The Youhc collector
British Ferns
By E.J. Lowe,F. R.S.
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Scolopendrium vulgare, var. Viviparum (showing bulbiferous plants). See Page 81.
{From “ The Gardener's Chronicle.")
YOUNG COLLECTOR SERIES.]
BRITISH FERNS,
AND
r»«iffUND-
(NATURAL HISTORY)
7 JUL 1992
PURCHASED
ij BOTANY LIBRARV
*BY-
E. J. LOWE, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.Roy.M.S., etc.
Author of " Our Native Ferns f etc.
3Lantion :
SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO.,
PATERNOSTER SQUARE.
1891.
flCJL, 20
aV
ERRATA.
PAGE
1 13. For Group 6, read Group 4.
165. For Asplenium Filix-feemina, var. taeda, read Polystichum Angulate,
var. 10. taeda.
163. For Asplenium Filix-foemina, A. 2. a. pumulum, read congestum.
165. In A. 2. /3. crispatum, the numbers should be 9 and 10, instead of
8 and 9.
167. Last line. For 1839, read 1861.
ADDENDUM.
The following variety was not received until the completion of this work.
SCOLOPENDRIUM VULGARE.
B. 1. o. CK1SPUM.
60. crispissimum, Lowe. A grand variety, from Mr. Gillett's collection. The
ruche-like frills are inches deep along the margin of the frond. 29 x si
inches, of which 12 inches is the stipes.
CORRIGENDA.
“ A. Eilix-foemina vars incongruum, Mapplebeckii, and
setigerum ; S. vulgare var. coustellatum ” ; and “ A. angulare
tripinnatum,” have in error been repeated on pages 51, 55,
65, 73 and 116,
Also on page
60 stromboinenon should be stephanon.
54 triumphale ,, triumphans.
108 splendens ,, splendidum.
167 caudatum ,, eaudeum.
IN
AFFECTIONATE REMEMBRANCE
OF THE
LATE COLONEL A. M. JONES,
WHOSE
LARGENESS OF HEART AND STANCH FRIENDSHIP
ARE TRAITS THAT CANNOT BE FORGOTTEN,
AND WHOSE
ENTHUSIASTIC LABOURS AND KEEN PERCEPTION
ENABLED HIM TO DO SO MUCH
FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF THIS,
HIS FAVOURITE SUBJECT.
E. J. LOWE.
PREFACE.
The Author of this Handbook is anxious to acknowledge the great
help that he has received from his numerous fern friends. More
especially are these thanks due to Dr. F. W. Stansfield, of Sale,
without whose valuable assistance and suggestions (notably as
regards classification) it would have been impossible to have
written this work in six weeks. The book was required at a short
notice, and therefore it is hoped that any imperfections will be
dealt with mercifully.
To Dr. Maxwell Masters, Mr. E. F. Fox, Mr. W. H. Phillips,
Mr. J. H. Fitt, Mr. W. Barnard- Hankey, Mr. R. Thompson, Mr.
J. M. Barnes (now deceased), Mrs. Grant, Mrs. Barnes, Colonel
Randall, Mrs. Lewis, Mrs. Curre, Mr. Elworthy (son of the late Mr.
C. Elworthy), Messrs. Birkenhead, Messrs. Backhouse, Mr. H. S.
Perry, Mrs. J. K. Hodgson, Miss Jones, Mrs. Bagnall Oakeley,
Mr. J. Garnett, Mr. R. LI. Praeger, Mr. Martin-Atkins, Mr. P. B.
O’Kellv, Mr. C. T. Druery, Major Cowburn, Mr. Stabler, Mr. W.
G. Baker (Botanic Gardens, Oxford), Mr. J. W. Morris, and others,
his thanks arc also specially due, for plants, fronds, and various
information.
The Author has received great help from the invaluable “Nature
Printed Impressions of British Ferns,” by the late Colonel A. M.
Jones, and from an examination of his dried fronds, and his
valuable collection of historical ferns now growing in the Clifton
Zoological Gardens (under the superintendence of the Author),
containing divisions of the principal original wild finds of various
collectors, as well as those raised by Colonel Jones and others.
Further sources of information have been “Choice British Ferns,'’
by Mr. C. T. Druery ; “Ferns of the English Lake Country,” by
Mr. J. M. Barnes ; “The Ferns of Ulster,” by Mr. W. H. Phillips
and Mr. R. LI. Praeger ; “ Select Lists of British Ferns,” by
Messrs. F. W. and H. Stansfield ; “European Ferns,” by Mr. J.
Britten; “Geographical Handbook of Ferns,” by Mrs. Lycll; and
“ Historical Notes of Ferns,” MSS. by Mr. E. F. Fox.
To these must be added the Author’s acquaintance with the
6
PREFACE.
7
collections of growing plants at Milnthorp (the late Mr. J. M.
Barnes), at Scarborough (the late Mr. A. Clapham, dispersed ) ; at
Bulwell and Exeter (the late Rev. C. Padley, dispersed) ; at Usk
(the late Mr. Carbonell, now at the Royal Gardens , Kcw) ; at
Chislehurst (Mr. G. B. Wollaston), Nettlecombe Court (Sir Alfred
Trevellyan), Darlaston Hall (the late Mr. Svvynfen-Jervis), Rolleston
Hall (the late Sir Oswald Mosley), Hawkchurch (the late Mr. J.
Wills, dispersed ), Chelsea Botanic Gardens (the late Mr. T. Moore),
Edinburgh (Mr. P. N. Fraser), Ilfracombe (Mr. J. Dadds), Torbay
(Miss Kitson, dispersed ), Hartfield, Birmingham (Mr. J. E. Mapple-
beck) ; at Iona House, Clifton (Mr. Martin-Atkins), Hillersdon
House, Exeter (Mrs. Grant), Exeter (the late Mr. R. Gray, dis-
persed), Brislington (Mr. E. F. Fox) ; at Bowdon (the late Mr. J.
Sidebotham), Windermere (Mr. J. Clowes), Bowness (Mr. Garnett,
and Mr. Wilson), Scarborough (the late Mr. C. Glave, dispersed),
Whitby (the late Mr. W. Willison, dispersed ), Malton (the late Mr.
Monkman, dispersed), Levens (Mr. Stabler), York (Messrs. Back-
house and Mrs. Buckle), Marwood (the late Rev. F. Mules),
Papplewick (the late Mr. Riley, dispersed), Foots Cray (the late
Mr. R. Sim), Kirkcaldy (Mr. Sang) Tunbridge Wells (The late
Mrs. Delves, dispersed), Wentworth (the late Mr. J. Henderson),
Vauvert, Guernsey (the late Mr. J. James, dispersed), Glasnevin
Gardens (the late Mr. D. Moore), Belfast (Mr. W. H. Phillips),
Edinburgh (the late Mr. Tait, dispersed), Holywood (Mr. R. LI.
Praeger), Ulverston (Mrs. Hodgson), South Kensington Museum
(Mrs. Cowper), Ilfracombe (Mr. R. Moule), Charmouth (Mr. J.
Moly), etc.
To Mr. John C. Nimmo, Publisher, London, the Author is in-
debted for the use of the Illustrations, and for which he offers his
thanks.*
* The Author is aware that some of the varieties are not sufficiently distinct to
be retained ; this, however, can be more satisfactorily discussed by the Fern
Conference from a careful examination of fronds. A few additional varieties
will be found in an Addendum.
CONTENTS
Varieties and Nomenclature
VARIETIES.
PAGE
II
Ferns of Europe proper
.
l6
Woodsia Ilvensis, R. Brown
none
19
,, hyperborea, R. Brown .
none
19
Hymenophyllum unilaterale, Bory
2
20
,, Tunbridgense, Smith
i
21
Trichomanes radicans, Swartz
i3
21
Cystopteris fragilis, Bernhardi
16
23
, , alpina, Desvaux
none
25
„ montana, Link .
none
25
Adiantum Capillus-Veneris, Linn a us .
32
25
Cryptogramme crispa, R. Brown
none
28
Pteris aquilina, Linneeus
16
29
Lomaria Spicant, Desvaux .
83
3°
Asplenium viride, Hudson .
12
34
,, Trichomanes, Linneeus
27
35
,, septentrionale, Hoffmann .
none
39
,, marinum, Linneeus
28
40
, , Germanicum, Weis .
none
43
,, Ruta-muraria, Linneeus
16
44
„ Adiantum-nigrum, Linneeus
15
45
,, fontanum, Bernhardi .
5
47
,, lanceolatum, Hudson .
12
48
„ Filix-foemina, Bernhardi (sub-section
Athyrium)
50
Section ramosum
18
50
,, grandiceps .
29
51
,, cristatum
44
54
,, cruciatum .
59
56
, , congestum .
21
60
,, crispatum ,
8
61
,, flexuosum .
17
62
,, plumosum .
21
63
,, dissectum .
17
64
,, laxum .
7
65
,, depauperatum
13
66
,, rotundatum
4
67
„ lineare
3
67
, , laciniatum .
13
67
,, lunulatum .
22
68
„ Ceterach, Linneeus
27
69
Scolopendrium vulgare, Smith
8
71
Section ramosum
72
, , ramo-inasquale .
33
73
,, cristatum .
31
74
, , ramo-marginatum
26
77
, , conglomeratum .
27
78
,, sagittatum .
26
80
,, truncatum .
n
82
,, peraferens ,
20
82
„ flexuosum .
5
84
,, crispum
57
84
„ undulatum .
26
88
,, lineare
24
89
,, muricatum .
35
9i
,, supralineatum
M
93
,, marginatum
4i
93
,, crenatum
S3
96
,, variegatum .
29
. 98
8
CONTENTS.
9
Aspidium Lonchitis, Swartz (subsection Polystichum)
VARIETIES.
s
PAGE
100
„ aculeatum, Swartz ,,
29
100
„ angulare, Kitaibcl ,,
103
Section ramosum ....
105
„ grandiceps ....
20
106
,, cristatum ....
25
107
„ polydactylum
13
108
„ brachiatum ....
18
109
,, cruciatum ....
10
no
,, congestum ....
15
III
, , alatum ....
7
III
,, flexuosum ....
8
112
,, stipatum ....
7
1 13
,, plumosunt ....
XI
113
,, foliosum ....
13
I 14
,, pulcherrimum
3
1 14
,, macropinnulum .
8
ns
, , laxurn
S
ns
,, decompositum
17
116
,, acutilobum ....
25
117
,, divisolobum
31
118
,, plumoso-divisolobum .
8
120
, , multilobum ....
20
121
, , rotundatum ....
IS
122
,, lineare ....
17
123
,, laciniatum ....
25
124
,, setosum ....
7
125
,, perserratum
5
126
,, deltoideum ....
7
126
,, angustatum
4
127
,, variegatum ....
9
127
Nephrodium thelypteris, Dcsvaux (subsection Lastrea)
none
128
„ montanum, Baker ,,
77
128
,, Filix-mas, Richard ,,
52
133
,, paleaceum, Don „
40
138
,, propinquum, Lowe ,,
28
141
,, cristatum, Michaux ,,
S
i43
„ rigidum, Dcsvaux ,,
6
144
,, spinulosum, Desvaux ,,
.
I4S
Section aemulum ....
6
146
„ alpinum ....
23
147
„ dilatatum ....
1 7
148
Polypodium Phegopteris, Litinceus
6
149
„ Dryopteris, Linnceus
none
150
„ Robertianum, Hoffmann .
none
15°
,, alpestre, Hoppe ....
4
151
„ vulgare, Linnceus ....
151
Section plumosum
1 7
152
,, cristatum.
15
153
,, semilacerum
14
154
,, anomalum
28
iSS
Gymnogramme leptophylla, Dcsvaux .
none
157
Osmunda regalis, Linnceus .....
8
157
Botrychium Lunaria, Swartz ....
none
158
Ophioglossum vulgatum, Linnceus ....
Number of species, 45
,, varieties, 1794
2
159
Concluding Remarks .
Additional Varieties .
159
165
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS,
No. of woodcut in
present Work.
Species and Variety.
Description
of woodcut.
<D
t£
a
i
Woodsia Ilvensis
A plant
'9
2
,, hyperborea
Hymenophyllum unilateral^
Fructification
19
3
20
4
,, Tunbridgense
Cystopteris fragilis
21
5
,,
23
6
,, montana
25
7
Adiantum Capillus-Veneris
,,
26
8
Cryptogramme crispa
28
9
Pteris aquilina ... ... ...
Incised
29
IO
Asplenium Trichomanes, var. Claphami
3">
1 1
,, ,, var. cristatum
,, septentrionale ... ...
Cresting
37
12
Upper portion of frond ..
39
13
,, marinum
Fertile pinnae
40
,, ,, var. imbricatum
Imbricated frond
41
15
,, Germanicum
Frond
43
16
,, Ruta muraria, var. ramosum
Branching frond...
44
17
„ Adiantum nigrum, var. grandiceps
Capitate head
46
18
,, fontanum
Portion of frond
47
>9
,, ,, var. depauperatum
Depauperation
48
20
„ lanceolatum
Tip of frond
49
21
,, Filix-foemina, var. glomeratum
Bunch-cresting
52
22
,, var. orbiculatum
Capitate head
53
23
„ ,, var. Elworthii
Cresting ...
55
24
,, ,, var. Fields
Pinna, showing cmciation
53
25
,, ,, var. Barnesii
Pinna, showing feathery
character
6 3
26
,, „ var. Frizelliae
I.unulate character
68
27
,, Ceterach
Frond
70
28
Scolopendrium vulgare, var. Edwardsii
Ramose cresting
72
29
,, ,, var. constellatum
Branching and cresting
76
30
,, ,, var. sinum
Pouch
83
31
„ ,, var. kraspedoumenon
Showing marginal line
and teeth
94
Fro
nt. ,, ,, var. Viviparum
Showing bulbiferous plants
2
32
,, omnilacerum Lowei
Tip of frond
97
33
Aspidium lonchitis
Pinna
100
34
,, aculeatum, var. acrocladon ...
Capitation
101
35
,, angulare, var. confluens
Depauperation
104
36
,, ,, var. rotundatum
Portion of frond
122
37
Nephrodium thelypteris
Fructification
128
3a
,, montanum ... ...
128
39
,, Filix-mas
it ••• •••
>33
40
,, paleaceum, var. crispulum
Upper pinnae, showing
bunch-cresting
>39
41
,, cristatum
Pinna, showing fructifi-
cation
>43
42
,, spinulosum ...
Polypodium Robertianum
,, ... ...
>45
43
»» ••• •••
>50
44
,, alpestre ... ...
»» ••• •••
>5'
45
,, vulgare
Lobe
>5>
46
Gymnogrammc leptophylla
Frond ...
>57
IO
IDarieties of tbe British ferns
THESE have been described in 1859 in “ Nature-Printed British
Ferns,” by Mr. Thomas Moore ; in “ Our Native Ferns,” in 1867,
by the Author of this Handbook ; in 1876 to i$8o, private/y (6 parts)
in “Varieties of the British Species of Ferns,” nature-printed, by
Colonel A. M. Jones ; in 1878, in “ Ferns of the English Lakes,”
edited by Mr. J. M. Barnes ; and in 1888, in “Choice British
Ferns,” by Mr. C. T. Druery.
For elaborate descriptions the reader is referred to these works ;
but the vast increase in our knowledge of this subject, during the
last few years, has caused the earlier works to be out of date.
Many varieties were unknown when they were written, and a
number of unimportant forms have now to be rejected. The
English Lakes are, of course, restricted to a prescribed area ; and
Mr. Druery’s excellent “Choice British Ferns,” as the name im-
plies, is limited to the most striking departures from the normal
forms ; and even in extraordinary varieties there are many beau-
tiful ferns that have been discovered during the past two years, and
others that do not appear to have been known to Mr. Druery.
For several reasons it is desirable to have a record up to the
present time ; and the most powerful of these arguments is the
confusion that exists. Allied varieties have been found by different
persons, and such names as divisolobum, grandiceps, plumosum,
polydactylum, cristatum, cruciatum, crispum, etc., have been used
over and over again, sometimes with the additional name of the
finder ; or, if showing distinct characters, one or two extra names
have been added, until we have varieties that can boast of possess-
ing three or four names, such, for example, as Aspidium angulare,
variety decompositiun-viagnificum-polydactylum , and one or two
even longer than this. A simple descriptive name of any marked
character, such as plumosum, cristatum or crispum, is desirable, or
even a compound name that will denote two marked characters
like ramo-coronans, sagittato-projectum, or lineare-cristatum, may
not be objected to ; but a cumbersome string of names cannot be
tolerated, no matter how descriptive it may be ; in fact, a name is
the symbol by which it is to be recognised, and is not intended to
be a description. We can now, by crossing several varieties of
ferns, produce all the characters on one frond, and several of these
again crossed will give us their combined characters ; and this must
prove the utter impossibility of a descriptive nomenclature.
12
BRITISH FERNS.
It is always undesirable to change a familiar name ; and there-
fore, in order to create as little alteration as possible, — in those
families that are particularly rich in varieties, — a plan has been
adopted of dividing the varieties of the species Aspidium angulare,
Scolopendrium vulgare, and Asplenium filix-fcemina into divisions,
groups, and sections, for the distinct varieties are now to be
reckoned by hundreds in these species : —
Asplenii
Division A.
Group i (branched).
Section a ramosum.
,, ft grandiceps.
,, 7 cristatum.
,, 5 cruciatum.
m Filix-fcemina.
Changes in skeleton.
Group 2 (dwarfed).
Section a pumilum.
,, ft crispatum.
Group 3 (flexuose).
Section a flexuosum.
Division B. Alteration of soft parts.
Group i (subdivision of segments).
Section a plumosum.
,, ft dissectum.
Group 2 (diminution of soft parts).
Section a laxum.
,, ft depauperatum.
Section a rotundatum.
,, ft lineare.
Group 3 (abbreviated pinna:).
Section y laciniatum.
5 lunulatum.
Scolopendrium vulgare.
Division A. Changes in skeleton.
Group I (branched).
Section a ramosum. Section y conglomeration.
Sub-section a ramo-imequale. ,, 5 sagittatum.
Section ft cristatum.
Sub-section ft ramo- marginatum. |
Group 2 (truncate).
Section a truncatum.
Sub-section a peraferens.
Division B.
Group I (increased development).
Section a crispum.
,, ft undulatum.
Group 3 (surface rough).
Section a muricatum.
,, ft supralineatum.
,, 7 marginatum.
Group 3 (flexuose).
Section a flexuosum.
Alteration of soft parts.
Group 2 (narrowing of skeleton),
Section a exiguum.
Group 4 (margin altered).
Section a fissile.
Group 5 (variegated).
Section a variegatum.
DIVISIONS, GROUPS, AND SECTIONS.
