
24
278 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
branched. Floiccrs variegated with red and white. Calyx hairy.
Smaller than the next. Introduced. Red Hemp Nettle.
2. G. tetrahit Linn. : stem hispid, swollen between the joints ; leaves
ovate, hispid, serrate ; flowers numerous, in whorls ; corol twice as
long as the calyx.
Hab. Waste places. N. S. W. to Mich. July. ©.—Stein
1 — 2 feet high. Flowers rose-coloured, with a white tube ; lower
lip dotted with purple. Calyx hispid, the teeth pungent. In-
troduced. Hemp Nettle-
14. LEONURUS. Linn.
Calyx 5-angled, 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corol very
hairy above, entire ; lower one reflexed, 3-parted. A?ithcrs
sprinkled with shining dots. Didynamia. Gymnospennia.
L. cardiaca Linn. : leaves petiolate, pubescent, paler beneath ; cau-
line ones lanceolate, 3-lobed ; upper ones entire ; flowers in numerous
whorls ; corol downy on the upper lip ; calyx stiff, becoming spiny.
Hab. Waste grounds. Can. to Car. July, Aug. L£. — Stem
2 — 3 feet high, branched, villous. Floiccrs in crowded whorls.
white with a reddish tinge. Introduced. Mothcncort.
15. LAMIUM. Linn.
Calyx 5-toothed ; the teeth acuminate, spreading. Upper
lip of the corol vaulted, entire ; lower one 2-lobed, toothed
on each side at the base. Anthers hairy.
Didynamia. Gymnospermia.
L. amplexicaule Linn. : floral leaves broadly cordate, sessile, clasp-
ing, crenate or cut ; lower ones petiolate.
Hab. Fields and road sides. N. S. May— Nov. %. — Stem
6—8 inches high. Floiccrs with the tube slender, rose coloured.
Introduced. ? Dead Nettle.
16. DRACOCEPHALUM. Linn.
Calyx subequal, 5-cleft. Orifice of the corol inflated ; up-
per lip concave. Stamens unconnected.
Didynamia, Gymnospermia.
1. D. virginianum Linn. : spikes long, with the flowers crowded ;
bracts small, subulate ; teeth of the calyx short, nearly equal ; leaves
sessile, opposite, linear-lanceolate, acutely serrate.
Hab. Mountain meadows. N. Y. to Car. W. to Michigan.
June. 11. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, smooth except at the summit.
Floiccrs large, bright purple," generally opposite, in terminal
spikes. — Dr. Houghton has found this species as far west as
Red Cedar River.
2. D. dcnticulatum Linn. : spikes long, with the flowers distant ;
LABIATE. 279
bracts small, subulate ; teeth of the calyx nearly equal ; leaves sessile,
ovate-lanceolate, slightly toothed. — Prasium purpurcum Walt.
Hab. Mountains. Penn. to Car. June. !(.. — Stew a foot high,
smooth. Flowers purple, variegated on the lower lip. — Smaller
than the preceding .
17. STACHYS. Linn.
Calyx 5-cleft, awned. Upper lip of the corol vaulted ;
lower one3-lobed, with the 2 lateral lobes reflexed. Stamens
when old bent downwards. Didynamia. Gymnospcrmia.
1. SL hyssoplfolia Mich. : scarcely pubescent, slender, erect ; leaves
sessile, linear-lanceolate, remotely subdentate ; whorls about 4-flower-
ed. — S.paUistris Walt.
Hab. Meadows. N. Y. to Car. July. U—Stcm 6—12 inches
high. Leaves often linear, very finely serrulate. Floiccrs sessile.
Calyx with the teeth almost spinous. Corol a little hairy, pur-
ple.— This plant has been found a few miles east of this city.
2. S. aspcra Mich. : stem erect, angles hairy backwards ; leaves
subpetiolate, lanceolate, acutely serrate, very smooth ; whorls about
6-flowered ; calyx teeth divaricate, spiny. — Sf. arvensis Walt.
Hab. Fields. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July. !£.— Stem a
foot high. Flowers in whorls, forming a terminal leafy spike,
purple. Hedge Nettle.
3. <S. sylvatira Nutt. : leaves shortly petiolate, cordate, ovate, acumi-
nate, serrate, hairy ; floral ones nearly linear ; whorls of 6 flowers ;
calyx hairy, with 5 acute teeth. — S. hispida Pursh.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. 2/.— Stem
1 — 2 feet high, erect, hairy. Floiccrs purple ; lower lip of the
corol whitish with dark spots. — Fetid.
13. NEPETA. Linn.
Calyx arid, straight. Upper lip of the corol notched ; low-
er one 3-lobed ; the middle lobe the largest and crenate ; late-
ral ones very short, reflexed. Didynamia. Gymnospermia.
N. cataria ham.: flowers spiked; whorls slightly pedunculate;
leaves petioled, cordate, dentate-serrate, pale underneath, covered with
soft down ; flowers dotted.
Hab. Fields and roads sides. N. S. June— Sept. H.—Stcm
2— 3 feet high, and with the leaves downy and whitish. Floiccrs
white, with a reddish tinge. Introduced. Cat-mint.
19. GLECHOMA. Linn.
Calyx 5-cleft, subequal. Upper lip of the corol bifid ; the
lower one trifid, with the intermediate lobe emarginate. An-
thers approaching each other in pairs and forming a cross.
Didynamia. Gymnospermia.
280 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
G. hedcracea Linn. : leaves reniform, crenate. hairy, veined.
Hab. Road sides. N. S. W. to Ohio. May, June. U.—Stem
a foot high, decumbent. Flowers large, blue, in threes, axillary.
Grovnd Ivy-
20. MARRUBIUM. Linn.
Calyx with 10 ribs and 5 or 10 spreading teeth. Upper
lip of the corol bifid, linear, straight ; lower one trifid ; middle
segment the largest, emarginate.
Didynamia, Gymnospermia .
31. vulgare Linn. : stem erect, woolly ; leaves roundish- ovate, tooth-
ed, rugose, very woolly beneath ; whorls villous, many-flowered : calyx
with 10 setaceous uncinate teeth.
Hab. Road sides. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. If.
— Stem 12 — 18 inches high. Floivers small, white, in crowded
whorls. Smell aromatic ; flavour bitter. Medicinal.
White Horchound.
21. BALLOTA. Linn.
Calyx with 10 ribs and 5 teeth. Upper lip of the corol
concave, notched ; lower one trifid ; middle lobe the largest,
emarginate, Didynamia. Gymnospermia.
B. nigra Linn. : leaves ovate, undivided, serrate ; calyx dilated
above, subtruncate, with spreading teeth.
Hab. Mass. Big. July. 1£. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Leaves a
little cordate. Flowers purple or white, in axillary whorls.
Black Horchound.
22. MELISSA. Linn.
Calyx arid, above nearly flat ; upper lip subfastigiate. Up-
per lip of the corol partly vaulted, bifid ; middle lobe of the
lower lip cordate. Didynamia, Gymnospermia.
31. officinalis Linn. : whorls dimidiate ; bracts oblong, pedicellate ;
leaves ovate-acute, serrate.
Hab. Road sides, &c. N. S. July. If.— Naturalized. Balm.
23. HEDEOMA. Pers.
Calyx bilabiate, gibbous at the base ; upper lip 3-t.oothed,
lower 2 ; dentures all subulate. Corol ringent. Stamens 2-
sterile ; the 2 fertile ones about the length of the corol.
Diandria. Monogynia.
H. pnlegioides Pers. : leaves oblong, serrate ; peduncles axillary,
many-flowered. — Cunila pidegioides Linn. — Ziziphora jndegioides R. <$»
8.
LABIATE. 28t
Hab. Dry hills and woods. Can to Car. July, Aug. 0. — Stem
6 — 10 inches high, 4-sided, branched above. Flowers small, pale
purple. Pennyroyal.
24. CLINOPODIUM. Linn.
Involucre of many linear acuminate leafets placed under
the whorls of flowers. Upper lip of the corol erect, emargi-
nate ; lower one the largest, emarginate.
Didynamia . Gymnospermia.
C. vulgare Linn. : leaves petiolate, ovate, subserrate, hairy ; whorls
hairy, axillary and terminal ; pedicels branched ; bracts setaceous.
Hab. Rocky woods. Can. and N. S. W. to Miss. July, Aug.
IS. — Stem 12 — 18 inches high. Flowers purple or rose coloured,
in crowded whorls ; smell aromatic. Wild Basil.
25. PRUNELLA. Linn.
Upper lip of the calyx with 3 very short teeth. Filaments
forked at the extremity, one point bearing the anther. Stig-
ma bifid. Didynamia. Gymnospermia.
P. vulgaris Linn. : leaves petiolate, oblong-ovate, toothed at base ;
lips of the calyx unequal ; the upper one truncate, 3-awned ; stem as-
cending.
Hab. Meadows. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June — Aug. L£.
— Stem 8 — 12 inches high, hairy. Floxccrs large, purple, dense-
ly whorled. so as to form an imbricated oblong spike. — P.pcnn-
sylcanica of Willdenow is a mere variety. Introduced.
Self-heal
26. SCUTELLARIA. Linn.
Calyx bilabiate ; upper lip with a lid covering the seeds
like an operculum. Corol bilabiate ; upper lip concave ; low-
er 3-lobed. Didynamia. Gymnospermia,
* Floicers axillary, solitary.
1. S. galcricidata Linn.: somewhat branched; leaves cordate-lan-
ceolate, subsessile, crenate ; flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs ; ca-
lyx hairy. — ^
Hab. Near marshes. Can. and N. S. Aug. H. — Stem 12 — 18
inches high. Flowers large, blue, pubescent.
Common Skull-cap.
2. S. gracilis Xutt. : stem mostly simple ; leaves remote, broad-
ovate, toothed, smooth and sessile, scabrous on the margin ; upper
ones smaller, entire ; flowers axillary.
Hab. Shady rocks. Penn. S. to Louisiana. June. 11. — Stem
12 — 18 inches high, slender, erect. Leaves opposite, remote,
sparingly toothed, veined. Flowers pale blue, axillary and op-
24*
282 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
posite. — I have specimens collected near New-Orleans by Dr.
T. R. Ingalls.
3. S. amhigua Nutt. : low, subdecumbent and divaricately branched;
leaves sessile, ovate, remotely and rarely serrate, subhirsute above ;
flowers small, axillary. — & parvula Mich. ?
Hab. Rocky grounds. Can. N. J. Ohio. W. to Miss. July.
If. — Root long, consisting of a succession of tubers. Stem co-
loured, branched divaricately from near the base, 4 — 6 inches;
high. Leaves small, closely sessile, prominently veined. Flow-
ers small, axillary, blue, hairy. — I have found this plant on the
slate hills near New-Brunswick, N. J. The specimens obtained
from that locality, agree exactly with the Canadian plant re-
ceived from my friend, Dr. A. F. Holmes, of Montreal. It has
also been found by Dr. Houghton on the Upper Mississippi.
** Floicers racemose.
4. S. lateriflora Linn. : much branched, nearly smooth ; leaves on
long petioles, ovate, toothed, those of the stem slightly cordate, mem-
branaceous ; racemes lateral, leafy.
Hab. Wet meadows. Can. to Car. and W. to Miss. July, Aug.
U. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, branching. Floicers small, blue, in
long racemes. — At one time in great repute as a cure for hydro-
phobia. Skull-cap.
5. & integrifolia Linn. : stem nearly simple, densely pubescent ;
leaves subsessile, oblong, obtuse, wedge-form at base, obscurely tooth-
ed ; racemes loose, leafy.
Hab. Swamps. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. June. U.—Stem
18—24 inches high. Floicers large, blue, opposite, often in
panicles. — A variable species.
G. S. hyssopifolia Linn. : minutely and densely pubescent, branched:
leaves lanceolate- linear, very entire.
Hab. Swamps. Penn. MuhJ. June. 11. — Stem a foot high.
Leaves obtuse. Flowers very large. — Perhaps only a variety of
the preceding.
7. S. pilosa Mich. : nearly simple ; pubescent ; leaves remote, rhom-
bic-ovate, obtuse, attenuated at the base into a petiole, rounded-cre-
nate ; racemes terminal, loose, mostly branched ; bracts lanceolate
entire. — S. caroliniana Walt. — S. ovalifolia Muhl. Torr.
Hab. Rocky woods. Penn. to Car. July. 2/.— Stem 18—20
inches high. Lower leaves cordate. Flowers large, whitish, in
paniculate racemes.
8. S. canescens Nutt. : branched ; leaves ovate, acute, petiolate,
acutely toothed, under side with the bracts and flowers hoary-villous ;
lower leaves subcordate ; racemes pedicelled, subpaniculate, axillary
and terminal ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, longer than the calyx.
Hab. Woods. Penn. W. to Miss. July. It-Stem 2—3 feet
high. Leaves large, whitish beneath. Flowers deep blue, in
lateral and terminal racemes.
LABIATE. 283
27. SALVIA. Linn.
Calyx subcampanulate, 2-lipped ; upper lip 3-toothed ;
lower bifid. Carol ringent. Filaments 2, fertile, bifid, one
lobe ascending with a dimidiate anther, the other sterile.
Diandria, Monogynia.
1. Sf. lyrata Linn. : stem nearly leafless, retrosely pubescent ; radi-
cle leaves ly rate-dentate ; upper lip of the corol very short.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. June. L£. — Stem about a foot
high, densely covered with reflected hairs. Leaves mostly radi-
cal, more or less lyrate or pinnatifid, very obtuse. Floiccrs blue,
about 6 in a whorl.
2. S. claytoni Ell. : leaves cordate-ovate, sinuate, toothed, rugose ;
teeth of the upper lip of the calyx connivent. — Sahria rerbenacea MuhL
Hab. Woods. Penn. to Car. June — Oct. If. — Stem erect,
8 — 12 inches high. Floiccrs in whorls, violet.
3. Sf. urticifolia Linn.: viscous and villous; leaves ovate-oblong,
toothed, base narrowed into a petiole ; calyx 3-cleft, the upper seg-
ment 3-toothed.
Hab. Mountains. N. J. to Car. June. H. — Leaves ovate, very
pubescent. Floiccrs blue, viscous, in remote whorls.
Order XCI. VERBENACE.C. Brown, hind.
Calyx tubular, persistent, inferior. Corul hypogynous, mo-
nopetalous, tubular, deciduous, limb usually irregular. Sta-
mens usually 4, didynamous, seldom equal, sometimes only 2.
Ovary 2 — 4-celled ; ovules erect or pendulous, solitary or
twin ; style 1 ; stigma bifid or undivided. Fruit a drupe or
berry. Seeds erect or pendulous ; albumen none or very thin ;
embryo erect.
Trees, shrubs or herbs. Leaves generally opposite, simple
or compound, without stipules.
1. VERBENA. Linn.
Calyx 5-cleft. Corol funnel-form ; limb unequal, 5-cleft.
Stamens 4, dydynamous. Pericarp thin, evanescent. Seeds
4. — Flowers paniculate-spiked. Didynamia. Angiospermia.
* Leaves laciniate.
1. V. hastata Linn. : erect, tall ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate,
sharply serrate ; lower ones lobed or subhastate ; spikes filiform, erect,
panicled, somewhat imbricate ; flowers tetrandrous.
Hab. Low grounds. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. July, Aug.
284 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
H. — Stem 3 — 5 feet high. Leaves rough. Flmcers small, pur-
ple, forming numerous spikes. Vervain.
2. V. sjmria Linn. : stem decumbent, branched, divaricate ; leaves
laciniate, much divided ; spikes filiform, loose ; bracts longer than the
calyx.
Hab. Sandy fields. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug.— Oct.
0. — Stem 1 — 2 feet long. Flowers small, blue, in paniculate
spikes, at length scattered.
** Leaves entire.
3. V. tirticifolia Linn. : erect, somewhat pubescent ; leaves ovate,
acute, serrate, petiolate ; spikes filiform, axillary and terminal ; flow-
ers distinct, tetrandrous.
Hab. Road sides. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. U.—Stcin 2—3
feet high, somewhat hairy. Flowers small, white, tinged with
purple, in filiform spikes forming panicles.
4. V. angustifolia Mich. : erect, mostly simple ; leaves linear-lanceo-
late, attenuate at the base, remotely toothed, with elevated veins ;
spikes filiform, solitary, axillary and terminal. — V. rugosa JVilld.
Hab. Rocky grounds. N. Y. and Penn. W. to Miss. June —
Aug. 11. — Stem a foot high, hairy. Flowers blue.
2. ZAPANIA. Link.
Calyx 5-toothed. Corol 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous.
Stigma peltately capitate, oblique. Seeds 2, at first covered
by an evanescent pericarp. — Flowers in heads.
Didynamia. Sngiospermia.
1. Z. nodiflora Lam.: leaves ovate-wedge-form, serrate above;
spikes solitary, on long filiform peduncles, forming conical heads ; stem
herbaceous, creeping. — Verbena nodiflora Linn. — Lippia nodiflora Mich.
Hab. Low grounds. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. July. 11. —
Stem 6 — 8 inches long, procumbent. Flowers bluish-white, in
heads which are on peduncles 4 — G inches long.
2. Z. lanccolata Pers. : leaves linear-lanceolate, acutely serrate ;
spikes solitary, on long peduncles, forming conical heads ; stem her-
baceous, creeping. — Lippia lanctolata Mich.
Hab. Banks of streams. Penn. to Car. July, Aug. 11. — Does
not differ from the former, except in the shape of the leaves ;
and is, perhaps, not a distinct species.
3. PHRYMA. Linn.
Calyx cylindric ; upper lip longer, trifid ; lower 2-toothed.
Corol with the upper lip enlarginate, the lower much longer.
Seed one. Didynamia, Angiospermia.
P. Icptostachya Linn. : leaves ovate, toothed, petioled ; spikes termi-
nal, slender ; flowers opposite.
ACANTHACEiE. 285
Hab. Shady woods. Can. to Car. July. 2_£.— Stem 2— 3 feet
high. Leaves large. Spikes on long slender peduncles. Flower?
small, opposite, purplish. Calyx reflected downwards when in
fruit. LopseeeL
Order XCII. ACANTHACE7E. Juss. LincL
Calyx 4 or 5-divided, rarely cither multifid or entire and
obsolete, persistent. Corol mostly irregular, with the limb
ringent or bilabiate, or occasionally 1-lipped, sometimes near-
ly equal, deciduous. Stamens mostly 2, sometimes with 2 — 3
shorter ones; anthers I — 2-celled, bursting longitudinally.
Ovary seated in the disk, 2-celled ; ovules 2 or many in each
cell ; style 1 ; stigma 2-lobed or entire ; placenta in the axis.
Capsule 2-celled, bursting elastically with 2 valves. Seeds 2
or many in each cell, or by abortion solitary, ascending, usu-
ally subtended by rigid subulate processes from the dissepi-
ment ; albumen none ; embryo curved or straight ; radicle cy-
lindrical, descending, next the hilum ; cotyledons large, folia-
ceous.
Herb* or sJirubs, Leaves opposite, without stipules.
1. JUSTICIA. Linn.
Calyx 5-parted, often with 2 bracts at the base. Corol ir-
regular, bilabiate ; upper lip emarginate ; the lower 3-cIeft.
Filaments 2, each with a single or double anther. Stigma 1.
Capsule attenuated, 2-celled, 2-valved ; dissepiment growing
from the centre of each valve. Diandria. Monogynia.
J. pedtmeidosa Mick. : spikes axillary; peduncles elongated, alter-
nate ; flowers crowded ; leaves lanceolate. — J. americana Vahl. — J. K-
nearifolia Lam. — Dianthera amcrieana Linn.
\\ lb. In water. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. U. —
Root creeping. Stc7n 2 feet high. Leaves nearly 6 inches long,
narrow-lanceolate. Floiccrs on axillnry peduncles which ar<-
nearly as long as the leaves, pale purple.
2. RUELLIA. Linn.
Calyx 5-parted, often bibracteate. Corol subcampanulate.
border 5-lobed. Stamens approximating by pairs. Capsule
attenuated at either extremity, bursting with elastic teeth.
Seeds few. Didynamia. Angiospermia.
R. strepens Linn. : erect, hairy ; leaves on petioles, opposite, lance-
olate-ovate, entire ; peduncles 1 — 3-flowered ; segments of the calyx
linear-lanceolate, very acute, hispid, shorter than the tube of the corol.
286 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Shady woods. Penn. to Geor. W. to Miss. July. ZL
— Stem 8 — 12 inches high. Flowers axillary, blue.
Order XCIII. LENTIBULARIjE. Rich. Lind.
Calyz divided, persistent. Corol irregular, bilabiate, with
a spur. Stamens 2, included within the corol and inserted
into its base ; anthers 1-cellcd, sometimes contracted in the
middle. Ovary 1-celled ; style 1 ; stigma bilamellate. Cap-
sule 1-celled, many seeded, with a large central placenta.
Seeds minute ; albumen none ; embryo sometimes undivided.
Herbs, growing in water or marshes. Leaves radical, un-
divided ; or compound, resembling roots and bearing little
vescicles.
1. PINGUICULA. Linn.
Calyz 4 — 5-cleft. Corol ringent, spurred at the base be-
neath. Stamens 2, very short. Stigma 2-lipped.
Diandria. Monogynia.
P. vulgaris Linn. : spur cylindrical, acute, as long as the veinless
petal ; upper lip 2-Iobed ; lower one in three unequal obtuse segments.
—P. elatior Mich, t
Hab. Wet rocks. Rochester, N. Y. N. to Arc. Amer. April.
21. — Leaves all radical, spatulate-ovate, fleshy. Scape 4 — 6
inches high. Flowers solitary, nodding ; tube of the corol, vil-
lose, purple. — Specimens of this plant, from the vicinity of Ro-
chester. N. Y., appear to me to differ in no respect from the fo-
reign one. Buttcrwort.
2. UTRICULARIA. Linn.
Calyx 2-parted ; lips undivided, nearly equal. Corol per-
sonate, with the lower lip spurred at the base. Stamens 2,
with the filaments incurved bearing the anthers within the apex.
Stigma 2-lipped. Capsule 1-celled.
Diandria. Monogynia.
Obs. The North American species of this genus have been atten-
tively studied by Capt. Le Conte, whose valuable observations are pub-
lished in the first volume of the Annals of the New- York Lyceum.
1. U. ceratophylla Mich.: floating; scape many-flowered; radicle
leaves whorled, inflated, pinnatifid at the extremities; lower lip of the
corol deeply 3-lobed; spur short, obtuse, deeply emarginate. — U. inflata
Walt.
Hab. Ponds. N. Y. to Mexico. July, Aug. U-—Root very
long, branching, with capillary radicles furnished with numer-
LENTIBULARIE.E. 2S7
ous compressed air vessels. Stem 8 inches high. Floicers large,
yellow, subcorymbed. Bladdcncort.
2. U. vulgaris Linn. : floating ; stems submerged, dichotomous ;
leaves many-parted, margins bristly ; scape 5— 9-flowered ; upper lip
of the corol entire, broad-ovate; spur conical, incurved. — U. macro-
rhiza Le Conte.
Hab. Pools and ponds of deep water. Can. to Car. Aug. 21.
— Root much branched. Scape 8 — 10 inches high. Floicers
large, racemed, yellow ; spur entire at the apex and rather ob-
tuse.
3. U.fornicata Le Conte: floating ; scape 1 — 2- flowered ; upper lip
3-lobed, the middle lobe arched over the palate ; spur incurved, conoi-
dal, obtuse, very entire, appressed to the lower lip of the corol — U. mi-
nor Fur sh. Torr. — V. gibba Ell.
Hab. Swamps and ditches. N. Y. to Geor. Aug. 21. — Root
furnished with air vessels. Scape naked. Floicers few, small,
yellow. — According to Capt. Le Conte, it bears no resemblance
to U. minor of Europe, except in the smallness of its flowers.
4. U. sctacca Mich. : scape filiform, rocting, with 2 or more flowers:
upper lip of the corol ovate ; the lower deeply 3-lobed ; spur subulate,
as long as the lower lip of the corol. — U. subulata Fursh. — U. pumila
Walt.
Hab. Swamps. N. Y. to Flor. June. 21. — Scape very slender,
4 — 6 inches high, furnished with scales. Floicers many, small,
yellow. Upper lip of the corol half the size of the lower.
5. U. gibba Gron. : floating ; scape mostly 2-fiowered ; spur short-
er than the lower lip of the corol, obtuse, gibbous in the middle.
Hab. Ponds. N. S. July. 21. —Scape 2— 3 inches high, (4—7-
flowered. Le Conte.) Floicers small, yellow. Spur swelling
out in the middle.
0. U. cornuta Mich. : scape rooting, erect, rigid ; flowers 2 — 3, sub-
sessile ; lower lip of the corol very wide, 3-lobed ; spur very acute,
porrected.
Hab. Wet rocks. Can. and N. S. On Lake Superior. Dr.
Houghton. Aug. 21. — Scape 10 inches high, with minute
bracts. Floicers yellow, approximate, nearly sessile, as large as
those of U. vulgaris.
7. U. striata Lc Conte : floating ; scape 2 — 6 flowered ; upper lip of
the corol ovate-round, subemarginate, margin waved; lower lip 3-lobed,
reflected at the sides; spur straight, obtuse, shorter than the lower lip.
— U. fibrosa Ell. not of Walt.
Hab. Swamps. N. Y. to Flor. June. 21. — Root furnished
with air vessels. Scape a foot high. Corol large, yellow, stri-
ated with red ; spur much shorter than the lower lip.
8. U.pcrsonata Lc Conte: scape rooting, many-flowered; upper lip
of the corol emarginate, reclinate ; lower small, entire ; palate very
large ; spur linear subulate, somewhat acute.
288 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Bogs. N. Eng. to Flor. Le Conte. 0.— Scape 12—18
inches high, 4 — 10-flo\vered, furnished with scales. Floioers
yellow, rather large. Spur more slender and acute than in U.
co muta.— Resembles an Antirrhinum.
9. 17. purpurea Walt. : scapes axillary, generally 1 -flowered ; involu-
cre none ; lower lip of the corol 3-lobed ; lateral lobes cucullate on
the underside ; spur compressed, half as long as the corol. — U. sac-
cata Ell. »
Hab. Ponds on mountains. Mass. to* Flor. N. W. Territory.
Houghton. Scapes solitary and in pairs, 2 — 3 inches long.
Floicers purple.
Order XCIV. PRIMULACEjE. Juss. hind.
Calyx 5- rarely 4-cleft, inferior, regular, persistent. Corol
monopetalous, hypogynous, regular ; the limb 5- rarely 4-
cleft. Stamens inserted upon the corol, equal in number, and
opposite to its segments. Ovary 1-celled ; style 1 ; stigmas
capitate. Capsule opening with valves ; placental central,
distinct. Seeds numerous, peltate ; embryo straight, cylindri-
cal, included within fleshy albumen, and lying across the
hilum.
Herbs, with the leaves usually opposite and either whorled
or scattered.
1. PRIMULA. Linn.
Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corol salver-form ; tube cylin-
drical ; orifice naked. Stamens 5, not exserted. Stigma
globose. Capsule opening with 10 teeth. — Flowers in an in-
volucrate umbel. Pentandria. Monogynia.
P.farinosa var. americana Torr. : leaves obovate-spatulate, repand-
ly crenate-dentate, pulverulent beneath; umbel many- flowered ; pe-
duncles spreading ; border of the corol flat, as long as the tube, with
obtuse obcordate segments. — P. pusilla Goldie.
Hab. Shores of Lake Huron and Superior. 1[. — Scape 6 — 10
inches high. Leaves all radical. Floicers pale purple.
Bird's-eye Primrose.
2. DODECANTHEON. Linn.
Calyx 5-cleft. Corol rotate, reflexed, 5-cleft. Stamens 5,
seated in the tube. Stigma obtuse. Capsule 1-celled, ob-
long, opening at the apex. Pentandria. Monogynia,
1. D. meadia Linn. : scape erect, simple, smooth ; leaves oblong-
oval, repandly toothed ; umbel many-flowered ; flowers nodding ;
bracts numerous, oval.
PRIMULACE.E. 2S9
Hab. Rocky places. Penn. to Virg. W. to Miss. May. June.
U- — Scape 8 — 12 inches high. Flowers large, purple.
2. D. integrifolium Mich. : leaves oblong-oval, subspatulate : umbel
few-flowered, straight ; bracts linear.
Hab. Mountains. Penn. ? N. to Subarc. Amer. June. U. —
Flowers pale blue, smaller than in the preceding. Pursh.
3. TRIENTALIS. Link.
Calyx 7-partcd. Vorol rotate, in 7 segments, regular and
flat. Stamens 5 — S. Berry dry, opening at th^ suture.
Seeds many. Hcptandria. Monogynia.
T. americana Pursh : loaves narrow-lanceolate, serrulate, acuminate ;
petals acuminate. — T. europeca. Mich. — T. curopcea var. august if olia Nutt.
Torr.
Hab. Low woods. N. S. N. to Subarc. Amer. May. June.
11. — Stem G inches high. Leaves 6 or 7 in a terminal whorl.
Floicers white, on terminal filiform peduncles.
4. HOTTONIA. Linn.
Calyx 5-parted. Corol salver-form, 5-lobcd. Stamens
seated on the tube of the corol. Stigma globular. Capsule
1-celled, globose, acuminate. Pentandria. Monogynia.
H. inflate Linn. : stem thick, generally submersed ; scape jointed,
with the internodes and lower part inflated ; flowers verticillate. most-
ly in fours, pedunculate. — H. palustris Pursh.
. Hab. Stagnant waters. N. Y. to Geor. ; rare. July. 21. —
Stem thick, spongy, generally submersed. Leaves long and
pectinate. Floicers whorled, on peduncles, white. — Abundant
near North Salem, Westchester co., N. Y. Dr. S. B. Mead'.
Water Feather,
5. GLAUX. Linn.
Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, coloured. Corol none. Sta-
mens 5. Capsule globose, 5-valved, 5-seeded, surrounded bv
the calyx. Receptacle. rounded, marked with favulose punc-
tures. Pentandria. Monogynia.
G maritima Linn.
Hab. Marshes on the sea coast. Can. and N. S. ; rare. July.
H. — Stem suberect or procumbent, 4 — 5 inches high, very leafy.
Leaves opposite, ovate or roundish, smooth, entire, fleshy.
Flowers minute, sessile, solitary, axillary, reddish-white. — For
specimens of this plant from the vicinity of Boston, I am in-
debted to my friend Dr. Charles Pickering of Philadelphia.
Black SaU-worl.
25
290 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
6. LYSIMACHIA. Linn.
Calyx 5-yaried. Carol 5-clcft, rotate. Stamens 5. Stig-
ma 1. Capsule globose, 10-valved.
Pentandria. Monogynia.
1. L. stricta Ait. : stem erect, smooth; leaves opposite, lanceolate,
sessile, punctate ; raceme terminal, very long, lax ; pedicels long,
slender. — L. raccmosa Mich. Pursh.
Hab. Low grounds. ' Can. to Vir. July, Aug. ZL — Stem 12 — 18
inches high. Leaves few, with bulbs inthe axils. Floicers yel-
low, on capillary pedicels, arranged in a terminal raceme 6—8
• inches long. Upright Loosestrife.
2. L. quadrifolia Linn. : stem simple, a little hairy ; leaves in whorls
of four or fives, ovate-lanceolate, nearly sessile, acuminate ; peduncles
in fours, axillary, 1-flowered ; segments of the corol oval, entire. — L.
hirsuta Mich. — L. punctata Walt.
Hab. Low grounds. Can. to Car. June, July. 21. — Stem
12 — 18 inches high. Leaves varying from 3 — 8 in a whorl,
though generally four. Flowers yellow.
. 3. L. longifolia Pursh : very -smooth and branched ; leaves opposite,
sessile, linear, very long; upper ones in fours ; peduncles in fours, 1-
flowered ; segments of the corol ovate, acuminate, serrulate. — L. quad-
rifolia Sims.
Hab. Wet woods. Penn. to Vir. Pursh. June. 21. — Stem
2 — 3 feet high. Leaves narrow, not dotted ; floral ones whorled.
Floicers mostly at the extremity of the branches, at length nod-
ding.— It seems to be distinct from the preceding, although not
so considered by Muhlenberg.
4. L. ciliata Linn. : stem nearly smooth ; leaves opposite, on long
petioles, subcordate-ovate, acuminate ; petioles ciliate ; peduncles
mostly in pairs, 1-flowered ; flowers drooping ; segments of the corol
rounded, acuminate, crenate.
Hab. Banks of streams. Can. to Car. July. 21. — Stem Q— 3
feet high. Flowers large, yellow, the corol deeply 5-cleft.
5. L. hybrida Mich. : stem smooth ; leaves petioled, opposite, lance-
olate, acute at each end ; petioles ciliate ; flowers nodding ; peduncles
axillary ; corol -shorter than the calyx ; divisions crenulate. — L. hetero-
phjlla Nvtt.
Hab. Moist grounds. N. Y. to Car. July. 21. — Resembles
the preceding species in every respect except in the form of the
leaves which are narrow and lanceolate, and never cordate at
base.
6. L. capitata Pursh : stem smooth, simple, punctate ; leaves oppo-
site, sessile, broad-lanceolate, punctate ; peduncles axillary, elongated;
flowers in dense roundish heads, 6 — 7-parted. — L. thyrsifolia Mich. ?
Hab. Swamps. N. S. N. to Arc. Amer. June. 21. — Stem a
foot high. Floicers yellow, in roundish or ovate heads which
are on axillary peduncles.
PLUMBAGINEiE. 291
7. L. revoluta Xait. : stem square, smooth, branched ; leaves oppo-
site, sessile, long linear, margin revolute ; peduncles 1-flowered, sub-
terminal, nodding. *
Hab. Rocks. N. Y. to Del. Aug. U-Stem 12—18 inches
high. Flowers yellow, mostly on the summit of the stem, on
slender peduncles. — This species is abundant on the shores of
the great lakes, and Dr. Houghton informs me that he has found
it on the banks of the St. Croix river, in the North Western
Territory.
7. ANAGALLIS. Linn.
Calyx 5-parted. Carol rot;itc, 5-lobed. Stamens 5 ; fila-
ments hairy. Capsule globular, opening hemispherically,
many-seeded. Pcntandria. Monogynia.
A. arrensis Linn.: stem procumbent, branched ; leaves opposite,
ovate, sessile, dotted' beneath, very entire ; margin of the corol broad-
ly and very obtusely crenate, pilose-glandular.
U .vn. Fields, &o. N. Y. to Car. July. ©.—Stem 4— 6 inches
high. Floiccrs scarlet, in solitary axillary peduncles.
Scarlet Pimpernel.
8. SAMOLUS. Linn.
Calyx 5-cleft, semisuperior, persistent. Corol salver-form,
-j-lobed. Stamens 5, antheriferous, opposite the segments of
the corol, and 5 (scales) alternate with them, sterile. Cap-
sule half inferior, 1-celled, 5-toothed, many-seeded ; recepta-
cle unconnected. Pentandria. Monogynia.
S. valerandi Linn. : stem erect ; leaves obtuse ; racemes many-flow-
ered ; pedicels with small bracts.
Hab. Wet grounds. Can. toCai\ July— Sept. If.— Stem 8— 12
inches high, smooth. Leaves ovate, subpetiolate, entire and
somewhat fleshy. Floiccrs small, white. Water Pimpernel.
Order XCV. PLUMBAGINEjE. Juss. Lind.
Calyx tubular, plaited, persistent. Corol monopetalous or
of 5 petals, regular. Stamens 5, hypogynous when the petals
are combined, inserted into the base of the petals when dis-
tinct. Ovary free, 1-celled ; ovule pendulous, from the end
of an umbilical cord, arising from the bottom of the cell ; styles
5, seldom 3 — 4, each bearing a subulate stigma. Fruit a utri-
cle. Seed pendulous ; embryo straight ; radicle superior.
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate or clustered, un-
divided, somewhat sheathing at base.
292 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
1. STATICE. Linn.
Calyx funnel-form, plaited, scarious. Petals 5. Stamens
5, inserted on the petals. Styles 5. Pericarp indehiscent.
— Flowers in spikes or heads.
Pen tandria . Pentagynia ,
1. 8. limonium Linn. : scape paniculate, terete ; leaves all radical,
oblong, undulate, smooth and nerveless, mucronate below the tip. — S.
caroUniana Walt.
Hab. Salt marshes. N. Y. to Car. Aug.— Oct. U.—Root
large, lignous. Scape longer than the leaves, with several lan-
ceolate bracts. Flowers sessile, secund, in a very large and
much branched panicle, blue. — A valuable astringent. Big. Med.
Bot. ii. 51. Marsh Rosemary.
2. »%'. armeria Linn. : leaves all radical, linear, flat, smooth ; scape
simple, terete, bearing a roundhead of flowers.
Hab. Rocks near the sea shore. Penn. to Vir. Parsh. N. to
Arc. Amer. July, Aug. If. — Root large, ligneous. Scape a foot
high. Heads of flowers rose coloured, intermixed with scales and
having also a 3-leaved general involucre. Thrift,
Order XCVI. PLANTAGINE.E. Jws. hind.
Flowers usually monoclinous, seldom diclinous* Calyx 4-
parted, persistent. Corol monopetalous, persistent, with a 4-
parted limb. Stamens 4, inserted into the corol, alternate
with its segments ; filaments long, filiform, doubled inwards
in aestivation ; anthers versatile, 2-celled. Ovary sessile,
without a' disk, 2- very seldom 4-celled ; ovules solitary, in
pairs or indefinite; style simple, capillary; stigma hispid,
simple or rarely bifid. Capsule membranous, opening trans-
versely. Seeds sessile, peltate or erect ; embryo in the axis
of fleshy albumen ; radicle inferior.
Herbs usually stemless. Leaves flat and ribbed, or taper
and fleshy.
1. PLANT AGO. Lain.
Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-cleft. Coral 4-cleft ; border re-
flected. Stame?is 4, mostly exserted, very long. Capsule
2 — 4-celled, opening transversely.
Tetrandria. Monogynia.
* Leaves broad.
1. P. cordata Lam. : leaves on long petioles, ovate, cordate, very
broad, subdentate, smooth ; spike very long ; flowers subimbricated ;
PLANTAGINEiE. 293
the lower ones scattered ; bracts ovate, obtuse ; cells of the capsule
2-seeded, — P. kentuckiensis Mich.
Hab. Banks of streams. Can. N. Y. and Penn. W. to Tenn.
June — July* 2_f. — Scape 12 — 18 inches high. Leaves 6 inches
long, smooth, generally cordate at base. Floiccrs in a slender
elongated spike. — Sprengel considers the P. asiatica of Europe,
and P. glabra of Nuttall, synonymous with it.
2. P. major Linn.: leaves ovate, smoothish, subdentate, on longish
petioles ; scape terete ; spike cylindrical, very long ; flowers closely
imbricated ; cells of the capsule many seeded.
Hab. Fields, &c. Throughout Can. and the U. S. June — Aug.
11. — Leaves spreading on the ground, coarsely toothed. Scape
8—12 inches high, pubescent. Spike 2 — 6 inches long, close.
Introduced. Common Plantain.
3. P. media Linn. : leaves ovate, pubescent, on very short petioles ;
spike short, cylindrical; scape rounded ; cells of the capsule 1-seeded.
Hab. Fields. N. Y. and Penn. July. If. — Leaves 2 inches
long. Scape longer than the leaves. Floicers in a closely im-
bricated spike, which is seldom more than 2 inches long.
4. P. virginica Linn. ; hairy-pubescent ; leaves lanceolate-ovate,
sparingly toothed, 3-nerved, tapering at base ; spike cylindrical, with
remote flowers ; scape angular.
Hab. Sandy soils. Throughout the U. S. June. $. — Scape
hairy, almost hispid, longer than the leaves. Spikes 1 — 4 inch-
es long, with the flowers at first crowded, but at length distant.
Corol yellowish.
5. P. lanceolata Linn. : leaves lanceolate, tapering at each end, 3—5-
nerved, remotely toothed ; spike short, ovate-cylindrical, compact ;
scape angled ; capsule 2-seeded.
Hab. Pastures. Can. to Car. May — Sept. If. — Scape 6 — 12
inches high, a little hairy. Floicers in a very dense spike. Bracts
ovate, brownish, as long as the calyx. Introduced.
6. P. cucullata Lam. : leaves ovate-cucullate, subdenticulate, 9-nerv-
ed, pubescent beneath ; spike cylindrical, imbricated; scape terete. —
P. maxima Jacq. Torr.
Hab. Moist rocky situations. Can. and Maine. Pursh, July,
Aug. U.
** Leaves linear.
7. P. maritima Linn. : leaves linear, grooved, fleshy, hairy near the
base, mostly entire, often remotely toothed; scape round, terete; spike
cylindrical, dense. — P. pauciflora Pursh.
Hab. Salt marshes. N. S. Aug., Sept. If. — Scape 6 — 10 inches
high. Leaves fleshy. Spike cylindrical, short.
8. P. pusilla Nutt. : minutely pubescent ; leaves linear-subulate, flat,
entire, acute ; scape terete, slender, longer than the leaves; spike cy-
lindrical, loose ; lower flowers distant ; bracts ovate, acute, as long a«
the calyx.— P. hibrida Bart.?— P. linearifolia Muhl. ?
25*
294 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Sandy hills. Penn. to Flor. W. to Miss. June. ®. —
Scape 2 — 3 inches high. Flowers in an interrupted spike.
Subclass IV. MONOCHLAMYDEiE.
Flowers with a simple perianth or perigonium. (Apeta-
lous.).
Order XCVII. AMARANTHACEjE. Juss. hind.
Perianth 3 — 5-parted, hypogynous, scarious, persistent.
Stamens hypogynous, either 5, or some multiple of that num-
ber, distinct or monadelphous ; anthers 1 — 2-celled. Ovary
single, superior, 1 or few-seeded ; style 1 or none ; stigma
simple or compound. Fruit a membranaceous utricle. Seeds
lentiforni, pendulous ; testa crustaceous ; albumen central,
farinaceous ; embryo curved round the circumference ; radi-.
cle next the hilum ; plwnula inconspicuous. f
Herbs or shrubs. Leaves simple opposite or alternate.
Flowers in heads or spikes, occasionally diclinous, generally
monoclinous.
1. AMARANTHUS. Linn.
Monoecious. Perianth 2 — 5-leaved. Sterile Fl. Sta-
mens 3 — 5. Fertile Fl. Styles 3. Capsule 1-celled,
opening transversely all round. Seed J.
Monoecia. Pentandria.
1. A. lividus linn. :• stem erect; leaves elliptic, retuse; flowers
clustered, triandrous, in rounded spikes.
Hab. Cultivated grounds. N. S. Torr. June — Aug. 0. —
Stem 2 — 3 feet high, smooth.
2. A. hybridus Linn. : leaves ovate-lanceolate ; flowers pentandrous ;
perianth subulate ; racemes decompound, erect, crowded.
Hab. Near gardens, &c. N. Y. to Car. June— Sept. .#. —
Stem 2—3 feet high. Introduced. ?
3. A. blitum Linn. : stem diffuse ; leaves ovate, retuse ; flowers tri-
androus, three-leaved; racemes somewhat spiked.
Hab. In and about gardens. N. S. June— Sept. 0. — Intro-
duced.
4. A. spinosus Linn. : axils] spiny ; racemes terminal, compound ;
flowers pentandrous.
Hab. Road sides. June — Sept. #.— Stem diffuse, generally
coloured, Introduced.
CHENOPODEiE. 295
6. A. retroflcxus Linn. : branches pubescent ; leaves ovate, undulate;
racemes erect, much compounded ; flowers pentandrous.
Hab. Among rubbish, &c. Penn. to Virg. Aug. 0. Pursh.
6. A. pumilus Nutt. : stem diffuse, smooth ; leaves ovate, obtuse,
smooth and fleshy, often retuse ; flowers pentandrous, in axillary clus-
ters.
Hab. Sandy beach. N. Y. Aug. fj£. — Stem a foot high, some-
what decumbent. Floiccrs green.
Order XCVI1I. CHENOPODEiE. De Cahd. Lind.
Perianth deeply divided, sometimes tubular at the base,
persistent. Stamens inserted into the base of the calyx, op-
posite its segments and equal to them in number or fewer.
Ovary single, superior, or occasionally adhering to the tube
of the calyx. Style 2 — i-divided, rarely simple; stigmas
simple. • Fruit membranous, not valvular, sometimes berried.
Seed erect ; embryo curved round farinaceous albumen, or
spiral, or doubled together without albumen ; radicle next the
hilum ; plunuda inconspicuous.
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, without stipules,
occasionally opposite. Flowers small, sometimes polyga-
mous.
1. CHEXOPODIUM. Linn.
Flowers perfect. Perianth S-cleft, closing upon but not
wholly enveloping the fruit. Stamens 5. Styles 2.
Pentandria. Digynia.
* Leaves ovate or rhomboid, often toothed or lobed.
1. C. bonus hernials Linn. : leaves triangular, sagittate, very entire;
spikes compound, peduncled, crowded, terminal and axillary, erect,
leafless.
Hab. N. Y. Muhl. June. 21.— Stem a foot' high, s'triate.
Leaves large, dark green. Flowers green. Good King Henry.
2. C. rhombifolium Muhl. : leaves triangular-rhombic, acute, repand-
ly toothed ; upper ones lanceolate, toothed, cuneate at base ; racemes
axillary, erect, leafless.
Hab. Penn. Muhl. June. 0. — Flowers in short simple racemes,
3. C. rubrum Linn. : leaves rhomboid-triangular, deeply toothed and
sinuate ; racemes erect,' compound, leafy.
Hab. Waste places. N. S. Aug. ^.—Stem 2 feet high, red-
dish. Racemes very compound, intermixed with small leaves.
Introduced.
296 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
4. C. hybridum Linn. : leaves cordate, angularly toothed, acuminate;
racemes much branched in a somewhat cytnose manner, divaricate,
leafless.
Hab. Waste places. N. S. July, Aug. $£.—Stem 2—3 feet
high, slender, with large and bright green leaves. Flowers in
compound clusters, remote from the leaves. Introduced.
5. C. alburn Linn, ,• leaves ovate, inclining to rhomboid, jagged, en-
tire at the base ; upper ones perfectly entire ; racemes branched, some-
what leafy ; seed very smooth.
b. viride Ihtrsh : leaves greener and more entire; racemes more
branched, a little leafy. — C. viride Linn.
Hab. Waste grounds. N. S. July, Aug. fp. — Stem 2 feet high.
Leaves covered with a mealy substance. Racemes somewhat
branched, conglomerate. Lamb' s- quarters.
6. C. ambrosioides Linn. : leaves lanceolate, remotely toothed ; ra-
cemes simple, axillary, leafy.
Hab. Road" sides. N. S. Aug., Sept. 0. — Stem 18 inches
high, much branched, somewhat pubescent. Leaves on short
petioles. Flowers green, in erect spikes. Sweet Pigiceed.
7. C. botrys Linn. : leaves oblong, pinnatifid-sinuate ; racemes naked,
many-cleft, very large ; flowers distinct, on short pedicels.
Hab. Waste places. N. S. July— Sept. 0. — Stem short, branch-
ing, somewhat viscid. Floioers in numerous short axillary ra-
cemes covering the ends of the branches, — Whole plant has a
strong smell. Jerusalem Oak.
8. C. anthelminticum Linn. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, nearly sessile,
coarsely toothed ; spikes long, interrupted, leafless, axillary and termi-
nal ; style 3-cleft. »
Hab. Fields. N. S. Aug. U.—Stem 1 1-2—2 feet high, much
branched. Racemes long and slender, axillary and terminal. '
Worm-seed.
9. C. glaucum Linn. : leaves -oblong, repand, smooth, glaucous be-
neath ; spikes simple, naked, glomerate, terminal and axillary.
Hab. In N. Y. Muhl. 0.--Stem diffuse, thick. Racemes short,
, leafless.
** Leaves linear, fleshy.
10. C. maritimum Linn, : leaves linear, subulate, fleshy, semi-cylin-
drical ; flowers in sessile axillary clusters ; stamens shorter than the
petals. — Salsola salsa Mich. Pursh. — <S. linearis Ell.
Hab. Salt meadows. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. 0. — Stem
1 1-2 — 2 feet high, branched, very leafy. Flowers in small axil-
lary glomerules.
2. ATRIPLEX. Linn.
Flowers polygamous. Perianth single, 5-parted. Sta*
CHENOPODE^E. 297
mens 5. Style 2-pa-rted. Fruit depressed, covered by the
calyx. Female Fl. Perianth 2-parted. Stamens none.
Pentandria. Digynia..
1. A. halimus Linn. : stem frutescent ; leaves alternate or opposite,
oblong-subrhomboid, entire, decurrent into the petiole.
Hab. New- Jersey. Muhl. ^>.
2. A. laciniata Pursh : stem herbaceous, diffuse, pubescent toward*
the summit ; leaves triangular, deeply toothed, white pubescent be-
neath ; lower ones opposite : perfect flowers tetandrous ; perianth of
the fruit rhomboid, acute, entire. — A. laciniata var. amcricana Ton.
Hab. Salt marshes. N. Y. to Car. June— Aug. ®.—Stem
mostly procumbent. Leaves covered with small grayish scales.
Flowers in axillary clusters. Sea Orache.
3. A. patula Linn. ; stem herbaceous, spreading ; leaves triangular-
hastate, acuminate, smooth above, irregularly toothed ; the upper ones
entire ; perianth of the fruit submuricate on the sides.
Hab. N. Y. to Car. Aug. 0 — Stein prostrate, 1— .2 feet
long. Leaves on petioles nearly an inch long. Flowers clus-
tered on axillary and terminal spikes.
4. A. armaria Nutt. : stem herbaceous, spreading ; leaves oblong-
ovate, subsessile, silvery-mealy beneath, very entire ; upper ones acute
or acuminate ; perianth of the fruit muricate, dentate, retuse.
Hab. Sea coast. N. J. to Car. Aug., Sept. 0. — Stem a foot
high, angular, much branched. Lower leaves often cuneate.
Flowers monoecious ; the sterile ones in short glomerate spikes
at the end of the branches ; the fertile ones in axillary dusters.
5. A. hortensis Linn. : stem erect, herbaceous ; leaves triangular,
dentate, green on both sides ; perianth of the fruit ovate, reticulate,
entire ; flowers in terminal interrupted racemes or spikes.
Hab. Cultivated grounds. N. S. ; rare. Torr. July. 0. —
Stem 3—4 feet high. Leaves 2—3 inches long. Flowers green.
Introduced.
3. ACNIDA. Linn.
Dioecious. Sterile Fl. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens
5. Fertile Fl. Perianth 3-parted. Styles none. Stig-
mas 3 — 5, sessile. Capsule 1-seeded. Dioecia. Pentandria.
1. A. cannabina Linn. : leaves ovate-lanceolate ; capsules smooth,
acutely angled.
Hab. Marshes. Can. to Flor. July, Aug. ^.—Stem 3—6
feet high, slightly angled. Leaves alternate, ribbed, 2 — 5 inches
long, petioled. Flowers small, green, in large axillary and ter-
minal panicles. ■ Water Hemp.
2. A. ruscocarpa Mich. ; leaves oval-lanceolate ; capsules obtusely
angled, rugose.
298 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Marshes. Can. to Flor. Nutt. . Jury. 0.— Plant 6—8
feet high. Stem angled.
4. SALICORNIA. Linn.
Perianth single, turbinate, fleshy, closed. Stamens 1 — 2.
Style 1, bifid. Utricle included in the enlarged perianth.
MonandricL Monogynia.
1. S. hcrbacea Linn. : annual ; stem erect or branched ; joints com-
pressed, notched at the summits ; spikes peduncled, cylindrical, slightly
tapering at the extremity ; perianth truncated — and S. rirginica Linn.
Pursh.
Hab. Sea coast and salt marshes. N. Y. to Car. Sept. 0.—
Plant destitute of leaves. Stem 6—10 inches high, branched.
Flowers very minute, in threes at each joint.
Herbaceous- Samphire.
2. S. ambigua Mich. : perennial, procumbent, branching ; joints
crescent-shaped, small ; spikes opposite and alternate ; calyx trun-
cate.
Hab. Salt meadows. N. J. to Car. July, Aug. $ or It. — Stem
procumbent and ascending. Anthers purplish-yellow. — Resem-
bles S>. fruticosa of Linnseus. Shrubby Samphire.
5. SALSOLA. Linn.
Flowers perfect. . Perianth 5-cleft, persistent, enveloping
the fruit with its base, and crowning it with its enlarged limb.
Stamens 5. Styles 2. Embryo spiral.
Pentandria. Bigynia.
1. S. soda Linn. : herbaceous, smooth; branches ascending ; leaves
semi-terete, rather acute ; fructiferous perianth transversely connate
in the middle, somewhat membranaceous.
Hab. In New- York. Muhl. Saltwvrt.
2. 8. tragus Linn. : herbaceous, spreading, smooth ; leaves subulate,
spinose. fleshy ; flowers solitary, axillary, bracteate ; perianth sub-
ovate ; margin flattened, discoloured.
' Hab. N. J. and Md. Muhl July. #.— Dr. Torrey thinks
Muhlenberg's plant is $.. kali.
3. »S'. kali Linn. : herbaceous, decumbent ; leaves subulate, spinose,
rough ; flowers axillary, solitary ; fruit-bearing perianth with a scari-
ous margin.
b. caroliniana Nutt. : leaves dilated ; perianth with a broader mar-
gin ; stem smooth. — S. caroliniana Walt. Mich.
Hab. Sea coast. N. Y. to Car. Aug , Sept. #. — Stem much
branched, diffuse. Flowers succulent, sessile, with 2 or 3 bracts
at the base of each.
PHYTOLACCEiE. 299
6. BLITUM. Linn.
Pericuith 3-cleft. Stamens 1. Styles 2. Seed 1, covered
by the calyx, which becomes a berry. Monandria. Digynia.
1. B. capitation Linn.: procumbent; leaves triangular-hastate;
heads of flowers alternate, in a leafless terminal- spike.
. Hab. ♦ Fields and margins of swamps. N. Y. to Virg. N. to
Subarc. Amer. June, July. %. — Stem a foot high, branched.
Heads round, sessile, consisting of numerous minute flowers,
becoming red, resembling a strawberry. — Abundant near Rome,
• N. Y. Strawberry Blite.
2. B. rirgatum Linn. : leaves triangular-hastate ; heads scattered,
lateral.
Hab. Fields, &c. N. S. June. 0. — leaves with large sinu-
ate teeth. Heads of flowers axillary, always lateral, becoming
red. Introduced.
3. B. mariiimum Nutt. : perianth membranaceous ; clusters axillary,
spiked, naked ; leaves lanceolate, attenuated at each extremity, in-
cisely toothed.
Hab. Salt marshes near N. Y. Aug. ^.— Stem erect, 1—2
feet high, much branched. Leaves with a few large teeth, suc-
culent. Calyx not becoming red. — Resembles an Afriplex.
Order XCIX. PHYTOLACCE^. Lind.
Perianth 4 — 5-petaloid leaves. Stamens either indefinite,
or, if equal to the number of the divisions of the calyx, al-
ternate with them. Ovary of 1 or several cells, each con-
taining 1 ascending ovule. Styles and stigmas equal in
number to the cells. Fruit berried or dry, indehiscent. Seeds
ascending, solitary ; embryo cylindrical, curved round mealy
albumen ; radicle next thchilum.
Undershrubs or herbs, heaves alternate, without stipules,
often with pellucid dots.
1. PHYTOLACCA. Linn.
Perianth 5-parted, petaloid. Stamens 7 — 20. Styles
5 — 10. Berry superior, 10-celled ; cells 1-seeded.
Decandyia. Decagynia.
P/dccandra Linn. : leaves ovate, acute at each end, alternate, petio-
late ; flowers in simple racemes, with 10 stamens and 10 styles ; glo-
bose-depressed, purple when mature.
Hab. Borders of fields. Can. to Car. June— Oct. Lf. — Root
very large. Stem 4—8 feet high; succulent, purplish. Ftoicers
whitish, in long pedunculated racemes. Peduncles red. Berries
300 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
globose-depressed, purple when mature. — The root is a violent
emetic. Big. Med. Bot. i. 39. Poke Weed.
2. RIVINA. Linn.
Perianth 4-parted, persistept. Stamens 4, 8 and 12.
Style 1. Berry 1-seeded. Seed lentiform, scabrous.
Tetrandria. Monogynia.
R. Icevis Linn. : leaves alternate, on long petioles, ovate, acuminate,
smooth ; flowers in simple axillary racemes.
Hab. Penn. Muhl. Sept. >>. — A shrub with the habit of Phy-
' tolacca decandra. Leaves alternate, entire. Floicers in axillary
racemes.
Order C. POLYGONE.E. hind.
Perianth divided, inferior ; aestivation imbricate. Stamens
definite, inserted in the bottom of the perianth ; anthers burst-
ing longitudinally. Ovary superior, with a single erect ovule.
Styles or stigmas several. Fruit a nut, usually triangular,
naked or covered by the enlarged perianth. Seed with
farinaceous albumen, rarely with scarcely any ; embryo invert-
ed, generally on one side ; radicle superior.
Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, sheathing at the
base or adhering there to intrafoliaceous stipules, revolute
when young. Flowers occasionally diclinous.
1. POLYGONUM. Linn.
Perianth 4 — 6-parted, petaloid, persistent. Sta?nens 5 — 9,
often 8. Styles 2—3. Nut one-seeded, mostly triangular.
Octandria. Trigynia.
* Flowers axillary. Stamens 8. Stigmas 3. Polygonum.
1. P. aviculare Linn. : stem procumbent, herbaceous ; leaves ellip-
Aic-lanceolate, rough on the margin ; nerves of the stipules distant.
Hab. Waste places. N. Y. to Car. N. to Subarc. Amer. May
— Sept. ©. — Stem much branched, nearly erect. Leaves vary-
ing much in size and shape. — When growing near the sea the
leaves are glauco'us and rather fleshy, and then forms P. glaucum
of Nuttall. This fact is noticed by Dr. Smith, in his Fl. Brit.,
and by Dr. Greville in his Flora Edinensis. Knot Grass.
2. P. erectum Muhl. : stem mostly erect ; leaves broad, oval, petio-
late, smooth; flowers pentandrous. — P. aviculare var. latifolium Mich.
Ton.
Hab. Near cultivated grounds. N. S. N. to Subarc. Amer.
Aug. 24.— Stem 1—3 feet high. Flowers greenish.— Dr. Dar-
POLYGONE.E. 301
iington concurs in the opinion expressed by Muhlenberg, that
this is a distinct species. — Fl. Ces.
3. P. tenue Mich. : stem slender, erect, branched, acutely angled ;
leaves linear, acuminate, straight ; stipules tubular, lacerate, with the
segments finely attenuate at the extremity ; flowers alternate, subsoli-
tary, on very short pedicels. — P. linifolium Muhl.
IIab. On rocks. N. S. July. 0. — Stem 6—10 inches high.
Flowers small, white, solitary and in pairs. Nut acutely triangu-
lar, shining, black.
* Flowers in terminal solitary spikes. Stamens 9. Stigmas 3. Bistorta.
4. P. viriparum Linn. : stem simple ; spike linear, solitary ; leaves
linear-lanceolate, revolute on the margin ; the lower ones elliptical,
petiolate.
Hab. Can. and White Hills, N. H. N. to Arc. Araer. Aug.
1£. — Stem 6 inches high. Spike often bearing red bulbs instead
of flowers.
*** Flowers in axillary or terminal spikes. Stamens 5 — 8. Stigmas
mostly 2. Persicar^a.
5. P. punetatum Ell. : stem branched, sometimes decumbent at base ;
leaves lanceolate, with pellucid punctures, scabrous on the margin
and midrib ; stipules slightly hairy, ciliate ; spikes few-flowered, fili-
form, at first cernuous ; flowers octandrous, glandular-punctate ; styles
3-parted. — P. hydropipcr Mich. — P. hydropipcroides Parsh.
Hab. Inundated grounds. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. %jg- — Stem
1 — 2 feet high. Flowers white, in one or two slender simple
spikes. Nut 3-angled. Plant very acrid. Water Pepper.
6. P. mite Pcrs. : stem hairy at the summit ; leaves narrow-lanceo-
late, acuminate, entire, somewhat hairy ; stipules hairy, with long
ciliae ; flowers octandrous, in crowded spikes ; styles 3-parted. — P.
hydropipcroides Mich. — P. harhatum Walt.
Hab. Ditches and ponds. Can. to Car. July — Sept. 0. —
Stem 18 inches high. Floiotrs purple, in somewhat crowded
spikes. Leaves not acrid.
7. P. virginianum Linn. : stem simple, angular, hairy towards the
top ; leaves broad-lanceolate, acuminate, with fringed serratures ;
flowers 4-clefl, unequal, remote, pentandrous ; styles 2 ; spike very
long, slender, naked. — P. bistorta Walt.
Hab. Shady woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. July, Aug.
1{. — Stem 2 — 4 feet high. Leaves large, with hairy stipules.
Flowers white, in a very long and slender spike.
8. P. amphibium Linn. : stem nearly erect ; leaves petiolate, oblong-
lanceolate, sometimes cordate at base ; flowers in dense terminal
spikes, pentandrous; styles bifid. — P. coccineum var. tcrrestrc Pursh.
b. aquaticum Hook. : stem spreading on the surface of water ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, cordate ; spike cylindrical-oblong. — P.
natans Eaton.
Hab. Borders of swamps and ponds. N. S. W. to Miss. July.
26
302 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
H. — Stem 8 — 12 inches long. Floicers large, reddish, in
an ovate spike. — Var. b. has the stems long and the leaves
broad-cordate and floating ; but it passes into the former variety.
9. P. pennsylvanicum Linn. : stem with tumid joints, smooth ; leaves
lanceolate, slightly hairy, petioled ; stipules smooth and naked ; flow-
ers in crowded oblong spikes, octandrous ; style 2-cleft ; peduncles
hispid.
Hab. Margins of ponds and ditches. N. Y. to Car. July — Sept.
0. — Stem 2 — 4 feet high, geniculate. Flowers large, reddish,
in crowded spikes.
10. P. lapathifolium Linn. : stem geniculate, smooth ; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, on short petioles, often hoary beneath ; spikes numerous,
rather crowded, erect ; peduncles scabrous ; flowers hexandrous ;
styles 2. — P. incarnatum Ell.
Hab. Ditches and swamps. N. Y. to Car. Aug., Sept. , —
Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Flowers white or pale red, smaller than in
the former.
11. P. pcrsicarm Linn, .-^stem erect ; leaves on short petioles, lanceo-
late, the upper surface marked with dark coloured spots ; stipules
smooth, ciliate ; spikes dense, terminal, ovate-oblong, erect ; flowers
hexandrous ; styles bifid.
Hab. Wet grounds. July, Aug. 0. — Stem 12 — 18 inches high,
branched, smooth, often red. Floicers reddish, in erect oblong
terminal spikes. Ladies' Thumb.
12* P. orientale Linn. : stem erect ; leaves very large, petioled,
ovate, acuminate, minutely pubescent ; stipules hairy, hypocrateri-
form ; flowers in crowded terminal spikes, hexandrous, digynous.
Hab. Old fields and roads sides. July, Aug. 0. — Stem 4 — 5
feet high, branched, pubescent. Flowers large, crimson, in
pendulous spikes.— Naturalized throughout the whole U. States.
*** Flowers in panicled qrihes. Perianth b-parted. Polygonella.
13. P. articulahini Linn. : stem erect ; leaves linear, obtuse ; stipules
short, truncate ; spikes paniculate, filiform, erect ; pedicels solitary,
articulate near the base ; flowers perfect, octandrous, trigynous, nod-
ding.
Hab. Sandy plains. N. S. W. to Michigan. Sept. ©.—
Stem 12 inches high, branched above. Leaves very small, linear.
Flowers reddish-white, in spikes which are jointed by a suc-
cession of imbricate sheathing bracts. — A singular plant which
should perhaps be separated from this genus.
***** piowers in racemose panicles. Leaves subcordate or sagittate.
Fagopybu.m.
14. P. sagittatum Linn. : stem prostrate, square ; the angles awned
with reversed prickles ; leaves sagittate, acute, nearly sessile ; flowers
in small peduncled heads, octandrous ; styles 3-cleft.
Hab. Wet grounds, N. Y. to Flor. July, Aug. 0.—Stem
POLYGONE.E. 303
long and slender. Floieers white, axillary and terminal, in small
compact heads which are supported on long peduncles.
15. P. arifolium Linn. : stem prostrate, square, the angles with re-
versed prickles ; leaves on long petioles, hastate, with the lobes acute ;
spikes few-flowered ; flowers hexandrous, distinct ; styles bifid.
Hab. Wet grounds. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. 0. — Stem
flexuous, prostrate or climbing. Flowers pale red, in terminal
and axillary spikes.
