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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
MONOGRAPHS
United States Geological Survey
VOLUME iX
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT FEINTING OFFICE
1885
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY
J. W. POWELL DIEECTOE
BRACHIOPODA AND LAMELLIBRANCHUTA
RARITAN CLAYS AND GREENSAND MARLS
OF
NEAV JERSEY
ROBERT P. WHITFIELD
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT miNTING tTFICE
1SS5
CONTENTS,
Page.
' Letter of transmittal from Prof. George H. Cook ix
Sketch of the geology of the Cretaceous aud Trrtiary Formatious of New Jersey ix
Letter of transmittal from Prof. Robert P. Whitfield xv
Prelimiuary remarks x vi r
Brachiiipoda :i
Section I.— Brachiopoda of the Mar! Beds 5
. Lamellibranchiata 17
Section II. — Lamellibranchiata irom the Raritau Clays '-12
III. — Lamellibranchiata from the Lower Marl Beds 29
IV. — Lamellibranchiata from the Middle Marl Beds 194
V. — Lamellibranchiata from the base of the Upper Marls £05
VI. — Lamellibranchiata from the Eocene Marls 222
VII. — Unionidx from the Camden Clays 243
VIII. — Classified list of the species 253
V
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Geologic Map of a part of New Jersey.* Page.
Plate I. — Brachiopoda of the Marls of New Jersey 270
II. — Lamell [branch lata of tho Earitaa Clays 272
III. — Ostreidse of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 272
IV.— OstreidjE of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 276
V. — Ostreidee of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 278
VI. — Cstreidie of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls ygO
VII.— Pecteuidte of tho Lower Bed Greensand Marls 262
VIII. — Pectenid^ of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 21^4
IX.— SpondylidfB of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 286
X. — Spondylidai of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 2>i8
XL — NuculidiE and Aroidae of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls £90
XII. — Arcidfe of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 292
XIII. — Arcidae of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 294
XIV. — Trigoiiid» and Pteriidae of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 296
XV. — Pceriidas of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 298
XVI. — Pinnidje of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 300
XVIL— Mytilidaa and Crassatellidte of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 1302
XVIII. —Astartidse, Crassatellidse, Lucinidse, and Chamidas of the Lower Bed Greensand
Marls 3(j4
XIX. — Cyprinid® of tho Lower Bed Greensand Marls 306
XX.— Cardiidae of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 308
XXI. — CardildiE of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 310
XXII. — Veneridae of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 312
XXIII. — TeUinidiB, Mactridie, and Corbulids of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 314
XXIV. — Anatinidie and Saxicavidse of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 316
XXV. — Solenidfe and Pholadidse of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 318
XXVI. — Lamellibrauchiata of the Middle Bed Greensand Marls 320
XXVII. ^Lamellibranchiata irom the base of the Upper Bed Greensand Marls 322
XXVIII. — Lamellibrauchiata from the base of the Upper Bed Greensand Marls 324
XXIX. — Laniellibranchiata from the Eocene Layers, Upper Bed Greensand Marls 3-J6
XXX. — Lamellibranchiata from the Eocene Layers, Upper Bed Greensand Marls 328
XXXI. — Uuionidae from Lignitie Clays at Fish House, New Jersey 330
XXXII. — Unionidae from Lignitie Clays at Fish House, New Jersey 332
XXXIII. — Unionidaj from Lignitie Clays at Fish House, New Jersey 334
XXXIV. — Unionidae from Lignitie Clays at Fish House, New Jersey 336
XXXV. — Unionidae from Lignitie Clays at Fish House, New Jersey 338
Figure 1. — Section across Cretaceous strata x
2. — Columnar section of Cretaceous strata ix
* In pocket at end of volume.
vu
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL,
Gteological Survey of New Jersey,
New Brunswick, N. J., April 16, 1884.
Sir: I have the honor herewith to transfer to you the text and draw-
ings of the Fossil Brachiopoda and LameUibranchiata of the Raritan Clays
and Greensand Marls of New Jersey. They have been prepared by Prof
Robert P. Whitfield for the Geological Survey of that State. While the
fossils here described have come from a limited district of the United States,
it is a district which drew the attention of paleontologists earlier, and has
been studied longer, than any other, so that it is classic and typical ground
for all American geologists. As such we esteem it worthy of a place among
the Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, and with high appre-
ciation leave it in your charge for publication and general distribution.
I also here append a
SKETCH OF THE GBOLOGX OF THE CRETACEOUS AND TERTIAltl
EOEMATIOIfS OF KEW JERSEY.
The invertebrate fossils described in this and the succeeding volumes
have been found in the geological formations which make up the southern
half of New Jersey. The northwestern boundary of these formations may
be traced by a line drawn in a southwesterly direction from Staten Island
Sound, on the eastern border of the State, to the Delaware River at the
mouth of Assanpink Creek, in Trenton, on the western side. The other
boundaries are the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay and River. The
boundaries, except the first, need no more specific description. The north-
western boundary can be traced with a good deal of accuracy from tlie
CRETACEOUS AND TERTIAEY FORMATIONS OP NEW JERSEY.
Sound, about four miles northeast of
Woodhridge, through the northern
part of that village, and then across '
the hills to Metuchen, and onwards to
the Raritan, which it crosses in the
southern part of the city of New Bruns-
wick, and thence onward to Ten- Mile
Run and King'ston, and thence along
the valley in which the Delaware and
S Raritan Canal runs on the south of
'Z Princeton and Trenton to the Delaware
^ River.
a
5 The outcropping edge of these
g formations is thin, so that in many
o
M places the underlying red sandstone
■fe is exposed in the inequalities of the
I surface, or is easily reached in digging.
-g This, of course, must leave the edge
o somewhat irregular, and in one place
Z in Middlesex County, north of the
o Raritan, the red sandstone rises in a
§ considerable hill soutli of this line, and
= is entirely surrounded by the white
■z clays of this later formation.
I. The Raritan cla}^ beds, with their
6 intermediate beds of sand, which are
" the lowest in the series here described,
are retained as a part of the Cretaceous
series. Stratigraphical relations war-
rant this. The very few fossil shells
which have been found in them are of
estuary forms, and are thought by some
paleontologists to bear a close resem-
blance to those of the "Wealden or
Jurassic age. The greensand and in-
CRETACEOUS AND TERTIAEY FOEMATIONS OP NEW JERSEY. XI
termediate beds which he immediatel}" over
these, and as far as seen, with the same gen-
eral dip, though a Httle smaller in amount,
are rich in marine fossils which ai'e unques-
tionably of the Cretaceous period
The numerous beds and strata of the
series all dip gently to tlie southeast, the
descent being not more than 50 feet per mile;
while the underlying red sandstone dips
towards the northwest at an angle of 10° or
12°.
The accompanying section, Fig. 1 , across
the Cretaceous and Eocene strata in Middle-
sex and Monmouth Counties, in which part
of the State they are best exposed, will suffi-
ciently illustrate their mode of occurrence.
The columnar section, Fig. 2, will further
show the thickness of the Cretaceous and
Eocene strata, as far as present demonstra-
tions extend ; and the niaj) of the part of New
Jersey in which these strata are found will
make plain the numerous references to local-
ities, which are given in the descriptions of
species. In addition to the outcrop as given
on the map, and the dip as shown in the
section, the correctness of the columnar
section has been proved b)^ the borings in
several artesian wells in which the successive
strata of greensand, clay, etc., have been met
in the order here laid down. The Miocene
is found, with its characteristic fossils, in
several isolated localities in the counties of
Cumberland and Salem, but no structural
or other well-marked geological peculiarities
of these beds have yet been developed.
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XII OEETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FORMATIONS OP NEW JERSEY.
The greater part of the State south of the Cretaceous and Eocene strata
is without fossils by which to determine its geological age. It is, however,
later than the Miocene, as is to be seen where they meet, and it is older
than the Glacial, as is shown where the glacial drift overlies the same for-
mation in some of the country immediately north of the Raritan. It ap-
pears to be regidarly stratified, though all the strata are earthy, no rock
having been met in boring into it. Regular and extended beds of clay and
sand have been found in the various places which have been bored into,
but no fossils have been met with. In this state of our knowledge, it is
safe to call these beds representatives of the Pliocene age.
The tide marshes, the sand beaches, and some low lying upland on the
borders of the sea and bay sides, are of the Quaternary period, and fur-
nish a few fossils which scarcely differ from the living species now found in
the adjacent tide waters.
From the foregoing sketch of the geology of Southern New Jersey, it
will be seen that by far the greater number of fossils described in this work
are from the greensand beds of the Ci'etaceous formation. Fossils are
really much more abundant in these beds than in any of the others, and,
besides, these beds have been opened more extensively than any others on
account of the value of the marls which compose them, and which are used
for fertilizing the soil.
Some of the species are very abundant, while of many others only
single specimens have been found, and very many of these forms have only
been found as imperfect casts.
There is no complete collection of these fossils, and the Geological
Survey of New Jersey possesses only a small part of them ; for the remain-
der specimens have been borrowed wherever they could be got, and their
ownership is given in the printed descriptions.
The fossils in the New Jersey marls attracted the attention of natural-
ists at a very early day; Dr. S. G. Morton and Prof L. Vanuxem, of Phil-
adelphia, described some of them in the sixth volume of the Journal of the
Academy of Natural Sciences in 1828-29, and in the seventeenth volume of
the American Journal of Science in 1 830, and since that time many additions
have been made to the number described by others, whose names will ap-
CEBTAOBOUS AND TERTIARY FORMATIONS OF NEW JERSEY. XIH
pear in their proper places. This work of Professor Whitfield, in bringing
the fossils together and in revising and correcting imperfect descriptions,
and in making new and better drawings of the fossils, will be appreciated
by every paleontologist; and the new species he has been able to add give
completeness to the subject, and it is hoped will make the book a useful and
standard one both for the student and the field geologist. Heretofore, many
of these fossils which were described were not figured, and the descriptions
were scattered in so many different works that they were practically inac-
cessible to most persons, and especially to those who by their residence on
the formations were most competent to make collections. It is a publica-
tion which has long been looked for by citizens interested in geology, and
it is fair to anticipate from its use much benefit to the scientific geology of
the region from which its materials are drawn.
As the collected work of the pioneers in paleontological study on this
continent, it becomes of permanent interest to geologists both for the per-
sons whose labors it perpetuates and the localities which they explored.
I am, with high respect, your obedient servant,
GEO. H. COOK,
State Geologist of New Jersey.
Maj. J. W. Powell,
Director U. S. Geological Survey.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
New Yoek, March 31, 1884.
Dear Sir: I herewith transmit to you the following descriptions and
illustrations of the Bracliiopoda and LamelUhrancMata of the Green Marls and
accompanying Clays of New Jersey, which form a part only of the paleon-
tological report on the fossil remains of the State.
In presenting the report allow me to express my sincere thanks for the
many kindnesses which I have received at the hands of yourself and your
assistant, Professor Smock, in obtaining material for the work. I am also
greatly indebted to the officers of the Academy of Natural Sciences at
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. I have been obliged to borrow largely from
their collection, as it contains very many of the types of Mr. T. A. Conrad
and Mr. W. M. Gabb, as well as of Dr. S. G. Morton, and those of Mr. Isaac
Lea's species of Unionidce. I am, however, under special obligation in this
respect to Profs. A. Heilprin and H, Carville Lewis. I have also had the loan
of specimens from Columbia College, N. Y., through Dr. J. S. Newberr}^, and
from Dr. Lawrence Johnson and Miss F. M. Hitchcock, of New York, to all of
whom I wish to express my thanks. I have also availed myself largely of
specimens from the cabinet at Rutgers College under your charge, and
from the cabinet of the American Museum of Natural History in New York
City.
Yours, very truly,
R. P. WHITFIELD.
Prof George H. Cook,
State Geologist of New Jersey.
PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
In offering the following report on a portion of the organic remains of
New Jersey, I would state that the very imperfect material with which I
have had to deal, as well as the small number of related specimens, often
having only a single imperfect individual of a species, and that one the
original type, must form my excuse for the great imperfection of descrip-
tion and meagreness of illustration.
The report contains all the species of Brachiopoda and LameUibrcmchiata
of the greensand marls and their accompanying clays of the State, so far as I
am able to learn, hitherto described and published, as well as several now
made known for the first time. The published species have not before been
brought together in any form, even in a catalogue; and the descriptions
have been given in so many different publications, and through such various
channels, that it has been very difficult to ascertain when they had all been
collected. I am by no means certain, even now, that I may not have over-
looked some isolated paper or obscure pamphlet containing descriptions or
mention, but every means has been employed to make the search as thorough
as possible, and every known trace of publication or reference to papers
has been followed to its source.
Another difficulty with which I have had to contend has been the want
of material. This has been an almost insurmountable obstacle to rapid and
systematic work, as there are no comparatively complete collections of the
marl fossils in existence at any one place. This arises principally, I pre-
sume, from the fact that marl fossils are very difficult to preserve for any
length of time, owing to their rapid disintegration from the effects of finely
disseminated pyrite in the marls, which, on exposure to the air, i-apidly de-
XVIII PEELIMINARY RBMAEKS.
stroys them, thereby discouraging j^ersons from collecting. This, however,
might in a measure be remediedby judiciously cleaning the specimens from
unnecessary sand and marl when first taken from the pits, and after thorough
drying, soaking the specimens in boiling glue, of a consistency sufficient
readily to penetrate the marl, which, on rapidly drying again, will be har-
dened and protected so as to be preserved for an indefinite period. Speci-
mens which I treated in this manner twenty-six years ago are as perfect
to-day as when first prepared.
It will be noticed that by far the larger part of the species here de-
scribed are from the Lower Marl Beds. Leaving out the BracJiiopods, of
which there are only five given, including one doubtfully from within the
State, there are two hundred and thirty species and varieties. Of these, five
are from the clays below the Lower Marl Bed; eleven, including Gryphcea
vesicularis, which occurs most abundantly in the Lower Marl Bed, are from
the Middle Marl Bed ; seventeen are from the Cretaceous layers at the base of
the Upper Marl Bed ; twenty-three are from the Eocene layers at the top of the
Upper Marl Bed; and twelve species of Unionidce are from the clays at Fish
House. This leaves one hundred and sixty-three species for the Lower
Marl Bed, only one of which is known to occiir in any of the other beds;
Gryphcea vesicularis being common to the Lower and the Middle Beds, and
also recognized in a single individual in the Eocene layers. Idonearca
vulgaris was supposed to pass from the Lower to the Middle Bed, but I find
that the Middle Marl Bed specimens belong to quite a distinct form. Ostrea
or Gryphcea Bryani Gabb, in one of its varieties, appears to be common to
the Middle Bed and to the lower layers of the Upper Bed. Beyond
these I have no evidence of a passage of species from one bed to any of
the others. There is, however, some difficulty in satisfactorily determining
whether this is really the case, as most of the collections which I have ex-
amined are not carefully labeled witli locality or position, and from their
great similarity of material they present a peculiar liability to error. This
may be said to be particularly the case with the collections deposited in
the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, many of which have no
other record of locality or position, either with the specimen or embodied
in the description of the species of which they are the types, than simply
PEELIMINARY EEMAEKS. XTY
that of "Cret. N. J." Others mention only the county in which they were
found. This condition I find in otlier collections as well, and it is likely to
have been a fruitful source of error. The blame, however, in the case of
the Academy of Natural Sciences rests solely with the original collectors
and authors of the species; and if some of these errors are continued in
the present work from these causes, I do not feel that they could have been
avoided. The collections at the Academj^ of Natural Sciences are, never-
theless, extremely valuable, as they are largety types of species by Con-
rad, Gabb, and Morton. Of the latter, however, there are very few re-
maining.
It will be noticed that very few of the species have been recognized
from localities outside of the State. It is certainly peculiar that so many
local species should have existed within the limits of New Jersey. This
may, however, be attributed to certain causes which have existed over these
areas during the deposition of these formations, and which would have pro-
duced a special fauna fitted for those conditions by eliminating from it all
other forms not fitted to withstand them. Beyond this, certain rapid or
sudden changes seem to have taken place over nearly the entire coast of
this State, at somewhat regular periods, which materially changed the con-
ditions of life abruptly. These are recorded in the changes from the green-
sand deposit to a siliceous sand deposit between the several layers of marls,
in which no animal remains occur. These abrupt changes in conditions
and extinction of life over these areas at times also account for the almost
entire change of species in the different beds of marl. But there is still
another reason, and perhaps a more direct one, why so few of the species
have been identified from other localities than those of the greensand region.
This is the condition of preservation of these marl fossils, which are gener-
ally only seen as internal casts, and therefore very difficult to identify with
perfect shells. But even among the few which have heretofore been cited
as common to New Jersey and more southern localities, I find few that will
bear critical comparison. For this reason I have been compelled to change
the names of several of the species where the types were from those south-
ern localities.
In regard to the identity of the New Jersey beds with the supposed
XX PRELIMINAEY EEMABKS.
equivalent beds of other parfs of the country, I am not prepared at present
to give a very decided opinion. I see no reason, however, to dispute the notion
generally held that the Lower Marl Bed of the State is equivalent to No. 4, or
the Fort Pierr^ group of the Upper Missouri Cretaceous region. In regard
to the Raritan Clays which underlie the Lower Marl Bed, I have made some
suggestions preceding their description. And in regard to the beds at the top
of the Upper Marl Bed, referred to as Eocene, I would state that so far as the
LameUibranchiate shells are concerned, there is so little in common with the
Eocene known from other localities, that, taken alone, their evidence is not
veiy strong either for or against this Eocene age. The Gasteropndous fauna,
however, is more Eocene in its character than that of the LamellibraucJdaies.
BRACHIOPODA AND LAMELLIBRANCHIATA
RARITAN CLAYS AND GREENSAND MARLS OF NEW JERSEY.
By R. P. ^VS^ETITFIELD.
4418 MON 1
BRACHIOPODA.
SEOTio]rsr I.
BRACHIOPODA FROM THE SETEKAL MAEJL BEDS OF THE STATE.
DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.
The fossil Brachiopoda are not very well represented in the Cretaceous
formations of America, and the New Jersey beds form no exception to this
rule. In Europe, as a general thing, this class of shells is quite abundant,
and although the genera are not as numerous as they are in Paleozoic
formations, yet the species are many. But in America there are few spe-
cies, and those mostly confined to four genera, namely, Terebratula, Ter-
ehratulina, Terebratella, and JRhynchonella. In New Jersey, so far as at
present known, only three of these genera are represented ; the last one,
Mhynchonella, being entirely absent. In regard to individuals, two of the
species known to occur within the State may be said to be abundant, Tere-
bratula Harlani and Terebratella plicata. The latter is moderately abundant
as scattered individuals in the Gryphaea beds of the lower marls, but has
nevei- yet been found in large quantities; while the former, T. Harlani, oc-
curs in vast numbers, forming, at several localities, beds of several feet in
thickness, made up almost entirely of the broken and often water-worn
valves of this species, with a very moderate number of entire individuals.
The conditions of life prevailing in the New Jersey seas during the forma-
tion of the green marls do not appear to have been favorable to the exist-
ence of this form of Molluscoid, but in a few localities the vast abundance
of Gryphcea vesicularis which had accumulated just below, and whose shells
had formed beds of several feet in thickness, appear to have furnished,
by their maceration and solution, a sufficient amount of calcareous material
to have afforded the proper conditions requisite for these shells, and for
vast numbers of foraminiferous bodies as well ; as the so-called calcareous
5
6 PAL^ONTOLOaY OF NEW JERSEY.
sands associated with the Terehratula and Gryphcea is composed almost en-
tirely of the remains of these minute organisms. Of the species of Brach-
iopoda other than the two mentioned, only a few isolated examples have
been found. Among all the collections which I have examined, probably
not more than fifteen individuals in all have been discovered. The follow-
ing described species are all that have been found in any of the marls
within the State, including the Eocene beds at the top of the Upper Marls.
Class BKACHIOPODA.
TEEEBRATULID^.
TBEEBEATULA Llhwyd.
Terebratula Harlani.
Plate I, Figs. 15-23.
Terebratula EarUniMovtou. Am. Jour. Sci.,lstser.,Vo].XVIII,p.250,Pl. Ill, Fig. 16;
and Yol. XYII, p. 283. Jour. A. N. Sci., 1st ser., Yol. YI, p. 73, PL III, Figs.
1-4 aud 7, 8. Syuopsis, p. 70, PI. Ill, Fig. 1, aud PI. IX, Figs. 8 and 9 ; also
Fig. 2. Gabb, Syuop. Cret. Form., p. 196. Synopsis of Gret. Brach.,
p. 18. Meek, Geol. Eept. N. J., 1868, p. 729.
T. perovalis (Sow.'?) Morton. Jour. A. N. Sci., Pliil., Yol. YI, 1st ser., p. 77,
PI. Ill, Figs. 7 and 8.
T. fragiUs Morton (not of Schlot.). Jour. A. N. Sci., Phil., Yol. YI, Ist ser.,
p. 75, PI. Ill, Figs. 3 and 4. Synopsis, p. 70, PI. Ill, Fig. 2. Am. J. Arts
and Sciences, Yol. XYIII, p. 250, PI. Ill, Fig. 17 and Yol. XYII, p. 2So.
Meek, Geol. Eept. N. J., 1868, p. 723.
T. camella Morton. Synopsis, p. 70, in text.
T. subfragilis D'Orb. Prod. Pal., Yol. II, p. 258.
T. atlantica (Mort.) Gabb. Synop. Cret. Brach., Proc. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1861,
p. 18.
Shell large, sometimes measuring two and three-fourths inches in length.
Form, elongate-oval with subparallel sides, often giving a somewhat cyhn-
drical form in old specimens as seen in a dorsal view, with the front usually
more or less truncate and sometimes bilobate from a flattening or lobing of
the valves on the anterior part of the shell. Valves very ventricose, almost
gibbous in old shells from a thickening of the margins. Ventral valve
with the beak large, strong, incurved, and truncated at the apex by the
large foramen, which is strongly excavated at the opening through the
thickness of the shell-substance of the apex, the truncation being parallel
BEACHIOPODA OF THE MAEL BEDS, 7
to tlie axis of the vfilves. Lateral margins of the beak, angular. Center
of the valve toward the front usually flattened or concave, and the lateral
slopes impressed. Dorsal valve much less deep than the ventral; the
beak small and invariably incurved within the deltidial opening of the
ventral in half-grown or mature specimens ; front and anterior surface of
the valve flattened or concave, leaving an angular ridge dividing the cen-
tral area from the lateral slopes. This latter feature is frequently exag-
gerated to so great an extent as to give a decidedly plicate appearance
to the front half of the shell. Shell-surface marked by numerous lines
of growth, often grouped so as to form varices of growth toward the front
in old specimens. Shell-substance finely punctate, the punctae usually
visible under a hand-magnifier of moderate power ; more distinctly seen,
however, on exfoliated surfaces. In the interior the crura are slender near
their junction with the dorsal valve, but rapidly expand into a broad loop
of from three to five eighths of an inch in length and more than two-third&
as great a width, and very angular at the bendings. There have been two
varieties of this species described under distinct names, T. ovalis and T.
fragilis, Morton. There may be some reason for regarding the latter as a
good species, as it occurs in beds where the other form is scarcely or not at
all represented This is, I believe, notably the case at Harrisonville, New
Jersey. The characters of these varieties are separately noted below.
YsiYieij fragilis, =z Terebratula fragilis Morton, PI. I, Figs. 15-18. This
form is common enough at nearly all localities where the species occurs.
It is found of all sizes, from a little more than an inch in length to
those nearly as large as the normal form of the species. It is usually, how-
ever, smaller in size, more cylindrical, and very strongly plicated ; the plica-
tions frequently forming strong lobes and extending to within half an inch
or so of the beak on the dorsal valve and nearly as far on the ventral. I
can find no feature which will serve to distinguish this form from tlie normal
type of T. Harlani constant enough to be relied upon. The thinness of the
shell is no greater than that of the generality of those of the other form.
There is a decided and marked diff'erence in the size and character of the
punctse of the shell observable in some individuals of this variety, the
pores being smaller and much more densely crowded together, forming
8 PALEONTOLOGY OP NEW JERSEY.
transverse wavy lines, which, if it were a constant feature, would serve to
distinguish them, but even on the specimen where this feature is most
marked, I find that it varies even on different laminae of shell over the same
space where it has been exfoliated artificially, so that it forms no positive
means of distinction. I am inclined, therefore, to regard it only as a very
strongly marked variety, and not a valid species.
Yarietj perovalis, PI. I, Fig. 19. This form Dr. Morton identified with
the European shell T. perovalis Sowerby, but it can be nothing more than a
two -thirds grown form of T. Harlani, and the name has long since been
dropped out of the literature by most authors. He afterwards proposed the
name T. camella for it, if found to be distinct from T. Harlani.
Terebratula Harlani is about the largest terebratuloid shell known in
American rocks, and is one of the most beaixtiful, as well as the most abun-
dant. At several localities where it is found, it occurs in immense numbers,
forming, in connection with Gryphcea vesicularis, nearly or quite half the
substance of beds of several feet in thickness. At the marl pits, about
one and a half miles from New Egypt, they are found through about
eight feet of sandy marl so densely packed together that it is almost im-
possible to extricate specimens without breaking, and in certain parts of the
bed the marl "forms much less than half the bulk of the whole. Through
about two or three feet of the upper part of the bed the Terebratula is
almost alone, mostly in separated and water-worn valves, but near the
upper portion of this thickness perfect shells can be obtained in great numbers.
The Terebratula bed is an excellent line for comparison of the strata at difi"er-
ent localities, and has been traced throughout a large part of the State and
into Delaware. The shell has been obtained from South Carolina, where
it is said to be found in the Tertiary. This I think extremely doubtful, as
it is never found above the middle marl beds in New Jersey. Moreover,
the strata in South Carolina are in such a position that it may easily be ob-
tained from the Cretaceous layers below without the fact being detected.
Specimens in Dr. Holmes' collection in the American Museum of Natural
History certainly present all the appearances of the Cretaceous shell, but
are larger than any I have seen from New Jersey. Mr. Grabb, in his Synop-
sis, cites T. atlantica Morton as a synonym of this, considering it as a
BEAOHIOPODA OF THE MARL BEDS. 9
young individual. But I judge from Dr. Morton's description that it is a
very distinct species, being small and distinctly marked with radiating strias,
which T. Harlani never is so far as I have seen. I should be much more
inclined to think T atlantica Morton more nearly related to Mr. Gabb's
T. Halliani.
Formation and locality. — The species is confined, so far as I know, to the
top of the Lower Marl Bed and to the Middle Marls, not having been seen
to any extent in the lower beds and never in the upper beds, at least within
the limits of New Jersey. It has been found in the lowei' beds near New^
Egypt, and in the middle beds at the same pits, where it is extremely abun-
dant through about eight feet of strata, also at Timber Creek, at Mullica
Hill, and at Kirby's marl pits, two miles southwest of Harrisonville, N. J., in
the amber deposit on Old Man's Creek. (Gr. F. Kunz.) The two latter
localities furnishing many specimens of the variety T. fragilis. It is found
in the middle layers at very many localities and sparingly throughout the
entire bed in New Jersey and in Delaware. It also occurs in South Car-
olina, as shown in Dr. Holmes' collection in the American Museum of Natu-
ral History, New York City, from Mazyck's green sands, at Saint John's,
and is marked by Dr. Holmes as Eocene, probably an error.
TerebratuUua atlantica.
Plate I, Figs. 10-13.
Terebratula atlantica Morton. Jour. A. IS". ScL, Phil., 1st ser., Vol. VIII, p. 214.
T. Ealliana Gabb. Proc. A. N". Sci., Phil., 1861, p. 19.
T. glossa Oonrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. V, p. 42, PI. I, Fig. 22. Meek,
Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 732.
Terebratulina Salliana Gabb. Synopsis, p. 200. Meek, Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 724.
Dr. Morton describes this species as follows: "Shell ovate, valves
equally convex, with numerous, distinct, and bifurcating striae, most promi-
nent on the umbo ; foramen large ; beaks not incurved. Length of the
largest specimen found, five-eighths of an inch ; width, half an inch." The
locality he gives as in the ferruginous sands at Woodward's farm, New
Jersey.
I have seen a goodly number of this species from New Jersey,, but
most of them have been smaller than the dimensions given by Dr. Morton,
10 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY.
and are nearly all internal casts. In this condition they frequently afford
evidence of radiating strise, and correspond with the description given
above, but are different in form from those more advanced stages of
growth. As they advance in size the form changes from this nearly equi-
valve, lenticular form, by the front of the valves becoming elevated,
forming a fold on the dorsal side and a broad, shallow depression on the
ventral. This feature is increased with increased growth until they assume
the form given by Mr. Conrad for his Terehratida glossa. The form is then
elongate-ovate with very convex valves, the front of which is somewhat
produced into a pinched fold on the upper valve, and with a shallow depres-
sion on the opposite one corresponding to it. The beak of the ventral valve
becomes slightly incurved and is largely truncate, and its lateral margins
subangular. The ventral valve possesses a sKght cardinal area on each side
of the foramen, which is flattened, and the dorsal valve has lateral expan-
sions on the sides of the beak to correspond, and which form a slightly
extended cardinal line on each side of the beak. This is shown on the
medium-sized cast figaired in the pouching of the lateral margins on the
sides of the beak of the dorsal valve, but it is not distinctly observable in
the larger figure, nor on the one copied from Mr. Conrad. On the former
specimen the strise are fine and even, but as it does not retain the shell they
ai-e not seen on the upper part of the specimen.
Dr. Morton first described this species from young specimens, and Mr.
Gabb seems to have considered it as identical with the young of T. Harlani
(see Synopsis, p. 194). This could not be the case with a shell possessing
the features described by Dr Morton. Mr. Grabb also considered the small
shells as the same as T. lachryma Morton ; being misled by specimens labeled
by Dr. Morton (see Synopsis, p. 200, foot-note), on ascertaining his mistake
he described the New Jersey shell as T. Halliana. Mr. Conrad subsequently
obtaining adult specimens described and figured them under the name T.
glossa, supposing it to come from the Eocene beds at Shark River, New Jer-
sey, which is a mistake. I believe them all to be only stages of growth of one
species; at least I have not seen specimens that I should consider as represent-
ing distinct species when they are examined together and in numbers. There
are some of the small ones which are rather more ventricose than the ma-
BRACHIOPODA OP THE MAEL BEDS. H
jority, but not sufficiently so to be specifically distinct. The young shells
of this species difFer from T. lachryma Morton, in being less ventricose on
the umbo, less elongated in form, more circular in outline, with a shorter
and broader beak. They must very closely resemble T. floridana Morton,
from the Cretaceous at Prairie Bluff, Ala., but, as I have no specimen from
that locality for comparison, I am not able to assert positively in what par-
ticulars they differ. If they prove to be indentical, the name T. floridana
will have precedence over that of T. atlantica.
Formation and locality. — All the specimens which I have seen, and of
which I have been able to ascertain the locality without doubt, have been
from the lower beds of the upper marls. The form given by Conrad as T.
glossa, I have seen from Farmingdale in the collection of Miss F. M. Hitch-
cock, of New York City (Plate l,fig. 13). The example figured on PI. l,fig
10, is from the collection of Dr. L. Johnson, of New York, and is also from
Farmingdale. Other and smaller specimens, but showing the same featui-es,
except in being less gibbous, are from the same horizon at Shark River, N J.,
Columbia College collection. I do not remember to have seen any speci-
mens authentically derived from either a higher or lower locality. Mr.
Conrad's examples of T. glossa were from Shark River. Mr. Gabb gives for
T. Halliana simply "New Jersey." Dr. Morton cites for his specimen the
"ferruginous sands at Woodward's farm. New Jersey, found by Mr. Con-
rad."
Terebratuliua floridana.
Terehratula floridana Morton. Synopsis, p. 72, PI. XVI, Fig. 17.
Terebrat'uUna floridana (Mort.) D'Orb. Prod. Pal., p. 258, Vol. II; also of Gabb, Meek,
and others.
This species was originally described from the Cretaceous formations
at Prairie Bluff, Ala., but is given by Mr. Meek as a New Jersey species in
his catalogue in the Geological Survey of New Jersey for 1868, p. 729.
So far I have not observed it among the fossils of this State, and am inclined
to think the reference an error. Young individuals of T. Halliana (Gabb)
^ T. atlantica (Morton) have very much the characters of the Alabama
shell, but they differ in being more elongate, less broadly rounded, and in
12 PAL^ONTOLOaT OP NEW JEESEY.
having a shallow sinus on the dorsal valve, while the Alabama shell is
described and figured without this feature. I do not, therefore, consider it
as properly belonging to the State fauna.
Terebratulina lachryma.
Plate I, Fig. 14.
Terchraiula lachryma Morton. Synopsis, p. 72, PI. X, Fig. 11, and PI. XVI, Pig. 6.
Terebratidina lachryma D'Orb. Prod. Pal., p. 396. Gabb, Synop. Cret. Bracb., p. 19.
Proc. A. N. Sci. PLil., 1861 ; Synopsis, p. 200.
Mr. Gabb states that he has seen this species from the Cretaceous marls
of New Jersey, and therefore he considers it as a Cretaceous species, remark-
ing that D'Orbign)^ is incorrect in placing it in the Lower Eocene. Dr.
Morton's specimens were from the calcareous strata of South Carolina,
which is considered as Eocene, although at the time Dr. Morton described
the species it was supposed to be Cretaceous. He also states that Mr.
Conrad had at a later time obtained it from "strata below Claiborne, Ala."
This would also bring it into the Eocene. Mr. Meek, in his check -list of
Cretaceous Mollusca, does not include this as a Cretaceous species, and,
although Mr. Conrad does not include it among the Eocene Terebratulidse
in his Smithsonian Institution check-list of that formation, he does subse-
quentl}^ in a later list published in Vol. I, Am. Jour. Conchology. I do
not know what Mr. Gabb may have seen from New Jersey to identify as
belonging to this species, but I certainly have never seen any shell or cast
of shell from New Jersey that I should consider as belonging to it. In
order that it may be identified if found, I have given a figure, enlarged to
twice the natural size, of a specimen of undoubted authenticity, from the
white limestones of the Eocene of South Carolina, near Charleston, for
comparison.
Genus TEREBEATELLA D'Orb.
Terebratella plicata Say.
Plate I, Figs. 5-9.
Terebratula plicata Say. Am. Jonr. Sci. and Arts, Vol. II, 1st ser.,p, 43. J. A. N. S.,
1st series, Vol. VI, p. 73, PI. Ill, Pigs. 5 and 6. 1829.
r. Sayi Mort. Synopsis Org. Eem., p. 71, PI. Ill, Figs. 3 and 4. 1834. Am.
J. Arts and Sciences, Vol. XLVIII, p. 283.
BEACHIOPODA OF THE MARL BEDS. 13
Terebratella plicata (Say) D'Orb. Prod., p. 259. Gabb, Synop. Cret. Foss., p. 193.
1861. Meek, Geol. New Jersey, 1868, pp. 375, 723.
Shell of medium size, subcircular in outline and somewhat plano-con-
vex in profile, marked by from eight to twelve or more sharply angular
plications, which extend from beak to base. Ventral valve strongly convex,
with an erect beak of small size, which is angular on the back but not
incurved. Area moderately large, and perforated by a large circular fora-
men and broad triangular deitidium, which is partially closed by a small
deltidial plate on each side. Dorsal valve flattened or slightly convex,
often with a broad undefined sinus in the middle, which may be occupied
by a single strong plication or by three or five smaller ones. Surface of
the shell marked by numerous strong concentric lines of growth crossing
the plications, and the minute structure of the shell beautifully and strongly
punctate, the punctse being arranged in quincunx order, so as to form oblique
lines across the plications. In the interior of the ventral valve the cardinal
muscles have left a pair of strong flabellate scars occupying the upper third
of the valve, and in the dorsal the adductors show deep semi-circular pits
of moderate size separated b}^ an elevated mesial septum which extends to
some distance beyond the middle of the valve. The teeth-sockets are large
and deep, and the cardinal process double or in some cases triple, nearly
erect, and of large size. The crura start from a more or less well-devel-
oped hinge-plate at a moderate distance from each other, and are directed
forward and outward, giving origin to crural process at a short distance
from the hinge-plate. The loop is formed of a rather broad band or rib-
bon, which curves outward from the crural points and forms an imperfect
circle of nearly one-half the diameter of the valve, and of equal length,
the two sides nearly meeting in front, where they are bent upon themselves
and, returning at a short distance above the main portions, are united in a
transverse bar just in front of the crural points. The main portions of the
loop are united to the central septum of the dorsal valve by a transverse
plate near the end of the septum and just in front of the middle of the
loop, thus giving a double attachment to the loop, as in the living forms of
the genus. Among several specimens examined showing the loop more or
less perfect, the ventral side of the band comes so near to the ventral valve
14 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESBY.
that tlie minute crystals with which both the loop and the interior of the
valves is coated bring it in contact with the valve, so that in breaking
away the shell to show the interior this part has been somewhat injured on
one side of each specimen. There is considerable difference observed in
the proportional form of the different parts of the loop in different speci-
mens, in the width of the band composing it, in the relative width between
the bands on the opposite sides of the center, and in the proportional length
of the transverse plate which connects the dorsal sides of the ribbon with
the median septum of that valve. Moreover, the ribbon in all cases where
seen is coated with minute crystals of lime, which gives it a much stronger
appearance than it has really possessed when in its normal condition. Tlae
loop in its general appearance presents much the same aspect that is seen
in that of Waldlieimia australis of the present time, except that it has the
double attachment to the dorsal valve characteristic of the genus Terebra-
tella. The general shape of the shell externally had long ago decided
naturalists in referring the species to Terebratella, but it has hitherto disap-
pointed all efforts to obtain a knowledge of its loop; but as it is now known
in several individuals, there can no longer be any doubt of its generic
relations.
Formation and locality. — This is an abundant species at most of the
localities where the shell-bed of the Lower Green Marls is worked. At
Cream Ridge, New Jerse}'-, it is extremely abundant; also at Middletown,
New Jersey.
Terebratella Vanuxemi.
Plate I, Figs. 1-4.
Terebratula Vanuxemi Lyell and Forbes. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, 1845, Vol. I, p. 62.
Terebratella Vanuxemi D'Orb. Prod. Pal., p. 259. Gabb, Synopsis Am. Cret. Brach.,
P. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1861, p. 18. Synop., p. 194. Meek, Check-list, p. 5.
Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 724.
Shell resembling T. plicata, Say, in size, form, and general characters,
varying only in the greater convexity of the valves, especially the dorsal
valve, and in the greater number of plications, which are less angular and
not so distinctly elevated or so distinctly marked. The ventral valve is
BEACHIOPODA OF THE MAEL BEDS. 15
sometimes slightly flattened in the middle region instead of having plica
tions, as in T. plicata. On some individuals the plications are all but obso-
lete, being very faintly marked on the central portions and obliterated
toward the front of the shell by the strong concentric lines and varices of
growth. The punctate structure of this shell is about the same as that of
T. plicata.
This shell has been very generally admitted as a valid species by
Palaeontologists ; still I have ver}^ great doubts of its specific distinction.
It occurs at nearl}^ all, if not quite all, localities where T. plicata is found,
but is quite rare in its typical character. Individuals can be selected very
readily from any of the localities where it is found that will unite by
insensible gradations the utmost extremes attained by the two- forms. I
have not seen the internal features of this form to know if they agree
with those of T. plicata, as specimens pi-esenting the features of the species
in good degree are too rare to be sacrificed in an tin certain attempt to
develope them.
Formation and locality. — Usually found associated with T. plicata, Say,
at most of the localities where that one occurs, and only in the Lower Marl
Beds associated with Gryphoea vesicularis, Exogyra costata, etc.
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
17
4418 MON 9 2
Class LAMELLIBEANCHIATA.
I have preferred the use of the name LameUihranchiata for this group
of moHusts, because it appears to me more apphcable than any other one
of the very many names proposed. It may be objected that it is a long and
difficult name, but that is its only objection ; while most of the others either
imply zoological falsehoods when applied to some portions of the group, or
are equally ajDplicable to other groups than this one, and I do not see but
that the name I have adopted is as generally used, or even more generally
used, at the present time than any other. There seems, however, to be
a growing tendency with many Conchologists to use the name Pelecypoda,
proposed by Goldfuss in 1820 (meaning hatchet-footed), which, to my
mind, is particularly objectionable, as there are large groups of these
animals where the foot is entirely obsolete, or so nearly obsolete as to
be without definite form. I do not, however, think this the place to enter
into an elaborate discussion of this matter, but will refer those who wish for
knowledge on these subjects, to the various manuals of moUusca which have
been published, and particularly to the very learned and able remarks of Dr.
Stoliczka in the opening chapter of his work on the '■^ Pelecypoda''^ of the Cre-
taceous rocks of Southern India, Palseont. Indica, Vol. 3, p. 7, et seq., al-
though I entirely disagree with his choice of name for the group.
In regard to the matter of arrangement or classification which I have
adopted in the work, I have a word to say. It will at once be noticed by
almost every modern student of conchology that my arrangement is old,
and that it is nearly the reverse of that used by writers on recent con-
chology. My reason for this is that it accords so much more nearly with
the course of nature, as evinced by the successive appearances of the
different groups in the geological record. By this I mean an arrangement
from the lower toward the higher in zoological structure. It may be said
19
20 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY.
in contradiction of this statement that the oysters, for instance, which by
many are classed as the most lowly organized of the entire group, do not
appear at all in the Palaeozoic formations.^ But this may prove to be a
retrograde from a higher type, and not invalidate to any very great extent
the statement above made. In arranging and classifying the fossil mollusca
with other forms of animal life in a palseontological collection I find it most
convenient and instructive to classify them in this way; and I also find
that it leaves a by far less number of breaks and gaps in the chain of suc-
cession than when the arrangement is made in the opposite direction. Had
it not been for this circumstance I should have arranged them after the
other method, had it been for no other reason than that I should prefer to
conform to that generally accepted by other writers if it were possible
without conflicting with nature's own arrangement.
In the adoption of g-eneric divisions among the very imperfect material
for generic distinction with which I have had to work, I have been gov-
erned by reasons which have forced themselves upon my inind as I have
progressed with the work. When I first commenced to study and classify
the forms under consideration, I was much inclined to throw aside most of
the more recently proposed generic divisions founded by Mr. T. A. Conrad
upon such poor material, and often upon a single imperfect cast of a single
valve. But I have found that in many instances, where among later col-
lections than those he at first used, the shells themselves were found pre-
served, they show strong generic differences, and afford in most instances
fully as good grounds for separation as those usually adopted among
recent shells; consequently I have been compelled, almost against my own
will, to accept his divisions. While in other cases I have found it totally
impossible to establish any refutation of their value; so that in the end I
have concluded to adopt the generic divisions nearly as proposed by him,
offering only a few criticisms by the way. This, I think, will perhaps prove
in the end the most satisfactory manner of dealing with the very imperfect
' There is only one species of true oj/ster, so far as I know, described from the PaliEozoic rocks.
This one, Ostreapatercula, Winch., described as coming from the Waverly sandstones at Burlington, Iowa,
I had the privilege of seeing some years ago; and I am perfectly confident that it is a young specimen
from the yellow limestone sands of the Middle Marl Beds of the Cretaceous of New Jersey, which had
gotten by some means mixed among the Waverly group fossils by accident.
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE PLASTIC CLAYS. 21
material with which I have had to work. The great difficulty of obtaining
collections has been the greatest drawback with which I have had to con-
tend. The specimens are mostly internal casts poorly preserved in a soft
friable material, which is strongly impregnated with pyrite, so that they
readily decompose and crumble, making it impossible to preserve them for
any length of time. For this reason, collections made a few )^ears ago of
apparently good fossils, are represented at present only by a few shapeless
masses of marl and a quantity of loose sand; and I present this as an ex-
cuse for illustrating such imperfect material as will be found on the plates.
If collectors would take their marl specimens when first collected, and after
cleaning and shaping them as desired, soak them carefully and thoroughly in
boiling glue-water, then dry them rapidly, they might be preserved in good
condition for a very long time. But this is seldom done.
SEOTIOIS' II.
LAMELLIBEANCHIATE S BELLS PEOM THE PLASTIC CLAYS.
The following five species of Latnellibranchiate shells are from the
plastic clays in the townships of Woodbridge, East Brunswick, and Sayre-
ville. These clays are supposed to hold a position stratigraphically below
the lowest of the green marls, and are consequently older, although their
true geological position does not appear to be very well deteraiined. Some
of the layers of these clay beds furnish plant remains in large numbers,
many of which were submitted to Prof. L. Lesquereiix some years ago, who
identified a considerable number of the species, and, basing his remarks
upon these plants, gave it as his opinion that they represented the flora of
the Dakota gi-oup of the West, Cretaceous No. 1, of the Upper Missouri
section. I am not aware that any other opinion has been expressed of late
years as to their distinct equivalents in other parts of the country or in
Europe. In 1868 Mr. T. A. Conrad described two species of shells from
these clays and pronounced them Triassic (Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. IV, p.
279), stating that Professor Rogers had previously considered them as
forming the lowest part of the Cretaceous formation, but that he (Mr Con-
rad) had ascertained them to be Triassic. That they contained abundant
leaves and stems of Cyclopteris. It will be seen by reference to Professor
Lesquereux's list published in the "Report on Clays" (Geol. Rept. N. Jersey,
1878, pp. 28 and 2b), that Professor L. does not include this genus among
those examined and reported upon. We may, therefore, consider that Mr.
Conrad may have been mistaken. Professor Cook also states, on page 29 of
the same report, that two specimens of shells only had then been collected
from the clays, and that these had been examined by Mr. W. M. Gabb, of
Philadelphia, who determined them to be CucuUcea antrosa, Morton. I am
not sure that I have ever seen these two shells, but among all those which
I have seen, twenty or more, none of them would readily be mistaken for
that species. Imperfect casts of the one I have referred to Gnafhodon
22
LAMBLLIBEANOHIATA OF THE PLASTIC CLAYS. 23
iiiigkt possibly resemble them in some cases, but not strongly. All these
forms found in the clays are estuary shells, and strongly indicate an estuary
formation, which it imdoubtedly is. The generic characters of all of them
are obscure and cannot be positively affirmed, as their interiors are unknown.
They would seem to represent Gnathodoii, Astarte, and CorUcula; and the
one most common, a new genus which I have called Ambonicardia, but none
of these would serve to definitely fix the geological horizon of the beds in
-which they occur without other evidence. Gnathodon is known to occur in
the Cretaceous, but I think not below, some of the older species having
been proved to belong to the genus Rangia. Astarte is known in the Juras-
sic and possibly below, but most of the Carboniferous species have been
shown to belong to other genera; while Corhicula certainly occurs in the
Cretaceous and probably below. The new genus, which I have named
Ambonicardia, is related to Homomya and to the smooth forms of Pliola-
domya, but it will not answer for either. Consequently we get no help of
sufficient value to establish the geological horizon of the beds from these
moUuscan remains, and aside from the evidence furnished by the plant
-remains we must rely entirely upon the stratigraphical position.
In looking over the forms of Lamellibranchiate shells from the Jurassic
formations in the vain effort to find some genus under which I could class
this new form, I have been thoroughly impressed with the feeling that it was
more intimately allied to the Jurassic forms than to any of those from the
European Cretaceous. And I have a feeling, resting upon this evidence
alone, that the beds in which they occur represent that period on our east-
ern border. But the evidence is not sufficient to give basis for a positive
opinion.
ASTARTID^.
Genus ASTAETE Sowerby.
Astarte veta.
Plate II, Fig. 1.
Astarte veta Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. IV, p. 279, PL XX, Fig. 4 (Fig. 5 by error
on descriptions of plate, see Vol. V, p. 227).
Mr. Conrad describes this species as "Ovate, from ventral margin to
24 PAL^OifTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
beak compressed, equilateral; beaks prominent, oblique; anterior ventral
margin rounded, posterior obliquely truncated ; posterior end truncated and
situated much above the line of the base (cast)." In comparison he says,
"this species is neai'ly allied to, if not identical with, Astarte Triasina,
Dunker."
I have not been able to obtain specimens agreeing with the above descrip-
tion, nor to find the type specimen used by Mr. Conrad. The form of the
shell would indicate that it belonged to the genus Astarte, but beyond that
there appears to be no real evidence of its generic relations more than there
is to other species found in these clays. The outline of the shell might
suggest that it w^as a young individual of what I have herein called Gna-
thodon tenuidens, but the apparent want of gibbosity would not agree. So
for the jiresent at least the species will have to be left as it is.
Formation and locaMy. — Mr. Conrad cites it as coming from the "ash-
colored clay near Washington, Middlesex County, New Jersey."
CYPRINID^.
AMBONICARDIA, n. gen.
Shell bivalve, large and heavy, triangularly-rhomboidal in outline;
beaks anterior, large, ponderous, and enrolled. Body of the valves sulcated.
Ligament external, large, resembling that of TJnio. A large well-marked
lunule occurs beneath the beaks. Hinge only partially known, but pro-
vided with a strong tooth anterior to the center in the left valve; posterior
teeth probably obsolete. Anterior muscular scar deep, placed well anterior;
pallial line simple. Exterior coated with an epidermis. Type A. Cooki.
The shells for which the above name is proposed very closely resem-
ble that section of the genus Unio which is typified by U. pyramidata,
common in the Ohio and Mississippi watershed, diff'ering externally only
in having a strong lunule. They are probably closely related to the
genus Veniella and allied Isocardias; but they difi"er so strongly from
any of them, that it appears unnatural grouping to place them in any of
the established genera. They are as near Veniellicardia, Stoliczka, as to
any one, but so far as I can judge from a large number of imperfect speci-
mens, there seems to have been no lateral teeth, or any thickness of shell
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE PLASTIC CLAYS. 25
for such. They also seem to be allied in general form to Homomya, Ag., and
to some of the smooth forms of Pholadomya, but in the lunule and the thick-
ened shell, are different. Very little is really known of the hinge characters,
but on some of the best casts the imprint of a strong tooth on the left
valve in front of the line of the beaks shows relations to Veniella. I am
in hopes to obtain better material for illustrating the genus before the com-
pletion of this work.
Ambonicardia Cookii, n. sp.
Platell, Figs. ll-]4.
Shell large and ponderous, with heavy, massive, incurved beaks, which
are strongly enrolled and situated near the anterior end of the shell. Valves
very gibbous, very inequilateral and transverse, strongly cuneate in a
cardinal view when united, being extremely ventricose opposite the beaks
and gradually but rapidly decreasing in depth toward the posterior end;
obliquely ovate in outline, with a short, obtusely pointed anterior end,
straight but short cardinal line; prolonged but obtusely rounded posterior
end; basal line strongly curved, rapidly declining from the antei'ior end,
and distinctly sinuate near the middle of the shell by a broad, shallow, but
well-defined oblique sulcus, which passes from the beak to the basal margin
just in front of the strongly rounded and prominent umbonal ridge. Ex-
ternal ligament strongly marked, and extending the length of the posterior
cardinal line and deeply imbedded in a narrow escutcheon. Lunule large
and deep, strongly defined, with sharply angular margins. Substance of
the shell thick and dense, and the surface marked with close comparatively
strong concentric lines or ridges, and apparently with a thick epidermis.
Anterior muscular scar lai'ge and deep, situated close to the margin in the
pointed anterior end Other muscular imprints not determined and the fea-
tures of the hinge are as yet unknown. Pallial line apparently simple.
The general features of this shell remind one of a deep-valved and
strong-beaked Unio, but the hinge has certainly been destitute of lateral
teeth, and the form and position of the anterior muscular impression is such
as at once to preclude all possibility of its reference to that genus.
Localities. — The species has been obtained from the clavs at Sayre and
Fisher's banks near Sayreville, N. J., and at clay banks of R. N. and H.
Valentine, near Woodbridge, and at East Brunswick, New Jersey.
26 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
Genus CORBICULA Megerle.
Corbicula ? emacerata, n. sp.
Plate II, Figs. 5 and 6.
Shell of rather small size, transversely elliptical or subovate in outline,
and moderately ventricose. Beaks moderately large but not prominently
so, and situated at about the anterior fourth of the length of the shell.
Anterior end of the shell the highest, the anterior margin narrowly rounded;
basal line strongly curved and the posterior end narrow and obHquely
truncate, the cardinal portion rapidly sloping with a slight curvature to the
extremity of the moderately sized ligament; hinge line short and oblique
to the axis of the shell. Umbonal angle distinct but not marked, and the
cardinal slope narrow and rather abrupt. Surface marked only by fine con-
centric strise, which appear to have been confined principally to the epi-
dermal layer.
The shell is of an unusal form for a CorUcula, and may possibly not
belong to the genus; but as none of the hinge features are obtainable, it is
impos.sible to determine its generic relations satisfactorily. The surface
has been covered with a pretty strong epidermis, and over a large part of
the specimen this is the only portion of the original substance preserved;
the calcareous portion having been mostly removed by solution.
Formation and locahty. — From the clays below the lowest Cretaceous
sands; clay banks near Woodbridge, New Jersey.
Corbicula aunosa.
Plate II, Figs. 2-4.
Artarte annosa Conrad. Am. Jour. Concb., Vol. IV, p. 279, PI. XX, Fig. 5 (by error on
description of plate. Fig. 4; see Vol. V, p. 227).
This species Mr. Conrad describes at the same time with A. veta, in the
following language: " Suborbicular, convex, very inequilateral, ventral and
anterior margins regularly and nearly equally rounded; posterior end trun-
cated, direct (cast.)."
I have before me two specimens which I have referred to this species.
They are both somewhat distorted by compression and retain but little of
the substance of the original shell, other than the epidermis, which has been
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE PLASTIC CLAYS. 27
"very strong, and a ferruginous replacement of the ligament. The speci-
mens are both very ventricose, with a somewhat subquadrangular outline
and a moderately angular umbonal ridge. The beaks are small and nearly
anterior, hinge line short and oblique, with a small ligament. Anterior end
short and rounded, while the posterior is broadly truncated, correspond-
ing to the rather broad and abrupt postero-cardinal slope. If I have rightly
identified the species there can be no reason for referring it to Artartein the
light . afforded by the two specimens, but every appearance would indicate
their relations to the genus Corbicula, with which I have placed it.
Formation and locality. — Mr. Conrad's specimen was from near Wash-
ington, Middlesex County, N. J. One of the two specimens which I have be-
fore me came from the top layers of Sayre and Fisher's brick and clay yards
near Sayreville, N. J., and the other from near Woodbridge, New Jersey.
Genus GNATHODON.
Gnathodon? tenuidens, u. sp.
Plate II, Figs. 7-10.
Shell of moderate size, very ventricose, very broadly ovate or subtri-
angular, with strong and rather tumid, enrolled beaks, which are directed
forward and project considerably beyond the line of the hinge. Posterior
hinge border gently arcuate, extending more than two-thirds of the dis-
tance from the beak towai'd the basal margin of the shell. Postero-basal
angle sharply rounded, and the basal margin broadly arched; anterior end
less sharply and more regularly rounded than the postero-basal. Surface
of the shell, as indicated on the partial casts and imprints left in the hard-
ened clay, smooth or marked by fine lines of growth only. On the cast of
a right valve there are indications of two principal cardinal teeth beneath
the beak, and a long, rather slender, lateral tooth. The muscular impres-
sions are not visible on the posterior side, but on one specimen the anterior
scars seem to have been large and deep ; but this feature is not very
satisfactorily determined.
The shell has had nearly the form of G. cimeata of our Southern Atlantic
coast, but has been a much thinner and more delicate shell with a much
28 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY.
narrower hinge-plate, and more delicate and slender teeth, while the shell
is proportionally broader along the basal margin, the valves much more
ventricose, and the beaks more distant. It is possible the generic features
of this shell may not be exactly those of the modern Gnathodon, but so far
as can be seen on all the specimens examined there seems to be no reasonable
doubt of their generic identity. The specimens are all highly imperfect, so
much so that the generic features, as exhibited on the hinge-line, cannot be
illustrated; and, of course, under such circumstances, it is difficult, if not
impossible, to determine definitely the generic relations. The only part of
the original substance of the shell preserved on the specimen is the epider-
mis, which is very distinct on some of them, and a little of the oxide of iron
which has replaced the original shell. On one of those figured there is the
remains of a species of Flusira and fragments of Serpula, showing its habitat
to have been in sea water.
Formation and locality. — The specimens are from the clay beds below
the Lower Marls, at Sayre's and Fisher's brick -yards, and at R. N. and H.
Valentine's, near Woodbridge, New Jersey. The specimens are in the
State collection at New Brunswick and that of Columbia College School of
Mines in New York.
SEOTIOISJ^ III.
LAMELLIBEANOHIATA FEOM THE LOWER MAEL BEDS.
Order ASIPHONIDA.
Suborder MUNOMYAEIA.
Family OSTEEIDJE.
Genus OSTREA Linn.
Ostrea deuticulifera.
Plate III, Figs. 8 and 9.
Ostrea denticulifera Conrad. J. A. N. Sci., Phil., 2d ser., Vol. Ill, p. 30, PI. XXXIV,
Figs. 1 and 8. Gabb, Synop., p. 152. Meek, Check-list, p. 6. Geol. Surv
. N. J., 1868, p. 724.
The shells of this species are very small, flattened, thick, and extremely
irregular in form. Those originally described by the author seem to have
been moderately convex, but the New Jersey specimens are extremely
shallow and generally elongated, with the surface obsoletely striate ; even
on the smoothest specimens the stria3 show beneath the surface. The liga-
mental area is small and the margin crenulate on some individuals to near
the front of the shell, the crenulations being strong and tooth-hke, and leav-
ing rido-es on the sides of the valves as the shells thicken with age. Muscu-
lar impression large, lateral, and usually below the middle of the length.
All the specimens of this species observed are upper valves ; no lower
valves appear to have been collected. Mr. Conrad, in his original descrip-
tion, mentions only "lower valve moderately capacious; upper margins
denticulated," features which might have been inferred.
Formation and locality. — The specimens used are from the collection of
the Academy Natural Science, Philadelphia, and are marked Haddonfield,
New Jersey, and are probably Mr. Conrad's types. I have not observed it
in other collections.
29
30 PALiEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESET,
Ostrea crenulimarginata.
Plate III, Figs. 10 aud 11.
Ostrea crenulimarginata Gabb. J. A. N. S., Phil., Vol. IV, 2d ser., p. 398, PL LXVIII,
Figs. 48 and 49. Synopsis, p. 152. Meek, Check-list, p. 6.
Shell, as seen in a single upper valve, depressed convex and moder-
ately smooth, of an irregular ovate outline, and marked by but few con-
centric lines of growth more prominent than striae. Faint indications of
radiating strise show obscurely, but are more in the substance of the
shell than on the surface. On the interior the margin is finely crenulate
for two-thirds the length of the valve, being strongest near the hinge and
becoming fainter in the forward part. Muscular scar large, reniform, and
situated above the middle of the shell.
I have seen but a single upper valve of this shell. It differs in the
surface characters from Mr. Gabb's description of the species, but I judge
the characters given by him were partly from the lower valve, as he figures
none other, and the upper valve would naturally be much smoother than
the lower. In other characters it agrees very well. In general features
it does not differ very materially from specimens (casts) which I have
referred to 0. suhspatulata, L. & S., but the position of the muscular scar is
very much higher on the shell.
Formation and locality. — From the lower marl bed, at Marlborough,
N. J., in the collection of the Kev. Dr. Schanck.
Ostrea panda Morton.
Ostrea panda Morton. Synopsis, p. 51, PI. Ill, Fig. 6, and PI. LXX, Fig. 10.
This species, although described as a Cretaceous form by Dr. Morton,
and recognized as such in all the catalogues of Cretaceous- fossils, has
proved to belong to the Eocene only; and so far as known to me has
not been found in the Cretaceous at any place. There are many specimens
of it in the collection of the Academy of Sciences at Philadelphia from the
Eocene of the Southern States, and among them the one figured on Plate
19, Fig. 10, of Morton's Synopsis. Examples of the casts, or rather impres-
sions in the marls of Plicatula urticosa Morton, often closely resemble some
of the smaller forms of this oyster, and it is possible that Dr. Morton's speci-
men (Fig. on PI. 5, Fig. G) may have been such a one.
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 31
Ostrea plutuosa.
Plate ni, Figs. 12 and 13.
Ostrea plumosa Morton, Synopsis, p. 51, PI. Ill, Fig. 9. Gabb, Synop., p. 153. P. A.
N. Sci., 1876, p. 320; Meek, Check-list, p. 6. Geol. N. Jersey, 1868, p. 724,
and others.
Shell small, ovate, ovate-triangular or elongste-spatulate, thin and some-
what fragile irregularly convex on the upper valve, often subangulated
longitudinally, either along one side or the other, beak of the upper valve
thin, sharp, and pointed; the ligamental area small and inconspicuous in
most cases, though sometimes of moderate size. Exterior of the upper
valve marked by obscure plications in all the type specimens, which cross
the valve obliquely in either direction from right to left or oppositely; also
by fine radiating striae which obscurely diverge from a more or less median
line and pass toward the margin on either side. On the interior the margin
of the valve near the apex is more or less crenulate. The muscular scar is
small and lateral. Lower valve not yet observed.
The type specimens used by Dr. Morton furnish the above characters,
his figured specimen being one of them, but he appears to have considered
them as lower valves, while they are all upper valves, as the position of the
muscular scar and the ridge on the ligamental area would indicate, as well
as the obliquity of the valve. Among the collections which I have examined
I have observed no lower valves which I can identify with them. Mr. Meek
mentions in his Invert. Pal. Geol. Surv. Territ., however, that the lower valve
is usually attached by nearly its entire surface. The plications which cross
the upper valves obliquely are probably the efi'ects of marking on some other
shell, possibly Exogyra costata, on which the oyster has grown, and not
an organic feature of the species. This I think is plain from the fact that
they cross the shell in opposite directions in different specimens. Ostrea
cretacea Morton, Synop. p. 52, PI. XIX, Fig. 3 is a very closely allied, if
not identical species. It is also often obscurely plicated and striate, the size
and position of the muscular scar are the same, but tbe apex of the valve
is proportionally a little wider in the specimens which I have examined.
This, however, can scarcely be considered as a specific feature in shells of
such variable characters as oysters. A single individual in the same collec-
32 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
tion with the above is obliquely oval and destitute of surface markings
except concentric lines of growth. These indicate that for one-half of its
size it was nearly circular, and presenting much the appearance of the lower
valve of Anomia tellinoides Morton. It is, however, an upper valve of an
oyster and of this species. The muscular scar is somewhat larger and a
Httle more central.
Formation and hcality. — Dr. Morton gives Arneytown, N. J., as the
locality for his specimens, which would place them in the Lower Green Marls.
The specimens used in the above description and illustrated are from the
collection of the Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, from whence they were
borrowed for the purpose.
Ostrea subspatulata.
Plate III, Fig. 14.
Ostrea suhspatidata L. & Sow. Qiiar. Jour. Geol. Soc, 1845, p. 61, Fig. — . Gabb,
Synop., p. 154. Meek, Check-list, p. 6. Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 724.
Gabb, P. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1876, p. 320.
This species has been cited as coming from New Jersey by both Mr.
Gabb and Mr. Meek, though I do not know on what authority. The only
specimens which I have seen at all resembling the figures of it given in the
article in the Geological Society's Journal are casts of young specimens
probably. At least they are very small compared with those there described
and figured. On page 64 of the Quarterly Journal, in a list of species
peculiar to New Jersey Cretaceous, Sir C. Lyell mentions this species, but
his New Jersey doubtless extended all along the Atlantic coast as far as the
green-sand formation appeared; for under the description of the species it
is cited only as coming from "Lewis's Creek, South Washington, N. C'
The casts from New Jersey are more or less subovate and a little oblique,
slightly concave on the upper side and quite convex on the lower surface;
narrowed at the upper end but not sharp; having some width and slightly
shouldered. Muscular scars rather large, subovate or subreniform and
prominent, situated near the side, and pretty well forward on the valve.
The remains of the shells of this genus are amongst the most unsatis-
factory material obtained from the geological formations of the State.
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 33
Owing to the great variability among the individuals of species it is nearly
or quite impossible to identify with certainty the internal casts, especially
where they are taken from collections that have been made by others under
circumstances where no note has been taken or preserved of the markings
on the matrix. It is therefore with great doubt that I have assigned to an}'
given species the casts which I have examined.
Formation and locality. — From the green clays under the second marl
of the Lower Green Sand at the pits of W. Lippincott, esq., Shrewsbury,
N. J. In the collection of the Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia,
there is a specimen bearing this name, which is evidently a specimen of 0.
compressirostra, and has the locality marked in ink on the specimen as
Chickasaw Bluffs, which I believe is considered as Eocene.
Ostrea tecticosta.
Plate III, Figs. 1 and 2.
Ostrea tecticosta Gabb. J. A. N. Sci., Phil., new ser., Vol. IV, p. 403, PI. LXVIII, Figs.
47 and 48. Synopsis, p. 154. Meek, Check-list, p. 6. Geol. Surv. K J., 1868,
■ p. 724.
Shell small, elongate, oval, ovate or irregularly elliptical in outline,
slightly curved, with a small, strongly-twisted beak and moderately-sized
ligamental area on the lower -valve. The lower valve usually shows a large
cicatrized area of attachment and is strongly plicated, the plica being usually
sharply rounded and very rugose from concentric lamellose lining.. The
inner margins of the valves are also crenulated on the upper haKor two-thirds
of their length, and more minutely so on the inner border at the junction
of the valves just below the ligamental area. Muscular scar large, but only
moderately marked. Upper valves slightly convex and destitute of plica-
tions except near the border.
I have only seen a single lower valve of this species from the Creta-
ceous beds of New Jersey, where it would seem to be a rather uncommon
species, though quite abundant in Tennessee. All the shells have an
extremely immature look, as if they were the young of a larger shell, but
as none such have been observed corresponding in characters, we must
admit it as a species for the present. The New Jersey specimen presents
4418 MON 9 3
34 PALEONTOLOGY OP NEW JERSEY.
much the appearance of a young- and shallow individual of Exogyra costata
in its general shape, and particularly so in its plicated surface, but differs
materially in the form of the hinge and ligamental area.
Formation and locality. — The specimen from New Jersey was presented
to Mr. Gabb by Dr. C. C. Abbot, of Trenton, N. J., as learned by Mr. Gabb's
statements under his original description cited above. But the particular
locality is not stated. It however retains a small amount of rather dark
green sand in the inside, which leads me to infer it was from the Lower Bed
at some locality not far from Trenton, New Jersey.
Ostrea larva.
Plate III, Figs. 3-7.
Ostrea larva Lamarck. An. sans Vert., Yol. YI, p. 216. ? H. & M., Mem. A. Sci. and
Arts, Boston, Yol. Y, new series, p. 406, M. and H. Proc. A. N. S., Phil., 1856,
p. 286. Gabb, P. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1876, p. 320.
0. falcata S. G. Morton. A. X. Sci., Phil., 1827, p. 50, PI. I, Fig. 2. Synop. Org.
Bern. Cret, U. S., p. 54, PI. Ill, Pig. 5.
0. falcata var., nastita Mort. IMd., PI. IX, Fig. 6, p. 54.
0. falcata var., mesenterica Mort. Ibid., PI. IX, Fig. 7, p. 54.
Comp. O.pellucida Meek & H. Proc. A. X. S., Phil., 1860, p. 249. Meek Invert. Pal. U.
S. Geol. Surv. Territ., p. 15, PI. XXYIII, Figs. 4 a, &.
Comp. 0. [Gryphceostreaf) suhalata Meek. Invert. Pal. U. S. Geol. Surv. Territ., p. 15,
PI. XXYIII, Fig. 5.
Shell small, strongly denticulate, and also strongly arcuate laterally,
being turned to the left when viewed on the upper side. Hinge straight-
ened, and usually slightly alated on each side, the left side the most dis-
tinctly, making the hinge-line often as long or even longer than the width
of the valve. Denticulations of the margins strong, sharp, and pointed on
the outside; numbering from three to ten, often as long as the width of the
valve; those of the inner edge small, forming minute serrations only, usu-
ally as many or even more numerous than those of the outer border. Under
valve deepest ; ligamental fosset distinct ; beak often long and pointed and
the surface of the valve convex. Upper valve flat on the surface, more
particularly so in the region of the beak. Muscular- scar moderatel)^ large,
oval, and distinct, situated near the inner margin and at about the posterior
third of the length of the shell.
LAJMELLIBRANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 35
The shells as found in the Cretaceous marls of the lower beds are
somewhat variable. There are, however, two very distinct varieties com-
mon. One agreeing with the above description (0. mesenterica Mort.), ex-
cept in the small number of denticulations assigned to the margins ; the
number being usually from seven to ten. The shell is small, not exceeding
half an inch in width and usually much less, while the shell is curved within
a circle of one and a quarter inches to one and a half inches in diameter.
The other variety, 0. nasuta Mort., being much larger, sometimes the valves
being nearly an inch in width and curved within a circle of about two
inches in diameter, while the denticulations vary from three to seven on the
outer side, counting the wrinkles of the hinge alations. The differences
between these two varieties are so great that were they living shells there
would be no hesitation in pronouncing them distinct species.
In the Palaeontology of the United States Geological Survey of the
Territories (Vol. IX, p. 15), Mr. Meek has given descriptions of two spe-
cies of Ostrea from the Fox Hills group of the Western Cretaceous, under
the names 0. pellucida and O. stibalaia, separating the first-named species
from this one of the Eastern Cretaceous, on the want of "auricular append-
ages," a feature which I find quite common among the New Jersey speci-
mens; and on the less strongly denticulate margins of the shell, which is
an extremely variable feature, and the fact that the shell grows attached by
the aj)ex, more or less broadly, of the lower valve. While I write there
lies before me two New Jersey shells which have grown together, attached
to each other for their entire length, showing that this species also seems to
have had that same habit to a certain extent. The second one of Mr. Meek's
species, 0. subalaia, is so nearly like the variety nasuta Mort., that it is
very difficult to see wherein lies the specific distinction, more especially
as the one before me possesses the alation on the left side only, with beaks
exactly parallel to those of his figure given, but is coupled with five very
strong denticulations on the outer margin. On examination of the form as
it occurs in the Eocene at various places in this country the same variations
are detected, although the coarser denticulated variety is less common and
not so extreme; and among the European specimens the same changes are
visible. In the form given in Sowerby's Min. Conch., t. 135, Fig. 1, as
36 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
0. canaliculata the denticulations are almost obsolete; while one given in
Goldf. Petraf., p. 10, PI. LXXIV, Fig. 2, as 0. limata Nils., is a very good
representative of" the var. nasuta Morton.