13
Aspidium angulare.
Division A. Changes in skeleton.
Group 1 (branched).
Section ct ramosum. Section 0 polydactylum.
,, /3 grandiceps. ,, e brachiatum.
,, 7 cristatum.
„ f cruciatum.
Group 2 (dwarfed).
Section a congestum.
,, /3 alatum.
Group 3 (flexuose).
Section a flexuosum.
Group 4 (stipitate).
Section a stipatum.
Division B. Alt<
Group 1 (increased development).
Section a plumosum.
,, /3 foliosum.
,, 7 pulcherrimum.
,, S macropinnulum.
nation of soft parts.
Group 2 (diminished development).
Section a laxum.
Group 3 (subdivision of pinnules).
Section a decompositum.
, , /3 acutilobum.
, , 7 divisolobum.
,, 5 plumoso-divisolobum.
,, e multilobum.
Group 4 (changed development).
Section a rotundatum.
,, /3 lineare.
,, 7 laciniatum.
,, 5 setosum.
, , e perserratum.
Division C. Alteration of outline.
Group I (widened). 1 Group 2 (narrowed).
Section a deltoideum. 1 Section a angustatum.
Division D. Alteration in colour.
Group 1 (variegated).
Section a variegatum.
By the above arrangement the number of names to any one variety
is in most instances diminished, being merged into the name of
the section. The aim has been to correct the unpalatable names
that already exist without destroying their identity.* 'Future names,
it is hoped, will be more in accordance with the rules of Botany ;
and this is important, as the increase in varieties, both by wild
* Mr. Thomas Moore, whose name will always be received with respect, was
(perhaps innocently) the originator of compound names. A Hart’s Tongue
having a marginal belt was named by him marginatum, another bimarginatum,
whilst a third with a branched head became bimarginatum muitifidum. This
habit became chronic with some of our British Fern authorities, who declared
that a descriptive name, no matter how unwieldy, was the one to adopt. Even
the nomenclature of Linnaeus and Decandolle was condemned ; and the variety
of Polypodium vulgare known as cambricum from the time of Linnaeus (more
than a century ago) was altered to plumosum. The author believes that
nearly all the members of the Pteridological Society now condemn cumber-
some names.
BRITISH FERNS.
finds and by judicious crossing, has never advanced so rapidly as
it is doing at the present time.
The nomenclature adopted in this Handbook is that of the late
Sir William Hooker, as given in his “Synopsis Filicum,” com-
pleted by Mr. J. G. Baker, F.R.S., Royal Gardens, Kew. In this
work Sir William Hooker has arranged the British species in the
following order : —
SUB-ORDER II. POLYPOD I ACE/E.
Tribe 2. Dicksoniea:.
Woodsia ilvensis, R. Brown.
,, hyperborea, R. Brown.
Tribe 3. Hymenophyi.le>e.
Ilymenophyllum Tunbridgense, Smith.
, , unilaterale, Bory.
Trichomanes radicans, Swartz.
Tribe 4. Davallie,e.
Cystopteris fragilis, Bernhardi.
,, alpina, Desvaux
(Cystopteris regia, Desvaux).
,, montana, Link.
Tribe 6. Pteride^e.
Adiantum Capillus- Veneris, Linnaeus.
Cryptogramme crispa, R. Brown
(Allosorus crispus, Bernhardi).
Pteris aquilina, Lin nee us.
Lomaria Spicant, Desvaux
(Blechnum Spicant, Smith).
Tribe 8. Asplenie/e.
Asplenium viride, Hudson.
,, Trichomanes, Linnaeus.
,, septentrionale, Linnaeus.
,, marinum, Linnaeus.
,, Germanicum, Weiss.
,, Ruta-muraria, Linnaeus.
,, Adiantum-nigrum, Linnaeus.
,, fontanum, Bernhardi.
,, lanceolatum, Hudson.
,, Filix-foemina, Bernhardi.
(Athyrium Filix-foemina, Roth).
,, Ceterach, Linnaeus
(Ceterach officinarum, Willdenow).
Tribe 9. ScOI.OPENDRIEAi.
Scolopendrium vulgare, Smith.
NOMENCLATURE.
15
Tribe 10. Aspidies.
Aspidium Lonchitis, Swartz
(Polysticlium Lonchitis, Roth).
,, aculeatum, Swartz
(Polysticlium aculeatum, Roth).
, , angulare, Kitaibcl
(Polysticlium angulare, Presl , and included
in aculeatum, Swartz).
Nephrodium Thelypteris, Desvaux
(Lastrea Thelypteris, Bory).
,, montanum, Baker
(Lastrea montana, Moore, and L. Oreopteris,
Bory).
,, Filix mas, Richard
(Lastrea Filix-mas, Presl).
,, paleaceum, Don
(Lastrea Filix-mas, Presl , and Aspidium
paleaceum, Donovan).
,, propinquum, Lowe
(Lastrea Filix-mas, Presl, and L. propinqua,
Wollastoti).
„ cristatum, Michaux
(Lastrea cristata, Presl).
,, rigidum, Desvaux
(Lastrea rigida, Presl).
,, spinulosum, Desvaux
(Lastrea dilatata, Presl).
Tribe 11. Polypodies.
Polypodium Phegopteris, Linnaeus.
,, Dryopteris, Linnceus.
,, Robertianum, Hoffmann
(P. calcareum, Smith and P. Dryopteris,
var. Bolton).
,, alpestre, Hofipe.
,, vulgare, Linnceus.
Tribe 12. Grammitides.
Gymnogramme leptophylla, Desvaux.
SUB-ORDER III. OSMUND ACEyE.
Osmunda regalis, Linnceus.
SUB-ORDER VI. OPHIOGLOSSACE^E.
Ophioglossum lusitanicum, Linnceus.
,, vulgatum, Linnceus,
Botrychium Lunaria, Swartz.
i6
BRITISH FERNS.
In Sub-order i there are no European representatives
,, 2, Tribe i „ >,
,, 2, ,, 4, this contains Si known Davallias, none British.
,, 2, ,, 5, no European representatives.
,, 2, ,, 6, out of 62 Adiantums only one is British.
,, 2, ,, 7, none British.
,, 2, ,, 8, out of 282 Aspleniums 11 are British.
,, 2, ,, 9, Great Britain has one Scolopendrium.
,, 2, ,, 10, out of 56 Aspidiums we have 3, and out of 224
Nephrodiums we have only 6.
,, 2, ,, II, Polypodium. There are 393 species, of which
only 4 are British.
,, 3, we have one Osmunda.
,, 4, there are no representatives in Europe.
,, 5, none in Europe.
,, 6, Ophioglossum and Botrychium, there are 3 in the United
Kingdom and 8 in Europe.
THE FERNS OF EUROPE PROPER.
(Natives of this country are distinguished thus * ).
Onoclea Germanica, Willdenow.
Woodsia glabella, Brown.
,, Caucasica, J. Smith.
* ,, Ilvensis, Brown.
* ,, hyperborea, Brown.
Dicksonia Culcita, L' Herilier.
*IIymenophyllumTunbridgense,.S'#»'M.
,, unilaterale, R. Brown.
*Trichomanes radicans, Swartz.
Davallia Canariensis, Smith.
*Cystopteris fragilis, Bernhardi.
, , alpina, Desvaux.
,, Sudetica.,A.Br.&J Mitde.
,, montana, Link.
*Adiantum Capillus- Veneris, Linnaeus.
,, Aithiopicum, Linnaeus.
Cheilanthes fragrans, Webb & Berth.
, , Hispanica, Mettenius.
,, Szovitzii, Fisch dr5 Meyer.
*Cryptogramme crispa, R. Brown.
Pteris longifolia, Linnaeus.
,, Cretica, Linnaeus.
,, arguta, Ait on.
* ,, aquilina, Linnaeus.
*Lomaria Spicant, Desvaux.
Arctic Europe to Pyrenees.
Lapland, S. Tyrol.
Caucasus.
England, Wales, and Scotland.
England, Wales, and Scotland.
Spain.
England, Wales, and Scotland.
England, Scotland, and Ireland.
Norway.
Ireland, Scotland, and Wales.
Spain and Portugal.
United Kingdom.
England, and from Sweden to Spain.
Silesia, Moravia, and Carpathians.
Scotland, Scandinavia, and Central
Europe.
England, Wales, Ireland, & warmer
parts of Europe.
Spain.
Switzerland and Southern Europe.
Portugal and Spain.
Italy and Dalmatia.
England, Scotland, Ireland, Spain,
Lapland.
Spain, Dalmatica, Sicily.
Switzerland, Italy, Crete, Corsica.
Portugal.
England, and throughout Europe.
United Kingdom, and throughout
Europe.
FERNS OF EUROPE.
17
Woodwardia radicans, Smith.
Asplenium Hemionitis, Linnceus.
'* ,, viride, Hudson.
I leuffleri, Reichardt.
Trichomanes, Linnceus.
Petrarchae, De Candolle.
septentrionale, Hoffmann.
Seelosii, Leyhold.
marinum, Linnceus.
germanicum, Weiss.
Ruta'-muraria, Linnceus.
fissurn, Kitaihel.
Spain, Portugal, Italy, Sicily.
Spain, Portugal.
United Kingdom, and from Arctic
Europe to Pyrenees.
Tyrol.
United Kingdom, and throughout
Europe.
S. of France, Italy, Spain, Sicily.
Britain, Scotland, Norway, Spain,
Italy.
Tyrol and Carinthia.
British Isles, Orkney, France, and
Spain.
England, Scotland, Wales ; Middle
and N. Europe.
United Kingdom. Arctic Europe
to Spain.
Germany, Italy, Turkey, Hungary,
Dalmatia.
* ,, Adiantum-nigrum, Linnceus. United Kingdom, and throughout
Europe.
* ,, fontanum, Bernhardi. England. Central Europe to Spain.
* ,, lanceolatum, Hudson. England, Spain, Portugal, Greece.
,, (Athyrium) crenatum, Ru- Norway, Sweden, Lapland.
precht.
* ,, (Athyrium) Filix-foemina, United Kingdom, and throughout
Bernhardi. Europe.
* ,, (Hemidictyum) Ceterach, England, Ireland ; to Spain and
Linnceus. Greece.
‘Scolopendrium vulgare, Swartz. United Kingdom. Throughout
Europe.
,, Hemionitis, Swartz. France, Italy, Sicily, Spain, Greece.
*Aspidium (Polystichum) Lonchitis, United Kingdom. From Green-
Swartz. land to Greece.
* ,, (Polystichum) aculeatum. United Kingdom. Throughout
Szoarlz. Eurppe.
“Neplirodium (Lastrea) Thelypteris, England, Ireland, Scotland.
Desvaux. '1 hroughout Europe.
,, ,, montanum, Baker. United Kingdom. Lapland to
Greece.
* ,, ,, Filix-mas, United Kingdom. Throughout
Richard. Europe.
* ,, ,, cristatum, England, Scandinavia, Italy, Greece.
Alichaux.
* ,, ,, rigidum, Desvaux. England, Spain, Greece, Germany,
Switzerland.
,, ,, spinulosum, United Kingdom. Throughout
Desvaux. Europe.
*Polypodium (Phegopteris) Phegopte- United Kingdom. Throughout
ris, Lintucus. Europe.
* ,, Dryopteris, United Kingdom. Lapland to
Linncms. Pyrenees.
* ,, alpestre, Hoppe. Scotland, Lapland, Russia, Ger-
many, Alps.
B
1 8
BRITISH FERNS.
*Polypodium vulgaie, Linrueus.
Nothochltena lanuginosa, Desvaux.
,, Marantos, R. Brown.
Gymnogramme Pozoi, Kunze.
,, leptophylla, Desvaux.
*Osmunda regalis, Linnceus.
*Ophioglossum Lusitanicum, Lintueus.
,, vulgatum, Linnoeus .
Botrychium simplex, Hitchcock.
,, rutaceum, Swartz.
,, Lunaria, Swartz,
,, ternatum, Swartz.
,, Virginianum, Swartz.
,, M a t r icarisefo 1 i u m , + yL Brost
United Kingdom. Throughout
Europe.
Spain, Greece, Syria.
S. Europe.
Spain.
Jersey. S. Europe.
United Kingdom. Throughout
Europe.
Guernsey to Mediterranean.
England and Ireland. Lapland,
and various parts of Europe.
N. Europe.
Scandinavia.
United Kingdom. From Arctic
Europe to Spain.
Lapland to Pyrenees.
Norway to Austria.
N. Europe.
To the above may be added, from Algeria, Madeira, Canaries,
and Azores : —
Onoclea orientalis, Hooker.
Adiantum reniforme, Linnceus.
Cheilanthes pulchella, Bory.
Asplenium monanthemum, Linnceus.
, , sepulchrale, Hooker.
,, furcatum, Thunberg.
,, (Athyrium) umbrosum, Smith.
Aspidium (Polystichum) falcinellum, Swartz.
,, ,, frondosum, A’. Lowe.
Nephrodium (Lastrea) aemulum, Baker.
,, ,, uni turn, A. Brown.
,, molle, Dcsvaux.
Polypodium (Phegopteris) drepanum, Hooker.
Gymnogramme (Leptogramme) Totta, Schlechtcndal.
Acrostichum squamosum, Swartz.
A more extended account of the Ferns of Europe, and throughout
the world, will be found by referring to “ A Geographical Hand-
book of all the Known Ferns,” by Mrs. K. M. Lyell (1870), the
above extract being sufficient to show the Ferns of Europe.
Reference may also be made to “Cassell’s European Ferns,” in
which the species are described and figured. There are twenty-
nine species not found in this country, out of the seventy European
Ferns. My list contains forty-five British species.
f Included in " European Ferns,” by Mr. James Britten.
WOODSIA.
19
SUB-ORDER II.
POLYPODIACEZE.
Tribe 2. DICKSONIE/E.
THE OBLONG WOODSIA.
WOODSIA ILVENSIS. — R. Brown. .A
A diminutive mountain fern with fronds
from 2 to 4 inches long. This plant grows
in the crevices of damp rocks. The fronds
are lanceolate-pinnate, the pinnae being
profoundly pinnatifid. The rachis, stipes,
and underside of the frond chaffy, and the
sori scattered. It is a deciduous fern, and
requires growing under a bell-glass. Ex-
ceedingly rare, and found at altitudes o!
from 1,200 to 3,000 ft. Mr. Joseph Side-
botham discovered it in Carnarvonshire
and it has been found in Westmoreland
Cumberland, and Durham, one locality
near the Caldron Spout, Teesdale (in ar
inaccessible place, E. J. L.). In Scotland
near Loch Skene (Rev. W. Little) to the
North of Moffat (P. Gray), hills between Fig. 1.— Woodsia ilvensis.
Dumfries and Peeblesshire (abundant,
Mr. W. Stevens), near Crieff on Ben
Chonzie (the late Professor Balfour),
Ben Lawers (Mr. J. Backhouse), Clova
Mountains (Sir W. Hooker). Professor
Balfour, Mr. Neill Fraser and myself
failed to find it on Ben Lawers.
It occurs in Iceland, Lapland, Nor-
way, Sweden, Denmark, Russia, Nova-
Zembla, Caucasus, the Crimea, Spain,
Italy, France, Germany, Switzerland,
Hungary, Siberia, Kamtschatka, United
States, Canada, the Rocky Mountains
and Arctic America, Japan, Siberia,
Labrador, Greenland.
No varieties are recorded.
Hairy, but not scaly.
Equally rare and scarcely as large
as Woodsia Ilvensis, and with shorter
pinnae ; growing in similar situations.
Our British recorded localities are
Snowdon (Mr. L. Clark) near Crieff on ,
Ben Chonzie, Perthshire, Glen Isla For- Fig. 2 — Woodsia hyperborean
THE ALPINE WOODSIA.
Woodsia hyperborea. — R. Brown.
20
BRITISH FERNS.— SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 3.
farshire, and Glen Fiadh, Clova Mountains (the late Professor
Balfour), on Ben Lawers (both by Mr. W. Wilson and Mr. Dickson),
and between Glen Lochy and Glen Dochart (Mr. J. T. Syme).
It is a native of Finland, Sweden, Lapland, Norway, Russia,
Germany, France, Switzerland, Spain, Siberia, Silesia, Transylvania,
Hungary, Rocky Mountains, on the Himalaya, and in Mas-
sachusetts.
There are no varieties.
Tribe 3. HYMENOPHYLLE/E.
THE ONE-SIDED FILM FERN.
Hymenophyllum UNILATERALE.— Bory.
(H. WlLSONI. — Hooker.)
A moss-like fern which might readily
be mistaken for one of the Musci family,
having pellucid-membraneous fronds,
from 1 to 6 inches in length. Pinnate,
the pinnae divided into 3 or 4 lobes.
Involucres stalked, the upper margin
serrated. Growing in very damp situa-
tions amongst moss on the ground or at
the base of trees, and on wet rocks.
Found in Cornwall, Devon, Stafford,
Salop, Lancashire, York, Northumber-
land, Westmoreland, and Cumberland
(in the English lakes in at least a score localities), Glamorgan,
Brecknock, Cardigan, Carmarthen, Montgomery, Merioneth, and
Carnarvon. In 13 Scotch counties, 12 Irish counties, Mull, Arran,
Shetland, Orkney, and Harris.
A native of Norway, Faroe, Bourbon, New Zealand, Chiloe,
Falkland, Tierra del Fuego, Cape Horn, Tasmania, Cape of Good
Hope, and Hermite Island.
The fronds endure for several years, and renew their growth
annually. Mr. Gray of Alphington had a plant that had fronds 6
inches long, many of which became branched by subsequent
growths.
Varieties.*
*1 Kinahani, Lowe. Found in 1870 in the Galway Mountains
by Mr. R. Kinahan, of the Irish Geological Survey. A long narrow
form.
2 Ramosum, Gray. Found in 1867 on Sheep’s Tor, Dartmoor,
by Mr. R. J. Gray, and in 1882 on the Mourne Mountains, Ireland,
by Mr. R. L. Praeger, length 4^ inches. Branching several times
from the main stem.
Fig. 3.— Hymenophyllum uni-
laterale (showing fructification).
* All varieties marked thus (*) have received 1st class Certificates from the
Royal Horticultural Society or Royal Botanic Society.
HYMENOPHYLLUM AND TRICHOMANES.
21
THE TUNBRIDGE FILM FERN.
Hymenophyllum Tunbridgense. — Smith.
A somewhat similar fern, with broader
fronds and having more divisions in the
pinnae, sometimes being split into 8 or io
lobes. Less common than H. unilaterale.
Found in Cornwall, Devon, Somerset,
Kent, Sussex, Lancashire, Cheshire, York-
shire, Cumberland, Westmoreland, Gla-
morgan, Brecknock, Merioneth, Carnar-
von. In 5 Scotch and 6 Irish counties.