LB. P. convolvulus Linn. : stem long, climbing, angular, somewhat
rough ; leaves petioled, oblong, hastate-cordate, with the lobes spread-
ing and acute ; flowers in lax spikes, octandrous ; styles 3-cleft; seg-
ments of the perianth bluntly keeled.
Hab. Cultivated grounds. Can. to Car. July — Sept. 0. —
Stem long, climbing. Flowers whitish or reddish, in terminal
interrupted spikes or racemes.
17. P. cilinodt Wiclu : stem angular, climbing or prostrate, pubes-
cent ; leaves petioled, cordate ; stipules somewhat acute, ciliate at the
base ; panicles somewhat leafy ; flowers octandrous ; styles 3-cleft ;
segments of the perianth bluntly keeled.
Hab. Fields. N. S. July, Aug. ©.—A variety of the last. ?
18. r. scandens Linn. : stem climbing, smooth ; leaves broad-cor-
date, with the sinus broad and obtuse ; stipules truncate, naked ; flow-
ers large, in axillary racemes, octandrous, trigjmous ; segments of the
perianth winged.
Hab. Shady woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug.
0. — Ste?n purple. Floieers white or reddish, in axillary racemes.
19. P.fagopyrum Linn. : stem erect, unarmed ; leaves cordate, sag-
ittate ; racemes panicled ; angles of the seed equal.
Hab. Fields ; remaining as a weed where it has been cultivated.
June. 0. Buckxcheal.
2. RUMEX. Linn.
Perianth 6-leaved. Stamens 6. Styles 3. Nut trique-
trous, covered by the 3 interior valviform leaves of the peri-
anth. Stigmas many-cleft. Hexandria. Trigynia.
* Flowers all perfect, containing both stamens and pistils. Lapathum.
t Inner valves of the perianth entire.
1. R. aquaticus Linn. : valves ovate, entire, all of them granulifer-
oua ; leaves lanceolate, acute, the lower ones on long petioles and cor-
date at base.
Hab. Ponds and ditches. N. S. July, Aug. 11. — Root large
and very astringent. Stent 3 — 4 feet high. Flowers whorled, in
a terminal leafy panicle. Introduced. ? Water Dock.
2^ R. crispus Linn. : valves very large, cordate, entire, veined, granu-
liferous ; leaves lanceolate, acute, waved at the margin.
304 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Fields. Can. to Car. June, July. 2/.— Stem 2—3 feet
high, furrowed. Flowers in crowded whorls, on pedicels. — Dis-
tinguished from the former by its large membranaceous valves.
Introduced. Curled Dock.
3. R. sanguineus Linn. : valves small, oblong, one or more granuli-
ferous; leaves lanceolate, somewhat cordate, petioled, smooth, mostly
with red veins.
Hab. Fields and road sides. Can. to Car. June, July. 11. —
Stem 3 feet high. Root leaves large, with blood-red veins.
Floicers in small distant whorls. Introduced. Bloody Dock.
4. 7?. britannictis Linn. : valves all entire and granuliferous ; leaves
broad-lanceolate, flat, smooth ; sheaths obsolete ; whorls of flowers
leafless.
Hab. Swamps. Can. to Car. June, July. It. — Root fusiform,
yellow internally. Stem 3 feet high. Leaves large, on petioles.
Floiocrs in a compound terminal panicle, polygamous.
Yolloic-rooled Water Dock,
5. R. verticillatus Linn. : valves entire, all of them granuliferous ;
flowers whorled, in long nearly simple leafless racemes ; leaves lanceo-
late, acute, flat ; sheaths cylindrical.
Hab. Swampy grounds. N. S. June, July. 11.— Stem 2 feet
high. Leaves long, lanceolate, narrow. Whorls few- flowered.
Pedicels half an inch or more in length.
tt Inner valves of the perianth toothed.
6. R. acutus Linn. : valves oblong, somewhat toothed, all granulifer-
ous ; leaves cordate-oblong, acuminate ; whorls numerous, small , leafy.
Hab. Moist grounds. N. S. June. U-— Stem 2— 3 feet high.
Introduced.
7. R. pallidas Big. : valves ovate, entire, hardly larger than the
grain ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute ; spikes slender.
Hab. Salt marshes. Mass. June. 11. — Stems numerous, as-
cending, slightly furrowed. Leaves smooth, petioled, more or
less waved on the margin. Spikes slender. Fruit crowded, the
valves acute.
8. R. obtusifolius Linn. : valves ovate, toothed, one chiefly granuli-
ferous ; leaves cordate-oblong, obtuse, somewhat crenate and waved :
upper ones narrower and more acute ; stem roughish.
Hab. Woods and fields. N. S. July. II.— Stem 2-3 feet high.
Leaves very large. Flowers in long nearly leafless racemes. In-
troduced.
** Floicers dioecious. Acetosa.
9. R. acetosella Linn. : leaves lanceolate, hastate ; lobes acute,
spreading ; racemes paniculate ; valves of the fruit grainless.
Hab. Fields, &c. Throughout the U. S. June, July. If.—
Stem 6—12 inches high. — The plant has a pleasant aeid tas^e.
Sheep SorreL
LAURTNE^. 305
Order CI. LAURINEiE. Juss. Lind.
Perianth 4 — 6-cleft. Stamens definite, perigynous, oppo-
site the segments of the perianth and usually twice as nu-
merous, 3 innermost ones sterile, or wanting ; 6 outer ones
scarcely ever abortive ; anthers adnate, 2 — 4-celled, the cells
bursting by a longitudinal persistent valve from the base to
the apex ; the outer anthers valved inwards, the inner out-
wards. Glands usually present at the base of the inner fila-
ments. Ovary superior, single ; style simple ; stigma obtuse.
Fruit a berry or drupe, naked or covered. Seed without al-
bumen ; embryo inverted ; cotyledons large, plano-convex,
peltate near the base. Plumula conspicuous, 2-leaved.
Trees, often large. Leaves without stipules, alternate.
1. LAURUS. . Linn.
Perianth 4 — 5-cleft, equal. Stamens S — 12, arranged in a
double row ; outer ones all fertile ; alternate inner ones fer-
tile and furnished at base with 2 appendices or glands, (nec-
tary.) Drupe fleshy. Enneaiidria. Monogynia,
* Leaves perennial.
1. L. carolinensis Mich. : leaves oval-lanceolate, coriaceous, glaucous
beneath ; peduncles simple, terminated with a few-flowered fascicle ;
outer segments of the calyx half as long as the inner.
Hab. In the Great Cypress Swamp, Sussex county, Delaware ;
its most northern boundary. Nutt. S. to Geor. June. *?. —
A large shrub or small tree. Flowers in small clusters, polyga-
mous, pale yellow. Dmpc dark blue.
** Leaves deciduous. Flowers dioecious.
2. L. benzoin Linn. : leaves obovate, lanceolate, wedgeform at base,
entire, whitish and subpubescent beneath ; flowers in clustered umbels,
appearing before the leaves ; buds and pedicels smooth. — L. pseudo-
benzoin Mich.
Hab. Banks of streams. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. April,
May. 1?. — Shrub 6 — 10 feet high. Flowers pale yellow. iSrupt
roundish, scarlet. Benzoin. Spice-wood.
3. L. sassafras Linn. : leaves entire, lanceolate-ovate, or 2 — 3-lobed,
under surface prominently veined ; flowers in. clustered umbels, ap-
pearing before the leaves ; buds, younger branches and under surface
of the leaves, pubescent.
Hab. River banks. Can. to Geor. April. *>. — Varies in size
from that of a large shrub to a large tree. Leaves various,
glabrous or pubescent. Flowers yellow. — This and the foregoing
species possess medicinal powers. See Dr. Brockenbrough' s In-
26*
306 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
augural Thesis. 1804. Barton s Collection for a Mat. Med. of
theU. S. and Big. Med. Bot. ii. 142. Sassafras-
Order CI I. ELJEAGNE.E. Juss. hind.
Floicers dioecious, rarely monoclinous. Sterile Fl.
Stamens 3, 4 or 8, sessile ; anthers 2-celled. Fertile Fl.
Perianth tubular, persistent ; the limb entire, or 3 — 4-toothed.
Ovary superior, simple, 1-celled ; ovule solitary, ascending,
stalked ; style short ; stigma simple, subulate, glandular.
Fruit crustaceous, enclosed within the perianth, becomes suc-
culent. Seed erect ; embryo straight, surrounded by very
thin fleshy albumen ; radicle short, inferior ; cotyledons fleshy.
Trees or shrubs, covered with leprous scales. Leaves al-
ternate or opposite, entire, without stipules.
1. SHEPHERDIA. Mat.
Dioecious. Sterile Fl. Perianth 4-cleft. Stamens 8,
included, alternating with S glands. Fertile Fl. Perianth
4-cleft, campanulate, superior. Style 1. Stigma oblique.
Berry 1-seeded. Dioecia. Octandria.
S. canadensis Nutt. : leaves oblong-ovate, nearly smooth above, stel-
lately hairy and scaly beneath ; the scales ferruginous and deciduous.
— Hippophac canadensis Willd. Pursh.
Hab. Can. and Western part of N. Y. N. to Arc. Amer. July.
*>. — A shrub 6 — 8 feet high. Flowers minute. Berries scaly,
sweetish.
Order CHI. THYMELE/E. R. Brown. Lind.
Perianth inferior, tubular, coloured ; the limb 4- seldom 5-
cleft ; aestivation imbricate. Stamens definite, periginous,
usually 8, sometimes 4 or 2 ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary soli-
tary; style 1 ; stigma undivided. Fruit a nut or drupe ; al-
bumen none, or thin and fleshy ; embryo straight, inverted ; co-
tyledons plano-convex.
Shrubs with a tough bark. Leaves alternate or opposite,
entire.
1. DIRCA. Linn.
Perianth coloured, campanulate ; limb obsolete. Stamens
8, inserted into the perianth, unequal. Style 1. Berry 1-
seeded. Octandria. Monogynia.
SANTALACE^. 307
D. palust/is Linn.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Geor. April. U .—Shrub 2—4 feet
high, with tough branches. Leaves alternate, ovate, petioled,
entire, obtuse. Flowers appearing before the leaves, yellow. —
The bark has a sweetish taste, and when chewed excites a burn-
ing sensation in the fauces. Leather Wood.
Order CIV. SANTALACE^. Brown, hind.
Verianth superior, 4 or 5-cleft, half coloured, with valvate
eestivation. Stamens 4 or 5, opposite the segments of the pe-
rianth and inserted into their bases. Ovary 1-celled, witli
from 1 — 4 ovules ; style 1 ; stigma often lobed. Fruit a nut
or drupe. Seed solitary ; albumen fleshy ; embryo minute ;
radicle superior.
Trees or shrubs sometimes undershrubs or herbs. Leaves
alternate, undivided.
]. NYSSA. Linn.
Dioecious. Stertle Fl. Perianth 5-parted. Stamen?
5 — 10. Fertile Fl. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens 5.
Style 1. Drupe inferior. Dioecia. Pentandria.
1. N. multiflora Walt. : leaves oval-lanceolate, very entire, acute at
each end ; the petiole margined and midrib villous ; fertile peduncles
many-flowered. — iV. villosa Mich.
Hab. Low woods. Can. to Car. June. I?. — A tree 30—50
feet high. Floiccrs in somewhat umbellate clusters, small,
green. Drupe nearly spherical, very dark blue.
Sour or Black Gum,
2. N. biflora Walt. : leaves ovate-oblong, very entire, acute at each
end, smooth ; fertile peduncles 2-flowered ; drupe oval-compressed. —
lY. aquatica Linn.
Hab. Swamps. N. S. S. to Car. June. *>.— A tree 30— 50
feet high. Fertiley?o?ce?\s almost invariably 2. Drape dark blue.
— The woody fibres of this tree are remarkably interlocked, so
as to render it difficult to be split ; on this account it is much
used in making naves for carriage wheels, &c.
Tupelo Tree. Sicamp Hornbeam,
2. HAMILTONIA. Willd.
Polygamous. Perfect Fl. Perianth turbinate-campa-
nulate, 5-cleft. Germ immersed in the 5-toothed glandulous
disk. Style 1. Stigmas 2 — 3, sublenticular. Drupe pyri-
form, 1-seeded, inclosed in the adhering base of the calyx.
Sterile Fl. resembling the perfect, except in wanting the
pistil. Pentandria. Monogynia.
308 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
H. old/era MuhL —Pyrularia pubcra Mich.
Hab. Mountains. Penn. to Geor. : rare. May, June. ^>«—
Shrub 4 — 6 feet high with a very deep root. Leaves oblong-ob-
ovate, entire, acuminate, 2 — 3 inches long, petiolate, pubescent
when young. Flowers in a terminal raeeme, small, greenish-
yellow. — Whole plant more or less oily. Oil Nut.
3. THESIUM. Linn.
Perianth 4 — 5-cleft. Stamens 4 — 5, opposite the lobes of
the perianth, villous externally. Style simple, 1-seeded,
crowned by the persistent perianth. Pentandria. Monogynia.
T. umbdlatum Linn. : stem round and erect ; leaves oblong-ovate
obtuse, smooth ; panicles terminal, subcorymbed, — Comandra umbel
lata Nutt. — Hamiltonia umbcllata Spreng.
Hab. Rocky hills. Subarc. Amer. to Geor. W. to Miss. July,
Aug. 11. — Stem 8 — 12 inches high. Leaves alternate, entire,
sessile, mucronate. Flowers white, in a terminal corymb. — It
is still doubtful whether this deserves to. be separated from The-
sium. It appears to agree very well with Hamiltonia.
. Bastard Toad-flax.
Order CV. ARISTOLOCHI^E. Juss. Lind.
Flowers monoclinous. Perianth superior, tubular, 3-cleft,
regular or very unequal ; aestivation valvate. Stamens 6 — 12,
epigynous, distinct or adhering to the style and stigmas. Ova-
ry inferior, 3 — 6-celled ; ovules numerous ; style simple ; stig-
mas radiating, as numerous as the cells of the ovary. Fruit
dry or succulent, 3— 6-celled. Seeds numerous ; embryo mi-
nute, placed in the base of fleshy albumen.
Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, often with leafy
stipules.
1. ARISTOLOCHIA. Linn.
Perianth tubular, ventricose at base, dilated at the apex
and ligulate. Anthers 6, subsessile, inserted into the style.
Stigma 6-cleft. Capsule 6-sided, 6-celled.
Gynandria. Hexandria,
1. A. sipho L'Hcrit : stem twining ; leaves cordate, acute ; pedun-
cles I-flowered, furnished with an ovate bract ; corol ascending, the
border 3-cleft and equal.
Hab. Mountains. Penn. to Car. June. f?. — A vine climbing
oyer trees of large size. Leaves very large, alternate, sprinkled
with hairs. Flowers solitary, brown. Dutchman's Pipe.
,
EMPETREiE. 309
2. A. serpentaria Linn. : stem flexuous ; leaves cordate, oblong,
acuminate ; peduncles radical ; lip of the corol lanceolate.
Hab. Shady woods. Penn. to Car. June. L(. — Stem 8 — 12
inches high, pubescent, geniculate and knotty at base. Floiccrs
few, purplish-brown. — Possesses valuable medicinal properties.
Sec Big. Med.Bot. iii. 82. Virginia Snakcrool.
2. ASARUM. Linn.
Perianth campanulate, 3-cleft. Stamens 12, placed upon
the ovary ; anthers adnate with the middle of the filaments.
Style short. Stigma stellate, 6-lobed. Capsule 6-celied.
Gynandria. Decandria.
1. A. canadense Linn.: leaves by pairs, broad reniform ; perianth
woolly, cleft to the base; the segments sublanceolate, reflexed. — A. ca-
rolinianum Walt.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. April. 2f.— Stem
none. Leaves generally 2, with long and hairy petioles. Floic-
er somewhat campanulate, solitary, on a short peduncle, some-
times nearly buried in the ground. — The root has an agreeable
and aromatic flavor. Wild Ginger.
2. .#. virginicum Mich. : leaves solitary, cordate, nearly round, gla-
brous, coriaceous ; flower nearly sessile; perianth externally gla-
brous, short, campanulate.
Hab. Rocky woods. N. J. to Car. April. 11. — Leaves spot-
ted or clouded, smooth. Segments of \he perianth obtuse. — Ve-
ry similar in habit to the preceding.
Order CVI. EMPETRE^. JVutt. Lind.
Flowers dioecious. Perianth consisting of 2 — 4 imbricat-
ed rows of hypogynous scales. Stamens equal in number to
the scales and alternate with them ; anthers roundish, 2-cell-
ed, the cells distinct, bursting longitudinally. Ovary supe-
rior, seated in a fleshy disk, 3 — 6 or 9-celled ; ovules solitary,
ascending ; style 1 ; stigma radiating, multifid. Fruit fleshy,
seated in the persistent perianth. Seed solitary, ascending ;
embryo taper in the axis of the fleshy albumen ; radicle infe-
rior.
Small acrid shrubs, with heath-like evergreen leaves with-
out stipules, and minute flowers in their axil6.
1. EMPETRUM. Linn.
Dioecious. Perianth consisting of 2 row9 of scales. Ste-
rile Fl. Stamens 3, upon long filaments. Fertile Fl.
310 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Style none, or very short. Stigma with 6 — 9 rays. Berry
superior, globose, 6 — 9 seeded. Dioecia. Triandria.
E. nigrum Mich. : procumbent ; leaves oblong-obtuse, revolute on
the margin.
Hab. White Hills. N. H. Big. N. to Arc. Amer. May, June.
T?. — A low shrub with small and dense evergreen foliage, like
that of the heaths. Leaves imbricate, oblong, obtuse. Floicers
axillary, very small, reddish. Berries roundish, black. — Dr.
Houghton has found it on the shores of Lake Superior.
Order CVII. EUPHORBIACEiE. Lind.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Perianth lobed, inferior,
with various glandular or scaly appendages ; (sometimes
wanting.) Sterile Fl. Stamens 1 — 12 ; anthers 2-celled.
Fertile Fl. Ovary 1, superior, sessile or stalked ; styles
2 — 3 ; stigmas compound, or single with several lobes. Fruit
consisting of 2 — 3 or more dehiscent cells, separating with
elasticity from their commor axis, sometimes indehiscent.
Seeds suspended, arillate ; embryo enclosed in fleshy albu-
men : cotyledons flat ; radicle superior.
Trees, shrubs or herbs, often abounding in acrid milk.
Leaves simple, rarely compound, usually with stipules.
1. CROTONOPSIS. Mick.
Monoecious. Sterile. Fl. Perianth 5-parfed, with 5
petaloid scales. Stamens 5. Fertile Fl. Perianth 5-
parted. Stamens 3, twice bifid. Capsule 1-seeded, not open-
ing. Monoecia. Pcntandria.
C. linearis Mich. : stem erect, dichotomously branched ; leaves stel-
lately pubescent above, hairy and covered with silvery scales beneath.
E. argtntta Pursh. — Friesia argentea Spreng.
, Hab. Swamps in sands. N. J. to Car. W. to Miss. June. 0.
— Stem 12 — 18 inches high, covered like the leaves, with solita-
ry scales. Leaves varying from linear-lanceolate to ovate, on
short petioles. Floicers in terminal and axillary spikes, very
minute.
2. PHYLLANTHUS. Linn.
Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Perianth 5 — 6-parted. Fi-
laments united. Fertile Fl. as the sterile. Nectary ? a
12-angled margin. Styles 3. Capsule 3-celled.
Monoecia. Monadelphia.
EUPHORBIACEiE. 311
P. caroliniensis Walt. : stem erect ; branches distichous ; leaves al-
ternate, oval, obtuse, smooth, somewhat distichous ; flowers few,
(2 — 4) axillary, on pedicels, nodding. — P. oboratus Willd. Pursh. Torr.
Hab. Banks of streams. Penn. to Geor. July, Aug. 0. —
Stem 12 inches high, with distichous branches. Floiccrs on short
pedicels, axillary, nodding. Stamens 6, united at base.
3. RICINUS. Linn.
Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens
numerous ; filaments united, branching. Fertile Fl. Pe-
rianth 3-parted. Styles 3, 2-parted. Capsule mostly echi-
nate, 3-celled, 3-secded. Monoecia. Monadelphia.
R. communis Linn. : stem herbaceous, glaucous-pruinose ; leaves
peltate palmate ; lobes lanceolate, serrate ; capsule echinate.
Hab. Around plantations at the South. Aug., Sept. Q. — In-
troduced. Cultivated extensively in various parts of the U. S.
for the purpose of obtaining oil from the seed. Castor-oil Bean.
4. ACALYPHA. Linn.
Monoecious.. Sterile Fl. Perianth 3 — 4-parted. Sta-
mens 8 — 16, united. Fertile Fl. Styles 3, 2-parted.
Capsule 3-celled ; cells 1-seeded. Monoecia. Monadelphia.
1. A. virginica Linn.: pubescent; leaves on short petioles, lanceo-
late-oblong, remotely and obtusely serrate ; involucre cordate, ovate,
acuminate, toothed ; fertile flowers at the base of the sterile spike.
Hab. Road sides, &c. Can. to Car. June— Aug. @. — Stem
12 — 13 inches high, erect, pubescent. Involucre on a short pe-
duncle, shorter than the leaves. Sterile flowers very small. Cap-
sule hispid. Three-seeded Mercury.
2. A. caroliniana Walt. : leaves on long petioles, rhombic-ovate,
acuminate, serrate, entire at base ; involucre cordate, toothed ; fertile
flowers at the base of the sterile spike.
Hab. Fields. Penn. to Car. July, Aug. 0.— Stem 9—18
inches high. — The A. carolinana of Elliott is apparently a dis-
• tinct species.
5. EUPHORBIA. Linn.
Monoecious. Rarely furnished with a perianth. Involucre
monophyllous, campanulate, S — 10 toothed, the inner seg-
ments membranaceous and erect. Sterile Fl. 12 or more.
Stamen ] ; filament articulated in the middle. Fertile Fl.
solitary, stipulate, naked. Stigmas 3, 2-cleft. Capsule 3-
lobed. Monoecia. Monandria.
* Floiccrs in terminal fascicles.
1. E. dentata Mich. : hairy ; leaves opposite, oval, dentate ; flowers
crowded at the summit of the stem.
312 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Shady rocks. Penn. to Term. July, Aug. 0. — The
upper leaves spotted.
2. E. hypericifolia Linn. : smooth, branching, erect-spreading ;
branches divaricate ; leaves opposite, oval-oblong, slightly falcate, ser-
rate ; corymbs terminal.
b. ? hirsuta Torr. : stem slender or hairy; leaves oblong, smooth.
serrulate.
Hab. Fields and road sides. Can. to Flor. Aug., Sept. 0. —
Stem erect, 1 — 2 feet high, very smooth. Leaves 3-nerved
and spotted. Flowers small. — Var. b. is S — 12 inches high,
much branched and purple.
3. E. maculata Linn. : erect-spreading or procumbent ; leaves oppo-
site, serrate, oblong, hairy ; flowers axillary, solitary ; inner segments
of the involucre coloured.
Hab. Near cultivated grounds. N. Y. to Car. Aug. — Oct. 0.
Stem 6 — 12 inches long, generally purple. Leaves on short pe-
tioles, oblique at base, 3-nerved. Floicers crowded near the sum-
mit, but in reality solitary in each axil. Spotted Spurge.
4. E. polygonifolia Linn. : procumbent, branching, very smooth,
succulent ; leaves oblong-ovate, linear-lanceolate, entire, obtuse, some-
times subcordate at base ; flowers solitary in the divisions of the stem;
stipules simple.
Hab. Sands on sea shore. N. Y. to Car. July, to Sept. Lf.
— Stem 8 inches long. Stipules subulate and simple.
5. E. ipecacuanha Linn. : procumbent or nearly erect, small, smooth;
leaves opposite, obovate and lanceolate ; peduncles axillary, 1-flower-
ed, elongated.
Hab. Sandy soil. N. J. to Car. June. If . — Root very long
and tapering. Stem short. Leaves sessile, varying in form
from obovate to linear. Floicers solitary, on peduncles which
are about as long as the leaves.
6. E. portulaccoides Linn. : erect ; leaves entire, oval, retuse ; pe-
duncles axillary, 1-flowered, as long as the leaves.
Hab. Sandy soils. Penn. June — Aug. If. — Dr. Torrey thinks
it may be a variety of E. corollata.
7. E. dentata Mich. : hairy ; leaves opposite, oval, dentate; flowers
crowded at the summit of the stem.
Hab. Shady rocks. N. S. Torr. Tenn. Mich, July, Aug. 0.
— Upper leaves spotted.
** Floicers umbelled-involucrate,
8. E. peplus Linn. : umbel 3-cleft, dichotomous ; involucels (floral
leaves) ovate ; leaves entire, obovate, petioled.
Hab. Cultivated grounds. Penn. to Vir. July, Aug. 0. —
Floral leaves large. Flowers conspicuous.
9. E. obtusata Pursh : umbel 3-cleft, twice dichotomous ; involucels
ovate, somewhat obtuse, subcordate ; leaves alternate, sessile, spatu-
late, serrulate, smooth ; capsules muricate.
URTICEiE. 313
Hab. Waste grounds. Can. to Vir. July, Aug. If. — Stem
12 — 18 inches high, branched at the top, simple below.
10. E . merciirialina Muld. : stem weak and slender, simply 3-cleft:
leaves opposite and ternate, subsessile, oval, entire ; peduncles termi-
nal, solitary, 1 -flowered.
Hab. Shady rocky situations. Penn. Pursh. July. Aug. 21.
11. E. lathyrus Linn. : umbel 4-cleft, dichotomous ; leaves oppo-
site, lanceolate, entire.
Hab. Near gardens arid cultivated grounds. N. S. July, Aug.
. .$. — Introduced.- Mole Plant.
12. E. coroUata Linn. : umbel 5-cleft, 3-cleft, dichotomous ;. floral
k?aves and those of the stem oblong, obtuse ; inner segments of the
involucre petaloid, obovate.
Hab. Dry fields. Can. to Car. July. Au£. 2{.— Stem 1—2
feet high, erect, rarely branched. Leaves petioled, varying
somewhat in form. Floicers in a terminal umbel, conspicuous.
13. E. pRosa Linn. : umbel 5-cleft, 3-cleft, bifid ; floral leaves ovate;
stem leaves lanceolate, somewhat hairy, serrulate at the summit ; pe-
tals entire. "
Hab. Wet woods. Can. to Vir. June, July. 21. — Stem 1 — 3
feet high. — Found in Canada by Mr. Goldie.
14. E. hclioscopia Linn. : umbel 5-cleft, 2-cleft, dichotomous ; floral
leaves obovate ; stem leaves cuneiform, serrate, smooth ; capsule
smooth.
H vb. Fertile soils. N. Y. to Car. June. July. #. — Stem erect.
Leaves scattered, obovate or wedge-shaped. Capsule smooth.
Order CVIII. URTICE^. Lind.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, scattered or clustered.
Perianth membranous, lobed, persistent. Stamens definite,
distinct, inserted into the base' of the calyx and opposite its
lobes. Ovary superior, simple; stigma simple. Fruit a
simple indehiscent nut, surrounded either by the membranous
or fleshy perianth. Seed solitary, erect; embryo straight,
curved or spiral ; radicle superior.
Trees, shrubs or herbs, with alternate leaves, often covered
with pungent hairs.
I. URTICA. linn.
Monoecious, rarely dioecious. Sterile Fl. Perianth
. single, of 4 leaves, containing the cup-shaped rudiment of a
germ. Stamens 4. Fertile Fl. Perianth of 2 leaves.
Stigma 1. JVirt 1-seeded, shining. Monoecia. Tetrandria.
27
314 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
1. U. pumila Linn. : leaves opposite, ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved,
serrate ; lower petioles as long as the leaves ; flowers monoecious, tri-
androus, in clustered corymbs, shorter than the petioles.
Hab. Wet grounds. Can. to Car. July. 0. — Stem mostly
erect, 6 — 12 inches high, succulent, almost transparent. Leaves
shining. Richicccd.
.2. U. urens Linn. : leaves opposite, elliptic, somewhat 5-nerved.
acutely serrate ; spike glomerate, by pairs ; flowers clustered.
Hab. Cultivated grounds. Can. to Geor. June, July. 0. —
Stem 12 — 20 inches high, hairy -hispid. Plant stinging. Intro-
duced. Stinging Nettle.
3. U. dioica Linn. : leaves opposite, cordate, ovate-lanceolate,
coarsely serrate ; flowers dioecious ; spike paniculate, clustered, by
pairs, 'longer than the petiole.
Hab. Waste places. Can; to Car. June— Aug. 11. — Stem
2 — 3 feet high, erect, branching. Floiecrs small, green, in axil-
lary racemes which are in pairs. Stinging.
Large Stinging Nettle.
4. U. procera Muhl. : leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, serrate ; pej
tioles fringed ; flowers dioecious ; spikes branching, clustered, by
pairs, longer than the petioles.
Hab. Low grounds. N. Y. S. to Car.- July, Aug. 11. — Stem
3 — 4 feet high, obtusely 4-angled. Floiecrs in compact approxi-
mate clusters. — According to Mr. Elliott, the leaves of this
species are never cordate, and the spikes are uniformly longer
than the petioles, in which points it differs from the U. procera
of Pursh, which would seem to be a distinct species, probably
the next.
5. U. gracilis Linn. : stem hispid ; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate,
serrate, cordate at base ; flowers dioecious ; peduncles hispid ; clust-
ers in pairs, somewhat branched, about as long as the petioles. — U.
procera Pursh. ?
Hab. Rocky places. Can. to Penn. Pursh. Muhl. N. to Arc.
Amer. July, Aug. 24!. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high.
Slender Stalked Nettle.
6. U. capitata Linn. : leaves alternate, cordate-ovate, acuminate, ser-
rate, 3-nerved, twice as long as the petiole ; clusters spiked ; spikes
solitary, shorter than the leaves, leafy at the summit ; stem naked.
Hab. Shady woods. Can. to Car. June. July. 1/. — Steyn
4 — 5 feet high, scabrous, furrowed. Leaves scabrous, those on the
stem generally opposite. Clusters lateral and axillary. — Re-
sembles Um dioica.
7. U. diraricata Linn. : leaves alternate, ovate, acuminate, serrate,
rather smooth ; petioles long, ciliate ; panicles axillary, solitary, di-
varicately branched, longer than the petiole ; stem stinging.
Hab. Damp rocky grounds. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 1L —
. Stem 2—3 feet high, branched. — Allied to the next species, but
differs in the leaves being smooth and not cordate, the panicles
solitary and mixed with fertile flowers.
URTICE.E. 315
8. V. canadensis Linn. : leaves alternate, cordate-ovate, acuminate,
serrate, hispid on both sides ; panicles axillary, mostly in pairs, di-
varicately branched ; the lower ones sterile, and longer than the peti .
ole ; the upper ones fertile, elongated ; stem very hispid, Stinging.
PIab. Miry shaded grounds. Can. to Car. July, Aug. Lf. —
Stem 5 — 6 feet high. Leaves ovate, large — The fibres of this
species are very tough and strong, and it was formerly proposed
by Mr. Whitlow as a substitute for hemp. Canadian. Nettle.
2. PARIETARIA. Linn,
Flowers polygamous, surrounded by a many-cleft involucre.
Perfect Fl. Perianth 4-cleft Stamens 4; filaments at
first incurved, then expanding with an elastic force. Ovary
1. Style 1. Nut 1, inclosed by the enlarged perianth.
Monoecia. Tetrandria.
P. pennsyfoanica MuKL : leaves oblong-lanceolate, veiny, with opake
dots ; involucre 3-leaved, longer than the flower.
Hab. Moist rocks. Penn. to Geor. June. @. — Stem 12 — 15
inches high, simple. Flowers in compact axillary clusters.
Pellitory. '
3. CANNABIS. Linn.
Dioecious. Sterile Fl. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens
5. Fertile Fl. Perianth oblong, opening at the side.
Styles 2. Nnt 2-valved, covered with the closed perianth.
Dioecia. Pentandria.
C. sativa linn. : leaves petholate, digitate ; leafets 5 — 7, lanceolate,
serrate.
Hab. In fields. June. @ — Apparently indigenous, but proba-
bly introduced. Common Hemp. Neck Weed.
4. HUMULUS. Linn.
Dioecious. Sterile Fl. Perianth single, 5-parted. Sta-
mens 5. Anthers with 2 pores at the extremity. Fertile
Fl. Scales of the ament large, persistent, concave, entire,
single flowered. Perianth none. Styles 2. Seed 1.
Dioecia . Pen tandria .
H. hqndns Linn.
Hab. Hedges, &c. Aug. L£. — Stem twining, scabrous. Leaves
opposite, 3 — 5-lobed, rough. Flowers greenish. Medicinal.
Big. Med. Bot. iii. 163. Common Hop.
5. BOEHMERIA. JllUd.
Monoecious'. Sterile Fl. Perianth 4-parted. Sta-
316 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
mens 4. Fertile Fl. Perianth none. Style 1. Nut com-
pressed. Monoecia. Tetrandria.
1. B. cylindrica Jfltld. : leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, acuminate.
toothed, smooth ; flowers dioecious ; sterile spikes clustered, inter-
rupted ; fertile ones cylindrical ; stem herbaceous.
Hab. Wet ground. Can. to Flor. June — Aug. If. — Stem
2 — 3 feet high. Leans petioled, 3-nerred. Flowers minute ;
the fertile ones forming a compact cylindrical spike which is
1 — 2 inches long.
2. B. lateriflora Muld. : leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate-
serrate, scabrous ; flowers lateral, clustered; stem herbaceous.
Hab. Shady woods. Penn. to Car. July. 1L — Stem smooth.
Leaves on long petioles, 3-nerved, scabrous on both sides. Cltis
ters axillarv and lateral, few-flowered.
Order CIX. ARTOCARPE.E. R. Brown. Lind.
Flowers monoecious, in heads or amends. Perianth usual-
. \y divided, sometimes tubular or entire. Stamens solitary or
several, straight. Ovary 1- or 2-celled, superior, rarely in*
ferior ; ovule suspended ; style single, filiform ; stigma bifid.
Fruit usually a fleshy receptacle, covered by numerous mats,
rarely reduced to a single flower. Seed suspended, solitary ;
embryo straight or curved \ radicle pointing to the hilum.
Trees, shrubs or herbs. Leaves alternate, toothed or lobcd>
or entire.
• *
1. MORUS. Linn.
Monoecious. Perianth 4-parted, lobes concave. Sterile
Fl. Stamens 4. Fertile Fl. Stigmas 2. Seeds 1 — 2,
covered by the fleshy perianth. 'Monoecia. Tetrandria.
1. M. rubra Linn. : dioecious ; leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate,
often 3-lobed,. equally serrate, scabrous, pubescent beneath ; fertile
aments cylindrical ; fruit purple.
Hab. Woods. N. S. to Car. May. . fc. — A large tree with.
long virgate branches. Leaves often divided. Flowers, accord-
ing to Mr. Elliott, always dioecious. — The fruitis esteemed by
some, and the wood is remarkably durable. Red Mulberry.
2. M. alba Linn. : monoecious ; leaves deeply cordate, unequal at
base, ovate and lobed, unequally serrate, nearly smooth ; fruit white.
Hab. Naturalized in various pa*ts of the U. S. May. T?.— A
tree from 20 to 30 feet high. — Employed chiefly in raising the
silk worm. White Mulberry.
AMENTACE.E. 317
Order CX. SAURURE^E. Rich. Lind.
Flowers naked, seated upon a scale, monoclinous. Sta-
mens 6, clavate, hypogynous, persistent ; filaments slender ;
anthers continuous with the filament, cuneate, with a thick
connecticum and 2 lateral lobes bursting longitudinally. Ova-
ries 4, each distinct, with 1 ascending ovule and a sessile re-
curved stigma, or connate into a 3 or 4-celled pistil, with a
few ovules ascending from the edge of the projecting semi-
dissepiments. Fruit consisting of 4 fleshy indehiscent nuts
or 3- or 4-celled capsule, opening at the apetf'and containing a
few ascending seeds. Seeds with a membranous ^p tegument ;
embryo minute, lying in a fleshy lenticular sac, which is seat^
ed on the outside of mealy albumen at the end most remote
from the hilum.
Herbs growing in marshy places, or floating in water.
Leaves alternate, with stipules.
1. SAURURUS. Linn.
Flowers in an ament, or crowded spike. Scales 1-flower-
ed. Stameris 6. Anthers adnate with the filaments. Cap-
sule 4, each 1- or rarely 2-seeded, not opening.
Hexandria. Teiragynia.
S. ccrnuus Linn. — Anonymos aquatica Walt.
Hab. Swamps. Can. to Car. Aug. 11. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high,
leafy, forked above. Leaves sagittate-cordate, acuminate, nerved
beneath. Flowers very small, greenish-white, in spikes opposite
the leaves, cernuous. Lizard' s-tail. Swamp Lily.
Order CXI. AMENTACE^l. Juss.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Sterile Fl. in amenfs,
with scales, or a scaly perianth. Stamens inserted into the
scales, definite or indefinite, rarely rr.onadelphous ; anthers 2-
celjed. Fertile Fl. in aments, solitary or fasciculated,
with scales or perianths. Ovary free, simple, rarely several ;
stigmas many. Fruit a drupe, or a bony or membranaceous
capsule, mostly 1 -celled. Seeds 1 or many ; albumen none ;
radicle straight.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate.
318 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Suborder I. SALICINE^.
1. SALIX. Linn. '
Dioecious. Sterile Fl. Anient cylindrical. Scales 1-
flowered, imbricated, with a nectariferous gland at the base.
Perianth none. Stamens 1 — 5. Fertile Fl. Scales of
the anient 1 -flowered. Perianth none. Stigmas 2, often
cleft. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds co-
mose. Dioecia. IKatidria,
* Leaves entire or obscurely serrate.
1. 8. viminalis Linn. : leaves linear-lanceolate, very long, acumi-
nate, nearly entire, somewhat undulate, white silky beneath ; stipules
very small, sublanceolate ; branches virgate ; aments appearing before
the leaves ; smles roundish, very hairy ; germs sessile, ovate ; style
filiform ; stigmas acute, undivided.
Hab. Banks of streams. N. S. April, May. *?. — A middle
sized tree. Branches slender and flexile. Filaments yellow.
Anthers orange. Introduced. Osier. Basket Willow.
2. S. Candida IJilld. : leaves linear-lanceolate, very long, obscurely
toothed at the point, pubescent above, white-tomentose beneath, with
the margin revolute j stipules lanceolate, as long as the petioles ?
aments appearing before the leaves, cylindric ; scales obovate-lanceo-
late, very long, villous.
Hab. Shady woods. N. Y. and Penn. N. to Arc. Amen
April, May. J?.
3. S. muhlenbergiana Willd. : leaves lanceolate, nearly acute, entire,
pubescent- hoary, rugosely- veined beneath, with the margin revolute ;
stipules deciduous, lanceolate ; aments appearing before the leaves
diandrous ; scales oblong, the margins villous ; germs ovate-lanceo-
late, clothed with silken hairs, on long pedicels ; style short ; stio-mas
bifid.— S; alpina Walt.
Hab. Dry woods. N. Y. to Car. April. Tp.— A shrub 2—5
feet high, often decumbent ; branches pubescent, greenish-yel-
low, with black dots." Scales white, with a red tip. Anthers
purple and yellow. Dwarf or Speckled Willoic .
4. S. tristis Muhl. : leaves linear-lanceolate, acute at each end, en-
tire, with the margins revolute, smoothish above, rugosely veined and
tomentose beneath ; stipules none ; aments appearing before the leaves.
Hab. Sandy woods. N. J. to Car. March, April. T?. A
shrub resembling the preceding, but differing in the form of the
leaves and in the absence of stipules.
5. S. recurvata Pursh : leaves obovate-lanceolate, acute, very entire,
with the margin glandular, smooth, glaucous beneath, silky when
young ; stipules none ; aments appearing before the leaves, recurved ;
scales black at the point, with long hairs ; germs ovate, on short pe-
dicels, silky ; style very short ; stigmas bifid.
AMENTACE^E. 319
Hab. Shady woods. N. J. and Penn. April. *?.— A low shrub,
with brown smooth branches and yellow huds.
6. S. pcdicillaris Pursh : branches smooth ; leaves obovate-lanceo-
late, acute, very entire, smooth and. of the same colour on both sides ;
stipules none ; aments pedunculate, very smooth ; scales oblong, half
the length of the pedicel, scarcely hairy ; germs ovate-oblong, on a
very long pedicel ; stigmas -sessile, bifid.
Hab. Catskill mountains, N. Y. April. T?. Pursh.
7. S. rosmarinifolia Linn. : leaves straight, linear-lanceolate, acute
at each end, very entire, pubescent above, silky beneath ; stipules lan-
ceolate, erect ; aments appearing before the leaves ; scales oblong, ob-
tuse, ciliate ; germs pedicellate, lanceolate, villous ; stigmas subsessile,
bifid.
Hab. Wet meadows and mountain swamps. Penn. to Car.
March. *? . — A shrub 1 — 3 feet high ; the branches silky pu-
bescent. Leaves 1 1-2 inches long, becoming smooth when old.
— According to Sprengel, the Linnaean S. rosmarinifolia is iden-
tical with S. deprcssa of Hoffmann.
8. & rcpcnS Linn. : creeping ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, very entire ^
acute, smooth, somewhat silky beneath ; stipules none ; aments ap-
pearing before the leaves, ovate, diandrous ; scales obovate, obtuse,
hairy, fuscous at the point ; germs ovate-oblong, on pedicels, pubes-
cent ; style very short ; sigmas 2-lobed ; capsule smooth. — S. depressa
Hoff.
Hab. Can. and N. Y. 1 May. 1?. — A very small creeping spe-
cies.
**• Leaves remotely and obtusely serrate.
9. S. conifera Wangh. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, flat, remotely ser-
rate, acute, smooth above, tomentose beneath ; stipules lunate, sub-
dentate ; aments appearing before the leaves, diandrous ; scales lance-
olate, obtuse, villous ; germs on pedicels, lanceolate, silky ; style
bifid ; stigmas 2-lobed. r—S. longirostris Mick.
Hab. Shady woods. N. Y. to Car. April. T?.— Shrub 4— S
feet high,, with cone-like excrescences at the end of the branch-
es. Style long.
10. S. mijricoidcs Muhl. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, biglandu-
lar at base, obtusely serrate, smooth, glaucous beneath ; stipules ovate,
acute, glandular-serrate ; aments villous, leafy at the base ; scales lan-
ceolate, obtuse, villous, black ; germs on long pedicels, lanceolate,
glabrous ; style bifid ; stigmas bifid.
Hab. Woods and meadows. N. Eng. to Vir. April. *>. — A
small shrub. Branches green ; younger ones purple, smooth.
. 11. S. prinoides Pursh : leaves oval-oblong, acute, remotely undu-
late-serrate, glabrous, glaucous beneath ; stipules semicordate, incise-
ly toothed ; aments appearing before the leaves, villous ; germs pedi-
cellate, ovate, acuminate, silky ; style long; stigmas bifid.
320 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. On the banks of rivers. Penn. to Vir. March. April. *?.
— A shrub 6 — 8 feet high.
12. Sf. discolor Willcl. : leaves oblong, somewhat obtuse, smooth, re-
motely serrate, very entire at the point, glaucous beneath ; stipules
deciduous, lanceolate, serrate ; aments appearing with the leaves, di-
androus, oblong, tomentose ; scales oblong, acute, hairy, black ; germs
subsessile, lanceolate, tomentose ; style of middling length ; stigmas
2-parted.
Hab. Low grounds. N. Eng. to Car. April. *?. — A shrub or
small tree, dark brown. Filaments white ; anthers red, yel-
low when burst. — Perhaps identical with the preceding.
Bog milow.
13. 8. angustata Pursh : leaves lanceolate, acute, very long, gradu-
ally attenuated at the base, serrulate, very smooth, nearly of the same
colour ; stipules semicordate ; aments appearing before the leaves,,
erect, somewhat glabrous ; germs pedicellate, ovate, smooth; style bi-
fid ; stigmas 2-lobed.
Hab. .Banks of streams. N- Y. and Penn. W. to Miss. March,
April. T?. — A shrub with very long leaves. — Resembles S.pri-
noides. According to Mr. Nuttall it is identical with the next.
14. &. longifolia Muhl. : leaves linear, acuminate at each end., elon-
gated, remotely toothed, smooth, nearly of the same colour on both
sides ; stipules lanceolate, toothed ; aments peduncled, tomentose, di-
androus ; scales flat, retuse ', filaments bearded at base, twice the length
of the scales.
Hab. On the banks of the Susquehannah. Penn. W. to Miss.
Muhl. July. *?. — A shrub about 2 feet high, with brown
branches and white branchlets.
* ** Leaves closely and acutely serrate.
15. S. babylonica Linn. : branches pendulous ; leaves lanceolate,
acuminate, serrate, smooth, somewhat glaucous beneath; stipules
roundish-acuminate, serrate ; aments appearing with the leaves ;
germs sessile, ovate, smooth.
Hab. Road sides, near cultivated ground. May. Tp. — A tree
which is introduced from Europe, but has been so much planted
for ornament as to have become almost naturalized..
Weeping Willoic.
16. 8. purshiana Spreng. : leaves very long, linear-lanceolate,
gradually attenuate above ; subfalcate at base, acute, approximate-
serrate, smooth on both sides, silky when young; stipules lunate,
toothed, reflexed. — S.falcata Pursh. — & cordata v&r.falcata Torr. ?
Hab. Banks of streams. Penn. to Vir. Pursh. Penn. Darling-
ton. T?. — A small tree, 8— -15 feet high, with smooth and slen-
der branches. — Humboldt having given the name of falcata to a
South American species of Salix, Sprengel proposes to change
the name of Pursh' s plant. Spreng. Syst. v. 608.
17. & nigra Marsh. : leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, serrulate,
AMENTACE.E. 321
smooth on both sides ; petiole and midrib .tomentose above ; stipule?
toothed ; aments appearing with the leaves, erect, cylindric, villous ;
scales oblong, very villous ; filaments 3 — 6, bearded at base ; germs
pedicelledj ovate, smooth ; 'style very short; stigmas bifid. — 8. caroli-
niana Mich. — S. pentandra Watt.
Hab, Banks of streams. Penn. to Car. April, May. Tp. — A
tree from 15 — 20 feet high, generally branching from the base ;
branches very brittle at base. Sterile aments 3 inches long. Fil-
aments generally 5.
18. S. lucida Muhl.: leaves ovate-oblong, cuspidate-acuminate,
rounded at base, serrate, smooth and shining on both sides ; stipules
oblong, serrate ; aments appearing, with the leaves, triandrous ; scales
lanceolate, obtuse at base, pilose, serrate at the point, smooth ; germs
lanceolate-subulate, smooth ; style bifid ; stigmas obtuse.
Hap. Low grounds. N. Y. to Vir. May. *?. — A shrub or
small tree with yellowish-brown branches. Ixares thick.
19. <S\ rigida Muhl. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, subcordate
at base, rigid, smooth, coarsely serrate, the lowest serratures elongated:
petioles villous ; stipules large, cordate, obtuse, serrate ; aments ap-
pearing with the leaves, triandrous ; scales lanceolate, woolly, black :
germs on long pedicels, lanceolate, smooth; style very short ; stigma?
2-parted.— S>. cordata Mich.
Hab. Swamps. N. Eng. to Vir. April, May. *;>. — A small
tree ;. branches .green, red towards the end, the younger ones
pubescent. — It is tough and much used by basket makers.
20. &'. cordata Muhl. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, cordate
at base, acutely serrate, smooth, paler beneath ; stipules large, ovate-
roundish, serrate; aments appearing with the leaves, triandrous;
scales lanceolate woolly, black; germs on pedicels, lanceolate, smooth:
style very short ; stigmas bifid.
Hap. Low swampy ground. N: Y. to Vir. N. to Arc. Amer.
April, May. *?. — A shrub 6 — 8 feet high, with large and broad
leav
OS.
21 & gri^sea WiUd. : leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate, smooth
above, silky or naked beneath ; stipules linear, deflexed, deciduous ;
aments appearing before the leaves ; scales oblong, hairy, black at. the
point; germs oblong, pedicelled, silky ; stigmas sessile, obtuse. — S. sc-
ricea Muhl.
Hab. Low grounds. Penn. to Vir. April. Jp. — A shrub 3 — 8
feet high; branches greenish- purple, very brittle at the base.
22. S periolaris Smith : leaves lanceolate, serrate, smooth, glaucous
beneath, silky at base, mostly unequal; .stipules lunaj.e, toothed:
aments appearing before the leaves, loose ; scales obovate, obtuse,
hairy, black ; germs on long pedicels, ovate, silky, stigmas sessile, 2-
lobed.
Hab. Swamps and banks of streams ; common. Pursh. April,
1?.— A small tree with slender smooth dark brown branches.
322 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
23. S. alba Linn. : leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, silky on
both sides ; lower serratures glandular ; stipules obsolete ; aments ap-
pearing with the leaves, elongated ; scales elliptic-lanceolate, of the
same colour, pubescent ; germs subsessilej ovate-oblong ; style short ;
stigmas 2-parted, thick.
Hab. Road sides and river banks. April, May. Tp. — A tall tree,
introduced from Europe. Pursh.
24. 8. vittlUna Linn. : leaves lanceolate, acuminate, with thickened
serratures, smooth above, paler and somewhat silky beneath ; stipules
none ; aments appearing with the leaves, cylindric ; scales ovate-lan-
ceolate, externally pubescent ; germs sessile, ovate lanceolate, smooth;
stigmas subsessile, 2-lobed.
Hab. Road sides and about farms. May. *?. — A middle-sized
tree, introduced from Europe. .
25. & decipiens Hoff. : leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, very
smooth, same colour on both sides ; petioles glandular toothed ; sti-
pules roundish ; aments appearing with the leaves ; scales obovate,
villous ; germs subsessile, lanceolate, smooth ; stigmas sessile, 2-part-
ed.— S.fragilis Linn — <S. russeliana Smith.
Hab. Road sides, &c. Introduced into the N. S. 1 Native in
Arc. Amer. Richardson. April, May. *?. — A small tree with
very brittle branches.
26. S. ambigua Pursh : leaves lanceolate, acuminate, same colour on
both sides, smooth, glandular, serrate ; aments appearing with the
leaves ; nectary large ; its lobes lanceolate, smooth, toothed at the
summit ; terminal flowers triandrous.
Hab. Low grounds. N. Y. and N. J. April, "f?. — The only
authority for this as an American species, I believe, is "Pursh,
who says it resembles in leaves and habit 8. ritellina, and in
fructification S. decipiens. Sprengel considers it a variety of <S*.
triandra of Linnaeus.
2. POPULUS.' Linn.
Dioecious. Jlmcnt cylindrical; scales lacerated. Ste-
rile Fl. Anthers 8 — 30, arising from a turbinate, oblique,
entire, single perianth. Fer.tile Fl. Perianth turbinate,
entire. Stigmas 4. Capsule superior, 2-celled, 2-valved,
many-seeded. Seeds cornose. Dioecia. Octandria.
1. P. balsamifera Linn. : leaves ovate, acuminate, appressed-serrate,
white and reticular-veined beneath ; buds resinous.
Hab. Can. and N. to the Arctic Sea ; abundant. Introduced
intoN. Y. March.- i?.— A tree from 70—80 feet high, the
young buds of which are covered with an odoriferous balsam.
Balsam Poplar. Tacamaliac.
2. P. candicans Ait. : leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate, obtusely and
unequally serrate, white beneath, somewhat 3-nerved, reti'cular-vein-
AM.EXTA.CEiE. 323
ed ; petioles hairy ; buds resinous ; branches terete. — P. canadensis
and latifolia Moench.
Hab. Woods. N. Eng. Pursh. March. T?. — A tree from
40 — 50 feet high ; leaves large ; buds covered with balsam.
Balm of Gilcad.
3. P. trcmuloidcs Mich. : leaves roundish, abruptly acuminate, den-
tate-serrate, pubescent on the margin. — P. trepida Jf'illd. .'
Hab. Woods. N. S. N. to Subarc. Amer. April. J?. — A
tree from 20 — 30 feet high, with smooth bark. Leaves small,
light, roundish. Flowers in pendulous silken aments.
4. P. moniUfcra Ait. : leaves subcordate-deltoid, smooth, glandular
at base, serrate : serratures cartilaginous, hamate, somewhat hairy ;
nerves spreading ; petioles compressed . above ; older branches terete.
— P. glandulosa and P. carolinicnsis Moench.
Hab. Banks of the Hudson, near Troy, N. Y. ; apparently native.
April. T?. — A tree 70 — 80 feet high. Fertile aments very long.
— Michaux remarks that this tree has not been met with in N.
America growing wild, but it has been generally considered a
native of this country. J'irginian Poplar.
5. P. hudsonica Mich. :' leaves rhomboid, with a very long acumina-
tion, dentate-serrate, smooth } young branches hairy. — P. betulifolia
Pursh.
Hab. Banks of streams. N. S. March. ??.— A tree 30—40
feet high, with spreading branches, which are covered with a
grayish-white bark when youug. American Black Poplar.
6. P. grandidentata Mich. : leaves ovate, nearly round, acute, unequal-
ly and sinuately toothed, smooth, the younger ones villous ; petioles
compressed near the summit.
b. pcndula Xutt. : branches pendulous.
Hab. Can. and N. S. April. >>. — A tree from 40 to 50 feet high,
covered with a smooth greenish bark. Young leaves covered with
a thick down, which disappears as they become older. The
large and unequal indentations on the margins of the leaves
♦ surhciently»characterises this species. — Yar h. is found on the
Alleghany mountains, Penn. American Large Asptn.
7. P. laevigata Ait. : leaves roundish-ovate, deltoid, acuminate, sub-
cordate, unequally serrate, smooth, glandular at base ; petioles com-
pressed ; younger branches angled. — P. canadensis Mich.
Hae. Rocky grounds. Can. to Vir. W. to the Rocky Moun-
tains. March. >>. — A tree from 70 to 80 feet high ; branches
angular, the angles forming whitish lines. Leaves large, deltoid,
somewhat cordate ; petioles with two glands at the base. — This
species has been confounded with P. angxduta, but according to
the younger Michaux it is distinct. Cotton Wood.
8. P. heterophylla Linn. : leaves roundish-ovate, obtuse, uncinately
toothed; the sinus small, cordate and somewhat auricied; when young
tomentose.
Hab. Swamps. N. Y. to Car. and W. to Miss. May. *?.
324 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
— A tree 60 — 80 feet high, with the branches not angled.
leaves with lobes or auricles that often conceal the insertion of
the petiole.
Suborder II. MYRICEjE.
3. MYRICA. Linn. i
Dioecious. Anient ovate-oblong ; scales lunulate. Ste-
rile Fl. Stamens 4 — 6. Anthers 4-valved. Fertile Fl.
Ovary 1. Stigmas 2. Drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded.
Dioecia. Tetrandria.
1. M. gale Linn. : leaves cuneate-lanceolate, serrate at the apex, ob-
tuse ; sterile aments imbricated ; scales acuminate, ciiiate ; fruit in
scaly heads.
Hab. Bogs and mountain lakes. Can. and N. S. May. J? . —
A branching shrub 4 — 5 feet high. Leaves alternate. Fruit
with a strong penetrating spicy scent.
Siceet Gale. Dutch Myrtle.
2. M. cerlfera Linn. : leaves cuneate-lanceolate, with a few serra-
tures near the summit, acute ; sterile aments loose ; scales acute :
fruit globular, naked. — M. caroliniensis and pennsylvanica Pursh. f
Hab. Shady woods. N. Eng. to Flor. May, June. ^>.— A
shrub % — 8 feet high, but sometimes (especially at the South,)
10 — 18 feet, diffusely spreading. Leaves varying in width,
sometimes entire, somewhat pubescent. . Fruit small, dry and
juicelessj but by boiling, a wax of very pleasant flavour is ex-
tracted from it, which is used for making candles, &c. Big.
Med. Bot. iii. Bayberry. Wax Myrtle.
4. COMPTONIA. Gaert.
Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Anient cylindrical ; scales 1-
flowered. Perianth 2-parted. Stamens 3, forked ; anthers
.6. Fertile Fl. Anient globose ; scales 1-fjowered. ^styles
2. Nut ovate. Monoecia, Triandria.
€. asplenrfolia Ait. — Liquidambar asplenifolinmLinn.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Geor. April, May. T?. — A shrub 2— 4
feet high. Leaves long, linear, cut almost to the midrib into
numerous roundish lobes. Floioers in oval sessile aments —
The whole plant when rubbed, has a strong and somewhat fra-
grant scent. Nuts forming a round burjr. Sweet Fein.
Suborder III. BETULINEvE.
5. BETULA. Linn,
Monoecious, Ament cylindrical. Sterile Fl. Perianth
none. Stamens 10 — 12. Fertile Fl. Scales imperfectly
AMENTACE^E. 325
3-lobed, 3-flowered. Perianth none, Styles 2. Nuts com-
pressed, with a membranaceous margin, 1-seeded.
Monoecia. Polyandria.
1. B. popufifolia Ait. : leaves deltoid, long-acuminate, unequally ser-
rate, very smooth ; petioles smooth ; scales of the strobile with round-
ish lateral lobes.
Hab. Rocky woods. Can. and N. S. May. J>. — A tree from
30 — 40 feet high, with white bark which is easily separable into
thin layers. Leaves tapering to a long point. Flowers in long
pendulous amenta. White Birch.
2. B. excelsa Ait. : leaves ovate, acute, serrate ; petioles pubescent,
shorter than the peduncles ; scales of the strobile with rounded lateral
lobes. — B. lutea Mich.f.
Hab. Low grounds. N. Eng. and N. Y. May, June. *?.
— A tree from 70 — 80 feet high, with a yellowish bark, which
is slightly fragrant. Fertile aments ovate, erect. — Used for fuel.
Yellow Birch.
3. B. nigra Linn. : leaves rhombic-ovate, doubly serrate, acute, pu-
bescent beneath, entire at base ; fertile anient ovate ; scales villous,
with the segments linear and equal. — B. rubra Mich.f.
Hab. Banks of streams. N. J. to Car. May. >>. — A middle-
sized tree, though sometimes quite large. Leaves on short pe-
tioles and acutely serrate. — The wood is of little consequence.
Red Birch.
4. B. papyracca Ait. : leaves ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate ; veins
beneath hirsute ; petioles smooth; fertile aments pedunculate, nodding;
scales with short suborbicular lateral lobes — B. papyri/era Mich.
Hab. Can. and N. Y. N. to Hudson's Bay. May, June. *?.
— A large tree, the bark of which is used by the Indians for con-
structing their canoes. Canoe Birch.
5. B. lenta Linn.: leaves cordate-ovate, sharply serrate, acuminate;
nerves beneath and petioles hairy ; scales of the anient smooth ; lobes
obtuse, equal, with elevated veins. — B. carpinifulia Mich.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Geor. May, June, fp — A large tree,
with the branches spotted with white when young. Its bark is
fragrant and aromatic. Leaves cordate at base and terminating
in a long point. — The wood of this species has a fine grain, and
is susceptible of polish. Black Birch. Mahogany Birch.
6. B. pumila Linn. : young branches pubescent, without dots; leaves
orbicular-obovate ; petioles densely pubescent beneath ; fertile ament
cylindrical.
Hab. Mountain bogs. Can., N. Y. and Penn. May, June. J?.
— A shrub 2 — 3 feet high, with the leaves on short petioles.
7. B. glandulosa Mich. : branches glandular, punctate, smooth ;
leaves obovate, serrate, very entire at base, smooth, subsessile ; fertile
ament oblong ; scales half 3-cleft : seeds orbicular, with a narrow
margin.
28
326 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Mountains. Can. and N. S. W. to N. W. Terr. May.
fp .—A shrub about 2 feet high.
8. B. nana Linn. : very smooth ; leaves orbicular, crenate, reticular-
veined beneath ; scales of the anient deeply 3-parted ; segments ob-
long : seeds orbicular, nearly wingless.
Hab. White Mountains, N. H. N. to Hudson's Bay. April.
May. Tp. — A shrub 1 or 2 feet high, with small leaves.
6. ALNUS. Mild.
Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Ament long, cylindrical ;
scales 3-lobed, 3-flowered. Perianth 4-parted. Stamens 4.
Fertile Fl. Anient ovate ; scales subtrifid, 2-flowered.
Perianth none. Styles 2. Nut compressed.
Monoecia. Tctrandria.
1. A. serrulata JVilld. : leaves obovate, acuminate, veins and axils of
the veins hairy beneath ; stipules elliptic, obtuse.
Hab. Swamps and banks of rivers. Can. to Car. March. Tp.
— A shrub 6 — 10 feet high, with alternate leaves. Sterile flowers
in a long pendulous ament ; flertile ones short and rigid, form-
ing a persistent cone. Alder.
2. A. undulata IVilld. : leaves ovate-oblong, acute, unequally serrate,
undulate; petioles and veins beneath hairy ; stipules ovate-oblong. —
A. crispa Pursh. — BeJiela crispa Mich.
Hab. Can. and mountains in N. S. April, fp. — A shrub 3 — 4
feet high.
7. CARPINUS. Linn.
Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Ament long-cylindric ; scales
ciliate at base. Stamens 8 — 14, somewhat bearded at the top.
Fertile Fl. Strobile lax ; scales leafy, 2-flowered. Stig-
mas 2. Nut bony, ovate, suicate, 1-seeded.
Monoecia. Polyandria.
C. americana Willd. : leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, unequally ser-
rate ; scales of the strobile 3-parted, the middle segment oblique, ovate-
lanceolate, toothed on one side. — C. virginiana Mich.f.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Flor. May. fp. — A small tree, with
the leaves alternate on short petioles and sharply serrate. Fer-
tile aments loose, with large fbliaceous scales. Hornbeam.
8. OSTRYA. Mick.
Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Ament cylindrical ; scales 1-
flowered. Perianth none. Filaments branched. Fertile
Fl. Ament naked. Capsule inflated, imbricate, 1-seeded at
base. Monoecia. Polyandria.
AMENTACE^E. 327
O. virginica Wild. : leaves ovate-oblong, cordate at the base, acu-
minate, unequally serrate ; strobile oblong-ovate, erect ; buds acute.
— Carpinvs Ostrya Mich. ?
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. May. Tp. — A small tree with ex-
ceedingly hard and heavy wood. Leaves alternate, ovate. Fer-
tile flowers enlarged into a sort of oblong cone resembling the
common hop. Iron Wood. Hop Hornbeam.
Suborder. IV. PLATANE^.
9. PLATANUS. Lam.
Monoecious. Anient globose. Sterile Fl. Stamens
numerous, intermixed with linear scales. Fertile Fl.
Scales spathulate. Styles with a recurved stigma. Seeds
roundish, clavate, pappose at base. Monoecia. Polyandria.
P. occidentalis Linn. : leaves 5-angled, obscurely lobed, toothed, pu-
bescent beneath ; branches nearly white.
Hab. Banks of streams. Can. to Flor. and W. to Miss.
May. T?. — One of the largest trees in North America, attain-
ing in favorable situations an enormous size. Leaves alternate,
on long petioles. Amcnts axillary, on long peduncles, globular.
Button Wood. Sycamore.
10. LIQUIDAMBAR. Limu
Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Ament conical, surrounded
by a 4-leaved involucre. Perianth none. Stamens numer-
rous. Fertile Fl. Ament globose, Perianth 1-leaved,
urceolate, 2-flo\vered. Styles 2. Capsules 2, surrounded at
base by the perianth, 1-celled, many-seeded.
Monoecia. Polyandria.
L. stijracifl.ua Linn. : leaves palmately lobed ; lobes acuminate, ser-
rate, with the sinuses at the base of veins villous.
Hab. Low woods. N. Y. to Flor. and W. to Miss. May.
I? . — A tree sometimes attaining very large dimensions. Leaves
when bruised, fragrant, and exuding a gum which is pleasan.
and slightly aromatic. Sweet Gum Treet
Suborder V. CUPULIFERjE.
11. QUERCUS. Linn.
Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Anient loose. Perianth sin-
gle, mostly 5-cleft. Stamens 5 — 10. Fertile Fl. Cupule
cup-shaped, scaly. Perianth 6-lobed. Ovary 3-celled, 2
of them abortive. Style I. Stigmas 3. Acorn 1-celled, 1-
seeded, surrounded at base by the enlarged scaly cupule.
Monoecia. Polyandria.
328 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
* Fructification biennial. Leaves setaccouslij mucronate.
t Learcs entire.
J. U. phdlos Linn. : leaves deciduous, linear-lanceolate, tapering at
each end, very entire, smooth, mucronate ; acorn nearly round.