Formation and locality. — The species is common at many of the marl
pits in the Lower, Middle, and Upper Green Sands throughout the State,
as well as in many of the Southern States in the Eocene sands and clays.
Genus GEYPHJ5A Lam.
Gryphaea vesicularis Lam. ?.
Plate III, Figs. 15 and 16; Plate IV, Figs. 1-3, and Pi. v.
Ostrea vesicularis Lam. (1806). Ann. Mus., VIII, p- 160, PI. XXII, Pig. 3. An. sans
Vert., Vol. 6, p. 209.
0. convexa Say. 1820, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts., Vol. II, p. 42.
Gryphma convexa Mort. Jour. A. N. S., Phil., Vol. VI, PI. IV, Figs. 1 and 2, PI. V, Figs.
1-3. Organic Rem., p. 53, PI. IV, Figs. 1 and 2.
G. mutaUUs Mort. J. A. N. S., PLil., Vol. VI, PI. IV, Fig. 3. Synopsis, p. 53,
PI. IV, Fig. 3.
Pycnodonta vesicularis (Fisclier) Conrad. J. A. N. S., Phil., Vol. IV, p. 275, 1860.
Grypluca vesicularis var. aucella Roemer; Kried. von Texas, p. 74, PI. IX, Fig. 4.
Comp. G. digitata var. Tucumcarii (Sow.) Mai con; Geol. U. Am., yy. 43, PI. IV, Figs. 1 a,
&, and 2 and 3.
Comp. G. Piicheri (Con.). U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 155, PI. XXI, Fig. 3 a-e.
Comp. G. Pitclieri var. navia. See Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. I, p. 155.
Shell varying from depressed convex to highly gibbous on the lower
valve, and from flat to deeply concave on the upper valve. Outline varying
from subcircular with a very short cardinal line to semicircular, where the car-
dinal line is of considerable length ; the relative proportions of length and
breadth being equally variable, sometimes wider than long and again nearly
twice as long as wide. Left side, when looking on the flat valve, more or
less lobed, often projecting in an extended finger-like anal tube a little
below the line of the hinge. Exterior of the shell strongly lamellose, and
most distinctly so on the convex side, which often shows strongly projecting
concentric lamellae having free edges ; apex of the lower valve often pre-
senting a broad cicatrix of attachment, while many specimens are found
which are entirely destitute of any such feature. Upper or flat valve
strongly lamellose, especially near the margin of old or thickened shells,
and the sui-face usually marked b}^ strong radiating depressed lines, very
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA OP THE LOWER MAELS. 37
tortuous and irregular in their direction, and also by finer interrupted raised
lines, which give a somewhat thread-Hke or fibrous texture to the shell. The
valve is flat or shghtly concave exteriorly, and of somewhat smaller size
than the deep valve. Ligamental area of the lower valve large and strong,
broadly triangular, and moderately incurved, with a very distinct triangular
depressed central fosset. Inner cardinal margins of the shell strongly
crenulate. Muscular imprint large, and situated behind the center of the
valve. Ligamental area of the flat valve nearly vertical, and the thickened
margin of the shell abruptly beveled on the inside to fit the concavity of
the opposite valve.
There are nearly as many varieties of this shell as there are localities
from which it is obtained. At least this is the case if all those usually con-
sidered as varieties of it are really forms of one species, which statement I
greatly doubt. There is not the least question but that in their present
condition as imperfect fossils it is extremely difficult to draw a line of spe-
cific demarkation between the several varieties which have been noticed
and referred to it, but if we had the animal to study as we have in recent
forms, there would be but little difficulty in recognizing several distinct and
well marked species. The form usually recognized as belonging to the
genus Pycnoclonta Fischer is often so strongly marked as to give one the
impression when looking on its upper valve that it is more nearly related
to Placuna except for the cartilage pit and area. Among the various forms,
the following local or rather stratigraphical varieties may be mentioned as
worthy of special notice:
Var. convexa (Say). This form is very strongly convex on the lower
side, and often quite concave on the upper, with a strong anal constriction
separating a part of the shell near the hinge line, forming a more or less
perfect siphonal tube on the left side, and which usually forms considerable
of an angle with the hinge line. The shell is usually wider than long and
distinctly subangular on the umbonal ridge of the deep valve, which also
shows considerable obliquity.
Var. micella Roemer. Kreid. von Texas, p. 74, PI. IX, Fig. 4, a h. This
form, which is figured on PI. XXVI, Figs. 9 and 10, is usually smaller and
quite as gibbous as G. convexa, but has only a sfight posterior sinus or con-
striction, and a deeply concave upper valve. It is also less oblique, and more
38 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
regularl}^ rounded on the back ; that is, without the subangular character.
It is extremely abundant in the middle marls of New Jersey, where it is
almost without any admixture of other forms, and I have seen beds nearlj^
eight feet in thickness composed almost entirely of this shell and Terebratiila
Harlani. They are not at all uncommon in the Lower Green Marls at many
localities.
G. Pitcheri var. navia. This shell 'is small, elongate ovate in outline,
widening below with a strongly incurved beak, or broad truncation of that
of the lower valve, highly concavo-convex with a short hinge line, and des-
titute of any or with scarcely perceptible constriction. Resembles G. in-
curva from the Jura, but is less incurved at the beak.
Var. mutahilis Morton. (Syu. Org. Rem., p. 63. PI. IV, Fig. 3 (^Pycno-
donta mutabilis). Shell broadly depressed-convex on the lower side and flat
or slightly concave on the upper. Outline more or less circular, with a mod-
erately extended hinge line, which is often more or less arcuate on the
outer margin ; and with a broad ligamental area. Posterior constriction of
the lower valve obsolete or barely distinguishable, not marking the upper
valve.
Var. No. 4 (see PL III, Fig. 15). Somewhat resembling the last, but less
regular in outline and with a straighter hinge line, l)ut with a deep constric-
tion which appears at a late stage of growth and modifies the upper valvt
to a great degree. It is placed at a considerable distance below the cardinal
line, and is deeply bent backwards to nearly the depth of the convex or
lower valve.
Of course there are many intermediate forms found scattered through
the marls at vai'ious elevations and at different localities, which would readily
serve to unite all these forms, and especially is this the case if we take into
consideration those from other 23arts of the country and from Europe, but
there are many localities where among thousands of individuals, of different
stages of growth, pertaining to one of these varieties, one will search long
before finding forms enough to satisfactorily link the large ponderous shells
with the small highly arcuate but adult shells of the varieties navicella and
navia.
Formation and localities. — Among the specimens which I have examined
in the various cabinets, I have seen them from nearly all of the noted locali-
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 39
ties of the lower and middle green sands of the New Jerse}^ Cretaceous, but
they all appear to have been collected with but little care and without any
discrimination as to their exact position as regards their stratigraphical rela-
tions to the different layers of the formation, so that it is practically impos-
sible to assign any one variety its definite localities or horizon, and tliis
may be said of the majority of all the collections of invertebrate fossils
which I have seen from within the State. In fact, to so great an extent is
this the case that I find it absolutely unsafe to credit many of the localities
which I find assigned to specimens, while by far the greater part are only
known as having come from New Jersey, and many others entirely without
locality mark of any kind. But little true progress in the study of the Pale-
ontology of the State can be made until collections shall be made with care,
and accurate lists of the species from each particular bed given from the
vaiious localities. The form G. navia has been received from Professor Cook
as coming from Monmouth County, and from Blue Ball, N. J.; the G. naviceJla
from Blue Ball and Monmouth, New Jersey. I also know it from Freehold
and Burlington, in the lower beds, and from Timber Creek and New Egypt,
in the middle beds. It is also known to occur at Barrie Bluff and elsewhere
in AlabaiSa and in Texas, and is common at many places in Europe. The
ordinary form of G. convexa is known from Monmouth, Cream Ridge, New
Egypt, Harrisonville, near Mullica Hill, and elsewhere in New Jersey.
The form described under the name Pycnodonia mutabilis is marked
Monmouth Count}^, in Rutgers College cabinet. I have seen it at Cream
Ridge in company with G. convexa, and the form shown on PL IV, Fig. 3, is
without local distinction.
Genus EXOGYEA Say.
Esogyra costata.
Plate VI, Figs. 1 and 2.
E.rogijra costata Say. J. A. N. S. Phil., 1st series. Vol. II, p. 43. Also of many autlaors.
Ostiea Americana Desb. Euc. Method. Vers., Vol. II, p. 30i, No. 45 {Gryplma). Lam.,
Anim. sans Vert. (Desh. ed.), Vol. VII, p. 207 (Meek).
? 0. torosa Mort. Synop., p. 52, PI. X, Fig. 1.
Shell large, thick, and ponderous, irregularly circular or subovate in
outline, plano-convex in profile and obliquely coiled at the apex, the lower
40 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESBY,
valve sometimes sliowiug one and a half to nearly two volutions in well-
preserved adult specimens. Convex valve deep, and on the back strongly
angular, especially so in the earlier parts formed, the portion near the beak
often being sharply carinate and smooth. Surface of the valve marked by
strong radiating costse, which are round on the surface, and separated by
narrow depressions. Costse frequently bifurcating, and radiating from or
dividing along the umbonal ridge ; one set curving toward the anterior side
and the other toward the basal margin. In old shells the costse are often
more or less obsolete beyond the middle of the shell, where the con-
centric lamellae, which everywhere cross the cost^, become much more
developed and often form comparatively broad fringe-like expansions. Upper
or left valve flat or slightly convex, often becoming slightly concave toward
the antero-basal margin in advanced stages of growth, while in many in-
stances both valves conform in producing a deep sinuosity on the anterior
side below the beaks. Surface of the flat valve very strongly lamellose on
the posterior half, while showing incipient costse on the anterior side below
the apex.
The features of this shell, as it. occurs in the Cretaceous beds of New
Jersey, are sufficiently well marked and distinctive to leave no room for
en-or in its identification, when medium sized or adult individuals are exam-
ined which preserve the normal form of the species. But shells of all this
family are so extremely liable to distortion during growth, from external
influences, that individuals of any of them may occur which retain but few
of the normal features of their species, and this, like others of the group, is
occasionally met with departing widely from the general form of its kind.
They will be found to vary greatly in the strength and number of the costse,
and in their proportional strength, some examples having been noticed where
they were almost obsolete. The same example often shows them well de-
veloped on one part, and on another will show scarcely a trace of their ex-
istence. The angularity of the umbonal ridge of the right valve is also an
extremely variable feature, some having a broadly rounded form nearly to
the apex, while others' will be extremely sharp and angular with a sub-spinose
carination. This difference is not unfrequently the result of the adhesion of
tlie shell, by the anterior side of the beak, to foreign substances, though not
lamellibrajStchiata of the lowee maels. 41
always. The very young shell, when of not more than an inch in length, is
often so sharply angular and so finely costate that it might well be consid-
ered as a distinct species. One example of an adult shell from Prairie Bluff,
Alabama, in the American Museum of Natural History, has grown attached to
some foreign flat substance over nearly the entire disk of the shell, leaving
the walls of the anterior and basal borders standing at right angles to the
atached surface. In the conditions of internal casts, a not unfrequent con-
dition of occurrence at many localities, it is more difficult still to recognize
its relations, especially so in casts of from one to two and a half inches in
length. In these conditions it is seen to be more elongated, and as the
inner surface of the flat valve, when young, is liable to be somewhat angu-
larly convex, it then assumes exactly the form and features of JEx. Texana
of Roemer from the Cretaceous beds in Texas. There is another form of
internal cast of a convex valve before me as I write, from the marl beds
at Holmdel, N. J., which, although highly convex, approaching gibbosity,
lacks that angularity usuallj^ seen on the shell itself The beak of the spe-
cimen is broken, and the costse are few and extremely coarse, while the form
is somewhat spreading; and as it is accompanied by the cast of an oyster
on the opposite side of the specimen, was at first supposed to be a cast of a
very large individual of 0. panda Morton When, however, the marl was
cleared out from beneath the apical portion, the hinge structure of JExogyra
appeared distinctly.
Mr. Grabb and Mr. Meek both refer Morton's Ostrea torosa (Synop., p. 52,
PL X, Fig. 1 ) to this species. This reference I presume to be correct, simply
on their evidence, as I have not seen the specinien, although were I to judge
from the figure given by Dr. Morton I should have supposed it to have
been a Pinna.
Formation and locality. — This species occurs more or less commonly at
nearly all the localities of the Lower Marl Beds of the Cretaceous in New
Jersey. It is also known at most of the localities of the formation in Del-
aware, Alabama, South Carolina, and Texas. Morton also cites it from
Tennessee and Arkansas, and Mr. Gabb gives it the range of "all of the
United States except the northwest," where I believe it has never yet been
noticed. It is also found in Europe.
42 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JBESEY.
ANOMIID^.
Genus ANOMIA Linn.
Anomia argentaria.
Plate IV, Figs. 9-11.
Anomia argentaria Morton. Synopsis, p. 61, PI. V, Fig. ]0. Gabb, Synopsis, p. 94.
Meek, Check-list, p. 6. Geol. Siirv. N. J., 1868, p. 724. Gabb, P. A. N.
Sci., 1876, p. 319.
Couip. A. micronema Meek. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., 2d ser., No. 1, p. 43, 1875. Con-
trib. to Pal. Dept. Interior, No. 4, p. 57, PI. XXV, Fig. 2.
Comp. A. f obllqua M. & H. Invert. Pal. Territ., p. 22, PI. IX, Fig. 2.
Shell small, thin, irregularh' circular, and moderately convex on the
deep valve. Surface marked by closely arranged, regular concentric lines,
at almost regularlj^ increasing distances, and by very fine, hair-like, regu-
lar, radiating lines or stri*, which are interrupted at the concentric lines.
Surface of the shell nacreous, having a silvery white luster. Perforated
valve not observed.
The shell used in the above description is the only one I have seen at
all approaching that described by Dr. Morton, in the regularity of the con-
centric lines. The shell is not as regular in outUne as his figure, and he
says nothing about the fine radiating striae seen on this specimen. As com-
pared with shells of A. tellinoides, its outline is not more regular, but the
apex is situated within the margin of the valve, not being marginal or pro-
jecting as in that one, and the regularity of the concentric strise and the
fine radii are certainly distinguishing features. In Kerr's Report Geology
North Carolina, Appendix, page i 3, Mr. Conrad cites A. argentaria and A.
tellinoides as synonyms. I may be in error in considering this shell as iden-
tical with Morton's A. argentaria, but if not, I certainly should consider it
as distinct from A. tellinoides. It bears a striking resemblance to Anomia
micronema, Meek, from the Laramie Group of the west in its general form
and in the radiating lines of the surface, and seems almost too nearly like it
to be considered distinct, although of a different geological horizon.
Formation and locality. — In the lower bed of the Lower Green Sand at
Freehold, New Jersej^.
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 43
Anomia tellinoides.
Plate IV, Figs. 12, 13.
Anomia tellinoides Morton. Synop., p. 61, PI. V, Fig. 11. Gabb, Syuop. Cret. Form.,
p. 95. Meek, Check -list Smitli. lust., p. 7. Geol. Rept. N. Jers., 1868, p. 427.
A. tellinoides and A. argentaria (Mort.). Courad, Geol. IST. C, Kerr's Rept., Api:>endix,
p. 13.
Shell measuring from one inch to one and a half inches in diameter,
more or less circular in outline, and irregularly biconvex or concavo-
convex in profile. Larger valve generally convex and often inequilat-
eral, with the apex nearly or quite marginal, though sometimes distant from
the edge of the valve and more convex than the later portions of the shell.
Flat valve with a moderately large opening situated at some distance from
the edge of the shell. Shell lamellose or smooth, and one cast shows
evidence of plications toward the outer margin.
Formation and locality. — I have seen a single cast, of both valves in
position, from the green marls of the Lower Green Sand, at Holmdel, and
impressions of several convex valves from the white limestone beds at the
same locality, but have never seen any of the shells preserved "except from
near Freehold. Dr Morton does not state from what part of New Jersey
his specimen came, althougli he says it is common in the marls of the
State. Mr. Conrad cites A. argentaria as a synonym, though on a single
specimen which I have identified as of that species there are certainly good
specific features.
Genus DIPLOSCHIZA Conrad. 1866.
(Am. Jour. Concli., Vol. II, pp. 77 and 105.)
Diploschiza cretacea.
Plate IV, Figs. 4-8.
Diploschiza cretacea Courad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. II, pp. 78 and 105, PI. IX, Fif;-. 203.
Deeper valve anomia-like, deeply concave internally, and most abrupt
on the posterior side. Margin entire, and the apex truncate from attach-
ment to foreign substances ("?). Smaller valve concave externallj-, with a
notch in the cardinal margin. Surface of the shell marlced by very fine
concentric lines of growth and a few stronger undulations.
44 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY.
I have seen only one of the deeper valves of this species, and that
has the apex broken. The features of the smaller valve are given from
Mr. Conrad's figure. I cannot see how the shell differs from the ordinary
Anomia, and do not think there is the slightest need of the generic division.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls at Upper Freehold,
Monmouth County, N. J. Collected by Dr. Bruere.
Genus PAEANOMIA Courad. 1860.
(Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., Vol. IV, pp. 290, and Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. Ill, p. 8.)
Paranomia scabra.
Plate X, Fig. 10.
Placuna scabra Morton. Synopsis, p. 62.
Placiinanomya scabra (Mort.) Gabb. Syuop., p. 167.
Placunomia scabra (Mort.). Meek, Check-list, p. 6.
Paranomia scabra (Mort.). Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. Ill, p. 8. Meek, Geol. Surv.
N. J., 1868, p. 724.
The type specimen of this species as marked in the collection of the
A. N. S., Phil., is a small fragment, scarcely sufficient for generic identifica-
tion, and when originally described was not figured. The fragment is
probably of a lower valve, being very irregular, and is about seven-eighths
of an inch in width by about one inch and an eighth long. The surface
is marked by irregular radiating costse, which are rather fine, and covered
toward the front of the shell by short spines. There are also strongly-
marked concentric lines crossing the shell, which add greatly to the rough-
ness and scaly surface characters produced by the short irregular spines.
No portion of the hinge is preserved. Shell thin and fragile.
The specimen might very well be part of the valve of a Spondyhis so
far as its surface characters are preserved, but the shell does not break into
longitudinal sections, as do those of that genus when similarly preserved,
but seems to divide into concentric laminse, as would an Oyster.
Formation and locality. — Dr. Morton gives no locality for his specimens,
but mentions only that they are from the blue marls. In the collection of
the Acad. Nat Sci. it is labeled "N. J. Cret."
LAMBLLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 45
Paranomia lineata.
Plate IX, Fig. 10.
Placunanomia lineata Conrad. J. A. JST. Sci., Phil., 2d ser., Vol. IV, p. 291, PL XLVI,
Fig. 20. Gabb, Synop., p. 167.
Plaeunomia lineata (Cou.). Meek, Check-list, p. 6.
Paranomia lineata Courad. Am. Jonr. Couch., Vol. Ill, p. 8. Gabb, Synopsis, p. 167.
J. A. N. Sci., Vol. IV, 2d ser., p. 291.
A single, apparently imperfect valve, whicli I have referred to this
species, occurs in the collection of Rutgers College. It is much larger
than that figured by Mr. Conrad above cited, but very similar in form and
identical in surface characters. The form is broadly and irregularly ovate,
the shell being veiy thin and fragile. Surface marked by distant elevated
ribs, which are irregular in their direction, rounded, and produced into
sharp scattered hollow spines at irregular distances, becoming more distant
and larger toward the front of the valve. Spaces between the ribs broad
and flattened, and marked by faint irregular concentric lines. On tbe
interior the surface is roughened and radiatingly striate to within a short
distance of the margin, where it becomes smooth and porcellaneous in
character. Hinge margin imperfect, but the portion preserved is rough-
ened, as if for a ligamental surface.
The specimen is imperfect on the umbo, having probably been broken,
though the imperfection looks much as if it were a natural perforation for
the passage of an attaching muscle, as in Anomia. The mai'gin of the open-
ing is thin and sharp, without any appearance of fracture ; still it msij have
been broken. Neither this or the specimens of the following species pre-
sent any of the features upon which the genus was founded ; consequently
I am not able to judge of the correctness of the generic reference.
Formation and locality. — From the lower bed of the Lower Green Sand,
at Upper Freehold, New Jersey. From the collection of Dr. Bruere.
Geuns PEOTEN Kleiu.
Pecten venustus.
Plate Vll, I'igs. 1-4. "
Peeten venmtus Mort. Synopsis, p. 58, PI. V, Fig. 7. Gabb, Syn. N. A. Cret., p. 161.
Meek, Check list Smith. Inst., p. 7. Geol. Eept. IST. J., 1868, p. 725.
Chlamys venustus Stoliczka. Pal. Indica, Vol. Ill, p. 429.
Shell quite small, seldom attaining a height of more than five-eighths
of an inch, and not commonly of more than half an inch. Form nearly cir-
46 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
cular below tlie ears and a little straiglitened on the cardinal slopes. Valves
convex, slightly inequivalve and erect, or not perceptibly inequilateral.
Cardinal line about half as long as the greatest width of the valves, which is
a very trifle less than the height. Auriculations very unequal, distinctly
separated from the body of the shell. The posterior one is quite small "and
alike in each valve: anterior large, ribbed on each valve, and provided
with a moderately distinct notch below in the right one. Eight valve most
convex, marked by seventeen to nineteen elevated radiating ribs, which
are somewhat flattened on the top and are marked by fine transverse strise.
Interspaces narrow and deep. Many of the ribs of this valve become
duplicate below the middle of the valve. Left valve depressed, convex,
with narrow, sharply-elevated ribs, which are separated by much wider
interspaces, and are marked by comparatively distant elevated rugae.
Many of the wider interspaces have a thinner and smaller rib along their
middle below the center of the valve, corresponding to the duplicated ribs
of the opposite valve.
On the interior of the valves the ribs are distinctly marked, but much
more strongly so along the margin of the shell. Cardinal line marked by
a single ridge on each side of the center nearly parallel to the hinge line
in the left valve, with corresponding grooves in the right. Ligamental pit
well marked.
This shell appears to be a true Peden in its characters, but has been
referred to the group Clilamys Bolton, by Ferd. Stoliczka, probably from
the inspection of figures only. The specimens seen are mostly in the
condition of complete or partial casts in the marl, but at Freehold, N. J.,
occur with the shell substance preserved, but of so fragile a character that
it is with difficulty they can be cleaned and examined, and then with the
beaks usually broken.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Sand at Monmouth, Free-
hold, Burlington, Arneytown, etc., in New Jersey. The entire shells figured
were obtained at Freehold by Miss F. M. Hitchcock, who kindly loaned
them for illustration and description.
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OP THE LOWER MAELS. 47
Pecten quinquenarius.
Plate VII, Figs. 13-lC.
Pecten quinquenaria Con. J. A. K S., Phil., Vol. II, p. 275, PI. XXIV, Fig. 10, 1854.
Shell of medium size, slightly oval transversely; in outline a little
wider than high. Valves plano-convex in profile when united. Hinge line
much shorter than the width of the shell below. Ears large, slightly un-
equal ; that of the flat valve (right) somewhat sinuate on the anterior side.
Cardinal slope of the valves somewhat concave between the beaks and the
lateral margins of the body of the shell. Surface of the valves marked by
strong, wide, rounded, radiating ribs, about five on the flat valve and six on
the convex valve. On the convex valve, as shown upon the impression
left in the fine blue marl, there have been fine, even, and closely arranged
•concentric lines crossing the folds and passing up over the auriculations;
in fact, covering the entire surface of the valve. The opposite flat valve
has not been marked bj^ concentiic lines, as was the convex valve, the sur-
face of the cast, both inside and outside impressions, being apparently
smooth. No remains of radiating lines on the folds can be seen.
There can be no question as to the identity of the New Jersey shells
here figured and described with the specimen from Delaware used by Mr.
Conrad in his original description, although our specimens show the folds
comparatively broader than does his figure. Mr. Conrad's description is
very imperfect, and leaves one in doubt as to most of the features of his
shell, as he states only that it is "ovate, much compressed, with five distinct
ribs, broad and rounded on one valve, narrow and subangulated on the
opi^osite valve. (A cast.)."
Formation and locality. — In the lowest beds of the dark-blue marl of the
Lower Green Sands at G.C. Schanck's pits, Marlborough, New Jersey. The
only two specimens seen are casts, but the fine marl preserves the surface
features of the shell in a remarkable degree of perfection.
Pecten tenuitestus.
Plate VII, Figs. 5 and G.
Fecten tenuitesta Gabb. Proc. A. K S., Phil., 18GI, p. 327. Meek, Check-list, Smith.
Inst., ]). 7. Geol. Eept. X. J., 1868, p. 725.
Shell of small to medium size, broadly ovate exclusive of the auricu-
lations, the breadth of the shell being to the height as six is to seven.
48 PALEONTOLOGY OP NEW JEESBT.
Cardinal slopes straight, more than one-third the length of the shell, and
the anterior longest. Left valve very depressed convex, most ventricose
above the middle ; beak small and pointed. Auriculations large, the anterior
double the size of the posterior, very slightly rounded on the margin, and
perceptibly narrowing below ; posterior shorter on the cardinal line than
below; anterior side marked by seven .sharply-elevated nodose rays, and
the posterior by six, with one or two smaller ones between, near the body
of the shell. Body of the shell marked by about thirty to thirty-five slender,
rounded but unequal rays with much wider flattened interspaces, with an
occasional incipient ray on the outer third of the shell. Ribs marked by
distant, elevated or subspinose nodes, most closely arranged on the auricu-
lations and obsolete above the middle of the body of the valve. Right
valve with the ribs proportionally stronger in the specimens examined than
on the left valve and showing a stronger tendency to alternation of smaller
and larger ones than on the opposite, while the imbrications of the ribs are
not nearlv so strong, not rising into spines, as on the left valve. Auricu-
lations of the right valve scarcely perceptibly radiate, while the concentric
markings of the valve are more subdued throughout.
So far as I have discovered the species was never figured by its author,
but its description is more full than usual, so I think the identification is less
likely to be questionable than in some other instances. It would seem to
be of the type of Pecten Islandicus, although the ribs are less closely
arranged and the interspaces are flattened. Among the few specimens
which I have examined I have seen no reason to suppose the valves were
so strongly bent as to leave them "about half an inch apart in the middle,"
as the author states.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls at Holmdel, N. J.,
collected at Gr. C Schanck's pits, near Marlborough, and presented to the
New Jersey collection by the Reverend Dr. Riley. It also occurs at Bur-
lington, New Jersey.
Pecten planicostatus, n. sp.
Plate VIII, Figs. 10 and 11.
Shell of medium size, thin and flattened, equilateral, circular in outline,
or a little wider than high. Hinge line straight, about half as long as the
LAMELLIBEAIS'GHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. . 49
greatest width of the shell. Auriculations of nearly equal size, but only
moderately large, the posterior side on the left valve gradually receding
toward the hinge and the anterior one on the same valve sloping in the
opposite direction. Cardinal slopes of the body of the shell slightly con-
cave. Left valve marked by from thirty to thirty-five narrow, raised, but
slender flattened ribs, with broad flattened interspaces, often six or eight
times as wide as the ribs. Ribs increased by intercalations, never by bifurca-
tion. Greneral surface of the left valve marked by very fine, raised con-
centric lines, which are regularly and evenly arranged but scarcely per-
cejjtible to the unaided eye. Interior of the shell showing very faintly the
lines of the ribs. Right valve unknown.
In its naiTow flattened ribs with wide interspaces this species differs
conspicuously from any other species described from the green marls of
New Jerse)^ or elsewhere. It presents the general form and proportions of
CamjJtonectes Burlingtonensis Grabb ; and were it not for the fact that Mr. Gabb
has figured both valves of that species and shown them to be destitute of the
strong radiating ribs, I should have been inclined to have considered it as the
left valve of that species As yet I have only observed the left valve, and am
inclined to expect a right valve very similar to that of C. Burlingtonensis.
Formation and locality. — In the dark-blue marls oftheLowerGrreen Sands,
at Gr. C. Schanck's pits, near Marlborough, New Jersey.
Pecten (Chlamys) craticulus.
Plate VII, Figs. 17 and 18.
Pecten craticula Morton. Synopsis, p. 57. Gabb, Synop., p. 158. Meek, Clieck-list,
p. 7, Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 725.
Dr. Morton's type specimen of this species consists of a fragment rep-
resenting- about one-third of one valve. It is a moderate-sized species and
possesses very strong rounded ribs, jsrobably ten or twelve in number, the
interstices being occupied by a single smaller rib. The ribs, both large
and small, are marked on their surfaces by comparatively coarse striations,
eight or nine of them on each large rib, and a fewer number on the smaller
ribs and interspaces. Strong concentric lines cross the ribs and form rugte
or granules at their junction with the striations. Toward the margin there
4418 MON 9 4
50 PALEONTOLOGY OP NEW JEKSEY.
are strong varices of growth. On the interior of the shell the outside de-
pressions are represented by strong flattened ribs with angular margins and
deep grooves between
It is somewhat remarkable that in all the more recent collections no
good specimen of this shell has been discovered, or any cast representing
it found at any other locality.
Formation and locality. — Dr. Morton states that the fragment was found
near Arneytowu, N. J., by Mr. Conrad. I have more recently seen other
fragments among specimens labeled Vincentown, N. J., which, if correct,
would probably place it in the Middle Marl Bed.
Pecten (Syncyclonema?) perlamellosus.
Plate VII, Fig. 7.
Pecten perlamellosa on label in collection of the A. N. Sci., Phil., apparently in Mr.
Conrad's handwriting.
Shell small, broadly subcircular, with moderately convex valves. Hinge-
line comparatively long and the auriculations large, particularly the poste-
rior one, which extends more than two- thirds the depth of the cardinal
slope; both ears distinctly separated from the body of the shell along the
cardinal slope, which is sharply and abruptly elevated above their surfaces.
Beaks small and pointed, and the cardinal slope diverging at about a right
angle to each other. Posterior ear very slightly sinuated or contracted in
the lower part, and the anterior one nearly direct on the margin. Surface
of the right valve marked by distant, strongly and sharply elevated con-
centric lamellae, the spaces between being flat and marked by very fine
radiating lines, perceptible only by the aid of a glass. The concentric,
raised lamella also pass upward and cross the auriculations in nearly full
strength. Left valve unknown. Hinge characters not observed.
It is barely possible that these shells, two of which are before me, may
be the young of C. Burlingtonensis Gabb, as they have about the same
relative proportions and form as that species, but I think it highly improb-
able from their adult appearance and the strong distant lamellae of the sur-
face, which, if continued and increased in strength relatively until the shells
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 51
attained the size common to that species, would have presented a very dif-
ferent appearance from that figured and presented by that species. The
larger of the two specimens seen has a height and breadth of very nearly
three-fourths of an inch.
It seems difficult to place this species under the genus Syncydoyiema
Meek, on account of the large ears, which feature is in direct contradiction
of the features of that genus. Still Mr. Meek himself places Burlingtonensis
Gabb {Cainptonedes Burlingtonensis of this work), with which it is possible
this may be identical, under it, notwithstanding this feature
Formation and locality. — In the clay marls of the Lower Green Sand
at Haddonfield, N. J. From the collection of the Academy of Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia, labeled as above in Mr. Conrad's handwriting, but I
have not been able to trace the origin of the name or find any description
of the species.
Genus AMUSIUM Klein.
Amusium simplictun.
Plate VII, Figs. 11 and 12.
Pecten simplicus Conrad. J. A. K". S., Pbil., 2d series, Vol. IV, p. 283, PI. XL VI, Fig.
44. Gabb, Synop. Gret. Ter., p. 160. Meek, Geol. Surv. K J., 1863, p. 725.
8'mcyclonema ? simpUcus (Con.). Meek, Check-list Smith. Inst., p. 7. Gabb, P. A. I^T.
Sci., 3876, p. 319.
Psetuiamusium simplica (Con.). Stoliczka, Pal. Indica, Vol. Ill, p. 420.
Sincyelonema ? simplicia Conrad. A. M. Jour. Conch., Vol. V, p. 99, PI. IX, Fig. 20.
Shell small, barely half an inch in extreme height, and of equal width ;
discoid or very depressed convex, nearly or quite equilateral; margins of
the shell somewhat regularly rounded; hinge-line a little less than half the
width of the shell, and slightly rising from the center toward the extremi-
ties. Auriculations moderately large, the anterior side largest, slightly
rounded on the outer margin and forming a slight byssal notch at its junc-
tion with the body of the shell on the right valve. Cardinal slopes on the
right valve straight to near the point of greatest width of the valve, and
forming an angle of about fifty to fifty-five degrees with each other and
very strongly impressed. Beak small and pointed. On the left valve the
posterior ear is the smallest of the two, and the cardinal slopes less strongly
52 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
marked, not so straight, and extend down the valve not so far as on the
opposite valve. Surface of the valves smooth and shining to the naked eye,
but under a lens is seen to be marked by fine concentric lines of growth,
and on the left valve by faint, incipient, radiating lines.
The above description is taken from specimens from Eufaula, Ala.,
the locality from which the species was originally described. The valves
present every appearance of having been gaping on the sides when perfect,
being bent even as seen on the soft marls when preserved only as separated
shells ; consequently the species would properly be classed as an Amusium
and not as Pseudamusium or Sincyclonema, both of which genera are subdi-
visions only of the other, and differ but very slightly. There is no other
form known from the American Cretaceous strata sufficiently resembling it
to be easily mistaken for it. Sincyclonema rigida H. & M. sp. is the nearest,
but it is much more elevated in proportion to its width, being ovate in out-
line. The ears are smaller, the hinge-line straight instead of depressed in
the middle, and the valves are more strongly marked both by concentric
lines and radii
Formation and locality. — The only specimens which I have observed
from New Jersey were from Monmouth County, New Jersey, and are too
imperfect for illustration. The specimens illustrated are from Eufaula, Ala.
Amusiiun Couradi, n. sp.
Plate VII, Figs. 8-10.
Syncyclonema ? simplicia, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. V, p. 99, PI. IX, Fig. 20.
Not of Meek, Check-list, p. 7.
Not Pecten simplicus, Con. J. A. N. S., Phil., 2(1 ser.. Vol. IV, p. 283, PI. XVI, Fig.
44, or Gabb, Synop., p. 160.
Not Pseudamusium simplica. Stoliczka. Pal. Indica, Vol. Ill, p. 420.
Pecten simpUous (Con.) Meek. Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 725.
Shell small, seldom exceeding half an inch in height; erect-ovate, be-
coming more elongate proportionally with increased growth. Valves slightly
convex. Hinge short, from half to two-thirds as long as the width of the
body of the shell, strongly and distinctly auriculated. Beaks of the valves
small and pointed, and the cardinal slopes long, straight or slightly concave,
extending to near the point of greatest width of the body of the shell.
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. ^ 53
Left valve smooth or but faintly marked by fine concentric lines, and a
few (five or six) very faint radii. Ears smaller than in the opposite valve,
both sloping toward the beak on the outer margin. Right valve marked
with crowded concentric folds or elevated lines ; also by five or six radiat-
ing lines; not always present. On most specimens there are distinctly
rounded concentric folds or varices, but on some they are thin, sharp lines ;
always more crowded and usually finer toward the front, in adult specimens.
Ears very distinct; that of the posterior side sloping toward the beak and
the anterior one rounded at the extremity and deeply notched.
This shell is very closely allied to P. simplicus, Conrad, but difiPers in
being more elevated and in the surface markings, that one being generally
smooth or imperceptibly marked. In making these comparisons I have
used a number of each valve of the present species from New Jersey, and a
fine series of A. simplicum fl'om the typical locality, Eufaula, Ala., and it
leaves no doubt in my mind as to their complete specific distinction.
Formation and locality. — In the fine blue clay marl of the Lower Green
Sand at Haddonfield, New Jersey. The specimens are from the collection
of the Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia, and being borrowed I
have not attempted to examine the hinge structure, as they are so veiy
fragile that the least disturbance of the matrix might result in the destruc-
tion of the shells.
Czunptonectes (Amusium) Burlingtonensis.
Plate Vin, Figs. 3-9.
Pecten Burlingtonensis, Gabb. J. A. N. Sci., Phil., 2d ser., Vol. IV, p. 304, PI. LXVIH,
Fifj. 25. Synops. p. 157. Meek, Check-list, p. 7.
Sincyclonema Burlingtonensis (Gabb). Meek, Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 7:^5.
Camptonectes Burlingtonensis (Gabb). Conrad, Am. J. Couch., Vol. VI, p. 76. Gabb,
P. A. N". Sci., 1876, p. 318.
C. hellisculptus Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. V, p. 99, PI. IX, Fig. 11.
Shell attaining a full medium size, one specimen measuring two and a
half inches in height, and is equally wide, being nearly circular exclusive
of the auriculations. Hinge-Hne straight, not more than half as long as
the width of the shell; ears moderately large. Valves convex, cardinal
slopes of the body of the shell concave in their course from the beak, the
54 PALEONTOLOGY OP NEW JERSEY.
shoulders of the valves being high and pi-ominent. Surface of the valves
marked by fine, even, rounded and tln-ead-like radiating strise which maintain
nearly the same size throughout by their frequent bifurcations, but are less
strongly developed on the right valve. On the sides of the valves the striae
curve strongly upward and pass off on the cardinal slopes even within the
limits of the auriculations. Ears of the left valve also radiately striate.
Besides the radiating strise the shell is closely marked by elevated concen-
tric lines which form free projecting edges where the}^ cross the radiating
stria?, which are more strongly developed and often form fine hair-like
spines toward the front of the right valves. The bifurcations of the strias
mostly take place immediately below these concentric lines. Hinge char-
acters not observed, but stated by Mr. Conrad to be crenulated.
The specimen used by Mr. Conrad, in his description of C. bellisculptiis
was of small size, but its general form, as given on the plate cited above,
and its peculiar striations, leaves no room for doubt as to its identity with
those here used. If the genus Cumptonectes is to be distinguished by the
punctate depressed lines between the strise, this shell ought not to be
classed under it, as they show no evidence whatever of that feature, like
those found in the Jurassic rocks of the Eocky Mountains. In fact the
strise on the Jurassic forms are their best distinguishing feature, being
formed by impressed lines which are filled with punctures; the strise being
flattened on the top, while these are rounded and wirey in character, and
closely pressed together, like the striee on shells of the genus Aimisium, and
destitute of punctures in the interspaces. From what evidence of the hinge-
structure I have seen I do not think this shell possesses the fold or tooth-
like ridge characteristic of Camptonedes, and the anterior ear of the right
valve is certainly much more like that of a true Peden than in the Jurassic
species, so that from these evidences I am strongly inclined to consider
the shell rather a species of Amusium than of Camptonedes. I see no reason
for considering Conrad's C. bellisculptus as a distinct species from the present
one. Mr. Grabb's type specimen is a cast and does not retain any of the
sm-face characters, consequently he could not have known its true generic
relations, but Mr. Conrad has seen it with the shell preserved and refers it
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 55
to Camptoiiedes, but does not mention it as being the same as his bellis-
culptus, about which I think there can be no doubt. In the younger stages
of gi-owth the shell is much more elongated, and this feature may have
induced him to retain his specific name for the smaller shell which he
described.
Formation and locality. — Mr. Conrad cites it from Haddonfield, N. J.
The specimens in the State collection are from Holmdel, N. J., both local-
ities being in the Lower Green Marls. Specimens borrowed from the collec-
tion of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, come to me with-
out locality marks.
Camptonectes parvus, n. sp.
Plate VIII, Figs. 1 and 2.
Shell quite small, the only specimen observed measuring only about
three-tenths of an inch in height. Outline subcircular and (the left valve)
convex, moderately elevated on the umbo and somewhat regularly declining
in convexity, toward the front; anterior auriculation proportionally large and
vertically striated with lamellose striee parallel to the anterior margin.
Surface of the shell polished and marked with numerous interrupted
impressed strise, the spaces between the strise being flattened and crossed
by very faint lines of growth.
Only a single individual of this species has come under my observation.
The shell presents the features in its external appearances of the Jurassic
forms of the genus, as they occur at the west, and is the only individual
from New Jersey that I have seen which possesses the peculiar impressed
strise so characteristic of those forms. It, however, wants the punctures
that are present in the bottom of the strise of those, and in this respect
differs very materially. It also differs in its very small size and greater
convexity. It is possible that it may not be an adult shell, but the character
of the strise is sufficient to distinguish it even should it be found of larger
growth.
Formation and locality. — In a band of clayey marl of the Lower Bed^
at Freehold, New Jersey.
56 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
Genus NEITHEA Drouet.
Neithea quinquecostata.
PI itc A^II, Figs. 12-14.
Pecten quinquecostata (Sowerby). Morton, Synop., p. 57, PI. XIX, Fig. 1.
Janira 2Iortoni (D'Orb.). Prodr., p. 253.
Xcillica Mortoni (D'Orb.). Gabb, Synops., Cret. Form., p. 149. Meek, Check-list
Smith. lust., p. 7. Geol. Snrv. N. Jcrs., 1868, p. 72.5.
Vola Mortoni (D'Orb.). Stoliczka, Pal. Indica, Vol. Ill, p. 430.
Pcctcn quinquecostatus and P. quadricostatus of anthors.
Shell broadl}^ ovate exclusive of the auriculations, and plano-convex to
concavo-convex in profile, right valve strongly convex, with a sharp, arching,
and incurved beak extending beyond and partially overarching the hinge-
line; hinge- line straight or nearly so, slightly declining on the anterior side;
nearly two -thirds as long as the entire width of the shell; auriculations
moderate in size, the anterior one the smallest and constricted below where
it joins the body of the shell, forming a slight byssal notch; posterior side
triangular, longest at the hinge-line and receding below. Sides of the valve
where it joins the auriculations strongly incurved laterall}^, so as to cause the
sides to overhang. Valve marked by six strong, rounded, principal radiat-
ing costse, with from two to four smaller ones between. These are usually
distributed in the following manner: three between the two anterior strong
ones; three or four between the two antero-basal and median ones; three
usually between the postero-basal pair, and usually two only between the
postei-ior pair. There are also three or four anterior to the first strong ray,
and from four to six on the area posterior to the last principal ray. The
auriculations are also rayed, unequally on the opposite sides, the posterior
one most strongly. The characters of the flat or left valve have not been
observed on the New Jersey specimens. The casts, the only condition in
which I have seen them from within the State, show evidence of moderately
strong concentric lines crossing the rays and intermediate portions of the
shell.
The shell seems to be subject to considerable variation in the number
and strength of the secondary cost«, and this fact has given great latitude
to species-making, consequently we have several names under which the
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 57
shell has been mentioned and referred to. Judging from what specimens I
have examined, there appears to be but little reason for considering them
other than as varieties of a single species, and our American forms differ so
little from those found in Europe and Asia that I have been inclined to
refer them back to the place where Dr Morton first placed them. The
generic reference of the fonu seems to have passed through equally great
tribulation as the species. I have left it under the genus which most writers
of late date seem to prefer, as there is some doubt as to the exact value of
the two older names Vola Klein, and Janira Schum.
Formation and locality. — In New Jersey it is found in the Lower Green
Marls at Burlington, Holmdel, Freehold, and Mullica Hill. It is also
found at Prairie Blufif, Ala., and at severad places in Texas, and in Eng-
land, Continental Europe, and at many places in Asia, being one of those
almost universal forms wliich we occasionally find.
SPONDYLIDiE.
Genus SPOKDTLUS Lam,
Spondylus gregalis.
Plate IX, Figs. 11, 12, and Plate X, Figs. 1, 2.
Plagiostoma gregale Morton. Synop., p. 60, PL V, Fig. 6.
Spondylus gregalis (Mort.). Gabb, Synop., p. 171. Meek, Check-list Smith. Inst, p. 7.
Geol. Eept. N. Jer., 1868, p. 724.
S. gregalis D'Orb. Pr,ocl., p. 254.
Shell rather above medium size when fully grown, and generally ovate
in form, with the lower or attached valve somewhat the deepest. Cardinal
area large, but short, much extended and flattened on the surface; trans-
versely striated and with a narrow linear groove through the middle; teeth
strong. Surface of the lower valve strongly lamellose on the free portions ;
the attachment apparently being only small and near the apex ; between
the lamella, which are elevated, the surface shows indistinct radiations,
which on the interior are quite distinctly marked and flexuose, and are
comparatively fine. The upper valve not observed, except as shown on
casts of the interior. In this condition it is shown to have been only very
58 PAL.5;OI^TOLOGT OF NEW JERSEY.
moderately convex at the apical portions, and to have been flattened or but
very slightly convex toward the front, with the surface radiated as in the
case of the lower valve, but whether the exterior has been lamellose or only
simply radiated I have not been able to ascertain.
The figure given of this species by Dr. Morton, as cited above, is
nearly circular in outline. Among the few casts which I have seen and
one perfect lower valve there is none of that form, all being elongate-ovate,
narrow toward the beaks and widened below, and all slightly curved to one
side. On the casts the muscular imprint as shown on the lower side is
quite large and uniform, and situated rather below the middle of the valve.
The large entire valve of the species figured is neatly perforated
through the solid part of its substance, showing the work of some boring
moUusk.
Formation and locality/. — In the Lower Green Marls at Upper Free-
hold, Monmouth County, N. J., collected by Dr. Bruere.
Genus DIANCHORA, Sowerby.
(Mineral Conch., Vol. I, p. 183.)
The genus Bianchora was described by Sowerby in 1815 (Min.
Conch., Vol. 1, p. 183), for the reception of two forms of Spondylus-like
shells, that appeared to be without hinge area or teeth. Subsequently the
genera Pedopsis Sow. and Pachytes Desh. were proposed by their respective
authors for similar forms. In later years all these genera, which appear to be
synonyms of each other, have been condemned by many authors, under the
impression that the shells on which they were founded were mutilated
specimens of Spondylus that had by accident been deprived of these parts.
It seems strange that naturalists are so often led to discredit the statements
of good observers, and to reject their work simply because they themselves
have not observed the same features. It is perhaps, however, well that
such care be exercised to keep down names and divisions founded upon
imperfections and abnormal features. But in this case the rejection has
cei-tainly been too hastily made, for the species here described certainly
agrees in character perfectly with Sowerby's description and figures, es-
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 59
pecially of his D. striata^ given in the Min. Conch., and it is equally cer-
tain that the shells are perfect and without injury; and the lines of growth
clear, clean, and distinct as on any living shell. The triangular foramen
extends from the beak forward to the position of the hinge-line, and later-
ally to the entire width of the shell at this point on both sides, leaving the
entire cardinal portion of the shell forming a single broad triangular open-
ing in each valve, while the margins are elevated and sharp, with the lines
of growth passing over them in perfect continuit}^ What the purposes of
this opening may have been I cannot say. It is not the position for a
byssus, or any organ of similar nature; nor can it have been needed for
any analogous purpose, as the shells are all, so far as I have seen, firmly
anchored or attached to foreign substances. The small specimen figured
was attached only by the beak, but that by a surface nearly or quite a
fourth of an inch wide. From the form of the apex of the upper valve, as
far as I have seen them, I judge it curved over this opening in such a
manner as to partially cover it, as they are all extremely ventricose in this
part. But this was not the case in the English species, for there the upper
valve is but moderately convex. So the question as to the purpose of the
opening remains unsolved,
Dianchora echinata.
Plate X, Figs. 3-9.
Plagiostoma ecMnatum, Morton. Syuopsis, additional observations, § iv.
Spondylus ecMnatum (Mort.) Meek, Check-list, p. 71. Geol. Surv. N. J., 18GS, p. 724.
8. capax Conrad. J. A. K S., Phil., 2d ser., Vol. II, p. 274, PI. XXIV, Fig. 8.
Shell below medium size, subcircular or very, broad-ovate in general
outline, and with a very highly convex or gibbous free valve. Lower
valve fixed to foreign substances, and often by nearly its entire surface, and
conforming in depth to the surface to which it is afiixed, or nearly so. Or
when more concave the space between the margin of the shell and the object
to which it is attached is filled up with shelly matter formed in the same
manner as the spines of the valves. The cardinal portion of the valve is
open, forming a broad triangular foramen the entire width of the valve at
this j)oint, the margins of the foramen being sharp, no hinge-teeth or cardi-
60 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
nal area existing. The interior of the valve is strongly marked by moder-
ately fine striag or ribs, which are flattened on their surfaces ; muscular
imprints not observable. Upper valve ver)^ ventricose and strongly arcuate,
the beak thin and sharply incurved. Hinge open as in the lower valve, the
cardinal angles spread ovitward in the form of auriculations to meet those
of the opposite valve. The sides of the valve are sharply bent inward on
a line from the beak to the point of greatest width, forming a hiatus on
each side between the body of the valve and the auriculation, as in the
genus Janira. Surface of the valve marked by strong, closely compact,
radiating ribs; every fifth or sixth one of which is stronger than the others,
and bears short, sharp, curved spines, some of which are nearly one-fourth
of an inch long, while the others are only rugose from the concentric
lamella which cross them. On the depressed spaces on the sides of the
valve there are no radii, the concentric lines only being present. Substance
of the shell thin in the cardinal portions and much thickened toward the
front. Interior of the valve marked by the radii, and the thickened front
margin strongly crenulate.
A single highly decomposed specimen of Spondylus-like shell, in the
collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, may possi-
bly belong to this species, but its condition is such that its specific relations
are not determinable, and in a shoi't time more it will have crumbled. It
shows no evidence of having been attached, however; the lower valve is
moderately convex and the upper one rather more ventricose; the area or
cardinal parts of both valves are beyond description, but the valves are
both marked by rays and spines, as are the upper valves of this one. It
may possibly represent an undescribed form, but looks like a specimen of
the B. ecJiinata that had been entirely free except pei'haps in its earlier
stages of growth.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Grreen Marls at Holmdel, Free-
hold, and on Mr. Woodward's farm, Monmouth County, New Jersey. It
does not seem to be abundant anywhere, and so far I have never seen a
perfect upper valve of even medium size. The imperfect upper valve figured
is from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia,
and is without locality further than "N. Jersey."
LAMELLIBRANGHIATA OF THE LOWEE MARLS, 61
Genus PLICATULA Lam.
Flicatula urticosa.
Plate IX, Figs. 1 and 2.
Ostrea urticosa, Morton. Synop., 1st ed.
Flicatula urticosa, Morton. Synop., p. 62, PI. X, Fig. 2. Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. XXIV, 1st
scr., PI. X, Fig. 2. Gabb, Synop., p. 169. Meek, Check-list, p. 7. Geol.
Surv. S". J., 1868, p. 724. Stoliczka and others.
Shell irregularly oval in outline and obliquely curved, biconvex or
plano-convex, marked by strong, somewhat angular radiating and bifur-
cating plications, usually much stronger and less numerous on the lower
than on the upper valve, and crossed by strong projecting concentric
lamella, which are elevated and often form thin, flat spines on the crest of
the radiating plications of greater or less length, which give a very rough
and spiney surface to the shell, resembling that of Spondylus. Muscular
impression moderate; teeth not observed.
On some internal casts from Freehold the muscular scar is quite large,
and, so far as can be judged, the teeth have been quite small. The shell
appears to have been quite abimdant, and to have grown in groups, attached
to each other or to foreign bodies. On the Alabama specimens, and on
some of those from New Jersey, there are indistinct radiating strige between
the plications. The largest individuals which I have observed are casts,
one of which is one inch and five-eighths long and of a broadly-ovate form.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls at Freehold and
Holmdel, N. J. The type specimens of Dr. Morton in the collection of the
Academj^ of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, are without locality, being
marked " Lower Cretaceous, N. Jersey" onl}^
Genus EADULA Klein.
Radula pelagica.
Plate IX, Figs. 3-5.
Plagiostoma pelagica Mort. Synop., p. 61, PI. V, Fig. 2.
Gtenoides pelagica (Mort.) Gabb. Synop. Oret. Form., p. 114. Conrad, J. A. N. S.,
Vol. IV, p. 276.
Lima pelagica (Mort.) Meek. Check-list Smith. Inst., p. 7.
Radula pelagica (Mort.) Stoliczka. Palseont. ludica. Vol. Ill, p. 416.
B. pelagica (Mort.) Meek. Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 724.
Shell of small size, seldom measuring more than one and a half inches
in its greatest length from beaks to base; very oblique, strongly ovate,
62 PALiEONTOLOGY OF N"EW JERSEY.
moderately inflated and marked by from twenty-five to thirty strong, radiat-
ing plications, which are simple, rounded on the top, and separated by
rounded spaces of equal width, and crossed by fine concentric lines of
growth, which arch backwards in ci'ossing them. Stronger concentric
varices of growth also form a common feature of the shell. The hinge-
hne is straight and equal in length to about one-thii-d the length of the
shell from beak to base. Auriculations small and subequal; beak moderately
curved and central to the hinge-hne; area moderately high, with a very
large central pit and the hinge destitute of teeth or other markings. Ante-
rior or straight side not at all gaping.
As cited above, this species was originally described by Morton as a
Plagiostoma, but owing to the great multiplication of genera has been
referred to a different genus by every writer who has treated upon it. The
shell as seen in the single valve figured on Plate IX, fig. 4, would fall
between the genera Badula and Ctenoides, according to the characteristics
of these genera as defined by Stoliczka, with a leaning toward the latter of
the two, as the shell may be said to be absolutely straight on the anterior
margin; and, so far as can be proved by the specimen and from several
casts, must have been nearly, if not quite, without any gape of the valves.
The two genera, however, are, as there defined, so nearly alike that they
would seem hardly to afford specific differences so far as form, without sur-
face markings and color, are concerned.
Formation and localitif. — In the Lower Green Marls of the Cretaceous at
Holmdel and Freehold, New Jersey.
Radula acutilineata.
Plate IX, Figs. 6 and 7.
Ctenoides acutilineata Conrad. J. A. N". S., PLila., 2d ser., Vol. Ill, p. 329, PL XXXIV,
Fig. 2. Gabb, Synop., p. 114.
Lima acutilineata (Con.) Meek. Check-list, p. 7.
Badula acutilineata (Conrad) Meek. Geol. Eept. N. J., 1868, p. 724.
Shell small, obliquely ovate, and very ventricose; hinge-line very
short, with small acute auriculations, especially the anterior one, which is
pointed at the extremity. Anterior side of the shell rounded and full;
posterior side straightened above and rounded below. Surface of the
LAMELLIBRAXCniATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 63
valves marked by about twenty to twenty-two narrow, elevated radii, with
flattened spaces between, leaving the radii widely separated. Anterior and
posterior slopes without radii.
This species is very like B. reticulata L. & F., but may be readily dis-
tinguished by the flattened or occasionally slightly concave spaces between
the radii. In other respects the shells are very much alike.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Marls at Haddonfield, New Jersey.
The specimens used are from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences, Philadelphia.
Radula reticulata.
Plate IS, Figs. 8 and 9.
Lima reticulata Lyell audForbes. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, Vol. I, p. 62, 1845, with figures.
Meek, Check-list S. Inst., p. 7.
Ctenoides reticulata Gabb. Synop., p. 114.
Radula reticulata- [li, and F.) Meek. Geol. Rept. N. J., 1868, p. 725. Stoliczka, Palaeont.
Indica, Vol. Ill, p. 416.
B. denticuticosta (Gabb) Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. V, p. 99, PI. IX, Fig. 17.
f Ctenoides denticuticosta Gabb. Proc. A. N". Sci., Phil., 1861, p. 327.
Shell small, moderately oblique, strongly ovate, and inflated. Hinge
short; beaks proportionally strong, and projecting beyond the cardinal line.
Valves nearly equal; anterior margin straight, and not at all gaping; auric-
ulations small but distinct, rectangular or very slightly pointed at their outer
angles. Surface radiately ribbed, those of the anterior and posterior slopes
faintly marked or obsolete, ribs (about thirty) distinct, with five or more
indistinct on each side; subangular on the middle of the valves and rounded
toward the sides, crenulate or subspinose on the larger specimens when well
preserved, but often appearing nearly smooth. Entire surface marked by
concentric lines which give a roughened surface when perfect, giving the
reticulated character indicated by the specific name.
The shells are all small, seldom exceeding three-fourths of an inch in
length, and are very fragile. The right valve appears to be a little less ven-
tricose and the beak shorter than the left in all the specimens which I have
seen where the two are united, still this may be only apparent, as they are all
somewhat displaced, and all those which I have seen free from the matrix
and separated have the hinge imperfect, so that I have not examined the
64 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
area or cartilage pit; and none of them exhibit the slightest evidence of a
byssal sinus. The species differs from JR. pelagica, Mort, in its smaller size,
more inflated valves, and greater number of radii.
Formation and locality. — In the lower part of the Lower Green Marls at
Upper Freehold, New Jersey. Collected by Dr. Bruere.
Suborder HETEROMYARIA.
MYTILID^.
Genus MYTILUS Linn.
Mytilus oblivius, u. sp.
Plate XVII, Fig. 1.
Shell small, erect, or but very slightly curved on the buccal margin ;
beaks terminal, projecting and acute. Hinge line sloping at an angle of
about sixty degrees to the buccal margin; posterior margin subparallel to
the anterior, and the extremity rather shai'ply rounded. Anterior face ab-
rupt, and the surface of the valve gradually sloping from the umbonal angle
to the posterior margin. Surface apparently marked by fine lines of growth
as indicated on the cast.
The species is known only from a single cast of a left valve, which so
nearly resembles all other species of Mytilus that but little comparison can
be instituted. It is more nearly like M. condecoratus, Conrad (Geol. Rept.
N. Carolina, Kerr, Appendix, p. 5, PL I, Fig. 10), than any other Cretaceous
form I know, but is decidedly longer in proportion to its width.
Formation and locality. — In the micaceous clay under the Lower Green
Sand at the pits of the Rev. G. C. Schanck, near Marlborough, New Jersey.
From Mr. Lockwood's collection.
Genus MODIOLA Lam.
Modiola Julia.
Plate XVII, Figs. 6 and 7 ?.
Modiola Julia Lea. Proc. A. N. Sci., 1861, p. 149. Meek, Check-list, p. 11.
Perna Julia (Lea). Meek, Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 726.
Shell rather small, measuring only about nine-sixteenths of an inch in
its greatest length, which is about twice the height. Form elongate-ovate,
LAMELLlBliANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 05
the cardinal aud basal margins being nearly parallel and the ends nearlj'-
equally rounded. Valves ventricose, most gibbous at the anterior end ;
beaks inflated but not prominent, nearly but not quite terminal, but placed
on a line with the hinge, or nearly so. Hinge extending about two-thirds
the length of the shell and rounding into the posterior end, which is longer
below than above the middle. Surface of the sliell polished, but with very
strong concentric undulations parallel to the margin. Hinge and features
of the interior unknown. Substance of the shell extremely thin.
I do not think the shell is a true Modiola, but the specimens examined,
two only, are not in a condition to reveal any of the generic features, both
being crushed and badly broken, and by far too thin and fragile in substance
to possess them in any degree of strength. I have referred it back to Modiola
Lamarck, not thinking it advisable to replace that name by the pre-Linnean
one adopted b}- Mr. Meek in his list, or by the later one of Volsella.
Formation andlocality — In the micaceous clays of the Lower Green Marls,
at Haddonfield, New Jersey. From the collection of the Academy of Nat-
ural Sciences, Philadelphia.
Modiola Burlingtonensis, u. sp.
Plate XVII, Figs. 8 and 9.
Shell of moderately large size, ver}:- ventricose, and with subparallel
dorsal and ventral margins, large prominent umbones and incurved beaks
situated near the anterior end but not terminal, the anterior margin percept-
ibly extending beyond them and rounded. Umbonal ridge prominent and
subangular, esjoecially near the beaks, and becoming broader and more
rounded posteriorly; surface of the valves strongly constricted and sinuate
in front of the ridge and the anterior surface again inflated; cardinal slope
comparatively broad and slightly concave toward the postero-cardinal
border. Hinge line straight and three-fifths as long as tlie shell, and rather
strongljr impressed in the internal cast; postero-cardinal margin roundino-
rapidly forward from the more narrowly rounded posterior extremity. Sur-
face of the cast, the only condition under which it is known, apparently
smooth or marked only by irregular concentric lines of growth, some of
which produce undulations of considerable strength on the casts. On one
4418 MON 9 5
66 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESBY.
individual there appears on the postei'ior cardinal slope very faint indica-
tions of rather coarse radiating lines, but too faint to warrant the statement
that such markings really existed on the shell.
These specimens were found in the collection of the Academy of
Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, marked "M. ovata Gabb," and also marked
"types," but as they are totally distinct from the specimen figured as the
type by that author, and which is also now before me, I can only interpret
the error to some wrong identification at some subsequent time. The species
differs from 31. ovata in its much greater size, more cylindrical as well as
more elongated form, prominently subangular umbones and umbonal ridge,
strongly sulcated surface, and much broader anterior end. There is no Cre-
taceous species known with which there is danger of confounding it.
Formation and locality. — In the ferruginous clay beds of the Creta-
ceous in Burlington County, New Jersey, the special locality not mentioned,
but marked on the label as "middle beds," which I am led to believe incor-
rect from the fact of the lithological features of the specimens being exactly
similar to so many fossils from this same neighborhood which are credited
to the Lower Marls.
Genus LITHODOMUS Cnvier.
There is a question among authors as to which of the two names
should be used. Lithodomus Cuv. or Litliophagus Bolt. The fact that the
latter is only a repetition of the specific name of the generic type is a great
objection, for which reason I have adopted the former.
Lithodomus affinis.
Plate XVII, Figs. 2 and 3.
lAthoplmgits affinis Gabb. Proc. A. NT. Sci., Plul., 1861, p. 124. Me^\, Check-list, p. 11.
Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 726.
L. Ripleyanus Gabb. Proc. A. N. S., Phil , 1876, p. 311.
Mr. Gabb described this species from the tubes, or as I suppose the
filling of the tubes, and states that he had not seen the shell. In the col-
lection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, there is an inter-
nal cast of a shell, somewhat imperfect at the posterior end, which is marked
with ink on the specimen "i. affinis type," which I suppose to have been the
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 67
one lie used in his description. The form is extremely ventricose, especially
on the anterior half, and narrowing rapidly posteriorly, with the posterior
part strongly curved downward as far as preserved. The following is Mr.
Gabb's description as copied from the work cited above, "Tube robust,
curved short, portion containing the shell broad, grooved at the anterior
half of the back, rounded carinate the rest of the length. Opposite face
more narrow and deeply grooved. Extremity distinctly trilobate. Shell
unknown. From the sliape of the tube it appears related to the preceding
species {L. Repleyanus), but the beak is less prominent in advance, the shell
is much more gibbous, the basal margin more emarginate, and the posterior
cardinal margin more depressed." The specimen above referred to, which
is that figured on the plate, corresponds exactly with his description of its
dimensions and in other particulars, but I should consider it a representative
of the shell rather than of the tube only.
Formation and locality. — The specimen was from the Lower Green Marls
of New Jersey, but the exact locality is not known. Mr. Gabb thought it
probably from Burlington County, and it is the only specimen of the form
known.
Iiithodomus Ripleyaua.
Plate XVII, Figs. 4 and 5.
Litliopliagiis Ripleyana Gabb. Proc. A. K Sci., Phil., 1861, p. 124. Meek, Check-list,
p. 11. Geol. Snr. K J., 1868, p. 726.
L. affinisGaXih. Proc. A. K S., Phil., 1876, p. 311.
Shell small, length probably not exceeding three-fourths of an inch,
very ventricose anteriorly when viewed from the dorsal side, but with nearly
parallel dorsal and ventral margins as seen in a side view. Beaks anterior
or nearly terminal, incurved and somewhat tumid, as seen in the cast,
posterior extremity of the shell compressed. Dorsal margin impressed and
the ligament extending nearly one-half the length of the shell. Shell
structure unknown, the specimens all being intei'nal casts.
This species is much more slender and less inflated anteriorly, as seen
in the internal casts extracted from within the burrows, than L. affinis. llie
posterior end seems to have been commonly prolonged and curved down-
ward very decidedly near the extremity, and also to have been sharply
63 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
pointed in some individuals. There is a considerable degree of variation
among the, individuals, both in the form and in the proportional length of
the tubes, some of the casts being cylindrical and others flattened laterally
on the posterior half They appear to have burrowed in wood or in other
substances indiscrimiuatel}^, many of them showing unmistakable evidences
of a woody structure on the outside of the cast of the tube; while one
colonv which I have seen had burrowed into the shell of Gervilliopsis ensi-
formis.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls near New Egj-pt,
and at Mr. Ware's pits near Mullica Hill; and at Hunt's pits at Manal-
apan, Monmouth County, New Jersey. There are several individuals in
the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, which
would appear to have come from several other localities, but they are only
marked "N. J.," no more definite locality being known.
PTERIID^ Meek {—Aviculidce of Authors).
Genus PTEEIA Scopoli.
Fteiia petrosa.
Plate XIV, Fig. 10.
Avicula petrosa Conrad. Jour. A. N. S., Phil., 2d ser., Vol. II, p. 274, Pi. XXIV, Fig.
15. Gabb, Synopsis, p. 102.
Pterin petrosa (Con.), Meek, Check-list Smith. Inst., p. 9.
Comp. Avicula laripes Morton. Synop. Cret. N. Am., p. 63, PL XVII, Fig. 5.
Shell of moderate size, obliquely ovate, unequivalve, very inequilateral,
and moderately ventricose; hinge-line straight, its entire length being un-
known, and so far as can be determined from the imperfect casts examined
has not been extended in form of a wing posteriorly. Anterior wing of
considerable size and separated from the body of the shell by a deep con-
striction, most distinct on the right valve, and protruding beyond the beaks
of the shell anteriorly. Surface of the cast of the light valve preserving
indications of a few distant radii along the umbonal slope, but none are
visible on the left valve, probably owing to the greater thickness of the
shell not transmitting them to the interior surface.
LAMELLIBEAl^CHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 69
I strongly suspect this to be identical with Avicula laripes Morton,
which was from the Cretaceous marls of Delaware, but of which I have
not seen specimens. The shell is somewhat more oblique than Morton's
figure, and it does not appear to have been extended into the wing-like
projection indicated by him. The radii have about the same distance and
direction, as far as can be determined from the poorly-preserved cast used,
but are not distinct enough to count, so I cannot be certain of its identity.
From Pteria linguiformis E. & Shum., found in the Cretaceous beds of the
West and in Texas, it differs in being more oblique and more transverse,
with a less width of the body of the shell, and the beaks do not appear to
have been so strongly elevated above the hinge, and consequently the lig-
amental area is much narrower.
Formation and locality. — The only specimen of the species which I have
yet seen is from the ironstone nodules found in the lower clays of the Cre-
taceous, at or near Key port, N. J., and is from the collection of Columbia
College, New York.
Pteria laripes.
Plate XIV, Fig. 9.
Aviciila laripes Morton. Synopsis p. 63, PI. XVir, Pig. 5. Gabb.
Pterin laripes (Mort.). Meek, Check-list, p. 9.
Shell of but moderate size, oblique ovate and moderately convex, with
rather prominent beaks. Hinge less than half the length of the bodv of the
shell, forming on the posterior side a proportionally large wing, which is
obtusel}^ pointed at the extremity and only shallowly sinuate on the outer
margin between the hinge line and body of the shell. Anterior wing
unknown. Surface of the shell, on the left valve, strongly marked b}' distant
elevated radii, which seem to have been alternately coarse and fine on the
posterior half of the valve, judging from the only cast examined, and equal
in strength and moderately curved forward on the anterior half; while the
margin of the valve seems to have been marked by strongly projectino-
points corresponding to the ribs.
The specimen used in the above description is so nearly like Dr.
j.Iorton's figure that were it not a left instead of a right valve I should have
supposed it to be the same individual. The specimen is a cast in rather hard
70 PALEONTOLOGY OP NEW JEESET.
sandstone, rather unlike any other fossil which I have seen from New Jersey,
but is distinctly marked "N. J." in the collection of the Academy of Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia, in what I take to be Mr. Conrad's writing; while it
is also marked "type." I am inclined to infer from the above facts, and
the close resemblance it bears to Dr. Morton's figure, that the specimen is
Morton's type, and that it came from Delaw^are rather than New Jersey ;
also that the figure in the "synopsis" has been reversed by the lithographer,
making a right valve with the characters pertaining to a left valve in this
way. The shell is so unlike auy other known New Jersey species that
there can be no difficulty in recognizing it. I am somewhat inclined to
think the species belongs to the group to which Mr. Meek applied the generic
name Oxytoma, but in the absence, or rather imperfection of the anterior part
of the hinge line, I am not positive.
Formation and locality. — Probably from Delaware, although distinctly
marked on the label "N. J." in the collection of the Academy of Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia. The position in the series not determined.
Pteria navicula, n. s.
Plate XIV, Fig. 8.
Shell of small size, the greatest length being less than half an inch ;
very oblique and angularly ventricose, the height scarcely more than half
the length. Hinge line nearly as long as the body of the shell, mucronate
and slightl}" prolonged at the posterior extremity, which is separated from
the body of the shell by a slight sinuosity. Anterior wing, if any, not
preserved on the specimen; but the shell, although somewhat imperfect,
does not appear to have been winged on the anterior side. Posterior
extremity of the body of the (left) valve obtusely pointed, and the anterior
end narrowly rounded from the extremity of the cardinal line. Basal line
broadly curved, gradually descending from the anterior end to about the
posterior third of the length, where it again rises to the extremity. Beaks
small, rising a little above the hinge line, and prominently ventricose.
Surface of the shell marked only by concentric striee, so far as can be
determined from the partially exfoliated individual. Right valve unknown.
There is only a single left valve of the species known so far, but the
form is so decided that there is no possibility of confounding it with auy
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 71
described species. The extremely ventricose form of the body of the valve
and angular umbonal ridge at once distinguishes it from any known form.
Formation and locality. — In the dark micaceous clays below the Lower
Mai-ls at Haddonfield, N. J. From the collection of the Academy of Nat-
ural Sciences, Philadelphia.
MELEAGRmELLA, n. gen.
Shell aviculoid having the general form of Meleageina Lam.
{■zziMargaritopliora Megerl.) but differing principally in the form of the hyssal
fold of the right valve, which is either a deep channel on the external
surface of the shell extending from the margin to near the beak of the valve
or a simple deep straight notch separating the wing into a linear process, of
greater or less length, from the body of the shell-. Shells biconvex; hinge
straight; ligamental area nari'ow, but distinct, strongest on the left valve,
which is also the most convex, and more or less gaping ojDposite the notch
of the right valve. A single muscular scar of large size occurs subcentrall}'
behind the middle of the valves; other muscular scars unknown. Surface
lamellose or lamellose-radiate, with a fine radiate fibrous glistening texture
like that of Placumomya. Types M. curta (zzzAvicula citrta Hall) and 31.
orhiculata^Pseudomonotis {JEumicrotis) orbictdata Whitf Black Hills Rejjt.,
p. 356, PI. m, Figs. 17-19.
