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HARVARD UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY

OF THE

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY

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BRITISH BIRDS

VOL, IV

: lace RG, WLM

MUS. COMP. Z06L
LIBRARY

MAR 28 195
HARVARD
WNreEn CTY

SALAS
POJ0GS S08 CUM
AMpaoO tT RGIRA:

BRITISH BIRDS

WRITTEN AND ILLUSTRATED BY

A. THORBURN, F.ZS.

WITH EIGHTY PLATES IN COLOUR, SHOWING OVER
FOUR HUNDRED SPECIES

IN FOUR VOLUMES
VOL. IV

LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO.

39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON
FOURTH AVENUE & 30TH STREET, NEW YORK
BOMBAY, CALCUTTA, AND MADRAS
1916

CONTENTS OF VOL.

Order GRALLA, Sub-Order OTIDES

PLATE 61. (Opposite page 4)

LITTLE BustarD. Ovis tetrax : :

MACQUEEN’S BusTaRD. Otis macqueeni . : A

Sub-Order GRUES

CRANE. Gyrus communis. : : e :

Order LIMICOL/E

STONE CuURLEW. Cdicnemus scolopax .

PLATE 62. (Opposite page 12)

PRATINCOLE. Glareola pratincola . : ° -
BLACK-WINGED PRATINCOLE. Glareola melanoptera.
CREAM-COLOURED CouRSER. Cursorius gallicus
DotrerREL. Ludromias morinellus .

CasPIAN PLOVER. 4gialitis asiatica

RINGED PLovER. 4gialitis hiaticola

LITTLE RINGED PLOVER.
KENTISH PLOVER.

igialitis curonica .
igialitis cantiana

PLATE 63. (Opposite page 18)

KILLDEER PLOVER. -4gialitis vocifera

GOLDEN PLOVER. Charadrius pluvialis . :
As1aTIC GOLDEN PLOVER. Charadrius dominicus
Grey PLover. Sguatarola helvetica

SOCIABLE PLOVER. Vanellus gregarius

Lapwinc. Vanellus vulgaris .

PLATE 64. (Opposite page 24)

TURNSTONE. Stvepsilas interpres
OysTER-CATCHER. Hematopus ostralegus

Avocet. ecurvirostra avocetta

BLACK-WINGED STILT. Himantopus candidus .
Grey PHALAROPE. fhalaropus fulicarius :
RED-NECKED PHALAROPE. /Phalaropus hyperboreus .

PAGE

PV.

PLATE 65. (Opposite page 30)

Woopcock. Scolopax rusticula
GREAT SNIPE.

ComMoNn SNIPE.
Jack SNIPE.
BROAD-BILLED SANDPIPER.
TEREK SANDPIPER. TZevekia cinerea
PECTORAL SANDPIPER,
BaiRvD’s SANDPIPER.

Gallinago major
Gallinago celestis . ;
Gallinago gallinula . > :

Tringa maculata
Tringa bairdi

PLATE 66. (Opposite page 38)

BONAPARTE’S SANDPIPER.
DUNLIN. TZvinga alpina.
LittLe Stint. TZringa minuta
AMERICAN STINT.

TEMMINCK’s STINT.
CURLEW-SANDPIPER.
PURPLE SANDPIPER.
Knot. TZyvinga canutus .
SANDERLING.

Tringa fuscicollis

Tringa minutilla
Tringa temmincki
Tringa subarquata.
Tringa striata

Calidris arenaria

PLATE 67. (Opposite page 42)

SEMI-PALMATED SANDPIPER.
Rurr. JMMachetes pugnax .
BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER.
BARTRAM’S SANDPIPER.
CoMMON SANDPIPER.
SPOTTED SANDPIPER.
Woop-SANDPIPER.

Tringa pusilla

Tringites rufescens

Bartramia longicauda
Totanus hypoleucus
Totanus macularius
Totanus glareola

PLATE 68. (Opposite page 48)

GREEN SANDPIPER. TZotanus ochropus
SOLITARY SANDPIPER. TZofanus solitarius
GREATER YELLOWSHANK. Tofanus melanoleucus
REDSHANK. TZotanus calidris .

SPOTTED REDSHANK.
GREENSHANK. TZofanus canescens
MARSH-SANDPIPER. TZofanus stagnatilis .
RED-BREASTED SNIPE.

Totanus fuscus

Macrorhamphus griseus

Limicola platyrhyncha .

PAGE

CONTENTS

PLATE 69. (Opposite page 54)

Bar-TAILED Gopwit. Limosa lapponica .
BuLack-TaILED Gopwit. JLzmosa belgica .

Common CurLew. Vumenius arquata

WHIMBREL. JVumenius pheopus

Eskimo CurLew. JVumenius borealis ;
SLENDER-BILLED CuRLEW. Vumenius tenutrostris .

Order GAVIZE

PLATE 70. (Opposite page 58)

Buack TERN. Aydrochelidon nigra. : -
WHITE-WINGED Biack TERN. Sydrochelidon leu-
coptera . . . . . :

WHISKERED TERN. Sydrochelidon hybrida
GULL-BILLED TERN. Sterna anglica

Caspian TERN.
Sooty TERN.

Sterna caspia
Sterna fuliginosa

PLATE 71. (Frontispiece)

SANDWICH TERN. Sterna cantiaca .
RoseATE TERN. Sterna dougalli
Common TERN. Sterna fluviatilis .
Arctic TERN. Sterna macrura

LITTLE TERN. Sterna minuta

PLATE 72. (Opposite page 66)

Xema sabinit
Rhodostethia rosea
Larus philadelphia .
Larus minutus

SaBINE’s GULL.
Ross’s GULL.
BoNnAPaRTE’s GULL.
LittLe GULL. ‘
BLACK-HEADED GULL. Larus riditbundus
MEDITERRANEAN BLACK-HEADED GULL.
anocephalus :
Common Gui. Larus canus

Larus mel-

PLATE 73. (Opposite page 68)

GREAT BLACK-HEADED GULL. Larus ichthyaétus
HERRING-GULL. Larus argentatus . :
LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULL. Larus fuscus .
IcELAND GULL. Larus leucopterus .

PLATE 74. (Opposite page 72)

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL.
Giaucus GuLL. Larus glaucus
KITTIWAKE GULL. Lissa tridactyla
Ivory GuLt. Pagophila eburnea

Larus marinus

PAGE
5°
51
51
52
53
54

LitTLE Dusky SHEARWATER.

PLATE 75. (Opposite page 74)

Great Skxua. Megalestris catarrhactes . ; ‘

POMATORHINE SkuA. Svtercorarius pomatorhinus .

RicHarpson’s Skua. Stercorarius crepidatus . .

LONG-TAILED OR Burron’s Sxkua. Stercorarius
parasiticus

Order ALCZE

(Opposite page 82)
RAZORBILL. Aka torda .

Great Auk. Ala impennis .

Common GuiLLemotT. U/via frotle .
Brunnicu’s Guittemot. Uria bruennichi
Brack GuILLEMOoT. U7ia grylle

LitTLE Auk. Mergulus alle .

PurFin. Fratercula arctica

PLATE 76.

Order PYGOPODES

(Opposite page 84)

Great NorTHERN Diver. Colymbus glacialis
WHITE-BILLED NORTHERN Diver. Colymbus adamsi
BLACK-THROATED DIVER. Colymbus arcticus . :
RED-THROATED DivER. Colymbus septentrionalis

PLATE 77.

PLATE 78. (Opposite page 88)

GREAT CRESTED GREBE. /odicipes cristatus .
RED-NECKED GREBE. odicipes griseigena 4
SLAVONIAN OR HORNED GREBE. Podicipes auritus .
BLACK-NECKED OR EARED GREBE. Podicipes nigri-
collis . “ ‘ = . . . .
LittLe GREBE. fodicipes fluviatilis - . P

Order TUBINARES

PLATE 79. (Opposite page 92)

Procellaria pelagica z ‘
Oceanodroma

STORM-PETREL.

LEACH’s FORK-TAILED PETREL.
corrhoa . : A ‘ ; "

MADEIRAN FORK-TAILED PETREL. Oceanodroma castro

Witson’s PETREL. Oceanites oceanicus

FRIGATE-PETREL. elagodroma marina .

GREAT SHEARWATER. /uffinus gravis

Sooty SHEARWATER. /fuffinus griseus Z

Puffinus assimilis .

leu-

go
gt
gt
93
93
94

CONTENTS

PLATE 80. (Opposite page 96) Species described in Vol. IV., but not figured.
PAGE PAGE
Manx SHEARWATER. /uffinus anglorum : - 94 | SIBERIAN PECTORAL SANDPIPER. TZvinga acuminata 31
CAPPED PETREL. Cstrelata hesitata . : - 95 | GREY-RUMPED SANDPIPER. TZofanus brevipes . rAd
COLLARED PETREL. (Cs¢érelata brevipes . : . 95 | YELLOWSHANK. TZofanus flavipfes . : : i 46
SCHLEGEL’s PETREL. (Cstrelata neglecta. , . 96 | YELLOW-LEGGED HERRING-GULL. Larus cachinnans 68
BULWER’S PETREL. Sulweria bulweri . : . 96 | MEDITERRANEAN GREAT SHEARWATER. uffinus
Futmar. Sulmarus glacialis . 5; : 97 kuhii . : : ; F : : 103
BLACK-BROWED ALBATROSS. Diomedia melanophrys. 98 | LEVANTINE SHEARWATER. /uffinus yelkouanus . 95
INDEX . : : ; ‘ : ; F : . 3 : 5 ; : ; : : 299
ERRATA.

On Plate 75. For ‘ Pomatorine’ read ‘ Pomatorhine.’
On Page 73, line 3. or ‘catarractes’ read ‘ catarrhactes.’

vii

BRITISH BIRDS

Sub-Order OTIDES.

Famity OTIDIDZ.

Ene LITTLE BUSTARD.
Otis tetrax, Linnzus.

PLATE. 61:

The Little Bustard is an irregular straggler to the British Islands, usually
arriving during the winter months, and although found occasionally on the southern
coast of England, it occurs with greater frequency in the counties of Yorkshire,
Norfolk and Suffolk, whilst it has been recorded five times in Scotland and eight
times in Ireland. This species breeds in Central and Southern Europe and North
Africa, ranging eastwards as far as Western Siberia, and in winter reaches North-
west India. Usually inhabiting more southerly regions than its larger congener
the Great Bustard, it shows a partiality for rolling grass-lands and corn-fields
during the breeding season, where the nest, a slight hollow in the soil, lined with a
few straws or bents, is hidden among growing corn or some similar cover affording
concealment. The three or four eggs, usually a glossy olive-green, blotched with
dark brown, are laid early in May.

The food consists of various herbs, seeds, insects, small mammals, and reptiles.
Colonel Irby, in his Ornithology of the Straits of Gibraltar, 2nd ed. pp. 259-260,
says: “The male Little Bustard in the breeding-season has a most peculiar call,
which can be easily imitated by pouting out and pressing the lips tight together and
then blowing through them; the birds when thus calling seem to be close to you,
but are often in reality half a mile off. They must possess powers of ventriloquism,
as I have often imagined that they were quite close to me, and upon hunting the
spot with a dog found no signs of them anywhere near; indeed, at that season
it is sometimes as difficult to make them rise as a Landrail.”

Lord Lilford describes the nuptial display of the male in spring, when the bird
with dilated throat and partially extended wings may constantly be seen springing
two or three feet from the ground. After the nesting season the birds often

IV. A

BRITISH BIRDS

congregate in large flocks, and, except during the hot days of August and September,
are then usually very shy and wary. In autumn the male Little Bustard loses the
distinctive black and white gorget on the throat, when his colour in general
resembles that of the female, except that the black vermiculations are finer and
less blotched.

MACQUEEN’S BUSTARD.
Ottis macqgueenz, J. E. Gray.

PLATE 61.

This rare visitant has only been obtained four times in the British Islands, the
first having been shot near Kirton-in-Lindsey, Lincolnshire, in October 1847, the
next in 1892 in Yorkshire, another in the same county in 1896, whilst the last was
obtained as far north as Aberdeenshire in 1898. All these birds occurred during
the month of October. Macqueen’s Bustard inhabits the western part of Siberia,
Turkestan, Persia, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, and North-western India. In the last
mentioned country, where it occurs as a winter visitor, it is known as ‘‘ Houbara,”
which name is also applied to a closely allied species, Otts undulata, inhabiting
Africa.

The nest consists of a slight hollow scratched in the sand, in which the female
lays her eggs; these are olive-brown in colour, blotched with shades of darker
brown. According to Blandford (The Fauna of British India, vol. iv. pp. 197-
198), ‘‘ This Bustard is generally found solitary or in small parties on open sandy
semi-desert plains, very often in the neighbourhood of mustard-fields. It feeds on
seeds, small fruits, shoots of plants, and insects. It runs quickly and is difficult
to approach on foot, but it is generally shot from a camel. I have repeatedly shot
Houbara (from horseback) by circling round, never going directly towards the bird
until it squats down. When thus lying down, even in bare ground, only a trained
eye can detect it; this resemblance to a stone or a small heap of sand is remarkable,
and the transformation that takes place when a Houbara, or, as sometimes happens,
two, three, or more, spring into flight from the apparently lifeless waste, is not
easily forgotten by anyone who has witnessed it. Houbara are excellent eating as
a rule, but they contract a strong and unpleasant flavour at times from feeding on
shoots of mustard and other allied plants grown as oil-seeds.”

The female is hardly so large as the male, and although the colour in general is
similar in both sexes, her crest and neck plumes are less developed than those of
her mate.

Sub-Order GRUES.

Famity GRUID.

THE CRANE.
Grus communis, Bechstein.

PLATE 61.

From an old Act of Parliament, protecting the eggs of the Crane, passed about
the year 1533, it is evident that this fine species nested regularly in the fens of our
eastern counties at that period and for some time onwards, but it is not known to
have bred in England later than 1590, though flocks regularly visited this country
in winter to a much later date. Now it is only known as a bird of passage, and
is rarely seen in our islands.

In spring large flocks leave their winter quarters in Africa and travel northward
to breed in various parts of Europe, from Scandinavia, Russia, and Northern
Germany, southwards to Spain, Italy, and the Balkan Peninsula, also possibly in
Western Siberia and Turkestan, whilst a paler race breeds in Eastern Siberia and
winters in North-west India.

Wooley, who has given a charming account of the breeding of the Crane in
Lapland (/é7s, 1859), says: “The two eggs lay with their long diameters parallel
to one another, and there was just room for a third egg to be placed between them.
The nest, about two feet across, was nearly flat, made chiefly of light-coloured grass
or hay loosely matted together, scarcely more than two inches in depth, and raised
only two or three inches from the general level of the swamp. There were higher
sites close by; and many of them would have seemed more eligible.... At
length, as I had my glass in the direction of the nest, which was three or four
hundred yards off, I saw a tall grey figure emerging from amongst the birch-trees,
just beyond where I knew the nest must be; and there stood the Crane in all the
beauty of nature, in the full side-light of an Arctic summer night. She came on
with her graceful walk, her head up, and she raised it a little higher and turned her
beak sideways and upwards as she passed round the tree.... At length she
turned back and passed her nest a few paces in the opposite direction, but soon
came into it; she arranged with her beak the materials of the nest, or the eggs, or

BRITISH BIRDS

both; she dropped her breast gently forwards; and as soon as it touched, she let
the rest of her body sink gradually down. And so she sits with her neck up and
her body full in my sight, sometimes preening her feathers, especially of the neck,
sometimes lazily pecking about, and for a long time she sits with her neck curved
like a Swan’s, though principally at its upper part.”

The eggs vary in colour from pale buff to olive-brown, blotched with reddish-
brown.

The Crane feeds chiefly on vegetable food, grass of all kinds forming a large
part of its diet, as well as the green shoots of water-plants; it also eats worms,
insects, and reptiles.

Col. Irby, describing the migration of this species as witnessed in Spain, states
(Zhe Ornithology of the Straits of Gibraltar, 2nd ed. p. 251): ‘‘ These Andalucian-
breeding Cranes are very largely reinforced by the autumn migration, which arrives
early in October; and they then form immense bands of from two to three hundred
in number, though generally they keep in smaller lots of from five to thirty or forty.
Those which do not remain to nest, pass north in March. On the 11th of that
month, in 1874, Mr. Stark and myself had the pleasure of seeing them on passage ;
and a grand and extraordinary sight it was, as flock after flock passed over at a
height of about two hundred yards—some in single line, some in a /-shape, others
in Y-formation, all from time to time trumpeting loudly.”

The long convoluted trachea or windpipe and hollow keel to the sternum of the
Crane no doubt enable the bird to utter its loud trumpet-like notes.

The sexes are much alike in colour, but the male is said to be darker.

An example of the Demoiselle Crane, Gvus viygo, was shot in the Orkneys in
May 1863, and another is said to have been picked up dead in Somersetshire, but
these are supposed to have escaped from captivity. During summer this species
occurs in Southern Europe, ranging eastwards into Asia, and winters in Africa and
India.

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Order LIMICOL.

Famity CEDICNEMID.

THE STONE-CURLEW.
Edicnemus scolopax (S. G. Gmelin).

PLATE 61.

The Stone-Curlew, distinguished also by the various names of Great Plover,
Stone-Plover, Norfolk Plover, and Thick-Knee, the last having been applied to it
on account of the swollen tibio-tarsal joint, noticeable in the immature birds, is best
known as a summer visitor to England, though a few remain during the winter,
especially in Devonshire and Cornwall. Its favourite haunts are the chalk-downs
and barren sandy warrens of the southern and eastern counties, and though it is
known to breed as far north as Yorkshire, it is only an occasional visitor to the
other parts of England and Wales, and rarely occurs either in Scotland or Ireland.

Inhabiting Central and Southern Europe and ranging eastwards as far as Central
Asia, this partially migratory species is also found in North Africa, Abyssinia,
India, Burma, and Ceylon.

In England, the birds usually arrive at their breeding stations in April, and the
nest, consisting only of a slight hollow in the sand or chalky soil, generally contains
two eggs; these are yellowish-buff in ground colour, blotched and streaked with
brown, with underlying grey shell-markings, and closely resemble the stones and
flints scattered around.

The Stone-Curlew is nocturnal in its habits, and after dark usually leaves the
higher barren uplands to forage among the fields and pastures for worms, slugs,
beetles, and other insects on which it feeds. It will also capture mice and reptiles.

When passing to their feeding grounds the birds are very noisy and clamorous,
their note, according to Stevenson (Birds of Norfolk), being a “loud vibratory
whistle which may be heard at all times of the night. By moonlight their cries
become even more incessant... .”

If approached by day they endeavour to escape observation by squatting, when
they are not easily seen owing to their colour matching so closely the surrounding
sand and pebbles, although their large yellow eye will often betray them.

Before leaving us in autumn, Stone-Curlews congregate in large flocks, but
since the cultivation of so much waste land and the increase of plantations, they are
not now so numerous as in former days.

The sexes do not differ in plumage.

Famity GLAREOLIDZ.

THE PRATINCOLE.
Glareola pratincola (Linnzus).

PLATE 62.

This beautiful species, which in some of its habits takes after the Plovers,
though its manner of flight resembles that of the Swallows and also the smaller
Terns, is a rare straggler to the British Islands, some twenty occurrences having
been recorded in England, mostly in the eastern, southern, and south-western
counties. It seldom visits Scotland, where only four have been noted, whilst one
is said to have been shot in Ireland.

The Pratincole is a common bird in many parts of Southern Europe, breeding
in Spain, South-eastern France, Sicily, and eastwards as far as the Black and
Caspian Seas; it also inhabits North Africa, and ranges to Turkestan, Persia, and
India.

The two or three eggs, which are thin-shelled and extremely fragile, are in
ground colour buff or slaty-grey, spotted and streaked with very dark brown. They
are usually laid on the open expanses of hard and sun-baked mud left exposed after
the waters of the previous winter have dried up. At this time the birds are bold
and fearless and allow a close approach, but otherwise are generally shy and take
wing at some distance.

Lord Lilford says (Coloured Figures of the Birds of the British Islands): “In
flight, cry, and general habit of life the present bird much resembles the Marsh-
Terns, and its eggs have a certain resemblance to those of some of that group,”
whilst it “frequently cowers with extended wings on the bare ground without
any apparent cause, and as frequently lies upon its side with one wing partially
elevated.” Towards dusk the birds become very active, and continue hawking till
long after dusk for the beetles, grasshoppers, and other insects on which they feed.
Seebohm describes their note as “(a peculiar rattle, impossible to express on paper ;
but the principal sound may be represented by 4r rapidly repeated.” The young,
like the Plovers, are active, and can run about shortly after leaving the egg. At
first they are mottled brown and buff above, with white underparts.

The adult male and female are alike in colour.

,
.
-

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THE BLACK-WINGED PRATINCOLE

THE BLACK-WINGED PRATINCOLE.

Glareola melanoptera, Nordmann.

a
PLATE 62.

This species inhabits the steppes of Southern Russia, ranging westwards to
Hungary and eastwards as far as Turkestan, and migrates for the winter to tropical
and South Africa. The Black-winged Pratincole is a very rare visitor to England,
where it has only been obtained four times, the first on Romney Marsh, Kent,
May 30th, 1903, the next in the same locality, June 17, 1903, another at Rye on the
following day, and the last near Northallerton, Yorkshire, on August 17th, 1909.
It differs chiefly from the Common Pratincole-in having the under wing-coverts
and axillaries black instead of chestnut, and has no white on the secondaries.

According to the late H. E. Dresser’s Birds of Europe, ‘In its habits and mode
of nidification, the present species closely agrees with Glareola pratincola, and like
that bird it frequents the open steppes and treeless localities.”

The eggs are not unlike those of the Common Pratincole, but the ground-colour
is usually a rather deeper ochre, with bolder markings.

THE CREAM-COLOURED COURSER.
Cursorius gallicus (J. F. Gmelin).

PLATE 62.

The Cream-coloured Courser is a rare straggler to Great Britain, some twenty
occurrences having been recorded in England and Wales and one in Scotland.
The habitat of this desert bird stretches from the Canaries and Cape Verde Islands,
across the sands of North Africa, Arabia, and Persia, and in winter includes North-
west India.

No nest is made, the two eggs, of a yellowish stone-colour, marbled and dotted
with markings of brown and grey, are laid in some slight depression among the
stones and sand, and owing to their colour are very difficult to find. Mr. E.G.
Meade-Waldo, in his ‘“‘ Notes on the Birds of the Canary Islands,” published in
The Ibis for 1889, says: ‘‘ The young are much easier to find than the eggs. The
hen only remains at the nest whilst she is sitting ; the cocks either go about in little

BRITISH BIRDS

parties or mix with birds that are not breeding. When the young are hatched,
however, both parents care for them, the male being rather more shy than the hen.
It is easy to tell the cock from the hen while running about; he carries himself
much higher and seems to have a bigger head; when shot, this.difference vanishes.
The males breed in their first year, as two that I shot were in partly spotted
plumage. Nevertheless, many do not breed at all, as I saw flocks of some fifteen
to forty birds, while others had eggs or small young. In flocks they were very
wild, and reminded one generally of Lapwings; they skim a great deal with out-
stretched, motionless wings. Their note is a low gua gua when they have young.”

The food consists chiefly of grasshoppers and other insects.

In colour the sexes are alike.

Famity CHARADRIIDZ.

THE DOTTEREL.
Eudromias morinellus (Linnzus).

PLATE 62.

A summer visitor to Great Britain, this beautiful Plover usually reaches the
southern and eastern parts of England and Southern Scotland about the end of
April or beginning of May, when small parties or “trips” may be seen on the open
downs and fallows as they make their way to their breeding stations on the northern
hills.

Though now very rare, the Dotterel has long been known to nest on the hills
of the Lake District, but its chief breeding haunts in the British Islands are the
mountains of the Scottish Highlands, where in summer at high elevations it nests
among the mists of the Grampians and in a few other favourable localities. This
species occasionally visits Ireland on passage, chiefly in the autumn months.

It breeds in Scandinavia and as far north as Novaya Zemlya, and, according to
Howard Saunders’ Maxua/, “on the highlands of Transylvania, Styria, and
Bohemia,” whilst it also ranges in summer to Northern Asia. In winter it migrates
to North Africa, Turkestan, and Persia.

The nest, consisting of nothing more than a slight hollow in the moss-covered
ground, contains three eggs, of a pale greyish-buff colour, blotched and spotted with
blackish-brown. The food consists of grasshoppers, beetles, and other insects, as
well as of worms and grubs.

The Dotterel, which in its habits has much in common with the Golden Plover,
is, however, much less wary than that bird, and will usually allow a close approach.
Macgillivray thus describes a flock he came across in the parish of Towie, Aberdeen-
shire, in September : ‘‘ Not having been molested, the birds merely ran along before
us aS we approached them. Several, on being first roused, stretched up their wings,
as is customary with all birds of this group, and moved about in a lifeless sort of
way, seeming to entertain little apprehension of danger. On being urged, they rose
on wing, but presently alighted in the neighbourhood. It is this insensibility to
danger which has procured for them the names of Dotterels and Morinelli, or little
fools. It has been alleged, too, that by stupidly looking on, and imitating the

IV. 9 B

BRITISH BIRDS

gestures of the fowler, they suffered themselves to be driven into the net; but this
propensity to imitate is probably imaginary, although it is certain the bird runs
along with an outstretched wing, which might be supposed to be in imitation of an
elevated arm.”

Heysham’s account of this bird in the Lake District, published in the Magazine
of Natural History, has been often quoted; he says: “In the neighbourhood of
Carlisle Dotterels seldom make their appearance before the middle of May, about
which time they are occasionally seen in different localities, in flocks which vary in
number from five to fifteen, and almost invariably resort to heaths, barren pastures,
fallow grounds, etc., in open and exposed situations, where they continue, if un-
molested, from ten days to a fortnight, and then retire to the mountains in the
vicinity of the lakes to breed. The most favourite breeding haunts of these birds
are always near to or on the summits of the highest mountains, particularly those
that are densely covered with the woolly fringe moss (7vichostomum lanuginosum,
Hedw.), which indeed grows more or less profusely on nearly all the most elevated
parts of this alpine district. In these lonely places they constantly reside the whole
of the breeding season, a considerable part of the time enveloped in clouds, and
almost daily drenched with rain or wetting mists, so extremely prevalent in those
dreary regions ; and there can be little doubt that it is owing to this peculiar feature
in their economy, that they have remained so long in obscurity during the period of
incubation.”

The female is the larger bird, and is said to be more brightly coloured than
her mate.

THE CASPIAN PLOVER.
Egialitis aszatica (Pallas).
PLATE 62.

The first occurrence of this rare species in the British Islands was on May 2oth,
1890, when two birds were seen in a market garden at Great Yarmouth, Norfolk,
and later in the day one of these was shot on the denes. Two more were obtained
in Sussex, July 13, 1911. ,

During the breeding season this Plover inhabits South-eastern Russia, from
where the Volga joins the Caspian Sea eastwards to the Altai mountains, and
southwards to the desert lakes of Turkestan and the Amu-Daria. It migrates
for the winter to Africa, reaching Cape Colony, and has been recorded in
Western India.

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THE CASPIAN PLOVER

When nesting, the birds frequent the neighbourhood of salt-lakes and lay three
eggs, which are in ground-colour ochreous, blotched and spotted with blackish-
brown, in a slight hollow in the ground.

THE RINGED:: PLOVER:
igialitis hiatzcola (Linnzus).
PLATE 62.

The Ringed Plover or Ringed Dotterel is very plentiful on stretches of sand and
shingle along the coasts of the British Islands, and in the breeding season it also
frequents the margins of many inland lakes and rivers, the sandy warrens of
Norfolk, and other localities suited to its habits. Two forms of this species have
been recognised, one rather larger and duller in colour, resident in our islands and
on the coasts of France and Holland, and the other smaller, which visits England
in spring (not to be confounded with the Little Ringed Plover, &. cuvonica).
Abroad the Ringed Plover is widely distributed, breeding as far north as Spits-
bergen and southwards to Central Europe and Central Asia, also in Greenland and
the eastern parts of North America. In winter it ranges to the Mediterranean
countries, and southwards to Cape Colony in Africa.

The nest consists of a hollow in the sand or pebbly beach, occasionally with a
lining of small stones, and contains four eggs, generally laid about the middle of
April, of a yellowish-buff, spotted and blotched with brownish-black and shades of
purplish-grey. This species generally breeds twice in the season. When the eggs
or young are approached the parent bird shows great anxiety, and will endeavour to
lead away the intruder by feigning lameness or a broken wing. Though without
bright colouring, few birds are so attractive as this dainty little wader, with its
strongly contrasted markings of black and white and grey-brown mantle.

Flocks of varying size may be seen scattered along our shores in autumn and
winter, and when feeding on the flats left bare by the receding tide they spread out,
and, keeping a little apart, run a few paces, quickly pick up some small sea-worm,
shrimp, or other marine creature, then pausing for a moment or two proceed in their
quest. When thus engaged they usually keep near the margin of the waves, where
a larger supply of food is obtained, and now and again, as they move along, they
utter their soft and plaintive whistle, one of the most pleasing sounds in nature.