Has. Low swampy forests. N. J. to Flor. May. *?. — A tree
from 30 to 60 feet high, generally straight and slender. Leaves
when young of a light green colour and dentate. Acorn small
nearly round. — The timber is of little use. • Willow Oak.
2. Q. imbricoria Mich. : leaves deciduous, oblong, acute at each end.
mucronate, very entire, shining, pubescent beneath ; cup shallow ;
scales broad ovate ; acorn subglobose.
Hab. Banks of rivers in mountaneous regions, Penn. to Car.
AV. to Miss. June. 1?. — A tree 40—50 feet high, with nu-
merous irregular branches. Acorn small, nearly spherical, in a
Hat nearly sessile cup. — The wood splits easily and is used in
the Western States for shingles. Shingle Oak.
tt Learcs dentate or with short lobes.
3. Q. fteteropkyUa Mich. : leaves on long petioles, ovate-lanceolate oi
oblong, entire or coarsely toothed ; cup hemispherical ; acorn subglo-
bose.
Hab. Banks of the Delaware. Penn. May. *>. — According to
Pursh, there is only one individual of this species known, which
grows near Philadelphia. He suggests that it may be a hybrid.
It is figured and descrihed hy Michaux in his Sylva Americana.
4. Q. aquatka Walt. : leaves obovate-wedge-form, smooth, very en-
tire, obscurely 3-lobed at the end, with the middle lobe largest ; cup
hemispherical ; acorn subglobose. — Q. nigra Linn.
Hab. Swamps. Md. to Flor. May. >>. — A tree 30—40 feet
high. Leaves very variable. 'Cup shallow. Jlcom rather small,
roundish. Resembles Q. laurifolia. — Its timber is of no value.
Water Oak.
). y. triloba Linn. : leaves oblong- wedge-form, acute at the base,
somewhat 3-lobed at the end ; lobes equal, mucronate, tomentose be-
neath, middle one longer ; cup flat ; acorn depressed-globose.
Hab. Pine barrens. N. J. to Geor. May. F?. — A tree 20 — 40
feet high, of rapid growth. Downy Black Oak.
(3. Q. nigra Willd. : leaves coriaceous, wedgeform, subcordate at base,
dilated and retusely 3-lobed at the summit ; when young mucronate
smooth above, rusty and pulverulent beneath ; cup turbinate, with
scales obtuse and scarious ; acorn short, ovate. — Q.fcrrugincaMich.f.
Hab. Sandy woods. N. J. to Flor. May. 1? —A tree 20—30
feet high, irregular in its growth, and covered with a thick rough
black bark. — The wood is much esteemed for fuel.
Barren Oak. Black Jack.
7. Q.. tinctoria Bartram : leaves obovate-oblong, slightly sinuate, pu-
bescent beneath ; lobes oblong, obtuse, obscurely toothed, mucronate :
cup flat ; acorn depressed-globose.
AMENTACEiE. 329
Hab. Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. May. ">?.— One of
the largest species of oak. sometimes attaining the height of 70
or 80 feet, covered with a dark coloured bark, from whence it
has derived its common name. It is highly valued on account
of its timber, as well as its bark. Black Oak. Quercitron.
8. Q. discolor ML : leaves oblong, pinnatifid-sinuate, pubescent be-
neath ; lobes oblong, toothed, setaceously mucronate ; cup turbinate ;
acorn ovate. — Q. tinctoria siyiuosa Mich.f.
Hab. Forests. Penn. to Car. May. T?.— A large tree, resembling
the preceding, and also Q. coccinra. but diners in having the
young leaves covered with down. — It is still, however, doubtful
whether it is really distinct.
ttt Leaves "duply sinuate one] lo&ed.
9. Q. coccinra Wangh. : leaves on long petioles, oblong, deeply sinu-
ate, smooth ; lobes divaricate, dentate, licute, setaceously-mucronate ;
cup turbinate, scaly ; acorn short, ovate.
Hab. Fertile woods. N. Eng. to Geor. May. *?.— A tree 70— 80
feet high. Distinguished by the brilliant red colour of its leaves
towards the close of autumn. — Its wood is used for staves and
fuel. Scarlet Oak.
10. Q. rubra Linn. : leaves on long petioles, oblong, smooth, obtuse-
ly sinuate ; lobes rather acute, toothed, setaceously mucronate ; cup
flat, nearly smooth ; acoin subovate.
Hab. Forests. Can. to Geor. May. >>. — A tree from 70 — 80
feet high. Leaves bright green ; sinuses large, rounded. — Re-
sembles the former, but its leaves are large, and in autumn they
change to a dull red and finally become yellow. The acorn also
is larger, has a flat base and shallow cup. — It is valuable both
for its wood and bark. Red Oak.
11. Q. catcsbcei Mich. : leaves on short petioles, wedgeform at base,
oblong, deeply sinuate, smooth ; lobes 3 — 5, divaricate, dentate, acute,
setaceously mucronate ; cup turbinate, broad ; scales obtuse, those of
the margin bent inwards ; acorn subglobose.
Hab. Pine barrens. Md. to Flor. May. T?. — A shrub or small
tree, from 10—20 feet high, with an irregular stem and branches.
Leaves coriaceous and glossy. Cup large and remarkable for its
obtuse scales. — The wood makes excellent fuel, and its bark is
used by the tanner. Barren Scrub Oak.
12. Q.falcala Mich. : leaves on long petioles, obtuse at base, tomen-
tose beneath, 3-lobed or sinuate ; lobes somewhat falcate, setaceously
mucronate, the terminal one long ; cup shallow, somewhat turbinate ;
acorn globose. — Q. clongaia Linn. — Q. rubra Walt.
Hab. Sandy soil. N. J. to Geor. May. T?. — A tree 70—80
feet high. leaves with 3 — 5 lobes, glossy on the upper surface.
— The wood is used for staves, fencing and fuel. The bark is
highly esteemed by tanners. Spanish Oak. Red Oak.
13. Q. palustris Mich. : leaves on long petioles, oblong, deeply sinu-
te, smooth ; axils of the veins villous beneath ; lobes divaricate, den-
26*
330 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
tate, acute, setaceously mucronate ; cup flat, smooth ; acorn subglo-
bose.
Hab. Swampy woods. N. Y. N. Eng. and Penn. W. to III.
May. *?. — A tree 40—60 feet high, with small handsomely
divided leaves. Acorns small, abundant. — The wood is firm and
much used by mechanics. Water Oak. Phi Oak.
1 4. Q. bannisteri Mich. : leaves on long petioles, obovate-wedgeform
3 — 5-lobed, entire on the margin, grayish tomentose beneath ; lobes
setaceously mucronate ; cup subturbinate ; acorn subglobose. — Q. illi-
tUfolia JVil/iJ.
Hab. Dry hills and barrens. Can. to Geor. May. >>.— A
shrub 4 — 6 feet high. Fruit abundant — Covers large tracts
called oak barrens, in various parts of New-York and other
states. Shrub or Smib Oak.
x* Fructification annual. * Fruit pedunculate. Leaves aimless,
i Leaves lobed.
15. Q. obtusiloba Mich. : leaves oblong, sinuate, wedgeform at base,
pubescent beneath ; lobes obtuse, the upper one dilated and 2-lobed ;
cup hemispherical ; acorn oval. — Q. stcllata Linn.
Hab. Sterile grounds. Can. to Flor. May. T?. — A tree 30— 50
feet high, with straggling irregular branches. Leaves mostly 5-
lobed. Cup hemispherical, enclosing nearly half of the acorn.
— The timber is much esteemed in ship building, and is sup-
posed in durability and strength to surpass that of any other
species of oak except the live oak.
16. Q. macrocarpa Linn. : leaves tomentose beneath, deeply and ly-
rately sinuate-lobed ; lobes obtuse, repand, upper ones dilated ; cup
deep, with the upper scales setose ; acorn ovate, turgid.
Hab. Limestone hills. Penn. and throughout the Western and
South Western States. May. *>. — A large tree with the fruit
larger than in any other American species. — The wood is of
excellent quality. Ocercup White Oak.
17. Q. olivaformis Mich. : leaves oblong, smooth, glaucous beneath,
deeply and unequally sinuate- pinnatifid ; cup very deep, crenate above ;
acorn elliptic-oval.
Hab. Hills. N. Y. to Vir. May. J>.— A tree somewhat re-
sembling the preceding. — Michaux credits it to the banks of the
Hudson near Albany, but I have never met with it in this vicin-
ity.
18. Q. alba Linn. : leaves oblong, pinnatifid-sinuate, pubescent be-
neath ; lobes linear-lanceolate, obtuse, very entire, attenuate at base ;
fruit pedunculate ; cup deep, tuberculate ; acorn ovate.
Hab. Fertile forests. Throughout the U. S. May. T?.— One
of the largest and most valuable of the American forest trees,
often 80—100 feet high, and 3 — 7 in diameter. Bark white.
Leaves pubescent beneath when young. — Timber firm and dura-
bler and of great use in ship building and in many other arts.
White Oak.
AMENTACE.E. 331
tt Leaves entire, dentate.
19. Q. prinus Linn. : leaves on long petioles, obovate, acute, pubes-
cent beneath, coarsely toothed ; teeth unequal, dilated, callous at the
point ; cup deep, attenuate at base ; acorn ovate. — Q. prinus palustris
Mich.
Hab. Shady woods. N. Y. to Flor. May. J?. — A large tree.
Leaves large, on petioles about an inch long. Cup hemispher-
ical, enclosing about one third of the acorn, on short peduncles.
Acorn large. — Timber inferior to that of the preceding, but often
employed indiscriminately with it. Sicavip Chesnut Oak.
20. Q. bicolor Wilid. : leaves on short petioles, oblong-obovate, whit-
ish tomentose beneath, coarsely toothed, very entire at the base ; teeth
unequal, dilated, rather acute, callous at the summit ; fruit in pairs,
on long peduncles ; cup hemispherical ; acorn oblong-ovate. — Q. prin-
us discolor Mich.f.
Hab. Low woods and swamps. N. Y. to Car. May. fp. — A
large tree, with the bark separating into large flat scales or plates.
Leaves variable. Acorn large, in a small cup. — Its timber is in
less repute than that of many other species. Swamp White Oak.
21. Q. montana IMlld. : leaves on petioles, broad-obovate, oblong,
white tomentose beneath, shining above, coarsely toothed, obtuse and
unequal at the base ; teeth nearly equal, very obtuse ; fruit in pairs,
on short peduncles ; cup hemispherical ; scales tuberculate, rugose ;
acorn ovate. — Q. prinus monticola Mich
Hab. In rocky situations. N. Y. to Car. May. T?. — A tree of
less size than the two preceding. — Its wood resembles the white
oak in strength, and its bark is highly esteemed by tanners. For
fuel it is scarcely exceeded in value by any of our trees.
Rock Chesnut Oak,
22. Q. castanca Muhl. : leaves on long petioles, oblong-lanceolate,
obtuse at base, acuminate, tomentose beneath, coarsely toothed ; ieeth
unequal, dilated, acute, callous at the point ; cup hemispherical; acorn
ovate, subglobose. — Q. prinus acuminata Mich.
Hab. Mountains. N. Y. to Geor. May. £.— A tree 60—70
feet high. Leaves on long petioles and narrower than those of
the former. Fndt middle-sized, on short peduncles. — In name
and use it is often confounded with Q. prinus. Yellow Oak.
23. Q. chinquapin Mich. : leaves on short petioles, obovate, acute at
the base, coarsely toothed, glaucous beneath ; teeth nearly equal, di-
lated, callous at the point ; cup hemispherical ; acorn ovate. — Q. prin-
oides Willd.
Hab. Barrens. N. Y. to Geor. May. T?.— A shrub from 3— 4
feet high. Acorns small, numerous. — It occurs in tracts or
patches intermingled with Q. bannisteri.
Chinquapin. Dwarf Chesnut Oak.
12. CASTANEA. Tourn.
Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Anient very long, cylindrical.
332 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Perianth single, of 1-leaf, 6-lobed. Stamens 5 — 20. Fer-
tile Fl. 3, within a 5-lobed thickly muricated involucre or
cupule. Perianth 5 — 6-lobed, having the rudiments of 12
stamens. Styles 6. Nut 1 — 2-seeded, invested with the en-
larged involucre. Monoecia. Pohjandria.
1. C. vesca Willd. : leaves lanceolate, acuminate, mucronately-ser-
rate, smooth on both surfaces. — Fagus castanea Linn. Walt.
Hab. Dry woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to 111. May, June. l>.
— A large tree, and one of the most useful. Leaves 6 inches
long, pubescent beneath when young. Spikes of sterile flowers
as long as the leaves, yellowish. Nuts generally 3. — The Amer-
ican species appears to be identical with the European, although
by some botanists it is considered distinct. The wood is ex-
tremely durable and is highly esteemed for posts and rails to con-
struct fences. Chcsnut Tree.
2. C. pumila Willd. : leaves oblong, acute, mucronate-serrate, white
tomentose beneath.
Hab. Sandy fields and woods. N. J. to Geor. May. *?. — A
shrub or small tree — at the North being seldom more than 10 or
12 feet high. Leaves smaller than in the preceding, oval and ob-
ovate. Nut small, ovate, acute, very sweet. — The wood is dura-
ble, but too small to be converted to much use. Chinquapin.
13. CORYLUS. Linn.
Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Anient cylindrical ; scales 3-
cleft. Perianth none. Stamens 8. Anthers 1-celled. Fer-
tile Fl. Perianth obsolete. Ovaries several. Stigmas 2.
Nut ovate, surrounded with the enlarged coriaceous and scaly
involucre forming the cupule. Monoecia. Pohjandria.
I.'C. amerkana Walt. : leaves roundish, cordate, acuminate; invo-
lucre roundish-campanulate, larger than the subglobose nut ; border
dilated, many-cleft.
Hab. Shady woods. Can. to Flor. March, April. J?. — Shrub
4—8 feet high, with virgate branches, pubescent when young.
Nuts large, ovate ; eatable. Hazel Nut. Wild Filbert.
2. C. rostrata Ait: leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate ; stipules linear-
lanceolate ; involucre tubular-campanulate, longer than the nut, 2-
parted, with incised segments.
Hab. Mountains. Can. to Car. May. Tp. —Shrub 3—4 feet
high. Leaves on short petioles, slightly cordate. Involucre ter-
minating in a tube 1 1-2 inches long. Beaked Hazel.
14. FAGUS. Linn.
Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Anient globose. Perianth
6-cleft. Stamens 5— 12. Fertile Fl. 2, within a 4-lobed
prickly involucre or cupule. Perianth with 4 — 5 minute
ULMACE^. 333
lobes. • Ovaries 3-celled, 2 abortive. Styles 3. Nut 1-
seeded, invested by the enlarged involucre.
Monoecia. Pohjandria.
1. F. sylvatica Linn.: leaves ovate, acuminate, slightly toothed, cili-
ate on the margin, acute at base ; nut ovate, triquetrous, obtuse, but
mucronate. — F. sy/ccslris Mich. •
Hab. Woods. N. H. to Geor. May. >>. — A large and beauti-
ful tree. Leaves of a bright green. — According to Mr. NuttaU
this species is dioecious. White Beach.
2. F.ferrugmea Ait. : leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, pubescent be-
neath, coarsely toothed, obtuse and unequally subcordate at base ; nut
acutely triquetrous, very acute.
Hab. Woods. Throughout the N. S. May, June. Tp.— A large
tree, with smooth bark. Leaves ribbed. Fruit muricate. — The
wood is of a darker colour than tbe preceding. Both species
are highly valuable timber trees, although the wood is not v>?ry
durable. Red Beach.
Order CX1I. ULMACEJE. Mirb. Lind.
Flowers monoclinous or polygamous. Verianth divided,
campanulate, inferior. Stamens definite, inserted into the
base of the calyx ; erect in aestivation. Ovary superior, 2-
celled ; ovules solitary, pendulous ; stigmas 2, distinct.
Fruit 1 or 2-celled, indefinite, membranous or drupaceous.
Seed solitary, pendulous ; albumen none or small in quantity ;
embryo with foliaceous cotyledons.
Trees or shrubs with scabrous alternate simple deciduous
leaves and stipules.
1. ULMUS. Linn.
Flowers perfect. Perianth campanulate, 4 — 5-cleft. Sta-
mens 5 — S. Styles 2. Fruit compressed, with a broad mem-
branaceous border, (Samara.) Pentandria. Digynia.
1. U. amcricana Linn. ; branches smooth-, leaves somewhat doubly
serrate, unequal at the base ; serratures uncinately acuminate ; flowers
pedicellate ; fruit fimbriate.
Hab. Low grounds. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. April. Ma}-.
T?. — A large tree, with long recurved branches. Floicers pur-
plish, in small fascicles, generally appearing before the leave.',
Stamens from 4 — 8. — In favorable situations the most magnifi-
cent tree on the continent. White Elm.
2. U.fulva Mich. : branches scabrous, white ; leaves ovate-oblong,
much acuminate, pubescent on both sides ; buds tomentose, with a
thick tawtry wool ; flowers sessile.
334 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Mountains. N. Y. to Car. May. >>.— Tree of. smaller
size than the preceding. Leaves much larger, very rough. Sta-
vievs 7. — The inner bark contains a large portion of mucilage,
and has been employed for medicinal purposes. Slippery Elm.
3. U. nemoralis Ait. : leaves oblong, somewhat glabrous, equally ser-
rate, nearly equal at base ; flowers sessile.
Hab. Banks of streams. N. Eng. to Vir. ; scarce. April, May.
J?. — Pursh. River Elm.
4. K racemosa Thovias : flowers in racemes ; pedicels in distinct
facicles, united at their bases.
Hab. Western part of N. Y. T?. — A tree with the lower branch-
es having irregular corky excrescences. Leaves ovate, acumi-
nate, auriculate on one side, doubly serrate, smooth above,
under side and ribs minutely pubescent. Racemes of several
fascicles, 1 — 2 1-2 inches long. Floiocrs pedicellate, 2 — 4 in a
fascicle. Calyx 7 — 8-cleft. Stamens 7 — 10. Stigmas 2, re-
• curved. Samara ovate, pubescent, margin densely fringed. —
Described and figured by David Thomas, Esq., in SillimanV
Journal, xix. 170.
2. CELTIS. Linn,
Perfect or polygamous. Perianth 5-lobed. Stame?is 5>
subsessile. Styles 2. Drupe globose, 1-seeded.
Pentandria. Digynia.
1. C. occidentalis Linn. : leaves ovate, acuminate, equally serrate,
unequal at base, scabrous above, hairy beneath ; flowers small, sub-
solitary.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. May. T? . — A middle-sized tree.
Flowers small, greenish-white. Drupe nearly globose, purple.
Hoop Ash. Beaver Wood.
2. C. crafsijolia Lam. : leaves ovate, acuminate, unequally serrate,
subcoriaceous, scabrous on both sides, unequal at the base ; peduncles
mostly 2-flowered.
Hab. Penn. Mich. W. to Miss. May. 1?. — Smaller than the
former. Hack-berry.
3. C. pumila Pursh : leaves broad-ovate, acuminate, equally serrate,
unequal at the base, smooth on both sides, the younger ones only pu-
bescent ; peduncles mostly 3-flowered ; fruit solitary. — C. occidentalis
var. pumila Muhl.
Hab. Banks of rivers. Md. and Vir. Pursh. May. *>. — A
low shrub. Drupe solitary, brown and glaucous.
Order CXIII. JUGLANDEjE. De Cand. Lind.
Flowers diclinous. Sterile Fl. in an ament. Perianth
scaly, oblique, irregularly lobed. Stamens inserted on the
receptacle, indefinite (3—36) ; filaments short, distinct ; an-
JUGLANDEiE. 335
thers thick, 2-celled, bursting longitudinally. Fertile Fl.
with a single or double perianth, the outer 4-parted, the inner
(when present) of 4 pieces. Ovary inferior, 1-celled ; ovule
solitary, erect ; styles 1 — 2, very short or none ; stigmas large,
either 2 and lacerated, or discoid and 4-lobed. Fruit drupa-
ceous, ] -celled, with 4 imperfect partitions. Seed 4-lobed ;
embryo large ; albumen none ; cotyledons fleshy, 2-lobed,
wrinkled ; radicle superior.
Trees. Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate.
1. JUGLANS. Linn.
Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Anient imbricate ; scales
mostly 5-partcd. Perianth 5 or 6-parted, Stamens 18 — 36.
Ferule Fl. Perianth double, each 4-parted. Styles 1 or
2. Drupe partly spongy ; nut rugose and irregularly furrow-
ed. Monoccia. Polyandria.
1. J. nigra Linn. : leaves pinnate ; leafets numerous, ovate-lanceo-
late, serrate, subcordate, tapering to the summit ; the under surface
and petioles slightly pubescent ; fruit globose, scabrous, dotted ; nut
corrugated.
IIab. Fertile woods. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. April, May.
fp. — A tree 50 — 60 feet high. Leaves pinnate, with from 15 — 21
leafets. Sterile aments axillary. — Timber compact, fine grain-
ed, heavy and dark coloured, when exposed to the air.
Btack Walnut.
2. J. cinerea Linn. : leaves pinnate ; leafets numerous, lanceolate,
serrate, rounded at the base, soft pubescent beneath ; petioles villous ;
fruit oblong-ovate, with a terminal projection, viscid and hairy, on a
long peduncle ; nut oblong, acuminate, conspicuously sculptured. — J.
cathartica Mich.f.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Geor. April, May. *>. — A large tree.
Leaves pinnate, with 15 — 17 pubescent leafets. — Habit and fruc-
tification very similar to the preceding, but the fruit is oblong,
with a protuberant summit, and the nut much more deeply and
irregularly sculptured. Medicinal. Big. Med. Bot. i. 115.
Butter-nut. Oil-nut.
2. CARYA. Nutt.
Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Anient imbricated ; scales 3-
parted. Perianth none. Stamens 4 — 6. Fertile Fl. Pe-
rianth 4-cleft, superior. Style none. Stigma partly discoid,
4-lobed. Pericarp 4-valved. Nut quadrangular, even.
Monoccia. Polyandria.
336 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
1. C. sulcata Xatf. : leafets generally 9, obovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, serrate, pubescent beneath, terminal one subsessile and attenuate
at base; fruit roundish, 4-angled ; nut oblong, slightly compressed,
conspicuously mucronate. — Juglans sulcata Willd. — J. mucronata Mich.
and J. laciniosa Mich.f
Hab. Fertile soils. N. Y. to Car. April, May. >>. — A large
tree. Lcarcs pinnate, with 7 — 9 leafets. Sterile amoits 3-part-
ed, very long, peduncled. Nut large, oblong, with a very thick
4-parted pericarp. — This, like most of the species, is valuable
for fuel. Thick Shell-bark Hickory.
2. C. alba Nutt. : leafets 5 — 7, on long petioles, oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, sharply serrate, villous beneath, the terminal one sessile :
aments filiform, smooth ; fruit depressed-globose ; nut compressed,
oblique. — Juglans alba Mich. — J. comprcssa Willd. — J. squamosa Mich.j'.
Hab. Fertile woods. Can. to Car. and W. to Miss. April.
May. Tp. — A very large and valuable tree, with the bark sepa-
rating in large flat scales or plates. Nut with a thinner shell
than that of most other species and of a fine flavor ; pericarp.*
thin, globose, depressed at the summit. — Timber much prized
inconsequence of the fineness of the grain and the elasticity of
the fibre. Shell or Shag-bark Hickory.
3. ft tomentosa Nutt. : leafets generally 7 — 9, oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, smooth, slightly serrate, pubescent and scabrous beneath :
terminal one nearly sessile ; ament filiform, very long, tomentose :
fruit subglobose, smooth; pericarp very thick; nut somewhat 6-angled.
the shell very thick and hard. — Juglans tomentosa Mich. — J. alba Linn.
b. maxima Nutt. : fruit twice the ordinary size, as large as an ap-
ple.
Hab. Fertile woods. N. Y. to Geor. April, May. *?. — A
large tree. Leafets sometimes 5, but generally 7, very pubes-
cent beneath. Fruit large. Nut compressed, somewhat oval,
with 4 prominent angles, and 2 obscure ones on the ends, thick
shelled and hard. Timber valuable. Var. b. is found near Phi-
ladelphia. Common Hickory.
4. C. amara Nutt. : leafets generally 9, ovate-oblong, acuminate,
sharply serrate, smooth on both sides ; fruit subglobose ; nut smooth,
mucronate, with the shell fragile. — Juglans amara Mich. — Hicorius
amara Raf.
Hab. Dry fertile woods. Can. to Car. May. *?. — A large
tree. Leafets 9, sessile, with the nerves and midrib pubescent.
Nut small, almost obcordate, with bitter and astringent kernels.
— Often confounded with the next species.
Bitter-nut. Swamp Hickory.
5. C. porcina Nutt. : leafets generally 7, lanceolate, acuminate, ser-
rate, smooth on both sides ; fruit oblong-globose or obcordate ; nut
smooth, very hard. — Juglans porcina Mich. — J. obcordata and J. glabra
Willd.
Hab. Fertile woods. N. Y. to Geor. May. 1? — A very large
CONIFERE^E. 337
tree. Leqfets 5 — 7. Fruit small, variable, with a very bitter
kernel. — Wood very tough. Fig or Hog-nut. Broom Hickory.
Order CXIV. CONIFERE^. Juss. hind.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Sterile monandrous
or monadelphous, collected in an anient* about a common ra-
chis ; anthers 2 or many-lobed, bursting outwardly ; often
terminated by a crest, which is an uncovered portion of the
scale, out of which each stamen is formed. Fertile usually
in strobiles or cones, sometimes solitary. Ovary none (in the
solitary flower,) or spread open (in the cone) and resembling
a flat scale, destitute of style or stigma, arising from the axil
of a membranous bract ; ovules exposed ; in the cones in
pairs on the face of the ovary, inverted ; in the solitary flow-
er erect. Fruit a solitary naked seed, or a cone. Seeds with
a hard crustaceous integument ; embryo in the midst of oily
albumen; radicle next the apex of the seed, having an organic
connexion with the albumen.
Trees or shrubs, with a branched trunk, abounding in resin.
Leaves with the veins parallel to each other.
1. JUNIPERUS. Lima.
Dioecious, rarely monoecious. Sterile Fl. Anient
ovate ; scales verticillate, peltate. Anthers 4 — S, 1-celled.
Fertile Fl. Anient globose ; scales 3, concave, coadunate.
Stigma gaping Berry with 3 bony 1-seeded nuts, surround-
ed with the united and fleshy scales.
Dioccia. Monadelphia.
1. .7. communis Linn. : leaves ternate. spreading, mucronate, longer
than the berry.
b. depressa Pursh: stems prostrate.
Hab. Rocky banks of streams. Can. and X. S. May. *?. —
A shrub with prostrate and spreading branches, forming large
beds. Leaves sharply mucronate, glaucous above, shining be-
low. Berries purple. Medicinal. Big. Med. Bot. hi. 44. Juniper
2. J. rirginiana Linn. : trunk arboreous ; upper leaves imbricated in
four rows, ovate, pungently acute.
0 Hab. Woods. Can. to Geor. May. T?. — A middle-sized tree,
with horizontal brandies. Berries covered with a blue powder.
— Wood light and very durable. Leaves resembling Savin in
their medicinal properties. Red Cedar.
3. J. prostrata Mich. : stems prostrate, creeping; leaves imbricate,
29
DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
in four rows, ovate, submucronate, glandular in the middle, appressed:
berries large and conspicuously tubercular. — J. repeiis Nutt.
Hab. Sandy soils. Can. and N. S. W. to Miss. May. >>.—
A low shrub, with long and creeping branches, 2 yards long.
2. THUYA. Linn.
Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Anient imbricate. Perianth
none. Anthers 4, sessile. Fertile Fl. Strobile with the
scales 2-flowered. Nut ] , winged.
Monoecia. Monadelphia.
T. occidentalis Linn. : branches ancipitous ; leaves imbricated in 4
rows, ovate-rhomboidal, appressed, tuberculate; strobiles obovate ; in-
ner scales truncate, gibbous below the summit.
Hab. Mountains. Can. to Car. " May. 1?. — A small tree, with
very tough branches. Leaves resembhng scales.
American Arbor Vita.
3. CUPRESSUS. Linn.
Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Anient ovate ; scales peltate.
Perianth none. Anthers 4, sessile. Fertile Fl. Stro-
bile with the scales peltate. Perianth none. Ovaries 4 — S,
under each scale of the strobile. Nuts angular, compressed.
Monoecia. Monadelphia.
1. C. disticha Linn. : leaves distichous, flat, deciduous ; sterile flow-
ers leafless, paniculate ; strobile subglobose.
Hab. Swamps. N. J. to Flor. W. to Miss. May. *>.— One
of the largest trees of the forest, occurring in extensive swamps,
especially at the South. Leaves small, linear and acute. Cone
with an irregular surface. — Timber very durable. Cypress.
2. C. thyoides Linn. ; branches compressed ; leaves imbricate in four
rows, ovate, tuberculate at base ; strobile globose.
Hab. Swamps. N. Y. to Car. May. *?. — A middle-sized tree,
composing the cedar swamps of the Middle and Southern States.
— Wood light, soft and durable. White Cedar.
4. PINUS. Linn.
Monoecious. Stkrile Fl. Scales peltate. Perianth
none. Anthers 2, sessile, 1-celled. Fertile Fl. in an ovate
or conical strobile. Scales closely imbricate, 2-flowered.
Nut winged, covered by the scales of the cone.
Monoecia. Monadelphia.
* Leaves 2 — 5, sheathing at base* Scales of the cone thickened at the
summit. Pinus.
1. P. inops Ait. : leaves short, in pairs ; strobile recurved, oblong-
conic, as long as the leaves; spines of the scales subulate, straight.
CONIFEREiE. 339
Hab. Barrens. N. Y. to Car. May. "?. — A middle-sized tree,
with straggling branches and full of resin. Leaves 1 — 2 inches
long. Cones about 2 inches long. Pitch or Scrub Pine.
2. P. resinosa Ait. : leaves elongated, in pairs ; sheaths elongated ;
strobile ovate-conic, rounded at base, subsolitary, half the length of the
leaves ; scales dilated in the middle, unarmed. — P. rubra Mich.
Hab. Woods. Can. and N. S. May. "?. — A very large tree.
Found on the Helderburg mountains near Albany.
Noncay Pine.
3. P. banksiana Lamb. : leaves short, in pairs, rigid, divaricate, ob-
lique ; strobile recurved, tortuous ; scales unarmed. — P. rupestrU
Mich.f.
Hab. Rocky grounds. Subarc. Amer. to Maine. April, May.
Tp . — A small tree, with long spreading flexible branches.
Scrub Pine.
4. P. variabilis Tximb : leaves elongated, in pairs and threes, channel-
led ; strobile ovate-conic, mostly solitary ; spines of the scales incurv-
ed.— P. mitis Mich f.
Hab. Forests. N. Eng. to Geor. May. £. — A large tree.
Leaves 4 — 5 inches long, dark green. Cone solitary, 2 — 3 inches
long. Yellow Pine.
5. P. rigida Linn. : leaves in threes ; sheaths short ; sterile aments
erect-incumbent ; strobile ovate, scattered or aggregated ; spines of the
scales reflexed.
Hab. Barrens. N. Eng. to Vir. May. "?. — A large tree.
Leases 4 — 6 inches long. Cones usually clustered, 2 — 4 inches
long. — The wood abounds in turpentine. Pitch Pine.
6. P. serotina Mich. : leaves elongated, in threes ; sterile aments in-
cumbent, nearly erect ; strobile ovate; spines of the scales straight,
slender.
Hab. Margin of swamps. N. J. to Car. May. T?. — A small
tree. Leaves 6 — 8 inches long. Cones larger and more globular
than in the preceding. Pond Pine.
7. P. strobus Linn. : leaves in fives, slender ; sheaths very short ;
strobile pendulous, cylindrical, longer than the leaves ; scales loose.
Hab. Fertile soils. Can. to^ Vir. May. ^>.— A very large
and valuable tree, sometimes* attaining the height of 140 feet.
Leaves 4 inches long. Cone solitary, very long. — Timber soft
fine-grained and light. White or Weymouth Pine.
*y Leaves fasciculate, deciduous. Larix.
8. P. p end ula .lit. : leaves fasciculate, deciduous ; strobile oblong ;
margin of the scales inflexed ; bracts panduraeform, with the point at-
tenuated.
Hab. Cedar swamps. Can. and N. Y. April, May. *?. — A
middle-sized tree, which differs from the preceding by its leaves
growing in tufts or fascicles, and in their being deciduous.
Cone small, covered with soft scales. Hackmatack. Tamarack,
340 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
9. P. microcajpa Lamb. : leaves fasciculate, deciduous ; strobile
roundish, few-flowered ; scales reflexed ; bracts elliptic, obtusely acu-
minate.— P. pcndula Jf'illd.—Larix amcricana Mich.
Hab. Mountains. N. S. N. to Subarc. Amer. May. >>. — A
large tree, resembling the preceding, but according to Pursh and
Lambert, specifically distinct. Red Larch.
* Leaves solitary, distinct at base. Scales of the cone even and attenu-
ated. Abies.
10. P. balsamca Linn. : leaves solitary, flat, emarginate or entire,,
glaucous beneath, somewhst pectinate at the summit, nearly erect, be-
low recurved-spreading ; strobile cylindrical, erect ; bracts short, obo-
vate, conspicuously mucronate, somewhat serrulate.— Mies balsam if era
Mich.
Hab. Mountains. N. S. N. to Subarc. Amer. May. 1?. — A
tree 40—50 feet high. Leaves 6 — 10 lines long. Cone solita-
iy, erect. American Silver Fir. ■ Balsam Fir.
11. P.fraseri Pursh: leaves solitary, flat, shorter, emarginate, glau-
cous beneath, subsecund, erect above ; strobile ovate-oblong, erect ;
bracts elongated, reflexed, oblong-cuneate, emarginate, shortly mucro-
nate, incisely toothed. P. balsamea var. fraseri Nutt.
Hab. Broad Mountains. Penn. Pursh. May. T?. — Resembles
the former, but differs in being a smaller tree, the leaves shorter
and more erect, and the cones not one-fourth the size.
Double Balsam Fir.
12. P. canadensis Linn. : leaves solitary, flat, denticulate, somewhat
distichous ; strobile ovate, terminal, scarcely longer than the leaves.
— Abies canadensis Mich.
Hab. Mountains. Can. to Car. May. T?. — A tree sometimes
attaining a very large size. Leaves 6 — 8 lines long. Cones very
small. — Bark contains a great quantity of tannin.
Hemlock Spruce.
13. P. nigra Ait. : leaves solitary, 4-sided, every where scattered,
erect, straight ; strobile ovate ; scales elliptical, undulate on the mar-
gin, erosely denticulate at the apex. — A. nigra Mich. f.
Hab. Swamps. Subarc. Amer. to Car. May. "*?. — A large
tree, usually having a pyramidal summit. Leaves half an inch
long, dark green. Cones oval, 1 — 2 inches long. Black Spruce.
14. P. rubra Lamb. : leaves solitary, subulate ; strobile oblong, ob-
tuse ; scales rounded, somewhat 2-lobed, entire on the margin.
Hab. Hudson's Bay. Pursh. Maine. Torr. May. T>.
Red Spruce.
15. P. alba Ait. : leaves solitary, 4-sided, incurved ; strobile subcy-
lindrical, loose ; scales obovate, very entire.
Hab. Swamps. Subarc. Amer. to Car. May. T?. — A small
tree. Leaves 5 — 8 lines long, less crowded than in the preced-
ing. Cones slender, 2 inches long. White Spruce.
HYDROCHARIDEiE. 341
5. TAXUS. Linn.
Flowers [dioecious or monoecious, surrounded with many
scales. Sterile Fl. Stame?is 8 — 10; filaments monadel-
phous. Anthers peltate, 6 — S-celled ; cells dehiscent be-
neath. Fertile Fl. Style none. Stigma concave. Drupe
fleshy, open at the extremity. Nut 1-seeded.
Dioecia. Monadelphia.
T. canadensis Jlllld. : leaves linear, distichous, revolute on the mar-
gin ; receptacle of the sterile flower globose. — T. baccata minor Mich.
Hab. Moist rocky places. Can. and N. S. March. April. *?.
— Shrub 4 — 8 feet high. Leaves resembling those of Pinus cana-
densis, but larger. Fruit having the appearance of a berry.
Yew.
Class II. ENDOGEN^ or MONOCOTYLEDO-
NOUS PLANTS.
Trunk usually cylindrical, with no perceptible distinc-
tion of bark, wood and pith, increasing in diameter by
the addition of new matter to the centre. Leaves fre-
quently sheathing at the base and not readily separating
from the stem by an articulation, mostly alternate, with
parallel simple nerves and minute transverse veins. Em-
bryo with but one cotyledon ; if with two, then the addi-
tional one is imperfect and alternate with the other ; ra-
dicle usually enclosed within the substance of the embryo,
through which it bursts when germinating.
Subclass I. PETALOIDE.E. Lind.
Sta?ne?is and pistils naked or covered by verticillate floral
envelopes.
Order CXV. HYDROCHARIDE.E. Juss. Land.
Flowers spathaceous, monoclinous or diclinous. Perianth
with the limb 6-parted, the 3-outer segments herbaceous ; the
3 inner petaloid. Stamens epiginous, definite or indefinite.
Ovary solitary, 1 or many-celled ; ovules indefinite, often pa-
29*
342 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
rietal ; stig?nas 3 — 6. Fruit dry or succulent, indehiscent,
1 or many-celled. Seeds without albumen ; embryo undivided,
cylindrical ; radicle at the opposite extremity from the hilum.
Floating plants. Leaves with parallel nerves, sometimes
spiny.
1. UDORA. Nuit.
Dioecious. Spathe bifid. Perianth 6-parted ; 3 inner seg-
ments petaloid. Sterile Fl. Stamens 9, 3 of them inte-
rior. Fertile Fl. Tube of the perianth very long. Ste-
rile filaments 3. TJtriculus about 3-seeded. Seeds cylindric.
Dioecia. Enneandria.
U. canadensis Nutt. : leaves verticillate in threes and fours, lanceo-
late, oblong or linear, serrulate ; tube of the perianth filiform. — Eh-
de-a canadensis Mich. — Serpieula verlicillata Muhl.
Hab. Still waters. Can. to Vir. Aug. Lf. — Stem submersed,
diffusely dichotomous. Flowers axillary, very small, white.
The plant without flowers resembles an aquatic moss.
2. VALLISNERIA. Linn.
Dioecious. Sterile Fl. Spathe ovate, 2 — 4-parted-
Spadix covered with minute flowers. Perianth 3-parted. Sta-
mens 2. Fertile Fl. Scape very long and spiral. Spathc
bifid, 1-flowered. Perianth elongated, 6-parted ; the alter-
nate segments linear. Style none. Stigmas 3, ovate, bifid.
Caj>side elongated, cylindrical, 3-toothed, 1-celled, many-seed-
ed ; the seeds attached to the sides. Dioecia. Diandria.
V. spiralis var. amcricana Torr. leaves linear and obtuse, equal from
the base, 3-nerved, margin minutely and aculeately serrulate ; sterile
peduncles very short ; fertile ones spiral. — V. americana Mich.
Hab. Still water. N. Y. to Flor. W. to 111. Aug. 2f — Leaves
all radical, 2 — 3 lines broad and very long.
Order CXVI. ORCHIDE^. Juss. hind. .
Perianth with a ringent 6-parted limb ; outer segments
usually coloured, of which the odd one is often uppermost by
a twisting of the ovary ; inner segments more petaloid, the odd
one or the lip being frequently lobed and unlike the others,
and often spurred at the base. Stamens 3, in a double row,
epiginous, united in a central column, the two lateral ones, or
the central one abortive ; anther persistent or deciduous, 2 — 4
or 8-celled ; pollen powdery or cohering in definite or indefi-
ORCHIDEiE. 343
nite waxy masses (pollinia.) Ovary 1- rarely 3-celled ; ovules
indefinite ; style forming part of the column of the stamens ;
stigma a viscid cavity in front of the column. Capsule 3-rib-
bed, 3-valved, rarely baccate. Seeds numerous ; albumen
none ; embryo a solid fleshy mass.
Herbs. Roots tuberous or fibrous. Leaves simple, quite
entire.
* Pollen simple or consisting of granules in a lax state of
cohesion.
1. GOODYERA. Brown.
Perianth ringent ; the 2 outer or lateral segments placed
beneath the Hp, which is gibbous at the base and undivided at
the extremity. Column free. Pollen angular.
Gynandria. Monandria.
1. G. pubescens Brown : radical leaves ovate, petiolate, reticulate:
scape sheathed and with the flowers pubescent ; lip ovate, acuminate:
segments of the perianth ovate.
Hab. Shady woods. Can. to Flor. July, Aug. 11. — Scape
6 — 10 inches high. Leaves radical, dark green, veined with
white. Flmctrs white, in an oblong spike.
Rattlesnake Plantain.
2. G. repens Broicji: radical leaves ovate, petiolate, reticulate; scape
sheathed and with the flowers pubescent ; flowers unilateral ; lip and
segments lanceolate.
Hab. Shady woods. N. S. July. 11. — Root creeping. Scape
6 — 8 inches high. Leaves less distinctly veined than in the pre-
ceding. Floicers greenish-white.
2. SPIRANTHES. Rich.
Spike spiral ; inner segments of the perianth connivent.
Lip unguiculate, parallel with the column, with 2 calli at the
base, entire. Anther terminal, peduncled at the end. Ovary
oblique. Gynandria. Monandria.
1. £. torlilis Rich. : radical leaves linear ; scape sheathed ; flowers
spirally secund ; lip trifid ; the middle lobe large and crenulate. — Neot-
tia tortilis Sicartz. Pursh. — Ophrys aestivalis Mich.
IIab. Low meadows. N. Y. to Car. June, July. 11. — Scape
a foot high. Floicers white.
2. S. gracilis Berk : radical leaves ovate ; scape "sheathing ; flowers
in a spiral row ; lip obovate, curled. — Ncottia gracilis Big.
Hab. Dry woods. Mass. July, ^p.— Scape 8— 12 inches high,
erect, with a few sheathing scales or leafets. Leaves on short
344 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
petioles, sometimes falling off before the plant flowers. Flowers
white, in a twisted spike. — According to Dr. Bigelow, the spike
is sometimes unilateral and scarcely twisted, and the flowers
more slender, when it forms his var. secunda. Ladies' Tresses.
3. & cernua Rich. : leaves lanceolate, nerved ; stem sheathing ;
flowers in a dense spike, cernuous ; lip oblong, entire, acute. — Ncottia
cernua Willd.
Hab. Moist grounds. Can. to Car. July, Aug. It. — Scape
6 inches to 2 feet high, sometimes a little leafy. Leaves var}r-
ing from linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate. Floiccrs green-*
ish- white. —It is liable to considerable variation. See Torr.
Comp. 320.
3. LISTERA. Brown.
Perianth irregular. Lip 2-lobed, sessile, with no calli.
Column wingless, (minute.) Anther fixed by its base. Pollen
farinaceous. Gynandria. Monandria.
1. L. cordata Brown : stem with only 2 opposite roundish cordate
leaves ; raceme loose ; column without any appendage behind ; lip
elongate, 2-toothed at base, deeply bifid, the segments divaricate and
acute — Ophris cordata Mich.
Hab. Sphagnous swamps. Can. Ver. N. J. May. 11. — Stem
4 — 8 inches high. Leaves roundish, cordate, veined, smooth,
mueronate. Raceme 7 — 15-flowered. Floicers distant, minute,
green and purple. • Tway-blade.
2. L. convallarioides Nutt. : stem with only 2 opposite oval-roundish
leaves, pubescent above ; raceme few-flowered, (4 — 6) ; column por-
rected ; lip oblong, dilated, and obtusely 2-lobed at the extremity. —
Epipactis convallarioides Pursh. excl. syn.
Hab. Swamps. Can. to Car. May. If. — Stem 6 inches high
and very slender. Floicers dark brown and green, larger than
in the preceding. — These two species have been confounded by
many of our botanists — when in fact they are entirely distinct,
and it is even doubtful whether they belong to the same genus.
Ophris cordata of Michaux given by Pursh as a synonym of his
Epipactis convallarioides, belongs to the former.
4. POGONIA. Broicn.
Lip sessile, cucullate, internally crested ; 5 segments of
the perianth distinct, without glands. Pollen farinaceous.
Gijnandria. Monandria.
1. P. ophioglossoides Broicn : root fibrous ; stem with an oval-lance-
olate leaf and a foliaceous bract near the flower ; lip fimbriate. — Are-
thusa ophioglossoides Linn.
Hab. Sphagnous swamps. Can. to Car. July. 11. — Root fas-
ciculate. Stem 8 — 12 inches high. Flower solitary, pale pur-
ple, nodding.
ORCHIDE^!. 345
2. P. rcrticillaia Nutt. : leaves 5, oblong-lanceolate, verticillate ;
flower solitary ; 3 outer segments of the perianth very long and li-
near ; the inner ones lanceolate, obtuse ; lip 3-lobed, dilated, the mid-
dle lobe undulated. — Arctlnim verticillata Wilhl.
Hab. Swamps. N. Y. to Geor. June, July. It. — Root fascicu-
late. Stem about a foot. high. Leaves 5 in a whorl at the top
of the stem. Flower solitary ; outer segments brown, 2 inches
long ; inner ones short, paler and obtuse.
5. CALOPOGON. Broicn.
Lip behind (or inverted,) unguiculatc, the lamina bearded ;
5 segments of the perianth distinct. Column free. Pollen
angular. Gynandria. Monaruiria,
C. ptdckelhis Broicn : radical leaves ensiform ; scape few-flowered.
— Cymbidium pvlcheltum Willi!. Pvrsh.
Hab. Swamps. Can. to Flor. June, July. It — Root bulbous.
Stem 12 — 18 inches high. Leaf generally solitary, 8 — 10 long,
sheathing the base of the stem. Flowers 3 — 4 in a terminal
spike, large, purple.
6. CORALLORHIZA. Brown.
Lip produced behind, adnatc with the spur or free. Column
free. Pollinia 4, oblique, not parallel.
Gyn andria . Marian dria .
1. C. rerun Nutt : leafless ; segments of the perianth linear-lanceo-
late, spreading ; lip oblong, without spots, bidentate at the base, the
apex recurved and ovate ; spur obsolete, adnate. — Cymbidium corallo~
rhizon Muhl.
Hab. Spbagnous swamps. N. S. May. It. — Root coralloid.
Scape 5—6 inches high, with about 3 sheathing stipules. Floicers
7 — 15, small, yellowish-green. Lip nearly white, oblong-oval,
without spots. — Mr. Nuttall in his "Genera of N. A. Plants,"
confounds this plant with the C. innata of Europe, a mistake
which he corrects in his valuable paper on the species of Coral-
lorkiza, indigenous to the United States, published in the Mem.
of the Phil. Acad, of Nat. Sciences, from which the present
descriptions are taken.
2. C. odontorhiza Nutt. : leafless ; lip oval, undivided, spotted ; spur
obsolete, adnate ; capsule subglobose. — Cymbidium odontorhizon Willd.
— Ophrys coredlorhiza Mich.
Hab. Roots of trees. Ver. to Car. Aug., Sept. If. — Root
much branched. Scape 10 — 12 inches high, slender, with
about 3 sheaths. Floicers numerous, purplish. Lip dilated,
white and beautifully spotted. Dragon's Clmc.
3. C. multiflora Nutt. : leafless; scape many-flowered, (15 — 30;)
lip cuneate-oval, 3-parted, recurved, spotted ; spur conspicuous adnate.
— C. innata Nutt. Gen.
346 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Roots of trees. N. Y. to Car. July— Sept. H.—Root
coralloid, much branched. Scape a foot high, with 3 — 4-sheaths.
Raceme with many-flowers which are purplish, with the lip
white and spotted ; spur very distinct, yellowish.
7. APLECTRUM. Nutt.
Lip unguiculate, not produced nt the base. Anther situated
below the summit of the column. Pollinia 4, oblique, lenticu-
lar. Gynandria. Monandria.
A. hiemalis Nutt. : leaf solitar}', ovate, striate ; lip trifid, obtuse,
with the palate ridged ; central lobe rounded, crenulate. — Cymbidium
hyemale JVilld. Pursh.
Hab. Shady woods. Can. to Flor. May, June. 11. — Root
bulbous. Scape a foot high, sheathed. Floiccrs brownish, at
length pendulous. Lip dilated at the end and trifid.
8. ARETHUSA. Linn.
Lip united at base with the column, cucullate at the end,
crested internally ; 5 segments of the perianth united at base.
Pollen angular. Gynandria. Monandria.
A. bulbosa Linn. : leafless ; root bulbous ; scape sheathed, 1-flow-
ered.
Hab. Sphagnous swamps. Can. to Car. May, June. Lf. —
Stem 6 — 10 inches high, the lower part with 3 or 4 sheaths.
Floicers 1, rarelj 2, terminal, large, purple. Lip curled, cre-
nate, bearded in the middle.
9. TRIPHORA. Nutt.
Lip unguiculate, cucullate ; 5 segments of the perianth
distinct, equal and connivent, without glands. Column spathu-
late, complanate and apterous. Pollen farinaceous.
Gynandria . Monandria .
T. pcndula Nutt. : root tuberous ; stem leafy, about 3-flowered at the
summit ; leaves ovate, alternate ; flowers pedunculate ; peduncles at
length recurved. — Arethusa pendida Willd. — Pogonia pendula Lind.
Hab. Roots of trees. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Ky. Sept. U>
— Stems often in clusters, a span high, angular. Leaves 6 or 7,
remote, very short, clasping, ovate and acute. Flowers 3 or 4,
pale purple, on axillary and terminal peduncles.
** Pollen adhering in granides, which finally become waxy
and are indefinite in number,
10. ORCHIS. Linn.
PerianUi ringent. Lip with a spur on the under side at
ORCHIDEiE. 347
the base. Glands of the stalks of the pollinia (1 — 2) con-
tained in one common little pouch. Gynandria. Monandria.
0. spectabilis Linn. : lip obovate, undivided, crenate, retuse ; seg-
ments of the perianth connivent, longer ; spur clavate, shorter than
the ovary ; bracts longer tban the flower ; scape few-flowered, angu-
lar, scarcely longer than the erect leaves. — Orchis humilis Mich. — Ha-
bemaria spectabilis Spreng.
II ab. Shady woods. N. Y. to Car. June. 21. — Scape 6 — 8
inches high, angular. Leaves mostly 2, large. Flowers large,
purple and white.
11. PLATANTHERA. Rich.
Perianth vaulted. Lip entire, with a spur. Cells of the an-
ther widely divided at their base by the broad interposed stig-
ma. Glands of the pollinia naked. Lips of the stigma ab-
sent. Gynandria. Monandria.
1. P. orbiculata Lind. : lip linear-lanceolate, obtuse ; three upper
segments of the perianth erect, connivent ; lateral ones reflexed, ob-
lique at the base ; spur longer than the germ ; scape with 2-orbicular
leaves at the base. — Orchis orbiculata Pursh.
Hab. Shady woods. N. S. July. 21.— Scape 12—18 inches
high. Leaves very large, fleshy, spreading on the ground.
Flowers greenish- white, in a loose spike.
2. P. dilatata Lind. : lip linear, very entire, rather obtuse, rounded
and dilated at base ; spur as long as the lip, a little shorter than the
germ ; stem leafy ; bracts as long as the flower. — Orchis dilatata Pursh.
Hab. Woods. N. S. July. 21-— Stem 2—3 feet high. leaves
numerous. Floicers greenish or white.
12. HABERNARIA. Willd.
Perianth ringent. Lip spurred on the upper side at the
base beneath. Glands of the stalk of the pollinia naked and
distinct ; cells of the stalks adnate, or separated.
Gynandria. Monandria.
1. H. hcrbiola Broicn : lip oblong obtuse, bidentate at base; palate
1-toothed ; spur filiform, shorter than the germ ; bracts longer than
the flower.
Hab. Swamps. N. S. June. 21. — Stem 12— IS inches high.
Flowers small, greenish.
2. H. virescens Sprcng : lip lanceolate, crenate ; segments of the pe-
rianth connivent obtuse ; spur obtuse, didymous ; bracts longer than
the flower. — Orchis virescens Willd.
Hab. Boggy meadows. Penn. July. 21. — Stem 12 — 18 inches
high. Floicers green.
348 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
3. H. huronensis Spreng. : lip lanceolate, acuminate, incurved ; seg-
ments of the perianth connivent, subulate ; spur about the length of
the lip, incurved ; stem leafy.
Hab. Wet grounds. N. Y. W. to Mich. Aug. L£.
4. H. integra Spreng. : lip oblong, very entire, longer than the in-
ner segments of the perianth ; spur subulate, longer than the germ ;
bracts shorter than the flower ; stem leafy. — Orchis integra Nult.
Hab. Swamps. N.J. July. 11. — Floicers orange yellow, some-
what smaller than in H. ciliaris, to which this species is nearly
allied.
5. H. obsolcta Spreng. : lip lanceolate, very entire ; segments of the
perianth erect ; spur obtuse, didymous, as long as the germ ; germ pe-
dicillate ; bracts very short ; scape naked. — Orchis obsolcta Willd.
Hab. Shady places. N. Y. to Vir. ; rare. July, Aug. 11 —
Bracts very short.
6. H. bracteata Broicn: lip linear, retuse, obscurely 3-toothed at the
extremity ; segments of the perianth connivent ; lateral ones ovate
and broader ; spur obtuse, very short, didymous ; bracts spreading,
much longer than the flower. — Orchis bracteata Willd.
Hab. Shady places. Vir. July, Aug. 11 . — Stem. 8 — 12 inches
high, leafy. Floicers green, in a loose spike.
7. H. tridcntata Hook. : lip ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, 3-toothed ; seg-
ments of the perianth connivent, obtuse; spur filiform, incurved, longer
than the germ. — Orchis tridentata Willd.
Hab. Swamps. Penn. and Vir. June, ,July. IX. — Stem 1 — 2
feet high. Floicers small, white.
8. H. ciliaris Brown. : lip oblong-lanceolate, pinnately ciliate, twice
as long as the segments ; spur longer than the germ.
Hab. Swamps. Can. to Car. June, July. 11. — Stem 1 — 2
feet high, leafy, smooth. Flowers in a dense terminal spike,
orange yellow. Lip finely laciniate or fringed.
9. H. cristata Brown : lip oblong, pinnately ciliate ; segments of the
perianth rounded ; the two lateral ones toothed ; spur shorter than the
germ. — Orchis cristata Mich.
Hab. Swamps. Penn. to Car. June, July. If. — Stem 1 — 2
feet high, leafy. Flowers in a terminal spike, somewhat crowd-
ed, yellow. Distinguished from the former by its smaller flow-
ers and more dense spike.
10. blepkari glottis Hook. : lip lanceolate, fimbriate, as long as the
upper segment of the perianth ; spur filiform, pendulous, longer than
the germ. — Orchis blcphariglottis Willd.
Hab. Swampy grounds. N. J. to Car. June, July. Z£. — Stem
2 feet high. Flowers pure white. Resembles the former and is
not very readily distinguished except by its white flowers.
11. H. eUiottii Beck : lip ovate, toothed and crenate ; spur filiform,
ORCHIDE^E. 349
attenuate, about as long as the germ; spike crowded ; bracts as long as
or a little longer than the flower. — Orchis flara ? Ell. — O. flava ? Torr.
Hab. Low grounds. N. S. to Geor. July. If. — Stem 2 feet high.
Flowers in a short crowded spike, yellow. Lip with the sides
toothed or crenate, almost fimbriate. Spur subulate, nearly
acute at the point. — This plant appears to differ much from the
original O. flava of Clayton. See Ell. Sk. ii. 485.
12. H.fissa Brown : lip3-parted ; lobes cuneiform, dentate ; interme-
diate one 2-lobed ; spur filiform, clavate at the extremity, ascending,
longer than the germ. — Orchis fissa Willd.
Hab. Mountain meadows. Penn. to Vir. PursJi. July. 11. —
Stem 2 — 4 feet high. Floiccrs dark purple.
13. II. incisa Spreng. : lip 3-parted ; lobes cuneiform, iggisely den-
tate, the intermediate one emarginate ; lateral segments of the pe-
rianth obtuse, subdentate ; spur subulate, ascending, as long as the
germ. — Orchis incisa Wllld.
Hab. Meadows. N. Y. to Vir. July. 2J..—Stcm 2—4- feet
high. Floiccrs purple.
14. II. fimbriata Brown : lip 3-parted; lobes all cuneiform and in-
c.isely fimbriate ; segments of the perianth oval, spreading, fimbriate-
toothed ; spur filiform, clavate, longer than the germ. — Orchis fimbri-
ate! Ait.
Hab. Meadows. Can. and N. S. July. 2_f\ — Stem 2 feet high.
Leaves broad-lanceolate. Flcicers purple, in a large spike.
15. II. psycodes Spreng..: lip 3-parted, capillary, many-cleft: seg-
ments of the perianth obtuse ; spur filiform, clavate, ascending, a little
longer than the germ. — Orchis psycodes Linn. — O. lacera Mich.
Hab. Meadows. Can. to Vir. July. 11. — Stem 2 feet high.
husoes oblong. Flowers numerous, pale yellow, in a large ter-
minal spike.
16. H. fuscescens Torr. : lip ovate, toothed at the base ; segments of
the perianth spreading ; spur subulate, as long as the germ : bracts
longer than the flower. — Orchis fuscescens Linn.
Hab. Mountain meadows. N. S. July. It. — Flowers in very
long spikes, brownish-yellow. Bracts acuminate, very long.
17. II. viacrophylla Goldic: lip linear-elongated, entire, acuminate ;
spur longer than the germ, terete, nearly straight ; upper segments of
the perianth ovate, acute ; scape with broad oval suberect leaves at the
base.
Hab. Shady woods near Montreal. Goldie. N. S. Torr. — The
largest of the North American Orchideae. Leaves 2, radical,
6 — 8 inches in length, thin and pellucid, elliptical. Scape with
a few lanceolate scales. Floiccrs large and arranged in a lax
spike of 5 or 6 inches in length. See Goldie in, Edin. Phil. Jour.
vi. 331.
18. II. grand i flora Torr. : lip dependent, twice as long as the seg-
ments of the perianth, 3-parted ; lobes cuneiform, frinibriate, the mid-
30
350 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
die one largest, with the fimbriae connivent ; lateral segments fimbri-
ate ; spur ascending, clavate, longer than the germ ; leaves oval-ob-
long.— Orchis grandiflora Big.
Hab. Meadows. Mass. and. N. H. Big. June. 21. — Stem 2
feet high, thick and angular. Flowers in an oval-oblong spike.
pale purple, twice the size of H. jimbriata, from which it also
differs in the form of the lip.
13. TIPULARIA. Nutt.
Segments of the perianth spathulate, spreading. Lip en-
tire, sessile, conspicuously calcarate below at the base. Co-
lumn wingless, porrected, free. Anther operculate, persis-
tent. Pollinia 4, parallel. Gynandria. Monandria.
T. discolor Nutt. — Orchis discolor Pursh.-Limodorum uniflorum Muhl.
Hab. Pine woods. Ver. to Car. July. 11. — Root bulbous.
Leaf solitary, ovate, petiolate, plaited, smooth. Floicers in a
terminal raceme, nodding, minute, greenish and destitute of
bracts.
*** Pollen cohering in grains, which finally become waxy, and
are definite in number.
14. LIPARIS. Rich.
Perianth spreading. Lip ilat, expanded, entire, turned va-
rious ways. Column winged. Pollinia 4, with neither caudi-
cula nor glands. Gynandria. Monandria,
1. L. liliifolia Rich. : leaves 2, ovate-oblong ; scape angular ; flow-
ers racemose ; segments of the perianth linear ; lower ones setaceous,
reflexed : lip concave, obovate, mucronate at the tip. — Malaxis liliifo-
lia Swartz. Pursh.
Hab. Wet woods. Can. to Car. June, July. IT. — Scape 6 — S
inches high. Floicers in a short raceme, yellowish and white.
2. L. correana Spreng. : leaves 2, ovate-oblong ; scape angular ; seg-
ments of the perianth revolule on the margin ; lip oblong keeled, re-
curved and cordate at the apex. — Malaxis correana Bart. Nutt.
Hab. Wet woods. Can. and N. S. — Stent 6—8 inches high,
angled and winged, with 2 opposite leaves at the base. Floicers
yellowish-green, in a terminal spike. Resembles L. lotselii of
Europe, but that species has a triangular stem and its lip entire
and shorter than the perianth. Dr. Graham in Edin. New Phil.
Jour. v. 377.
15. MICROSTYLIS. Nutt.
Lip flat, sagittate or deeply cordate. Column very small,
round. Pollinia 4, loose. Gynandria, Monandria.
ORCHIDE^E. 351
M. ophioglossoidcs Nult. : scape 1-leaved ; leaf ovate, amplexicaule ;
lip truncate, emarginate.
Hah. Roots of trees. N. S. June. It. — Root bulbous. Scape
a span high, 1-leaved, with a foliaceous sheatb near the base,
many- flowered. Floiccrs minute, greenish-white.
16. CALYPSO. Salisb.
Segments of the perianth ascending, secund. Lip ventri-
cose, spurred beneath near the end. Column petaloid, dilated.
Pollinia 4. Gynandria. Monandria.
C (lmrrlcnva Brown: lip narrowed and subunguiculate at base; spur
semibifid. longer than the lip, with acute teeth ; peduncle longer than
the ovary. — C. boreaUs Pvrsk. — Limodorum borealc Willd.
II vis. Near Montreal. N. to Nova Scotia. Near the outlet of
Lake Michigan and W. to the Columbia river.. — Scape 6 — 8 in-
ches high, Bheathed, 1-flowered. Radical leaf roundish-ovate,
nerved. Flower large, purplish, somewhat resembling a species
of Cypripedhtm. — 1 have received a specimen of this beautiful
plant from Ur. Holmes, of Montreal, gathered near that place,
and 1 have introduced the species in the hope that it may yet
be found in the northern part of our state.
*•*# Lateral anthers fertile; the middle one sterile and peta-
loid.
17. CYPRirEDIUM. Linn.
Lip ventricose, inflated, saccate, obtuse. Column termi-
nating in a petaloid lobe. Two under segments of thepm-
m^/funitedj (or 1 segments with the under one bifid.J)
Gynandria. Diandria.
1. C. candid urn Jl'iUd.: stem leafy; leaves oblong-lanceolate; lobe
of the style lanceolate, rather obtuse ; lip compressed, shorter than the
lanceolate segments of the perianth.
Hae. Penn. Muhl. May. It- — Resembles C. calccolus ; but
the flowers are white, and not half the size : the form of the
leaves and the lobe of the style distinguish it sufficiently.
Pursh. White Ladies Slipper.
2. C. parrijlorum Willd. : stem leafy ; lobe of the style triangular,
acute ; outer segments of the perianth ovate-oblong, acuminate ; inner
ones linear, contorted ; lip compressed, shorter than the perianth. — C.
culaolus Mich.
Hab. Woods. N. Y. to Car. May, June. 2+.— Stem 12 inches
high, erect. Leaves clasping, oval, nerved. Perianth green,
spotted with dark purple ; lateral segments linear, twisted,
hairy on the side. Lip yellow, spotted. Yellow Ladies Slipper.
3. C. pubescens Sicartz : stem leafy ; lobe of the style triangular-ob-
352 MOx\OCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
long, obtuse ; outer segments of the perianth ovate-oblong, acumi-
nate ; inner ones very long, linear, contorted"; lip compressed, shorter
than the petals. — C. calceolus var. Linn.
Hab. Woods. Subarc. Amer. to Car. May. It.— Stem 1—3
feet high. Floiccrs greenish-yellow, spotted. Leaves pubescent.
— Resembles the preceding.
4. C. spectabile Sicarlz : stem leafy ; lobe of the style elliptic-cor-
date, obtuse ; outer segments of the perianth broad-oval, obtuse ; lip
cleft before, longer than the perianth. — C. canadense Bitch.
Hab. Swamps and bogs. Can. to Car. May, June. It. — Stem
2—3 feet high. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, plaited, exactly resem-
bling those of Veratrum vir'ide. Floiccrs 2 — 3, very large. Up
white, variegated with stripes of purple.
5. C. acaule Ait. : scape leafless, 1-flowered; radical leaves 2, ob-
long, obtuse ; lobe of the style roundish-rhomboidal, acuminate de-
flexed ; segments of the perianth lanceolate ; lip shorter than the seg-
ments, cleft before. — C. humile Swartz.
Hab. Shady woods. Subarc. Amer. to Car. May, June. It.
— Scape a foot high. Floicer very large ; lip purple.
* Arietinum. Lip inflated, acute. Lower segments of
the perianth not united, (or 5 segments distinct.)