This genus is more nearly related to Meleagrina Lamarck than to any
other described form. In the Palaeont. of the Black Hills I referred the two
typical species to Etimicrotis, Meek, which he considered as a division of
Pseudomonotis, Brown, following Mr. Meek's own reference in so doing, wdth
the remark that it might take the name JEumicrotis, providing the Permo-
carboniferous forms on which that genus was founded, should be found not
to conform too nearly to Brown's genus Pseudomonotis, but as I suppose this
would not be admissible, I have thought it more proper to propose a new
genus for it. Dr. F. Stoliczka, in his discussions of the Aviculidce in vol. iii,
Pal. Indica, considers Eumicrotis and Pseudomonotis as synonymous ; but
certainly our American Permo-Carboniferous forms referred to PJumicrotis
are very distinct from the forms referred originally to Brown's genus.
72 PALAEONTOLOGY OP NEW JEESBY.
The following species which we have referred to this new genus is
less strongly marked in its generic features than the types, but is sufficiently
strongly marked when seen in good specimens of even small size to be at
once separable from either Avicula on the one hand or Melegrina on the
other, and if we must take the features of the typical species of Oxytoma as
the standard, it certainly cannot belong to that genus, as Meek suggests it
probably is, in his Invert. Pal. U. S. Geol. Surv. Territ, page 35.
Meleagrinella abrupta.
Plate XIV, Figs. 11-14.
AmcuJa abrupta Con. J. A. N. Sci., Phil., Vol. IF, 2d ser., Vol. II, p. 274, PI. IV, Figs.
5 and 6.
Shell small, inequivalve, rhombo-quadrate in outline, the hinge-line
long and straight, reaching nearly the entire length of the shell, beaks
small, situated at about the anterior third or fourth of the length of the
hinge; that of the left valve rising a little above the cardinal line, and that
of the right just to its margin. Right valve with a deep notch-like slit on
the anterior side just below the hinge, with a narrow, deep groove running
from it to the apex of the valve on the exterior surface. Left valve provided
with an internal fold, quite indistinct except under a glass, on the anterior
side of the beak, which corresponds to the byssal notch of the right valve.
Anterior margin of the valve somewhat regularly rounded; basal margin
broadly rounded, and the posterior obliquely truncate, passing backward
slightly from the hinge extremity to the postero-basal line. Surface of the
valves smooth or very finely lamellose, and marked with concentric undulse.
When not at all worn or macerated the surface of the left valve shows
indistinct thread-like, interrupted, radiating lines which remind one very
strongly of those seen on species of Flacunomya.
In Mr. Conrad's original description of this shell he refers it to Avicula,
but in general appearance it resembles more nearly the common pearl
oysters Meleagrina. On more critical examination it is seen to possess the
features of the Jurassic shells Uumicrotis curta, and E. orMcuIata, which I
have made the types of a new genus, Meleagrinella, on account of the peculiar
features of the byssal notch, in which they differ from Meleagrina, although
more nearly related to that than to those of any other established genus.
LAMELLIBEAls^CHIATA OF THE LOWEE MARLS. 73
Mr. Meek has referred to this shell on page 3r), in his Invert. Pal. U. S.
Geol. Surv. Tevrit., where he speaks of it as being evidently an Oxytoma,
a genus founded on a Jurassic shell of very different characters from this
one. (See Oxytoma mucronata, PaL Black Hills, p. 357, pi. iv, figs. 1 and?,
which is the species on which the genus Oxytoma was founded.)
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls of the Cretaceous at
Freehold, New Jersey. The specimens were collected and kindly loaned
for use by Miss F. M. Hitchcock, of New York City.
GERVILLIOPSIS, u. g.
Shell bivalve, resembling Gervillia in form, but with the anterior end
squarely truncate and the beaks terminal. Hinge with abroad ligamental
area, crossed on the posterior side by vertical cartilage pits and fine, oblique
corrugations instead of teeth. Area continued down the anterior truncation
as in Myalina, but deeply and abruptly excavated, forming a gaping anterior
end. A large ovate muscular scar occurs, subcentrally situated, just within
the exti-emity of the hinge, and a smaller double one obliquely placed
between it and the anterior end. Small scars also occur beneath the hinore
Shell pearly and iridescent.
This genus of shells differs from Gervillia, under which it has hereto-
fore been classed, in the absence of the teeth on the posterior portion of
the hinge, and the oblique tooth-like ridges below the ligamental area on
the posterior end. It also differs in the truncation of the anterior end or
Aving; in the continuation of the ligamental or striated area-like surface
along the anterior truncation, and in the gaping of the valves anteriorly.
In the last two features it appears to combine features of the genus Myalina
while in general form and in the ligamental area and cartilage pits of the
posterior hinge it resembles Gervillia. Type Gervillia ensiformis Conrad.
Geological position. — As yet known only by two species, from the lower
bed of the Lower Green Marls of the Cretaceous of New Jersey.
Gervilliopis ensiformis.
Plate XV, Fins. 8-11, and Plate XVI, Fig. 5.
Gervillia ensiformis Courad. Jour. A. jST. Sci., Vol. Ill, p. 328, PI. XXXIX, Fig. 10.
Shell of moderately large size and thickened, falciform, very oblique;
the body of the shell finally becoming parallel to the hinge or even slightly
74 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY.
recurved, uarrowiug posteriorly and flattened on the surface. Hinge-line
straight, short, not more than one-fourth the length of the shell in grown
individuals; posterior wing only moderately' elevated, and the posterior
margin rapidly sloping backward from its extremity to the body of the
shell, anterior wing very slight, the anterior end of the shell being squarely
truncate at right angles to the hinge. Beak of the shell small and terminal,
elevated above the wing and continuing in a ridge to the surface of the
valve. Greatest width of the shell opposite the posterior extremit}^ of the
hinge. Surface of the shell lamellose, and marked by numerous concentric
varices of growth, and on the basal portion of the right valve indications
of fine radiating lines occur. Hinge area moderately wide, marked by
several transverse ligamental pits, arranged at a little more than one-fourth
of an inch apart, and also by numerous oblique corrugations. Muscular
imprints lai'ge and obliquely situated. Substance of the shell hig-hl}'
nacreous throughout and iridescent.
This species was originally described from Tippah County, Mississippi,
but has been recognized by its author and others as occurring in the Cre-
taceous strata of New Jersey.
Formation and locality. — The only examples of the species which I
have seen are from the marls of the lower beds at Woodbury, Gloucester
County, New Jersey, and appear to be qviite abundant, but usually in a
very fragmentary condition. Mr. Corn-ad's specimens were from Tippah
County, Mississippi.
G-ervilliopsis minima, n. sp.
Plate XV, Fig. 7.
Shell small, the only specimen observed, a cast, measuring only a trifle
over one inch in length, and less than three-eighths of an inch in its greatest
width. Shell elongate-elliptical, extremely obhque, slightly curved, and
the valves very ventricose. The beaks, as shown on the cast, have been
pointed, the area wide, and the anterior hiatus has been proportionally
large and distinct. The muscular scars are very distinct and well marked.
The cast is a miniture of G. ensiformis, except in its greater ventri-
cosity, and were it not for that feature w^ovxld very naturally be taken for
a young individual of that species. All the small shells which I have seen
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. ,75
of that one, however, have been remai'kably flat, and present an extremely
shallow cavity, as in fact do the largest shells, while this one, althougli so
very small, is almost half as thick as high, which is a remarkable difference
for shells of this character. Besides, the entire featm'es as presented by
this cast, are those of a perfectly formed adult individual.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls at Freehold, New
Jersey.
Geuus INOCERAMUS Sowerby.
luoceramus Barabini.
Plate XV, Figs. S-n.
Inoceramus Barabini Morton ?. Synopsis, p. 62.
I. Cripsii, var. Barabini (Mort.). Meek, Invert. Pal. Geol. Surv. Territ., p.
— , PI. XII, Fig. 3.
I. BaraUni (Mort.). WJiitf., Pal. Black Hills of Dakota, p. 398, PI. VII, Fig.
7, and PI. IX, Fig. 8.
Xot Inoceramus barabini of authors generally.
Shell of only moderate size, transversely ovate or elHptical, with mod-
erately to prominently convex valves. Beaks large, only slightly project-
ing beyond the line of the hinge, and situated near the anterior end. Hinge-
line two-thirds as long as the shell, and rapidly rounding at the posterior
extremity into the posterior margin, which is more broadly rounded than
the antei'ior extremity. Basal line gently and somewhat gradually arcuate,
but more rapidl}^ curving upward near the anterior part. Surface of the
shell marked b)^ regular concentric, rounded undulations parallel to the
margin of the valve, and separated by concave interspaces. Near the
outer limits of the valve the undulations become more irregular, as if
taking on old-age characters.
The specimen used in the above description is an imperfect cast of a
riofht valve. The undulations are somewhat narrower than are those on
specimens recognized as of this species from the Upper Missouri and Black
Hills regions, but the general form of the shell is nearly the same, except,
perhaps, in being a little less gibbous and a little higher, perhaps the result
of flattening. In the narrower undulations it resembles Dr. Tourney's
specimens of /. proximus, but the valves are too ventricose for that species
and the outline not nearly as circular. There may be some doubt as to
76 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSBT.
the propriety of recognizing this shell as identical with Dr. Morton's I. Bara-
hini, principally on account of the gibbosity of the valves, as Dr. M. says
in his description " not ventricose." It is generally considered that his
shell was of this form, but Mr. Meek has shown that his figures may be
ver}^ erroneous ; and, as I have not been able to find Dr. M.'s type speci-
mens, I am unable to judge how accurate Mr. Meek's restoration may be.
Another individual, more lately obtained, more perfect than the first, shows
the undulations narrower than any southern species which I have seen, but
the resemblance to I. Barabini is too near to allow it to be considered
as distinct.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls at Holmdel, N. J.
From the collection at Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J. Another
specimen, more lately obtained from Marlborough, by Mr. D'Morgan, of
New York, has been presented to the American Museum of Natural History.
Inoceramus Sagensis.
Plate XIV, Fig. 15, and Plate XV, Figs. 1 and 2.
Inoceramus Sagensis Oweu. Geol. Kept. Iowa, Wis., and Minn., p. 683, PI. VII, Fig. 3.
Gabb, Synop. Cret. Form., p. 129.
I. Sagensis, var. Nebrascensis (Owen) Meek. Invert. Pal. Geol. Surv. Territ.,
Vol. IX, p. 53.
1. Nebrascensis Oweu. Geol. Eept. Iowa, Wis., anclMinn., p. 582, Pl.VIII, Fig. 1.
I. Sagensis (Owen) Whitf. Geol. Black Hills, p. 393, PI. VII, Fig. 12.
Comp. Inoceraimis convexus H. & M. Mem. Am. A. A. and Sci., new series, Vol. V, p.
386, PI. IL
Comp. Inoceraimis convexus Meek. Invert. Pal. Geol. Surv. Territ., PI. XII, Fig. 5.
Inoceramus Balchi M. & H. Proc. A. N . S., Phil., Vol. XII, p. 180. Also Meek, Invert.
Pal. Geol. Surv. Territ., PL XV, Fig. 1.
Comp. also I. Vanitxemi and I.proximiis Meek, I. proximiis, var. circu'aris Meek, and
1. confertimannulatvs Roemer.
Several imperfect casts of Inocerami from different New Jersey locali-
ties are before me, all of which, with one exception, are much more nearly
allied to I. Sagensis Owen than to I Barabini of Morton. The original
form of them has been more or less circular in outline, with a compara-
tively long and straight hinge-line and moderately convex valves. The
beak is only moderately elevated above the hinge-line, and in some cases,
especially of the right valve, can scarcely be said to project beyond it
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 77
The anterior end is obliquely prolonged beyond the line of tbe beak, and
the remainder of the general outline, according to the concentric undula-
tions of the surface, has been nearly circular or obliquely ovate, the greatest
prolongation being in the line of the apex and of the postero-basal angle.
The surface of one specimen from Holmdel (figured) is marked by strong,
distant, rounded undulations parallel to the apparent lines of growth. The
surface of this cast is marked by radiating lines of pustules, much elon-
gated, forming interrupted lines or radii, exactly as is common to internal
casts of /. Sagensis and other forms of Inocerami from the impure lime-
stones of the Black Hills of Dakota. (No. 4 of the Missouri Section, M. and
H ) Another individual, much imperfect but retaining parts of both valves,
from Freehold, N. J., indicates a circular form, with less convex valves, the
left side being the most convex and having the beak much larger than on
the right valve, as well as projecting much farther above the hinge-line.
Tliis specimen has the surface undulations much smaller and also much
more numerous than the Holmdel specimen above referred to, there being
three at least in the same space occupied by two on that one. In an iron
nodule from Keyport, N. J., obtained from the brick clays of that place,
there are the remains of several large individuals, imperfect and variously
distorted, but still perfect enough to give their true form and characters
These have also been circular in general outline, with moderately convex
valves, but the undulations are remarkably large and prominent, round on
the surface and in the depressions (some of them half an inch in width),
and their surfaces have been marked bv moderately strong concentric lines
of growth All these variations are precisely like those observed in col-
lections of the species from the typical western locality of I. Sagensis Owen,
and may be seen in any collection of twenty individuals made at random
from that region. The form from Freehold, N. J., with close undulations
and compressed valves, is most nearly allied to the form usually referi-ed
to /. Vanuxemi Toumey, and might well represent that species, while all the
others would be properly classed as /. Sagensis.
The New Jersey forms of the genus have, I think, been pretty uni-
formly referred to I. Barahini Morton, and genei'ally without the least
question as to tlie accuracy of the reference. None of Morton's specimens,
78 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESBY,
however, were from New Jersey, but from Alabama. Mr. F. B. Meek has
clearly shown in his Invert. Pal. Geol. SItvv. Territ., p. 50, that Morton's fig-
lires, given in the Synopsis (PL XIII, p. 11, and PI. XVII, Fig. 3\ cannot be
depended on as conveying any idea of the true form of the specimens used,
and if one will examine Mr. Meek's figures there given they will easily be
convinced that even there a very different outline may, with equal propriety,
be drawn to his fig. 1 , so as to make the figure much more circular in out-
line. For some reason it seems to have been considered that I. Barabini
was a transversely elongated shell, having considerable convexity; and
that the circular, discoid forms belonged to different species. This may be
the fact, but I have never seen such a shell from Alabama, though they do
occur in Texas and in New Jersey, and possibly may in Alabama. These
circular and moderately convex forms, with broad, strong undulations,
certainly cannot be considered as distinct from /. Sagensis, and the flattened
form with more numerous concentric undulations are certainly allied to /.
Vanuxemi, while the flattened form with strong undulations would appear to
unite the two. In the Pal. Black Hills, I have considered the two forms
as probably distinct, though I had considerable doubt in my own mind;
and I am still more in doubt at the present time after examining speci-
mens from New Jersey, from South Carolina, from Eufaula, Ala., and from
Texas. Among those from the first three localities, I find the flattened forms
with numeroiis undulations most common, and the more convex form re-
sembling I. Sagensis quite rare, while at the West the reverse is usually the
case. Probably local influences have been at work.
Formation and locality. — The convex form refen-ed to above is from
the white limestone layer at Holmdel, N. J., Lower Marl Beds. I have also
seen a small individual of similar character marked as coming from near
New Egypt, probably from the Lower Marl Beds near that town. The
form resembling I. Vanuxemi is from Freehold, N. J., and the coarsely undu-
lated flattened form and the more convex one are together in an iron
nodule from Keyport, N. J., in the lower clays of the Cretaceous at that
place. The latter specimen is in the cabinet of the School of Mines, New
York; the others from the college collection at New Brunswick, New
Jersey.
LAMBLLIBRAKCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 79
Inoceramus Sagensis, var. quadraus.
Plate XIV, Fig. 16.
Among the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadel-
phia, from near Burlington, N. J., there is a large cast of an Inoceramus pos-
sessing many of the features of I. Sagensis Owen, but differing in the form,
being quadrangular instead of circular, or very broadly ovate like that one.
This quadrangular feature is so marked, and so distinctly one pertaining to
the habit of the shell, that it seems like doing violence to one's ideas of
specific distinction to class it under the head of any described form. In
size and in the strength and distance of the undulations of the surface, as
well as in its general convexity, it corresponds very well to most specimens of
I. Sagensis, but the direction of the undulations indicate that the cardinal
and basal margins have been subparallel, or gently diverging backward or
to the umbonal ridge. The anterior end is almost squarely truncate, a
little longer at the hinge than below, and the whole anterior slope from the
beak to the margin of the valve is very abrupt and strongly ridged; the
posterior end is prolonged and rounded below the middle of the shell, and
obliquely truncate above to the extremity of the hinge, giving to the whole
outline a somewhat rhombic character. The beak is very large and prom-
inent, somewhat more so than is common in I. Sagensis, and very ventri-
cose, while the whole valve is marked by strong, distant, although irregular,
undulations, which become less marked and often duplicate on the posterior
cardinal slope. The middle of the cast for about two-thirds the width
is marked by strong, rather deep pits, connected by shallow furrows,
showing that the interior of the shell was covered by strong pearl-like pro-
tuberances, which progressed with the growth of the shell as does a muscu-
lar scar, and I presume they were connected in some way with the vascular
system as were the lines of dots or interrupted striae on other species of the
genus This is the only specimen which I have seen from either New Jersey
or elsewhere possessing the peculiar quadrangular outline, but I presume
if the locality were more thoroughly examined or carefully watched others
would be obtained. •
80 PAL^OiJTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
luoceramus perovalis.
Plate XV, Fig. 6.
I)ioccra)mtsiH'rovalis Courad. J. A. N. S., Phil., 2d ser., Vol. II, p. 299, PI. XXVII, Fig. 7.
Proc. Acad. S'at. Sci., 1852, p. 200. Gabb. Sjnop., p. 129. Meek, Check-list,
p. 10. Geol Surv. N". J., 1868, p. 726.
Shell small, almost regularh' oval, the width and lieig'ht being nearly
as six and seven. Valves nearl}' equally convex, the right side perhaps a
very trifle more convex than the left. Hinge-line comparatively long
when the oval form is considered, being about three-fifths as long as the
greatest width of the shell and oblique to the axis of the valve. Beak of
the right valve sharp, projecting much beyond the line of the hinge, giving
a proportionally broad or high hinge area, and on the cast, which is the
condition of the type specimen, shows the single strong ligamental depres-
sion opposite the apex Surface of the shell, as indicated on the cast,
marked by proportionally distinct concentric lines parallel to the margin
of the valves.
In form this species is very distinct from, any other described, and
cannot well be confounded with them; the obliquely oval form, only a
little deflected from an erect position, is also quite distinctive. The only
individual known is the tj^pe specimen figured by Mr. Conrad, as above
cited, and is entirely a cast with the left valve imperfect. In size, it is less
than one inch and three-eighths in height, measuring along the axis of the
valve, by a little more than one inch and one-eighth in width. The
remarkable height of the hinge area and the impression of a single lig-
amental pit is somewhat peculiar, and gives one some doubt as to its true
affinities with the ordinary forms of Inoceramus.
Formation and locality. — Mr. Conrad states in his description that the
species is from the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, crediting it to Mr.
Yanuxem. The specimen is bori-owed from the collection of the Academy
of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, for this work, and is labeled, apparentl)'
in Mr. Conrad's own handwriting, "New Jersey."
Inoceramus pro-obliquus, n. sp.
Plate XIV, Pig. 17.
Shell somewhat below the medium size for the genus; subovate in out-
line, the axis of the shell being directed forward of a right angle to the
LAMELLIBKANCHIATA OF THE LOWEli MAULS. 81
hinge-line, instead of backvvai'd as is usual with nearly all shells. Hinge-
line shorter than the width of the body of the shell and forming an angle
of about 1 1U° to the axis of the valve. Left valve, the only one known, ex-
tremely ventricose, with a rather small beak, which is but little elevated
above the line of the hinge, and situated in advance of the anterior mar-
gin of the valve. Height of the valve a little greater than its extreme width
or length. Surface of the cast marked by numerous, regularly increasing
concentric undulations, which are moderately sharp on the crests and the
interspaces broadly concave. There are also indications of radiating lines
along the middle of the valve, as in many species of the genus.
The species differs from any hitherto described American species of
the genus, in having the axis of the shell directed forward of a right
angle to the hinge instead of backward. In the general outline it some-
what resembles I. perplexus (Whitf., Pal. Black Hills of Dakota, p. 3b 2, PL
X, Figs. 4 and 5), but differs in the great convexity of the valve, greater
forward obliquity of the axis, and stronger as well as more regularly un-
dulated surface. It resembles in convexity and in the direction and posi-
tion of the beak I. alius Meek and Hayden (Invert. Pal. Territories, jdI. xiv,
fig. 1), but differs entirely in the direction of the obliquity or of the axis of
the valves.
Formation and locality. — In very dark friable, but coarse marl of the
Lower Beds, at Holmdel, New Jersey, from a collection by the Eev. Dr.
Riley.
PINNID^.
Genus PINNA Linu.
Pinna laqueata.
Plate XVI, Figs. 1 and 2.
P. laqueata Conrad. J. A. N. Sci., 2tl ser., Vol. Ill, p. 328. Gabb, Syu., p. 166. Meek,
Check-list, p. 9. Geol. Snrv. N. J., 1868, p. 725.
Shell of moderate size, very rapidly expanding from the apex and
ventricose, giving a subquadrangular section. Surface marked by from
nine to eleven strong, simple, radiating ribs on the dorsal portion, whicli
are broad and rounded on the top and separated by very broad concave
4418 MON 9 6
82 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
interspaces. The lower or basal portion is marked by very strong concen-
tric striiB parallel to the margin, so very irregular as to often form strong
undulations of the surface. Line of division between the upper and lower
sections of the valves very strongly marked on the cast, often presenting
the appearance of a distinct suture. Pcstei'ior margin of the shell appar-
ently double, being deeply emarginate or lobed at the line of division
between the upper and lower portions of the valve. The margin of the
upper division is obliquely truncate, receding from below to the hinge-line,
and stronglv curved inward at the central emargination. Lower section,
also stronfflv lobed and somewhat rounded.
All the specimens seen are quite imperfect, and are more or less casts
of the interior. The strong line of division between the upper and lower
sections of the valve gives one the impi-ession of a double shell, or of two
distinct shells united along the margins; and were it not for the surface
markings they would greatly resemble in form that of a large Conularia.
This species is very closely allied in form and surface markings to P.
quadrcmr/idaris Goldf (Petref, p. 157, vol. ii, pi. 127, fig. 7), from the Cre-
taceous sandstones of Westphalia and Saxon}^, and in the Academy of Nat-
ural Sciences collection is so marked by I. Lea, Esq., on the label; but it
differs very materially in its much greater degree of expansion toward the
front of the shell.
Formation and locality — One large individual cast is from the coarse
marls at Burlington, N. J., and there are several imperfect specimens, par-
tially retaining the shell, from the fine micaceous clay below the Lower
Marls at Haddonfield, New Jersey.
Suborder DIMYAEIA.
ARCID^.
Genus ARCA Linn.
Area altirostris.
Plate XII, Figs. 22 and 23.
Area altirostris Gabb. Proc. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1861, p. 325. Synopsis, p. — . Meek,.
Check-list, p. — . Geol. Surv. K J., 1868, p. 725.
Shell small, transverse in the cast, with very much elevated and dis-
tant beaks, which are situated a little nearset to the anterior end. Valves.
LAMELLTBEANCHIATA Oi'^ TEE LOWER MAELrf. 83
extremely ventricose and about oiifc-fourth loog-er than high. Area very-
wide and apparently three-fourths as long as the body of the shell. Ante-
rior end abruptly rounded backward from the extremity of the hinge, and
the posterior end obliquely truncated, being longest at the postero-basal
angle, which is somewhat rounded. Basal line very gently arcuate, but not
at all sinuate or with the margins gaping. Muscular scars rather small, and
not very distinctly marked. Surface features and hinge of the shell
unknown.
A single internal cast of this species only is known. It presents very
strong affinities with Area qidnquedecemradiata Gabb in nearly every par-
ticular, except in being very much smaller than the majority of that species;
and were it not for the locality assigned to it (Crosswicks, N. J.), which
would bring it in the Lower Cretaceous strata instead of at the very summit
of that formation, as is the case with A. qumquedecemradiata, I should be
very strongly inclined to consider it as only an immature or perhaps a
dwarfed specimen of that species; but if the geological horizon is correctly
assumed it might, on the examination of the exterior, whenever found,
prove to be a distinct species. Therefore I have preferred to leave it as
such until further information is obtained.
Formation and locality. — The specimen is in the collection of the Acad.
Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, and is labeled "Crosswicks, N. J.," on what authority
I cannot say, as the original label belonging to it does not bear any locality
mark other than the letters "N. J."
Genus NEMODON Conrad.
(Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. V, p. 97.)
Nemodon Eufaulensis.
Plate XII, Figs. 3-5.
Area (Macrodon) Eufalensis Gabb. J. A. IJT. S. Phil. 2d ser., Vol. IV, p. 398, PJ. LXVIII,
fig. 38; Synop. p. 96. Meek, Geol. Rept. N. Jersey, 1868, p. 725.
Trigonoarca Eufalensis (Gabb) Conrad. Ain. J. Conch., Vol. Ill, p. 9.
Nemodon Eufalensis (Gabb) Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. V, p. 97, PI. IX, Fig. 16.
Shell small, seldom reaching a length of one inch in the extreme.
Form trapezoidal, the cardinal and basal margins subparallel, and the
length about twice and a half as great as the height. Antei'ior end ob-
84 PALEONTOLOGY OF :>^EW JEESET.
liquely and i-apidly receding from the exti-emity of the hhige and most
rapidly on the loM'er half; posterioi* end obliquely' truncate, prolonged
backward below to the itmbonal angle. Valves moderatel)^ ventricose,
with a decidedly angular umbonal ridge behind, and a shallow mesial de-
pression extending from the beaks to the basal border, slightly affecting
the basal line near the middle of its length. Beaks large and rather prom-
inent, situated at about the anterior third of the length. Area modei-ate.
Surface marked by numerous fine radiating strife showing upon the cast,
which are a little coarser near the posterior angle and on the cardinal
slope, possibly somewhat alternating in size on the anterior end, but in-
distinctly showing this feature on the internal cast. Hinge-line marked
by two distinct linear teeth on the anterior end parallel to the hinge.
Those of the rest of the hinge have not been observed.
This species diifers from A. (Cibota) midtiradiata Gabb, in being much
longer in proportion to its height, as well as in its generic features, which
are not always easily recognized in the casts.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls at Holmdel, N. J.,
Mr. Conrad's specimen, which appears to have been the foundation of the
genus Nemodon, was from Haddonfield, New Jersey.
ITemodon angulatum.
Plate XII, Figs. 6 and 7.
Leda angulata Gabb. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1860, p. 94, PL n, Fig. 12. (Not
D'Orb.)
L. subangulata Gabb. Synopsis, p. 133.
Nueulana subangulata (Gabb). Meek, Check-list, p. 8.
m. angulata (Gabb). Meek, Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 725.
Nemodon angulatum Gabb. Proc. A. N. Sci. Phil., 1876. p. 316.
Comijare Trigonarca passa Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. V, p. 43, PI. I, Fig. 17.
The only specimen of this species which I have seen from New Jersey
is an internal cast, which I take to be that figiired by Mr. Gabb, as above
cited, a copy of which figure is given on our plate. It is about twice as
long as high, with rather prominent beaks situated at considerable distance
from the anterior end, and with a prominent and angular umbonal ridge.
The disk of the valve is broadly sinuate, giving a rather emarginate or con-
LAMELLIBEAiSrOHTATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 85
cave basal line. The posterior end is somewhat narrowed and obliquely trun-
cate, the basal angle being prolonged. Anterior end rather more broadly
rounded. The surface cliaracters and hinge structure are yet unknown.
In its general appearance the cast somewhat resembles N. Hiifaulensis,
but the beaks would appear to be very much more prominent and more
nearly centrally situated. I strongly suspect this to be the same species
more recently described as Trigonarca passa by Mr. Conrad, from a still
smaller specimen, from Crosswick's Creek, though I have been unable to
find any representative of that species in the collection of the Academy of
Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, or elsewhere; and I may be mistaken in
my inference.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls in Burlington
County, New Jersey.
Netaodon brevifrons.
Plate XII, Figs. 1 and 2.
Nemodon hrevifrons Conrad. Kerr's Geol. Surv. N. Oar., Appendix, p. 4, PI. 1, Fig. 15.
Shell of moderate size, transversely subovate or subrhomboidal in
outline, moderately convex, considerably less than twice as long as hio'h,
with moderate-sized beaks for an Area, which are rather within the anterior
third of the length, are but little projecting above the line of the hinge,
and are closely approximate. Umbonal ridge prominent, sti-ong, and rather
inflated, leaving a rather narrow and somewhat abrupt posterior slope.
Hinge-line a little more than half the length of the shell, and the cardinal
area narrow and slightly sinuous. Anterior end of the shell somewhat
broadly rounded, nearly evenly so above and below; basal margin broadly
curved and the posterior end narrow, almost cuneate below and rapidly
sloping above to the extremity of the hinge-line. Surface of the shell
marked by fine subobsolete, radiating strige, which form lines of small
punctures where they cross the nearly equally fine concentric markings;
these are strongest on the anterior and middle parts of the valves and be-
come almost obsolete on the posterior slope and on the umbonal ridge.
Substance of the shell, very thin. The teeth are three short laterals on the
gn PALiEONTOLOGY OP NEW JERSEY.
posterior end parallel to the margin, and three slightly curved ones on the
anterior end also nearly parallel to the margin. Area, longitudinally striate.
This shell differs from Area (Nemodon) Etifaiilensis Gabb in being more
inequilateral, more pointed and prolonged behind, more ventricose, less
sinuate in the middle, and in the character of the radiating lines of the
surface.
Formation and locality. — In the micaceous clay below the Lower Marls
at Haddonfield, New Jersey. There may be some question as to the
locality of this shell, as the locality- is not marked on the label It was
found among Haddonfield specimens in the collection of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and is supposed to have come from
that place. Still it is somewhat questionable.
Genus NEMOAKOA Oonrad, 1870.
(Am. Jour. Goncli., vol. v, p. 97 (name only).
Nemoaroa cretacea.
Plate XII, Figs. 8-10.
Nemoarca cretacea Conrad. Am. Jour. Couch., Vol. Y, p. 97, PI. IX, Pig. 21, 1870.
Shell small, seldom attaining more than half an inch in extreme length,
trapezoidal in form, the transverse diameter being nearly once and a half
the height. Valves very ventricose, with large, strongljr inflated, prominent
beaks, situated nearly opposite the middle of the length. Hinge-line straight
and low; area narrow, the length a little less than the greatest length of the
bodv of the shell. ' Hinge-plate narrow, marked by about twelve short,
oblique teeth which diverge from the center on each side, and two or
three transverse teeth nearly parallel to the hinge line at the posterior end.
Muscular imprints too faint to be observed on well-preserved casts of the
interioi-. No internal rib bordering the posterior scar. Surface marked by
from four to six fine radiating ribs on the posterior slope, and twenty -four to
twenty-six on the body of the shell and anterior end. Strongest on the
posterior part of the body of the shell and gradually decreasing in size
anteriorly. On some individuals one or more of the ribs on the posterior
slope appear to be divided, while all are strongly elevated and rather sharp
with narrow interspaces. On the matrix there are remains of distinct elevated
concentric lines at regular distances crossing the radiating ribs.
LAMELLIBEANGHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 87
The description thus far is taken from internal casts and their matrices,
-and accord well with the description given by Mr. Conrad of N. cretacea.
But since writing the above I have obtained from the collection of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the type specimens of that
species, which preserve the shell entire. The general form and features
are the same, but the surface of the ribs are slightl}^ flattened and the inter-
spaces deep and narrow, and the ribs, about thirty of which may be counted
on the bod}^ and anterior end of the shell, are beautifully cancellated by
the concentric lines. The hinge area is moderately high, and is vertically
..striated except a narrow border arouiud its outer margin. The teeth are ten
on the posterior side, and six or seven on the anterior side of the beak.
The casts, except for the strength of the ribs, present much the features
in size and proportions of Cibota multiradiata Gabb, but the beaks were not
-so distant, and the basal line is not emarginate at the point occupied by the
byssal opening of that species. These features will serve to distinguish
them quite readily.
Formation and locality. — Mr. Conrad's specimen was from Haddonfield,
-iind the cast figured on the plate is from an iron-stone nodule found near
J&eyport, New Jersey. Both are from the lower portion of the Cretaceous
ibrmation.
Genus BREVIAECA Conrad.
(Appendix Kerr's Geol. If. Car., p. 3, 1872.)
Breviarca SaSbrdi.
Plate XII, Figs. 11 and 12.
-jlrca Safordi Gabb. J. A. N. S., 2d ser., Vol. lY, p. 397, PI. LXVIII, Fig. 37. Synop-
sis, p. 97. Meek, Check-list, p. 9.
Trigonarca Saffordi (Gabb). Meek, Geol. Sui-v. If. J., 1S68, p. 725.
Breviarca Saffordi (Gabb). Conrad, Proc. Acad. jST. Sci. Phil., 1872, p. 55, PL IE,
Fig. 3.
Shell rather small, ovately trapezoidal in outline, with strongly ventri-
-cose valves and large, tumid, subcentral beaks, which stand jorominently
above the hinge line, are incurved and approximate. Hinge line about two-
thirds as long as the entire length of the valves, with a moderately high,
-vertically striated area, the striated portion being bounded by a plain border
38 PAL^O^'TOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY.
over Avhicli the striations do not extend. Anterior end sharply rounded
and the basal line round and full. Posterior extremity oblique, extended
somewhat below and rounding into the basal line. Posterior umbonal ridge
rounded but quite distinct. Surface covered entirely with fine, slightly raised
thread-like strise, which are somewhtit alternating in size on the postero-
cardinal slope. Hinge plate moderately wide and distinct!}^ arched on the
inner margin, the line of teeth more distinctly arcuate. Teeth numerous,
narrow, and diverging outward from beneath the beak, and gradually
increasing in length to near the outer ones. Muscular impressions propor-
tionally large and distinct, the posterior one having a slightly raised line on
its anterior margin, but only seen in the larger specimens.
The species closely resembles, in its general form, Idonearca Shumardi
of the Upper Missouri and Black Hills Cretaceous, but differs in being
radiately striated, and in the form of the teeth. Among the Cretaceous
forms of New Jersey it resembles in form Nemoarca cretacea Con. most
nearly, but differs entirely in the form of the surface markings. These
close resemblances show how entirely unsatisfactory are these close generic
di\isions. The specimen which I have figured on Plate xii, figs. 11 and 12,
appears to be the same with that used by Mr. Conrad for generic figures in
1872, and I have made the figures as accurately as it is possible to measure
the specimen.
Formation and locality. — In the micaceous clays beneath the Lower
Green Marls at Haddonfield, New Jersey. From the collection of the Acad-
emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Genus TEIGONAEOA Conrad. 1862,
(Proc. A. N. S., 1862, p. 289, and Am. Jour. Concb., Vol. Ill, p. 9.)
Trigonarca cuneiforniis.
Plate Xn, Figs. 17 and 18.
Trigonarca euneiformis Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. V, p. 98, PI. IX, Fig. 1.
Shell quite small, not exceeding half an inch in extreme length in any
of the examples yet observed. Trapezoidal in outline and quite ventricose.
Hinge but little more than one-half the length of the shell, and the area
very narrow. Beaks small, slightly incurved. Anterior end of the shell
LAMELLTBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 89
regularly rounded; posterior end elongate, produced below, the posterior
margin very oblique, so as to make the postero-basal angle quite acute.
Hinge-plate very narrow, marked by oblique transverse teeth, the anterior
end having ten or twelve directed inward below, and the posterior a some-
what larger number pointed in the opposite direction. Muscular impression
large, the posterior one bordered by a slightly elevated lamella on the an-
terior margin. Surface of the shell marked by radiating lines, strongest on
the anterior end and faintest on the middle of the valve ; also by concentric
lines which cross them and form slight pustules at the junctions.
The specimens used are Mr. Conrad's types, a right and a left valve,
and an internal cast of a right valve. They have much the look of young
shells, and may prove to be such when the locality is further examined
The ligamental area is very narrow, and on the small specimens scarcely
perceptible with an ordinary lens. The hinge-plate is reduced to almost a
line in the middle, and the teeth and sockets are reduced to a minimum size,
while a little posterior to the central part there is a'short space destitute of
either teeth or sockets. The ridge bordering the posterior muscular im-
pression is very slight and not at all thickened, so that in the cast the gash
marking its place is scarcely perceptible.
Formation and locality. — In the micaceous clays of the Lower Mai'l Beds
at Haddonfield, New Jersey. From the collection of the Academy of Nat-
ural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Trigonarca transversa.
Plate XII, Figs. 13-16.
Cueullcea transversa Gabb. P. A. K". Sci., 1861, p. 326.
G. transversalis (Gabb). Meek, Check-list. p. 8.
Idonearca transversa (Gabb). Meek, Geol. Surv. IST. J., 1868, p. 725.
Shell of medium size, transversely ovate, nearly twice as long as high,
exclusive of the large, prominent, sHghtly incurved and distant beaks, which
are situated at about the anterior third of the length of the valve. Valves
very ventricose, with a long hinge-line reaching to near the anterior end
and nearly two-thirds as long as the greatest length of the shell Anterior
end not extending beyond the hinge-line, but curving with a broad sweep
into the basal line below, which is almost regularly but broadly curved ;
•90 PAL^.OXTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY.
posterior extremity pointed and the posterior margin very obliquely trun-
cate, straight on the margin or slightly concave, but on many of the casts
Appearing rounded from the wearing away of parts, or perhaps from the
thickening of the shell on the inside. Surface of the casts showing indica-
tions of plications or ribs which when well-preserved appear to have been
strongest near the posterior part of the body of the shell, and gradually
decreasing in size until they become fine strias on the anterior end. Their
form, posterior to the umbonal ridge, cannot be determined from any of the
examples examined. Muscular imprints large, but faintly marked; the ridge
bordering the posterior one not strong and scarcely indicated, but some-
times represented by a broad, shallow farrow in the cast.
The specimens which I have identified as belonging to this species do
not agree in all particulars with the description as given by Mr. Gabb; but
it is the only one known in the New Jei'sey beds which will at all approach
it that has not been figured hy the authors of the species. The principal
difference consists in the surface striae, which he says are "numerous." This,
one would naturally interpret as fine, but on the best preserved examples
whicb I have examined they are broad toward the umbonal slope, measur-
ing nearly a line in width. It is possible they may have been double, but
ihere are no indications of it, and on shells of this class, where the substance
has been very thick, the casts are often marked by a series of vascular lines,
which appear as radiating striae, but which have no immediate connection
with the external striae, and it may have been these which he refers to. The
internal muscular plate he says is "low and broad.'' On the example bor-
rowed from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-
phia, this is the case, and I suppose it to be the example used by Mr. Gabb,
.although found in the collection without name. From A. quindecimradiata
he says it differs in having "probably twice the number of ribs and by being
more convex." I have seen quite a number of examples of the form he
figures under that specific name, but they do not retain the markings of the
surface, but are marked with several strong, distant vascular ridges; but
these are not representatives of the surface sti'ise, and so far I-have no evi-
dence of what its surface may have been. Besides, they are usually more
convex; that is, the valves are deeper according to the size of the shell than
LAMELLIBEANGHIATA OF TEE LOWER MARLS. tU
any of the- examples which I have seen of this species. I do not think,
however, that there can be any doubt that the form here identified is that
V(?hich the author had before him when the description was written. There
is so much diversity also in the general form and expression of examples of
this type, when represented only by internal casts, owing to the greater or
less thickening of the valves with age and other peculiarities, that it is ex-
tremely difficult to draw the line of specific distinction between them; and
it becomes a serious question if many of the species founded on these casts
may not be the same with forms described under other names from other
localities where the shell itself is preserved. This question, however, can
only be settled by obtaining impressions of the exterior from the beds where
the casts are found, by carefully made collections. Until this is done these
specific determinations will have to be accepted.
The casts of this species have the general form and make-up of Con-
rad's genus Trigonarca, and if these divisions are to be accepted will neces-
sarily fall into that place.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Marls at Burlington, Mullica Hill,
and, perhaps, Arneytown, New Jersey; the latter being the locality men-
tioned with doubt by Mr. Gabb.
Genus OIBOTA Browne.
Cibota rostellata.
Plate XI, Figs. 34-36.
Area rostellata Morton. Synop., p. 64, PI. Ill, Fig. 11.
A. rostellata (Mort.). Meek, Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 725.
Cil)Ota rostellata (Mort.). Gabb, Synop., 109. Meek, Smiths. Check-list, p. 9. Sto-
liczka. Pal. Indica, p. 346.
Shell trapezoidal and very oblique, the length being about twice and
a half the height, with subparallel cardinal and basal margins, posterior end
very obliquely prolonged beloAV, and the anterior end rather rapidly round-
ing backward from near the hinge-line to its junction with the base. Basal
margin very percejitibly sinuate nearlj^ opposite the beaks and apparently
very slightly gaping. Valves moderately inflated, most ventricose on the
unibones just anterior to the sulcus, which crosses them from the beak to
the sinus of the base, and then rapidl}^ declining to the anterior extremity,
92 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESBY.
hut sloping quite gradually on the posterior side. Beaks moderately large,
somewhat projecting above the hinge and shghtly incurved ; situated at
about the anterior third of the entire length of the valves. Cardinal area
moderate in size and extending about two-thirds of the length. Teeth un-
known. Surface as indicated on internal casts marked by radiating ribs,
pretty fine and numerous on the anterior end and in the mesial sulcus, be-
coming much coarser posteriorly, and showing a slight tendency to alter-
nation in size between the sulcus and posterior umbonal angle, and on the
cardinal slope a tendency to bifurcation in some cases.
The species is not a very abundant one, but is sufficiently distinct to
be readily detected when found. It differs from C. uniopsis Conrad, found in
the same beds, in being more prolonged behind, in the smaller mesial sulcus
coarser and more direct ribs and less quadrangular form.
Formation and locality. — The only examples which I have observed
from the State are from Freehold, N. J., and are from the Lower Green
Marls ; Dr. Morton's types having been found in Alabama, being not often
found at Prairie Bluff and vicinity. Mr. Gabb and Mr. Meek both cite it as
from New Jersey, but do riot credit it to any other locality.
Cibota uniopsis.
Plate XI, Figs. 32 and 3:i.
Area uniojpsis Conrad. J. A. N. S., Phil., n. ser.. Vol. II, p. 275, PI. XXIV, Pig. 17.
Gabb Synop., p. 98. Meek, Check-list, p. 9.
A.? iiniojysis (Con.). Mi ek, Geol. Snrv. N. J., 1868, p. 725.
Shell rather above a medium size,, transversely elongate, and trapezoidal
or subrhomboidal in outline, with moderately convex valves, which are
broadly sulcated in the middle, particularly on the right valve, and only
moderately elevated beaks, situated at about the anterior third of the length,
and which in the casts appear to have been scarcely enrolled and moderately
distant from each other. Hinge-line not quite as long as the body of the
shell, in the cast showing characters of a rather low area; anterior end
obliquely rounded, receeding below; basal line broadly sinuate and the
posterior end obliquely truncate, longest below the center. The surface
appears to have been marked only by slender radii, as none are preserved
on the casts. Muscular scars only faintly impressed.
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF TUE LOWEE MAKLS. 93
Casts of this shell are usually found in collections marked C. rostellata,
and somewhat closely resemble those of that species, but they are propor-
tionally broader, with the beaks more nearly central; the valves are more
ventricose behind, and fuller along the basal line, with a decided sulcation
near the middle, on the right valve more marked than on the left, while on
the exterior the markings have been decidedly finer. It is extremely diffi-
cult to distinguish among the casts of this group of shells, as the characters
often change much according to the thickness of the substance, causing
them to lose or retain the form or surface-markings to a greater or less de-
gree. But the differences noted between this and its nearest allies will, I
think, serve to distinguish these readily.
Formation and locality. — Conrad's type came from the Lower Green
Marls near Burlington, New Jersey, and I should conclude from the lith-
ological characters of the others which I have seen that they are all from that
region, and probably all from the same bed.
Cibota obesa, d. sp.
Plate XI, Figs. 30 and 31.
Shell small, with full and very ventricose valves, large tumid beaks
situated opposite the anterior third of the length, slightly enrolled, and
distant from each other as shown on the internal cast. Form of the outline
trapezoidal, the length of the cast nearly twice the height, exclusive of the
projection of the beaks; anterior end vertically i-ounded; posterior obliquely
truncate; extremity obtusely pointed; basal line full, but constricted just
anterior to the middle by the very marked but short and broad byssal
opening; area two-thirds the length of the valve and moderately wide. On
the casts the muscular imprints are very distinctly marked and of fair size,
no muscular ridge; the outer margin indicating- a strong and abrupt thicken-
ing of the valves with a crenulated border; radiating lines indicating mod-
erately fine striae show on nearly all parts of the cast, but strongest on the
postero-basal section.
The general form of this species is like a dwarfed and extremely ven-
tricose specimen of C. uniopsis Conrad, but is so perfectly neat and sym-
metrical in its shape as to preclude the idea of a stunted individual. The
valves are, however, equally ventricose, while those of that species usually
94 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESBY,
are slightl}- unequal and sometimes very decidedly so. The form of the
bj'ssal opening is also peculiar, being broadly oval and regular instead oi
a long narrow slit, as is usual.
Formation and locality. — The only specimen which I have seen is an
internal cast from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, and is marked "Cibota, n. sp., Burlington Co., N. J."
Cibota miiltiradiata.
Plate XI, Figs. 21 and 22.
Area ? multiradiata Gabb. Proc. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1860, p. 95, PI. II, Fig. 1. Synopsis,.
p. — . Meek, Check-list, p. — . Geol. Surv. N. J., PI. LXYIII, p. 725,
Cibota nmltiradiaia Gabb.
Conip. C. cretacea Conrad, Am. J. Conch., Vol. V, p. 97, PI. IX, Fig. 21.
Shell small, the type specimen measuring only about five-eighths of
an inch in length. Valves transverse, very ventricose, with a wide curved
cardinal area, and moderately prominent, distant beaks situated at about
one-third of the length from the anterior end Posterior end obliquely
truncate, longest below ; anterior end narrowly rounded, very gradually
receding from the extremity of the hinge ; basal line gently convex through-
out, the margins of the valves slightly gaping just anterior to the middle of
their length. Hinge-line nearly as long as the shell below, and on the cast
very slightly curved. Muscular scars small and faint, the posterior one
bounded by a constriction on the cast which leaves a furrow extending from
the margin of the valve to near the beak. On the margin of the cast there-
occurs minute crenulse which indicate the existence of strong but closely
arranged radiating plications on the surface of the shell.
The general form of this cast is like that of Nemoarca cretacea Conrad,,
but the specimen is somewhat larger than any of those which I have referred
to that species, and the beaks are more distant, while that species is not
emarginate on the base, being without the byssal opening so distinct ii:
this one.
Formation and locality. — The only individual known is in the coUection-
of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and is labeled as coming
from MuUica Hill, New Jersey, which would place it in the Lower Marl
Beds.
LAMELLIEEANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 95
Genus IDONEARCA Conrad.
(P. A. N. Sci. Phil., Vol. XIV, p. 28^5 ib., p. 54, 1872.)
Idonearca Tippana.
Plate XII, Figs. 19-21.
Jucullcea Tippana, Conrad. Jour. A. jST. Sci., Phil., 2d ser.. Vol. Ill, p. 329, PI. XXXV,.
Fig. 1. Gabb, Synop., p. 118. Meek, Checklist, p. 8.
Idonearca capax, Conrad. Proc. A. K. Sci., Phil., 1872, j). 54, PI. II, Fig. 2.
Not Idonearca capax, Conrad. Jour. A. N. Sci., Phil., new series, Vol. HI, p. 328, PI..
XXXV, Fig. 2.
Shell of medium size, inequilateral and obliquely triangular, with deep
valves and a very angular umbonal ridge and abrupt posterior slope of
but little width; beak only moderately prominent; incurved and approxi-
mate. Cardinal area only moderate, compared with those of the other species
associated with it. Hinge-line about half as long as the shell or a little
more. Anterior end broadly rounding into the basal margin which is nearly
straight in its posterior part, and the postero-basal angle strongly marked-
Surface, so far as can be judged from the cast, marked only by concentric-
lines. Muscular ridge, as indicated by the gash left in the cast, large and
strong, reaching nearly to the margin of the valve, and situated nearly
midway between the umbonal ridge and the cardinal border. Anterior
muscular scar not distinctly traceable. Hinge teeth and features not plainly
seen. Edge of the valves on the interior surface crenulate.
The New Jersey casts agree very closely indeed with the figure of
I. Tippana given by Mr. Conrad, in form, size, and general character,,
although the strong language used in his description would somewhat mis-
lead in the absence of specimens. With examples of the shell also from Ala-
bama they correspond very closely. It is the most distinctly triangular-
form occurring in the New Jersey formations, which form, together with the
sharply angular umbonal ridge and abrupt postero-cardinal slope, will
serve to distinguish it from any other form exteriorly. Casts of the interior,
however, made from one of the Alabama specimens, is so very similar to
the smaller casts of I. vulgaris, that it would require a critical eye indeed
to detect the differences. The hinge of the Alabama specimen above re-
ferred to is very broad and the shell very thick; the teeth are strong and
few in number, and do not differ very materially from those of I. vulgaris'
96 ' PALEONTOLOGY OP NEW JERSEY.
so far as those have been observed. A figure of the Alabama specimen is
added on the plate by the side of the New Jersey specimei.: for coi^parison with
the other forms. Mr. Conrad would appear to refer the New -Tersey shells t(i
his I. capax, in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural ScienutS PhiUvdp^
phia, 1872, p. 54, as he figures one which he states is from New Jersey, on pi.
ii, fig. 2 of that volume, but on comparison with the original figure of that
species in the Jour. A. N. Sci., new series, vol. iii, pi. xxxv, fig. 2, one will
readily see that this identification must be very erroneous, as that shell, which
is from Mississippi, is of very different shape and has a very much shorter
hinge-line than the New Jersey specimens, while a comparison with fig. 1
of the same plate will show to which the New Jersey examples belonjj.
Formation and locality. — In the indurated green earth beneath the Middlt
Marl Bsd, at the deep cut of the Holmdel and Keyport turnpike, Mon-
mouth County, New Jersey.
Idouearca antroBa.
Plate XIII, Fig. 6-11.
Cucullwa antrosa, Morton. Synopsis, p. 65, PI. XIII, Fig. 6. Gabb, Synop., p. 116.
Meek, Check-list, p. 8.
Idonearea antrosa (Morton). Meek, Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 725.
J. antrosa (IMortou). Gabb. Proc. A. K Sci., Phil., 1876, p. 315.
I. neglecia Gabb. Proc. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1876, p. 314, = Gucullcea neglecta
Gabb. lb., 1861, p. 326.
Shell subcircular in outline, or very slightly ovate from being a little
prolonged at the postero-basal angle, very slightly oblique with a straight
hinge line, which is about half as long as the greatest length of the shell.
Beaks large, erect, and slightly incurved, but not projecting beyond tiie
edge of the proportionally small ligamental area which is marked by
oblique grooves, as in all species of the group. Surface of the shell slightly
angulated along the postero-umbonal slope and very convex; marked by
numerous strong concentric lines of growth at irregular distances; no radi-
ating strise. Hinge-plate narrow in small and medium sized specimens and
the teeth small, but barely bend down at their inner extremity and few in
number; the denticulations along the middle of the hinge vertical and
small. On large individuals the outer teeth are strong, from four to five
in nu.mber on each side, according to the size of the individual; slightly
declining outwardly, and the bent portion usuall}^ nearly half as long as
LAMELLIBKANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 97
the horizontal portion, the bending being at an angle within ninety de-
grees, the denticles on the middle part of the hinge being small and
numerous. Muscular scars, as seen on the casts, strongly marked; the im-
pression of the ridge deep, strongly arched, and situated pretty well up on
the posterior slope; surface of the cast marked by rather strong vascular
lines. The outer margin of the cast is bordered by a strong keel, indicating
the great thickening of the valves along the pallial line.
The internal casts of the species, the condition in which it is usually
recognized, are quite globose, with distant and highly projecting beaks; the
hinge-line being strongly curved in large specimens, and the strong projecting
keel extends around three sides, being broadest on the anterior. In these
casts there is seldom any evidence of the hinge structure preserved, and it
is rarely that we find specimens which give any clue to these parts of the
shell. A single large individual from Freehold, N. J., preserving the shell in
part, I was enabled to manipulate so as to get the impi-ession of the teeth
on each end of the hinge, and to some extent the line of small teeth between
them. These show very decidedly the features of Idonearca as established
by Mr. Conrad.
Among the specimens which I have referred to this species, there are
several from a white sandy layer from Holmdel, N. J., in the cabinet at
Rutgers College, which are labeled C. negleda Gabb. There are others of
the same kind also from white sandy nodules occurring at the base of the
Lower Marl Bed at Marlborough, N. J., in Mr. Schanck's collection, bor-
rowed for this work. These specimens preserve the shell in most instances,
and furnish the features of the shell as given above. Mr. Gabb described
these as a distinct form under the name C. negleda^ but I can see no reason
for considering them as distinct from /. antrosa Morton. Of course their ap-
pearance is very different when the shell is retained from that presented by
the internal casts alone, and the hinge features are quite inconspicuous in
these small shells as compared with that shown to exist in the large specimen
figured. Still all the features are there, and it only needs the strengthening
of these by increase of growth to make them the same.
Formation and locality. — Those preserving the shell, including those
marked Ououllcea negleda by Mr. Gabb, are from nodules of white sandy
4418 MON 9 7
98 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY.
marl at the base of the Lower Green Marls at Marlborough, Monmouth
County, and from the same horizon near Holmdel; the former from Mr.
Schanck's collection and the latter from the Rev. M. Riley. Casts of the
I. antrosa have been recognized at very many localities of the Lower Marl
Beds, among which Holmdel, Freehold, and Monmouth are the most prom-
inent. One specimen of a cast from Freehold is very large, and must have
measured quite three and a half inches transverse diameter when entire.
The largest specimen from the nodules of white sand, which retains the
shell in part, would measure, if restored, fully two and three-fourths inches.
Idonearca vulgaris.
Plate XIII, Figs. 1-5.
Cucidlcea vulgaris Morton. Synopsis, p. 64, PI. Ill, Fig. 8, and PI. XIII, Fig. 5. Gabb,
Synop., p. lis. Meek, Checklist, p. S.
Idonearca vulgaris (Conrad). Meek, Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 725. Gabb, P. A. N.
Sci., Pbil., 1876, p. 313.
Cucidlcea te'rminalis Conrad. Mex. Boundary Surv., p. 148, PI. IV, Fig. 2.
The casts of this species are often large and indicate a rather ponder-
•ous shell, which often attained a considerable size, was trapezoidal in form,
very ventricose, and very oblique. The beaks, as shown on the casts, are
large, elevated, and distant, with a strongly angular umbonal ridge extend-
ing from them backward to the postero-basal angle. The postero-cardinal
slope is short and quite abrupt, and the junction of the valves strongly
keeled when perfect, though this part is often broken away. The portion
representing the line of the cardinal area is curved, and the gash on the
postero-cardinal slope formed by the muscular ridge is deep, often wide in
old individuals, is situated above the middle of the slope, and extends from
the edge of the keel, at this point, to fully two-thirds the distance between
the margin and the beaks. Anterior muscular scar often distinctly marked,
but faint in many cases. Body of the cast radially striated.
A cast of a single right valve, which I have referred to this species,
preserves the impression of the hinge to some extent, but not sufficiently
perfect to show the character of the hinge-line along its middle portion.
The valve is less ventricose than many of those where the two are in con-
tact. The hinge-line is just two-thirds as long as the length of the shell.
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 99
and the plate has been wide at the extremities, the teeth have been nearly-
parallel to the outer line, not bent or inclined downward as in I. antrosa.
There are four indentations and four ridges on the posterior end, and ap-
parently two on the anterior end; but their inner ends are not visible, con-
sequently I cannot see if they were recurved at this point.
There is great variability in the general form, in the degree of obliquity,
in the ventricosity of the valves, in the distance between the beaks, and in
the abruptness of the posterior-cardinal slope, among the specimens which
it seems necessary to refer to this species. Much of this is apparently
dependent on the age of the shells and on the thickening of the valves,
especially along the pallial line. I have not seen any specimens which give
the slightest evidence of the surface features of the shell, so that of this feat-
ure I can say nothing. The species is distinguished from the associated
forms principally by its extreme ventricosity and the obliquity of the valves
as seen in the casts ; and in most specimens the gash representing the mus-
cular ridge is deeper than in the other forms. In the younger individuals
the form is propoi'tionally less ventricose, and consequently the beaks are
nearer each other and the posterior slope less abrupt.
Formation and locality. — Casts of this species are found at very many
of the localities of the Lower Green Marls throughout the extent of the
formation in the State. There ai'e specimens before me from Holmdel,
Freehold, Woodbury, Burlington, Mullica Hill, and Marshall ville. New Jer-
sey. The species is also recognized from Prairie Bluff, Ala., and it is cited
by Mr. Gabb and Mr. Meek from the State of Delaware.
Genus AXINEA Poll.
Axinea Mortoni.
Plate XI, Figs. 23-25.
Axinea Mortoni, Con. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. Y, p. 44, PI. I, fig. 14.
A. hamula and A. australis (Mort.) Gabb. Synop., p. 103, Proc. A. K S., 1876, Vol.
11, p. 317, Meek, Check-list, p. 8.
A. rotunda and ^i. subaustralis Meek. Geol. Surv. N. J., 1S68, p. 725.
A. stibanstralis D'Orb. Prod, de Pal., p. 243, ifo. 667.
Among the shells of Axinea obtained from the cretaceous beds of New
Jersey are two distinct species, one of which is nearly circular in outline,
100 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY.
being only very slightly oblique, and with very ventricose valves. The other
is more elevated, less rotund, and very equilateral. There appears to have
been much uncertainty in the minds of most authors who have studied
these shells as to their specific identity and also as to their relations with
those from other localities. Dr Morton describes two species in his synop-
sis, from Prairie Blufi", Ala., and mentions a third species which he says
occurs in the "marls of New Jersey." In Vol. V, p. 44, Am. Jour. Conch.,
Mr. Conrad gives this last the name Axinea Mortoni, giving a figure but no
description. While Messrs. Gabb and Meek have considered the New Jer-
sey specimens as the same with those from Prairie Bluff", Ala., D'Orbigny
takes the name of one of Morton's Prairie Bluff species, P. australis, and sub-
stitutes a new name, P. suhaustraUs, for it, and cites New Jersey as the locality
(Prod, de Pal, Vol. II, p. 24.!, No. 667). The Alabama specimens, of which I
have seen casts, are all small, but are broader in proportion to their height than
are those from New Jersey, while the beaks are sharper and have a decided
anterior inclination. Considering all the above facts, I am inclined to con-
sider the New Jersey forms as distinct from either of the Alabama species,
and to adopt Mr. Conrad's name Axinea Mortoni for the smaller and more
rotund of the two species, that one corresponding most nearly with the
figure which he gave with the name. The shells are found of various sizes
up to an inch and an eighth in height, with a transverse diameter somewhat
greater, while the thickness of the united valves slightly exceeds three-
fourths of an inch. The form is nearly circular, slightly oblique, the valves
most ventricose on the umbonal region. Area very small, short, and nar-
row. Surface marked by concentric lines of growth, and rather even sub-
obsolete radiating striae. The internal casts, which I have identified as the
same, show the hinge plate to have been fairly wide on the sides, and to
have been marked by eight or nine teeth on each side, as far as can be
seen outside of the breadth of the filling of the beak, which are directed
very nearly or quite at right angles to the line of the inner border of the
plate. Inner margin of the cast strongly crenulate.
The shell in its general form closely resembles A. rotundata Grabb,
described from the Cretaceous beds at Eufaula, Ala., but is more ventri-
cose, more distinct!}^ striate, has a rather smaller area, and possesses a little
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 101
obliquity, which that species does not show. Mr. Gabb, in the Proceed-
ings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1876, p. 317, con-
siders all the New Jersey forms and the Georgian shells as of one and the
same species, and refers with but little doubt A. hellasculpta Con. to the
same, but says nothing about his previously-described A. rotundata. He
also speaks of seeing and using the types of Dr. Morton's species, which I
have not been able to find, and, strange to say, I have not found a single
individual of Axinea from New Jersey in the Academy collections.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Marls of the Cretaceous at Holm-
del; Walnford, Manalapan, at George Hunt's pits, N. J. ; Mr. Conrad cites
Crosswicks, New Jersey.
Axinea alta, n. sp.
Plate XI, Figs. 26-29.
The casts of this species are usually somewhat larger than those of A.
Mortoni, and are more elevated at the beak; the fillings of the rostral portions
being very long and curved inward toward each other, showing that the
hinge-plate has been very wide, and the beaks probably considerably
projecting beyond its margin. In these casts the portion which extends
above the line of junction of the plates of the two valves measures about
two-fifths of the entire height of the cast. Muscular scars rather large and
distinct, the line of advance being marked on both by a distinct ridge on
the cast. Margin of the cast below the pallial line, broad, and the border
strongly crenulate. Teeth strong and but few in number, and distinctly
bent downward at their inner ends, while theii- direction is more lateral
than in A. Mortoni. Central parts of the hinge, cardinal area, and exterior of
the shell unknown.
Among the New Jersey specimens the elevated beaks, less rotundity
of the valves, and stronger and more outwardly directed teeth will serve to
distinguish this from A. Mortoni. From the Alabama and other southern
species there is almost no means of comparison, as no part of the shell of
this one has been seen.
FormQtion and locality. — In the Lower Marl Beds of the Cretaceous at
C. Bruere's pits, Walnford; also at Upper Freehold, New Jersey.
102 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
NUCULIDJi:.
Genus NUCULA Lam.
Nucula percrassa.
Plate XT, Fiss. 4-6.
Nucula percrassa Conrad. Joiir. A. N. S., new ser., Vol. Ill, p. 327, PI. XXXV, Fig. 4.
Gabb, Synop., p. 149. Meek, Check-list, p. 8. Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 725.
N. percrassa Gabb. Proc. A. N. Sci., Pbil., 1876, p. 318.
A single cast of tliis species occurs in the collections of the A. N. S.,
Phil., sent to me in a tray with two specimens of Cihota uniopsis Con., from
New Jersey, and probably from near Burlington, but without distinctive
mark, either as to species or locality. The lithological features of it are
quite different from those of the Cibota in the tray, and I presume it to be
from Haddonfield or in that vicinity. The sj)ecies has been recognized by
several authors as coming from New Jersey, and consequently I have
figured this specimen as presumably from within the State.
The cast is more elongate than any of those of N. Slackiana Gabb, the
nearest allied form, and the shell has been more thickened. The cast is
about as long again as high, with very large projecting beaks, which are
situated at about the anterior third of the length. The muscular scars are
very strong, and the pallial line very well marked. The teeth, as indicated
on the cast, have been quite numerous, and extend on the posterior side to
the muscular scars, but are obliterated on the anterior side. The ligament
pit is well marked, but not prominent. No markings of the exterior are
preserved, the shell having been too thick to transmit them.
The shell has been proportionally more elongate than N. Slackiana,
while nearl3'of the same height, and the beaks, I should judge, were farther
removed from the anterior end. I think the species quite distinct from tliat
one, and well worthy of being retained as valid.
Nucula Monmouthensis, n. sp.
Plate XI, Fig. 1.
Shell rather below a medium size, triangularly ovate, with convex
valves and sharp, pointed beaks, which are even with the anterior end of
LAMBLLIBEANOHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 103
the shell. Posterior hinge-line long and straight; anterior end truncate
and at right angles to the postero-cardinal line; basal line ventricosely
convex, more sharply rounded near the anterior truncation; posterior
extremity of the valves narrowly rounded. Anterior slope vertical, or nearly
so, forming an angulation which extends from the beak to the antero-basal
margin; postero-cardinal slope abruptly rounded. Surface of the shell
marked by fine concentric lines, and a few distant varices of growth; no
radiating striae can be distinguished on the surface. Posterior hinge with
about twenty sharp, somewhat recurved teeth; anterior side not observed;
ligamental pit moderate in size.
This species differs in shape from any American Cretaceous species yet
described. It approaches most nearly N. distorta Gabb (Jour. A. N. Sci.,
Phil., new series, Vol. IV, p. 396, PI. LXVIII, Fig. 34), from the Ripley group
of Tennessee, but is much less distinctly triangular, and does not possess
the radiating lines of the surface as in that shell.
Formation and locality. — In the white limestone nodules of the lower
Cretaceous marls at Marlborough, N. J. A second specimen, rather more
curved on the postero-cardinal margin, occurs in the collection of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, from Haddonfield, New
Jersey, in soft micaceous sand.
Nucula Slackiana.
Plate XI, Pigs. 2 and 3.
Leda SlacMana Gabb. A. N. S., Phil., 2cl ser.. Vol. IV, p. 397, PI. LXVni, Fig. 37.
Synopsis, p. 133.
Nuculana SlacMana (Gabb). Meek, Cliecli-list, p. 8. Geol. Surv. New Jersey, 1868,
p. 725.
Nucula SlacMana Gabb. Proc. A. N. S., Pliil., 1876, p. 318, but doubtfully referred to
If. percrassa Gabb.
? N. percrassa Gabb. Proc. A. K". S., 1876, p. 318.
Not N. percrassa Conrad. J. A. N, S., 2d ser., Vol. Ill, p. 327, PI. XXXV, Fig. 4.
Shell of rather large size for the genus. General form ovate, elon-
gate-triangular, or subelliptical ; about once and a half as long as high,
with the anterior end obliquely truncate, but rather long; cardinal line
slightly arcuate; base gently curving and the posterior end rather sharply
rounded, and almost obtusely pointed near the line of the hinge. Muscular
104 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
scar as seen on the internal cast large and distinct on the anterior end, less
strong!)^ so on the posterior. Teeth strong on the posterior side and grad-
ually decreasing toward the beak; twenty roay be counted on the cast
figured. Those of the anterior side not seen. Margin strongly and deeply
crenulate. Surface of the shell marked with fine radiating striae, which are
but faintly marked on the body of the valve, but are much more strongly
developed near the margin, meeting the crenulations of the edge of the
shell so as to deeply indent the border. Also by strong concentric lines of
growth. Internal structure of the shell strongly fibrous.
Mr. Gabb remarks, on page 318, Proc. A. N. S., Phil., 1876, that he
has " little doubt this will prove to be identical with N. percrassus," a
species, previously described, from Patula Creek, Greorgia ; a form much
larger and of a slightly different shape. I think it extremely doubtful if
this opinion be correct, however, for according to the figure of that species,
it is much more triangular in form than this one. On account of which
difference, in the absence of authentic specimens of that species with which
to compai-e, I should prefer to consider them as distinct. There can be no
doubt about the generic relations of this shell, as the form is entirely unlike
that of Leda and Nuculana.
Formation and locality. — In the micaceous clays, under the Lower Marl
Bed, at the Rev. G. C. Schanck's pits, near Marlborough, New Jersey. Mr.
Gabb's specimens were from Crosswicks, New Jersey.
Nucula perequalis.
N^ucula perequaKs Conrad. J. A. N. Sci., Phil., new ser.. Vol. IV, p. 281. Meek, Geol.
Eept. N. J., 1868, p. 725.
Mr. Conrad describes this species as follows: "Triangular, rather elon-
gated, equilateral, ventricose; dorsal margins equally declining; end mar-
gins acutely and equally rounded; basal margins regularly rounded." The
locality given is Eufaula, Barbour County, Alabama.
Mr. Meek cites this as a New Jersey species in his list given in the
Geological Report for 1868, p. 725. I have not been able to find Mr. Con-
rad's type specimen, and as he did not figure it, it is nearly impossible to
identify a form of this character from so imperfect a description. More-
over, as the species was oi'iginally described from a Southern locality, I
LAMELLIBEAXCHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 105
feel some doubt in regard to its correct identification from New Jersey
without personal inspection. Some of the shorter specimens of N. Slackiana
Gabb agree nearly with the above description, but I have preferred to
adopt the name which is accompanied with a figure rather than one without,
where there is so much uncertainty as in this case.
Genns NTJCULAIstA Link.
Nuculana protexta.
Plate XI, Fig. 10.
Leila protexia Gabb. J. A. I^T. Sci., Phil., new ser.. Vol. IV, p. 303, PI. XLVHI, Fig.
23 on Plate XXIII in text.
Nuculana protexta Gabb. Proc. A. X. Sci., 1876, p. 318. Meek, Geol. Eept. X. J.,
1868, p. 725.
Xot Leda protexta Gabb. J. A. X. Sci., Phil., VoL IV, PI. LXVIII, Fig. 36, p. 397.
Xot Yoldia protexta Conrad=F. alharia. Con., Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. I, p. 213, PL
XXI, Fig. 2, Vol. Ill, p. 8.
Shell very elongate and narrow, the narrow end about once and a
half as long as the wider and strongly recurved. Valves moderately ven-
tricose and the beaks only moderately elevated; anteiior end narrowl}^
rounded and the posterior extremity extended and naiTOW ; basal line
gibbous in the middle. On the cast the hinge is seen to be marked by a
very large number of small teeth, but the number cannot be made out on
any of the several specimens examined. The cartilage pit beneath the
beak has been of moderate size. Surface features of the shell unknown.
This species very closely resembles Perrisonota protexta Conrad, sp.,
and would probably also fall under that genus if retained. It difi'ers in
being a little less elongated posteriorly, while the anterior or larger end is
proportionally very much more elongated, throwing the beaks more nearly
in the middle of the length of the shell. The posterior cardinal slope is
not flattened and distinctly separated from the body of the shell by an in-
distinct ridge as in that species. There has been considerable confusion in
regard to the use of the specific name protexta in this group of shells, as it
has been applied to three distinct species at different times. Two of them
given by Mr. Gabb and one by Mr. Conrad. I have retained it foi- this
species as it is the earliest application of the name. Mr. Conrad changed
106 PALEONTOLOGY OP NEW JEESEY.
his species to Yoldia albaria (=Nuculana albaria as herein used), and I have
changed Mr. Gabb's second one to Nuculana Gabbana; so that at present
only one species bears the name.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls at Crosswicks, and at
Mullica Hill, New Jersey. Thei'e are several specimens of the casts in the
collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia from each of
the above mentioned localities, and one of those which I have figured I
suppose to be that originally figured by Mr. Gabb as above cited, but it is
labelled as from Crosswicks, N. J., while under the description Mr. Gabb
cites only Gloucester County, New Jersey.