When their feeding grounds are covered, the birds retire to some quiet spot
above high-water mark, when they rest and preen their feathers. Macgillivray

BRITISH BIRDS

says: “Their flight is rapid, even, performed by regularly-timed beats, and they
glide along, often at a very small height, or ascend, and perform various evolutions
before alighting, sometimes all the individuals in a flock inclining to one side, so as to
expose now their upper and again their lower surface to the spectator. Frequently
when feeding they intermix with Sandpipers, Turnstones, Redshanks, and other
species; but in flying they generally keep apart. At high water they repose on
the sands or on the pastures, usually in a crouching posture. They are partly |
nocturnal, and I have often found them searching for food by moonlight. As the
autumn advances, they collect into larger flocks, and at the mouths of rivers may
often be seen in very numerous bands. During winter and the greater part of spring
they continue along the sea-shore, none then being found by the rivers or lakes.”

The young, which leave the nest as soon as hatched, are at first clothed in down
of a mottled greyish-brown above and white beneath. In the immature birds, the
black bands on the forehead and breast are absent and the dark parts of the head
are brown, while the bill is blackish without any orange at the base, and the legs
and feet are dull yellow.

The female resembles the male in colour, but is rather duller, while in winter
both sexes have the black markings less distinct.

THE LITTLE RINGED PLOVER.
JE gialitis curonia (J. F. Gmelin).

PLATE 62.

This species, smaller than our common Ringed Plover, differs also in having all
the shafts of the primaries dark, except the outer one, which is white. These shafts
in the larger bird are all marked with white, whilst the only yellow on the bill of
the present species is at the base of the lower mandible, and the legs and feet are of
an ochre colour instead of orange.

The Little Ringed Plover is a rare straggler to the British Islands, eight having
been recorded in England and one in the Outer Hebrides.

It nests in Spain and other parts of Southern Europe, ranging as far north as
Scandinavia, and eastwards throughout a great part of Asia to Japan. During the
breeding season it is also found in North-west Africa, and in winter visits Africa,
India, the Malay Archipelago, and wanders to New Guinea.

According to Lord Lilford (Coloured Figures of the Birds of the British
Islands), ‘‘ Except in the matter of its preference for the sandy banks of fresh-

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tHe LITTLE RINGED PLOVER

water lakes, ponds, and streams, to the sea-shore, this species differs but little in
habits from the common Ringed Plover, but it is considerably smaller and propor-
tionately much more slenderly built than that bird. The eggs of the present species,
found by us in Spain were laid in slight depressions of the sand amongst stones
and stunted vegetation, without any attempt at a nest; the complement is four,
they are, of course, smaller, and more elongated and thickly speckled, than those
of the Ringed Plover. In one instance I came upon three of these eggs on the
sand between the wheel-ruts of a rough cart-road.”

Seebohm says (British Birds, vol. iii. pp. 17-18), ‘It is rather more shy than
its larger ally and takes wing more readily. In its flight it is very similar to the
Ringed Plover, but its notes are very different from that of either of its near allies.

“Its ordinary call-note is a loud, clear, plaintive, and monotonous Zee, almost
lengthened into two syllables. When alarmed the note is pronounced much shorter
and repeated more rapidly; and in spring it is uttered still more rapidly, so as to
become continuous, especially at the close of its love song, when it becomes a trill.”

THE KENTISH PLOVER.
igialitis cantiana (Latham).

PLATE 62.

A summer visitant to our coasts, this species, which is very local in its distri-
bution, breeds regularly on the shores of Kent and Sussex, but elsewhere in
England has occurred only as a more or less rare straggler from as far north as
Teesmouth, Durham, southwards to the coasts of Devonshire and Cornwall. It is
hardly known in Ireland, not having occurred there for many years, but is fairly
common in the Channel Islands.

In Europe it breeds in Southern Sweden, southwards to Spain and the Mediter-
ranean, also in North Africa, the Azores, Madeira, Canaries, and Cape Verde
Islands. Eastwards it is found during summer frequenting the margins of the
Black and Caspian Seas, and ranges across Central Asia as far as Japan. In
winter it migrates to Africa, India, Ceylon, Burmah, and the Malay Peninsula.

The Kentish Plover was first brought to notice by Latham, who described
specimens obtained at Sandwich by Dr. Boys in 1787 and 1791. In its habits this
species resembles the Ringed Plover, but according to Lord Lilford “appears to be
more exclusively addicted to shingle and hard sands than that bird.” Well on in
May, the eggs, usually three in number, are laid in a depression in the sand or

BRITISH BIRDS

shell-strewn pebbly beach. In ground-colour they are yellowish-buff, of a deeper
tint than the Ringed Plover’s, irregularly marked with scratches and spots of
blackish-brown. During the breeding season the birds are very tame and fearless,
and may easily be approached. They seek their food along the margin of the tide,
running hither and thither on the wet surface to secure the tiny shell-fish and other
marine animals stranded by the waves.

The female differs somewhat from the male in colour, having the dark markings
less distinct and browner, and the buff tint on the head duller.

THE KILLDEER PLOVER.
Egialitis vocifera (Linnzus).
PLATE 63.

This rare species, a wanderer from America, has been recorded half-a-dozen
times in the British Islands, viz. in Hampshire, April 1859; Aberdeenshire, 1867 ;
Tresco, Isles of Scilly, January 15, 1885; and three on Romney Marsh, Kent,
April 1908.

According to the B.O.U. List of British Birds (2nd ed. 1915), “ The Killdeer
Plover breeds in North America, from central British Columbia and central Quebec
southwards to central Mexico. It winters from California, New Jersey, and the
Bermudas, southwards to Venezuela and Peru, and has occurred in Chile and
Paraguay.”

Inhabiting the coast in winter, and at other times usually found on inland
swamps or pastures, the Killdeer Plover makes no nest beyond a mere hollow in
the ground, lined with a few dry bents, in which it lays its four eggs, in colour
. yellowish-buff, with spots and blotches of black.

This bird is noisy and restless, running with great rapidity and possessing great
power of flight, whilst it owes its name of “ Killdeer” to its loud clear call.

The food consists of insects, worms, and small crustaceans. Larger than our
Ringed Plover, it is easily distinguished by its long rufous tail, double band of
black across the chest, and longer legs.

THE GOLDEN PLOVER

THE GOLDEN PLOVER.
Charadrius pluvialis, Linneus.

PLATE 63.

The Golden Plover may be found at all times of the year in the British Islands,
where it breeds freely on the moors of Northern England, in smaller numbers in
Devonshire and Somersetshire, while in Scotland and Ireland it is plentiful in
summer on the mountain sides and heathery bogs. In autumn and winter it seeks
the low-ground pastures and mud-flats on the shores, when its numbers are
increased by flocks arriving from the Continent of Europe, which remain with
us till spring. This species has a wide distribution over Central and Northern
Europe, and ranges as far east as the Yenesei in Siberia. In winter it visits
Southern Europe, Africa, the Azores, and Canaries, and has wandered to India.

The nest consists of a slight depression in the ground, sparsely lined with bents
and bits of heath, and generally situated among stunted grass or heather. It
contains four eggs, arranged with their pointed ends together, which in colour are
buff or yellowish-grey, blotched and spotted with deep rich brown and purplish-
brown markings. In the breeding season the Golden Plover loses much of its
usual wariness, and may then be watched at fairly close quarters.

The bird represented in the plate in full summer plumage, showing the charac-
teristic black breast only assumed in the breeding season, was painted from a sketch
made in the month of April on a heathy flat by the Helmsdale in Sutherland, when
the birds were returning to their nesting haunts. After their usual manner when
feeding, they were scattered over the moor, some yards apart from each other, at
one time standing motionless, then again running forwards a few paces to pick up
some grub or worm, while at intervals they uttered that soft and melodious whistle
which harmonizes so well with their wild surroundings. In autumn and winter,
when the flocks come down to the fields and tidal estuaries, they are much sought
after by gunners, when the birds become very wary and difficult to approach. In
flight they move with great speed, progressing with steady beats of their long
pointed wings. °

The female resembles the male in colour, but in summer the white parts of the
plumage are less pure and the black duller and not so extensive.

BRITISH BIRDS

THE ASIATIC GOLDEN PLOVER.
Charadrius dominicus, P. L. S. Miiller.
PLATE 63.

This species, also known as the Lesser Golden Plover and the Eastern Golden
Plover, is represented by two forms, only slightly differing from each other. One
inhabits in the breeding season Northern Asia, from the Yenesei to Bering Sea and
south to Mongolia, and is also found at that time in Alaska, while in winter it
migrates to China, Japan, Southern Asia, and the countries of the Pacific Ocean.

The other, which is usually slightly larger than the Asiatic race, and has been
distinguished under the name of the American Golden Plover, breeds in the Arctic
parts of North America, and winters in the south of that continent. This bird,
including both the above-mentioned forms, has occurred about eight times in the
British Islands. The specimen shown in the plate, kindly lent to me for the pur-
pose by Lt.-Commander Millais, is of the Asiatic race, and was obtained at Loch
Stennis, the Orkneys, in November 1887. It is apparently a young bird in first
plumage. The Asiatic Golden Plover, which in summer has the colour in general
brighter and the black and white on the breast more richly marked than our bird,
may at all seasons be distinguished from the other by the smoke-grey axillaries,
which may be seen when the wing is extended. These in the common Golden
Plover are white. The present species is also a smaller bird.

Miss Maud D. Haviland, who found the Asiatic Golden Plover breeding in
numbers by the Yenesei in Siberia in the summer of 1914, says (Witherby’s British
Birds, vol. ix. pp. 82-83), “I first saw a few birds at Dudinka, where they were
probably on migration, and afterwards the species was common all the way down
to Golchika. Each pair occupied perhaps two furlongs of tundra. I should think
that every acre of moss and lichen from the Yenesei to the Lena in summer is thus
parcelled out. Your progress across the tundra in July is heralded and attended by
a chorus of plaintive cries. Both birds meet you a quarter of a mile from the
nest, and never leave you until you are at the boundaries of their own territory,
and they can safely hand you over to their next neighbours for espionage. Covert,
of course, there is none—but it is needless to say more. The suspiciousness and
patience of the Golden Plover are the same all the world over; and I will not dwell
upon them to those who themselves have no doubt walked vainly for half a day
about the bird’s breeding grounds in this country, and listened to its maddening
but at the same time most musical protests.”

HE ASIATIC GOLDEN PLOVER

Seebohm describes the nest in his work on British Birds (vol. iii. p. 42) as
“merely a hollow in the ground, upon a piece of turfy land, overgrown with moss
and lichen,” and this was “lined with broken stalks of reindeer-moss.” According
to the same authority, the four eggs ‘‘ vary in ground-colour from light buff to very
pale buff with a slight olive tinge, blotched and spotted with rich brown.” He
describes the note as ‘‘very similar to that of the Grey Plover. Its commonest
note is a plaintive £0; occasionally the double note £/-22 is heard, but more often
the treble note £/-2é-£o is uttered.”

THE GREY. PLOVER:
Sguatarola helvetica (Linnzus).

PLATE 63.

This beautiful Plover visits our shores in late summer and autumn, some only
as birds of passage, while others spend the winter and leave for their northern
breeding quarters in the spring. Sometimes individuals in full breeding plumage
may be seen on the coast as late as the end of May. It is more numerous on the
southern and eastern shores of England and east coast of Scotland as far north as the
Moray Firth, where I have seen it in autumn near Lossiemouth, than in the west.

It visits Ireland in small numbers during the winter, but, according to Lord
Lilford, the term “Grey” is applied there to the Golden Plover, to distinguish the
latter from the Peewit, which has caused confusion.

The late H. E. Dresser, in his Manual of Palearctic Birds, gives the habitat of
the Grey Plover as “the extreme northern parts of Europe, Asia, and America; in
winter migrating south throughout Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, North and
South America.”

Seebohm describes the nest (Bv7tish Birds, vol. iii. p. 47) as “a hollow, evidently
scratched, perfectly round, somewhat deep, and containing a handful of broken
slender twigs and reindeer-moss.” He states that the eggs are “four in number,
intermediate in colour between those of the Golden Plover and the Lapwing, and
subject to variation, some being much browner, and others more olive, none quite
as olive as typical Lapwing’s eggs or as buff as typical ones of the Golden Plover,
but the blotching is in every respect the same; the underlying spots are equally
indistinct, the surface-spots are generally large, especially at the large end, but
occasionally very small and scattered, and sometimes taking the form of thin
streaks.”

IV. 17 c

BRITISH BIRDS

The plaintive call-note differs from that of the Golden Plover. Although the
winter plumage of both species has some resemblance, the birds may easily be dis-
tinguished by the larger size of the Grey Plover, its longer and heavier bill, and the
presence of a small hind-toe, which is absent in the Golden Plover, and also by
the black axillaries, seen under the wing in the second figure in the plate. Their
habits in general, and also their food, are much alike, although in our country the
Grey Plover is seldom met with away from the coast, while the other frequently
occurs inland.

THE SOCIABLE PLOVER.
Vanellus gregarius (Pallas).
PLATE 63.

About the year 1860 a specimen of this rare Plover, accompanying a flock of
Peewits, was shot in the neighbourhood of St. Michael’s-on-Wyre, Lancashire, but
was not identified till many years later. Another was obtained at Meath in August
1899, six in Kent, May 1907, and four near Winchelsea, Sussex, in May 1910.

A rare straggler to Central and Southern Europe, this species breeds in Southern
and South-eastern Russia, eastwards through Western Siberia and Turkestan to
Mongolia, migrating in winter to North-eastern Africa, Arabia, North-western
India, and Ceylon.

Regarding the habits of the Sociable Plover, von Heuglin, as quoted in Dresser’s
Birds of Europe, writes (Orn. N.O. Afr. p. 997), “ During autumn and winter it
regularly visits the localities we explored ; it appears in Egypt early in October, and
migrates southwards to the savannas of Kordofan, Takah, and Senaar, usually in
flocks of from five to fifteen individuals, each flock keeping close together ; and
generally they are extremely shy. I observed it during the month of December in
places where the plains had been burnt, and in sandy places around Rahad and
Atbara. It appears seldom to settle on the ground, but is usually seen flying swiftly
near the ground over the plains, now and again crossing the caravan roads ; and I
succeeded in shooting several from horseback as they crossed the road; for I could
not otherwise get within range. Sometimes we heard it utter a shrill, short whistle;
but otherwise it uttered no sound.”

It resembles the Peewit in its habits, making its nest, a mere hollow lined with
bents, among the steppes. The four eggs are somewhat paler in colour than those
of the last-mentioned bird, and less boldly marked.

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HARVAI

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THE LAPWING

THE LAPWING.
Vanellus vulgaris, Bechstein.

PLATE 63.

The Lapwing, Peewit, or Green Plover, as it is variously called, is resident and
widely distributed throughout many parts of England, and is even more numerous
in Scotland and Ireland, whilst in autumn its numbers are increased by the arrival
of flocks from the continent of Europe. This species is found breeding more or
less over the whole of Europe, from the Arctic Circle, southwards to Spain, also in
small numbers in North Africa and Egypt, and across Asia eastwards to Japan.
In winter its migrations extend as far as Southern China and North-west India.

The nest, which is only a depression in the ground lined with a few bents and
usually situated in rough pastures, moorland wastes, or on fallows, contains four
eggs. These vary somewhat in colour, but are generally brownish, yellow, or olive,
blotched and spotted with blackish-brown. When their treasures are approached,
the parent birds show great anxiety and distress, uttering their loud peevish cries
and attempting to lure aside the intruder by feigning lameness or a broken wing.

I know no bird which excels the Lapwing in its marvellous powers of twisting,
turning, and diving in the air, and in the breeding season they may constantly be
seen performing these aerial evolutions, while their notes at this time are more
modulated and varied, and blend with the vibrating sound made by their wings.

The food consists chiefly of earthworms, grubs, and insects. The female is
duller in colour than the male, and has the crest less developed. In winter the
black on the throat in both sexes changes to white.

THE TURNSTONE.
Strepsilas interpres (Linneus).

PLATE 64.

The Turnstone, though mostly occurring on our coasts during autumn and
winter, partly as a visitor and also on passage, remains throughout the year in some
localities, though it has never been known to breed in the British Islands. I have
seen small parties, including birds in full breeding plumage, on the shores of
Tresco, Isles of Scilly, about the middle of May, which were easily approached, as

BRITISH BIRDS

they worked their way along the edge of the sea, probing and searching the wet
shingle for their food.

The Turnstone breeds in Northern Europe and the lands within the Arctic
Circle, from Northern Siberia to the Arctic regions of North America. In winter
it migrates to the warmer shores of Europe, Africa, Asia, South America, and the
countries of the Pacific Ocean, and, according to Gould, “it inhabits the sea-shores
of every part of the globe.”

The nest, placed on the shore, near salt-water, consists of a slight hollow scantily
lined with herbage, and generally sheltered by a stone or low bush. The four eggs
are greenish-grey in ground-colour, blotched and spotted with brown and grey. In
our islands this species is mostly found on rocky shores or beaches of shingle, and
avoids the bare sands and mud-flats. Running hither and thither among the stones
and sea-weed, it seeks the small crustaceans and other marine animals which com-
pose its food, deftly turning over the pebbles in its search or exploring likely
crevices where its prey may be concealed. Their long and pointed wings enable
them to fly with great power and speed, when the pure white of their rumps and
underparts show conspicuously.

The usual cry is a shrill clear whistle, but, according to Macgillivray, they
occasionally utter a mellow note. The female is less richly coloured than the male,
and is said by Howard Saunders to be a trifle larger.

THE OYSTER-CATCHER.
Hematopus ostralegus, Linnzus.

PLATE 64.

The Oyster-Catcher or Sea-pie is a common bird, inhabiting the greater part of
the British coasts throughout the year, where it nests on the sand dunes and stony
beaches, or higher up on the lichen-covered rocks, among tufts of flowering thrift.

On the eastern side of Scotland, many pairs leave the sea at the beginning of the
breeding season and make their way up the larger streams and rivers, laying their
eggs among the sand and shingle of the river-beds, or by the side of lochs far inland,
sometimes at a considerable elevation.

This species has a wide range over Europe and Asia, breeding as far north as
the Arctic Circle, and visiting the Mediterranean coasts in winter, when its migra-
tions extend to Africa, North-west India, and Ceylon.

The three or occasionally four eggs, deposited not far above high-water mark,

THE-OYSTER-CATCHER

are greyish-buff in ground-colour, marked with blotches, dots, and streaks of
blackish-brown and with grey shell-markings.

The Oyster-Catcher is extremely shy and difficult of approach, and when its
feeding grounds are covered by the tide the flocks betake themselves to quiet
stretches of sand or flat rocky islets, where they while away the time, standing on
one leg with their long bills hidden under the feathers of their shoulders, or preen-
ing their showy black-and-white plumage. The rather unfortunate name of this
species is misleading, as it certainly does not catch oysters, but feeds chiefly on
limpets, mussels, and other shell-fish, which it wrenches off the rocks or picks up
among the ripples of the incoming or receding tide.

The name is no doubt derived from the Dutch word for Magpie, aekster or
ackster (see Howard Saunders’ Manual and Canon Rawnsley’s Round the Lake
Country), and must originally have signified Oyster-magpie.

The cry or alarm-note is shrill and penetrating, and when heard at night on
approaching their haunts is very striking.

The sexes are alike in colour.

THE AVOCET.
Recurvirostra avocetta, Linnzus.

PLATE 64.

In former days this species annually visited in spring the eastern and southern
counties of England, where it nested on the mud-flats and estuaries ; but now it is
a rarity and no longer breeds, though still seen occasionally at the time of the
vernal migration and also in autumn. During summer the Avocet inhabits various
parts of Europe, where it can find suitable breeding grounds, from as far north as
Denmark southwards to Spain and also Africa. Eastwards it ranges over a great
part of Asia, the birds nesting in the colder regions, migrating to warmer latitudes
in winter.

The three or four eggs are laid on dry expanses of mud or sand in the neigh-
bourhood of water, and in colour are pale yellowish-brown, blotched and spotted
with blackish-brown and marked with shades of grey. The birds are very noisy
when their territory is invaded, and their clamour, according to Lord Lilford, ‘‘is
almost deafening, consisting of a continued series of shrill yelps, from which
the Avocet derived some of its most common English designations, such as
‘Yelper’ and ‘Clinker.’”

BRITISH BIRDS

Referring to the extinction of this bird as a breeding species in England,
Stevenson says (Birds of Norfolk, vol. ii. p. 240), ‘‘ At Salthouse, long prior to the
drainage of the marshes and the erection of a raised sea-bank, the Avocets had
become exterminated by the same wanton destruction of both birds and eggs as is
yearly diminishing the numbers of Lesser Terns and Ringed Plover on the adjacent
beach. I have conversed with an octogenarian fowler and marshman named
Piggott, who remembered the ‘Clinkers’ (as the Avocet was there called), breeding
in the marshes ‘by hundreds,’ and used constantly to gather their eggs. Mr.
Dowell, also, was informed by the late Harry Overton, a well-known gunner in
that neighbourhood, that in his young time he used to gather the Avocet’s eggs,
filling his cap, coat pockets, and even his stockings; and the poor people there-
abouts made puddings and pancakes of them.”

The manner of feeding of the Avocet is peculiar, the long flexible recurved bill
is swept from side to side across the surface of the mud or shallow pools, as a
mower uses his scythe. The food consists chiefly of small crustaceans, water-
insects, and their larvz, secured by this method.

The female resembles the male in colour, but has the black rather browner and
the white duller.

THE BLACK-WINGED STILT.
Himantopus candidus, Bonnaterre.

PLATE 64.

The Stilt is a rare wanderer to the British Islands, and has been recorded more
often in the eastern and southern counties than in other parts of England, and less
frequently in Scotland and Ireland. In the breeding season it is plentiful on many ~
of the marshes of Southern Europe, thence eastwards through Central Asia to
China and southwards to India and Ceylon, and also in suitable localities all over
Africa.

In winter the birds which have bred in the more northerly regions migrate to
warmer climates. The nest, composed of dry bents or fragments of withered reeds,
and placed amongst the surface vegetation of swamps or on the bare partially dry
mud near pools of water, contains four eggs, pale sandy-brown in ground-colour,
with blotches and scrolls of blackish-brown.

The extraordinarily long legs of this graceful species allow it to wade with ease
among the pools and swamps, where it picks up water-beetles, small shell-fish, and

THE BLACK-WINGED STILT

tadpoles from the surface of the water, or catches winged insects as they hover near.

When disturbed at their breeding grounds, the birds fly around overhead, making

a great outcry.

| The fully adult birds of both sexes have the head and neck pure white, though
the younger males are found breeding before they lose the black nape and hind

neck of immaturity.

THE GREY PHALAROPE.
Phalaropus fulicarius (Linneus).

PLATE 64.

Chiefly visiting the south-western coast of England in autumn and very rarely
in winter and spring, this circumpolar bird, best known to us in its grey winter
plumage, occurs here and there at irregular intervals, though at times, as in the
visitations of 1866, 1869, 1886, and 1891, in much larger numbers, so that, accord-
ing to Mr. J. H. Gurney, over four hundred were accounted for in the first-
mentioned year.

The Grey Phalarope nests sparingly in Iceland, which appears to be its most
southerly breeding range, and more plentifully in Spitsbergen and Novaya Zemlya,
and through the Arctic regions of Northern Asia and America, as well as in Green-
land. In winter the migrations of this species extend far and wide over the Old
and New Worlds, when it visits the shores of Southern Europe, North Africa,
China, Japan, South America, and even New Zealand.

The nest, placed on the ground among withered grass or moss, and often
situated in wet places, usually contains four eggs, pale buffish-olive in ground
colour, and thickly spotted and blotched with dark brown.

Miss Maud D. Haviland, describing the habits of this bird on the Yenesei,
Siberia (Witherby’s British Birds, vol. ix. p. 12), says, “‘I found the first nest on
Golchika Island early in July. My attention was called to it by the male bird,
which flew round uneasily. Even when the nesting-ground is invaded, this
Phalarope is very quiet and not very demonstrative. He flits round the intruder
with a peculiar silent flight, rather like a big red moth, while he utters his chirrup-
ing alarm note—zhit zhit. This call is shriller than that of Palaropus lobatus,
and quite recognisable when the two species breed side by side.”

Like the Red-necked Phalarope, the male in the present species is smaller and
duller in colour than the female, is courted by her, and carries out the duties of

BRITISH BIRDS

incubation as well as attending to the young, but, according to the authority above
quoted, when the breeding ground is approached both sexes “fly around and call
anxiously.”

The Grey Phalarope, owing to its curiously lobed feet, is a powerful swimmer,
and flocks are often met with far out at sea, even among icebergs. The food
consists of gnats, water-insects, and small marine animals, sometimes obtained
from stretches of floating sea-weed, sometimes by following the schools of whales,
which seem to bring a supply to the surface.

At all times these birds are tame and unsuspicious, and show little fear of man.

THE RED-NECKED PHALAROPE.
Phalaropus hyperboreus (Linnzus).
PLATE 64.

The Red-necked Phalarope visits our islands in summer to breed in the Orkneys
and Shetlands, on some of the Outer Hebrides, and in one district in Western
Ireland. It is known in England only as a passage migrant, more often seen in
autumn than at other seasons, but never in any numbers. This species breeds in
Iceland and Northern Europe, thence across Northern Asia and Arctic America,
and also in Greenland; and migrates southwards in winter to warmer regions, in
Europe ranging as far as the Mediterranean, and also to Arabia, India, China,
Japan, the Malay Archipelago, and Central America.

The birds, which usually breed in small companies, select for their nest a tussock
of grass in boggy ground, intersected with pools of water, and lay four eggs, in
ground-colour yellowish or olive, blotched and spotted with dark blackish-brown
or umber.

Before pairing, the larger and more brightly coloured female woos the husband
of her choice, resembling the Grey Phalarope in this respect, and, like the other,
this charming little bird is extremely fearless and confiding, and may be seen
swimming or floating lightly on the water, from the surface of which it obtains a
good deal of the insect food on which it lives.

Seebohm describes the note as “a clear sharp wick.”

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THE WOODCOCK

THE WOODCOCK.
Scolopax rusticula, Linnzus.

PLATE 65.

The Woodcock, at one time considered to be chiefly a winter visitor, breeding
rather rarely in the British Islands, is now known to nest regularly and in increas-
ing numbers in favourable localities in many parts of the three kingdoms, though
the majority of the birds found here, from October onwards until spring, have un-
doubtedly travelled from overseas. Our home-bred Woodcocks and their parents
disappear early in September, and whither these birds go seems to be unknown.
Howard Saunders considered (anual of British Birds, 2nd ed. p. 569) that “their
disappearance is partially attributable to self-effacement during the moult, for many
birds which had been captured and marked with metal rings in the spring in
Northumberland, have been shot in the same county in autumn.”

In the breeding season the Woodcock has a very extensive range over Europe
and Asia, from the Arctic Circle southwards to the Pyrenees and Himalayas, and
eastwards to Japan, whilst in winter numbers migrate to the countries on both
sides of the Mediterranean and Southern Asia.

Very early in the year, generally about the middle of March, the Woodcock lays
her four eggs within the shelter of some dry coppice or similar cover, the nest
being merely a slight depression in the ground among withered leaves or bracken,
which form a lining. In colour the eggs are pale yellowish-buff, blotched and
spotted with shades of reddish-brown and grey. The young, which are able to run
soon after being hatched, are often carried by the mother to and from their feeding-
grounds in marshy places, and sometimes are caught up and removed to a place of
safety when in danger. There has been much difference of opinion as to how this
singular action is carried out, and I have never had an opportunity of witnessing
it myself, but from the evidence of competent observers it appears that the nestling
is usually carried clasped by the feet of the parent bird.

St. John, in his Wild Sports and Natural History of the Highlands, p. 264
(ed. 1878), says, ‘‘ In the woods of Altyre and Darnaway (as well as in all the other
extensive plantations in the country), during the whole spring and summer, I see
the Woodcocks flying to and fro every evening in considerable numbers. As early
as six or seven o'clock they begin to fly, uttering their curious cry, which resembles
more the croak of a frog than anything else, varied, however, by a short shrill chirp.
Down the shaded course of the river, or through the avenues and glades of the

IV. 25 D

BRITISH BIRDS

forest, already dark from the shadow of the pine trees, the Woodcocks keep up a
continual flight, passing and repassing in all directions, as if in search of each
other. As the twilight comes on, in the open parts of the country, they leave the
shade of the woods and fly down to the swamps and pools near the sea-shore and
elsewhere, to feed during the night.... In the evening the Woodcock’s flight is
rapid and steady, instead of being uncertain and owl-like, as it often is in the
bright sunshine. I consider their vision to be peculiarly adapted to the twilight,
and even to the darker hours of night—this being the bird’s feeding-time.”

Woodcocks eat enormous quantities of worms, grubs, and insects to satisfy
their ravenous appetite.

THE GREAT SNIPE.
Gallinago major (J. F. Gmelin).
PLATE 65.

This species, also known as Solitary or Double Snipe, visits our islands in
autumn, but never in any numbers, and is more frequently seen in the eastern and
southern counties than elsewhere in England, while it is rare in Scotland and in
Ireland. It breeds in the northern and north-eastern parts of Europe and in
Northern Asia as far east as the Yenesei, and migrates southwards in winter, when
it visits Southern Europe and Africa, ranging as far south as Cape Colony in the
latter country.

The nest, consisting of a slight hollow in the ground among grass or rushes,
contains four eggs, in colour a greyish- or olive-buff, blotched and spotted with
deep brown and with purplish shell-markings. The food consists of worms, insects
and their larve, and slugs.