A. americanum Beck : stem leafy ; lobe of the style orbicular ; the
two lower segments linear-lanceolate, deflexed ; two lateral linear,
spreading ; upper one oblong-ovate, acute ; lip as long as the seg-
ments, inversely conical. — Cypripedium arietinum Ait.
Hab. Sphagnous swamps. Montreal, U. C. Fairhaven, Ycr,
Hallowell, Maine ; rare. It- — Stem 6 — 8 inches high, .with
few alternate lanceolate leaves. Flowers much smaller than in
any of the preceding. Floicer s greenish-brown. Lip small,
acute, reticulated. — I know not, but in the recent divisions of
the Orchideous genera, this plant may have been separated from
Cypripedium; if it has not, it certainly should be, as it is so
very different fipm all the species of that genus. This sugges-
tion was first made by Dr. Bigelow in his Florula Bostoniensis.
and I have ventured to propose the above name, which alludes to.
the resemblance of the shape of the flower to a ram's head.
Order CXVII. IRIDE^. Juss. hind.
Perianth tubular, 6-parted, in two often unequal rows.
Stame?is 3, distinct or monadelpjious, opposite the outer seg-
ments of the perianth ; anthers 2 celled, bursting outwardly.
Ovary 3-celled, cohering with the tube of the perianth. ; ovules
numerous ; style 1 ; stigmas 3, dilated, often petaloid, and
sometimes 2-lipped. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, with a locu-
IRIDEiE. 353
licidal dehiscence. Seeds numerous ; embryo cylindrical ;
enclosed within a fleshy or horny albumen ; radicle pointing
to the hilum.
Herbs, rarely tinder shrubs. Leaves equitant, distichous.
Flowers with spataceous bracts.
1. IRIS. Linn.
Perianth 6-cleft ; 3 of the segments larger and reflexed,
the others erect. Stamens distinct. Style short or none.
Stigmas 3, petaloid, covering the stamens.
Triandria. Monogynia.
1. I. versicolor Linn. : stem terete, more or less flexuous; leaves
ensiform ; perianth beardless ; germ somewhat triangular.
a. sulcata Torr. : stem slightly compressed ; inner segments of the
perianth longer than the stigmas ; germ with the angles sul-
cate, the sides concave ; capsule, oblong, ventricose ; angles
indistinctly furrowed.
b. communis Torr. : stem erect, distinctly flexuous ; leaves narrow-
ensiform ; inner segments of the perianth a little shorter than
the stigmas ; angles of the germ not grooved when young ;
side deeply concave ; capsule cylindrical-oblong.
Hab. Margins of ponds. Can. to Car. Lf. — Root large, fleshy,
creeping. Stern 2—3 feet high. Floicers 2 — 6, blue, variegated
with green and yellow. Blue Flag.
2. J. prismatica Pursh : stem round ; leaves linear, long ; perianth
beardless ; germs triangular, twice grooved on the sides.— L. virginica
Torr. not of Linn.
Hab. Wet meadows. N. S. June. L£. — Root fleshy, creep-
ing. Stem 1 — 2 feet high, round, smooth. Leaves 1-2 an inch
broad, very long and erect. Flowers 2 — 6 in a terminal raceme,
purple and yellow. Germs with 2 parallel grooves on each
side. — Very abundant in New-Jersey.
3. 7. lacustris Nvtt. : leaves ensiform, shorter than the 1-flowered
scape ; perianth without a bearded crest ; segments nearly equal, at-
tenuated on the tube ; capsule turbinate, 3-sided, margined ; root tu-
berous.
Hab. Gravelly shores of Lake Huron. Nutt. June. 11. — Root
creeping. Scape compressed, scarcely an inch long. Leaves
3—5 inches long and 1-4 of an inch broad. Torr*
2. SISYRINCHIUM. Linn.
Sjiaihe 2-leaved. Perianth G-cleft, flat, equal. Stamens
cohering below. Stigma 3-cleft. Triandria. Monogynia.
1. S. mucronatum Mich. : scape simple, winged ; spathe coloured ;
one of the valves ending in a long rigid point.
Hab. Wet meadows. N. Y. to Vir. July. U.—Stem 6—10
inches high, setaceous. Floiccra 3 or 4 in each spathe, blue.
30*
354 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
2. S. ancqys Linn. : scape simple, winged ; spathe unequal, shorter
than the flowers ; segments mucronate. — S. gramineum Lam.
Hab. Pastures, &c. Can. to Car. July. If.. — Stem a foot
high. Spathe of two lanceolate nearly equal valves, not colour-
ed as in the preceding. Flowers 3 or 4 in each spathe, blue.
Blue-eyed Grass.
Order CXVJII. AMARYLLIDE^E. Brown. land.
Perianth petaloid, regular, 6-cleft ; the outer segments
overlapping the inner. Stamens 6, inserted on the perianth ;
anthers bursting inwardly. Ovary 3-celled, the cells many-
seeded, sometimes 1 — 2 ; style 1 ; stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a
3-celled, 3-valved capsule, or a 1 — 3-seeded berry. Seeds
with a thin and membranous, or thick and fleshy integument :
albumen fleshy ; embryo nearly straight ; radicle next the hil-
um.
Generally bulbous, sometimes fibrous rooted. Leaves ensi-
tbrm, with parallel veins.
1. AMARYLLIS. Linn.
Perianth 6-parted, petaloid, irregular. Stamens 6, arising
from the orifice of the tube, declined or straight, unequal.
Hexandria. Monogynia.
A., atamasco Linn. : spathe bifid, acute ; flower pedicellate ; perianth
subcampanulate, subequal, erect, short and tubular at the base ; sta-
mens declined, equal.
Hab. Shady woods. Penn. Muhl. S. to Car. June. If. —
Scape 6 inches high. Leaves a foot long, linear, concave,
smooth. Floicer solitary, large, white and pink.
Atamasco Lilly,
Order CXIX. HYPOXIDE^E. Brown. Lind.
Perianth petaloid, usually 6-parted, regular ; aestivation
imbricate. Stamens 6, inserted into the base of the segments.
Ovary inferior, 3-celled, many-seeded ; style single ; stigma
3-lobed. Capsule indehiscent, sometimes succulent. Seeds
numerous, with a black crustaceous integument and a ros-
telliform hilum ; embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen.
Herbs stemless or nearly so. Leaves plaited.
1. HYPOXIS. Linn.
Spathe 2-valved. Perianth superior, 6-parted, persistent.
SMILACE^. 355
Capsuie elongated, narrowed at the base, 3-celled, many-
seeded. Seeds roundish, naked. Hexandria. Monogynia.
H. erccta Linn. : hairy ; leaves all radical, linear and gramineous,
sparingly hirsute, longer than the scape ; scape 2 — 4-flowered ; seg-
ments of the perianth lanceolate. — H. erccta and H. graminea Pursh. —
H. carolinicnsis Mich.
Hab. Meadows and woods. Can. to Car. June, July. If. —
Root bulbous. Scape 4 — 6 inches high, with the leaves narrow
and often double the length. Flowers yellow. Star Grass.
Order CXX. DIOSCORE.E. Brown, hind.
Flowers dioecious. Perianth 6-cleft, equal. Stamens 6,
inserted into the base of the segments of the perianth. Ovary
3-celled ; ovides 1 — 2 in each cell ; style deeply trifid ; stig-
mas undivided. Fruit a thin compressed capsule, with two
of its cells sometimes abortive. Seeds flat, compressed ; em-
bryo small, lying in a large cavity of a somewhat horny albu-
men, near the hilum.
Twining shrubs. Leaves usually alternate, mostly with re-
ticulated veins.
1. DIOSCOREA. Linn.
Dioecious. Perianth 6-parted. Sterile Fl. Stamens
6. Fertile Fl. Styles 3. Capsule 3-celled, triangular,
compressed ; cells 2 seeded. Seeds membranaceously mar-
gined. Dioecia. Hexandria.
1. D. villosa Linn. : leaves alternate, opposite and verticillate, cor-
date, acuminate, pubescent beneath, 9-nerved ; lateral nerves simple.
— D. paniculata Mich.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. May, June. 11. — Stem climbing,
sometimes 12 feet high. Lower leaves whorled, upper ones ge-
nerally alternate. Flowers small, in axillary panicles.
Yam Root.
2. D. qnaternata Walt. : leaves verticillate in fours, or alternate, cor-
date, acuminate, smooth on both sides, 7-nerved ; lateral nerves bifid.
— D. glauca Muhl.
Hab. Old fields. Penn. to Car. July. 11. Stem climbing.
Leaves more tapering at the summit than in the former.
Order CXXI. SMILACEiE. Brown, hind.
Flowers monoclinous or dioecious. Perianth petaloid, 6-
parted, (4-parted in Siyrandra.) Stamens 6, (4 in Styran-
356 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
dra) inserted into the base of the divisions of the perianth,
rarely hypogynous. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules 1 or several in
each cell ; style usually trifid ; stigmas 3. Fruit a roundish
berry. Seeds with a membranaceous (not black or brittle)
integument ; albumen fleshy cartilaginous ; embryo usually
remote from the hilum.
Herbs or undershrubs usually climbing. Leaves sometimes
with reticulated veins.
1. SMILAX. Linn.
Dioecious. Perianth campanulate-spreading, 6-parted.
Sterile Fl. Stamens 6. Fertile Fl. Ovary 1. Styles
3. Stigmas 3. Berry globose, 3-celled.
Dioecia. Hexandria.
* Stem frutescent.
1. S. quadrangularis llllld. : prickly ; stem 4-angled, unarmed above;
leaves unarmed, ovate, subcordate, acute, 5-nerved.
Hab. Dry woods. Penn. to Car. June, July. If. — Berries
black. Pursh.
2. S. sarsaparilla Linn. : stem prickly, slightly 4-angled ; leaves
unarmed, ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate, somewhat 5-nerved, glaucous
beneath ; common peduncle longer than the petioles.
Hab. Swamps. Penn. to Car. June, July. 2_f. — Stem climb-
ing, with scattered prickles. Flowers small. Berries black, 3-
seeded.
3. S. rotundifolia Linn. : stem prickly, nearly round ; leaves unarm-
ed, roundish-ovate, acuminate, slightly cordate, 5-nerved ; berries sphe-
rical. t
Hab. Moist woods. Can. to Car. June. If. — Stem climbing
upon trees and bushes, with strong tendrils. Umbels small, on
short axillary peduncles. Berries black.
4. $. caduca Linn. : prickly ; leaves ovate, mucronate, 5-nerved ;
common peduncles scarcely longer than the petioles.
Hab. Dry fields. Can. to Car. June. fp. — Stem flexuous,
somewhat angled. Pedieels of the flowers as long as the com-
mon peduncle.
5. S. laurifolia Linn. : prickly ; branches unarmed ; leaves coriace-
ous, oval-lanceolate, slightly acuminate, 3-nerved ; umbels on very
short peduncles.
Hab. Boggy woods. N. J. to Geor. June — Aug. fp. — Stern
climbing to a great height. Leaves somewhat crowded, coriace-
ous and perennial. Peduncles scarcely as long as the pedicels.
6. S. pandurata Pursh. : prickly ;' leaves ovate-panduriform, acumi-
nate, 3-nerved ; common peduncles twice as long as the petioles. — S.
tamnoides Ell. not of Linn, f
SMILACE.E. 357
Hab. Sandy woods. N. J. to Car. July. T). — Stem twining,
round. Leaves smooth and shining on both sides. Berries black.
7. S. jp scud o- china Linn.: unarmed: leaves unarmed; cauline ones
cordate ; those of the branches ovate- oblong, 5-nerved ; peduncles
very long.
Hab. Sandy woods. N. J. to Car. May. June. T?. — Root
large, tuberous. Stem climbing. Loner leaves distinctly cordate.
** Stem herbaceous, unarmed.
8. *S. kerbacea Linn. ; stem angled, erect, simple; leaves on long pe-
tioles, oval and cordate-ovate, acuminate, nerved, pubescent beneath ;
the lower ones alternate ,; the upper ones verticillate and crowded ;
peduncles very long, compressed.
Hab. Woods!"' N. Y. to Car. June, July. 1L— Stem %— 3 feet
high, with 1— 2 small branches. Leaves, when young, oval or
ovate ; when old. slightly cordate. Berries black.
9. S. peduncularis Muhl. : stem round, climbing; leaves roundish-
ovate, cordate, acuminate. 9-nerved ; umbels on very long peduncles.
Hab. Low woods. Can. to Penn. June. Lf — Stem climbing
by stipular tendrils, 3 — 5 feet high. Floiccrs small, greenish, in
simple umbels, fetid. Peduncles 4 — 6 inches long.
2. STYRANDRA. Raf.
Perianth 4-parted, spreading. Stamens. 4, divergent. Ber-
ry 2-celled.- Tetrandria. Monogynia.
Obs. After a most careful examination of the subject. I have deter-
mined to adopt the views of Mr. R-aiinesque, in regard to the Linna?an
genus Convallaria. The habit and flowers of these plants are so wide-
ly different, that it is almost impossible to present any collective cha-
racters. I am as much opposed as any one, to unnecessary division,
but the very purpose of botanical arrangement is frustrated when a
genus is allowed to have such an unnatural range. — Sec Raf. Med. Bot.
u. -1.
.S'. bifulia Raf. : stem 2-leaved ; leaves on short petioles, cordate-ob-
long, very smooth on both sides ; raceme simple, terminal ; flowers
tetrandrous. — Convallaria bifolia Linn. — Smilacina canadensis Pursh. —
Mayanthemum canadense Desf.
Hab. Shady woods. Can. and N. S. May. H.—Sicm 4— C
inches high. Flowers white, small. — Agrees in habit with the
next genus, but differs in being tetrandrous and in having a 2-
celled berry.
3. SMILACINA. Desf.
Perianth 6-parted, spreading, Stamens G, divergent, at-
tached to the base of the segments. Berry globose, 3-celled.
Hezandria. Monogynia.
358 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
1. S. stellata Desf. : leaves numerous, alternate, oval-lanceolate,
clasping ; raceme simple, terminal, 3 — 8-flowered. — Conrallaria stellata
Linn.
Hab. River banks'. Can. and N. S. May, June. 2L — Stem a
foot high. Floicers small, white, in an erect terminal raceme.
2. S. trifolia Desf: : stem smooth, angular, pubescent, about 3-leaved;
leaves alternate, oval-lanceolate, contracted at the base ; raceme sim-
ple terminal, few-flowered. — Convallaria trifolia Linn.
Hab. Alpine swamps. Can. and N. S. June, July, li.— Stern
6 inches high. Floicers small, white, 4 — 6 in a terminal ra-
ceme, with the segments spreading.
3. <S". racemosa Desf. : stem a little flexuous ; leaves numerous, al-
ternate, sessile, oblong-oval, acuminate, nerved, pubescent ; flowers in
a terminal racemose panicle, very small.— ^Convallaria racemosa Linn.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July. 11. —
Root tuberous. Stem 1 1-2 — 2 feet high. Floicers very small,
greenish-white, in a compound terminal panicle or raceme.
4. CLINTONIA. Rqf.
Perianth 6-parted, campanulate. Stamens 6, inserted at
(he base. Style compressed. Stigma -2-lobed, compressed.
Berry 2-celled ; cells many-seeded. Hexandria. Monogynia.
Obs. This genus was named by Mr. Rafinesque in honor of the late
Gov. Clinton. It differs from Dracccna in its 2-lobed stigma, and its 2-
celled and many-seeded berry. From Smilacina, with which it was
associated by Defontaines, it differs not only in the above characters,
but strikingly also in habit and colour.
1. C. borealis Raf. : subcaulescent ; leaves elliptic-obovate, with the
margins ciliate ; scape pubescent ; umbel terminal ; pedicels nodding,
without bracts. — Dracccna borealis Ait. — Smilacina borealis Pursh.
Hab. Wet woods. Can. and N. S. May, June. 11. — Scape
6 — 8 inches high. Leaves radical or nearly so, 6 inches or more
in length. Floicers large, campanulate. Berries oblong.
2. C. multiflora Raf. ? : leaves radical oblong-oval, with the margin
and keel ciliate ; scape pubescent ; umbel terminal ; pedicels with mi-
nute bracts at base. — Convallaria umbellulata Mich. Torr. — Smilacina
umbellata Pursh. Ell. —Dracccna borealis Big.
Hab. Alpine bogs. Can. to Car. May, June. 11. — Resembles
the preceding, but considered distinct by Pursh and other au-
thors. It is more common than the last. Mr. Rafinesque thinks
that several distinct species are confounded under the name C.
umbellvlata, and I am in doubt whether this is the one which he
designates by the above.
5. POLYGONATUM. Desf.
Perianth 6-cleft, cylindrical. Stamens 6, inserted on the
upper part of the tube. Berry 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded.
Hexandria. Monogynia.
SMILACEiE. 359
1. P. multijlorum Dcsf. : stem terete, smooth ; leaves alternate,
clasping, oblong oval, smooth on both sides ; peduncles axillary, ma-
ny-flowered.— ConvaUaria. multipara Linn,
Hab. Rocky woods. Can. to Car. June, July. 1£. — Stem
2 — 3 feet high. Flowers greenish-white, 2 — 4 on nodding ax-
illary peduncles. Solo?nojis Seal.
2. P. biflorum Ell. : stem terete, smooth : leaves alternate, sessile,
elliptic-lanceolate, 3-nerved ; peduncles axillary, solitary, 2-flowered.
— ConvaUaria hiflora Walt. — Smilacbia an gusti folia Pursh.
Hab. Rocky situations. Penn. to Car. May, June. 11. — Stem
12—18 inches high. Flowers yellow, tipped with green. — Per-
haps only a variety of the preceding.
3. P. pnbescens Pursh ; stem nearly terete, furrowed ; leaves alter-
nate, clasping, ovate, pale arid pubescent beneath ; peduncles axillary,
filiform, mostly 2-flowered. — ConvaUaria pubescens Jf'i/ld.
Hab. Rocks. N. Y. to Car. May, June. 11. — Stem 18 inches
high, curved. Floiccrs yellowish- white, much smaller than in
the preceding.
4. P. canaliculatum Pursh : stem channelled ; leaves alternate,
clasping, oblong, pubescent on the margin ; peduncles axillary, 2-
flowered — ConvaUaria canalicidata JVilld.
Hab. Shady woods. Near Boston. Bio-. Penn. to Virg. Pursh.
June. 1£. — Distinguished from the preceding by its angular
stem.
5. P. latifolium Desf. : stem angular ; leaves sessile, ovate, acumi-
nate, smooth on both sides ; peduncles one or many-flowered, long and
recurved. — ConvaUaria latifolia Linn. — C. polygonatum Muhl.
Hab. Wet banks. Penn. and Vir. June. If. — Stem 3 — 5
feet high. — The largest of the North American species.
6. STREPTOPUS. Mich.
Perianth 6-parted ; segments with a nectariferous pore at
base. Stamens 6. Anthers longer than the filaments. Stig-
ma very short. Berry subglobose, smooth, 3-celIed. Seeds
lew. Hexanclria. Monogynia.
1. £. roseus Mich. : smooth and shining ; stem dichotomous, terete;
leaves clasping, serrulate-ciliate ; anthers short, two horned. — Uvularia
rosea Muhl.
Hab. Mountains. Can. to Car. May, June. H.—Stcm 12—18
inches high. Flowers rose coloured, on filiform axillary pedicels.
2. <S. distortus Mich. : smooth ; leaves clasping, smooth on the mar-
gin ; pedicels distorted and geniculate in the middle ; anthers sagit-
tate, acuminate, much longer than the filaments. — Uvularia amplcxifo-
lia Linn.
Hab. Shady alpine woods. Can. and N. Y. May, June. 11.
— Stem 2 feet high. Floicers greenish-yellow, on filiforrii axilla-
ry pedicels which are longer than in the precedmg.
360 MOXOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
3. 8. Imiuginosus Mich. : hoary-pubescent ; leaves sessile, subcor-
date at the base, acuminate; pedicels in pairs. — Uvularia lanuginosa
Muhl.
Hab. Mountains. Penn. to Car. May. 21. — Floicers much
larger than in the preceding species, greenish.
7. MEDEOLA. Linn.
Perianth 6-parted, revolute. Stamens 6. Stigmas 3, di-
varicate, united at base. Berry 3-celled ; cells 3 — 6 seeded.
Hexandria. Trigynia.
M. virginica Linn. — Gyromia virginica Nutt.
Hab. Moist woods. Can. to Geor. May, June. 1[. — Stem
12 — 18 inches high, erect. Leaves in 2 whorls ; one about the
middle of the stem of 6 — 8 ovate lanceolate acuminate leaves ;
the other near the top of 2 — 3 ovate ones. Floicers 3 — 6 on pe-
dicels arising from the upper whorl, yellow, reflexed.
Cucumber Root.
8. TRILLIUM. Linn.
Perianth 6-parted ; 3 outer segments resembling a calyx,
spreading ; 3 inner petaloid, (petals.) Stamens 6, inserted at
the base of the segments, nearly equal. Anthers linear. Style
usually none. Stigmas 3, distinct or approximate. Berry
3-celled ; cells many-seeded. Hexandria. Trigynia.
* Flowers sessile.
1. T. sessile Linn. : leaves sessile, broad-ovate, acute ; flowers close-
ly sessile, erect ; petals lanceolate, erect, twice as long as the calyx.
Hab. Fertile hills. Penn. to Car. Pursh. April, May. If.
— Stem 8 inches high, smooth. Floicers dark purple.
2. T. recurvatum Heck : leaves ovate or obovate, subpetiolate, nerved ;
flower closely sessile ; petals lanceolate-ovate, very acute, attenuate
at base, erect, as long as the recurved calyx.
Hab. Shady woods. Miss. May. 21. — Stem 8 — 10 inches
high, smooth. Leaves smooth, clouded with dark green.
Corol purple. Filaments very short. — I have been led to intro-
duce this and the next species, described some years since,
( Sill. Jour. xi. 178, J from the fact that under the name T. ses-
sile, several distinct species have heretofore been included.
3. viride Beck : leaves ovate, acute, closely sessile, 3 — 5-nerved ;
flower erect, closely sessile ; petals fleshy, narrow, somewhat spatu-
late, a little longer than the lanceolate or ovate obtuse erect calyx.
Hab. Shady woods. Miss. April. 2L — Stem 8 — 12 inches
high. Leaves with whitish spots on the upper surface. Petals
dark green. Calyx leaves variable.
** Flowers pedunculate.
4. T. erytkrocarpum Mich. : peduncle somewhat erect ; petals oval-
lanceolate, acute,, recurved, nearly as long again as the narrow calyx ;
SMILACE.E. 361
leaves ovate, acuminate, rounded at the base, abruptly contracted into
a short petiole. — T. pictum Pursh. — T. undulalum U'illd.
Hab. Shady woods. Can. to Car. May, June. If. — Skm
G — 8 inches high. Floicsrs white, with purple veins near the
base, on peduncles about an inch long.
5. T. pusillum Mich. : peduncle erect ; petals scarcely longer than
the calyx; leaves oval oblong, obtuse, sessile. — T. pumi/um Pursh.
Hab. Penn. Mtthl. S. to Car. May. If.— Plant small. Flow-
ers flesh coloured.
0. T. cernuum I.hni. : peduncle recurved ; petals lanceolate, acumi-
nate, flat, recurved, as long as the calyx ; leaves dilated-rhomboid,
abruptly-acuminate, on short petioles.
Hab. Shady woods. N. Y. to Car. May. l[. — Stem 12—18
inches high. Floiccrs small, white. Berries large, dark purple.
7. 2'. erect um Linn. : peduncle inclined ; flower a little nodding ;
petals ovate, acuminate, flat, spreading, broader but scarcely longer
than the calyx; leaves bvoad-rhomboid, acuminate, sessile. — T. rhom-
boideum var. atropurpurcum Mich. — T. atropurpurcum Curl.
h. album Pursh : flowers smaller ; petals white. — T. rhombo'ukum
var. allium Mich.
Hab. Shady rocks. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. May. If.—
Stem 12—15 inches high. Floiccrs dark purple or white. — Var.
b. is found near this city.
8. T. pendulum JJllld. : peduncle inclined ; flower pendulous ; pe-
tals ovate, acuminate, spreading, about as large as the ovate acumi-
nate calyx ; leaves round, rhomboidal, acuminate, somewhat sessile.
II \b. Mountains. Penn. to Car. May. li. — Stem a foot high.
Floiccr white, with pink veins.
9. T. grandijlorum Salisb. : peduncle a little inclined ; flower nearly
erect ; petals spatulate-lanceolate, connivent at the base, much longer
than the calyx ; leaves broadly rhomboid-ovate, sessile, abruptly acu-
minate.— T. rhomboidaim var. grandiflorum Mich.
Hab.' Rocky banks of streams. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss.
May. If. — Stem 8 — 12 inches .high. Floiccr much larger than
in any of the preceding, varying from white to rose colour.
9. UVULARIA. Linn.
Perianth .inferior, 6-parted, erect ; segments with a necta-
riferous cavity at base. Stamens 6 ; filaments very short,
growing "to the anthers. Stigmas 3, reflexed. Capsule 3-
angled, 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds many, subglobose, arillate
at the hilum. Hexandria. Monogynia.
1. U. pcrfoliala Linn. : leaves perfoliate, elliptic, obtuse ; perianth
campanulate, granular within ; anthers awned. — U. perfoliata var. mi-
nor Mich.
Hab. Shady bills. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May, June.
31
362 MOXOCOTYLEDOiXOUS PLANTS.
2J. — Stem 8 — 12 inches high. Floiccrs pale yellow, few, soli-
tary," axillary, nodding. Bdlwort.
2. U. flava Smith : leaves perfoliate, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, undu-
late at base ; perianth tapering at base, scabrous within ; anthers
awned.
Hab. Sandy soils. N. J. to Car. May, June. 11. — Floiccrs
larger and of a deeper yellow than in the preceding. — Pursh.
Perhaps only a variety.
3. U. grandiflora Smith : leaves perfoliate, oblong, acute ; perianth
smooth within ; anthers without awns ; nectaries nearly round ; pistil
shorter than the stamens. — U. j'erfoliata var. major Mich. — U. lanceo-
late JVilld.
Hab. Rocky hills. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May, June.
21. — Whole plant much larger than either of the preceding.
4. U. scssil/folia Linn. : stem smooth ; leaves sessile, oval-lanceo-
late, glaucous beneath ; segments of the perianth flat, smooth within ;
capsules ovate, peduncled.
Hab. Shady woods. Can. to Car. May. If.— Stem • 8— 10
inches high, forked near the summit. Floiccrs 1 — 2 on a slender
axillary peduncle, pale yellow.
Order CXXII. ASPHODELEiE. Brown. Lind.
Perianth petaloid, 6-parted, regular. Stamens 6, inserted
upon the perianth, or hypogynous ; 3 sometimes unlike, the
others or wanting. Ovary superior, 3-celled ; ovules 2 or
many in each cell ; style 1 ; stigma entire or shortly 3-lobed.
Fruit capsular or fleshy. Seeds with a black brittle and crus-
taceous integument ; albumen fleshy '; embryo included.
Herbs or trees with bulbous or fasciculated roots. Leaves
with parallel veins.
1. ORNITHOGALUM. Linn.
Perianth 6-parted, spreading above. Stamens 6, dilated at
base, hypogynous. . Hexandria. Monogynia.
O. umbcllatum Linn. : corymb few-flowered ; peduncles longer than
the bracts ; filaments subulate.
Hab. Wet meadows. N. S. May, June. 11.— Root bulbous.
Leases radical, linear. Floiccrs white. Introduced.
Star of Bethlehem.
2. HEMEROCALLIS. Linn.
Perianth large, persistent, campanulate, .6-cleft ; tube cy-
lindric. Stamens 6, declined. Stigma somewhat villous.
Hexandria. Monogynia.
ASPHODELEiE. 363
H.fulva Linn. : leaves linear, carinate ; 3 segments of the perianth
obtuse and undulate ; outer nerves of the segments branching.
Hab. Wet meadows. Penn. July. 21 . — Scape 3 — 4 feet high.
Leaves very long. Flowers large, fulvous. Introduced.
Day Lily.
3. ALLIUM; Linn.
Flowers umbellate, terminal, arising from a 2-leaved spathe.
Perianth 6-parted, generally spreading.
• Hexandria. Monogynia.
1. A. rinealc Linn. : stem slender, a little leafy ; cauline leaves
rounded, fistulous; umbel bulbifcrous ; stamens alternately tricuspi-
date.
Hie. Meadows. N. S. June, July- If. — Stem 2 feet high.
Flowers rose coloured. Introduced.
2. A. triflorum Raf. : scape naked, terete, shorter than the leaves ;
leaves lanceolate, nerved ; umbel few-flowered. •
Hab. 'Mountains. Penn. Pursh. May, June. 2_f.
Mountain Leeks.
3. A. cermwm Roth : scape naked, square, umb'eliferous ; leaves
'inear, nearly flat ; umbel cernuous ; stamens simple ; germ 6-toothed.
Hab. Banks of the Seneca Lake. N. Y. Gray. Penn- July. 21.
— Scape 1 — 2 feet high. Flowers rose coloured-
4. A. canadense Linn. : scape naked, terete ; leaves linear, flat,
smooth ; head bearing bulbs and flowers ; stame*ns simple, as long as
the perianth.
Hab. Wet meadows. Can. to Car. May, June. 21. — Scape
1 S inches hig-h. Leaves very long and narrow. Flowers rose
coloured.
5. A. tricoccum Mt. : scape naked, nearly terete ; leaves lanceolate-
oblong, flat, smooth ; umbel globose ; seed solitary.
Hab. Mountain woods. Mass. to Vir. June, July. If. — Scape
a foot high. Flowers white, in a spreading umbel.
4. ASPARAGUS. Linn.
Perianth 6-parted. Stamens 6. Style very short. Stig-
mas 3. Berry 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded.
Hexandria. Monogynia.
- A. officinalis Linn. : unarmed ; stem herbaceous, erect, rounded,
much branched ; leaves setaceous, fasciculate and flexible ; peduncles
jointed in the middle.
Hab. Rocky shores. N. Y. June. 21.— Stem 1—2 feet high.
Flowers small, greenish-white, subaxillary, solitary, drooping.
Berries scarlet. Introduced.
}
364 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
• 5. ALETRTS. Linn.
Perianth tubular-ovate, 6-cleft, rugose. Stamens 6, in-
serted upon the margin of the orifice. Style triquetrous, 3=
parted. Capsule 3-celled, many- seeded, opening at the sum-
mit. Hexandria. Monogynia.
1. A. farinosa Linn. : leaves radical, broad-lanceolate, smooth ;
flowers, pedicellate, oblong-tubular ; the perianth when decaying near-
ly smooth. — A. alba Mich.
Hab. Sandy woods. N. Eng. to Car. July. Lf. — Scape 2
feet high. Flowers white, in a longitudinal spike. The root is
intensely bitter. • Star Grass. Colic Root.
2. A. aurca Walt. : leaves radical, lanceolate, acuminate; flowers
subsessile. short, subcampanulate ; perianth when decaying rugose
and very scabrous.
Hab. Pine barrens. N. J. to Car. July, Aug. Z£. — Scape 2 — 3
feet* high. Floicers yellow, in a spike, not so numerous as in the
i>receding.
Okder CXXIII. LILlACEiE. Juss. Land.
Perianth coloured, regular, 6-divided. Stamens 6, perigy-
nous, opposite the segments of 'the perianth. Ovary superi-
or, 3-celled; style 1 ; stigma simple, or 3-lobed. Capsule 3-
celled/^-valved, with a loculieidardehiseence. Seeds numer-
ous, usually flat, "packed one above the other in 1 or 2 rows,
with a spongy dilated integument ; embryo straight, in the
axis of fleshy albumen-; radicle next the hilum.
Plants with scaly hdbs or. arborescent stems. Leaves with
parallel veins.
1. LILIUM. Uhvu
Perianth campa'nulate, deeply 6-parted ; segments straight
or reflexed,\vith a longitudinal nectariferous line. Stamens 6.
Stigma entire. Hexandria. Monogynia ^
1. L. cateshai Walt.: leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, very acute ;
stem 1 -flowered ; perianth erect ; segments with long claws, undulate
on the margin, reflexed at the summit. *
Hab. Sandy meadows. ' Perm, to Car. W. to- Miss. June—
Aug. 2S. — Stem 18 inches high. Floicers large, scarlet, spot-
ted with yellow and brown.
2. L. philadelphicum Linn. : leaves whorled, linear-lanceolate ; stem
1— 2-flowered ; ' perianth erect, campanulate, spreading ; segment*
with claws.
1
LILIACEiE. 865
Hab. Woods and meadows. Can. to Car. July, Aug. It. —
Stem 18 inches high. Floiccrs large, dark orange, spotted at
base.
3. L. canadcnsc Linn. : leaves remotely whorled, lanceolate, 3-nerv-
ed ; nerves hairy beneath ; peduncles terminal, long, generally by
threes ; flowers nodding ; perianth turbinate, campanulate, slightly
revolute; segments lanceolate.
Hab. Wet meadows. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug.
H. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Flowers yellow, spotted on the in-
side. Common Yelloic Lily.
4. L. snper bum Linn. : leaves whorled, linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved,
smooth, the upper ones scattered ; flowers in a pyramidal raceme, re-
flexed ; segments revolute.
Hab. Wet meadows. Can. to Car. July. If". — Stem 4— 6 feet
high. Floieers 3 — 20 or more in a large pyramidal raceme,
" orange,, with dark spots. — Is not this a mere luxuriant variety
of the Last ? Superb Lily.
2. ERYTHRONIUM. Linn.
Perianth campanulate, 6-parted ; segments reflexed ; the
3 inner ones with a callous tooth on each side near the base,
and a nectariferous pore. Stamens 6. Capsule substipitate.
Seeds ovate. Hcxandria. Monogynia.
1 . E. amcricanum Smith : leaves lanceolate, punctate ; segments of
the perianth oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at the point ;. inner ones biden-
tate near the base ; style clavate ; stigma entire. — E. ianceolatum
Pursh. — E. dens canis Mich.
Hab. Wet meadows. Can. to Geor. April, May. 11. — Scape
6 — 8 inches high. Leaves 2, radical. Flower solitary, terminal,
yellow. . Dogtoothed Violet.
2. E. albiihun XhU. : leaves elliptical-lanceolate, not punctate ; seg-
ments of the perianth linear-lanceolate, obtuse ; inner ones without
dentures, subunguiculate ; style filiform ; stigma 3-cleft ; lobes re-
flexed.
Hab. Wet meadows. Can. and N. Y. W. to Miss. April,
May. 11 . — Scape 6 inches high. Flower white, segments
thick and somewhat obtuse, — Very abundant near Albany, N.
Y., and also found in Canada by D. Thomas, Esq. I have ob-
served a plant at Xew-Brunswick, N. J. which agrees with this
in the absence of dentures and in the trifid stigma, but the pe-
rianth is yellow. It is probably the same which is alluded to
by Mr. Nuttall, ( Gen. PI. i. 223. ) and may prove distinct.
White Erythronium.
3. E. hraetcatum Big. : leaves lanceolate, unequal ; scape bracted.
Hab. High mountains. Ver. June. 11. — Leaves very unequal,
one being two or three times as large as the other; Scape short-
er than the leaves, with a narrow lanceolate bract 1 — 2 inches
below the flower, which is yellow, half as large as in No. 1; the
' segments gibbous at base.
31*
366 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Order CXXIV. MELANTHACEjE. Brown. Lind.
Perianth petaloid, 6-divided, the margin of the* segments,
generally involute in estivation. Stamens 6 ; archers usual-
ly bursting outwards. Ovary 3-celled, many-seeded ; style
trifid or 3-parted ; stigmas three, undivided. Capsule gener-
ally divisible into three pieces, sometimes with a loculicidal
dehiscence. Seeds with a membranous integument ; albumen
dense, fleshy.
heaves sheathing at base, with parallel veins.
1. MELA*NTHIUM. Linn.
Polygamous. Perianth rotate, 6-parted ; segments ungui-
culate, biglandular at the base, claws staminiferous. Capsule
exserted, subovate ; apex partly trifid, 3-celled. Seeds many,
membranously winged. Hexandria. Trigynia.
1. M. virginicum Linn. : leaves long, linear-lanceolate, flat, smooth;
panicle very large, pyramidal ; petals ovate, somewhat hastate, flat :
flowers mostly perfect.
Hab. Wet meadows. N. Y. to Car. : July. 2L — Stem 3—4
feet high, leafy. Flowers greenish-white, in a panicle a foot or
more in length. — This species has been found by Dr. Horton, in
Orange county, N. Y.
2. M. glaucum Nutt. : root a tunicated bulb ; leaves glaucous, gra-
mineous, margined ; raceme mostly, simple, few-flowered ; flowers
perfect ; segments of the perianth roundish, clawed, with 2 spots ;
seeds subulately winged.
Hab. Shores of Lake Erie. W. to Miss; Nutt. July, Aug, ZL
— Stem a foot high. Floioers whitish, in a raceme, which is
sometimes a little divided at base.
3. M. hybridum Walt. : leaves long-linear, nearly smooth, embracing
the stem ; panicle long, composed of simple racemes ; segments of
the perianth orbicular, plaited, with long claws ; glands united. — M.
racemosum Mick.
Hab. Penn. MM. S. to Car. June, July. 21.— Stem 2 feel
high, leafy. Flowers in a long panicle, which is composed of
simple racemes.
2. TOFIELDIA. Huds.
Perianth 6-parted, with a small 3-parted involucre. Sta-
mens 6, smooth. Capsule 3 — 6-celled ; cells many-seeded,
united at base. Hexandria. Monogynia.
T. "pvbescens Pursh ; leaves subradical, narrow-ensiform, smooth ;
rachis and pedicels scabrous ; spike oblong, interrupted ; capsule sub-
MELANTHACE.-E. 367
globose, scarcely longer than the involucre. — Xartheciinn pubens Mich,
Melanthium racemosum Walt.
ftAB. Swamps'. Del. to' Car. July-. It — Scape 18 inches high.
Leaves a foot long. f7o?cers "greenish-white, in a racemed spike.
3. XEROFHYLLUM. Mich.
' Perianth subrotate, deeply 6-parted. Stamens 6, contigu-
ous at base. Stigmas 3, revolute, partly united below. Cap-
sule subglobose, 3-cclled ; cells 2-seeded, opening at the sum-
mit. Hcxandria. Trigynia.
X. sctifolium Mich : leaves subulate-setaceous ; flowers in a crowd-
ed oblong raceme ; filaments dilated at the base, as long as the peri-
anth.— Hclonias asphoddoides Linn.
Hah.- Sandy plains. N. J. to Car. June. Lf. — Scape 3 — 5 feet
high. Radical leaves forming large tufts a foot long and very
narrow. Flowers white, in a large terminal raceme.
4. HELONIAS. Linn.
Perianth 6-parted, spreading ; segments sessile and with-
out glands. " Stamens 6. Styles 3, distinct. Capsule 3-
celled, 3-horned ; cells few-seeded. Hcxandria. Trigynia.
1. H. latifolia Mich. : scape leafless ; spike ovate, crowded : bracts
linear-lanceolate \ leaves lanceolate, mucronate, nerved. — H. hullata
Linn.
Hab. Sandy swamps. N. J. to Vir. Pursh. May. 2£. — Flow-
ers pale purple. Anthers blue.
2. H. crythrospcrma Mich. : scape simple, leafy •/ leaves linear, very
long, nerve.d ; raceme oblong ; bracts short ; capsule shortened, with
divaricate horns ; seeds ovate, red. — Mclaiithium Icctuto Ait. — M. mus-
catozicum Wall.
Hab. Shady woods. Penn. to Car. June, July. It.— Stem 2
feet high. Leaves very long and -linear. Flowers white, in a
simple te/minal raceme.
3. H. angustifolia Mich. : scape leafy ; leaves very long and narrow,
linear, subulate ; raceme oblong, lax ; capsule oblong; with the sum-
mit appressed ; seeds linear.
Hab. N. Y, Muhl. S. to Car. June. U.—Stcm 2 feet high,
smooth. Leaves narrower than in the preceding. Floiccrs in a
simple terminal raceme.
4. H. dioica Pursh ; scape leafy ; leaves lanceolate ; racemes dioe-
cious, spiked, cernuoers ; pedicels very short, without bracts; segments
of the perianth linear ; stamens exserted. — H. lutca Ml. — Veratrum lu-
leum Linn. — MelanOdum dioicum Walt.
Hab. Damp grounds. N. J. to Geor. W. to Miss. June. It.
— Stem 1—2 feet high. Leaves becoming broader near the root.
i
368 MONOCOrYLEDCXXOUS PLANTS.
Flowers white, dioecious and polygamous, in a terminal spiked
raceme.— ^It is doubtful whether it belongs to this genus.
Unicorn Plant.
5. VERATRUM. Linn.
Perianth 6-parted, spreading ; segments sessile and vvithv
out glands. Stamens 6, inserted upon the receptacle. Ova-
ries united at base, sometimes abortive. Styles 3, short,
Capsule oblong, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seed with a mem-
branaceous margin. Alexandria. Trigynia.
V. viride Ait. : racemes paniculate ; bracts of the branches oblong-
lanceolate; partial ones longer than the subpubescent peduncles; leaves
broadr ovate, plaited lengthwise. — V. album Mich.
Hab. Meadows and swamps. Can. to Car. June, July. 1£. —
Stem 3 — 5 feet high. Leaves large, sheathing the stem at base.
Flowers greenish, in a large terminal panicle. Medicinal and
poisonous. Poke Root. American Hellebore.
Order CXXV. PONTEDEREjE. Kunth. Lind.
Perianth tubular, coloured, 6-parted, more or less irregu-
lar ; Estivation cireinate. Stamens 3 or 6, unequal, perigy-
nous. Ovary free, or sometimes coherent at base, 3- (or
rarely 1-) celled, 3-valved, with loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds
indefinite, attached to a central axis ; hilum small ; embryo
straight, in the axis of somewhat mealy albumcu.
Aquatic or marsh plants. Leaves sheathing at the base,
with parallel, veins.
1. PONTEDERIA. Linn.
Perianth inferior, 6-parted, bilabiate; under side of the
tube perforated with 3 longitudinal foramina, the lower part
persistent, calicine. Stamens 6, unequally inserted, 3 of them
upon the summit. Utricle muricate, 1-seeded.
Hexandria. Monogynia.
1. P. cordata Linn. : leaves subradical, oblong-cordate ; flowers in
crowded spikes ; segments of the perianth oblong.
Hab. Ponds. Can. to Car. Aug. Lf. — Scape 1—2 feet long.
Floicers aggregated by twos and threes, sessile, bright blue.
Pickerel Weed.
2. P. angustifolia Pursh : leaves elongated-triangular, truncate and
subcordate at the base ; segments of the perianth linear-lanceolate. —
P. cordata var. angustifolia Torr. — P. mucronata Raf.
Hab. High mountain lakes. N. Y. to Car. Pursh. July. 2£.—
RESTIACE^. 369 ^
Fioiccrs blue, smaller than in the preceding species, of which it \l
may be only a variety. — I have fine specimens collected by Dr. i
S. B. Mead in Westchester co. X. Y.
2. HETERAXTHERA. R. £ P.
Flowers in a spathe. Perianth with a long and slender
tube ; border 6-parted, equal. Stamens 3. Anthers of 2 •
forms. Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded, opening, at the an-
gles ; dissepiment contrary. Triandria: Mono gy ma,
H. rcniformis R. <$• P. : leaves orbicular- reniform ; spathe oblong,
acuminate, 3 — 5-flowered. — H. acuta Pvrsh, — Leptaritkus renjfornm
Mich. '
H\b. Overflowed banks. N! Y. to Yir. July, Aug. U.—
Stem partly floating. Leaves petioled. Fioiccrs white.
.3. SCHOLLERA. Sdreb.
Spathe 1-flowered. Perianth with a very long tube; limb
deeply 6-parted. Anthers of 2 forms. Capsule 1-celled.
Triandria. Monogynia.
S. graminca Vahl. — Leptanthus gramineus Mich. — Hetcranthcra grami-
nea Pursh.
Jl.w?. In flowing streams. N. S. July, Aug. 14-. — Stem slend-
er, dichotomous. Leaves sessile, narrow-linear. Flowers small,
yellow, solitary. Stamens 4, 1 abortive.
Order OXXVI. RESTIACEiE. Brown. Lind.
Perianth 2 — 6-parted, sometimes wanting. Stamens defi-
nite, 1 — 6; when half as many as the segments of the peri-
anth, they are opposite the inner divisions ; anthers mostly 1-
celled. • Ovary 1 or more celled. Fruit capsular or mica-,
mentous. Seeds pendulous ; embryo lenticular, on the outside
of a mealy albumen, at the extremity remote from the hilum.
Herbs or undcrshrubs. Leaves simple, narrow, or none.
. 1. ERIOCAULOX. Lion.
Flowers monoecious, collected into a compact scaly head.
Sterile Fl. in the disk. Perianth 4-cleft ; the 2 inner seg-
ments, united nearly to their summit. Stamens 4—6. Fer-
tile Fl. in the margin. Perianth deeply 4-parted. Style
1. Stigmas 2 — 3. Capsule 2 — 3-lobed, 2— 3-cellcd ; cells
1 -seeded. Monoecia. Tetrandria,
1, E. pellucidum Mich. : scape very slender, about 7-furrowed ; leaves
>
370 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
linear-subulate, channelled, smooth, pellucid, 5-nerved, transversely
striate ; head small, globose ; scales of the involucre oval, obtuse.
Hab. In ponds. Can. and N. S. Aug. 1£. — Scape 4 — 8 inches
high, very slender. Floiccrs white* Pipewort.
2. L\ decangiilarc Mich. : scape 10-furrowed ; leaves ensiform,
smooth ; head large, depressed-globose ; scales of the involucre oval,*
acute, of the receptacle mucronate.
Hab. Ponds.. N. L to Car. Aug. U-— Scape 2— 3 feet high.
Flowers xexy white."
Order CXXVII. XYRIDE^J. Kwith. Lind.
Perianth 6-parted, in 2 rows ; outer glumaceous ; inner pe-
taloid, unguiculate. Stamens "6, 3 fertile inserted upon the
apex of the claw of the segments of the inner row of the pe-
rianth ; anthers bursting outwardly. Ovary single; style tri-
fid;- stigmas obtuse, multifid or undivided. Capsule 1-celled,
3-valved, many-seeded, with parietal placentas. Seeds nu-
merous ; embryo on the outside of the albumen at the ex-
tremity remote from the hi hum.
Herbs with fibrous roots. Leaves radical, with dilated sca-
'rious bases.
1. XYRIS: Linn.
Flowers in an ovate cylindric head. Perianth 6-parted, in
2 rows ; outer glumaceous, 3-valved cartilaginous ; inner
equal. Stigma 3-cleft. Triandria. Monogynia.
1. A', caroliniana Walt. : leaves linear, grass like ; scape 2-edged ;
head ovate, rather acute ; scales round. — H. jupacdi Mich. — H. Jkxuosa
Ell. '.
Hab. Wet meadows. N. Y. to Flor. July. If.— Sfcra a foot
high, a little twisted. Leaves sometimes spiral. Flowers yel-
low, in a small head — Very variable. Yelloic-eyed Grass.
2. A', hrevifolid Mich. : leaves subulate, ensiform, short ; head near-
ly globose ; inner valve of the glume shorter than the outer one,
slightly notched.
Hab. Wet meadows. Penn. to Geor. July.' 11. — Scape 12—18
inches high, compressed near the summit. Leaves much twist-
ed. Floiccrs yellow.
Order CXXVIII. 'JUNCEtE. Juss. Lind.
Flowers monoclinous or diclinous. Perianth 6-parted,
more or less glumaceous. Stamens 6, inserted into the base
of the segments ; sometimes only 3 and opposite the outer
JUNCE.E. 371
series ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1 — 3-celled, 1- or many-
seeded, or 1 -eel led and 3-seeded ; style 1 ; stigmas mostly 3,
sometimes only 1. Fririt capsular, 3-valved, loculicide,
sometimes indehiscent. Seeds with an integument neither
black nor crustaceous ; albumen firm, fleshy or cartilaginous ;
embryo within it.
Herbs with fascicled or fibrous roots. Leaves fistular, or
flat and channelled, with parallel veins.
1. JUNCUS. Linn.
Perianth 6-parted, glumaceous. Stamens 6. Capsule 3-
celled, 3-valved; valves bearing the partitions down the mid-
dle, to which the numerous seeds are fixed.
Hexandria. Monogynia.
* Leaves none.
1. J. acutus Linn. : scape naked, terete ; involucre 2-leaved, erect,
spinous ; capsule nearly round, mucronate, as long again as the peri-
anth. * ■
Hab. Sandy sea coast. N. J. to Car. July. 11. — Scape 2 or 3
feet high. <Paniclcs .2 — 3 inches long, appearing as if lateral,
though really terminal.
2. J. cjf'usus Linn. : scape not rigid, finely striated ; panicle loose,
very much branched, spreading ; capsule obovate, obtuse, shorter than
the lanceolate acute leaves of the perianth.
Hab. Wet grounds. Can. to Car. June, July. 2-£. — Scape
2 — 3 feet high, erect. Stamens 3.
3. J. sctaccus Roslk. : scape filiform, striate ; umbel lateral, com-
pound, few-flowered ; peduncles many-flowered ; leafets of the peri-
anth subulate. — J. filifor mis. Mich-
Hab. Swamps. Can. to Car. July. U. — Scape 2 — 3 feet high,
very slender. Panicle small, some distance below the summit
of the scape.
** Loaves all radical.. (Flowers terminal.)
4. J. sqarrosus Linn. : leaves setaceous, rigid, grooved ; panicle ter-
minal, elongated, compound ; capsule elliptical-ovate.
Hab. N. Y. Muld. If.— Whole plant very rigid, C— 12 inches
high.
."». ./. nodosus Linn. : stem somewhat leafy ; leaves* nodose-articu-
late ; heads mostly 2, globose, one of them lateral and pedunculate,
the other sessile ; leafets of the perianth mucronate, shorter than the
3-sidpd acuminate capsule.
. Hab. Swamps. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 2j, — Stem ? — 12
inches high, filiform. Leaves few and very slender.
I
372 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
6. J. tenuis Wilid. : stem leafy, simple, nearly terete ; leaves seta-
ceous, channelled ; flowers approximate, subsessile ; perianth longer
than the obtuse capsule. — J. bicorhis Mich.
• Hab. Low grounds. Penn. to Car. June, July. ZL — Stem 10
inches high, often naked. Panicle terminal, often proliferous.
with a long leafy involucre.
*** Stems leafy.
t Leaves nearly plane, channelled above.
7. J. bulbosus Linn. : stem simple, leafy, compressed; leaves mostly
radical, linear-setaceous, grooved ; panicle terminal, compound, sub-
cymose, shorter than the involucre; leafets of the perianth incurved,
obtuse or acute, mostly shorter than the roundish ovate capsule. — J.
dichotomies Ell.
Hab. Salt marshes. N. Y. to Car. Aug. 'U- — Stem 8—12
inches high. Panicle small, terminal, dichotomous.
8. J. bufonius Linn. : stem with a dichotomous panicle ; leaves fili-
form-setaceous, grooved ; flowers subsolitary, sessile, unilateral ; leaf-
ets of the perianth very acuminate, much longer than elliptical-ovate
capsule.
Hab. Moist places. Can. to Car. Aug. ©.—Stem 3—6
inches high, divided to*wards the top. Panicle loose, few-flow-
ered.
9. J. marginatus Rostk. : stem compressed ; leaves flat, smooth ;
corymb terminal, simple, proliferous ; heads 5 — 10-floweTed ; flowers
triandrous ; leafets of the perianth about as long as the obtuse cap-
sule ; the outer ones and the bracts subaristate. — J. aristidatus Mich. —
J. triglumis Walt.
b. odoratus Torr. : stem tall, subterete, leafy : panicle much branch-
ed, proliferous.
Hab. Low grounds. N. Y. to Car. Aug. 11. — Stem 1—3 feet
high. — Var. b. has an odorous smeli — found in moist woods near
New-Y"ork.
10. J. trifidus Linn. : leaf mostly solitary near the summit, linear-
setaceous ; sheaths ciliate ; bracts foliaceous, very long, grooved ;
heads about 3.-flowered, terminal.
Hab. White Hills, N. H. Big. July. . U>— Stem 6 inches high.
Flowers in a single head supported by long* bracts or terminal
leaves.
11. J. militaris Big. : le^f one, jointed, longer than the stem ; pani-
cle terminal, proliferous, with sheathing lanceolate bracts at base ;
heads about 5-flowered.
Hab. Ponds near Boston. Big. — Stem 2—3 feet high, with a
long sheath or two at base and commonly another above the
leaf. Panicle terminal, erect, with proliferous branches.
tt Leaves rounded or subcompressed, nodose-articulate. *
12. J. acuminatum Mich. : stem leafy, erect ; leaves terete, with kno't-
JUNCEiE. 373
like joints ; panicle terminal, compound ; heads 3 — 6-flowered, pedun-
culate and sessile ; leafets of the perianth linear-lanceolate, mucronate.
shorter than the acute capsule. — J. sylvaticus Muhl.
Hab. Bogs. N. Eng. to Car. July. U-—&cm 12—18 inches
high. Leaves few, shorter than the stem.
13. J. polycqriiahis Mich. : stem leafy, erect ; leaves compressed,
with knot-like joints ; panicle decompound; heads globose, many-
tlowered ; flowers triandrous ; h?afets of the perianth somewhat awn-
ed, rather shorter than the triquetrous acute capsule. — J. eckinatus
MM.
Hab. Boggy meadows. Penn. to Geor. July. Aug. If. — Stem
2 — 3 feet high, compressed near the base. Panicle compound.
14. J. subverticillnlus Wittd. : stem leaves subulate, with knot-like
joints ; panicle corymbose ; heads about 5-flowered, fasciculate-Verti-
cillate ; leafets of the perianth striate, as long as the obtuse capsule. —
J.Jhdtans Dtich. — J. verticUUUus Pwsh.
Hab. Ponds, &c. Can. and N. S. Pursh. July, Aug. If. —
Stem 18 inches high, compressed. Panicle subverticillate.
2. LUZULA. Dc Cand.
Perianth 6-partcd, glumaceous. Stamens 6. Capsule 3-
celled, 3-valved ; valves without partitions ; 1 seed in each
cell, fixed to the bottom. — Leaves plane, generally hairy.
Hexandria. Monogynia.
1. L.pilosa Ullld. : leaves hairy ; panicle subcymose ; peduncles 1-
liowered, reflexed ; leafets of the perianth acuminate, shorter than the
obtuse capsule. — Juncus pilosus Linn.
Hat,. Woods. N. S. April, May. 2f.— Stem 6—12 inches
high. Radical leaves numerous, very hairy. Panicle 8 — 10-
flowered.
2. L. campestris Dc Cand. : leaves hairy; spikes sessile and pedun-
cled ; leafets of the perianth acuminate, awned, longer than the ob-
tuse capsule. — Juncus campestris Linn.
Hab. Meadows. Can. to Car. April, May. 2X-—S(cm C— 12
inches high, cespitose at base. Panicle terminal, somewhat
umbel! ed.
3. L. viclanocarpa Dcsv. : culm leafy ; leaves sublanceolate. smooth:
panicles capillary, loose ; flowers distinctly pedicellate ; capsule black.
Juncus mclanocarpus Mich.
Hab. White Hills, N. H. July. Big. Can. Mich.
4. L. spicata De Cand. : leaves narrow, hairy at the throat ; spike
cernuous, compound ; leafets of the perianth acuminate, awned, about
the length of the roundish capsule. —Juncus spicatus Willd.
Hab. White Hills, N. H. Big. Aug. U.—Stem a span high,
slender, with an oblong nodding head.
32
i
374 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
3. NARTHECIUM. Linn.
Perianth 6-parted, coloured. Stamens 6 ; filaments hairy.
Seeds numerous, ovate-oblong, appendicular at each extre-
mity. Hexandria. Munogijnia.
N. americanum Ker. : raceme sometimes interruptedly spiked, lax;
pedicels with a setaceous bract below the flower, and another embra-
cing its base ; filaments with very short hair.~-Phalangium osstfragum
MuM.
Hab. Sandy swamps. N. S. June, July. 1£.# — Scape a foot
high. Leaves narrow-ensiform. Floiccrs yellow, in a terminal
spike.
Orj)er CXXIX. HjEMOBGRACEjE. Brown, hind.
Perianth petaloid, 6-cleft. Stamens inserted on the peri-
anth, either 3 and opposite the inner, segments, or 6 ; anthers
bursting inwardly. Ovary with the cells 1- 2- or many-seed-
ed ; style simple ; stigma undivided. Fruit capsular, 3-val-
ved, seldom indehiscent, somewhat nucamentaceous. Seeds
definite and peltate or indefinite ; testa papery ; embryo mi-
nute, in farinaceous albumen ; radicle next the hilum.
Leaves equitant or arranged spirally or alternately.
1. LACHNANTHES. Ell.
Perianth superior, 6-parted ; segments unequal. Stamens
3. Style declining. Stigma minutely 3-lobed. Capsule 3-
celled, truncated, many-seeded. Triandria. Monogynia.
L. tlnctoria Ell. — Dllatris tinctoria Pursh.
Hab. Sandy swamps. N. J. to Flor. July. 11. — Stem erect.
2 feet high, hairy at the top. Leaves ensiform, shorter than the
stem. Floicers in a corymbose panicle, woolly, yellow within.
Red Root.
-2. LOPHIOLA. Ker.
Perianth 6-parted, woolly, bearded inside. Stamens 6. Fi-
laments naked. Anthers erect. Stigma undivided. Capsule
opening at the summit. Hexandria. Monogynia.
L. aurea Ker. — Conostylls americana Pursh. — Helonias tomentosa
Muhl.
Hab. Sandy swamps. N. J. to Car. July. !£.— Root creeping.
Leaves radical, gramineous, ensiform, shorter than the scape.
Scape erect, with 1 or 2 short leaves. Floicers yellow, in a
crowded corymb.
COMMELINE.E. 375
Order CXXX. BROiMELIACEiE. Juss. Lind.
Perianth tubular, 6-cleft, in 2 rows ; outer persistent ; in-
ner petaloid, withering or. deciduous. Stamens 6, inserted in-
to the base of the segments of the perianth. Ovary free or
somewhat cohering, 3-celled ; style single ; Migma 3-parted,
often twisted. Fruit capsular or succulent, 3-celled. Seeds
indefinite ; embryo cylindrical, recurved, lying in the base of
mealy albumen.
Stemless or short-stemmed plants. Leaves rigid, channelled,
often thorny or toothed at the margin.
1. AGAVE. Lain.
Perianth tubular, funnel form, adhering to the ovary, 6-
parted. Stamens 6, exserted. Anthers versatile. Capsule
ovate, attenuate at each end, obtusely triangular, 3-celled,
many-seeded. Hexandria. Monogynia.
A. virginica Linn.: stemless, herbaceous; leaves with cartilaginous
serratnres ; scape simple ; flowers sessile.
Ihc Rocky banks. Penn. to Car. Sept. 1£. — Scape 6 feet
Flowers greenish-yellow, very fragrant. False Aloe.
Order CXXXI. COMMELINEjE. Brown. Lind.
Perianth in 2 rows ; outer herbaceous, 3-parted ; inner pe-
taloid, 3-parted or trifid. Stamens 6 or fewer, hypogynous,
some of them either deformed or abortive. Ovary 3-celled ;
cells few-seeded ; style 1 ; stigma 1. Capsule 2 — 3-celled,
2 — 3-valved, looulicidei Seeds often in pairs m each cell ;
hilum usually linear and lateral ; albumen densely fleshy ; em-
bryo pully-shaped, lying in a cavity of the albumen, and at the
opposite extremity from the hilum.
Herbs. Leaves usually sheathing at the base.
1. COMMELINA. Linn.
Perianth in 2 rows ; outer one 3-parted, calycine ; inner 3-
parted, petaloid. Stamens 6, 3 — 4 sterile and furnished with
cruciform glands. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved ; one of the
valves often abortive. Triandria. Monogynia.
1. C. angvstifulia BTich.: assurgent ; slender; inner segments of
the perianth unequal, (one very minute) ; leaves linear-lanceolate ;
sheaths ciliate ; bracts peduncled, short-cordate. — C. erecta WUld.
376 MONOCOTYLEDO.\OUS PLANTS.
Hab. Sandy soils. N. Y. to Car. June. It. — Stem a foot high .
procumbent and erect. Flowers blue. Fertile stamens 2.
Bay Flower.
2. C. virginica Linn. : inner segments, of the perianth nearly equal ;
leaves lanceolate, somewhat petiolate, with the throat bearded; stem
erect.— O. hngifolia Mich.
Hab. Woods. Penn. Muhl. S. to Car. July. !£.— Stem 2
feet high. Floicers blue, clustered at the top of the stem. Fer-
tile ^aniens 3.
2. TRADESCANTIA. Linn.
Perianth in 2 rows ; outer one 3-parted ; inner one 3-part-
ed petaloid. Filaments 6, villous. Capsule superior, 3-cell-
ed, many-seeded. Hexandria. Monogynia.
1. T. virginica Linn. : stem erect, branching, smooth ; leaves long.,
lanceolate, smooth ; flowers in an imperfect umbel, sessile, pubescent-
— T. cristala Walt.
Hab. Shady woods. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. May. It-—
Stem a foot high. Flowers purple, in terminal compound clus-
ters or umbels, with a large 2-leaved involucre at base.
Spider Wort.
2. T. rosea Mich. : erect, simple ; leaves linear, long, smooth ; pe-
duncles elongated ; calyx smooth. — T. virginica Walt.
Hab. Moist woods. Penn. to Geor. May. U.—Stcm 8—12
inches high. Floicers smaller than in preceding, with the inner-
segments rose coloured, and three times as long as the outer ones*
Order CXXXII. ALISMACEiE. Brown, hind.
Perianth 6-parted, in two rows ; outer herbaceous, inner
petaloid. Stamens definite or indefinite, hypogynous. Ova-
ries of several 1 -celled carpels ; ovules erect or ascending, so-
litary or in pairs, at a distance from each other ; styles and
stigmas several. Fruit dry, not opening, 1 or2-seeded. Seeds
without albumen ; embryo shaped like a horse-shoe ; radicle
next the hilum.
Floating plants. Leaves with parallel veins.
U SAGITTARIA. Linn.
Monoecious. Perianth 6-parted ; 3 outer segments per-
sistent calycine ; 3 inner coloured, petaloid. Sterile Fl.
Stamens about 24. Fertile Fl. Ovaries numerous. Cap-
sules compressed, margined, 1-seeded.
Monoecia. Polyandria.
ALISMACEiE. 377
1. &. sagittifolia JJllld. : leaves sagittate, acute ; lobes acute,
straight, lanceolate.
a. latifolia Torr. : leaves broad ovate, rather obtuse ; lobes ovate,
slightly acuminate, straight. — /$'. latifolia Pursh.
b. hastata Torr. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute ; lobes spread-
ing, lanceolate, long, acuminate ; flowers mostly dioecious. —
S. hastata Pursh.
c. gracilis Torr. : leaves linear; lobes much spreading, linear,
very long and acute. — /S'. gracilis Pursh.
d. pubesccns Torr. : leaves and stem pubescent ; bracts and calyx
very pubescent.— &'. pubesccns Muhl.
II ab. Ponds. Can. to Car. July, Aug. It- — Scape 1 — 2 feet
high. Leaves large. Floiccrs white, whorled in threes. — The
above account of this species which is from Torrey's Compen-
dium, will show the very variable character of the plant.
Arrow-head.
2. 3. obtusa Hllld. : leaves sagittate, dilated-ovate, rounded at the
the extremity, mucronate ; lobes approximate, oblong, obliquely acu-
minate, straight ; flowers dioecious ; sterile scape branched at base.
Hab. Ditches and ponds. Penn. to Vir. July. IT. — Leaves the
size of Calla palustris. Floiccrs white. — The plant affords a
milky sap which hardens into a white and hyaline gum. Nutt.
3. iS'. hctcropfnjlla Pursh : leaves simple, linear and lanceolate, acute
at each end, or elliptical and sagittate, with the lobes linear and di-
varicate ; scape simple, few-flowered ; flowers monoecious, the fertile
subsessile ; bracts short, suborbiculate.
Hab. Bogs and ditches. Penn. to Vir. July. 21. — Scape a
foot high. Leaves 2 1-2 inches long. — The species is easily dis-
tinguished by its fertile flowers being sessile.
4. &'. rigida Pursh : leaves narrow-lanceolate, carinate below, rigid,
very acute at each end ; scape branched ; flowers monoecious.
Hab. Deep water near Oswego Falls, N. Y. July, Aug.