Nuculana Gabbana, n. sp.
Plate XI, Figs. H-13.
Leda protexta Gabb. J. A, N. Sci., Phil., new ser., Yol. IV, p. 397, PI. LXVIII, Fig. 36.
Not Leda {Nuculana) protexta Gabb. lUd., p. 303, PI. XLVIII, Fig. 23 (24 in text), or
Meek, Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 725.
Not Nuculana protexta Conrad. Am. J. Ooncli., Vol. I, p. 147, PI. II, Fig. 6 (Eocene)
= N. albaria Con.
Shell of moderate size, extremely elongated, the length being nearly
twice and a half the extreme height. Valves convex, regularly and evenly
rounded. Beaks small, appressed and incurved, and distinctly inclined
toward the narrower end of the shell, scarcely rising above the hinge-line
on the wider part, and situated about two-fifths of the length from the
larger end. Cardinal margin on the wider end gently arcuate and a little
more strongly concave on the narrower side of the beak; large extremity of
the shell sharply rounded; basal margin gently rounded throughout and
the posterior end narrow and rounded. As the specimen is an internal cast,
it preserves no evidences of the surface characters. The muscular scars
are extremely faint and the pallial line undistinguishable, although the cast
is in an excellent state of preservation and somewhat polished on the surface
from the perfect condition. The hinge-line has been marked by a large
number of very fine teeth, gradually increasing in size from the center out-
ward. On the wider end of the shell there are about twenty-five visible
under a glass and about twenty somewhat stronger ones on the narrower
LAMELLIBEANOHIATA OP THE LOWEE MAELS. 107
side of the beak. The ligamental pit has been of moderate size, but well
marked and deep. A single cast of this species was found in the collection
of Princeton College, labeled L. protexta Gabb in a handwriting which I
sujaposed to be Mr. Conrad's. The cast diflPers materially from that of L.
protexta Gabb, as given on Plate XLVIII, Fig. 23 (24), Jour. A. N. Sci.,
Vol. IV, in the proportional length of the shell and the narrow posterior
extremity, but corresponds very well with that figured afterwards on Plate
LXVIII, Fig. 36, from Tennessee; consequently I have deemed it proper
to separate it under a distinct name.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls at "Freehold, New
Jersey.
Nuculana longifrons.
Plate XI, Figs. 16 and 17.
Leda longifrons Conrad. J. A. IT. S., Phil., 2d ser., Vol. IV, p. 281, PL XL VI, Fig. 18.
Gabb, Synop., p. 133.
Nuadana longifrons (Con.). Meek, Check-list, p. 8.
Shell of moderate size, transversely subelliptical or subovate in form,
a little narrower behind than in front of the beaks. Beaks very small and
inconspicuous, situated rather more than one-third of the entire length from
the anterior end of the valve. Cardinal margin very gently declining on
each side of the beaks; anterior end rounded, longest above the middle of
tlie height; posterior end more narrowly rounded, longest just below the
extremity of the hinge; basal line very gently curved in the middle and
more abruptly so toward the extremities. Surface of the shell polished,
but marked by extremely fine concentric stria? of growth. In the interior
the hinge-line is marked by proportionally long curved teeth ; those on the
anterior side being largest and numbering fifteen or twenty, those of the
posterior side very small and numerous.
The largest individual of the species which I have seen measures about
one inch and a quarter in length. It is very imperfect, however, and too
poor for illustration. The species may be recognized by the great height
of the shell across the posterior extremity, and by, the almost regularly
elliptical form of the valve and absence of the recurving of the posterior
side, as in most species of the genus. None of the five individuals before
108 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESBT.
me show the ligamental pit beneath the beak on the hinge-area, in conse-
quence of which I am not able to fully determine if it is a true Nuculana,
or if it may more properly belong to the genus Yoldia.
Formation and locality. — In fine micaceous clay at the base of Creta.-
ceous at Haddonfield, New Jersey. Mr. Conrad's type specimens were from
a similar deposit at Eufaula, Barbour County, Alabama.
Nuculana pinnaformis.
Plate XI, Figs. 7 and 8.
Leda pinnaforma Gabb. J. A. N. S., Phil., 2d ser., Vol. IV, p. 303, PL XLVIII, Fig. 22
(by error, 23 in text).
L. pimueformis Gabb. Synopsis, p. 133.
Xuculana pinn(eformis (Gabb). Meek, Check-list, p. 8, and N. pinnaformis (Gabb),
Meek, Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 725.
SheU minute, the only example seen being only one-fourth of an inch
in length. Form elliptically cuneate, very ventricose, and comparatively
broad across the beaks, with the posterior extremity pointed. Beaks large
and rather prominent, dii'ected backwards, and situated about two-fifths of
the length from the anterior end. Anterior end broadly rounded, a little
pointed at the longest part; basal line extremely gibbous. Postero-cardinal
margin depressed, foi'ming a narrow, almost linear, depressed area along the
margin from the beaks to the posterior extremity. Surface of the shell
marked by comparatively strong concentric lirations, which die out at the
edge of the depressed area bordering the cardinal line. Interior and hinge
features not observed.
This species is nearly of the size of N. compressifrons Conrad, but is
broader in comparison to its length, more pointed at the extremity, has the
beaks situated farther from the anterior end, and has the surface strongly
lirated, while that one is smooth. The single individual used in the descrip-
tion was observed among the specimens of N. compressifrons from the col-
lection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, but without any
distinctive mark, and is evidently from the same locality. It is somewhat
longer proportionally than the figure given by Mr. Gabb loc. cite., bu.t is
doubtless the same species.
LAMELLIBEANOHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 109
Formation and locality. — From the micaceous clay of the Lower Marls at
Haddonfield, N. J. Mr. Grabb cites his specimen from Burlington County,
New Jersey, an extremely large locality for so small an object.
ITuculana compressifrous.
Plate XI, Fig. 9.
Toldia compressifrons Conrad.
Leda protexta Gabb. J. A. N. S., Phil., N. S., Vol. IV, p. 397, PI. XLVIII, Fig. 36. Kot
L.protexta Gabb, Ibid., p. 303, PI. XLVIII, Fig. 23.
Shell of medium size, barely exceeding half an inch in length in the
largest individuals observed. Outline elliptically cuneate and moderately
ventricose. Posterior end nearly twice as long as the anterior, and narrow
but not exactly pointed, the extremity being slightly rounded. Anterior
end broad. Beaks prominent and comparatively large ; basal line gibbous
opposite the beaks and imperceptibly sinuous just forward of the posterior
extremity of the shell. Escutcheon narrow, forming a depressed line along
the postero-cardinal border. Surface of the shell smooth and usually pol-
ished, although occasionally showing regular concentric lines. Hinge show-
ing eight to ten teeth on the anterior end and about fifteen on the posterior
side. Teeth short. Ligamental pit very small, if observable at all.
It is extremely difficult to draw comparisons between this and othei
forms of the genus. Among New Jersey species it may be distinguished by
its broad form and smooth surface. The larger individuals of the species
wei'e in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences labeled Nu-
culana protexta Gabb, Ripley group, Haddonfield, N. J., apparently in Mr.
Gabb's own handwriting. They certainly are not identical with the cast
of that species originally used by Mr. Gabb and figured in the Journal of
the Academy of Natural Sciences, Vol. IV, PI XLVIII, Fig. 23. The smaller
specimens were separated in a tray by themselves and labeled Yolclia com-
pressifrons Conrad, Haddonfield, N. J., but they only diifer in size, and it
is possible they may only be the young of the same shell with the Prince-
ton specimen figured as N. protexta Gabb.
Formation and locality. — In micaceous clay of the Lower Marl Beds at
Haddonfield, New Jersey (collection of Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia.
110 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
Genus PERRISONOTA Courad.
(Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. V, p. 98.)
Ferrisonota protexta.
Plate XI, Figs. 14 and 15.
Ferrisonota protexta Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. V, p. 98.
Shell small, ensiform, extremely elongated posteriorly, and gradually
narrowed from the beaks. Valves depressed convex with very small incon-
spicvious beaks, which curved backward, and with an obsolete carination
extending from them backward to the postero-basal angle. Anterior end
broadest, sharply rounded; posterior end narrowly rounded, longest above
the middle. Hinge-hne arched tipward in front of the beaks, and gently
concave posteriorly throughout the entire lengtli of the shell. Basal line
moderately curved, more prominent just in advance of the beaks. Surface
of the shell polished or marked by very fine concentric lines of growth,
except on the posterior cardinal slope, where they unite and form a few
inconspicuous folds. The interior of the shell shows the hinge-hne to be
marked by several small transverse teeth on the anterior side, and on the
posterior side they extend almost to the hinge extremity.
This species is the type of the genus Ferrisonota, but the characters
are so nearly those of Nuculana that there seems to be nothing but the gen-
eral form of the shell for it to rest upon. Dr. Stoliczka remarks this lack
of distinction in his Pal. Indica, but seems in doubt as to the teeth on the
anterior side of the hinge-plate. These are certainly present in the type
specimens, although Mr. Conrad does not mention them, and they bear the
same proportion to those on the posterior side that they do in Nuculana.
The onlv character in which it can be said to differ from Nuculana is in
the greater proportional width of the cardinal slope, the more distinct um-
bonal angulation, and in having the posterior hinge-teeth continued nearly
to the extremity of the shell, characters which do not seem to be of generic
importance.
Formation and locality. — In fine micaceous claj^s of dark color at Had-
donfield, New Jersey, near the base of the Cretaceous. The specimens used
are from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
LAMELLIBEAlSrCHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. Ill
Genus NUCULAEIA Conrad.
(Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. V, pp. 44 and 98 (name mentioned only).)
Nucularia papyria.
Plate XI, Figs. 18-20.
Nucularia papyria Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. Y, p. 44, PI. I, Fig. 7, p. 98, PL
IX, Fig. 26.
The shells of this species are quite small and very ventricose, especially
in the anterior half, and becoming rapidly depressed posteriorly. The
largest individual present in the collection barely exceeds three-eighths of
an inch in length. The form is irregularly subovate, a very little wider
across the shell opposite the beaks than elsewhere. Beaks very small and
obscure, located at about the anterior third -of the length and incurved.
Hinge-line nearly straight behind the beaks, but rather rapidly declining
in front and rounding into the curvature of the anterior end. Basal margin
subparallel to the posterior part of the hinge-line, and the posterior end
rounded above and obliquely truncate or rounding forward beloAV, so as to
materially shorten the basal line. Surface of the shell polished, but marked
by exceedingly fine concentric lines of growth. Hinge-plate very obscure,
and its characters mostly unknown or extremely doubtful. A fragment of
a shell in the collection, labeled by Mr. Conrad as of this species, shows
five small teeth, which appear to represent the anterior section of the hinge-
plate, and a cast of a right valve shows that the posterior part has had a
single long lamelliform tooth parallel to the margin of the shell. No evi-
dence of transverse teeth on this part appears. Muscular impressions and
pallial line entirely invisible. Substance of the shell dense, but not
nacreous.
There are eight individual valves or casts of valves of this species
befoi'e me, besides the fragment showing hinge-teeth, but none of them are
in a condition to remove the doubt concerning the hinge structure. It
appears to me quite doubtful if the specimen showing- teeth really belongs
to the same species. The fragment is not nearly so much curved as would
be a fragment of equal size from any one of the specimens here present, and
moreover, the piece is attached to a second fragment by a bit of paper
112 PALEONTOLOGY OP NEW JERSEY.
pasted on the inside, so that I cannot actually examine the entire surface.
This species is the type of the genus Nucularia, of which I have been
unable to find a generic description. It is placed by its author under the
family Niwulanidce, but so far as the shells themselves afford evidence of
their structure, I feel quite doubtful if it belongs here at all. If so, it must
be quite near Mellitia.
Formation and locality. — In the micaceous clays of the Lower Marl
Beds at Haddonfield, New Jersey.
TRIGONID^.
Geuus TEIGONIA Brug.
Trigonia Mortoni, n. sp.
Plate XIV, Figs. 5 aud 6.
Trigonia thoracica Mort. Pars., Synopsis, p. 65. Gabb, Synopsis, p. 177. Meek,
Check-list, p. 9. Geol. Surv. N. J., 18C8, p. 725.
Species known principally as casts of the interior, which are subtrian-
gular in outline, prolonged posteriorly and narrowed; the body standing
nearly at right angles to the beaks and umbonal portions. Anterior end in-
flated, compressed, and almost attenuate posteriorly; filling of the beaks
erect, scarcely incurved, and quite distant. Anterior muscular fillings large,
prominent, and giving evidence of extremely deep impressions in the shell.
Posterior scars moderately prominent, circular, or nearly so, submarginal
and accompanied by a small secondary or pedal scar on the upper side
nearer the hinge. Surface of the cast usually marked near the margin with
strong, rather distant undulations, indicating strong curved costee, of which
there can be counted on some specimens ten or twelve, usually indicated
only on the basal half of the valve, but rarely seen crossing the rostral por-
tions of the cast and strong^ arching upwards as they approach the margin.
The postero-cardinal area has been comparatively narrow, and the casts
usually show a single strong undulation on the upper side of the umbonal
ridge, near the posterior extremity.
A single fragment of green marl retaining the impression of a part of
llie exterior of a shell has been obtained, which shows that the original form
LAMELLIBEANOHIATA OF THE LOWER JIAELS. 113
of the shell as it occurred in New Jersey was considerably different from
those found in the more southern localities (Prairie BlufP, Alabama, and
Texas), and usually referred to the same species with the casts from New
Jersey. This specimen shows that the shell was considerably extended
posteriorly, and also that there was a proportionately wide postero-cardinal
area over which the radiating ribs did not extend, and which was separated
from the body of the shell by a slight furrow, forming an area or corslet,
as in most species of the genus. The radiating ribs on the posterior third
of the shell are very oblique and very much smaller than the others, with
shallow interspaces. Area marked by concentric lines only, which are
much stronger here than on the body of the shell; crests of the ribs ob-
scurely tuberculated on the anterior and median parts of the shell.
The species differs from T. thomcica Morton, as figured in his Synopsis,
PI. XV, Fig. 13, from a specimen retaining the shell foimd at Prairie Bluff,
Ala., in the existence of the area or corslet bordering the posterior hinge-
line as well as in the extended posterior extremity, and, notwithstanding the
great similarity of the internal casts, has been very distinct externally when
entire. In consequence of this difference it becomes necessar_y to separate
the New Jei-sey species under a new name. As the name thoracica was
applied to and illustrated by specimens from Alabama, it will have to be
retained for that shell.
Formation and localities. — It has been observed in the Lower Green
Marls at Freehold, Burlington, Monmouth, Holmdel, and other localities in
New Jersey as internal casts. The external impression from which Fig. 6,
PI. XIV, is taken is from near Holmdel, and was collected by the Rev.
Dr. Riley.
Trigonia Eufaulensis.
Plato XIV, Figs. 1-4.
Trigonia Eufalensis Gabb. J. A. N. Sci., Phil., Vol. IV, N. S., p. 396, PI. LXVIII, Fig.
32. Synopsis, p. 177. Meek, Clieck-list, p. 9. Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 725.
Mr. Gabb's description of this species is as follows: " Subtriangular,
resembling T. alcrformis Sow., in outline, not quite so elongated anterioi-ly;
beaks posterior; lunule distinct; surface marked by about fourteen ribs, tlie
more anterior of which proceed from the lunule anteriorl}- and then cross
4418 MON 9 8
114 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NE\Y JERSEY.
the shell at right angles with the lunule, exhibiting a tendency to being no-
dose, especially near the lunule; lunule marked by ten or twelve transverse-
ribs; cardinal margin somewhat incurved, anterior end subtriangular, basal
sinuous and deej^ly serrate, posterior regularly rounded ; internally, hinge
teeth small; muscular impressions deep; pallial line entire; a small tooth-
like ridge or process extends along the middle of the alation, as in T. alce-
formis.^'
The above description is in some particulars rather incomprehensible,^,
from the reversal of the anterior and posterior of the shell, as usually given
by other authors. If these are considered it is much more lucid; and in
the same way that which is termed the lunule would be the area bordering-
the cardinal line. The species very closely resembles what young individ-
uals of T. thoracica must have been, but appears to possess more ribs pro-
portionately for the size of the specimens. At the typical locality (Eufaula,.
Ala.) the specimens are always quite small, and considerably prolonged
behind, with the basal margin strongly denticulated by the projection of
the ribs The small cast figured has a larger number of ribs proportionally
than have those from near Red Bank, one of which is also figured, and is-
more distinctly removed specifically from T. thoracica Morton.
Formation and localitij. — In the micaceous clays of the Lower Marl
Beds, at the "crossing of the West Jersey Railroad at a creek between Red
Bank and Gloucester, N. J.," and in the green marls in Monmouth County.
The former are from the collection of the Academy of Natui-al Sciences of
Philadelphia, and the latter from the collection at Rutgers College.
Trigonia cerulia, u. sp.
Plate XIV, Fig. 7.
Shell small or below a medium size, moderately convex on the valves .
and of a triangularly-ovate outline. Beak small, appressed, obtusel}- pointed,
and erect ; posterior hinge-line long and slightly concave ; posterior end
narrow and rounded ; anterior end broadly rounded ; basal line a little gib-
bous in the middle, but otherwise forming a continuous line with the ante-
rior and posterior margins. Surface of the shell covered by coarse elevated
ribs, which are flattened on their surfaces over a large part of the shell, but
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 115
near the posterior cardinal margin are sharp and very slightly crenulated.
The ribs are coarse and distant on the anterior and middle parts of the shell,
but gradually become finer and more closely arranged toward the posterior
part. Interspaces concave. No postero-cardinal area is visible on the
specimen used, the ribs apparently passing, without interruption, across the
entire disk of the shell and terminating on the cardinal margin. The ribs
of the anterior end curve strongly forward in passing to the basal and ante-
rior margins, while those of the hinder parts of the valve pass more directly
across to the postero-basal margin.
This species differs from any of the others described from these beds
in its form, but more particularly in the style and number of the surface
ribs. They are more numerous than on any of the other forms, there hav-
ing been about twenty-three on the specimen figured, which is onl}- one
inch and an eighth in length. Their flattened surface and the gradual in-
crease backward is also the opposite from that which is seen to occur on
those. In form it would correspond to the group Pectinata, and in the style
of the ribs resembles T. pectinata Lam., except that the increase in number
and size of ribs is directly opposite from what it is in that species.
Formation and locality. — In coarse olive green indurated marl at the
deep cut on the Holmdel and Keyport turnpike, Monmouth County, New
Jersey, at the base of the Lower Marls. The substance of the shell is en-
tirely changed to Vivianite, which is soft and of a bright blue color, very
easily destroyed by handling or rubbing.
Order SIPHONIDA.
Suborder INTBGRIPALLIATA.
CRASSATELLID^.
Genus CRASSATELLA Lam.
In the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
1872, p. 50, Mr. Conrad refers back to the American Journal of Conchology,.
Vol. V, p. 47, where he describes a new genus Pacliytlicerus for the recep-
tion of all the Cretaceous, Eocene, and Oligocene Crassatellas which he con-
siders as generically, or at least subgenerically, distinct from the Miocene
316 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
and later forms of the genus, founding this opinion of an apparent differ-
ence in the size of the pit behind the cardinal tooth of the right valve, and
the existence of a small pit behind the posterior, cardinal tooth of the left
valve of these older forms, which does not exist in the more recent ones ;
and also on the fact that the inner margins of these older ones are always
crenulate, while most of the Miocene and recent forms are smooth. I do not,
however, think these differences are of generic importance, and have not,
therefore, adopted the division either in a generic or subgeneric sense. In
the Appendix, pp. 5 and 6 of Kerr's Geological Report of Nortli Car-
olina, Mr. Conrad describes the genus Etea, also a division of CrassafeUa,
and in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1«76, p. 215,
refers to it the following species : Crassatella Monmouthensis, C. transversa,
C. Delawarensis Gabb, and C. ])rora Conrad. I have not thought it worth
while to retain this division any more than the above.
Crassatella vadosa.
Plate XVII, Figs. 12-15.
Crassatella vadosa Morton? Synopsis, p. 66, PI. XIII, Fig. 12. Gabb, Syu. Gret. Form.,
p. 113. P. A. K. Sci., 1876, p. 310. Meek, Check-list Smith. Inst, p. 11.
Geol. Kept. K J., 1863, p. 726. Stoliczka, Pal. Indica, p. 295.
a lintea and P. Repleyana (Con.) Gabb. P. A. N. S., Phil., 1876, p. 310.
Comp. Crassatella lintea Con. J. A. N. Sci., new ser., Vol. IV, p. 279, PI. XL VI, Fig. 5.
Comp. Crassatella Carolinensis Conrad. Kerr's X. Car. Eept., p. 6, Appendix.
This shell as usually identified in New Jersey is seen under two con-
ditions of preservation, one as single valves preserved on the soft marl,
the other as internal casts of both valves. The former is transversely
broad-ovate, or very obscurely subtriangular, the valves rather moderately
convex with a somewhat obscure umbonal ridge extending from the beak
to the postero-basal angle. The shell is very high opposite the beaks, and
rapidly narrows toward the posterior extremity to less than half the height
at the former place. The anterior end is nearly one- third or more than
one-third of the length of the entire shell, and is rounded, with the longest
point below the middle of the height. Above this point the margin slopes
rather rapidly and with but little curvature to the beaks. Beaks prominent
and pointed. Posterior margin obliquely truncated, and the basal margin
fullest and most sharply curved nearly opposite the beaks. The surface of
LAMELLIBKAKOHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 117
all the specimens which I have observed from within the limits of the Slate
have been more or less decayed. In fact, they are usually but little more
than casts ; but all preserve a very decided and well marked feature of the
exterior shell, presenting strong, distant, and rather evenly distributed
concentric ridges, which vary on different individuals from a sixteenth to a
twelfth of an inch in width. The hinge-plate, as indicated on specimens
where a single valve only is preserved, seems to have been tolerably wide,
but the hinge features are never sufficiently preserved to give their char-
acters. The muscular imprints are large and but faintly marked.
The second condition under which we see this form is as internal casts.
In these the form is much the same as in the other, with, perhaps, a greater
degree of variation, the beaks being sometimes nearly subcentral. The
shell seems to have been very thick, the muscular scars very deep, and the
pallial line remarkably thickened, the beaks prominent, with an extended
rostral cavity beneath the surface, never showing any signs of the strong
concentric undulations.
It is difficult to reconcile these two forms, which often occur together
at the same locality and present such different aspects, with one's ideas of
specific variation; but there have doubtless some conditions existed in the
circvimstances of their preservation which has caused the shell to be
entirely destroyed in the one case while it has been partially preserved in
the other, and which have at the same time prevented the surface markings
from affecting the internal cast. Mr. Conrad's species, C. lintea, described
from a small specimen from Alabama, appears to be the same species as
the New Jersey shell, and neither of them would appear to differ materially
from the Prairie Bluff specimens usually found in collections, and undoubt-
edly representing the same as that used by Dr. Morton. Mr. Grabb
considers Conrad's C. Bepleyana as a synonym of tliis species also, (see P.
A. N. Sci., Phil., 1876, p. 310), and expresses a doubt if> C. Carolinensis is
not also the same.
Formation and locality. — The form referred to, C. vadosa, occurs in the
Lower Green Marls at Holmdel, Freehold, and Burlington, New Jersey.
The C. Mortoni has been noticed in the same beds at Holmdel and Free-
hold, but may occur at many other places.
118 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESET.
Crassatella cuneata.
Plate XVII, Figs. 18-20.
Crassatella pteropsis G-abb. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., Vol. IV, 2d ser., p. 395, PI.
XLVIII, Fig. 28.
G. pteropsis (Gabb). Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. V, p. 47.
Not C. pteropsis Conrad. Ibid., p. 279, PI. XL VI, Fig. 9.
Crassatella cuneata Gabb. Synopsis, pp. 112 and 113. See also A. Jour. Conch,, Vol.
V, p. 47.
Shell quite small, less than three fourths of an inch in length, subtri-
angular or subovate in outline and ventricose. Beaks prominent^ elevated,
and situated anterior to the middle of the length. Greatest width of the
valves opposite the beaks. Anterior end broadh- rounded and longest just
below the middle of the height ; posterior end much more sharply pointed
and slightly prolonged; basal-margin gibbous opposite the beaks and
slightly sinuate between the middle and the posterior end of the shell.
Muscular imprints on the cast very strong and of large size. The above
characters are taken from a cast. The figure given hj Mr. Galjb, cited
above, is of the shell itself, and is more distinctly triangular, with a very
narrow posterior cardinal slope, and as a matter of course with more pointed
and projecting beaks.
I have no doubt but that the cast from New Jersey is specifically iden-
tical with Mr. Gabb's specimen, and I find no other form which agrees with
it among those described from within the limits of the State. The cast
described above was found with the type specimen of C. Monmouthensis
without separate label, but is clearly a distinct species. It is less oblique
and more erect; the beaks more prominent and situated more centrally;
the basal line is more gibbous in the middle and roore sinuate just anterior
to the posterior end, while this end is pointed and destitute of the oblique
truncation characteristic of that species, given to it by the broad cardinal
slope. The ventricose form and strongly marked muscular scars show it to
be an adult specimen, notwithstanding its small size. It differs from C.
pteropsis Conrad, described and figured in the same volume, from Tippah
County, Mississippi, by its shorter triangular form, and very much less
extended posterior part, which is also not recurved as in that one. In the
Amei-ican Journal, Conch., Vol. V, p. 47, Mr. Conrad expresses a belief that
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 119
ftliis is the young of his G. pteropsis, but I do not think it can be. He also'
remarks that he has seen it at Haddonfiekl of a smaller size than the Mis-
sissippi specimens and "a great deal shorter proportionally," which seems
like straining a point to cover another species. The iigure given by Mr.
Conrad (PI. I, Fig. 1) in the article above mentioned is also of a very dif-
ferent form from that originally figured as the type of the species.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls of the Cretaceous at
-Monmouth, New Jersey. IMr. Gabb's specimen was from Hardeman County,
Tennessee, and is also cited by him from Eufaula, Alabama. Mr. Conrad's
specimen described tinder the same name was from Tippah County, Missis-
sippi.
Crassatella Dela-warensis, Gabb.
For references and descriiition see page 210.
Mr. Gabb cites his type specimen as coming from the deep cut on the
Delaware and Chesapeake Canal, which would be the Lower Marl Bed, but
none of those which I have seen are from that horizon.
Crassatella Monmouthensis.
Plate XVII, Figs. 21 and 22.
Crassatella Monmouthensis, Gabb. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., Vol. IV, p. 302, PI.
XLVIII, Fig. 19. Meek, Geo!. Eept. K J., 1868, p. 727.
-Etea Monmoutliensis (Gabb) Courad. P. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1876, p. 275.
Shell of small size and moderately oblique ; in the condition of a cast,
one-fourth longer than high, with moderately elevated beaks, which are
strong, broad, slightly incurved, and situated at about one-third of the length
from the anterior end. The hinge-plate has been strongly arched and of
■considerable width, especially on the anterior side of the beaks, with strong
and proportionally large teeth and a rather moderate ligamental pit. An-
terior end of the shell widest, round, and full; basal margin strongly arched
and imperceptibly sinuate between the middle and the posterior umbonal
angle. Posterior margin obliquely truncate and but little more than half
as high as across the beaks. Umbonal angle sharp and very distinctly
marked. Muscular scars strongly marked and of considerable size.
120 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY.
The specimen from which the above description is taken is an internal
cast of both valves, which appears to be the original specimen figured by
Mr. Gabb, as above cited. I found it in the collection of Princeton College
labeled in Mr. Gabb's handwriting but without locality, but as Mr. Gabb
gives Monmouth and Freehold as the two locahties from which he had ob-
tained it, it may safely be considered as from the Lower Marls.
There appears to be but very little difference between this species, as
represented in the individual used in obtaining the above characters, and
which I suppose to be the specimen used in the original description and for
the figure given by Mr. Gabb, and that figured on the same plate (Fig. 20)
as C. Belawarensis. Tliis specimen is only an internal cast, while the other
specimen retains the shell, but it is proportionally longer and differs in
having a second ridge above the umbonal ridge.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls of the Cretaceous
at Monmouth, New Jersey.
Crassatella prora.
Plate XVII, Figs. 10 and 11.
Grasmtella prora Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. V, p. 43, PI. I, Fig. 8.
Etea prora Conrad. P. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1876, p. 275.
Shell below a medium size, transversely subelliptical when considered
exclusive of the projection of the beaks, but transversely broad triangular
if they are considered. Valves rather ventricose for the genus; beaks
very large, nearly central or a little nearest the anterior end, strongly pro-
jecting, and in the cast, the only condition in which it is known, nearly erect
and moderately distant. Posterior cardinal margin regularly sloping from
the beaks to the narrowly rounded posterior extremity; anterior side of the
beaks excavated and the anterior end more broadly rounded than the op-
posite end; basal line broadly curved. Umbonal ridge scarcely angular.
Surface, as shown on the casts, marked by comparatively strong, regular,
concentric ridges, and marked just anterior to the umbonal angle by a pro-
portionally broad sulcation passing from near the beaks to the base. Mus-
cular scars distinct.
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 121
The species differs from any described form from the American Cre-
taceous in the ventricose valves, coupled with the large, nearly central, erect
beaks and the evenly balanced transverse form.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Marls at Cross wicks, New Jersey.
The specimen figured is the type used by Mr. Conrad, and is from the col-
lection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, where it is
accompanied by a much smaller individual of much the same form.
CrassateUa subplana.
Plate XVIII, Figs. 14-16.
CrassateUa subplana Conrad. J. A. N. Sci., Vol. II, new ser., p. 247, PL XXIV, Fig. 9.
Gabb, Synop., p. 113. Meek, Check-list, p. 11.
Shell of about a medium size, somewhat subtriangular in outline; nearly
as high as long, with compressed valves, subangular along the umbonal
ridge, and with small, appressed, pointed, and erect beaks, which are situ-
ated a little in advance of the middle of the length. Anterior end of the shell
rounded, the greatest length at or just below the middle of the height; pos-
terior end subtrvincate below and obliquely sloping to the beak above; basal
line fullest anterior to the middle and just perceptibly sinuate between that
point and the posterior umbonal extremity. Surface of the shell marked
by more or less irregular elevated concentric ridges, which are flattened on
the tops and separated by equally wide, concave, or flattened interspaces.
Substance of the shell thick. The interior of the valves is marked with
comparatively deep but not large muscular scars, a wide hinge-plate, and
strong, well-marked teeth; margin crenulate. The internal casts are dis-
tinguished by their proportional height and compi'essed valves.
This species is the most elevated form of CrassateUa found in the New
Jersey Cretaceous, and may be distinguished by this feature from any of the
others. In the younger stages of growth the shells are much more nearly
quadrangular in outline and sometimes more ventricose than the specimens
figured. In this condition they veiy closely resemble C. curta Conrad
from the Miocene of Virginia.
522 PALJEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEliSEY.
Formation and locaUtij. — In the Lower Marl Beds at Bruere's pits, on
■Crosswicks Creek, near Walnford, and near Cream Ridge, New Jersey.
Mr. Conrad's types which are here figured were obtained from Arneytown,
New Jersey, and borrowed from the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia.
CrassateUa transversa.
Plate XVII, Figs. 1(3 aud 17.
CrassateUa transversa G-abb. P. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1861, p. 364. Synopsis, p. — . Meek,
Glieck-list, p. — . Geol. Surv. N. J., 186S, p. 726.
Etea transversa (Gabb) Conrad. P. A. K Sci., Phil., 1876, p. 275.
Known from a single internal cast, representing a shell of moderate
size, with proportionally ventricose valves, which have a transversely
elongated form and rather prominent erect beaks, situated at about the
anterior third of the length, and are rather distant from each other in the
cast. The anterior end is rather broadly rounded, and the posterior part
prolonged and narrow, with the extremity pointed below and curved down-
ward, leaving the basal line somewhat broadly sinuate in the posterior third,
:and very strongly convex opposite the beaks. The muscular scars have
been large and deep, being very strongly marked and prominent on the casts,
and the pallial line strong, with the border of the valve outside of the line
very much thickened and the margin strongly crenulate.
The cast representing this species, that used by the author in the
original description, is very much more transverse than any other described
from New Jersey, except C. Delawarensis of the same author. It is a larger
species, however, than that one, and of an entirely different form, being
destitute of the angularity of the umbonal region, and more narrowed and
curved posteriorly with a rounded anterior end. In form it presents many
features in common with C. protexta Conrad, from the Eocene sands at
Claiborne, Ala., but has been a much more ventricose and thicker shell,
with larger and more distant beaks, and more strong-ly marked muscular
■scars. It would appear to have been a very i-are species, as I have observed
X)nl5^ the one cast among all the collections which I have examined.
LAMELLIBRANGHIATA OF THE LOWEE MARLS. 123
Formation and locality. — The specimen is in the collection of the Acad-
emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and on the labels accompanying it
is simply marked "Cret, N. J.," without more definite locality.
Genus SCAMBULA Conrad, 1869.
(Am. Jonr. Conch., Vol. V, p. 48.)
Scambula perplana.
Plate XVIII, Figs. 8-10.
Scambula perplana Conrad. Am. Jour. Concb., Vol. V, p. 48, PI. IX, Figs. 7 and 8.
Proc. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1872, p. 51, PI. I, Fig. 2.
€rassatella perplana (Con. sp.) Stoliczka. Pal. Indica, Vol. Ill, p. 294 and 295.
Shell small, triangularly ovate, very transverse, with very sharp, pointed,
and recurved beaks, situated just within the middle third of the length of
the shell and nearest to the anterior end. Valves flat, marked by fine
concentric lines of growth and a few (three or four) broad, oblique" undu-
lations of the surface which pass from the posterior hinge-line backward to
the basal margin. There are also a few obliquely concentric wrinkles on
the antero-cardinal margin which extend only a short distance over the disk
of the valve. Along the position of the posterior umbonal ridge, the surface
strife are abruptly deflected upward, marking the position of the ridge and
defining the posterior slope of the valve. Posterior end of the valve narrow
and truncate; anterior end obtusely angular; basal margin regularly and
broadly arcuate. Inner margin of the valves crenulate; muscular scars
small and faintly marked.
This shell presents all the appearances of a species of Pandora, or
perhaps Tellidora, except in the hinge, where there are some slight differ-
ences. The left valve appears to have two cardinal teeth which are slightly
curved, and are strongly crenulate on their inner or contiguous faces, also
a long anterior and posterior tooth parallel to the margins. The opposite
valve has a single cardinal tooth or ridge (cartilage bearing?), which would
fit between those of the other valve, and a double ridge on the anterior
side, forming a socket for the ridge of the left valve, and a single sharp
ridge on the margin of the valve behind, which would fit between the ridge
124 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY.
of the left valve and the cariuated margin of the shell. This would allow
the right valve to be smallest and to fit into the left. This arrangement of
teeth differs from that of any species of TeUidora or Pandora which I have
been enabled to examine, and would give pretty good grounds for separa-
tion from either of those genera The pallial line, so far as I can determine,
has been simple. Dr. Stoliczka, in the Pal. Indica, Vol. Ill, pp. '294 and 295,
in speaking of this shell, refers it to Crassatella, in which I think he is in
error, and likens it to C. radiata, a species which I have not been able to
examine While Mr. Gabb (Proc. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1 876, p. 311), considers
it o-enerically identical with his genus Antlionya, described in the Pal. Calif,
1864, p. 181, and states that the hinges are identical in the two, but that
the California shell is twisted, while this species is not, but thinks this of
minor importance.
Formation and locality. — In the micaceous clays below the Lower Marls
at Haddonfield, New Jersey, from the collection of the Academy of Nat-
lu'al Sciences of Philadelphia.
ASTARTIDJE.
Genus GOULDIA Ad.
Gouldia decemnaria.
Plate XVIII, Fig. 4.
Gouldia decemnaria Conrad. Am. Joar. Couch., Vol. V, p. 48, PI. IX, Fig. 4.
Shell minute, subquadrangular in outline and but slightly convex.
Anterior and cardinal margins nearly at right angles with each other, the
posterior and cardinal margins being rounded. Surface marked by very
prominent, thickened, concenti'ic ribs, parallel to the border of the valve,
and separated by smooth, flattened interspaces. Hinge-structure and other
internal characters unknown.
This small shell is scarcely more than a sixteenth of an inch in diameter,
and the species is represented, so far as I know, by only a single left valve,
imbedded in the clay in which it was found. The entire aspect of the
specimen is that of a young Crassatella, and I am much inclined to think
it is one, though I cannot demonstrate this opinion without risking the
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MARLS. 125
loss of the only example, and that a borrowed one. The specimen is marked
on the card in Mr. Conrad's handwriting, Oouldia se]}tenaria, but as I can find
no such name in use, and as the specimen corresponds somewhat with the
figure and description of G. decemnaria, I presume it to be a mistake in
writing the label. The figure given by Mr. Conrad is much too pointed and
more triangular than the shell would warrant, but in making figures so
small as that which he gives, these differences can hardly be avoided.
Formation and locality. — In the micaceous clays of the Lower Marls at
Haddonfield, New Jersey. Borrowed from the collection of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Gouldia Conradi, n. sp.
Plate XVIII, Figs. 1-3.
Shell small, the largest specimen observed not exceeding three-six-
teenths of an inch in its greatest diameter. Valves subtriangular, approach-
ing a quadrangular outline by the truncation of the posterior extremity,
which gives the valves when seen from the exterior much the form and
character of a young CrassateUa, which is also added to by their moderate
convexity. Beaks small and pointed. Anterior and posterior sides of the
cardinal margin straight, forming a Uttle more than a right angle with each
other, the posterior side being nearly one-half longer than the anterior,
and the basal line somewhat regularly rounded. Surface of the shell
marked by concentric undulations, which are abruptly bent in crossing the
umbonal ridge. Posterior umbonal slope flattened. Lunule rather long
and narrow. Substance of the shell thin. Ligamental pit of the hinge
small in the left valve, and the posterior cardinal tooth-cavity lineai- and
extending nearly the entire length of the cardinal border. In the right
valve the pit is larger and the anterior lateral tooth-cavity more strongly
marked. Muscular scars and pallial line distinctly marked in the right
valve (figured), but much less strongly so in the left one, which is thinner
in substance, although a slightly larger valve.
I find no description or figure answering to this shell, and suppose it
to have been hitherto undescribed, although it has existed among some
miscellaneous material from Haddonfield; N. J., in the collection of the
126 I'AL^OifTOLOGY OF JSEW JEESEY.
Acudemy of Natural Sciences for some time. Its general appearance
externally is very much that of a young Crassatella, but the interior shows
distinctl}" that it is not.
Formation and locality. — In the micaceous clays below the Lower Marls
at Haddonfield, New Jersey. Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia.
Gouldia declivis.
Plate XVIII, Fig. 11.
Goulclia declivis Conrad. Am. Jour. Goncli., Vol. V, PI. IX, Fig. 5.
j\Ir. Conrad's description of this species is as follows : " Minute, trian-
gular, compressed, equilateral, summit acute ; posterior extremity angular ;,
disk with numerous very regular, close concentric lines Locality .- Had-
donfield, N. J."
I have sought, in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadel|)hia, among the specimens from this locality, for Mr. Conrad's type-
of this species, but was not able to find it. Being so small, it has prob-
ably been lost. No other specimen corresponding to the figure and descrip-
tion has been observed so far as I am aware, but it will probably be found
and recognized if at any time the locality at Haddonfield should be opened
and carefully examined. At present the pits are not in a condition to fur-
nish any material whatever. I have copied Mr. Conrad's figure as care-
fullj' as possible, further enlarged, so that an idea of the character of the
shell can be obtained from it. The original specimen was only about one-
sixteenth of an inch wide.
Grouldia parilis.
Plate XVIII, Figs. 12 and 13.
Astarte paralis Con. J. A. :N". Sci., Phil., 2d ser.. Vol. II, p. 276, PI. XXIV, Fig. 16.
Gabb, Synopsis, p. 100. Meek, Check-list, p. 11.
Gouldia paralis (Con.) Meek. Geol. Snrv. K J., 1868, p. 726.
I have not been able to find any specimen from the Cretaceous strata
of New Jersey corresponding exactly to this species, nor have I been able
to find Mr. Conrad's type specimen. I have, therefore, copied his figure as-
LAMELLIBIIANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 127
near as it is practicable to do so, but it is highly unsatisfactory. The fol-
lowing is Mr. Conrad's description : " Small, triangular, equilateral, com-
pressed ; basal margin regularly rounded ; angles of the end margins situ-
ated at about equal distances from the apex and base ; disk concentrically
undiilated." I have seen only a single very imperfect impression of a small
shell from the dark-colored micaceous clays at Mr. Schank's pits near Marl-
borough, N. J., which bears any relations to Mr. Conrad's figure. Of this-
1 have given a figure taken from a gutta-percha cast in the natural mold.
It is a very small species, not more, than thi'ee-eighths of an inch in its-
extreme height, and the surface bears six or seven very strong undulations,
much stronger than would be indic^.ted by Mr. Conrad's figure. I had
supposed this might possibly be an imprint of Vetocardia {Astarte) octoUrata
Gabb (Jour. A. N. S., 4, 394, C8, 27), but it diff'ers somewhat in being more
triangular in form, that one being quadrangular and looking in the figure'
given very like a young Crassatella.
Formation and locality. — Mr. Conrad's specimen was from Monmouth
County, New Jersey, which is not a very definite locality, while that above'
referred to is from Marlborough, New Jersey, from Mr. Lockwood's col-
lection.
Genus VETERICAEDIA Conrad.
(Proc. A. Nat. Sci., Phil., 1872, p. 52 = Vetocardia Conrad. Am. J. Conch., Vol. IV,-
p. 246, and Vol. V, p. 48.)
Vetericardia octolirata.
Astarte octolirata Gabb. J. A. N. Sci., new series, Vol. IV, p. 394, PI. LXVIII, f. 27.
Synopsis, p. 100. Meek, Check-list, p. 11.
Vetocardia octolirata (Gabb) Meek. Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 726.
This species was originally described by Mr. Gabb from specimens-
found at Eufaula, Ala., and subsequently catalogued as from New Jersey in
his synopsis. Mr Meek probably followed him in his identification of it
as a New Jersey species in his list in the Geological Report of 1868. I
have not seen specimens of it from within the State, nor do I know of it
occurring there from any reliable soui-ce. The figure given by Mr. Gabb
(loc. cit.) would lead one to suppose it might be a young individual of a
si^ecies of Crassatella, and there is no feature mentioned in his description
of it ^vhich might not equally apply to such an Individual, but he does not
128 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY.
mention anything of the interior. The figure given by Mr. Gabb is so
poor that, being of a specimen occurring outside of the State Hmits, I have
not deemed it worth while copying, and think it highly improbable that it
will be satisfactorily recognized as a New Jersey species.
Vetericardia crenulirata.
Plate XVIII, Figs. 5-7.
Astarte crenulirata Lea. Proc. A. N. Sci., 1861, p. 150. Conrad, J. A. N. Sci., new-
series, Vol. lY, p. 282, PI. XLVI, Pig. 25. Gabb, Syuops., p. 100. Meek,
Check-list, p. 11.
Gouldia? crenulirata (Con.) Meek. Geol. Surv. N". J., 1868, p. 726.
Astarte eorbicula Conrad. Am. J. Conch., Vol. Ill, p. 12.
Fetocardia crenulirata Con. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. V, ]). 43, PI. I, Fig. 23, p. 48.
Vetericardia cremilirata Conrad. Proc. A. N. S., Phil., 1872, p. 52, PI. I, Fig. 4.
Shell small, not exceeding one-fourth of an inch in length in adult in-
dividuals, subtriangular or broadly subelliptical in outline, with very ven-
tricose valves and proportionally large, suberect beaks, which are situated a
little in advance of the middle. Surface marked by from thirteen to eight-
een concentric varices, according to the size of the shell, wliich gradually
increase in strength with increased growth of the shell. These become obso-
lete at the margin of the proportionally large and deeply impressed lunule.
Interspaces flattened at the bottom, and about as wide as the sharply ele-
vated varices. There are also fine, but distinct elevated radiating lines cross-
ing the ridges and interspaces, becoming much stronger on the spaces than
on the ridges. In the interior the muscular imprints are faintly marked and
of moderate size, and the margin of the valves is strongly and deeply cren-
ulated by the radiating ridges. Hinge-plate moderately strong and the
teeth well marked.
This is a very pretty and well-marked species. The hinge structure
would seem to warrant its removal from the genus Astarte, but it does not
correspond with Gouldia any better, as was thought by Mr. Meek, and Mr.
Conrad subsequently proposed the genus Vetocardia for its reception, whicli
lie afterwards changed to Vetericardia. Mr. Lea seems to have first described
it, aS' is indicated by Mr. Conrad's reference in the American Journal of
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 129
Concliolog}^, Vol. Ill, p. 12, although he did not figure it. As Mr. Conrad
was doubtless familiar with Mr. Lea's types, which I have not seen to know
them as such, he was undoubtedly correct in the identification.
Formation and locality. — In the micaceous clays below the Lower Green
Marls at Haddonfield, New Jersey. Borrowed from the collection of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
LUCINID^.
Genus LUCHsTA Burg.
Lucina cretacea.
Plate XVIII, Figs. 23-25.
Gyclas cretacea Oonrad. ITame fouud on label in collection. Species figured by Con-
rad, without name or description, in Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. V, PI. IX, Fig.
14, and hinge on opposite side of plate.
Shell rather below a medium size, subcircular in outline, with the an-
terior and posterior cardinal margins forming a very bi'oad angle (140° to
160°) with each other; giving in some instances a nearly straight hinge-
line, with the rather small, pointed beaks slightly, projecting beyond the
line, and a slight excavation in front, formed by the depression of the very
narrow lumile ; while behind the beaks the ligament is deeply sunken be-
tween the projecting shell margins. Surface of the shell marked by strong
lamellose concentric lines, which are rather distant, and where there has been
no wearing or abrasion they sometimes roll backward, and form a hollow
rounded concentric ridge. On the posterior side the shell is marked by a
rather deep constriction passing from the beak to the posterior margin just
behind the umbonal ridge, or sometimes giving a sunken postero-cardinal
area. In the interior the muscular markings are very deep and strong, and
the hinge-plate narrow, the right valve being characterized by a single
cardinal tooth, which is grooved on the surface, and by an anterior pit.
The shell was found in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences of Philadelphia with a label marked "Cyclas (Klein) Cretacea,
Conrad," apparently in Mr. Conrad's own handwriting, with the locality,
"Haddonfield," and on the plate cited above are two figures of the shell;
4418 MON 9 9
130 PALiEONTOLOGT OF NEW JEESET.
but I can find no description of the species or reference to the figures, and
I presume none were ever written. I have, however, retained Mr. Conrad's
specific name, although it cannot belong to the genus Cyclas of Klein if we
are to accept Lucina divaricata as the type of the group as given by many
authors. With regard to the true generic relations of the shell I am not
certain, but it seems to possess the characters of Lucina dentifera Jonas, as
given in Chenu's Manual, so far as they can be ascertained from the very
imperfect material, not having the lateral teeth developed to any perceptible
extent.
Formation and locality. — In the micaceous clays below the Lower Marls
at Haddonfield, New Jersey.
Lucina Smockana, n. sp.
Plate XVIII, Figs. 21 and 22.
Shell of about a medium size, nearly circular in outline, as shown on
internal casts, with comparatively ventricose valves and evidences of a
somewhat thickened shell. Fillings of the rostral cavities distant, directed
gently forward and almost centrally situated in reference to the outline of
the shell ; also with appearances of a deep, rather wide, lunular area and a
moderate inflection of the valves along the ligamental groove. Muscular
scars of moderate size, the anterior ones reniform, as long again as wide ;
the posterior one longer and proportionally naiTower ; pallial line entire,
well marked, and situated near the margin of the valves, and from its indent-
ation on the cast would indicate a considerable thickening of the shell just
outside of its limit. Along the posterior umbonal slope there is a broad,
distinct furrow on the cast, showing the existence of a decided furrow below
the postero-cardinal margin. Hinge characters and surface structure of the
shell unknown.
A single well-preserved cast, of one and five-eighths inches diameter,
occurs in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
giving the features above described. The specimen has been studied by
some one, and marked on its surface in ink "Dosinia, N. J.," showing
its source to be from this State. The want of sinus in the pallial line
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OP THE LOWER MAELS. 131
forbids its reference to the genus Bosinia. I can find no described species
answering to its characters, and have therefore considered it as new.
Formation and locality. — The character of the cast would indicate that
it had been derived from the Lower Marls, and probably from Freehold,
although there is no evidence further than its character by which to
locate it.
CHAMID^.
Genus DIOEEAS Lam.
Diceras dactyloides, n. sp.
Plate XVIII, Figs. 26 and 27.
A cast of a single valve of what appears to be without question a Dice-
ras occurs in the collection. It is rather slender in its proportions, and
makes nearly two-thirds of a volution in its curvature, and is apparently a
cast of a left valve, judging from the curvature of the beak. The muscu-
lar scar is very large, and has been deeply impressed in the shell, as the
scar is considerably raised on the cast and is nearly half as long as the cast
itself. On its front margin there is the filling of a deep groove, which is
longitudinally marked with lamellose striae, from the edges of the shell
lamellse ; and on the opposite side of the cast occurs a flattened surface from
the thickening of the shell below the hinge-tooth, probably.
Tlie striations on the filling of the groove bordering the muscular im-
print would lead one to suspect the cast might be of a valve of Caprina,
but their lamellose character somewhat denies this reference, and the gen-
eral character of the specimen would rather indicate a Diceras. The speci-
men is quite obscure, besides being the only one known, and consequently
affords almost no means of comparison with previously described species.
It, however, appears much more slender in its proportions than the species
known from Texas and other southern localities, as well as more strongly
enrolled.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls, at Bruere's pits
near Walnford, on Crosswicks Creek, Monmouth County, New Jersey.
132 PA-L^ONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESET.
CARDIID^.
Genus CAEDIUM Linn.
Cardium Eufaulensis.
Plate XX, Figs. 17-19.
Cardium Uufmilensis Conrad. J. A. N. S., Phil., 2d series, Yol. IV, p. 282, PI. LXVI,
Fig. 12. Gabb, Synop. Cret. Form., p. 106. Meek, Check-list Smith. Inst.,
p. 12.
€. (Trachycardium) Eufaulensis Meek. Geol. Eept. New Jersey, 1868, p. 726.
Gabb, P. A. Nat. Sci., Phil., 1876, p. 310.
Acantlwcardiuni Eufaulensis (Conrad) Stoliczka. Pal. Indica, p. 215.
Shell of rather more than medium size when fully grown, very ventri-
cose in profile and obliquely broad-ovate in outline, with a decided straight-
ening of the posterior margin. Beaks large, prominent, and incurved.
Surface marked by about forty strong, rounded, closely-arranged, radiating
ribs, which have a rather decided posterior curvature in their direction
toward the margin, and increase pretty uniformly in size and strength from
the anterior to the posterior of the shell.
On an internal cast which I have referred to this species the cardinal
teeth have been strong and very prominent; the antiero-laterals have been
moderately developed, but the postero-laterals do not seem to have been
strongly marked.
The specimens examined from New Jersey are either casts or par-
tially exfoliated, so that the surface features are not definitely known. The
species has been variously referred to different sections of the genus, but
the specimens which I have seen will not aff'ord the means of determin-
ing its position.
Formation and locality. — In coarse dark-colored marls of the Lower Bed
near Holmdel, New Jersey. Collected by Rev. Dr. Riley.
Cardium Ripleyanum.
Plate XX, Fig. 14.
Cardium Ripleyanum Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. V, p. 96, PI. IX, Fig. 6.
Not Cardium Bipleyense Conrad. Jour. A. N. Sci., Vol. Ill, new series, p. 326.
Mr. Conrad's description of this species is as follows: " Suborbicular,
equilateral, ventricose; ribs 21, broad anteriorly, narrow posteriorly; inter-
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 133
stices crossed by prominent lines. Locality — Haddonfield, N. J." I have
seen only a few casts and one or two impressions of this shell in iron-stone
nodviles from Keyport, N. J. The shell is minute, scarcely measuring
more than an eighth of an inch in diameter, erect with rather prominent
pointed beaks. Outline somewhat circular, or a little higher than wide,
ventricose, and with from eighteen to twenty or twenty -two prominent ribs,
which are most prominent on the anterior parts of the shell. I have not
been able to see fully the hinge characters, but there is evidence of a single
strong tooth beneath the beaks. The general aspect of the shell, however,
is more that of Cardita than of Cardium*
Formation and locality. — In the iron-stone nodules found in clays at
Keyport and vicinity, associated with Inoceramus, Scapharca, Pteria, Cymella,
and other Cretaceous shells.
Cardium Ripleyense Conrad.
(Jour. A. K Sci., Phil., Vol. Ill, p. 326.)
This species is not cited from any locality, nor is it figured in any
place so far as I can ascertain. The species according to the original
description would fall under the division Criocardium Conrad, if accepted,
so would not be quite a synonym of Cardium Bipleyanum Conrad, herein
described. Mr. Conrad's description of the present species is as follows:
"A small cordate species, with minute equal radii, between each of which
is a series of comparatively long hair-like spines." I have seen no specimens
which will answer to these characters.
Genns CEIOCAEDIUM Conrad, 1870.
Cardium (Criocardium) dumosum.
Plate XX, Figa. 9-13.
Cardium dumosum Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 75.
Criocardium dumosum Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 75.
• Shell of medium size, ventricose, with moderately large erect beaks,
strongly enrolled. Shell but little oblique and very broadly ovate in outline,
* Since writing the above I have seen a single imperfect valve of this speciea from Haddonfield,
N. J., preserving some of the shell. The characters are exactly as those given above, while the concen-
tric lines crossing the ribs are mnch stronger, forming minute lamellfe, but not spines in any sense of
the word.
134 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
the posterior side very slightly straightened, and the hinge-margin only
slightly arcuate. Umbones slightly gibbous, with the posterior umbonal
slope just perceptibly more abrupt than the anterior side and of about
equal width. Surface of the cast marked near the border of the valves by
moderately strong crenulations, of which about six may be counted in the
space of a fourth of an inch on the basal margin of the specimen figured.
The cast as compared with that referred to C. muUiradiakim Gabb is less
ventricose, with less abrupt postero-cardinal slopes, smaller and less elevated
beaks, and a proportionally broader and less arcuate hinge-border; and
the indications of striae on the surface somewhat coarser. The surface of
the shell which I have supposed to belong to this species, both from the
form of the shell as indicated by the cast and in the matrix from which the
surface is obtained, and from indications of the ribs on the posterior side of
the cast figured, has been covered by radiating ribs, which are smooth and
flattened on the surface, and are characterized by rows of short spines or
granules in the depressions between; every third depression bearing spines,
and the two intermediate ones having granules only on the body of the
shell, with sometimes a single row only between the rows of spines on the
sides of the valves. The spines are only moderately long, and appear to
have been slightly recurved and laterally compressed, while the granules
are rounder and arranged more closely, there being from three to six in the
distance between the spines. This character of surface is very distinctive
as compared with that referred to C. muUiradiatum, where every rib has
its spines, though mostly arranged on the sides instead of exactly in the
depression, as in this case. I cannot find that any figure has been given of
the species by the author, but from the nature of his reference to the form
of C. muUiradiatum in his description, cannot doubt the correctness of the
reference here made.*
Formation and locality. — The specimens on which I have founded this
species are marked as from near Burlington, New Jersey, and are in the
* Subsequently I obtained from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia
specimens preserving the shell, marked "Haddonfield, N. J.," on which the character of the surface as
described above is clearly shown. One of these is labeled Cardiani dumosam Conrad, subgenus Cardea,
and the other C. (Track.) Alabamiensis, Gabb. The former in Mr. Conrad's handwriting, and the latter
in Mr. Gabb's, so far as I can determine. They are, however, both the same species, and both individ-
uals are figured on one plate.
LAMELLIBEANOHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS, . 135
collection at Rutgers College, New Brunswick, while Mr. Conrad's speci-
mens were from Haddonfield, New Jersey, near Philadelphia. All of these
localities are in the Lower Grreen Marls.
Cardium (Ciiocardium) multiradiatum.
Plate XXI, Figs. 1-3.
Cardium multiradiatum Gabb. Jour. A. IsT. Sci. Phil., 2d series. Vol. IV, p. 395.
Criocardium multiradiatum (Gabb) Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 75, PI.
LXVIII, Fig. 29. Meek, Check-list, and Catal. in Geol. Eept. N. J., 1863.
Shell globularly ovate, extremely ventricose and cordate, v/ith large,
prominent, nearly erect beaks, which are strongly incurved, but moderately
distant in the casts, valves gibbously convex and perceptibly more promi-
nent, but not angular along the posterior umbonal region ; the posterior slope
being perceptibly more abrupt than the opposite side of the valves. Basal
margin of the shell rounded, the posterior side perceptibly more straight-
ened and the anterior round; the whole valve being very slightly oblique.
Muscular imprints large but not strong ; cardinal tooth, as indicated by the
imprint left on the valve, large and strong; lateral tooth unknown; inner
margin of the shell crenulate, and slightly marked for a very short distance
by the ribs. The exterior surface, which I have supposed to belong to this
shell, as indicated in a matrix, has been marked by fine, closely set, and car-
inate ribs, the interstices between which are characterized by closely arranged
and laterally compressed recurved spines, which are distant but little more
than their own width from each other, and are often placed on the side of
the rib.
Among the specimens which have usually been referred to this species
from the Lower Green Marls are three very distinct species; but I have
retained for this one that which is mosi finely and closely marked, on account
of the signification of the specific name. Two of the forms are short-
ovate and the third one elongate-ovate. This species, here considered, is
the most ventricose of the two former, and it is also somewhat less in its
antero-posterior dimensions as compared with the height from the beaks to
the basal margin. It will be somewhat difiicult to distinguish specifically
between them in the casts, but the surface is so very distinct that it will not
136 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY.
answer to include them longer under the same specific name. The other spe-
cies, having alternately one or two small ribs with closely set spines or ele-
vated granules between, and coarser ribs, with distant, strong spines, cannot
easily be mistaken when the surface, or matrix, is examined. The figure given
by Mr Gabb, cited above, is so poor that it cannot be satisfactorily deter-
mined which of these it was taken from. Both species are apparently
members of the group Tracliycardium of Morch, 1852; while the present
one would fall under the genus Criocardium, proposed by T. A. Conrad in
1870, and the other one into Granocardmm, proposed by "W. M. Gabb in the
Palseont. of California, Vol. II. Mr. F. Stoliczka, in the Palseont. Indica, rather
condemns both of these genera as being uncalled-for, with which idea I fully
concur. The features make perfectly good specific distinctions among the
ribbed forms of the CardiidcB, but to make generic distinctions of every slight
surface variation to which such shells are liable ought not to be tolerated.
Formation and locality. — The species has been recognized in the Lower
Green Marls at Holmdel, Monmouth, Freehold, and Burlington, New Jer-
sey; and Mr. Gabb's typical form seems to have been from Eufaula, Ala-
bama It also occurs at Prairie Bluff, Alabama. The figured specimen is
in the collection ot the American Museum of Natural History. Others are
at Rutgers College.
Genus PEOTOOARDIUM Beyrich.
Cardium (Protocardium) perelougatum, n. sp.
Plate XX, Figs. 20 and 21, and PI. XXI, Figs. 4 and 5.
Comp. Cardium Spillmani, Conrad. Jour. A. N. Sci., 2d series. Vol. Ill, p. 326, PI.
XXXIV, Fig. 3. Ibid., Vol. IV, p. 275 = Lcevicardium Spillmani (Con.)
Meek, Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 727.
Shell somewhat above a medium size, and very much elongated from
beak to base, even in internal casts; the diameter in this direction being one-
half greater than the antero-posterior diameter. Valves very ventricose,
with strongly inflated umbones and strong, elevated, moderately incurved
beaks, which are distinctly curved forward even in the cast. Hinge-line
shoii, highly arched. Posterior side of the shell short and abrupt; the
margin somewhat straightened. Anterior side rounded, but much shorter
LAMELLIBEANOHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 137
from the base of the shell to the hinge than the opposite side. Surface of the
valves marked on the posterior side with strong rounded ribs, but appar-
ently not extending quite to the crest of the umbonal ridge, the anterior
side of the valve being marked only by irregular concentric strise. In-
terior margin of the shell crenulate on the ribbed part of the valve, but
apparently not beyond it. From the appearance of internal casts the car-
dinal teeth have not been particularly strong, but the laterals on the anterior
side have been large and thick, with considerable height; postero-laterals
somewhat smaller. Muscular imprints large. In one large specimen they
are faintly marked, but in another smaller individual they have been quite
deep on the anterior side. On the posterior side the shells seem to have
been impressed from the margin of the imprints to near the beaks.
This shell is next to the largest species of Cardium known in the Cre-
taceous of New Jersey. The internal casts somewhat resemble those
which I have referred to C. Eufaulensis Conrad, but they may be distin-
guished by the total absence of ribs on the central and anterior parts of
the valve and by the want of crenulations left on the cast by the ribs
along the junction of the valves; also by the curvature of the beaks toward
the anterior side of the shell, whereas those of that species are straight.
The inequality in the height of the anterior and posterior sides of the shell
will also serve as a distinguishing mark. It is closely allied to C. {Pacliycar-
dium) Spillmani Conrad, from Tippah County, Mississippi, but I cannot think
it is identical, as it answers neither to the description nor figure given of that
species. The type of that species figured was badly crushed and distorted,
but it shows very distinctly that it had been a broader shell, with broad,
flattened ribs on the posterior side, which were separated by flattened inter-
spaces of more than equal width. I have been unable to see an authentic
specimen of G. Spillmani with which to compare it, however. This shell is
not uncommon in New Jersey, and so far I never have found it labeled,
except in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-
phia, where it is marked in Mr. Gabb's handwriting as "possibly not Spill-
mani." As both Mr. Gabb and Mr. Conrad frequently handled the speci-
mens, I think had they considered it identical it would have been so marked.
Still it is difficult to conceive why they did not describe it.
138 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Grreen Sands of the Cretaceous
at Cream Ridge and MuUica Hill, New Jersey; and I have seen one very
fine internal cast from Delaware.
Genus PAOHYCAEDIUM Courad, 1870.
(Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. V, p. 96.)
Pachycardiuin Burlingtonense, n. sp.
Plate XXI, Figs. 6 and 7.
Shell large and extremely ventricose, with large, strong, prominent,
and somewhat inflated beaks, which are strongly incurved and approxi-
mate. Valves inequilateral, the posterior side of the hinge line very much
elevated, and the postero-cardinal portion of the valves somewhat lobed;
height greater than the width; anterior side of the valves rounded from the
hinge to the basal border; base regularly rounded, and the posterior side
somewhat straightened. Surface marked on the umbonal slope and pos-
terior side, extending to beyond the center of the valves by strong radii,
those along the umbonal slope being the strongest and of more than an
eighth of an inch in width on the type example. Other parts of the sur-
face marked by concentric lines which do not appear to have been strongly
marked. Hinge teeth very strong, their details cannot be determined from
the specimen. Muscular scars very large and deeply marked, projecting
on the cast, the posterior one largest.
This shell has been retained in the collection of the Academy of
Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, under the name C. Spillmani. The shell
is, however, quite different in many particulars. It is not so elongate by
considerable, and the posterior side is distinctly lobed, and the form much
higher on the shoulder. The surface is radiated as far as the middle of the
valve, or beyond; although on the cast the markings are quite faint. In
its short, broad form and high postero-cardinal margin it is strongly marked.
Formation and locality. — The specimen is marked with ink, on its sur-
face, "N. Jersey," and has all the lithological features of specimens from
near Burlington, New Jersey, being most likely from that place.
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OP THE LOWEE MARLS. 139
Genus PULVIA Grey, 1847.
Fulvia tenuis, n. ep.
Plate XX, Fig. 8.
Shell rather small, but little exceeding an inch in length by about half
that height; transversely elliptical in outline, and but moderately convex.
Beaks very small, appressed, and but very sHghtly projecting beyond the
hinge margin. Anterior end of the shell the shortest, obtusely pointed, or
sharply rounded at its extremity, which is situated much above the middle
of the height; posterior end more broadly rounded; basal hue strongly
arcuate and rapidly ascending toward the anterior part. Hinge-line but
little declining on either side of the beak. Surface of the valve marked by
radiating plications which are very fine at the anterior end, and gradually
increase in strength to the extreme posterior margin, where they must have
been fully one-sixteenth of an inch wide (the shell being broken at this
point). Plications flattened obliquely, so as to give the anterior side a
much greater abruptness and only about one-third the width of the pos-
terior side. A few concentric undulations mark the surface, and very fine
concentric striae cover the entire shell.
This is the first species of this section of the Cardiidce which I remem-
ber to have seen from the Cretaceous formations. But I think there can be
no doubt as to the correctness of the generic reference, although the hinge
features are not observable. It has somewhat the appearance of a Linearia
Conrad, but difi'ers in its general form, and particularly so in the regular
increase in strength of the striae, which will readily distinguish it from
specimens of that genus found in the New Jersey beds.
Formation and locality. — A single shghtly imperfect valve (partial cast)
occurs in the cabinet at Rutgers College, marked " Holmdel, Monmouth
Co., N. J.," and had been labeled " Pholadompa.''
Genus FEAGUM Bolton.
Fragum tenuistriatum, u . sp.
Plate XX, Fig. 15.
Shell below a medium size, irregularly trapezoidal or sub-triangular in
outline, highly ventricose and sharply angular along the posterior umbonal
140 PALEONTOLOGY OP NEW JEESET.
ridge, with a nearly vertical postero-cardinal slope. Beaks large, promi-
nent and attenuated, projecting considerable above the hinge-line. Anterior
side of the shell short and regularly rounded; posterior vertically trun-
cate and the basal line oblique, being prolonged below toward the pos-
terior umbonal angle. Surface marked, on the body of the shell at least,
by very fine, semi-obsolete, radiating striae, the posterior cardinal slope not
showing evidences of striations on the cast, the only condition under which
it has been observed. Hinge features unknown.
The shell has all the generic features of the genus Fragum, as far as
can be determined from the external form, while the striations of the surface
are much finer than is usually the case; but no ornamentation can be de-
tected on the striations, and the features of the hinge are not visible. It is
the only form of similar character yet known to me in the formations of
the state.
Formation and locality. — In the lower micaceoiis clays beneath the
Lower Marls, at the Rev. Gr. C. Schanck's pits, Marlborough, New Jersey.
In Professor Lockwood's collection.
Genus LEIOPISTHA Meek.
Leiopistha protexta.
Plate XX, Figs. 1-3.
Cardium proiextum Gomad. J. A. N. S., Phil., 2d ser., Vol. II, p. 275, pi. XXIV, Fig. 12.
Fapyridea elegantula Gabb. Synop., p. 108. Not of EoBiner.
P. protexta (Conrad) Meek. Smith. Inst., Oheck-list, p. 12.
Leiopistha protexta (Con.) Meek. Geol. Eept. N. Jersey, 1868, p. 726.
Conrad. Geol. Eept. N. Car. (Kerr's), Append., p. 28.
Fragilia protexta Conrad. J. A. N. S., 2d sen, Vol. IV, p. 275.
Shell of moderate size, seldom attaining the length of one and one-
fourth inches ; broadly ovate in outline, with strongly inflated valves.
Beaks large, prominent, enrolled, usually nearly in contact with each other
at their apices, and situated but a little in advance of the middle of the
length of the shell. Surface marked by about twenty-four or twenty-six
radiating ribs in the larger individuals, with a small space on the posterior
end of the shell apparently destitute of radii. In the casts the ribs are
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MARLS. l4l
sharply defined, being somewhat angular on the crest, with rounded de-
pressions between, and are of nearly equal strength on all parts in some
individuals, while on others they gradually increase in number and fineness
toward the anterior end.
This species may be readilj^ distinguished from L. inflata, herein de-
scribed, by its longer fonn, less inflated valves, smaller beaks, and strongly
marked ribs. It difFersfrom L. elegantula {Cardium elegantula Romer, Kreid.
von Texas, p. 48, PI. Ill, Fig. h) in being a little more ventricose, with less
distant ribs, and is without the broad flattened interspaces figured as exist-
ing in that species. Mr. Gabb, however, in his Synopsis cites them as iden-
tical.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Grreen Marls at Holmdel, New
Jersey, and also in the white limestone near that place. It also occurs at
Burlington, New Jersey, at the same horizon. The species is also quite
common in the white limestones of the Cretaceous at Prairie Bluff, Ala-
bama. In the collection of the American Museum of Natural History in
New York there is a shell from Eufaula, Alabama, which closely resembles
this species, except that it has not been quite so much inflated, and the ribs
are less prominent, while the posterior end of the shell is entirely destitute
of radiating costse for a much wider space than has been the case with the
New Jersey specimen.
Leiopistba elegantula.
Not figured.
Cardium elegantula Ecemer. Kreid. von Texas, p. 48, Tab. V, Fig. 5.
Fragilia elegantula (Ecem.) Conrad. J. A. N. S., Phil., Vol. IV, p. 275.
Papyridea elegantula Gabb. Synopsis, pp. 106 and 162.
Mr. Conrad, in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phil-
adelphia, 2d series. Vol. IV, p. 275, cites this species as coming from New
Jersey, and gives it as one of the evidences of the synchronysm of the
Tippah County, Mississippi, and Eufaula, Ala., beds with the Lower Green
Marls of the New Jersey deposits. Among the specimens observed from
New Jersey there are three distinct species of this group of shells, and of L.
protexta, a variety possessing very much finer ribs than the normal form, the
142 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
difference being very marked. But among them all I find no individual
answering in character to that figured by Dr. Romer as above cited, and
think it very doubtful if the species really occurs in the New Jersey beds.
Leiopistha inflata, n. sp.
Plate XX, Figs. 4 and 5.
Shell rather smaller than those of L. protexta Conrad, and very ventri-
cose, with exceedingly large and inflated beaks, which are nearly central,
very strongly incurved, and in close contact. Length of the shell only
abo'ut' 6ne-fourth or one-fifth longer than high, and the thickness through
the valves nearly or quite equaling the height. Anterior end but little
shorter than the posterior, and more narrowly rounded. Surface of the
casts marked by numerous low, nearly flattened, indistinct radii, which in-
crease in fineness anteriorly, and are obsolete on the posterior cardinal
slope.