Valentia, Mull, Bute, and Arran.
A native of Norway, Sweden, France,
Germany, Italy, Belgium, India, Madeira,
Azores, Mauritius, Chili, Brazil, New
Holland, New Zealand, Tasmania, Valdi-
via, and the Cape of Good Hope.
The fronds paler in colour than those of H. unilaterale. The
involucres without stalk and the upper margin not serrated.
Variety.
latifolium, Praeger. Found in 1882 at Narrowwater, county
Armagh, by Mr. R. L. Praeger. 5x13- inches (in widest part),
lower half depauperate and very narrow, above broad and plumose.
Fig. 4. — Hymenophyllum
Tunbridgense (showing
fructification).
The Film Fern succeeds well when fastened to a large stone
with wires, provided the stone is kept wet.
Both the Film Ferns are often found growing together, though
H. unilaterale is the commoner of the two. In Hooker’s “ Synopsis
Filicum,” the one-sided Film Fern is considered as a variety of the
Tunbridge Film Fern.
THE BRISTLE FERN.
T RICHOMANES RADICANS. — Swartz.
ONE of the Filmy ferns, and the only Trichomanes that is a native
of Great Britain ; a genus that abounds in the Tropics. It grows
on wet rocks in mountainous districts, delighting in the spray of a
waterfall. The fronds vary in length from six to sixteen inches,
are membranaceous, pellucid, smooth, and olive-green. The fronds,
if uninjured, remain on the plant for several years. It is ovate-
triangular in form, and feathery in appearance. Cannot be con-
fused with any other fern.
Bolton saw it in 1758 growing in abundance near Bingley in
Yorkshire, but in 17S2 could only find one plant. The late Mr.
Backhouse found it about thirty years ago tolerably abundant and
flourishing luxuriantly in several places, extending over several
miles in Wales, but the locality has been kept secret from a dread
of its extermination by collectors. Mr. Backhouse gave me a
22 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBES 3, 4.
plant, which is now a large specimen, and proves a distinct variety.
More recently Mr. Rowbotham again found this fern in Wales.
It is to all intents an Irish fern, and is much more rare than it
used to be. Dr. Mackay found it in Hermitage Glen ; Dr. Stokes,
at Powerscourt Waterfall; Glendine, by Mr. R. Ball; Glanbour, by
Mr. J. A. Fisher; Temple Michael Glen, by Mr. D. Murray;
Ballinhasy Glen and Bandon, by Mr. S. P. Woodward; Clashgariffe,
by Mr. J. Drummond; Glandore, by Dr. Allman; Bantry and
Curaan Lake, by Mr. C. C. Babington ; Kildorrery, by Mr. J.
Carrol; Blackvvater, by Dr. Kinahan ; Cumailte Mountains and
Tore, Killarney, by Dr. Mackay; Island of Valentia, by Miss H.
Blackburne; Cromaglaun, by Mr. W. Christy; Mount Eagle, by
Mr. D. Moore; Gortagaree, by Dr. Taylor; and Blackstones,
Glouin, Caragh, Inveragh, by Mr. W. Andrews ; and in Donegal
(1884), by Mr. P. Mahoney. It has also been found in the island
of Arran, Scotland, by Mr. W. B. Simson, of Edinburgh.
A native of Spain, Teneriffe, Canary, Madeira, Azores, Algeria,
Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Panama, New Granada, Brazil,
United States, Venezuela, Galapagos, Sandwich and Society Isles,
Northern India, and Polynesia. I have large plants that have
been growing in pans for forty years, and my special mode of
culture is worthy of being copied. Large pans, well drained, have
a compost of freestone, lumps of peat, and silver sand, the stone
predominating ; on this the rhizomes are fastened. A canal of
water surrounds each plant.
My Filmy Ferns are kept in a pit five feet deep, covered at the
top with frame lights that are lifted daily (sometimes twice a day),
for the purpose of wetting the fronds with a fine spray in imitation
of a shower. The plants are elevated on stands (about six inches)
to keep them above any water that might drain into the pit in very
rainy weather. The lights are shaded with the “ green Willesden
scrim” (from the Willesden Waterproof Paper Works). It is just
the shade ferns delight in ; cheap and durable, and in short nothing
better could be desired for ferns either in houses or out of doors.
It is now more than twenty years since these ferns have been
repotted.
Varieties.
#i. Alabamense, Birkenhead. A dwarf American variety, very
distinct and almost strap-shaped. 4X 1 inches.
*2. alatum, Clapham. Found in Ireland by the late Mr.
Clapham, conspicuously winged. 12x6 inches.
3. Americanum, Birkenhead. Pinnules broad. An American
variety. 10X4 inches.
4. Andrewsii, Moore. Found in Glouin Caragh, Ireland, by the
late Mr. William Andrews, from whom I received a portion of the
original plant in 1864, fronds narrower and more lanceolate, and
pinnte more distant. The involucres are sessile and quite sunk in
the frond. 13X7 inches.
5. Backhousei, Lowe. Found by Mr. Backhouse of York, in
Wales, some 35 years ago. A form between Andrewsii and
CYSTOPTERIS.
23
dilatatum , with less divided and shorter pinnules, broadly winged,
fronds a shining dark green, sori prominent. 13x7 inches.
6. Cambricum, Ashton. Found by the late Mr. Rowbotham (of
Manchester) in Wales. The tip of the frond and pinnae longer
and narrower than in Backliousei. 9x4^ inches.
*7. crispum, Lowe, (crispum-cristatum, Jones). Found in the
killarney district in 1852 by the late Colonel A. S. H. Lowe
(Gosfield Flail), very distinct, crisp, and irregularly branched.
10x5 inches.
8. cuneatum, Kinahan. Sent to me in 1870 by Mr. Kinahan
(Roebuck Park), fronds wedge-shaped.
9. densum, Stansjield. A pretty densely fronded form. 10X3F
inches.
10. dilatatum, Backhouse. Found in Ireland by Mr. Backhouse,
and named for its resemblance to Hymenophyllum dilatatum.
1 3X7 inches.
11. dissectum, StansfieL, Broad and tapering to a point, finely
divided ; beautiful. 15 x6£ inches.
12. dissectum-cuneatum, Birkenhead. Not unlike dissectum,
but wedge-shaped, and scarcely differing from cuneatum.
13. proliferum, Druery (bulbiferum, Jones). Found at Killarney ;
bearing bulbils. In the possession of Professor Morris of Bath ;
with him it has not borne bulbils.
Tribe 4. DAVALLIE/E.
THE BRITTLE BLADDER FERN.
C YSTO PTE R I s FRAG I LIS. —Bernhardt.
A COMMON de-
ciduous species,
from the sea level
to the summit of
Ben Lawers (4,000
ft., where its fronds
have only a height
of 2 inches), grow-
ing on rocks and
walls. The fronds
sometimes attain a length of 12 and occasionally 18 inches.
Colour a dull green, Growing in spreading tufts, and cannot be
mistaken for any other fern. It occurs throughout Europe and in
many other parts of the world.
Varieties.
1. adiantoides, Lowe. Found near Dundee by myself. It is a
large-growing, much-divided variety, with broad pinnae and pinnules
(the superior basal one very large).
2. angustata, Smith. Found in Devon, Derby, York, Cumber-
land, Westmoreland, Carnarvon, Monmouth, Edinburgh, Perth, and
Sligo. Length of frond 12 inches. Slender and very narrow,
ending both in the pinnae and the fronds in long taper points.
Fig. 5. — Pinnae of Cystopteris fragilis (showing
fructification).
24 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORUER II. TRIBES 4, 6.
3. crispa, Lowe (Dickieana crispa, Tm't). A dwarf variety found
near Aberdeen by Mr. Tait. A copy of Dickieana with crisp
fronds.
4. cristata, Lowe. A variety with crested fronds raised by Mr.
C. Ehvorthy at Nettlecombe. In 1871 Mr. R. Moule of Ilfracombe
raised another with fronds 8 inches in length in which the fronds
are very variable, sometimes symmetrically crested, at others
capitate, ramose, or ramose and crested. Mr. Keale of Wantage
and Mr. Mapplebeck of Birmingham have raised others, and Mr.
J- M. Barnes has found it at Sedgwick.
5. decurrens, Moore. Found near Wemyss Castle, Fifesbire, by-
Mr. Tait of Edinburgh. Pinnae deflexed and distant, pinnules
decurrent ; characters intermediate between Dickieana and the
normal form.
6. dentata, Hooker. A not uncommon variety. Length 4 to 8
inches, narrow, pinnules somewhat confluent and blunt toothed.
7. Dickieana, Moore. Found near Aberdeen by Dr. Dickie,
near Dunkeld by Dr. Balfour, and Isle of Arran (Galway), by Mr.
D. Moore of Glasnevin. A dwarf form. Pinnae twisted, deflexed,
and over-lapping, pinnules crowded and overlapping. More
recently at Mountain near Chepstow, by Mrs. Curre, and in S. Wales
by Mrs. Bagnall Oakeley.
8. furcans, Moore. Found at Killin by Mr. S. O. Gray, and on
Clova by Messrs. Stansfield. It is of the normal type, with the apex
and a portion of the pinnae forked.
9. interrupta, IVollaston. Found at Windermere by Mr. I.
Huddart. Very narrow ; pinnae variable, much depauperated, and
some wanting ; segments deeply cut and apex truncate. A very
singular variety.
10. lineare, O'Kelly. Length of frond 12 inches. A large, lax,
very narrow frond, with linear segments. Found in the Burren,
county Clare, by Mr. P. B. O’Kelly of Glanarra House, Bally-
vaughan.
11. minutissima, Jones. Origin unknown. A diminutive bushy
variety, crowded with fronds, but never exceeding 2 or 3 inches in
height. It came into the possession of Colonel Jones with other
ferns.
12. obtusa, Moore. Found in Scotland by Mr. A. Tait, near
Whitby by Mr. Clapham, Llyn Ogwen by Mr. S. O. Gray, and in the
Lake district by Mr. Clowes and Mr. Wollaston. Length 12 inches,
lanceolate, pinnules blunt.
13. quadrata, Clapham. Found near Rydal by Mr. A. Clapham.
Length 6 inches, basal pinnae remote, pinnules rounded, and a
portion, especially the basal ones, flat. Minutely dentate.
14. sempervirens. Found at Tunbridge Wells, and in Devon,
but supposed to have been introduced from Madeira. It has a
short creeping rhizoma, and in a cool greenhouse is evergreen.
1 5. truncata, Losve (truncata-interrupta). A truncate form,
differing from interrupta in having much broader, dilated, and
rounded apices.
CYSTOPTERIS AND ADIANTUM.
25
16. Wyense, Lowe. A very alpina- looking form, found on the
rocks along the Wye by Major Cowburn ; dwarf, pinnae and pinnules
crowded ; more nearly resembles C. alpina than any other variety.
THE ALPINE BLADDER FERN.
CYSTOPTERIS ALPINA.— Desvaux.
(Polypodium regium. — Linnmis.)
A RARE British species, found at the end of the last century growing
on a wall at Leyton in Essex. This is the only well-authenticated
locality in this country ; and the plant has now ceased to exist
there. Dwarf for a Cystopteris, and more finely divided than
C. fragilis. It is a native of the Alps, and is also found in Spain,
Italy, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Greece, Hungary, Sweden, and
Asia Minor.
There are no varieties to be recorded, and the species is thought
to have been introduced.
THE MOUNTAIN BLADDER FERN.
Cystopteris Montana.— Link.
A VERY distinct, fragile, tri-
angular fern, with tripinnate
fronds, and very long, slender
stipes. It has a lengthy creep-
ing rhizoma, and flourishes
well under cultivation, if suf-
ficient room is given for the
growth of the rhizoma. Sori
copious, medial, and indu-
siate.
First found in 1836 on Ben
Lawers, in Perthshire, by Mr. Fig- ^-Lowest pinna of Cystopteris montana
7 J (showing fructification).
W. Wilson.
In 1871, Mr. P. Neill Fraser and myself visited this spot, and
found that it was still abundant in that habitat. Mr. J. Backhouse
has also found it in Canlochen, at the head of Glen Isla (Clova
Mountains). It grows on moist ledges of rock, on mountains, and
is one of our rare British species.
Abroad, it is a native of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Lapland,
France, Spain, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Hungary, Kamtschatka,
and in the Rocky Mountains.
There are no varieties.
Tribe 6. PTERiDE/E.
MAIDEN HAIR FERN.
Adiantum Capillus-Veneris. — Linnmis.
An unmistakable species, and the only one of a large exotic
genus that is found in Great Britain.
26 BRITISH FERNS.— SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 6.
The fronds are bipinnate, and in some varieties tripinnate,
varying in length from a few inches to 2 feet, according to locality.
In some parts of the Burren,
in County Clare, it assumes its
maximum size. The sori are
situated on the apex of the
lobes, in marginal lines, the
indusium being the reflexed
portion of the apex of the lobe.
The stipes and rachis are slen-
der, eboneous, and shining.
The fronds are thin, membra-
nous, and a vivid green.
It is a beautiful and graceful
fern.
Found in Cornwall, Devonshire, Somersetshire (Clevedon, by
Mr. L. H. Grindon ; Cheddar, by the Rev. W. H. Hawker; and
Combe Down, near Bath, a single plant, E. J. L.)t ; Clea Hill
Shropshire, by Mr. Westcott ; Glamorgan and Barry Island
(E. J. L.) ; Galway, Kerry, Clare, Kincardineshire, Jersey, Guernsey,
Isle of Man, and Arran Isles.
It is a native of very many temperate and hot countries, occur-
ring in h ranee, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Switzerland, Belgium,
Greece, Turkey, Persia, Java, China, Dalmatia, India, Syria,
Siberia, Caucasus, Egypt, Abyssinia, Algiers, Madeira, Canary,
Azores, Madagascar, Natal, Alabama, California, Texas, Mexico,
Guatemala, Caraccas, Chili, Trinidad, St. Vincent, Jamaica,
Sandwich Islands, etc.
Varieties.
*i. admirabile, Lowe. Raised by myself. Length, i feet. Stout
and distinct ; and no Adiantum makes a better specimen. Basal
pinnae descending.
*2. angustatum, Lowe (bulbiferum, ClafiZtam). Dwarf, and when
sent to me by the late Mr. Clapham, the fronds literally covered
with young plants. There were no perfect spores ; and had it come
under the keen eye of Mr. Druery, he would have seen another
case of apospory ?
*3. autumnale, Lowe. Raised by myself. Slender fronds, golden
in colour. Length, 18 inches.
4. Clorinda, Lowe. Raised by myself. Length, 20 inches.
Robust, with upright habit. Stipes long, stout, and eboneous.
Pinnules cuneate, the ultimate one not larger. Indusium dark and
conspicuous.
5. Cornubiense, Moore. Found in 1868, near Hayle (Cornwall),
by Mr. IT. H. Trevethick. A large plumose variety. Pinnules
deeply divided into ten or twelve narrow fringed divisions.
*6. Daphnites, Lowe. A remarkable form, raised from spores
from a frond given to me by Sir Joseph Hooker, about twenty-
T Recently another plant has been found.
Fig. 7.— Portion of frond, under side of
Adiantum Capillus-Veneris (showing
fructification).
ADIANTUM. 27
three years ago. Length, 6 inches. Erect, pinnae large, and so
crowded together as to appear crested. Costa wavy.
7. depauperation, Clap ham. Raised by the late Mr. James.
Length, 12 inches. Much cut and depauperate.
8. digitatum, Moore. Raised by Mr. O’Brien.
9. fimbriatum, Jones. Raised in 1872 by Miss Baker. Length
9 inches. Distinctly fimbriate.
10. fissum, Moore (alcicorne ?). Dwarf. Length, 6 inches, Pin-
nules cut into shreds. A great departure from the ordinary form.
11. Footii, Lowe. Found in County Clare, by Mr. J. F. Foot
(near Ballyryan). Length, 24 inches. Pinnules varied in length,
some nearly an inch wide.
*12. fortnose, Lowe (perfection, Padley). Found in the Crimea,
and sent to me by Sir Joseph Hooker. Very slender and minute
in all its parts.
13. grande, Moore. A fine variety, sent to me by Mr. Jannock.
8£X2§. Ultimate pinnules large.
*14. imbricatum, Lowe. Raised by myself. Dwarf and imbricated.
15. incisum, Moore. Found in several localities, but a much
more distinct form (incisium-Footii, Lowe') was found in County
Clare by Mr. J. F. Foot. Length, 15 inches. Pinnules large and
much incised.
16. Jonesii, Lowe. Found in the Salt Spring Islands, by Mr.
G. Lucas. Distinct, stiff, and robust, with an erect, close habit.
Pinnae thick and leathery, ascending, trapeze form, except the
ultimate ones. Stipes like polished ebony.
*17. kalon, Lowe. Raised by myself. 12x6 inches (broadest
at base, and gradually narrowing). Pinnules rounded, large, and
overlapping.
18. luminare, Lowe. Raised by myself. A golden variety.
19. magnificum, Fraser. Large, bold, making a handsome plant.
20. Mariesii, Moore. Length, i£ feet. Pinnules wedge-shaped.
A strong-branching, handsome form.
21. Moritzianum, Moore. A large form.
*22. multiceps-dentatum, Lowe. Raised by myself. Length,
10 inches. Branching.
*23. nobile, Lowe. Raised by myself. Length, 12 inches.
Slender, pinnules small, fronds golden yellow.
24. O’Brienianum, Birkenhead. Length, 1 foot.
*25. optandum, Lowe. Raised by myself. Length, 2 feet (stipes,
1 foot). Narrow. Pinnae distant. Pinnules small and cuneate,
distinct.
26. Padleyi, Lowe. Found in Devon, by the Rev. C. Padley.
Length, 5 inches. All the pinnules concave.
27. Pixyeidon, Lowe (plumosum, Jones). Found in 1869, in
Cornwall, by Mr. J. Dadds. Length, 9 inches. Very feathery,
but irregular. Pinnules here and there projecting in long sharp
pointed strips.
28. plumosum, Moore. Found in North Devon. Differing
from Cornubiense in having long acute Pixyeidon-like projections.
28 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 6.
29. ramulosum, Moore. Found in Ireland. The main rachis
dividing near the top, and forming a tuft of short branches.
30. rotundatum, Moore. Found in the Isle of Man, by Mr. T. G.
Rylands. Frond, narrow ; basal pinnules, round.
*31. spectabile, Lowe. Raised in 1872 by myself. Length.
12 inches. Very large incised pinnules, a close copy of Farleyense,
Mr. Elworthy, of Nettlecombe Court, has sent me a seedling that
is identical.