Pursh. 21. — Grows in a depth of more than 7 feet water. Pe-
tioles strong and stiff. Floiccrs very numerous.
5. 8, simplex Pursh : leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, narrowed to-
wards the base ; scape simple, many-flowered ; flowers dioecious ;
bracts and calyx obtuse and rounded.
Hab. Ponds. N. J. Aug. 21. — Scape 8 — 12 inches high.
Leaves 6 inches long, 1-2 an inch wide. Flowers small, 12 — 18
in a scape.
G. S. acutfolia Pursh : leaves acutely subulate, sheathing at base,
convex on the back ; scape simple, few-flowered ; flowers monoecious ;
bracts dilated, acuminate.
Had. Muddy shores. Mass. N. Y. and Penn. July, Aug. 21.
— Scape 6 inches high. Floiccrs pedunculate. — Found by Dr.
Bigelow near Boston, and by Dr. S. B. Mead at Peekskill, N. Y.
7. & pusilla Nutt. : leaves linear, obtuse and short, the summits foli-
aeeous ; scape simple, shorter than the leaves ; flowers monoecious f
32*
373 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
few ; fertile one solitary, deflexed ; stamens mostly 7. — AUsma subu-
lata Pursh.
Hab. Muddy banks. Penn. to Geor. Aug. 11 — Scape 2 — 4
inches high. Leaves rarely ever subulate, scarcely a line wide,
and obtuse. Sterile Flowers 3 — 6. Fertile 1, recurved.
8. S. natans Mich. : leaves floating, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, 3-
nerved, attenuated at base ; lower ones subcordate ; scape simple,
few-flowered ; lower peduncles elongated.
Hab. In water. Muht. S. to Car. July, Aug. 11. — Scape
mostly erect, 3 — 6 inches long. Leaves generally floating, 1 — 2
inches long. Flowers few, small, the upper sterile. Ell.
2. ALISMA. Linn.
Perianth 6-parted ; 3 outer segments persistent, calycine ;
3 inner coloured, petaloid. Stamens 6. Ovaries and styles
numerous. Capsules numerous, distinct, 1-seeded, not open-
ing. g llexandria. Polygyria.
A. plantago Linn. : leaves ovate-cordate, acute or obtuse, 9-nerved ;
flowers in a compound verticilate panicle ; fruit obtusely triangular.
b. parviflora Tort. : leaves oval, 5 — 7-nerved, acuminate ; flowers
very small. — A. parviflora Pursh.
Hab. In water. Can. to Flor. July, Aug. U.— Scape 1—2
feet high, triangular. Leaves all radical, on long petioles. Pani-
cle much decompounded in a verticillate manner. Floioers white,
tinged with purple. — Var. b. has the flowers smaller and the
leaves not more than 7-nerved. It generally grows near salt
water. Water Plantain,
Order CXXXIII. JUNCAGINE^. Rich hind.
Perianth herbaceous, rarely wanting. Stamens 8, hypo-
gynous. Ovary of 3 or 6 carpels, cohering firmly together ;
ovules 1 or 2 in each carpel, erect, approximated at the base.
Fruit dry. Seeds 1 — 2, erect; albumen none; embryo
straight; radicle at the opposite extremity from the hilum ;
plumule emitted through a lateral cleft in the embryo.
Herbs growing in bogs. Leaves ensiform, with parallel
veins.
1. TRICHLOCHIN. Linn.
Perianth 6-leaved, deciduous ; the leafets concave, 3 in-
ner ones inserted higher up. Stamens 6, very short. An-
thers with their anterior side turned outward, subsessile. Ova-
ries 3—6, 1-seeded. Styles short. Stigmas adnate. Cap-
ivles 3 — 6, valveless. Seeds erect. Hexandria. Trigynia.
TYPHACE.E. 379
Y. T. pdlustre Linn. : fruit of 3 united capsules, nearly linear, at-
tenuated at the base.
Hab. Marshes. Salina, N. Y. N. to Arc. Amer. July. 2/.—
Scape a foot long, very slender. Leaves very numerous, fleshy,
nearly as long as the scape. Flowers small, greenish, in a ter-
minal lax spike or raceme. Arrow Grass.
2. T. maritimum Linn. : fruit ovate-oblong, of 6 united capsules—
and T. datum Nutt.
Hab. Salt marshes. Can. and N. S. W. to Mich. July. U-
— Scape IS inches long, angled. Leaves all radical, narrow,
sheathing at base, shorter than the scape. Floicers very small
in a long terminal spike.
2. SCHEUCHZERIA. Linn.
Perianth G-partcd. Stamens 6. Anthers linear. Stigmas
sessile, lateral. Ovaries 3 — 6. Capsules compressed, in-
Hated, 2-valved, 1 — 2-seeded. Hexandria. Trigynia.
S. pdtnstris Linn.
Hab. Sphagnous swamps. Ver. - N. Y. Penn. ; rare. July.
H. — Stem 8 — 12 inches high. Leaves linear, roundish, sheath-
ing at base. Flowers greenish-yellow, in a small terminal ra-
ceme.
Order CXXXIV. TYPHACE^. Lind.
Flowers diclinous, arranged upon a naked spadix. Perianth
3-parted. Stamens 3 or 6 ; Jilamenis long and slender ; an-
thers wedge-shaped, erect. Ovary single, superior, 1-celled,
ovule solitary, pendulous ; style short ; stigmas 1 — 2, linear,
simple. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1-celled, ]-seeded. Embryo
in the centre of albumen straight, taper, with a cleft in one
side, in which lies the plumule ; radicle next the hilum.
Herbs growing in marshes or ditches. Stems without nodi,
Leaves rigid, ensiform, with parallel veins.
1. SPARGANIUM. Linn.
Monoecious. Anient dense, sperical. Sterile Fl. Peri-
anth 3-leaved. Fertile Fl. Perianth 3-leaved. Drupe
dry, 1-seeded. Nonoecia. Triandria.
1. S. ramosum Smith: leaves triangular at base, their sides con-
cave ; common flower-stalk branched ; stigma linear. — S. erectum
Linn.
Hab. Stagnant waters. Can. to Vir. July, Aug. If. — Stem
2 feet high. Leaves few, ensiform. Floicers white, in round
heads. Burr Reed.
380 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
2. S. americanum Nutt. : lower leaves equal with or exceeding- the
stem, which is nearly simple ; floral ones concave at base and erect ;
stigma always simple, ovate-oblong, oblique, scarcely more than half
the length of the style. — P. simplex Pursh. ?
Hab. Ponds and lakes. N. Y. to Car. Aug. If. — Stem a foot
high, simple or divided at base. Lower leaves carinate. Fer-
tile heads 2 — 5, mostly sessile.
3. *S». natans Smith ; leaves floating, flat ; common flower-stalk sim-
ple ; stigma ovate, very short ; head of sterile flowers subsolitary. —
$. an gusti folium Mich.
Hab. Lakes, &c. Can. and N. S. Aug. 11. — Stem long and
slender. Leaves very long, pellucid. —Found by Mr. G. W.
Clinton, in a lake on Catskill mountains.
2. TYPHA. Linn.
Flowers collected into a long dense cylindrical spike. Ste-
rile Fl. Perianth none. Stamens 3, together upon a chaffy
or hairy receptacle, united below into one common filament.
Fertile Fl. Perianth none. Pericarp pedicellate, sur-
rounded at base with hairs resembling ajwj^ws.
Monoecia. Triajidria.
1. T. latifolia Linn. : leaves linear, nearly flat ; sterile and fertile
spikes close together, both cylindrical.
Hab. Marshes and pools. Can. to Car. July, Aug. If. — Ste7n
5 — 6 feet high. Leaves very long. Flowers in a compact cylin-
drical spike. Cat Tail. Reed Mace.
2. T. angustifolia Linn. : leaves linear, channelled ; sterile and fer-
tile spikes a little distant from each other ; both cylindrical.
Hab. Marshes, &c. N. Y. to Vir. July, Aug. U.—Stem 4—5
feet high. Leaves narrower than in the preceding.
Order CXXXV. AROIDEtE. Juss. hind.
Flowers diclinous, arranged upon a spadix, often naked.
Perianth 4 — 6-parted, or wanting. Stamens definite or inde-
finite, hypogynous, very short ; anthers 1- 2- or many-celled,
ovate, turned outwards. Ovary free, 1- rarely 3-celled ; stig-
ma sessile. Fruit succulent or dry, not opening. Seeds so-
litary or several ; embryo in the axis of fleshy or mealy albu-
men, straight, cylindrical, with a cleft on one side in which
lies the plumule ; radicle next the hilum, rarely at the oppo-
site extremity.
Herbs or shrubs. Roots often tuberous or thickened. Leaves
sheathing at base, with parallel or branching veins.
AROIDE^I. 381
1. ACORUS. Li
Ml.
Spadiz cylindric, covered with flowers. Perianth gluma-
ceous, 6-petalled, naked. Stamens 6. Ovary 1. Style
none. Capsule 3-angled, 3-celled.
Hezandria. Monogynia.
A. calamus Linn. : spadix protruding from the side of an 'ensiform
leaf.
Jf at.. Swamps. Can. to Car. June. If. — hemes 2 — 3 feet long.
Scape leafy above the spadix#. Spadix cylindrical, thick, cover-
ed with minute greenish-flowers. The root is aromatic.
Sweet Flag.
2. ORONTIUM. ham.
Spadix cylindric, crowded with flowers. Perianth 6-petal-
led, naked. Style and stigma scarcely any. Utricle 1-seeded.
Hezandria. Monogynia.
(J. aqualicum. Linn. : leaves all radical, lanceolate-ovate ; scape cy-
lindrical, spiked. — Pothos ovata Walt.
Hab. In water. Can. to Flor. May. 24!. — Leaves radical, be-
coming large, varying in breadth. Flowers yellow, in a close
cylindrical spike, with a peculiar smell. Golden Club.
3. ARUM. Unit.
Spathc 1-leaved, cucullate, convolute at base. Spadix
naked at the extremity, with sessile anthers in the middle and
ovaries at the base. Berry 1 -celled, many-seeded.
Monoecia. Polyandria.
1. A. dracontium Linn. : stemless ; leaves pedate ; leafets lanceolate-
oblong, entire ; spadix subulate, longer than the oblong convolute
spathe.
Hab. Banks of streams. N. Y. to Flor. June, July. 24. —
Scape about a foot long. Leaf 1, on a petiole as long as or long-
er than the scape. Spathe short, convolute. — Found on the
banks of the Hudson, near Albany. Green Dragon.
2. A. triphyllum Linn. : stemless ; leaves ternate ; leafets oval, acu-
minate, very entire ; spadix clavate ; spathe peduncled, ovate, acumi-
nate, convolute below, flat and bent over above.
Hab. Wet woods. Can. to Car. May, June. 24. — Root tube-
rous. Leaves 1 — 2, on long petioles. Spathe green or purple. —
Whole plant acrid and almost caustic. Big. Med. Bot. i. 52.
Indian lurnip.
3. A. atrorubens Linn. : stemless ; leaves ternate ; leafets ovate,
acuminate; spadix cylindrical; spathe sessile ovate, acuminate, spread^
ing horizontally above.
382 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Swamps. Penn. to Vir. May, June. Z£. — Spathe dark
brown ; smell disagreeable. — Mr. Schweinitz informs me that
this plant is found at Easton, Penn., and he thinks it distinct
from the preceding.
4. RENSSELAERIA. Beck.
Spathe convolute. Spadix covered with flowers, fertile at
the base, sterile above. Perianth none. Berry 1-seeded.
Monoecia. Polyandria.
Obs. This genus, proposed by Mr. William Cooper of New- York,
was named by him Lecontia, in honor of the distinguished naturalist,
Capt. John'Le Conte, of the U. S. army. But this name, which was
adopted by Dr. Torrey in his Compendium, is applied by A. Richard
to a genus of the order Rubiaceje, and confirmed by De Candolle in
his Prodromus. I have therefore changed that of Mr. Cooper's genus,
by calling it after the Hon. Stephen Van Rensselaer ; who, for his
efficient patronage of the Natural Sciences, is entitled to the respect
and gratitude of all their cultivators.
R. virginica Beck. — Arum virginicum Linn. — Callct virginica Mich.
Big. — Lecontia virginica Coop. Torr. Eat.
Hab. Swamps. N. Y. to Car. July. 11. — Scapes several from
one root, 12 — 18 inches long. Leaves on long petioles, oblong,
hastate-coidate, with the lobes obtuse, a foot or more long.
Spathe lanceolate, involute, border undulate, closely embracing
the spadix, which is long and slender. Berries 1-seeded.
5. CALLA. Linn.
Spathe ovate, somewhat flattened. Spadix covered with
flowers. Perianth none. Berry many-celled, many-seeded.
Monoecia. Polyandria.
C. palustris Linn. : leaves cordate ; spathe flat ; spadix covered with
perfect flowers.
Hab. Sphagnous swamps. Can. and N. S. July, Aug. . 11. —
Root thick and creeping. Scape 6 — 8 inches high. Leaves on
long petioles, cordate, acuminate, with an involute point.
Spathe oval, green on "the outside, white within. Water Aram.
6. SYMPLOCARPTJS. Salisb.
Spathe ventricose-ovate, acuminate. Spadix roundish,
covered with perfect flowers. Perianth deeply 4-parted, per-
sistent ; segments cucullate, truncate, becoming thick and
spongy. Style pyramidal, 4-sided. Stigma simple, minute.
Seeds numerous, globular, imbedded in the spadix.
Tetrandria. Monogynia.
. S.fatidus Nutt. — Jctodes fottidus Big. — Pothosfatida Mich.
Hab. Wet meadows. Can. to Vir. Feb. — April. If. —Root
PISTIACE^. 383
large, with thick fibres. Leaves very large, cordate-ovate,
smooth. Spathe ovate, cucullate, purple, spotted with green
and yellow. Spadix peduncled. — Whole plant very fetid. Me-
dicinal. Bis- Med. Bot. ii. 41. Skunk Cabbage.
Order CXXXVJ. PISTIACE.E. Rich. Lind.
Flowers 2, naked, enclosed in a spathe. Stamens definite,
2 — 7. Ovary 1-celled, with one or more erect ovules ; style
short ; stigma simple. Fruit membranous or capsular, not
opening. Seeds 1 or more, with a fungous integument and a
thickened indurated foramen ; embryo either in the axis of
fleshy albumen and having a lateral cleft for the emission of
the plumule, or at the apex of the nucleus. ,
Floating plants, with very cellular, lenticular, or lobed
stems and leaves confounded.
1. LEMNA. Linn.
Sterile and fertile flowers collateral. Stamens 2. Utricle
1 — 5-seeded. Diandria. Monogynia.
Oes. For an excellent and detailed account of this singular genus,
I would refer to Dr. Hooker's Flora Scotica.
1. L. trisulca Linn. : fronds thin, elliptic-lanceolate, caudate at one
extremity, at the other serrate ; root solitary.
Hab. Ditches and ponds. N. S. ; rarely in flower. July. ^.
— Fronds half an inch or more in length, thin, margin pellucid ;
young fronds produced from lateral clefts, of the same shape as
the parent plant, and again proliferous before they are detach-
ed. Flowers very minute. Root a single fibre.
Duck's Meat.
2. L. minor Linn. : fronds nearly ovate, compressed ; root solitary.
Hab. Stagnant waters. N. S. June, July. 0. — Fronds a line
and a half long, slightly convex beneath, somewhat fleshy, in-
creasing rapidly by gemma (young fronds) so as often complete-
ly to cover the surface of stagnant water.
3. L. gibba Linn. : fronds broadly ovate, almost flat above, hemis-
pherical and pale beneath ; root solitary.
Hab. Stagnant waters, near Liverpool, N. Y. Pursh. June,
July. <5). — Distinguished from the former by its being pale and
hemispherical beneath, and appearing reticulated.
4. L. polyrrhiza Linn. : fronds obovate-rotundulate, compressed ;
roots numerous, fascicled.
Hab. Stagnant waters. June, July. ^. — Fronds 3 — 4 lines
long, succulent, of a firm texture. Root a bundle of 8 or 10 sim-
ple fibres in the middle of the frond.
384 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Order CXXXVII. FLUVIALES. Lincl.
Flowers monoclinous or diclinous. Perianth 2- or 4-part-
ed, often deciduous, rarely wanting. Stamens definite, hypo-
gynous. Ovaries 1 or more, superior ; ovule solitary ; style
1 or none ; stigma simple. Fruit dry, not opening, 1-celled,
1-seeded. Seed pendulous ; albumen none ; embryo straight
or curved, with a lateral cleft for the emission of the plumule.
Water plants. Leaves very cellular, with parallel veins.
1. ZOSTERA. Linn.
Stamens and pistils separated, inserted in 2 rows upon one
side of a spadix. Spathe foliaceous. Perianth none. Ste-
rile Fl. Anthers ovate, sessile, alternating with the germs,
and upon the same spadix. Fertile Fl. Ovary 1, ovate.
Style bifid. Drupe 1-seeded. Monoecia.^ Monandria.
Z. marina Linn. : leaves entire, somewhat 3-nerved ; stem roundish.
Hab. Muddy shores. N. Y. to Car. Aug. 2J. — Stem terete.
flexuous, throwing out roots from the joints. Leaves very lono-
and narrow. Spadix linear, with the flowers all on one side, in
2 rows. . Grass-wrack.
2. CAULINIA. JVilld.
Monoecious. Perianth none. Sterile Fl. Anther ses-
sile. Fertile Fl. Style filiform. Stigma bifid. Cap-
sule 1-seeded. Monoecia. Monandria.
1. C.fragilis Willd. : leaves ternate or opposite, linear- subulate, re-
curved, aculeate-dentate, rigid.
Hab. In water. Penn. Aug. %. — Stem long, submerged.
Floicers small.
2. C. Jlexilis llllld : leaves whorled in sixes, linear, denticulate at
the apex, spreading.
Hab. Ponds' and ditches. N. Y. to Car. Aug. %.—Stcm 1—2
feet long, submerged, branching, jointed. Flower solitary, axil-
lary, sessile.
3. ZANNICHELLIA. Linn.
Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Perianth none. Stamen 1.
Fertile Fl. Perianth single, of 1 leaf. Ovaries 4 or more.
Style 1. Stigma peltate. Capsule sessile.
Monoecia. Monandria.
1. Z. palustris Linn. : anthers 4-celled ; stigmas entire ; pericarps
toothed on the back.
FLUVIALES. 385
Hab. Ditches. N. S. Torr. July. Aug. &.—Stcm long, fili-
form. Leaves opposite, linear. Floicers axillary, small.
Horn Pond-weed.
"2. Z. intermedia Torr. : anther 2-celled ; stigmas dentate-crenate ;
seed smooth, entire on the back.
Hab. Salt marsh ditches. July. 0. — Submerged. Stem fili-
form. Leaves entire. Floicers inconspicuous. Torr.
4. RUPPIA. Linn.
Flowers 2, perfect, on a spadiz arising from the sheathrng
base of the leaves. Stamens 4, sessile. Ovaries 4. Peri-
anth none. Drvpcs 4, pedicellate ; nuts 1-secded.
Tetrandria. Tctragynia.
R. viaritima Linn.
Hab. Salt marshes. N. J. to "Geor. July. 11. — Stem long,
filiform, branched, floating. • Leaves linear, setaceous, with in-
flated sheaths. Spadix short, with 2 naked green flowers. An-
thers large.
5. POTAMOGETON. Linn.
Flowers perfect, on a spadiz arising from a spathe. Peri-
anth single, 4-leaved. Anthers 4, sessile, alternating with
the divisions of the perianth. Ovaries 4. Nuts 4, 1-seeded,
sessile. Tetrandria. Tetragynia..
* Upper leaves floating.
1. P. nutans Linn. : upper leaves floating, coriaceous, on long peti-
oles, oblong-ovate ; lower ones membranous, linear-lanceolate, gradu-
ally tapering into a petiole. — P. natans b. Mich.
Hab. Ponds and lakes. N. S. July, Aug. 11. — Stan varying
in length. Leaves sometimes cordate. Spadiz 1 — 2 inches
long, rising above the water. Pond Weed.
2. P. fluitans IAnn. : upper leaves floating, subcoriaceous, ovate-
lanceolate, obtuse, tapering into a rather short petiole ; lower ones
very long, lanceolate, membranous and sessile.
Hab. Ponds and streams. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. U- —
Stem varying in length. Leaves reddish, less coriaceous than in
the preceding. Spadiz an inch long, almost submerged.
3. P. hctcrophyllum Schreh. : upper leaves floating, coriaceous, ellip-
tical, petiolate ; .lower ones membranous, linear-lanceolate, sessile. —
P. hybridum Mich.
Hab. Stagnant water. N. Y. to Car. Aug. IT.— Smaller than
the former. In flowing water the lower leaves are very long
and narrow.
4. P. divcrsifolmm Bart. : upper leaves floating, elliptical, petioiatt-.
33
386 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
5-nerved ; lower ones filiform ; spadix axillary, almost sessile, few*
flowered. — P. setaceum Pursh.
HiB. Ponds and small streams. N. S. June. LL — Stems nu-
merous, branched, filiform. Upper leaves scarcely an inch long.
Spadix 4— 6-flowered.
"* Leaves alt submersed.
5. P. pcrfoliatum Linn. : leaves clasping, cordate, ovate.
Hab. Lakes, &c. Can. to Penn. Aug. It.— Stem dichoto-
uious. Leaves an inch or more in length, appearing perfoliate.
Spadix few-flowered, on a short peduncle.
6. P. lucens Linn. : leaves ovate-lanceolate, petiolate.
Hab. Rivers and lakes. Can. to Car. Aug. If. — Stem long,
branched. Leaves large, very pellucid and finely veined. Spadiz
cylindrical, many-flowered. »
7. P. densum Linn. : leaves opposite, crowded, ovate, acuminate,,
sessile ; stem forked ; spike about 4-flowered, on very short peduncles.
Hab. Pools, &c. Bethlehem, Penn. Schiccinitz.
8. P. crispum Linn. : leaves lanceolate, tapering, sessile, much
waved, serrate.
Hab. Lakes. Can. to Vir. Pursh. Aug. It.— Stem long,
much branched. Leaves 1 — 1-2 inches long, 2 — 3 lines broad,
crisp to the touch. Spadix 8 — 10 flowered.
9. P. compressum Linn. : leaves linear, very obtuse, sessile ; stem
compressed, 4 — 6-flowered.
Hab. In water. N. S. July, Aug. It.— Plant small. Stem
much branched, thick. Leaves 2 inches long, linear.
10. P. paudflorum Pursh : leafy ; leaves sessile, narrow linear, flat ;
the upper verticillate ; spadix capitate, 4-flowered ; stem slender, te-
rete.— P. gramineum Mich.
Hab. Ponds and rivers. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. It. — Stem
almost filiform, much branched. Leaves 2 — 3 inches long, not
more than half a line broad.
11. P. pectinatum Linn. : leaves distichous, setaceous, alternate,
sheathing ; stipules scarcely any ; spadix few-flowered, interrupted. —
P. marinum Mich.
Hab. Ponds. Can. and N. S. June. It- — Stem filiform, much
branched. Leaves very numerous, giving to the plant a pecti-
nated appearance.
Subclass II. GLUMACEjE. hind.
Flowers destitute of a true perianth, but consisting of im-
bricated bracts.
Order CXXXV1II. GRAMINE^. Juss. Land.
Flowers usually monoclinous, sometimes monoecious or
GRAMINEiE. 387
polygamous ; consisting of imbricated bracts, of which tho
most exterior are called glumes, (calyx of Linnaeus,) the inte-
rior immediately enclosing the stamens palea;, (corol Linn.)
and the innermost at the base of the ovary scales, (nectary
Linn.) Glumes usually 2, alternate, sometimes single, most
commonly unequal. Palece 2, alternate ; the lower or exterior
simple ; the upper or interior composed of 2 united by their
contiguous margins, and usually with 2 keels, together forming
a kind of dislocated calyx. Scales 2 or 3, sometimes wanting ;
if 2, collateral, alternate with the paleae, and next the lower of
them ; distinct or united. Stamens hypogynous, 1 — 6, or
rr.rcly indefinite ; anthers versatile. Ovary simple ; styles 2,
rarely 1 or 3 ; stigmas feathery or hairy. Pericarp usually
undistinguishable from the seed, membranous. Albumen fari-
naceous ; embryo lying on one side of the albumen near its
base.
Culms cylindrical, hollow, jointed. Leaves alternate, with
a split sheath. Flowers in little spikes called loeustec, arrang-
ed in a spiked, racemed, or panicled manner.
Div. 1. Agrostide.e. Inflorescence panicled, sometimes
contracted into the form of a spike. Spikelets solitary, 1-
jlowercd. Glumes and palea of nearly similar texture,
most usually with a keel. Lower pale a either bearded or
beardless, the upper ntver with 2 keels.
1. AGROSTIS. Linn.
Glume naked, beardless, 2-valved, 1-flowered ; valves long-
er than the paleae. Palea 2, membranous, often hairy at
base, enclosing the seed. Triandria, Digynia.
1. A. strlcta If 'Hid. : panicle elongated, straight; valves of the
glume equal ; paleae smaller than the valves, unequal, with an awn at
the base of the outer one longer than the flower.
Hah. Fields. N. Eng. Muhl. June. 2/.— Culm erect, smooth
with black nodes. Leaves linear-lanceolate, scabrous on the
margin. Awn geniculate, twice as long as the flower.
2. A. vulgaris Smith : panicle with smoothish and at length divari-
cate branches ; paleae unequal, outer one 3-nerved ; stipule very short
and truncate. — A. hispida Ullld.
Hab. Meadows. Throughout the U. S. July. If. — Culm
18 — 20 inches high, ascending, smooth. Leaves flat, scabrous.
Flowers purplish. Introduced. Red-top.
2. A. alba Linn. : panicle lax, with hispid and spreading branche* ;
388 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
paleae shorter than the glume, outer one 5-nerved ; stipule oblong. —
A. decumbcns Muhl. — A. stolonifera Smith.
Hab. Meadows. N. S. June — Aug. CP- — Root creeping. Culm
assurgent, often throwing out runners. Leaves nerved, scabrous.
AntJters yellow. Introduced. Florin Grass.
4. A. lateriflora Mick. : culm erect, branched above, soboliferous at
base ; panicles lateral and terminal, contracted, dense, a little secund :
glume acuminate ; paleae longer than the glume, equal, pubescent at
base, awnless. — A. mexicana MuhL
b. filiformis Torr. : panicle very slender ; paleae nearly equalling
the glume. — A. filiformis Muhl.
Hab. Swamps. N. S. Aug., Sept. 11- — Root creeping. Culm
2 feet or more high. Leaves broad linear, flat. Anthers pale
purple.
5. A. sobolifcra Muld. : culm erect, branched ; panicle contracted,
filiform, simple, with appressed alternate branches ; palece longer than
the equal glumes, equal, awnless, hairy at base, mucronate at the tip.
Hab. Rocky hills. N. S. Aug., Sept. U-— Culm 2 feet high,
soboliferous, sometimes decumbent. Leaves pale green, some-
what scabrous.
6. A. tenuiflora WiUd. : culm nearly simple, pubescent about the
joints ; branches appressed ; panicle contracted, filiform ; paleae longer
than the glume ; lower one with an awn twice as long as the flower.
Hab. Rocky woods. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 1[. — Rooi.
creeping. Culm 3 feet or more high. Leaves few, spreading,
strongly nerved.
7. A. sylvatica Torr. : culm erect, much branched, diffuse, smooth :
sheaths lacerate ; panicle filiform ; paleae longer than the glume ;
awns three times as long as the flower. — A. diffusa Muld.
Hab. Rocks. N. J. Aug. 24..— Root creeping. Ctdm 2 — 3
feet high. — Resembles the preceding, but is distinguished by its
branched diffuse culm.
8*. A. comjtressa Torr. : whole plant very smooth ; culm erect, com-
pressed, simple ; panicle oblong, subcontracted ; glumes equal, shorter
than the paleae, acute ; paleae rather obtuse, smooth at the base.
Hab. Sandy swamps. N. J. Sept. 2J.. — Root creeping. Culm
soboliferous Leaves linear, long, compressed, with carinate
sheaths. Panicle purple.
9. A. serotina Torr. : culm filiform, much compressed ; leaves very
narrow, carinate, erect ; panicle attenuate ; glume unequal, half as
long as the awnless paleae.
Hab. Sandy swamps. N. J. Sept. H- — Culm 12 — 18 inches
high. Leaves almost filiform. Panicle slender, with the branch-
es flexuous.
10. A. juncea Mich. : leaves straight and erect, convolutely setace-
ous ; panicle oblong-pyramidal, verticillate ; paleae awnless: twice the
length of the glume. — A. indica Muhl.
GRAMINEiE. 389
Hab. Sandy barrens. N. J. to Flor. Oct. U.—Culm 1—2
feet high, terete. Floicers purple. Glume unequal. Scales ob-
ovate.
11. A. rirginica Linn. : culms numerous, procumbent at base, as-
surgent ; leaves subdistichous, involute, rigid ; panicles lateral and
terminal, spike-form ; the lateral ones concealed ; glume equal, about
as long as the palea?. — A. pungens Pursh.
Hab. Sandy soils. N. Y. to Vir. Sept. Oct. 0. — Culms a foot
high, hairy at base, with swollen sheaths. Anthers purple.
12. A. longifolia Torr. : panicle contracted, spiked, generally con-
cealed ; palea? much longer than the glume, subequal, smooth and
spotless, without awns ; leaves very long, filiform and recurved at the
apex.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. S. Sept. Oct. If.— Culm 2—4 feet
high, simple, terete. Leaves 2 feet long. Panicle sometimes
exserted.
13. A. clandestina Spreng. : panicle spiked, partly concealed; palea?
unequal, much longer than the glume, hairy and spotted, slightly awn-
ed ; leaves very long.
Hab. Dry hills. Penn. to Car. Sept. -U-— Culm 2 feet high,
terete. Panicle often sooty. Glume carinate.
14. A. spica-venti Willd. : outer palea? with a very long straight awn;
panicle spreading.
Hab. N. S. June. 0. — Culm 18 inches high. Introduced.
15. A. canina Willd. : culm prostrate, somewhat branching ; palea?
with a recurved dorsal awn.
Hab. Wet meadows. July. 11. — Introduced.
2. TRICHODIUM. Mich.
Glume 2-valved, 1 -flowered. Palea 1, shorter than the
glumes, bearded and supported at the base by one or two fas-
sicles of hairs. Seed loose, covered by the paleae.
Trianclria. Digynia.
1. T. laxiflorum Mich. : culm erect ; leaves setaceous, and with the
sheaths somewhat scabrous ; panicle diffuse, capillary, with trichoto-
mous branches ; glumes unequal. — Agrostis laxa Mu/U.
Hab. Dry fields. Subarc. Amer. to Car. May, June! It. —
Culm 18 inches high. Panicle at length much spread and loose,
pyramidal. Thin Grass.
2. T. scabrum Muhl. : culm geniculate at the base, assurgent, branch-
ed ; leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, striate, scabrous ; sheaths mostly
smooth ; panicle verticillate and divaricate ; glumes unequal ; palea?
ovate, acute, 3-nerved. — Agrostris scabra Willd.
Hab. Woods. N. S. Aug., Sept. U.—Culm 12—18 inches
high. Panicle diffuse, much branched.
33*
390 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
S. T. datum Pursh : culm erect, firm ; leaves narrow-linear, flat,
scabrous ; sheaths smooth ; panicle verticillate, a little spreading ;
glumes nearly equal.
Hab. Sandy swamps. N. J. Aug. U.—Culm 3 feet high.
Panicle exsert, purple.
4. T. montanum Torr. : culm cespitose, erect ; leaves involute, fili-
form, and as well as the sheaths, scabrous ; panicle capillary, loose, a
little spreading ; glumes equal.
Hab. Mountains. N. Y. July. U-—Culm 8—12 inches high.
Panicle elongated.
3. POLYPOGON. Desf.
Glume 2-valved, l-flo\vered ; valves nearly equal, obtuse at
the end, with a long bristle. Palece shorter than the glume ;
the lower one entire, with a short straight tender bristle,
(sometimes awnless) ; upper one bifid, toothed. — Panicle con-
tracted like a spike. Triandria. Digynia.
P. racemosus Nutt. : panicle dense, conglomerate, interrupted ; bris-
tles of the glume scabrous ; paleae unarmed, hairy at the base ; culm
branched. — Agrostris racemosa Mich. — A. setosa MvhL
Hab. Bogs. N. S. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. II Culm 3—4
feet high, compressed. Leaves scabrous and somewhat glaucous,
flat. Panicle 2 inches long, many-flowered, interrupted below.
4. TRICHOCHLOA. Dc Cand.
Glume 2-valved, 1-flowered, very minute. Palece much
larger than the glume, naked at base ; lower one convolute
at the base, terminating in a long awn not articulated.
Triandria. Digynia.
T. capiUaris D.c Cand. : leaves convolute-filiform, smooth ; panicle
diffuse, capillary, very slender ; pedicels longer than the awns ; awns
3 — 4 times the length of the flower. — Stipa sericea Mich. Pursh. —
Agroslis sericea Muhl. Ell.
Ukr. Sandy fields. Mass. to Car. June, July. Lf. — Culms
cespitose, 2 feet high, very slender. Panicle 8 — 10 inches long,
glossy and purple.
5. CINNA. Linn.
Glume naked, beardless, 2-valved, compressed, nearly
equal. Palece 2, nearly equal, compressed, shortly stipitate,
naked at the base ; lower one inclosing the upper, with a short
awn near the summit. Stamen 1. Monandria. Monogynia,
C. arundinacca Uilld. : panicle large, capillary, loose ; leaves broad-
linear ; culm smooth.— Agrostis cinna Pursh.
GRAMINEiE. 391
Hab. Wet grounds. Can. to Car. Aug. If..— Culm 2—5 feet
high. Leaves a foot or more in length. Panicle terminal, 8 — 10
inches long, with the flowers green.
6. MUHLENBERGIA. Schreb.
Glume 2-valved ; valves very minute, fringed. Palca much
longer than the glume, ovate, obliquely truncate, gibbous ;
the lower one terminating in a slender bristle. — Panicle near-
ly simple. Triandria. Digynia.
1. M. diffusa Schreb. : culm diffuse (decumbent) ; leaves linear-lan-
ceolate ; panicle branched, appressed ; awns as long as the paleee.
Hab. Fields. N. Y. to Car. July. 21- — Culm 18 inches long,
compressed, geniculate-branched. Leaves scabrous. Panicles
lateral and terminal, very slender ; bristle purple.
2. M. erecta Schreb. : culm erect, simple, and with the leaves pubes-
cent ; panicle loose ; paleee 2, with a very long awn. — Brachyclytrum
aristatum Bcauv. Torr.
Hab. Rocky hills. Can. to Car. July. 11. — Root creeping.
Culm 2 — 3 feet high, erect, slender. Leaves pubescent. Panicle
contracted. Lower palea with a very long bristle.
7. ALOPECURUS. Linn.
Glume 2-valved, 1-flowered ; valves somewhat equal, con-
nate, distinct. Palea united into a bladder-like glume, cleft
on one side below the middle, generally bearded. Styles often
connate. — Panicle spiked, cylindric. Triandria. Digynia.
1. A. pratensis Linn. :' culm erect, smooth; panicle subspiked, cy-
lindric, obtuse, thick ; glumes ciliate, connate below the middle, as
long as the palese.
Hab. Fields and pastures. N. S. May — Aug. If. — Culm
simple, 2 — 4 feet high. Leaves flat, smooth. Spike 1 1-2 inches
long. Introduced. Fox-tail Grass.
2. A. geniculatus Linn. : culm ascending, geniculate ; panicle spik-
ed, cylindrical, obtuse ; glumes connate at base, obtuse, hairy on the
back and margin ; palese truncate ; styles free.
b. aristulatus Torr. : awn scarcely exserted. — A. aristulatus Mich.
A. subaristatus Pursh.
Hab. Wet meadows. Can. and N. S. N. to Arc. Amer. ; rare.
June. H. — Culm 12 — 18 inches high, knee-jointed and rooting
below, terete, smooth. Leaves linear-lanceolate, very acute.
Spike nearly 2 inches long. Var. a. has the awn as long again
as the palese.
8. PHLEUM. Linn.
Glume 2-valved, much longer than the paleae ; valves equal,
boat-shaped, rostrate or mucronate. Palea 2, included in
392 MONOCOTYLEDON OUS PLANTS.
the glume, boat-shaped, awnless, truncate. — Panicle spiked,
dense, cylindric. Triandria. Digynia.
P. pratense Linn. : spike cylindric ; glumes truncate, rmlcronate,
with a ciliate keel ; awn shorter than the glume ; culm erect.
Hab. Fields. N. S. June— Aug. U-—Culm 2—3 feet high,
simple, smooth. Leaves flat. Spike long, cylindric, green.
Introduced. Herds Grass or Cat's-tail Grass.
9. PHALARIS. Linn.
Glume 2-valved, 1-flowered ; valves nearly equal, membra-
naceous, gibbous on the back, carinate. Palecs 2, coriaceous
hairy at the base, shorter than the glume. Rudiments oppo-
site, sessile, resembling valves. Scales collateral. — Flowers
generally in compound, ovate or elongated spikes.
Triandria. Digynia.
1. P. americana Ell. : panicle oblong, spiked ; glumes boat-shaped,
serrulate ; pales unequal ; rudiments hairy. — P. arundinacea Mich. —
Calamagrostis colorata Nutt.
Hae. Swamps. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 2_£. — Culm 2—5
feet high, erect, a little branching. Panicle 2 — 4 inches long,
at length a little spreading. American Canary Grass.
2. P. canariensis Linn. : panicle subspiked, ovate ; glumes boat-
.shaped, entire at the apex ; rudiments smooth.
Hab. In pastures, &c. July. 0. — Culm a foot and half high.
Leaves broad-linear. Glumes nearly twice the length of the pa-
leae. Introduced. Canary Grass.
10. CRYPSIS. M.
Glume 2-valved, 1-flowered, compressed, unequal. Valece
2, unequal, longer than the glume. Stamens 2 — 3. Seed
loose, covered by the paleae. — Flowers in an oblong spike.
Triandria. Digynia.
C. virginica Nutt. : spike oblong-cylindrical, thick and lobed ; culm
procumbent and geniculate ; leaves at length involute, rigid, pungent.
Hab. Sandy fields. Near Philadelphia. Aug. — Oct. ©. —
Culm 6 — 12 inches long, much branched from the base. Leaves
at first flat, striate, hairy on the upper surface. Spikes lateral
and terminal.
Div. II. Panice^e. Inflorescence spiked or panicled. Spike-
lets either solitary, in pairs, or several together, one or more
usually 2-Jlowered, one of thejloioers being sterile or unisex-
ual. Glumes usually of a thinner texture than the palece,
which are more or less cartilaginous, the lower one half en-
folding the upper, and either beardless or occasioually beard-
ed ; neither of them with a keel.
GRAMINE.E. 393
11. MILIUM. Linn.
Glume 2-valved, naked, beardless. Palece 2, oblong, con-
cave, shorter than the glume, awnless. Seed coated with the
indurated palece. — Flowers panicled. Triandria. Digynia.
1. M. effusum T.inn. : panicle diffuse, compound ; branches horizon-
tal ; glumes ovate, very obtuse ; palese awnless, smooth and shining ;
leaves broad-linear.
Hab. Woods. Can. and N. S. July. IX— Culm 5—8 feet
high, simple, smooth. Panicle oblong, 8 inches in length.
Common Millet-grass.
2. M. ampliicarpon Pursh: leaves linear-lanceolate, hairy, ciliate ;
panicle simple, contracted, bearing perfect flowers : fertile flowers in
solitary elongated radical scapes, at length subterraneous. — M. c'dia-
tiim Muhl.
Hab. Sandy swamps. N. J. Aug., Sept. IX- — Culms numer-
ous, 1 — 2 feet high, assurgent. Panicle appressed. Glumes
acuminate. — This species is well figured by Pursh.
3. M. ptmgens Torr. : culm erect ; leaves lanceolate, very short,
pungent, at length involute ; panicle contracted ; branches generally
in pairs, 2-flowered ; flowers awnless, ovate ; palese hairy.
Hab. Rocky hills. N. S. May. IX— Culm slender, 18—18
inches high, simple, rigid. Radical leaves 6 — 8 inches long,
about a line wide, acute and pungent. Panicle oblong, few-
flowered. Style 2-parted. Dwarf Milld-grass.
. 12. PIPTATHERUM. Beauv.
Glume membranaceous. Palece cartilaginous, elliptical,
shorter than the glume ; lower one awned at the tip. Scales
ovate, entire. — Flowers panicled. Triandria. Digynia.
P. nigrum Torr.: panicle simple; flowers racemose, ovate-lanceo-
late ; paleee black, hairy ; awn as long again as the glume. — Oryzopsvt
vielanocarpa Muhl. — Milium raccmosum Smith. Big.
Hab. Rocky hills. N. S. Aug. U — Culm 2—3 feet high.
leaves long, linear-lanceolate. Panicle few-flowered, flexuous.
Lower palea with a very long awn. Seed black.
Black-seeded Millet- grass.
13. PANICUM. Lam.
Glume 2-valved ; valves unequal, the lower one very small.
Florets dissimilar, the lower one abortive, or antheriferous.
Palece concave, equal, beardless. Seed coated with the hard-
ened paleae. — Panicle loose and scattered.
Triandria. Digynia,
* Flowers in dense racemes.
1. P. crus-galli Linn. : racemes alternate and in pairs, compound ;
S94 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
rachis 5-angled ; glumes terminating in hispid bristles ; sheaths gla-
brous.
Hab. Near cultivated grounds. Aug., Sept. ^. — Culm 2—4
feet high, terete. Panicle dense, at length spreading, some-
times coloured. — It varies with unarmed glumes. Introduced.
Cocksfoot-grass.
2. P. hispidum Muhl. : panicle compound, nodding ; racemes alter-
nate ; glumes terminating in hispid bristles ; sheaths hispid.
Hab. Salt marshes. N. Y. to Car. Sept., Oct. #.— Culm
3 — 4 feet high, thick. Panicle dense. Flowers always awned.
— Resembles No. 1, but may be distinguished by its hispid
sheaths.
3. P. clandestinum Linn. : culm with short axillary branches ; leaves
broad-lanceolate, cordate at the base ; sheaths hispid, enclosing tha
short panicles ; abortive floret neutralx 2-valved ; upper valve obtuse.
— P. latifolimn var. clandestinum Pursh.
Hab. Moist woods. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. H.—Culm
2 — 3 feet high, erect and rigid. Panicles terminal and lateral,
concealed in the sheaths of the leaves.
4. P. pedunculatum Torr. : culm dichotomous ; leaves broad-lanceo-
late, slightly hairy above, attenuate ; sheaths hispid and papillose ;
panicle long-pedunculate, compound, smooth ; spikelets ovate, smooth ;
abortive floret 2-valved ; upper valve half the length of the lower.
Hab. Moist woods. N. Y. July. U.— Culm 3—4 feet high,
much branched above. Panicle terminal, spreading, on a pe-
duncle.
5. P. latifolium Linn. : culm mostly simple, bearded at the joints ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, smooth, or with the sheaths somewhat pubes-
cent ; panicle terminal, a little exsert, simple, pubescent ; spikeleta
oblong-ovate ; abortive floret antheriferous, 2-valved ; upper valvea
»ub-herbaceous, nearly as long as the lower, acute.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. W. to 111. June, July. U-—
Culm a foot high. Panicle 2 inches long, with pubescent downy
branches.
6. P. scoparium Lam. : whole plant softly villous ; leaves lanceo-
late ; panicle erect, compound, setaceous, much branched ; spikeleta
turgid, ovate, pubescent.
Hab. N. J. to Car. 1£. — Culm 2 feet high, mostly simple.
Floicers larger than in any of our species. — Scarcely differs from
the preceding.
7. P. nervosum Muhl. : culm simple ; nodes smooth ; leaves broad-
lanceolate, smooth, a little ciliate on the margin ; panicle much
branched, smooth, many-flowered ; spikelets oblong ; abortive floret
antheriferous, with the upper valve sub-herbaceous, shorter than the
lower.
Hab. Bogs. N. Y. to Car. July. U-— Culm 3— 4 feet high.
PanicU 4 — 5 inches long, decompound.— Allied to P. latifolium.
GRAMINEJE. 395
but is taller and has the joints smooth and the panicle decom-
pound and smooth.
8. P. macrocarpon Torr. : culm erect, simple ; leaves linear-lanceo-
late, erect, a little hairy beneath ; joints naked ; sheaths hispid ; pani-
cle rather compound, smooth ; spikelets ovate-globose ; abortive floret
neutral.
Hab. Banks of streams. N. J. and Mass. July. If. — Culm
3 feet high, straight. Panicle with few spreading flexuous
branches.
9. P. pubescens Lam. : erect, much branched, leafy, softly pubescent;
leaves lanceolate, ciliate ; panicle small, few-flowered, free ; spikelets
•ubglobose-ovate, pubescent.
Hab. Shady woods. Penn. to Car. July. 11. — Culm 18 inches
high ; nodes and leaves hairy. Panicle with horizontal branches.
10. P. involutum Torr. : culm cespitose, simple, or a little branched
at the base ; leaves erect, somewhat rigid, very narrow, at length in-
volute ; panicle simple, few-flowered ; florets acuminate ; upper valve
of the neutral floret very small.
Hab. Near Deerfield, Mass. Torr. IX. — Culm, a foot high.
Panicle terminal, (rarely lateral,) consisting of a few flexuous
branches.
11. P. depauperatum Muhl. : culm cespitose, hairy at the joints ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, smooth or hairy ; sheaths pubescent ; panicle
few-flowered; blanches in pairs, one of them 2-flowered, the other 1-
flowered.
Hab. Sandy soils. N. Y. and N. J. May, June. 2X- — Culm a
foot high, jointed. Panicle terminal, erect, with tortuous
branches.
12. P. dichotomum Linn. : culm much branched and dichotomous
above ; branches fasciculate ; leaves very numerous, lanceolate,
smooth ; panicle simple, capillary, lax ; abortive floret neuter ; upper
valve minute, bifid.
Hab. Dry woods. N. Y. to Car. July — Sept. Lf. — Culm erect,
sometimes decumbent, 8 — 12 or more inches long. Panicles lat-
eral and terminal, with spreading branches. — Dr. Torrey des-
cribes three varieties of this species.
13. P. nitidum Lam. : culm slender, simple, erect, smooth ; sheaths
bearded at the throat ; leaves very few, broad-linear ; panicle capilla-
ry, rather crowded, compound, remote, smooth ; spikelets minute, ob-
tuse, ovate, slightly pubescent ; lower glume very small.
a. ciUatum: culm hairy ; leaves linear-lanceate, (the lowest one
broader) sparingly hirsute, ciliate on the margin; panicle with
the branches and flowers pubescent.
b. ramulosum : culm more branched ; panicle contracted ; branch-
es smooth.
«. gracile: culm very slender, smooth; leaves very narrow, and
with the sheaths smooth ; panicle nearly simple, few-flowered,
smooth ; upper valve of the abortive floret minute, entire. ?
396 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
d. pilosum : culm simple, very hairy ; lower leaves approximate
and broad-lanceolate ; upper ones linear, rather rigid, somewhat
hairy on the upper surface, ciliate at the base ; sheaths villose
and minutely papillose ; panicle subcontracted ; branches vir-
gate and with the flowers pubescent.
c. glabrum : smooth on every part, except the base of the leaves,
nearly simple ; lower leaves short, approximate, subcartilagin-
ous ; panicle branched, almost verticillate ; spikelets large ;
upper valve of the abortive floret entire. — P. nitidum Schiceintz.
f. harbatum : culm simple, smooth ; nodes hairy, leaves linear-
lanceolate ; sheaths smooth, except on the margin ; flowers
minutely pubescent. — P. discolor Muhl.
Hab. Meadows, woods and pine barrens. N. S. June, July.
2/. — Culm 18 inches to 2 feet high. Panicle compound. — A very
variable grass — at least if Torrey's account of it be correct.
14. P. agrostoides Muhl. : culm compressed, smooth, erect ; leaves
very long ; panicles lateral and terminal, pyramidal, spreading ; branch-
es bearing racemes ; spikelets appressed ; abortive floret neutral ;
valves nearly equal. — P. clongatum Pursh.
Hab. Wet meadows. N. Y. to Vir. July— Sept. U.—Culm
2 — 3 feet high, smooth at the joints. Panicle mostly dark pur-
ple.
15. P. virgatum Linn. : whole plant very smooth ; panicle diffuse,
very large ; flowers acuminate ; valve of the abortive floret nearly
equal.
Hab. Near salt water. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. It.— Culm
3—4 feet high. Panicle virgate, at length-spreading.
16. P. anceps Mich. : culm compressed ; sheaths ancipitous, pilose ;
panicle with nearly simple branches ; spikelets subracemose, much
acuminate ; abortive floret neuter, with the upper valve bifid.
Hab. Wet woods. Penn. to Car. Z£. — Culm 3 feet high.
Leaves very long. Panicle pyramida.lt
17. P. rectum R. # S. ; panicle solitary, shorter than the terminal
leaf; branches simple, flexuous ; spikelets alternate,. peduncled, obo-
vate, turgid ; glumes striate, acute ; leaves linear, straight, tapering
to a sharp point, striate and scabrous above, hairy beneath ; sheaths
with very long hairs. — P. strictum Pursh.
Hab. Banks of streams. Penn. July. 0. Purslu
18. P. verrucosum Muhl : culm slender, decumbent and geniculate,
branched below, and with the leaves smooth ; panicle much spreading,
few-flowered ; flowers verrucose ; abortive floret 1-valved.
Hab. Swamps.' N. Y. to Geor. Aug., Sept. IX. — Culm a. foot
high ; nodes smooth and inflated. Leaves lance-linear, spread-
ing. Panicles lateral and terminal, spreading.
19. P. proliferum Lam. : culm assurgent, geniculate at base, very
smooth ; panicles terminal and axillary, smooth ; spikelets racemose ;
abortive floret 1-valved. — P. dichotomiflorum Mich. — P. geniculatum
Muhl.
GR AMINES. 397
Hab. Wet meadows. Penn. to Geor. Sept. 11. — Plant very
smooth. Culm 2 — 4 feet long, succulent. Leaves a ibot or
more long, raniclcs large and pyramidal.
20. P. capillare Linn. : culm nearly simple ; sheaths very hairy ;
panicle large, capillary, expanding, loose ; spikelets on long peduncles,
acuminate, smooth ; abortive floret 1-valved.
a. sylralirum Torr. : culm branched at the base, very slender ;
leaves linear.
Hab. Cultivated grounds. Can. to Flor. Var. a. Dry woods.
N. Y. Aug., Sept. U.—Culm 1—2 feet high, erect; sheaths
hispid. Panicle large and pyramidal, reflexed when old.
•
21. P. longifolium Torr.: whole plant very smooth; culm com.
pressed, erect, simpl?, slender ^ leaves very long and narrow ; panicle
simple, " elongated, racemose; spikelets acuminate; abortive floret
neutral, 2-valved.
Hab. Pine barrens. N.J. Sept., Oct. U-— Culm 2 feet.high.
Leaves a foot or more long, very narrow. Panicle few-flowered.
14. SETARIA. T.deBeaur.
Has the same character as Panicum, except that the panicle
is spiked. Triandria. Digynia.
1. »S'. viridis P. dc B. : spike cylindrical ; involucre of.4 — 10 fascicu-
late bristles, scabrous upwajd ; spikelets geminate ; perfect floret
smooth ; sheaths pubescent. — Panicum viride Linn.
Hab. Sandy fields'. N. S. July, Aug. ©.— Culm 1 1-2 to 2
feet high, simple. Involucre longer than the flowers.
Wild Timothy.
2. SL glmicq. P. de B'. : spike cylindrical ; involucre of many fascicled
bristles, scabrous upward ; perfect floret transversely rugose. — Panicum
glaucum Linn.
b. purpurascens Ell. : sheaths hairy ; glumes and bristles of the
involucre hairy.
Hab. Road sides, &c. N. S. July, Aug. fg.—Culm 2 feet
high. Spike 3—4 inches long. Introduced. Bottle Grass.
3. *?. rcrticillata P. dc B. : spike subverticillate ; bristles of the in-
volucre 2, retrosely scabrous ; spikelets solitary ; paleae of the per-
fect floret nearly smooth. — Panicum verticillatum Linn.
Hab. Sandy grounds. N. S. July. ©■. — Culm 18 inches high.
Spike 2 inches long. Introduced.
4. S. italica P. de B. : spike compound, interrupted at base, nod-
ding ; spikelets conglomerate ; involucre many times longer than the
flowers ; rachis tomentose. — Panicum italicum Linn.
Hab. Ditches. N. J. to Car.' July. &.~-Culm 4 feet high.
Panicle C — 8 inches longr.
34
398 MONOCOTYLEDON-OUS PLANTS.
15. ORTHOPOGON. Broicn.
Spike compound. Glume 2-valved, nearly equal, 2-fiow-
ered ; valves unequally awp.ed. Florets dissimilar ; outer
one staminiferous or neuter, 1- or 2-valved ; inner pistiliferous
surrounding the seed. Triandria. Digynia.
0. echlnatus Sprenv. : spikes alternate., secund, • simple ; rachis
triquetrous, smoothish ; glumes nerved, muricate-hispid ; leaves and
sheaths smooth, striate. — Punicum echihatum JVilld.
Hab. Penn. 1[. — Mr. Schweinitz informs me that a variety of
this species occurs at Bethlehem, Perm.
16. DIGITARIA. Haller4
Inflorescence digitate or fascicled. Spikelets in pairs, on
short bifid peduncles. Glume 2-valved, the lower very mi-
nute. Lower floret abortive, the paleae membranous. Tipper
floret perfect, the paleoe subcoriaceous, hardened. Seed
slightly furrowed. • . Triandria. Digynia.
1. D. sanguinatis Scop. : spikes digitate, erect, somewhat spreading ;
leaves and sheaths pilose ; florets oblong, pubescent at the edge. —
Panicum sanguinalc Linn. Big.
Hab. Cultivated grounds. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. %. —
Culm 1« — 2 feet long, decumbent or assurgent. Spikes 4 — 6.
Crab Grass.
2. D. glabra R. S? 8. : spikes digitate, subalternate, (3—4) spread-
ing ; leaves and sheaths smooth ; spikelets ovate, crowded ; glume
equal to the abortive floret, both hairy. — D. ischacmum Muhl. — D. pas-
paloidcs Mich. •
Hab. S^ndy fields. N. Y. to Yir. Aug., Sept. . '&.~Oidm a
foot long, mostly decumbent. Spikes mostly 3, about 2 inches
long.
3. D. scrotina Mich. : decumbent ; leaves and sheaths very pubes-
cent ; spikes numerous, setaceous ; spikelets all pedicellate ; lower
glume very minute. —D. villosa Ell.
Hab. Wet places. N.'Y. Muhl. S. to Car. June— Aug. 0.
— Culm 12 — 18 inches long. Spikes 2 — 3 inches long.
4. D. Jiliformis Ell. : culm erect, filiform ; leaves somewhat smooth ;
spikes 2 — 4, filiform, erect ; spikelets in threes, all pedicellate.; glumes
1-valved, as long as the abortive floret. — D. pilosa Mich, f
Hab. Sandy fields. N. J. to Geor. Aug. @.—Culm 1—2 feet
high. Spikes mostly 2, alternate, long.
17. PASPALUM. Linn.
Glume 2-valved, 1-fiowered, membranaceous, equal, closely
pressed to the two plano-convex palece. Seed coated with the
paleae. — Flowers in unilateral spikes. Triandria. Digynia.
GRAMINE,E. 399
L P. ciliatifolium Mich..: culm decumbent ; leaves hairy and ciliate ;
sheaths hairy ; "spikes 1—2, rather lax, indistinctly 3-rowed.— P. cili-
a turn Pursk.
Hab! Sandy fields. N. Y. to Car. Sept. 21— Culm 18 inches
long, slender and simple. Spike mostly solitary; terminal. .
2. P. setaccum Mich. : culm erect ; leaves and sheaths villous ; spike
mostly solitary ; flowers in 2 rows. — P. pubescens Muhl.
Hab, Sandy fields. N. Y. to Car. July. 0.- Culm 1-2 feet
high. Spike on a long terminal peduncle.
3. P. loot MUh.: erect, very smooth ; leaves short, very smooth ;
spikes numerous, (3—6,) alternate ; flowers 2-rowed, smooth.
Hab. Dry meadows. Penn. to Car. Aug. U>—Culm 1—2
feet high. Spikes spreading.
4.' P. stolonifcrum Bosc : spikes in elongated racemes, somewhat
vr>rlicillate, spreading ; flowers serrufate-ciliate, transversely rugose ;
leaves short, subcordate ; culm prostrate at base.
Hab. Cedar swamps. N. J. Aug. U—Cidm 2 feet long,
branched, geniculate, stoloniferous. Spikes very numerous,
(30—50.)
1?. CENCHRUS. Linn.
'Involucre 1 — 3-flowered, many-parted, bristly without,
finally hardened. Glume 2-flowered, '2-vaIved ; outer valve
smallest. Florets dissimilar; the outer sterile, the other
perfect. Scales none. * Triandria. Mo no gy nice."
1. C. echinatus Linn.: spikelets approximated; involucres 10-part-
► d. villous.
Hab. Sandy soils. N. J. to Geor. Aug. 0. — Culm erect or
procumbent, 1 — 2 feet long. Spikes consisting of 6—10 heads.
2. C. tribuloidcs Linn. : spike with alternate spikelets ; involucres
entire, spiny.
• Hab. Sandy soils. N. J. to Flor. July, Aug. 0. — Culm 18
inches high. — Dr. Torrey thinks it a variety of the preceding.
19. TRIPSACUM. Linn.
Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Glume 2 -flowered ; outer one
sterile; inner neuter. Corol a. membranous glume, Fer-
tilk Fl. Glume 1-flowered, surrounded by a 1-leaved invo-
lucre, perforated near the base. Corol a 2-valved glume.
Styles 2. Seed 1. Monoecia. Triandria.
T. dactyloidcs Linn. : spike's 3, clustered ; sterile florets near the top,
fertile at the base. . .
b. monostachyon Torr. : spike solitary. — T. monostachyon Willd.
Hab. Meadows. N. Y. to Car. W. to 111. Aug. 21- — Culm
5 — 7 feet high. Spikes large.
400 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
D'iv. III. Stipace^e. Inflorescence paniclcd. Spikelefs
solitary, -1-flowered. Glumes membranous, the lower palece
coriaceous, bearded, enfolding the vptper,, which has not two
keels.
20. STIPA. Linn.
Glume 2-valved, membranous. Palece 2, coriaceous, short-
er than the glume ; the lower involute, with a long beard at
the apex ; upper entire. Awn jointed at the base, deciduous.
Seed furrowed. — Panicle almost simple, lax.
Triandria. Digynia.
S. avenacca Linn. : leaves setaceous ; panicle spreading-, somewhat
secund ; branches mostly in pairs, a little divided ; glume as long as
the seed ; awn naked.— &. barbata Mich.
Hab. Sandy soils. N. Y.'to Car. June. !£.— Culm 2 feet high.
Panicle 4—6 inches long, becoming diffuse. Feather Grass.
Div. IV. Brome,e. Inflorescence panicled. Spikeleis soli-
tary, 2 or many-flowered. Glumes with a keel. Palece of*
nearly the same texture as the glumes, the loivcr carinaic or
concave, always bearded, the upper with two keels.
21. • ARISTIDA. Linn.
Glume 2-valved, membranous, unequal. Palece 2, pedicel-
late, subcylindric ; lower one 'coriaceous, involute, 3-awned.
at the tip ; upper one very minute or obsolete. Scales collat-
eral.— Panicles contracted. Triandria. Digynia.
1. A. dichotoma Mich. : cespitose ; culm dichotomous ; flowers ra-
cemose-spiked; lateral awns very short, the intermediate one con-
torted. .
Hab. -Gravelly soil. N. Y. to Car. July. £. 1—Culnis 12— 1$
inches high, very slender. Racemes-on clavate peduncles.
2. A. stricta Mich* : culm and leaves straight, erect ; leaves pubes-
cent ; raceme long, somewhat spiked, crowded ;* awns twice as long
as the paleae, spreading. •
Hab. Rocky places. Penn. to Car. July. . 11. — Culm 2 — 3
feet high, branching at base. Panicle long, with the flowers not '
crowded.
3. A. purpurascens Poir. .-culm filiform, erect, simple ; leaves very
narrow, flat ; flowers in a long spiked panicle ; awns nearly equal,
twice the length of the -paleae, divaricate. — A. raccmosa Muhl.
Hab. Sandy woods. N. S. Sept. U-— Culm 2— 3 feet high.
Panicle^ elongated, loose.
22. CALAMAGROSTIS. Roth.
Glume 2-valved, 1-flowered ; valves acute or acuminate.
GRAMINEiE. 401
Palea 2, mostly shorter than the glume, surrounded with a
pubescence or long wool at the base ; the dorsal one with or
without an awn. Triandria. Digynia.
1. C. mcxicana Nutt. : panicle oblong, loose ; glumes scabrous, pu-
bescent, as long as the palea;, which are awned on the back ; hairs at
the base equalling the paleae ; culm and leaves smoothi — Arujido carta-
drnsis Mich. Torr. — A. cinnoidcs Muhl. — A. agrostoidcs Pursh.
Hab. Bogs. N. S. W. to Mich. Aug. U.—Culm 3 feet or
more high. Leaves long and narrow. Panicle erect, much di-
vided.
2. C. colorata Nutt. : panicle oblong, spiked ; glumes boat-shaped,
serrulate ; pales unequal ; rudiments hairy. — Phalaris americana Ell.
Torr. — P. arundinacea Mich. Muhl.
Hab. Bogs. Can. to Car. Aug. 2_f. — Culm 3 — 5 feet high.
Panicle at length somewhat spreading.
3. ft canadensis Nutt. : panicle somewhat spiked, conglomerate ;
glumes a little longer than the paleae, carinate ; paleae longer than the
pappus, awned a little below the tip. — Agrostis coarctata Torr. — A.
trlauca Muhl.
Hab. Bogs. N. S. N. to Subarc. Amer. July, Aug. !£.—
Culm 3—5 feet high. Panicle stiffly erect.
4. C. hrcvipiUs Beck : panicle diffuse, capillary ; glumes Unequal,
shorter than th£ paleae, bearded at the base ; paleae equal, awnless,
hairy ; pappus very short. —Arundo brevipilis Torr. — A. epigeios Muhl.
Hab. Sandy swamps. ' N. Y. and N. J. Sept. 1{..—Culm 3—4
. feet high. Panicle pyramidal, loose.
5. C. halleriana Be Cand. : panicle loose, glumes acuminate ; dor-
sal awn and hairs longer than the paleae, but shorter than the glume.
— Arundo pseudo-phragmites .Schrad.
Hab. • N. S. Schiceinitz.
6. C. covfinis Spreng. : panicle lanceolate, spreading ; glumes nerv-
ed, acuminate; hairs equalling the paleae; dorsal awn geniculate,
longer than the glumes. — Arundo covfinis H'illd. Pursh.
Hab. Bethlehem. Penn. Schiceinitz.
23. PSAMMA. P. de Bcauv.
Glumes 2-valved, awnless. Paled 2, 'shorter than the
glumes, surrounded with hairs at the base. Scales linear-
lanceolate, longer than the seed. Style 3-parted. Stigmas
3. — Panicle spiked. . • Triandria. Trigynia.
P. arenaria P. de B. : panicle spiked ; glumes acute ; palece three
times as long as the pappus ; leaves involute. — Arundo arenaria Linn.
Hab. Sandy shores. Can. and N. S. Aug. 11. — Roots long,
creeping. Culm 2—3 feet high% Panicle white.
31*
402 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
24. ANTHOXANTHUM. Linn.
Glumes 2*valved, 3-flowered. Lateral florets imperfect,
with one palea bearded ; intermediate florets perfect, much
shorter than the lateral ones. Palccc obtuse, beardless. Sta-
mens 2. Seed free. — Panicle contracted. -
Diandria. Digynia.
A. odoralum Linn. : spike ovate-oblong; flowers pubescent, subpe-
duncled, shorter than their awns.
Hab. Moist meadows. N. Y. to Car. June — Aug. 2|. — Culm
a foot high, assurgent. Floicers in a terminal spike or spiked
panicle. Introduced. Siccet-scented Vernal Grass.
25. AIRA. Linn.
• Glumes 2- rarely 3-flowered, beardless, 2-valved, equal to
the florets or shorter ; one of the florets peduncled. PalecE
2, equal, enclosing the seed when ripe; outer#one usually
awned. — Panicle compouiKl. Triandria. Digynia.