The late H. E. Dresser, in his Bivds of Europe, quoting some notes from
Professor Collett, states that the Double Snipe ‘is chiefly a nocturnal bird. Not
only does it migrate at night, but it is in motion almost solely after twilight, when
its peculiar ‘spil’ or drumming takes place ; and it also searches after food chiefly
during this time of the evening, remaining quiet and hidden during the day time,
seldom or never taking wing unless flushed, but sitting well hidden amongst dense
grass. On the whole, it is an unsociable bird; yet each pair has its own small
district, where they appear to take but little notice of their neighbours. They also
rise singly ; and it is one of the most uncommon occurrences if two are killed by
the same discharge.

THE-GREAT SNIPE

“Tt is not a shy bird, and may usually be approached within a few paces
distance ; and when it rises it flies but a short distance and drops again... .
During the pairing season the habits of this bird are very peculiar; for it has a
so-called ‘Lek’ or ‘Spil,’ like some of the Grouse tribe, a sort of meeting place,
where they collect to ‘drum,’ and often engage in combat for the possession of the
females: and in this respect it differs widely from its allies; for it does not engage
in aerial evolutions, but remains on the ground. Though its habits are so peculiar
at this season, they are, comparatively speaking, seldom observed, as its note, or
song as it may be called, is very low in tone... .

“The drumming place (Spil-plads) is usually in some damp place in the
marsh, where there is water between the tussocks; and the number of pairs ~
resorting to the same drumming place is usually eight or ten, frequently less
and often more.”

This species is always distinguishable from our Common Snipe, not only by its
larger size, but in having sixteen, and occasionally eighteen, tail-feathers, instead of
the fourteen possessed by the latter. The tail has also a larger amount of white,
whilst the dark bars on the flanks are broader and more distinct.

THE COMMON SNIPE.
Gallinago celestes (Frenzel).
PLATE 65.

The Common Snipe breeds in localities suited to its marsh-loving habits
throughout the greater part of the British Islands, whilst in winter, especially
during severe weather, its numbers are much increased by birds reaching our
shores from the Continent of Europe. The Western Islands of Scotland are a
great resort of this species, where large bags have been obtained by sportsmen. In
the breeding season it has a wide range over northern and temperate Europe and
Asia, while later in the year many birds move southwards to warmer latitudes in
Africa and Asia.

The nest is situated among tussocks of grass or rushes in wet ground, and
consists of a slight depression, with a scanty lining of withered grasses, and con-
tains four eggs, laid usually in April, which in colour are pale greenish-olive,
blotched with shades of brown. Late in the evening or at night the Snipe seeks
its feeding grounds among the bogs, probing the soft surface with its sensitive bill,
which is sometimes so deeply plunged that the mud may be found adhering to the

BRITISH BIRDS

bird’s forehead. If the wet ground be closely examined, the footprints may be seen
and the small borings with irregular crater-like edges, made by the working of the
bill, which is so wonderfully adapted to secure the worms, larve, and insects on
which this species feeds. When put up, the usual cry, which has been syllabled as
‘scape, scape,” is uttered, and when the young have left the nest I have noticed a
softer double chuckling note emitted by the parent bird as it circled round the
marsh at a considerable height.

By what means the “drumming” or “bleating” of the Snipe—which has given
the bird its name of “heather-bleater” in Scotland—is produced, has for long
been a puzzle to naturalists ; it is certainly not vocal like the other notes, but is
apparently caused by the vibration of the two stiff and peculiarly shaped outer tail-
feathers, though I should not like to say that the wings may not have some con-
nection with the sound produced, as they appear to quiver during the performance.
Rising to a height, the bird swings around in wide circles, shooting downwards
and again ascending, and it is during this downward stoop that the sound, which
has some resemblance to the bleating of a goat, is heard.

The drawing on Plate 65, made from sketches taken in the spring of 1914 after
watching the bird, shows the position of the outer tail-feathers, spread out and
separated only during the descent.

Snipe are much affected by weather conditions, and in times of severe frost
suffer considerably, when they frequent the open spring-heads or leave the locality
altogether.

A dark form of the present bird, known as Sabine’s Snipe, was formerly con-
sidered to be a distinct species, but is now known to be only a variety of the
Common Snipe. This has very seldom been obtained except in the British
Islands.

THE JACK SNIPE.
Gallinago gallinula, Linnzus.
PLATE 65.

This little bird usually arrives in the British Islands in September and October
and remains till March or April, when it leaves for its breeding haunts among the
swamps of Northern Europe and Asia, chiefly within the Arctic Circle. It has
never been known to nest with us. In winter it migrates southwards to the
Mediterranean countries, when it also visits Africa, India, and China.

are =

THE JACK SNIPE

The first authentic account of the nest of this species was given by Wooley,
who found the bird breeding at Muonioniska in Lapland in June 1853. In a
communication to Hewitson (Eggs Brit. Birds, ed. 3, ii. p. 357) he describes the
nest as “‘all alike in structure, made loosely of little pieces of grass and eguisetum
not all woven together, with a few old leaves of the dwarf birch, placed in a dry
sedgy or grassy spot close to more open swamp.” The four eggs, which are very
large in proportion to the bird, are of a yellowish-olive colour, blotched and spotted
with dark brown.

The food is similar to that of the Common Snipe. Wooley, in his letter to
Hewitson, alludes to the curious “drumming” made by the Jack Snipe in spring.
He says, “I know not better how to describe the noise than by likening it to the _
cantering of a horse in the distance, over a hard hollow road; it came in fours with
a similar cadence, and a like clear but hollow sound.” Besides being much smaller,
the Jack Snipe differs considerably from the Common Snipe in colour, having a
glossy sheen of green and purple on the upper parts, and it lacks the pale buffish
streak on the centre of the crown and forehead of the larger species. The tail is
sharply pointed.

The two birds also differ in character, the present species being rather solitary
in its habits and more sluggish than the other, while it is much less affected by
severe weather, due doubtless to the fact, as Mr. R. J. Howard informs me, that it
adds vegetable matter to its diet of worms and larve.

THE BROAD-BILLED SANDPIPER.
Limicola platyrhyncha (Temminck).
PLATE 65.

The Broad-billed Sandpiper, represented in the plate in summer plumage, is a
rare straggler to our shores, about sixteen having been recorded in Great Britain,
mostly on the southern and eastern coasts, and only one in Ireland.

It breeds on the mountains in Scandinavia, in Northern Russia, and probably
in Siberia, and migrates in winter, when it visits most of the European countries,
Egypt, Southern Asia, the Philippines, and Madagascar.

Quoting some notes on this species by the late Richard Dann, “ Yarrell” (4th
ed. vol. iii. p. 365) states, “This Sandpiper is by no means uncommon during the
breeding-season in Lulea and Tornea Lapmark, frequenting grassy morasses and
swamps in small colonies, generally in the same places as those frequented by the

BRITISH BIRDS

Totanus glareola, our Wood Sandpiper. It breeds also at Fokstuen on the Dovre
Fjeld mountains, about three thousand feet above the level of the sea, in Norway,
where it arrives at the latter end of May. On its first appearance it is wild and
shy, and similar in its habits to the other species of the genus, feeding on the
grassy borders of the small pools and lakes in the morasses. On being disturbed
it soars to a great height in the air, rising and falling suddenly like the Snipe,
uttering the notes ¢wo woo, which are rapidly repeated.... It seems to lay its
eggs later than others of this tribe generally. I found the eggs not sat upon on the
24th June, and the last week in July the young were unable to fly; a period when
all the other Sandpipers are on the move south. The eggs were of a deep chocolate
colour, and its nest, like that of the Snipe, was on a hummocky tuft of grass.”

The Broad-billed Sandpiper feeds chiefly on insects and larve, and is more
partial to fresh-water marshes than to the coast. ° In winter the general colour of
the upper parts is ashy-grey, when, except for its singularly broad bill, it is not
unlike the Dunlin at that season.

A paler form of this species is found inhabiting Eastern Siberia.

THE TEREK SANDPIPER.
Terekia cinerea (Giildenstadt).

PLATE 65.

Two pairs of this rare species, which has never before been known to visit the
British Islands, were obtained on Romney Marsh, Kent, in May 1912.

According to the List of British Birds, published by the British Ornithologists’
Union (2nd ed. 1915), “‘ The Terek Sandpiper breeds in north-eastern Europe and
north Siberia from the valley of the Onega in Russia, to the valley of the Kolyma,
in east Siberia, and probably to the Anadyr Peninsula; on the Yenesei it ranges
to 70° N. latitude, southwards it breeds to about 51° N. in the Ural Mountains and

Central Asia, but has not been found breeding on the shores of the sea of Okhotsk.

In winter it visits the coasts of Africa, ranging south to Damaraland and Natal,
southern Asia, and the Malay Archipelago to Australia.”

This species is found along the courses of rivers and on the shores of fresh-
water lakes, it takes after the Common Sandpiper in its habits and food, and utters
a loud clear call-note.

It lays four eggs in a slight hollow in the ground; these are greyish-buff in
ground-colour, blotched and spotted with brown and purplish-grey.

MCZ LIBRARY
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CAMBRIDGE. MA USA

THE PECTORAL SANDPIPER

THE PECTORAL SANDPIPER.
Tringa maculata, Vieillot.

PLATE 65.

This American species, which visits our shores more often than any other
wanderer from the Western World, has been recorded about fifty times in the
British Islands, ten of these having occurred in the Isles of Scilly, which seem to
have a strong attraction for American waders.

The Pectoral Sandpiper breeds in the Arctic regions of North America, and
winters in the southern part of that continent, ranging as far as Patagonia. The
nest is placed on the ground amongst grass, and contains four eggs, either buffish
or pale greenish-brown in ground-colour, blotched with deep warm brown.

The food consists of insects, tiny shell-fish, etc., and also, according to Howard
Saunders, of sea-weed. Various authors have referred to the remarkable display
performed by the male during the breeding season, which seems peculiar to this
species. Inflating his throat, he utters deep reverberating notes, sometimes
delivered in the air, sometimes on the ground. The sexes are alike in plumage.
The bird represented in the plate was drawn from a specimen obtained at Buenos
Aires, Argentina, in winter plumage, kindly lent by Lord Rothschild.

An example of the Siberian Pectoral Sandpiper, 7vimga acuminata (Horsfield),
was obtained at Breydon, Norfolk, in August 1892, and another is said to have
been taken near Yarmouth in September 1848. This Sandpiper breeds in North-
eastern Asia, and migrates southwards in winter, when it visits Japan and China,
ranging as far as Australia and New Zealand.

In general the colour of the upper parts in this bird is more rufous than in the
other just described, and the tail feathers are more pointed.

BAIRD’S SANDPIPER.
Tringa bairdi (Coues).
PLATE 65.
Baird’s Sandpiper is another rare American visitor to Great Britain. The first
was obtained in Sussex in October 1900, the next in Norfolk in September 1903, a

third on St. Kilda, Outer Hebrides, in September 1911, while two more were taken
31

BRITISH BIRDS

in Sussex in 1912 and 1914, both in the month of September. Baird’s Sandpiper
inhabits the Arctic shores of North America during the breeding season, whence it
migrates in winter to the southern parts of the New World, ranging as far as
Argentina and Chili.

In habits this bird does not appear to differ from others of the genus, and nests
on the ground amongst grass. According to the late H. E. Dresser (4 Manual of
Palearctic Birds, vol. ii. p. 768) it lays four eggs of ‘‘a light creamy buff, some-
times tinged with rusty, thickly speckled and spotted with deep reddish brown or
chestnut.”

The specimen shown in the plate was painted from a bird in Lord Rothschild’s
collection, obtained in British Columbia in August. In winter the colour of the
- upper parts becomes greyer, with dusky central streaks on the feathers.

BONAPARTE’S SANDPIPER.
Tringa fuscicollis, Vieillot.
PLATE 66.

Bonaparte’s Sandpiper only occasionally wanders to our country from America,
having been obtained fourteen times in England, and once or possibly twice in
Ireland. It breeds far northwards in the Arctic wastes of America, and in winter
migrates to the southern parts of the Continent and to the Falkland Islands.

The nest, a slight depression in the ground, with a scanty lining of withered
leaves, contains four eggs of a dull rufous or greyish-buff colour, blotched with deep
brown.

Dr. E. Coues observed this species on rocky coasts, and describes its note as a
soft, low weet, differing from that of other Sandpipers. The food consists chiefly
of insects and tiny shell-fish. .

The bird in the plate was drawn from a male in summer plumage, obtained at
Pt. Barrow, Alaska, early in July. In winter the upper parts become greyer, with
dusky streaks in the centre of the feathers, and the dark marks on the breast are
paler. The female, according to Howard Saunders’ Manua/, is ‘‘a trifle larger and
more richly coloured.”

THE DUNLIN

THE DUNLIN.
Tringa alpina, Linneus.

PLATE 66.

Frequenting our shores in large numbers during the autumn and winter months,
especially mud-flats and estuaries, this wader breeds regularly in suitable localities
in the British Islands, though many leave us in spring for their summer quarters
in other lands.

‘The Dunlin is more plentiful in the breeding season on the moors of the _
‘northern counties of England than in the south, and nests in some favourable
districts in Wales, but is still more numerous in the wilder parts of Scotland and
its islands, where it often associates with the Golden Plover, hence its name of
‘‘Plover's Page.” A few pairs breed in Ireland.

In summer this species inhabits many parts of Northern Europe and Asia, and
in winter visits the Mediterranean, as well as Africa and India.

The nest, lined with a few dry bents, is placed in a tuft of grass or in some
slight hollow in the ground, and contains four eggs which vary in ground-colour
from a light greyish-green to a pale brown, blotched and spotted with rich warm
brown and purplish-grey shell-markings. The food consists of worms, insects, and
small marine animals.

The striking effect produced by a flock of Dunlin in their ordered masses when
in flight, as the birds incline first to one side and then the other, flashing as their
snowy underparts catch the light or melting into the background as they turn, has
often afforded delight to lovers of nature and has been alluded to by most authors
who have described this bird.

Macgillivray thus describes their habits, “If it be pleasant to gaze upon the
flocks as they sweep over the water, it is not less so to watch them searching the
shores. They are seen moving about in a quiet manner, never interfering with each
other, but busily picking up the food which comes in their way, or which they
discover by tapping or probing, without, however, thrusting their bills deep into the
sand or mud. Frequently, keeping along the edge of the water, they are seen to
run out as the wave retires, and retreat as it advances on the beach. In still
shallow water they may often be seen wading, and it is observable that their bills
are just about the length of their tarsi and the exposed part of the tibia; but they
never go beyond their depth or resort to swimming, although when wounded,
should one drop into the water, it floats buoyantly, and is capable of advancing.

Iv. 33 x

BRITISH BIRDS

Their ordinary cry when on wing is a single shrill peep, and when feeding a softer
and less loud note. Very frequently they associate with Sanderlings, sometimes
with Ring-Plovers ; but although while feeding they may often be seen mingling
with Curlews, Redshanks, Godwits, or Oyster-Catchers, they separate from these
birds when put up, as their mode of flight is different.”

THE LITTLE Sint,
Tringa minuta, Leisler.

PLATE 66,

The Little Stint visits the British Islands on passage in the autumn and again
in spring on its way from and to its breeding grounds in Northern Europe and
Western Siberia. In winter it ranges far and wide, when it visits Africa, India,
and Ceylon.

The eggs of this little wader were unknown until Middendorf found it breeding
in Siberia, and the late Henry Seebohm and Mr. Harvie-Brown were the first to
discover the nest in Europe, near the Petchora river, in July 1875. The nest is
only a slight hollow in the ground, with a lining of dry leaves, etc., and contains
four eggs, which, except for their smaller size, are indistinguishable from the
Dunlin’s. When on our shores in autumn the habits and manner of feeding of the
Little Stint are very like those of the latter bird, as it runs along the sand by
the water's edge in search of the small marine animals on which it lives.

In winter the general colour of the upper parts is greyish-brown, with dusky
markings caused by the darker centres of the feathers.

THE AMERICAN STINT.
Tringa minutilla, Vieillot.
PLATE 66.

There are only four recorded visits of this small species to England, two having __
been obtained in Cornwall—October 1853 and September 1890, and the same
number in Devonshire, September 1869 and August 1892. It breeds in Arctic
America, and migrates in winter as far as Chili in South America. ;

THE AMERICAN STINT

The present species is rather smaller than the Little Stint, and differs only
slightly in colour, though if a series of specimens of the two in summer plumage be
compared, the American bird is seen to be generally blacker on the upper parts.

The nest is merely a slight hollow in the ground, scantily lined with withered
leaves, and contains four eggs, similar in colour to those of the Little Stint.

TEMMINCK’S STINT.
Tringa temminckz, Leisler.

PLATE 66.

Like the Little Stint, this small bird of passage visits the British Islands in
autumn and again in spring, but is much rarer and less regular in its appearances
on our shores than its congener. It breeds in Northern Europe and Asia, and
migrates southwards in winter, when its range extends to Africa and India.

Wooley, in a communication regarding Temminck’s Stint, published by Hewit-
son in his Eggs of British Birds (3rd ed. vol. ii. p. 362), says: ‘Grassy banks and
pastures by the water-side are the kind of places where it takes up its breeding
quarters ; and it seems to like to be near houses. Nothing could be more interest-
ing and pretty than this little bird in the early part of summer; it is so tame one
could often catch it in a net at the end of a stick. At one time it is hovering with
its wings raised over its back, or floating about, and it reminds me rather of some
insect than any other bird ; at another time it will be standing on the top of a stone
or stake, or the gable end of a cottage; and whether hovering or standing on its
perch, it utters a constant trilling note, of which I can best give an idea by saying
that it brought to my recollection the Grasshopper Warbler, though the resemblance
is perhaps slight.

‘When its eggs are very near, it sometimes runs about one’s feet, and though it
cannot but be anxious, it seems as busy as ever, picking gnats and other insects off
the grass.... The nest is very simple—a few short bits of hay, in a little saucer-
shaped hollow, placed amongst thin grass or sedge, generally not far from the
water's edge, but sometimes in the middle of a meadow.”

The eggs are four in number, and are of a pale greenish or buffish stone-colour,
blotched with shades of brown.

In winter the colour of the upper parts of the bird is a dull greyish-brown with
dusky streaks.

BRITISH BIRDS

THE CURLEW-SANDPIPER.
Tringa subarquata (Giildenstadt).
PLATE 66.

This wader visits our shores on passage in autumn and spring, showing a
preference for those of the eastern and southern counties of England and east coast
of Scotland. Though seldom seen on the western side of Great Britain, in autumn
it is found in favourable localities in Ireland, where it has been known to linger till
December. It breeds on the tundras of Northern Siberia, and migrates southward
in winter to Africa, Southern Asia, and Australia.

The nest of the Curlew-Sandpiper appears to have been unknown to zoologists
till Mr. H. L. Popham described one containing four eggs, which he discovered in
July 1897 at the mouth of the river Yenesei in Siberia. This nest was a somewhat
deep hollow in the moss, and the eggs, though smaller, were very like those of the
Snipe (see Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1897, p. 490).

While tarrying with us, this Sandpiper often associates with others of its kind,
and in its actions is very like the Dunlin, tripping hither and thither and dabbling
with its curved bill on the sand and mud in search of its food, which does not differ
from that of its allies.

The deep russet of its summer dress is very striking, but in winter this colour
changes to a sober grey, streaked with darker tones.

The second figure in the plate represents a young bird in autumn.

THE PURPLE SANDPIPER.
Tringa striata, Linnzus.

PLATE 66.

The Purple Sandpiper is a fairly common winter visitant to the rocky parts of
our coasts, arriving in autumn and departing in spring. Its nest has never been
discovered in the British Islands, though Lord Lilford and race had a suspicion
that it might be found breeding in some localities.

In summer it inhabits the Fzeroes, Iceland, Northern Europe, Asia, and Arctic
America, and leaves the colder portion of its territory in winter, when it ranges to
the Mediterranean and in the American continent as far south as Florida.

THE PURPLE SANDPIPER

The four eggs are laid in some hollow in the ground, which is lined with pieces
of moss or dry leaves, and vary in colour from a pale olive-green to buffish-stone
colour, with underlying shell markings of purplish-grey and blotches of reddish-
brown.

The Purple Sandpiper is very tame and confiding, and when feeding among the
sea-weed is easily approached, and can be watched at very close quarters. They
show little fear of the waves as they break against the rocks, and are able to swim
easily, and on passing across the water from one group of rocks to a fresh feeding
ground fly swiftly, usually keeping together in a flock. When unemployed at high-
tide, they loiter on the drier places, quietly resting or preening their feathers.

THE KNOT.
Tringa canutus, Linnzeus.

PLATE 66.

The Knot is another of our birds of passage, occurring in numbers on many
parts of the British coasts and tidal estuaries in autumn and spring. This species
breeds in the remote Arctic solitudes of Parry’s Islands, Melville Peninsula, Grinnel
Land, and Greenland, and ranges very far southwards in winter, occurring at that
season in South Africa, India, as well as in Australia, New Zealand, and South
America.

Although in the summer of 1876 Col. Feilden and Mr. Chichester Hart obtained
nestlings of the Knot in latitudes 82° 33’ and 81° 44’ N., when Sir George Nares
made his voyage to the Polar seas, no authentic eggs appear to be known, but,
according to Dresser's Manual of Palearctic Birds, there ‘‘is said to be a specimen
in the Smithsonian Museum at Washington.”

At one time the late Lord Lilford possessed a number of these birds, and by
keeping them in a warm aviary in winter and then transferring them to a colder
one in spring, hoped by this means to induce them to breed. At last an egg, which
I believe is now in the museum at Cambridge, was found in the enclosure, but
some doubt occurred regarding the origin of this egg owing to the discovery in the
aviary of a Wader of another species, which had unfortunately been overlooked
when the place was prepared.

When on our shores the habits of the Knot are very much like those of its
congeners ; it frequents the sands and mudflats at low-tide, usually seeking its food
of sand-worms, small crustaceans, and other marine creatures by the sea-margin,

gel Se

BRITISH BIRDS

but on its breeding grounds in Grinnel Land, Col. Feilden noticed that the birds
fed largely on the buds of the little rock-plant, saxif/raga oppositifolia.
Describing this species at its breeding stations, he states (‘‘ Notes from an Arctic
Journal,” Zoologist, 1879, pp. 102, 103), “The Knot has not the power of drumming
like the Common Snipe, but, after soaring in mid-air with outspread pinions, they
frequently descended to the ground. During this descent the wings were beaten
over the back with such rapid motion that a loud whirring noise was produced,
which might be heard at some distance. According to my observations, this action
was confined to the males and to the period of courtship.”
The sexes are much the same in colour.

THE SANDERLING.
Calidris arenaria, Linnzus.

PLATE 66.

This restless little wader is common on the sandy parts of our shores in autumn
and also in spring, before leaving for its summer quarters in the far north. It
breeds in the Arctic portions of Siberia, in Greenland, and also in the circumpolar
regions of the New World, migrating southwards in autumn to spend the winter in
warmer lands, when it visits the southern parts of Africa, Asia, and America, and
also Australia. a

The nest is a slight depression in the ground, scantily lined with dry grass or
leaves, and contains four eggs. These, according to Seebohm (British Birds, —
vol. iii. pp. 223, 224), are “ buffish olive in ground-colour, thickly spotted with pale
olive brown, and with a few indistinct underlying markings of violet-grey.”

Like the Dunlin and other members of this family, the Sanderling may usually
be seen feeding close to the water’s edge, nimbly running after the receding waves
and picking up tiny marine animals. |

It differs from its allies in having no hind toe, and when in the pale winter
dress of white and grey it is easily recognised even at a distance.

This species shows a strong partiality for stretches of pure sand.

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THE SEMI-PALMATED SANDPIPER

THE SEMI-PALMATED SANDPIPER.
Tringa pusilla, Linnzus.

PLATE 67,

A specimen of this Sandpiper, a young bird in autumn plumage, was obtained
on Romney Marsh, Kent, on September 12th, 1907. In summer it inhabits the
Arctic regions of North America southwards to the mouth of the Yukon river on
the eastern, and Labrador on the western sides of the continent, whilst in winter it
migrates as far south as Patagonia.

In its habits this species does not appear to differ from its allies, but is dis-
tinguished by the webbing at the base of the front toes.

The eggs are of a yellowish or greenish stone-colour, blotched’and spotted with
dark brown.

THE RUFF.
Machetes pugnax, Linnzus.

PLaTE 67.

This species, noted for the remarkable feathered shield which adorns the necks
of the males during the nuptial season, was once a common summer visitant to our
English fens, but owing to the draining and enclosure of its favourite haunts, and
also to the value put upon the eggs by unscrupulous collectors, it is now almost
banished from the land, except as a bird of passage. In summer the Ruff inhabits
localities suited to its marsh-loving habits in various parts of Europe and Western
Asia, and in winter visits Africa and Southern Asia.

The plainly coloured female, known as the Reeve, builds her scanty nest on the
ground among grass or rushes, and lays four eggs, in colour pale greyish-green,
blotched with umber-brown.

The food consists chiefly of various insects, worms, slugs, etc.

In former days, when this polygamous species was so plentiful in the fens of
the eastern counties, the males soon after their arrival in spring betook themselves
to their breeding stations, and, collecting on some piece of ground a little above
the level of the marsh, known to fowlers as a ‘“‘hill,” fought for possession of the
Reeves.

BRITISH BIRDS

As the Ruff was held in high estimation for the table, large numbers were
regularly netted or taken in snares of horsehair at these places, and after having
been fattened in confinement were sold at high prices.

The singular variety of pattern and colour in the plumage of the male birds is
extraordinary.

The late Professor Newton, in his Dictionary of Birds, pp. 799-800, says: “ It
has often been said that no one ever saw two Ruffs alike. That is perhaps an over-
statement ; but, considering the really few colours that the birds exhibit, the variation
is something marvellous, so that fifty examples or more may be compared without
finding a very close resemblance between any two of them, while the individual
variation is increased by the ‘ear-tufts,’ which generally differ in colour from the
frill, and thus produce a combination of diversity.” Birds which are decorated with
a white tippet are said to be the rarest; one of these is shown in the background of
the plate, taken from a specimen in the collection of Lieut.-Commander Millais.

Before summer is far advanced, all the variously coloured feathers of these
decorative shields are shed, when the bird is not unlike the Reeve in appearance,
though larger.

THE BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER.
Tringites rufescens (Vieillot).
PLATE 67.

The Buff-breasted Sandpiper, a native of America, seldom visits the British
Islands, only about eighteen having been recorded in England, and two or three in
Ireland. It breeds in the Arctic regions of North America and Asia, and ranges
far southward in winter to the warmer parts of America, Asia, and Africa. The
nest, placed on the ground, and, according to Macfarlane, hardly to be distinguished
from the Golden Plover’s, contains four eggs, in colour buffish, occasionally tinged
with pale-olive, and blotched with deep umber and shell-markings of purplish
grey.

The food consists chiefly of grasshoppers and other insects. The late H. E.
Dresser, in his Bird's of Europe, says : “ We generally met with them in small flocks
of from five or six to a dozen individuals, never near or on the edge of water, though
in some cases there were small ponds which swarmed with waders; but they
frequented the grassy places, if any such were to be found, or were seen running
along in an irregular wavy line on the road or track made by the cotton-teams. . . .

THE BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER

Its call-note is low and weak and is repeated several times in succession, either as it
trips along or else as it rises to fly away.”

The beautiful pencilled markings to be seen on the under surface of the wing in
this species serve to distinguish it.

The bird in the plate was taken from a specimen in Lord Rothschild’s collection,
obtained in Kansas, in May.

BARTRAM’S SANDPIPER.
Bartramia longicauda (Bechstein).

PLATE 67.

Bartram’s Sandpiper, which, according to Lord Lilford, resembles the Plovers
much more closely in its habits than the Sandpipers, has been recorded about eleven
times in the British Islands. It breeds on the grassy uplands of North America,
and migrates in winter to South America.

The four eggs are laid in some depression in the ground, which is scantily lined
with bents or dry leaves, and in colour are pale buffish, blotched and marked with
reddish-brown, and purplish-grey.

Seebohm describes the ordinary note of this bird as ‘‘a soft mellow whistle,” and
its food appears to consist chiefly of beetles, grasshoppers, and other insects obtained
on the prairies it frequents.

THE GREY-RUMPED SANDPIPER.

Totanus brevipes, Vieillot.

Two examples of this Sandpiper, a male and female, according to Mr. H. W.
Ford-Lindsay (vide Witherby’s British Birds, vol. ix. p. 205), were obtained at
Rye Harbour, Sussex, in September 1914. The late H. E. Dresser (4 Manual of
Palearctic Birds, vol. ii. p. 793) gives the habitat of this species as ‘“ Kamchatka,
Eastern Siberia, and Japan, migrating south for the winter to China, the Malay
Archipelago, the Papuan Islands, and Australia.”

In summer the general colour of the upper parts is ashy-grey, of the lower white,

while the cheeks and neck are streaked with dark markings, and the breast and

IV. 41 F

ee ee

BRITISH BIRDS

flanks barred with greyish-black. In winter the colour is more uniform, the dark |

markings being then less distinct.
The habits and nest of this species appear to be unknown.

THE COMMON SANDPIPER.
Totanus hypoleucus (Linnzus).
PLATE 67.