32. undulatum, Moore. Length, 1 foot. Fronds, undulate.
THE ROCK BRAKE.
Cryptogramme crispa.— R. Brown.
(Alt.osorus crispus.— Bernhardt.)
This fern is also called “ the Parsley
Fern,” from its general resemblance to
Parsley.
There are two kinds of fronds, the
fertile and the sterile ; the former, erect
with linear oblong pinnules ; sori mar-
ginal, and eventually confluent.
This dwarf elegant fern is found
amongst loose stones (not limestone),
on the sides of mountains, and in the
North-West of England is so abun-
dant as to look like hill-side pastures
at a distance. It cannot be confused
with any other fern.
Exceedingly abundant on the moun-
tains of Northumberland, Cumberland,
Durham, and Westmoreland. Abun-
dant on the hillside of Lothrigg Fell,
at the Head of Windermere. It is
also found near Lancaster, Settle,
Ingleburgh, Cronkley Scar, Wensley
Dale, Fountain’s Fell. In Derbyshire,
Shropshire, Somersetshire, and Wor-
cestershire. In Wales, in Carnarvon-
,r . . shire, Montgomeryshire, Denbighshire,
Merionethshire, and in Glamorganshire (though rare). In Scot-
land it is found in almost every county ; whilst in Ireland it only
occurs in Down, Antrim, and Louth.
Abroad, it is a native of France, Italy, Spain, Germany, Nor-
way, Sweden, Denmark, Lapland, Switzerland, Hungary, and at
Sitka, in North-West America.
Although a mountain fern, and found in Scotland at the height
345° ^et, in Lancashire it flourishes almost at the sea level. ^
Several times I have received varieties, and have collected
them myself, but none were permanent. There is, however, a
CRYPTOGRAMME AND PTERIS.
29
crested variety (cristata, Dri/cry), that was found at Seathwaite, in
1874, by the Right Hon. R. A. Cross, which has retained its moss-
like cresting. Of it Mr. Druery remarks : ‘‘This variety is more
tender than the normal form.”
THE COMMON BRACKEN.
Pteris aquilina. — -Linnaeus.
This is a well-known fern,
growing up in single stems
like a tree from its creep-
ing subterraneous caudex.
No other fern is like it.
The fronds vary, accord-
ing to favourable or un-
favourable circumstances.
It is only 4 inches on the
summit of Hellvelyn ; and
I have measured it 12 feet
on Longridge Fell. Usually
it is from 3 to 5 feet. De-
ciduous, and fructification
marginal.
Fig. 9. — Portion of pinna of mature frond,
under side, of Pteris aquilina.
The most abundant British fern, and also very common through-
out Europe, as far north as Lapland.
There are a few distinct varieties : —
1. attenuata, Moly. Found in North Devon, in 1870, by Mr. J.
Moly. Length of frond, 2 feet 6 inches.
Found in Lancashire,
feet. An
2. Barnesii, Lowe (cristata, Wollaston).
in 1874, by Mr. J. M. Barnes. Height, 3
crested variety.
3. congesta, Wollaston. A congested form
moreland, in 1872, by Mr. Hindson.
Found at Arnside, by Mr. J. M. Barnes.
interesting
Found in West-
Found in Derbyshire, in 1872, by Mr T.
4. crispa, Barnes.
The pinnules crisped.
*5. cristata, Moore.
Glover ; at Langdale, by Mr. J. M. Barnes ; and recently at The
Hendre, by Mr. Comber. Height, 3 feet. Branch crested.
6. furcans, Lowe. Found near Birmingham, by Mr. F. A.
Fdelsten, with irregular pinnae and pinnules. A portion furcate,
and the apex multifid.
7. glomerata, Barnes (flexuosa, Wollaston ; incurva, Moore).
Found in Westmoreland, in 1864, by the late Mr. Jacob J. Jones.
A conglomerate form.
*8. grandiceps, Moore. Raised from spores by Mr. A Clapham,
Mr. J. E. Mapplebeck, Mr. Forster, and others. This capitate
variety is raised from cristata , but grandiceps is sterile. A singular
variety. Length, 2 feet.
9. Hartfieldii, Lowe. Raised by Mr. J. E. Mapplebeck. A good
cross between incurva and cristata.
30 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 6.
*10. incurva, Mapplebcck. Raised by Mr. J. E. Mapplebeck. An
incurved form.
*11. Mapplebeckii, Lowe (grandiceps Mapplebeckii, Mapplebeck).
Raised by Mr. J. E. Mapplebeck. A very fine grandiceps.
12. multifida, Barnes. Found at Levens, by Mr. J. M. Barnes,
and at Windermere, by Mr. F. Clowes.
*13. pendens, Lowe (grandiceps depauperata, Druery ). An
accidental marvellous hybrid, recently raised by Messrs. Birken-
head. A depauperate grandiceps with a conspicuous weeping
habit. Length, 2 feet.
14. polydactyla, Moore. Found by the late Mr. Glover, of
Manchester. The ends flatly crested.
15. ramo-cristata, Mapplebeck. Raised from spores, in 1871, by
Mr. J. E. Mapplebeck. Height, 1 foot. Both branching and crested.
16. variegata, Barnes. Found at Windermere, by Mr. F.
Clowes ; near Chepstow, by myself ; near Linton, by the late
Colonel Jones ; and near Nettlecombe, by the late Mr. Elworthy.
A subpermanent form. More golden some years than others.
Mr. W. H. Phillips appears to have found a well variegated form
in Ireland, of which I have received prothalli from him.
The common Bracken can only be safely transplanted in winter,
when the fronds are below the ground ; and even then it is the
safer plan to keep them in a hothouse until established. When
grown in pans, care should be taken to keep them from frost,
for, although hardy enough, if they become frozen, they are certain
to perish.
THE HARD FERN.
Lomaria Spicant. — Desvaux.
(Blechnum Spicant. — Smith)
A COMMON fern throughout the United Kingdom, from the sea
level to a height of 4,000 feet, growing in heathy or stony situations
where there is moisture. Abundant throughout Europe, extending
from Lapland in the North, to Madeira.
An evergreen, and easily grown if not neglected.
Sterile and fertile fronds different ; the latter larger. Sterile
fronds spreading ; fertile, erect and narrower. Length, from 4 to 30
inches. Colour, rich deep green coriaceous, and pectinately
pinnatifid.
Unlike all other British ferns.
Varieties.
1. Aireyi, Lowe (serratum Airey, No. 2, Wollaston). Raised by
Mr. Airey. Bipinnatifid to bipinnate fronds, 2\ inches wide, not
unlike cambricum in Polypodium vulgare.
2. Aitkeniana, Moore. A grand \ariety, with huge branching
heads.
3. anomala, Moore. Found in many places. Fronds all fertile.
Length, 12 inches. A small form found at Beddgelert.
LOMARIA. 3 1
4. anomala-multifida, Moore. Found at Rydal, in 1867, by Mr.
W. Crouch. Fronds all fertile and crested.
5. apiculata, Moore.
6. Bella, Sim. Found at Hutton Roof, in 1864, by Mr. Jacob
Jones. Texture thin.
7. binervio-striata, Barnes. Found at Langdale in 1875, by Mr.
T. Airey.
8. Boltoni, Lowe (projectum Bdltoni, Barnes ). Found on Bor-
wick Moor, in 1873, by Mr. T. Bolton. A remarkable variety, irre-
gularly crested.
9. cladophora, Moore. Curving, branching, and cresting.
10. Claphami, Lone (platypteris, Clapkam). Found at Ilkley,
in 1863, by the late Mr. Clapham. A splendid leafy variety.
Length, 5 inches.
it. concinna, Moore. Found in valley of Conway, Marwood,
and Barnstaple. Length, 9 inches. See Drueryi . a better form.
12. conferta, Clapham. Found at Ilkley, in 1863, by the late
Mr. Clapham. Pinnae crowded and imbricated.
13. congesta, Barnes. Found in Wastdale, in 1876, by Mr. W.
Crouch ; and on Dartmoor, by Mr. Druery. Dense and congested.
14. coronare, Lowe (cristata, Wollaston). Found in Kent, in
1 S53, by Mr. G. B. Wollaston. 9X1 inches. Crested, having a
capitate head 4 inches wide.
15. crenato-congesta, Barnes. Found in Patterdale, by Mr. W.
Foster.
16. crispa, Barnes. Found in Langdale, in 1872, by the late Mr.
J. M. Barnes, and near Tunbridge Wells, by Mr. G. B. Wollaston.
Pinnae broad and undulate.
17. crispata, Barnes. Found in Wastdale, in 1876, by Mr. W.
Crouch. Crispy.
18. crispissima, Druery. Dwarf, congested, and much crisped.
19. cristata, Moore. Found near Tunbridge Wells, by Mr. G.
B. Wollaston ; in Yorkshire in i860, by Messrs. Stansfield, etc.
Well crested fern. Fertile fronds, 18X1 inches ; sterile 9 X 1 J inches.
A crested capitate head. Another fine form was found at Orrest
Head, in 1872, by Mr. T. Airey.
20. cristato-gracile, Barnes. Found at Red Bank, in 1865, by
Mr. W. Crouch. Narrow, delicate, and crested.
21. Crouchii, Lowe (subserrata Crouchii, Barnes). Found at
Grasmere, in 1866, by Mr. W. Crouch. A robust crenate fern.
22. curta, Barnes. Found in 1871, in Dumfries, by Mr. W.
Foster. A narrow decumbent variety, 10 xo| inches.
23. dentigera, Moore. Found at Windermere, by Mr. F. Clowes.
Defective. 12 X ii inches.
*24. Drueryi, Lowe (concinna, Druery). Found on Exmoor, in
1881, by Mr. C. T. Druery. Beautiful ; like a narrow fringe of beads.
25. elegans, Moore. Found in Scotland by Mr. A. Tait. Pinnae,
lobate.
26. gigantea, Lowe. Found at Totnes, in 1865, by Mr. W.
Edwards. 16x3^ inches.
32
BRITISH FERNS.— SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 6.
27. heterophylla, Wollaston. Found in Wastdale, in 1876, by
Mr. W. Crouch, and also by others. Fronds irregular.
28. Hodgsonce, Lowe (trinervium Hodgson, Vrucry). Found on
Kirkby Moor, in the Lake district, by Mrs. Hodgson. A very
good brachiatum.
29. Hodgsoni, Lowe (multifidum Hodgsoni, Barnes). Found
at Torver, in 1868, by Mr. J. K. Hodgson. A neat crested variety.
30. Huddartii, Lowe (cristatum Huddart, Wollaston). A fine
heavily crested fern, found at Windermere, by Mr. J. Huddart.
31. imbricata, Moore. Found in 1870, at Lake Bank, by Mrs.
Hodgson, and by others. Congested, segments overlapping.
32. imbricato-cristata, Druery. Imbricate, and neatly crested.
33. imbricato-erecta, Stansfield Found by Mr. Halstead. A
pretty fern.
34. incisa, Barnes (gracile, Crouch). Found in 1874, in Ross-
shire, by Mr. W. Crouch. 10x2 inches. More depauperate at the
base than serra.
35. interrupto-trinervia, Phillips. Found in 1878, in County
Down, by Mr. W. H. Phillips. 6xo£ inches. A depauperate
trinervium.
36. Kidwillyense, Lowe (ramo-cristata, Stansfield). Found in
1876 near Kidwilly, Carmarthenshire, by Mr. W. H. Maunder.
Differs from ramo-cristata in being bunch-crested and dwarfer,
6xof inches ; width of head, 5 inches.
37. Kinahani, Lowe (cristatum, Moore ; ramosa, Kinahan).
Found in Ireland by Mr. Kinahan. Branching and curly crested.
38. Kitsonae, Lowe. Found near Ashburton, by Miss Kitson.
Pinnae crimped, bending, and depauperate ; widest near the apices.
Length 5 inches.
39. lancefolia, Wollaston (sub-furcato lancefolium, Barnes).
Found near Tunbridge Wells by Mr. J. B. Wollaston ; and in
Langdale, in 1875, by Mr. T. Airey. A narrow distinct form.
40. lineare, Moore (rotundata, Wollaston). Found on Wither-
stack, Westmoreland, in 1862, by the late Mr. J. M. Barnes. 12x0.}
inches. Remarkably narrow.
41. longidactyla, Wollaston. Found at Brigsteer, in 1862, by
Mr. A. B. Taylor. Segments of crests long.
42. majus, Moore. Found near Nettlecombe by the late Mr.
Elworthy. A large form.
43. Maunderi, Stansfield (glomeratum, Wollaston). Raised in
1878 by Mr. W. H. Maunder. A glomerate form, 4i inches long.
44. minima-interrupta, Clapham. Found at Ilkley, in 1863, by
the late Mr. Clapham.
45. Monkmani, Stansfield. Irregular, flexuose, apex multifid.
46. multifida, Moore. A crested form found at Windermere by
Mr. F. Clowes, and by others.
47. multiforme, Wollaston. Found on Bethccar Moor, in 1869,
by Mrs. Wilson. Fronds various.
'48. multifurcata, Moore. Found near Penryn, by Mr. F. Symons.
Fronds many times forked, occasionally brachiate.
LOMARIA.
33
49. obovata, Stansfield.
50. obtuso-multifida, Barnes. Found at Rydal, in 1873, by Mr.
W. Crouch. Crested pinnae, short.
51. Padleyense, Lowe. Found at Exmouth, by the late Rev. C.
Padley. Lower half simply winged, about 1^ inches wide — serrate.
52. paradoxa, Jones. Found in Banisdale, in 1877, by Mr. G.
Whitwell. Three rows of pinnae.
53. parviceps, Barnes. Found at Boustead Gates, in 1868, by
Mrs. Hodgson. Small stellate crests.
54. plumosa, Barnes. A grand variety, raised by Mr. T. Airey.
55. polydactyla, Moore. Found in North Devon by Mr. C. T.
Druery. Normal in size, and polydactylous.
56. projecta, Moore. Found in Cumberland, in 1862, by the
late Mr. J. M. Barnes, and near Ben Lawers by Mr. Stansfield.
Depauperate, with here and there projecting normal pinnae.
Length, 9 inches.
57. projecta- ramosa. Ramose.
*58. ramo cristata, Wollaston (fiabellata, Stansfield). Found at
Helmsley, Yorkshire, in 1865, by the late Mr. Monkman. A fine
branching variety, the apices of the segments crested. Fertile
fronds, 14 inches ; width of head, 8 inches. Sterile, 8 inches ; width
of head, 8 inches. Mr. Druery has raised a more robust variety.
59. ramo depauperata, Sta?i.field. Found on the Clova moun-
tains by Mr. J. Horsfall. Branched and depauperate.
60. ramo-multifida, Barnes. Found at Crook, in 1864, by Mrs.
Hartley. Ramose and crested.
61. ramo-parviceps, Barnes. Found at Orrest Head, in 1874, by
Mr. T. Airey. Thin texture, ramose, and crested.
62. retusa, Clapham. Found at llkley, in 1863, by the late Mr.
Clapham. Pinnae curving. 7 X ij inches.
63. revolvens, Barnes. Found in Swindale, in 1865, by the late
Mr. J. M. Barnes. Pinnae recurved.
64. rigida, Lowe (serratum-rigidum, Stansfield).
65. rotundata, Lowe. Found by Mr. Clift in North Wales.
Pinnae short and rotund. Length, 8 inches.
66. semilacera, Barnes. Found at Windermere, by Mr. T. Airey.
Almost bipinnate.
67. serra, Moore. Found in South Wales, in 1867, by the late
Mr. Jacob Jones. 17X2 inches. A bold incised variety.
68. serrata , Jones. Found in North Wales, in 1865, by the late
Mr. J. Clift. 7x2 inches. A good serrated form.
69. serrulata, Barnes. Found in Wastdale, in 1876, by Mr. W.
Crouch. Prettily serrulated.
70. stricta, Frances. Common. Length, 9 inches.
71. stricto-concinna, Barnes. Found at Crook, in 1865, by the
late Mr. J. M. Barnes.
72. stricto-projecta, Barnes. Found at Grasmere, in 1865, by
Mr. W. Crouch. Irregular.
73. stricto-ramosa, Barnes. Found in Wastdale, in 1876, by
Mr. W. Crouch. Ramose.
C
34 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBES 6, 8.
74. supei bella, Barnes. Found near Kendal, by Mr. G. Whitwell.
75. subplumosa, Phillips. A leafy form.
76. subserrata, Moore. Found at Burneside, in 1876, by Mr. G.
Whitwell. Pretty, crenate.
77. tridactyla, Moore. Found on Loughrigg, in 1864, by Mr. W.
Crouch ; and near Portsmouth by Mr. S. Nowell. Robust; crest
three fingered.
78. trinervia, Moore. Found in Kent, in 1851, by Mr. G. B.
Wollaston, and on Sugar-loaf Mountains, Wicklow, in 1854, by
Dr. Kinahan. A brachiate form, branching at the base of the
rachis. 13X1J inches. Mr. W. H. Phillips found many similar
plants in County Down and Wicklow, in 1878. Mr. T. Airey has
observed it at Langdale.
79. trinervia-coronans, Moore. Found at Langdale, in West-
moreland, in 1872, by the late Mr. J. M. Barnes. A beautiful com-
pact variety with a large flat capitate crown, and the ends of the
brachiate portions crested. Fertile, iixi inches; sterile, 5x1
inches.
80. tripinnata, Lowe (serratum, Airey, No. 1, Wollaston). Tri-
pinnatifid to tripinnate, pinnae cut down to midrib, pinnule half
an inch long and incised.
81. variabile, Ba?nes. Found at Crook, in 1866, by Mr. T.
Hartley. Irregular and variable.
82. Wilsonae, Lowe (crispum Wilsonae, Wollaston). Found on
Blawith Moor, in 1869, by Mrs. Wilson. Crispy.
*83. crispata, Mapplebeck; *84. Mapplebeckii ; and 85. Fosteri,
1 have not seen.
Tribe 8. ASPLENIEAE.
THE GREEN SPLEENWORT.
ASPLENIUM VIRIDE. — Hudson.
Local, but not common, yet found in many districts growing in
moist crevices in rocky mountains. Resembling Asplenium tricho-
manes the nearest, but distinguished by its green stem and pale
green fronds. Evergreen, linear, pinnate, and varies in length from
2 to 10 inches.