1. A. flcxuosa Linn. : panicle spreading, trichotomous ; branches
flexuous ; glumes a little shorter than the palea? and about the length
of the awn ; leaves setaceous ; culm nearly naked.
PIab. Shady woods. Can. to Car. W. to Mich. June, li . —
Culm 1 — 2 feet high. Panicle capillary, lax, the branches whorl-
ed or dichotomous. •
2. A. cespilosa Linn. : panicle diffuse; palea? about the length of the
glumes ; awn short, straight ; leaves flat.
Hab. Swamps. Can. and N. S. July. If — Culms cespitose,
18 inches high. Panicle capillary, with the branches somewhat
whorled.
3. A. aristulata Torr. : panicle capillary, spreading ; branches verti-
cillate and flexuous ; glumes 2-flowered, shorter than the palese ; up-
per floret pedicellate ; lower paleae truncate, laciniate, with an awn a
little below the middle scarcely exserted.
Hab. Shores of lakes. N. Y. Aug. U-—Culm 2 feet high.
Panicle oblong or 'pyramidal.
4. A. pumila Pursh : panicle " small, fastigiate, few-flowered ; pedi-
cels short ; palese awnless, obtuse, twice the length of the glumes,
with membranous margin's ; leaves flat, smooth ; culm erect, scarcely
longer than the leaves.
Hab. Clay grounds. Penn. Pursh. June. If. — Culms scarcely
an inch high, growing in tufts.
• 26. AVENA. Linn.
Glumes membranous, 2— 7-flowered, longer than the flo-
rets. Lower pa/eabilaciniate, or with the upper bifid-toothed,
GRAMINEiE." 403
sometimes eroded, with a twisted awn on the back. Scales
ovate. Seed coated, furrowed. — Panicle compound, loose.
Triandria. Digynia.
1. A. prtccoz P. de B. : panicle in a dense raceme; florets as long
as-the glumes ; awn exserted ; leaves setaoeous. — Aira praxox Linn,
II ab. Sandy fields. N. J. to Vir. June. Q.—Culm 3—4 feet
high, cespitose. Panicle oblong.
2. A. clatior Linn. : panicle equal, nodding ; awn as long again as
the floret; culm geniculate, smooth; root nodose. — Arrhcnathcrum
avenaccum P. de B. Torr.
II \b.' Fields. N. S. ; rare. June* U-—Cvlm 3 feet high. Pan ■
iclc loose, with the branches in pairs or ternate.
27. TRISETUM. Pcrs.
. Lower palca with 2 bristles and a tender flexuous beard
above the middle of its back. Scale lanceolate. — (Other char-
acters' of Avena. ) Triandria. Digynia,
1. T. pcnnsylcaniann E. dc B. : panicle attenuated; awn twice as
long as the florets ; seed villous. — Arena pennsylvanica Linn. — Arrhc-
nathemm pcnnsylranicum Torr.
Hab. Fields. N. Eng. to Car. July. 0. — Culm erect, smooth.
Panicle with short branches.
2. T. palustrc Torr. : panicle contracted, nodding, somewhat verti-
cillate; glumes 2— 3-flowered ; -florets. smooth, acuminate.; lower one
awnless ; lower palea of Jthe upper'floret bicuspidate, awned below the
tip. — Arena palustris Mich. — Aira pollens Muhl.
Hab. Wet meadows. N. Y."to Flor. May— July. H. — Culm
1—2 feet high. . Panicle with the lower branches in fives.
3. T. purpurascens Torr. : panicle very simple, somewhat racemose,
few-flowered ; glumes 3-flowered, very unequal, entire ; culm and
leaves smooth ; stipule very short, truncate. — Avena striata Mich. ?
Hab. Mountain meadows. Can. and N. J3. 11. — Culm
2 feet high, leafy. Leaves narrow-linear. Panicle 4 — C inches
long. Glumes purplish, smooth.
4. T. subspicatum Brown : panicle subspiked ; awn at length deflex-
ed, exceeding the glume. — T. aroides P. dc B. Torr. — Aira subspicata
Linn.
Hab. Rocks and mountains. Little Falls, N. Y. Gray. White
Mountains, N. H. Rocky Mountains. Arc. Amer. June. 2/.
— Culm a foot high. Leaves narrow, 2 — 4 inches long. Panicle
2 inches long, somewhat spiked.— First noticed as an American
plant by Dr. Torrey, in Ann. N. Y. Lye. i. 154. The specimens
which I have received from Dr. Gray, agree exactly with those
from the White Mountains, collected by Dr. Pickering, but they
are nearly three times the size of my specimen of A. subspicata,
i Switzerland ; the panicle also is more loos? and the
of a -lighter colour*
404 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
28. HOLCUS. Linn.
Glumes 2-valved, 2-flowered, nearly equal. Pcdea 2. Flo-
rets dissimilar, polygamous, one awned, the other awnless,
without any imperfect one between them. — Panicles contract-
ed.. • Triandria. Digynia.
H. lanatus Linn. : perfect floret inferior and awnless ; sterile one
with a curved awn included in the glume ; root fibrous.
Hab. Wet meadows. N. S. W. to Mich. July. 21.— Culm
18 inches high. Panicle oblong, contracted, whitish.
Soft Grass.
29. HIEROCHLOA. Gmel.
Glumes 2-valved ', 3-flowered, scarious. Lateral florets an-
theriferous, triandrous. Central floret perfect, diandrous, (rare-
ly triandrous.) — Panicle contracted, ovate.
Triandria. ' Digynia .
1. H. borealis R. fy 8. : panicle subsecu»d, a little spreading ; pe-
duncles smooth ; florets unarmed ; lower palea ciliate on the margin ;
root creeping. — Holcus o&oratus Linn. Mich. — H. frqgrans Pursk.
Hab. Wet meadows. Can. to Vir. N. to Subarc. Amer. May.
IX. — Culm 18 inches high. Panicle few-flowered, pyramidal,
purple and brown. — Sweet-scented.
2. H. alpijta R.fy.S.: panicle ovate, contracted; spikelets com-
pressed, longer than the branches ;' glumes lanceolate, almost nerve-
less ; lateral florets triandrous ; one of them with an awn about as
long as the valves ; sides almost smooth ; margin ciliate.
Hab. Summit of White Hills, N. H. Big. N. to Arc. Amer.
June. 11. — Culm 6 — 8 inches high. Floiccrs larger than in the
preceding, purple. •
30. URALEPSIS. NutU
Glumes 2 — 3-flowered, much. shorter than the florets, which
are stipitate and distinct. Palea; 2, very unequal, distinctly
villous on the margins ; the lower one tricuspidate ; the cen-
tral cusp produced into a short bristle ; upper palea concave
on the back and incurved. Seed gibbous, coated. — Panicle
simple, racemose. ' Triandria, Digynia.
U. aristulata Nutt. : lateral panicles concealed in the sheaths of the
leaves ; terminal ones partly exsert; glume 3-flowered ; bristle of the
palea as long as the lateral cusps.
Hab. Sea coast and sandy fields. N. Y. and Penn. Aug. 0. •
— Culms cespitose, procumbent at base. Flowers axillary and
terminal, purple.
GRAMINE^. 405
31. ARUNDO. Linn.
Glume naked, beardless, 2-valved, unequal. Palea mem-
branous, surrounded with bristles at the base; lower one mu-
cronate or slightly awned. Seed enclosed in the paleae.
Triandria. Digynia.
A. phragmitcs Willd. : glumes about 5-flowered, a little shorter than
the florets. — Phragmitcs communis Trin. Torr.
Hab. Near ponds. N. Y. to Geor. Aug. If. — Culm C — 12 feet
high, with' numerous joints. Pxiniclc very large, loose, some-
what nodding. At a distance resembles Indian corn.
• Reed Grass.
32. DANTHONIA. De Cand.
Glumes 2 — 5 flowered, longer than the florets, cuspidate.
Palea bearded at the base ; lower one 2-toothed, with a twist-
ed awn between the teeth ; upper one obtuse, entire. — Panicle
spiked. Triandriciy Digynia.
D. spicata P. de B. : panicle simple, appressed ; spikelets 7 — 9, about
7-flowered ; lower. palea hairy ; leaves subulate ; lower sheaths hairy
at the throat. — Arena spicata Linn.
Hab. Woods and fields. Can. to Car. W. to Mich. June —
Aug. 11. — Culms cespitose at base, 1 — 2 feet high. PanicU
epiked.
33. FESTUCA. Linn.
Glume 2-valved, many-flowered ; valves unequal. Palea
2, lanceolate ; outer one acuminate or awned at the extremity.
— Panicte generally compound. Triandria. Digynia,
1. F. myurus Linn. : panicle slender, crowded, equal ; spikelets
about 4-flowered ; florets subtrlate, awned, hairy, monandrous.
Hab. Dry fields. N. J. to Car. June. ' &.-—L\lm 6—8 inches
high, geniculate at base. Awn twice as long as tjie palea.
2. F. tcnella JVilld. : panicle spiked, very simple, secund ; spikelets
mostly 9-flowered ; bristles shorter than the subulate florets; culm fili-
form, angular above ; leaves setaceous. — »S'. bromoicfes" Mich.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. Y. to Car. June. <£'.— Culms nu-
merous, 8 — 12 inches -high. Panicle racemose or spiked.
3. F. duriuscula Linn. : panicle secund, . oblong, contracted ; spike-
lets 5 — G-flowered; nearly terete ; florets terminated by short bristles ;
root fibrous.
Hab. Fields and pastures. N. Y. to Car. June. 11- — Culm
12 — 18 inches high. Panicle with geminate branches. Intro-
duced.
4. F. rubra Linn. : panicle secund, erect, spreading ; spikelets some-
406 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
what terete ; florets longer than the bristle at their tips ; leaves pubes-
cent above ; root creeping.
Hab. Dry soils. Penn. Muhl. June. It- — Culm 18 inches
high, erect. Leaves very long. Panicle contracted.
5. F. clatior Linn. : panicle spreading, much branched* loose j spike-
lets ovate-lanceolate, 4 — 5-flowered ; florets slightly armed ; leaves
flat : root creeping. • .
Hab. Wet meadows. ' N. S. June. U-— Culm 3— 4 feet high.
Panicle 6—8 inches long, nodding when old.
6. F. pratcnsis Huds. : panicle spreading, branched ; spikelets linear,
many-flowered, acute ; leaves linear ; root fibrous.
Hab. Meadows and fields. N. S. June, July. U-—Culm 1—2
feet high, erect. Panicle subsecund, nearly simple. Introduced.
7. F. nutans Wittd. : panicle, diffuse, at length nodding ; branches
long, geminate, naked below ; spikelets ovate, 3 — 5-flowered ; florets
somewhat obtuse, unarmed, nerveless.
Hab. Woods and hills. N. J. to Car. W. to Mich. June.
11. — Culm 3 feet high. Panicle few-flowered, loose.
8. F. fascicular is Willd : culm procumbent, geniculate ; panicle sub-
secund ; branches straight, spike-like ; spikelets appressed, 8 — 10-
flowered ; florets armed ; leaves very long. — F. pohjstachia Mich. — F.
procumbens Muhl. ' ■
Hab. Brackish meadows. N. Y. and N. J. Aug. 0. — Culm
a foot long, branched from the base. Panicle erect, with spread-
ing branches.
9. F. clandestina Muhl. : panicle partly concealed in the sheaths ;
branches solitary, simple ; spikelets 10-flowered-; florets awned.
Hab. N. Y. 'Muhl. — Culm about 8. inches high. Leaves li-
near. Spikelets sessile and peduncled. Lower palea with a
short bristle.
10. F. diundra Mich.,- panicle close ; branches simple, scattered ;
spikelets linear, 2 — 5-flowered; flowers acuminate, diandrous ; stem
very rough.— Diarrliena americana P. de B. Ton:
Hab. ' Banks of the Ohio. Raf. It. — Culm erect, nearly' naked,
slender. Panicle racemose.
11. F. glabra Spreng. : panicle spreading, with the branches secund;
spikelets awnless, 6-flowered ; leaves somewhat rigid and with the
sheaths very smooth.
Hab. Long Island. N. Y. Spreng. Schwciyiitz.
34. CERATOCHLOA. P. de Beam:
Glumes 12 — 18-flowered ; valves shorter than the florets.
PalecB bifid-toothed ; the lower one mucronate between the
teeth. Seed coated, furrowed, 3-horned.— Panicle nearly
GRAMINE^. 407
simple. Spikelets compressed. Florets imbricated in 2
rows. Triandria. Digynia.
C. unioloides P. de B. : panicle nodding, spreading ; spikelets ob-
long-lanceolate, compressed, 6 — 8-flowered ; -'florets acuminate, un-
armed ; sheaths bearded at the throat, the lower one hairy; root fi-
brous.— Fcstuca unioloides If 'Hid.
Hab. Fertile soils. Penn. to Car. July. & or 11. — Culm 13
inches high. Panicle small ; branches in pairs.
35. DACTYLIS. Linn. „
Spikelets heaped into a unilateral head. Glume 2-valved,
many-flowered.; valves unequal, the larger one keeled. Pa-
lea 2, lanceolate, awnless ; lower one emarginate, mucronate ;
upper bifid, toothed. — Panicle compound.
Triandria. Digynia.
D. glomerata Linn. : panicle secund, glomerate ; leaves carinate.
Hab. Fields and meadows. N. Y. to Car. -June. If. — Culm
2 — 3 feet high. Panicle secund. Spikelets in thick ovate clus-
ters on the branches. • , Orchard- grass.
36. TltlCUSPIS. P. de Beam.
Spikelets terete, tumid,- many-flowered. Glume 5 — 7-flow-
ered, carinate, shorter than the florets. Cower palea bifid-
toothed, between the teeth and on each side mucronate ; upper
one truncate, almost emarginate. Seed 2-horned. — Panicle
compound. Triandria. Digynia.
T. seslerioides Torr. : panicle expanding and flexuous ; spikelets- all
pedunculate, about 6-flowered, lanceolate ; lower palea ovate, 5-tooth-
ed. — Poa seslerioides Wich. MuhL — Ulndsoria poaf ormis Xutt.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. S. S. to Car. Aug. U-— Culm 4— 5
feet high, erect, smooth. Panicle very large, at length spread-
ing and pendulous. Red-top.
37. KOELERIA. Pcrs.
Spikelets compressed. Glume 2 — 3-flowered, beardless, 2-
valved ; valves shorter than the lowest floret. Palea 2, the
outer beardless or bearded under the point. — Panicle spiked.
Triandria. Digynia.
1. K. pennsyhanica De Cand. : leaves flat and with the sheaths soft-
ly pubescent ; panicle oblong, slender, rather loose ; glumes 2-flow-
.ered, nearly equal ; the lower one oblong, obtuse, and slightly mu-
cronate ; upper palea scabrous. — Aira mollis MuhL
Hab. Rocky woods. Penn. to Car. May, June. If. — Culm 2
feet high, simple. Panicle long, with shining flowers.
408 MONOCOTYLEDONOPS PLANTS.
2. K . truncate Torr. : leaves flat, smootn ; panicle oblong, racemose ;
glumes. 2-flowered, with a third abortive floret, unequal ; lower glume
a little scabrous, obtuse ; paleae smooth. — Aira truncata Muhl. — Holcus
striates Linn.
b. major Torr. : panicle large, a little spreading ; leaves broad-,
linear, very long. ••
• Hab. Dry woods. N. Y. to Car. June. If..— Culm 2 feet high,
slender. Panicle loose, racemose;
38. BROMUS. Linn.
Glume 3--20-fiowered. Valves shorter than the florets,
which are imbricated in 2 rows. Lower palea cordate, emar-
ginate below the end, sometimes torn in two, with a straight
beard.. Scales ovate, smooth. Triahdria. Digynia.
1. B. secalinus Linn. : panicle spreading, a little branched ; spikelets
oblong-ovate, compressed ; florets about 10, distinct, rather remote,
longer than the flexuous bristles ; leaves somewhat hairy.
Hab. Cultivated grounds. Penn. to Car. June. 0, — Culm
2 — 3 feet high ; nodes swollen, pubescent. Panicle oblong,
erect, branched*. Introduced. Chess or Cheat.
2. B. mollis Linn. : panicle erect, contracted ; spikelets oblong-
ovate, somewhat compressed, pubescent ; bristle straight, as long as
the paleae ; leaves \*ry soft pubescent.
Hab. Fields and pastures. N. Y. and Penn. June. $. — Culm
2 feet high, pubescent. Panicle 3 — 4 inches long.; spikelets
5— 10-flowered.
3. B. purgans Linn. : panicle nodding ; spikelets lanceolate, terete ;
florets hairy ; bristle straight ; leaves smooth ; sheaths hairy.
. Hab. Wet meadows. Can. to Car. N. to Arc. Amer. ; rare.
Aug. 2/. — Culm 2 — 4 feet high. Panicle diffuse with scabrous
and flexuous branches.
4. J5. ciliatus Linn. : panicle nodding ; spikelets oblong, terete,
8 — 10-flowered * glumes acute, (not mucronate,) ciliate ; paleae hairy ;
margin villosely ciliate ; bristle short.
Hab. River banks. Penn. to Car. June. It. — Culm 3 feet
high, hairy at the joints. Panicle nodding, with 2 bracts at
base.
5. B. pubescens Muhl. : panicle at length nodding ; spikelets lanceo-
late, terete ; florets pubescent ; leaves and lower sheaths pubescent.
Hab. Woods. Penn. Muhl. June. 2J". — Culm 4 feet high,
erect. Panicle scabrous with 2 — 5 branches.
39. POA. Linn.
Spikelets oblong or linear, compressed, many-flowered,
(3 — 20.) Glumes shorter than the florets. -Palece sometimes
GRAMINE.E. 409
woolly at the base, the upper bifid-toothed. Scales smooth.
— Panicle more or less branching or scattered.
Triandria. Digynia.
1. P. annua Linn. : panicle subsecund, divaricate ; spikelets ovate-
oblong, 5-flowered ; florets free ; culm oblique, compressed ; root fi-
brous.
Hab. Fields, &c. Can. to C^ar. April— Aug. <p. — Culms cee-
pitose, 6 — 8 inches long, very smooth. Panicle crowded, at
length spreading. Meadow Grass.
2. P.fasciculata Torr. : panicle expanding ; branches straight, fas-
ciculate, crowded ; spikelets oblong, 3-flowered ; florets frees ; glumes
minute, unequal; culm oblique, terete ; root fasciculate.
Hab. Salt marshes. N. Y. Aug. U.—Culm 1—2 feet high.
Panicle appressed.
3. P. dentata Torr. : panicle loose, somewhat spreading; branches
capillary, virgate ; spikelets lanceolate, 5-flowered ; glumes free ;
florets unequal ; inferior glume obtuse, 3-nerved ; lower palea 5-nerv-
^:d, 5-toothed at the apex when old.
Hab. Swamps. N. S. June, Jul}'. U- — Root creeping. Cidm
3 feet high. Panicle large, nodding when young.
4. P. aquatica var. amcricana Torr. : panicle erect, semi-verticillate,
diffuse ; branches flexuous, smooth ; spikelets linear. C — 8-flowered ;
florets ovate, obtuse, free ; leaves broad-lmear, and as well as the
sheaths, smooth. — P. aquatica Pursh.
Hab. Wet meadows. Can. and N. S. Aug. U. — Culm 4—5
feet high, thick and leafy. Panicle very large, purple.
5. P. maritima Huds. : panicle branched, somewhat crowded ; spike-
lets about 5-flowered, terete; florets rather obtuse, indistinctly 5-
nerved ; root creeping.
Hab. Salt marshes near Boston, Mass. Big. June. 21. — Culm
a foot high. Panicle erect, with the branches in pairs and flex-
uous.
G. P. brcvifolia Muhl. : panicle loose ; branches in pairs, horizontal ;
glumes 3 — 4-flowered ; paleae pubescent; leaves very short; stipules,
acuminate.
Hab. Woods. Penn. Muhl. April. U.—Culm 2 feet high,
oblique and somewhat angular. Panicle loose, flexuous.
7. P. pungens Torr. : culm compressed ; leaves very short, cuspi-
date ; panicle somewhat simple, spreading ; spikelets ovate, 3—4-
flowered ; florets webbed, rather obtuse, obscurely 5-nerved. — P. flex-
uosa Muhl.
Hab. Rocky woods. Penn. April. U. — Culm 13 inches high,
subancipitous. Panicle small, semiverticillate.
8. P . pratensis Linn. : panicle diffuse; upper leaves much shorter
35
410 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
than the smooth sheaths ; florets acute, 5-nerved, webbed at the base;
stipule short, truncate ; root creeping.
Hab. Meadows. Penn. to Car. May— July. U-—Culm 2—3
feet high. Panicle pyramidal, spreading. Introduced.
9. P. viridis Muhl. : leaves flat, linear, abruptly acute ; panicle
somewhat crowded ; spikes ovate, acute, 4-flowered.
Hab. Meadows. Penn. to Car. July. If. — Culm erect, 3 feet
high, oblique at base. Panicle diffuse, with 3 or 4 branches at
each joint. — Differs from the preceding in the compression and
almost pungent acuteness of the glumes and palese, (Nutt.) but
is perhaps only a variety. Green-grass.
10. P. parviflora Pursh : panicle diffuse, capillary ; spikes small,
generally 3-flowered ; florets rather obtuse, striate, caducous ; leaves
distichous, flat.
Hab. Shady woods. N. Y. to Car. July. H.—Culm decum-
bent 12 — 18 inches high, somewhat compressed. Leaves very
smooth. ' Florets 1 — 4.
11. P. covferta Eli. : panicles terminal and axillary, erect, compres-
sed, with the florets clustered ; spikelets 8-flowered, smooth. — P.
glomerata Walt.
Hab. Penn. Schwemitz. S. to Car. 11. — Culm erect, genicu-
late, 2—3 feet high. Leaves smooth, flat, serrulate on the mar-
gin. Panicles 4 — 8 inches long.
12. P. trivialis Linn. : panicle equal, diffuse ; spikelets oblong-ovate,
about 3-flowered ; florets' webbed at the base, 5-nerved ; culm and
sheaths roughish ; stipule oblong ; root creeping. — P. stolonifera Muhl.
Hab. Wet meadows. N. S. June— Aug. U—Culm 2—3
feet high. Panicle large, pyramidal, whorled.
13. P. comprcssa Linn. : panicle contracted, somewhat secund ;
spikelets oblong, 3 — 6-flowered ; florets webbed ; glumes nearly equal ;
culm oblique, compressed ; root creeping.
b. sylvestris Tor?: : panicle loose, spreading ; spikelets 2 — 3-
flowered ; culm slender, nearly erect.
Hab. Fields and woods. N. S. June, July. U. — Root creep-
ing. Culm procumbent or geniculate. Panicle almost spiked.
Blue-i
14. P. serotina Ehrh : panicle elongated, diffuse, at length some-
what secund ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 2 — 3-flowered ; florets a little
webbed at the base, yellow at the tip, obscurely 5-nerved ; root creep-
ing.— P. palustris Muhl.
Hab. Wet meadows. N. S. June. If.— Culm 2— 3 feet high,
erect. Panicle much branched. Red-top.
15. P. nemoralis Linn. : panicle attenuated, weak ; branches flexu-
ous ; spikelets ovate, about 3-flowered ; florets loose, slightly webb-
ed, acute, obsoletely nerved ; stipule almost wanting.
Hab. Woods. N. S. July. 21.— Cuhn 2 feet high. PamcU
with capillary branches.
GRAMINEiE. 411
16. P. ncrvata Willd. : panicle equal, diffuse ; branches weak, and
at length pendulous ; spikelets 5-flowered ; florets free, conspicuously
7-nerved, obtuse. — P. striata Mich. — Briza canadensis Nutt.
IIab. Wet meadows. N. S. June. 11. — Culm 3 — 4 feet high.
Panicle large, with ovate spikelets.
17. P. clongata Torr. : panicle elongated, racemose; branches soli-
tary, appressed ; spikelets ovate, obtuse, tumid, 3-flowered ; florets
free ; stipules almost wanting.
Hab. Wet meadows. N. S. July. H. — Culm 3 feet high.
Panicle 8 — 10 inches long, nodding.
18. P. obtusa Muhl. : panicle ovate, contracted ; spikelets ovate,
tumid, 5 — 7-flowered ; florets free ; glumes scarious ; paleae ovate,
smooth, obtuse ; lower one indistinctly 7-nerved ; leaves as long
as the culm, and with the sheaths smooth.
11.4 b. Swamps. N. S. Aug., Sept. If. — Culm 3—4 feet high.
Panicle dense, many-flowered.
19. P. canadensis Toir. : panicle large, effuse ; spikelets semi-ver-
ticillate, flexuous, at length pendulous ; spikelets ovate, tumid, 5 — 8-
flowered ; florets free ; lower palea somewhat acute, 7-nerved ; up-
per one very obtuse ; stamens 2. — Briza canadensis Miclu
Hab. Swamps. Can. and N. S. July, Aug. 11. — Culm 3—4
feet high. Panicle large, with the branches at length spreading.
30. P. capillaris Linn. : panicle very large, loose, expanding, capil-
lary ; spikelets 3-flowered, ovate, acute ; florets free ; culm branched
at the base ; leaves hairy.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. Y. to Car. Aug. &.—Culm a foot or
more high. Panicle large, pyramidal, much branched.
21. P. hirsuta Mich. : culm erect, compressed, simple ; sheaths hairy ;
panicle very large, capillary ; branches expanding, at length reflexed,
bearded in the axils ; spikelets oblong, about 5-flowered ; paleae cili-
ate on the margin.
b. spectabilis Torr. .: spikelets linear, 10 — 15-flowered. — P. specta-
bilis Pursh.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. S. S. to Geor. July, Aug. 2/.—
Culm 18 inches high. Panicle a foot long, much branched, pur-
plish.— Var. b. is taller.
22. P. pectinacca Mich. : culm cespitose, oblique ; leaves hairy at the
base ; panicle capillary, expanding, pj^ramidal, hairy in the axils ;
spikelets linear, 5 — 9-flowered ; florets free, acute ; upper palea pre-
fiistent.— P. pilosa Muhl. — P. tcnclla Pursh.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. %.—Culm
8—12 inches long, geniculate at base. Panicle large, loose,
purplish.
23. P. reptans Mich. : dioecious ; culm branched, creeping ; panicle
fascicled ; spikelets linear-lanceolate, 12 — 20-flowered ; florets acumi-
nate.
412 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Swamps. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. %.— Culm 6— 8=
inches long, rooting at the joints. Panicle 1 — 2 inches long.
with the spikelets compressed.
24. P. eragrostis Unn. : panicle equal, spreading, the lower branch-
es hairy in the axils ; spikelets linear-lanceolate, 9 — 15-flowered ; flo-
rets obtuse ; foot fibrous.— P. obtusa Nutt. — Briza eragrostis Muhl.
Hab. Sandy fields, &e. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. %.—Culm
12 — 18 inches long, geniculate and branching at base. Panicle
pyramidal ; branches short, flexuous.
40. GLYCERIC Brown.
Spikelets slender. Glume 5 — 7-flowered ; valves 2, trun-
cate, with transparent membranous edges, shorter than the
florets. Lower pale a eroded or many-toothed, embracing the
upper, which is bifid-toothed. Scales connate. Seed furrow-
ed.— Panicle nearly simple. Triandria. Digynia.
1. G. jhiiians Brown : panicle secund, slightly branched ; spikelets
linear- terete, appressed, 8— 12-flowered ; florets very obtuse, 7-nerved :.
leaves long. flat. — Festuca fiuitans Linn.
Hab. Wet grounds. N. S. W. to Mich. June, July. If.—
Root creeping. Culm 3 — 5 feet high, compressed or ancipitous>
Panicle nearly a foot long.
2. G. acv.tijlora Torr. : panicle simple, elongated, appressed; spike-
lets linear-terete, 4 — 6-flowered ; florets attenuated,, acute, indistinct-
ly nerved ; leaves short, erect. — Festuca brevifolia Muhl.
Hab. Overflowed meadows. N. S. June. 71. — Culm 18 inches
high. Panicle long and slender, nodding. — Dr. Gray has found
it in Ontario county, N. Y.
41. UNIOLA. Unn.
Spikelets compressed. Florets imbricated in 2 rows, the
lower only abortive. Glume 3 — 20-flowered, shorter than the
florets. Lower palea boat-shaped at the end, abruptly cut
off and mucronate between the lobes ; the upper subulate,
somewhat bifid-toothed. Scales emarginate. Seed with 2
horns. — Panicle compound, loose. Triandria, Digynia,
1. U. latifolia Mich. : leaves broad and flat ; panicle loose, nodding ;
spikelets on long peduncles ; florets somewhat falcate, monandrous ;
the lowest one abortive.
Hab. Mountains. Penn. to Geor. Aug. U.—Culm 2—3 feet
high, somewhat branching. Panicle a foot long, loose.
2. U. gracilis Mich. : panicle elongated, racemose, appressed ; spike-
lets 3-flowered ; florets spreading ; straight, monandrous ; the lowest
one abortive. — Holcus lazus Linn.
Hab. Sandy swamps. N. Y. to Car. Aug. It-— Culm 3— 4
graminejE. 413
feet high, slender, leafy. Panicle long, slender, with short re-
mote branches.
' 3. U. spicata Linn. : panicle spiked, straight ; leaves involute, disti-
chous, spreading ; spikelets 5— 9- flowered ; florets triandrous.— Festu-
ca distichophylla Mich.
Hab. Salt marshes. N. J. to Car. Aug., Sept. U.—Root
creeping. Culm 18 inches high, branched at base, leafy. Pan-
icle contracted into a dense spike.
42. BRIZA. Linn.
Spikelets cordate-ovate, many-flowered. Glume shorter than
the florets, which are imbricate in two rows. Palece ventri-
cose ; lower one cordate at base, embracing the upper, which
is nearly round and much shorter. Seed beaked. — Panicle
compound, loose, with pendulous branches.
Triandria. Digynia.
B. media Linn. : panicle erect ; spikelets at length cordate, about 7-
Sovvered ; glume smaller than the florets.
Hab. Near Boston ; naturalized. Big. Penn. Miihl. May. If.
— Culm 18 inches high, naked above. Panicle few-flowered ;
branches purple. Quaking Grass.
43. MELICA. Linn.
Glume unequal, 2 — 5-flowered, membranous, nearly as long
as the florets, of which the upper are incomplete and abortive.
Scales truncate, fimbriate. Seed loose, not furrowed. — Pani-
cle simple or compound. Triandria. Digynia.
M. speciosa Muhl. : smooth ; panicle loose, erect, few-flowered ;
branches simple ; florets obtuse. — M. glabra Mich.
Hab. Mountains. Penn. to Car. June. 2£» — Culm 3 — 4 feet
high. Panicle subsecund, with solitary branches. Melic Grass.
Div. V. Chlorides. Inflorescence spiked. Spikelets so-
litary', seldom many flowered, with the upper flower abortive
and differently formed. Glumes with a keel, not opposite.
Lower palca generally bearded, seldom beardless, the upper
with two keels.
44. CYNODON. Rich.
Spikelets 1 -sided, in a simple row. Glumes membranous,
persistent, shorter than the florets and only embracing them at
the base. Fertile floret with the upper palea bifid-toothed.
Rudiment minute, pedicellate. Scales truncate. Seed loose,
not furrowed. — Spike digitate, with filiform spikelets.
Triandria. Digynia.
35*
414 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
C. dcctylon Pcrs. : culm creeping; spikes digitate, (4 — 5,) spread-
ing ; keel of the glume scabrous ; leaves hairy on the margin and to-
wards the base ; sheaths hairy. — Digitaria dactylon Ell. Muhl.
Hab. Low grounds. Penn. to Car. Aug. ![. — Culm prostrate,
a fo»t or more long. Leaves narrow, somewhat distichous.
Bermuda Grass.
45. ATHEROPOGON. Muhl.
Spikes in a unilateral raceme. Glume 2-valved, membran-
ous, 2-flowered ; lower one setiform. Perfect Fl. Paled
2 ; lower one 3-toothed, or 3-bristled ; upper bifid. Abor-
tive Fl. Palece 2 — 3-bristled, pedicellate.
Triandria. Digynia.
A. aplvdoidcs Muhl. : spikes racemose, distant, pendulous ; perfect
floret with the lower palea tricuspidate ; lateral bristles in the abortive
floret half the length of the terminal one. — Chloris curtipcndula Mich.
Hab. Rocky hills. N. J. and Penn. W. to Rocky Mountains.
Aug. 21. — Culm, 18 inches high, geniculate at base, assur-
gent. Spikes very numerous, secund. — Well figured by Dr.
Do.rlington in his Flora Cestrica.
46. ELEUSINE. Gcert.
Glume 5— 7-flowered ; valves obtuse, unequal. Palea ob-
tuse, membranous, upper one bifid-toothed. Scales truncate,
fimbriate. Seed enclosed in a separate membrane, broad-
ly and deeply furrowed. — Spikes digitate, I-sided.
Triandria. Digynia.
E, itidica Lam : spikes straight, erect, in pairs or quaternate ; rachis
linear ; spikelets lanceolate, about 5-flowered ; culm compressed, de-
clined.— Cynosurus indica Linn.
Hab. Cultivated grounds. N. Y. to Car. July— Nov. 0.
Cvlm 1—2 feet high, decumbent. Spikes mostly in pairs.
Wire Grass.
Div. VI. Cereali2E. Inflorescence spiked. Spikelets soli-
tary, in pairs, or several together, 1- or many-flowered.
Glumes opposite, equal, how er palea bearded or beardless,
upper with two keels.
47. HORDEUM. Linn.
Spikelets 3 at each joint of the rachis, 1-flowered, all per-
fect, or the lateral ones abortive. Glumes 2, subulate. Palea
2, the lower bearded. Scales 2. Stigmas feathery. Seed
coated. — Habit similar to Elymus, Triandria. Digynia.
GRAMINEiE. 415
H. jubaium Linn. : lateral florets abortive, neuter ; bristles of the
glume and palece 6 times as long as the flowers.
Hab. Marshes near Boston. Big. N. to Subarc. Amer. June.
$ . — Culm 2 feet high, simple, slender. Spikes 2 inches long.
Squirrel-tail Grass,
48, SECALE. Linn.
Sjnkelets in each tooth of the rachis solitary, 2 — 3-flower-
ed ; the 2 lower florets fertile, sessile, opposite ; the upper
abortive. Glumes subulate, opposite, entire, shorter than the
florets. Lower pal ea entire, with a very long bristle ; upper
bifid-toothed. Scales obovate, hairy. Seed coated, furrowed.
Trianclria. Digynia.
S. ccrc-alc Linn. : glumes and bristles scabrous-ciliate ; pales? smooth.
Hab. Old fields. June. ® or $. — Culm 3— 4 feet high. Spike
4 — 6 inches long. Lower palca terminating in a long scabrous
bristle. Rye ,
49. ELYMUS. Linn.
Spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the rachis, 3 — 9-fiow-
ered. Glume 2-valved, nearly equal, rarely (as in E. hys-
trix,) absent or nearly so. Lower palca entire, with a bristle
which is sometimes very short ; upper somewhat bifid-toothed.
Scales ovate, hairy. Seed furrowed. — Spike simple.
Trianclria. Digyjiia.
1. E. virginicus Linn.: spike erect, coarctate ; spikelets in pairs,
2— 3-flowered; florets smooth ; glumes lanceolate, nerved.
Hab. River banks. N. J. to Car. W. to Mich. July, Aug.
li. — Culm 3 — 4 feet high, smooth. Spike thick and stiffly
erect. Lime Grass.
2. E. canadensis Linn. : spike nodding at the extremity, patulous ].
" spikelets 3 — 5-flowered j florets hairy ; glumes linear-lanceolate.
b. glaucifolius Torr. : leaves glaucous. — E. glaucifolius IVilld.
Hab. River banks. N. S. N. to Subarc. Amer. Aug. Zf\ —
Root creeping. Calm 3 — 4 feet high. Spike 6 inches long,
pendulous at the extremity.
3. E. villosus Muhl. : spike a little nodding at the extremity, patu-
lous ; rachis and florets hispid-pilose ; spikelets geminate, 2— 3-flow-
ered ; glumes linear, pilose-ciliate, 2-nerved, shorter than the florets.
Hab. Hills. N. J. to Vir. July. U.—Culm 2—3 feet high.
Spike 3 inches long, at length incurved at the extremity.
4. E. hystrix Linn. : spike erect ; spikelets diverging ; glumes none.
Hab. Rocky hills. N. Y. to Car. July. U-—Culm 3 feet
high. Spike C inches long. Leaves often glaucous.
5. E. striatus Willd. : spike erect ; spikelets 2-flowercd, awned, his-
416 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
pid, in pairs ; glumes linear, nerved, awned, nearly as long as the
■pikelets ; leaves and sheaths smooth.
Hab. Shady woods. Penn. and Virg. Pursh <$■ Sckweinitz.
June. H-. — Culm erect, 8 inches high, striate. Leaves lanceo-
late, acuminate, scabrous above. Spike erect, somewhat spread-
ing, with the rachis pubescent.
50. TRITICUM. Linn..
Spikelets sessile on the teeth of the rachis, many-flowered.
Glumes 2-valved ; valves nearly equal, beardless or with one
beard enclosing the florets. Palece 2, one of them bearded
from the end. Seed enclosed in the paleae. — Flowers spiked.
Triandria. Digynia.
1. T.cestivum Linn. : spike parallel, compressed; glumes 4-flower-
ed, ventricose ; bristles generally much longer than the florets.
Hab. Fields— naturalized. June. %. — Culm 3 — 4 feet high..
Spike 3 — 6 inches long, with the rachis jointed. Wheat.
2. T. repens Linn. : spikelets oblong, 5-flowered ; glumes subulate,
many-nerved ; florets acuminate; leaves flat ; root creeping. — Agro-
pyron repens P. de B. Torr.
Hab. Fields/ N. S. W. to Miss. July.. U-—Root white,,
jointed, proliferous. Culm 2 feet high. Spike 3 — 4 inches long.
— A troublesome weed. Couch Grass. Quack.
3. T. caninum Linn. : spikelets about 5-flowered, compressed ;
glumes 3-nerved, and as well as the florets armed with a bristle at the
tip ; root fibrous. — Jlgropyron caninum R. fy S. Torr,
Hab. Del. Muhl. U.—Culm 2—3 feet high. Leaves flat,
smooth. Spikelets sometimes 6-flowered.
4. T. cristatum Schreb. : spike oblong, compressed ; spikelets op-
posite, compressed, distichously imbricated ; about 5-flowered, smooth-
ish, spreading ; florets subulate-awned ; culm erect, smooth. — Bromus
cristatus Linn.
Hab. Penn. Schioeinitz,
51. LOLIUM, Linn.
Spikelets sessile, to the lowest a glume of 1-valve, to the up-
permost of 2 opposite valves. Lower palea with a mucro or
bristle at the end ; upper membranous, bifid-toothed. Scales
with 2 unequal teeth. Seed furrowed. — Spike compound.
Triandria. Digynia.
1. L. perenne Linn. : floret much longer than the glume, unarmed,
linear-oblong, compressed ; root perennial.
Hab. Meadows, &c. N. S. May, June. 2f. — Root creeping.
Culm 18 inches high, smooth. Spike 6 inches long, with the
spikelets 7— 9 -flowered. Darnel.
GRAMINEiE. 417
2. L. tcmulentum Linn. : florets shorter than the glumes, as long as
the bristle at their extremity ; root annual ; culm scabrous above.
Hab. N. Eng. and Penn. MuhL July. $.— Culm 2 feet high.
Spikelets much compressed.
52. SPARTIXA. Scire*.
Flowers in unilateral spikes, imbricated in 2 rows. Glume
2-valved, compressed, unequal. Palece 2, awnless, unequal.
Scales collateral. Triandria. Monogynia.
1. S. cynomroides IVilld. : spikes numerous (10 — 40.) pedunculate,
panicled. spreading; leaves broad, flat, at length convolute ; one glume
with a short awn ; style 2-cleft at the summit. — S. pohjstachya MuhL
—Lymnciis cynosuroides and pohjstachya Pursh.
Hab. Meadows. Can. to Car. Aug. U-—Cu/,n 4—10 feet
high. Leaves 1 — 3 feet long. Spikes linear, scattered.
Marsh Grass.
2. S. juncca Jlllld. : leaves distichous, convolute, spreading ; spikes
tew, (1 — 3.) pedunculate; peduncles smooth; paleee rather obtuse;
styles 2. — Li tn net is juncca Pursh.
Hab. River banks and marshes. Can. to Car. July, Aug. If.
— Root creeping, forming thick tufts. Culm 18 inches long,
smooth. Spikes 3 — 5 ; lower one peduncled.
3. /$'. glabra Mulil. : leaves concave, erect ; spikes alternate, sessile,
erect, appressed ; paleae nearly smooth on the keel ; style cleft about
halfway down.
Hab. Marshes. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. 21.
— Culm 3 — 5 feet high, smooth and somewhat succulent. Spikes
8 — 14, closely appressed to the rachis.
Div VII. Saccharines. Inflorescence spiked or panicled,
jointed. Spikelets generally in pairs, 1 or 2-floivered, the
one sessile, the other peduncled and usually monoclinous.
Glumes of a stouter texture than the palece, neither keeled
nor opposite. Paleaz very delicate and membranous, not
with a keel, the lower commonly bearded.
53. ANDROPOGOX. Lam.
Flowers spiked. Spikelets in pairs, polygamous; the lower
one abortive, on a bearded pedicel. Glumes and paleai often
very minute or wanting, Upper spikelet sessile, 1-flowered,
perfect. Glume subcoriaceous. Palea 2, shorter than the
glume, membranous ; lower one generally awned.
Triandria. Digynia.
1. A. scoparius Mich. : spike simple, lateral and terminal, peduncu-
418 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
late, in pairs ; rachis hairy ; abortive floret neuter ; valves awned. — A.
purjmrascens Mvhl.
Hab. Rocky woods. N. Y. to Car. Aug. U.—Culm 3 feet
high, with lateral scattered branches, purplish. Spikes slender,
flexuous. Beard Grass.
2. A. rirginicus Linn. : culm compressed ; superior leaves and
sheaths smooth ; spikes short, 2 — 3 from each sheath, partly conceal-
ed at the base ; rachis subterete ; abortive flower a mere pedicel with-
out valves ; perfect flower monandrous. — A. dissitiflorum Mich.
Hab. Swamps. Penn. to Vir. Sept. . Lf. — Culm 3 feet high,
somewhat cespitose. Spikes partly concealed in a sheath.
3. A. macrourus Mick. : spikes fasciculate, in dense, lateral, and ter-
minal fastigiate panicles ; flowers monandrous ; awn straight ; abor-
tive floret without valv.es,
Hab. Swamps. N. J. to Car. Sept., Oct. ll.—Culm 3 feet
high, much branched towards the top. Spikes in large clustered
panicles, partly concealed.
4. A.furcatus MuhL : spikes digitate, generally in fours ; abortive
flowers staminiferous, awnless, resembling the perfect one, the awn of
which is subcontorted.
Hab. Rocky banks of streams. N. Y. to Car. Aug., Sept.
IX. — Culm 2 — 3 feet high. Spikes terminal, 3 — 4, 3 inches
long.
5. A. nutans Linn. : panicle oblong, branched, nodding ; spikelets
by pairs; glume hairy, refuscent; awn contorted. — A.avcnaceum Mich.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. S. to Car. Sept., Oct. If— (Mm
3 — 6 feet high, simple. Panicle at first erect, at length nodding.
54. GYMNOPOGON. P. de Beauv.
Glume 2-valved, carinate, nearly equal, longer than the
floret. Palece nearly equal ; the lower one with a straight
bristle a little below the tip. Rudiment aristiform. — Spike
panicled. Triandria. Digynia.
G. racemosum P. de B. : culm ascending ; leaves distichous, cordate-
lanceolate, nerved, short ; flowers appressed. — Andropogon ambiguum
Midi. Muhl. — Anthopogon lepturoides Nutt.
Hab. Sandy fields. N. J. to Geor. Aug. U-—Oulm 2 feet
high, assurgent. Panicle large, pyramidal, somewhat verticillate.
Div. VIII. Oryzeje. Inflorescence panicled. Spikelets so-
litary, 1-flowered. Lower palece cartilaginous, compressedy
heeled. Stamens often more than 3.
55. LEERSIA. Linn.
Spikelets 1-rlowered. Glvme none. Palea 2, beardless,
GRAMINEiE. 419
keeled, compressed. Scales 2. Stigmas very finely cut.
Seed loose. Triandria. Digynia,
1. L. rirginica JVilld. : panicle simple ; the lower branches diffuse ;
flowers appressed, monandrous, sparingly ciliate on the keel.
Hab. Wet woods. Can. to Car. Aug. U.—Culm 2—4 feet
high, geniculate, erect or procumbent. Panicle terminal, much
exsert ; branches few and solitary. . White Grass.
2. £. oryzoides Swartz. : panicle diffuse, sheathed at the base ; flow-
ers triandrous, spreading ; keel of the glumes conspicuously ciliate.
Hab. Ditches and swamps. N. Y. to Car. Aug., Sept. If. —
Cvlm 3 — 5 feet high, erect or procumbent at base. Panicle
much branched, spreading. White Grass.
56. ZIZANIA. Linn.
Monoecious. Glume none. Sterile Fl. mixed with the
fertile. Palem 2, sub:iwned. Fertile Fl. Palea 2, cu-
cullate and awned. Style 2-parted. Seed 1, enveloped in
the plaited palete. Monoecia. Hexandria.
1. Z. aquatica Lamb. : panicle pyramidal, divaricate and sterile at the
base, spiked and fertile above ; pedicels of the flower clavate; awni
long ; seed linear. — Z. clarulosa Mich.
Hab. In water. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug. If. — Culm
4 — 6 feet high, jointed. Leaves broad-linear. Panicle a foot or
more in length, the lower branches spreading.
Wild Rice. Water Oats.
2. Z. miliacea Mich. : panicle effuse, pyramidal ; glumes with short
awns ; sterile and fertile florets intermixed ; style 1 ; seed ovate,
smooth ; leaves glaucous.
Hab. In water. Penn. to Car. Aug. L£. — Culm erect, 6 — 10
feet high. Leaves very long, narrow. Floicers in a large termi-
nal pyramidal panicle.
57. HYDROCHLOA. P. de Bcauv.
Monoecious. Glume none. Sterile Fl. Palece 2, awn-
less. Fertile Fl. Palcai 2, awnless. Stigmas 2, very
long. Seed 1, reniform. Monoecia. Hexandria.
H. fluitans P. de B. — Zizania fluiians Mich. Pursh*
Hab. In water. Can. and N. S. July. 21. — Floating. Culm
long, slender, branching. Leaves linear, flat. Spike solitary,
axillary, setaceous, about 4-flowered.
58. ORYZOPZIS. Mich.
Glume 1-flowered, 2-valved ; valves membranaceous, near-
ly equal, loose, obovate, awnless. Palea 2, coriaceous, cy-
420 MONGCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
lindric-ovate, hairy at the base ; the lower one awned at the
tip. Scales linear-elongated. — Flowers panicled.
Triandria. Monogynia.
0. asperifolia Mick. : culm nearly naked ; leaves erect, rigid, pun-
gent at the point ; flowers in a racemose panicle.
Hab. Mountain meadows. N. S. N. to Subarc. Amer. April,
May. 11. — "Culm 18 inches high, purple at base. Panicle very
simple, flexuous. Mountain Rice.
Order CXXXIX. CYPERACEjE. Brown, hind.
Flowers monoclinous or diclinous, consisting of imbricated
solitary bracts, very rarely enclosing other opposite bracts at
right angles with the first, called glumes. Perianth none, un-
less the glumes when present be so considered, or the hypo-
gynous setae. Stamens hypogynous, definite, ] — 12; an-
thers fixed by their base, entire, 2-celled. Ovary 1-seeded,
often surrounded by bristles called hypogynous setae, probably
constituting the rudiments of a perianth ; ovule erect ; style
single, trifid or bifid ; stigmas undivided, occasionally bifid.
Nut crustaceous or bony. Albumen of the same figure as the
seed ; embryo lenticular, undivided, enclosed within the base
of the albumen ; plumula inconspicuous.
Roots fibrous. Stems very often without joints, 3-cornered
or taper. Leaves with their sheaths entire.
Div. I. True Cype raceme.
1. CYPERUS. Linn.
Spikelets compressed, distinct. Glumes imbricated in two
rows, nearly all enclosing flowers. Style deciduous. Nut
1, without bristles at its base. Triandria. Monogynia.
1. C. tenellus Linn. : culm capillary; spike solitary and in pairs ;
involucre 1-leaved. — C. minimus Thurh.
Hab. N. J. and Penn. — This minute species has been found in
Monmouth county, N. J. by Mr. Z. Collins — on the Delaware,
near Philadelphia, by Dr. Isaac Cleaver. See Bart. Fl. Phil. i.
26, and Nutt. Gen. i. 35.
2. C. fasciculatus EU. : spikelets ovate-oblong, many-flowered, in
terminal fascicles ; involucre 2-leaved, and with the leaves linear and
very narrow.
Hab. Shores of the Delaware. Schccinitz. S. to Geor. — Culm
6 inches high, 3-angled. Leaves 1 — 2, almost setaceous. Spike-
lets 5—7, sessile, many flowered.
CYPERACEJ2. 421
3. C. inflezus Midd. : umbel 2 — 3-rayed, or conglomerate and sim-
ple ; involucre 3-leaved, very long; spikelets collected into ovate heads,
oblong, 8-flowered ; glumes squarrose at the tip. — C. uncinatus Pursh.
Hab. Banks of streams. Ver. to Vir. Aug., Sept. $. — Culm
2 — 3 inches high, triquetrous. Heads consisting of many ovate
spikes, yellowish.
4. C. jlavcscens Linn. : spikes linear-lanceolate, in fascicles of 3 — 4;
glumes obtuse; style 2-cleft ; seed lenticular; involucre 3-leaved,
longer than the spikes.
^IIab. Wet soils- N. Y. to Car. Aug., Sept. U-— Culm 3— 12
inches high. SpUcclcts 14 — 20-flo\vered, yellowish-green. •
.*>. C. nuttalii Torr. : culm acutely triangular; umbel radiate or near-
ly sessile, loose ; rays short ; involucre 4-leaved ; 2 of the leaves -very
long ; spikelets linear-lanceolate, compressed, acute ; stamens 2 ;
style 2-cleft ; seed oblong, obtuse, compressed.
Hab. Salt marshes. N. S. Aug.,*Sept. 11. — Culms ce§pitose.
5 — 12 inches high, spikelets very acute, green and brown.
6. C. diandrus Torr. : culm slender, obtusely triangular ; umbel ses-
sile, or 1— 2-rayed ; involucre 3-leaved, 2 of the leaves much longer
than the umbel ; spikelets lanceolate-oblong, much compressed, many-
flowered (14 — 16 ;) glumes margined, rather acute, keeled ; stamens
2 ; style 2-cleft ; seed oval, compressed. .
Hab. Salt marshes and wet grounds. N. S. — 'Culm 8 — 12 inches
high, slender. Umbel resembling a small panicle.
7. C. dentatus Torr. : umbel compound, (6 — tO-rayed ;) involucre
3-leaved, longer than the umbel; spikelets 3 on each ray, alternate,
ovate, compressed, 8-flowered ; glumes acute, nervose, spreading at
the points ; seed triquetrous. — C.parvijlorus Muhl.
Hab. Swamps and marshes. N. S. Sept. 11. — Culm 10 — 12
inches high. Spikelets much compressed, the tips of the glumes
spreading.
8. C. erytlirorhizos Muhl. : umbel decompound ; involucrum 3 — 6-
leaved, very long ; spikes alternate, linear, horizontal^ about 12-flow-
ered, nearly terete ; style 3-cleft ; seed triquetrous.
Hab. Banks of streams. N. Y. to Geor. Aug., Sept. 2_M—
Root fibrous, red. Cidm a foot high. Partial umbel nearly
naked. Spikelets linear, at length nearly round.
9. C. strigosus Linn. : spikelets linear, compressed, acute, alternate;
glumes lanceolate, nervose ; umbel simple or compound ; involucre
about 6-leaved, pubescent on the margin ; root globose.
Hab. Wet grounds. N. Y. to Car. Aug.f Sept. ll.—Cuhv
2 — 3 feet high. Spikelets scattered, many-flowered.
10. C. tenuis Muld. : spikes lanceolate, acute, 10— 17-flowered ; um-
bel simple; involucre 3 — 4-leaved, longer than the rays; root tuber-
ous.
Hab. Penn. and Vir. Muhl — Culm 8 inches highx slender. Spike-
lets lanceolate, many-flowered, yellow.
36
422 MONOCOTYL^DONOUS PLANTS.
11. C. phymatodes Muhl. : umbel simple or decompound; involucre
3 — 9-leaved ; 3 of the leaves very long ; peduncles compressed ; spike-
lets distichous, linear, the lower one branched, about 15-flowered ;
sides rather convex ; glumes oblong, obtuse ; radicles tuberous at the
extremity. — C tuber osus Pursh. — C. rep ens Ell.
Hab. Moist grounds. N. Y. and Penn. Aug. 21.— Root creep-
ing. Culm 12 — 18 inches high. Leaves radical. Spikelets linear-
elongated, many flowered.
12. C. comprcssus Linn. : spikes digitate, somewhat by fours, lan-
ceolate ; glumes mucronate, broad, membranaceous.
Hab. Low meadows. Penn. to Car. Piirsh. July. 2£. — Culm
3 — 8 inches high. Spikelets nearly sessile, many.-flowered.
13. C.rirens Mich. : culm acutely triangular ; umbels decompound;
spikelets ovate-lanceolate, in compact heads ; involucre very long.
Hab. Meadows. Penn. to Geor. Sept. U.—Culm 1—2 feet
high. Spikelets many-flowered, laterally compressed into com-
pact heads.
14. C. mariscoidcs Ell. : umbel simple, or with 1 — 2 rays; spikelets
collected into globose heads, linear, 7 — 8-flowered ; glumes loose, ob-
tuse.— Scirpus cypcriformis Muhl.
Hab. Rocky grounds. Mass. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug! 21.
— Root a solid bulb. Culm'8 — 10 inches high. Spikelets crowd-
ed into hard dense heads.
15. C. odoratus Linn. : spikelets corymbed, subulate, remote, disti-
chous; glumes someVhat .distant ; smaller umbels spreading widely,
about the length of their involucels.
Hab. Banks of rivers. Penn. to Flor. ; rare. Aug. 21. Pursh.
16. C. flavicomis Mich. : culm triquetrous ; umbel compound ; spikes
linear-lanceolate, 7-flowered ; glumes obtuse ; involucre very long, re-
flexed.
Hab. Boggy- woods. Penn. to Car. Pursh. July. 21. — Culm.
•erect, smooth- Spikes distichous, oblong, compressed, yellow.
2. DULICHIUM. Rich.
Spikes somewhat racemose, axillary; spikelets linear-lan-
ceolate, rather compressed. Glumes distichous., sheathing.
Style very long, bifid ; base persistent. Nut with bristles' at
the base. Triandria. JVLonogynia.
D. spathaceum Pers. : culm terete ; leaves spreading in three direc-
tions ; spikelets spreading. — Schotnus spathdceus Linn. — Scirpus spailia-
ceus Slick.
Hab. Swamps and ponds. Throughout the U. S. Aug. If.
— Culm 18 inches high, round below, triangular above. Leaves
linear, flat. Flowers in subulate spikelets, forming axillary ra-
cemes.
cyperace^e. 423
3. KYLUNGIA. Linn.
Floivers distinct, disposed in a roundish, sessile, subimbri-
cated spike. Glumes 2-valved, 1 -flowered. Paleai 2, longer
than the glumes. . Triandria. Monogynia*
K. monocephala Linn. : stem filiform, 3-angled; head globose, sessile;
involucre 3-leaved, very long.
Hab. N. J. to Geor. ' June. IX. — Root creeping, stoloniferous.
'Culm 3-^12 inches high. Head always' single.— Supposed to
be distinct from the foreign plant.
Div. II. SeiRrE.E.
4. FIMBRISTYLIS. Vahl.
Spikclcts imbricated in all directions, all fertile, at length
caducous. Style bulbous at base, jointed, ciliate. Stigmas
2—3. Seed naked at base, Triandria. Monogynia.
1. F. fcrruginru Vahl.: culm compressed, scabrous above ; involu-
cre unequally ciliate ; spikes lanceolate, acute, nearly terete ; glumes
pubescent. — F. puberulum VoM. Picrsh. — Scir.pus ferruginous Linn.
Muhl. Ton..
Hab. Wet meadows. N. Y. to Car. Aug. IX- — Culm 2 inches
to 2 feet high, varying with the soil. Umbel mostly simple,
3 — 4 rayed. Style 2-cleft, fimbriate. Seed naked at base.
2. F. spadicea Vahl. : culm compressed, nearly naked, umbel* termi-
nal ; involucre rigid, 2 leaved, one of .the leaves longer than the* um-
bel ; leaves subterete ; spikes ovate- oblong, terete.— 7Scirpus spoAiceus
Linn. [Muhl. Ton:
Hab. Salt marshes. N. J. to Car. Aug. IX. — Culms cespi-
tose, 2—3 feet high, compressed above. Spikes closely imbri-
cate, brown. Style 2-cleft, distinctly fimbriate. Seed yellowish.
3. F. coarrtnta Scluc. : culm filiform ; umbel compound, crowd-
ed ; spikes small, linear-lanceolate ; involucre setaceous, with one of
its leaves longer than the umbel ; leaves filiform, concave on one side.
— Srrrpus coarctatus Ell. — & castaneus Muhl.
Hab. Sandy soils. N. J. Schiccinitz. S. to Car. Sept. IX
Culm filiform, a foot high. Umbel 3— 4-rayed. Glumes with.a
short fringe on the margin. Styl$ deeply. 3-cleft.
4. F. cylindrica Vahl. ; spikes cylindric, very obtuse ; involucre
about l.-leaved, rigid, as long as the simpje umbel.
Hab. Quaker's Bridge, N. J. Sfhioeinitz. IX.
5. SCIRPUS. Linn. . .
Glumes imbricating the spike on all sides, one or two of the
outer ones occasionally without flowers. Seed or nut naked,
.or with bristles at its base. Triandria. Monogynia,
424 * MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
* Seed icith bristles or hypogajnous seice at the base.
■ _ t Spikes terminal, solitary.
1. S. palustiis Linn. : culm terete, inflated ; spike oblong-lanceolate :
glumes somewhat obtuse ; seed roundish, punctate and rugos,e ; bris-
tles scabrous.
Hab. Marshes and low meadows. N. Y. to Car. N. to Arc.
.Amer. June. 1[. — Culml — 2 feet high, erect, -leafless, with
3 sheaths at base. Spike sometimes oblique, the lower glumef
larger. * • . . Club Rush.
2. S. capitatus Linn. : culm terete or somewhat compressed ; spike
ovate, obtuse ; seed oval, compressed, smooth.
Hab. Bogs and meadows. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. 11. —
Culms cespitose, erect, 8 — 18 inches high. Spike very obtuse.
. sometimes nearly globose. Glumes -round. Bristles 6, as long
as the glumes. •
3. &. tuberculosus Mich. : culm columnar, striate ; glumes very'ob-
tuse, loosely appressed ; nut somewhat 3-angled ; tubercle sagittate,
larger than the nut.
Hab. Wet grounds. N. J, Schicei'nitz. S. to Car. July. 11.
— Culm 12 inehes high, sheathed at base with 1 or 2 scales.
Spike ovate -lanceolate. Bristles 6, as long as the tubercle.
4. S. acicularis Linn. : culm setaceous, quadrangular ; spike ovate,
acute, 3 — 6-flowered ; glumes somewhat obtuse ; stamens 3 ; style
bifid ; seed obovate.
Hab. Margins of ponds. N. Y. to Car. June, July. IX. — Culm
3— 6 inches long, cespitose. Spikes about 4-flowered. Bristles
4, rarely wanting. ••*-.•
5. S. intermedivs Muhl. : culms cespitose, quadrangular, sulcate :
spike ovate-oblong, .acute ; glumes rather acute ; stamens 3 ; style 2-
clefl ; seed broad-obovate, compressed ; tubercle distinct.
Hab. Marshes and swamps. N. S. Sept. 11.— Root creeping.
Culms slender, 3 — 4 inches long. Spikes dark brown. Bristles
6, longer than the seed. — Closely allied to the preceding.
6. S. cespitosus Linn. : culms cespitose, terete ; spikes ovate, few-
flowered ; lower glumes bracteiform, as long as the spike ; sheaths
with rudiments of leaves.
b. callosus Big. : glumes thickened and cartilaginous at the tips.
Hab. White Hills, N. H. Big. Arc. Amer. July. U^Culm
8 inches high, slender. Spike 4 — 5-llowered, compressed.
Glumes with whitish tips.
7. S. capillaceus Mich. : culnj minute, capillary ; spike oblohg-ovate,
acute, few-flowered ; glumes linear, acute ; seed compressed, obovate.
— 8* pusillus Vahlx? Pursh.
.Hab. Salt marshes. N. Y.. to Car.' July. 0. ?.— Culm 1—3
. inches high, slightly furrowed. Nut crowned by a conic tuberele.
Bristles 6. — Grows in large patches like moss.
8. S. glaucescens Willd.: culm angular, compressed, glaucous; spike
cyperacejE. 425
lanceolate, compressed ; glumes lanceolate, obtuse ; sheaths truncate.
— & glaucus Torr. ?
Hab. Salt marshes. N. Y. July. If. — Culm a foot, high,
slender. Glumes obtuse, brownish. Bristles 4, longer than the
tubercle.— Dr. Torrey's name had been appropriated to a British
species by Dr. Smith.
0. S, tenuis Willd. : culm very slender, quadrangular ; spike ellipti-
cal, acute at each end ; glumes ovate, obtuse ; stamens 3 ; styles 3-
cleft ; seed rugose.
Hab. Swamps. N. Y. to Car. June, July, if.— Culm 8— 12
inches high. Spike rather obtuse, dark brown. Bristles 2 — 3,
sometimes none.
10. S. pla?iifolius Muhl. : culm triquetrous ; radical leaves flat, nearly
equalling the culm ; spike terminal, oblong,. compressed, shorter than
the cuspidate bracts at the base.
Hab. Swamps. N. S. June! If. — Culms cespitose, 8 inches
high, scabrous on the angles. Spike lanceolate. Bristles 3 — 4,
longer than the nut.
11. »!?. subterminalis Torr. : culm floating, sulcate, inflated, leafy be-
low ; spike solitary, somewhat terminal, lanceolate ; style 2-cleft ;
seed triquetrous.
Hab. Ponds, &c. Mass. Aug. If. — Culm 3 feet long, spongy.
Leaves very narrow. Spike shorter than the bract. Bristles 6,
nearly as long as the triangular nut.
ft Spikes numerous, aggregated. '
•12. Sf. d'cbiUs Muhl. : culms cespitose, deeply striate ; spikes about
3, lateral, ovate, sessile ; glumes ovate, obtuse, mucronate.
Hab. Margins «of ponds. N. Y. to Car. Aug., Sept. If. —
Culms 8—^12 inches high, with a few subulate leaves at base.
Spikes short, ovate, 2—3 inches from the top of the* culm.
Bristles 4—5.
13. S. amcricanus Pers. : culm nearly naked, triquetrous ; sides
concave ; spikes lateral, (1 — 5) ovate, conglomerate, sessile ; glumes
round-ovate, mucronate ; seed triquetrous, acuminate. — S. triqucter
Mich. — S. pungens Vahl. Sprcng.
Hab. Marshes and wet -banks. N.. Y. to Car. July. If. —
Culm 2 — 5 feet high, slender, 3-sided. Spikes a short distance
from the top, ferruginous. Bristles 6.
14. S.'lacustris Linv. : culm terete, attenuated above, naked; pani-
cle subterminal ; spikes peduncled, ovate. — S. validus Pursh.
Hab. Ponds and mafshes. N. Y. to Car. N. to Subarc. Amer.
June. Lf. — Culm 4—8 feet. high. Spikes in an unequal sub-
divided panicle or cyme. Bristles 4 — 6, hispid.
15. & acutus Muhl. : culm terete, (not attenuated,) spotted ; pedun-
cles numerous, sublateral ; spikes oblong ; glumes pubescent, mucron-
ate. .
Hab. Swamps. N. S. June, July.- .li.—Culm 4 feet high,
36*
426 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
with brown spots. Spikes in a proliferous cyme or panicle,
brown. — It is quite doubtful whether this is distinct from the
preceding. ."-.,«
16. S. maritimus Linn. : culm trfquetrous, leafy ; corymb clustered ;
inyolucre about 3-leaved, very long ; spikes oblong ; glumes ovate, 3-
clef\, the middle segment subulate and reflexed ; style 3-cleft. — S. ro-
bustus Pursh. — & macroslachyos Muhl. Torr.