This attractive little wader, also known as the Summer-Snipe, is a common
visitor in spring to the British Islands, arriving in April and taking its departure in
September. During summer it is found over the whole of Europe and a great part
of Asia, while in winter it migrates to Africa, India, and as far south as Tasmania.

The nest of the Common Sandpiper is usually placed near the water on the
banks of some clear running stream, or often, as in the Highlands of Scotland,
among the stones and herbage by the side of a loch. It is merely a slight depres-
sion, lined with dry grass, rushes, and similar material, in which the four eggs are
laid. These in ground-colour are usually creamy-buff, with blotches and spots of
purplish-brown and grey.

The food consists of worms, grubs, and various insects. In summer the clear
piping note of the Sandpiper may often be heard as it runs along the gravelly
margins of lakes and streams with dainty steps and a graceful vertical swing of the
tail. On taking flight, it skims near the surface of the water, gliding at times with-
out any movement of the wings, then again proceeding with steady strokes. There

is no difference in the colour of the sexes, but in winter the dark markings on the ...

upper parts are less distinct.

THE SPOTTED SANDPIPER.
Totanus macularius (Linnzus).

PLaTE 67.

This species is the representative of our Common Sandpiper in America, dis-
tinguished, according to Howard Saunders’ Manual of British Birds, 2nd ed. p. 606,

by having ‘‘a// the secondaries broadly barred with ash-brown, while in the ©

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: - p ‘J ) t,he
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ined )

Poe SPOTTED SANDPIPER

Common Sandpiper, the 8th and oth are nearly white.” It is an uncommon visitor
to the British Islands, some seven or eight examples having been obtained, the last
of these in Sussex in May 1913.

In summer it inhabits the northern parts of the New World, and migrates in
winter to Central and South America. In its general habits this species does not
appear to differ from our Common Sandpiper, and the four eggs are light buff
or cream colour, blotched and spotted with deep brown and underlying shell-
markings of grey.

THE WOOD-SANDPIPER,
Totanus glareola (J. F. Gmelin).
PLATE 67.

The Wood-Sandpiper visits England more or less regularly in autumn and in
smaller numbers in spring, though on the mainlands of Scotland and Ireland it is
seldom seen. Usually a bird of passage, it is supposed to have bred more than
once in Great Britain, but the only authentic nest known in this country was one
obtained by the late John Hancock on Prestwick Car, Northumberland, on June
3rd, 1853.

The Wood-Sandpiper breeds in various parts of Europe from Scandinavia south-
wards to Spain, and in Northern Asia south to China and Japan, in the winter
season migrating to the Mediterranean, Africa (as far as Cape Colony), India,
Ceylon, the Malay Archipelago, and Australia.

The nest, placed on the ground generally in open moorland diversified by bogs
and marshy places, is usually nothing more than a little hollow in the soil, with a
scanty lining of bents. The four eggs are pale buff or light pale olive-green in
ground-colour, spotted and blotched with deep warm brown.

Although this species will often perch on a post or dead bough of a tree, its
name seems inappropriate, as the bird is much less arboreal than its congener the
Green Sandpiper, to which in appearance it has a good deal of resemblance, yet the
birds may always be distinguished not only by the difference in the markings of the
tail, but by the axillaries, these in the Green Sandpiper being dark with narrow
bars of white, whereas in the present species they are white with dusky markings.

In the breeding season the bird utters a succession of trilling notes, and per-
forms a courtship display ; commencing in the air and continued after settling on
its perch or on the ground.

BRITISH BIRDS

THE GREEN SANDPIPER.
Totanus ochvopus (Linnzus).

PLATE 68.

The Green Sandpiper is fairly common on passage in some localities in the
British Islands, where a few birds remain during the winter, though seldom
throughout the summer months.

It breeds in the northern parts of Europe and Asia, migrating southwards
when winter approaches as far as Africa, Southern Asia, the Malay Archipelago,
and even on rare occasions to Australia.

The breeding habits of this Sandpiper are noteworthy, insomuch as this species
and its near relation the Solitary Sandpiper are apparently the only members of the
group which nest in trees, sometimes at some considerable height from the
ground, and, at least as regards the present species, always in the neighbour-
hood of water.

The four eggs, in colour a delicate greenish-grey, spotted with purplish-brown,
are usually deposited in the abandoned nests of various birds, such as Thrushes,
Jays, and Wood-pigeons, or in Squirrels’ ‘‘dreys.” At other times the eggs are laid
on mossy stumps of trees or even on the ground.

The late Lord Lilford, in his Bivds of Northamptonshire and Neighbourhood
(vol. ii. p. 89), says: “The Green Sandpiper is, in my experience, a very wary bird,
and a very great nuisance to the Snipe-shooter, as, rising wildly, it darts up into the
air, with a shrill trisyllabic whistle, which puts all the Snipes within hearing on
the alert; in common with most of our waders, however, it soon becomes reconciled
to captivity, and feeds readily on small worms and chopped meat; it is a good
swimmer, but I have never seen one of this species attempt to dive as the
Common Sandpiper often does when wounded and fallen into water and chased
by a dog.”

On rising from the ground the white upper-tail coverts are very conspicuous in
this bird, which help to identify it.

THE SOLITARY SANDPIPER

THE SOLITARY SANDPIPER.
Totanus solitarius (Wilson).

PLATE 68,

This species has a good deal of resemblance to the Green Sandpiper in appear-
ance and habits, but may always be recognized by the dark ground-colour of the
lower back and tail feathers. A native of America, breeding in the northern parts
of that continent and migrating southwards in winter, it has wandered on rare
occasions to our islands, having been recorded five times, viz. in Lanarkshire, Scilly
Islands, Cornwall, Sussex, and Kent.

The Solitary Sandpiper owes its name to its more or less unsocial habits, and
until only a few years ago no authentic information regarding its nest and eggs had
been published. According to a communication to Zhe /dzs for April 1905, by the
Rev. Francis C. R. Jourdain, the eggs were first discovered in North Alberta in
1903 by Mr. Evan Thomson, who was collecting for Mr. Walter Raine of Toronto.
The eggs were found in an old nest of the American Robin, 7urvdus migratorius,
in a tree, and in the following year some more were obtained by the same collector
in the nests of other birds. Four seems to be the usual complement of eggs; these
vary in ground-colour from a pale greenish white to a warmer tint, with spots and
blotches of rich dark brown and purplish-grey.

THE GREATER YELLOWSHANK.
Totanus melanoleucus (Gmelin).

PLATE 68.

The Greater Yellowshank has twice been recorded in the British Islands, the
first having been obtained at Tresco Abbey, Isles of Scilly, in September 1906, and
another at Winchelsea, Sussex, in October 1915.

This species inhabits the continent of America, breeding in the northern portions
and migrating to the south in winter, when it also visits the Bermudas and West
Indian Islands.

It frequents the margins of water-pools, marshes, and estuaries, where its loud
thrice-repeated alarm note may often be heard. According to Dr. Elliott Coues’

BRITISH BIRDS

Key to North American Birds, the eggs are “greyish or deep buff, irregularly
spotted with rich dark brown.”

The specimen shown in the plate, kindly lent by Lord Rothschild, was obtained
at Buenos Aires, Argentina, and represents a male in winter plumage. In summer
the upper parts are more strongly marked with black, whilst the under parts are
whiter.

THE YELLOWSHANK.
Totanus flavipes (J. F. Gmelin).

This species has occurred thrice in the British Islands, the first having been
obtained in Nottinghamshire about 1854, the second in Cornwall in September
1871, and the last on Fair Isle, Shetlands, in September 1910.

In the breeding season the Yellowshank inhabits the greater part of North
America, where it is a common bird, and in winter ranges southwards to the West
Indian Islands and South America as far as Patagonia. The nest is a slight
depression in the ground, sometimes with, sometimes without a scanty lining of
grasses, etc., and contains four eggs, in ground-colour pale cream or pale drab,
blotched with deep reddish-brown.

The habits in general of the Yellowshank appear to be much like those of its
congeners.

In summer the head and neck are dull white with dark streaks, the upper parts
greyish-brown, blotched and marked with black and spotted with white, tail dull
grey and white with dusky bars, under parts white, flanks darkly barred. The
axillaries, which are also white, are marked with greyish-brown. Legs and feet
yellow. In winter the plumage is less distinctly marked.

THE REDSHANK.
Totanus calidris (Linnzeus).
PLaTE 68.

This well-known bird is a common resident in the British Islands, breeding
abundantly in many localities and haunting the coast and mudflats of the estuaries
in autumn and winter. It breeds throughout Europe from Scandinavia south-

THE REDSHANK

wards to the countries of the Mediterranean, and eastwards through Asia Minor to
Siberia, ranging in winter to Africa, Southern and Eastern Asia, and the Malay
Archipelago.

The nest is generally well concealed in a tussock of coarse grass or rushes
among the marshes or rough pastures the Redshank is so partial to in summer,
and contains four eggs, in ground-colour a pale yellowish-olive, blotched and
spotted with purplish-brown. The Redshank feeds on worms, water-insects, small
crustaceans, and other sea animals, which the bird secures as it probes the bottom
of the shallow pools of the sea-shore or marshes. This species is one of the shyest
and most wary of our waders, and usually acts as a sentinel to other birds near by,
when its clear and clamorous whistle, uttered when rising and often continued as it _
flies around, serves as a warning signal to its companions.

Macgillivray, in his work on British Birds, gives the following accurate descrip-
tion of the habits of this species: “Its flight is light, rapid, wavering, and as if
undecided, and being performed by quick jerks of the wings, bears some resem-
blance to that of a pigeon. Alighting again at a great distance, along the edge of
the water, it runs a short way, stands, vibrates its body, utters its cry, and thus
continues until its alarm has subsided. It runs with great celerity, and is in every
way remarkable for its activity, which becomes almost ludicrous when it is picking
up its food on a beach washed by a high surf, its movements being then executed
with astonishing rapidity, as it follows the retiring and retreats before the advancing
waves.”

The bird represented in the plate is in breeding plumage; in winter the upper
parts are of an ashen-grey colour and the under parts lose more or less the dark
markings, whilst the neck and breast are only slightly streaked, and the legs of an
orange-red.

THE SPOTTED REDSHANK.
Totanus fuscus (Linnzus).

PiaTe 68.

The Spotted Redshank is rare in the British Islands, only occasionally visiting
our shores when passing to and fro between its breeding quarters in Northern
Europe and Asia and the warmer regions which it seeks in winter, when it visits
Southern Europe, Northern Africa, India, China, and Japan.

The nesting habits of this species in Finland were first described by Wooley

BRITISH BIRDS

(see Hewitson’s Eggs of British Birds, 3rd ed. pp. 326-328, and Dresser’s Birds of
Europe). He found the birds nesting in dry places near the tops of long hills
amongst forests, far away from marshes, and often, curiously enough, on black
ground where the trees had been burnt, which made it difficult to see the bird when
sitting on her nest amidst these surroundings.

The four eggs are laid in some small depression in the ground—those found by
Wooley being bedded with a few needles of the Scotch fir—and in colour vary from
a delicate green to a pale brownish tint, blotched and spotted with deep brown and
having shell-markings of purplish-grey.

Like the Redshank, this species is very alert and wary, and lives on much the
same kind of food, though it shows more partiality for fresh water than the other.
When its breeding ground is invaded the bird utters loud cries, but the late Lord
Lilford considered it less noisy on ordinary occasions than our Common Redshank.
The remarkable difference between the dark nuptial plumage and the white and
silvery grey of winter is shown in the plate.

THE GREENSHANK.
Totanus canescens (J. F. Gmelin).

PLATE 68.

This species, which is a good deal larger than the Redshank, visits the British
Islands in autumn and spring, occasionally staying during the winter months,
especially in Ireland. It has long been known to breed on the moorlands and
hillsides of Scotland and the western islands, where the bird is found in summer in
many localities. It also breeds in Northern Europe and Asia, migrating south-
wards in winter to Africa, the warmer parts of Asia, the Malay Archipelago, and
even down to Australia.

The nest is placed on the ground, sometimes on a hillside among heather or by
a fresh-water loch, and is merely a slight hollow lined with pieces of heath, dry
grass, etc. The four eggs are pale buff or stone-colour, blotched with pale purplish-
grey, and dotted with dark brown. .

In April I have seen the Greenshank by the River Ewe in Ross-shire feeding
among the stones and mud on the margin of the stream, when its loud musical
whistle could frequently be heard. The food consists of worms, insects, molluscs,
tiny fishes, etc.

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THE GREENSHANK

The bird in the plate shows the dark markings on the mantle and scapulars
assumed in the breeding season. In winter the upper parts in general are a paler
grey, when, excepting the colour of the feet and legs, the present species resembles
the Greater Yellowshank, both species having a slight upward curve in their bills.

THE MARSH-SANDPIPER.
Totanus stagnatilis, Bechstein.

PuaTE 68.

This species, which is very like a diminutive Greenshank, though its legs are
proportionately longer and its body more slenderly built, is a very rare wanderer to
Great Britain, where only four occurrences have been noted, the first at Tring,
Hertfordshire, October 1887, two at Rye Harbour, Sussex, June 1909, and the last
at Bodiam Marsh, in the same county, in July 1910. In summer the Marsh-
Sandpiper inhabits the south-eastern parts of Europe, ranging eastwards to
Turkestan and Siberia, while in the winter season it retires southwards to Africa,
India, Ceylon, the Malay Archipelago, and Australia.

According to the late H. E. Dresser’s Manual of Palearctic Birds, vol. ii. p. 788,
“Tt usually breeds near, but occasionally at some distance from water, in grassy
places, its nest resembling that of its congeners, and its eggs, four in number, are
usually laid in June or July, and are ochreous buff, sometimes with a faint oliva-
ceous tinge, with pale purplish-brown shell-markings and rich dark brown surface
spots and blotches.”

The bird represented in the plate isin summer plumage. According to Dresser,
in the work referred to above, ‘‘in winter the upper parts are brownish-grey, some-
what marked with white, the wing coverts darker; under parts and axillaries pure
white.”

THE RED-BREASTED SNIPE.
Macrorhamphus griseus (J. F. Gmelin).
PLaTE 68.
This so-called Snipe, which is now known to have more affinity to the Sand-
pipers, occasionally straggles to the British Islands in autumn, some twenty-two

occurrences having been recorded. It breeds in high northern latitudes in America,
Iv. 49 G

BRITISH BIRDS

migrating in winter to the central and southern parts of that Continent and the
West Indian Islands. The nest is placed on the ground among marshes, and
contains four eggs, which, according to Seebohm’s British Birds, ‘‘ vary in ground-
colour from pale buffish-brown to pale greenish-brown, spotted and blotched with
dark reddish-brown, and with well-marked pale greyish-brown underlying spots.”
This species obtains its food like the Sandpipers, by probing the sand and mud
with its long bill.

The specimen in the plate is shown in full summer dress; in winter the colour
of the upper parts in general becomes a dull ashen-grey, whilst during the inter-
mediate stage of plumage in autumn, when the bird visits the British Islands, the
colour is more or less brown. It is, therefore, sometimes known as the Brown
Snipe.

THE BAR-TAILED GODWIT.
Limosa lapponica (Linnzus),

PLATE 69.

This bird of passage visits our shores in some numbers every year in spring and
autumn, often frequenting suitable localities throughout the winter, and even at
times lingering during the summer months, but it has never been known to nest in
the British Islands.

The Bar-tailed Godwit breeds in the northern parts of Europe and in Siberia,
where it ranges as far east as the Yenesei, while in winter it migrates to Southern
Europe, Africa, and South-western Asia.

The nest is merely a small hollow in the ground, and the four eggs are pale
olive-green, with dark markings of brown.

When on our coasts this species often associates with other waders, and may be
seen on the wet sands and mud-flats of estuaries and other parts of the shore search-
ing the pools and probing the soft ground with its long, slightly upcurved bill in
quest of the worms, insects, and small marine creatures on which it lives.

Macgillivray says their note is a loud shrill whistle. According to Stevenson’s
Birds of Norfolk, vol. ii. p. 253, the Bar-tailed Godwit arrives so punctually on the
Norfolk coast, on its vernal passage in May, that the 12th of that month is known
to the gunners as ‘“‘ Godwit day.”

The birds are then usually in their beautiful russet summer-dress, which changes
in the winter to sober brown and grey.

The female, though less brightly coloured, is considerably larger than the male.

eT. ee ere | es A ae? or

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THE BLACK-TAILED GODWIT

THE BLACK-TAILED GODWIT.
Limosa belgica (J. F. Gmelin).
PLATE 69,

The Black-tailed Godwit, unlike the preceding species, used formerly to breed
regularly in the fens of our eastern counties, the eggs, according to Stevenson
(Birds of Norfolk, vol. ii. p. 250), having been taken at Reedham as late as 1857. A
few birds appear still to visit our country on passage, when they are more often seen
on the eastern and southern shores than elsewhere in England, while they are rare
in Scotland, though often visiting Ireland in autumn.

The Black-tailed Godwit still breeds among the marshes of Holland and in
favourable localities in other parts of Central and Northern Europe, in Iceland, the
Fzroes, Siberia, and Turkestan, and retires southwards in winter to Southern
Europe, Africa, and Southern Asia.

The nest is only a slight depression among the vegetation of the marsh or
tundra, and contains four eggs, in ground-colour a pale dull green, blotched and
spotted with olive-brown.

This species is very noisy on its breeding ground being approached by anyone,
when it flies around the intruder, uttering loud cries, hence its local name of
“barker” or ‘“yarwhelp,” mentioned by Sir Thomas Browne of Norwich, who also
alludes to the reputation this bird had as “the dayntiest dish in England & I think
for the bignesse, of the biggest price” (see Votes on the Natural History of
Norfolk, by Sir Thomas Browne. Jarrold & Sons).

As with the Ruff, it was formerly the custom to keep the birds in confinement
and fatten them for the table.

The male is brighter in colour than the female, but she is the larger bird.

THE COMMON CURLEW.
Numenius arquata (Linneus).
PLATE 69.
The Curlew, known in Scotland as ‘“‘Whaup,” is a very common bird on our
shores and estuaries in autumn and winter, and breeds plentifully among the

heather of the moorlands, especially in Scotland and Ireland.
51

BRITISH BIRDS

In August and September, as they move down from their breeding grounds to
the coast, their well-known cry may be heard, often in the stillness of the
night, over towns and cities, even in the outskirts of London. This bird has
a wide range during the nesting season over Northern and Central Europe and
Northern Asia, and migrates southwards from the more northern parts of its
habitat in winter, when its visits the Mediterranean countries, Africa, South
Asia, and Japan.

The nest is a shallow depression amongst the grass and heather of the moorland,
scantily lined with dry bents or twigs of heath, and contains four eggs—large for
the size of the bird—in ground-colour pale brownish-green, blotched and spotted
with brown. The usual call-note of this species, from which the bird has probably
derived its name, is clear and loud, but in the breeding season a succession of soft
warbling notes are uttered during flight, which are extremely pleasing to the ear.
Though sometimes showing great boldness when its eggs or young are threatened,
there is no more wary bird than the Curlew, and it is practically unapproachable on
the mud-flats and open sandy shore where it seeks its food, consisting then chiefly
of crustaceans and various small sea animals, or of earth-worms, insects, and wild
fruits, when inland on the moors.

THE WHIMBREL.
Numenius pheopus (Linnzus).
PLATE 69.

The Whimbrel is a regular visitor to the British Islands on passage in spring
and autumn, while a few stay throughout the winter on our shores. It breeds in
the Orkneys and Shetlands, and, according to the B.O.U. List of British Birds
(2nd ed. 1915), it has nested in St. Kilda and apparently on North Rona, though
never known to nest on the mainland of Great Britain or Ireland. It inhabits
Northern Europe and Asia in the nesting season, and migrates southwards for the
winter to Africa, India, and the Malay Peninsula. The Whimbrel is known by
various names to the gunners on the coast, among others “ May-bird,” on account
of the numbers seen during that month, when the bulk of these migrants appears,
and “ Half-Curlew,” in allusion to its resemblance to the larger species. In its
habits it does not appear to differ much from the Curlew, nor in its nidification.
The four eggs are dull olive-green, marked with umber-brown.

THE WHIMBREL

| The voice of the Whimbrel is, however, quite distinct, the birds having, according
to the late Lord Lilford, acquired the local name of ‘‘Seven-whistlers” owing to
their peculiar cry of seven distinct notes,

THE ESKIMO CURLEW.
Numenius borealis (J. R. Forster).

PLATE 69.

The Eskimo Curlew, a native of America, and now supposed to be almost —
extinct, has been obtained about eight times in our islands, the first in Kincardine-
shire in September 1855, and the last on Tresco, Isles of Scilly, in September 1887.

This species breeds in Arctic America, whence it migrates in autumn to spend
the winter in South America.

I have copied the following notes on its habits from Dresser’s Birds of Europe,
vol. vili.: ‘‘“Audubon, who met with this Curlew in numbers in Labrador, writes
that, ‘wherever there was a spot that seemed likely to afford a good supply of food,
there the Curlews abounded, and were easily approached. By the 12th of August,
however, they had all left the country. In Labrador they feed on what the fisher-
men call the Curlew-berry (crvow-berry ?), a small black fruit growing on a creeping
shrub not more than an inch or two in height, and so abundant that patches of
several acres covered the rocks here and there. When the birds were in search
of these feeding-grounds they flew in close masses, sometimes high, at other times
low, but always with remarkable speed, and performing beautiful evolutions in the
air.... While on the wing they emitted an oft-repeated whistling note; but the
moment they alighted they became silent.’”

In his Manual of Palearctic Birds, Dresser states that the four eggs “vary
from light greenish to dark olivaceous in ground-colour, and marked with purplish-
brown shell-markings and dark umber-brown surface spots and blotches.”

The size of the Eskimo Curlew is much less than that of our common species,

- while the bill is proportionately shorter.

BRITISH BIRDS

THE SLENDER-BILLED CURLEW.
Numenius tenutrostris, Vieillot.

PLATE 69.

Three examples of this rare bird were obtained on Romney Marsh, Kent, in
September 1910, and recorded by Mr. M. J. Nicoll in Witherby’s British Birds,
vol. v. p. 124. This species breeds in Western Siberia, and in winter visits
Southern Europe and North Africa.

The late H. E. Dresser, in his Eggs of the Birds of Europe, has given the
following notes on the breeding habits of the Slender-billed Curlew, received from
Mr. Buturlin: ‘‘The present species inhabits fenlands, either,such as are open or
such as are covered with birch trees, or sometimes marshes adjoining the pine
forests. Its nest is placed on a large hillock, or on a small dry island, often on one
ten to fifteen yards square. Mr. Ushakov always found it nesting in single pairs,
and often side by side with Mumenius arqguata, but he was informed by local
sportsmen that it also breeds in colonies of several dozen pairs.... The nest is a
mere depression in the ground, not more than an inch deep, scantily lined with dry
grass, or sometimes with a low border of dry grass, in which case the nest takes the
form of a somewhat deep cup.

‘The full clutch of four eggs may be found from the 3oth of May to the roth of
June, and the young are hatched about the end of June, but the birds remain for
some time at their nesting place, then undertake short wanderings till about the
middle of August, and finally leave for the south in the latter half of that month.”
The eggs ‘“‘vary in ground-colour from greyish-olivaceous to ochreous brown, or
occasionally reddish-brown, but always with a greenish tinge, and are marked with
ashy-grey or pale olivaceous underlying shell-spots and greyish-brown and dark
olivaceous surface-dots, spots, lines, streaks, and irregular blotches.”

This species is smaller than our Curlew, has a shorter and more slender bill, and
may also be distinguished by the distinct spade-like dark markings on the flanks.

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THE BLACK TERN.
Hydrochelidon nigra (Linnzus).

PLATE 70.

Owing to the extensive drainage of the fens and marshy places in our eastern
counties and other localities, the Black Tern, or ‘‘ Blue Darr,” as it was called in
Norfolk, has long ceased to nest in the British Islands, where it once was a common
summer visitant, and at the present time only visits its old haunts in small numbers
on passage, the last record of its breeding in Norfolk having been in 1858, according
to Stevenson.

This species breeds in many parts of Europe, but apparently not beyond 60° N.
latitude, whilst it ranges as far east as Siberia and Turkestan, and in winter
migrates to Africa. It is purely a fresh-water species, frequenting reedy lakes and
marshes, and feeds on various winged insects, including dragon-flies, and also on
worms, leeches, small fishes, etc.

The nest, built of dead reeds and other plants, is placed in wet places in
morasses, and contains three eggs, in ground-colour dull buff or olive, blotched
and spotted with dark brown and purplish-grey. The birds, which breed in
colonies, are very noisy when disturbed, their notes being loud and shrill.

The sexes are alike in colour, and the immature bird is very much the same as
that of the White-winged Black Tern, shown on plate 7o.

THE WHITE-WINGED BLACK TERN.
Hydrochelidon leucoptera (Schinz).

PLATE 70.

Though never known to have bred in our islands, this species occasionally
visits England and Ireland in spring and autumn when on passage. It nests
35

BRITISH BIRDS

among the marshes of Central and Southern Europe, and in Asia ranges as far east -
as China and south to Turkestan. In the winter season it migrates to Africa,
Southern Asia, and as far south as Australia and New Zealand. Like the Black
Tern, the present species breeds in colonies, the nest and eggs resembling those of
its congener, nor does it differ much in food or habits, though the late Lord Lilford
considered that its flight is somewhat less wavering and indirect than that of the
Black Tern.

THE WHISKERED TERN.
Hydrochelidon hybrida (Pallas).

PLATE 70.

This southern species is a very rare visitant to England, where about a dozen
have occurred at different times, while one has been recorded in Scotland and one in
Ireland. It breeds in the marshes of Spain and in suitable localities in Central,
Southern, and South-eastern Europe, also in North Africa and in many parts of
Asia, including India. It migrates in winter as far as South Africa, when it also
visits Southern Asia, the Malay Archipelago, and Australia.

The nest, generally consisting of a heap of water-plants collected on the surface
of the lake, contains three eggs, varying in ground-colour, but generally of a delicate
green, blotched and spotted with blackish-brown. The present species does not
differ from the Black Tern in habits, but, according to Lord Lilford, its note is
‘‘somewhat harsher and more prolonged than that of the other.”

The three different species of Marsh-Tern have the webbing of the toes much
more indented than in our other Terns.

THE GULL-BILLED TERN.
Sterna Anglica (Montagu).

PLATE 70.

The Gull-billed Tern, a rare visitant to Great Britain, where some twenty-five
examples have been recorded, was first described by Col. Montagu in the Supple-
ment to his Ornithological Dictionary in 1813 from birds obtained in Sussex and
Kent. It breeds in small numbers on the Danish coasts and islands, and also in

THE GULL-BILLED TERN

Spain and other parts of Southern and Western Europe, in Asia, North Africa, and
the shores of North America, whilst in winter it is found throughout Africa, in
favourable localities in Southern Asia and in South America.

The nest consists of a small scratching in the sand, with a scanty lining of
bents, etc., and contains two or sometimes three eggs, in ground-colour light buff,
stone-colour, or pale olive, with spots and blotches of various tones of brown.

According to ‘“‘ Yarrel” (4th ed. vol. iii. p. 534), “In its partiality for lagoons,
tidal rivers, and inland lakes of fresh or brackish water, and in its comparatively
short although distinctly forked tail and moderately-webbed feet, this species
forms a natural link between the Marsh Tern and those which frequent the
sea-coast.”

The food consists of various insects, including locusts, grasshoppers, and beetles,
often taken on the wing, and according to Col. Irby green frogs are also eaten.

THE CASPIAN TERN.
Sterna caspia, Pallas.

PLATE 70.

This large Tern is an uncommon straggler to the English coasts, mostly those
of the eastern and southern counties, where some twenty examples have been
recorded. In Europe it breeds from as far north as the Gulf of Bothnia south-
wards to the Mediterranean and eastwards to the Caspian Sea, also throughout a
great part of Asia, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and America. The birds which
breed in the colder parts of their range move southwards in winter. The nest is
only a small depression in the sand, with a slight lining of bents or sea-weed, and
contains from two to three eggs, in ground-colour pale buff or greyish-brown,
spotted and marked with purplish-grey and brown.

The food, consisting almost entirely of fish, is obtained by a sudden and
headlong plunge into the sea, after the bird has located its prey from above. The
cry of this species, like that of all the Terns, is harsh and strident. In winter the
black on the head of the bird is streaked with white.

BRITISH BIRDS

THE SOOTY TERN.
Sterna fuliginosa, J. F. Gmelin.

PLATE 70.

The Sooty Tern shown on this plate, with other species which occasionally or
only rarely visit the British Islands, has occurred half-a-dozen times, the first in
Staffordshire in October 1852, and the last in Sussex in April 1911. It inhabits the
tropical seas throughout the greater part of the world, and breeds in large colonies
on various islands, notably Ascension.

According to Dresser’s Manual of Palearctic Birds, it usually lays only one
egg, ‘‘white or cream-buff in ground-colour, the shell-markings purplish-grey, and
the surface spots and blotches deep red.”

The Lesser Sooty Tern, S. anestetha, Scopoli, and the Noddy Tern, 4xous
stolidus (Linnzeus), are said to have occurred in British waters, but the records are
not now considered satisfactory.

THE SANDWICH TERN.
Sterna cantiaca, J. F. Gmelin.

PLATE 71. (Fvrontzspiece.)