It has been found at Danny, Southgate, Maidstone, Mickleham,
Ham Bridge, Dove Dale, Buxton, Cavedale, Castleton, Beacon
Hill, Carr-edge, Staley, Settle Craven, Ingleborough, Gordale, Ais-
la-Beck, Richmond, Widdal Fell, Wensleydale, Ogden Clough,
Reeth Moor, Swaledale, near Leeds, Falcon Clints, Weardale,
Patterdale, Kendal Fell, Hutton Roof, Farleton, Arnside, Castcrton
Fell, Mazebeck Scar, Ambleside, Borrowdale, Carrick Fell, Brandy
Ghyll, Ashness Ghyll, Barrow Force, Gillsland, Whitbarrow, in
Brecknockshire, Glamorganshire, Carnarvon, and Merioneth. In
Scotland, in eleven counties, and in Arran, Mull and Shetland. In
Ireland near Lough Eske, Ben Bulgen, Bandon, and Killarncy.
Abroad it is in France, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Norway,
Sweden, Finland, Lapland, Russia, Spain, Italy, Greece, Siberia,
ASPLENIUM. 35
Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, India, Peru, Columbia, and Rocky
Mountains.
Varieties.
1. acutifolium, Gibson. Pinnae lanceolate and acute.
2. bipinnatum, Clowes. Found, in 1853, on Whitbarrow, by Mr.
J. Huddart. A handsome variety (a copy of A. trichomanes , var.
incisum).
3. Claphami, Lowe (crenatum, Clapham). Found on Pennigent
by the late Mr. Clapham. A handsome fern with variable much-
incised segments. Tip of frond ramose.
4. crenatum, Wollaston. Found, in 1863, on the Breadalbane
Mountains, by Mr. A. Stansfield. Pinnae cuneate. Length 3 inches.
5. deltoideum, Clapham. Deltoid, basal pinnae very large, ra-
pidly smaller, being minute at the apex.
6. imbricatum, Clapham. Found at Settle by the late Mr.
Clapham. Dwarf and imbricate.
7. incisum, Moore. Found in several localities. Pinnae trapezi-
form and profoundly incised. Length 9 inches.
8. multifidum, Wollaston. Not uncommon. I saw many plants
in 1863 on the Falcon Clints, in Teesdale. Apex bifid or multifid.
9. ramosum, Stansfield. Upper part of frond two or three times
branched.
10. Smithiesii, Lowe.
1 r. stipatum, Stansfield. Found, in 1863, on the Breadalbane
Mountains, by Mr. A. Stansfield. Pinnae triangular and conspicu-
ously stipate.
12. varians, Moore. Found on Kendal Fell, by Mr. Barnes. A
singular variety ; both fronds and pinnae variable, some depauperate,
others beyond the ordinary size. Length 2 to 5 inches.
The present fern, Asplenium Ceterach, and in fact all species
that flourish on rocks and walls, require to be grown in exposed
situations, using a large amount of stone with the soil. The plan
adopted by myself is to grow them in pots, giving the protection of
a cool greenhouse in winter, and in April plunging them amongst
stones and sand in a long narrow shallow box, fastened on the
north side of a wall five feet from the ground, and only watering in
very dry weather.
THE MAIDENHAIR SPLEENWORT.
Asplenium Trichomanes. — Linnceus.
A COMMON species throughout the United Kingdom, growing on
rocks and walls, and occasionally in hedgerow banks. It attains a
large size in the West of Ireland, sometimes the fronds being more
than a foot long. Found at every height up to 2,000 feet above the
sea. On Ben I.awers the plants are very small. In the Eastern
Counties it is not common. A native of the Atlantic Isles, Cape
of Good Hope, Kaffraria, the Caucasus, Persia, India, Siberia,
Europe (throughout), Australasia, North and South America, Peru,
36 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 8.
and the West Indies. In Turner’s “ Herball,” in 1568, it is called
“ English Mayden’s Heare.” Under cultivation it succeeds best
in sandy loam with broken stones and a little decayed leaf-
m Stein dark chestnut brown ; fronds linear, pinnate, and deep
STome wal\ftadMonXutshire are literally covered with this
fern.
V ARIETIES. * .
1 acrocladon, Lowe. Found in Owsnip Gill, Swaledale, in
1866 by Mr. R. C. Brown, of Nottingham. Pinnae very' remote,
only ’seven or eight pairs to within an inch of the tip of the frond
an/ there branching and rebranching so as to form a capitate head
•a inches broad. Pinnae not crested. Length, 6 inches.
" 1 2. Claphami, Lowe (mcisum, Moore).
Discovered at Smeerset, near Settle, by
Mr. A. Clapham and Mr. J. Tathem. The
most beautiful variety yet found. An in-
cisum, but unlike the incisum of Moore.
Pinnae sometimes three-quarters of an inch
in length, and as much across the base.
The basal lobes cut nearly to the costa ;
it is serrate as well as lobate. The upper
lobes are almost as much cut. A sterile
very plumose form. Length, 7 inches.
3. conlluens, Aloore (Mr. Stabler s con-
fluent hybrid not included). Found many
years ago near Whitby, by the late Mr.
W. Wilison ; and in 1875, in the South of
Ireland, by Mr. P. Niell Fraser, of Edin-
burgh. Pinnae confluent in the upper half
of the frond. Length, 4 inches.
4. congestum , O' Kelly. Found in County
Clare by Mr. O’Kelly. An interesting con-
gested bushy form, 4Xof inches.
5. cornutum, Lowe (cornuto-ramosum,
Lowe). Found near the Clifton Suspension
Bridge by Mr. Edwards. Racliis flexuose, branching in the middle
of the frond, where it is horned. Pinnae lax, some absent.
Length 6 inches. . ^
6. corymbiferum, Lowe. Found in Owsnip Gill, by Mr. K. L.
Brown, and Crossthwaite, by Mr. J. M. Barnes. _ Normal, except at
the apex, where it branches into a wide capitate, foliose head.
Segm mts confluent. .
7. cristatum, Aloore. Found in Lancashire, Cumberland, West-
morland, Devonshire, and near Ballyvaughan. A handsome, not
uncommon fern. The pinnules are from elongate to tnangulai,
and are cut almost to the base. In some forms the pinnae aie
depauperate. Length, 6 inches.
8. dendroideum, Wollaston. Found, in 1S72, in W estmoreland,
Fig. 10.
Asptenium trichomancs, var.
Claphami (incised).
ASPLENIUM.
37
by Mr. G. B. Wollaston Pinnules small. Length, 3 inches, and
almost as much across the many-branched head.
9. depauperatum, Wollaston. Found in 1853, at Black Head,
County Clare, by Dr. Allchin ; and in 1855, at Rydal, by Mr. G. P.
Wollaston ; also at Windermere, Arnside, and Bardsea. Interme-
diate forms have also been found, and Mr. Clapham raised one of
these from spores, which he called interruptum , and another,
having the apex branched, ramo-iiepauperatum. The pinnules
small, depauperate, and some wanting.
10. Harovii, Moore. Found by
Mr. G. B. Wollaston, and also at
Portskewett, in Monmouthshire, by
the late Colonel A. M. Jones, and re-
cently by myself. A dwarf slender
form, with numerous deeply cut pin-
nae. Length, 5 inches. Trogyense is,
however, a more marked form.
11. hybridum, Lowe (confluens,
Moore). Found, in 1870, on Levens
Park wall, in Cumberland, by Mr.
Stabler, of Levens. It is strikingly
different from all other forms of
confluens. An undoubted hybrid, pro-
bably between A. trichomanes and A.
marinum(the counterpart oiniicrodon,
a hybrid of A. marinutti). Although
copiously soriferous, there are no
germinating spores, which is the case
with the other hybrids. It is not im-
possible that at some time or other
a few spores may germinate, but
with these hybrids this is extremely
rare.
When last seen, the plant was in
the possession of Mr. Barnes, of
Milnthorp ; it was then a grand
specimen. The stem is much thicker
than is the case with the ordinary
form of Asplenium trichomanes.
From near the base the pinnae are
imbricate, and towards the apex con-
fluent. Length 10 to 11 inches, width
exceeding an inch.
12. imbricatum, Clapham. Found,
in 1863, at Knaresborough, by Mr. A. Clapham.
I ig. 11. — Asplenium trichomanes,
var. cnstatum (showing cresting).
Pinnae scarcely
stalked, large, and overlapping, the base square, and the margins
prettily dentate. Length, 3 inches.
13. incisum, Moore (excluding Mr. Clapham’s Settle plant).
Found in Devon by' the Rev. W. S. Hore; near Burnley, by Mr.
S. Gibson ; in Borrowdale, by Miss Wright ; and near Pyle, in
38 BRITISH FERNS— SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 8.
Glamorganshire, by Mr. E. T. Higgins. All are sterile except
the Glamorganshire plant. Exceedingly beautiful and plumose.
Pinna; somewhat triangular, deeply incised, and the tips pointed.
Length, 4 to 6 inches.
14. katastacton, Lowe. Raised from spores at Highfield House.
Pinnae imbricate and indistinctly crenate and rotundate. Length
3 inches.
15. laciniatum, Lowe (incisum-laciniatum, Moore). Found, in
1863, in County Clare, by Mr. R. Stansfield. A distinct laciniate,
incisum form.
16. majus, Padley. Found near Plymouth, by the Rev. C.
Padley ; in County Clare, by Mr. Foot ; near Bally vaughan, by
Mr. P. B. O’Kelly ; and at Dennil Hill, near Chepstow, by Major
Cowburn. Normal, except its gigantic proportions. Length from
12 to 18 inches, and f inch wide.
17. Moulei, Moore. Found in Devon by Mr. Moule. Pinnae
narrow, margin wavy. A seedling raised from this “incisura”
(Lowe) has long narrow pinnae deeply and equally incised on both
margins.
18. multifidum, Moore. Found at St. Mary’s Isle, Kirkcud-
bright, by Mr. Dick ; at Windermere, by Mr. Clowes ; Ulverston,
Mrs. Hodgson ; Keswick, Miss Wright ; at Capel Curig, North
Wales, by Mr. S. Clift ; and in Swaledale, by Mr. Brown. The
fronds are several times ramosely forked considerably below the
apex, and the tips are multifidly crisped. Pinnae small.
19. O’Kellyi, Lowe. Found in the Burren district, County
Clare, by Mr. O’Kelly. An incised form of triangulare with longer
and more lax fronds, and smaller segments than incisum-triangu-
lare. An interesting variety.
20. Pateyi, Lowe (ramo-cristatum, Wollaston). Found, in 1873,
in Cardigan, by Mr. Patey. Another branched cristatum with a
less crested head than the ramo-cristatum of Moore. It is more
ramose but Jess crested than Mr. Moore’s plant, having a compact
head 1^ inches in diameter. Length, 3 inches.
21. polydactylum, Lowe (cristatum, O’Kelly). Found in
County Clare by Mr. O’Kelly. 11 Xoh inches. Much larger than
cristatum.
22. ramo-cristatum, Moore. Found, in 1861, in Cornwall, by
Mr. W. H. Sargeant. Normal below, branching near the apex
into six or seven crested branches that are 3 inches across. Length
4 inches.
23. ramosum, Wollaston. Found in 1864, in South Devon, by
the late Rev. C. Padley ; Ilfracombe and Tiverton, by Mrs. Chan-
ter ; Windermere, by Mr. Clowes ; Keswick, by Miss Wright ;
Arnside, by Mr. Crossfield ; Undeibarrow, by Mr. T. Hartley ;
Owsnip Gill, Swaledale, by Mr. R. C. Brown ; Conway, by Mr. A.
Stansfield ; and in County Clare, by Dr. Kinahan. Stem dividing
and Sub-dividing into four or five wide-spreading branches. Pinnae
narrow and more or less depauperate. Length 4 to 5 inches.
24. subaequale, Moore. Found near Monmouth, by Mr. J. D.
ASPLENIUM.
39
Enys ; Knaresborough, by the late Mr. Clapham ; Whitbarrow,
by Mr. Clowes ; Nettlecombe, by the late Mr. Elworthy ; and at
Tunbridge Wells, by the late Mrs. Delves. Fronds narrow, and
broadest at the base. Pinnae small and crenate.
25. triangulare, Lowe (incisum-triangulare, Moore). Found, in
1863, in County Clare by the late Mr. Stansfield. An incisum with
triangular pinnae. Length, 4 inches.
26. Trogyense, Lowe. Found in Wentwood, Monmouthshire,
by myself, in 1882. This differs from Velum in not having the
prominent basal lobe, and in being approximate instead of imbri-
cate. Fronds very brittle, colour a blue green. Length, 5 inches ;
width, nearly ^ inch.
27. velum, Lowe. Found in Wentwood, by myself, in 1890.
Frond very symmetrical, and of a blue green colour. Copiously
soriferous. A very handsome variety. The pinnae much incised,
and the lower basal lobe of each pinna standing out almost at
right angles to the remainder of the pinna like a curtain, the folds
resembling stairs. Length 4 inches, and nearly § inch wide at the
base of the frond.
Other varieties, viz.,bifurcum, rotundato-multifidum, Blechnoides,
lineare, and rotundatum, have been found in the Lake district, but
I have not seen them.
THE FORKED SPLEENWORT.
AspleniUiM septentrionale. — Hoffmann,
A diminutive fern with forked fronds and linear
segments, unlike all others. It is evergreen, 2 or 3
inches in length, and of a deep green colour, the
stipes being longer than the fronds. It grows in
fissures of rocks and between the stones of loose
walls. Found in the Lake district near Ambleside,
on Helvellyn, Honiston Crags, Red Screes, Crum-
mock Water, Langdale, Scafell, Patterdale, Keswick,
Wastwater, Borrowdale, in the vale of Newlands ;
at Kyloe Crags, Northumberland ; Ingleborough,
Yorkshire ; and at Culborne, near Oare Church,
and Exmoor, Somersetshire. In Wales, near
Llanrwst, Pass of Llanberris, Bettwys-y-Coed, Capel
Curig, Pont-y-Pair, Llewellyn, and Llyn-y-Cwn.
In Scotland : in Roxburghshire, Edinburghshire,
Perthshire, and Aberdeenshire. It used to be much
more plentiful on Arthur’s Seat, Edinburgh, and it
is not common on Stenton Rock, near Dunkeld,
where a few years ago I only saw a dozen plants AspleViumsepten-
(E. T. L.). It is not found in Ireland. trionaie. Upper
Abroad it is a native of Scandinavia, Russia, frond) under side.
Switzerland, France, Germany, Spain, Portugal,
Italy, Belgium, Hungary, New Mexico, and Northern India.
No varieties are known.
Fig. 12.
40 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 8.
THE SEA SPLEENWORT.
Fig. 13. — Pinnae, showing fructification of Asplenium marinum.
In clefts and caves of rocks, mostly on the sea coast. An ever-
green, with shining deep green fronds varying from 6 inches to
3 feet in length. Pinnate, the pinnae being usually an inch long.
The stipes shorter than the frond, and channelled in front ; sori
linear and oblique.
Like the “Maiden-hair,” it is soon killed by frost, and therefore
requires the protection of a greenhouse in winter, although in its
protected sea-caves it grows in districts of severe frost.
Common in Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Somerset, Sussex, Yorkshire
(the habitat north of Scarborough destroyed by the falling of the face
of the cliffs), Durham, Cumberland, Northumberland, Westmoreland,
Isle of Wight, Isle of Portland, Isle of Man, Holy Island. At tlnf
mouths of the Mersey and Dee; Gloucestershire, Warrington, and
Newton (rare). In Wales : Merionethshire, Carnarvonshire, and
Island of Angiesea. On the east and north coast of Scotland,
and in the Western Isles in Orkney, and on Ailsa Craig. In Ire-
land : Down, Galway, Clare, Dublin, Kerry, Cork, Isle of Rathlin,
Arran Isles, Guernsey, Jersey, and abundant along the coast of
Connaught and Munster.
It is also found in France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Corsica, Ionian
Isles, Barbary, Tangiers, Madeira, Azores, Canary, St. Helena,
New Holland, Rio Grande, New Brunswick, Bermuda, and in
North America. In i860 I found it at the summit of the Vilea
Escusa, between Reinosa and Alar, during the time of the Hima-
laya Eclipse Expedition to Spain, and also on the coast near
Santander.
Varieties.
1. acutum, Moore. Found in Jersey, Guernsey, Plymouth, and
Dartmouth. Pinnae lax and narrowing to a sharp-pointed apex.
Length 2 feet.
*2. Auchmithianum, Lowe. A singular variety, with very pro-
minent ribs on the pinnae. The apices of the pinnae rounded and
somewhat crenate. Length, 6 to 8 inches. Found by myself in
sea-caves at Auchmithy (between Arbroath and Aberdeen. To
reach these caves, it is requisite to have a long ladder, and they can
ASPLENIUM.
41
only be searched at low water on this wild rocky coast. The ferns
were very abundant and extended some distance into the caves
even where there was but feeble light. Some of the caves are full
of water even at low tide, having a passage to the sea, and in these
were numbers of seals that darted out on being approached.
3. bicrenatum, Stansfield. One of Messrs. Stansfield’s sports.
The two basal pair of pinnae distant, the remaining touching each
other, margin bicrenated. Length, 6 inches.
4. brachiatum, Moore. Found in Cornwall by Mr. J. Herbert
in 1874. Pinnae narrow, with blunt tips, the two lowest brachiate
(i.e. distinct branches) and twice as long as those immediately
above. Length, 1 foot.
*5. capitatum, Clapliam. Found in 1861 near Scarborough.
Stem naked for the basal 5 inches, then the leafy portion divided
into a capitate head 5 inches wide, the pinnules overlapping.
Length 10 inches. I have raised many capitate seedlings from
this variety.
6. caudatum, Clapham. Raised
from spores by the late Mr. A.
Clapham, of Ramsdale Bank, Scar-
borough. A very distinct fern, with
narrow pinnae, the frond terminating
in a long caudate (or tail-like) apex.
Length, 6 to 8 inches.
*7. decorum, Lowe. Found by Sir
W. Jackson Hooker, and also by Mr.
O’Kelly in the Burren district,
County Clare. 8x1 inches. Nar-
row and smooth.
8. Hookeri, Lowe. Found in
abundance in the Burren district,
County Clare. I received it from
the late Sir William Hooker many
years ago, and again recently from
Mr. P. B. O’Kelly, Glenarra House,
Ballyvaughan. More than 2 feet in
length, with short blunt pinnae.
*9. imbricatum, Lowe. Found in
1865, in North Wales, by the late
Mr. Clift, of Birmingham, who sent
me the original plant, which is still
alive. A very distinct variety. The
pinnae overlap each other as if tiled.
Apex of the frond caudate. Length,
8 inches. A variety named by Mr.
Clapham, imbricatum Lowei, is
rather larger and more imbricated. f
Fig. 14. — Frond of Asplenirm marinum,
var. imbricatum.
4 Another form raised by myself,
racteristic.
Imbricatum superbinn is even more cha-
42 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 8.
10. incisum, Moore. Found at Great Orme’s Head by Mr. A.