Hab. Salt marshes. N. Y. to Car. N. to Subarc. Amer. July,
Aug. 2_f. — Culm 3— 4 feet high. Leaves taller than the culm.
Spikes 6—10, in a clustered panicle. Bristles 4.— Our plant
does not appear to differ at all from the European.
17. 8. brunncus Muhl. ': culm leafy, obtusely triangular ;. cyme de-
compound ; involucrum 3 — 4-leaved ; spike round- ovate, clustered in
about sixes ; glumes ovate, obtuse. — S. exaltatus Pursh.
Hab. Margins of .ponds and lakes. ' N. Y. to Car. Aug., Sept.
U. — Culm 2 — 3 feet high. Leaves long. Sjrikcs brown. Seed ,
shorter than the bristles.
18. 8. atrovirehs Muhl : culm triangular, leafy : C3rme terminal, com-
pound, proliferous ; involucrum 3-leaved ; spikes conglomerate, ovate,
acute ; glumes ovate, mucronate, pubescent.
Hab. Wet meadows. N. S. June, July. If. — Culm 2 feet
high. Spikes crowded into small heads, brown, smaller than in
the preceding. Bristles 4, longer than the seed.
** Seed icithout bristles at the base.
1$. 8. capillarts Linn. : culm nearly naked, triquetrous, capillary :
spikes' ovate, 2 — 3 of them pedunculate, with an intermediate sessile
one. — S, ciliati/olius Ell.
Hab. Wet grounds. N. Y. to Car. Aug. 0. ? — Culm 8 in-
ches high, slender. Leaves mostly radical, setaceous. Spikes
•somewhat umbelled. Seed naked at base.
' 20. S. autumnalis Linn. : culm compressed, ancipitous ; umbel com-
pound ; involucre 2deaved ; spikes lanceolate, acute, somewhat 4-
sided. — fifc mucronulatus Mich. — Fimbristylis autumnalis Void.
Hab. Low woods. N. Y. to Car. July — Oct. 21. — Culms
8 — 12 inches high, cespitose. Spikes sometimes clustered in
threes. Style 3-cleft, not ciliate. (Torr.) Seed naked at base.
6. TRICHOPHORUM. Pers. '
Spikelcts nearly ovate, imbricated in all directions. 'Bristles
of the seed usually 6, finally very much lengthened' and ex-
serted. Triandria. Monogynia.
1. T. cyperinum Peis.: culm obtusely- 3-angled,. leafy ; panicle de-
compound, proliferous; somewhat nodding ; spikes all pedunculate.—
Eiiophorum cyperinum Linn. — Scirpus criophorum Mich. Torr.
Hab. Wet grounds. Can. to Car. Aug. If. — Culm 3—5 feet
high, smooth. Involucre' 4-leaved. Panicle terminal,' much
divided and proliferous. — This seems to be the connecting link
CYPERACEiE. 427
between Scirpus and Eriophorum, but I think it nearest the lat-
ter.
2. T. lineatum Pers. : culm 3-angled, leafy ; panicles terminal and
lateral, decompound, at length 'nodding ; involucre 1 — 2-leaved ; spikes
ovate ; glumes lanceolate, somewhat carinate. — Scirpus lineatus Mich.
— S. lineatus and pcndulus Mithl.
Hab. Swamps. N. Y. to Geor. Aug. U-— Culm 2—3 feet
high, very leafy. Floicers in axillary umbels or panicles, at
length nodding,
7. ERIOPHORUM. Linn.
Glumes chaffy, imbricated in all directions. Seed surround-
ed by very long dense wool. Triandria. JHonogyjiia.
* Sjiikc solitary.
• 1. E. alpinum Linn. : culm triquetrous, somewhat scabrous, naked ;
leaves very short, subulate ; spike oblong ; woolly hairs crisped, few.
— E. Jiudsoniannni Mich. — Trirhophorum alpimnn Pursh. Muhl.
Hab. Mountains. N.-S. July.# 2£. — Culm 8^-10 inches high ;
with 3: — 4 radical sheaths. Spike a little compressed. Hairs
6, white, very long. • . . Cotton Gnus.
2. E. raginatum Linn. : culm terete below, obtusely triangular
above, smooth and rigid ; sheaths inflated ; spike oblong-bvate ; glumes
scarious ; wool straight, dense. — E. ccspitosum Pursh.
Hab. Swamps. Arc. Amer. to Virg. July. 2f. — Culms a fool
high, cespitose. Leaves longer than the culm. Spike long.
Wool white, twice the length of the glumes.
** Spikes numerous.
3. E. polystachnou Linn. : leaves flat, triquetrous at the extremity •
culm nearly terete ; spikes on scabrous peduncles, nodding. — E. tcnel-
lum Nutt. ' •
Hab. • Swamps. N.. S. ■ July. It-— Culm 1—2 feet high,
smooth. Spikes on long filiform' peduncles. Wool white, or
• reddish.
4. E. virginicum Linn. : culm nearly terete below, obtusely triangu-
lar above ; leaves flat, very long ; spikes clustered, erect, nearly ses-
sile ; involucre 2 — 3-leaved.
. h. gracile Torr.: culm very slender;* leaves almost filiform.
Hab. Swamps. Can. to Geor. Var. h. Cedar swamps. N. J.
July. It— Culm 2—4 feet highs Leaves few, linear, long.
Wool reddish.* ■
5. E. angustifolium Roth. : culm somewhat triangular ; leaves chan-
nelled and triquetrous ; peduncles very smooth.
Hab. 'Swamps. N. ■ S. N. to Arc. Amer. July. It.— Culm a
foot high. Leaves very nairow. Spikes on short peduncles.
Wool white. * . •" '
428 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
8. SCHCENUS. Linn.
Glumes fascicled into a spike, the lower ones empty. Style
deciduous. Seed naked. Triandria. Monogynia.
S. maiiscoides Muhl. : culm terete or a little sulcate, leafy ; leaves
channelled, semiterete ; umbel terminal ; fascicles on.spikes, 3 on each
peduncle ; seed naked, rounded at'the base.
Hab. Bogs. Mass. Big. N. Y. Gray. Penn. Muhl. July.
H- — Culm 2 feet high, smooth or with rough dots. Spikes lan-
ceolate, brown. Style 2— 3-cleft. • Bog Rush.
9. RHYNCHOSPORA. Vald. •
Glumes' fascicled into a spike, the lower ones empty. Seed
1, crowned wjth the persistent style; its base surrounded
with bristles. Triandria. Monogynia.
"1. JR. alba Vahl. : spikes in corymbose fascicles ; culm triangular
above ; leaves setaceous ; seed somewhat lenticular ; bristles about 10.
— Schanus albue Linn..
Hab. Swamps and bogs. N, Y. to Car. ' July — Sept. 2£. —
Culm 12 — 18 inches high. Fascicles ■ axillary and terminal, pe-
duncled. Glumes nearly white, at length brownish.
2. R.fusca Vald. : culm triquetrous ; leaves linear, carinate ; fasci-
cles of spikes alternate, pedunculate ; spikes ovate ; ' glumes ovate,
brown ; seed ovate, with an acute black tubercle. — Schcmus fuscus
Linn.
Hab. N. Y. Muhl. U- — Culm 2 feet high. Leaves, smooth.
.Glumes mucronate. Seed brown, rugose, as long as the hispid
. . bristles.
3. R. glomerata Vahl.': spikes in corymbose fascicles, very distant, by
pairs ; culm obtusely triangular ; leaves flat ; seed obovate-cuneiform.
very smooth, as long as the tubercle.. — Schxnus glomerulus* Linn.
Hab. Swamps and bogs. N. J. Jo Car. July, Aug. It. — Culm,
12—18 inches high, ^smooth 'and leafy. Spikes lanceolate.
Glumes brown'. ;
4. R. cdpillacca Torr. : spikes 3 — 5, nearly terminal ; culm trique-
trous, somewhat leafy ; leaves setaceous; seed stipitate, a little ru-
gose.— Schxnus setaceus MuhL
Hab. Sandy -swamps. N.. J. and Penn. JjiTy. 2_f. — Culm 8
inches high, slender. Spikes with a setaceous • bract at base.
Glumes brown. Bristles 6, longer than the seed.
5. R. sparsa Vahl. : culm triquetrous, leafy ; corymbs axillary and
terminalj compound, loose ; .peduncles capillary ; seed obovate,* ru-
gose, much longer than the tubercle.— -Schcznus sparsus Mich. MM.
Hab. Wet grounds. Penn. to Car. July. H-—Culm% feet
high. Flowers in spreading panicles. Glumes brown. Bristles
twice as long as the seed.
cyperAce^e. 429
C. R. cymosa Torr. : culm triquetrous, leafy ; cymes' terminal and
axillary; the terminal one much larger ; seed rouncT-ovate, compress-
ed, transversely rugose ; tubercle conical. — Schanus cymosus WMd.
Mich. .
Hab. Swamps. Pe'nn. to Car. July.. 21. — Culm 12 — 13 inches
high. ' Glume's broad ovate, lower one mucronate. Bristles
shorter than the seed.
7. R.,laxa Vahl.: culm triquetrous.; corymbs leafy, decompound,
loose ; spikes subulate ; seed obovate, pointed with the long persistent
style. — R. loniriroslris Ell. — Schotnus longirostris Mich.
Hab.. Swamps. Del. to Car. July. 21. — Culm 3 — 6 feet high.
Leaves 1 — 2 feet long. Bristles 6, shorter than- the seed.
" • 10. MARISCUS. Vahl.
Flowers distinct, in a somewhat imbricate, spike. Glume
2-valved, unequal, 3-flowered. Paha I. Style 3-cleft. Seed
.triquetrous, naked. Triaudria. Monogynia.
1. M. retrqfraclvs J'ahl. : umbel simple ; rays long ; spikes obovate,
retroselj- imbricate ; spikdets subulate, aUlength bent backwards ; in-
volucre 3-leaved. — Scopus retmfractus Linn. . •
IIab. Wet grounds. N. Y. to Cai\ July, Aug. 21. — Culm 2
feet high, naked; triangular. Leaves linear, long. Umbel with
6 — 8 unequal rays, -longer than the involucre.
2. M. ocularis Vahl. : umbel simple ; rays short ; spikes globose ;
flowers spreading. — M. cchinatus Ell. — Killingiu ovalaris Mich. — Scir-
pus cchinatus Linn.
b. tcncllus Torr. : culm acutely, triangular, slender; involucre
3 — 5-leaved, 3 of the leaves many times longer than the umbel.
Hab. Bogs and low grounds. N. Y. to> Car. July,- Aug. 21.
— Root bulbous. Culm 6—18 inches high. Spikes forming a
globose head. Style 3-cleft.
11. FTIREXA. Linn.
Glumes awned, imbricated on all sides into a spike. Paha:
3, (or perianth 3-valved,) petaloid, cordate, awned, unguicu-
late. • Triandria. Monogynia.
1. F. squarrosa Mich. : spikes clustered, (5 — 6,) ovate ; culm smooth;
Jeaves ciliate ; sheaths hairy; valves of the perianth cordate-ovate.
Hab. Bogs. N. J. to Car. Aug., Sept. 21- — Culm 1—2 feet
high, ©angular, slender at the top. ' Spikes clustered into 2
heads, the lateral one upon a long peduncle.
2. F. torreyana Beck : spikes 1 — 3, terminal; culm pubescent above;
leaves -smooth ; throat of the sheaths hairy. — F. squarrosa var. pumila
Torr. — F. pumila Spreng.
Hab. Wet sandy places. "N. Y. Torr. Aug. ' 2\.— Culm 3-6.
inches high, angular, smooth. Spikes generally 3, often soli-
tary.
430 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
DlV. III. ScLEREiE.
12. SCLERIA. Linn.
Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Glumes 2 or 6, many-flower-
ed. PahcB unarmed. Fertile Fl. Glumes % or 6, L-flow-
ered. Palcce none. Stigmas 1 — 3. Nut coloured, subglo- '
bose. Monoecid. Triandria.
1. S. triolomerafa Mich. : culm erect, acutely triquetrous, scabrous ;
leaves broad-linear, subscabrous and a little hairy ; spikes lateral and
terminal, fasciculate ; glumes ciliate, mucronate ;. nuts smooth and
polished. • . . • .
Hab. Swamps. Penn. to Car. June, July. 21. — Culm 3—4
feet high. Nut large, white and hard. .•** Whip Grass.
2. SL pauciflora 'MvM. : stem triquetrous and with the narrow leaves
smooth ; spikes lateral and terminal, few-flowered ; the lateral ones
pendulous, terminal, fasciculate ; glumes smooth ; seed roughened.
Hab. Low meadows. Penn. to Car. Aug. 2.L — Culm 2 feet
high, slender. Lateral spikes 2, on long pendulous peduncles. *
3. S. reYticiUata Muhl. : stem simple, triquetrous, and with the leaves
smooth ; spike glomerate, ' nak#d, the clusters alternate, distant ;
glumes smooth; seed globose, mucronate, transversely corrugate.
Hab. Wet grounds. Penn. to Car. Aug. ZL — Culm a foot
high, very slender, smooth. Spikes small. Nut small, tubercu-
late.
•Div. YVX Caricinje..
13. CAREX. Linn.
•
Monoecious, (rarely dioecious.) Flowers collected into an
imbricated anient. Glume 1-flowered. Corol (or nectary or
perianth) 'ventricose, 1-valved, .persistent,. enclosing the coria-
ceous nut or caryopsis, Monoecia. Triandria.
Obs. Two excellent Monographs of the North American species of
this genus, have been published. . The one by Prof. Dewey, is contain-
ed in'Silliman's Journal, from the 7th to the 14th volumes, inclusive ;
— the otter by Mr. Schweinitz and Dr. Torrey, in the first volume of
the Annals of the New-York Lyceum. I shall adopt the latter, withn
few additions.
•
A. Inflorescence dioecioug.
1. C. sterilis H'illd. : spikes dioecious ; sterile 3—5 ; fertile about 6,
(sometimes androgynous ;) fruit ovate, compressed, triquetrous ; mar-
gin ciliate-serrate ; apex recurved and bicuspidate.
Hab. Ma*rshes. N. *Y. Penn.- Car. May. If. — Culm, 8— 12
inches high. Spikes approximate, oblong.
CYPERACE^l. 431
B. Inflorescence monoecious.
+ All the spikes androgynous^. •
* Spike solitary. ■
a. Summit stuminifcrous.
2. C. fifteen Sims: spike simple, ovate ;' fruit ovate-subglobose, en-
lire at the' point, longer than the oblong glume ; leaves. lanceolate, un-
dulate, crenulate; scape- sheathed at the base. — C. lagopus Muhl.
Hab. Mountains. Penn. N. Car. April. IX. — Leaves broad,
radical.
'3. C.'willdenovu Schk. ; spike simple, ovate; sterile and fertile,
flowers about 6 ; fruit ovate, subglobose at thebase, rostrate ; glumes
ovate, acuminate, the inferior ones very long and foliaceous, much ex-
ceeding the culm."
Hab. Rocky woods Penn. to N. Car. May, June. H.— Cuhn
8 — 12 inches high. JLoicer glumes foliaceous and 'much longer
than the spike.
4. C. pelytrichoides MuHl : spike simple ; fruit oblong-lanceolate,
compressed, triquetrous, obtuse, emarginate ; glumes oblong-obtuse,
mucronate.
Hab. ' Dry hills and bog?. Can. to Penn. ; common. May. IX.
Culm a foot high, very slender. leaves subradical, very narrow.
5. C. pauciflora Light. : spike about 4-fiowered ; sterile flower sub-
solitary, terminal ; fruit lanceolate, tere'te, reflexed ; fertile glumes
caducous.
Hab. Spbagnous swamps. May, June. 7X> — Culm 8 inches
high.. . Fruit large, pale yellow, caducous..
b. Summit pi slilliferous.
(S. C. squarrosa Linn. : spike mostly simple, (sometimes spikes
2 — 3,) very tlnck, oblong-cylindrical ; fruit imbricate, at length hori-
zontal, smooth, subsquarrose, bidentate at the point, longer than the
lanceolate glume. — C. tijpldna Mich.
Hab. Bogs. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. May, June. 2X. —
Cuhu 2 teet high. Spike nearly an inch long and half an inch
thick.
"5 Spikes several, aggregated into a head..
7. C. crphalopfiora Muhl. : spikes collected into an elliptical head ;
fruit ovate, scabrous on the margin ahove, about equal to the ovate
subaristate glume.
Hab. Oak woods. Can. to Car. ; common. May. IX. — Culm
1 — 2 feet high, wiry, leafy at base. Spikes forming a trifrd head.
*** Spikes distinct, ( not aggregated into a head. )
a. Snmmit staminifcrous.
'• 1. With 2 stigmas.
8. C. bromoides ScTdt. : spikes 4 — 6, alternate, .oblong, ereot, upper-
most one sterile above, the rest pistilliferous or androgynous (sterile
432 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
above and below*.;) fruit erect, lanceolate acuminate, scabrous, nerved,
bifid, longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume,
Hab. Bogs. N. S. ; common. May* 21. — Culm 12 — 18 inckes
high, slender and scabrous. Spikes subdistichous, half an inch •
. long.
9. C. retrojkxa Muhl. : spikes about 4, subapproximate, ovate, the
lowest one with a short bract; 'fruit ovate-lanceolate,, bidentate, sca-
brous on the margin, spreading and reflexed, as long as the ovate acute
glume.
Hab. Meadows,' &c. N. S. May. 21— Culm 8—12 inches
high, nearly 6-siued. Spikes 3—5, rarely 9 ; the lower one dis-
tant.
10.' C. rosea Schkr: spikes 4 — 6, remote, about 9-flowered, the low-
est one with a setaceous bract overtopping the culm ; fruit ovate, acu-
minate, diverging and radiate,* scabrous on the distinct margin, twice
as long as the ovate obtuse* glume.
Hab. Moist woods. N„ S. ; common. May. 21. — Culm a foot
high. Spikes 3 — 6, yellowish-green"; lower ones distant.
11. C. disperma Dew. : spikes about 3, rather remote, mostly 2-
nowered, somewhat erect, the lowest one bracteate; fruit ovate, rather
obtuse, nerved, plano-convex, smooth, with a scabrous margin, entire
at the point, twice as long as the ovate, obtuse -submucronate glume.
Hab. Mountain woods. N. Y. Mass. May, June. Zf . — Culm
6— -12 inches high. Tndt smalL Var. tetrasperm'a has. the fer-
tile spikes 3 — 4 flowered.
12. C. muhlenbergii Schh. : spikes about 5, ovate, crowded at the
summit of the culm, bracteate at the base ; fruit broad-ovate, com-
pressed, nerved, bifid, somewhat diverging, scabrous on the margin,
rather shorter than the ovate mucrohate glume.
Hab. Rocky woods. N. Y. S. Car. May. L£.— Culm 1—2
• feet high, thick. Plant dark green.
13. C. stipata Muhl. ; spike compound, oblong ; spikelets numerous.
(10 — 15, ) oblong, aggregated, bracteate; bracts a little longer than
the spikelets ; fruit lanceolate, subterete and stnooth below, spreading,
bidentate at the point, which is scabrous, twice as long as the glume.
Hab. Wet meadows. Throughout the U. S. April, May. 21.
— Culm 1 — 3 feet high, thick and succulent, smooth. Spike
consisting of many crowded spikelets.
14. C. sparganioides Miihl. : spikelets about 8, many-flowered; up-
per ones approximate, lower ones subdistant, bracteate ; fruit ovate,
compressed, acuminate, bifid, diverging, scabrous on the margin, twice
as long as the ovate mucronate gkime.
Hab. Wet meadows. Throughout the U. S. ; rather rare. May.
21. — Culm 2 feet high. Lower spikes remote.
15. C. multiflora Muhl. : spike oblong, decompound, bracteate, in-
terrupted ; spikelets glomerate, ovate-oblong, obtuse ; fruit ovate acu-
CYPERACEiE. 433
minate, compressed, crowded, bifid, 3-nerved, serrulate on the margin,
at length diverging, rather shorter than the ovate cuspidate glume.
Hab. Wet meadows. N. Y. to Car. ; common. May. 11. —
Culm 2 feet high, obtusely triangular. Spike subpaniculate.
16. C. sctacea Deic. : spike oblong, decompound, bracteate ; spike-
lets glomerate, ovate, obtuse ; fruit ovate, acuminate, compressed, bi-
fid, subdiverging, as long as the ovate-lanceolate awned glume.
Hab. Wet meadows. Mass. Deic. June, July. 2_f. — Culm
18 — 30 inches high, acutely triangular, sulcate. — Resembles the
preceding, but its fruit is less ovate, longer and more com-
pressed.
17. C'. paniculuta Linn. : spike decompound, paniculate, interrupt-
ed, the branches alternate and somewhat remote ; fruit ovate, acumi-
nate, spreading, margined above, bifid.
Hab. Wet meadows. Mass. N. Y. N.J. May. U—Culm
18 inches high. Spikes not becoming black.
18. C. teretiuscula Good. : spike decompound or paniculate, dense,
subacute, (often dioecious, at length brown) ; spikelets with short
bracts at the base ; fruit ovate, acuminate, somewhat gibbous at the
base, bidentate, ciliate-serrulate on the margin.
Hab. Marshes and bogs. N. Y. and N. Eng. May. — Culm 16
inches high. Spike narrow. Fruit and glume brown.
2. With 3 stigmas.
19. C. pcdunculata Muhl. : spikes about 4, on long peduncles, very
remote ; fruit obovate, triquetrous, obtuse, smooth, entire at the ori-
fice ; glumes ovate, mucronate, (purple and green.)
Hab. Rocky hills. Can. to Penn. May. IX. — Culm filiform, 6
inches high. Peduncles mostly radical. Glumes purplish and
green.
20. C. otaia Rudgc. : spikes about 5, pedunculate, ovate, pendulous;
fruit obovate, acute at each end, as long as the ovate acute glume.
Hab. Canada. IX- — Culm acute, triangular. Spilics densely
imbricate. Glumes brown, as long as the fruit.
b. Summit pistilliferous.
1. With 2 stigmas.
21. C. deiccyana Schzc. <$♦ Torr. : spikes about 3, sessile, loose, two
of them approximate, the third distant, with long bracts at the base,
(except the highest) ; fruit oblong-lanceolate, subcompressed, rostrate,
bifid at the point ; beak serrulate ; culm flaccid.
Hab. Woods. N. Y. and N. Eng. June. If.— Culm 1— 4 feet
high, weak and slender, subprocumbent. — Plant yellowish-
green.
22. C. loliacca Linn. : spikes about 4, rather distant, few-flowered ;
fruit elliptical, obtuse, nerved, compressed, erect.
Hab. Swamps. N. J. ? N. to Arc. Amer.— Culm 2 feet high,
slender. Spikes 3 — 5-flowered.
37
434 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
23. C. trisperma Dew. : spikes 3, remote, alternate, sessile, ovate,
uppermost one without a bract ; fruit oblong, acute (or short-rostrate)
entire at the point, many-nerved, subscabrous above, somewhat di-
verging, longer than the oblong acute hyaline glume.
Hab. Mountain swamps. N. Eng. June. !£. — Culm 18 inches
high, filiform, prostrate. Whole plant pale green. — Allied to
the preceding, but differs in the glume and fruit.
24. C. arida Sclav, fy Torr. : spikes 8, (large) subapproximate, dry;
fruit elliptical, compressed, winged, terete in the middle, acuminate at
each end, divergingly bifid ; culm leafy.
Hab. Meadows. Ohio and W. June. If.— Culm 2—3 feet
high. Leaves very long, dark green. Spikelcts very large,
gray.
25. C. lagopodioides Schk. : spikes numerous, (10 — 16,) elliptic,
crowded ; bract beneath the lowest overtopping the culm ; fruit lance-
olate, acuminate, erect, bicuspidate, with a narrow serrulate margin,
twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate glume.
Hab. Wet meadows. N. Y. to Car. May. U-~Culm 1—2
or more feet high, furrowed. Spikes large, subcylindric when
young,
26. C. scoparia Schk. : spikelets mostly 5, (sometimes 6 or 7,) ovate,
sessile, approximate, aggregate, lowest one bracteate ; fruit ovate-lan-
ceolate, margined, nerved, smooth, bicuspidate, longer than the lance-
olate acuminate glume.
Hab. Swamps. N. Y. Mass. S. to Car. May. U.^-Culm
1 — 2 feet high. Leaves long and narrow. Fruit tawny when
mature, not winged, 9-nerved.
27. C. straminea Willd. : spikes about 5, (4 — 7,) roundish, approxi-
mate, with short bracts at the base ; fruit roundish-ovate, rostrate,
compressed, broadly ovate, bidentate, serrulate, longer than the lance-
olate glume.
Hab. Wet meadows. N. Y. and N. Eng. May. U- — Culm
8 — 12 inches high, leafy. Spikes yellowish when mature. Fruit
acuminate.
28. C.fatnca Muhl. : spikes numerous, (8 — 10,) inferior ones dis-
tinct, upper ones aggregated and confluent ; fruit ovate, acuminated,
winged, bidentate, somewhat longer than the ovate glume.
Hab. Marshes. Penn. to Car. June. 2_f. — Culm 2 feet high,
obtusely triangular, furrowed. Spikes subglobose. Glumes
ribbed, ciliate.
29. C. cristata Schw. $ Torr. : spikes numerous, (8 — 15.) aggregat-.
ed into a kind of head ; fruit ovate-lanceolate, winged, diverging, ser-
rate, longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume.
Hab. Wet woods. N. Y. Mass. Penn. ; common. June. Zf.
— Culm 2 or more feet high. Spikes crowded into an ovate
head.
CYPERACE.E. 435
30. C. festucacea Sckk. : spikes obovate, (5—8,) subapproximate,
bracteate ; fruit roundish-ovate, rostrate, bidentate, winged, serrulate
on the margin, longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume.
IIab. Meadows and woods. Throughout the U. S. Maj*. 11.
— Culm 30 inches high, sometimes decumbent. Fruit silvery
white or pale green, not becoming tawny.
31. C. stellulata Good. : spikes 3 — 4, rather remote, upper one at-
tenuate at the* base, the rest ovate ; fruit ovate, plano-convex, spread-
ing, and at length reflexed, short-acuminate, scabrous on the margin.
Hab. Wet grounds. N. Y. to Car. May. U — Culm 8— 18
inches high, slender. Fruit broad ovate, almost cordate when
ripe. •
32. C. scirpoides Sckk. : spikes 4, ovate, obtuse, approximate, upper-
most one clavate ; fruit ovate, bidentate, plano-convex, erect, and a
little spreading, but not reflexed, subcordate, serrulate, longer than the
ovate obtuse glume.
Hab. Wet meadows. N. Y. to Car. May. U.— Culm 6— 12
inches high, stiffly erect. Fruit erect or spreading horizontally.
33. -' '. curia Good. : spikes about 6, subremote, somewhat cylindric-
ovate, tumid, sessile ; fruit short-ovate, plano-convex, rather acute,
erect, entire at the point.
Hab. Wet meadows. Can. and N. Y. May. If.— Culm 2 feet
high, nodding at the top. Glumes whitish, with a green keel.
34. C. tenera Dae. : spikes about 5, obovate, rather remote, sessile
attenuate at the base, the lowest bracteate ; fruit ovate, compressed,
rostrate,- serrulate, longer than the oblong-lanceolate glume.
Hab. Moist meadows. Mass. N. Y. May. 2/.— Culm 15— 30
inches high. Spikes nodding, brownish. — Resembles C. scopa-
ria. but differs in- the form of the fruit. Dr. Torrey queries
whether it is not C. steriMs.
35. C. remota Linn. : spikes alternate, remote ; bracts leafy, very
long ; fruit ovate acuminate, bifid, somewhat compressed.
Hab. Woods. Penn. ? Ton. N. to Arc. Amer.
2. With 3 stigmas.
3(3. C. atrata Linn. : androgynous spikes 3, pedunculate, crowded,
subpendulous in fruit, (black ;) fruit roundish-ovate, with a short beak,
bidentate.
Hab. White Hills. N. H. Nutt. Rocky Mountains. James.
June. 11. — Culm 0 inches high. Spikes large, black.
c. Summits of the highest and lozcest spikelcts staminiferous — the middle
spikes entirely staminiferous.
1. With 2 stigmas.
37. C. siccata Dae. : terminal spikes obtuse ; lower ones mostly in
fours, ovate, somewhat acute ; fruit ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, com-
pressed, scabrous on the margin, bifid, nerved, nearly equal to the
ovate-lanceolate scale.
436 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Sandy plains. Mass. June. 24.. — Culm 12—18 inches*
high, small, stiff and scabrous. Spikes 3 — 7, ovate, approxi-
mate. Plant of a light green colour, and of a dried appearance.
tt Terminal spikes androgynous ; the rest pistilUferous ; stigmas 3.
38. C. virescens Muhl. : spikes 3, oblong, erect ; upper one pedun-
culate, sterile below, the rest fertile, subsessile and bracteate ; fruit
ovate, obtuse, costate, pubescent.
b. costata S. 4* T. : spikes larger ; fruit strongly costate ; exterior
sheaths purple.
Hab. Dry woods. Can. to Car. May. 74.— Culm 18—24
inches high. Leaves and sheaths pubescent- Spikes approxi-
mate. Plant dull green. Var. b. is larger in all its parts.
39. C. hirsuta Willd. : spikes 3. erect, approximate, densely fruited,
upper one ovate-oblong, on a short peduncle ;. the rest ovate, subses-
sile, bracteate; fruit roundish-ovate, nerved, obtuse, smooth, orifice
entire, longer than the ovate acuminate glumes ; leaves and sheaths
pubescent.
Hab. Rocky woods and meadows. Can. to Geor. W. to Mich-
May. IX. — Culm 12 — 18 inches high. Fruit pubescent when
young. — Resembles C. virescens, but differs in its shorter and
thicker spikes and in the fruit being smooth when mature.
40. C. buzbaumii Wahl. : spikes ohoxxt 4, obovate, subremote, upper
one androgynous and pedunculate, the rest sessile, with very long
bracts ; fruit ovate, obtuse, rather compressed, orifice entire, shorter
than the ovate acuminate (brown) glume.
Hab. Swamps. N. S. W. to Mich. June. If. — Culm 2 feet
high. Glumes dark brown. Fruit smooth, pale green.
41. C. digitalis Muhl. : spikes mostly 4, distant, slender, peduncu-
late, loosely-flowered, nodding; uppermost androgynous, fertile above;
the rest all fertile ; fruit oblong, subtriquetrous, obtuse, smooth, longer
than the oblong mucronate glume. — C. gracillima Dew.
Hab. Wet meadows. N. Y. N. Eng. and Penn. W. to Mich.
May. 11. — Culm 18 inches high, slender, but erect. Sjrikes
linear and filiform. Plant smooth and pale green.
42. C.formosa Dcio. : spikes 4, oblong, thick, distant, on exsert pe-
duncles, nodding, uppermost one sterile at the base ; fruit oblong, tri-
quetrous, somewhat inflated, rather acute at each end ; orifice nearly
entire or 2-lobed, obscurely nerved, twice as long as the ovate acute
glume.
Hab. Wet meadows. Mass. Dew. May. U.—Culm 12—18
inches high. Leaves sometimes pubescent. Plant yellowish-
green. — Allied to the preceding, but differs in its acute fruit,
shorter and ovate spikes, &c.
43. C. torreyana Deic. : spikes 4, filiform, pedunculate, somewhat
nodding, uppermost one sterile at the base ; fruit oblong, triquetrous.
CYPERACE.E. 437
•
acute at each end, slightly 2-lobed, shorter than the oblong awned
glume ; leaves and sheaths pubescent.
Hab. Meadows. N. Y. ; rare. June. 11. — Culm 18 inches
high. Spikes slender. Rachis flexuous. Glumes hv aline.
+tt Staminifcrous and pistilUfcrous spikes distinct.
' Staminifcrous spike solitary.
1. With 2 stigmas.
44. C. nova: anglia: Seine, fy Torr. : sterile spike on a short pedun-
cle ; fertile 2 — 3, sessile, ovate, few-flowered, rather remote ; fruit
oval-subtriquetrous, rostrate, minutely pubescent, longer than the
ovate-mucronate glume •, culm slender, subdecumbent.
Hab. Saddle Mountain. Mass. June. H. — Culm G — 8 inches
high, with very small and narrow leaves. Spikes usually 4-flow-
ered, lower ones distant.
45. C. aurca Nutt. : fertile spikes mostly 3, oblong, loose flowered,
gubpendulous, rather approximate, lower ones pedunculate ; fruit obo-
vate or pyriform, obtuse, nerved, entire at the orifice, longer than the
ovate acute glume.
Hab. Wet rocks. Can., N. Y. and Mass. W. to Mich. May,
June. . 11. — Culm 4 — 10 inches high, subprocumbent, slender.
Fruit orange coloured when mature.
2. With 3 stigmas.
§ Pistillifcrous spikes sessile, or icith the peduncles inclosed.
46. C. varia Muhl. : fertile spikes 2 — 3, approximate^ few-flowered,
ovate, subsessile ; sterile spike sessile, (or on a short peduncle ;) fruit
subglobose, acuminate, bifid, obtusely triangular, hispidly pubescent,
as long as the ovate acuminate glume.
Hab. Dry woods. Hudson's Bay to G.eor. April. 11. — Culm
8 — 12 inches high, erect, filiform. Fruit ventricose, nearly
globose.
47. C. marginata Muhl. : sterile spike pedunculate ; fertile spikes
mostly 2, approximate, subglobose, subsessile ; fruit globose, woolly,
bidentate, longer than the ovate-oblong glume.
Hab. Dry woods. Can. to Car. ; common. April. 11. — Culm
8 — 12 inches high, slender. Sterile spike somewhat 3-sided.
Glumes brown, with a white margin.
48. C. vestita Willd. : sterile spike mostly solitary, (rarely geminate,
with the upper one elongate,) pedunculate, cylindrical-oblong ; fertile
2. ovate-oblong, sessile, subapproximate, sometimes sterile at the sum-
mit ; fruit ovate, subtriquetrous, nerved, with a short rostrum, pubes-
cent, rather longer than the ovate mucronate glume.
Uab. Wet grounds. Mass. to Geor. ; rather rare. May, June.
11- — -Culms in tufts 2 feet high. Glumes brown, with a white
margin. Fruit with a short and bifid beak.
49. C. pubescens Muhl. : sterile spike subsessile ; fertile 3, oblong,
erect, rather loosely-flowered, the lowest on a short peduncle ; fruit
37*
438 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
ovate triquetrous, rostrate, pubescent, orifice nearly entire, as long as
the ovate mucronate glume ; leaves and culm pubescent.
Hab. Woods. Can. toPenn. May. 2L — CWra 12— 18 inches
high, erect or subdecumbent. Leaves very pubescent.
50. C. jlava Linn. : sterile spike on a short peduncle ; fertile mostly
3, ovate, subapproximate, (the lowest rather remote,) on short includ-
ed peduncles ; fruit ovate, densely imbricate, bidentate, with a curved
and reflexed rostrum, shorter than the ovate-lanceolate glume.
Hab. Meadows. Can. and N. Y. 2L— Culm 12— 14
inches high, erect. Fertile spikes 2 — 4. Whole plant greenish-
yellow. — Found in the western part of New- York, by Dr. Gray.
51. C. ccderi Linn. : sterile spike on a short peduncle ; fertile about
3, ovate, approximate, subpedunculate, densely flowered ; fruit ovate-
globose, horizontal, with a straight rostrum.
Hab. Rocky banks. Hudson's Bay, Can., N. Y. and N. J.
June. 1L — Culm 8 — 12 inches high. — Resembles C. Jlava, but
differs in having the spikes more densely flowered and the fruit
smaller.
52. C. tentacidata Muhl. : fertile spikes 2 — 3, (rarely 4,) sessile, ovate
or ovate-cylindrical, approximate, horizontal ; bracts very long ; fruit
ovate, ventricose, nerved, with a very long rostrum, orifice bidentate.
longer than the lanceolate glume.
Hab. Wet meadows. Can. to Geor. May, June. 2L — Culm
12 — 18 inches high. Spikes large and thick, varying in length.
Plant yellowish-green.
53. C. nigra Ml. : sterile spike pedunculate ; fertile 2 — 3, (rarely
4,) rather remote, oblong (black) sessile, erect; fruit obovate, com-
pressed-triquetrous, subacute, orifice entire, as long as the ovate glume.
Hab. Labrador. White Hills, N. H. July. U.—Culm 8-12
inches high. Fndt smooth and nerveless. Stigmas 2 — 3.
54. C. lupulina Muhl. : sterile spike on a short peduncle, (rarely
geminate ;) fertile 3, subsessile, ovate-oblong, erect, approximate ;
bracts very long and leafy ; fruit ovate, inflexed, nerved, long-rostrate,
bicuspidate, much longer than the ovate glume.
b. polystachia T. # S. : fertile spikes 5, oblong-cylindric, lowest
one remote, on a long peduncle.
c. pedunculata Gray: fertile spikes all pedunculate; the lower
long-pedunculate, distant, the 3 upper subumbellate.
Hab. Swamps. Hudson's Bay to Geor. June. 1L — Culm
2—3 feet high, very thick, smooth and leafy. Spikes very thick.
— Var. c. was found by Dr. Gray on the shores of Lake Erie.
It flowers in July.
55. C '. folliculata Linn. : sterile spike pedunculate; fertile 2, (often
solitary,) roundish, approximate, few-flowered, upper one sessile, low-
er one short peduncled ; bracts leafy ; fruit ovate, acuminate-rostrate,
ovate, reflexed and diverging, bicuspidate.
CYPERACEiE. 439
Hab. Swamps. Can. to Geor. June. If. — Culm 18 inches
high. Spikes 6 — 10-flowered. Plant dark green.
56. C. zanthopltysa Wuhl. : fertile spikes 3—4, ovate, very remote,
pedunculate, few-flowered ; fruit oblong-conical, somewhat inflated,
striate, horizontal when mature, acute, bifid, longer than the ovate
acuminate-glume.
Hab. Swamps. N. Y. to Car. June. Culm 2 — 4 feet high,
slender, leafy. Fmit 1-2 inch long, tapering into a long acute
point. — Plant at length yellow-green.
57. C. subulaia Mich. : sterile spikes short-pedunculate ; fertile
mostly 4, sessile, or with included peduncles, very remote, few- flower-
ed, sterile at the apex ; fruit subulate, reflexed, much longer than the
lanceolate glume ; culm very slender.
Hab. Cedar swamps. N. J. July. Culm 2 feet or more high.
Spikes 3 — 5-flowered. Fruit with a long slender beak.
58. C. alpestris All. : fertile spikes 3, 5-flowered, the 2 uppermost
approximate and sessile, the lowest radical, on a long peduncle ; fruit
obovate-oblong, triquetrous, scarcely rostrate, subpubescent, orifice
oblique, as long as the oblong-glume.
Hab. "Woody hills. Mass. Culm 6 inches high.
59. C. collccta Dae. : sterile spike solitary, erect, loosely imbricate,
slender, subpcduncled ; fertile spikes mostly in threes, ovate, few-flow-
ered, bracted ; lower one on a short peduncle ; fruit ovate, beaked,
sub-bidentate, somewhat pubescent, longer than the ovate acute scale.
Hab. Bogs. Mass. May. Culm 6 — 10 inches high, procum-
bent when mature. Plant light green.— Allied to C. novee anglice,
but differs in number of stigmas and in other characters. From
C. raria it differs in its staminate spike, its manner of growth,
scale, and in its fruit being more ovate, &c.
§§ Pislillifcrous spikes on exsert peduncles, partly sheathed at the base.
60. C. alba Hanke. : sterile spike pedunculate ; fertile 2 — 3, pedun-
culate, about 5-flowered ; fruit obovate, with a short rostrum, obliquely
truncate ; sheath at the base of the culm hyaline, leafless.
Hab. Limestone hills. N. H. and Ver. June. Culm 4—10
inches high, filiform, sulcate. Bracts ovate, white. Fruit black
when mature.
61. C. plantaginca Lam. : fertile spikes mostly 4, on peduncles
scarcely exserted, loosely flowered ; fruit oblong-cuneiform, trique-
trous, recurved at the apex ; culm sheathed at the apex ; sheaths of
the culm all leafless, (coloured ;) leaves broad.
Hab. Mountain woods. N. Y. Mass. and Penn. April, May.
Culm 8 — 12 inches high, nearly leafless, with purple sheaths.
Glumes dark brown.
62. C. anceps Muhl. : fertile spikes mostly 3, remote, subcylindric,
loosely flowered, lower ones pedunculate ; fruit ovate, triangular.
440 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
acute, striate, narrowed at the base, orifice obscurely bidentate, about
as long as the ovate cuspidate glume. — C. plantaginea Muhl. Ell.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. April, May. Culm 12 — 14 inches
high. Leaves sometimes very broad ; hence this plant has been
eonfounded with the preceding.
C3. C. oligocarpa Schk. : fertile spikes 3, pedunculate, few-flower-
ed : lower peduncles elongate ; fruit short-ovate, acutely triangular,
with a short rostrum, orifice entire, longer than the ovate glume.
Hab. Rocky woods. Hudson's Bay to Penn. May. Culms in
tufts, 6 inches high, slender, with the angles very prominent.
Leaves subglaucous. Spikes 5 — 8-flowered.
64. C. scabrata Seine. Sf Torr. : fertile spikes 5, subremote, cylindri-
cal, mostly erect, lower ones long-pedunculate ; fruit ovate, with an
acuminate rostrum, subventricose, scabrous, orifice oblique and some-
what bifid, longer than the ovate-lanceolate ciliate glume.
Hab. Swamps. N. H. Mass. N. Y. May. Culm 18 inches
high. Leaves long and very rough. Plant dark green.
65. C. conoidea Schk. : fertile spikes 2 — 3, oblong, remote, rather
loose, uppermost subsessile, lower ones on long peduncles ; fruit ob-
long-conical, obtuse, recurved at the apex, as long as the awned glume.
— C. llanda Deic.
Hab. Woods, &c. Can. to Car. May. Culm 6 — 12 inches
high; angles scabrous. Leases thin and flat. Spikes pale green.
—A variable species.
66. C. tetanica Schk. : sterile spike long-pedunculate ; fertile 2 — 3,
remote, rather densely flowered, upper one subsessile, lowest on a long
peduncle : fruit ovate-oblong, acute at each end, nerved, subgibbous at
the summit, oblique, orifice' entire, longer than the ovate mucronate
glume. — C. granular ioides Dew.
Hab. Wet meadows. Can. to Car. May. Culm a foot high,
Spikes very remote.
67. C. laxiflora Lam. : sterile spike subsessile ; fertile mostly 3,
rather loose, remote, pedunculate, erect ; fruit ovate oblong, ventri-
cose, obtuse, somewhat shining, longer than the ovate cuspidate glume.
Hab. Woods, &c. Can, to Geor. May. Culm 12 — 18 inches
high. Fruit shining, inflated when mature.
68. C. granularis Muhl. : sterile spike sessile or short-pedunculate ;
fertile mostly 3, remote, cylindrical, dense ; uppermost subsessile, low-
est on a long peduncle ; fruit globose-ovate, nerved, orifice entire ;
rostrum very short and recurved.
Hab. Wet grounds. Can. to Penn. May. Culm a foot high.
Leaves subglaucous. Fruit ventricose, strongly nerved.
69. C sylvatica Huds. : fertile spikes mostly 4, remote, filiform,
dense, peduncles nodding ; fruit ovate, rostrate, bifid, twice as long as
the ovate mucronate glume.
CYPERACE.E. 441
Hab. Woods. Can. and N. S. May. Culm 12—18 inches
high. Spike 1 1-2 inches long. Plant pale green.
70. C.flczuosa Muhl. : fertile spikes 4, remote, filiform, on nodding
peduncles ; fruit distant, alternate, oblong, acute at each end, rostrate,
bifid, twice as long as the ovate-mucronate glume.
Hab. Wet meadows. Can. to Geor. June. Culm l5 — 24
inches high, sometimes procumbent. Leaves narrow. Spikes 2
inches long. Rachis at length flexuous.
71. ('. icashingtoniana Deic. : sterile spike solitary, erect: fertile
spikes oblong, cylindric, subsessile, subremote, erect ; flowers some-
what scattered ; fruit Oval, acute at each end, compressed, shortly
beaked, with a smooth and entire orifice, about equalling the ovate-
oblong, acuti.sh scale.
II vis. Damp grounds. White Mountains, N. H. June. Culm
a foot high, scabrous above. Fertile spikes 2 — 4 inches long,
loose flowered. Plant light green, spikes black or dark brown.
72. C. halseyana Dew. : sterile spikes mostly 2, oblong, erect, ses-
sile, lower ones shorter ; fertile spikes remote from the sterile, solitary,
oblong, cylindric, on a long peduncle, erect, loosely flowered, (rarely 2,
distant and with the upper one staminiferous above ;) fruit oval-ovate,
shortly beaked, subtriquetrous, inflated, nerved, smooth, orifice ob-
lique, a little longer than the ovate acutish scale.
I Jab. Meadows. Mass. May. Culm 1 — 2 feet high, purplish
near the base. Fertile spikes 1 — 2. Plant dark green.
§§§ Pistilliferous spikes on long peduncles, nearly destitute of sheaths.
73. C. umhellata Schk. : cespitose ; fertile spikes mostly 4, ovate,
few-flowered, one sessile at the summit of the culm, the rest on rad-
ical peduncles and appearing subumbellate ; fruit ovate, acuminate-
rostrate, subpubescent, as long as the ovate acuminate glume.
Hab. Rocky grounds. N. Y. N. Eng. Penn. April, May.
Culm 1 — 6 inches high. Leaves longer than the culm. Spikes
3—5, G— 8 flowered.
74. C. miliacea Muhl. : fertile spikes 3. slender and cylindrical, nod-
ding, slender and filiform ; fruit ovate, triangular, without nerves,
fclightly rostrate, orifice entire, as long as the ovate-lanceolate glume.
Hab. Wet grounds. Can. to Geor. May. Culm 15 inches high.
Spikes 1 — 2 inches long.
75. C. pallescens Linn. : fertile spikes 2 — 3, ovate-cylindrical, dense,
at length somewhat nodding; fruit obovate-oblong, obtuse; sheaths
and culm pubescent.
Hab. Wet grounds. Mass. and N. Y. Culm a foot high, sili-
cate. Fertile spikes 2 — 3, elliptic, thick, pale green.
76. C. hystcricina IVilld. : sterile spike pedunculate ; fertile 2 — 3,
thick, at length cernuous, upper one inclusely pedunculate, the rest
on exsert peduncles ; fruit ovate, inflated, subhorizontal, many-nerved,
rostrate, orifice bifid, twice as long as the oblong awned glume.
442 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Wet grounds. Can to Geor. May. Culm 18 inches
high, scabrous above. Plant yellowish-green.
77. C. pseudo-cyperus Linn. : fertile spikes 4, cylindrical, peduncu-
late, upper ones subgeminate ; fruit oblong-lanceolate, rostrate, reflex-
ed, many-nerved ; apex divaricately bifid.
Hab.' Swamps. Can. to Geor. June. Culm 2—3 feet high,
thick, scabrous at the angles. Spikes 2 inches long, dense.
73. C. limosa Linn. : fertile spikes mostly 2, ovate or oblong-ovate,
pedunculate, somewhat distant, pendulous ; fruit suborbicular-elliptic,
compressed; with a very short rostrum, (green,) orifice entire, as long
as the ovate mucronate glume. — C. lenticularis Mich. Deic.
Hab. Swamps. Arc. Amer. N. Y. and N. Eng. June. Culm
9 — 24 inches high, very smooth. Glumes variable in length,
ovate or oblong, acuminate or cuspidate.
79. C. hiichcockiana Dae. : sterile spike solitary, erect, peduncled ;
fertile ones mostly in threes, erect, pedunculate, lower one remote ;
flowers few and scattered ; fruit subtriquetrous, oval, inflated, alternate
both sides, recurved at the apex, striate, with a short truncate and
open beak, nearly equal to the oblong or ovate mucronate scale.
Hab. Mountain woods. Mass. May. Culm 16 — 24 inches
high, and with the leaves scabrous-pubescent. Fertile spikes
2 — 4. Plant dark green. — Allied to G. laziflora, but distinguish-
ed by its fruit and rough pubescence.
** Siaminifergus spikes 2 or more.
1. With 2 stigmas.
80. C. ccspitosa Linn. : sterile spike subsolitary, (or geminate ;) fertile
mostly 3. cylindrical, obtuse, distant, the lower on a short exser.t pe-
duncle ; bracts strict ; fruit ovate, somewhat acute, densely fruited in
about 8 rows ; orifice minute, longer than the ovate (black and mar-
gined) glume ; leaves spreading.
Hae. Mountain bogs. Can. to Penn. May. Culm 12 — 18 in-
ches high. Leaves dark green. Fruit ovate, nerveless, green.
81. C. crinita Lam. : sterile spikes geminate, (sometimes androgyn-
ous;) fertile 4, distant, pendulous, cylindrical, dense ; fruit roundish-
ovate, ventricose, slightly rostrate, orifice entire, much shorter than
the linear glume.
b. gynandra S. fy T. : fertile spikes 3, oblong-cylindrical ; fruit
short-ovate, somewhat longer than the awned glume.
Hae. Swamps and meadows. Can. to Geor. June. Culm
2—4 feet high. Leaves pale green. Spike 2 — 3 inches long..
Var. b. has the culm about a foot and the fruit yellowish when
mature.
82. C. acuta Linn. : sterile spikes 1—3 ; fertile mostly 3, subpedun-
culate, somewhat nodding, cylindrical, remote ; fruit oblong, entire at
the orifice, as long as the oblong acute glume.
Hab. Wet grounds. Can. to Car. May. Culm 2 feet high,
acutely triquetrous. Leaves subglaucous. Glumes brown.
CYPERACEiE. 443
S3. C. aquatilis WaJd. : sterile spikes numerous or one erect, oblong,
about 3-sided ; fertile mostly 3, on short peduncles, cylindric, thick-
clavate-above, dense flowered, subcrect, sometimes sterile at the apex ;
fruit elliptic, sublenticular, smooth, with the orifice entire and protrud-
ed, about equal to the ovate acutish scale.
Hab. Bogs. Mass. May. Culm 20—30 inches, erect. — Close-
ly allied to the preceding, but differs in its larger and thicker
densely flowered spikes, in its broader leaves, its almost obtuse
angled culm, and lighter colour.
2. With 3 stigmas.
84. C. barrait'd Seine. $ Torr. : sterile spikes' subgeminate ; fertile
about 3, oblong-cylindrical, sterile at the summit, nodding, distant ;
fruit oblong, subtriquetrous, somewhat scabrous, orifice subentire ; a
little shorter than the ovate lanceolate glumes ; leaves glaucous.
Hab. Sea coast. N. Y. May. Culm, a foot high, rigid. Leaves
very smooth and glaucous. Glumes dark brown.
85. C. trichocarpa MuhL : sterile spikes 2 — 4, pedunculate, (some-
times sterile at the summit ;) fertile 3, distant, pedunculate, erect,
oblong-cylijndrical ; fruit ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, bicuspidate,
hairy, longer than the ovate acuminate glume.
Hab. Swamps. Can. to Geor. May. Culm 3 feet high. Fer-
tile spikes cylindric, thick.
86. C. filiformis Linn. : sterile spike geminate ; fertile 2, ovate-ob-
long, sessile, distant ; fruit elliptical, villous, bifurcate, as long as the
ovate-lanceolate somewhat awned glume; leaves convolute.
Hab. Bogs. N. Y. Mass. N. J. W. to Mich. Culm 2—3
feet high. Leaves mostly radical, 2 — 3 feet long, filiform above.
87. C. vesicaria Linn. : sterile spikes 3 ; fertile mostly 2, peduncu-
late, cylindrical ; fruit oblong, inflated, acuminate-rostrate, bicuspi-
date, longer than the lanceolate glume ; culm acutely triquetrous.
Hab. Meadows. N. Y. Perm. W. to Mich. May. Culm 2
feet high. Spikes dense, 2 — 3 inches long.
88. C. ampullacca W'dld. : sterile spikes 3 ; fertile 2—3, cylindrical,
short pedunculate, erect ; fruit subglobose, inflated, rostrate, bifurcate,
longer than the lanceolate glume ; culm obtusely triangular.
Hab. Meadows. Mass. N. to Arctic Amer.
89. C. rctrorsa Schw. S? Torr. : sterile spike.s about 3. lower one of-
ten fertile at the base ; fertile spikes about 5, approximate, (and clus-
tered in a subcorymbose manner,) oblong-cylindrical, inclusely pedun-
culate, lowest one often remote ; fruit ovate, inflated, reflexed, ros-
trate, half as long as the lanceolate glume.
Hab. Near ponds. N. Y. and N. Eng. May. Culm 2 feet
high. Fertile spikes thick. Fruit large.
90. C. schu-cinitzii Deic. : sterile spikes 2, upper one elongate, pe-
dunculate ; fertile 3, oblong-cylindrical, subpendulous, rather remote,
444 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
inclusely pedunculate ; fruit oblong-ovate, acuminate-rostrate, inflat-
ed, bifurcate, longer than the lanceolate attenuate glume.
Hab. Wet sandy soil. N. Eng. and N. J. June. Ctdm a foot
high, rather slender. Spikes pale straw colour.
91. C. bullata Schk. : sterile spikes 3 ; fertile 2, oblong-cylindrical,
rather loose, exsertly pedunculate and somewhat nodding, distant ;
fruit ovate-globose, inflated, erect, smooth, costate, rostrate-acumi-
nate, orifice bifid, twice as long as the lanceolate glume.
Hab. Wet grounds. N. Y. Mass. Penn. Culm 18— 24 inches
high, slender, smooth. Fertile spikes remote, few-flowered.
92. C. pellita Muhl. : sterile spikes 2, oblong ; fertile 2, cylindrical,
remote, erect, upper one sessile ; fruit ovate, subtriquetrous, short-
rostrate, hairy, bicuspidate, equal to the oblong awned glume.
Hab. Wet grounds. Can. to Penn. May. Culm 2 1-2 feet
high. Leaves rigid, flat, long.
93. C. lacustris Wxlld. : sterile spikes about 4 ; fertile 2 — 3, erect,
oblong-cylindrical, short pedunculate ; fruit oblong, many-nerved, sub-
rostrate, smooth, bifurcate, somewhat longer than the oblong mucron-
ate glume.
Hab. Swamps, &c. Can. to Car. June. Culm 3 — 5 feet high.
Leaves broad. Fruit brown.
94. C. longirostris Schw. $ Torr. : sterile spikes 3, short ; fertile
2 — 3, cylindrical, loose, at length pendulous, long-pedunculate, sub-
distant ; fruit ovate, subglobose at the base, smooth, bifid, rostrum
very long, longer than the lanceolate glume.
Hab. Wet meadows. N. Eng. W. to Mich. Cray. Culm 2
feet high. Fertile spikes on filiform exsert peduncles.
CELLULARES, orFLOWERLESS
PLANTS.
Plants without flowers and spiral vessels, composed chiefly
of cellular tissue — Acotyledones, Juss. — Cryptogamous
or jEtheogamous Plants of Authors.
Div. I. FILICOIDEiE, or FERN-LIKE PLANTS.
Obs. The following account of our Filicoid plants is the result of
long and attentive study. In addition to my own collection, which
embraces most of the American, and many foreign species, I have
carefully examined the specimens in the herbarium of Muhlenberg,
and in that of Mr. Schweinitz, which were generously loaned to me by
that gentleman. I have also received specimens from friends in different
parts of our country, especially from Dr. Asa Gray, N. Y., Dr. T. R.
Ingalls, Louisiana. Prof. Hitchcock, Mass. To Dr. A. F. Holmes, of
Montreal, I am indebted for an almost entire suite of Canadian ferns.
Order CXL. EQUISETACEjE. Be Cand. hind.
Fructification in terminal spikes, composed of peltate sev-
eral-sided scales, producing on their inner surface 4 — 7 elon-
gated involucres, which contain the seeds. Seeds or sporules
numerous, globose, surrounded by four elastic clavate fila-
ments, which are dilated at the extremity.
Leafless plants, with whorled branches. Stem fistular,
jointed ; the joints separable and surrounded by membran-
ous toothed sheaths. — The cuticle abounds in silex.
1. EQUISETUM. Linn.
Obs. The only genus of the order ; the character therefore need
not be repeated.
1. E. palustre Linn.: stems deeply furrowed, smooth; branched;
branches simple, 5-sided, curved upwards ; sheath subappressed, dis-
tant, cut at the apex into 10 fuscous teeth ; spike oblong, blackish.
38
446 ACOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Swamps. Arc. Amer. to Vir. May, June. 2_£. — Stems
12 — 18 inches high, deeply sulcate and roughish ; branches
whorled and nearly erect. Spike an inch long, slender and
blackish.
2. E. sylvaticum Linn. : branches of both the fertile and sterile stems
compound, scabrous, curved downwards, 3- or 4-sided ; sheath sloose.
deeply cleft into membranous segments.
Hab. Low grounds. N. S. N. to Arc. Amer. May. Z£.—
Stems 12 — 18 inches high. — Well characterized by its 4 or 5
whorls of compound branches.
3. E. hyemalc Linn. : stems all simple, erect, very rough, naked,
bearing spikes at the apex ; sheaths short, whitish, black at the base
and apex ; teeth awned, at length caducous.
Hab. Woods and marshes. Can. and N. S. W. to Miss. June,
July. 11. — Stems simple, 1 — 2 feet high, naked, furrowed,
terminating in an oval head. Sheaths nearly equidistant, about
2 inches apart. Scouring Rush.
A. E. limosum Linn. : steins branched upwards, (sometimes simple;)
branches simple, short, 5-sided, smooth ; spike oblong or ovate ;
sheaths appressed. — E. uliginosum Willd. Pursh.
Hab. Borders of swamps. N. S. July. ZJ\— Stems 2—3 feet
high, erect, simple or with a few whorls of branches at the top.
Sheaths numerous, short, with 15 — 20 narrow acute teeth. Spike
brown, scarcely an inch long.
5. E. Jluviatile Linn. : sterile stems branching, somewhat scabrous ;
branches numerous, angled ; fertile ones with broad sheaths ; teeth
long, cuspidate. — E. tel mateia Ehrh.
Hab. Buffalo, N. Y., and the shores of Lake Superior. Toir.
21. — Fertile stems appearing first, a foot high. Sterile stems 2 — 5
feet high,' with numerous joints and many long verticillate
branches. Spike oblong.
6. E. arvense Linn. : sterile stems somewhat decumbent, with simple,
square and scabrous branches ; fertile ones erect, simple ; sheaths in-
cisely toothed, cylindrical ; teeth acute.
Hab. Moist grounds. N. S. N. to Arc. Amer. April, May.
11. — Fertile stems appearing first, 6—8 inches high, with large
ovate brownish spikes. Sheatlis 3 — 5, swelling, whitish at base,
ending in 6 — 8 long acute teeth. Sterile stems a foot or more
high, jointed, with whorls of ascending branches, which are 3
or 4-cornered.
7. E. variegatum Smith : cespitose ; stems somewhat branched at
base, naked, filiform, scabrous, bearing a blackish spike at the top ;
sheaths 3-toothed, blackish; teeth membranaceous, lanceolate, whitish,
deciduous at the tips. — E. scirpoides Mich. Pursh.
Hab. Woods on high grounds. Can. and N. S. N. to Arc.
Amer. July. 11. — Stems 3—6 inches high, many from the
same root, simple, filiform, 5-sided. Spike small, ovate, black-
ish.—Our plant differs in no respect from the foreign, except in
its smaller size.
FILICES. 447
Order CXLI. FILICES. Juss. Lind.
Fructification only of one kind on the same individual.
Capsules spiked or racemed, or mostly collected into clusters
of various shapes (sori) upon the back of the leaf or frond,
naked or covered with an involucre, often surrounded by an
elastic ring and opening irregularly, or without a ring and
opening with a regular fissure. Seeds or sporulcs minute.
Leafy plants with a horizontal stem or caudcx (rhizoma.)
Fronds before expansion, circinate, simple or variously branch-
ed and divided.
Div. I. Polypodiace.e. Capsules furnished with a verti-
cal usually incomplete ring, bursting irregularly and trans-
versely.
1. POLYPODIUM. Linn.
Sori roundish, scattered on various parts of the lower sur-
face of the frond. Involucre none.
* Frond pinnatifid.
1. P. vulgare Linn. : frond smooth, deeply pinnatifid ; segments ob-
long-obtuse, slightly serrate, the upper ones becoming gradually smal-
ler ; sori solitary — and P. virginianum Willd.
Hab. Rocky woods. Arc. Amer. to Car. W. to Miss. July.
1[. — Fern G— 10 inches high. Root creeping, clothed with
brownish chaffy scales. Stipe smooth. Sori large, in double
rows, yellowish, at length dark coloured.
** Frond bipinnatifid.
2. P. hexa gonopterum Mich. : frond bipinnatifid, rather smooth, the
lower divisions deflexed; segments lanceolate, obtuse, ciliate ; lower
ones deeply crenate ; upper ones very entire ; the lowest adnate-de-
current; sori minute ; stipe smooth.
Hab. Moist woods. Can. to Car. July. If.— Fern 12—13
inches high. Frond forming a triangle in its circumference,
connected by a sort of hexagonal membrane ; the 2 — 3 lower
divisions often deflected. So?-i very minute.
3 P. phegopteris Linn. : frond bipinnatifid, the two lower divisions
deflexed ; segments linear-lanceolate, obtuse, entire., ciliate, the lower-
most ones adnate-decurrent ; veins hairy ; sori solitary, marginal. —
P. conncctile Willd. and the American authors.
Hab. Shady woods. Throughout the U. S. July, Aug. Lf . —
A careful comparison of specimens has satisfied me that our
plant is not distinct from the foreign one. It differs from the
preceding in- having a ehaffy stipe and larger sori. The whole
fern also js smalleF.
448 ACOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
*** Frond ternate, bipinnate.
4. P. dryopteris Linn. : frond ternate, bipinnate, spreading and de-
flexed ; segments obtuse, somewhat crenate ; sori marginal; roo--.
filiform, creeping.
Hab. Hanover, N. H. Big. Arc. Amer. ; rare. July. 2L-—
Fern a foot high. Root black, creeping and slender. Stipt
slender, smooth and erect. Frond drooping, tender and of a
light green colour. — Often confounded with the next, from
which it is distinct.
5. P. calcareum Smith : frond ternate, bipinnate, erect, rather
rigid ; segments somewhat obtuse, subentire ; sori marginal, conflu-
ent— Nephrodium dryopteris Mich.
Hab. Wet shady grounds. Can. to Penn. July. If. — Differs
from the preceding in its more rigid habit, its somewhat duller
green and paler confluent sori, as was first shown by Sir J. E.
Smith. Mr. Charles S. Parker, of Liverpool, a very accurate
botanist, informs me that P. dryopteris and calcareum are found
in one locality, near Matlock, (Eng.) and that they preserve
their distinct characters in cultivation.
2. ONOCLEA. Linn.
Capsules covering the whole lower surface of the frond. In-
volucre formed of the frond turned inwards, resembling a
berry, opening but not expanding.
. I. O. sensibilis Linn. : sterile fronds pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate,
acute, laciniate, upper ones united ; fertile fronds bipinnate, resem-
bling a compound spike, with recurved globular segments ; rachis
smooth.
Hab. Moist woods. Can. to Flor. July. 11. — Fronds several,
12 — 18 inches high, with a long and smooth stipe ; the fertile
ones very narrow.
2- O. obtusilobata Schh. : sterile fronds pinnate ; pinnae opposite,
pinnatifid ; segments rounded, lower ones gradually smaller, upper
ones united ; fertile fronds bipinnate ; pinnules incised, recurved-glo-
bose, villose ; stipe scaly. — O. sensibilis var. obtusilobata Torr.
Hab. Low grounds. Penn. Pursh. N. Car. Schweinitz. July.
IX. — Smaller than the preceding, and has the pinnce opposite,
with rounded segments. — Mr. Schweinitz considers it quite dis-
tinct.
3. ASPIDIUM. Sufartz.
Sori roundish or elliptical, scattered. Involucre roundish
or kidney-shaped, umbilicated or opening on one side.
* Frond pinnate.
1. A. aerostichoides Willd. : frond pinnate; pinnae lanceolate, fal-
cate, acute, ciliate-aerrate, auricled at the upper angle of their base.
FILICES. 449
eubsessile, upper ones smaller and alone fertile ; sori at length conflu-
cut ; stipe and rachis chaffy. — Nephrodium acrostichoides Mich.