This species is quite readily distinguished from L. protexta by its shorter
and more ventricose form, more strongly inflated beaks, which are larger
and much more prominent. The less strongly marked ribs is also a marked
feature. It is not sufficiently near any of the other described species to be
readily mistaken. It is most nearly allied in form to L. (Papyridea) hella
Conrad (J. A. N. S., Phil., 2d ser., Vol. Ill, p. 326), but that one is described
as having prominent angular ribs, which are tiiberculated on some parts of
the shell which these were not.
Formation and locality. — In the light-colored calcareous marls of the
Lower Green Marls at Holmdel, New Jersey.
Genus OYMELLA Meek.
Cyraella Meeki.
Plate XX, Figs. 6 and 7.
Gymella MeeU Whitf. Palteont. Black Hills, p. 418, PI. XI, Figs. 27 and 28. Ext. p.
Shell of moderate size, transversely oval or ovate, about once and a half
as long as high. Valves strongly convex, with large, somewhat prominent
beaks, situated much nearer the anterior end. Shell nearly erect, and a
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 143
little wider at the anterior end than behind. Extremities of the valves
nearly equally rounded and the base regularly curved. Cardinal line
long behind the beaks, and the margin inflected forming a narrow, linear,
escutcheon-like area. Surface of the shell marked by strong and regularly
rounded and regularly increasing undulations parallel to the border of the
valves. These are crossed by distant radiating ribs, which are strong and
vertical in the middle of the valve or opposite the beaks, and become
gradually fainter and finer toward the posterior end, apparently becoming
obsolete just below the cardinal border, and also before reaching the anterior
cardinal margin. These radiating ribs, on the central parts of the shell
especially, cut up the surface into rounded nodes by forming depi'essions
across the concentric undulations. Surface of the shell and hinge-structure
not seen, as the specimens are all in the condition of casts in a fine mica-
ceous marl.
Mr. F. B. Meek, in his Invert. Pal. U. S. Geol. Surv. Territ, p. 237,
cites this species as Cymella bella Conrad, Geol. Rept. North Carolina,
Appendix, p. 10, PI. II, Fig. 9. This, however, cannot be, as that species
has the radii confined to the central portions of the valves, while in this
one they extend over nearly or quite the entire shell. Mr. Conrad states in
his description of G. bella that he had the shell itself under examination,
which of course would possess the surface marking more completely than
would a cast such as these found in New Jersey. These specimens, more-
over, correspond in nearly all particulars with those from the Black Hills
described in the report of that district. The genus Cymella appears to be
very closely related to Plioladomya, and to possess nearly the characters of
Poromya Forbes, with which Dr. Stoliczka seems to think is synonymous,
while Mr. Conrad thinks it quite distinct. As I have not been able to see
the hinge on any of the New Jersey specimens, I cannot give an opinion of
its validity.
Locality and position. — In the fine micaceous marls or clays beneath
the Lower Green Sands at Marlborough, Monmouth County, New Jersey,
in the collection of the Rev. G. C. Schanck, and from the iron nodules from
near Keyport, New Jersey, in the collection at Columbia College, New
York.
144 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
CYPRINIDiE.
Genus VENIELLA Stoliczka.
Veniella Conradi.
Plate XIX, Figs. 8-10.
Vmilia Conradi Morton. Synopsis, p. 67, PI. Vni, Figs. 1 and 2. Gabb, Synop., 177.
Meek, Check-list, p. 13. Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 727.
Veniella Conradi (Mort.) Stoliczka. Pal. Indica, Vol. Ill, p. 190. Meek, Pal. Invert.
Territ., p. 148.
Comp. V. {Ooniosoma) inflata Con. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. V, p. 44, PL I, fig. 10.
Com. V. elevata Con. Am. Jour. Couch., Vol. VI, p. 74, PI, III, Fig. 7.
Shell, as found in New Jersey, small to medium size, but as found in
Texas and neighboring States often quite large. Rhombic, trapezoidal
or subquadrate in outline, very ventricose and sharply angular on the
umbonal ridges, with large, prominent, incurved beaks, situated far interior
and quite approximate. Hinge-line more or less curved and strongly
bent beneath the beaks; posterior end truncate, showing a greater or less
width in different individuals, often quite angular at the cardinal angle in
3'ounger shells, but more or less rounded in older specimens. Basal line
gently curved and the anterior end obtusely rounded, longest below the
center and largely excavated beneath the beaks, although but slightly
projecting beyond them. Surface of the shell marked by strong concentric
varices, which in the younger shells are broad concave furrows with sharp
ridges, very distant and only three or four in number in medium sized
individuals. In the older specimens these often become less marked, and
in many of the Southern shells are nearly obsolete. The interior of the
shell is seldom seen in the New Jersey marls, where it mostly exists as
internal or partially external casts, but from the more Southern localities it
is obtained preserving the substance of the shell and showing the hinge-
features very distinctly.
The species is a strongly marked one, and is not easily confounded
with but one other shell found in the New Jersey beds, namely, CarcUta
decisa Morton. From this one it may be distinguished by the presence of
the surface undulations, the more angular umbonal ridge, more abrupt
umbonal slope, and smaller and less enrolled beaks, which ai'e more erect,
LAMELLIBEAKCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MARLS. 145
those of that species being directed forward. There is a close resemblance
between this shell and the V. trigona Gabb. Indeed they might quite read-
ily be confounded, and may perhaps be identical; but the specimens referred
to the latter species never show anything of the undulations of the surface
so characteristic of V. Conradi. It is possible, however, that as all of those
of V. trigona yet known are large, and have been much thickened shells,
that these features would not have been retained on the internal casts. This
fact might have been decided by an examination of the interior of Morton's
type, but I did not succeed in finding it in the collection at Philadelphia,
although Mr Meek appears to have had it in his hands, as he figures one in
the Invert. Pal. of the Territories, p. 148, which he refers to as Morton's
type, but which is much larger than Morton's figure. The shells described
by Mr. Conrad as V. inflata and V. elevata may be only small or dwarfed
specimens of this same species. They are, however, very ventricose, and
bear the imprint of adult age, but are otherwise very similar. The beaks of
both of those species are somewhat more erect and the posterior slope more
abrupt, but this would still be the case in small shells where the form was
similar to some of those which have been identified with this one without
question.
Formation and localities. — The shell is present in the collections from
the State from the Lower Green Sands at Holmdel, and from the mica-
ceous clays under the lower bed at the Rev. G. C. Schanck's pits, near
Marlborough, New Jersey. These show the strong undulations of the
exterior, and are comparatively small specimens, retaining but little of the
substance, being really external casts, and do not preserve any features of
the interior.
Veniellia decisa.
Plate XIX, Figs. 15 and 16.
Cardita decisa Morton. Synopsis, p. 66, PI. IX, Fig. 3.
Venilia Conradi Gabb. Synopsis, pp. 104 and 130 (not of Morton).
Shell of medium size, subquadrangular, rhomboidal or triangularly
rhombic in outline, dependent more or less on compression or distortion of
4418 MON 9 10
146 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESBT.
the valves. Valves usually veiy venti'icose, with strong, rather inflated and
enrolled beaks, situated near the anterior end and curved anteriorly, and
strongly angular on the back ; umbonal ridge distinctly and prominently
angular, and highly arcuate in its passage from the beaks to the postero-
basal angle of the valves. Cardinal border arcuate, the cardinal and basal
margins subparallel and nearly equally curved ; posterior margin squarely
truncate below and sloping toward the hinge-line above ; anterior end
sharply rounded, and deeply excavated beneath the beaks. Postero-cardi-
nal slope rather abrupt. Surface of the shell, as indicated on the casts,
smooth or mai'ked only by concentric lines of growth.
The external form of these casts is quite variable in different individ-
uals, dependent to some extent on the degree and direction of the compi'es-
sion which they have undergone. This also affects moi-e or less the ventri-
cosity of the valves, which in their natural condition has been very great.
I have seen no specimens yet which afford any of the hinge characters
which will enable one to compare them satisfactorily with the recent species
of the genus Isocardia. But there is one feature which exists on all the
casts I have examined in which it differs from that genus, namely, a curved
gToove just in advance of the beaks in each valve, indicating a raised ridge
on the inside of the shell, extending from beneath the beak to the under
side of the hinge-plate analogous to that bordering the muscular imprint of
CiicuUcea. Should this prove to be the case in well-preserved individuals
it would probably require generic separation, but the material which I have
seen is too imperfect to warrant that step at the present stage of the inves-
tigation. The casts of this species have usually been referred to Veniella
Conradi by collectors, but when compared with those of that species they
are remarkably different. Dr. Morton's type specimen does not appear to
be in existence; but from his figure I should judge it had been flattened by
compression, thereby extending the beak and giving more than the usual
amount of slope to the postero-cardinal border. The surface stria which he
mentions, and which is faintly indicated on the figure, is most probably
imaginary, at least no other specimen showing it appears to have been seen.
Mr. Gabb, in his Synopsis, p. 104, in a foot-note under Cardita decisa, says
Dr. Morton's type of the species is not to be found in the collection of the
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 147
Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, and he places the species as
a synonym under Veniella Conradi, only from the evidence furnished by
Dr. Morton's figure, still expressing a possibility, however, that it may be
distinct.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Grreen Marls at Blue-Ball, New
Jersey, and at the marl pits of I. Stratton, near Mullica Hill, New Jersey.
Dr. Morton's specimen was from the blue marls at Saint George's, Delaware.
Veniella inflata.
Plate XIX, figs. 4 and 5.
Goniosoma inflata Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. V, p. 44, PI. I, Fig. 10.
Comp. V. elevata Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 74, PI. Ill, Fig. 7.
Shell small, subquadrangular in outline, with inflated valves, and large,
prominent, incurved beaks, which project considerably above the hinge-
line, are rather erect and nearly centrally situated. Umbonal ridge sharply
angular, and the postero-cardinal slope very abrupt and narrow. Anterior
end of the shell sharply roundedj and the posterior squarely truncate, while
the basal margin is broadly curved. The specimen, which is an internal
cast, shows the muscular imprints rounded and strongly marked, and the
pallial line distinct and simple. The hinge features show a strong trian-
gular tooth beneath the beak in the left valve, and two smaller ones in the
right, with an elongate lateral ridge in front on the right valve representing
a ridge on the left valve. Surface of the shell unknown.
Mr. Conrad makes this shell the type of a new genus, Goniosoma, but
there certainly is no feature about it in which it differs from the typical
forms of Veniella as shown in V. Conradi, and as regards the specific
features of the individual I can see no reason why it may not be identical
with V. elevata Conrad. But as I have not seen any but the one type
specimen of this, a cast, and no cast of V. elevata, unless this be one, I have
hesitated to cite it as positively the same, although I believe it is. Dr.
Stoliczka remarks that the form of this species is like Veniella, but considers,
undoubtedly on Mr. Conrad's authority as given in his generic descrip-
tion, the hinge entirely distinct, which, I think, is an error; though for this
148 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
Mr. Conrad is responsible, as he gives a new name. His description of the
genus Goniosoma is as follows: "An equi valve bivalve with prominent
beaks and entire pallial line? tlie muscular impressions terminal, posterior
one round; hinge (in the cast) with two prominent cardinal teeth, and a
long anterior lateral tooth, parallel with the hinge margin above it in the
right valve." The specimen does not show a ridge in the valve, but on the
cast, which represents a ridge on the opposite or l^t valve. If any one
will examine a valve of VenieUa Conradi they will find these features all
represented in the same manner.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls at Crosswicks, New
Jersey. Specimens borrowed from the cabinet of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia.
Veniella elevata.
Plate XIX, Figs. 6 aud 7.
YeniUa elevata Conrad. Am. Jour. Couch., Yol. YI, p. 74, PI. Ill, Fig. 7.
Comp. Veniella [Goniosoma) inflata Con. sp. Am. J. Conch., Vol. Y, p. 44, PI. I, Fg. 10.
Shell very small and extremely ventricose, subquadrangular in outline,
with large, prominent, incurved beaks, very angular umbonal ridge, almost
vertical postero-cardinal slope, and rounded anterior margin, which curves
regularly into the basal line; posterior end almost vertically truncate.
Surface of the shell marked by four distant, elevated, concenti-ic lamellae,
which project nearly at right angles to the surface of the shell from which
they originate, the one nearest to the beak being small and inconspicuous.
Internal features not seen.
A single valve only of this species has been observed, it being the
typical one figured by Mr. Conrad, loc. cit, and from which in all proba-
bility the profile view of both valves was also made by restoration. The
species is almost, if not quite, identical with V. (Goniosoma) inflata of the
same author, but preserves the shell, while that one is described from an
internal cast, thus presenting different characters. This one, however, is
smaller, but still fully as ventricose as that one, showing it to be an adult
shell. They both very closely resemble and appear to be dwarfed speci-
mens of a form which I have considered as V. Conradi Morton, but which
LAMELLIBEANGHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 149
diflPers materially in its surface character from those of that species, as
identified by various authors, from other and more southern localities, but
not from Dr. Morton's figured specimen, which was from Arneytown, N. J.,
but which shows the concentric sulci much less strongly developed than
those to which I refer. I am much inclined to think they are all of one
species, however, and that this one and V. inflata are merely dwarfed indi-
viduals. In some of tTie New Jersey examples, which are internal casts, the
sulci of the surface are preseved to their fullest extent, while on other casts
they are entirely obliterated. This seems to have ai'isen from different
conditions of preservation, and from a difference in the material of the
filling and matrix.
Formation and locality. — In the micaceous clays below the Lower Marls
at Haddonfield, New Jersey. From the collection of the Academy of Natu-
ral Sciences at Philadelphia.
Veniella trigona.
Plate XIX, Figs. 11-14.
Venilia trigona G-abb. P. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1861, p. 324. Synopsis, Meek, Check-list,
p. 13. Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 726.
The type specimen of this species, an internal cast, represents an
extremely ventricose shell of a trapezoidal or subtriangular outline pro-
foundly angular on the umbonal ridge, and with large, prominent, incurved
and rather distant beaks. Posterior end narrow and nearly at right angles
with the posterior third of the basal line. The latter border of the shell is
strongly rounded upwards on the interior half and merges gradually into
the anterior margin. Hinge-line sharply bent beneath the beaks, and the
hinge appears to have been characterized by strong teeth on the anterior of
the plate. Cardinal slope very abrupt and nearly vertical, giving a nearly
flattened postero-cardinal surface to the cast extending to the umbonal angles
above the position of the muscular scars. Muscular scars very strong and
prominent on the cast, the posterior ones large, and on the type are followed
by a ridge for some distance toward the beaks. A second cast shows a some-
150 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
what less triangular form, with a broader posterior end and not quite such
venti-icose valves. This species represents very well some of the more
ventricose forms, which are usually referred to V. Conradi, from Alabama
and Texas, and which, although usually more or less marked with strong
varices externally, do not retain them on the internal casts. In this respect
they dijffer very materially from the New Jersey forms of that species, which
have the three or more very strong undulations of the exterior equally well
marked on the casts, while these specimens are entirely destitute of this
feature, for which reason I am inclined to think they really represent, with
the southern forms above mentioned, an entirely distinct species from V.
Conradi. Dr. Morton included both forms under the one designation, but
his figured specimens I believe were from New Jersey, although the types
themselves are not now to be found.
Formation and locality. — The type specimen is given by Mr. Gabb as
from Boonton, New Jersey. The second specimen mentioned above is
marked on the label as from Monmouth County. I have seen other frag-
ments from Freehold.
Veniella subovalis, Con.
Plate XIX, Figs. 1 and 2.
Venilia subovalis Conrad, on label iu collection of the Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia.
Shell below a medium size, transversely subovate or subtrapezoidal in
outline, about once and a half as long as high, with subparallel dorsal and
basal margins. Beaks rather strong, but not very prominent, not project-
ing much above the cardinal line, directed anteriorly and closely approxi-
mate, situated at about the anterior third of the length of the shell. Ante-
rior end of the shell pointedly rounded, and the posterior end somewhat
squarely truncate or very broadly rounded, almost direct. Disk of the
valves ventricose and sharply angular along the umbonal ridge, leaving a
decided angulation on the cast, most distinctly so in the upper part. Sur-
face of the shell unknown. Interior of the right valve, as obtained on a
gutta-percha imprint taken from the cast figured, with a rather broad hinge-
plate and strongly marked muscular imprints of proportionally large size.
LAMELLIBEANOHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 151
The hinge-plate is characterized by two cardinal teeth, widely divergent,
with a deep triangular pit between, and the posterior tooth grooved on its
surface, a short anterior pit and a long lateral groove behind, which is ver-
tically crenulate on the sides.
The species differs from any other of the genus in its transverse form,
small beaks, and less ventricose valves. I find the specimens labeled Venilia
siibovalis Conrad, in Mr. Conrad's own handwriting, but have not been able
to find any published description or mention of the name in print. Mr.
Oonrad does not mention it in his enumeration of the species in lh66, in
the Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. II, p. 103; nor is it mentioned by Mr. Gabb or
Mr. Meek in catalogues, or by Dr. Stoliczka in the Palseont. Indica. It is
possible I may have overlooked it in some of Mr. Conrad's later publi-
cations; therefore I have adopted the name used by him on the label.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Marls at Crosswicks, New Jersey.
From the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadeljjhia.
Veniella trapezoidea.
Plate XIX, Fig. 3.
Tenilia trapezoidea Conrad. J. A. N. S., 2d ser., Vol. IV, p. 282, PI. XLVII, Fig. 7.
Gabb, Syn. Cret. Form., p. 178. Meek, Check-list Smith. Inst., p. 13.
Yeniella tra/pezoidea (Con.) Stoliczka. Pal. Indica, Vol. Ill, p. 189.
Shell rather small, trapezoidal in form, but often subtriangular, as seen
in internal casts. Valves moderately ventricose, with moderately strong
beaks, situated near the anterior third of the length. Hinge short, very
slightly arcuate, the margins inflected, forming a slight escutcheon. Ante-
rior side of the beaks contracted, throwing the anterior extremity of the
shell below the median line, and giving it a narrowly rounded form; basal
line gently arcuate, and the posterior margin obliquely truncate, much
shortened above and leaving the postero-basal angle somewhat pointed. A
strong angular umbonal ridge extends from the beak to the basal angle,
giving an abruptly sloping form to the postero-cardinal portion of the shell.
Surface marked by concentric lines and by one or more stronger varices of
growth.
152 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
The more transverse form of this shell at once distinguishes it from
V. Coiinidi Morton, as well as from most of the other species found in New
Jersey.
Locality. — The only specimen of this species which I have seen from
New Jersey is from the Lower Green Marls at Holmdel.
Genus SPHEEIOLA Stoliczka.
SphEeriola umbonata.
Plato XIX, Figs. 17 and 18.
Shell moderately large and very ventricose, with very full, prominent
beaks and umbones, which' are situated considerably anterior to the middle
of the length of the shell. Anterior end of the shell more broadly rounded
than the posterior, and the basal line very slightly flattened in the middle.
Surface of the cast marked by strong concentric lines, and by a few dis-
tant undulations of the surface. Ligament strong and prominent. Further
hinge characters unknown.
Only a single very imperfect cast of this species has been obtained,
the condition of preservation of which is such as to render a more complete
description of its character impossible. It differs from any of the species
from the upper Missouri region in being more inequilateral, and in the in-
flated character of the beaks, which are remarkably strong. The speci-
men was observed among the collections of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences at Philadelphia, marked Area antrosa. As it is the only individual
of the genus yet recognized on the Atlantic border, I have concluded to
name it, for the purpose of calling attention to it, notwithstanding its very
imperfect condition.
Formation and locality. — The specimen is marked simply "Cret, N. J.,"
without clue to its definite locality, like so many of the specimens formerly
used, and probably collected or deposited in the collection by Messrs. Con-
rad and Gabb; through which error the great interest of the specimens is
entirely lost to science and their principal uses destroyed. The specimen
is a cast in coarse greensand, coated with a blackish deposit of decayed
vegetable matter, and I infer it may have come from the Lower Beds of the
Cretaceous.
LAMELLIBEAECHIATA OP THE LOWEE MAELS. 153
Suborder SINUOPALLIATA.
VENERID^.
Genus CALLISTA Poll.
Callista Delawarensis.
Plate XXII, Figs. 8-10.
Dione Delawarensis Gabb. J. A. IST. S., Phil., 2d ser., Vol. IV, p. 302, PI. XLVHI, Fig. 18.
Callista Belaioarensis Gabb. Synop., p. 105.
Biom Delawarensis (Gabb) Meek. Smithson. Check-list, p. 13. Stoliczka, Pal. Indica,
Vol. Ill, 165.
Comp. Venus Bipleyana Gabb. J. A. N. S., new ser., Vol. IV, p. 393, PI. LXVIII, Fig. 22.
Not Garyates Delawarensis (Gabb) Conrad. Am. Jour. Concb., Vol. V, p. 41, PI. I, Fig. 6.
Shell of moderate size, slightly transverse, with the beaks anterior to
the middle, small and but little incurved. Outline ovate, broadest oppo-
site the beaks and somewhat pointed posteriorly. On the casts the teeth
are small, the muscular imprints rather large and moderately distinct, and
the pallial line deeply and rather broadly sinuate; the sinus rounded at the
extremity and directed forward and upward. Only small shells preserving
the substance have been observed. They have the same general form with
the casts, while the surface is marked by very regular, gradually increasing,
concentric ridges parallel to the margin, and are flattened on the surfaces
and separated by deep, sharp, but narrow grooves.
The cast of this species are not easily distinguished from those of one
or two other species, and especially from casts from the Eocene sands of the
upper marl beds at Farmingdale, N. J. It may be said to differ in that one
being longer in front than behind the beaks, and from what evidence can
be obtained from the casts, also in the surface characters, as that one appears
to have been marked only by fine concentric lines of growth instead of
the regular ridges of this one. From C. veta, Conrad, it differs in being a
larger shell and proportionally less ventricose, as seen in the casts. From
some of the Eocene casts I cannot see distinguishing features. I see no
154 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
reason, so far as I can judge from the description and figure given by Mr.
Gabb, to suppose his Venus Bipleyana, Jour. Am. Sci. Phil., new series, Vol.
IV, p. 393, PI. LXVIII, Fig. 22, is distinct from this one. The form is said to
be proportionally shorter and more pointed posteriorly and the surface ribs
coarser and less regular. Among the specimens from Holmdel and Marl-
borough examples may be selected which will more than cover all these
differences.
In regard to the generic affinities of the shell, I can see no reason for
separating these Cretaceous forms from those found in the Eocene; in
fact, I think those of the New Jersey Eocene are, most likely, specifically
identical. Certainly I should not think of classing them under a difi"erent
•genus simply because they were found in a different geological formation,
and that only, as do some authors, for I cannot believe in limiting zoolog-
ical groups by geological formations.
Formation and locality. — As casts only in the Lower Grreen Marls at Free-
hold, New Jersey, and as small shells from the nodules in the Lower Marls
at Marlborough and Holmdel, New Jersey. Mr. Gabb cites it from the
Delaware and Chesapeake Canal and New Jersey.
Genus APHRODINA Conrad. 1868.
(Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. lY, p. 246.)
Aphrodina Tippana.
Plate XXII, Figs. 6 and 7.
.Meretrix Tippana Conrad. Jonr. A . N. Sci. Phil., new series, Vol. Ill, p. 326, PI. XXXIV,
Fig. 18. Gabb, Synopsis, p. 142.
Dione Tippana (Con.) Meek. Check-list, p. 13.
^Aphrodina Tippana Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. IV, p. 246, PI. XVIII, Fig. 5.
Meek, Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 727.
Shell of moderate size, transversely ovate or subtriangular in outline,
"with moderately convex valves and prominent subtumid beaks, which are
nearly subcentrally situated and slightly directed forward. Anterior end
■^of the valves broadly rounded and the posterior end more pointed; the
greatest length of each situated rather below the middle of the height.
_iase broadly curved and the postero-cardinal margin rapidly sloping, with
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 155
a moderate degree of arcuation, to the posterior extremity. Casts show
the muscular imprints to be very faintly marked but of tolerable size, and
the pallial sinus broad, deep, and obtusely pointed.
I have only seen casts of this species, so that the hinge structure is not
known to me. Mr. Conrad mentions in his generic description of Apliro-
dina, of which this species is the type, that he has a single perfect left valve
showing the hinge characters, which he describes as follows: "Hinge in the
left valve with three diverging cardinal teeth, the anterior tootli as thick as
the middle one or thicker, and a straight, compressed, transversely rugose
lateral tooth parallel with the margin of the shell above it." I have not
seen the shell spoken of, and cannot judge of its merits more than is shown
by the figure he gives, which is copied on our plate. The species does not
appear to be abundant, and among the few which I have been able to refer
to it there is considerable variation in form, which is perhaps, to some extent,
due to compression and distortion in the marls. The surface of the shell,
so far as I can judge, appears to have been marked with fine concentric
lines only. Mr. Conrad's specimen, which was from Tippah County, Missis-
sippi, seems to have been not so high as others found in the collection of
the Academy of Natural Sciences labeled Meretrix Tippana 1 in his liand wilt-
ing, and the locality New Jersey. Dr. Stoliczka appears to think there was
little reason for separating the shell as a generic type, and considers it as
equivalent to Caryatis of Roemer, but has only seen the description of Mr.
Conrad. In its general form it differs from GalUsta Delaivarensis in being
more elevated, which causes a more triangular form of outline with more
nearly subcentral beaks. It is also of larger size as a general thing.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls at the deep cut of
the Holmdel and Keyport turnpike, Monmouth County, New Jersey, and
in the micaceous clays below the Lower Marl at the Rev. G. C. Schanck's
pits, Marlborough, and from Cream Ridge, New Jersey. One of the speci-
mens from the Academy of Natural Sciences collection appears to have come
from the first locality also, the other having the appearance of coming from
the limestone nodules of the Lower Marls. A specimen of nearly the same
;form, but a little doubtful, is from Freehold, New Jersey.
156 PAL^ONTOLOaT OF NEW JEESEY.
Genus CYPEIMERIA Conrad. 1864.
(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 212.)
Cyprimeria depressa.
Plate XXII, Figs. 11-13.
Bosinia depressa Conrad. J. A. N. S. Phil., new ser., Vol. IV, p. 278, PI. XLVI, Pig. 6.
? Sanc/uinolaria cretacea Con. J. A. N. S., new ser., Vol. IV, p. 277, PI. XLVI, Pig.
11. Gabb, Proc. A. N. S., 1876, p. 308.
Bosinia Eaddonfieldensls Lea. P. A. K S., 3861, p. 149.
J). depressa (Con.) Gabb. Synopsis, p. 120. Meek, Check-list, p. 13.
Cyprimeria Crefacensis Conrad. Am. J. Conch., Vol. Ill, p. 9.
C. Cretacea Con. Am. J. Conch., Vol. II, p. 103.
C. depressa Conrad. Kerr's Eept. Geol. Surv. N. Car., Appendix, p. 9.
G. depressa (Con.) Gabl . P. A. N. S., 1876, p. 308.
Shell of medium size, transversely broad-ovate in outline, with very
depressed convex valves, which are broadest anteriorly and somewhat sub-
cuneate behind, although slightly truncate at the narrow extremity. Beaks
very small, inconspicuous, situated a little nearest the anterior end of the
valve, and pointed. Postero-cardinal margin rapidly sloping from the beaks
to the posterior truncation, and but very little arched in its course; more„so
on the left valve, and almost invariably a little humped at about one-third
of the length behind the beak on the right valve. Basal line strongly
rounded, fullest just in advance of the middle. Right valve the most con-
vex and bent downward at the posterior, while the left valve is curved or
bent upward to correspond, giving a rather strong twist to the valves as
seen in a basal view. Surface of the shell marked by regular concentric
lines of growth and numerous stronger varices at irregular distances. Near
the apex of nearly all valves the surface is marked by regular concentric
ridges when seen under a glass, which are lost at from a fourth to three-
eighths of an inch from the beaks. When the valves are united the lunular
depression is but sHght, but behind the beaks the margins of the valves are
strongly inflected and form a deeply excavated escutcheon, like that of
Circe, while the beaks of the two valves nearly touch each other. In the
interior the hinge-plate is rather wide, the muscular imprints faintly marked
but large, and the pallial line quite distinct but not sinuate.
Internal casts of the species appear to be comparatively rare, at least
in a condition to be identified. On them the beaks seem to be much larger.
LAMBLLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 157
and to have a greater excavation in front than the shell would indicate.
This is the result of a thickening which takes place opposite the beaks in
the shell, leaving the hinge-plate shelving more behind it, which produces
the beak in the casts further back.
In the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
the specimens which are marked in Mr. Conrad's handwriting Cyprimeria
Cretacea appear to be positively identical with those marked as of this spe-
cies. I have therefore cited that species as a synonym of this one, although
the original figure given in Vol. II, Journal Academy of Natural Sciences,
new series, PI. XLVI, Fig. 11, would appear to be somewhat more elongated
than any of the specimens which I have seen.
In regard to the generic relations of this shell there may not be any
real doubt, but it is quite cei'tain that the pallial sinus is obsolete. Nor can
I say with certainty that I have seen a pallial sinus on any species from
New Jersey which has been referred to this genus, although it is usually
described as possessing such a feature, and is referred to a family which is
supposed to be composed of sinuopallial shells. The entire expression of
this shell in the interior is more that of an Astarta than of a Tellina, only
for the bending of the valves.
Formation and locality. — The shells which I have used, and which
belong to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, are from the
micaceous clays of the Lower Marls at Haddonfield, New Jersey. The cast
which I have figured is from Freehold, New Jersey, and is from the collec-
tion of the American Museum of Natural History, New York City.
Cyprimeria densata.
Plate XXII, Figs. 19-21.
Tellina densata Conrad. J. A. N. Sci., Phil., 2d ser., Vol. II, p. 275, PL XXIV, Fig. 14.
Dosinia densata (Con.) Gabb. Synopsis, p. 120. Meek, Check-list, p. 13.
D. donata (Con.) [by error for D. deusata] Meek. Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 727.
Cyprimeria densata Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. II, p. 102.
Not Dosinia densata Conrad. J. A. N. S. Phil., 2d ser.. Vol. Ill, p. 72.5, PI. XXXIV,
Fig. 13 ( — C. alta Con. Kerr's Eept. Geol. N. C, Appendix, p. 27).
Shell large, transversely ellijjtical, with the posterior end broadly and
squarely truncate. Valves moderately convex, the right more prominently
158 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY.
so, and about three-fourths as high as long. Beaks small, appressed, situ-
ated behind the anterior third of the length; a slight umbonal angulation
marks the posterior slope, between which and the cardinal margin the sur-
face of the shell is flattened, corresponding to the truncation of the posterior
end of the shell. Surface of the shell marked by somewhat regular con-
centric strise, which are abruptly bent at the umbonal ridge and pass direct
nearly to the cardinal margin.
I have seen several imperfect examples of the casts of this shell from
New Jersey, but no perfect ones. The species attains a rather large size,
Mr. Conrad's example of the species being more than three and three-fourths
inches long by two and a half inches high. No examples which I have seen
furnish any evidence of the hinge characters, but the general expression of
the partial casts is much like that of a species of Dosinia, from which genus
the distinct inequality and twisting of the valves would serve to distinguish
it. Mr. Conrad states in his description that the right valve is convex and
the left one flat. In the specimen which he used and figured, and which is
now before me, the left valve is about half as convex as the right one, and
both are decidedly bent or twisted near the posterior end, as are those of
many of the divisions of the Tellinidce. In the general expression of the
cast there is no feature to distinguish it from a cast of a large Sanguinolaria.
The species differs from those which I have referred to C. excavata,
Morton's sp., in the less inequality of the valves, and more decidedly so in
the marked truncation of the posterior extremity at right angles to the axis
of the shell; also in the angulation of the umbonal ridge, as well as in being
much more transverse.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Marls at Holmdel, New Jersey,
in collections obtained from the Rev. Dr. Riley, and from Burlington, New
Jersey, as marked on the specimen originally used by Mr. Conrad. I have
also seen specimens which, judging from the lithological characters, must
have come from several different localities, but which were not indicated.
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OP THE LOWEE MAELS. 159
Cyprimeria ezcavata.
Plate XXII, Figs. 16 and 17.
Gytherea excavata Morton. Synopsis, p. 67, Pl.V, Fig. 1.
JDosinia excavata (Mort.) Gabb. Synopsis, p. 120. Meek, Gheck-list, p. 13. Gonrad,
P. A. N. Sci. Pliil., Vol. VI, p. 320.
1). densata Conrad. J. A. K Sci. Pliil., 2d ser.. Vol. Ill, p. 325, PI. XXXIV,
Fig. 13 {^Cyprimeria alta Con. Kerr's Geol. N. C, Appendix, p. 27.)
Not Bosinia donata (Con.) Meek (by error for _D. densata). Geol. Surv. IST. J., 1868,
p. 727.
Cyprimeria excavata (Morton) Gonrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. II, p. 102. Meek, Geol.
Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 727.
Shell, as shown by internal casts, of medium size, ti-ansversely or trian-
gularly subcircular in outline, with distinctly unequal valves, the right
being prominently convex on the umbone and the left depressed convex,
becoming concave toward the front from the twisting of the valves, and
marked along the posterior slope by a faint plicature or depressed sulcus.
Beak small and appressed, curved anteriorly and subcentrally situated, the
anterior side somewhat excavated or concave, cardinal margin arcuate, and
the borders of the valves generally curved. Surface of the shell, as far as
can be judged from the casts, marked by concentric lines.
The casts which I liave referred to this species are more circular than
those pertaining to A. densata Conrad, and of smaller size and decidedly
shorter, with more erect beaks, and apparently more unequally convex
valves, which show no evidence of the distinctly flattened postero- cardinal
slope. No evidence of hinge characters remain on any of the few speci-
mens which I have examined, but the unequal valves, together with the
apparent bending or twisting of the basal portions, would seem to place
them at once among this group of shells. From their highly imperfect
conditions, however, no satisfactory proof of generic relations can be ob-
tained. Dr. Morton's figure is much more triangular in outline than any
specimen which I have seen. It is probable that he intended to include
under his species all those from the New Jersey Cretaceous now known
under the several names used. His description is, however, so very vague,
that it is impossible from it to decide which of these forms he had under
consideration. So we must depend entirely on his figure, which is but
little more satisfactory than the description. I have therefore retained for
160 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESET.
his species the form Avhich is most erect, as corresponding most nearly to it.
In this respect it is most nearly allied to C. spissa Conrad, although that
one is longer in an antero-posterior direction than any of the specimens
referred to C. excavata.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls at Holmdel and
elsewhere in Monmonth County, New Jersey. Dr. Morton's specimen was
from Arneytown, New Jersey.
Cyprimeria Heilprini, n. sp.
Plate XXII, Figs. 14 and 15.
Shell of medium size, transversely elliptical in outline, and very decid-
edly inequivalve, but nearly equilateral, as seen in the condition of inter-
nal casts. Beaks prominent and nearly or quite central. Right valve
much the most convex, and the left concave toward the front, giving a
decided curvature to the basal line as seen on the edge of the cast. Mus-
cular scars large and well marked ; no pallial sinus. The hinge-plate has
been quite thick, and the teeth large and strong, as evinced by the broad
depression along the cardinal line of the cast. Surface features unknown.
This species has somewhat the external form of C. ajppressa Conrad,
but has been a much deeper or more ventricose shell, with proportionally
more elevated and prominent beaks. It is also somewhat related in form
to C. densata, but is proportionally more transverse and more equilateral
than any specimen of that species observed. Although I have seen but a
single individual cast of it, the features are so marked and prominent, that
I have not hesitated to describe it as a distinct form.
Formation and locality. — In the lower beds of the Lower Green Marls at
Crosswicks, New Jersey. From the collection of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia.
Cyprimeria spissa.
Plate XXII, Fig. 18.
Cyprimeria spissa Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. V, p. 44, PI. I, Fig. 9.
The specimen figured in this report is the onlj^ one which I have seen
that will in any degree correspond to the figure given by Mr. Conrad of his
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 161
G. spissa, and there is considerable difference between them even then; but
it is impossible in the absence of his type specimen to say how imperfect it
may have been or how near the figure may represent it. In this latter
respect, however, it is only fair to say that in general features his figures
are very expressive. The cast which I have figured and referred to the
species is oblately circular in outline, a little wider than high, with a small
apex, rather prominently convex disk, and with a posterior constricting
furrow in the line of the advancement of the muscular scar which is less
distinctly marked than on his figure, and the pallial line is also not so
marked. The posterior scar is distinct, of a large size, while the anterior is
scarcely visible. The shell lacks the angular anterior end, and is much
wider posteriorly than Mr. Conrad's figure. Still, I am strongly inclined
to believe it belongs to the same species. They both present much the
appearance of specimens of Lucina rather than Gyprimeria, but the one here
described may readily be imagined to have been twisted in an antero-pos-
terior direction.
Formation and locality. — Mr. Conrad's specimen was from Crosswicks,
New Jersey, while the one here used is from the Lower Marls at Holmdel,
Monmouth County, New Jersey, and is from the collections of the Rev. Dr.
Riley.
Genus DOSINIA ScopoU. .
Dosinia G-abbi, b. sp.
Plate XXII, Figs. 4 and 5.
Shell of medium size, not exceeding one and one-eighth inches in its
greatest diameter, subcircular in outline and moderately gibbous, with pro-
jecting beaks, which are directed forward and slightly incurved. On the
internal cast there are evidences of two cardinal teeth in each valve, but
none of any laterals. The muscular imprints are large and but faintly
marked, and the pallial line is deeply sinuate ; the sinus deep and angular
and directed upward and forward. The cardinal margin is deeply inflected
as if for a wide hinge plate or ligament, and the edges of the depression
sharply angular. The surface of the cast bears evidence of strong concen-
tric undulations on the outer half of the shell. Some imperfect valves pre-
4418 SCON 9 11
162 PALEONTOLOGY OP NEW JEESBY.
serving the shell, which I suppose to be one of the same species, have the
same general form, with very thin shells, smooth or only marked with fine
concentric lines and occasional varices of growth, all are imperfect at the
beaks and hinges. The cardinal margins are very sharply and deeply inflected,
but none of the hinge features are preserved so as to be determined.
I find no description or figure answering to this species. The speci-
men used for illustration I found in the cabinet at Rutgers College, marked
'■' Mysia gihbosa Gabb " in what was supposed to be Mr. Gabb's own hand-
writing. But the specimen differs very materially from Mr. Gabb's figure
cited under Tenea pinguis Con., and also from the specimens which I have
referred to that species, in being much less gibbous, less erect, rather more
transverse, and in having the postero-cardinal margin in the cast even more
strongly inflected. The shell is, I think, as nearly a true Dosinia as any
found in the Cretaceous formation, and certainly does not belong to the
genus Mysia Leach, as it has a deeply sinuate pallial line, which that genus
does not admit, and it appears to possess all the requisite features of Dosinia
so far as they can be made out.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls at Burlington and
Freehold, New Jersey, received, as indicated on the labels, from S. J. Ger-
main and D. Bishop; also in the cabinet of the American Museum of Nat-
ural History. The specimen preserving the shell, identified as the same
with the casts, are from Upper Freehold, New Jersey, from collections
made by Dr. Bruere.
Dosinia ? erecta, n. sp.
Plate XVm, Figa. 17-20.
Shell small, less than an inch in height, and quite erect, being nearly
equilateral and ovate in outline, the widest part opposite or below the
middle, with appressed valves, most gibbous near the umbones, the beaks
small, erect, and moderately approximate. Cardinal margins of the valves
strongly and sharply inflected, most strongly and largely so on the ante-
rior side. Surface of the valves marked only by fine irregular concentric
lines of growth, and the substance very thin and fragile. Hinge charac-
ters unknown. Muscular imprints small and obscure, and the pallial line
unknown.
LAMELLIBRAIfCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 163
The shell somewhat closely resembles Bosinia Gabhi, herein described,
in the delicacy of the valves and the inflection of the cardinal margins, but
is quite distinct in the foi'm of the outline, that one being broader, rounder,
and less erect. There may be considerable doubt as to the generic rela-
tions of this species, as none of the generic features have been clearly as-
certained, and the reference is made entirely from the external appearances
of a few shells destitute of the most of the cardinal portions, and one in-
ternal cast, on which the markings are so faint as not to be considered reliable.
Formations and localities. — From the Lower Green Marls at Upper
Freehold, New Jersey, and from near Marshallville, New Jersey.
Genus TENEA Conrad, 1871.
(Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 72.)
Tenea piaguis.
Plate XXII, Figs. 1-3.
Lucina pinguis Conrad. J. A. F. Sci., Phil., new ser.. Vol. II, p. 275, PI. XXIV, Fig. 18.
i, pinguis (Con.) Meek. Check-list, p. 12 ; Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 726. Gabb,
Synopsis, p. 138.
Biplodonta parilis Conrad. J. A. N. Sci., Vol. IV, p. 278, PI. XLVni, Fig. 16 (by
error given Fig. 8 in text, p. 278).
Mysia gibbosa Gabb. J. A. N. Sci., Vol. IV, p. 302, PI. XL VIII, Fig. 17 (not fig. 18).
Tenea parilis Conrad. Jour. Am. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 73, PI. Ill, Fig. 12. Kerr's Geol.
Rept. jST. C, p. 8, Appendix, PI. II, Fig. 25.
T. pinguis (Conrad) Gabb. P. A. K S., 1876, p. 307.
Specimens of small size. Casts nearly circular in outline, but a little
higher than long. Valves very gibbous, inflated on the umbones. Beaks
large and elevated, rather strong, incurved forward ; cardinal line arcuate
behind and excavated in front of the beaks. On the posterior side the
cardinal border is deeply sunken, showing the existence of a rather wide
or inflated hinge plate. Muscular scars rather large and but faintly marked;
pallial line deeply and angularly sinuate, the sinus directed upward, point-
ing nearly toward the apex of the cast.
The specimens which preserve the shell, and used by Mr. Conrad as
the types of the genus Tenea, are smaller than most of the casts observed.
The surface is comparatively smooth, or marked only by fine concentric
164 PALEONTOLOGY OP NEW JEESEY.
lines of growth. On them the posteror-cardinal margin is seen to be
slightly inflected, but the front is thin and sharp, showing not the least
tendency to form a lunule. The specimens, some of which are partial casts,
do not show the pallial sinus very distinctly, but faint indications of it can
be traced among the lines caused by fractures in the shell. The hinge feat-
ures show the V-shaped tooth beneath the beak described, with an elon-
gate depression in front and an oblique elongate ridge behind it in the left
valve, and the right valve shows evidence of a bifid tooth beneath the
beak, with a very narrow posterior tooth behind. From these characters it
will be seen that the shell belongs to the Bosinince and not to the Unguli-
nidce, as placed by some authors; but the general features of the shell are so
nearly those of Thetis Sowerby that there would hardly seem any neces-
sity of forming a new genus for it. As several authors have, however,
preferred to adopt Tenea, I have retained it under that designation.
Formation and localities. — Found in the micaceous clay at the base of
the Lower Marls at Haddonfield, Mr. Conrad's types of T. parilis. It also
occurs at Holmdel, Upper Freehold, near Burlington, and at Freehold, New
Jersey. It is also found in Delaware, and I cannot distinguish between
these casts and many of those of the same form which occur in the Eocene
layers of the Upper Green Sands at Farmingdale, Shark River, and near
New Egypt, New Jersey.
TELLINID^.
Genus TELLIMEEA Conrad, 1871.
(Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 73.)
' TeUimera eborea.
Plate XXIII, Figs. 12 and 13.
Tellma {Tellinimera) eborea Conrad. J. A. N. Sci., new ser., Vol. IV, p. 278, PI. XLVI,
fig. 14. Meek, Check-list, p. 14.
T, eborea (Conrad) Gabb. Synopsis, p. 173.
TeUimera eborea Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 73.
Shell small; the largest specimen used measuring only about eleven-
sixteenths of an inch in length. Form triangularly ovate or subtriangular
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 165
and very depressed convex. Beak small, appressed, and situated considerably
nearer to the posterior end. Anterior end rounded, gradually sloping from
the beak to near the point of greatest length; basal margin broadly curved,
and the posterior end truncate below, and obliquely sloping, with a slight
convex curvature, from the beaks to the postero-cardinal angle. Postero-
umbonal slope flattened, and marked by a very faint angulation of the
surface. Surface of the shell marked by fine but regular, increasing, flat-
tened, concentric ridges, which are separated by narrow impressed lines, and
are abruptly bent upward in crossing the umbonal ridge.
The shells are all broken at the apex and along the postero-cardinal
margin, so that the hinge features are not perfectly seen. I have drawn a
figure of them of about twice the natural size, as well as I can make them
out. The characters are so very obscure that I shall not undertake to
discuss their relations from what I can see of them. Dr. Stoliczka in speaking
of it considers it as very closely related to the genus Angulus, another
division of the TelUnidcB, but the specimens which I have seen do not afford
material for comparison.
Formation and locality. — Mr. Conrad's types were from Alabama. The
specimens used in the above description are marked Haddonfield, New Jer-
sey, and are borrowed from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences, Philadelphia. They are much smaller than that figured by Mr. Con-
rad. There are some internal casts from the micaceous clays beneath the
Lower Marls at the Rev. Gr. C. Schanck's pits near Marlborough, New Jersey,
which I have referred to the same species, as they have the same form and
a few of the surface markings, but they show none of the internal features.
Genus LINEAEIA Conrad, 1871.
(Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 73.)
Linearia metastriata.
Plate XXIII, Figs. 6 and 7.
Linearia metastriata Conrad. J. A. K". Sci., new ser., Vol. IV, p. 279, PI. XLVI,
Fig. 7. Gabb, Synopsis, p. 137. Meek, Check-list, p. 14. Also as generic
illustration. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VI, pp. 73 and 74, PI. Ill, Fig. 11.
Shell small, the largest individual seen (a cast) measures a little more
than an inch in its transverse diameter. Form of the shell broadly and
IQQ PALiEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
quite regularl}^ transversely ovate, widest across the anterior end, with
ver}^ small, appressed beaks, but slightly rising above the hinge margin
and almost centrally situated. Valves very depressed convex. Surface of
the shell marked by rather fine, regularly increasing, concentric ridges,
which are elevated, and separated by sharply depressed spaces of nearly
equal width. These are crossed by radiating ridges, which are strongest
for a short distance from the anterior end and on the postero-cardinal slope,
being sharp and coarse on the latter part, but broad and gently rounded on
the anterior end; while on the middle of the valve they are much finer
and very subdued, scarcely appearing except in the depressions between
the concentric ridges, and barely observable without the aid of a glass.
This shell seems to have been Mr. Conrad's type of the genus
Linearia, as far as the structure of the hinge is to be considered, the characters
of which he appears to have obtained from the Haddonfield specimens;
while the species was first described from examples of small size, from
Snow Hill, N. C. The hinge-plate, as shown in the New Jersey shells, is
rather wide, the cardinal teeth are seen to be two, narrow, oblique, and
slightly diverging, directed anteriorly, the posterior of the two strongest
and rather rounded on the back in the right valve, with a long, shallow but
distinct pit distant from the beak on each side, representing the laterals of
the left valve. The muscular impressions are large and shallow, while the
palhal line is invisible on any of the specimens which I have examined;
but Mr. Conrad says "the pallial sinus is rounded and extends to a direct
line between the apex and ventral margin, according to D'Orbigney's fig. 5,
and beyond that point in fig. 17," referring to some one of D'Orbigney's
works which he does not cite. In the specimen, of which I have figured the
interior, the pallial line is entirely covered with a paper pasted over the
inside of the shell, to hold together the many fragments into which it has
been broken, so that I dare not attempt its removal.
Formation and localities. — The larger cast figured is from Holmdel,
New Jersey, in a collection made by the Rev. Dr. Riley. The shells are
from Haddonfield, and Conrad's type of the species was from Snow Hill,
North Carolina.
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 167
Linearia contracta, n. sp.
Plate XXIII, Fig. 5.
Shell small and moderatel}^ convex, transversely ovate in outline, broad
in front and abruptly contracted behind the beaks, the anterior end forming
about three-fifths of the shell's length. Beaks small and inconspicuous.
Anterior end bi'oadly rounded and the posterior more narrowly rounded.
Basal line broadly curved. Surface of the shell as seen in a matrix, marked
by fine radiating striae which extend over the entire surface, but are less
strongly developed on the middle of the valve. Also marked by fine con-
centric grooves parallel to the margin of the shell.
This species differs from L. metastriata in being proportionally longer,
in the abrupt contraction of the posterior end, in its ovate instead of oval
form, greater convexity, and in being marked by radiating strise tbroughoAit
instead of having the central part of the valve nearly or quite destitute of
this marking.
Formation and locality. — In dark micaceous clay marls at the base of
the Lower Marls, at Holmdel, New Jersey.
Genus JEOEA Conrad, 1871.
(Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. YI, p. 72, 1871.)
2Zoxa. cretacea.
Plate XXIII, Figs. 16 and 17.
JEora cretacea Conrad. Am. Jour. Concli., Vol. VI, p. 72, PI. Ill, Fig. 8.
Shell small or below a medium size, longer than high, and subtriangu-
lar or triangularly elliptical in outline. Valves convex, with small sub-
central beaks, which are nearly opposite the middle of the valves; cardinal
margins sloping from the beaks at nearly an equal angle on the 02Dposite
sides, and forming with each other an angle of about one hundred and
twenty degrees, the anterior side a little excavated in front of the beak.
Anterior margin of the valve more sharply rounded than the posterior, and
the basal line broadly curved. Surface of the shell marked by irregular
concentric lines of growth only.
168 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESBY.
The general expression of this shell when viewed externally is Mactra-
like, and, were it not for a knowledge of the hinge, might readily be
supposed to belong to that genus; but internally the hinge differs very
materially. Dr. Stoliczka, in copying Mr. Conrad's generic description,
very properl}' corrects the V-shaped tooth of the left valve to an /\ -shape,
and places the genus under the Tellinidce, where it probably belongs, not-
withstanding its ilfac^ra-like appearance, as it does not possess an internal
cartilage plate.
Formation and locality. — In the micaceous clays of the Lower Marls at
Haddonfield, New Jersey. Borrowed from the collection of the Academy
of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
Genus ENONA Conrad, 1871.
(Am. Jour. Oonch., Vol. VI, p. 74.)
2Bnona Eufauleuais.
Plate XXIII, Figs. 2 and 3.
Tellina Eufaulensis Conrad. J. A. N. Sci., Vol. IV, p. 277, PI. XL VI, Fig. 15. Gabb,
Synopsis, p. 173. Meek, Check-list, p. 14.
JEhona Eu/aulensis Con. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 74. Stoliczka, Pal. Indica, p.482.
Shell small, triangularly ovate in outline, three-fourths as high as long,
with the small beaks situated a little more than one-third of the length from
the anterior end. Cardinal margins rapidly sloping from the beaks, the
anterior most rapidly, and the anterior end sharply rounding just above the
basal line; posterior end more broadly rounded, but still narrowed; basal
line broadly curved. Surface of the valve smooth and semipolished, the
disk rather highly convex for a Tellina-like shell, with very small pointed
beaks, a slight angularity of the umbonal region just in front of it, and a
very narrow but distinctly circumscribed lunule. In the interior the hinge-
plate is very narrow, with a single small cardinal tooth in the right valve
and very small and narrow lateral teeth. Muscular markings unknown.
This species differs from JEnona papyria Conrad, principally in the
even, smooth, or semi-polished surface, that one being without polish and
marked with uneven concentric lines of comparatively great strength ; also
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OP THE LOWER MARLS. 169
in the want of the flattening of the shell on the shorter end, and in the
greater thickness and firmer substance of the shell. The shell occurs in the
collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, labeled, in
Conrad's writing, Temesa JEufalensis, but corresponds to the figure of Tellina
JEufalensis given in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, as
above cited, except that it is a right instead of a left valve, and is slightly
imperfect at the anterior end. The shell cannot be mistaken for a species
of Tenera, and I find no reference to the genus Temesa. There can be no
question, however, in regard to the identity of this specimen with that
described as ^nona JEufaulensis.
Formation and locality. — In the micaceous clays below the Lower Green
Marls at Haddonfield, New Jersey. Mr. Conrad's type of the species Tellina
JEufaulensis (afterward changed to ^nona JEufaulensis) was from Eufaula,
Alabama. There are casts of small shells of a character similar in form to
this among collections from Mr. Schanck's pits near Marlborough, but it is
difficult to identify positively such imperfect material.
.ZBnona papyria.
Plate XXIII, Fig. 4.
^nona papyria Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 74.
Mr. Conrad's description of this species is as follows: " SubeUiptical,
inequilateral, extremely thin in substance, convex, anterior side narrowed ;
posterior end obliquely truncated ; ventral margin regularly curved ; surface
marked by microscopic concentric lines. Length, § inch."
A single right valve, marked with the name Tellimera papyria Conrad,
exists in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia,
which agrees closely with the above description. As I can find no descrip-
tion or reference to such a species under that generic name, I am led to
suppose this shell was at first considered as a Tellimera, but subsequently
placed and described under JEnona without changing the label. The spec-
imen has now lost all the beak and cardinal parts, and I can only give a
restored figure of the outside of the valve. It is very much elongated
transversely, and of an elliptical form, as well as extremely thin in substance.
170 PAL^OISITOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY.
The sm-face markings are very fine, and represent lines of growth only. It
is piobable that some of the many small indistinct casts from the micaceous
clays beneath the Lower Green Marls at the Rev. G. C. Schanck's pits, near
Marlborough, N. J., may belong to this species ; but so far I have not seen
anything so transversely elongated.
Formation and locality. — The specimen above described is from Had-
donfield, New Jersey, from the micaceous clays at that place.
Genus COEIMYA Agassiz.
Corimya tenuis, n. sp.
Plate XXIII, Figs. 9-11.
Shell small in size, the largest individual cast observed measuring
scarcely one and a quarter inches in length. Form triangularly-elliptical,
with nearly central beaks, from which the cardinal margins slope rapidly
on each side, the extremities being nearly equally rounded, but the posterior
narrower than the anterior, and the postero-cardinal margin very slightly
contracted near the beaks. The valves have been depressed convex, unequal
and slightly twisted, the i-ight valve less convex than the left, and its basal
margin concave as viewed on the basal edge. Surface of the cast marked
by concentric undulations, indicating a somewhat distinctly undulated shell
surface. Muscular scars as indicated on the casts rather large, the posterior
one bounded on its inner side by a depressed groove indicating a ridge on
the inside of the shell; much the strongest on the right valve. No evidence
of a pallial sinus has been seen on any of the specimens. The surface of
the disk of the cast, on those which indicate a thickening of the shell, is
marked by radiating vascular lines, most distinct on the posterior side of the
beaks, and evidences of a few radii on the anterior third.
The internal casts of this species are not uncommon at several locali-
ties of the Lower Marls, and are extremely Tellina-Vike in their characters
and appearance. They occur of all sizes, from half an inch in length to
that of the largest one above mentioned, and are usually thin, flattened
specimens, often with but little character by which they can be recognized.
The more ventricose and larger individuals closely resemble casts of Peri-
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA OP THE LOWER MARLS. 171
jylomya elliptica, which I think ought also to be placed under the genus
Corimya, but they are never so ventricose and never so much consti'icted
behind the beaks as are casts of that species, so that their triangularly-
elliptical outline will always readily distinguish them. They also bear
considerable resemblance to casts of Linearia metastriata Conrad, from
which it will be difficult to distinguish them if ever found associated. The
slope of the cardinal margin and the impressed groove bordering the mus-
cular impression, as well as the inequality and twisting of the valves, will be
a guide in determining their relations. There can be no question, I think,
about the generic reference of the species, as they correspond in every par-
ticular with both description and figures of the species referred by Prof.
Agassiz to his genus Corimya.
Fonnation and locality. — In the Lower Marl Beds, Upper Freehold, col-
lected by Dr. Bruere, and at Marshallville, Salem County, New Jersey. I
have also seen quite a number of these casts in the collection of the Academy
of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, from several localities.
DONACINID^.
Genus DONAX Linn.
Donax Fordii.
Plate XXIII, Fig. 1.
Bonax Fordii Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. V, p. 102, PI. IX, Pig. 27.
Shell below a medium size for the genus, triangularly cuneate, very
inequilateral, the anterior end being nearly twice as long as the opposite.
Valves ventricose, the extremities sharply rounded, the anterior broadest at
the end. Surface of the shell polished and marked by fine radiating im-
pressed lines, which strongly and deeply crenulate the margin of the shell.
This shell is so exactly a representative of the living species common
along the Atlantic coast that it would be extremely hazardous to its specific
distinction to institute comparisons. The specimen is very imperfect in
form, having had the beaks crushed in and the shell partially exfoliated ;
but the characters are sufficiently preserved to establish at once its relations.
172 PALAEONTOLOGY OP NEW JERSEY.
The figure given by Mr. Conrad, cited above, is much too equilateral, and
does not represent the specimen in hand, which is the only one known, and
that from which his figure was made.
Formation and locality. — In the micaceous clays below the Lower Marl,
at Haddonfield, New Jersey. From the collections of the Academy of Natu-
ral Sciences, Philadelphia.
MACTRIDiE.
Genus VELEDA Conrad, 1871.
(Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 74.)
Veleda lintea.
Plate XXIII, Figs. 18-21.
Cardium {Frotocardium) linteum Conrad. J. A. N. Sci., Phil., new ser., Vol. IV, p. 278,
PL XLVI, Fig. 17.
C. linteum (Con.) Gabb. Synopsis, p. 107.
Veleda lintea Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 74. Geol. Surv. N. Car. (Kerr's),
p. 9, of Appendix, PI. I, Fig. 26.
Gymhopliora lintea (Con.) Gabb. P. A. N. Sci., 1876, p. 306.
Shell small, subtriangular in outline or somewhat transversely elongate-
triangular. Valves (left ones only seen) moderately ventricose, most prom-
inently so on the umbones and anterior to the middle; beaks proportionally
large, situated a little posterior to the middle of the length; anterior end of
the valves largest, rounded on the margin; basal line having a broad regu-
lar curve, and the posterior end obliquely sloping from the apex of the
valve, and a little more squarely truncate just above the basal angle. Um-
bonal ridge angular, but not carinate, rather decidedly marked, and the pos-
terior slope somewhat abrupt. Surface of the left valve marked by very
fine, but regularly increasing, even concentric ridges, which are separated
by very naiTOW deep lines. Along the posterior umbonal angle there is
one or possibly two faint radiating lines, one forming the crest, the other
posterior to it, but faint.
The form and general appearance of these shells, in the only two im-
perfect examples which I have seen, is much like the smaller valve of a
Corbula, and would be commonly considered as such unless the hinge were
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 173
observed. Mr. Conrad at first supposed it to be a Protocardium, but subse-
quently made it the type of his new genus, Veleda. The hinge features on
the specimens which I have before me are very imperfect, although I am
inclined to think they furnished the material for his generic diagnosis. He
describes them as follows : "Equivalved. Hinge character; left valve with
a V-shaped cardinal tooth under the apex, and three compressed teeth, pos-
terior one elongated and parallel with the dorsal margin, cardinal plate
channeled, deeply so anteriorly." I have drawn the features of the hinge
as near as practicable, enlarged, from the best individual of the two, just as
it was prepared by Mr. Conrad, and shall offer no comments as to the value
of his genus. Among some imperfect casts which I have referred to the
same genus there is one which shows the cardinal margin to have been
strongly grooved in front and behind, and on one, which is of a right valve,
the posterior side shows two ridges, representing a double groove on that
side, the outer one the smallest of the two.
Mr. Gabb (loc. cite.) says there is no difference between this species and
the typical form of his genus Cymbophora, described in the Paleontology of
California, except that of size and the peculiar cross-striations of the lateral
teeth, the latter feature not having been observed in the California speci-
mens. As there would appear to have been some doubt in his own
mind as to their absolute identity, and as his observations were made on
specimens identified from Georgia, I think it best to leave it as Mr. Conrad
placed it until more positive information is obtained.
Formation and locality. — Mr. Conrad's original type of the species was
from Tippah County, Miss., Dr. Tourney's collection, while his generic
types are marked Haddonfield, New Jersey. The internal casts mentioned
under the remarks above are from the micaceous clays beneath the Lower
Marls, at the Rev. G. C. Schank's pits near Marlborough; New Jersey State
cabinet,
Veleda Tellinoides, n. sp.
Plate XXIII, Fig. 23.
Shell large for the genus, the cast, the only form under which it is
known, being fully one and a quarter inches in length; form transversely
ovate, largest at the anterior end, and two-thirds as high as long. Valves
174 PALEONTOLOGY OP NEW JEESEY.
depressed convex with small appressed beaks and a slight angulation pass-
ing from the beak to the posterior extremity, forming a narrow posterior
cardinal slope. Surface, as shown on the east, marked by fine concentric
lines of growth. Muscular scars proportionally large and moderately dis-
tinct, and an indication of a rather deep sinus in the pallial line.
This species differs from V. lintea in the more transverse form, less an-
gular umbonal ridge, which is also situated nearer to the cardinal border;
in the less elevated form and more arcuate basal ma.rgin, and also conspic-
uously in want of the coarse, regular, concentric markings of the surface
seen on that one. In regard to its generic affinities there may be a little
doubt, as the hinge has been much less thickened and consequently the im-
pressions of the teeth are less conspicuous and consequently less certain.
Formation and locality. — In the dark micaceous clays below the Lower
Marls at the Rev. G. C. Schank's pits near Marlborough, Monmouth County,
New Jersey. From Professor Lockwood's collection.
Veleda transversa, n. sp.
Plate XXXIII, Fig. 22.
Shell transversely elliptical, about three-fifths as high as long and very
depressed convex; beak, as seen on internal casts, rather prominent and
pointed, situated at or a little behind the anterior third of the entire length
of the shell; umbonal angle very distinct but not elevated; basal and car-
dinal margins nearly equally arcuate, the anterior end broadly rounded and
the posterior obliquely truncate, being longest at the point where the um-
bonal ridge cuts the margin. Surface of the shell marked by regular, even,
concentric ridges, about five of which occupy an eighth of an inch in width
near the basal margin of the specimens figured. Hinge-line unknown,
except the short lateral teeth on each side of the beak shown by the linear
depressions on the cast.
This species is nearly of the form of V. tellinoides, but is less pointed behind,
has a more prominent and more angular umbonal ridge, and the beak is some-
what more distant from the anterior end, and the surface more coarsely striate.
Formation and locality. — In the dark micaceous clays below the Lower
Marls at Marlborough, New Jersey, in Mr. Lockwood's collections from that
place.
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OP THE LOWER MAELS. 175
ANATINID^.
Genus PHOLADOMTA, Sowerby.
Pholadomya occidentalis.
Plate XXIV, Figs. 1-3.
Pholadomya occidentalis Morton. Synopsis, p. 68, PI. VIII, Fig. 3. Gabb, Synop. Cret.
Form., Meek, Smithson. Inst. Gheck-list, etc.
Shell of rather more than medium size, ovate in outline and very ven-
tricose, and as far as can be safely determined from all the specimens which
I have seen the valves closely meet at both extremities. Beaks large and
broad, incurved so as to be nearly in contact, but not prominent, resting
only moderately above the hinge-line, and situated well forward. Hinge-
line straight, nearly two-thirds as long as the shell and bounded by a rather
distinct and broadly excavated cardinal area, the limit of which near the
beaks on each side of them is distinctly angular. Anterior end of the shell
obliquely truncated; posterior end more narrowly rounded, and the basal
margin strongly curved, being a little gibbous in its curvature near the
middle of its length.
Surface of the specimens, the shell never being preserved, is marked
by strong radiating ribs, which are most numerous and most closely arx'anged
near the middle of the valves and gradually become more distant toward
each extremity, those on the extreme anterior end and those near the
postero-cardinal border being nearly or quite twice as far apart as those on
the middle of the valve. On many individuals every other ray along the
central section of the valve, and sometimes extending well toward the pos-
terior, is seen to die out before reaching the beak. By this arrangement
the disk of the shell has been divided indistinctly into three sections, marked
by the simple spaces between the rays on each end, and by having inter-
calated rays between on the central space. On the most perfect individual
used, figured on the plate, which is about three and a half inches in length,
there are about thirty ribs determinable, and on the smaller one figured
only about twenty-seven can be counted. The casts also show strong con-
centric lines of growth, which in crossing the rays gives them a strongly
wrinkled or nodose and sometimes a distorted and flexuose character.
176 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
It is even more than probable that the shells of this species, when per-
fect, have been gaping at the posterior, if not at each end; but all those
which I have seen have been more or less compressed and imperfect, so
that their closed character cannot be said to be certainly determined. As
they appear to possess all the features of the typical forms of the genus in
other respects, it would be safe to assume they have been somewhat gaping,
at least posteriorly. On the large specimen figured, which is the property
of the Am. Mus. of Nat. History, New York, the anterior muscular imprint
is seen to be of large size near the anterior end, but only faintly marked.
Formation and localities. — The species is found at Monmouth, Burling-
ton, and other localities in the Lower Green Marls of New Jersey, and is
credited by Mr. Gabb to Delaware and to Mississippi. The original figure
given by Morton, loc. cii, is very erroneous in all its details, having but little
resemblance to any specimen which I have ever seen.
Fholadomya Roemeri n. sp.
Plate XXIV, Fig. 4.
Shell rather small for the genus, being only about two inches long.
Valves very convex, with moderately tumid beaks, which are nearly termi-
nal ; form obliquely ovate in outline, somewhat wider behind the middle
than in front, exclusive of the beaks. Hinge-line rather long. Surface of
the shell marked by thirteen radiating ribs, which are sharp and elevated,
and are separated by broad concave interspaces. Those on the anterior
end of the shell are distant and curved forward, while those on the body of
the shell gradually decrease in distance as they progress backward. There
are also very distinct and proportionally distant concentric striae marking
the shell, forming slight nodes on the radii where crossing them.
This species, so far as seen, is smaller than P. occidentalis Morton, and
is less regularly oval in outline, being more elongate. The radii are much
less numerous, in fact are less than half as numerous as is usual on that
species. It approaches much more nearly in form and character to P. peder-
nalis Eomer, from Texas, but does not possess the prominent beaks of that
species, and has rather more radii, that one having only six or seven.
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 177
Formation and locality. — In the micaceous clays below the Lower Marl
Bed, at the Rev. G. C. Schank's pits, near Marlborough, Monmouth County,
New Jersey.
Genus PERIPLOMYA Conrad.
Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 76 := Leptomya Con., Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. Ill, p. 15.
Periplomya elliptica.
Plate XXIII, Figs. 14 and 15.
Anatina elliptica Gabb. P. A. IST. S., Phil., 1861, p. 324. Meek, Check-list, p. 15. Geol.
Surv. K J., 1868, p. 727.
Periplomya elliptica Gabb. P. A. N. S., Phil., 1876, p. 305.
Shell small, inequivalve, and very inequilateral, subovate in outline,
largest across the anterior side of the beaks, and strongly constricted just be-
hind them, the posterior end being narrowed on the hinge-line and excavated
at this point. Valves somewhat ventricose, the right one less convex than
the left, and very decidedly depressed in the central region and toward the
basal line, showing a decided twist or arcuation of the valves as seen in a
basal view. Anterior end broadly rounded, and the posterior pointedly
rounded. Beaks small, appressed, incurved, and apparently directed back-
ward, as is usual in this group of shells, from the expansion or inflation of
the anterior side of the hinge-line. Cardinal margin, as seen on the cast,
inflected both in front and behind the beaks, forming an apparent lunule
and escutcheon on the cast, probably produced mainly from a thickening
of the hinge-plate within. Muscular imprints and pallial line and hinge not
observed.
This appears to be a rare form of shell in the Cretaceous strata of
America, only a very few individuals having been observed by any one.
I have seen only two individuals besides Mr. Gabb's type, but the latter
author speaks of Mr. Conrad having seen three specimens. The generic
relations of the species are somewhat obscure, as none but internal casts
have been found, which do not retain the features of the hinge. Mr. Con-
rad appears to have identified it positively with his genus Periplomya for
Mr. Gabb, but I can see no valid reason why it sliould not be placed under
Agassiz's genus Corimya, 1843, a genus wliich occurs in Europe in the Cre-
taceous and Jurassic. There certainly seems to be no difference in the form
4418 MON 9 12
178 PAL^Ol^rTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY.
of the casts, unless it be in the absence of the internal rib, which is described
as occurring in the right valve of some specimens of that genus, bordering-
the muscular impression. Prof. Agassiz refers Corimya to the Isocardes, but
its affinities are certainly with Anatina, as they have been placed by later
authors.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls at Mullica Hill and
Holmdel, New Jersey.
Genus GERCOMYA Agassiz.
Cercomya peculiaris.
Plate XXIII, Figs. 24 and 25.
Inoceramus peculiaris Courad. Aui. Jour. Conch., Vol. V, p. 43, PI. I, Fig. 13.
Cercomya peculiaris Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 76.
A single fragment of a cast of one valve only has been seen of this
•species, and that altogether too imperfect to afford means for positive ge-
neric reference. The form somewhat resembles species of Cercomya Agassiz,
but is by no means unquestionable, and is fully as much like Thracia.
The form has been subtriangular, with an obliquely truncated anterior end,
slightly gaping; the posterior part of the shell more elongated, slightly
curved, and more widely gaping. Valves moderately convex and strongly
furrowed concentrically. On the left valve there is evidence of a propor-
tionally wide hinge-plate, with a large deep ligamental cavity beneath the
apex. No evidences of teeth or teeth-like projections are preserved, as only
the impression of the under surface of the plate is shown.
Formation and locality. — In the lower portion of the Lower Green Marls
at Crosswicks, New Jersey.
CORBULID^.
Genus CORBULA Brugui6re.
Corbnia crassipUca.
Plate XXni, Fig. 30.
Corbula crassipUca Gabb. J. A. N. Sci., new ser.. Vol. IV, p. 394, PL LXVIII, Fig. 25.
Synopsis, p. 110. Meek, Check-list, p. 15. Geol. Surv. K J., 186S, p. 727.
Corbula perbrevis Conrad. Kerr's Geol. Eept. N. Car., Appendix, p. 17, PL II, Fig. 5.
The shells upon which this species is identified from New Jersey are
very small, scarcely exceeding a fourth of an inch in length, the height
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 179
being about the same. Very ventricose on the right valve and of a sub-
triangular form. Beak large, inflated and enrolled, nearest the anterior end.