Stowe, and near Llangollen by the Rev. T. Rooper. An elegant
variety, having the pinnae and apex of the frond truncate (or blunt-
ended). The lobes deeply cut along the anterior margin. Length
6 to 9 inches. Pinnae only half an inch long.
11. interruptum, Moore. History doubtful. Remarkable for the
varied length of the pinnae, some projecting far beyond the others
causing the outline to be irregular.
12. laxum, Lowe. Found in the Burren district, County Clare,
by Mr. F. J. Foot, of the Geological Survey of Ireland. It is not
unlike the Asplenium latum (a South European form of A.
marinum). Very lax, especially on the lower portion of the frond.
Length 2 to 3 feet.
13. multifurcatum, Clapham. Raised from spores in i860 by
Mr. Clapham. Lower pinnae very short and depauperate. Frond
terminating in a rounded capitate head.
14. multipinnatum, Appleby. Stated to have been found in the
Azores. A most beautiful ramose variety growing more or less
horizontally. Fronds equal in width throughout, terminating
in a branching apex. Pinnae broad and the segments deeply
cut.
*15. optandum, Loiue. Raised by myself. An interesting
variety having the lower lobe of the pinnules overlapping. Length
5 inches (identical with admirabile , Lowe).
16. parallelum, Moore. A distinct form found in Guernsey by
M. Boistel. Fronds 3 feet in length. Pinnae 2 to 2b inches long
and less than § inch wide, and nearly parallel sided.
17. plumosum, Wollaston. Found in Guernsey by the late Mr.
C. Jackson. A magnificent plumose variety in the style of Thomp-
sonae, but every part of the frond is double the size of that variety.
The ends of the pinnae are caudate, and the pinnules divided nearly
to the base. Length, from 1 to 2 feet.
18. Pricae, Lowe (plumosum Price, Jones. Found near Ilfra-
combe by Miss Price. A beautiful foliose form, not so much
divided as plumosum. Frond widest at the base, as also the
pinnae. Basal lobes large and deeply cut. 7x4 inches.
*19. ramo-capitatum, Lowe. Raised by myself. Branched and
capitate.
20. ramo-trapeziforme, Clapham. Found in 1857 at Burniston,
near Scarborough, by Mr. A. Clapham. Dwarf. Pinnae trapezi-
form, and variable in size and shape. Pinnae branching and the
tips dilate. A somewhat similar form was raised by myself.
21. ramosum, Wollaston. Found in 1850, in Dorsetshire, by
Mr. G. B. Wollaston. Distinct dwarf variety, with short wide
pinnae, having a broadly crenate margin. Twin-fronded, either
branching in the stipes or in the rachis.
22. subpinnatum, Moore. Found in Petit Bot Bay, Guernsey,
by Mrs. Dobree. It has also been found in Cornwall. Profoundly
pinnatifid with deeply divided lobes. Length, 7 inches, breadth,
2\ inches.
ASPLENIUM. 43
23. subserratum, Stansjield. Pinna: lax, long and narrow, bicre-
nate, and the crenatures minutely serrate.
*24. Thompsons, Lowe. Found in North Devon by Mrs.
Thompson. A plumose variety and only second to plumosum as
a beautiful variety of this species. Very feather-like in appear-
ance. Fronds narrower at the base. Pinnae long, narrow, and
conspicuously auricled. The superior margin is crenato-serrate
yet not deeply divided, whilst the inferior margin is very deeply
cut into narrow segments. This applies to the upper half of the
frond. Length, 12 inches.
25. trapeziforme, Clapham. Found in Cloughton Bay, near
Scarborough, by the late Mr. Clapham (the locality now destroyed
by the falling of the cliffs). A similar form has been found in
Cornwall, Devon, and in County Down. Dwarf, trapeziform, with
brief blunt pinnae. Texture leathery.
26. variabile, Monkman. Raised from spores by the late Mr.
Clapham. The fronds sometimes branch and rebranch several
times, no two being alike. It is of erect habit and trapeziform.
Length, 8 inches, with a breadth across the ramose head sometimes
as much as 4 inches.
27. variegatum, Lowe. Found by myself in 1876 in a sea-cave
at Auchmithy, where it is (or was) abundant. A form of Auch-
mithianum, with fronds regularly variegated green and white.
28. Wollastoni, Lowe (acutum, Wollaston). Found in Cornwall
by Mr. J. Herbert. An acutum , but not of Moore, hence the
change of name. Pinnules very narrow and acute. Apex caudate.
THE ALTERNATE-LEAVED SPLEENWORT.
Asplenium Germanicum. — Wei
Another very dwarf rare species, growing in
fissures of rocks up to an altitude of 1,000 feet.
It is usually found growing with Asplenium sep-
tentrionale, and may be a hybrid between that
and Asplenium ruta-muraria. At all events, I
have been unable to raise it from spores.
The fronds are pale green, from 3 to 4 inches
long, with a slender stipes of half the length of
the frond. They are pinnate to sub-bipinnate,
and have a halfway character between A. ruta-
muraria and A. septentrionale. Sori linear, elon-
gate, and central.
It has been found on Helvellyn, Borrowdale,
Scafell, Kyloe Rocks (Northumberland), and near
Culborne (Somerset). In Wales, near Llanrwst,
Llanberris, and Capel Curig. Some years ago I
saw it growing and of large size in Cefn Cave.
In Scotland it is recorded at Perth, Dunkeld
(Stenton Rocks, where I failed to find it), Dun-
fermline, Kelso, and near Hassendeen. In 1857
44
BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 8.
Mr. P. Neill Fraser gathered it near Edinburgh. Mr. D. Hutch-
ison says it is also plentiful near Airlie Castle. Not an Irish
species.
Found in the Gulf of Finland, in Norway, Sweden, Belgium,
Switzerland, France, Germany, Hungary, Spain, Italy, Croatia,
Dalmatia, Bukowina, and on the Tyrol and Carpathian mountains.
One variety has been described, — acutidentatum, Moore , which
was raised from spores by Mr. Sim, of Foot’s Cray. It differs in
having the teeth of the lobes acute instead of obtuse.
THE WALL RUE.
Asplenium Ruta-muraria. — Linnceus.
Fig. 16. — Asplenium Ruta-
muraria, var. ramosum.
One of our most abundant ferns, though
less common on the eastern side of Eng-
land. Found on old walls, rocks, churches,
bridges, and ruins ; in the drier districts
occupying a northern aspect.
Forming tufts of fronds from i to 6
inches in length, usually about 2 inches.
It can only be confused with the Asple-
nium Germanicum, and even this may
possibly be a hybrid between the Wall
Rue and the Forked Spleenwort. Al-
though so common, it is difficult to culti-
vate. A very large amount of broken
limestone in proportion to the soil, and a
dry airy situation is essential. Widely
spread in all temperate climates.
Varieties.
1. attenuatum, Lowe. Large growing (5 or 6 inches), branched
and attenuated. Found at Athlone by Mr. I*. J. Foot, of the Irish
Survey.
2. cristatum, Wollaston. Tasseled in various ways, and the
rachis often divided. Found near Ruthin Castle by Mr. J. Daniels ;
Guildford, by Dr. Allchin ; and near Tunbridge Wells, by Mr. G. B.
Wollaston.
3. cuneatum, Moore. Mostly merely pinnate with long, narrow,
cuneate-based pinnules. Found at Stenton Rock, near Dunkeld ;
also near Bitton, by the late Rev. T. Ellacombe, of Bitton Rectory,
near Bristol ; and at Sizergh, in the Lake district, by Mr. J. Cross-
field.
4. dissectum, Wollaston. Elongated and deeply incised pin-
nules. Found in Devonshire by Mr. G. B. Wollaston ; and in
County Louth by the late Dr. Kinahan.
5. elatum, Lung. Tall (4! inches), slender, often tripinnate,
pinnules very small and narrowly cuneate. Found at Ennis by
Dr. Allchin; Michelstown Castle, by Mr. P. F. Keir ; near Athenny,
by Mr. R. Barrington ; Keswick, by Miss Wright ; in Dovedale, by
Mr. Wilson ; and in County Clare, by Mr. O’Kelly.
ASPLENIUM. 45
6. pinnatum, Moore. Only once pinnate. Found near Killarney
by Dr. Allchin.
7. proliferum, Wollaston. In this variety young plants are formed
on the axils of the pinnules. Found near Guildford by Dr. Allchin.
8. ramo-depauperattim, Clapham. Branched and depauperate.
Found at Settle by Mr. Clapham.
9. ramosum, Moore. Branching in the upper part of the frond.
Length, inches. Found at Arnside, by Mr. J. Crossfield ; at
Settle, by Mr. Clapham; in County Clare, by Mr. O’Kelly.
10. sectum, Moore. Ends of pinnules incised, producing a
forked appearance. Found at Arnside by Mr. J. Crossfield.
11. spathulatum, Moore. Large and spathulate. Found at Town
Mailing, by Dr. Allchin ; Marwood, by the Rev. F. Mules ; Settle,
by Mr. Clapham ; Dunkeld, by the Rev. R. Taylor ; and at Fife, by
Mr. C. Howie.
12. Striguilense, Lowe. Found at Portskewett by myself in
1890. A dwarf robust form, with deep green fronds only 1 inch in
length.
13. trifidum, Moore. Dwarf, deeply divided into three cuneate
segments. Found at Malgwyn Castle by Mr. W. Hutchinson.
14. trifoliatum, Lowe. Dwarf. Pinnse trifoliate. Found near
Barnstaple by the Rev. F. Mules.
15. unilateral z, Moore. An irregular variety, with the pinnae all
on one side of the rachis. Found near Killarney, by Dr. Allchin ;
at Black Head, by Mr. R. Barrington ; at Chaigeley, near Clitheroe,
by myself ; at Troutbeck, by Miss Wright ; and Kendal Fell, by Mr.
J. M. Barnes.
16. variabile, Moore. Pinnae and pinnules exceedingly dissimi-
lar, pinnules very small. Found at Settle by the late Mr. Clapham.
THE BLACK MAIDEN-HAIR SPLEENWORT.
Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum. — Linnccus.
The present species cannot well be confounded with any other.
It approaches nearest to A. lanceolatum ; but the fronds are tri-
angular instead of lanceolate, and in A. Adiantum-nigrum the sori
are not submarginal. The stem is as long as the leafy portion of the
frond, whilst in A. lanceolatum it is only a third the length of the
frond.
Fronds ovate or deltoid, bi- or tri-pinnate. Length, from 3 to 20
inches, and varying in width in the leafy portion from 1^ inches to
7 inches. Shining dark green. An evergreen. Rocks, walls, and
sandy banks are its natural habitats.
A common fern (though not abundant in Ireland). It occurs all
over Europe.
Varieties.
1. acutum, Pollini. This variety has been found in a number of
places in Ireland and on the Continent. Whilst in Northern Spain,
in i860, I found this fern in the greatest profusion near Santander,
Las Caldas, between Reinosa and Allar, and in the Congosto Pass,
4 6 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 8.
in the latter locality, growing in the shade of huge plants of W ood-
wardia radicans that were on the sides of the railway. It is a
linear-acute, caudate form.
2. alcicorne, Lowe. Raised by myself. 6x2 inches, the upper
part branching like stags’ horns.
3. angustatum, Lowe. Found in the Burren, County Clare, by
Mr. P. B. O’Kelly. It is an acutum-form, but the fronds are
narrower and longer than in acutum.
4. caudifolium, Moore. Found by Mr. Druery on a stone wall
on Dartmoor. A singular form, the frond and pinnae terminating
in long tail-like ends. The lobes are blunt and yellowish.
*5. Cowperi, L.owe (grandiceps, Wollaston). Found in 1865 at
Ilfracombe by Mr. Richard A. Thompson. It is a grandiceps,
differing from the Irish form in having more pinnae below the
capitate head, in the segments being narrower, and in not being
confluent in the basal pinnae. The branching head is larger (4A-
inches wide), and its base not conspicuously cuneate as in grandi-
ceps. Length, 8 inches.
6. cristatum. I have not seen this.
7. flabellatum, Lowe. Raised by Messrs. Stansfield. Distinctly
flabellate, and
branching near
the apex.
*8. grandi-
ceps, Lowe.
Found in 1865,
in Waterford,
by the Rev.
Travers Smith;
4^X2 inches.
Dead, 3 inches
wide. A very
handsome va-
riety, having a
large compact
head which is
cuneate at the
base. The pe-
culiar fan-
shaped pinnae
and capitate
head cause it
to be very dis-
tinct. There
are only two or
three pairs of
pinnae below
where the stem
Fig. 17. — Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum, var. grandiceps branches ; and
showing capitate head). below the point
ASPLENIUM.
47
of branching there is a space without pinnse, which is not the case
in cetiticeps. Mr. Travers Smith sent me fronds in 1865, and
from them I raised a large number of seedlings, which, in 1868,
received a First Class Certificate on July 16th from the Royal
Horticultural Society.
9. incisum, Clapham. Found in 1859, between Whitby and
Scarborough. Dwarf. Pinnae triangular, and the segments deeply
incised.
10. lineare, O' Kelly. Found near Ballyvaughan by Mr. O’Kelly.
12X3 inches. A very fine form with almost linear segments.
11. microdon, Moore. Found in 1872 near Ashburton, in North
Devon, by Miss Bickford and Mr. James Richards. An undoubted
hybrid between the present species and A. marinum. It is sterile.
Larger in size though not unlike the hybrid (microdon) of Asple-
nium lanceolatum and A. marinum. Length, 6 to 10 inches,
width at the base, 4 inches.t
12. obtusatum, Moore. Found in Devon, Kent, Yorkshire, Stir-
ling, Argyle, Guernsey, and in Ireland. The pinnae are short and
the pinnules roundish. Length, varying from 2 to 8 inches.
13. ramosum, Lowe. Found near Plymouth by the late Rev. C.
Padley. Branching several times an inch below the apex, other-
wise it is like obtusatum. Length, 6 inches.
14. serpentini, Statisjield. An interesting dwarf form.
15. variegatum, Wollaston. Found both in Yorkshire and in
Guernsey. Normal in all respects except being striped with white.
THE SMOOTH ROCK SPLEENWORT.
ASPLENIUM FONTANUM. — Bernhardt.
A VERY rare, dwarf fern, growing on
rocks and walls. The usual length
of frond, four or five inches. It is
rather tender, and requires cultivat-
ing in a greenhouse, where it grows
readily in porous soil, turfy peat with
abundance of gritty silver-sand, and
a little friable loam. In habit it is
erect and tufted, bipinnate and nar-
row, the frond narrowing from the
centre both towards the base and
apex. Colour dark green. The mar-
gins of the pinnules spinosely dentate. Found near Petersfield,
Hampshire, by the Rev. W. H. Hawker ; in Swanage Cave, Isle
of Purbeck, by Dr. Power; near Tooting, by Mr. Gibbs ; between
Tan-y-Bwlch and Tremadoc (Sir W. Hooker) ; and there are
several other recorded habitats in Westmoreland, Derbyshire,
Yorkshire, Northumberland, Kincardineshire, and Belfast, but
these seem to refer to a variety of Cystopteris fragilis.
Fig. 18. — Asplenium fontanum.
Portion of mature frond, under side.
f See Addenda for another hybrid.
43 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 8.
There is a form known as Halleri, yet it is doubtful whether this
is not the result of cultivation.
It is just possible that Asplenium fontanum is a variety of the
North American Asplenium ebeneum. Both Mr. Moore and Mr.
Clapham held this view; and this notion is streng-
thened on examination of the variety refractum.
A native of France, Germany', Italy, Switzerland,
Spain, Belgium, Greece, Hungary, Siberia, and
Kashmir.
There are several marked varieties : —
1. depauperatum, Stansfield. Length, 2 inches.
A remarkable variety, the leafy portion entirely
absent, a brief connected footstalk alone being pre-
sent, surrounded by spore cases.
2. laciniatum, Stansjield. Frond, 6 inches ; width
in centre, I inch.
This is a very much incised variety.
3. laxum, Stansjield. Lax, with alternate pinnae.
Length, 5 inches.
4. multifidum, Stansjield. Length, 5 inches, the
main difference being, that the frond divides and
sub-divides into branches from 2 inches below the
tip.
5. refractum, Moore. Length, 7 inches ; much
narrower and more equal in width than A.Jonta-
num , and has refracted pinnae. Rachis bulb-bearing.
Found in Scotland by Mr. Filden ; but his death
cast obscurity' over this interesting plant.
Fig. 19.— Frond It was first seen at Peper Harrow Park, Surrey,
of Asplemum and vvas afterwards introduced by Mr. Parker of
fontanum. Var. J
depauperatum. nOrnsey.
f
THE LANCEOLATE SPLEENWORT.
Asplenium lanceolatum. — Hudson.
A SEASIDE fern, and only locally abundant ; not much unlike
Asplenium adiantum-nigrum ; but the stalks are not as black as in
that species, and the frond is more lanceolate in form. Very variable
in size, sometimes only four inches, and sometimes as much as 18
inches ; growing on walls and rocks in sheltered situations. It
requires the protection of a greenhouse, and cannot flourish in
excessive moisture.
A native of Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, Sussex, Kent, Glou-
cester, Pembroke, Glamorgan, Merioneth, Carnarvon, Denbigh,
and Cork ; also of Jersey, Guernsey, Scilly, and Ramsay. Abroad
it has been found in Greece, France, Germany, Spain, Portugal,
Switzerland, Belgium, Madeira, Azores, Algiers, Tangier, and St.
Helena.
There are a dozen varieties.
SUB-SECTION ATHYRIUM.
49
1. bifidum, Lowe. Found in Devon. Divided near the apex.
Length, 4 inches.
2. caudatum, Lowe. Raised from spores. Less divided, and
caudate. Length, 5 inches.
3. Claphami, Moore. Raised by Mr. Clapham. Evidently a
hybrid with Asplenium marinum. Fronds narrower than vn-
crodo?i.
4. crispatum, Moore. Found in Guernsey by the late Mr. C.
Jackson. Margins crispy.
5. cristatum, Druery. This is mentioned in Mr. C. T. Druery s
interesting work on “ Choice
British Ferns” as being a
recent wild find, and, al-
though yet young, heavily
and symmetrically crested.
6. excisum, Lowe. Found
at Shawbridge by Mr. G. W.
Edwards. Pinnules variously
shaped at the upper part of
the frond, and the apex is as
if bitten off.
7. incisum, I^owe. Found
in Jersey. Robust ; pin-
nules deeply incised, some
depauperate. Length, 12
inches.
8. Kalon, Lowe. Found
in 1864 in Devon. Pinnae
crowded and overlapping on
their basal half. Length, 5
inches.
9. Kitsonae, Lowe. Found
in Devon by Miss Kitson.
Pinnae and pinnules lax,
more than usually dentate,
inches.