This species, first recognized near Sandwich in 1784, is a regular summer
visitant to the British Islands, breeding chiefly on the eastern coasts of Great
Britain and on some of the loughs in Ireland. In Europe the Sandwich Tern
nests on the coasts of Denmark, the Netherlands, and in some parts of the
Mediterranean, ranging eastwards to the Caspian Sea, while in winter its visits
extend over a great part of Africa and South-western Asia. It also inhabits
America.

The nest is a slight hollow scraped in the sand, and contains two or
occasionally three eggs, varying in ground-colour between a pale yellowish-
white and buffish stone-colour, spotted and marked with dark brown and pale
grey.

In habits, the present species does not appear to differ from the other salt-water
Terns, but, compared with the Common and Arctic Terns, its larger size and bolder

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MCZ LIBRARY _
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THE SANDWICH TERN

style of flight serve to distinguish it. The food, consisting chiefly of sand-eels and
other small fishes, is sought for by hovering above the water, and then secured by
a sudden downward swoop.

The cry of this bird is harsh and grating, and is especially noticeable when its
breeding territory is invaded.

THE ROSEATE TERN.
Sterna dougall, Montagu.
PLaTE 71. (Fvrontispiece.)

This extremely graceful and delicately coloured species was first noticed by Dr.
MacDougall of Glasgow, on the Cumbraes, Firth of Clyde, over a hundred years
ago, when it appears to have been more numerous than at the present day. A few
colonies, however, are still to be found off the English and Welsh coasts, and some
pairs are said to nest in Scotland and in Ireland. During summer it is found
locally in some parts of Europe, but not apparently beyond 57° north latitude. It
frequents the coasts of Africa, Asia, Australia, and America, being migratory in the
colder parts of its habitat.

The nest, like that of its allies, is a mere depression in the sand, occasionally
surrounded by some dry grass-stalks, and contains two or three eggs, resembling
those of the Common Tern.

The habits of this species appear to be the same as those of the latter, although
their cries are said to differ, while the slender form and long tail of the Roseate
Tern distinguish it from other species when on the wing.

THE COMMON TERN.
Sterna fluviatilis, Naumann.

PLATE 71. (fvrontisprece.)

The Common Tern is a summer visitant to the British Islands, breeding
abundantly on many parts of our coasts and sometimes on the shores of inland
lakes, but becoming less numerous towards the north of Scotland, where the Arctic
Tern predominates. It breeds in favourable localities throughout Europe, from as

BRITISH BIRDS -

far north as Norway, also in many parts of temperate Asia, in Northern Africa, and
North America, and in winter migrates southwards to warmer climates. The nest
consists of a hollow in the sand or shingle, and is often situated on some low-lying
island off the shore; it usually contains three eggs, in colour greyish-buff or pale
olive, with blotches of brown and purplish-grey.

The Sea-swallow, as this species is sometimes called, is usually seen in parties
flitting to and fro over the sea or shallows on sandy shores with an unsteady
wavering flight, sometimes hovering and then plunging into the water after the
small fish on which it lives. When at rest the birds are fond of basking in the sun
on some sloping bed of shingle near the water, and lie with their breasts touching
the warm stones.

In autumn, on the shores of the Moray Firth, I have often watched large flocks
of Terns before they started on their journey south; in these companies were many
young birds, some of which were still fed by their parents as they perched on the
tops of posts supporting salmon nets, or waited on the beach. On such occasions
it is hardly possible to distinguish the Common from the Arctic Tern, so much are
they alike, but the larger and whiter-breasted Sandwich Terns are always easily
made out.

THE ARCTIC TERN.
Sterna macrura, Naumann.

PLaTE 71. (Frontzspiece.)

Although colonies of the Arctic and Common Terns are found nesting in the
same territory on some parts of our coasts, as on the Farnes, Northumberland,
Walney Island, Lancashire, and Isles of Scilly, for instance, yet the breeding range
of the first-mentioned species is in general much farther north, extending to the
unexplored lands of the Arctic Ocean in both hemispheres, whence the birds migrate
in winter to the southern parts of Africa, Asia, and America.

The nest, like that of the Common Tern, is a mere hollow in the sand or
shingle, and the eggs of the two species do not differ in colour, though those of the
Arctic Tern are, according to Howard Saunders’ Manuai, slightly smaller.

The habits of the two birds are much alike, and, in fact, they are difficult to
distinguish except when closely examined. Macgillivray gives as easily observed
characteristics of the Arctic Tern, “the bluish colour of the lower parts, the much
shorter tarsus, the greater extent of tail beyond the wings, and the uniform deep red

2HE ARCTIC. TERN

tint of the bill, though the tip is sometimes more or less dusky.” Howard Saunders,
in his Manual of British Birds, already quoted, has shown that there is a difference
in the width and colour of the dark line extending along the shaft on the inner
webs of the primaries ; this line is wider and darker in the Common Tern.

Lie Ett? LE TERN,
Sterna minuta, Linnzus.

PLaTE 71. (Frontzspzece.)

This beautiful little bird visits its breeding stations in the British Islands every
summer, arriving at the end of April or early in May, and departing in autumn.
In Europe it breeds as far north as the Baltic and south to the Mediterranean, also
in North Africa, and eastwards in Asia to Northern India, whilst in winter it
ranges to Cape Colony and as far south as Java.

The two or three eggs, laid on the sand or shingle, are yellowish-grey in ground-
colour, blotched and spotted with dark brown and purplish-grey. The late Lord
Lilford, in his work on British Birds, refers to the extraordinary tameness of the
birds when at their nests, and says they ‘‘ often remain on the eggs till the intruder
is within a few feet, when they usually walk off a few yards distance, or take wing
and hover closely around, uttering a short grating note.”

The food of the Little Tern consists of small fishes obtained from the water
along the sandy shores it frequents.

Macgillivray thus describes its habits: “‘ You may see a pair coming up from a
distance, flying at the height of a few yards over the waves, their long wings win-
nowing the air, and impelling them in starts, as it were, as they wend their way in
undulating and wavering movements. Suddenly their flight is arrested over a large
pool left on the sands by the retiring tide; with quick beats of their wings they
hover stationary, or but slightly shifting place, and with downward-pointed bill
seem intent on something which they perceive in the water. One drops, but not
like a stone, dips, but with upraised wings, and rises with a small fish in its bill.
The other is similarly successful. Onward they proceed, now and then emitting a
shrill cry, and with gentle beats of their wings.”

SuspraMiLy LARINA.

SABINE’S GULL.
Xema sabinit (Joseph Sabine).

PLATE 72:

This rare Arctic Gull occasionally reaches the British Islands, particularly the
shores of the eastern counties of England, most of the birds recorded having been
in winter plumage. A few adults in summer dress have been obtained from time
to time ; the example from which the drawing in the plate was taken, showing the
dark slaty head bordered by a black line, was purchased in the fishing village of
Porthgwarra, Cornwall, from Mr. John Jackson, who informed me it had been shot
near the Wolf Rock Lighthouse in September 1894.

Sabine’s Gull breeds in the high northern latitudes of the Old and New Worlds,
and was first discovered by Captain Sabine, from whom it takes its name. He
found the birds, which showed great boldness in defence of their young, breeding on
low rocky islands in company with the Arctic Tern. The eggs, placed on the bare
ground, were two in number. In ground-colour these are dull brown or olive, with
indistinct blotches of darker brown. The food consists of various insects, fish, and
crustaceans.

In winter the ear-coverts and nape retain the dark colour, but the rest of the
head is then white. Immature birds have the upper parts dull brownish-grey, with
lighter edges to the feathers, while the tail has a dark subterminal band.

In this species the tail is distinctly forked.

ROSS'S GULL.
Rhodostethia rosea, Macgillivray.

PLATE 72.

A specimen of this small and very beautiful species, known also as the Wedge-
tailed Gull, is said to have been obtained near Tadcaster, Yorkshire, in December
1846, or February 1847. It inhabits the seas of the Polar regions, and nothing
appears to have been known of its breeding habits until Mr. S. A. Buturlin dis-

ROSS > “GULL

covered the birds nesting in colonies of from two or three to ten or fifteen pairs, in
company with Terns—apparently the Arctic Tern—on the Kolyma Delta, in North-
eastern Siberia, during the summer of 1905. A full and most interesting account
of the Gulls and their nests has been given by this explorer in a communication to
The Ibis for January 1906, pp. 131-139, from which I have taken the following
extracts and notes :

“The delta of the Kolyma, which is the easternmost of the great rivers of the
North Polar basin, lies, roughly speaking, between 684° and ice N. lat. and from
159° to 1614° E. long.

‘This vast area, at least 15,000 square kilometres in extent, consists of a liberal
admixture of lakes, lagoons, channels, rivulets (‘viska’), swamps, moors, and _
damp ground of every description, with dry places only at intervals.... On the
morning of May 31st one of my men saw a pair, and during the day I went on the
river—where the fathom-thick ice was still quite safe—and came across several
dozens. The sun was shining brightly, and in the distance each pair appeared like
sO many roseate points on the bluish ice of the great stream. I say ‘ pair,’ as from
their first arrival the birds were constantly seen in pairs. They had evidently just
finished their migration, and were tired after their exertions; for they sat very
quietly on the ice, and though all attempts to stalk them were unavailing, they
would not fly far, but only shifted from place to place with a lazy and somewhat
uneasy motion of their wings, which made me jot down in my note-book on the
spur of the moment that the flight was more Fulmar-like than Gull-like.

‘Several hours later they had evidently recovered from their fatigues, and then
I saw that their flight, far from being Fulmar-like, was really much more Tern-
like.” Mr. Buturlin observed the birds hovering over a shallow lake, and noticed
that when resting and in pairs the male could always be distinguished, even at a
distance, by his brighter colouring.

He mentions that the note of this species is peculiar, “being high and more
melodious than that of Gulls in general, and very variable.” The cries he most
often heard ‘“‘resembled” ‘‘ a-wo, 4-wo, 4-wo” and “claw, claw, claw” (or “cliaw,
cliaw”’), but various other notes were uttered.

Some nests were placed ‘‘on little mossy swamps almost bare of grass,” others
‘“‘on wet grassy spots or bogs much nearer to the water, and these nests rose from
four to ten inches—generally from five to eight inches—above the surface.” The
nest is ‘‘composed of dry grass and Cavices, sometimes with the addition of a few
dry Betula or Salx leaves, while I once saw one made of white reindeer-moss.”
The two, or more usually three, eggs are ‘‘of a beautiful deep rich olive-green, with-
out any of the greyish or sandy shade so common in eggs of Stevnma and other

BRITISH BIRDS

members of the Order. They are spotted especially near the larger end with
chocolate-brown (not earthy brown).”

Ross’s Gull, in immature plumage, has the crown and nape tinged with grey,
the wings more or less marked with dull blackish-brown and buff, and the tail with
a dark terminal band.

BONAPARTE’S GULL.
Larus philadelphia (Ord).
PLATE 72.

This Gull was first obtained in the British Islands in February 1848, when a
specimen was killed near Belfast ; another was shot on Loch Lomond in April 1850;
while some four or five have since been recorded in England, the last of these
in Sussex in 1913.

Bonaparte’s Gull breeds in the Arctic regions of America, and migrates south in
winter to the warmer parts of that Continent.

Like our Black-headed Gull, it associates in colonies on fresh-water marshes in
the breeding season, but usually builds its nest, composed of twigs, moss, etc., on
bushes or trees. The eggs, generally three in number, are pale olive-brown, spotted
and blotched with blackish-brown.

In winter the bird loses its dark hood.

THE LITTLE GULL.

Larus minutus, Pallas.

PLATE 72.

The Little Gull not infrequently visits our eastern and southern coasts from
autumn to spring, occasionally in some numbers. It breeds in Northern Europe,
and ranges eastward through Northern Asia to the Sea of Okhotsk, in winter
wandering southwards, when it reaches the Mediterranean, North Africa, and some-
times the United States of America.

The nest is placed on wet masses of floating water-weeds, etc., among inland
marshes, and contains three or sometimes four eggs, which in ground-colour are
greenish or buffish-brown, spotted with dark brown.

This diminutive species, smaller than any other Gull, does not appear to differ
from its congeners in its habits.

THE BLACK-HEADED GULL

THE BLACK-HEADED GULL.
Larus ridibundus, Linnzus.

PLATE 72.

This bird is very common, and seems to be increasing throughout the British
Islands, in summer breeding in large colonies on the margins of inland lakes and
marshes, and in winter haunting the sea shore, estuaries, and rivers. Most of the
Gulls which visit London in the latter season appear to be of this species, and they
become very tame and fearless owing to the food and protection they receive. The

“nest, a collection of withered flags and rushes, is built on the ground among marsh
vegetation, and usually contains three eggs, olive-green, pale brown, or occasionally
bluish in colour, blotched with deep brown.

The loud harsh cry of the Black-headed Gull, which never ceases when their
territory is invaded, has given to this species the name of Laughing Gull.

Its food is various, consisting of worms, larvz, and insects obtained in the
fields, or small fish, crustaceans, etc., from the rivers and sea shore.

THE MEDITERRANEAN BLACK-HEADED GULL.
Larus melanocephalus, Natterer.

PLATE 72.

This species, easily distinguished from the Common Black-headed Gull in
summer plumage by its jet-black head—which in our bird is not really black but
a sooty-brown—only rarely visits the British Islands, where four examples have
been recorded at different times. It inhabits the Mediterranean, especially to the
east of Italy, and also the Black Sea, while westwards it occurs along the coast of
Spain as far as South-western France.

According to Lord Lilford’s Coloured Figures of the Birds of the British
Islands, “‘the present species nests in small numbers on the western coast of
European Turkey and on some of the coast-marshes of the Black Sea. In habits
this Black-headed Gull does not appear to differ materially from Larus ridibundus,
but its cry is much harsher and deeper-toned than that of the latter bird, from
which it is to be easily distinguished at all seasons by the greater thickness of its
bill and generally more robust form.”

IV. 65 I

BRITISH BIRDS

The two or three eggs are laid in a nest made of sea-weed and grasses, and in
ground-colour are dull white or pale drab, with streaks and blotches of deep
brown.

In winter the head and neck are mostly white, with dark streaks of grey.

THE GREAT BLACK-HEADED GULL.
Larus ichthyaétus, Pallas.
PLATE 73.

An example of this large Gull, the only one recorded in the British Islands, was
shot near the mouth of the Exe, Devonshire, in the end of May or beginning of
June 1859. It breeds on the shores and islands of the Caspian Sea and eastwards
through Central Asia to Turkestan and Tibet, whilst in winter it wanders south-
wards to the Eastern Mediterranean, Asia Minor, India, and Ceylon. Little
appears to be known about its breeding habits. According to Dresser’s Manual
of Palearctic Birds, the eggs are ‘‘dull stone-drab in ground-colour, streaked and
blotched with light and dark umber-brown.”

The sketches for the specimen in the plate were taken from a live bird, at one
time in the Zoological Gardens of London.

In winter the head is white, with dark streaks.

THE COMMON GULL.
Larus canus, Linnzus.

PLATE 72.

The so-called Common Gull is only plentiful in England during the winter
season and in spring, though it has been known to nest on the Farne Islands,
Northumberland : it moves northwards to breed on the shores and fresh-water lochs
of Scotland, and also nests in some localities in Ireland. After the breeding
season, it is generally distributed on the coasts as well as inland throughout the
three kingdoms. :

The Common Gull has a wide range over Northern Europe and Asia, migrating
from the colder parts of its habitat in winter, when its visits extend to the Persian
Gulf, Japan, and China.

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THE COMMON GULL

The nest, composed of pieces of turf, grass, sea-weed, etc., usually contains three
eggs, in ground-colour greenish-brown or yellowish-brown, marked with streaks
and spots of blackish-brown and purplish-grey.

According to Macgillivray, ‘‘When feeding along with Rooks in pasture
ground, they are often found to be less wary than these birds, especially in places
where they are not much liable to be molested. They never, I think, molest any
other bird, nor are they at all addicted to quarrelling among themselves. Their
food consists of small fishes, such as sand-eels and young herrings, which they pick
from the water, first hovering with extended and elevated wings, then descending,
spreading their tail, and letting down their feet, with which I have often seen them
pat the water as if they were running on land. They never plunge so as to be ~
immersed, but merely seize on what comes close to the surface. They also feed
upon stranded fishes of large size, asteriz, mollusca, shrimps, and other small
crustacea. Sometimes also they pick up grain in the fields, and in a state of
domestication may be partly fed on bread.”

In winter the head and neck are streaked with dusky brown.

THE HERRING-GULL.
Larus argentatus, J. F. Gmelin.

PLATE 73.

Abundant on all our coasts and estuaries throughout the year and often seen
inland, this species appears to be more numerous than any other of our larger Gulls.
It breeds in Northern Europe, where it ranges as far east as the White Sea, and
also in Arctic America. In winter it migrates southwards to the Mediterranean,
and in the New World to South America.

The Herring-Gull usually breeds on the steep faces of rocky cliffs or on islands,
and makes its nest of grass and similar material. The three eggs vary very much in
colour and markings, often they are greenish-brown, spotted and blotched with dark
brown and purplish-grey, or the ground-colour may be light bluish-green, reddish,
or yellowish-grey.

This bird is almost omnivorous, it pursues the shoals of fish, from which it
takes its toll, haunts the shores at low-water in search of crabs and other crustaceans,
follows in the wake of vessels in order to obtain scraps of food, or robs other species
of their eggs. In fishing villages it becomes very tame, and may often be seen
perched on chimneys and housetops.

BRITISH BIRDS

Its cry is loud and harsh, and is not unlike a laugh, while, in common with the
other large Gulls, it often emits a succession of yelping notes from its widely-
opened mouth as it stands erect on some rock or sandbank.

A specimen of the Yellow-legged Herring-Gull, Larus cachinnans, Pallas, was
obtained on Breydon Water, Norfolk, in November 1886. This species is common
in the Mediterranean, and chiefly differs from our bird in having the legs and feet
yellow instead of flesh-colour. The habits and nidification of the two species are
alike.

THE LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULL.
Larus fuscus, Linnzus.

PLATE 73.

The Lesser Black-backed Gull is a well-known bird along the shores of the
British Islands, breeding in large colonies in suitable localities from the Shetlands
to the Scilly Islands, though it is not in general so widely distributed in summer
as the species last described. It inhabits Norway, Sweden, and Northern Russia
as far east as the Dwina, and breeds as far south as the Mediterranean; while in
winter it visits the west coast of Africa, the Red Sea, and Persian Gulf.

The majority of the birds found on the Continent of Europe are darker on the
mantle than our Gull, which is considered a subspecies by Dr. Percy R. Lowe (vide
Witherby’s British Birds (vol. vi. pp. 2-7)).

The Lesser Black-backed Gull, in the breeding season, shows a preference for
islands, such as the Farnes, off the coast of Northumberland, or the islets which one
finds in Scotland among the waters of an inland loch, although the birds also breed
in bogs. The nests, which I have seen on the Scilly Islands, were composed of dry
grasses, etc., and were placed in depressions among the lichen-covered rocks.

The eggs, usually three in number, vary in ground-colour from pale greenish-
blue to brown, blotched and spotted with purplish-grey and deep brown. The food
is similar to that of the Herring-Gull, but the present species appears to be even
more destructive to the eggs of game birds and wild fowl than the other. The cries
of the two species are much alike, but practised ears can detect a difference.

In winter the head and neck are marked with dusky streaks, while the young
more or less resemble those of the Herring-Gull.

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THE GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL

THE GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL.
Larus marinus, Linnzus.

PLATE 74.

This fine species, the largest of our British Gulls, is plentiful on certain parts
of our coasts and islands, and may often be seen inland. It breeds in Northern
Europe and Siberia, and, according to Howard Saunders’ Manual, in North-
western France.

In winter it wanders south to the Mediterranean, while in the New World its
summer quarters are in North America, whence it migrates in the cold season to
the southern parts of the Continent.

The Great Black-backed Gull generally chooses for its nesting ground the level
grassy top of a high rocky islet in the sea, or some lower situation surrounded by
the waters of a loch. The nest is composed of dry grasses, sea-weed, etc., and
contains two or three eggs, greenish or greyish-brown in ground-colour, with
markings of dark brown and grey. The food is various, comprising fish, the eggs
and young of other birds, and offal of all kinds, while the bird often joins the
Raven and Hooded Crow when feasting on dead sheep or other carrion on the
moors.

The wide stretch of wing, extending over five feet from tip to tip, enhances
the grand appearance of this Gull in flight, when its loud cackling laugh can be
heard afar. In character it is bold and masterful, but is usually wary and shy in
the presence of human beings. The sketch for the drawing in the plate was
obtained in the Scilly Isles, through the kindness of Mr. Dorrien-Smith. There
the birds are plentiful, haunting not only the inhabited islands, but also the out-
lying desolate rocks, where their only companions are the Cormorants, Shags, and
Great Grey Seals.

THE GEAUCUS GULL.
Larus glaucus, O, Fabricius.
PLATE 74.
This large white-winged Arctic Gull sometimes visits in numbers the shores of

our northern islands and eastern coasts of Great Britain in winter, and often
69

BRITISH BIRDS

wanders at the same time to Ireland. Breeding as near our coasts as Iceland,
where it is found throughout the year, it inhabits thé circumpolar seas, whence a
good many birds migrate, on the approach of the northern ice, to more southerly
regions. It then ranges in Europe as far as the Mediterranean and Black Seas, in
Eastern Asia to Japan, and in America to Florida.

The nests have been found situated at low elevations on sandy shores, where
they were mere depressions with a lining of sea-weed, at other times they are placed
high up on cliffs.

The eggs, usually three in number, are pale greyish-brown, spotted with dark
brown and grey.

Predatory in its habits and of a domineering disposition, this Gull had the name
of ‘‘ Burgomaster” applied to it by the old mariners of the Arctic seas, and, like its
congeners, it utters loud and harsh cries.

The bird in the plate is shown in winter plumage; in summer the head and
neck are pure white. When young, the colour is dull yellowish-white, mottled with
shades of brown blended with grey.

THE ICELAND GULL.
Larus leucopterus, Faber.

PLATE 73.

Closely resembling the Glaucus Gull in colour, but smaller and rela-
tively with much more length of wing, this species may occasionally be seen
off the English coast in winter, but much more frequently in the Shetlands
and on the north-eastern coast of Scotland than in other parts of the British
Islands.

Jan Mayen Island, Greenland, and the Arctic regions of America appear to be
its chief breeding grounds, whence it wanders to more southerly climes for the
winter.

The nest, situated on the ledges of cliffs or on sandy shores, contains
from two to three eggs, in ground-colour greenish-drab, marked with blotches
of brown.

Mr. Harvie-Brown, as quoted in Dressers Birds of Europe, says: ‘When
flying, the action of the Iceland Gull is more airy and buoyant, less Owl-like, than
that of the Glaucus Gull”; and Saxby, in his Birds of the Shetland Isles, p. 336,

THE ICELAND GULL

noted that it could be readily recognized at a distance ‘‘ by its acutely pointed and
somewhat long white wings.”

The bird in the plate shows the dark streaks on the head and neck denoting
winter plumage. In summer these parts are pure white.

THE KITTIWAKE GULL.
Rissa tridactyla (Linneus).
PLATE 74.

The Kittiwake may be seen along the coast at all times of the year, but is more
locally distributed though not less abundant in summer, when it is found breeding
in large numbers on the steep rocky cliffs of our shores and islands.

This circumpolar species nests throughout a great part of the Arctic and sub-
Arctic regions of the Old and New Worlds, and migrates from the colder portions
of its range in winter. The birds breed in colonies, and the nests, rather compactly
built of sea-weed and turf, are placed on ledges, sometimes so narrow that there
seems scarcely room for the bird to turn. The two to three eggs are pale olive or
greenish-white, blotched with dark brown and purplish-grey.

A colony of breeding Kittiwakes, such as that on the precipitous island of
Handa, on the west coast of Sutherland, where the birds are seen dotted along the
face of the cliffs or wheeling in thousands over the sea far below, like drifting snow-
flakes, is a never-to-be-forgotten sight.

Here they can be observed at close quarters from a convenient mass of rock, in
company with Puffins, Razorbills, and Guillemots, whilst little can be heard beyond
the loud clear cry of the Kittiwake, which has given the bird its name.

The food consists chiefly of fish, which the bird, as Mr. R. J. Howard informs
me, not only catches close to the surface of the water, but after which it frequently
dives and pursues for a considerable distance.

The late Lord Lilford found that a captive bird only throve on a diet of worms,
and actually starved when the supply failed.

In this species the hind toe is wanting or rudimentary.

BRITISH BIRDS

THE IVORY GULL.
Pagophila eburnea (Phipps).

PLATE 74.

This beautiful species is a rare visitor, more often seen off our northern shores
than elsewhere in the British Islands, and usually in winter. Inhabiting the icy
seas of the Polar regions, where it is abundant, it wanders southwards as the cold
increases, when some of the birds find their way to Europe and North America.

The nest, composed of sea-weed, lichen, splinters of drift-wood, and feathers, is
placed high up on steep cliffs or on the ground, and contains one or sometimes two
eggs, in ground-colour pale greenish-brown, spotted and blotched with dark brown.

These birds not only eat crustaceans and other marine creatures, but eagerly
feed on the flesh of dead whales when they get the opportunity.

The drawing of this species in the plate was taken from a sketch of a living
specimen in the Zoological Gardens of London.

The plumage of the young bird is spotted with black until it attains maturity.

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2 dee

Famity STERCORARIDZ.

THE. GREAT. SKUA.
Megalestris catarractes (Linnzus).

PLATE 75.

This predatory species, the largest of our ‘“ Robber” Gulls, which in Britain
until a few years ago only bred on the Islands of Unst and Foula, has now
extended its range in the Shetlands, and owing to careful protection appears to
be increasing in numbers. During the winter it wanders far from land, but is
occasionally seen off various parts of our coasts.

The breeding stations of the Great Skua in other parts of the world seem to be
restricted to Iceland, the Fzeroes, and, according to Howard Saunders’ Manual of
British Birds, ‘to some islands to the north of Hudson Strait,” though its migra-
tions extend to the Mediterranean and also to American waters.

Known in the Shetlands as the ‘“ Bonxie,” this species breeds high up on the
moors among heather, where a slight hollow on the mossy ground, scantily lined
with bents, etc., serves as a nest. This contains two eggs, in colour a pale greenish-
brown, marked with deeper brown.

Like other members of this family, the Great Skua obtains a large proportion
of its food by chasing the weaker and smaller Gulls and compelling them to
disgorge their rightful prey, which is deftly caught by the marauder before reaching
the water. This Skua also kills and devours other birds, while food, such as fish
stranded on the shore, is not unwelcome.

When their eggs or young are in danger, the parent birds do not hesitate to
attack human beings, and a pair have been seen, according to Macgillivray, to beat
off an Eagle from their territory.

Their cry is loud and sharp, but sometimes rather plaintive.

EV. 73 K

BRITISH BIRDS

THE POMATORHINE SKUA.
Stercorarius pomatorhinus (Temminck).

PLATE 75.

The Pomatorhine, or Twist-tailed Skua, visits our shores more or less regularly
in autumn, sometimes in large flocks, and appears more often off the eastern coasts
than in other parts of Great Britain. In summer it inhabits the Arctic regions of
Asia and America, and moves southwards in winter, roving at that time as far as
the Mediterranean, South Africa, Australia, and South America.

The two eggs, greenish-brown in ground-colour, and blotched with blackish-
brown, are laid in a slight hollow in the mossy ground.

This species, like the Arctic or Richardson’s Skua, is dimorphic, exhibiting in
both sexes a darker and lighter phase of plumage, as shown in the plate.

It lives by plundering its neighbours, and often hunts down and kills smaller or
wounded birds, and also mammals, especially the lemming.

RICHARDSON’S SKUA.
Stercorarius crepidatus (J. F. Gmelin).

PLATE 75.

This bird, also known as the Arctic Skua, is the most abundant of its kind in
the British Islands, breeding not only in the Shetlands, Orkneys, and the Hebrides,
but on the mainland of Scotland as well. In autumn, during migration, it is
dispersed along our coasts, chiefly on the eastern shores of England and Scotland,
and on the western side of the latter country.

The nest is situated among grass and heather in wet moorland places, and
contains two eggs, in ground-colour a dull olive, blotched with brown.

The birds fiercely attack any intruder on their domain, and, being predatory in
their habits, like the other Skuas, they chiefly live by robbing weaker Gulls.

There are two forms of this species, one with the throat and under-parts light,

and the other entirely dark, as shown in the picture. Birds are found breeding
indiscriminately in both these phases of plumage.

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(

THE LONG-TAILED OR BUFFON’S SKUA

THE LONG-TAILED OR BUFFON’S SKUA.
Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnzus).

PLATE 75.

This slender and elegant species, which is the true Arctic Skua, is a rather rare
visitor to the coasts of the British Islands, and is chiefly seen in autumn. It
breeds in the high northern latitudes of Europe, Asia, and America, while in
winter it seeks more southerly regions.

The nest is a mere depression among the moss and lichen of the tundra, and_
contains two eggs, which, according to Dresser’s Manual of Palearctic Birds, are
similar in appearance to those of the Arctic Skua, but as a rule greener in tone and
subject to considerable variation. The Long-tailed Skua takes after the other
Skuas in its marauding habits, and preys largely on lemmings.

Order ALC.

Famity ALCIDZ.

SusraMiLty ALC/JNAZ,

THE RAZORBILL.
Alca torda, Linnzus.

PLATE 76.