Anterior umboual ridge subangular, and marked by a narrow groove, which
divides the concentric ridges at this point. Posterior end short, with a very
marked fold separating the postero-cardinal slope from the body of the valve.
Body of the valve marked by coarse, strong, and rounded concentric folds,
varying in number according to the size of the shell. Left valve less ven-
tricose than the right, and destitute of the strong folds, or marked only by
irregular concentric lines.
The species bears considerable resemblance to C. Murcliisoni Lea, from
the Eocene sands of Claiborne, Alabama. In fact it is quite difficult to point
out characters by which they can be distinguished as seen on the imperfect
specimens which I have examined from New Jersey. These are scarcely half
the length of the one figured by Mr. Gabb in the Journal of the Academy of
Natural Sciences, unless that figure be an enlargement. I have not seen a
left valve in a condition for illustration, and none of the examples show the
interior in a condition to be described, as they are extremely fragile and
will not bear handling. The small specimen figured by Mr. Conrad as C.
perhrevis from North Carolina loc. cit. is so exactly Hke the New Jersey forms
both in size and general appearance, that the figure would answer perfectly
for an illustration of one of these. In Mr. Conrad's remark on the generic
relations of this group of Cretaceous Corhuloe he appears to consider them
as pertaining to the genus Pachydon Glabb on account of their spiral beaks;
and in the same connection one obtains an explanation of Mr. Conrad's
reasons for the formation of so many genera by that author, in his intima-
tion of a belief "that all life was destroyed at the close of the Cretaceous
era;" a belief not warranted by facts, and one intended to lead a paleon-
tologist into any amount of excess in the formation of genera and species.
Formation and locality. — In the dark micaceous clays below the Lower
Marls at Haddonfield, New Jersey. From the collection of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
180 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY.
Corbula Foulkei.
Plate XXIII, Figs. 27-29.
Corhula Foulkei Lea. Proc. A. N. Sci. Phil., 1861, p. 149. Pamph'., p. 41. Meek,
Check-list, p. 15. Geo!. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 727.
Shell of small size, elliptically triangular in outline, posterior end short-
est and acutely pointed; anterior end rovxnded, the left valve more extreme
in form than the right, which is more ventricose and higher than the left.
Beaks tumid and incurved, that of the larger valve most distinctly so. Sur-
face marked by moderatel)^ strong concentric strise and very strong varices
of growth. Substance of the shell thick; teeth only moderate in size;
muscular markings distinct.
As I have not been able to find the original specimens described by
Mr. Lea, I can only infer from his description that I have rightly identi-
fied the form, as he does not figure it The form here described varies some
from the somewhat general characters given, but it is the most common
form found at Haddonfield, and as both the others recognized at that local-
ity have been figured by their author, I think there can be but little doubt
of the accuracy of the refereiace here made.
Formation and locality. — In the soft micaceous clays below the Lower
Marls at Haddonfield, New Jersey. Collection of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia.
Corbula subcompressa.
Plate XXIII, Fig. 26.
.Corlula suicompressa Gabb. J. A. N. Sci. Phil., new ser.. Vol, IV, p. 394, PI. LXVIII,
Fig. 24. Synopsis, p. 111. Meek, Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 727.
Shell small, transversely triangular, and nearly equilateral. Left valve
moderately convex, most inflated along the umbonal ridge and on the an-
terior third; beak small, incurved, appressed; posterior slope moderate and
the ridge angular. Surface marked by fine concentric lines. Shell thin.
Interior not observed.
Only a single imperfect left valve has fallen inider my observation, and
it so mutilated that the hinge features cannot be obtained.
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MARES. 181
Formation and locality. — In the soft micaceous clays below the Lower
Marls at Hacldonfield, New Jersey. Collection of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia.
SAXICAVID^.
Genus PANOPEA M6nard.
Panopea decisa.
Plate XXIV, Figs. 5-8.
Panopea decisa Conrad. J. A. N. Sci., Phil., Vol. II, 2d ser., p. 215, PI. XXIV, Fig,
19. Meek, Check-list Smith. Inst., p. 15.
Glycimeris decisa (Con.) Gabb. Synop., p. 125. Meek, Geol. Eept. K". Jersey, 1868, p.
727.
Shell moderately large and ventricose, with moderately large project-
ing' beaks, which are situated a little nearest the anterior end, widely gaping
at the posterior end and closed anteriorly. Anterior extremity rounded,
longest below the middle, anterior end truncated, projecting near the cardi-
nal line and receding below. Surface of the shell marked by very strong,
broad, concentric undulations most strongly developed on the middle of the
valves and becoming nearly obsolete on some specimens both anteriorly and
posteriorly. The valves are also often depressed along the posterior umbo-
nal slope, showing a distinct furrow at the bending of the undulations of
the surface at this point.
The internal features of the species are not easily made out from the
imperfect casts under examination, the shell having been too fragile to leave
the impressions of pallial line or muscular" scars so as to be ti'aced with any
degree of certainty. The hinge, however, has been considerably thickened
and has left the imprint of its features on some of the specimens, so that by
the use of gutta-percha its features have been fairly shown. There is posi-
tive evidence of only a single projecting tooth in each valve, which has
been long and incurved, but showing that the shell was not indented or
excavated for their reception, as should be the case in Glycimeris, to which
genus Messrs. Gabb and Meek have referred it. In the right valve, how-
ever, the hinge-fold recedes on the anterior side of the tooth, but not in the
182 PALEONTOLOGY OP NEW JERSEY.
form of a notch for the reception of the tooth, as it leaves the tooth entirely
free and uncovered, while in the left valve the hinge-fold is entirely straight
on the face. The folds or plates for the reception of the ligament have
been quite large and distinct. Considering the above features I have con-
cluded to place the species back under Panopea, where Mr. Conrad origi-
nally placed it, as the evidence seems to be more in favor of that reference
than to Ghjcimeris. Dr. Stoliczka also considers it as not belonging to the
genus Glycimeris, judging only from Mr. Conrad's figure.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls at Holland, Mon-
mouth County, and near Burlington and elsewhere in New Jersey.
SOLENID^.
Genus SOLYMA Conrad. 1871.
(Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. YI, p. 75.)
Solyma liueolata.
Plate XXV, Figs. 11-13.
Solyma lineolatus Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 75, PL IH, Fig. 9. Gabb, Proc.
A. N. Sci., 1876, p. 305.
Shell transversely elongate-elliptical, about twice as long as high, with
subparallel dorsal and basal margins, the anterior end rounded and the pos-
terior end subtruncate, a little longer above than below. Valves convex,
with a very sHght angulation along each umbonal slope; beaks large, prom-
inent, nearly centrally situated and projecting somewhat strongly above the
cardinal line. Surface of the shell marked only by fine concentric lines of
growth. Hinge-plate very narrow and teeth short. Muscular scars, the
anterior only seen, small, obscure, and somewhat elongate.
The shell resembles in its general expression a species of Soleairtus,
with Avhich genus Dr. Stoliczka feels inclined to associate it. There is but
a single imperfect right valve in the collection, and this appears to be the
only one Mr. Conrad used in formulating his genus. The pallial line is not
visible nor is the posterior muscular impression, and the hinge characters
are all that are given as generic characters. I know of no other New Jer-
sey Cretaceous shell with which it can be confounded.
LAMBLLIBEANOHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 183
Formation and locality. — In the micaceous clays of the Lower Marls at
Haddonfield, New Jersey. Borrowed from the collection of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Genus LEPTOSOLEN Conrad.
(Am. Jour. Conch., vol. iii, p. 15 and p. 188.)
Leptosolen biplicata.
Plate XXV, Figs. 1 and 2.
-Siliquaria biplicata Conrad. J. A. N. S., Phil., 2d ser.. Vol. Ill, p. 324, PI. XXXIV,
Fig. 17. Gabb, Synop., p. 170. Meek, Smith. Inst., Check-list, p. 15.
Leptosolen biplicata Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. Ill, pp. 15,188. Meek, Geol. Eept.
K Jersey, 1868, p. 727. Gabb, P. A. N. S., 1861, p. 304.
Shell of medium size, two and a half to three times as long as wide,
with parallel dorsal and basal margins. Valves quite convex when not
compi'essed, and gaping at each extremity; beaks small and inconspicuous,
situated within the anterior third of the length; posterior extremity truncate,
a little the longest below the center; anterior end more distinctly rounded,
longest above the middle. Surface of the shell marked by concentric lines
of growth, which are wiry and distinct upon the impressions in the marls,
but indistinct on the internal casts. On the anterior part of the shell there
• are two indistinct plica extending from in front of the beaks, one to the
anterior basal angle and the other to the margin of the valve about midway
between the first and the antero-dorsal angle. On the casts there is a strong-
groove extending obliquely across the valve from the beaks to near the
base, gradually widening from its origin and passing gently backward in its
extension, marking the position of an internal rib on the shell. The hinge
features cannot be determined from either of the two imperfect specimens
before me. The larger of the specimens would indicate a shell of nearly
"two inches in length with a width of almost five-eighths of an inch.
This species is the type of the genus Leptosolen, the principal generic
feature resting upon the single direct tooth of the right valve, a featui-e
which cannot be seen on the internal casts found in this State; and as Con-
rad has not figured this feature so far as I can ascertain, I am not able to
judge of the validity of the characters.
184 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY.
Formation and locality. — The casts which I have described are from the
micaceous clays vmder the Lower Marl Bed, at the pits of the Rev. G. C.
Schanck, near Marlborough, N. J., in Mr. Lockwood's collection. There
are also t\i'o fragments of shell which are apparently of this species from
the white limestone nodules at the base of the Lower Marl Bed at Marl-
borough, in Mr. Schanck's collection. These latter specimens shoAv a strong
posterior umbonal ridge and a thickness of shell which one would scarcely
deem compatible with the characters and tenuity of the shell indicated on
the casts, and may possibly belong to a distinct form.
Genus LEGUMEN Conrad, 1858.
(Jour. A. N. Sci., Phil., Vol. IV, p. 277.)
Legumen planulatum.
Plate XXV, Figs. 3 and 4.
Solemya planulata Con. J. A.KS.,Phil.,2dser.,VoLII,p. 274, PI. XXIV, Fig. 11. Gabb,
1859, Cat. Invert. Foss., p. 16.
Legumen plantdaf a (Cou.) Gabb. Synop., p. 133.
L. planata (Gabb.) Meek. Check-list Smith. Inst., p. 15.
L. elliptica and L. appressa (Con.) Gabb. P. A. N. Sci., ]S76, p. 304.
Comp. L. appressus Conrad. J. A. N. S., Phil., 2d ser.. Vol. Ill, p. 325.
Shell of small size, transversely elongate, about twice and a half as
long as high, and elongate-elliptical in outline with the extremities rather
sharply rounded. Valves very compressed or flattened, especially so on the
posterior part. Beaks small, appressed, not projecting, situated within the
anterior third of the length. Surface of the shell marked by proportionally
strong regular concentric striae. The internal cast shows a well marked
gash behind the anterior muscular imprint, the result of an internal rib
similar to that existing in Machcera.
In Mr. Meek's list of New Jersey fossils, given in the report for 1868,
p. 727, he cites two species of this genus as occurring in the State, but does
not mention this one. Mr. Conrad's type of this species was from Monmouth
County, New Jersey, and is the only one originally described from this
State. Among the fossils from the State which I have examined I have
found none corresponding to the figure given by Mr. Conrad of L. eUijMcum,
but to L. appresswn, which is not figured, it seems to be very nearly related,
LAMELLIBEAlSrCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 185
but is less contracted in front, giving a wider anterior end, which makes it
appear proportional! 5^ longer. As compared with shells of L. ellipticmn, from
Tippah County, Mississippi, this one has been more slender in proportion
to its length, with extremities less broadly rounded, and the shell not so
high posteriorly. Mr. Gabb considers all these forms as only stages of
growth of L. planulatum, to which I do not agree.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls at Freehold, and
from the marl pits of G. C. Schanck, Monmouth County, New Jersey.
Legumen appressum.
Plate XXV, Figs. 6-8.
Legumen appressa Conrad. J. A. N. Sci., new ser., Vol. Ill, p. 325. Gabb, Synopsis, p.
133. Meek, Check-list, p. 15. Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 727.
See Legumen appressa Conrad. Kerr's Geol. Eept. IST. C, appendix, p. 10, citing J. A.
N. Sci., Vol. Ill, p. 325, PI. XXXIV, Fig. 19, as this species; also the same
figure given as L. ellipticus, J. A. K. S., loc. cit.
Shell transversely elliptical, about twice and a half as long as high,
with depressed convex valves and small, appressed beaks, which are situated
just within the anterior third of the length of the valves. Thickness of the
shell through the valves, in an uncompressed specimen, equal to two-fifths of
the height from the dorsal to the ventral margin. Anterior end of the shell
narrowed in front of the beaks and narrowly rounded at the extremity; pos-
terior end also sharply rounded, the longest part being above the middle of
the height; dorsal and ventral margins parallel, but each moderately curved.
Ligament proportionally long, imbedded in a narrow, deep escutcheonal
area; lunular depression very slight. Surface of the shell marked by fine,
regular, even, step-like concentric ridges, strongest on the posterior part of
the shell.
It is somewhat difficult to point out distinctions between the species of
this genus where they are preserved as internal casts only, the markings of
the sui-face being only partially or not at all preserved, and the form of the
shell scarcely indicated in the parts where most distinct when the shell itself
is examined. So far as I can distinguish, the casts which I have figured
belong to the L. planulatum, and appear to ditferfrom the shell here used in the
186 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JBESEY.
form of the posterior end, and in the narrowing of the anterior portion in front
of the beaks. The specimen here used is in the collection of the Academy of
Natural Sciences, marked L. apxwessus in Mr. Conrad's handwriting, and is
accompanied by another, without mark, which agrees nearly enough with his
figure of L. elUpticum (J. A. N. S., Vol. Ill, PL XXXIV, Fig. 1 9) to have been
the one used in making that figure. The two differ not only in the propor-
tional length and height, but in the form of the anterior ends and in the char-
acter of the surface markings, the latter one not having the regular ridges, but
irreo-ular and fasciculate lines. By reference to the citations at the head of
this description it will be seen that Mr. Conrad has at different times referred
to Fig. 19 of PL XXXIV, J. A. N. Sci., Vol. Ill, both as L. appressus and L.
ellipticus. The latter name being first applied to it, I suppose to have been
correct, and the reference later made to have been an error. Mr. Gabb, in
the Proc. A. N. Sci., 1876, p. 304, cites all these species under L. xMmilata,
and considers them identical, considering the variations as different stages of
growth only. It would be difficult to account for the contraction of the an-
terior end in front of the beaks on this hypothesis
Formation and locality. — In the dark micaceous clay below the Lower
Marls at Haddonfield, New^ Jersey. Collection of the Academy of Nat-
ural Sciences, Philadelphia.
Genus SILIQUA Muhlfeld.
Siliqua Cretacea.
Plate XXV, Figs. 9 and 10.
Oultellus cretacea Gabb. Jour. A. N. Sci., Phil., new ser., Vol. IV, p. 303, PI. XL VIII,
Pig. 25 in text (24 on plate).
Siliqua cretacea Gabb. Synopsis, p. 170. Meek, Check-list, p. 15. Stoliczka, Pal.
ludica. Vol. Ill, p. 100.
Ospriasolen cretacea (Gabb) Meek. Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 727.
Shell of moderate size, the internal cast, and the only one known, being
nearly one and three-fourth inches long, and for the genus very convex, rather
strongly curved, and widely gaping at each extremity, the valves only com-
ing in contact in the middle of the basal margin; posterior end most widely
.gaping. Beaks distinct, but not elevated, situated a little within the anterior
::third of the shell's length. On the cast they slightly project above the
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 187
general line of the hinge. Hinge slightly concave posterior to the beaks,
and the margin considerably thickened, as indicated by the form of the cast.
Anterior to the beaks the cardinal line declines at a low angle from the
direction of the posterior side. Basal line very strongly curved ; extremi-
ties rounded, the anterior the most sharply so. Anterior muscular scar
*' moderately large, triangularly ovate, bordered by a rounded furrow on the
posterior side, indicating a slightly thickened rib on the interior of the shell.
Posterior scar larger, triangular, and faintly marked. Pallial sinus deep
and extending to near the middle of the shell's length. Hinge features un-
known. Indications exist on the cast of a divided tooth-like projection on
the left valve, with a socket-like plate on the right.
The species appears to be a very rare one in the Cretaceous beds of
New Jersey, only one individual cast having been seen so far as I can learn.
Mr. Gabb originally described it as a species of CuUellus, but soon after
referred it to the genus Siliqua, under which most authors agree in classing
it. Mr. JMeek, in his list of New Jersey fossils, first referred it to the genus
Ospriasolen, a reference to or a description of which I have not been able
to find in any other work, and do not know what characters it includes, or
if he intended it for this individual shell.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower G-reen Marls (?) in Burlington
County, New Jersey. Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia.
PHOLADID^.
Genus PHOLAS Linn.
Pholas cithara.
Plate XXV, Figs. 14-16.
Pholas eitliara Morton. Synopsis, p. 68, PI. IX, Fig. 10. Gabb, Synopsis, p. 166. Meek,*
Check-list, p. 16. Geol. Surv. N". J., 1868, p. 728.
P. pectorosa Conrad. J. A. N. Sci., new ser., Vol. II, p. 299, PI. XXVII, Fig. 9.
Glavipholan eitliara (Morton) Meek. Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 728.
Martesia cithara (Mort.) Gabb. P. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1876, p. 304.
Shell triangularly ovate, acutely pointed behind and subtruncate in
front. Valves very ventricose, the depth and thickness when united about
188 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
equal, giving a nearly round section. Anterior umbonal ridge inflated
and nearly subangular in some cases, always sharply rounded, and the
anterior surface somewhat flattened or but little convex. Central region
of the valves sulcated obliquely, more or less constricting the front margin
at about or just behind the center. Hinge-line straight, deeply sunken
between the large, inflated, and enrolled approximate beaks. Surface of the
shell marked by strong radiating ribs, numerous but somewhat irregular
posterior to the umbonal angle, but few and distant in front; also by com-
paratively strong concentric ridges, which are distinctly deflected at the
mesial sulcus and pass obliquely upward in front of it. These concentric
ridges form flattened nodes of the radiating ribs by crossing them on the
anterior part of the shell.
I have seen several casts of this species, and notice considerable varia-
tion in their characters, especially in the strength of the surface markings,
in the form of the anterior end, and in the strength of the mesial sulcus of
the valves, and especially in the strength and character of a sometimes
deeply impressed but narrow line marking the bottom of the sulcus and
dividing the anterior and posterior sections of the shell, it being in some
instances almost obsolete. Mr. Morton's type specimen, which I have not
seen, seems to have been very small, and to have had the anterior end
rounded from below, while Mr. Conrad's type of P. pedorosa is full and
round below and sloping above, while a cast of a single valve which is
figured; appears to have been quite sharply truncate in front and angular
on the umbonal ridge. There is also much difference in the proportional
strength of the two sets of ribs in the different examples.
Formation and locality. — Li the Lower Green Marls at Mr. G. C.
Schanck's marl pits near Marlborough, New Jersey. Mr. Conrad's example,
which isthe largest and most perfect individual observed, was collected at Tin-
ton Falls, Monmouth County, by Prof L. Vanuxem. A single specimen of
medium size in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Phila-
delphia, placed with the type of P. pedorosa under the same label, appears,
from its lithological character, to have come from the yellow limestone of
the Middle Marl Beds, but may be deceptive in this respect.
LAMBLLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 189
Fholas ? lata, n. sj).
Plate XXV, Fig. 17.
Shell large and proportionally very broad between the dorsal and
basal margins, the relative height and length being about as two to three,
respectively. The general outline is slightly ovate, widest at the anterior
end and gradually narrowing posteriorly, the beak being a little in advance
of the middle and showing somewhat above the cardinal line in the slightly
compressed and somewhat crushed specimen of an internal cast of a left
valve, the only one yet seen. Anterior and posterior ends rounded, the
latter one most narrowly so; basal line slightly emarginate just behind the
middle of its length ; cardinal line apparently arcuate throughout. Surface
of the shell, as shown on the cast, convex, with a broad sulcus passing
across the valve from beak to base,' reaching the latter behind the middle.
Anterior to the sulcus the surface is radiately ribbed, the rays being some-
what alternate in size over a portion of the space. At the bottom of the
broad sulcus there is a single larger and stronger rib, which passes from
the beak directly to the base of the shell, which it reaches at the point of
greatest emargination. Posterior to this larger rib the surface is destitute
of radiating lines, the surface being marked only with broad, irregular,
concentric sulci, which extend over the entire surface parallel to the margin
of the shell.
This is a peculiarly formed shell, and does not appear to belong strictly
to the genus Pholas. The only figure of a similar species which I have
been able to find in any work to which I have access is that given on Plate
603, Sow., Mineral Conch., under the name Pliolas? compressa^ and so given
and retained in all the lists and catalogues to which I have access. The
species is from the Kimmeridge clays of Shotover Hill, England, and is not
quite half as large as the New Jersey specimen, while it is much broader
proportionally and also more strongly ribbed on the posterior part. The
shell undoubtedly belongs to the PJwIadidce, but certainly cannot be a true
Pliolas ; but as there are none of the hinge features present on the specimen,
or even the entire external form, I do not think it prudent to suggest a
generic name.
190 PALiEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls at Marlborough,
New Jersey. In the collection at Rutgers College, New Brunswick, New
Jersey.
Genus MAETESIA Leach.
Martesia (Pholas) cretacea,
Plate XXV, Figs. 20-23.
Pliolas cretacea Gabb. Jour. A. N. Sci., new ser., Vol. IV, p. 393, PI. LXVIII, Fig. 18.
Proc. A. K S., 1861, 324.
Martesia cretacea Gabb. Proc. A. N. S., 1876, p. 304.
The tubes or casts of tubes from which this species was described are
from three-fourths of an inch to one and a quarter inches in length by about
three-eighths of an inch in diameter at the larger end of the largest. The
basal end is convex and the shaft of the tube regularly tapering. These
perforations have been in wood, which is now replaced by pyrite, and none
of them show any indications of the shell or markings by which its nature
can be determined. There is, however, a specimen in the Academy's collec-
tion, marked as of the same species in what appears to be Mr. Gabb's hand-
writing, which not only shows the general form of the shell but also some
slight remains of the surface marking. The former is extremely ventricose,
clavate in front, and gradually but rapidly tapering behind, with distinct
incurved beaks and a slightly marked mesial line of perceptible width sep-
arating the anterior and posterior portions of the valves. The antero-basal
area is triangular, and indistinctly marked. Anterior section of the valves
marked with strong undulations which have a strongly upward direction
from the mesial constriction towards the anterior end, while on the posterior
section they are parallel to the margin of the shell. The shell is somewhat
exfoliated, and therefore the surface markings cannot be so distinctly made
out as it would be desirable.
Formation and locality. — The tubes used in the original description and
figured on our plate came from Raritan Bay, New Jersey. The shell, how-
ever, is simply marked "Cret. N. J.," like so many of the specimens used
by Mr. Gabb, so that one is left in some degree of doubt as to what bed they
may have been obtained from
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 191
TEREDID^.
Genus TEEEDO Lina
Teredo irregularis.
Plate XXV, Figs. 18 and 10.
Teredo irregularis Gabb. J. A. N. Sci. Phil., new ser., Vol. IV, p. 393, PI. LXVIH, Fig,
19. Synopsis, p. 174. Meek, Check-list, p. 16 ; Geol. Surv. K J., 1868,
p. 727.
Comp. T. {Uperotis?) contorta Gabb. Proc. A. K Sciences, 1861, p. 323.
Polorthus irregularis Gabb. P. A. N. Sci., 1861, p. 366.
Tube, as known by the casts, of rather large size, often exceeding half
an inch in diameter and of an undetermined length, extremely contorted and
irregular in its direction, and frequently strongly annulated. Shell of pro-
portionally large size, extremely ventricose, and inflated along the dividing
ridge, the band on which is proportionally broad. Valves very short and
truncated at each end, the basal part being rather sharply pointed. Pallets
unknown.
The only examples representing the shells of this species are two imper-
fect casts of single valves found at the bottom of casts of tubes, and both
represent the markings of the inside of the valve. One of them is that
described by Mr. Gabb, and is figured on the plate. The other is too
obscure to furnish any characters whatever. The casts of the tubes only
are known beyond these, and are all very fragmentary. Some of them
show evidences of having been divided by vesiculose partitions at irregular
distances, and others are strongly annulated with strong projecting lamella
at the annulations on the outside of the tube, as if it had been fringed at
regular intervals ; the fringes projecting into the surrounding material,
which, judging from the longitudinally fibrous character of several of them
may have been of a woody nature, impregnated in some instances to a
depth of an eighth of an inch by mineral matter, which has hardened and
preserved a coating to that depth. None of the tubes yet observed preserve
the outer extremity, to show if it has or has not been divided by a septum.
192 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
This, with the absence of all evidence of pallets or accessory parts, leave no
chance of determining to which of the subdivisions of the genus Teredo the
species properly belongs.
Formation and locality. — In the Cretaceous of New Jersey, and from the
appearance I should suppose from the Lower Marls, but no evidence exists
on the labels or in Mr. Gabb's original description of any definite locality.
GASTROCH^NID^.
Genus OLAVAGELLA Lam.
Clavagella armata.
Plate XXV, Fig 24.
Clavagella armata Mortou. Synopsis, p. 69, PL IX, Fig. 11. Gabb, Synopsis, p. 109.
Meek, Clieck-Ust, p. 15. Gabb, Proc. A. N". Sci., 1861, p. 364.
Shell small, the valves being transversely oval, moderately convex,
with proportionally large and tumid beaks; their disks marked, especially
the right valve, by strong concentric undulations. Right valve free, and
the left somewhat distorted in the only specimen which I have before me.
Tube small and compressed.
The specimen which I have figured does not show the tubular spines
on the anterior margin as mentioned by Dr. Morton. But a small specimen
in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History, New York,
shows several spines, and I presume they vary considerably in this respect.
Dr. Morton's figure shows the existence of these spines on the cast, but the
form of the shell as shown there is remarkably elongated and narrowed, as
compared with any of those which I have observed. On that which I have
figured the muscular impressions are quite marked, showing the shell to
have been very much thickened. Judging from Dr. Morton's figure, as well
as from the evidence furnished by the specimen here figured, I should infer
that the present species would be properly classed under Stirpulina Stoliczka,
a subdivision of Clavayella, in which the tubular spines are confined to the
anterior portion of valves, and not scattered along the basal margin also,
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 193
as in those left under the original name Clavagetta, although I cannot see
where the line of separation between the two sections can be drawn. I
should prefer to call them all Glavagella.
Formation and locality. — In the Lower Marls at Walnford, Monmouth
County, and near New Egypt, New Jersey. Dr. Morton's specimen was
collected at Arneytown, N. J., by Mr. Conrad, and it has also been recog-
nized at Prairie Bluff, Alabama. Mr. Gabb speaks of it as occurring at
Mount Holly, New Jersey.
4418 MON 9 13
SECTION IV.
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA FEOM THE MIDDLE MAEL BEDS.
OSTREID^.
Genus GEYPHJEA Lam.
Gr3rphaea vesicularis Lam.
Plate SXVI, Fgs. 9 ami 10.
{For reference and synonymy see ante, page 36.)
The form of this species, which occurs principally in the Middle Marl
Beds, is that which is described on page 37, under the varietal name of G.
micella Roemer, or at least very similar. The Kew Jersey examples do
not often have so straight a hinge-line as Dr. Roemer figures. For other
remarks see description of G. vesicularis, as above referred to.
Gryphsea Bryani, var. precedens, n. var.
Plate XXVI, Figs. 7 and 8.
This shell resembles Oystrea {Oryplicea^ Bryani Gabb in many of its
features, but differs veiy generally in being prolonged laterally on the left
side of the shell as one looks on the smaller valve. Considering this fact, the
shells may be said to be obliquely ovate in general outline, but with the left
side extended laterally in the lower half. The lower valve is deeply concave,
and the beak usually shows a moderately large cicatrix of attachment. The
upper valve is concave and similarly extended as the lower. The muscidar
imprint is of moderate size and irregularly circular, situated back of the
middle of the length, usually, and near the side. Cartilage area fairly
developed. Lateral margins of the valves strongly crenulated in the upper
thii'd of the length and deeply sunken on the larger valve. This variety is
194
LAMELLIBRANGHIATA FROM THE MIDDLE MAEL BEDS. 195
not restricted to the Middle Beds, but is perhaps more strongly marked
there than among the true 0. Bryani at tlie base of the Upper Beds. It
seems quite difficult to arrange all these forms under Gryphma vesicularis
Lam., and still it is very difficult to point out constant characters of differ-
ence. After much study of them with the other forms I am as undecided
in my own mind as to their true specific distinction as when I first examined
them, and shall therefore retain them as varieties.
Formation and locality. — The particular form here indicated is associated
with the small round form of G. vesicularis in the yellow sands of the Middle
Beds throughout Monmouth County, and also particularly so in the vicinity
of New Egypt, New Jersey.
Genus GRYPH^OSTREA Conrad.
(Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. I, p. 15.)
Grypheeostrea vomer.
Plato XXVI, Figs. 11 and 12.
Gryphwa vomer Morton. Synopsis, p. 54, PI. IX, Fig. 5. Stoliczka Pal. Ind., Vol. Ill,
p. 457.
Uxogyra lateralis (ISTeils.) Gabb. Synopsis, p. 123. Meek, Check-list, p. 6.
Grypheeostrea lateralis (Neils.) Meek. Geol. Surv. N. J.,1868, p. 724,
Shell of only moderate size, narrowly elongate-oval or elongate-ellipti-
cal in outline, strongl}^ arcuate from beak to base, and generally more or less
twisted laterally. Right or lower valve deeply concave internally, and the
upper one flat or a very little arching with the other. Apex of the lower
valve distinctly twisted and often decidedly coiled, and that of the upper
distinctly curved anteriorly, although flat. Surface of the lower valve
smooth or only slightly lamellose over the larger part of the body of the
shell, but often strongly lamellose near the apex, and particularly on the
anterior cardinal portion, where it is frequently distinctly auriculate. Sur-
face of the upper valve marked by distant and somewhat regular, elevated,
concentric ridges, formed by the free margins of the lamella. Cardinal or
ligamental area very small or subobsolete.
196 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY.
This shell has been variously referred to Ostrea, Gryphcea, and Exogyra
by difFerent authors, but its general characters do not correspond with the
generally accepted features of any of these forms. In Vol. I, p. 15, Ameri-
can Journal of Conchology, Mr. Conrad proposes for a similar Eocene spe-
cies the generic name GrypJiceostrea, and in the Report of the U. S. Geolog-
ical Survey of the Territories, p. 11, Mr. Meek oflFers a generic diagnosis fur-
nished by Mr. Conrad, and mentions this species as a typical form on Mr. C.'s
authority. He also mentions in a foot-note that on well-preserved speci-
mens of this species he has seen long, slender, auricular appendages on each
side of the hinge. I have not seen these appendages, to my positive knowl-
edge, except on the anterior side, although they are not uncommon on the an-
terior side of the lower valve. I think the generic separation of the group
of which this may be considered a typical form a necessary one, as it has a
decidedly spiral or twisted beak, but without the hinge features of Exogyra.
This might be said to be an evidence that Exogyra and Gryplicea ought to be
included under one generic division, as this is an intermediate form, which
may be quite true, but where there are groups of species having such dis-
tinctive characters as this possesses, convenience demands some considera-
tion ; whereas many generic divisions are recognized in cases where it is ex-
tremely difficult to point out specific differences. The species has been re-
ferred to Ostrea lateralis, Neils., by several authors. I have not been abk'
to examine specimen of that species, but from the figures which I have
seen I should be led to doubt their identit}^ Oysters, however, are so
variable that if one takes the extremes of any of the species from a given
locality they would be likely to pass beyond the typical form of one or
more other species, so that if we were to follow it out we should soon have
but one species in all.
Formation and locality. — The species is very abundant in the Middle
Marl Beds, at Timber Creek, and near New Egypt, associated with Tere-
bratula Harlani. It also occurs as casts at Mullica Hill, and at localities in
Monmouth County, New Jersey, in beds which I suppose to be in the
Lower Green Marls.
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA PEOM THE MIDDLE MAEL BEDS. 197
MYTILID^.
Genus MODIOLA Lam.
Modiola ovata.
Plate XXVI, Figs. 13 and 14.
ModMa ovata Gabb. Jour. Acad. 'Nat. Sci., Phil., 4, uew ser., p. 396, PI. LXVIII, Fig.
31. Synopsis, p. 143. Meek, Check-list, p. 11.
Perna ovata (Gabb) Meek. Geol. Surv. K J., 1868, p. 736.
Shell ovate in outline, or elono'ate ovate, of about a medium size, some-
what alate at the extremity of the short hinge-line. Valves very ventricose,
with nearly terminal beaks, which are small, incurved, and not conspicu-
ously raised above the cardinal line. Umbonal ridge prominently rounded,
and the surface of the shell in front of it slightl}' sinuate, giving a slight
sinuosity to the basal line; posterior extremity of the shell broadl3^ rounded,
and the anterior end narrow. Surface of the shell marked by very fine,
obscure lines of growth.
Formation and locality. — In the Middle Marl Bed, at Timber Creek,
New Jersey.
Genus MODIOLA Lam.
Modiola (Lithodomus ?) inflata, n. sp.
Plate XXVI, Figs. 1 and 2.
Shell small, cylindrically ovate, with large, tumid, anterior beaks,'an3'^
parallel dorsal and basal margins. Anterior and posterior ends nearly
equally rounded in a general view, as the beaks, from their downward
direction of curvature as seen in a lateral view, are blended with the
anterior margin so nearly as to give almost the same form as the posterior
end. In a dorsal view the form is strongly cune'atel)^ ovate from the rapid
attenuation of the shell posteriorly. Hinge-line rather short and the liga-
ment slender.
This species bears considerable resemblance to Modiola Johnsoni, but
never attains so great a size, is more cylindrical, with a difiPerently formed
beak, and a different surface structure, being smoother and destitute of the
198 PALEONTOLOGY OP NEW JEESEY.
strong concentric markings so prominent on that one, and is also more
attenuated behind. There are some features about the shell in its general
expression which are almost indescribable, but which give it more the ap-
pearance of a species of Lithophagus than that of a true Modiola, and leave
an uncertainty about its true generic relations, the specimens being only
casts.
Formation and locality. — From Mr. Ware's pits, near Mullica Hill, New
Jersey. In the Middle Mai-ls.
PTERIID^ Meek.
Geuus PINNA Linn.
Pinna rostriformis.
Plate XVI, Figs. 3 and 4.
Pinna rostriformis Morton. Jour. Acad. Nat. Scl. Phil., 1st ser., Vol. YIII, p. 214, PI.
X, Fig. 5. Gabb, Syn., p. 166. Meek, Check-list, p. 9. Geol. Surv. New Jer-
sey, 1868, p. 725.
P. Morton. Synopsis, p. 63.
Shell below a medium size, elongate-triangular in form, with a some-
what attenuated, nearly pointed beak; hinge-line straight and extending
nearly the length of the shell ; basal margin broadly sinuate along the ros-
tral third of its length, and gently convex beyond that line ; posterior mar-
gin rounded below and gradually receding above to the extremity of the
hinge. Valves very ventricose, subangular along the middle, marked by
moderately prominent radii on the upper two-thirds of the surface, and by
strong concentric undulations parallel to the lines of growth, becoming
quite strong on the basal unradiated area.
All the specimens which I have seen of this species have been imper-
fect, and all with the external prismatic layers of the shell exfoliated, so
that the absolute surface markings have not been observed. The species
bears a very strong resemblance to P. laqueata Conrad, but is more slender
toward the apex, giving a decided sinuosity to the basal line along the ros-
tral portion of the valves.
Formation and locality. — In the Middle Marl Beds, at Timber Creek,
New Jersey.
LAMELLIBEANOHIATA FEOM THE MIDDLE MAEL BEDS. 199
AUGIBM.
Genus IDONEAEOA Conrad.
Idonearca medians, n. sp.
Plate XXVI, Figs. 5 and 6.
This species veiy closely resembles /. vulgaris in its internal casts, and
is very difficult to distinguish in some of its conditions; but the fillings of
the cavities of the beaks are very much more elevated, showing that the
beaks have been larger and more prominent, and that the cardinal area has
lieen very much wider. The inner line of the hinge-plate seems to have been
more arched also than in that species. At some localities this species shows
the posterior muscular ridges to be extremely large; while the line of the
pallial attachment aroiind the posterior end is remarkably strong, and shows
strong cicatrices of attachment in the form of short elevated ridges on the
cast, crossing a prominent boss, which, of course, represents a deep depres-
sion, with still deeper pits, in the shell at this point. This feature, although
existing to some degree in nearly all species of the genus as well as in most
Areas, is in this one remarkably developed. Exterior and shell so far un-
known.
Formation and locality. — This species is characteristic so far as yet known
of the Middle Marl Beds. The most marked specimens are from Mr. J. S.
Cook's marl pits at Tinton Falls, New Jersey.
Idonearca compressirostra, n. sp.
Plate XXVI, Figs. 15 and 16.
Cast of small size, subquadrangular in outline and only moderately
-convex; beaks small, situated near the anterior end, but very slightly ele-
vated and approximate; anterior end of the shell broadest, the margin
abruptly declining from the beaks to near the basal line; basal line moder-
a,tely arcuate; posterior end obliquely truncate, and narrower than the
anterior end; cardinal line highly arched between the beaks and gently
■declining posteriorly. Muscular scars faintly marked, the anterior one
200 PALJilONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
Sttiall and indistinct, and the posterior one defined by a faintly impressed
line on the lower side, indicating a rather low ridge on the inside of the
shell. Pallial line well marked. Hinge features unknown. The median
portion on a cast used indicates the existence of several small teeth on this
portion. Exterior features unknown.
This is a small and but slightly convex species, and is distinguished by
these features from any other of the genus, and also by the very small
space between the fillings of the beaks as well as by their small size and
slight prominence. The faintly marked muscular imprints might indicate a
young shell, but the other features are not what would exist on small speci-
mens of any of the other species known.
Formation and locality. —In the Middle Marl Beds, at Mr. J. S. Cook's
pits, Tinton Falls, Monmouth County, New Jersey.
ISOCARDIID^.
Genus ISOCARDIA Lamarck.
Isocardia Conradi.
Plate XXVI, Figs. 3 and 4.
Isocardia Conradi Gabb. J. N. A. Sci., Vol. IV, p. 392, PI. LXVIII, Figs. 21 and 21a.
Glossns Conradi Gabb. Synopsis, p. 162. Meek, Check-list, p. 12.
Bucardia Conradi (Gabb) Meek. Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 726.
Mr. Gabb describes this shell as follows : "Triangular, equi valve ; beaks
large, inclined anteriorly; umbones large; anterior margin nearly straight,
basal sinuate, posterior subangular below, nearly straight above; surface
marked by fine concentric lines." The localities he gives as " Prairie Bluff,
Ala., and Timber Creek, N. J."
The only specimen which I have seen of this species is that figured
as stated above. The specimen is a cast of the interior, and agrees well
with the above description. It corresponds quite closely in form with
I. Washita, Marcou (Geol. North America, p. 37, PI. Ill, Fig. 2), but is more
pointed at the anterior extremity and more angular on the umbonal ridge.
The specimen from which Mr. Gabb's figures and description are taken is
in the cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and
although labeled as coming from Alabama, I believe to be the one he cites
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA FEOM THE MIDDLE MARL BEDS. 201
as coming from "Timber Creek, N. J," judging from the lithological char-
acters of the specimen. Consequently, I have copied his figures here, and
give the species as a New Jersey form for this reason.
TEREDID^.
Geniis TEREDO Linnfeus.
Teredo tibialis.
Plate XXVI, Figs. 19-22.
Teredo tibialis Morton. Synopsis, p. 68, PI. IX, Fig. 2. Gabb, Synopsis, p. 174. Meek,
Check-list, p. 16. Geol. Surv. IST. J., 1868, p. 727.
Polortlms tibialis (Morton) Gabb. P. A. N. Sci., 1861, p. 366. Ibid., 1872, p. 259, Plate
VIII, Figs. 1-7.
The remains for which this specific name was proposed by Dr. Morton
consist of long, flexible shelly tubes, varying in thickness from more than a
fourth of an inch at the lower end to often less than a sixteenth of an inch at
the aperture. They are usually compactly massed together, and form a layer of
from foiir to six inches in depth and of considerable lateral extent at Timber
Creek, New Jersey. When densely packed together they are comparatively
straight in their direction, but when more loosely arranged they are often bent
and distorted into every conceivable shape. Often at the lower end of the
layer the tubes are bent and appear to have had a nearly horizontal direction,
as though they had come in contact with some hard substance into which it
was difficult for the mollusk to penetrate, and it had consequently taken a
direction parallel to its surface. When the tubes are carefully examined they
are found to be rounded at the bottom, and in rare cases appear to have addi-
tional septa, as if the animal had for some reason partially withdrawn from
the lower end of its length and formed a new bottom to its burrow. I have
never seen more than one of these septa in a tube, but have often seen
tubes broken at a septum near the middle of its original length. Mr. Gabb
figures one, however, in which he represents ' three of these septa besides
the terminal one. The tubes are more or less irregularly constricted
throughout their entire length, giving them a somewhat wrinkled appear-
ance. At the upper end of the tube there is also a series of partial septa,
202 PALiEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
very closely arranged, convex upward, and perforated b)' an elliptical slit
of greater or less size. Six to eight of these dome-like septa are found in
the upper quarter of an inch of the tube, while the extremity is often con-
stricted longitudinally, so as to form a double opening. Below the lower
dome-like septum there is seen on the casts a double U-shaped or saddle-
shaped muscular impression, forming a continuous scar, but with two pro-
longations upward on the opposite sides and depressions between, the reced-
ing parts corresponding to the flattened side of the septal slit.
Mr. Gabb first described the genus Polorthus supposing it to be near
Yermdus, and remarks that "It has never been found burrowing, but gi-ows in
aggregated masses of cylindrical tubes, almost always parallel and straight,
sometimes five inches long, slightly variable in diameter from irregular
constrictions, contains no shell, but the tube is divided at certain distances
by transverse septa, convex and thin, the convexity pointing toward the
widest (or newest] portion of the tube, as if the animal progressed along
the tubes, closing the spaces behind it, as in the manner of the Cephalopoda,
but hermetically." (Proc. A. N. Sci. Phil, 1861, p. 366.) In 1872, in the
same journal, p. 259, he again discussed the genus Polorthus, and refej's it
to the Cephalopoda, under the impression that its relations were with that
-group of mollusks, and considers it nearly related to Orthoceras, etc., from
Ihe existence of the septa in the lower end of the tube and the absence of a
•shell like that of Teredo. It is hardly necessary to remark that the refer-
ence is very erroneous, and that its relations to the Cephalopoda is entirely
imaginary. The genus Kuphus, a form of Teredo, does not possess shelly
valves, and Teredo Norvegica, Spengler, which Tryon quotes as a synonym
Tinder Teredo navium Sellius, in his list of the Teredidce, Am. Jour. Conch.,
Vol. 3, possesses the septa at the upper part of the tube to a much greater
-degree than does T. tibialis; neither do these forms always burrow in
wood, but frequently in sand, as these have done; still I have seen sev-
eral specimens of T. tibialis, which have burrowed into a black substance
resembling lignite, which may have been originally woody. One of these
is now in the possession of Mr. G. F. Kunz, of Hoboken, New Jersey. Con-
sidering all these circumstances, I see no reason for separating the present
ispecies from Teredo.
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA FEOM THE MIDDLE MAEL BEDS. 203
Formation and locality. — In the Middle Marls at Timber Creek perhaps
most abundantly, but also found near New Egypt and many other localities
in New Jersey.
GASTROCHtENID^.
Genus GASTEOCH^NA Spengl.
Gastrochaeua Americana.
Plate XXVI, Figs. 17 and 18.
lErOStroehmna Americana Gabb. J. A. N. Sci. Phil., new ser., Vol. IV, p. 393, PI. 68,
Fig. 20. Synopsis, p. 124. Meek, Check-list, p. 15.
Polortlms Americana Gabb. P. A. K Sci., 1861, p. 366. Meek, Check-list, p. 16. Sto-
liczka. Pal. Indica, Vol. Ill, p. 15.
This species was described by Mr. Gabb as follows: "Elongated coni-
cal; transversely wrinkled; termination of widest end, round." All we yet
know of the remains of it consist of the filling of the tubes, which are not
uncommon in the yellow limestones at Timber Creek, N. J., but which
form extremely unsatisfactory material for description or comparison with
other species. These bodies vary much in form and porportions, both in
length and diameter, as would be natural with the borings of any species.
The extreme in size, so far as I have seen them, is less than three inches in
length by about five-eighths of an inch in diameter at the lower end They
-are very irregular in outline, being marked by numerous transverse wrin-
kles and constrictions, arising from what has been the rounded base of the
tube at diff"erent stages of growth, being partially absorbed or worn away
during the increase of the tube downwards with the increase growth of the
shell. Some of the casts appear almost as if septate, like an Orthoceras, and
are very regularly tapering; while others are irregularly contorted and con-
stricted so as to resemble an irregular series of cups placed so as to project
beyond each other at the edges. No remains of the shell have been found,
or even casts of it, so that of this portion we are entirely ignorant. But I
think probable were a large collection of the tubes examined by carefully
breaking the lower or larger ends, some representation of the shell would
^be detected. This species has been included by Gabb, Meek, and Stoliczka
204 PAL.5:0^'T0L0GY OF ]S^BW JEESEY.
under tlie genus Polorthus (by the two last authors Avritten Polarthus), but
I see no evidence from any of the remains which I have examined of its
generic identity with the Teredo tibialis of Morton, which is the species upon
which the genus Polorthus was founded, and I have, therefore, retained it
under the genus Gastrochcena.
Formation and localities. — In the Middle Marl Beds at Timber Creek,
New Jersey. Mr. Gabb also cites it from the "brown marls" of Burlington
County, New Jersey, from which place I have not seen them.
SBCTIOISJ^ V.
LAMELLIBEANOHIATA PEOM THE LOWER LAYERS OF THE UPPER
MARL BEDS OF NEW JERSEY.
OSTEEID^.
Genus OSTREA LiniiiBus.
Ostrea glandiforinis, n. sp.
Plate XXVII, Figs. 1-5.
Shell small, uaiform, lower valve proportionally deep, sometimes pro-
foundly so, and the upper one flat or convex, seldom concave. Cardi-
nal area narrow, but of considerable length and divided by a distinct con-
cave ligamental pit which occupies about one-third of the width in each
valve; muscular imprints small and usually inconspicuous. Surface of the
shell marked by concentric ridges of growth of greater or less strength,
but seldom presenting free lamellose edges. Very faint indications of radi-
ating plicae are sometimes visible on the lower valve, but never to a degree
sufficiently marked to be called plicated. Inner margins of the valves not
crenulate.
The species is usually represented only by the internal casts of the
cavity of the shell, in which condition they are small, nearly planocon-
vex, elongated ovate bodies, having the left postero-lateral margin bent
upward and are somewhat bean-like in form. The upper side of the cast
is usually depressed convex over the central area, and the margins usually
bent upward, while the lower side is gibbously convex and irregular, pre-
senting a rather humped appearance.
There are a number of described species which present some resem-
blance to this one, but none sufficiently similar to be considered as spe-
cifically identical ; 0. congesta Conrad is perhaps as near as any, but that
one is almost invariably fixed to foreign bodies, while this has been
205
206 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
usually free, tlie casts being- found scattered free through the marl, and
where the shells are found they present but Httle evidence of having grown
attached, except, perhaps, in their very early stages. Many of them are
so convex on the lower valve as to be almost gryphsea-like in form.
Still the internal and hinge features are those of a true oyster.
Formation and locality. — In the lower laj^ers of the Upper Marls at
Farming-dale, Squankum, Shark River, and near New Egypt, as cast of
the interior; and near Vincentown, New Jersey, preserving the shell. Speci-
mens of the shell preserved, but highly pyritous, sometimes occur also at
Shark River, New Jersey, but rarely, and are soon destroyed in collections
by the decomposition of the pyrite.
Genus GRYPHEA Sow.
Gryphaea Bryani.
PlateXXVII, Figs. 6-9.
Ostrea Bryani Gabb. Proc. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1876, p. 321.
Coiiip. Gryplicea vesicularis Lam.
The examples upon which this species was established do' not appear
to me to differ very materially from many of the small forms referred to
GnjpJicea vesicularis, as it occurs in the Terebratula beds of the middle
marls; and it certainly does not appear reasonable to place them under the
genus Ostrea, if we recognize Gryphcea as a good generic group, as they
appear to possess all the essential features of that genus. The shells which
I find marked as the types of "Mr. Gabb's species are elongated and very
generally somewhat regularly increasing in width from the upper part for-
ward, with sometimes a tendency to lateral extension to the left as one looks
on the smaller valve. The lower valve is strongly convex and rather
strongly arcuate, while the upper is slightly concave on the exterior. The
larger valve has usually a well marked cicatrix of attachment and a mod-
erately developed cartilage area, and the smaller, the latter feature corre-
spondingly large, but nearly vertical to the plane valve. In the feature of
lateral extension these shells somewhat resemble the G. Pitbheri of the South
and Southwest, and on some of the specimens obscure indications of radia-
ting plications occur on the lower valve.
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA FEOM BASE OF THE UPPER MARLS. 207
Formation and locality. — The type specimens are marked Vincentown,
New Jersey, and are from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. There are also specimens from the
same locality in the collection at Rutgers College. These are from the
lower layers of the Upper Marls; but the same form occurs in the yellow
sands of the Middle Beds, and similar forms are given in many European
works as occurring in the chalks of Europe vmder the name Qryphaza vesi-
cularis.
MYTILID^.
Genus MODIOLA Lam.
Modiola Johnsoni, n. sp.
Plate XXVIII, Figs. 8,9.
Shell small, measuring, in the only perfect example of a cast seen, but
little more than an inch in its extreme length. Form ovate, widest behind
the middle, and somewhat narrowed anteriorly, while the posterior end is
acutely rounded; beaks large, tumid, nearly anterior, slightly enrolled and
approximate. Anterior end narrow, the projection scarcely extending be-
yond the beaks. Valves very ventricose, the umbonal ridge very full and
rounded. Ligament short, slender, but distinctly marked; a slight con-
striction or sulcus marks the basal half of the width of the shell anterior
to the middle of its length. Surface of the shell as seen in casts marked
by very fine concentric lines parallel to the margin, and also by several
varices of growth at irregular intervals.
This species somewhat approaches M. Julia Lea's sp., but is not alate
posteriorly as is that species, and the posterior end is much more narrowly
rounded. It also presents much the appearance of the enlarged figures of
LitJwphagus inflatus herein described, but is less cylindrical, being fuller or
more convex on the basal margin and the beaks are not so broad. It also
holds a difPerent geological position.
Formation and locality. — In the Dark Green Marls below the Eocene
beds of the Upper Green Marls at Farmingdale, New Jersey.
208 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
ARCID^.
Genus ARCA Linn,
Area quindecimradiata.
Plate XXVII, Figs. 10-13.
Area quindecemradiata Gabb. P. A. N. S., 1860, p. 95, Plate II, Pig. 2. Synopsis, p.
97. Meek, Check-list, p. 9.
A. 1 (Gabb) Meek. Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 725.
Shell below a medium size, very inequilateral, transverse, and extremely
ventricose, with large, tumid, projecting beaks, situated anterior to the mid-
dle of the length ; sliglitly enrolled and very distant, leaving a very broad
flattened cardinal area, even in the internal casts. Hinge-line nearly as long
as the shell. Posterior margin obliquely truncate and the anterior end rap-
idly receding from the extremity of the hinge-line, passing with an almost
regular cvirvature into the very broadly curved basal line ; posterior basal
angle obtusely pointed and situated near the lower side. On the casts the
projecting keel, formed along the junction of the valves by the thickening
of their borders, is very distinctly marked. Muscular imprints moderately
large and well marked ; no distinct ridge borders the posterior one, but the
cast shows evidence of a decided thickening. Surface of the cast showing
evidence of a few strong radiating ribs, the exact number undeterminable.
The casts of this species are very well marked, and are not readily
confounded with those of any other species. In the transverse form they
correspond with Idonearca transversa, but the muscular ridge does not ap-
pear ; the beaks are larger and more distant and the valves more ventri-
cose. The largest specimens which I have observed do not exceed one
inch and one-quarter in extreme length.
Formation and localities. — Mr. Gabb cites his specimens as coming from
MuUica Hill, New Jersey. All others which I have seen are from the base
of the Upper Marls near New Egypt, New Jersey, and were mostly ob-
tained by Dr. N. L. Britton. Others were in the old collections of the State
Survey, and are marked as from John Iron's pits, near New Egypt, and
are from the same horizon.
LAMELLIBEANGHIATA FEOM BASE OF UPPEE MAELS. 209
ASTARTIDJ3.
Genus OAEDITA Brug.
Cardita interraedia, n. sp.
Plate XXVIII, Figs. 14 and 15.
Form of cast transversely elliptical, or transversely ovate, exclusive of
the beaks, largest at the posterior end. Valves veiy ventricose, with strong
projecting beaks, which in this condition are moderately distant. Hinge-
line arcuate. Anterior end narrowly rounded; posterior end more broadly
rounded; basal margin strongly curved. Muscu.lar scars on the cast small
but distinct: margin of the cast showing indications of ten or twelve rather
strong radiating ribs between the muscular scars.
This is a very ventricose form, and has had strong, enrolled, subanterior
beaks, which have been directed slightly upwards as well as forward. The
surface has been marked by strong radiating ribs corresponding nearly to
those of C. perantiqua of the Eocene marl in strength and number. The
form of the shell has been somewhat like that of that species, so far as can
be determined from the beautifully preserved cast figured; but the beaks
have not been directed so decidedly anteriorly, nor has the shell been so sub-
quadrangular in outline. These features will serve readily to distinguish be-
tween the two.
Formation and locality. — In the lower layers of the Upper Marl Bed,
at Farmingdale, New Jersey. The specimen is from the collection at
Columbia College.
Genus CEASSATELLA Lamarck.
Crassatella Conradi, n. sp.
Plate XXVIII, Figs. 1-5.
Comp. Crassatella curta Conrad? Proc. A. N. Sci., 1802, p. 578. Am. Jour. Conch.,
Vol. II, p. 104, PI. VIII, Fig-. 2.
Shell, as known from internal cast, small, and of a quadrangular form,
with ventricose valves and moderately prominent beaks, which are situated
4418 MON 9—14
210 PALAEONTOLOGY OP NEW JEESEY.
at about the anterior third of the length of the shell, and are somewhat in-
curved and appressed. Anterior end of the casts short, rounded, but not
wide; posterior end much broader, almost squarely truncate or a little
oblique to the axis, being longest at the posterior basal angle; basal margin
broadly curved. Disk of the valves convex, most prominent near the um-
bones, and with a prominently angular umbonal ridge and abrupt posterior
umbonal slope. Muscular scars proportionally strong and of moderate size;
pallial line strongly marked.
I at first thought these casts might be the same specifically as that
described by Conrad as C. curta^ above cited, although he doubtfully sup-
posed his specimen to have come from Virginia. The form is so closely
similar, although in a different condition, that it seems difficult to separate
them. The specimens are subject to but little variations among them-
selves in form. They appear a little longer or shorter, and with a more or
less sharply angular umbonal ridge. On a single individual in the collec-
tion of the American Museum of Natural History, which I have referred to
this species with some doubt, there is preserved a small fragment of shell
which shows the exfoliated shell at least to have been finely but distinctly
radiated. It is possible, however, that it represents a distinct form, as it is
somewhat more transverse than any other one examined. Mr. Conrad's G.
curia is usually referred to the Miocene, but as the locality is very doubtful
the formation probably is also.
Formation and locality. — In the lower layers of the Upper Marl Bed, at
Shark River, near New Egypt, and at Squankum, New Jersey.
CrassateUa Delawarensis.
Plate XXVII, Figs. 14 and 15.
CrassateUa Belawarensis Gabb. J. A. N. Sci., new ser., Vol. IV, p. 303, PI. XLVI, Pig.
20 ( = 21 of text). Synopsis, p. 112. Meek, Obeck list, p. 11. Geol. Surv.
K J., 1868, p. 726.
Etea Belawarensis (Gabb) Conrad. P. A. IST. Sci., Phil., 1876, p. 275.
Shell below a medium size, cuneately-ovate or subtriangular in out-
line; beaks moderately elevated and situated considerably within the ante-
rior third of the entire length. Plinge-line rapidly declining toward the
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA FEOM BASE OF UPPEE MAELS. 211
posterior extremity, which is narrow and obliquely truncate. Basal margin
rather long, straight, or perceptibly hollo w"ed; anterior end short, rapidly
declining from the beaks to below the middle of the height, where it has a
somewhat tumid appearance. Valves somewhat convex, most elevated on
the umbones and slightly sinuous just anterior to the umbonal ridge. This
latter feature is somewhat subdued and rounded, and the cardinal slope
narrow. On the internal casts the muscular scars are rather small and not
so distinctly marked as on most species, and on the cardinal slope there is
present a faint ridge between the vimbonal angle and the cardinal margin.
The above features are taken from internal casts. I have not seen the
shell, but Mr Gabb figures it in the Journal of the Academy of Natural
Sciences above cited, and gives it as strongly marked by concentric undu-
lations, while in general form it accords perfectly with the form of the casts
which I have seen. Mr. Gabb says it differs from C. Monmouthensis in its
greater proportional length, smaller umbones, less distinctly marked umbo-
nal ridge, which is lost in the general curvature of the shell before reaching
the posterior extremity, and in the secondary ridge, which is seen on the
cardinal slope in the internal cast. There is a very close general resem-
blance in form, however, between the two species, but still they are suffi-
ciently distinct to be readily recognized, even in the condition of internal
casts.
Formation and locality. — The internal casts, which are quite numerous in
the State collection, are mostly from the pits of John Irons, New Egypt, and
other places near by, and also from Poke Hill, and are marked as coming
from the lower layer of the " third bed of marl," while Mr. Gabb's specimens
were iJrom the deep cut on the Delaware and Chesapeake Canal, in the State
of Delawai-e, which would be from the Lower Marl Bed. It is possible the
species may have this great vertical range, but if so it is very different in
this respect from most of the associated species, and especially those of this
genus. All specimens, however, which I have seen with authentic localities
have been from the base of the Upper Marls.
212 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
Crassatella littoralis. . .
Plate XXVIII, Figs. 6 and 7.
Crassatella littoralis Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. V, p. 41, PI. I, Fig. 3.
G. (Conrad). Meek, Geol. Surv. N. J. 1868, p. 731.
C. pleuronema Conrad. On label with specimens in A. N. Sci. Philadelphia.
Shell rather below a medium size, transversely oval or ovate, with
moderately convex valves and small inconspicuous beaks, which are near
the anterior end of the shell and are directed forward. Anterior end wider
than the opposite, the greatest width of the valves being across the shell at
the position of the beaks. Hinge-line long posteriorly, slightly curved;
posterior end narrowed and slightly truncate; basal line gently curved
throughout its entire length. Surface of the shell marked by moderately
fine, even, concentric ridges parallel to the margin, which are moi'e abruptly
bent in crossing the position of the umbonal ridge, tliis latter feature being
very subdued.
In the condition of internal casts, which is the most frequent, the form
is transversely ovate, with more prominent beaks, situated considerably
within the anterior third of the length and directed forward, incurved and
approximate; a perceptible umbonal angle, or with the disk nearly evenly
convex; very inconspicuous muscular scars, and a moderately marked fur-
row along- the line of the pallial attachment. The most perfect casts show
the margin of the valves to have been finely crenulated.
I have not seen perfect shells, and only a few fragments preserving
their substance to any extent, the best one observed being that figured; there-
fore the hinge features are unknown to me. In form the casts are quite
distinct from any of the others recognized in the State and will not be
readily mistaken, the transverse oval form, with small incurved beaks, serv-
ing to distinguish it. Its nearest allied form is C. Conradi, with which it
is associated in the same beds. From that it may be distinguished by
its greater length, less angular umbonal ridge, less erect beaks, and nar-
rower and rounded posterior end.
Formation and locality. — Mr. Conrad describes the species as from Shark
River, and places it under the head of ^'JEocene species." It, however, occurs,
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA FEOM BASE OF UPPEE MAELS. 213
SO far as I can ascertain, only in the lowest layers of the Upper Marls, asso-
ciated with the forms referred to the Cretaceous. It is known from Shark
River and Squankum, and doubtfull}^ from Farmingdale, New Jersey.
Crassatella rhombea, n. sp.
Plate XXVII, Figs. 16-19.
Shell of about a medium size for the genus; transversely rhomboidal
in outline and proportionally ventricose ; the length rather more tha,n one-
fourth greater than the extreme height. Beaks large, prominent, and rather
distant, situated at about the anterior third of the length. Cardinal margin
on the posterior side rapidly declining from the beaks to the postero-cardinal
angle, and in front veiy rapidly declining. Anterior end of the shell neatly
rounded from the lower margin of the lunule-like depression to its blending
with the regularljr curved basal line. Posterior end broadly and obliquely
truncate, but with a slightly rounded margin, which unites with the basal
line without ]3erceptible angulation. Umbonal angle scarcely marked,
although somewhat prominent. Surface of the shell concentrically marked,
and also characterized by indistinct radiating lines, which are most distinct
near the outer margin. About ten of the radii occupy a space of half an
inch on the posterior border of the shell. The largest internal cast of the
species which I have observed is about two and a quarter inches in length
by nearly one and three-quarters of an inch in height from the basal line
to the extremities of the filling of the beaks. The outline of the cast is
transversely ovate exclusive of the projections of the beaks, and widest at
the posterior end, which is somewhat obliquely truncate, although slightly
rounded on the margin. Basal line broadly curved and the anterior end
narrowly rounded. Beaks situated a little anterior to the middle of the
length, broadly triangular in outline, and projecting considerably beyond
the line of the hinge; projections thin, very distant, and not incurved, indi-
cating very ventricose valves with erect beaks, as shown in the example
which retains the shell, and which is figured on the plate. Muscular scars
moderately large, strongly elevated on the cast, showing deeply impressed
scars in the shell; pallial line very strongly marked.
214 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
The shell differs in its general form and outline from any American
species hitherto described, but quite closely resembles C. pliimbea Desk.,
from the Paris basin Eocene, but is rather more ventricose and somewhat
shorter. The internal cast differs from all American species in its trans-
verse form and broad posterior end. It most nearly resembles C. vadosa,
Morton, among those from New Jersey, but is higher posteriorly; has
larger, broader, and more erect as well as more distant beak projections,
and the valves have been very much more ventricose. The shell appears
to be more thickened than is indicated in any of the other New Jersey
species
Formation and locality. — The specimen preserving the shell, a rare case
in the marls, is from the base of the Upper Green Marls at New Egypt, and
the casts are from Squankum, New Jersey. The former is in the State col-
lection at Rutgers College, and the latter at Columbia College, New York.
CARDIID^.
Genus GEIOOAEDIUM Conrad.
Criocardium nucleolus, n. sp.
Plate XXVIII, Figs. 10 and 11.
Shell small, less than half an inch in its greatest diameter, very ventri-
cose, obscurely quadrangular in outline, with nearly central, erect beaks,
which are moderately incurved and closely approximate. Hinge-line arcu-
ate; anterior and basal margins united in a single regular curve; posterior
end obliquely truncate, a little longer below than above. Surface of the
valves somewhat regularly curved from the subangular umbonal ridge to
the anterior margin; posterior slope narrow, but abrupt. Muscular im-
pressions distinct and proportionally large. Surface structure and hinge
characters unknown, as only casts are known, but the margin shows cren-
ulations indicating radiating ribs.
This species is peculiar among the New Jersey fossils for its small size
and rotund form, and I know no described species from other localities that
is sufficiently near it in character to be confounded with it. I am by no
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA FROM BASE OV UPPEE MAELS. 215
means positive that it is a Criocardium except from its general form, as there
are no remains of surface markings, either radiating or concentric, visible
on any of the casts examined. There are, however, almost positive indica-
tions of crenulations around the margin, on the posterior and postero-basal
portions, which would indicate the existence of radii on the shell. For this
reason, principally, I have placed it under this genus. Criocardium speciosa
M. and H., from the Upper Missouri and far western regions, is, perhaps, the
nearest allied form, but this one is rather more rotund, a little broader lat-
erally, and the angularity of the umbonal ridge will at once distinguish it.
This latter feature would have induced me to place the species under the
genus Protocardia were it not for the evidence of crenulations on the basal
margins of the casts.
Formation and locality. — All the specimens which I have seen are from,
the lower layers of the Upper Marls, at the Buckelew and Corliss pits, at
Farmingdale, New Jersey, and are in the collection of Dr. L. Johnson, of
New York City.
CYPRINID^,
Genus VEOTELLA Stoliczka.
VenieUa rhotuboidea.
Plate XXVIII, Figs. 12 and 13.
Venilia rhomhoidea Conrad. J. A. N. Sci., new ser., Vol. II, p. 275, PI. XXIV, Fig. 7.
Gabb, Synopsis, p. 178. Meek, Check-list, p. 13.
Shell rather small, transversely rhomboidal or transversely quadran-
gular, dorsal and basal margins subparallel, and the posterior extremity
obliquely truncate, longest at the postero-basal angle, anterior end rounded.
Valves very ventricose, extremely inflated at the anterior and umbonal re-
gion; beaks very large and inflated, strongly enrolled, and reaching almost
to the line of the anterior border. Posterior cardinal slope very abrupt,
the hinge-line imbedded in a broad depressed escutcheon. Umbonal ridge
sharply angular. Surface of the casts marked by a few concentric ridges
of growth.
This species is represented by two very perfect internal casts, very neat
and clean in outline and character, but not preserving any remains of the
216 PALiEONTOLOGY OP NEW JERSEY.
hinge sti-ucture, or other generic features. In its general appearance it
very closely resembles V. trapesoidea Conrad, and I am extremely doubtful
of their specific difference. But that one I only know from a single crushed
cast which represents more properly the exterior, while these are strictly
internal casts. The onlj- differences which I can see are, that this form is a
pttle shorter and much more ventricose, with, perhaps, larger beaks.
Formation and locality. — In the Green Marls in Burlington Countj^, New
Jersey, according to Mr. Conrad. The specimen figured is Mr. Conrad's
type, and is borrowed from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences, Philadelphia. Other specimens, having the same lithological char-
acters precisely, in the collection at Rutgers College, are from the lower
layers of the Upper Marls, below the Eocene layers, and it is probable that
.the above example is also from the same horizon.
PETRICOLID^.
Genus PETEICOLA Lam.
Petricola Nova-.SIgyptica, n. sp.
Plate XXVIII, Fig. 22.
A single cast of a right valve of this species has fallen under my no-
tice. It indicates a shell of onl)^ medium size, and proportionally broad
from the hinge to the basal margin, with moderately large but not promi-
nent beaks, which have been situated near the anterior end and are directed
anteriorly, and which do not rise much above the cardinal line. The shell
has been widest anteriorly, and narrows moderately toward the posterior
end, which, although the cast is somewhat imperfect at this part, shows it
to have been about three-fourths as wide as the anterior, and more narrowly
rounded. The cast shows no evidence of surface markings on the shell
other than irregular concentric undulations; although, from the distinctness
of the marginal line anteriorly, it would appear to have been considerably
thickened. The posterior muscular scar on the cast is small, moderately
distinct and elongated in the direction of its advancement during the growth
LAMELLIBEANGHIATA FEOM BASE OF UPPER MAELS. 217
of the shell. The anterior scar is not distinctly marked, and its limits are
not well defined. Pallial line distinct, the sinus very deep and rounded at
the end, which is projected in the direction of the axis of the shell.
Formation and locality. — In the lower part of the Upper Marls, near
New Egypt, New Jersey. In the collection at Rutgers College.
MACTRIDiE.
Genus VELEDA Conrad. 1871.
(Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 74.)
Veleda nasuta, n. sp.
Plate XXVIII, Fig. 23.
Shell of medium size, transverse, about twice as long as high, and
moderately convex. Beaks small, appressed, rising but a little above the
hinge line, and situated very nearly in the middle of the length of the shell
Cardinal line arched, and declining almost equally on each side of the beak,
the posterior side, if either, being the most abrupt and less arcuate, the
angle formed by the opposite sides being about 135°; basal line less arched
than the dorsal, and a little the most ventricose opposite the beaks, while it
becomes almost straightened near the posterior extremity. Anterior end of
the shell sharply rounded, but a little wider than the posterior, which is
narrow and vertically truncate on the margin. Disk of the valves most
ventricose on the umbones and along the anterior slope, where it is abruptly
rounded. Posterior umbonal ridge slightly angular, and the posterior car-
dinal slope narrow and abrupt. Surface of the shell only partially pre-
served, but so far as it exists is seen to be marked by fine irregular lines of
growth, with a few stronger undulations of the surface. Interior unknown.
Shell substance very thin and fragile.
This species closely resembles V. irawsversa Whitfield in general form,
but is not quite as high in proportion to the length ; it appears to have been
more ventricose, and lacks the even, regular, concentric lining of the surface.
Formation and locality. — In the dark green marls at the base of the
Upper Marls, near New Egypt, New Jersey. In the collections of the State
survey at Rutgers College, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
218 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
VENERIDJE.
Genus OAEYATIS Eoemer.
Caryatis? veta, a. sp.
Plate XXVIII, Figs. 16-19.
Bucardia veta Conrad. Am. Jour. Couch., Vol. V, p. 41, PI. I, Pigs. 2 aud 3.
Shell small, seldom an inch in extreme length and somewhat less in
height, broadly ovate in outline and quite ventricose, with large, prominent,
shghtly incurved, approximate beaks, which are placed at or just within
the anterior third of the length. Hinge line arcuate, rapidly declining from
the beaks backward; posterior end of the shell obsoletely truncate and
narrowed as compared with the middle of the valve ; anterior end narrowly
rounded, or obtusely pointed, and with an imperceptibly marked lunule
beneath the overhanging beaks ; basal line curved, but with an almost in-
appreciable flattening in the middle. Body of the valves ventricose, with-
out perceptible umbonal angle. Surface of the shell marked by fine con-
centric lines of growth. The species is seldom seen except as internal casts,
in which condition it still retains its general form, but the hinge cavity
between the beaks is then quite depressed and broad, and sometimes, from
the retention of a part of the shell on the anterior end, presents the appear-
ance of having a deeply marked lunule. On these casts the muscular mark-
ings are extremely faint, but of large size, and the pallial line is deeply
sinuate and the sinus broad, pointed, and directed obliquely upward in the
direction of the lunular area at the anterior end. The hinge features I have
not been able to determine any further than that there is evidence of at
least two teeth in each valve, and other corrugations representing other
features in advance of the beaks. In the only example on which the shell
is preserved the ligamental area is coated with foreign matter, so that it is
impossible to determine if there is an external ligament or not. The pre-
sumptive evidence, however, is that if external at all it was extremely minute.