10. laciniatum, Wollaston. Found in the Channel Islands.
Depauperate, the leafy portion often wanting, and the sori showing
on the upper surface.
11. microdon, Moore. A hybrid with Asplenium marinum.
Found in 1855, in Guernsey, by Miss Wilkinson, and afterwards by
Miss Mansell and Mr. C. Jackson ; also near Penzance by Mr.
G. Wager. An interesting intermediate form with narrow taper-
ing fronds ; confluent at the upper portion. It more nearly
resembles Asplenium marinum, but the substance is less leathery,
and the colour a paler and less shining green. Sori copious but
immature. Length, 12 inches.
12. obtusum, Clapham. Raised by the late Mr. Clapham. An
cobtuse truncate apex. Length, 9 inches.
Fig. 20. — Asplenium lanceolatum. Tip of frond.
and their apices blunt. Length, 14
n
50
BRITISH FERNS.— SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 8.
THE LADY FERN.
Asplenium Filix-fcemina.— Bernhardt.
(Sub-section Athyrium.)
This common and elegant species is found throughout the United
Kingdom, and is generally distributed through Europe and North
America. It is the only species in subsection Athyrium in this
country. A deciduous fern, luxuriating in damp, shady places,
though found in open situations where there is sufficient moisture.
The°Lady Fern has a range from the sea-level to 3,000 feet, and at
the greater heights assumes the form known as rhaticwn or
irriguum. . ,
Fronds bi-tripinnate, sori oblong-lunate protected by an mdit-
sium. It is most nearly allied to the dwarf Asplenium fontanum.
The curved sori seems to be the main distinction between Athyrium
and Asplenium. Asplenium Filix-foemina varies in the length of its
fronds from 1 to 3 feet. It cannot be confused with any other
fern.
Varieties.
There are many varieties of the Lady Fern, some of which are
marvellous in structure. It has therefore been considered desirable
to classify these into Divisions, Groups, and Sections. Not only
does this seem necessary with Asplenium Filix-fcemina, but also
with Aspidium angulare and Scolopendrium vulgare, as a means of
shortening many cumbersome names.
Division A.
CHANGES IN SKELETON.
Group I. Branching.
Section a. RAMOSUM. (Stipes branching.)
1. a c rod ado n, Moore (ramo-cristatum, Joties). Found in i860,
near Castle Howard, by Mr. Monkman. 12x11 inches (across the
much-branched head). A remarkable form, neaily always sterile.
I have a batch of promising seedlings.
*2. apioides, Lowe. Raised by myself. 10 X S inches. Stipes
branching, very parsley-like. . # ...
3. brachiatum, Hodgson. Found in i860, in Lancashiie, by Mis.
Hodgson. 12 X 2| inches. Stem branching into 3 or 4 frond-like
divisions.
*4. caudiculatum, Mapplebeck.
*5. cladodesteron, Lowe. Raised by myself. Length, 12 inches.
Branched, crested, and heavy-headed.
6. crispum, Moore. Found in Antrim, and at Braemar and
Todmordcn. Length, 6 to 12 inches, A mass of densely tasselled
branches. .
7. densum, Lowe (acrocladon-dcnsum, Stansficld). Raised by
Messrs. F. W. and Id. Stansfield, in 1878 (from acrocladon) dense
fronded.
SUB-SECTION ATHYR1UM.
51
8. echnomocladon, Lowe (laciniato-acrocladon, Stansjield ’.)
Raised by Messrs. Stansfield. Length, 9 inches, and 6 inches
across the head. Stipes and basal half of the branches naked.
Laciniate.
9. incongruum, Barnes. Found in 1874, at Langdale, by Mr. J.
M. Barnes. A remarkable variety branching in all its parts.
10. magnicapitatum, Stansjield. Raised in 1878, by Messrs. F.
W. and H. Stansfield. 12X7 inches. Very distinct (from acrocla-
don).
11. Mapplebeckii, Moore (frondoso-cristatum, Jones). Raised in
1866, by Mr. J. E. Mapplebeck. Length, 1 foot.
*12. Middletoni, Lowe (ramulosissimum Middleton, Wollaston).
Found in 1872, in Montgomery, by Mr. Middleton (head gardener
to Sir Watkins Wynn). 4x05 inches. Branching from the ground
into 9 or 10 branches, more interesting than beautiful.
13. multifurcatum, Moore (ramosissimum, Jones). Found in
1871, at Long Sledclale, by Mr. J. E. Mapplebeck. Length, 15
inches, densely foliose, capitate head 12 inches wide.
14. ramocristatum, Jones. Raised in 1871, by Mrs. Hodgson.
Length, 11 inches. Ramose, pinnae crested, width across the head
6 inches.
15. ramulosissimum, Lowe (basi-ramosum, Mapplebeck). Raised
in 1870, by Mr. Mapplebeck. 10 X i\ inches, branching at base
of stipes into 6 to 10 crested fronds.
16. Stansfielclii, Lowe (ramosissimum fimbriatum, Stansjield).
Raised by Messrs. F. W. and H. Stansfield. Length, 13 inches.
A very fine variety, with naked stipes, head branching to 1 1 inches
across.
17. unco-glomeratum, Jones. Raised in 1878, by Messrs. F. W.
and H. Stansfield. General character of acrocladon, but even more
branched, finely dissected like the finest forms of “ uncum,” not
fimbriate.
18. velutinum, Stansjield. A condensed acrocladon, 2 inches
high, like a ball of green plush. Raised in 1878, by Messrs. F. W
and H. Stansfield.
Section /3. GRANDICEPS.
(Terminal crest as wide as, or wider than, frond.)
*1. Albertii, Lowe. Raised by myself. Densely and compactly
bunch-crested. Capitate head, 45 inches wide. Stiff erect habit.
16 X ij inches.
*2. Arthuri, Lowe. Raised by myself. Well crested. Length,
16 inches.
3. canaliculatum, Stansjield. Raised in 1882, by Messrs. F. W.
and H. Stansfield. Rachis broad and channelled, hence the name.
4. capitatum, Lowe (nodoso-cristatum,_/<?//i?.y).
*5. caput Medusae, Mapplebeck. Raised by Mr. Mapplebeck.
*6. centiceps, Lowe. Raised by myself. Length, 1 5 inches.
*7. ceratophyllum, Mapplebeck.
52 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 8.
*8. coronare, Lowe. Raised by myself ; densely crested. 24 X 3.
9. coronatum, Moore. Pinna; acute, not crested, a branching
crown 3 5 inches wide. 8x i| inches.
10. cristulatum. Stansjield. Raised in 1863, by Messrs. Stans-
field. Ends cristulate ; a branching crest 2 i inches wide. Length,
8 inches.
11. depauperatum, Moore. Found many years ago near Ben
Bulgen, by Mr. J. Gunning. Depauperate, laciniate, crested. Length,
12 inches.
12. Eastoni, Lowe (Grandiceps Eastoni,/<w«). Found in 1874,
at Wythburn, by Mr. J. Easton. Heavily crested.
*13. eulophon, Mapplebeck. Raised by Mr. Mapplebeck.
liscombe, by Mr. J. Morse. The apex expanded into a large multi-
fid crispy head. Length, 18 inches.
16. Hodgsonae, Lowe (Grandiceps Hodgson, Jones). A narrow
compactly crested form, dividing into three branches 7 inches from
the apex (6 inches across these branches). 24x3 inches.
17. Hookeri, Lowe. Raised by myself, terminating in a crested
head 6 inches broad, short crested pinnae at the base, then cruciate
to the head. 16 x 2^ inches (at the base), narrowing to one inch
higher up.
*18. Hopas, Lowe. Found near Edinburgh, by Lady Hope.
An erect-growing, somewhat plumose-crested, and capitate form.
Length, 16 inches.
*19. kalon, Lowe. Raised by myself. A grand cruciate and
capitate form, the cruciate pinnae crested. Head densely crested,
and 5 inches wide. 35 X2^ inches.
#2o. kephalobares, Lowe. Raised by myself. Pinna; short and
heavily crested, frond terminating in a head five inches wide.
Immediately above the basal pair of pinna; is a single branch 1
inch wide and 6 inches long, heavily crested and capitate. 20X3
inches.
14. glomera-
tum, Moore.
Raised in 1864,
by Messrs.
Ivery. Remark-
able for the
large compact
crests and capi-
tate head. 18x5
inches(in centre
of frond).
Fig. 21. — Pinna of Athyrium Filix-foemina, var. glomeratum
(showing bunch-creNting).
15. grandi-
ceps, Moore.
Found near
Nettlecombe,
by the late Mr.
C. El worthy,
and near Wive-
SUB-SECTION ATHYRIUM.
53
21. multiceps, Moore. Found near Truro. Multifid crisped.
Length, 24 inches.
22. nudicaule, Lowe (nudicaule cristatum, Jones). An extra-
ordinary variety, branching at the base of the stipes into three dis-
tinct fronds, having naked stems, and merely a leafy capitate head,
each head 4^ inches wide. Length, 1 1 inches.
Fig. 22. — Athyrium Filix-foemina, var. orbiculatum (apex).
23. orbiculatum, Lowe (capitatum, Padley). Raised by the
late Mr. Elworthy. A very finely-divided large capitate head.
24. Padleyi, Lowe (grandiceps Padley, Jones). A narrow nor-
mal form with a dense grandiceps head 4^ inches wide. 15x2^
inches.
25. Ouilteri, Mapplebeck (intequale capitatum, Jones). Raised
in 1872, by Mr. Mapplebeck. Branching head 8 inches broad,
below much depauperated. 14x0! inches.
26. scopuln, Lowe. Raised in 1887 by myself, rachis dividing.
Crests like brushes, head 4 inches across. 18x3^ inches.
54 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 8.
*27 strombomenon, Lowe. Raised in 1867 by myself. Normal
with a crested head 5^ inches broad. 18x4 inches.
28. triumphale, Lowe. Raised by myself in 1866 Pinnae and
pinnules branching and crested, forming a circular head 7 inches
across. 24X4 inches. . . occ. n„
*20. umbraculaeforme, Lowe. Raised by myself m 1866. De-
pauperate, and terminating in an umbrella-shaped head. Lengt i,
12 inches.
Section y. CRISTATUM.
(Bunch crested.)
*1. amenum, Lowe. Very lax, normal at base, pinnules varying
strongly dentate, pinnae variously crested. 22x 7 inches
2. anaustatum, Lowe (angustato-cnstatum, Stansfield ). Raised
by Messrs. Stansfield. A very narrow cruciate, scarcely crested
form. 24x1 inches. . ,
3. anomalum, (Gillsoniae anomalum, Mapplebeck ). Raised
in i860 by Mr. Mapplebeck. 21x3^ inches in middle of frond.
Pinnules crowded and margins dentate, tips of pinnte crested, apex
of frond caudate. An extraordinary variety.
4. apuaeforme, Barnes. Found in 1870, at Dent, by Mr. Barnes.
Is fish-shaped and crested. ,
5 caudatum, Lowe (Gillsoniae anomalum, Mapplebeck; caudato-
cristatum, Jones). Raised in 1869. 21x3 inches. Lax, narrow,
pinnules dense, apex of frond caudate.
6. corymbiferum, Moore. Found in Guernsey, by the late Mr.
James, varying from 1 8 X 6 to 34 X 10 inches. A fine form, crested
and corymbose. at 1
7. cristatum, Wollaston. Found near Malton, by Mr. Monk-
man. Apex crested, but not the pinnae.
8. curvato-digitatum, Barnes, hound in 1875, on Lancaster
Moor, by Mr. Stewardson. Pinnae curved down and digitate.
9. dactyliferum, Jones. Found in 1874? at Martindale, by Mr. J.
K. Hodgson. Said by the late Colonel James to be distinct.
10 defecto-furcillans, Mapplebeck. Raised in 1869 by Mr. J. E.
Mapplebeck. 27x9 inches, pinna; longer and much wider (though
with less branches) than Howardiae.
*ii. densissimum , Mapplebeck. . . , ...
12. digital c, Jones. A lax narrow form, pinnae with slender, digi-
tate, conspicuous crests. Apex of frond not crested, but ending in
a very fine point. 28x6 inches. . ,
*13. digitatum, Lowe. A very bold crested variety. Raised
by myself in 1862. 22X5 inches. .
14. echinatum, Lowe. Short pinnae, densely capitate ; the capi-
tate heads 1 inch across, margins conspicuously dentate. Raised
by mvself. 16x3 inches. at
#15 ' Elworthii, Moore. Found near Nettlecombe by the late Mr.
C. Elworthy. Densely tasselled, very symmetrical form, pinnules
crested. 30X7 inches. v „ . , ,
16. ericudes, Lowe (Craigii-uncum, Jones). Raised from spoics
SUB-SECTION ATIIYRIUM.
55
(Craigii crossed with uncum). A narrow Craigii.
17. foliosum, Lowe (folioso cristatum, Jones).
18. Fosteri, Lowe. Found in Scotland,
by Mr. W. Foster, of Salford. Multifur-
cate fronds.
*19. furcillans, Mapplebeck.
20. gemmatum, Barnes. A very inter-
esting narrow variety with reflexed pinnules.
Pinnae compactly and heavily crested. 27x4
inches.
21. gracilissimum, Lowe. Raised in 1867
by myself. 21x7^ inches. Slender, with
short broad pinnules, pinnae crested.
22. gratum, Lowe. Raised by myself.
Symmetrical crested variety, slender and
lax. 20x5 inches.
23. Hodgsoni, Lowe (apuaeforme Hodg-
soni, Barnes'). Found in 1867, at Torver,
by Mrs. Hodgson. Pinnae and frond fish-
shaped.
*24. Howardae, Moore. Raised in 1864
by Mr. Craig (gardener to the late Hon.
Mrs. Howard, Levens Hall). 24x7 inches
in centre of frond. Pinnae branching and
cresting, as broad as long, and though lax
overlapping from the great breadth of the
ramose ends.
25. Huckii, Lowe (cristatum Huckii,
Barnes). Found in 1874, by Mr. T. Hack,
at Wet Sleddale.
22X2I inches.
Fin. 23. — Athyrium Filix-
A beautiful variety, with fcmlna’ var Elworthu (show-
, . i-i J nig cresting).
long, crispy, crested pinnules.
26. inaequale-furcans, Wollaston. Found in 1877 in Lancashire,
by Mr. J . Lamb. Very irregular in size, position, and form of pinnae
and pinnules, and partly depauperate. Conspicuously crested.
18x8 inches (at base).
27. incongruum, Barnes. Found in 1875, in Langdale, by Mr.
Barnes.
*28. kalliston, Lowe. Raised by myself. A handsome crested
form. Length, 2 feet.
29. laxum, Lowe (laxo-cri statu m, Phillips). Found at Ballyna-
hinch, Co. Down, by Mr. W. H. Phillips. A small crested fern,
with long, narrow, lax pinnules. Distinct. 30x9 inches
*30. magnificum, Lowe. Raised by myself. Grandly crested.
31. Mapplebeckii, Moore (frondoso-cristatum, Jones). Raised by
Mr. Mapplebeck in 1866. Dark green and sterile. A very fine
crested frondose fern.
32. inirandum, Lowe. Raised by myself. Very handsome.
26x6 inches (lower part), 2^ inches (upper part). Capitate. Four
pairs of basal pinnae branch-crested, and above this cruciate-
crested.
56 BRITISH FERNS— SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 8.
33. multifklum, Moore. Found in Wicklow, by Mr. D. Moore.
33x10 inches. Normal with crested pinnae There are various
wild forms (viz. Barnesii, Hodgsonae, tenue, Fraseri, nanum), and
almost an endless number have been raised from spores.
34 paucidentatum, Lowe (paucidentatum cristatum, Mapplebeck).
Raised in 1870 by Mr. Mapplebeck. 16X io£ inches. A marvel-
lous, delicate variety; very broad. Pinnae with large ramose crest-
ings ; apex of frond abrupt, with branching crest ; pinnules short
and scarcely dentate.
35. percristatum, Lowe (percristatum Cousins, Jones). An inter-
esting form.
36. polydactylum, Moore. Found at Windermere, Nettlecombe,
and other places. Finger crested.
37. regale, Moore. Raised in 1867 by Mr. J. M. Barnes. 30 x 10
incites. The grandest crested Lady Fern; foliose, and the pinnules
crested.
38. setigerum, Jones. Found in the Lake district by Mr.
Garnett. A grand crested, lax form ; pinnules dilated at the apex,
and bristling with hair divisions. 24 X 5 inches.
39. spinocristatum, Lowe. A marvellous production, raised from
mixed spores. 20x4 inches. Lax, many pinnae wanting, some
reduced to thorns that are crested, the few pinnae well crested, a
large capitate head.
40. splendens, Moore. Raised in 1864 by Mr. J. M. Barnes.
30X7 inches. A fine plumose form, with tips of pinnae boldly fur-
cately crested, and pinnules also crested.
41. splendidum, Lowe (splendens Craig, Jones). Raised by Mr.
Craig. 36x11 inches. One of the finest crested forms. Pinnae
and pinnules crested. Scarcely distinct from Barnes’s form.
42. Stewardsoni, Lowe (digitale Stewardson, Jones). A pretty
lai digitate variety. Fronds, 21x7 inches.
43. tenue, Lowe (crLtato-tenue, Wollaston; multifidum tenue,
Wilson). Found in 1869, in North Lancashire, by Mr. J. Wilson.
A slender fern, widest in centre, with narrow, distant, fish-tail
crests. 12 X4I inches.
44. uncum, Lowe. Raised by myself from spores. A copy of
uncum, but well crested and capitate. 22x5 inches.
Section 5. CRUC1ATUM.
(Pinnae and pinnules twin branched.)
*1. Alexandra, Lowe. Raised by myself in 1867. 28x3 inches.
The three pairs of basal pinnae, and also near the forked tip of the
frond normal, elsewhere broadly and boldly cruciate.
2. angustum, Lowe (angusto-cruciatum, Jones). Raised in 1868
by Messrs. Stansfield. Smaller than multifidum. 12x05 inches.
3. arbuscula, Lowe. Raised by myself. 24x9 inches. Pinna? nor-
mal; pinnules, some cruciate, others depauperate, and part normal.
4. Bakeri, Loive. Raised by myself. Narrow, cruciate, with
attenuated tip.
SUB-SECTION ATHYRIUM.
57
*5. calomelanos, Lowe. Raised by myself. A fine crested form.
6. clarum, Lowe. Raised by the late Mr. Carbonell. 18x5
inches. Cruciate, both in pinnae and pinnules.
7. Cceleste, Lowe. Raised by the late Colonel Jones, and in the
possession of Mr. E. F. Fox. 18 X o| inches. Very narrow, cruciate
and capitate.