Common throughout the year in British waters, the Razorbill comes inshore in
spring, and breeds in vast numbers on precipitous sea-cliffs on the mainland and
islands. It breeds in suitable localities in the North Atlantic Ocean, in Europe, as
well as in America, and wanders southwards in winter.

The single egg is laid sometimes on an open ledge of rock, or more often in
some sheltered cranny or recess, and in colour and markings it varies less than that
of the Guillemot, while it is less pyriform in shape. The usual ground-colours are
a pale brownish-buff or dull white, rarely showing any greenish tint, with blotches
and various streaks and dashes of umber-brown and black.

Under the guidance of the parent birds, the young somehow manage to reach
the water before they can fly, and soon learn to obtain their own food, which
consists of fish and crustaceans secured by diving.

The Razorbill occasionally utters a low croaking note, but is otherwise a silent
bird. Its flattened knife-like bill and pointed tail suffice to distinguish it from the
Guillemot.

THE GREAT AUK. :
Alca impennis, Linnzus.
PLATE 76.
A most interesting and concise history of this ‘‘much-lamented” bird, exter-
minated over seventy years ago, has been given by the late Professor Newton in

his Dictionary of Birds under its old name of Gare-fowl, from which it appears
76

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THE GREAT AUK

that, contrary to a common misapprehension, the Great Auk, with perhaps one
doubtful exception, never inhabited the seas within the Arctic Circle, but was found
south of that line in the North Atlantic. Though occurring in the Orkneys and
St. Kilda, it appears chiefly to have frequented Iceland, the Fzeroes, South-eastern
Greenland, Newfoundland—where it was abundant—and the Labrador coast, and
its destruction was ruthlessly carried out, partly in the first instance by fishermen
for food and bait, and as the bird became scarcer its extermination was completed
to furnish specimens and eggs for collectors and museums. Another circumstance
which hastened the end appears to have been the destruction of one of its principal
breeding stations off the coast of Iceland by a volcanic eruption. Unfortunately for
the bird, it fell an easy prey to its enemies when it arrived at the low-lying rocks
which served as nesting places, as, owing to its very diminutive wings, it was quite
unable to fly.

An example taken in the Orkneys about 1813 is now in the British Museum,
and two are said to have been secured at St. Kilda about 1821 and 1840, whilst a
pair, the last of their race, were obtained as late as 1844 on some skerries off the
coast of Iceland.

The single egg was apparently laid on the rocks, and the colour of those left to
us is usually buffish-white, blotched with dark brown and grey.

According to Howard Saunders’ Manual of British Birds (2nd ed.), about
seventy-two eggs and seventy-nine specimens of the bird appear to exist.

Its food and habits in general seem to have resembled those of the Razorbill.

THE COMMON GUILLEMOT.
Uria trotle (Linnzus).
PLaTE 76.

This is a common bird on and off the shores of Britain throughout the greater
part of the year, coming like the Razorbill, but in greater multitudes, to breed on
the cliffs and precipices of our sea-coast and islands.

The Guillemot has a wide range on both sides of the Atlantic, whilst it also
inhabits the Pacific Ocean, and migrates southward in winter.

The female lays her single egg on the crowded and narrow ledges of high
precipitous cliffs, sometimes in such precarious situations that a sudden movement
of the bird or unexpected gust of wind sends it into space, notwithstanding its
pear-like shape, which no doubt helps to keep the eggs from straying.

BRITISH BIRDS

The variety of colour, shape, and size of the eggs is wonderful. In ground-
colour they range from white to bluish-green or blue, showing many variations of
tint, with scribbled lines and blotches of brown and black. Some are of a deep
chocolate red, but these are rare, and command a correspondingly high price at
Bempton. It has been noticed that each female always produces the same type of
colour and markings in her eggs. After the breeding season the Guillemots go out
to sea, and, considering their vast numbers, it is difficult to say why comparatively
so few are seen during winter. The food, consisting chiefly of fish, is obtained by
diving.

A variety of this species, known as the Bridled or Ringed Guillemot, which only
differs in having a distinct circle of white around the eye, continued in a straight
line backwards, is shown behind the principal figure on the plate. In winter the
throat becomes more or less white.

BRUNNICH’S GUILLEMOT.
Uria bruennichi, E. Sabine.

PLATE 76.

This species is the Arctic representative of the Common Guillemot, and is a rare
straggler in winter to our eastern coasts.

It is a larger bird, with a thicker bill, marked with a pale line on the edge of the
upper mandible, whilst in summer plumage the head and upper parts are blacker
than in those of the Common Guillemot. The figure in the plate is in winter dress.

THE BLACK GUILLEMOT.
Uria grylle (Linnzus).
PLATE 76.

This species, known also as the ‘Tystie,” has a more northern range in our
islands than the Common Guillemot, and does not now breed on the English
mainland, though in summer a few frequent the Isle of Man for this purpose. It
nests in some numbers in the Orkneys and Shetlands, the Hebrides, on the rocky

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THE BLACK GUILLEMOT

shores of northern and western Scotland, and also in Ireland, and in winter is
chiefly found in the waters around the Scottish and Irish coasts.

It inhabits the coasts of Northern Europe and other localities westwards to the
north-eastern side of America.

The Black Guillemot differs in habits from the common species, laying two eggs
instead of one, and these are placed in crevices among the rocks or under slabs of
stone.

In ground colour they are more or less white, with a tinge of pale blue or green,
blotched and spotted with dark brown and shades of purplish-grey.

Macgillivray says: “‘ Their food consists-of small fishes and crustacea, in search
of which they frequent less the sounds and bays than the open sea. On all the
coasts of Scotland, the fry of the Coal-fish is a very common article of food with
them, as with many other sea-birds. About most of their breeding-places, I have
not observed them to proceed daily to a great distance; but on leaving the rocks
with their young they disperse over the ocean, entirely deserting their breeding-
places until the next spring. Yet they do not migrate far southward with us, most
of them remaining all winter in the north.

This species sits lightly on the water, on which it paddles about in a lively
manner. It dives with rapidity, like a shot as it were, opening its wings a little,
and under water actually flies, as I have often seen.”

The remarkable difference between the summer and winter plumage is shown
on the plate.

THE LITTLE AUK.
Mergulus alle (Linnzus).
PLATE 76.

The Little Auk, whose summer home is among the rocks and islands of the
Arctic Ocean, as a rule only visits our coasts in winter, where it occasionally
appears in large numbers, especially after stormy weather, and at such times is
often found far inland.

As an instance of the destruction of bird life by weather conditions, I once
counted no less than ninety remains of various species, including three of the Little
Auk, during a short afternoon’s walk along the shores of the Moray Firth.

This bird is more frequently seen on our northern coast-line than further south
in Great Britain. At their breeding stations on Spitsbergen, Novaya Zemlya,

BRITISH BIRDS

and other lands, they congregate in multitudes, nesting within the dark roe”
under loose rocks and stones, where they are safe from the depredations of foxes ;
they are also said to breed on very high cliffs. Only one egg is laid, which, —
in ground-colour, is pale greenish-blue, sometimes dotted and streaked with |
pale red. |

Birds in full summer plumage~are seldom seen in the British Islands ; the
one represented in the plate was drawn from a specimen kindly lent to me by —
Lt.-Commander Millais obtained in June 1881 in Monefeith Bay, Forfar.

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SuspraMILY FRATERCULIN~.

THEO PUPEIN.
Fratercula arctica (Linnzus).

PLaTE 76.

This oceanic bird spends the greater part of its life at sea, and only comes
ashore to breed. Vast numbers arrive about the end of March or a little later, and
depart in the latter half of August.

Its breeding stations are numerous on the mainland and islands of Scotland,
while on the eastern side of England colonies are found on the Farne Islands and
Flamborough Head; farther south a few birds nest on the Isle of Wight and in
some localities on the south-western coast, becoming numerous again on the Isles
of Scilly, Lundy Island, and in Wales. It is also common in Ireland, and inhabits
the North Atlantic, ranging from the coasts of Europe to those of Greenland and
Labrador.

Steep grassy slopes overhanging the sea or low turf-covered islands are chosen
as nurseries, where the birds dig out tunnels by means of their bills, or occupy
Narrow openings in the rocks or under stones, and sometimes rabbit-holes are
chosen.

The single egg when first laid is dull white, faintly spotted with pale brown and
grey, later becoming more or less soiled and darkened.

The young, clothed at first in soft fluffy down, used to be much esteemed as
food, and the name Puffin, according to Professor Newton (Déctionary of Birds,
Pp. 751), was no doubt applied to these owing to their downy covering. He also
states that, ‘‘In 1345, according to a document from which an extract is given in
Heath’s /slands of Scilly (p. 190), these islands were held of the Crown at a
yearly rent of 300 Puffins, or 6s. 8d., being one-sixth of their estimated annual
value.”

The nestlings are assiduously attended to by the parent birds, who may be seen
flying constantly to and fro carrying a supply of small fishes held across the
mandibles.

The curiously shaped and vividly coloured bill of this species resembles the fore
iron of a plough, hence its name of Coulterneb. After the breeding season the bill

Iv. 81 ie

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7 ; T
y

BRITISH BIRDS

is much reduced in size, owing to the shedding of the sheath on the frontal
and at the same time the blue appendages above and below the eye are also shed.

On the ground the Puffin stands as shown in the plate, differing from the Razor- _
bill and Guillemot in this respect, while, unlike the other members of this group, it —
has the claws on the inner toes placed horizontally for some purpose, so far —
unexplained, but possibly to enable the bird to arrange or disengage the rows of |
small fishes carried in the bill to feed the young. | ‘

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Order PYGOPODES.

Famity COLYMBIDZ.

THE GREAT NORTHERN DIVER.
Colymbus glacials, Linneus.

PLATE 77.

This large Diver is a winter visitor to the waters of the British coast, and has
never been known to nest in our islands, though mated pairs in full breeding
plumage are sometimes observed in summer.

It breeds in Iceland, Greenland, and in the colder parts of North America,
whence it migrates southwards in winter.

The nest, composed of aquatic plants, is always placed either on the shores or
on some small island on fresh-water lakes, so that on the least suspicion of danger
the bird can slide stealthily into the water.

The two eggs, varying in ground-colour from greenish to reddish-brown, are
spotted with black.

The food consists of fish and crustaceans, often obtained at a great depth, as the
bird, like all the members of this family, is a splendid diver, and can remain under
water for a considerable time. It has, in common with the other Divers, a habit of
sinking its body when swimming, so much so that sometimes little more than its
head and neck are visible.

During the breeding season it utters a strange melancholy cry, while at other
times it has been heard to emit a low croaking sound, according to Macgillivray.

THE WHITE-BILLED NORTHERN DIVER.
Colymbus adamsi, G. R. Gray.
PLATE 77.
This species differs from the Great Northern Diver in having a heavier and

more angular bill of a yellowish ivory colour, while another means of distinguishing
83

BRITISH BIRDS :

them has been pointed out by Howard Saunders (Manual of British Birds, 2nd ed.
p. 711), viz. that in the present species the upper part of the head and neck have a
greenish sheen, changing to purple below, whereas in the others these colours are
reversed. The streaks of white on the neck are also fewer in number and broader
in the white-billed species.

Some five occurrences have been noted on the coast of England, and one in
Argyllshire, Scotland. It breeds in Novaya Zemlya and Northern Asia, and ranges
eastwards to the Arctic regions of the New World.

In habits the two species appear to be alike, and in their winter plumage closely
resemble each other.

THE BLACK-THROATED DIVER.
Colyméus arcticus, Linnzus.

PLATE 77.

Though breeding regularly in the more northern parts of Scotland, this beautiful
bird is not nearly so common off our shores in winter as the Great Northern Diver.

It inhabits the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and America, and in winter
migrates to warmer waters, where in Europe it is found as far south as the Medi-
terranean and the seas of Southern Russia, in Asia ranging to Japan, and in
America to the Eastern United States.

In Scotland it usually breeds on some island in a loch, sometimes a large sheet
of fresh water, such as Loch Maree, where I have seen the nest, at other times it
may be a comparatively small lake.

The two eggs, greenish or reddish-brown in ground-colour, spotted with black
or brown, are laid in a slight hollow in a bed of herbage collected by the bird.

Like the other members of this genus, the Black-throated Diver makes its nest
just at the water’s edge, so that the bird when alarmed can quickly reach a place of
safety by sliding to the water. ,

When watching the only nest of this species I have seen, which contained a
broken egg, apparently damaged by Gulls, one of the parent birds could be observed
quietly swimming around, and occasionally dipping its bill in the water.

During the breeding season the cry is loud and harsh.

The male and female are alike in colour, and in winter have the upper parts dark
greyish-brown, with the chin, throat, and under parts white.

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THE RED-THROATED DIVER

THE RED-THROATED DIVER.
Colymbus septentrionais, Linneus.

PLATE 77.

The Red-throated Diver is plentiful off the coasts of the British Islands
throughout the autumn and winter, and in summer breeds in many localities on the
northern mainland of Scotland, as well as in the Orkneys, Shetlands, and Outer
Hebrides, while a few birds are said to nest in Ireland. It inhabits Iceland, Spits-
bergen, Greenland, and the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and America, and visits
more southern regions in winter.

Macgillivray, in his History of British Birds, pp. 304-305, describing the
habits of this species, says: “In alighting it comes down nearly erect, ploughing
up the water for a short way. Its activity in its proper element is astonishing ; it
swims with extreme speed, keeping deep in the water, and sometimes only allowing
its head and neck to emerge. In diving it slips as it were out of sight without
noise or flutter, and under water pursues its way with great speed, using its wings
as well as its feet. Its food consists of small fishes, especially sprats, young
herrings, and codfish, as well as crustacea, and I have usually found numerous
pebbles and bits of gravel in its stomach. ... The nest is placed on an island, or
tuft, or among the herbage near the margin, or even on the stony beach, of a lake or
pool, and is composed of grass, sedge, and heath, or other easily-procured plants,
generally in small quantity, and neatly put together. The eggs, in so far as I am
aware, are always two; but it is stated by some that three as frequently occur... .
They are of a deep or pale olive-brown, or dull greenish-brown, or pale brownish-
green colour, spotted and dotted with umber, more densely at the larger end.”

In the nesting season, this species, like the other Divers, utters loud and harsh
cries.

Famity PODICIPEDIDZ.

THE GREAT CRESTED GREBE.
Podicypes cristatus (Linnzus).

PLaTE 78.

This beautiful species, the largest of our Grebes, is now not uncommon on many
of the large reedy lakes and ponds in the British Islands, and appears to be increas-
ing in numbers and extending its breeding range in various directions. According
to the B.O.U. List of British Birds (2nd ed. 1915), it nested as far north as Moray-
shire in 1913. In winter it is often found on the coast and estuaries.

It is resident in Central and Southern Europe, and also inhabits Africa, Asia,
Australia, and New Zealand.

The nest of the Great Crested Grebe is a wet and more or less floating mass of
sedges and other water plants on the outskirts of beds of reed or bulrush, and on
this platform the four or five eggs are laid, which at first have a ground-colour of
chalky white, with an underlying tinge of green, but afterwards become stained to
a yellowish-brown or buff. On leaving the nest, the parent bird generally covers
the eggs with any loose material close at hand.

The food consists of various water insects, fish, reptiles, etc., and, according to
Macgillivray, “along with remains of these are usually found in its stomach
numerous large curved feathers, which it probably picks up as they float on the
water, and which are, no doubt, intended to facilitate digestion.” If pursued on the
water, the bird generally attempts to escape by swimming and diving, although it
can fly swiftly and at some height.

In the breeding season it utters a rather harsh cry. The female is smaller, and
has the occipital tufts and ruff less pronounced than those of the male, while in
winter both sexes lose these nuptial decorations.

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THE RED-NECKED GREBE

THE RED-NECKED GREBE.
Podicipes griseigena (Boddaert).

PLaTE 78.

Though never known to have nested in the British Islands, the Red-necked
Grebe visits our coasts in winter, chiefly those of the eastern side of Great Britain,
where it occasionally occurs in some numbers.

It inhabits various parts of Europe, breeding as far north as Scandinavia and
Northern Russia, thence southwards to the Mediterranean countries and the shores
of the Black and Caspian Seas. In Asia it is found in Turkestan and Siberia,
while in North-eastern Asia and in America it is replaced by a larger race.

The Red-necked Grebe builds a floating nest, composed of the dead stems and
the leaves of water-plants, and lays three to four eggs, resembling those of the
Great Crested Grebe but smaller, and in its habits the present species is very like
its larger congener.

THE SLAVONIAN OR HORNED GREBE.
Podicipes auritus (Linnzus).

PLaTE 78.

This Grebe is chiefly known as a winter visitant, when it occurs not only on the
sea-coast but also on waters lying inland, and has lately been discovered breeding
on lochs in Northern Scotland.

It inhabits the circumpolar regions of the Northern Hemisphere, and in winter
migrates southwards to warmer regions in Europe, Asia, and America.

The floating nest of this species, which, like those of its congeners, is made of
water-plants, contains from two to four and occasionally five eggs, in ground-colour
white, faintly tinged with blue, which, when time permits, are concealed from notice
by the parent bird when compelled to leave her treasures.

Proctor, who found this species breeding in Iceland, observed that the mother
endeavoured to convey her young to safety by diving under water while she held
them under her wings.

In food and habits this species does not differ from the other Grebes.

BRITISH BIRDS

THE BLACK-NECKED OR EARED GREBE.
Podicipes nigricollas, C. L. Brehm,
PLaTE 78.

The Black-necked Grebe, apart from its size and colour, differs from the other
species in the shape of its bill, which has a slight upward curve. Though usually
only known as a winter visitant, this Grebe now breeds annually in Wales, and no
doubt has done so in other parts of Great Britain.

It inhabits the countries of Central and Southern Europe, as well as North
Africa, and, according to Dresser, has bred as far north as Denmark, while east-
wards it ranges across Asia to Japan and China, and in winter migrates southwards
to Cape Colony and India.

It breeds on fresh-water lakes, and lays four or five eggs, which do not differ
from those of the Slavonian Grebe.

In winter the golden ear-tufts are absent, and the chin and throat become white.

THE LITTLE GREBE-.
Podicipes fiuviatilis (Tunstall).
PiaTE 78.

The Little Grebe or Dabchick is a more or less common species on many of our
still-flowing rivers, ponds, and other waters throughout the year, but appears to be
less plentiful in the north of Scotland and its islands than in other parts of Britain,
whilst in winter it often visits the tidal waters on the coast. It is widely distributed
over Europe from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean countries, and through Central
Asia as far as Japan.

The nest, consisting of a mass of water-weeds, contains from three to six eggs,
which when newly laid are nearly white, and afterwards become stained to a dull
buff or brown from contact with the wet material placed over them by the bird
whenever she has occasion to leave the nest.

The tiny nestlings are sometimes removed from danger by the mother, who
takes them under her wings.

The food consists of water-insects, tadpoles, and small fishes, obtained by
diving, and when engaged in feeding the bird goes under very suddenly without
any disturbance of the water, and reappears on the surface quite as unexpectedly.

The usual cry is a single rather plaintive note.

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Order TUBINARES.

Famity PROCELLARIIDZ.

THE STORM-PETREL.
Procellaria pelagica, Linnzus.

PLATE 79.

The Storm-Petrel, our smallest web-footed bird, breeds on many of the Scottish
islands, including the Orkneys and Shetlands, the Hebrides, and various rocky
islets on the western coast, while southwards it is found in similar situations off
the coast of Wales, the Isles of Scilly, and also in Ireland.

In Europe it breeds from as far north as the Lofoten Islands in Norway, south
to the Mediterranean, and, after nesting, spends the time at sea, when it roves as
far as Cape Colony in Africa and westward to America.

The one egg, which is white, dotted with reddish spots, is laid in a hole in a
cliff, at the end of a tunnel on some grassy slope, or under stones, where occasion-
ally a scanty nest is formed of bents and bits of earth.

The Petrels seek their food upon the waters, skimming just above the waves,
usually following their curves, while skilfully avoiding the breakers, and often
touching the surface with their feet outspread. This habit has presented to the
minds of sailors the experience of the Apostle Peter, and hence the name of
Petrel.

Known also as Mother Carey’s Chickens, they frequently accompany ships on
their voyage across the ocean, following in their wake for many miles, no doubt
attracted by the various oily substances and other animal matter which may be
thrown overboard. They also eat small crustaceans and fishes. The presence of
these little birds as they glide around a vessel is supposed by seamen to foretell the
approach of stormy weather.

Macgillivray, describing them as seen in the waters around the Hebrides, says:
“In the open ocean, they are met with by day as well as by night; but when
breeding, they are seen in the neighbourhood of their haunts, that is, to the distance
of twenty or more miles around, chiefly in the dusk and dawn, and during the day
IV. 89 M

BRITISH BIRDS

remain concealed in their holes. Stormy weather does not prevent their coming
abroad, nor are they less active during calms.” In the breeding season, when
underground, they utter, according to Hewitson (Eggs of British Birds), “a sort of
warbling chatter.”

As in all the Petrels, the male and female are alike in colour.

LEACH’S FORK-TAILED PETREL.
Oceanodroma leucorrhoa (Vieillot).

PLATE 79.

This species, first discovered by Bullock in 1818 on St. Kilda, is now known to
breed on that island as well as in the Flannen Isles and the Outer Hebrides, also
on islands off the Irish coast.

In autumn it often approaches the shores of England, and seems even more
liable to be driven inland by storms than the Storm-Petrel. It inhabits the
northern portions of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, breeding as far north as
Greenland and Alaska, and wandering south in winter.

Like that species, it follows in the wake of vessels, when it may be distinguished
from the other by its forked tail, larger size, and rather lighter colour. It breeds in
colonies, and its single egg, which is deposited within a burrow, is pure white in
ground-colour, marked with a zone of tiny spots of reddish-brown. Like other
members of the family, Leach’s Petrel is more or less nocturnal in its habits,
becoming active as darkness comes on, when it flits to and fro, incessantly uttering
its sharp querulous notes. The food is similar to that of the Storm-Petrel, consist-
ing of floating molluscs, crustaceans, and oily substances on the sea.

MADEIRAN FORK-TAILED PETREL.
Oceanodroma castro (Harcourt).

PLATE 79.

This species, a rare bird in the British Islands, has been thrice recorded, the
first at Littlestone, Kent, in December 1895, the second at Hythe, in the same
county, in November 1906, and the last at Milford, Hampshire, November 1911.

MADEIRAN FORK-TAILED PETREL

Formerly known as Ridgway’s, and now often called Harcourt’s Petrel, it nests
on the rocky islets of Madeira, the Salvages, Azores, and Cape Verde Islands in the
Atlantic, while its breeding range extends as far as the Sandwich and Galapogos
Islands in the Pacific Ocean. Like other Petrels, it breeds underground in burrows,
and lays a single egg, which is, according to Mr. Ogilvie-Grant (/dzs, 1896, p. 54),
“white, with an indistinct zone of light red and faint purplish underlying dots
round the larger end.” In habits this bird does not appear to differ from the other
Petrels.

WILSON’S PETREL.
Oceanites oceantcus (Kuhl).

PLATE 79.

Wilson’s Petrel is a rare visitor to the British Islands, though it was seen in
some numbers near Land’s End in May 1838, and about a dozen birds have since
been obtained.

It breeds on Kerguelen and in other localities far southwards in the Antarctic
regions, and wanders northwards in the cold season, when it ranges far and wide
over the Atlantic, Indian, and South Pacific Oceans, visiting the Azores, Canaries,
the coasts of France and Spain, and also Labrador.

The one egg, which in ground-colour is white, zoned with small reddish spots,
is laid in chinks and crannies under stones or among broken rocks, and was first
made known to naturalists by the Rev. A. E. Eaton, who found colonies of this
“species breeding on Kerguelen.

The food and habits of this long-legged Petrel appear to be very like those of
its allies. :

THE: FRIGATE-PETREL.
Pelagodroma marina (Latham).
PLATE 79.

This rare species has only been taken twice in the British Islands, first on
Walney Island, Lancashire, in November 1890, and again on the island of
Colonsay, Inner Hebrides, in January 1897.

BRITISH BIRDS

It breeds on various islands in the Southern Pacific, and in the Atlantic ¢
as near our coast as the Salvages, north of the Canaries, where Mr. Ogilvie-
found the birds nesting abundantly in April 1895. The one egg, in ground. CO
white, minutely spotted and zoned with purplish and reddish dots, is laid i
burrow, and from this retreat the bird, being nocturnal in its habits, sallies f
at dark.

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Famity PUFFINIDZ.

THE GREAT SHEARWATER.
Puffinus gravis, O'Reilly.
PLATE 79.

The Great Shearwater visits the British Islands more or less regularly in
autumn, when it is sometimes abundant off the southern and western coasts.-
According to the B.O.U. List of British Birds, 2nd ed. p. 287, ‘‘ The only known
breeding station of the Greater Shearwater is Tristan da Cunha, but it probably
nests on other islands of the Southern Atlantic. It ranges over the Atlantic Ocean,
from Southern Greenland, Iceland, and the Faeroes southwards to the Falkland
| Islands and the Cape of Good Hope.” The late H. E. Dresser states (Eggs of the
i" Birds of Europe) that the egg of this species is unknown.
| The food consists of small cuttle-fish, etc., and oily animal substances obtained

| in the sea, over whose waves the Shearwater glides in long undulating curves, and

. from this peculiar style of flight the bird and its relations have taken their name.

| The Mediterranean Great Shearwater, Puffinus Kuhii (Boie), a larger bird than
ours, with a yellow bill and lighter in the colour of the upper plumage, and inhabit-
ing the Mediterranean and Atlantic, has occurred once in the British Islands, viz.
at Pevensey, Sussex, in December 1906.

The Mediterranean species breeds in crannies and in holes in cliffs, and is said

to lay one white egg.

- THE SOOTY SHEARWATER.
} Puffinus griseus (J. F. Gmelin).
r PLATE 79.

This species is occasionally seen off our coasts in autumn.
a During the breeding season it inhabits the Southern Hemisphere, afterwards
migrating northwards, when it roams as far as North America and the shores of
3 Europe. It nests in burrows, lays a single white egg, and in its habits does not
appear to differ from its near relatives.
93

BRITISH BIRDS

THE LITTLE DUSKY SHEARWATER.
Puffinus assimilis, Gould.
PLATE 79.

Breeding on the Madeiras, Canaries, Cape Verde, and other islands in the North
Atlantic, and also inhabiting the seas of Australia and New Zealand, this small
species has occurred some half-a-dozen times on our coasts.

It nests in holes and in cavities between or under rocks, and lays a single white
egg. Like its allies, it is nocturnal in its habits, and constantly flits around its
breeding stations during the darkness, uttering weird cries.

THE MANX SHEARWATER.
Puffinus anglorum (Temminck).

PLATE 8o.

This is a common species in British waters, breeding on various islands off the
western coasts of Great Britain and Ireland, as well as in the Orkneys, Shetlands,
and Isles of Scilly, and chiefly inhabits the North Sea and the North Atlantic
Ocean.

Through the kindness of Mr. Dorrien-Smith, I was able to visit a notable breed-
ing station of this Shearwater on the island of Annet, in the Scilly group, where
the turf and sandy soil on the upper and flatter part of the ground were honey-
combed with their burrows, so much so that it was difficult to avoid treading on
these underground dwellings. If caught in these places the birds seem to be quite
dazzled with the light, and flutter along the ground unable to fly, though in the
daytime when at sea they are active and wide awake. On leaving the island we
encountered a large flock resting on the water, which presented a charming picture
as each bird rose, and, rippling the surface with its feet, skirnmed for some distance
just above the sea. When fairly on the wing they fly with great speed, and follow
each other as they sweep onwards in undulating curves.

The Manx Shearwater lays one white egg in a slight nest of withered grass
within a burrow, and in the breeding season the birds are very noisy and restless
during the night.

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THE MANX SHEARWATER

The food is chiefly fish, cuttle-fish, and other animal matter.

The Levantine Shearwater, Puffinus yelkouanus, which takes the place of the
Manx Shearwater in the Mediterranean, where it is known to the inhabitants as
Ame damneée, is occasionally seen off the coasts of the British Islands. It scarcely
differs from our bird, being only somewhat larger and browner.

THE CAPPED PETREL.
strelata hesitata (Kuhl).

PLATE 80.

An example of this very rare, if not extinct, species was captured alive near
Swaffham, Norfolk, in March or April 1850.

Formerly it inhabited the Lesser Antilles in some numbers, its last known
breeding-place having been the island of Dominica, where the birds nested in holes
in the ground at some considerable elevation. The egg is apparently unknown.

THE COLLARED PETREL.
Estrelata brevipes (Peale).

PuaTE 80.

About the end of November or beginning of December 1889 a specimen of this
Petrel, the only one recorded in the British Islands, was obtained between Borth
and Aberystwith in Wales. It breeds in the New Hebrides and Figi Islands in
the Western Pacific Ocean, and appears to occur southwards as far as the limits of
the Antarctic ice.

The Collared Petrel was found nesting in burrows high up on the moun-
tains on an island of the New Hebrides by John Macgillivray, but no eggs
were obtained.

BRITISH BIRDS

SCHLEGEL’S PETREL.
strelata neglecta (Schlegel).

PLATE 80.

An example of Schlegel’s or the Kermadec Petrel was discovered lying dead,
after stormy weather, near Taporley, Cheshire, in April 1908 (see Witherby’s
British Birds, vol. ii. p. 14). It breeds on islands in the South Pacific Ocean.