Hab. Rocky and low shady places. Can. to Car. W. to Miss.
June — Aug. 2X- — Fern 12 — 18 inches high. Stipe short, pale
and with the rachis chaffy. Frond long, pale green. Sori in a
single or double row, at length confluent.
2. A. schiccinitzii. Beck: frond pinnate; pinna? linear-lanceolate,
falcate, doubly serrate, auricled at the upper angle of their base ; sori
on the upper pinnae, distinct, in two rows, one on each side of the
midrib.
Hab. N. J. Schwcinitz. Near Philadelphia. Conrad. — Fern
larger than the preceding and differing considerably in its ap-
pearance. Pimm, especially the lower ones, deeply and doubly
dentate-serrate, the teeth or serratures armed with stiff bristles.
Sori continuing perfectly distinct. — Nearly allied to A. auricu-
latum of Sicartz, and may be the same as that mentioned by Sir
J. E. Smith under the description of that plant, (Rets1 Cijcl.
Supp. art. .isjiiduun,) said to have been brought from the N. W.
Coast by Menzies.
** Fronds hipinnatifid.
3L A. thelyptcris Willd. : frond pinnate ; pinna? lanceolate, deeply
pinnatifid, distinct, but sometimes crossing each other at base ; seg-
ments oblong, acute, somewhat crenate, ciliate ; sori marginal, at
length confluent.
Hab. Wet woods and swamps. Can. and N. S. July. 2_f. —
Fern a foot or more high. Root creeping. Stipe smooth ;
rachis and midrib often a little hairy. Frond lanceolate, deep
green and delicate.
4. A. noteboracense Willd. : frond pinnate ; pinnae linear-lanceo-
late, deeply pinnatifid ; segments oblong, obtuse, entire, ciliate ; sori
marginal ; stipe smooth. — A. Vielujjtciioides Swartz. — Nephrodium the'
lyptcrioides Mich.
Hab. Damp woods. Can. to Car. July. 2_£.— Fern about the
size of the last but of a more rigid habit. Segments of the
pinna usually quite entire and obtuse. • Sori at length confluent
and partly covered by the margin of the frond. — Closely re-
sembles the preceding, from which it may still not be distinct.
5. A. cristatum Willd. : frond pinnate, nearly bipinnate, lanceolate-
ovate ; pinna? subcordate, oblong, pinnatifid ; segments oblong, obtuse,
dentate-serrate ; stipe scaly. — Nephrodium cristatum Mich.
Hab. Moist grounds. Can. and N. S. July. It. — Fern a foot
or more high. Frond pale green, with a lanceolate-ovate out-
line. Sori large, in double rows, tawny when mature, mostly
on the upper half of the frond.
G. A. lancastriense Sprcng. : pinna? subopposite, lower ones trian-
gular-ovate ; segments toothed ; stipe nearly naked.
Hab. Woods. N. Y. Mass. N. J. ; not common. July. 7£.
— Fern 18 — 24 inches high. Si pe nearly smooth. Frond large,
much narrower and more rigid than in the preceding; it is also
3S*
450 ACOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
of a darker green. Sori large, distinct, very dark when ma-
ture.
7. A. goldianinn Hook. : frond pinnate ; pinnae deeply pinnatifid,
lanceolate, acuminate ; segments oblong, subacute, somewhat falcate,
mucronate-serrate ; sori in rows, one between the midrib and either
margin of the segments. — A. filix mas Pursh.
Hab. Woods. Can. and N. S. July. 2/.— Fern 1 1-2—3 feet
high. — Resembles A. cristatum more than any of our species,
but can at once be distinguished by the greater breadth of the
frond, giving it a different outline, and by the form of the pinna,
which are never broader at base ; the segments also are longer
and narrower, and slightly falcate.
**x jrron(is Upinnatc.
8. A. fragile Willd. : frond bipinnate ; pinnules oblong, rather
obtuse, incisely serrate or subpinnatifid ; segments subentire ; rachis
winged ; stipe chaffy at base. — A. tenuc Pursh. — A. atomarium li'illd.
— Cyathea fragilis Smith. — Nephrodium tenuc Mich. — Athyrium fragile
Richardson.
Hab. Moist rocks. N. Y. Ver. Mass. N. to Arc. Amer.
June, July. IS. — A beautiful little fern, growing in lax tufft,
6 — 14 inches high. Stipe long and slender, dark coloured and
a little chaffy at base. Frond delicate, deep green. Pinnules
very variable in shape and in their divisions, some being quite
acute, others obtuse and wedge-shaped. Sori large, numerous,
pale, near the margins of the segments. Involucre somewhat
cyathiform, at length lacerate and reflexed. — Our plant agrees
precisely with the foreign, and I have no doubt of their identity.
9. A. marginale Willd. : frond bipinnate ; pinnae lanceolate ; pin-
nules oblong, obtuse, decurrent, crenate, lower ones almost pinnatifid
at base ; sori marginal ; stipe chaffy. — Nephrodium marginale Mich.
Hab. Rocky woods. Can. to Car. July. IS. — Fern 12 — 18
inches high. Stipe chaffy especially near the root. Frond light
green, the upper part only fruit-bearing. Involucre orbicular,
with a lateral sinus.
10. A. spinulosum Willd. : frond bipinnate ; pinnules oblong, de-
current, with deep cut prickly serratures ; involucre orbicular, with a
lateral sinus — and A. aculcatum Ptirsh. ?
Hab. Shady woods. Penn. to Vir. July. H. Pursh. — Stipe
long, scaly at the lower part. Frond broad, with the segments
decurrent so as to form a border to the partial rachis. Sori
small and rather distinct. — Doubtful as an American plant.
11. A. dilatatum Willd.: frond bipinnate; pinnules oblong, dis-
tinct, incisely pinnatifid ; segments mucronate-serrate ; stipe chaffy
nd A. intermedium Willd. Muhl. ■--**§
Hab. Shady woods. Can. and N. S. July. IS.— Fern 1—2
feet high. Stipe long and chaffy. Frond varying in the divi-
sion of the pinnce, being sometimes scarcely bipinnate, but
sometimes almost tripinnate. Sori numerous, rather large, dis-
tinct, brownish when mature.
FILICES. 451
12. A. bulbiferum Willd. : frond bipinnate, lanceolate, attenuate
above ; segments opposite, oblong, obtuse, serrate, the lower ones pin-
natifid ; rachis bearing bulbs ; sori minute. — Ncphrodhnn bulbiferum
Mich.
Hab. Wet rocks. Can. and N. S. ; common. July. 11. —
Fern 12—18 inches high. Stipe smooth, pale. Frond narrow,
much attenuated at the summit, fine green and smooth.
13. A. fili.z famina Willd. : frond bipinnate ; pinnules oblong-lan-
ceolate, incisely serrate ; serratures few-toothed, somewhat acute ;
sori oblong, straight. — Asplenium flix-famina Spreng.
Hab. Low shady grounds. Can. to Vir. Pursh. Bethlehem,
Penn. and X. W. Terr. Schiecinitz. July. IX. — Fern grow-
ing in tufts, 1 1-2 — 2 feet high. Frond with the general outline
oblong-lanceolate. Sori small, one on each segment of the pin-
nules, inserted laterally into its minute midrib, oblong and
straight, but at length by the pushing back of the involucre
becoming kidney shaped and appearing nearly round, but al-
ways remaining distinct.
14. A. asplcnioides Willd. : frond bipinnate ; pinnules linear-lanceo-
late, incisely serrate ; serratures 2 — 3-toothed ; sori oblong, lunate,
at length confluent. — Nephrodium asplcjwidcs Mich. — Asplenium atluj-
rium Spreng.
Hab. Shad}* woods. Throughout the U. S. and Can. July.
11. — Resembles the preceding, but has a broader outline, and
has the sori longer and lunate and parallel to each other, giving
it the appearance of an Asplenium. The involucre is larger and
remains firmly attached to the frond, &e.
15. A. angusfum Willd. :' frond bipinnate ; pinnules lanceolate, in-
cisely-serrate ; serratures sub-bidentate ; lower tooth longer ; sori ob-
long lunulate; stipe smooth.— Nephrodium filiz famina Mich. — As-
plenium michauxii Spreng.
Hab. Shady woods. Can. to N. Car. July. If.— Though al-
lied to the two preceding, this appears to be a good species.
The frond is smaller, being seldom more than a foot high ; it has
also a narrower outline. — Dr. Hooker, however, considers it a
narrow-fronded variety of A. filixfotmina.
4. WOODSIA. Brown.
Sori roundish, scattered, having beneath an involucre which
is cut at the edge into many capillary segments.
1. W. ilvensis Brown: frond pinnate; pinnr? lanceolate, deeply
pinnatifid, with numerous nearly uniform oblong segments. — Polypo-
dium ilvensc Willd.
Hab-. Rocky banks of streams. Can. and N. S. June. It. —
Fern 4 — 6 inches high, in dense tufts. Stipe brownish and scaly
below. Frond oblong or lanceolate ; pinna about 12, alternate.
— This is not the W. ilvensis of Pursh.
2. IV. hjperborca Broicn : frond pinnate ; pinnae somewhat cordate,
452 ACOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
rounded, pinnatifid ; segments rounded, unequal. — Polypodium hyper*
boreum fVilld.
Hab. Rocks. Can. and N. S. July. It. — Resembles the pre-
ceding, but is sometimes quite small, and differs in having the
pinnae as well as the segments more rounded and less deeply
pinnatifid, except at their base, where the bottom pair of seg-
ments are often so deeply separated as to form two little pin-
nules.
3. W. rvfidula Beck : frond bipinnate ; pinnules hairy, oblong, ob-
tuse, pinnatifid, with obtuse segments ; sori at length confluent ; stipe
and rachis hairy. — Aspidium rvfidulum and Woodsia ilvensis Pursh. —
Ncphrodium rvfidulum Mich. Woodsia ilvensis ? Big. Richardson's App.
Hab. Rocks. Subare. Amer. to Car. July. Lf. — Fern 6 — 8
inches high. Stipe dark brown, densely clothed with lighter
coloured woolly hairs. Frond decidedly bipinnate in full grown
specimens, hairy on both sides. — The W. ilvensis and hyperborea
of Brown resemble each other closely. This differs from both in
its bipinnate frond and in its hairy instead of scaly stipe, rachis
and frond.
4. W. perriniana Hook. <$• Grev. : minutely glandular-pilose ; frond
bipinnate ; pinnules pinnatifid ; segments rounded, bidentate ; sori
submarginal ; involucre subhemispheric, at length with dentate spread-
ing segments ; spike somewhat chaffy. — Also phila perriniana Spreng. —
Hypopeltis oltusa Torr. Aspidium obtusum Willd. Pursh.
Hab. Rocks. N. Y. to Car. ; rather rare. July. 24. — Fern
8 — 10 inches high, erect. Slipe straw coloured. Sori at length
much crowded together. — Habit similar to the Woodsias, "and
except that the involucre is larger in proportion to the sorus,
and that in the young state it covers more fully the capsule,
and is not margined with hairs, there is not a difference even in
the characters of the fructification." — Hook. <$* Grev. Icon. Filic.
5. ASPLENIUM. Linn.
Sori linear, transverse, scattered. Involucre arising from
the lateral veins and opening towards the central nerve or rib.
* Frond undivided.
1. A. rhizophyllum Willd. ; frond lanceolate, stipitate, subcrenate,
auriculate-cordate at base, the point very long filiform and rooting.
h pinnatifidum Muhl : fronds pinnatifid at base ; lobes roundish-
ovate ; the lower ones crenate. — A. pinnatifidum Nutt.
Hab. Wet rocks. Can. to Car. July. 24..— Fronds several
from the same root, 6 — 10 inches long, somewhat triangular,
with a very long and linear point, which is bent to the ground
and strikes root. Var. b. passes into the former by scarcely
perceptible variations.
** Frond pinnate.
2. A. anguslifolium Mich. : frond pinnate ; pinnae alternate, upper
ones subopposite, linear lanceolate, serrate towards the point, some-
FILICES. 453
what repand, the base truncate on the upper side, rounded on the
lower.
Hab. Moist woods. Can. and N. S. July. U-— Fern 12— IS
inches high. Sterile fronds forming a circle with the fertile ones
smaller and central. Sori diverging like veins from the midrb,
at length confluent.
3. A. cbnitum JJ'ilhl. : frond pinnate ; pinna? sessile, lanceolate,
somewhat falcate, serrate, auricular on the upper side of their base ;
spike smooth and polished. — A. triehomanoides Mich. — A. pohjpodioides
Swartz. Muhl.
Hab. Rocky woods. Can. to Car. July. H.— Fern 6 — JO in-
ches high. Stipe brown, polished, slender and simple. Frond
narrow, pale green, smooth. Sori in short diverging lines, ar-
ranged in a double row.
4. A. trichomonas Linn. : fronds pinnate ; pinnae roundish-oblong,
obtuse, crenate, the base truncate and somewhat cuneate ; stipe smooth
and dark coloured — and A. mrhnwcnulon Wittd.
Hab. Shady rocks. Can. to Car. July. 11. — A delicate fern
4 — 8 inches high. Stipe shining, blackish-purple. Frond dark
green. Sori linear, 5 — G to each pinnule, becoming roundish
when old. — Distinguished from the preceding by its smaller
size and by having the pinna? roundish, and acute at base.
•** frond bipinnatijid.
5. A. thebjpleroides Mich. : frond pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate, sessile,
acuminate, pinnatifid ; segments oblong, obtuse, denticulate.
Hab. Shady banks of streams. Can. to Cur. July. 11. — Fern
1 — 2 feet high. Stipe smooth, not coloured. Frond ovale, fine
green ; pinna long, pinnatifid. Sori oblong and oblique, form-
ing two rows, one on each side of the partial ribs. — Resembles;
Aspidium thebjptcris.
**** Frond bipinnatc.
6. A. rula-muraria Linn. : frond bipinnate at the base, simply so at
the top ; segments rhomboid-wedge-shaped, obtusely denticulate at the
extremity.
Hab. Rocks. N. Y. to Car. ; not common. July. li — A
small fern growing in tufts, 2 — 4 inches high. Frond spreading,
rather rigid, glaucous green, bi- and tri-pinnate. Sori linear,
slightly oblique, at length darker and confluent.
7. A. montnnum Willd. : frond smooth, bipinnate ; pinnules oblong-
ovate, pinnatifid ; segments 2—3 toothed at the apex — A. adiantum
nigrum Mich.
Hab. Mountain rocks. Bethlehem, Penn. S. to Car. Schicci-
nitz. July. H. — A fern growing in tufts, 4 — 8 inches high.
Frond having a narrow outline, mostly bipinnate ; but more
or less divided according to its size. Sori linear, at length con-
fluent.— Differs from the foreign A, adiantum niirrvm, in boing
much smaller, and in having the segments more obtuse.
454 ACOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
6. WOODWARDIA. Smith.
Sori oblong, distinct, parallel with the ribs of the frond on
either side. Involucre superficial, arched, -separating towards
the rib.
1. JV. onocleoides Willi. : sterile frond pinnatifid ; segments lance-
olate, repand, slightly serrulate ; fertile frond pinnate ; segments li-
near, entire, acute. — JV. angustifolia Smith. Muhl.
Hab. Swamps. Can. to Flor. ; not common. Aug. 11. —
Fern a foot high, growing in tufts. Frond lanceolate, tapering
at the top. Sori a 1-4 of an inch long, at length nearly cover-
ing the back of the pinna?.
2. W. tirginica Willd. : frond very smooth, pinnate ; pinnae ses-
sile, lanceolate, pinnatifid ; sori in interrupted lines near the midrib of
the pinna? and segments. — JV. banisteriana Mich.
Hab. Swamps. N. Y. to Geor. July. If. — Fern 2 feet high.
Stipe smooth. Frond having a lanceolate outline, light green,
with the segments acute and falcate. Sori in double lines, at
length confluent.
7. SCOLOPENDRIUM. Smith.
Sori linear, transverse, scattered. Involucre double, oc-
cupying both sides of the sorus, superficial, at length opening
longitudinally.
<S'. officinarum JVilld : frond simple, ligulate, entire, cordate at base.
— Asplenium scolopendrinm Linn.
Hab. Shady woods among loose rocks near Onondago, N. Y.
Pursh. July. Lf. — Frond suberect, on rather a short stipe,
8 — 15 inches long, 2—3 wide, fine green, paler beneath. Sori
1-2 to 3-4 of an inch long, oblique to the midrib. — Pursh could
hardly have been mistaken in this plant, and yet it is singular
that it has never been found in our country by any other botan-
ist.
8. PTERIS. Linn.
Sori in a continuous marginal line. Involucre formed of
the inflected margin of the frond, opening inwards.
1. P. atropurpurca Linn. : frond pinnate ; lower divisions ternate or
pinnate ; segments lanceolate, obtuse, very entire, obliquely truncate
or subcordate at base.
Hab. On rocks. N. Y. to Car. July. If. — Fern 6—10 inches
high. Stipe purple or dark brown, villous. Frond light green
on the upper surface, grayish beneath. Sori marginal, conspic-
uous.
2. P. gracilis Mich. : frond pinnate ; pinnee lanceolate, obtuse, al-
ternate, sessile, lower ones pinnatifid ; fertile ones entire ; sterile ones
crenate, round-obtuse. — Cheilanthes gracilis Spreng.
FILICES. 455
Hab. On rocks. Can. and N. S. Aug. !£.— Smaller and of a
much more delicate habit than the last. Frond with the stipe
4 — 6 inches high, smooth and shining. — Specimens of this
plant which I found in abundance on the rocks near Whitehall,
N. Y., were collated by Dr. Hooker and determined to be the
true P. gracilis, and he also remarks that he cannot comprehend
why Kaulfuss and Sprengel should make it a Chcilanthcs.
3. P. aquilina Linn. : frond 3-parted ; branches bipinnate ; pinna?
linear-lanceolate, lower ones pinnatirid, upper ones undivided ; seg-
ments oblong, obtuse.
Hab. Dry woods. Can. to Flor. July. 2i.— Fern 2—6 feet
high, according to the soil. Stipe angular, dark coloured and
polished, dividing into large opposite branches. Frond very
large, pale green. — Dr. Hooker thinks that the plant which
passes under this name among our botanists is the next.
4. P. cauduta Linn. : frond pinnately 3-parted ; sterile divisions bi-
pinnate, with the segments linear, long, obtuse, and very entire ; fer-
tile divisions pinnate ; segments rather remote, the lower ones pinnati-
fid, dentate at the base.
Hab. Rocky woods near streams. Penn. to Car. Pursh. Aug.
If Dr. Hooker's opinion is correct, this species is very common
in the N. S.
9. ADIANTUM. Linn.
Sori oblong or roundish, marginal. Involucre membran-
aceous, arising from distinct portions of the frond turned in,
opening inwards.
A. pedatum Linn. : frond pedate ; divisions pinnate ; pinnae oblong,
somewhat lunate, with the upper margin incised ; sori linear, stipe
smooth.
Hab. Shady woods. Can. to Vir. Louis. Rnf. July. If. —
Fern 1 — 2 feet high, easily known by its long slender black and
highly polished stipe, and its pedate nearly horizontal frond.
10. CHEILANTHES. Sicartz.
Sori roundish, distinct, situated at the margin of the frond.
Involucre, of membranous distinct inflexed scales, opening in-
wards.
C. vestita Willd. : frond bipinnate, hairy on both sides ; pinnules
pinnatifid ; segments rounded, oblong, very entire ; stipe and rachis
hairy.
Hab. Rocks. Penn. to Car. W. to Rocky Mountains. July.
H. — Fern 6—8 inches high, and covered with long brownish
hair. Sori at length contiguous.
11. HYMENOPHYLLUM. Smith.
Sori in separate spots at the margin of the frond. Capsules
sessile, inserted on a common cylindrical receptacle, within a
456 ACOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
2-valved involucre of the same texture as the frond ; valves
plane, outer one free.
H. ciliatum Smith : frond pinnate; lower divisions larger; upper
ones gradually smaller, pinnatifid ; segments linear-obtuse, bifid, cili-
ate, hairy on the veins ; stipe and rachis winged and ciliate. — Tricho-
?na?ics ciliatum Sicartz.
Hab. Trunks of trees in shady places. Penn. and Vir. If. —
Pursh.
12. STRUTHIOPTERIS. Willd.
Capsules densely covering the back of the frond. Involu-
cre scaly, marginal, opening internally.
S. germanica JVilld. : sterile fronds pinnate ; pinnae pinnatifid, ses-
sile ; segments entire, rather acute ; the lower ones somewhat elon-
gated— and <S. pennsylvanica Willd. — Onoclea struthiopteris Sicartz. —
O. nodulosa Schk. Mich.
Hab. Low grounds. Can. and N. S. July. LL — One of our
largest ferns, the sterile fronds being often 3 feet high and ar-
ranged in a circular form, with a few much smaller fertile ones
in the centre. — I think there can be no doubt of the identity of
our plant with the foreign £?. germanica.
13. DICKSONIA. VHerit.
Sori punctiform, marginal, roundish and distinct. Involu-
cre double; outer one superficial, opening outwards; the
other marginal and opening inwards.
D. pilosiuscula Willd. : frond bipinnate ; pinnules decurrent, ob-
long-ovate, pinnatifid segments incisely dentate ; sori solitary, minute ;
stipe and rachis hairy. —D. pubescens Schk.—Nephrodium punctilobum
Mich.— Aspidium punctilobum Willd. Pursh. Torr.
Hab. Shady places. Can. to Vir. ; common. July. 21.—
Fern 2 — 3 feet high, growing in tufts, of a delicate habit. Stipe
nearly smooth below, but becoming hairy as it passes into the
rachis. Frond large and long, lanceolate, somewhat acuminate,
yellowish-green. Sori solitary, minute, near the divisions of
the segments. — A true Dicksonia.
Div. II. Osmundaeje. Capsules destitute of a ring, re-
ticulated, striated with rays at the apex, opening lengthwise
and usually externally.
14. OSMUNDA. Linn.
Capsules subglobose, pedicelled, radiate-striate, or wrink-
led, 2-valved, with a hinge at the joining of the valves, either
occupying the lower surface of the contracted frond, or disposed
in the shape of a raceme or panicle. Involucre none.
FILICES. 457
* Leafy frond bearing fruit.
1. O. claytoniana Linn. : frond pinnate ; pinnoe pinnatifid, with
smaller fertile ones at the top.
Hab. Wet grounds. Cambridge. N. Y. Stevenson. Penn. Con-
rad. May. 2L — Frond 12 — 18 inches high ; pinnae obtuse, to-
mentose at the axils ; segments entire. Fruit terminal, bipin-
nately panicled, erect, ferruginous. — Identified by Muhlenberg
with (>. interrupta Mich., and by Pursh with O. cinnamomea.
From the former it differs in having the fructification terminal,
and from the latter by having the pinnoe more obtuse, the seg-
ments closer and not so deep, and by not being lanuginous. See
Conrad in Jour. Fhil. Acad. vi. 39.
2. O. interrupta Mich. : frend pinnate, smooth ; pinnae nearly op-
posite, pinnatifid ; segments oblong, subacute, entire ; some of the
intermediate pinnae fruit-bearing.
Hab. Low grounds. Can. to Vir. June. 2L — Fern 1 — 2 feet
high. Frond with 2 or 3 central pairs of pinnae fertile dark
brown and shorter than the sterile ones.
3. O. spectabUis ll'illd. : frond bipinnate, all fruit bearing at the sum-
mit ; pinnules oblong, distinct, serrulate j raceme very large, decom-
pound.— O. recalls Midi. Ton:
Hab. Low grounds and swamps. Can. to Flor. July. 11. —
Fern 3—4 feet high, of a grayish colour, with numerous spread-
ing branches. — Differs from the foreign O. regalis by its being
smaller, and of a more rigid texture, and by the distinct petiola-
tion of the pinnules which are not lobed at base.
** Fertile fronds separated.
4. O. cinnamomea Linn. : sterile frond pinnate ; pinnae pinnatifid ;
segments ovate-oblong, obtuse, very entire ; fertile frond bipinnate,
woolly, contracted ; stipe woolly.
Hab. Low grounds. Can. to Flor. Aug. 1L — Sterile fronds
from 2 — 5 feet high, arranged in bundles or circles, with a few
much smaller fertile ones in the midst.
15. LYGODIUM. Swartz.
Capsules sessile, ovate, in 2-ranked little spikes, which is-
sue from the margin of the frond, radiate-striate, or wrinkled,
opening on the inner side, from the hase to the summit. In-
volucre scale-like, covering each capsule.
L. pabnatum Sicartz. : stem flexuous and climbing ; fronds conju-
gate, cordate, palmate, with 5 lobes ; lobes entire, obtuse ; spikelets
oblong-linear, in a compound terminal spike. — Hydro glossum palma-
tum ll'illd. Pursh. — Ctcisium paniculatum Mich.
Hab. Low woods. Mass. to Car. ; rare. July. 2L — Stem
climbing, 3 — 4 feet long, smooth and slender. Petioles alter-
nate, forked at a short. distance from the stem, and supporting
2 leaves or fronds, which are divided into 5 — 9 oblong obtuse
39
458 ACOTYLEDONOUS. PLANTS.
lobes. Fertile fronds variously divided into small linear seg-
ments, with the sori in 2 imbricated rows.
16. SCHIZEA. Smith.
Spikes unilateral, flabellate, aggregate. Capsules with ra-
diating furrows at the top, somewhat turbinate, bursting late-
rally, sessile. Involucre continuous, formed of the inflexed
margin of the spikes.
$. pusilla Pursh : frond simple, linear-compressed, tortuous ; spikes
few, conglomerated at the summit of a long slender stipe. — S. tortuosa
Muhl.
Hab. Pine barrens near Quakers' Bridge, N. J. Aug. It- — A
very small fern, with numerous cespitose fronds, which are
about 2 inches long. Stipe 3 — 5 inches long, filiform, with a
few brownish secund spikes. — It has been found in Newfound-
land and in the Falkland Islands, but the only intermediate lo-
cality known is that of N. 3.— Cooper in Ann. N. Y. Lye. ii. 266.
Div. III. Ophioglosseje. Capsules of one cell, adnate at
the base, subglobose, coriaceous, opaque, destitute of a ring,
not cellular, (sometimes connate,) half 2-valved.
17. OPHIOGLOSSUM. Linn.
Capsules round, smooth, 1-celled, 2-valved, transversely
opening, disposed upon an articulated 2-ranked spike.
1. O. vulgatum Linn. : spike cauline ; frond simple, oblong-ovate,
obtuse, closely reticulate.
Hab. Low woods. N. S. June. It. — Fern smooth and suc-
culent, 6 — 8 inches high, bearing a single entire subsessile
frond. Spike about an inch long, on a slender peduncle. — Dr.
Gray has found 2 or 3 specimens of a fern which resembles this
in its specific character, but is scarcely 2 inches high. It may
prove on further examination to be a distinct species. If so, I
wouki propose for it the name of O. Grayi.
2. O. bulb o sum Mich. : spike cauline, short ; frond subcordate, ovate,
somewhat obtuse ; root bulbous. — O. crotalophoroidcs Walt.
Hab. Low grounds. N. J. to Car. May. If. — Fern 6 inches
high. Frond 1 1-2 inch long and an inch broad, reticulate.
18. BOTRYCHIUM. Swartz.
Capsules subglobose, 1-celled, 2-valved, distinct, sessile,
smooth, coriaceous, disposed in spikes or racemes, opening
transversely.
1. B. simplex Hitchcock : scape with one frond above ; frond ternate,
pinnatifid ; segments cuneate, obovate, incised.
Hab. Dry woods. Can. N.Y. & Mass. June. If.— Fern 2—6 in-
lycopodiacejE. 450
ches high. Frond solitary, from a torn membranaceous sheath,
divided into 3 or 4 unequal segments or pinnatifid ; the seg-
ments often much cut. Spike subcompound, unilateral and in-
terrupted.— Sec Hitchcock in SUL Jour. vi. 103.
2. B. fumarioides Ullld. : scape naked ; frond smooth, radical, 3-
parted. bipinnato ; pinnules lunate, crenate ; spikes bipinnate, andB. ob-
liquum Muhl. — B. fumarioides var. obliquum Ton: — Botrypvs lunarioides
Mich.
Hab. Shady woods. N. Y. to Car. June. If.— Fern 9—12
inches high. Frond petioled, mostly ternate, but often more
compound ; segments lunate, closely resembling those of B. lu-
naria. Capsules in double rows on the branchlets. — I have care-
fully examined an authentic specimen of B. obliquum in the her-
barium of Mr. Schweinitz, but can observe nothing to distin-
guish it from this species.
3. B. dissection IVilUl. : scape with the frond near the base ; frond
ternate, thrice pinnatifid ; segments decurrent, linear, wedge-shaped,
sharply toothed at the end.
Hab. Dry woods. Near Philadelphia. Conrad. Washington
City. Collins. N. Y. to Flor. Pursh. June. 2^.— Easily
distinguishable from the next by its smaller size, and by the
much more finely divided segments of the frond.
4. B. rirginiaon Sicartz : scape bearing the frond in the middle ;
frond 3-parted, bipinnatifid ; segments obtuse, about 3-toothed ; spikes
bipinnate, divaricate — and B. gracile Pursh. — Botrypus virginicus Mich.
Hab. Shady woods. Can. to Car. June, July. H. — Fern
often 18 — 20 inches high. Frond near the middle of the stipe,
divided into 3 principal branches, which are again variously
divided. Spike pinnate or bipinnate, smooth or a little hairy.
Order CXL1I. LYCOPODIAGE^. Be Cand. Lind.
Fructification axillary or spiked, composed of two kinds of
1 — 3-celled, 2 — 3-valved capsules, some containing minute
granules, others a few larger corpuscules. Stems herbaceous
or woody, simple or branched, erect or creeping. Leaves un-
divided, small, numerous.
1. LYCOPODIUM. Linn.
Capsules 1-celled, axillary, sessile ; some 2-valved, filled
with a farinaceous substance ; others 3-valved, containing
1 — 6 globose corpuscules.
* Spikes peduncled.
1. L. carolinianum Linn. : stem creeping ; leaves somewhat 2-rank-
ed, spreading, lanceolate, very entire ; peduncle erect, solitary, elon-
gated. 1-spiked ; bracts sublanceolate, entire.
Hab. Low grounds. Mass. to Car. July. If.— A creeping
460 ACOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
plant, keeping close to the ground in muddy soils. Peduncle
erect, 3 — 4 inches high, slender, with a single spike.
2. L. clwvatum Linn. : stem creeping, with ascending branches ;
leaves scattered, incurved, ending in hairs ; spikes in pairs, rarely in
threes, cylindrical, pedunculate ; scales ovate, acuminate, erosely
denticulate. — L. tristachium Nutt. not of Pursh. — L. integrifolium
G oldie.
H-ab. Pine woods. Can. and N. S. W. to Michigan. July.
IT. — Stem closely trailing on the ground, very long, rooting
and throwing up fertile branches 4—6 inches high. Leaves li-
near-lanceolate, entire or serrulate. Spikes yellQwish, erect.
3. L. complanatum Lhin. : stem trailing, with dicliotomous branch-
es ; leaves 2-rowed, connate, spreading at the tips ; superficial ones
solitary, appressed ; peduncles elongated, supporting 4 terete cylin-
drical spikes.
Hab. Woods. Can. to Car. N. to Arc. Amer. July. 11. —
Stem 2 — 10 feet long, dichotomously branched. Leaves 4-row-
ed, short ; two larger 2-rowed ; smaller ones close pressed to
the flattened sides of the stem. Spikes 2 — 4, on elongated pe-
duncles.
4. L. sabinafolium Willd. : stem erect ; branches alternate, dichot-
omous ; leaves lanceolate, acute, in 4 rows, appressed, convex ; spikes
terete ; scales subcordate, acuminate. — L. alpinum Mich.
Hab. White Mountans, N. H. N. to Labrador. W. to Michi-
gan. July. 11. — This species, of which I have specimens from
the White Mountains, which agree in all respects with those in
the Herbarium of Mr. Schweinitz, differs strikingly in appear-
ance from L. alpinum.— The stem is erect, the leaves are large
and somewhat spreading, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, some-
times denticulate. The whole plant also is larger, and the
branches much longer.
** Spikes sessile.
+ Leaves in all directions.
5. L. dendroidcum Mich. : stem erect ; branches alternate, crowded,
dicliotomous, erect ; leaves linear-lanceolate, in 6 equal rows, spread-
ing; spikes numerous, terminal, sessile.
b. obscurum Torr. : branches spreading ; spike mostly solitary,
sessile. — L. obscurum Linn. Big.
Hab. Shady woods. Can. to Car. July. 11. — Stem 6 — 8 in-
ches high, with numerous erect branches. Spikes 1 — 4 on each
plant, an inch long, with broad ovate scales.
• 6. L. annotinum Linn. : stem creeping ; branches ascending, di-
cliotomous ; branches simple ; leaves in 5-rows, linear-lanceolate,
mucronate, serrulate, spreading ; spike oblong, solitary, sessile, ter-
minal.
Hab. Mountain woods. N. S. N. to Arc. Amer. July. 1[.
— Stem creeping, sending up 4—8 ascending branches, which
are 6 — 8 inches high. Leaves spreading and somewhat reflexed
lycopodlacejE. 461
when the plant is advanced. Spike solitary, about an inch long.
— Resembles L. sabinafolium, but may be distinguished by its
leaves.
7. L. inundation Linn. : stem creeping, somewhat branching ;
branches simple, solitary, erect, with a single sessile leafy spike at the
extremity ; leaves linear, scattered, acute, entire, curved upwards.
Hab. Cedar swamps. Can. to N. Y. Pursh. N. to Hudson's
Bay. July. IX. — Flowering branches subradical, 3 — 6 inches
long. leaves linear, entire, with the floral ones somewhat di-
lated at base and spreading. Spike short, leafy.
8. L. sclaginoides Linn. : stem filiform, creeping ; branches sub-
erect, the flowering ones simple ; leaves scattered, lanceolate, some-
what spreading, ciliate-denticulate ; spike terminal, solitary, sessile,
leafy.
Hab. Moist woods. Can. and N. S. July. IX. — Fertile branch-
es 2 — 4 inches high, nearly erect, yellowish-green. Leaves of
the fertile branches larger. Spike nearly an inch long, leafy.
9. L. alopccnroides Linn. : stem creeping, somewhat branched ;
branches nearly simple, elongated, ascending, with a single sessile
leafy spike at the summit ; leaves linear-subulate, ciliate-dentate at
base, spreading.
Hab. Sphagnous swamps. N. Y. to Flor. Aug. 2_£. — Stem
long ; branches densely leaved, 6 — 8 inches high. Leaves nar-
row, shining and somewhat spreading. Spike solitary, more
than an inch long, very leafy. Walking Fern.
10. L. rupestre Linn. : stem creeping, with ascending subdivided
branches ; leaves scattered, imbricate, linear-lanceolate, ciliate, ending
in hairs ; spike solitary, sessile, terminal.
Hab. Rocks and side hills. Can. to Car. July. 2X — A small
creeping plant of a grayish-green colour, differing much in ap-
pearance from the other species. Leaves many- rowed, ending m
hairs, which give the summit of the branches a whitish aspect.
Spike short, square, and scarcely distinguishable from the stem
below.
t Leaves 2-ranked.
11. L. apodion Linn. : stem branching and rooting near the base ;
leaves 2-rowed, roundish-ovate, membranaceous, acute, denticulate,
flat ; with superficial ones alternate, acuminate ; spikes terminal, ses-
sile, subsolitary. — and L, albidulum Muht. Willd. Pursh.
Hab. Wei rocky places. N. Y. to Flor. July, Aug. 11. — A
small creeping species, which can be recognized at once by its
2-ranked, thin and membranaceous leaves. — Probably identical
with the foreign L. helceticum.
*** Capsules axillary.
12. L. lucidulum Mich. : leaves in 8-rows, linear-lanceolate, denticu-
late, acute, spreading or reflexed ; stem ascending, bifid ; fruit axillary,
not in a spike.
39*
462 ACOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
Hab. Low grounds. Can. to Car. July. 2_L — Stem 8 — 12
inches long, nearly erect, simple or bifid, dark green. Leaves
longer than in any of the preceding. Fruit axillary, sessile,
about an inch from the top of the stem, semicircular. — The
stem often bears bulbs instead of capsules.
13. L. selago Linn. : stem erect, fastigiate, dichotomously branch-
ed ; leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, pungent, entire, imbricate,
rigid J fruit axillary — and L. recurvum Willd.
Hab. Highest summits of the White Hills, N. H. Big. Arctic
Amer. 11.— Stem 3 — 8 inches high, rigid, with the branches
of the same thickness from top to base. Leaves in about 8 rows,
spreading, shining.
2. ISOETES. Linn.
Capsule membranaceous, not opening, immersed at the
base of the frond, one-celled. Seeds angular, attached to
numerous filiform receptacles.
/. lacustris Linn. : leaves subulate, flat, somewhat terete, fleshy, di-
lated and imbricate at base.
Hab. Bottoms of rivers, near Oswego Falls, N. Y. Pursh.
Perm. Nutt. 8? Schio. L£. — Root broad and fistulous, with sim-
ple fibres. Fronds 2 — 5 inches long, dilated and imbricate at
base, all radical, flat above, convex beneath. Fruit monoecious ;
sort cordate-oval, immersed in a corresponding cavity at the
base of the frond.
Order CXL1II. MARSILEACE^E. Brown, hind.
Fructification radical. Involucre subspherical, not open-
ing, coriaceous or membranaceous, 1 or many-celled. — Aqua-
tics,
1. SALVINIA. Micheli.
Involucres 4 — 9, imbricate, connate, resembling an unilo-
cular capsule. Sporce inserted upon a central receptacle.
•Sf. natans Willd. : leaves elliptic, subcordate, obtuse, with facicles
of hairs above ; fruit subsessile, aggregated. — Marsilea natans Linn.
Hab. Lakes and still waters. Can. and western part of N. Y.
Pursh. 0. — Leaves nearly an inch long, opposite, 2 ranked,
fine green. Fruit globular, in radical clusters, under water. —
Floating on water like a Lemna.
2. AZOLLA. Lamk.
Monoecious. Sterile ovate, of two cells separating
transversely ; the upper containing several angular stalked
bodies. Fertile on the some plant ; capsules numerous,
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 463
stalked, globose, of one cell and one valve, and in an ovate,
close involucre. Seeds several, angular.
A. caroliniana Willd. : leaves two-ranked, imbricate, ovate-oblong,
obtuse, spreading, red beneath.
Hab. Lakes, &c. N. S. and throughout the Southern and
Western States. ©. — A small plant floating on water, and
somewhat resembling a Jungcrmannia. Leaves all radical, 2 — 5
inches long, subulate, fleshy, semi-cylindrical.
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
Page 18, 5th line from the top, for "radicals" read radical.
Page 93, 7th line from the top, for " Tcprosia,'' read Tcphrosia..
Page 96, 1st line, for "CERASSUS" read CERASUS.
Page 114, 16th line from the top, for " declinous" read diclinous.
Page 116, 2d line from the bottom, for "sessle, lianceolate" read ses-
sile, lanceolate.
Page 125, 20th line from the top, after " many-seeded" add when ma-
ture.
Page 222, before VACCINEiE, insert
12. LEIOPHYLLUM.
Calyx deeply 5-parted, persistent. Corol 5-petalled. Sta-
mens longer than the corol ; anthers lateral, opening on the in-
side longitudinally. Capsule roundish, 5-celled, 5-valved,
opening at the top. Seeds small, smooth, not winged.
Decandria. Monogynia,
L. buzifolium Ell. — Ledum buxifolium Ait. — Ammyrsine buxifolium
Pursh.
Hab. Pine barrens, N. J. and high mountains, S. Car. May,
June. Tp. — A small evergreen shrub 6 — 18 inches high, branch-
ing, smooth. Leaves small, oval-lanceolate, entire, smooth, co-
riaceous, with the margin revolute. Floicers numerous, white,
in small terminal corymbs. Sand Myrtle.
Page 277, 17th line from the bottom, for "radicle" read radical.
Page 308, 9th line from the top, after " Style simple," add Nut.
Page 310, 17th line from the top, for "comraor" read common.
Page 326th, 22d line from the top, for "Bchela" read Bctula.
Page 337 and 339, for " conifere.^" read conifers.
Page 390, 19th line from the top, for " Agrostris" read Agrostis.
Page 394, after the 6th line, insert
** Flowers in panicles.
Page 417, 12th line from the top, " Lymnetis" read Limnetis.
Page 420, 11th line from the bottom, for " Thurb." read Thunb.
Page 429, 22d line from the bottom, for " KiUingia" read KyUingia.
INDEX
ORDERS AND GENERA,
WITH ACCENTS.
\£T The Names of the Orders are printed in small capitals — the Gen-
era in roman — Synonyms in italic. The figures occurring after the
letter s, also refer to the Synonyms of the Genus.
Page.
A'bies, 340
Acalypha, 311
Acantha'ce^e,
A'cer, 63
5. 64
■fcs, 237
Aceri'nejE, 62
Achillea, 212
Acnida, 297
Aconitum, 13
A'corus, 381
Acta?'a, 13
Actinomeris, 206
Adi;intum, 455
Adlimiia, 24
^schynumene, 83
iE'sculus, 65
jEthusa,
Agathy'rsus,
Agave,
Agrimonia,
Agropy'ron,
Agrostemma,
Agrostis,
145
170
375
108
416
49
387
s. 389, 390, 401
Alra, 402
5. 403, 407, 408
Alchemilla, 114
Aletris, 364
Alisma, 378
Alisma'ceje, 376
A'llium, 363
A'lnus, 326
Alopecurus, 391
Alsine. 50
Pace'
Page.
Alyssum,
25
A'pios,
91
Althee'a,
57
Apiiun,
145
Amarantha'ce.e, 294
Aplectrum,
346
Amaranthus,
294
ApOCY'iNEJT.,
233
Amvrvll'ide^e,
354
Apocynum,
233
Ambrosia,
209
AquiK-gia,
12
Amelanchier,
112
A'rabis,
29
Amenta 'ce^e,
317
5 30
Ammannia,
125
A'rac/eV,
83
A'mmi,
144
Aralia,
151
Amorpha,
82
Aralia'ce^e,
150
AmPEEi'dE^E,
65
A'rbutus,
216
Ampelopsis,
65
Archemora,
147
Amphicarpa,
91
A'rctium,
171
Amygda'le;e,
94
jirctostdphylos,
216
Anacardia'ce^e
, 74
Arenaria,
51
Anagallis,
291
Arethusa,
346
Anchusa,
252-53
s. 344
Andromeda,
217
Argemone,
21
5. 218
Arietinum,
352
Andropogon,
417
Aristida,
400
5. 418
Aristoloehia,
sos-
Anemone,
5
Aristolo'chls:,
sos
5. 6
A'rnica,
177
Angelica,
147
Aroi'dej:,
380
Andna,
16
Aronia, 112-1
Anoxa'ce^,
15
Arrhcnathcmm,
403
Anonymos,
317
Artemisia,
211
Antenndria,
179
Artoca'rpeje,
316
A'nthemis,
212
A'rum,
381
Anthopogon,
418
Arundo,
405
Anthoxanthum,
402
5. 401
Antirrhinum,
263
A'sarum,
309
Any'chia,
131
Asclepia'dEjE,
234
Jipdrgia,
168
Asclepiaa,
235
4bt>
TNDEX.
A'scyrum,
62
Calla,
382
Asimina,
16
Calliopsis,
205
Asparagus.
363
Callistdchya,
263
Asphode'le^e,
362
Callitriche,
123
Aspidium,
448
Calopogon,
345
Asplenium,
452
Caltha, •
11
A'ster,
180
Calyca'nthe5:,
115
Astragalus,
82
Calycanthus,
115
Atheropogon.
414
Caly'pso,
351
Atrdgene,
4
Calystegia,
249
A'triplex.
296
Camelina,
27
A'tropa,
258
Campanula,
213
A vena.
402
Campanula'ce^,
212
s. 403. 405
Cannabis,
313
Azalea.
222
Cappar'ide^e,
34
s. 220, 221
Caprifolia'ce.e,
155
Azolla.
462
Caprifolium,
158
Baccharis.
175
Capsella*
Cardamine,
25
30
Ballota.
280
Carduus,
172
BALSAMl'jfEJE.
68
Carex,
430
Baptisia,
77
Carpinus,
326
Barbarea,
29
s
. 327
Bartdnia,
243
C&rya,,
335
Barlsia,
270
Caryophy'llee:,
46
Batschia,
252
Cassia,
93
Berberi'deje,
17
Castanea,
331
Berberis,
17
Catalpa,
245
Betula,
324
Caulinia,
384
5. 326
Caulophy'llum,
17
Bidens,
207
Ceanothus,
74
Bignunia,
245
Celastri'ne^:,
71
Bignoma'ce*:
244
Celastrus,
72
Blitum,
299
Celtis,
334
Boehmeria,
315
Cenchrus,
399
Boltonia,
194
Centaurea,
174
Borag'ixejE,
251
Centaurella,
243
Botry'chium,
458
Cephalanthus.
160
Brachyelytram,
391
Cerastium,
53
Br achy sternum.
273
Cerasus,
96
Brasenia,
19
Ceratochloa,
406
Briza.
413
Ceratophy 'llee:
124
5.
411-12
Ceratophy'llum.
124
Bromelia'cejE,
375
Cercis,
94
Brumus,
408
CliDeropby'llum,
149
s. 416
£
. 144
Buchnera,
263
Cheilanthes,
455
Bunias.
25
Chelidonium,
21
Buphthahnum.
204
Chelone,
266
Bupleurum.
145
Chenopo'de.^,
295
Chenopodium,
295
Cacalia,
199
Chimdp/rila,
227
Ca'cteje,
134
Chionanthus,
232
Cactus.
135
Ckirdnia, 24J
,242
Cakile,'
25
Chlora,
242
Calamagrostis,
400
Chloris,
414
s. 392
Chrysocoma,
194
Chrysopsis, 176
s. 187, 188
Chrysosplenium, 138
Chrysanthemum, 211
Cichorium, 171
Cicuta, 142
Cimicifaga, 14
Cineraria, 200
Cinna. 390
Circai'a, 120
CircjEa'ceje, 120
Cirsium, 172, 173
Cissus, 65
Cisti'nejE, 35
Clayt6nia, 130
Clematis, 4
Cledme, 34
Clethra, 218
Clinopudium. 281
Clintonia, 358
Clituria, 80
Cnicus, 172, 173
Cnidium, 145
s. 146
Cochlearia, 27
Coelestlna. 198
Colli nsia, 267
Collinsunia. 275
Comdndra, 308
Comaropsis. 101
Cdmarum, 108
Commelina, 375
Cc-MMELl'NEiE. 375
Compo'sit*:, 165
Comptonia. 324
Coni'ferjE, 337
Conium, 150
Coiwstijlis, 374
Convalldria, 357-9
Cohtolywla'ceje, 248
Convolvulus, 248
Cony'za. 176
s. 180
C6ptis, 12
Corallorhiza. 345
Core6psis, 206
s. 205, 207
Co 'rne.se, 152
Cornus, 153
Cory'dalis, 23
5.24
Corylus, 332
Crafordia, 92
Crantzia, 141
Crassula'ce-s, 132
Cratoe'gus, HI
Critonia, 195
INDEX.
467
Crotalaria,
77
Dracot'na,
358
Fimbristylis,
423
Crotonopsis,
310
Dracocephalum,
278
5. 426
Cruci'fer-E,
24
Drosera,
42
Floorkia,
19
Cry'psis,
392
Drosera'ceje,
42
Fixvia'les,
3.-4
Cry'pta,
55
Dry 'as,
100
Fragaria,
105
Cucubalus,
47
Durichium,
422
Frascra,
241
Cccurbita'ce-E,
127
Fr;ixinus.
232
Cunila,
277
Ebena'ce.e,
229
Frit .--in.
310
s. 280
Echinospcrraum,
254
Fuirena,
429
Cuphea,
126
E'clrium,
253
Fumuria,
23
Cuprcssus,
I'i.i: v GKE.fi,
306
s. 24
Cuscuta,
24!)
ELATl'xEyK,
55
Foiaria'ce.e,
22
Cyamus,
19
Elephantopus,
171
Cyathea
450
Eleusine,
414
Galactia,
81
Cymbhlium, 345, 346
Elddea, 60
, 342
Galega,
81
Cyndnchum,
237
E'lymus,
415
•*sis,
277
Cy'nodon,
413
E.mpe'tre/e,
309
Galium,
161
Cynoglossum,
254
Emp&trum,
309
Gaulthc-ria,
216
Cynosurus,
414
■• ';i.
219
Gaura,
117
Cy'nthia,
168
Epilubiom,
ne
Genista,
77
Cypera'ce/e,
420
Ej'ipactis,
344
Gentiana,
239
Cyperus,
420
Epiphagus,
260
Gr.MIA'NE.T,
238
Cypripedium,
351
E^uiseta'ckb,
445
Gera.ma'ce£,
66
s. 352
Equisctum,
4!.",
Geranium,
67
Erica,
218
Gerardia,
267
Dactylis,
407
Eri'ce^e,
215
Geum,
100
Dalibarda,
105
Erigcnia,
141
Gillenia,
160
s. 102
Erigeron,
IT!)
Glaux,
289
Danthonia,
405
s
. in.
Glechoma,
279
Datura,
258
Eriocaulon,
369
Gleditschia,
93
Daucus,
149
Eriophorum,
427
Glyceria,
412
Decodon,
126
5
. 426
Gly'cine,
91, 92
Delphinium,
13
Ernphila,
Gnaplutlium,
177
Dentaria,
26
E'rvum,
89
Gonolobium,
237
Desmodium,
83
5. 81
Gonulobus,
237
Dianthcra,
285
Ery'ngium,
142
Goody era.
343
Dianthus,
47
Ery'simum,
33
Grami'.vk.e,
386
Diapensia,
250
s. 29
Gratiola,
264
Diarrheiia,
406
Erythrae'a,
24-2
5SUL y'ce.e,
135
Dicksonia,
456
Erythr;>nium,
365
Gvrnnocladus,
93
Dicly'tra,
23
Euchroma,
270
Gymnupogon,
41S
Diervilla,
157
Eupaturium,
195
Gynandrupsis,
34
Digitaria,
398
s
. 198
Gyrdmia,.
360
5. 414
Euphorbia,
311
Dilalris,
374
Euphorbia'ce.5:,
310
Habenaria,
347
Diodia,
161
Euphrasia,
269
H.EMOPORa'cEjE
, 374
Dioscorea,
355
Euthamia,
194
Halora'geje,
121
Diosco'rejE,
355
Evonymus,
71
Hamameli'de-E,
152
Diospy'ros,
229
E'xacum,
242
Hamanu-lis,
152
Dipsa'ceje,
164
Hamiltunia,
307
Dipsacus,
165
Fagus,
332
s. 303
Dirca,
306
Fedia,
164
Harpalyce,
166
Discopleura,
143
Ferula,
147
Hedeoma,
280
Dodecantheon,
288
Festuca,
405
s. 277
Dolicfios,
91
s. 407
,412
Hedyotis,
160
Doronicum,
177
FiCOi'dEjE,
133
Hedy'sarum,
86
Draba,
26
Fi'lices,
447
5.81,
83-88
468
INDEX.
Helenium,
201
Impatiens,
68 Limnetis,
417
Helianthemum,
3c
Lnpcraioria,
147 Limodorum, £50. 351
Helianthus, 201
s. 204
Inula, 176 s. Vt
267
Heli6psis,
20c
Ipomce'a,
249 Lindernia,
265
Hdleborus,
12
Iri'de.s:,
352 Li'neje,
55
Helonias,
36?
I'ris,
353 Linnse'a,
159
5. 374
Isanthus,
271
Linum,
56
Hemerocallis,
362
Isnardia,
11£
Llppia,
284
Hemianthus,
267
Isoetes,
462
Liquidambar,
327
Hepatica,
6
I'tea,
139
5. 324
Heracleum,
148
I'va,
209
Liriodendron,
15
Herpestis,
266
5. 210
Listera,
344
5. 26?
JefFersunia,
18
Lithospermum
251
Hesperis,
32
Jugla'nde^:,
334
• s. 252, 255
Heteranthera,
369
Juglans,
335
Lobelia,
214
Heuchera,
139
s. 336
Lobelia 'ce m,
214
Hibiscus,
57
JuNCAGl'tfE/E,
378
Loiseleuria,
222 <
Tlicorius,
336
Ju'nce.2:,
370
Lolium,
416
Hieracium,
166
J uncus,
371
Lonicera,
157
Hierochloa,
404
s. 373
Lophiola,
374
Hippocasta'xe^:,
64
Juniperus,
337
Lorantka'ce^E
, 154
ITippophae,
306
Jusiicia,
285
Ludwlgia,
120
Hippuris,
123
Lunaria,
28
PIolcus,
404
Kalmia,
219
\ Lupinus,
92
s. 408, 412
Koeleria,
407
Luzula,
373
Hordeum,
414
Krigia,
169
Ly'chnis,
49
Hottonia,
289
Kuhnia,
195
Lycopodia'ce^e,
459
Houstunia,
242
Kylli'ngia,
423
Lycopodium,
459
Hudsonia,
36
5. 429
Lycopsis,
253
Humulus,
315
Lycopus,
271
Hydrangea,
137
Labia 'tje,
270
Lygodium,
457
Hydrastis,
7
Lachnanthes,
374
Lydnia,
218
Hydrochari 'ee je
, 341
Lactuca,
169
Lysimachia,
290
Hydrochloa,
419)
Lamium,
278
Ly'thrum
125
H}rdroc6tyle,
140
Lathyrus,
90
s. 12<5
s
.141
Lauri'neje,
305
Hydrolea'ce.e,
250
Lau.rus,
305
Macrblys,
14
Hydropelti'be^e,
IS
Lechea,
36
Magnolia,
14
Hydropeltis,
18 1
Lecontla,
382
Magnolia 'evm,
14
HYDROPHY'LLEiE,
255
Ledum.
222
Malazis,
350
Hydrophy'ilum,
255
Leersia,
418
Mdlus,
113
s
. 256
Legoiixo'sje,
76
Malva,
57
Hymenophy 'Hum
455 !
Leiophyllum,
463
MALVA'cEiE.
56
Hyoscy'amus,
259 i
Lemna,
383
Mariscus,
429
Hydseris,
169 |
Lentibula'ri2B,
286
Marrubium,
280
Hyperici'ne.e,
60
Leontice,
17
Marsilea'ce.e,
462
Hypericum,
60
Leontodon,
168
Marty 'nia,
245
Hypoxi'de^:,
354
Leoniirus,
278
Mayanthcmum ,
357
Hypoxis,
354
Lepidium,
27
Meconopsis,
21
HypopHiis,
452
Leptandra,
262
Vledeola,
360
Hypopithys,
228
Leptanthus,
369
Yledicago,
78
Hyssopus,
274
Lespedeza,
•86
VIelampy'rum,
270
Laatris,
175
Mel anth a 'ce.e,
366
Ictcdes,
382 i
lagusticum,
146
Vlelahthium,
366
I'lex,
230 ]
Liigustrum,
231
5.367
Ilici'ne-e,
229 ]
jIlia'ce-E,
364
MELASTOMA'CE-aE,
126
Illece'ereje,
131 J
milium,
364 3
VIelica,
413
INDEX.
469
Melilotus,
78
O'phrys 343, 344, 345
iPisum,
89
Melissa,
280
Oporinia,
168
: Plantagi'ne-s,
292
Melothria,
128
Opuntia,
134
Plantago,
292
Menisperma'ce-E.
16
Orchi'deje,
342
Platanus,
327
Menispermum,
16
Orchidocarpum,
16
Platanthera,
347
Mentha.
272
O'rchis,
346
Plumbagi'neje,
291
Menyanthes,
244
5.
347-50
P6a,
408
Menzicsia,
218
Origanum,
274
l
. 407
Mespihts, 111-13
Ornithogalum,,
362
Podaly'ria,
77
Micropctalum,
Microstylis.
Mikania,
51
O'rnns,
233
Podopht'i.le^:,
17
350
Orobanche.
260
Podophyllum,
18
198
OROBA'NCHEiE,
260
Podoste'meje,
124
Milium,
393
Orontium,
381
Podostemum,
124
Mimulus,
264
Orthopogon,
398
Pogonia,
344
Mitchella,
160
Oryzopsis,
419
5
. 346
Mitella,
138
5. 393
Polanisia,
34
Mollugo.
50
Osmcrhiza,
149
Polemonia'cejE,
246
Momordica,
128
Osmunda,
456
Polemonium,
247
Monarda,
275
O'strya,
326
Poly'gala,
44
Monniera,
266
Oxai.i'de-S,
69
Polyga'le.e,
43
Monotropa,
227
O'xalis,
69
Polygonatum,
358
Morus,
316
OxycOccus,
225
Polygo'nejf.,
300
Muhlenbergia,
391
5. 216
Poly'gonum,
300
My'agrum,
27
Poly'mnia,
208
Myosutis,
253
Panax,
151
Poly podium,
447
s
254
Panicum,
393
Polypogon,
390
Myrica,
324
s
. 397-8
Poma'ceje,
110
Myriophy'llum,
121
PAPAVERA'CEA:,
20
Pontederia,
368
My'rrhis, 144,149
,150
Parietaria,
315
Pontee-e'reje,
368
Parnassia,
43
P6pulus,
322
Napaa,
58
Paspalum,
398
Porcelia,
16
Narthccium
374
Passiflura,
129
Portulacca,
130
Nasturtium.
31
PaSSIFLo'rEjE,
129
Portula'ceje,
129
Ncciris,
19
Pastinaca,
148
Potamogeton,
385
Negundo,
64
Pa via,
65
Potentilla,
106
Nelumbium,
19
Pedali'ne/r,
245
Pothos, 381
, 382
Nemopanthes,
230
Pedicularis,
269
Prenanthes, 167
, 168
Nem6phila,
255
Penthorum,
133
Primula,
288
Neottia, 343
344
Pentstemon.
266
Primula'cEjE,
288
Nepeta,
279
P6plis,
55
Prlnos,
230
5
273
Periploca,
238
Proserpinaca,
121
Nicandra,
258
Phacelia,
256
Prunella,
281
Nicotiana,
258
Phalangium.
374
Prunus,
95
Nuphar,
20
Phalaris,
392
5.
96-8
Nymphte'a
20
s. 401
Psamma,
401
Nymphjea'ce.e,
19
Phascolus,
91
Ptelea,
71
Ny'ssa,
307
Phleum,
391
Pteris,
454
Phlox,
246
Pterospora,
228
Obolaria,
244
Phragmiies,
405
Pulmonaria,
254
CEnanthe,
148
Phry^ma,
284
s
251
CEnothera,
117
Phyllanthus,
310
Purshia, 122
252
Oldcnlandia,
160
Phy'salis,
257
Pycnanthemum,
272
Oeea'ceje,
231
Phytolacca,
29(5
Py'rola,
225
Onogra'ri^:,
115
Phytola'cce^:,
299
Pyrola'ce.e,
225
Onoclea,
448
Pinguicula,
286
Py'rus,
113
Onop6rdon,
173
Pinus,
338
s.
112
Onosmodium,
252
Piptatherum,
393
Pyrularia,
308
Ophioglosssum,
458
PiSTIa'cEjE,
40
383
Pijxidanthera,
250
470
INDEX.
Quercus,
327
Saxifraga,
137
Spermacdce,
161
Queria,
£31
Saxiera'ge^:,
137
Spigelia,
238
Scdndix,
149
SpIGELIACEJE,
138
Ranuncula'ce^e,
Ranunculus,
3
7
Scheuchzeria.
Schiz'aea,
379
458
Spirse'a, 98
Spiranthes,
9. 100
343
Raphanus,
Rensselaeria,
34
Schoe'nus,
428
Stachys,
279
382
s. 422-8-9
Staphylea,
73
Restia'cejE,
369
Schollera,
369
Staphylea'ce^:,
72
Rha'mneje,
Rhamnus,
73
73
Schwalbea,
Scirpus,
265
423
Statice,
Stellaria,
292
50
Rhexia,
127
s. 422, 426
429
Stipa,
400
Rhinanthus,
268
Scler'anthe-s:,
132
s. 390
Rhododendron,
220
Scleranthus,
132
Streptopus,
359
Rhodora,
220
Scleria,
430
Strophostyles,
92
Rhu«
75
Scolopendrium,
454
Struthi6pteris,
456
Rhynchospora,
Ribes,
428
135
Scrophularia,
Scrophulari'neje
263
261
Stylophorum,
Stylosanthes,
21
83
Ricinus
311
Scutellaria, .
281
Styrandra,
357
Rivina
300
Secale,
415
Subularia,
28
Robinia,
82
Sedum,
133
Swertia,
240
liochelia,
254
Selinum.
145
Symphoria,
159
Rosa
109
Senecio,
200
Symphoricdrpos,
159
Rosa'ceje,
98
Serpicula.
342
Sy'mphytum,
252
RuBIA'cEjE,
Rubus,
159
102
s. 105
Sesuvium,
Setaria,
Shepherdia,
134
397
306
Symplocarpus,
Talinum,
382
130
Ruellia,
Rudbeckia,
285
204
s. 202
Sibbalda,
Sicyos,
Sida,
108
128
58
Tanacetum?
Taxus,
Teplirosia,
211
341
81
Rumex,
Ruppia,
' 303
385
Siegesb' eckia,
Silene,
Silphium,
205
47
208
Teucrium,
Thalictrum,
Thdspia,
274
4
146
Sinapis,
33
Thaspium,
146
Sabbatia,
241
Slson, 141, 143
, 144
s. 143
Saglna,
49
Sisy'mbrium,
32
Thesium,
308
s. 243
Sisyr'inchium,
353
Thlaspi,
25
Sagittaria,
376
Slum,
144
s. 27
Saxica'ri*.
125
s
. 148
Thuya,
338
Salic6rnia,
298
Smila'ce.e,
355
THYME'LEiE,
306
Salix,
318
Smilacina,
357
Thy'mus,
273
Salsola,
298
s. 358-9
Tiarella,
138
5.296
Smilax,
356
Tilia,
59
Salvia,
283
Smy'rnium,
146
Tilia'cEjE,
59
Salvinia,
462
s
. 143
Tillee'a,
133
Sambucus,
155
Sola'neje,
256
Tipularia,
350
Samolus,
291
Solanum,
257
Tofieldia, •
366
Sanguinaria,
21
Solea,
41
Tradescantia,
376
Sanguis6rba,
114
Solidago,
188
Trichochloa,
390
Sanguiso'rbeje,
114
Sonchus,
171
Trichodium,
389
Sanicula,
141
i
r. 170
Trich6phorum,
426
Santaea'ce^,
307
Sophora,
77
5.427
Sap on aria,
49
Sdrbus,
113
Trichostema,
275
SaroUira,
62
Sparganium,
379
Tricuspis,
407
Sarracenia,
22
Spargan6phorus,
210
Trientalis
289
Sarracf/nie2E.
22
S parti na,
417
Trifulium,
79
Sauru'revE,
317
Spergula,
50
Triglochin,
378
Saururus,
317
Spefgulastrum,
51
Trillium,
360
INDEX.
471
Triosteum,
157
Vacci'nf. .z,
222
VlOLACEJE,
37
Triphora,
346
Vaccinium,
223
Viscum,
154
Tripsacum,
399
s. 216,
218, 225
Vitis,
66
Trisetum,
403
Valeriana
164
Triticum,
416
Valeria 'nes,
163
Windsor/a,
406
Trollius,
12
Valerianella
164
Woodsia.
451
Troximon,
169
Valisncria,
342
Woodwardia.
454
Turrilis,
29
Veratrum,
368
Tussilago,
199
5. 367
X.intliium,
210
Ty'pha,
380
Verba scum,
259
Xerophy'llum
367
Tv'PHA'cEiE,
379
Verbena,
283
Xyldstmm,
158-59
5.284
Xtri'de^e,
370
Udora,
342
Verke.va'ce.e:
283
Xy'ris,
370
Ulma'cEJE,
383
Verbesina,
205
U'lmus,
333
s. 207
Zannichellia
38 1
UhBELU'jFEB.S,
139
Vcrnonia,
174
Zanthorhiza,
]4
Uniola,
412
Veronica,
261
Zanthoxy'lleje. 70-
Uralepsis,
404
*. 263
Zanthoxylum
70
Uraspernuan,
150
Viburnum,
155
Zapania,
284
Urtica,
313
Vicia.
88
Zizania,,
419
Urti'ceje,
313
s. 89
Zizia,
14S
Utricularia.
Villarsia,
243
Ziziphora,
273 280
Uvularia,
361
5. 359
Viola,
37
s.'4g
Zostcra,
-
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