This is one of several species from the base of the Upper Marl Beds of
New Jersey, which have usually been indiscriminately referred to Cyprina
Morrissi Sowerby, an European species, from the lower Eocene ; but as
LAMELLIBEANOHIATA FEOM BASE OF UPPEE MAELS. 219
there are two, and most probably three, distinct species among them, prob-
ably generically distinct, there is but Httle likelihood of any of them being
specifically identical with that one. The form originally described by Mr.
Gabb as Dione Delawarensis differs from this one in its more elongate and
more regularly oval form. Mr. Conrad, in the Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. V,
PI I, Fig. 6, gives a figure of a shell which he identifies with Mr. Gabb's
species, but I think wrongly, although the figure is too poor to afford con-
clusive evidence. This, and at least one other associated form, appears to
me most likely to prove to possess the features of Eoemer's genus Caryatis;
in fact Mr. Conrad has stated that the other one which he refers to, C. Dela-
warensis=zDione Delawarensis Gabb, possesses the hinge structure of that
genus, and certainly the general form, rotundity, muscular and pallial mark-
ings correspond very closely. They might also with nearly equal propriety
be placed under Sowerby's genus Thetis, except for the want of the notch
in the pallial sinus.
Formation and locality. — The species appears to be common in the
lower (Cretaceous) layers of the Upper Marls at Farmingdale, Squankum,
New Egypt, and at Shark River, New Jersey, and is often found associated
in collections with the fossils from the upper or Eocene layers, but I cannot
ascertain that it is ever found in these beds.
SAXICAVID^. •
Genus PANOPBA Menard.
Panopea elliptica, u. sp.
Plate XXVIII Figs. 24 and 25.
Shell, as known from the internal cast, transversely elongate, having
been fully once and a half as long as high, with narrowly rounded extrem-
ities, very ventricose valves, and moderately elevated beaks, which appear to
have been directed toward the posterior end of the shell. Anterior end widest,
and rather narrowly rounded on the extremity ; posterior end suddenly nar-
rowed on the dorsal line near the beaks, the line of the hinge being con-
cave ; extremity of the valves narrow and scarcely truncate on the margin,
220 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESET.
with an iudistinct umbonal geniculation of the striae ; basal line convex, with
a broad and undefined sinuosity behind the middle of the valve. The ex-
tremities seem to have been widely gaping, the valves only bfeing in contact
near tlie middle of the basal margin. Surface of the cast marked by broad
undulations, indicating similar undulations on the surface of the shell par-
allel to the margin of the valves. Hinge features and muscidar markings
unknown.
Only very imperfect fragments of internal casts of this species have
been seen ; the best of which is that illustrated. The species differs from
P. decisa Conrad, which occurs in the lower beds, in the narrower extremi-
ties, especially the posterior end, which lacks the broad oblique truncation
so characteristic of that species. The beaks are also proportionally larger,
and the posterior cardinal line more deeply excavated behind them.
Formation and locality. — In the dark green sands at the base of the
Upper Marls, near New Egypt, New Jersey, and is apparently an uncom-
mon species.
ANATINID^.
Genus PEEIPLOMYA Conrad.
Periplomya truncata, n. sp.
Plate XXVIII, Figs. 20 and 21.
Shell of medium size, transversely elliptical in general outline, and pro-
portionally ventricose, with subequal valves ; in the cast, the condition under
which the species is known, the beak of the right valve appears the largest
and most prominent. Beaks full, but of small size, turned toward the pos-
terior extremity, and not projecting much beyond the hinge margin, their
location being perhaps a little behind the middle of the shell's length.
Length of the shell about twice the height ; anterior end rather sharply
rounded and wider than the opposite, the anterior cardinal border being
very slightly arched ; basal line broadly and evenly curved ; posterior end
narrowed from behind the. beaks, and the posterior cardinal margin concave,
abruptly so near the beaks ; posterior extremity truncate. Umbonal ridge
angular, the disk of the valve in front of it being full and ventricose, while
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA FEOM BASE OF UPPER MARLS. 221
the posterior cardinal slope is concave. Surface of the cast marked by
a few undulations of growth. Muscular impressions small and faintly
marked.
This species might readily be mistaken for a cast of Periplomya elliptica
Gabb, from the Lower Marls, as it very closely resembles it, but on close
comparison it is seen to be wider posteriorly, and not so pointed at the ex-
tremity ; the anterior end is proportionally less, and the beaks situated
nearer the middle of the length, while the valves are more ventricose,
especially in the vicinity of the beaks.
Forination and locality. — In the dark-colored marls at the base of the
Upper Marls, near New Egypt, New Jersey. Collection at Rutgers College.
SECTION^ VI.
LAMELLIBRAls^CHIATA FEOM THE EOCENE MAELS OF NEW JERSEY.
OSTREIDiE.
Genus OSTREA Linnaeus.
Ostrea glauconoides, n. sid.
Plate XXIX, Fig. 2.
Shell small, obliquely ovate, lower valve rather shallow, narrow at the
apex on the body of the valve, but with a proportionally large wing on the
inner (anterior 1) side, which gives the cast a somewhat Avicula-like aspect.
Lower part of the valve abruptly curved to one side, which, if the larger
valve shall be called the right, would be anterior, the same as the alated
side of the hinge, and is somewhat prolonged at this point. Muscular im-
pression faintly marked, but broad, and near the middle of the valve. Sur-
face of the shell, as indicated on the cast, marked by rather strong, rounded,
radiating ribs.
Only a single cast of a valve of this species has been noticed, but it
differs so greatly from any other one in these beds, or even in the New Jer-
sey formations, that it cannot be easily mistaken. It seems to have an ex-
tension of the hinge on each side of the beakj but this point cannot be very
well determined from the specimen under examination. There are several
small species of Ostrea in the Eocene which more or less resemble this one,
like 0. Alabamiensis Lea, from Claiborne, but none of them are near enough
to be mistaken for it, and as this one is so marked and quite uncommon, it
is well that attention shoiild be called to its existence in these layers.
This same species occurs in the white marly limestone at or near the
base of the Eocene beds at Claiborne, Ala, where it attains a size
222
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA FEOM THE EOCENE MARLS. 223
nearly twice the length of that here figured, and presents the features
indicated on this cast, but intensified ; the ribs being strong and rounded,
and the alation of the hinge well marked ; the curving of the shell toward
the front is also very marked. I cannot find that the Claiborne shell has
ever been described or indicated by name. It may have been confounded
with the young of 0. sella;formis Conrad, to which it bears considerable re-
semblance, but that species in its young state, and even in its more advanced
stages, never has the lateral curvature nor the strong ribs ; although the
hinge alation is quite strongly marked and the surface ribbed The ribs,
however, are much finer and the shell proportionall)^ broader and shal-
lower. The species differs from all other oysters of the Eocene to which I
can find reference in the curving shell, combined with the alation of the hinge.
Formation and locality. — In the upper bed of the Upper Green Marls
at Shark River, New Jersey.
Ostrea (Alectrionia?) linguafelis, b. sp.
Plate XXIX, Fig. 1.
This single cast of the lower valve of an oyster-like shell is figured from
the Eocene marls. At first I was inclined to refer it to 0. larva Lam., but
on close observation I find that it possesses characters which are incompati-
ble with that species, and which make it necessary to distinguisli it by a
distinct name, although from the poor material in hand I was disinclined
to do so.
The form is very obliquely elongate-oval, with a comparatively long-
cardinal line, apparently auriculate on one side, which, although imperfect,
seems to have been extended in the form of a wing. Body of the valve
convex, and the surface, as shown on the margin of the cast, marked by
comparatively small radiating plicgp.. Cardinal area small and the liga-
mental ai-ea narrow and obscui'e. Muscular scar rather small, and situated
above the middle of the shell's length.
Formation and locality. — In the upper layers of Green Marl at Shark
River, New Jersey. Collection at Rutgers College.
224 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY.
Genus GEYPHEA Lam.
Sryphsea vesicularis Lam.
Plate XXIX, Figs. 7 and 8.
For references and synonyms see page 36.
It is generally supposed that the genus Grrypheea does not occur in beds
above the true Cretaceous, hence I have hesitated somewhat before referring
the single specimen of an internal cast figured on Plate 39, Figs. 7 and 8, to
G vesicularis Lam. But on critical examination I can find no reason to
doubt the truth of the reference. The form and character of the specimen
are precisely those which would be given by the internal cast of one of the
small variety of the species as they occur in the marls of the middle beds,
with the exception of the more marked extension of the siphon-like protu-
berance on the side, in which respect it corresponds more closely to the form
of the larger individuals from the Lower Marls. The muscular scar on the
specimen is well marked, and all the features are those of an old and much-
thickened shell in which the rostral cavity has become filled by excess of
thickening; and I can see no reason whatever for not considering it as iden-
tical generically and specifically with the shells from the Cretaceous marls
below. There can be no question as to the authenticity of its locality and
position, as, fortunately, the specimen bears on the under surface an im-
print of Cardita perantiqua Con., which at once fixes the position beyond
question. It is possible that this may be a Cretaceous specimen broken
from its original bed and redeposited in the Eocene seas. If so, however,
it is the only case yet known in the State.
The example is from the upper layer of the Upper Marl at Shark
River, New Jersey.
PECTENID^.
Genus PECTEN Klein.
Pecten Eueiskerai.
Plate XXIX, Figa. 3-5.
Pecten Kneiskerni Conrad. Am. Jour. Goucli., Vol. V, p. 40.
Mr. Conrad's description of this shell is as follows: "Ovate, convex,
ribs 1.'*, convex, little prominent; anterior and posterior submargins witli-
out ribs; ears equal. (Cast.)"
LAMELLIBEANOHIATA FEOM THE EOCENE MAELS. 225
Mr. Conrad's description seems to have been made from a cast of a
small left valve, on which the radii were less numerous than usual. Among
the casts and impressions which I have examined from these beds in New
Jersey I find no evidence of more than one species, although if the differ-
ence in number of ribs be taken as evidence of specific characters, there
might easily be two or even three species founded upon those which
are now before me, as one individual, an external imprint, half an inch long,
shows twenty-nine ribs on the body of the shell, while another, also an ex-
ternal imprint, only two-thirds as large, shows thirty-eight. The larger
right valve figured, which is from a gutta-percha impression of an external
imprint, shows fifty ribs when those on the submargins are counted. An
internal cast of a left valve of nearly equal size to the last shows only
about twenty-five ribs which are less distinctly elevated, being low and
flattened, those on the submargins being lost, while all those added intersti-
tially on the exterior are lost on the internal cast.
The shell, as I find it represented by casts of the interior and imprints
of the exterior, is subdiscoidal, or suborbicular in general outline, with
moderately and generally evenly convex valves, and moderately sized ears,
the anterior one on the right valve being slightly longer than the posterior,
distinctly separated from the bodj^ of the shell by a deep, narrow sinus;
posterior ear rapidly sloping from the hinge line and joining the body of
the shell below much farther from the central line than its length on the
hinge line. Hinge line straight on both valves and about half as long as
the antero-posterior length across the body of the shell below. The left
valve has ears about equal to those of the right valve, but without the an ■
terior sinus. Body of the shell abruptly and distinctly elevated above the
plane of the auriculations along the submarginal slopes Radii sharply
elevated, rounded on top, and separated by equally sharp, rounded de-
pressions, increased by implantation, but not frequently enough to prevent
this rapid increase in strength as tlie shell increases in size, numbering
from fifteen on young shells to fifty on larger individuals Surface marked
by concentric striae, very fine and even on the bod}^ of the shell, but
stronger, more elevated, and more distant on the lateral portions of the
shell. Ribs stronger in the middle of the shell and finer on the sides.
Auriculations marked by rays and strong concentric striae.
4418 MON 9 15
226 PAL^ONTOLO&Y OF NEW JEESEY.
The species somewhat resemble P. tenuitesttis Gabb, from the lower
marls, in its surface markings, but is proportionally broader across the body
of the shell. The young specimen, especially those with fewer ribs, are
very similar in form and general appearance to P. vemistus Conrad, also
from the lower marls, but they have usually a greater number of ribs.
Formation and locality. — In the upper layers of the Upper Marls at
Shark River. All the specimens which I have seen are from the collection
at Rutgers College, except one, figured, which is in the collection of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Pecten Rigbyi, u. sp.
Plate XXIX, Fig. 6.
Shell small, circular in outline exclusive of the auriculations, and mod-
erately ventricose on the right valve; ears rather large, the anterior one
nearly twice as long as wide, and the byssal notched below it deep; pos-
terior ear nearly or quite as long, but shorter on the hinge-line than where
it joins the body of the valve, making the hinge-line a little more than half
as long as the width of the body of the shell below. Surface of the shell
marked by from twenty-two to twenty-six radiating ribs, which are strong
in the middle of the valve and gradually decrease in strength toward the
sides. Surface of the ribs crossed by very distinct, imbricating, concentric
lamellae. Auriculations on the right valve both marked with radiating ribs
and comparatively strong concentric lamellose lines. Left valve unknown.
This species is associated with Pecten Kneisherni Conrad, but may be
distinguished from that one by the comparatively coarser radiating ribs.
Formation and locality. — In the upper layer of the Upper Marls, at Shark
River, New Jersey.
Avicula annosa Conrad.
Plate XXIX, Fig. 9.
Ameula annosa Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. I, p. 214, PI. XX, Fig. 16. Smith-
sonian Check-list, Eocene Fossils, p. 4. Meek, Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 731,
The typical specimen of this species is before me, but it is such an
imperfect cast that it is difBcult to determine satisfactorily as to its true
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA FEOM THE EOCENE MAELS. 227
nature. In some lights it presents the appearance of a cast of an oyster,
while in the position in which it was figured by Mr. Conrad it may readily
be viewed in the light of an Aviculaz=:Pteria. But after studying the
specimen and examining it in every position T have come to the conclusion
that it is only a fragment of the outer volution of one of the large nodose
Fasciolaria-VikQ shells common in the same beds. If one hold the specimen
in a position so as to bring what Mr. Conrad interpreted as the extremity of
the posterior hinge-line to the bottom of the specimen, this is at once seen
to be the true interpretation of the fragment, that part being a portion of tlie
beak or rostral portion of the shell, and the protuberances, which in the
Avicula interpretation represent the beak and anterior lobe or wing, are
only two of the nodes on the body of the volution. The name Avicula
annosa Conrad ought therefore to be dropped from zoological nomenclature.
The specimen was from Shark River, and came from the upper layers
of the marl at that place.
NUCULIDiE.
Genus NUCULA Lam.
Nuciila Circe, n. sp.
Plate XXIX, Fig. 12.
Shell rather above a medium size, yerj broadly ovate or subtriangu-
larly-ovate in outline, with subcentral beaks, and the hinge-line sloping
from it nearly equally on each side, inclosing an angle of about 110°.
Posterior side of the hinge longest and somewhat arcuate, containing four-
teen teeth, with considerable space near the beak unseen, probabl}^ contain-
ing about six additional ones. Teeth regularly increasing in size posteri-
orly. Anterior side not observed ; basal line gibbous in the middle, leaving
the anterior and posterior ends nearly equally pointed. Muscular imprints
small, but moderately distinct. Surface of the shell marked by fine radiat-
ing striae, most strongly marked on the anterior half of the valve.
The only specimens of the species observed are flattened by compres-
sion, and possibly somewhat distorted also, although of this there is no direct
evidence. The valves appear to have been quite convex, although not so
228 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY.
now. If no distortion has taken place, tlie form would be quite different
from any known species. In size it corresponds to N. Slackiana Gabb, from
the Lower Marls, and also to N. magnifica Conrad, from the Eocene sands of
Claiborne, Ala., but in its proportions of form it differs from either very
materially.
Formation and locality. — In the upper layers of the Upper Marls, at
Shark liiver, New Jersey.
Genus NUGULANA Morch.
Nuculana albaria.
Plate XXIX, Figs. 15 aud 10.
YoUia protexta Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., VoL I, p. 213, PL XXI, Fig. 2. Meek,
GeoL Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 731. Conrad, Check list. Eocene Foss., p. 4.
T. albaria Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. Ill, p. 8.
Not Yoldia protexta Gabb.
Shell of medium size, transversely elongate-elliptical, varying from
considerably less to a little more than twice as long as high, and the oppo-
site ends of the shell nearly or quite of equal length, although differing
materially in height. Narrow end of the shell recurved and obtusely
pointed; opposite extremity more broadly rounded; base nearly equally
curved throughout. Beaks small and appressed. Hinge-line marked by
about twenty somewhat curved teeth on the broad side of the shell, and by
twenty-three or twenty-five on the pointed end; ligamental pit of consider-
able size. Surface of the shell marked by very fine even strise of growth.
Mr. Conrad first described this shell under the name Yoldia protexta, but
subsequently changed it to Y. albaria on ascertaining that Mr. Gabb bad
already used that name for a Cretaceous species. The casts very closely re-
semble those of Y. protexta Gabb, so much so that it is difficult to point out
difterences. The shell is, however, more equilateral and appears to have been
a trifle higher and to have been less recurved at the narrow end; otherwise
they are strikingly similar. Mr. Conrad's figure in the American Journal of
Conchology is very poor, and represents the narrow end of the shell as much
longer in proportion to the other than in any specimen which has come
under my observation. He also describes it as "anterior side longest." I
LAMELLIBRANCniATA FEOM THE EOCENE MARLS. 229
have placed this and the others under the genus Nuculanairom the fa,ct that
I have not been able to detect any ^'■largely sinuate pallial line" on any of the
casts, and because the carriage pit beneath the beak is small instead of
large. These two features appear to be about the only distinction there is
between Nuculana and Yoldia, and as these agree most nearly with the for-
mer, which is also the oldest genus, I have adopted that name in preference
to the other. The cartilage pit in the present species is reduced to its min-
imum size, being so small as to require magnifying in order to see it dis-
tinctly, while the teeth near the center of the line are also extremely minute.
Formation and locality. — In the top layer of the Upper Green Marls, at
Shark River, Farmingdale, and Squankum, New Jersey.
Genus NUOULAEIA Conrad.
Nucularia secunda, n. sp.
Plate XXIX, Figs. 13 and 14.
Shell small, very inequilateral, transversely elongate, and very elon-
gate-ovate or subelliptical in outline. Cardinal and basal lines subparallel,
the anterior end being a little the widest. Beaks small, situated at about
one-fourth the length of the shell from the anterior end. Anterior extremity
of the shell sharply rounded; posterior end narrower and rounded; basal
line broadly but regularly curved ; posterior hinge-line very slightly con-
cave. Disk of the valve gently depressed-convex, the shell apparently
somewhat gaping posteriorly. Hinge-line marked by a moderately large
triangular pit beneath the beak, and by about eight pectenoid teeth on the
anterior side of the beak, and about thirteen or fourteen on the posterior
side; those of both parts gradually increasing in size from the beak out-
ward. Surface of the shell unknown.
The shell is known only by interntil casts, in which condition it very
closely resembles N. pajjyridea Conrad, from the base of the Cretaceous
marls at Haddonfield, N. J.; the form is, however, not quite so robust,
being narrower in proportion to its length, and the posterior end is
I'ounded instead of being obliquely truncate, as in that one, which gives a
230 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
more regular curve to the basal line. This species throws a little more light
on the characters of this genus than was known from the Cretaceous spe-
cies, as in the example figured on the plate, the entire hinge features can
be made out. These show that it is so very closel}^ related to Nuculana as
herein used that it becomes a question if Nuculana should be retained as a
distinct genus. It is possible there may bo some more distinctive feature in
the arrangement of the muscles, or in the form of the pallia! line, as these
features are not observable on the specimens; but so far as the characters of
the hinge-plate can be relied upon, I should not consider it a vahd genus.
Formation and locality. — In the upper layers of the Upper Marls, at
Shark Eiver, New Jersey.
Genus AXINEA Poli.
Asinea Conradi, n. sp.
Plate XXIX, Figs. 10 and 11.
Shell small, the internal cast measuring a little less than one inch in
height, and is a trifle narrower than high. Valve depressed-convex, most
strongly convex above the middle, and gradually sloping below. Outline
nearly circular, equilateral, and slightly pointed at the beak in the cast, but
the outline of the hinge-plate would give a more circular form. Hinge-
plate narrow, marked on the anterior side by about eight short oblique teeth;
opposite side unknown. Muscular scars rather small. Exfoliated surface
marked by moderately fine, distinct, rounded strise. The margin denticu-
lated to corresjDond.
The species differs from A. Mortoni Conrad, from the Lower Marls, in
being less convex, and in being most convex above the middle, whereas that
one is evenly rounded. It also differs in being higher than wide, that one
being the opposite, and in being more finely denticulate on the margin of
the cast. These differences I deem quite specific in forms of this genus.
Formation and locality. — In the upper, stony layers of the Upper Marl
Bed, at Shark River, New Jersey. .
LAMELLIBRANGHIATA FROM THE EOCENE MAELS. 231
ASTARTID^.
Genus ASTARTE Sowerby.
Astarte castanella, n. sp.
Plate XXX, Figs. 1 and 2.
Grassma? veta Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. Y, p. 41, PI. I, Fig. 5.
Not Astarte veta Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch, Vol. IV, p. 279, PL XX, Fig. 4, or Vol. V,
p. 227.
Mr. Conrad describes this species in the following words : "Triangular,
inequilateral, convex; posterior dorsal margin straight and oblique; anterior
extremity angular and situated much a,bove the line of the ventral margin,
which is crenulated within ; cardinal pit under the apex of the left valve,
triangular, wide, oblique. (Cast.) Locality, Shark River, N. J."
I have seen only casts of this species, and do not think it has been
recognized under any other form. There are two forms associated with each
other so nearly alike that it is somewhat difficult to distinguish between
them ; yet I believe them to form two distinct species. One of the marked
features of this one is its crenulated basal margin, which is the only feature
that would enable one to say to which Mr. Conrad's description applies.
The form is more transverse than that of the other, sometimes becoming
almost elliptical in outline inside of the impression of the beak and hinge-
plate. The posterio]' end is also more distinctly truncate, with a slight um-
bonal angle, and the anterior end somewhat longer proportionally. The
margin of the valve is strongly, and for so small a shell almost coarsely
crenulated, while that of the other is smooth.
This being a true Astarte, and Mr. Conrad having previously described
an Astarte veta in Vol. IV, Am. Jour. Conch., p. 279, and Vol. V, p. 227,
his specific name veta cannot stand, consequently, from its very close resem-
blance to the recent A. castanea, I change it to A. castanella.
Formation and locality. — In the top layer of the Upper Green Marls
(Eocene) at Shark River, Farmingdale, and Squankum, New Jersey.
232 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
Astarte planimarginata, u. sp.
Plate XXX, Figs. 3 aud 4.
Shell small, triangular, with sharp, pointed, incurved beaks, which
almost overhang the anterior end. Length seldom exceeding half an inch,
with about an equal height. Body of the shell below the beaks, as seen
in the cast, broadly round-triangular, and most convex just below the um-
bonal region. Cardinal margin slightly curved behind the beaks and con-
cave in front; basal line curved and passing imperceptibly into both the
anterior and posterior margins. Imprint of the hinge-plate broad and pro-
portionately large. Muscular imprints of moderate size and faintly marked.
Inner margin of the valves destitute of crenulations.
This species differs from A. castenella Whitf (z:zA. veta Conrad) in
being more distinctly triangular in the proportionally larger and more prom-
inent beak and broader hinge-plate, in the want of the posterior truncation
cf the margin, and the absence of umbonal angle, and in the smooth inner
margin of the valves, that one being strongly crenulate. In form this shell
strikingly resembles young specimens of Astarte castanea of our. Atlantic
coast.
Formation and locatity. — In the top layer of the Upper Green Marls at
Shark River, Squankura, and Farmingdale, New Jersey (Eocene).
Genus CARDITA Brug.
Cardita perantiqua.
Plate XXX, Figs. 8-10.
Cardita subquadrata Gabb. J. A. N. Sci., Phil., new series. Vol. IV, p. 303, PL XL VIII,
Fig. 22 a, h (by error on PI. SXI). Synopsis, p. 105. Meek, Check-list, p. 11.
? Lea, Proc. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1861, p. 150.
Venericardia perantiqua Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. T, p. 8. Meek, Geol. Surv.
N. J., 1868, p. 731.
Not Cardita subquadrata Conrad. J. A. N. Sci., new series, Vol. I, p. 128, PI. XIV, Fig. 9.
Shell of medium size, with moderately convex valves and an obscurely
subquadrangular outline. Beaks fairly large, but not prominent, and scarcely
projecting above the cardinal line, but directed well anterioi'ly and enrolled.
Anterior end of the shell excavated in front of the beaks, rather sharply
rounded, and somewhat projecting beyond the beaks ; basal line moderately
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA FROM THE EOCENE MAELS. 233
arcuate, and subparallel with the cardinal margin, which is straight and
only a little shorter than the length of the shell behind the beaks ; posterior
end broad and squarely rounded, being nearly at right angles with the car-
dinal line. Umbonal ridge scarcely marked. Surface of the shell marked
by strong, radiating plications, which are strongest on the anterior end and
faintest and more closely arranged on the postero-umbonal slope. On the
shell, or, as obtained by gutta-percha casts, in an outside imprint of the shell,
the surface of each rib is seen to be highly crested, and to be composed of
three ridges, a central or highest one and a smaller and more obscure one
on each side, with a moderately concave surface separating the different
sets. The ribs on the body of the shell and on the anterior end are often
covered along their crests with a series of nodes, formed by the concentric
lines of growth which thickly cover all parts of the shell. In the number
and strength of the ribs the specimens vary greatly. In the coarser forms
there are fifteen to twenty ribs, and on the finer ones twenty-five or more,
but they do not appear to be distinctive specifically, as there are all grades
between them.
The species is very abundant, and forms the most common and most
prominent fossils of the beds in which it occurs. In its general form it is
perhaps as near C. rotundata of the Claiborne, Ala , beds as any American
species, but the ribs are coarser, and it differs in the surface markings and
in its more distinctly subquadrate outline.
Formation and locality. — In the Green Marls at the top of the third bed,
associated with other Eocene fossils, at Farmingdale, Shark River, near
Monmouth, and other places. Mr Gabb first described it from Mon-
mouth County, New Jersey, as C. suhquadrata, but as Mr. Conrad had
previously given this name to a ver}^ different form from South Carolina, it
became necessary to change it, which Conrad did in his list of Eocene fos-
sils pubhshed in Vol. I, American Journal of Conchology.
Cardita Brittoni, u. sp.
Plate XXX, Figs. 11 and 12,
Shell somewhat below a medium size, nearly circular in outline, but in
the condition of internal casts broadly oval transversely within the line of
234 PALEONTOLOGY OP NEW JERSEY.
the beaks. These hxtter are very large, prominent, moderately distant, and
inclined forward, but not much incurved, and are placed considerably in
advance of the middle of the shell. Body of the valves very ventricose,
becoming almost inflated on the nmbones, and destitute of anj^ angulation
in the posterior umbonal region. Anterior end moderately projecting and
narrowly rounded; posterior end more broadly rounded, and the l)asal line
forming a segment of a regular ellipse. Surface of the casts destitute of
plications when found in hard marl, except faint indications of those seen
just at the margin along the basal line. On casts from the softer marls,
where they partake partially of the exterior characters, they show from
twenty-two to twenty-six radiating ribs, which are narrow and sharp, with
much wider interspaces; and in these specimens the beaks are sharper and
incurved, being nearly in contact. On tlie internal casts the muscular
scars are small, but rather well marked.
This species is somewhat smaller than C. j^erantiqua Conrad, and differs
from it in its finer ribs, of which there is a greater number, that one having
from sixteen to eighteen. They are apparently associated together in the
same layers, and will generally be looked upon as one unless where care-
full}^ studied; but in the condition in which the external ribs are shown
these are so much finer that there will be little difficulty in separating them
It is possible they ought to be considered only as varieties of the one
species, but I have seen no intermediate forms as yet to connect them.
Formation and locality. — In the topmost layer of the Upper Green Marls
at Squankum and Shark River, New Jersey (Eocene).
Genus CRASSATELLA Lam.
Crassatella alta.
Plate XXIX, Fig. 17.
Crassatella alta Conrad. Poss. Shells of the Tertiary, p. 31, PL VII. Am. Jour. Sci.,
2(1 ser., Vol. I, p. 395, PI. Ill, Fig. 1. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. I, p. 10.
Check-list, Eocene, p. 5.
A single very imperfect cast which appears to be of this species
occurs in the collections from Shark River. Its erect form, prominent and
nearly central beaks, and slight posterior umbonal angle all agree well
LAMELLIBRANOHIATA FEOM THE EOCENE MAELS. 235
with the same features on the specimens from Claiborne, Ala., so far as a
cast can be said to agree with the external shell. The regular curvature
of the anterior, basal, and posterior margins, which blend into each other
without perceptible angulation, is also a marked feature, and one not
observed in any other American species. So that I feel no hesitation in
considering it as identical with the Claiborne examples.
Formation and locality. — In the upper layers of the Upper Marls at
Shark River, New Jersey.
Crassatella obliquata, n. sp.
Plate XXIX, Fig. 18, and PI. XXX, Figs. 13 and 14.
Shell, as known from intei'nal casts, large and apparently of consider-
able thickness, especially in the cardinal portions, sometimes measur-
ing nearly three and a half inches in length by fully two and a half in
height. Valves moderately convex, although the casts generally show
evidence of considerable compression. Outline obliquely ovate, with very
broad and extended beak or rostral processes, which are broadly triangular
in form and pointed obliquely upward and forward. Anterior end short
and narrow; posterior end broader and obliquely truncate, much longer in
the postero-basal region than above; basal margin strongly curved; mus-
cular scars large and moderately strong; pallial line usually distinct.
Surface of shell and hinge features unknown.
This shell in its form, as shown by the casts, has differed from any
other species of the genus known in its large size, ventricose valves, and
oblique form combined. The beaks must have been very prominent, as
shown by the very large processes which have filled their cavities, much
larger, in fact, than in any other known species, while at the same time
they have had a very considerable breadth. Its general features are so dis-
tinctive that when found presenting anything like its normal form it can
scarcely be confounded with any other species. But most of them have
suffered distortion in the marls to so great an extent as to almost obliterate
their original shape.
A cast of a single valve, showing the imprint of the hinge-plate has
been obtained since the above description was written. The plate is
wider in proportion than that of G. alia Conrad, from the Claiborne, Ala.,
236 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY.
Eocene beds, and is situated nearer to the anterior end of the shell than in
that species, showing the obliquity of the body of the shell to be its normal
condition, and proving its specific distinction. The different elements of the
hinge have much the same chax'acters and proportion to each other as have
those of C. alta, but the plate is higher from the inner margin to the apex
of the beak in proportion to the antero-posterior diameter. This feature,
with the fact that a much larger part of the body of the valve is posterior
to the central line of the hinge-plate, will readily serve to distinguish the
species from that one if it should ever be found with the shell preserved.
Formation and locality. — The only examples which I have seen have
been from the top layers of the Upper Marl Beds at Shark River, New
Jersey.
CARDIID^.
Genus PEOTOCAEDIUM Beyr.
Protocardium curtum.
Plate XXX, Figa. 5-7.
Protocardia curia Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., 1870, Vol. V, p. 42, PI. I, Fig. 1. Meek,
Check-list, p. 731. (Antedated, descrij)tion first published 1870.)
Shell of medium size, subquadrangular in outline, with nearly equi-
lateral and moderately convex valves. Beaks large, prominent, posterior
to the middle of the shell, and incurved ; cardinal line strongly arcuate, par-
allel to the basal line, and nearly equally curved, the basal line curving
abruptly upward at, and blending imperceptibly into the anterior end, this
latter being narrower than the posterioi'. Posterior margin abrupt, slightly
oblique, being just within a right angle with the postero-basal line. Um-
bonal angle sharply defined, and the posterior slope narrow and abrupt.
The surface of the shell has been marked throughout by fine, radiating
striae, of which seven or eight may be counted in the space of an eighth of
an inch on the margin of a specimen measuring nearly one and three-
fourths inches in height. On the posterior slope the striae are somewhat
coarser than on the body of the shell. The hinge, as seen on a very well-
preserved cast of a right valve, has been characterized by a strong lateral
LAMELLIBKANCHIATA FROM THE EOCENE MARLS. 237
tooth on each side and a single strong, hook-like tooth in the center beneath
the beak, with a similarly-shaped cavity in front of it, presenting a true
Cardium hinge. The plate for the attachment of the ligament, however,
cannot be made out. The muscular scar on the anterior side has been
very faint, seldom being seen on the cast, but the posterior scar has been
deeper, and sometimes leaves a deep groove bordering it on the cast, repre-
senting a ridge on the shell.
The species presents the external form of a Protocardium, but differs
somewhat in the surface markings, as it is striated throughout. Mr. Conrad
described the "ventral margin minutely crenulated," but on some of the casts
the striae on the body of the shell can be traced to near the middle of the
valve, showing that they are the remains of external striae, and not merely
the crenulations of the internal margins of the shell. I have not seen the
external markings in imprints of the shell, as there appears to have been
none of these preserved in collections. The representation of the hinge of
a left valve is given on the plate as nearly as it could be obtained from a
gutta-percha impression taken in the best cast which I have observed.
Formation and locality. — In the Eocene layer of the Upper Marls at
Farmingdale, Squankum, and Shark Eiver, New Jersey. Apparently not a
rare species.
VENEEID^.
Genus OARYATIS Roemer.
Caryatis ovalis, n. sp.
Plate XXX, Figs. 15 and 16.
Caryatis Belaioarensis Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. V, p. 41, PI. I, Fig. 6.
Not Bione Delawarensis Gabb. J. A. N. Sci., new ser.. Vol. IV, p. 312, PI. XL VIII,
Fig. 18.
Shell transversely short-oval, very oblique, with moderately-sized
incurved beaks situated near the anterior end, and not projecting above
the cardinal umbonal surface posterior to them. Hinge-line only moder-
ately arcuate, and about parallel to the basal line, which is also only mod-
erately curved. Anterior and posterior ends broadly rounded, the former
somewhat more sharply so than the latter, owing to the excavation in front
238 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY.
of the beaks. Surface of the valves as seen in casts only moderately con-
vex, and marked by fine, even lines of growth parallel to the margin of
the valve. Muscular imprints very faint. Pallial line too indistinct to be
described with certainty, but the best evidence furnished would indicate
that it was not very deep and rounded at the extremity. Hinge structure
not determined.
This I suppose to be the shell which Mr. Conrad describes as Caryatis
Delawarensis (Gabb's sp.) in the American Journal of Conchology, and of
which he says he was fortunate enough to obtain the mold of a hinge,
"which proves it to be a Caryatis." I have not been able to obtain speci-
mens showing the hinge features, so shall accept his generic reference with-
out question. He, in common with others, had identified this as Cyprina
Morrissi Sowerby, an English Lower Eocene species. Mr. Gabb's Dione
Delawarensis is, I think, a distinct species from this one, being of a more reg-
ularly oval form, with narrower anterior and posterior extremities, a larger
and more prominent beak, which is placed much farther from the anterior
end of the shell, and is more erect than that of this one. It also occurs in
the Lower Marls of the Cretaceous system, and I have not seen a specimen
from the Eocene beds which I should be willing to consider as the same
with those.
Formation mid locality. — In the light-colored clay layers known as the
Stony Marls, at the top of the Upper Beds of Marls, characterized by Eocene
fossils, at Shai'k River, Squankum, and near Farmingdale, New Jersey.
MACTRID^..
Genus VELEDA Conrad. 1871.
(Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 74.)
Veleda equilatera, n. sp.
Plate XXX, Fig. 17.
Shell very small, transversely elliptical in outline, and nearly equi-
lateral ; length a little less than twice the height, and both extremities some-
what pointed or narrowly rounded ; basal line broadly curved, and the
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA FROM THE EOCENE MAELS. 239
cardinal line sloping from the beak nearly equally on each side, the margins
forming an angle of about one hundred and thirtj^ degrees. Beak small,
but broad and compressed; disk of the valve depressed, convex, or almost
flattened, as seen in casts. Hinge characters known only by the imprint
of a linear tooth on each side of the beak, situated about half way between
the beak and the posterior end of the shell, on the posterior side, and still
further out proportionally on the anterior end. Muscular markings not
seen. Surface of the shell, as indicated on the cast, marked by faint con-
centric lines of growth parallel to the margin.
This species differs from either of those described from the Lower
Marls in its transverse and equilateral form. Its transverse or elliptical
character at once distinguishes it from V. lintea Con., and its equilateral form
from V. tellinoides, and the want of regular, even, concentric ridges on the
disk of the shell, and small beak, from V. transversa. So far as it is yet
known, it is a much smaller species than either of the last, but the examples
known may be small individuals.
Formation and locality. — In the upper layers of the Upper Marls at
Shark River, New Jersey.
CORBULID^.
Geuus COEBULA Brng.
Corbula (Nesera) nasutoides, u. sp.
Plate XXX, Figs. 18 and 19.
Shell of moderate size or larger, transversely ovate, inequivalve, an-
terior end longest and most inflated, and the left valve somewhat larger
than the right. Valves both rather ventricose, the left inflated on the um-
bones. Beaks large, full, and strongly incurved, directed posteriorly in
appearance; that of the left valve more incurved than the right one. Pos-
terior end of the valves narrowed and rounded at the extremity, without
posterior umbonal angle or truncation of the extremity. Surface of the
valves marked only by concentric lines of growth.
The species, as known from casts retaining part of the external features,
bears considerable resemblance to C. nasuta Conrad (zzC. Alabamiensis Lea)
240 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY.
from tlie Eocene sands of Claiborne, Ala., both in form, size, and surface
markings, but differs in being less attenuated behind, is rather more equi-
valve, with more prominent beaks, and the strise is somewhat finer. It is
possible it may not be a Corhula or that it may be a smooth species of Necera,
but it resembles Corhula more closely. The absence of angulation along
the posterior umbonal ridge, or of the corresponding truncation of the pos-
terior end, is against it being a true Corhula.
Formation and locality. — In the upper layer of the Upper Marls, Shark
River, and at Dr. Kneiskern's pits. New Jersey.
Genus NEiERA Grey.
Neaera cequivalvis, ii. sp.
Plate XXX, Figs. 20 and 21.
Shell large for the genus, with very convex or almost inflated valves,
very nearly or quite of equal size, the apex of the beak only indicating any
inequality. Outline strongly ovate, large in front with a sharply rounded
anterior extremity and a slightly gibbous basal line; posterior end pro-
longed, narrow, and sharply rostrate. Beaks placed very far back, large and
inflated on the umbones, directed posteriorly, incurved and minutely pointed
at the apices, which are in close contact, or interlocking, that of the right valve
being in advance of the other. Lunule obsolete, but the escutcheon area
deeply impressed in the cast, representing a strongly inflected cardinal border
in the shell. Hinge-teeth unknown ; muscular scars and pallial line too faint
to be observed in the cast. Surface of the shell marked by very distinct, but
not strong, concentric undulations parallel to the margin of the valves. There
are very faint indications of radiating lines on the cast. I do not think,
however, that they indicate radii on the shell, but only represent vascular
markings.
The cast has exactly the form externally of Corhula Carolinensis Con-
rad, as figured in the Appendix to the Report of the Geological Survey of
North Carolina, W. C. Kerr, Vol. I, page 11, PI. II, Fig. 15, and is almost
of the same size. I cannot think, however, that it has any relatiolis to that
shell, for it certainly is not a cast of Corhula, and Mr. Coni'ad could never
have considered such a form as a Corhula when examining the shell itself.
LAMELLIBEANCHIATA FEOM THE EOCENE MARLS. 241
He also describes his shell as inequivalve, while this one is not perceptibly
inequivalve, except for the overlapping of the beaks, which is so slight, and
only at the exti'eme point, that there is really no difference in size. The
posterior prolongation, moreover, is equally large on each valve, which it
would not be in Corhiila. Most of the species of Necera are radiatingly
ribbed, but there are species known which are smooth, such as N. hyalina
Hinds ; figured in Chenu's Manuel Conch, et de Pal. Conch., Vol. II, p. 50,
Fig. 210. Mr. Conrad's species is from the Cretaceous, while this is from
the beds referred to the Eocene. Mr. Meek figures a somewhat similar
species, N. ventricosa, from the Fox Hills group of Dakota, in the Report of
the U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories (Hayden), Vol. IX ; Report
on Invertebrate Fossils (Meek), PL XXX, Fig. 3, but in that one the beaks
are erect, while these have a strong backward direction when taken in a lat-
eral view of the shell.
Formation and locality. — In the upper layers of the Upper Marls at Shark
River, New Jersey. In the collection of the American Museum of Natural
History, New York City. (Eocene.)
PHOLADID^.
Genus PAEAPHOLAS Conrad. 1848.
(Proc. A. K Sci., Phil., 1848, p. 121.)
Parapholas Kneiskerni, n. sp.
Plate XXX, Figs. 22-24.
An internal cast of both valves in conjunction represents a shell of an
elongate-ovate or elongate-pyriform shape, measuring seven-eighths of an
inch in length by half an inch in diameter at the larger end ; is all that
represents this species among the collections from the State. The anteiior
end is globose to the oblique mesial division, behind which it is rapidly
narrowed to less than one-fourth of an inch at the posterior extremity,
which appears to have been widely gaping. The mesial constriction is
deep and very oblique, reaching the basal margin somewhat behind the
middle of the entire length. Postei'ior area of the valves concentrically
marked; anterior section of the valve triangular and rather small, with
faint indications of a few radii; antero-basal pads large and broad, extend-
4418 moN 9 16
242 PALiEONTOLOaY OF NEW JEESKY.
ing on the sides of the anterior end to the point of greatest diameter, and
also extending- backward beyond the mesial sulcus in considerable breadth,
apparently reaching nearly or quite to the posterior extremity of the valves
Anterior dorsal plates combined apparently of only medium size, quadi-an-
gular or lozenge-shaped, and pointed at either extremity, placed with their
longest diameters in the direction of the junction of the valves. No pos-
terior dorsal plates appear to have existed. Posterior dorsal slope concave,
leaving- the hinge-line sharply elevated.
The specimen being- entirely an internal cast the surface characters
of the sliell can only be approximately determined. As no other species, so
far as I can ascertain, is known from this formation in America, I can draw
no compai'ison.
Formation and locality. — In the upper layers of the Upper Green Marls
at Shark River, New Jersey. Collected by Dr. Kneiskern. Collection at
Rutgers College.
TERIDIDtE.
Genus TEREDO Liuu.
Teredo emacerata, u. sp.
Plate XXX, Fig. 25.
The species is known only by the casts of tubes, which are slender and
not known to exceed two inches in length. They are closely crowded in
the only examples observed, and liave been found in burrows in wood.
Their direction is much contorted, and although often nearly three-six-
teenths of an inch in diameter at the lower extremity, they rapidly taper to
within one-half of that size, and are very slender for the greater part of their
length. The lower extremity is rounded, and in some cases bulbous. The
species ditfers from T. tibialis Mort. of the middle beds, in having burrowed
in wood instead of in sand, and in being much smaller, much more tortu-
ous, and more densely crowded than is usual with that species, besides
having no appearance of having formed a shelly lining.
Formation and locality. — In the upper layer of the Upper Marl, at
Shark River, New Jersey.
SECTION V^II.
UNIONIDiE FEOM THE CLAYS AT FISH HOUSE, CAMDEN COUNTY.
The species of Unionoid shells described below occur in bluish-black
and dove-colored clays a few miles above Camden, N. J., and are probably
from near the base of the Cretaceous series of the State. The latest evi-
dence obtained places them as probably equivalent to the Lignite clays
near the top of the Plastic Clay series, and below the Lower Marls. This
makes them the oldest molluscan Mesozoic fossils of the State, excej)t those
from the Woodbridge and Raritan Clays described in Section II. The
shells appear to have been fii-st discovered by Professor Cope, of Philadel-
phia, and were by him called to the attention of Mr. Isaac Lea, who de-
scribed ten of the twelve now known species. Subsequently others col-
lected numbers of them. Prof. J. Carvill Lewis, of Germantown, Pa., has
a large collection, the best of which he very kindly loaned me for use
in the following descriptions, and he also has placed me under obligations
by the trouble he took to obtain for me the use of Mr. Lea's type speci-
mens from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-
phia. Dr. L. N. Britton has also collected a large number for the State sur-
vey, from which some of the figured examples were obtained.
In regard to the geological position of these shells I shall offer no
opinion, not having visited the beds myself. Professor Cope appeared to.
consider them as occurring in beds actually below the lowest of the Green
Marls, and others with whom I have conversed hold the same opinion,
while still others consider them as of much later date. Dr. White in "A
Review of the Non-marine Fossil Mollusca of North America," Third
annual report U. S. Geol. Survey, 1883, says they are "almost cer-
tainly of post-Tertiary date." So far as the shells themselves afford
evidence this might be said to be very hkely; still they do not afford
any positive information on the subject. They present certain differences,
248
244 PALJE ONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
observable even iu their very imperfect condition, when compared with
their living representatives, which are certainly as great as differences be-
tween mauj' of the western Cretaceous Unionidse and the living represent-
atives of the same species ; and I am not at all prepared to say that any
one of tlie twelve species named, if it could be obtained in condition perfect
enough for complete comparison, would not prove quite distinct from the one
whose name it bears. I have made comparisons with these living forms,
some of which are noted under the descriptions of the species.
The condition of preservation of these shells is a great drawback to
their satisfactory study. Their remains consist mostly of internal casts,
much distorted, with a portion of the epidermis usually preserved, and
occasionally a small amount of the calcareous material. The cavities left
by the decomposition of the teeth are sometimes quite characteristic, but
more frequently compressed and distorted so as to be of but little service
in comparison. The valves have usually been preserved in contact, so
that the hinge features do not show on tte cast, although the muscular im-
prints, and often the pallial line, are ver}^ handsomely preserved. But the
amount of compression which the specimens have undergone can only be
judged of by the form of examples which have been imbedded vertically or
obliquely in the clays. This has often been so great as to place them entirely
beyond the possibility of determination. Owing to the differences of form
and the difficulty of accurate comparison with living forms, I have preferred
to leave them standing as distinct species, under the names originally used
by Mr. Lea, and have added two others from the collection of Professor
Lewis, following the same system of nomenclature.
UNIONLD^.
Genus UNIO Eetzius.
TJnio nasutoides^
Plate XXXIV, Figs. 4 and 5.
Utiio namtoides Lea. Proc. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1868, ]i. 163. Pamphlet, 1868, p. 30.
Shell very ti'ansverse, about twice and a half as long as high, rounding
from below anteriorly and pointed behind, with the beaks within the
UNIONID^. FKOM THE CAMDE^ST CLAYS. 245
anterior third of the length. Surface of shell smooth, valves compressed
and subangular along the umbonal ridge. Muscular scars strong on the
anterior end, and rather faintly marked on the posterior sides; lateral teeth
strong, of great length, and nearly or quite straight, cardinal teeth propor-
tionately small and strongly striated.
Mr. Lea remarks of this species that it "is very nearly the same in
outline with the well-known nasutus Say, but is more acute at the pos-
terior margin, in which character it is more nearly allied to FisJierianus "
There is certainly a very close resemblance between these fossil forms and
the ordinary forms of U. nasutus, as they occur in the Hudson Eiver and
its confluents, especially those from the Mohawk and those from the Erie
Canal in its eastern parts. Some of the shells which I have seen of this
species preserve the form very perfectly, though much of the shell substance
has been removed, especially along the hinge. The lateral teeth appear to
have been very strong, and the cardinal ones are longitudinally striate
more strongly than any I remember to have seen in U. nasutus ; but the
shells have been considerably thickened, as is evidenced by the strong
anterior muscular scars. The epidermis has also been strongly ridged.
Among the specimens loaned me by Prof. H. G. Lewis I find one specimen
which is more broadly truncate posteriorly and Avould seem to have had a
much greater thickness, especially behind the middle of the valve. This
one I have been somewhat inclined to place under U. prceanodontoides
described for the first time, but it lacks the cylindrical form, although
partially possessing the oblique median sulcus of that one.
ITnio radiatoides.
Plate XXXIV, Figs. 1-3.
Unio radiatoides Lea. Proc. A. N". Sci., Phil., 1868, p. 163. Pamphlet by I. Lea, p. 30.
Shell of moderate size, transversely broad-oval in outline with com-
pressed or gently convex valves, generally a little narrower at the anterior
than at the posterior end; the hinge-line gently arcuate and slightly rising
posteriorly. Shell surface marked by concentric lines of growth. Anterior
muscular scar large, round; posterior scar faint. Cardinal teeth compara-
246 PALEONTOLOGY OP NEW JEESBY.
tivelj small; lateral moderately strong and but slightly curved. The
shells which I have identified with the above name are somewhat broader
or higher than the generality of specimens of U. radiatus as they occur in
the Hudson River and its tributaries ; and the cardinal teeth are smaller or
more compressed. In other respects they correspond very closely in all
general particulars. There is very great difficulty in distinguishing be-
tween this and TJ. cariosoides. In fact I cannot say that I am at all sure I
have done so. Between their living representatives, if we take casts of the
interiors and throw out the additional convexity of U. cariosus, it would be
very difficult to say wherein they differ, and among these fossil specimens
there is not an individual but that is more or less distorted as well as other-
wise imperfect.
TTnio subrotundoides.
Plate XXXII, Fig. 5.
TTnio subrotundoides La. Proc. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1868, p. 163. Pamphlet by Lea, p. 30.
Of this species I have not been able to identify any individual among
the collections which I have examined and have therefore figured the type
specimen used in the original description, as labeled in the collection at
Philadelphia. The specimen is very broad ovate in outline, being longer
than high; the greatest height being considerably behind the beaks but
nearly midway of the length of the shell. Valves depressed convex with
strong concentric strise; hinge-line strongly arcuate and the beaks ap-
pressed; anterior end of shell short. Cardinal teeth? Lateral teeth long,
thin, and strongly arched.
Mr. Lea states in his description of this shell that the cardinal teeth are
"apparently small." The space for the cardinal tooth in the specimen is
filled with foreign matter, but I think it would prove to be of considerable
dimensions if cleaned out. The form of the shell differs more from U. sub-
rotundus Lea, as figured by that author in his "Land and Fresh Water
Shells," Vol. IV, PI. 18, Fig. 45, than any other species of this group of
fossils differs from the one after which it was named. In fact it differs so
much that if left entii'ely to my own judgment I should not have thought
of referring it to that species at all. The measurements as given with Mr.
UNIONIDiE FE0M THE CAMDEN CLAYS. 247
Lea's description (length 2.6, breadth 3.4 inches) are evidently transposed
from what he intended, the length being nearly three and a half and the
height two and six-tenths inches, as will readily be seen by reference to the
figure given, which is of his type specimen.
Unio cariosoides.
Plate XXXII, Fig. 3.
Unio cariosoides Lea. Proc. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1868, p. 163. Pamphlet by Lea, p. 31.
" Shell smooth, broadly elliptical, somewhat inflated, obtusely angular
behind, rounded before ; beaks somewhat raised, removed from medial ;
•cardinal teeth ; lateral teeth long and shghtly curved. Length 2.5,
breadth 4.8 inches." (Lea.)
Mr. Lea's type specimen is the only one of this species which I have
seen. As he observes in his remarks following the above description, it
rather closely resembles the elongated males of U. cariosus. The specimen,
-has apparent!}'- been imbedded in the clay vertically and has been slightly
compressed in that direction, making it a little less broad between the car-
dinal and basal margins than it originally was, and giving greater angu-
larity to each of the extremities, and at the same time greater rotundity
to the valves. If this had not been the case the shell would present much
the same proportions as those which I have referred to U. radiatoides, al-
though it maj^ never have been quite as high in proportion to its length.
'The specimen is mostly an internal cast, but retains a small portion of the
•epidermal layer, as do most of the specimens. The impressions of the lat-
-eral teeth are slender, rather long and arcuate. What remains of the bor-
ders of the cavity of the cardinal teeth would indicate that the principal
one had been large and thick, but there is very little of it left to judge from.
The anterior muscular impression is large, and situated well forward. The
posterior scar is not visible. The pallial line on the anterior half is well
marked. In the measurements as given by Dr. Lea the "length" refers to
the distance from the cardinal line to the basal margin, and the "breadth"
from anterior to posterior extremity. The locality for this and U. suhro-
■tundoides, as given on the labels accompanying them, is 6 miles north of
•Camden, New Jersey.
248 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY.
TJnio bumerosoides.
Plate XXXI, Fig. 4.
Unio Immerosoides Lea. Proc. A. IST. Sci. Phil., 1868, p. 163. Pamphlet by Lea, p. 131.
" Shell smooth, ovately oblong, very much compressed, rounded be-
hind and before ; beaks slightly raised, removed from medial ; cardinal teeth
large and compressed ; lateral teeth rather long and slightly curved.
Length 2.6, breadth 4.2 inches." (Lea.)
The shell marked as the type of this species in Mr. Lea's collection
in the Academ}^ is of a broad oval form, being longer than high, as indi-
cated by his measurements. It resembles so closely those referred to U. racli-
atoides as to be not easily distinguished in the imperfect condition in which
they are found. On close examination it will be seen not to round forward
so rapidly on the posterio-cardinal border as does that species, and to be
somewhat proportionally broader from the base to the cardinal line. The
, surface of the type specimen shows evidence of having been rather coarsely
marked with concentric undulations on the posterior part. The specimen
figured is Lea's type.
TJnio Roanokoides.
Plate XXXIII, Figs. 1 and 2, and Plate XXXIV, Fig. 7.
Unio BoanoTcoides Lea. Proc. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1868, p. 164. Pamphlet by Lea, p. 31.
Shell transverse, subquadrangular, nearly twice as long as high ; arcu-
ate on the hinge-line in the cast, and broadly rounded on the base. Ante-
rior end rather sharply rounded ; posterior end truncate and a very little
oblique ; longest below. Beaks situated at about the anterior third of the
length. Valves compressed, more particularly so on the anterior side of the
beaks. The teeth have been strong ; the cardinals wide but not strongly
elevated ; the laterals long, slightly curved, and quite thickened in some
cases toward the outward end. Muscular scars large, well marked, and
circular.
This species closely resembles U. Immerosoides in its general outlines,
but is somewhat longer from anterior to posterior, and the latter extremity
is possibly a little more strongly truncate. The separation is, however,
merely arbitrary. Among older forms of fossil shells I should not think of
UNIONID^ FROM THE GAMDE:sr OLATS. 249
separating them as species. Mr. Lea remarks of this species that its form is
very unusual, and that it is allied to TJ. Boanokoensis and U. macer Lea ; also,
that it is remarkably compressed at the anterior end for a Unio, but that the
same character applies to others from the same locality.
TJnio ligatnentinoides.
Plate XXXII, Fig. 4, and Plate XXXIV, Fig. 8.
Unio ligamentinoides Lea. Proc. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1868, p. 164. Pamphlet by Lea, p. 31.
Shell longitudinally ovate and somewhat regular in outline ; rather
broader behind than in front. Hinge-line rather strongly arcuate, more
strongl)^ bent just in front of the beaks, which are situated nearly at the
anterior third of the length of the shell. Basal margin strongly and regu-
larly curved. Valves compressed. Lateral teeth comparatively slender and
curved ; cardinal tooth large and only moderately thick. Anterior mus-
cular scar comparatively large, moderately deep. Posterior scar very faintly
marked.
The shell has very much the outline of the male of U. ligamentinus Lea,
and is readily distinguished from specimens of U. radiatoides by its rounder
form. The type specimen of Dr. Lea is more pointed posteriorly than others
which I have seen, and the valves rather more compressed. Besides, it has
some appearance of a slight alation at the posterior extremity of the car-
dinal line, and might readily be taken for a vertically compressed individual
of U. alatoides. The epidermis is also less rugose than in some of the others.
XTnio alatoides.
Plate XXXIII, Figs. 3 and 4, and Plate XXXIV, Fig. 6.
Unio alatoides Lea. Proc. A. K Sci., Phil., 1868, p. 164. Pamphlet by Lea, p. 32.
Shell compressed, broadly ovate, very much wider posteriorly than in
front, the posterior alation giving a broader form and a more direct upward
tendency to the lines of growth, even when the alation itself is not pre-
served. Umbones very much compressed and the beaks hardly perceptibly
elevated. The teeth are not visible in either of the two* specimens before
me nor are the muscular scars suihciently well marked to warrant a de-
250 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY.
scription of their characters, though the anterior scar appears to have been
tolerably large and well marked. The surface of the shell has been marked
by rather strong concentric wrinkles for one of this usually smooth type.
Mr. Lea mentions in his original description of this species that the
cardinal teeth are "oblique and compressed, lateral teeth long, large, lamel-
lar, and very slightly curved."
ITuio prceanodontoides, n. sp.
Plate XXXI, Fig. 2.
Shell cylindrical, a little less than three times as long as high, and
about four-fifths as thick through the closed valves as the height from the
hinge-line to the base of the shell. Hinge-Hne rather straight and long,
beaks small and inconspicuous, situated a little less than one-third of the
entire length of the shell from the anterior end. Anterior end narrowly
rounded; posterior end long and nasute; the point of greatest length
almost on a hue of the center of the valve. Body of the shell marked just
forward of the middle by a broad shallow mesial depression passing from
the beaks to the base of the shell Anterior teeth moderately strong; lat-
eral tooth long and slender, but strongest near the posterior end. Muscular
scars faintly marked.
The shell is remarkably similar to the narrowly cylindrical forms of
TJ. anodontoides Lea. It is perhaps not quite so high from base to hinge,
but in other respects is exceedingly like it. The posterior end is also per-
haps slightly narrower, and in this respect resembles in form Cf. nasuhis ;
but the A^alves are much more ventricose, have not that angularity of the
posterior umbonal slope, and differ essentially in the shallow sulcus crossing
the valves. The specimen used retains both valves, but spread widely open.
It is the property of Prof. Henry Carville Lewis, of Philadelphia, who
kindly loaned it to me with other specimens of the various species liere
described.
XJnio rectoides, n. sp.
Plate XXXII, Figs. 1 and 2.
Shell very elongate with subparallel basal and cardinal margins, the
:lbrmer very slightly sinuate near the middle of the length; anterior ex-
UNIONIDiE FEOM THE CAMDEN CLAYS. 251
tremely narrow approaching pointed and longest above the middle of the
height; posterior end broader and obtusely rounded and longest below.
Valves compressed, more convex behind than in front where they have been
quite attenuate ; anterior muscular scar quite moderate in size, but well
marked; posterior scar faint. Cardinal teeth strong, apparently double.
Lateral teeth apparently straight and moderately strong. Surface of the
shell not observed.
This species presents strongly the features of U. rectus, from the Ohio
watershed, but perhaps even more strongly those of the species from the
waters of Georgia and Alabama. It is so very distinct in its elongate nar-
row form from any of those associated with it that it cannot well be mis-
taken.
Geuiis ANODONTA Cuvier.
Anodouta grandoides.
Plate XSXV, Figs. 2 and 3.
Anodonta grandoides Lea. Proc. A. ]Sr. S., Phil., 1868, p. 164. Pamphlet, 1868, p. 32.
Mr. Lea's description of this species reads as follows: "Shell smooth,
elliptical, very much inflated, ventricose, obtusely angular behind, obliquely
Tounded before ; beaks submedial, flattened on the tips, but very much in-
flated on the umbos."
The shells of this species in the collection under consideration are much
better preserved. than those of A. corpulentoides, probably because they were
somewhat stronger, and perhaps also because from their somewhat greater
length they were less liable to become imbedded obliquely in the sediment,
and thus escaped the oblique pressure to which many of the others were
subjected. Their form appears to have been less inflated than A. corpulen-
imdes, with the beaks less central, the posterior end being longer proportion-
ally, as well as much more pointed, and more angular along the posterior
umbonal ridge, while the proportional height of the shell is considerably less.
One of the specimens on which these observations are based retains nearly
its original form, being only slightly compressed and having much of the
epidermal layer preserved. There are several other shells among our fresh-
vpater forms that bear considerable resemblance to this one, as well as A.
252 PAL^OlSfTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY.
grandis Say. One form which I have under the name A. plana from rivers
in Western New York presents a remarkable resemblance to it, both in size
and outline.
Anodonta corpiilentoides.
Plate XXXV, Fig. 1.
Anodonta corpulentoides Lea. Proc. A. N. S., Phil., 1868, p. 164. Pamph., 1868, p. 32.
The following is Mr. Lea's description of this shell: "Shell smooth,
rotundo-elliptical, exceedingly inflated, very ventricose, obtusely angular
behind, rounded before; beaks submedial, flattened at the tips, but ex-
cessively inflated on the umbos." In his remarks on the species he says it
is so nearly like A. corpulenta Cooper that he has no hesitation in considering
that as its nearest representative. The specimens which I have seen are all
more or less crushed and distorted, but they preserve both valves and retain
much of the original shell, but little of the epidermal layer. So far as can
be judged of the original form of the specimens from the most perfect ones,
I should think the anterior portion in front of the umbos might have been
somewhat longer, with the extremity of the hinge-line a little more rounded
than specimens of ^. corpidenta which I have received from Illinois. In other
respects I can detect no difference whatever. The muscular scars are not
discernible on any of the specimens.
CLASSIFIED LIST OF THE SPECIES DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME.
In this list the species from the Lower Marl Beds are indicated by the
letter L; those from the Middle Marl Beds by M ; those from the base of
the Upper Marls, which bed is included in the Cretaceous, by the letter U;
and those from the top layer, suj^posed to be Eocene, by the letter E. P. C.
indicates the Plastic Clays at the base of the Cretaceous or older, and U. C.
the clays near Fish House, 4 miles above Camden, New Jersey, which con-
tain the Unios.
Class BRAOHIOPODA.
Family TEREBRATULIDiE.
Genus Teeebratula.
T. Harlani Morton L.
T. Harlani, var. fragilis Morton L.
Genus Terebeatulina.
T. Atlantica Morton . .- U.
T. florida Morton f
T. lachryma Morton : E.
Genus Terebratella.
T. plicata Say L.
T. Vanuxemi Lyell and Fortes L.
253
254 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY.
Class LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
Order ASIPHONIDA.
Suborder MONOMYAEIA.
Family OSTREID^.
Genus OsTEKA Linnceus.
0. denticulifera Conrad L.
0. creuuliniarginata Gabh L.
0. glaiiconoides Whitfield JE.
0. glandiformis Whitfield. U.
0. larva Lamarck L.
0. (Alectrionia) linguafelis Wltitfield. - .E.
0. panda Morton -E.
0. pluniosa Morton - L.
0. subspatula Lyell and Fories . - L.
O. tecticosta Gabb - - - L.
Genus Geyph^a.
G. Bryani GaU - - U.
G. Bryani, var. precedens Whitfield M.
G. convexa Ilorton L.
G. mutabilis Morton L.
G. vesicularis Lamarck - L. M., JE
G. var. navia Boenier - - L. M.
Genus Geyph^ostrea.
G. vomer Morton M.
Genus ExoGYEA.
E. costata Say L-
Family ANOMIID^.
Genus Anomia - L.
A. argentaria Morton L.
A. tellinoides Morton L.
Genus DiPLoscHizA.
D. cretacea Conrad L
Genus Paeanomia.
P. lineata Conrad - - L.
P. scabra Morton L.
CLASSIFIED LIST OF THE SPECIES. 255
Family PECTENIDiE.
Genus Pecten Klein.
P. Kneiskerni Conrad — JEJ.
P. planocostatus Whitfield — L.
P. quinquenarius Conrad , L.
P. Rigbyi WUtfidd - - E.
P. tenuitestus Gabb L.
P. venustus Morton _ — L.
P. (Chlamys) crati cuius Ilorton . - -L.
P. (Syncyclonema) perlamellosus Whitfield L.
Genus Amdsium.
A. simplicum Conrad L.
A. Conradi Whitfield — . — .L.
Genus Camptonectes.
C. (Amusium) Burlingtonensis Gabh L.
C. parvus Whitfield - L.
Genus Neithea Drouet L.
N. quinquecostata Sowerby L.
Family SPONDYLID^.
Genus Spondylus Lamarck.
S. gregalis Morton L.
Genus Dianchoka Soiverhy.
D. echinata Morton L.
Genus Plicatula Lamarck.
P. urticosa Morton L.
Genus Radula Klein.
R. acutilineata Conrad '. .L.
R. pelagica Morton L.
R. reticulata Lyell and Forbes L.
Suborder HETEEOMYARIA.
Family MYTILID^.
Genus Mytilus Linnceus.
M. oblivius Whitfield L.
Genus Modiola Lamarck.
M. Burlingtonensis Whitfield L.
256 PALiEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
Family MYTILID^— Continued.
Genus MoDiOLA — Continued.
M. (LiTiiODOMus'?) inflata Whitfield M.
M. Johnsoni Wkiifield U.
M. Julia Lea L-
M. ovata Gobi M.
Genus LiTHODOMUs Cuvier.
L. affinis Gdbh L.
L. Eipleyana Gabh - L.
Family PTERIIDtE Meek. -
Genvis Pteria Scopoli.
P. mniosaziz Avicula annosa Conrad E
P. laripes Morton . _ L.
P. navicula Whitfield - L.
P. petrosa Conrad L.
Genus Meleagrinella Whitfield.
M. abrupta, Conrad's sp L.
Genus Gervilliopsis Whitfield.
G. ensiformis Conrad L.
G. minima Whitfield — L.
Genus Inoceramus Sowerhy.
I. Barabini Morton L.
I. perovalis Conrad L.
I. pro-obliqua Wliitfield L.
I. quadrans Whitfield L.
I. Sagensis Oiven L.
I. Sagensis, var. quadrans Wliitfield L.
Family PINNID^.
Genus Pinna Linnceus.
P. laqueata Conrad L.
P. rostriformis Morton M.
Suborder DIMYAEIA.
Family ARCIDJE.
Genus Arc A Linnceus
A. altirostris Gabh L.
A. quindecimradiata Gabb U.
CLASSIFIED LIST OF THE SPECIES. 257
Family ARCID^— Continued.
Genus Nemoarca Conrad.
N. cretacea Conrad L.
Genus Nemodon Conrad.
N. angulatum Gdbh .L.
N. brevifrons Conrad L.
N. Eufaulensis Gdbb L.
Genus Breviakca Conrad.
B. Saffordi Gabh L
Genus Trigonaeca.
T. cuneiformis Conrad L.
T. transversa Gabh L.
Genus Cibota Browne.
C. multiradiata Galh L.
C. obesa Whitfield L.
C. rostellata Morton .L.
C. uniopsis Conrad L.
Genus Idonearca Conrad.
I. antrosa Morton L.
I. compressirostra Whitfield M.
I. medians Whitfield M.
I. Tippana Conrad L.
I. vulgaris Morton L.
Genus AxiNEA Poll.
A. alta Whitfield L.
A. Conradi Whitfield IE.
A. Mortoni Conrad .L.
Family NUCULID.^.
Genus Nucula Lamarck.
N. Circe Whitfield E.
N. Monmouthensis Whitfield L.
N. percrassa Conrad L.
N. perequalis Conrad L.
N. Slackiana Gabb '. L.
4418 MON 17
258 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY.
Famil)^ NUCULID^— Continued.
Genus NucuLANA Linh.
N. albaria Conrad E.
N. compvessifrons Conrad - L.
N. Gabbana WMtfield L.
N. long-ifrons Conrad L
N. pinniformis Gahh L.
N. protexta Gdbh L.
Genus Perrisonota Conrad
P. protexta Conrad L.
Genus Nucularia Conrad.
N. papy ria Conrad L.
N. secunda Whitfield .IE.
Family TRIGONID^.
Genus Trigonia Brug.
T. cerulea Whitfield L.
T. Eufaulensis Gdbh L.
T. Mortoni Whitfield L.
Family UNIONID.^.
Genus Unio Bitzius.
U. alatoides Lea U. C.
U. cariosoides Lea U. C.
U. humerosoides Lea .U. C.
U. ligamentinoides Lea. . . — V. C
U. nasutoides Lea U. C.
U. prseanodontoides Whitfield U. C.
U. radiatoides Lea U. C.
U. rectoides WUtfidd U. G.
U. Roanokoides Lea U. C.
U. subrotundoides Lea U. C.
Genus Anodonta Cuvier.
A. corpiilentoides Lea U. C.
A. grandoides Lea U. C.
CLASSIFIED LIST OF THE SPECIES. 259
Order SIPHON IDA.
Suborder INTEGRIPALLIATA.
Family ASTARTID^].
Genus AsTAETE Sowerhy.
A. castanella Whitfield JE,
A. planimarg-inata Whitfield _JE.
A. veta Conrad _ p (j
Genus Cardita Brug.
C. Brittoni Whitfield _ _e.
C. intermedians Whitfield f/;
C. perantiqua Conrad _g;_
Family CRASSATELLID^
Genus Ceassatella Lamarck
G. alta Conrad ]i]
C. cuneata Gabh ^
C. carta Conrad jj
C. Delawarensis Gdbh [/.
C littoralis Conrad f/.
C. Monmouthensis Gdbh X.
C. obliquata Whitfield jj.
C. prora Conrad x.
C. rhombea Whitfield jj_
C. subplana Conrad x.
C. transversa Gahb , X.
C. vadosa Morton X.
Genus Scambula Conrad.
S. perplana Conrad X.
Genus Gooldia Adams.
G. Conradi Whitfield X.
G. decemnaria Conrad. X.
G. declivis Conrad X
G. paralis Conrad _ j^
Genus Vetocaedta Conrad.
V. crenulirata, Lea^s sp .X.
V. octolirata Gabh _ _x.
260 PA^L^OKTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
Family LUCINID^.
Genus LuciNiA Bnig.
L. cretacea Conrad L-
L. Smockana Whitfield L-
Family CHAMID^.
Genus Die ERAS Lmnarck
D. dactyloides Whitfield L.
Family CARDIID^.
Genus Caedium Linnceus.
C. Eufaulensis Conrad L.
( ). Ripleyanum Conrad L.