Mr. F. DuCane Godman, in his Monograph of the Petrels, referring to this
species, says: ‘‘This Fulmar is remarkable for its variable colour, some examples
being for the most part white, while others are entirely grey. These two phases of
plumage are so much unlike each other that the birds might very well be taken for
different species.”

BULWER’S PETREL.
Bulweria bulweri (Jardine and Selby).
PLATE 8o.
Bulwer's Petrel has occurred on five occasions in Great Britain, most of these

birds being dead when found, the first in Yorkshire in May 1837, and four bec 5 ¥
in Sussex between 1903 and 1907. er

This species breeds on the Desertas, Madeira, and also inhabits islands in the © “S

Northern Pacific Ocean. According to Mr. F. DuCane Godman’s Monograph of
the Petrels, ‘The nest is usually concealed under boulders or in holes in the rocks,

where a few old bones or feathers of a Tern frequently supply the place of sticks or “ é
grass for the nest. Here the single white egg is laid, though Mr. Fisher relates eS

that on one occasion on Neckar Island two eggs were found in the same hole, ©
possibly belonging to different birds.” a

‘These birds are purely nocturnal in habits, and although very rarely foundin __
flocks like Shearwaters, remain almost constantly at sea, except during the breeding __
season.” ;

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THE FULMAR

THE FULMAR.
Fulmarus glac~alts (Linneus).

PLATE 8o.

Inhabiting the North Atlantic Ocean, the Fulmar, which has recently extended
its breeding range in the British Islands, nests on a good many of the islands of
Northern and North-western Scotland, including the Orkneys, Shetlands, St. Kilda,
Outer Hebrides, and others, as well as on the mainland.

The female lays one pure white egg, presenting a chalky surface, and having a
decided odour of musk, on some ledge of rock or in a depression among the short -
turf on the slopes of a cliff. On being handled or disturbed on their nests, the
birds eject from their mouths a clear yellowish coloured oil, apparently as a means
of defence. Howard Saunders (4 Manual of British Birds, 2nd ed. p. 752)
describes the note as a “low croon.” After the breeding season the birds disperse,
and are then found roaming far and wide at sea, and often approach fishing boats
_ and whalers, when they feed chiefly on oily matter or offal floating on the surface
of the water. /
Variations of colour occur in this species; occasionally pure white birds are
seen, while an entirely slaty-grey form is not uncommon. Like most, if not all, of
the other Petrels, the Fulmar appears to be unable to stand on its feet, and rests
when on the ground in a crouching attitude.

IV. 97 N

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Famity DIOMEDEID&2.

THE BLACK-BROWED ALBATROSS.
Diomedia melanophrys, Boie.

PLATE 80.

A specimen of this Albatross, driven inland and exhausted, was obtained 1 a
Linton, Cambridgeshire, in July 1897. It breeds on the Chatham, Campbe
Islands, and others, in the Southern Hemisphere, and during its wander ig
occasionally appears in the North Atlantic, one having been shot in the Fa
1893, where for thirty or forty years it had consorted with the Gannets.

The female usually lays one yellowish-white egg, which is speckled 1
reddish-brown,

END OF VOL. IV.

98 Bees

Kay ——

PA een SR Oe iw rE ee a Ore OMe :

Acanthyllis caudacuta, ii. 16.
Accentor, Alpine, i. 59.
Accentor collaris, i. 59.

— modularis, i. 58, 59-
Accipiter nisus, ii. 55.
Acredula caudata, i. 64.
Acrocephalus aquaticus, i. 50.
— dumetorum, i. 47.

— palustris, i. 47.

— phragmitis, i. 49, 50, 58.
— streperus, i. 46, 47, 54, 58.
— turdoides, i. 48.

Aédon galactodes, 1. 42.

Ai gialitis asiatica, iv. 10.

— cantiana, iv. 13.

— curonica, iv. II, 12.

— hiaticola, iv. 11, 13, 14.
— vocifera, iv. 14.

Alauda arborea, ii. 7.

— arvensis, ii. 5.

— brachydactyla, ii. 9.

— cristata, ii. 8.

— sibirica, ii. Io.

— yeltoniensis, ii. IT.
Albatross, Black-browed, iv. 98.
Alca impennis, iv. 76.

— torda, iv. 76, 82.

Alcedo ispida, ii. 26.

Alpine Accentor, i. 59.

— Pipit, i. 82.

Ame dammnée, iv. 95.
American Bittern, iii. 7.

— Black-billed Cuckoo, ii. 33.
— Blue-winged Teal, iii. 36.
— Golden Plover, iv. 16.

— Green-winged Teal, iii. 35.
— Passenger Pigeon, iii. 65.
— Peregrine, ii. 62.

— Stint, iv. 34.

— Water-Pipit, i. 82.

—- Wigeon, iii. 39.

— Yellow-billed Cuckoo, ii. 33.
Ambpelis garrulus, i. QI.

Anas boscas, ili. 29, 31.

— strepera, iil. 31.

Anous stolidus, iv. 58.

Anser albifrons, iii. 16, 17, 20.

— brachyrhynchus, iii. 15, 17, 18.

— cinereus, ili. 14, 16, 20.
IV.

INDEX

Anser erythropus, iii. 16.
— segetum, ili. 15, 17, 20.
Anthus campestris, i. 80.
— cervinus, i. 79.

— ludovicianus, i. 82.

— obscurus, i. 83.

— pratensis, i. 58, 78, 79.
— richardi, i. 81.

— spipoletta, i. 82.

— trivialis, i. 77, 78.
Aquatic Warbler, i. 50.
Aquila chrysaétus, ii. 48, 50, 52.
— maculata, ii. 49.
Arctic Bluethroat, i. 23.
— Skua, iv. 74, 75.

— Tern, iv. 60, 63.
Ardea alba, ii. 71.

— bubuicus, ii. 72 ; iii. I.
— cinerea, ii. 70.

— garzetta, il. 72.

— purpurea, ii. 71.

— ralloides, iii. 1.
Ardetta minuta, iii. 4.
Ashy-headed Wagtail, i. 75.
Asiatic Golden Plover, iv. 16.
Asio accipitrinus, ii. 36.
— otus, li. 35.

Astur palumbarius, ii. 54.
Athene noctua, ii. 39.
Auk, Great, iv. 76.

— Little, iv. 79.

Avocet, iv. 21.

Baer’s Pochard, iii. 42.
Baillon’s Crake, iii. 82.
Baird’s Sandpiper, iv. 31.
Bald Buzzard, ii. 45.
Baldpate, iii. 39.

Bar Gander, iii. 27.
Barguerlac, iii. 66.

“ Barker,” iv. 51.
Barn-Ow/l, ii. 34.

Barred Warbler, i. 33.

— Woodpecker, ii. 25.
Bar-tailed Godwit, iv. 50.
Bartram’s Sandpiper, iv. 41.
Bartramia longicauda, iv. 41.
Bean Goose, iii. 15, 17, 20.
Bearded Reedling, i. 63.
Bearded Titmouse, i. 63.

Bee-eater, ii. 28.

Bernacle Goose, ili. 21.

Bernicla brenta, iii. 22.

— leucopsis, iii. 21.

— nigricans, ili. 22.

—- ruficollis, iii. 20.

Bewick’s Swan, ili. 24, 25.
Bimaculated Duck, iii. 30. -
Bittern, American, iii. 7.

— Common, iii. 5, 7.

— Little, iii. 4.

Black-backed Gull, Great, iv. 69.
— — Gull, Lesser, iv. 68.
Black-bellied Dipper, i. 60.
Blackbird, i. 9.

Black Brent Goose, iii. 22.
Black-browed Albatross, iv. 98.
Blackcap, i. 29, 30, 3I.
Blackcock, iii. 69.

Black Curlew, iii. Io.
Black-eared Wheatear, i. 14, 15.
Blackgame, iii. 69.

— Geese, iii. 15.

— Grouse, lil. 69.

— Guillemot, iv. 78.
Black-headed Bunting, i. 121, 132.
— — Gull, iv. 65.

— — Gull, Great, iv. 66.

— — Gull, Mediterranean, iv. 65.
— — Wagtail, i. 75.

Black Kite, ii. 57.

— Lark, ii. rf.

Black-necked Grebe, iv. 88.
Black Redstart, i. 22.

— Scoter, ili. 54.

— Stork, iii. 9.

Black-tailed Godwit, iv. 51.
Black Tern, iv. 55.

Black Tern, White-winged, iv.

55:
Black-throated Diver, iv. 84.
— — Thrush, i. 5.
— — Wheatear, i. 14, 15.
Black Wheatear, i. 18.
Black-winged Pratincole, iv. 7.
—— — Stilt, iv. 22.
“Blue Darr,” iv. 55.
Blue-headed Wagtail, i. 75, 76.
Bluethroat, Arctic, i. 23.
— White-spotted, i. 24.

N 2

Blue Titmouse, i. 68.
Blue-winged Teal, American, iii.

36.
Blyth’s Reed-Warbler, i. 47.
Bonaparte’s Gull, iv. 64.
— Sandpiper, iv. 32.
“ Bonxie,” iv. 73.
Botaurus lentiginosus, iii. 7.
— stellaris, iii. 5, 7.
Bottle-Tit, i. 64.
“ Brahminy ” Duck, iii. 28.
Brambling, i. 110.
Brent Goose, iii. 22.
— — Black, iii. 22.
Bridled Guillemot, iv. 78.
Broad-billed Sandpiper, iv. 29.
Brook-Sparrow, i. 58.
Brown Flycatcher, i. 93.
— Linnet, i. 112.
— Owl, ii. 37.
— Snipe, iv. 50.
Briinnich’s Guillemot, iv. 78.
Bubo ignavus, ii. 43.
Buff-backed Heron, ii. 72 ; iii. 1.
Buff-breasted Sandpiper, iv. 40.
Buffel-headed Duck, iii. 47.
Buffon’s Skua, iv. 75.
Bullfinch, i. 116.
— Northern, i. 116.
Bulweria bulweri, iv. 96.
Bulwer’s Petrel, iv. 96.
Bunting, Black-headed, i. 121,
132.
— Cirl, i. 126.
— Common, i. 124.
— Corn-, i. 124.
— Lapland, i. 134.
— Little, i. 131.
— Meadow-, i. 128.
— Pine-, i. 123.
— Reed-, i. 58, 132.
— Rustic, i. 13¢.
— Snow-, i. 135.
— Yellow, i. 125, 126, 128.
— Yellow-breasted, i. 122.
“ Burgomaster ”’ Gull, iv. 70.
Burrow Duck, iii. 27.
Bush-warbler, Radde’s, i. 43.
Bustard, Great, iii. 86; iv. 1.
— Little, iv. 1.
— Macqueen’s, iv. 2.
Butcher-bird, i. 84.
Buteo lagopus, ii. 49.
— vulgaris, ii. 48.
‘« Butter ball,” iii. 47.
Buzzard, Bald, ii. 45.
— Common, ii. 48.
— Honey-, ii. 58.
— Moor-, ii. 45.
— Rough-legged, ii. 49.

INDEX

Caccabis rufa, iii. 76.

Calcarius lapponicus, i. 134.

Calidris arenaria, iv. 38.

Capercaillie, iii. 67.

Capped Petrel, iv. 95.

Caprimulgus egyptius, ii. 20.

— europaeus, il. 17.

— ruficollis, ii. 19.

Carduelis elegans, i. 103, 104.

— spinus, i. 104.

Carolina Crake, iii. 80.

Carrion-Crow, ii. I, 2.

Caspian Plover, iv. Io.

Caspian Tern, iv. 57.

Certhia familiaris, i. 70.

Cettia cettii, i. 54, 55.

Cetti’s Warbler, i. 54, 55-

Chaffinch, i. 109, 110.

Charadrius dominicus, iv. 16.

— pluvialis, iii. 64; iv.9, 15,16,17.

Chat of Cyprus, i. 17.

Chelidon urbica, i. 99-

Chen hyperboreus, iii. 19.

Chiffchaff, i. 39, 40.

— Northern, i. 39.

— Siberian, i. 39.

Chinese Ring-necked Pheasant,
Ill. 73). 74.

Chough, i. 138.

Chrysomitris citrinella, i. 105.

Ciconia alba, iii. 8, 9.

— nigra, ili. 9.

Cinclus aquaticus, i. 60.

— melanogaster, i. 60.

Circus eruginosus, ii. 45.

— cineraceus, ii. 47.

— cyaneus, ii. 46, 47.

Cirl Bunting, i. 126.

Citril Finch, i. 105.

Clangula albeola, iii. 47.

— glaucion, ili. 45.

“« Clinker,” iv. 21.

Coal-Titmouse, i. 66.

— — Continental form, i. 66.

Coccothraustes vulgaris, i. 102.

Coccystes glandarius, ii. 32.

Coccyzus americanus, ii. 33.

— erythrophthalmus, ii. 33.

Collared Flycatcher, i. 95.

— Petrel, iv. 95.

Columba livia, iii. 64.

— @nas, iii. 62, 63.

— palumbus, iii. 61.

Colymbus adamst, iv. 83.

— arcticus, iv. 84.

— glacialis, iv. 83.

— septentrionalis, iv. 85.

Common Bittern, iii. 5, 7.

— Bunting, i. 124.

— Buzzard, ii. 48.

100

Common Curlew, iv. 51, 54.
— Guillemot, iv. 77, 82.

— Gull, iv. 66.

— Heron, ii. 70.

— Partridge, iii. 75.

— Pheasant, iii. 26, 73.

— Pochard, iii. 40, 41.

— Redstart, i. 22.

— Reed-warbler, i. 46, 47, 54, 58.
— Sandpiper, iv. 42, 43, 44.
— Scoter, iii. 54.

— Sheld Duck, iii. 27.

— Snipe, iv. 27, 29.

— Tern, iv. 59, 60, 61.

— Wheatear, i. 12.

— Whitethroat, i. 28.

“ Conjuror,” iii. 47.

Coot, iii. 85.

Coracias garrulus, ii. 27.
Cormorant, Black, ii. 68.

— Common, ii. 68.

— Crested, ii. 69.

— Great, ii. 68.

— Green, ii. 68, 69.
Corn-Bunting, i. 124.
Corn-Crake, iii. 78, 79.
Corvus corax, i. 143.

— cornix, ii. I, 2, 4.

— corone, li. I, 2.

— frugilegus, ii. 3.

— monedula, i. 142.
Cosmonetta histrionica, iii. 50.
Cotile riparia, i. 100.
Coturnix communis, iii. 77.
Coulterneb, iv. 81.

Courser, Cream-coloured, iv. 7.
Crake, Baillon’s, iii. 82.

— Carolina, iii. 80.

— Little, iii. 81.

— Spotted, iii. 79, 82.
Crane, iv. 3.

— Demoiselle, iv. 4.
Cream-coloured Courser, iv. 7.
Crested Cormorant, ii. 69.

— Lark, ii. 8.

— Titmouse, i. 69.

Crex pratensis, iii. 78, 79.
Crossbill, i. 119.

— Parrot-, i. 119.

— Two-barred, i. 120.

Crow, Carrion-, ii. I, 2.

— Grey, ii. 2.

— Hooded, ii. 1, 2, 4.

— Royston, ii. 2.

Cuckoo, ii. 30.

— American Black-billed, ii. 33.
— American Yellow-billed, ii. 33.
— Great Spotted, ii. 32.
Cuckoo’s Mate, ii. 2I.
Cuculus canorus, ii. 30.

INDEX

Dusky Thrush, i. 6.
— Warbler, i. 38.

Finch, Snow-, i. 111.
Firecrest, i. 57.
Fire-crested Wen, i. 57.
Flamingo, iii. 13.
Flycatcher, Brown, i. 93.
— Collared, i. 95.

— Pied, i. 94, 95-

— Red-breasted, i. 96.
— Spotted, i. 92.
Fork-tailed Petrel, iv. go.
Fratercula arctica, iv. 81.

Curlew, Black, iii. ro.

— Common, iv. 51, 54.

— Eskimo, iv. 53.

— Sandpiper, iv. 36.

— Slender-billed, iv. 54.
— Stone-, iv. 5.

Cursorius gallicus, iv. 7.
Cushat, iii. 61.

Cyanecula leucocyana, i. 24.
— suecica, i. 23.

Eagle, Golden, ii. 48, 50, 52.
— Owl, ii. 43.

— Sea, ii. 51, 52.

— Spotted, ii. 49.

— White-tailed, ii. 51, 52.
Eared Grebe, iv. 88.

Eastern Golden Plover, iv.é16.

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Cygnus bewickt, iii. 24, 25.
— immutabilis, iii. 26.

— musicus, ili. 24, 25.

— olor, iii. 26.

Cypselus apus, ii. 13.

— melba, ii. 15.

Dabchick, iv. 88.

Dafila acuta, iii. 33.

Dark-breasted Owl, ii. 34.

Dartford Warbler, i. 35.

Daulias luscinia, i. 26.

— philomela, i. 26.

Demoiselle Crane, iv. 4.

Dendrocopus major, ii. 24, 25.

— minor, ii. 24, 25.

Desert Wheatear, i. 16.

Diomedia melanophrys, iv. 98.

Dipper, i. 60.

— Black-bellied, i. 60.

Diver, Black-throated, iv. 84.

— Great Northern, iv. 83.

— Red-throated, iv. 85.

— White-billed Northern, iv. 83.

Dotterel, iv. 9.

— Ringed, iv. I1, 13, 14.

Double Snipe, iv. 26.

Dove, Rock, iii. 64.

— Stock, iii. 62, 63.

— Turtle, iii. 65.

— — Rufous, iil. 65.

Duck, Bimaculated, iii. 30.

— “ Brahminy,” iii. 28.

— Buffel-headed, ili. 47.

— Burrow, iii. 27.

— Eider, iii. 51.

— Ferruginous, iii. 42.

— Harlequin, iii. 50.

— Long-tailed, iii. 48.

— Scaup, ili. 44.

— Sheld, Common, iii. 27.

— Sheld, Ruddy, iii. 28.

— Tufted, iii. 43.

— Wild, iii. 29.

Duck Hawk, ii. 62.

Dunbird, iii. 41.

Dunlin, iv. 33.

Dunnock, i. 58.

Dusky Shearwater, Little, iv.
94.

Eastern Pied Wheatear, if17.
Ectopistes migratorius, iii. 65.
Egret, Little, ii. 72.
Egyptian Nightjar, ii. 20.

— Vulture, ii. 44.

Eider Duck, iii. 51.

— King-, iii. 52.

— Steller’s, iii. 53.

Elk, iii. 24.

Emberiza aureola, i. 122.

— cia, i. 128.

— cioides, i. 129.

— cirlus, i. 126.

— citrinella, i. 125, 126, 128.
— hortulana, i. 127.

— leucocephala, i. 123.

— melanocephala, i. 121.

— muliaria, i. 124.

— pusilla, i. 131.

— pyrrhuloides, i. 133.

— rustica, i. 130.

— scheniclus, i. 132.
Emmet Eater, ii. 22.
Erythacus rubecula, i. 22, 25.
Eskimo Curlew, iv. 53.
Eudromias morinellus, iv. 9.
Eversmann’s Warbler, i. 40.

Falco esalon, ii. 64.

— anaium, ii. 62.

— candicans, ii. 59, 60.
— cenchris, ii. 67.

— gyrfalco, ii. 59, 60.
— holboelli, ii. 60.

— islandus, ii. 59, 60.
— peregrinus, 11. 61, 63.
— punicus, ii. 61.

— subbuteo, ii. 63.

— tinnunculus, ii. 66.
— vespertinus, ii. 65.
Falcon, ii. 61.

— Greenland, ii. 59, 60.
— Iceland, ii. 59, 60.
~- Peregrine, ii. 61, 63.
— Red-footed, ii. 65.
— Stone-, ii. 64.
Fernowl, ii. 17.
Ferruginous Duck, iii. 42.
Fieldfare, i. 4.

Finch, Citril, i. 105.

IO!

French Partridge, iii. 76.
Frigate Petrel, iv. gI.
Fringilla celebs, i. 109, I10.

— montifringilla, i. 110.

Fulica atra, iii. 85.

Fuligula cristata, iii. 43.

— ferina, iii. 40, 41. s
— marila, iii. 44.

— nyroca, iii. 42.

Fulmar, iv. 97.

Fulmarus glacialis, iv. 97.

Gadwall, iii. 31.

Gallinago celestis, iv. 27, 29.
— gallinula, iv. 28.

— major, iv. 26.

Gallinula chloropus, iii. 84.
Gannet, ii. 69.
Garden-Warbler, i. 30, 32.
Gare-fowl, iv. 76.
Garganey, iii. 37.

Garrulus Bohemicus, i. 91.
— glandarius, i. 140.
Gecinus viridis, ii. 23.
Glareola melanoptera, iv. 7.
— pratincola, iv. 6, 7.
Glaucus Gull, iv. 69, 70.
Glead, ii. 56.

Gled, ii. 56.

Glossy Ibis, iii. Io.
Goatsucker, ii. 17.

Godwit, Bar-tailed, iv. 50.
— Black-tailed, iv. 51.
Goldcrest, i. 56, 64.
Golden-crested Wren, i. 56.
Golden Eagle, ii. 48, 50, 52.
— Eye, ili. 45.

— Oriole, i. go.

— Plover, iii. 64; iv. 9,15, 16, 17.
Goldfinch, i. 103, 104.
Goosander, iii. 57, 60.
Goose, Bean, iii. 15, 17, 20.
— Bernacle, iil. 21.

— Black Brent, iii. 22.

— Brent, iii. 22.

— Grey-Lag, iii. 14, 16, 20.
— Laughing, iii. 16.

— Pink-footed, iii. 15, 17, 18.
—- Red-breasted, iii. 20.

Goose, Snow, iii. 19.

— White-fronted, iii. 16, 17, 20.
Goshawk, ii. 54.
Grasshopper-Warbler, i. 51, 54.
— — Pallas’s, i. 52.

Great Auk, iv. 76.

— Black-backed Gull, iv. 69.
— Black-headed Gull, iv. 66.
— Bustard, iii. 86.

— Crested Grebe, iv. 86, 87.
— Grey Shrike, i. 84.

— Northern Diver, iv. 83.
— Reed-Warbler, i. 48.

— Shearwater, iv. 93.

— — Mediterranean, iv. 93.
— Skua, iv. 73.

— Snipe, iv. 26.

— Spotted Cuckoo, ii. 32.

— — Woodpecker, ii. 24.

— Titmouse, i. 65.

Greater Redpoll, i. 113.

— Whitethroat, i. 28.

— Yellowshank, iv. 45, 49.
Grebe, Black-necked, iv. 88.
— Eared, iv. 88.

— Great Crested, iv. 86, 87.
— Homed, iv. 87.

— Little, iv. 88.

— Red-necked, iv. 87.

— Slavonian, iv. 87.

Green Cormorant, ii. 68, 69.
Greenfinch, i. ror.

Greenish Willow-Warbler, i. 38.
Greenland Falcon, ii. 59, 60.
— Redpoll, i. 113.

— Wheatear, i. 12.

Green Plover, iv. 19.

Green Sandpiper, iv. 43, 44.
Greenshank, iv. 48.

Green-winged Teal, American, iii.

35.
Green Woodpecker, ii. 23.
Grey Crow, ii. 2.
— Geese, iii. 15, 22.

Grey-headed Yellow Wagtail, i. 75.

Greyhen, iii. 69.

Grey-Lag Goose, iii. 14, 16, 20.
— Linnet, i. 112.

— Partridge, iii. 76, 87.

— Phalarope, iv. 23, 24.

— Plover, iv. 17.
Grey-rumped Sandpiper, iv. 41.
Grey Wagtail, i. 74.
Griffon-Vulture, ii. 44.
Grosbeak, Pine, i. 118.

— Scarlet, i. 117.

Grouse, Black, iii. 69.

— Red, iii. 70.

Grus communis, iv. 3.

— virgo, iv. 4.

INDEX

Guillemot, Black, iv. 78.

— Bridled, iv. 78.

— Briinnich’s, iv. 78.

— Common, iv. 77, 82.

— Ringed, iv. 78.

Gull-billed Tern, iv. 56.

Gull, Black-headed, iv. 65.

— — — Great, iv. 66.

— — — Mediterranean, iv. 65.
— Bonaparte’s, iv. 64.

— Common, iv. 66.

— Glaucus, iv. 69, 70.

— Great Black-backed, iv. 69.
— Herring, iv. 67, 68.

— — Yellow-legged, iv. 68.
— Iceland, iv. 70.

— Ivory, iv. 72.

— Kittiwake, iv. 71.

— Lesser Black-backed, iv. 68.
— Little, iv. 64.

— Ross’s, iv. 62.

— Sabine’s, iv. 62.

— Wedge-tailed, iv. 62.

Gyps fulvus, ii. 44.
Gyr-Falcon, ii. 59, 60.

Hematopus ostralegus, iv. 20.
“ Half-Curlew,” iv. 52-
Haliaétus albicilla, ii. 51, 52.
Harcourt’s Petrel, iv. 91.
Harelda glacialis, iii. 48.
Harlequin Duck, iii. 50.
Harrier, Hen-, ii. 46, 47.

— Marsh-, ii. 45.

— Montagu’s, ii. 47.
Hawfinch, i. 102.
Hawk-Owl, ii. 41.

— Sparrow-, li. 55.
Hedge-Sparrow, i. 58, 59-
Hen-Harrier, ii. 46, 47.
Heron, Buff-backed, ii. 72; iii. I.
— Common, ii. 70.

— Great White, ii. 71.

— Night-, iii. 3.

— Purple, ii. 71.

— Squacco, iil. I.
Herring-Gull, iv. 67, 68.

— — Yellow-legged, iv. 68.
Himantopus candidus, iv. 22.
Hirundo rufula, i. 98.

— rustica, i. 97.

Hoary Redpoll, i. 113.
Hobby, ii. 63.

“ Hobby Bird ” (Wryneck), ii. 22.
Holboell’s Redpoll, i. 113.
Honey-Buzzard, ii. 58.
Hooded Crow, ii. I, 2, 4.

— Merganser, iii. 60.
Hoopoe, ii. 29.

Horned Grebe, iv. 87.

102

Houbara, iv. 2.
House-Accentor, i. 58.

— Martin, i. 99.

— -Sparrow, i. 107, 108.
Hydrochelidon hybrida, iv. 56.
—- leucoptera, iv. 55.

— nigra, iv. 55-

Hypolais icterina, i. 44, 45-
— polyglotta, i. 45.

Ibis, Glossy, ili. Io.
Iceland Falcon, ii. 59, 60.
— Gull, iv. 70.

Icterine Warbler, i. 44, 45-
Isabelline Nightjar, ii. 20.
— Wheatear, i. 13.

Ivory Gull, iv. 72.

Iynx torquilla, ii. 21.

Jackdaw, i. 142.

Jack Snipe, iv. 28.
Japanese Pheasant, iii. 74.
Jay, i. 139, 140, 141.

Kentish Plover, iv. 13.
Kermadec Petrel, iv. 96.
Kestrel, ii. 66.

— Lesser, ii. 67.
Killdeer Plover, iv. 14.
King-Eider, iii. 52.
Kingfisher, ii. 26.
Kite, ii. 56.

— Black, ii, 57.

— Red, ii. 57-
Kittiwake Gull, iv. 71.
Knot, iv. 37-

Lag-Goose, Grey, iii. 14, 16, 20.
Lagopus mutus, iii. 71-

— scoticus, iii. 70.
Lanceolated Warbler, i. 53-
Land-Rail, iii. 78, 79-
Lanius collurio, i. 87.

— excubitor, i. 84.

— major, i. 84.

— meridionalis, i. 85.

— minor, i. 86.

— nubicus, i. 89.

— pomeranus, 1. 88.
Lapland Bunting, i. 134.
Lapwing, iv.17,19.
Large-billed Reed-Bunting, 1. 133-
Lark, Black, ii. 11.

— Crested, ii. 8.

— Shore-, ii. 12.

— Short-toed, ii. 9.

— Sky, ii. 5.

— White-winged, ii. Io.

— Wood, ii. 7.

Larus argentatus, iv. 67, 68.
-— cachinnans, iv. 68.

— canus, iv. 66.

— fuscus, iv. 68.

— glaucus, iv. 69, 70.

— ichthyaétus, iv. 66.

— leucopterus, iv. 70.

— marinus, iv. 69.

— melanocephalus, iv. 65.

— minutus, iv. 64.

— philadelphia, iv. 64.

— ridibundus, iv. 65.
Laughing Goose, iii. 16.

— Gull, iv. 65.

Leach’s Fork-tailed Petrel, iv. go.
Lesser Black-backed Gull, iv. 68.
— Golden Plover, iv. 16.

— Grey Shrike, i. 86.

— Redpoll, i. 114.

— Sooty Tern, iv. 58.

— Spotted Woodpecker, ii. 24, 25.
— White-fronted Goose, iii. 16,

20.

— Whitethroat, i. 28.
Levantine Shearwater, iv. 95.
Ligurinus chloris, i. 101.
Limicola platyrhyncha, iv. 29.
Limosa belgica, iv. 51.

— lapponica, iv. 50.

Linnet, i. 112.

— Mountain-, i. 115.

Linota cannabina, i. 112.

— exilipes, i. 113.

— flavirostris, i. I15.

— holboeli, i. 113.

— hornemanni, 1. 113.