C. Ripleyense Conrad LI
C. (Ckiocardium) dumosum Conrad L.
C. (C.) multiradiatum Galh L.
C. (C.) nucleolus Whitfield U.
Geniis Pachycaedium Conrad
P. Buvlingtonense Whitfield L.
Geuus Peotocaedium Beyr.
P. curtum Conrad -E.
P. pei'elongatum Whitfield L.
Genus Fulvia Gray.
F. tenuis Whitfield - L.
Genus Feagum Bolton.
F. tenuistriatum Whitfield L.
Genus Leiopistha Meek.
L. elegantula Boeiner - L.
L. inflata Whitfield B.
L. protexta Conrad - B.
Genus Cymella Meek
C. Meeki Whitfield B.
Family CYPRINIDaE.
Genus Veniella Stolicslca.
V. Conradi Morton B.
V. decisa Morton L.
V. elevata Conrad L.
CLASSIFIED LIST OF THE SPECIES. 261
Family CYPRINIDiE— Continued.
Genus Veniella — Continued.
V. inflata Conrad L.
V. rhomboidea Conrad U.
V. subovalis Conrad L.
V. trapezoidea Conrad L.
V. trigona Gabh L.
Genus Ambonicardium Whitfield.
A. Cooki Whitfield P. C.
Genus IsocAEDiA Lamarck.
I. Conradi Gahb ill.
Genus Sph^riola Stoliczha.
S. umbonata Whitfield L.
Family CYRENID^.
Genus CoRBicuLA Muhlfeld.
C. annosa Conrad P. C.
C. emacerata Whitfield . . ■ P. C.
Suborder SINUOPALLIATA.
Family VENERID^.
Genus Callista Pali.
C. Delawarensis Gabh L.
Genus Caryatis Boemer.
C. ovalis Whitfield E.
C. ? veta Whitfield ..U.
Genus Apheodina Conrad.
A. Tippana Conrad L.
Genus Cypeimeria Conrad.
C. excavata Morton L.
C densata Conrad L.
C. depi'essa Conrad L.
C. Heilprini Wiiffield L.
C. spissa Conrad , L.
Genus DosiNiA Scopoli.
D ? erecta Whitfield L.
D. Gab])i Whitfield L.
262 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY.
Family VENERID^E— Continued.
Genus Tenea Conrad.
T. pinguis Conrad L.
Family PETRICOLIDiE.
Genus Petricola Lamarck
P. Nova-^g}T)tica Whitfield U.
Family TELLINID.^.
Genus TrLiisir.iiA Conrad.
T. eborea L.
Genus LiNEAEiA Conrad
L. contracta Whitfield L.
L. metastriata Conrad — L.
Genus ^EoRA Conrad.
A. cretacea Conrad L.
Genus ^NONA Conrad.
A. Eufaulensis Conrad L.
A. papyria Conrad L.
Genus CoEiMYA Agassis.
C. tenuis Whitfield L.
Family DONACINID^.
Genus DoNAX Linnaeus.
D. Fordi Lea L.
Family MACTRID^.
Genus Veleda Conrad.
V. sequilatera Whitfield.
V. lintea Conrad - .L.
V. nasuta Whitfield U.
V. tellinoides Whitfield L.
V. transversa Whitfield L.
Genus Gnathodon Bang.
G. tenuidens Whitfield P. C.
Family ANATINID^.
Genus Pholadomya Sowerhy.
P. occidentalis Morton L.
P. Roemeri Whitfield L.
CLASSIFIED LIST OF THE SPECIES. 263
Family ANATINIDtE— Continued.
Genus Peeiplomya Conrad.
P. elliptica Conrad L.
P. truncata Whitfield U.
Genus Ceecomya Agassiz.
C. peculiaris Conrad L.
Family CORBULID^.
Genus CoRBULA Brug.
C. crassiplica Gabh L.
C. Foulki Lea - L.
C. subcompressa Gahh . . L
C. (Ne^ra) nasutoid.es Whitfield E.
Genus Ne^ra Gray.
N. gequivalvis Whitfield JS.
Family SAXICAVID^.
Genus Panopea Menard.
P. elliptica Whitfield U.
P. decisa Conrad L.
Family SOLENIDiE.
Genus SoLTMA Conrad.
S. lineolata Conrad - . . L.
Genus Leptosolen Conrad.
L. biplicata Conrad L.
Genus Legumen Conrad.
L. appressum Conrad L.
L. planulatum Conrad L.
Genus SiLiQUA Muhlfeld.
S. cretacea Gdbh -.
Family PHOLADID^.
Genus Pholas Linnaeus.
P. cithara Morton L.
P. ? lata Whitfield L.
Genus Martesia Leach.
M. (Pholas) cretacea Gahh L
Genus Parapholas Conrad.
P. Kneiskerni Whitfield E.
264 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEKSEY.
Family TEREDID^.
Genus Teredo Linnceiis.
T. emacerata Whitfield E.
T. irregularis Gahh L.
T. tibialis Morton M.
Family GASTROCH^NID^.
Genus Gastroch^na Spengler.
G. Americana Gobi) M.
Genus Clavagella Lamarck.
C. armata Morton L.
IISTDEX.
Page.
Acantkocardimn Eufaulensis 132
iE^•o^'A Eafaulensis 168
papyria 168
^ORAcretacea 167
Alectrioni A linguafelis 223
Amboxicardia 24
Cookii 25
Amusium BurlingtonensiH 53
Ciinradi 52
simplicum 51
Anatina elliptica 177
Anatixid^ 175,220
Anodoxta corpnlentoides 252
grandoides 251
Anomia argentaria 42
■micronema 42
oibliqua 42
tellinoides 43
AxoMiiDiE : : 42
APHROriNA Tippana 154
Ahca 82
altirostds 82
Eufaulensis 83
multiradiata 94
qtiindecimradiata 208
rostellata 91
Saffordi 87
uniopsis 92
Arcid^ .82,199,208
asiphokida 29
AsT^A RTE annosa 26
castauella 231
corhicula 128
crenulirata 128
octolirata 127
paralis 126
planimarginata 232
vetu 23
veta 231
AsTARTiUiE 23, 124, 209, 231
Avicula abrupta .., 72
annosa 226
laripes 68, 69
petrosa 68
AXINEA .99,230
alta 101
australis 99
Conradi 230
hamula 99
Page.
AxiNEA Mortoni 99
rotunda 99
subaustralis 99
Ba ACHIOPODA 5, 6
Breviarca 87
Saffordi 87
Bucardia veta 218
Conradi 200
Callista 153, 232
Delawarenais 1 53
C AMPTONECTEB 56
bellisculptilis 53
Burlingtonensia 53
parvus 55
Cardiid^ 132,214,236
C ARDITA 209. 232
Brittoni 233
deci^a .' 145
intermedia 209
perantiqua 232
subquadrata 232
Cakdium 132
(Ckiocabdium) dumosmn 133
elega^itula 141
Eufaulenais 132
{Trachycardium) Eufaulensis 132
linteutn 172
(Criocardium) multiradiatum 135
■miiltiradiatum 135
(Protocardium) perelongatum ]3G
protextum 140
K-ipleyanum ^ 132
Ripley ense 1 32
Eipleyense 133
SpilVmani 136
C ARY ATis Delawarense 153, 237
ovalis 237
?veta 218
Cercomya peculiaris 178
C H AMIDiE 131
Chlamys craticnlum 49
venuntum 45
CiBOTA cretacea 94
multiradiata 94
obesa 93
rostellata , 91
uniopsia 92
Clavagella armata 192
Clavipkolas pectorosa 187
265
266
INDEX.
Page.
CORBICULA annosa 26
emacerata 26
COEBULA 178,239
crassiplica 178
Foulki 180
nasutoides 239
perbrecis 178
subcompressa 180
CORBUUD^ 178, 239
CORIMYA. 170
tenuis 170
Ceassatella 115,209,234
alta 234
Carolinensis HC
Conradi 209
cuneata 118
curta 209
Delawarensi3 119,210
lintea 116
littoralis 212
ilonmouthensis 119
obliquata 235
perplana 123
pleuronema 212
prora 120
pteropsis 118
rhombea 213
Mipleyana 116
subplana 121
transversa 122
Tadosa 116
Ckassatellid^ 115
Crasiiina veta 231
Ckiocakdiusi dumosTun 133
niultiradiatam 133
nucleolus --■ 214
Ctenoides acutilineata 62
denticuticosta 63
pelagica 61
reticulata 63
Cucullcea antrosa 96
nefjlecta 96
terminalis 98
Tippana 95
transversa - 89
transversalis 89
vulgaris 98
Cultellus cretaceits 186
Ci/clas crctacca 129
Oymbophora lintea 172
-CYilELLA 142
Meeki 142
-CT2fCrCL0J;EMA 50
Burlinfjtonensis 53
? perlamellosa 50
simplicia 51, 52
<;;rrKiiiEi;iA 156
alta 157
cretacea 156
cretaeensis 156
densata — 157
depressa 156
escavata 159
Heilprini 160
spissa 160
-GTPRiNlDiE 24, 144, 21 5
Page.
Cythere excavata 159
DiANCHORA 58
echinata 58
DiCERAS dactyloides 131
DlMYARlA 82
Dione Delatvarensis 153,237
Tippana 154
Diplodonta paralis < 163
DiPLOSCHIZA 43
cretacea 43
DONACINID^ 171
DONAX Fordi 171
DOSINIA 161
densata 157
dep ressa 156
donata 157, 159
? electa 162
excavata 159
Gabbi 161
Haddonfiddensis 156
Etea Delawarensis 210
Momnouthensis 119
prora 120
transversa 122
EXOGTRA 39
Americana 39
costata 39
lateralis 194
torosa 39
Fragilla elegantula 141
protexta 140
Fkagum 139
teDuistriatum 139
FULVIA 139
tenuis. 139
Gastroch^sa Americana 203
Gastroch^nid^ 192, 203
Gervillia ensiformis 73
Gervilliofsis 73
tnsiformis 73
minima : 74
Glossus Conradi 200
Glycimeris decisa 181
Ga'athodon tenuidena 27
Goniosoma inflata 144, 147, 148
GOULDIA 124
Conradi 125
crenuUrata 128
decemaaria 124
declivis 126
paralis 126
Grtph^a 36, 194, 224
aucella 37
Bryani 206
■var. precedens 194
convexa 36, 37
digitata^Bir.Tucumcarii 36
lateralis 194
mutahilis 36
Pitcberi 36
Tucumcarii 36
vesicularis 36, 224
var. aucella *. 36, 37
Tar. navia 36, 3 S
var. navicella 38
Gryph^a wmer 194
INDEX.
267
Page.
GsTPHMOBTRE A lateralis 195
vomer 195
Heteromyakia 64
IDOKEARCA 95,199
antrosa 96
capax 95
compressirostra 199
medians 199
TiegUcta 96
Tippana 95
transversa 89
vnlgaris 98
Inocebamus 75
Balchi "6
Barabini ^^
circularis '^6
confertim-annulatus 76
convexus ''^6
Cripsii "^5
Nebracensis 76
peculiaris [cekcomya] 1 S8
perovalis SO
pro-obliquus 80
prosimus - - - "^^
Sagensis ''6
Tar. qnadrans - . - 79
Vanuxemi 76
Integripalltata 29
isocardia 200
Conradi 200
ISOCARDID^ 200
. Janira 2lortoni 56
Lcevieardium SpillTnani 136
Xamellibeanchiata 19
from Ibe Plastic Clay 22
Lower Marls 29
Middle Marls 194
base of tbe Upper Marls 205
Eocene Marls 222
JLeda angulata 84
longifrons 107
pinniforma lOS
protexta 105, 106, 109
Slackiana 103
suhangulatwm 84
Legumes , 184
appressum 184, 185
elliplicam 1S4
planata ] 84
Ijlanulatmu 184
Leptosolen 183
biplicata 183
lAma a&utUineata 62
pelagica _ 61
reticulata 63
.LlSEARIA 165
contracta 167
metastriata 165
LlOPISTHA 140
elegaotula 141
inflata 142
protexta 140
LiTHODOMUS 66
affinia 66
? inflata 197
.XiTHODOMUs Eipleyanns 67
Page.
Lithophagus - 66
aMnis 66, 67
Ripleyanus .■*: 66, 67
LUCINA 129
cretacea 129
pinguis 163
Smockana 130
LUCINIDJE 129
Macrodon Eufaulensis 83
MACTRlDiE 172,217,238
Maetesla 190
citbara 187
(Pholab) cretacea 190
MELiEGRLSELLA 71
abmpta 72
Meretrix Tippana 154
MODIOLA 14,197,207
Eurlingtonensis 65
infiata 197
Jobnsoni 2u7
Julia 64
o vata 197
MOSOMl'ARIA 29
Mysia gibbosa 163
Mttilid^ .64,197,207
MXTILUS 64
oblivins 64
Ne^ha 239,240
a^quivalvis 240
nasntoides 239
Xeithea 56
Mortoni .- 56
quinquecostata. 5G
Nemoarca 86
cretacea 86
JijEMODOX 83
angalatum 84
brevifrons 85
Eufaulensis £3
KUCULA 102,227
circe 227
Monmoutbensis 102
percrassa 102, 103
percrassa 103
pcrequalis 104
Slackiana 103
:N"ucula:n"a albaria 228
albaria 106
angulaiuin 84
compressifrons 109
Gabbana 106
longifrons 107
pinnaformis 108
protexta 105
protexta 106
Slackiana 103
subangulatum 84
NUCULARIA Ill; 229
papyiia Ill
secunda 229
NucuuDJE 102, 227
Ospriosolen cretacea 186
OsTKEA .29,205,222
AmeHcana 39
Bryani 206
268
INDEX.
Page.
OsTREA con vexa 36
cvenuliraarffinata 30
denticulifera 29
faJcata 34
glaDditbmiia 205
glauconoidea 222
larva 34
var. nasuta. 36
(Alect rioDia) linguafelis , 223
mesenterica 34
pnuda 30
pellacida 34
plnniosa. 31
suhalata 34
snbspatulata 32
tecticosta 33
torosa 39
iirticosa 61
resicidan€ 36
OSTREID.E 29,194,205,222
PACHYCARDa'M 138
Bnrlingtonensis 138
Panofea 181, 219
decisa 181
elliptica 219
Fapyridia elegantula 140, 1 41
profexta 140
Paraxomia 44
scabra 44
lineata 45
Parapholas 241
Kjaeiskemi 241
Pectex ; 45,224
BurlingtoneTisis 53
(Chlamts) craticnlus 49
Kneiskerni 224
planicostatas 48
(Stxcyclo.) perlamellosus „ 50
quadncostatiis 56
quinquecostaius 56
q^uinquenarius 47
Eigbyi 226
{SyneyclmieTna) simplicujn 51
simplictis 51, 52
tenuitestus 47
Tenustus 45
Pectenii>^ 45,224
Pebiplomya 177,220
elliptica 177
truDcata 220
Perissoxata 110
protext-a 110
Ferna Julia 64
0}>ata 197
Peteicola iSTova-^gyptica 216
PETEICOLID^ 216
Pholadid^ 187, 241
Pholadomya ; 175
occideDtali3 175
Eoemeri 176
Pholas 187
cithara 187
cretaceua 190
lata 186
pectorosa 187
Page.
PlNKA 81,198
laqneata 81
rostriformis 198
PlNXlD.E 81
Placuna lintea 44
scabra 44
Placunomia lintea 4+
scabra 44
Placunanomya lintea 44
scabra 44
Plagiostoma ecMnatum 59
gregalis . * 57
pelagica .• Gl
Plicatula Gl
urticosa 61
Polorlh us A^nericana 203
irregularis 191
tibialis 201
PUOTOCARDIUM .136,236
curtum 236
lintcum 172
perelongatum 136
Pseudamusium. simplicwni 51
Ptehia 68
laripes 69
navicula 70
petrosa 68
Pteriidje 68,198
Pycnodonta vesicularis 3G
Radula 61
acutilineata 62
denticuticosta 63
pelagica 61
reticulata 63
Sangiiinolaria cretacea 156
Saxicatid^ 181,219
SCAMRUr.A 123
perplana 123
SiLiQUA cretacea 186
Siliquaria biplieata 186
SiXUOPALUATA 153
SiPHOXID A 115
Solemya planulata 184
Solexid^ 182
SOLTMA 182
lineolata 182
SPHiERIOLA 152
timbonata 152
Spoxdyled^ 57
Spoxuylus 57
capax 59
echinatus - 59
gi-egalis 57
Syncycloxema 52
Burlingtonenais 53
perlameUosa 50
? simpUcia 51
? simplicus 51
Tellimera 164
eborea 164
chorea 164
Tellina densata 157
ehorea 164
EufauleTisis 168
TELLIXID2E 104
INDEX,
269
Tenea 163
paralis 163
pinguis 163
Tekebratella 12
plicata 12
Tanuxemi 14
Terebratula 6
Atlantica 9
Atlantica 6
camella 6
lacryma 10
jtorida-na 11
fragilis, var ■. 7
glossa 9
Halliana 9
Harlani 6
var. fragilis 7
perovalis 8
plicata 12
Sayi 12
suhfragilis 6
Yanuxemi 14
Terebeatulina 9
Atlantica 9
fioridana 11
Halliana 9
lachryma 12
Teredid^ 191,201,242
Teredo eniacerata 191,201,242
irregularis 191
tibialis 201
Tkachi'cardium 136
Evfaidensis 132
Trigoxarca S8
cuneiformis 88
Ei{falensis 83
passa 84
Saffordi 87
transversa 89
Trigosia 112
cenilea 114
Eufaulensis 113
"Uortoni , 112
thoracica 112
Trigonid^ 112
Ukio 244
alatoides 249
Page.
Unio cariosoides = 247
liamerosoides 248
ligamentinoides 249
nasutoides 244
pra:'anodontoides 250
radiatoides 245
rectoides 250
EoaDoliOides 248
subrotuudoides 246
TJnioxiDjE 244
Uperotis contorta 191
Veleda 172.217.238
a^quilatera --8
lintea 172
nasuta 217
rhom boidea 215
tellinoides 173
transversa 174
Ye7iericardia perantiqua 232
Venerium 153,218,237
Yeniella 144, 215
Conradi 144
decisa 145
elevata 144,147,148
inflata U7
rhomboidea 215
subovalis 150
trapezoidea 1 51
trigona 149
Yenilia 144, 145
Conradi 144
rhomboidea 215
siibovali'i 150
trapezoidea 151
trigona 149
Yenus Hipleyana 153
Yenericardia perantiqua 232
Vetericardia 128
crenulirata 128
octolirata 127
Yetocardia ---- 127
crenulirata 128
octolirata 127
Yola 2lorto?ii 56
Toldia albaria 105,228
compressi/rons 109
protexta 105,228
PLATE I.
Page.
Terkbratella Vanuxemi Lyell and Forbes 14
Fig. 1. Dorsal view of a speeimeu whicli is rather coarsely plicated.
2. Profile view of the same.
3. View, enlarged one and a half diameters, of a finely plicated form.
4. A ventral valve shovcing bifurcating plications.
Terebuatell.v plicata Say 12
Fig. 5. Dorsal view of a large individual.
6. Profile view of the same.
7. Ventral view of a different individual of large size.
8. Enlargement of the hinge portion of the last one to show the form of the foramen
and plates.
9. Enlarged view of a dorsal valve showing the loop and its connection.
TerebratulijSta Atlantica Morton 9
Fig. 10. Dorsal view of a cast showing very fine strisB and a flattened dorsal valve.
11. Coi)y of Conrad's figure of T. glossa.
12. Profile of a smaller crushed specimen.
13. Dorsal view of a specimen from Parmingdale, N. J.
Terebratulina lachryma Morton 12
Fig. 14. Enlarged dorsal view of a specimen from Charleston, S. C, introduced for com-
parison with the last.
Terebratula Harlani var. fragilis Morton 7
Fig. 15. Dorsal view of a cast of a young shell showing the strong plications at this age.
16. Profile view of the same.
17. Dorsal view of a specimen of the normal form.
IS. Dorsal view of a partial cast showing an extremely narrow form.
Terebratula Harlani var. perovalis Morton 8
Fig. 19. Dorsal view of a half-grown shell of T. Harlani possessing the features ascribed
to this variety.
Terebratula Harlani Morton 8
Figs. 20-22. Three views of a full-grown specimen from near NeAv Egypt, N. J., showiug
the absence of plications which are sometimes very distinct in as large ones
as this.
23. View of the interior of the dorsal valve with the loop attached. The figure is
restored from several specimens, but not exaggerated.
270
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY'.
MONOGRAPH iX . PlAI L
I. AD ana RPW del
T Sinclair * Soil Fmla
BRACH I OPODA .
(cretaceous and tertiary.)
PLATE II,
Page.
AsTARTE VETA Courad 2!!
Fig. 1. Copy of Sir. Conrad's figure from tlie Am. Jour. Conch.
CoRBicuLA ANNOSA Conrad's sp 26
Fig. 2. Left side of a specimen from Sayers & Fislier's clay bant.
3. Left view of a larger .siiecimen sliowing the form more distinctly.
4. Antero-cardinal view of tlie same.
CORBICULA EMACERATA Whitfield 26
Fig. 5. Left view of tlic most perfect specimen seen.
6. Cardinal view of the same.
GN.VrHODOX TENUIDENS Whitiield 27
Fig. 7. Right view of a very complete specimen showing the general form, and also marks
of a lateral tooth.
8. Posterior view of the same.
9 and 10. Views of a smaller specimen.
Ajibonicaedia Cookii Whitfield 26
Fig. 11. Left side of a large specimen.
12. Cardinal view of another individual.
13. Anterior view of the sj)ecimen fig. 12.
14. Anterior profile view of a partial cast showing the evidence of a tooth in the left
valve and a part of the pallial line on the right.
273
U S, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
MONOGRAPH IX, PLATE i!
;.AD a^d RPW del
LAM ELLI BRANCH I AT A
PL AST I i: CLAN'S i
PLATE III.
Page
OSTREA TECTICOSTA Gabb 33:
Fig. 1. Exterior of the type specimen.
2, lutei'ior of the same.
OsTKEA LAKVA vai. NASDTA Morton 34
Fig. 3. A specimen showing more than the usual number of plications.
4. Anotlier intlividual with few plications.
OSTEE A LAKVA Lamarck 34
Fig. 5. Eight side of a specimen of the usn.al character.
6. Opjiosite side of the same.
7. Interior of a specimen showing very many plications.
OSTKEA PENTICULIFEKA Coniad 29
Fig. 8. Exterior of a specimen identified and labeled by Mr. Conrad, from Haddonfield, N. J.
9. Interior of the same.
OSTREA CItENUtlMARGINATA Gabb 30
Fig. 10. Exterior view of a single valve from Marlborough, N. J.
11. luterior view of the same.
OsTREA PLUiMOSA Morton 31
Fig. 12. View of Dr. Morton's type specimen.
13. View of a more elongate specimen.
OsTREA SUBSPATULATA ? Lyell 3£l
Fig. 14. View of a cast which is doubtfully referred to this species.
GRYPHiEA VESICULAEIS Lamarck 36-
Fig. 15. Exterior view of a specimen of the form described by Dr. Morton as 0. convexa.
16. View of the upper side of a smaller form without the lateral extension. See Plate
III, Fig. 2.
274
.U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,
MONOGRAPH i:-C PLATE ill.
L A D owe , del
T Sinclair & Son Hiila
LAM ELLI BRANCH I ATA .
(CR ETACEOUS - LOWER MARL BEDS.)
PLATE IV.
Page.
Gryph^a vesicdlaris Lamarck 36
Fig. 1. Exterior view of ii specimen which somewhat appronches G. Pilcheri in form.
2. View of the upper side of the same.
3. View of the upper side of a large llat form having a deep lateral channel. See
PI. V, Fig. 2, for profile.
DiPLOSCniZA CRETACEA Courad 43
Figs. 4 and .'i. Views of a broad specimen doiilitfiilly of the species.
6-8. Copies of Mr. Conrad's lignres of the type of the species.
AxoMiA AHGEXTAKIA Morton 4^
Fig. 9. View of a larjie specimen referred to tills species.
10. View of a valve having the specific niarldugs described by Dr. Morton.
11. An enlar/jement of the surface of the s^ame.
AXOMIA TELi.ixoiDES Mortem -t;!
Fig. 12. View of a group of lower valves of this species.
13. Ui)per Kurlaee of a cast of both valvi's, showing the form of the perforation and
indistinct wrinkles near tho border of the valve.
276
iEOLOGICAL SURVEY
MOMOC-o.^.^H P^A^E ,V
Vi^.^
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■i^-
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LAM ELL I BRANCH I ATA .
(CR ETACEOUS - LOWER MARL BEDS.)
T Sinclair * Son Ph-!a
PLATE V.
GRYPHiEA VESICULARIS Lamarck 36
Fig. 1. Upper view of a large flat specimen of the form known under the generic name
Pi/cnodonta.
2. Lateral view of tLe specimen shown on Plate IV, Fig. 3, showing the convexity
and the depth of the lateral sinuosity.
3. Lateral view of the specimen, PI. Ill, Fig. 16.
278
U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
MONOGRAPH IX . =LA^E
-^^.
-^^
. .>■ V/nilfie'ia. dei.
LA WELL I BRANCH I ATA .
(cretaceous - LOWER MARL BEDS.
PLATE VI.
Pago.
ExoGYRA cosTATA Say 39
Fig. 1. View of the upjjer side of a characteristic specimen of the species.
2. Opposite side of the same.
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PLATE VII.
Page.
■PECTEN VENUSTUS MortOQ - 45
Fig. 1. View of a cast of a right valve enlarged to two diameters.
2. Enlarged view of a right valve, preserving the shell, from Freehold, N. J.
:>. View of a left valve. The curved lines indicate the degree of convexity.
4. Enlarged view of the liinge of the specimen, Fig. '.i.
Pectisn tenditestus Gabb- 4
Fig. 5. View of a ioft valve, the shell preserved.
6. View of another left valve, showing a different degree of ornamentation.
Pecten (Syncyclonkm.4.?) perlamellosus Whitfield 50
Fig. 7. View of the specimen described, natural size.
Ajiusium Conradi Whitfield 59
Fig. 8. View, enlarged, of a left valve showing indistinct radii.
9. Enlarged view of a right valve showing the concentric lines.
10. Enlargement of the concentric lining of the right valve.
Amtjsium siMPLicuii Conrad ."'1
Figs. 11 and 1"2. Enlarged views of specimens of this species from Eufanla, Ala., the typical
locality of the species. The lines between these figures show the convexity.
PECTEN QUiN-QUENAKius Conrad - 47
Fig. 13. View of a small right valve from the limestone nodules at Marlborough, N. J.
14 and 13. Impressions in fine micaceous clay, from Freehold.
16. Enlargement of the surface from Fig. 14.
Pecten (Chlamys) CRATICUMS Morton 4D
Figs. 17 and 18. Views of Dr. Morton's type, the largest fragment I have seen of the spe-
cies.
282
,U ,S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY^
MONOGRAPH lY PLATE VU,
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T SitLcldir A Sou Phiic
LAM ELLI BRANCH I ATA .
(cretaceous - LOWER MARL BEDS
PLATE VIII.
Pago.
Camptonbctes PAitvus Whitfield •'io
Fig. 1. View of the left valve. Enlarged three rliameters. The curved line shows the con-
vexity of the valve.
2. Enlargement of the surface, showing tlie impressed and interrupted striiB.
Camptonectes Bdrlingtonensis Gabh oS
Fig. 3. View of left valve of a small shell.
4. An enlargement of the surface of the same, showing its fealiires.
5. A right valve of similar size.
6. An enlargement of the surface of the same from near the uiaigin. Both this and
the last are from the typical specimens used by Mr. Conrad in the description
of C hellisculptus.
7. View of a large imperfect valve from Freehold, retaining a part of the shell.
8. View of Mr. Gabb's type, which is a cast from Bnrliiigtou, N. J.
9. View of a small valve, showing the striic, from Freehold.
PeCTBN PLANICOSTATOS Whitfield 48
Fig. 10. View of a left valve, showing the smooth flattened libs
11. Enlargement of the surface showing the form of rib, a-nd the fine, even, concen-
tric strise.
Neithea QUiNQUECOSTATA Lamarck 56
Figs. 12 and 13. Views of a very large lower valve of the species; being only a cast and
imperfect, it does not fully show the features of the ribs.
F"ig. 14. View of a small upper valve, from a gutta-percha impression in the natural mold,
Holmdel, N. J.
284
.'j.s geolog;c/>l survey.
MONOGRAPH IX PLATE VII
ili> S , \
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I \
;7/w.M,V%\3
L A.Dowe , de) .
TSmclaxr 5 Son PmU
LAMELLI BRANCH I ATA .
(CR ETACEOUS - LOWER MARL BEDS.)
PLATE IX.
Page.
Plicatula URTicosA Morton 61
Fig. 1. Vipvv of a specimen from Freehold, N. J.
2. View of a diflerent individual, sliowiug considerable variation in surface characters
from the last.
Radula pelagica Morton 61
Fig. 3. View of the right side of a specimen preserving a portion of the shell, and show-
ing angular plications; from Holmdel, N. J.
4. View of a smaller shell, entire, with rounded plications, from the limestone nodules
at Holmdel, N. J.
5. Posterior view of a specinen from Holmdel, showing the curvature of the shell.
E.ADOLA ACOTILINEATA Conrad 62
Fig. 6. Enlarged view of a shell from Haddondeld, N. J., showing the narrow radii.
7. Enlargement of the surface of the same.
Radula reticulata Lyell and Forbes 6'i
Fig. 8. A view, enlarged to two diameters, of a shell from Upper Freehold, N. J.
9. Profile view of the same, showing its convexity.
Paranomia lixeata Conrad 45
Fig. 10. View of an upper valve of this species, imperfect at the upper edge.
Spoxdylus grkgalis Morton 57
Figs. 11 and 12. Views of a very fair lower valve of large size, showing the features very
perfectly. The shell shows a perforation made by some boring mollusk during
life.
286
OLOGICAL SUHVtY.
MONOGRAPH, '■ Pi.ATE !X.
, ■'^>
--v-^-
. AXow.. , ie:
T Sinclair 5- Sor..Phila
LAMELLl BRANCHI ATA .
(CR ETACEOUS - LOWER MARL BEDS,
PLATE X.
Page,
Spondylus gk?;galis Morton 5','
Fig. 1. View of llie upper side of a cast showing the muscular scar. From Upper Free-
hold, N. J.
2. View of the lower side of a smaller specimen.
DiASCHOKA ECHlXATA Morton 59
Figs. 3-5. Three views of a nearly entire upper valve preserving the surface .struct nrc, and
the margins of the foramen entire. Morton's type.
6. A young lower valve having a fragment of foreign shell attached at the apex.
Holmdel, N. J.
, 7. View of lower valve attached to Exogijra costata. Freehold, N. J.
8. View of a similar valve attached to Gnjjiha^a rcsicidaris.
9. Cardinal view of a specimen preserving the lower. valve and part of the upper,
the most of the latter being internal cast.
Parauomia. scabra Morton 44
Fig. 10. View of the type specimen of Dr. Morton. I have seen no entire individual valves,
and only a few other fragments.
288
r Sinclair » Son Pnuc
LAMEL-LiBRANCHIATA,
(cretaceous -lower marl beds j
PLATE XI.
Page.
NUCULA MONJIOUTHENSIS Wliitfield 102
Fig. 1. View ol' a left valve, natural size.
NucuLA Slackiana Gabb 103
Fig 2. View of the right side of the type specimen.
3. Left valve of a hirger example.
Nucui.a percrassa Conrad 102
Fig. 4. A''iew of a specimeu from the micaceous clays below the Lower Marls near Marl-
borough, N. J.
5 and 6. Views of a cast supposed to be from Haddonfield.
NuccLANA pixnaformis Gabb 108
Fig. 7. View of the type specimen, enlarged three diameters.
8. View of a more elougated form, presumably of the same species, enlarged four diam-
erei's.
Nccur.AXA compressifroxs Conrad 109
Fig. 9. View (if ooe of the type specimens greatly enlarged.
NucfLAXA pnoTEXTA Gabb ■ 105
l-'ig. 10. Viewof the specimen figured by Mr. Gabl) as the type of the species, partially restored.
Nucui.AXA Garcaxa Whitfleld 106
Fig. 11. View of a small individual corresponding to Mr. Gabb'a figure.
12 and 13. Viei\s of the specimen from Princeton. College; both enlarged.
PERiiisoxoTA PROTEXTA Conrad 110
Fig. 14. Enlarged view of ihe type specimen.
1.0. A flirt hi-r enlargement of the hinge.
Ntjcui.axa loxgifroxs Conrad 107
lig. Ui. Exterior of one of the type specimens.
17. Enlargement of the hinge showing the teeth.
Ndcularia papyri a Conrad Ill
Fig. 18. View of a shell enlarged.
19. View of a cast of a right valve, enlarged.
20. Enlargement of a fragment preserving a few of the teeth. The specimens are aU
from the original types.
ClBOTA multir.\diata Gabb 94
Fig. 21. Left, view of the type specimen, natural size.
22. Cardinal view of the same.
AsiXEA MORTOXi Conrad 99
Fig. 2j. Right view of a specimen preserving the shell.
24. Caidin.ll view of thi' same.
25. A cist showing the character of the teeth.
AxiXEA ALTA Whitheld 101
Fig. 26. Lateral view of a east, showing the elevated heaks, etc.
27. Profile view of the same.
28. View of a cast which preserves the form of the teeth in part.
29. View of a similar cast, showing the crenulations of the margin.
ClBOTA OHESA Whitfit'id 93
Fig. 30. Eight view of the specimen described.
31. Basal view of the same.
CiBOTA uxiorsis Conrad -.-1
Fig. 32. Left view of a cast of the species. Collection of the American Museum of Natural 92
History.
33. Cardinal view of the same.
ClBOTA ROSTELLATA Morton 91
Fig. 34. Right view of a characteristic example of the species (a cast).
35. Cardinal view of the same.
36. View of a cast of a left valve, retaining the surface features more distinctly
marked than on the other.
290
rEOLOGiCAL SURVEY
MONOGRA-'H :X
LAM ELLI BRANCH I ATA
iVn E'^'AC E.01J3 - -OWER MAR., a
PLATE XII.
Nemodon brevifrons Conrad 85
Fig. 1. View of a specimen identified and labeled by Mr. Conrad, from Haddonfield, N. J.
2. Enlarged view of the binge of the same.
Nemodon Eufaulensis Gabb 83
Fig. 3. View of a partial cast from the limestone nodules of the Lower Marls at Holmdel,
N.J.
4. Enlargement of the hinge of the same.
5. Enlargement (two diameters) of a specimen from Haddonfield, N. J., one of the
types.
Nemodon angulatum Gabb 84
Fig. 6. View of the type specimen, natural size.
7. Enlarged cardinal view of the same.
Nemoarca Cretacea Conrad 86
Fig. 8. Enlargement to two diameters of a cast from the iron nodules from Keyport, N. J.
9. View of the exterior (tiiree diameters) of one of the type specimens.
10. Diagram of the hinge of the same.
BSEVIARCA Saefordi Gabb 87
Fig. 11. View of the exterior, natural size, of one of the type specimens, from Haddonfield,
N. J.
12. Enlargement of the hinge of the same.
Arca (Trigonarca) transversa Gabb 89
Fig. 13. Left side of a specimen from Mullica Hill, N.J.
14. Eight view of Mr. Gabb's type specimen.
15. Cardinal view of the same.
16. View of a small cast, more angular on the umbonal ridge than the others, and
showing the hinge features.
Trigonarca cunf.iformis Conrad 88
Fig. 17. Enlarged view of the exterior of the type specimen, Haddonfield, N. J. (seven
diameters).
18. Outline view of the interior of the same equally enlarged.
Idonearca Tippana Conrad 95
Fig. 19. View of the cast of a left valve from the deep out of the Holmdel and Keyport
turnpike, N. J.
20. Outline profile of the same, showing convexity.
21. Inside of a valve from near Prairie Bluff, Ala., to show the hinge features.
Akca ALTiROSTRis Gabb 83
Fig. 22. Eight view of the original type of the species.
23. Cardinal view of the same.
292
C-bCOLOGICAL
MOMOGRAPH
''xT^
Ms^
LAM ELLI BRANCH I AT A.
;TACEOLiS - LOWtR MARL BEDS
PLATE XIII.
Page.
Idoneauca vulgauis Mortou 98
Fig. 1. Lateral view of a cast of tbo usual form of tbo species.
2. Anterior profile view of the same.
3. Lateral view of a oast of an old aud thickened specimen.
4. Cardinal view of the same.
5. View of a cast of a single valve, sliowiiig the outline of tlio siicll uud teeth.
Idonearca antrosa Mortou 90
Fig. 6. Lateral view of a cast of medium size.
7. Anterior i)rofilo view of the same.
8. Lateral view of another, larger hut imperfect cast.
9. Anterior profile view of the same.
10. View of the exterior of a specimen from the limestone uodules from Holmdel, N. J.
This is the form described by Mr. Gabb as /. neglecta.
11. View of a cast which retains the shell on one valve partially showiug the teeth,
which are represented on the posterior side as obtained from a gutta-percha
cast iu the shell of the opposite valve.
294
LAM ELLI BRANCH I AT A.
PLATE XIV.
Page.
Trigonia Eufaulensis Gabb 113
Fig. 1. Exterior of a specimen from near Eed Bank, N. J., in the nollection of the Academy
of Natural Science, Philadelphia.
2. Interior of same.
3. A small cast from Monmouth County, New Jersey.
4. View of a cast from Shultz's Mills, near Long Branch, N. J.
Trigonia Mortoni Whitfield 112
Fig. 5. Left view of au internal cast of the usnal form from Freehold, N. J.
5a. Cardinal view of same.
6. View of an imperfect impression of the left side as obtained from a gutta-percha
cast iu the natural mold, Holmdel, N. J.
Trigonia ceeulea Whitfield 114
Fig. 7. View of a right valve, natural size, showing the form and the style of ribs charac-
teristic of the species.
Pteri A NAVICDLA Whitfield 70
Fig. 8. View, twice enlarged, of the type specimen.
Pteria laripes Morton sp 69
Fig. 9. View of a left valve of this species.
Pteria petrosa Conrad's sp 68
Fig. 10. View of an iniperiect cast from an iron nodule from Keyport, N. J.
Mei,eagrinella aurupta Conrad sp 72
Fig. 11. View of a left valve, natural size.
12. Enlargement of the hinge from the same.
13. Enlargement of the exterior of a right valve from Freehold, N. J.
14. Enlargement of the interior of the same specimen.
Inoceramus Sagexsis Owen 76
Fig. 15. View of an imperfect right (coavex) valve from the iimestone nodules at Ilolm-
del, N. J.
Inoceramus Sagensis var. quadrans Whitfield 79
Fig. 16. View of the specimen described.
Inoceramus pro-obliqua Whitfield 80
Fig. 17. View of the type specimeu, showing its features.
296
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,
MONOGRAPH iX PLA . t
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA
PLATE XV.
Page.
Inoceramus Sagensis var. VANUXnin 76
Fig. 1. View of a left valve from Keyport, N. J. The specimeu is quite flat with the undu-
lations very sharply defined.
iNocEnAAiDS Sagensis Owen 76
Fig. 2. View of an imperfect convex right valve from Keyport, N. J., with broad, rounded
undulations. There are spots in the position of the receding muscular scars.
Inoceramus Barabini Morton 75
Fig. 3. View of an imperfect right valve, which is quite convex, from Freehold, N. J.
4. View of a specimen from Marlborough, N. J.
5. Cardinal view of same, showing its convexity.
Inoceramus? perovalis Conrad 80
Fig. 6. View of the right side of a cast, which is Mr, Conrad's type of the species.
Gervilliopsis minima Whitfield 74
Fig. 7. Enlarged view of the right side of the cast described.
Gervxlliopsis ensiformis Conrad 73
Fig. 8. View of the inside of an imperfect left valve, showing muscular impressions, area,
etc. The anterior end is slightly restored at the thickened part.
9. Basal view of the anterior end of the large specimeu figured on Plate X, fig. 5, show-
ing the anterior openiog.
10. View of a cast of a large left valve, showing the peculiar muscular scars ; a, ante-
rior?; p, posterior; c and d, probably pedal scar.
11, View of the anterior end of a cast. One of those used by Mr. Conrad in the original
description of the species.
298
U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
M0f>10GRAPH IX PLATE XV.
►
LA.L), and RPW.d^l
V Sinclair * Son Phila
LAM ELLI BRANCH I ATA.
(CR ETACEOUS - LOWER MARL B E D S .j
PLATE XVI.
Page
Pinna laqueata Conrad 81
Fig. 1. Lattral view of a large, imperfect specimen from Burlington, N. J.
2. A similar view of a smaller specimen from Haddonfield, N. J., retaining the out-
line of the posterior margin.
Pinna rosteiformis Morton 198
Fig. 3. Lateral view of a specimen from the Middle Marls at Timber Creek, New Jersey.
4. Lateral view of another specimen from the same locality.
Gervilliopsis ensiformxs Conrad's sp 73
Fig. 5. View of a large, nearly perfect specimen from Woodbury, Gloucester County, New
Jersey.
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PLATE XVII.
Page.
Mytilus OBLivius Whitfield 64
Fig. 1. View of the only specimen known, natural size.
LiTHODOMUS AFFINIS Gabb 66
Fig. 2. Lateral view of Mr. Gabb's type specimen, natural size.
3. Cardinal view of the same.
LiTHODOMUS KiPLEYANA Gabb 67
Fig. 4. Lateral view of a very entire cast of a shell, showing the callus at the posterior end;
one of the originals.
5. View of a group of the burrows which have been made in wood, from Mulllca
Hill, N. J.
MoDiOLA Julia Lea 64
Fig. 6. Lateral view of Mr. Lea's type, twice enlarged.
7. View of a specimen from another locality, natural size, doubtfully referred to this
species. Comp. M. Johnaoni.
MoDiOLA BURLiNGTONENSis Whitfield , 65
Fig. 8. Lateral view of the type specimen, from Burlington, N. J.
9. Cardinal view of the same.
Crassatella (Etea) proka Conrad 120
Fig. 10. Lateral view of the type.
11. Cardinal view of the same.
Crassatella vadosa Morton 116
Fig. 12. Right view of an internal cast.
13. Cardinal view of the same.
14. View of a specimeu preserving some of the shell substance, showing the concentric
markings. From Freehold, N. J.
15. Similar view of another specimen from the same locality,
Crassatella transversa Gabb 122
Fig. 16. Lateral view of the type specimen.
17. Cardinal view of the same.
Crassatella cuneata Gabb 118
Fig. 18. View of a specimen, natural size.
19 and 20. Views of a cast of this species, enlarged to two diameters.
Crassatella Monmouthensis Gabb 119
Fig. 21. View of the right side of a cast of this species, Mr. Gabb's type.
22. Similar view of another cast.
302
U.S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
MONOGRAPH IX PLATE X\
'^fmnm^j^
■^
LAII ar.d B.PW del
LAMELLI BRANCH I ATA .
(cretaceous - LOWER MARL BEDS.
PLATE XVIII.
Page.
GOULDIA CONRADi Whitfield 125
Fig. 1. Exterior of a left valve, enlarged three diameters.
2. Interior of same.
3. Interior of a right valve, enlarged to the same extent.
GouLDiA DECEMNARiA Conrad 124
Fig. 4. View of the type specimen, greatly enlarged.
Vetocakdia crenulirata Conrad 128
Fig. 5. Enlarged exterior view of one of the types.
6. Interior view of same.
7. Enlarged view of the hinge of a left valve.
Scambula perplana Conrad m 123
Fig. H. Exterior of one of the tyi)e8.
9. Eularged view of a right valve (two diameters).
10. Similar view of a left valve.
GouiDiA declivis Conrad 126
Fig. 11. An enlarged copy of Mr. Conrad's figure of this shell.
GoULDiA PARALis Courad 126
Fig. 12. Copy of Mr. Conrad's figure cited under the description.
13. View of a fragment of what is supposed to be the shell, as obtained by a gutta-
percha impression from a mold in marl from Mr. Schanck's pits near Marl-
borough, N. J.
Crassatella subplana Conrad 121
Fig. 14. Exterior of an imperfect specimen, which siows the general form and surface
markings.
15. Interior of another specimen.
16. An imperfect cast of the species.
DosiNiA erecta Whitiield 162
Fig. 17. Lateral view of a small specimen, preserving the shell.
18. Lateral view of a cast which shows the depth of the inflected cardinal border.
19. Profile view of same, showing the inflected border.
20. Lateral view of a large specimen, imperfect at the beak, but retaining the shell in
part.
LuciNA Smockana Whitfield 130
Fig. 21. Left view of an internal cast, showing the form and gibbosity of the valves.
22. Cardinal view of same.
LuciNA cretacea Conrad 129
Fig. 23. View of the interior of a right valve, enlarged.
24. The hinge still further enlarged.
25. Exterior of a larger shell (two diameters).
Diceras dactyloides Whitfield 131
Fig. 26. View of the cast described.
27. Lateral view of the same, showing the muscular soar.
304
^■W
M S. GEOLOGICAL SURVtY
MONOGRAPH IX PLATE XVM!
TVSinclair » Sor. phila
LAMELLI BRANCH I ATA .
(cretaceous - LOWER MARL 3EDS,)
PLATE XIX.
Page
Vexiella subovalis Conrad 150
Fig. 1. View of tbe right side of the cast, which had been labeled by Mr. Conrad.
2. View of the hiuge, as obtained by a gutta-percha impression on the cast.
Veniella trapezoidea Courad 151
Fig. 3. View of the right side of a specimen, Tvhich is slightly distorted by compression.
Vbxiella inflata Conrad 147
Fig. 4. View of the left side of the type specimen, natural size.
5. Enlarged cardinal view of the same.
Vexiella elevata Conrad 148
Fig. 6. Vertical view of the type specimen, enlarged to two diameters.
7. Profile view of same.
Vexiella C'oxradi Morton 144
Fig. 8. View of a cast of this species, natural size, from Holmdel, N. J.
9. Similar view of another cast.
10. View of the interior of a specimen from Eufaula, Ala., of which the exterior cor-
responds to Fig. 9 in its varices.
Veniella teigoxa Gabb , 149
Fig. 11. View of the left sid6 of the type specimen.
12. Anterior view, showing the convexity. The figure is very imperfect.
13. Left view of a second example, also from the collection of tlie Academy of Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia.
14. Anterior view of the same.
Veniella 1 DECiSA Morton 145
Fig. 15. Left view of a nearly perfect cast of the species, showing the general features.
IG. Anterior view of the same.
Sph^eriola UJiiiOXATA Whitfield 152
Fig. 17. Right view of the type specimen.
18. Cardinal view of the same. These figures show the ligament and general form of
the shell.
306
us GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
MONOGRAPH IX, PLATE, >:IX
LA.B and F PW. del
^mciau * Sor. phiia
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA .
(cretaceous - LOWER MARL BEDS.
PLATE XX.
Leiopistha protexta Conrad 140
Fig. 1. Lateral view of a cast of the oidinary form, from Holmdel, N. J.
2. Cardinal view of tlie same.
3. A east showing finer aud more numerous plications.
Leiopistha ixflata Wliittield 142
Fig. 4. View of a caot, showing the shorter, broader, and more inflated form, and the round
ribs.
5. Cardinal view of the same.
CymellaMeeki Whitfield 142
Fig. 6. View of a small, imperfect cast.
7. View of a larger cast, retaining both valves.
FULVIA TENUIS Whitfield 139 •
Fig. 3. View of the specimen described, natural size.
Cakdiuji (Criocardidji) dumosum Conrad i:i3
Fig. 9. View of a medinm-sized specimen, retaining the shell in part (collection of the
Academy of Natural Sciences), Haddonfield, N. J.
10 and 11. Views of a larger cast, showing the general form.
15. Enlargement of the surface, as obtained by gutta-percha pressed into a fragment
of the matrix.
13. View of a small shell, with imperfect surface, found labeled C. Alahamiensis by Mr.
Gabb (collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences).
Cardium Eipleyandm Conrad 132
Fig. 14. View of specimen from the iron-stone nodules at Keyport, N. J., enlarged four
diameters.
Cabdium (Feaguji) texuistriatum Whitfield 139
Fig. 15. Vi jw of a partial cast of a left valve.
16. An outline .showing convexity of the same.
Cardium Eufaulense Conrad 132
Fig. 17. A'iew of a cast of a left valve, where the ribs are preserved in all their sharpness.
Holmdel, N. J.
18 and 19. Views of a large cast, nearly destitute of surface markings, but showing
them near the front margin. The specimen has been laterally compressed.
f 4.RDIUM (Protocardium) pereloxgatum Whitfield 136
Figs. 20 and 21. Views of a cast of a single valve, from Cream Ridge, N. J.
22. Posterior profile view of a cast, showing the ribs of this jiart
308
U S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
MONOGRAPH IX PLATE XX
L" A.Dowe , del-
T S^n-clau: & SoTi,Ph-.la
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA .
(cretaceous - LOWER MARL BEDS,
PLATE XXI.
>age.
Cardium (Ckiocakdium) multiuadiatdm Gabb 135
Fig. 1. Lateral view of a well-preserved oast of this species.
2. Cardinal view of I he same.
'A. Enlargement of a fragnjeut of 1he matrix, showing the character of ribs and the
spines which rise from the depressions between them, as obtained from a gutta-
percha impression.
Cakdium (Pkotocardum) pehelongatum "Whitfield 1S6
Figs. 4 and 5. Views of a large cast from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia, showing the general form.
PACHYCAKDini BrRLIXGTONENSE Whitfield 138
Figs. 6 and 7. Views of the fast described, showing the remains of the strong, heavy ribs,
and the large muscular scars.
310
U S GEOLOGICAL SURVE
MONOGRAPH IX . PuATE
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA .
;R ETA C SOUS -LOWER MARL BED^
PLATE XXII.
Page.
Tenea Pi^TGUiS Conrad 163
Fig. 1. Left view of an internal cast.
2. Cardinal view of the same.
3. View of the hinge, enlarged twice, from Mr. Conrad's type, Haddonfield, N. J.
Dosi>i A Gabbi Whitfield - 1«1
Fig. 4. Left view of a cast, showing all the features recognized.
5. Cardinal view of the same.
Aphrodina Tippaxa Conrad 154
Fig. 6. Cast of a large right valve. Deep cut, Holmdel and Keyport Turnpike.
7. A smaller left valve from Marlborough, N. J.
Cai.lista Delawarknsis Gabb 153
Figs. 8 and 9. Views of what is supposed to be Mr. Gabb's type of the species.
10. View of a young specimen, retaining the shell, from nodule in Lower Marls at
Holmdel.
Cypkimeria depressa Conrad lo6
Fig. 11. Interior of a shell from Haddonfield. One of Conrad's originals.
12. Exterior of the same.
13. View of a oast from Fieehold ; a shorter form.
Cyprimeria Heilprini Whitfield ItO
Figs. 14 and 15. Views of the type specimens. Collection of Academy of Natural Sciences.
C YPRIJIERIA EXCAVATA Morton l'-9
Figs. 16 and 17. Views of a very imperfect cast referred to this species. Freehold, N. J.
Cy'PRIJIEria spissa Conrad - 16l)
Fig. 18. View of a cast of a right valye referred to this species.
Cyprimeria densata Conrad 157
Fig. 19. View of a specimen from Freehold, N. J., retaining the shell in part.
20 and 21. Views of Mr. Conrad's type specimen.
312
U =; GEOLOGICAL SURvt^
MONOGRAPH IX PLATE
LAM ELLl BRANCH I ATA .
("C R E T A C E L Lb - _ O 'A E R MA R L B --
PLATE XXIII
L^a'io.
DoxAx FoRDi Lea in
Fig. 1. View of the type ? sx>ecimeu in tlie collection of the Academj' of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia.
JiNO>iA Eui-AULENSis Couiad 168
Fiff. 2. View of the type ; natural size.
3. Enlargement of the hinge to three diameters.
iENONA TAPYiUA Courad 1(J9
Fig. 4. View of the only specimen known; Conrad's type.
LlXEARIA CONTKACTA Whitfield I(i7
Fig. .5. View of a specimen, natural size, as obtained by guttapercha from a natviral mould.
LiXEAi!l.\ METASTRIATA Courad 165
Fig. 6. View of the exterior of a shell from Haddon field.
7. Similar view of a cast in a natural mould from Holmdel, N.J.
8. An enlargement to two diameters of the interior of the shell in Fig. 6, showing the
hinge characters.
CoRiarvA TENUIS Whitfield 170
Fig. 9. View of a cast of medium size.
10. Outline cardinal view of the same showing the inequality of the valves.
11. View of a larger cast, showing the vascular scars.
Teli.imera eborea Conrad 164
Fig. 1"2. View of the type specimen; natural size.
V^. Enlargement of the hinge.
PeRIPLOM YA ELLIPTICA Gabl) - 177
Fig. 14. Left view of a cast of the species.
15. Cardinal view of the same.
JiOKA CRETACEA Conrad : 167
Fig. 16. View of the exterior of "Mr. Conrad's type specimen.
17. View of the hinge of the same.
Veleda LlNTEA Conrad 172
18. View of a large crushed specimen; natural size.
19. Enlargement of the hinge.
20. Enlargement to three diameters of a nearly perfect shell.
21. -Enlargement to two diameters of a larger, partially exfoliated specimen. Tliis
and the foregoing are all from Haddonfield, N. J., and were used by Mr. Cou-
rad.
Veleda transversa Whitfield 174
Fig. 22. View of a cast, showing the general form, surface strise, and imprints of teeth.
Marlborough, N. J.
Vei.eda tellixoides Whitfield 173
Fig. 23. View of a cast of a left valve, showing the strongly contrasting form with that of
Fig. 22.
Cekcomy A PECULIARIS Conrad 178
Fig. 24. Esteiior of the fragment described by Mr. Conrad.
25. View of the under surface, showing all that remaius of the hinge.
CORBITLA SCBCOJIPRESSA Gabb 180
Fig. 26. View of the ouly specimen observed, enlarged.
CORBULA FOULKEI Lea 180
Fig. 27. Enlarged view of the exterior of a specimen from Haddonfield, N. J., the original
locality.
28. Interior view of the same.
29. Enlarged view of a shorter specimen, probably a variety of ihe same.
COKBULA CRASSIPLICA Gabb 178
Fig. 30. Enlargement to three diameters of a specimen from Haddonfield, N. J.
314
S 3 c-: 0 L 0 6 ■ C A L- S U RY E Y .
MONOGRAP^I ■'< P;_A~E
„<-^
/
vV|-L!-f.';>i a.e"i
LAM ELLI BRANCHIATA .
- - !• U S - L O W'Z'^ MARL BEDS.
PLATE XXIV.
Page
Pholadi mya occedentalis Morton 175
Fig. L View of a large specimen from Monmouth, N. J., in the American Museum Natural
History, New York City.
',',. Anterior proiile of the same.
">. Cardinal view of an imperfect specimen from Burlington, N. J.
Pholadomya Eoemeki Whitfield 176
Fig. 4. View of the best preserved individual observed.
PA.'^fOPEA DECISA Courad 181
Fig. 5. View of a cast of medium size, showing the usual form.
6. View of a larger cast from Burlington, N. J., in the collection of the American
Jilusenm of Natural History.
7. Cardinal view of a cast from Holland, Monmouth County, New Jersey.
8. View of the interior of the hinge as obtained from a gutta-percha cast from the
preceding specimen.
316
GEOLOGICAL SUrWEY
MONOGRAPH 'X PLATE
■■*(;»•
U^-
- Ay
rh'
-^ET^^^^fc.'
V
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WTy.
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"^"^gSTOW^"™^-^
LAM ELLI BRANCH I ATA .
(CR E^AC E : L i -L'j7vt:c; ■; a P L 3 EDS
PLATE XXV.
Page.
Lkptosoldn bipmcata Conrad ISJ
Fig. 1. View of the right side of the most perfect cast seen from New Jersey.
2. Cardinal view of the same.
Legumen pi.anulatum Conrad 184
Fig. :i. View of an internal cast from Freehold, N. J.
4. A cast showing the external features.of the shell, from near Marlhorongh, N. J.
Legumen elupticum Conrad 184
Fig. 5. View of a shell of this species from Tippah Coimty, Mississippi, introduced for
comparison with the other species.
Legumen appressusi Courad 185
Fig. 6. View of the left side of a shell from Haddoufield, N. J.
7. Cardinal vie^ of the same.
8. View of the hinge of the left valve, enlarged to two diameters.
SiLiQUA ciuiTACEA Gahb 186
Fig. 9. View of the right side of the cast nsed by Mr. Gabb.
10. Cardinal view of the same.
SOLTJi A LINEOLATA Conrad - 182
Fig. 11. View of the exterior of Conrad's type specimen from Haddonfield, N. J.
1'2. Interior view of the same.
13. Enlargement of the hinge of the same.
Pholas ciTii ar a Morton 187
Fig. 14. Eight view of the specimen described as P. pectorosa by Conrad. Tinton Falls.
15. Cardinal view of the same.
16. View of an imperfect specimen from near Marlborough, N. J.
Pholas? lata Whitfield 189
Fig. 17. View of the cast of a left valve, showing the features described.
Teredo irregularis Gabb 191
Fig. 18. View of Mr. Gabb's type specimen, showing a fragment of the cast of a shell at
the lower end.
19. View of another tube cast, also one of Mr. Gabb's specimens.
Martesia cretacea Gabb .- 190
Figs. 20-22. Three views of an internal cast, enlarged to two diameters, showing the
surface marking to some degree.
23. View of a colony of tubes, natural size, apparently the ones originally described.
Clavagella armata Morton 192
Fig. 24. Near top of plate is an enlarged view of a cast of this species, showing the general
features; two diameters.
U SGEOLOGl CAL SURVEY.
MOr^iOGRAPH iV: , PLATE XXV.
LA.D, and RPW del
LAM ELL I BRANCH I ATA .
(CR ETACEOU'S - LOWER MARL BEDSj
PLATE XXVI.
Paso.
MODIOLA INFLATA Whitfield 197
Fig 1. Enlarged lateral view of tlie specimen described.
2. Cardinal view of the same.
ISOCAEDIA CONEADI Gab!) 200
Fig. 3. Lateral view of Gabb's type sijeeimen.
4. Anterior view of the same, copied from Gabb's figures.
Idonearca medians Whitfield 199
Fig. 5. Lateral view of one of the examples used in description.
6. Cardinal view of the same.
Geyph^a Beyani var. peecedens Whitfield 194
Fig. 7. Lower valve of a form which is very prevalent at New Egypt and in Monmouth
County.
8. Upper view of the same.
Geyph^a vesicularis Lamarck 194
Figs. 9 and 10. Views of a form which is most abundant and quite characteristic of the
Yellow Limestones. New Egypt.
GRYPHiEOSTREA VOMER MortOn 195
Figs. 11 and 12. Views of the prevalent form in the Yellow Limestones, at Timber Creek
and New Egypt, N. J.
MoDiOLA ovata Gabb 197
Fig. 13. View of the right side of Mr. Gabb's type specimen.
14. View of the anterior end of another specimen, preserving the form of the beaks
more perfectly.
Idoxearca compeessieostra Whitfield 199
Fig. 15. Eight view of a very entire specimen.
16. Anterior profile view of same.
GasteocHjEna Ameeicana Gabb 203
Fig. 17. View of cast of this species, showing the irregular constrictions of the tube.
18. A similar view of another cast.
Teredo tibialis Morton 201
Fig. 19. View of a part of a group of the tube casts, showing their usual form. Nearly all
of these have been broken off at the lower end.
20. Enlargement of the upper end of a cast, showing the muscular scar.
21. Enlarged view of the aperture.
22. Enlarged view of the upper end of a tube, showing the partial septa of this part
of the tube. This and the two preceding figures are copied from Mr. Gabb's
figures, but have all been verified in many individuals.
320
S. GEOLOGICAL SLiRVtL"
MOr^lOGRAPH IX PLATE XXVI.
%.
fi^V 1
,.v<"
n
; fWi
T Smclair * Sen Phils
LA WELL I BRANCH I AT A .
(cretaceous - MIDDLE BEDSj
PLATE XXVII.
Pago.
OSTEEA GLANDIFOKMIS Whitfield 205
Fig. ] . Exterior view of an upper valve from Farmingdale, N. J.
2. Interior view of the same.
3. View of a lower valve from near Vincentowu.
4. and 5. Views of a cast from near Farmingdale.
Gryphje Brtani Gabb 206
Fig. 6. View of a small shell, which shows the scar of attachment at the beak.
7. Interior of an older specimen.
8 and 9. Views of an old specimen, all from Mr. Gabb's type series.
Aeca quindeci.viradiata Gabb 208
Figs. 10. Left view of a large shell preserving the surface to some extent, New Egypt, N. Y.
11-13. Views of an internal cast, showing the usual features of the species, New
Egypt, N. J.
Crassatella Delawarensis Gabb 210
Fig. 14. View of a small specimen from near New Egypt, preserving the shell.
15. View of a cast, the usual condition, from near Farmingdale, N. J.
Crassatella rhombea Whitfield 213
Fig. 16. Eight view of a specimen preserving the shell, the only one ever found, near New
Egypt, N. J.
17. Anterior profile view of the same.
18. Left view of an internal cast from Squankum, N. J. Columbia College.
19. Cardinal view of the same.
332
,U,S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
MONOGRAPH IX PLATE XXVII
biiiciaj- ii ;
LAM ELL I BRANCH I ATA .
('cretaceous -BASE OF UPPER MARL BEDS.
PLATE XXVIII.
Page.
ClIASSATELLA CL'RTA Couiad ? 209
Figs. 1 aud 2. Views of a cast from Squanknm, N. J. Colnmbia College collection.
3. A partial cast from New Egypt, sUowing suvfaco strise. A. M. N. H. collection.
4 and 5. Views of a similar speeiiiieu from Squankum. Rutgers College collection.
Cbassateli-A littoealis Courad 212
Fig. (). An imperfect shell of tlie species from Squankum. Rutgers College collection.
7. View of au internal east showing its elliptical form and rounded umboual ridge,
Squankum. Columbia College collection.
MODIOLA JOHXSONI Whitfield 207
Fig. f?. Cardinal -view, natural size, of a very perfect specimen of the species.
9. Lateral view of the same.
CmOCARDIUM NUCLEOLUS Whitfield 214
Fig. 10. Lateral view, enlarged, of au internal cast of the usual size and form.
11. Cardinal view of the same.
Vexiella RHOMiJOlDEA Courad 215
Fig. lii. Lateral view of a shell presenting the usual features.
13. Cardinal view of the same.
Cardita intermedia Whitfield 209
Fig. 14. Lateral view of an internal cast, showing the remains of plications on the margin.
15. Cardinal view of the same.
Cartatis veta Whitfield . . . , - 218
Fig. 16. View of a cast from Squ.aukum, N. J.
17. View of a cast from Farmingdale, N. J.
Fig. 18. Lateral view of a specimen from Farmingdale, N. J., preserving the shell aud
showing the surface stria3.
19. Anterior view of the same.
Periplomta truncata Whitfield 220
Fig. 20. Lateral view of a cast from near New Egypt, N. J. Rutgers College collection.
;21. Cardinal view of the same.
Pei RICOLA NovA-^GYPTiCA AVhitfield 216
Fig. 22. View of the specimen described showing the form of the shell and the pallial sinus.
Veleda nascta Whitfield 217
Fig. 23. View of a right valve showing the surface strise.
Panopea elliptic a Whitfield 219
Fig. 24. Lateral view of the most perfect specimen observed.
25. Cardinal view of the same.
324
U S^GEOLOGICAL SURVEY-
MONOGRAPH !■■' DLA'^E .-v;!:
x«%.
i\
rt
1/
^1
23
LJU). ana RPW. del
LAMELLI BRANCH I ATA .
(cretaceous - BASE OF UPPER MARL BEDE
PLATE XXIX.
Page.
OsTKEA LisTGUATELis Whitiiield 223
Fig. 1. View of the cast described.
OsTREA GLAUCON'OiDES Whitfield 222
Fig. 2. View of a cast of a lower valve.
Pectex Kxeiskerni Conrad 224
Fig. 3. View of the type specimen as obtained by a gutta-percha east in the natural mold.
Fig. 4. View of an internal cast of a left valve showing the radii flattened and indistinct.
Fig. 5. View of the exterior of a right valve as obtained from the natural mold.
Pecten EiGBYi Whitfield 226
Fig. 6. Enlarged view of the type, a right valve, obtained from the natural mold.
GRTPHiEA VESicuLAEis Lamarck 224
Fig. 7. Vertical view of the cast described.
8. Lateral view of the same.
AviCDLA ANNOSA Courad 226
Fig. 9. If the figure be turned so as to bring the point at the right end downward, its
resemblance to a fragment of a univalve shell will be readily seen.
AxiNEA CoxEADi Whitfield 230
Fig. 10. Upper view of the cast described.
11. Outline profile of the same.
jSitjcula Circe Whitfield 227
Fig. 12. View of the cast of a left valve, natural size.
Nucularia secdnda Whitfield 229
Fig. 13. View of a right valve, natural size.
14. Enlarged view of the same.
NuccLASA albaria Conrad 228
Figs. 15 and 16. Views of two specimens showing the extremes in form.
Crassatella alta Conrad 234
Fig. 17. View of an imperfect cast which is referred to this species.
Crassatella obliquata Whitfield 235
Fig. 18. View of an internal cast of a left valve showing the massive hinge plate and
teeth.
326
S , G E O L O G 1 C A L S U RV £>" ,
MONOGl^APH !X , OLA ■ t
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T SiT.cla-L:- <S- ?o-:', PhJa
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA .
(eocene -UPPER LAVfR OF UPPER MARLS.)
•***»
PLATE XXX.
Page.
ASTAKTE CASTANELLA. Wllitfield 231
Fig. 1. View of cast of the right valve, showiug the creuulatioiis of the border.
2. Similar view of a left valve.
ASTARTE PLAXIMAKGINATA Whitiield 23"^
Fig. 3. View of a cast of a left valve. Natural size.
4. Enlarged view of a rounder specimen
Protocardia curta Conrad , 236
Fig. 5. Cast of a right valve which retains the fine radiating striae.
6. View of a specimen retaining both valves.
7. ¥iew of the hinge as obtained from the specimen, fig. 6, by gutta-percha.
Cardita perantiqua Conrad 232
Fig. 8. A cast of the interior.
9. The exterior as obtained by gutta-percha from a natural mold.
10. Enlargement of four of the anterior ribs from the last figure.
Cardita Brittoni Whitfield 233
Figs. 11 aud 12. Views of a specimen which is somewhat distorted, but shows the fine ribs.
Crassatella obliqcata Whitfield 235
Fig. 13. Eight side view of a very perfect cast of this speoies.
14. Anterior profile view of same.
Caryatis ovalis Whitfield 237
Fig. 15. View of the cast of a right valve which shows the surface features.
16. Similar view of a left valve which retains the features of the exterior.
VeLEDA iEQUILATERA Whitfield 238
Fig. 17. Enlarged view of a cast of a left valve of this species.
CORBULA (NE.ERA) NASCTOIDES Whitfield ' 239
Fig. 18. View of the right side of a small rotund specimen.
19. A similar view of a larger slightly compressed specimen.
Ue^ba ^QUiVAivis Whitfield 240
Fig. 20. Enlarged view of a specimen showing the rostrum nearly entire.
21. A larger specimen, natural size, imperfect behind.
Pabapholas Kneiskeksi Whitfield 241
Fig. 22. Lateral view, natural size.
23. Cardinal view of the same specimen.
24. Basal view of the same.
Teredo emacerata "Whitfield .-. 242
Fig. 25. View of a group of the fillings of tubes showing their general character.
328
U S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,
MONOGRAPH IX P^ATE
LA-ti. and PP.V7, d^l
Sinclair & Son.FhUa
LAMELLI BRANCH! ATA ,
(eocene -.UPPER LAYER OF UPPER MARLS)
PLATE XXXI.
Pase
Unio ligamentinoides Lea '-^49
Fig. I. View of the right side of Mr. Lea's type of the species.
Unio pb^anodontoides Whitfield 250
Fig. 2. View of the type specimen.
Unio Eoanokoides Lea 248
Fig. 3. Outline cardinal view of a large specimen of the species.
Unio hu.mehosoides Lea 248
Fig. 4. View of the right side of Lea's type specimen.
330
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PLATE XXXII.
Page.
Unio kectoides Whitfield 25(»
Fig. 1. Cardiual view of the type.
2. Eight side of the type.
Unio cakiosoides Lea 247
Fig. 3. Vievr of the right side of the type specimen.
Unio ligamextinoides Lea 249
Fig. 4. Eight side of a specimen identified with this species. For figure of Mr. Lea's type
see Plate XXXI, Fig. 1.
Unio subrotundoides Lea 246
Fig. 5. View of the left side of Mr. Lea's type.
332
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PLATE XXXIII.
Page
XJkio Eoakokoides Lea 248
Fig. 1. Left view of a specimen of the prevailing form.
2. Left view of auotlaer specimen, showing less arcuatiou of the hinge-line and a
more quadrangular form. See outline, Fig. 3, Plate XXXI.
Unio ALATOiDES Lea 249
Fig. 3. A^'iew of a specimen of this species, showing a portion of the posterior alation.
4. Yiew of another specimen differing in size and in the curvature of the basal line.
334
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PLATE XXXIV.
Page.
Unio radiatoides Lea 245
Figs. 1-3. Views (if three diflerent examples of the species stowing slight vari a tiou.siu form
and condition of preservatiou.
Unio nasutoides Lea 244
Fig. 4. Left view of one of the best preserved individuals of this species.
5. Cardinal view of same. The valves are separated to a oonsiderable extent along
the base, giving an appearance of greater depth than it actually possesses.
Unio ax.\toides Lea 249
Fig. 6. Outline cardinal view of the specimen shown on Plate xxxiii, fig. 3.
Unio Koanokoides Lea 248
Fig. 7. Outline cardinal view of the specimen, Plate xxxiii, tig. 2.
Unio ligamentinoides Lea 249
Fig. 8. Outline carcliual view of the specimen, Plate xxxii, fig. 4.
J36
;j.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,
MONOGRAPH 1>; PLATE XX/IV.
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PLATE XXXV.
Page.
^ODONTA COltPUI.ENTOIDES Lea 252
Fig. 1. View of the left valve of a specimen which preserves the valves spread open.
Anodoxta ghandoides Lea , 251
Fig. 2. View of the right side of a very well preserved specimen of the species.
3. Outline cardinal view of the same specimen
338
.U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
MONOGRAPH IX, PLATE X>
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(cretaceous -unionidae)