— linaria, i. 113.

— rostrata, i. 113.

— rufescens, 1. I14.

Little Auk, iv. 79.

— Bittern, iii. 4.

— Bunting, i. 131.

— Bustard, iv. I.

— Crake, iii. 8r.

— Dusky Shearwater, iv. 94.
— Egret, ii. 72.

— Grebe, iv. 88.

— Gull, iv. 64.

— Owl, ii. 39.

— Ringed Plover, iv. 11, 12.
— Stint, iv. 34, 35.

— Tern, iv. 61.

Locustella certhiola, i. 52.

— lanceolata, i. 53.

— luscinioides, i. 54.

— ne@via, i. 51, 54.
Long-eared Owl, ii. 35.
Long-tailed Duck, iii. 48.

— — Skua, iv. 75.

— — Titmouse, i. 64.

INDEX

Loxia bifasciata, i. 120.
— curvirostra, i. I19.

— pityopsittacus, i. 119.
Lusciniola schwarzi, i. 43.

Machetes pugnax, iv. 39, 51-
Macqueen’s Bustard, iv. 2.
Macrorhamphus griseus, iv. 49.
Madeiran Fork-tailed Petrel, iv.
go.
Magpie, i. 141.
Mallard, iii. 29, 31.
Manx Shearwater, iv. 94.
Mareca americana, iii. 39.
Mareca penelope, iii. 38.
Marsh-Harrier, ii. 45.
— -Sandpiper, iv. 49.
— Tern, iv. 56, 57.
— -Titmouse, i. 67.
— -Warbler, i. 47.
Martin, i. 99, 107.
— Sand-, i. roo.
Masked Shrike, i. 89.
Mavis, i. 2.
“ May-bird,”’ iv. 52.
Meadow-Bunting, i. 128.
— — Siberian, i. 129.
— Pipit, i. 58, 78, 79.
Mealy Redpoll, i. 113.
Mediterranean Black-headed Gull,
iv. 65.

— Great Shearwater, iv. 93.
Megalestris catarrhactes, iv. 73.
Melodious Warbler, i. 45.
Merganser, Hooded, iii. 60.
— Red-breasted, iii. 58, 60.
Mergulus alle, iv. 79.
Mergus albellus, iii. 59.
— cucullatus, iii. 60.
— merganser, iii. 57, 60.
— serrator, ili. 58, 60.
Merlin, ii. 64.
Merops apiaster, ii. 28.
Milvus ictinus, ii. 56.
— migrans, il. 57.
Mistle-Thrush, i. 1.
Mistletoe-T hrush, i. I.
Mongolian Pheasant, iii. 74.
Montagu’s Harrier, ii. 47.
Monticola saxatilis, i. II.
Montifringilla nivalis, i. 111.
Moor-Buzzard, ii. 45.
— -hen, iii. 84.
— Sparrow, i. 58.
‘Morillon,’ iii. 46.
Morinelli, iv. 9.
Motacilla alba, i. 72, 73.
— beema, i. 75.
— cinereicapilla, i. 75.
— flava, i. 75, 76.

103

Motacilla lugubris, i. 72, 73.

— melanocephala, i. 75.

— melanope, i. 74.

— rai, i. 75, 76.

— viridis, 1. 75.

Mother Carey’s Chickens, iv. 89.
Mountain-Linnet, i. 115.
Muscicapa atricapilla, i. 94, 95.
— collaris, 1. 95.

— grisola, 1. 92.

— latirostris, i. 93.

— parva, i. 96.

Mute Swan, iii. 26.

Needle-tailed Swift, ii. 16.
Neophron percnopterus, ii. 44.
Netta rufina, iii. 40.

Nettion carolinense, iii. 35.
— crecca, iii. 34.
Night-Heron, iii. 3.
Nightingale, i. 26.

— Thrush-, i. 26.

Nightjar, ii. 17, 19.

— Egyptian, ii. 20.

— Isabelline, ii. 20.

— Red-necked, ii. 19.
Noddy Tern, iv. 58.
Northern Bullfinch, i. 116.
— Chiffchaff, i. 39.
Nucifraga caryocatactes, i. 139.
— — Siberian form, i. 139.
Numenius arquata, iv. 51, 54.
— borealis, iv. 53.

— pheopus, iv. 52.

— tenuirostris, iv. 54.
Nutcracker, i. 139.

— Siberian form, i. 139.
Nuthatch, i. 6r.

Nyctala tengmalmi, ii. 38.
Nyctea scandiaca, ii. 40.
Nycticorax griseus, iii. 3.
Nyroca baeri, iil. 42.

Oceanites oceanicus, iv. 91.
Oceanodroma castro, iv. 90.
— leucorrhoa, iv. 90.
CEdemia fusca, iil. 55.

— migra, il. 54.

— perspicillata, iii. 56.
(Edicnemus scolopax, iv. 5.
Gstrelata brevipes, iv. 95.
— hesitata, iv. 95.

— neglecta, iv. 96.

Oriole, Golden, i. go.
Oriolus galbula, i. 90.
Orphean Warbler, i. 29.
Ortolan, i. 127.

Osprey, li. 53-

Otis macqueent, iv. 2.

— tarda, iii. 86.

Otis tetrax, iv. I.

—- undulata, iv. 2.
Otocorys alpestris, ii. 12.
Owl, Barn, ii. 34.

— Brown, ii. 37.

— Eagle-, ii. 43.

— Hawk-, ii. 41.

— Little, ii. 39.

— Long-eared, ii. 35.
— Scops-, ii. 42.

— Short-eared, ii. 36.
— Snowy, ii. 40.

— Tawny, ii. 37.

— Tengmalm’s, ii. 38.
— White, ii. 34.

— Wood-, ii. 37.

— Woodcock-, ii. 36.
Ox-eye, i. 65.
Oyster-Catcher, iv. 20.
— Magpie, iv. 2r.

Pagophila eburnea, iv. 72.
Pallas’s Sand Grouse, iii. 66.
— Willow-Warbler, i. 37.
Pandion haliaétus, ii. 53.
Parrot-Crossbill, i. rrg.
Partridge, Common, iii. 75.
— French, iii. 76.

— Red-legged, iii. 76.
Parus ater, i. 66.

— britannicus, i. 66.

— ceruleus, i. 68.

— cristatus, i. 69.

— hibernicus, i. 66.

— major, i. 65.

— palustris, i. 67.

Passage Hawks, ii. 61.

Passenger Pigeon, American, iii.

65.
Passer domesticus, i. 107, 108.
— montanus, i. 108.
Pastor, Rose-coloured, i. 137.
— roseus, i. 137.
Pectoral Sandpiper, iv. 31.
— — Siberian, iv. 31.
Pedrero, i. 18.
Peewit, 1. 61 5 av: £7, E8, 50, 23:
Pelagodroma marina, iv. Ot.
Perdix cinerea, iii. 75.
Peregrine, American, ii. 62.
— Falcon, ii. 61.
Pernis apivorus, ii. 58.
Petrel, Bulwer’s, iv. 96.
— Capped, iv. 95.
— Collared, iv. 95.
— Frigate-, iv. gr.
— Harcourt’s, iv. 91.
— Kermadec, iv. 96.
— Leach’s Fork-tailed, iv. go.
— Madeiran Fork-tailed, iv. go.

INDEX

Petrel, Ridgway’s, iv. 91.
— Schlegel’s, iv. 96.

— Storm-, iv. 89, go.

— Wilson’s, iv. gr.
Phalacrocorax carbo, ii. 68.
— graculus, ii. 68, 69.
Phalarope, Grey, iv. 23, 24.
— Red-necked, iv. 23, 24.
Phalaropus fulicarius, iv. 23, 24.
— hyperboreus, iv. 23, 24.
— lobatus, iv. 23.
Phasianus colchicus, iii. 26, 73.
— mongolicus, iii. 74.

— torquatus, iil. 73, 74.

— versicolor, iii. 74.
Pheasant, iii. 26, 73.

— Japanese, iii. 74.

— Mongolian, iii. 74.

— Ring-necked, iii. 73, 74.
— — — Chinese, iii. 73, 74.
Phenicopterus roseus, iii. 13.
Phylloscopus abietina, i. 39.
— borealis, i. 40.

— fuscatus, i. 38.

— proregulus, i. 37.

—- rufus, i. 39, 40.

— sibilatrix, i. 40, 41.

— superciliosus, i. 36.

— tristis, i. 39.

— trochilus, i. 38, 39, 40.
— viridanus, i. 38.

Pica rustica, 1. 141.

Pied Flycatcher, i. 94, 95.
— Wagtail, i. 72, 73.

— Woodpecker, ii. 24.

Pigeon, Passenger, American, iii.

— Wood, iii. 6r.
Pine-Bunting, i. 123.

— Grosbeak, i. 118.
Pink-footed Goose, iii. 15, 17, 18.
Pintail, iii. 33.

Pipit, Alpine, i. 82.

— American Water-, i. 82.
— Meadow, i. 58, 78, 79.
— Red-throated, i. 79.

— Richard’s, i. 81.

— Rock-, i. 83.

— — Scandinavian, i. 83.
— Tawny, i. 80.

— Tree, i. 77, 78.

— Water, i. 82.

Platalea leucorodia, iii. 12.
Platea, iii. 12.
Plectrophenax nivalis, i. 135.
Plegadis falcinellus, iii. 10.
Plover, American Golden, iv. 16.
— Asiatic Golden, iv. 16.
— Caspian, iv. Io.

— Eastern Golden, iv. 16.

104

Plover, Golden, iii. 64; iv. 9, 15,
16, 17.

— Green, iv. 19.

— Grey, iv. 17.

— Kentish, iv. 13.

— Killdeer, iv. 14.

— Lesser Golden, iv. 16.

— Little Ringed, iv. 11, 12.

— Ringed, iii. 64; iv. II, 13, 14.

— Sociable, iv. 18.

Plover’s Page, iv. 33.

Pochard, Baer’s, iii. 42.

— Common, iii. 40, 41.

— Red-crested, iii. 40.

— White-eyed, iii. 42.

Podicipes auritus, iv. 87.

— cristatus, iv. 86, 87.

— fluviatilis, iv. 88.

— griseigena, iv. 87.

— nigricollis, iv. 88.

Polish Swan, iii. 26.

Pomatorhine Skua, iv. 74.

Porzana bailloni, iii. 82.

— carolina, iii. 80.

— maruetta, iii. 79, 82.

— parva, iii. 81.

Pratincola rubetra, i. 20.

— rubicola, i. 19.

Pratincole, iv. 6, 7.

— Black-winged, iv. 7.

Procellaria pelagica, iv. 89, 90.

Ptarmigan, iii. 71.

Puckeridge, ii. 17.

Puffin, iv. 8r.

Puffinus anglorum, iv. 94.

— assimilis, iv. 94.

— gravis, iv- 93-

— griseus, iv. 93-

— kuhli, iv. 93.

— yelkouanus, iv. 95.

Purple Heron, ii. 71.

— Sandpiper, iv. 36.

Pyrrhocorax graculus, i. 138.

Pyrrhula enucleator, i. 118.

— erythrina, i. 117.

— europea, i. 116.

— major, i. 116.

Quail, ii. 77,
Querquedula circia, iii. 37.

— discors, iii. 36.

Radde’s Bush-Warbler, i. 43.
Rallus aquaticus, iii. 83.

‘ Rattlewing,’ iii. 46.

Raven, i. 143-

Razorbill, iv. 76, 82.
Recurvirostra avocetta, iv. 21.
Red-backed Shrike, i. 87.
Redbreast, i. 22, 25.

Red-breasted Flycatcher, i. 96.
— — Goose, iii. 20.

— — Merganser, iii. 58, 60.
— — Snipe, iv. 49.
Red-crested Pochard, iii. 40.
Red-footed Falcon, ii. 65.
Red Grouse, iii. 70.
Red-headed Poker, iii. 41.
Red Kite, ii. 57.

Red-legged Partridge, iii. 76.
Red Linnet, i. 112.
Red-necked Grebe, iv. 87.
— — Nightjar, ii. 19.

— — Phalarope, iv. 23, 24.
Redpoll, Greater, i. 113.

— Greenland, i. 113.

— Hoary, i. 113.

— Holboell’s, i. 113.

— Lesser, i. 114.

— Mealy, i. 113.
Red-rumped Swallow, i. 98.
Redshank, iv. 46, 48.

— Spotted, iv. 47.
Redstart, i. 2.

— Black, i. 22.
Red-throated Diver, iv. 85.
— — Pipit, i. 79.

Redwing, i. 3.
Reed-Bunting, i. 58, 132.

— — Large-billed, i. 133.
— Pheasant, i. 63.

— Sparrow, i. 58, 132.

— Thrush, i. 48.

— -Warbler, i. 46, 47, 54, 58.
— — Blyth’s, i. 47.

— — Great, i. 48.
Reedling, Bearded, i. 63.
Reeve, iv. 39.

Regulus cristatus, i. 56.

— ignicapillus, i. 57.
Rhodostethia rosea, iv. 62.
Richard’s Pipit, i. 81.
Richardson’s Skua, iv. 74.
Ridgway’s Petrel, iv. gi.
Rinding bird, ii. 21.
Ring-Dove, iii. 61.

Ring-necked Pheasant, iii. 73, 74.

Ring-Ouzel, i. ro.

Ring-tail, ii. 46.

Ringed Dotterel, iv. 11, 13, 14.
— Guillemot, iv. 78.

— Plover, iii. 64; iv. II, 13, 14.
Rissa tridactyla, iv. 71.

Robin, i. 22, 25.

Rock Dove, iii. 64.

— -Pipit, i. 83.

— — Scandinavian, i. 83.

— -Thrush, i. 11.

Roerdomp, iii. 5.

Roller, ii. 27.

INDEX

Rook, ii. 3.

Roseate Tern, iv. 59.
Rose-coloured Pastor, i. 137.
— — Starling, i. 137.
Ross’s Gull, iv. 62.

Rough-legged Buzzard, ii. 49.

Royston Crow, ii. 2.
Ruddy Sheld-Duck, iii. 28.
Ruff, iv. 39, 51-

Rufous Turtle-Dove, iii. 65.
-— Warbler, i. 42.

Rustic Bunting, i. 130.
Ruticilla pheenicurus, i. 21.
— titys, i. 22.

Sabine’s Gull, iv. 62.

— Snipe, iv. 28.

St. Cuthbert’s Duck, iii. 51.
Sand Goose, iii. 27.

— Grouse, Pallas’s, iii. 66.
Sanderling, iv. 38.
Sand-Martin, i. roo.
Sandpiper, ii. 26.

— Baird’s, iv. 31.

— Bartram’s, iv. 41.

— Bonaparte’s, iv. 32.

— Broad-billed, iv. 29.
— Buff-breasted, iv. 4o.
— Common, iv. 42, 43, 44.
— Curlew-, iv. 36.

— Green, iv. 43, 44.

— Grey-rumped, iv. 41.
— Marsh, iv. 49.

— Pectoral, iv. 31.

— — Siberian, iv. 31.

— Purple, iv. 36.

— Semi-palmated, iv. 39.
— Siberian Pectoral, iv. 31.
— Solitary, iv. 44, 45.

— Spotted, iv. 42.

— Terek, iv. 30.

— Wood, iv. 30, 43.
Sandwich Tern, iv. 58, 60.
Sardinian Warbler, i. 30.
Savi’s Warbler, i. 54.
Saw-bill, iii. 58.

Saxicola deserti, i. 16.

— isabellina, i. 13.

— leucura, i. 18.

— occidentalis, i. 14, 15.
— enanthe, i. 12.

— pleschanka, i. 17.

— stapazina, i. 14, 15.
Scarlet Grosbeak, i. 117.
Scaup-Duck, iii. 44.
Schlegel’s Petrel, iv. 96.
Scolopax rusticula, iv. 25.
Scops giu, li. 42.
Scops-Owl, ii. 42.

Scoter, Black, iii. 54.

105

Scoter, Common, iii. 54.

— Surf-, iii. 56.

— Velvet, ill. 55.
Screech-Owl, ii. 34.

Sea Eagle, ii. 51, 52.

— -pie, iv. 20.

— -swallow, iv. 60.
Sedge-Warbler, i. 49, 50, 58.
Semi-palmated Sandpiper, iv. 39.
Serin, i. 106.

Serinus hortulanus, i. 106.
Seven Whistlers, iv. 53.

Shag, ii. 68, 69.

Shearwater, Great, iv. 93.

— Levantine, iv. 95.

— Little Dusky, iv. 94.

— Manx, iv. 94.

— Mediterranean, Great, iv. 93. ~
— Sooty, iv. 93.
Sheld-Duck, Common, iii. 27
— — Ruddy, iii. 28.
Shore-Lark, ii. 12.
Short-eared Owl, ii. 36.
Short-toed Lark, ii. 9.
Shovelard, ili. 12.

Shoveler, iii. 32.

Shrike, Great Grey, i. 84.
— Lesser Grey, i. 86.

— Masked, i. 89.

— Red-backed, i. 87.

— Southern Grey, i. 85.
Siberian Chiffchaff, i. 39.
— Meadow-Bunting, i. 129.
— Pectoral Sandpiper, iv. 31.
— Thrush, i. 8.

Siskin, i. 104.

Sitta c@sia, i. 61.

Skua, Arctic, iv. 74, 75.

— Buffon’s, iv. 75.

— Great, iv. 73.

— Long-tailed, iv. 75.

— Pomatorhine, iv. 74.

— Richardson’s, iv. 74.

— Twist-tailed, iv. 74.
Sky-Lark, ii. 5.

Slavonian Grebe, iv. 87.
Slender-billed Curlew, iv. 54.
Smew, iii. 59.

Snipe, iv. 30.

— Brown, iv. 50.

— Common, iv. 27, 29.

— Double, iv. 26.

— Great, iv. 26.

— Jack, iv. 28.

— Red-breasted, iv. 49.

— Sabine’s, iv. 28.

— Solitary, iv. 26.

— Summer-, iv. 42
Snow-Bunting, i. 135.

— Finch, i. riz.

Snowflake, i. 135.
Snow-Goose, iii. 19.
Snowy Owl, ii. 40.
Sociable Plover, iv. 18.
Solan Geese, ii. 69.

Solitary Sandpiper, iv. 44, 45.

— Snipe, iv. 26.
Somateria mollissima, iii. 51.
— spectabilis, iii. 52.

— stelleri, iii. 53.
Song-Thrush, i. 2.

Sooty Shearwater, iv. 93.
— Tern, iv. 58.

— — Lesser, iv. 58.
Southern Grey Shrike, i. 85.
Sparrow-Hawk, ii. 55.
Sparrow, Hedge-, i. 58, 59.
— House-, i. 107, 108.

— Tree-, i. 108.

Spatula clypeata, iii. 32.

“ Spirit Duck,” iii. 47.
Spoonbill, iii. 12.

Spotted Crake, iii. 79, 82.
— Eagle, ii. 49.

— Flycatcher, i. 92.

— Redshank, iv. 47.

— Sandpiper, iv. 42.

“ Sprosser,” i. 26.

Squacco Heron, iii. r.
Squatarola helvetica, iv. 17.
Starling, i. 136.

— Rose-coloured, i. 137.
Steller’s Eider, iii. 53.

Stercorarius crepidatus, iv. 74.

— parasiticus, iv. 75.

— pomatorhinus, iv. 74.
Sterna anestetha, iv. 58.
— anglica, iv. 56.

— cantiaca, iv. 58, 60.

— caspia, iv. 57.

— dougalli, iv. 59.

— fluviatilis, iv. 59, 60, 61.
— fuliginosa, iv. 58.

— macrura, iv. 60, 63.
— minuta, iv. 61.

Stilt, Black-winged, iv. 22.
Stint, American, iv. 34.
— Little, iv. 34, 35.

— Temminck’s, iv. 35.
Stock Dove, iii. 62, 63.
Stonechat, i. 19.

— Eastern form, i. 19.
Stone-Curlew, iv. 5.

— -Falcon, ii. 64.

Stork, Black, iii. 9.

— White, iii. 8, 9.
Stormcock, i. 1.
Storm-Petrel, iv. 89, go.
Strepsilas interpres, iv. 19.
Strix flammea, ii. 34.

INDEX

Sturnus vulgaris, i. 136.
Subalpine Warbler, i. 34.
Sula bassana, ii. 69.
Summer-Snipe, iv. 42.
— Teal, iii. 37.
Surf-Scoter, iii. 56.
Surnia funerea, ii. 41.

— ulula caparoch, ii. 4t.
Swallow, i. 97.

— Red-rumped, i. 98.
— Sea-, iv. 60.

Swan, Bewick’s, iii. 24, 25.
— Mute, iii. 26.

— Polish, iii. 26.

— Tame, iii. 26.

— Whistling, iii. 24.

— Whooper, iii. 24, 25.
— Wild, iii. 24.

Swift, ii. 13.

— Alpine, ii. 15.

— Needle-tailed, ii. 16.
— White-bellied, ii. 15.
Sykes’ Wagtail, i. 75.
Sylvia atricapilla, i. 29, 30, 31-
— cinerea, i. 27.
curruca, i. 28.
hortensis, i. 30, 32.
melanocephala, i. 30.
nisoria, 1. 33-

orphea, i. 29.
subalpina, 1. 34.
undata, i. 35.
Syrnium aluco, il. 37.
Syrrhaptes paradoxus, iii. 66.

Tadorna casarca, iii. 28.
— cornuta, iil. 27.
Tame Swan, iii. 26.
Tawny Owl, ii. 37.

— Pipit, i. 80.

Teal, iii. 34.

— American Blue-winged, iii. 36.
— American Green-winged, iii.

35:
— Summer, iii. 37.
Temminck’s Stint, iv. 35.
Tengmalm’s Owl, ii. 38.
Tercel, ii. 61.
Terekia cinerea, iv. 30.
Terek Sandpiper, iv. 30.
Tern, Arctic, iv. 60, 63.
— Black, iv. 55.
— — White-winged, iv. 55.
— Caspian, iv. 57.
— Common, iv. 59, 60, 61.
— Gull-billed, iv. 56.
— Little, iv. 61.
— Noddy, iv. 58.
— Roseate, iv. 59.
— Sandwich, iv. 58, 60.

106

Tern, Sooty, iv. 58.

— — Lesser, iv. 58.

— Whiskered, iv. 56.
Tetrao tetrix, iii. 69.

— urogallus, iii. 67.
Throstle, i. 2.

Thrush, Black-throated, i. 5.
— Dusky, i. 6.

— Mistle-, i. 1.

— Mistletoe-, i. 1.

— Rock, i. 11.

— Siberian, i. 8.

— Song-, i. 2.

— White’s, i. 7.
Thrush-Nightingale, i. 26.
Tichodroma muraria, i. 71.
Tiercel, ii. 61.

Titlark, i. 78.

Titmouse, Bearded, i. 63.
— Blue, i. 68.

— Coal-, i. 66.

— Crested, i. 69.

— Great, i. 65.

— Long-tailed, i. 64.

— Marsh-, i. 67.

Totanus brevipes, iv. 41.
— calidris, iv. 46, 48.

— canescens, iv. 48.

— flavipes, iv. 46.

— fuscus, iv. 47.

— glareola, iv. 30, 43.

— hypoleucus, iv. 42, 43, 44-
— macularius, iv. 42.

— melanoleucus, iv. 45, 49-
— ochropus, iv. 43, 44.
— solitarius, iv. 44, 45.
— stagnatilis, iv. 49.
Tree-Creeper, i. 70.

— -Pipit, i. 77, 78.

— -Sparrow, i. 108.
Tringa acuminata, iv. 31.
er alpina, iv. 33-

— bairdi, iv. 31.

— canutus, iv. 37-

— fuscicollis, iv. 32.

— maculata, iv. 31.

— minuta, iv. 34, 35-

— minutilla, iv. 34.

— pusilla, iv. 39.

— striata, iv. 36.

— subarquata, iv. 36.

— temminchi, iv. 35-
Tringites rufescens, iv. 40.
Troglodytes parvulus, i. 62.
Tufted Duck, iii. 43.
Turdus alpestris, i. 10.

— atrigularis, i. 5.

— dubius,i.6. °

— iliacus, i. 3-

— merula, i. 9.

Turdus musicus, i. 2.

— pilaris, i. 4.

— sibiricus, i. 8.

— torquatus, i. Io.

— varius, i. 7.

— viscivorus, i. I.
Turnstone, iv. 19.
Turtle-Dove, iii. 65.

— — Rufous, iii. 65.
Turtur communis, iii. 65.
— orientalis, ili. 65.
Twist-tailed Skua, iv. 74.
Twite, i. I15.
Two-barred Crossbill, 1. 120.
“Tystie,” iv. 78.

Upupa epops, ii. 29.
Uria bruennichi, iv. 78.
— grylle, iv. 78.

— troile, iv. 77, 82.

“ Utick,” i. 20.

Vanellus gregarius, iv. 18.
— vulgaris, iv. 17, 19.
Velvet-Scoter, ili. 55.
Vulture, Egyptian, ii. 44.
— Griffon-, ii. 44.

Wagtail, Ashy-headed, i. 75.
— Black-headed, i. 75.

— Blue-headed, i. 75, 76.
— Grey, i. 74.

— Grey-headed Yellow, i. 75.

— Pied, i. 72, 73.

— Sykes’, i. 75.

— White, i. 72, 73.

— Yellow, i. 75, 76.
Wall-Creeper, i. 71.
Warbler, Aquatic, i. 50.
— Barred, i. 33.

— Blyth’s Reed-, i. 47.
— Cetti’s, i. 54, 55.

— Dartford, i. 35.

— Dusky, i. 38.

— Eversmann’s, i. 40.

— Garden, i. 30, 32.

— Grasshopper-, i. 51, 54.
— — Pallas’s, i. 52.

— Great Reed-, i. 48.

— Greenish Willow, i. 38.

INDEX

Warbler, Icterine, i. 44, 45.

— Lanceolated, i. 53.

Marsh-, 1. 47.

Melodious, i. 45.

Orphean, i. 29.

Pallas’s Grasshopper, i. 52.

— Willow-, i. 37.

Radde’s Bush-, i. 43.

Reed-, i. 46, 47, 54, 58.

Rufous, i. 42.

— Eastern form, i. 42.

— Sardinian, i. 30.

— Savi’s, i. 54.

— Sedge-, i. 49, 50, 58.

— Subalpine, i. 34.

— Willow, i. 40.

— — Greenish, i. 38.

— — Pallas’s, i. 37.

— Yellow-browed, i. 36.

Water-Hen, iii. 84.

— -Ouzel, i. 60.

— Pipit, i. 82.

— — American, i. 82.

— -Rail, iii. 83.

Waxwing, i. 9I.

Wedge-tailed Gull, iv. 62.

““Whaup,” iv. 51.

Wheatear, i. 12.

— Black, i. 18.

— Black-eared, i. 14, 15.

— Black-throated, i. 14, 15.

— Desert, i. 16.

— Eastern Pied, i. 17.

— Isabelline, i. 13.

Whimbrel, iv. 52.

Whinchat, i. 20.

Whiskered Tern, iv. 56.

Whistling Swan, iii. 24.

White-bellied Swift, ii. 15.

White-billed Northern Diver, iv.
83.

White-eyed Pochard, iii. 42.

White-fronted Goose, iii. 16, 17,
20.

White Owl, ii. 34.

White-spotted Bluethroat, i. 24.

White Stork, ini. 8, 9.

White-tailed Eagle, ii. 51, 52.

Whitethroat, i. 27.

— Lesser, i. 28.

White Wagtail, i. 72, 73.

[Teles irae)

AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, GLASGOW.

White-winged Black Tern, iv. 55.
— — Lark, ii. ro.

White’s Thrush, i. 7.
Whooper Swan, iii. 24, 25.
Wigeon, iii. 38.

— American, iii. 39.

Wild Duck, iii. 29.

— Geese, ili. 57.

— Swan, ili. 24.
Willow-Tit, i. 67.

— -Warbler, i. 40.

— -Warbler, Greenish, i. 38.
— -Warbler, Pallas’s, i. 37.
— -Wren, i. 38, 39, 40.
Wilson’s Petrel, iv. 91.
Windhover, ii. 66.
Woodchat, i. 88.
Woodcock, iv. 25.

— -Owl, ii. 36.
Wood-Grouse, iii. 67.

— Lark, ii. 7.

— -Owl, ii. 37.
Woodpecker, Barred, ii. 25.
— Great Spotted, ii. 24.
— Green, ii. 23.

— Lesser Spotted, ii. 24, 25.
— Pied, ii. 24.
Wood-Pigeon, iii. 61.

— Sandpiper, iv. 30, 43.
— Wren, i. 40, 4I.

Wren, i. 62.

— Fire-crested, i. 57.

— Golden-crested, i. 56.
— Willow-, i. 38, 39, 40.
— Wood, i. 40, 41.
Wryneck, ii. 21.

Xema sabinit, iv. 62.

Yaffle, ii. 23.
“ Yarwhelp,” iv. 51.
Yellow-breasted Bunting, i. 122.
Yellow-browed Warbler, i. 36.
Yellow Bunting, i. 125, 126, 128.
— Hammer, i. 125, 126, 128.
Yellow-legged Herring Gull, iv.
68

Yellowshank, iv. 46.

— Greater, iv. 45, 49.
Yellow Wagtail, i. 75, 76.
Yelper,” iv..2T.

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY ROBERT MACLEHOSE AND CO. LTD.,

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