*8. columnare, Lowe. Like crested columns.
9. contrarium, Lowe Raised by the late Colonel Jones. 26X2
inches at base, gradually narrowing to half an inch. The 3 or 4
pairs of basal pinnae long, narrow, and reflexed, above these more
or less horizontal cruciate pinnae, and near the apex lunulate ;
frond ending in a narrow, pendent apex. A fine variety.
10. coronans, Lowe (cruciato-coronans, Stansfteld). Raised
abo.it 1884 by Mr. W. C. Carbonell. Dwarfer than Victorias with
a more crown-like crest ; cruciate character replaced in upper
half of frond by extreme sporting of pinnae.
*ii. Craigii, Moore (crucipinnulum cristatum Craig, Jones).
Raised in 1864 by Mr. R. Craig. 8 x 1 inches. Stem red. Pinnae
and pinnules varied in size and shape, apex very leafy and crested.
*12. Craigii-glomeratum, Mapplebeck. Raised by Mr. Mapple-
beck. A conglomerate form.
*13. Craigii-splendens, Mapplebeck. Raised by Mr. Mapplebeck.
14. crucere, Lowe. Raised by myself in 1887. Cruciate, pinnae
crested, apex capitate.
15. cruciato-multifidum, Praeger. Found in 1880 at Castlerock,
Co. Derry, by Mr. A. J. Praeger. 20x1} to 45 inches. Lower
half cruciate, upper normal, but crested.
16. cruciato-pinnula, Phillips. Found at Holywood, county
Down, by Mr. W. H. Phillips. 30x9 inches. Pinnae truncate,
pinnules on upper half of frond cruciate.
17. cruciferum, Lowe. From the late Colonel Jones’s fronds.
Length 20 inches, width f of an inch, cruciate from the base to the
densely tasselled apex. Pinnae in lower half of the frond crested
and longer, but, lying parallel with the rachis, the frond is not
wider. A pretty variety.
18. delicia, Lowe. Raised by myself in 1887. A fine cruciate
form with cruciate pinnules.
19. Dyeri, Lowe. Raised by myself. A narrow cruciate capitate
elegant lorm.
*20. elegans, Lowe (Victoria; gracile, Jones). Raised by myself.
A very slender Victorias. 21x3 inches. Pinnas narrow (linear)
pinnules minute, having the appearance of rows of thorns.
21. Evelyna, Fox. Raised by Mr. E. F. Fox. A distinct form
of Victorias, 30 X inches. The cruciation parallel with the rachis,
conspicuously bidentate.
*22. exempluum, Lowe. Raised by myself. Length 15 inches.
Pinnae narrow, the basal 2 or 3 pairs at right angles to the rachis,
the rest of the pinnae cruciate, the frond narrowing to a point. The
whole of the pinnules are cruciate, and this gives the frond an
elegant appearance.
58 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 8.
23. Fieldae, Moore (cruciatum Miss Field, Jones). Found by
Miss Field. 24X1 inches. Cruciate, and unbranched apex.
24. gemellipara,
-s>t'K Lowe. Raised by my-
self. 30x4 inches below
and X 2 inches above.
frond, pinnae dividing in the middle ; above cruciate and crested,
apex capitate, 18x5 inches, and 2\ inches where cruciate ; raised
from “ Craigii.”
*30. invincere, Lotue. Raised from spores in 1870 by myself.
18x4^ inches. Lower half of frond normal and densely crested,
above cruciate with a capitate head. Where cruciate, width only
1^ inches.
”31. Jonesii, Lowe (cruciato-cristatum, Jones). Raised in 1874,
by the late Colonel Jones. 21 xi^ inches. Avery symmetrical
cruciate variety, with crested apex.
*32. Lawsoni , Lowe. Raised by myself. 2CXof inches. In style
of Frizelliae-cristatum of Jones; but the pinnae are cruciate. A
large capitate head.
33. Mapplebeckii, Lowe (cruciato-multifidum Stansfield, Wol-
laston; and Fieldiae-fimbriatum, Moore). Raised in 1867 by Mr.
J. E. Mapplebeck. Length 21 inches.
34. mixtum, Lowe. A narrow, very slender form, raised by
myself in 1887. Length 20 inches, width 3 inches where poly-
Stansfield).
A handsome combina-
tion. Lowest 4 or 5 pairs
of pinnae crested, their
pinnules cruciate ; above
pinnae cruciate and the
crested apex capitate.
25. glomeratum, Lowe
(cruciato - glomeratum,
Stansfield). Raised in
1878 by Messrs. F. W.
and H. Stansfield.
*26. Gilsonae, Mapple-
beck.
*2 7. Gilsonae - furcans,
Mapplebeck.
*28. Gulsonae, Lowe.
Raised by myself. A
narrow cruciate form,
having a narrow, normal
apex to the frond.
Length 20 inches.
29. Halim, Lowe.
Raised from spores in
i860 bv mvself, lower
SUB-SECTION ATHYRIUM.
59
dactylous, and I inch where cruciate ; near the base polydactylous,
and the superior basal pinnule brachiate.
35. multifidum, Lowe (cruciato-multifidum, Wollaston). Raised
in 1865 by Messrs. Stansfield. 22Xi| inches. Cruciate, apex
crested. A crested Pritchardii.
36. nanum, Lowe. Raised by myself. A pretty dwarf cruciate
form with a finely cut capitate head. Length 9 inches, width ^ an
inch, head 2 inches across.
37. Nereidse, Lowe (cruciato-cristatum Lowe, Wollaston). Raised
in 1873 by myself. Cruciate throughout the frond; pinnae and also
pinnules crested ; capitate crested head. 18 X if inches.
38. nutamen, Lowe. Raised by myself. A narrow cruciate
variety. Length 21 inches, width 1 inch. Apex weeping.
39. peculiare, Lowe. Raised by myselt. A leafy Victoriae-
like form, 26x3 inches. Tips of frond and pinnae pointed.
.40 percruciatum, Lowe. A narrow, slender, conspicuously
cruciate variety, with a branched apex. Raised from spores.
14x1 inches.
41. Phillipsii, Stansfield (cruciato-pinnula Phillips, Fox). Found
in 1864, in County Down, by Mr. W. H. Phillips. 21X6 inches.
Normal (truncate and lax) ; pinnules cruciate. An interesting
fern.
42. Praegeri (cruciato-pinnula, Praeger). Found in 1880 at
Castlerock, Co. Derry, by Mr. A. J. Praeger. Pinnules cruciate.
22 X 5 inches.
43. Pritchardii, Stansfield (cruciatum Pritchard, Jones). Found
in 1 86 1 , near Ruthin, by Mr. T. Pritchard. 40X1 inches. Cru-
ciate.
44. projection, Lowe. A narrow, cruciate, crested capitate form,
with here and there projecting non-cruciate pinnae. Raised by
myself. Length 15 inches; width where cruciate, 1 inch, where
projecting, 3 inches.
*45. proteoides Lozue. Raised from spores by myself from Mr.
Clapham’s “proteum.” A much finer cruciate form, with projecting
pinnae, length 25 inches, width 3 to 5 inches. Habit erect, fronds
stiff, and every frond alike. In Colonel Jones’s “Nature-printed
Ferns,” proteoides is figured under the name “ proteum.”
46. proteum, Clapham. Found in Cumberland in 1866 by the
late Mr. Clapham. Half the fronds narrow and cruciate, and half
normal. 21 X4L inches.
*47. regale, Lowe (Victorias magnificum, Jones). Raised by
myself. 25x5^ inches. Pinnules lobed ; pinnae broader than in
Victoriae, 2^ to 3 inches in length, forming open squares 1 inch in
diameter.
48. reticulum, Lowe. Raised by myself. A narrow, profoundly
dentate, cruciate variety. Length 20 inches, width if inches, apex
pointed.
49. Stableri, Lowe (cruciato-pinnula Stabler, Fox). 22 x 7 inches
middle of frond (where widest). Pinnae crested and apex of frond
caudate. Raised in 1868 by Mr. G. Stabler, of Levens.
60 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 8.
50. Stansfieldii, Lowe (cruciato multifidum Stansfield, Wollaston).
Raised in 1865 by Messrs. Stansfield. Apex capitate, 22x1
inches.
51. Striguilense, Lowe. Raised by myself. A bold form, and a
giant variety. 36 X x inches.
*52. strombomenon, Lowe. Raised by myself. Length, 14 inches.
Pinnae on lower half of frond reflexed, on upper half cruciate and
truncate, the apex twisted round to the shape of a ball.
53. transformatum, Lowe. Raised by myself in 1887. A form ol
proteoides.
*54. triumphale, Lowe. Raised in J 866 by myself. Like a narrow
Craigii, with a large symmetrical capitate head, 7 inches across ;
the tips of the cruciate pinnae boldly crested. 18x4^ inches, and
where cruciate only 2^ inches.
*55. trossulum, Lowe. Raised by myself, a very pretty cruciate
form (a cross with Victoria). Length 17 inches.
56. truncatum, Lowe (cruciato-truncatum, Jones). Raised by
myself. Bold, pinnules large and lunulate, apex truncate, 15x6
inches.
*57. uncum, Lowe (uncum-cruciatum, Jones). Raised by myself.
A cruciate uncum.
58. Victoria*, Moore. Found in 1861, in Stirlingshire, by Mr. J.
Cosh. 20 x 5 inches. Pinnae narrow, the cruciation forming a num-
ber of square openings. A remarkable form.
59. Victoriae-gracile, MacA'ab. Raised at the Edinburgh Botani-
cal Gardens, about 1870, by Mr. James MacNab. Almost identical
with Victoriae elegans, Lowe.
Group 11. Pumilum.
(Skeletal axis shortened in relation to soft parts.)
Section «. CONGESTUM. (Main axis shortened.)
1. angustatum, Lowe (angustato congestion. Stansfield). Raised
in 1872 by the late Mr. A. Stansfield. Across between stipatum
and Craigii.
2. Cathedrale, Lowe (Simpsonii cristatum, Jones). A crested
Simpsonii, said to have been found on Lichfield Cathedral 200
years ago ?
3. collectaneum, Lowe. Raised by the late Colonel Jones (in
Mr. E. F. Fox’s collection). 7x4^ inches. Very distinct, dwarf,
cuneate, depauperate, and digitate ; pinnie crowded.
4. cristatum, Lowe. Raised by myself. A densely crested
capitate form, very much dwarfed ; neat. 8X2 inches.
5. curtum-cristatum, Stansjield. Raised in 1871 at Todinorden.
*6. Edwardsii, Lowe (congestum-minus Edwards, Jones). Found
in Ireland many years ago, by the late Mr. Riley. Pinnae crowded
and crisp. 9 X2| inches.
*7. Edwardsii ramosum, Lowe. Similar to Edwardsii, with the
addition of branching at the apex.
8. excurrens, Lowe (congestum excurrens, Stansjield).
SUB-SECTION ATHYRIUM.
6l
9. Findlayanum, Stansfield (congesto-cristatum, Wollaston ).
Raised in 1870 by Messrs. Stansfield. 16x2^ (in centre). Flexuose,
foliose, and crested.
10. Fittii, Lowe (congestum cristatum Fitt, Jones). A dwarf
crested congestum, raised by Mr. Fitt. Very much like Findlay-
anum.
1 1. grandiceps, Loive (congestum grandiceps, Stansjield). Raised
in 1885 from Fittii.
12. Grant®, Moore (congestum Paul, Wollaston). Found in
1865, in Cornwall, by Mr. Paul, of Truro. Pinnae and pinnules
over-lapping, densely frondose ; stipes and rachis very stout, the
latter somewhat flexuose ; crispate. 23 X 6 inches.
13. Hodgson®, Lowe (congestum, Barnes). Found in 1863 at
Gillbanks by Mrs. Hodgson. A beautiful variety with dense
crispy pinnules.
14. laciniato-cristatum, Lowe (congestum laciniatum cristatum,
Stansfield). Raised in 1886 at Pontefract.
15. laciniatum, Lowe (congestum laciniatum, Stansfield). Raised
in 1872 at Todmorden. A cross between stipatum and laciniatum.
16. minimum, Birkenhead. Found at Grange, Lancashire, by
Mr. Mason. Height only 6 inches.
17. nanodes, Lowe. Found in Monmouthshire by Mrs. Bagnall
Oakeley. 24x4^ inches (the stipes being 6 inches). Stipes bend-
ing, rachis flexuose, pinn® almost imbricate.
18. Phillipsii, Lowe (congestum Phillips, Phillips). Found in Co.
Antrim in 1888 by Mr. W. H. Phillips. 16x6 inches. Very leafy.
19. ramulosum, Lowe (angustato ramulosum, Stansfield). Raised
about 1876 at the Todmorden Nurseries.
20. Simpsoni, Stansfield (congestum Simpson, Jones). A dwarf,
stiff, crisped variety, found by Mr. T. Simpson in Lancashire in 1869.
21. stipatum, Moore (congestum Paul, Jones). Found at Dol-
gelly in 1864. Dwarf, with very thick stem.
'Section /3. CRISPATUM.
(Subsidiary axes shortened more or less.)
1. apicale, Moore. History obscure. A beautiful variety somewhat
like Vernon®-cristatum.
2. Barnesii, Lowe (Crispatum Barnesii, Barnes). Found in 1863
at Underbarrow. Robust, with long crispy fronds. Mr. Crossfield
found at Arnside a form with short fronds.
*3. comicum, Mapplebeck. Crispy, pinnules irregular.
4. coriyoxte's, Appleby. Found near Doncaster by Mr. S. Appleby.
Length, 2 feet. Named from the outline and divisions of the frond
resembling hemlock leaves. Mr. Praiger has found a nice form in
Co. Antrim.
5. conioides-cristatum, Stansfield. A crested fern raised by
Messrs. Stansfield.
6. Vernon®, Jervis. Found by Miss Vernon. 18x4^ inches.
Divisions frilled.
62 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 8.
7. Vernonae corymbiferum, Stansfield. Raised in 1877 at Tod-
morden. Apicale is practically identical.
*8. Vernonae-cristatum, Mapplebeck (crispato-cristatum, /ones).
Raised in 1873 by the late Colonel Jones. 18x4 inches.
Pinnules overlapping and crispate, pinnae lax, short, very broad
and well crested.
Group 111. Flexuosum.
Section a. FLEXUOSUM. (Bending.)
1. adulterum, Lowe. An extraordinary and beautiful mixed
narrow variety. 17x25 inches Lower half of frond pinnae very grace-
fully flexuose ; above this cruciate, with flexuose pinnae, and near
apex normal ; pinnules more or less reflexecl throughout. Another
of the cruciate batch of seedlings raised here.
2. Craigii, Lowe. Not unlike Harrisae but larger (one of Mr.
Craig’s seedlings). Pinnae flexuose, and crested. Pinnules long and
reflexed; tip of the frond crested. 21x7 inches.
3. Crossfieldii, Loive (flexuosum, Moore). Found in 1862 in
Silverdale by Mr. J. Crossfield. Twisted, flexuous, and grotesque.
4. cruciato-rellexum, Praeger. Found at Castlerock, Co. Derry,
by Mr. A. J. Praeger. 25 X 5 inches. Cruciate and reflexed.
5. cruciatum, Lowe. Raised from spores. Length 24 inches,
width 4^ inches. Pinnae narrow, flexuose, and cruciate ; more
regularly cruciate in upper half of frond, and apex capitate. This
was from a mixture of spores (Frizelliae, Foxii, cruciatum, and
uncum); and all these forms are shown in the frond.
6. cymba, Lowe. Raised by myself. 18x5^ inches. The
pinnae curve upwards (boat-like) and are heavily crested ; pinnules
tortuous and are turned downwards.
7. flexuosum, Wollaston. Found in 1858 in Lancashire by Mr.
Huddart. The stipes, rachis, pinnae, and pinnules twisting in a
most grotesque manner, varying much in the manner of twisting.
18x5 inches.
8. Foxii, Lowe (reflexum Fox, Wollaston). . Found in 1850 in
South Devon by Mr. E. F. Fox. A much narrower variety than
reflexum, with the same revolving character; tips of pinnae reflexing,
giving a hooked look. 27x4 inches.
9. Harrisae, Lowe. Raised by myself. Rather broader than
Foxii, and the tips of pinnae minutely crested.
*10. lineare, Lozue (lineare reflexum, Lo7ve ). Raised in same
batch of seedlings with cruciatum; 16x25 inches; to above the
middle of frond ; pinnae one inch apart ; upper third of frond
cruciate with minute Emulate pinnules.
it. perplexum, Lo7ve. Raised by myself. 27 X 3 inches (though
some pinnae five inches long). Remarkably depauperate and
very flexuose. Pinnae mostly on one side, and in pairs almost
touching each other ; some pinnae crested ; many pinnules
wanting, and most Emulate and minute.
12. plumosum,y0;zz'j. A flexuose plumose form found in County
Kerry by the late Mr. Tyermann. 20x4 inches.
SUB-SECTION ATHYRIUM.
63
13. reflexo-multifidum,/#;^. Found in 1880 at Castle Rock,
County Down, by Mr. A. J. Praeger. 18x6 inches. Pinnae lax
and caudate ; pinnules reflexed ; tip of frond crested.
14. reflexum, Wollaston. Found in 1858 in Westmoreland, by
Mr. F. Clowes. The flexuose character is in the pinnules revolving.
A remarkable variety. 24 x 10 inches.
15. rhoeticum-deflexum, Moore. Found at Troutbeck by Mr.
Clowes. A curious variety with flexuose fronds.
*16. tortum, Lowe (torto-cristatum, Mapplebeck ).
17. Victoriae, Lowe (Victoriae-flexuosum, Jones). Raised by
myself. 18 Xif inches. A Victoriae with linear pinnae, twisting
and bending in a marvellous manner.
Division B.
ALTERATIONS IN SOFT PARTS.
Group I. Compositum.
(Subdivision of ultimate segments.)
Section a. PLUMOSUM.
(Subdivision associated with increased development.
Fructification scanty or absent.)
1. Axminsterense, Lowe (plumosum Axminster,yi9»rj). Found
in i860 at Axminster by Mr. J. Trott. A noble plumose form,
more frondose than plumosum but very feathery. I had a large
plant from Miss Bellairs completely covered with bulbils. 32 X 14
inches.
Fig. 25.— Athyrium filix-fcemina, var. Barnesii (pinna, showing feathery character).
2. Barnesii, Lowe (plumosum Barnes, Wollaston). Found in
1863 in Westmoreland by Mr. J. M. Barnes. Pinnae lax at the base
of the frond, and pinnules shorter than in plumosum. A hand-
some variety. 33 X 10 inches.
3. Blakae, Moore. Raised by the late Mr. A. Parsons.
*4. Clarissima, Jones. Found in 1868 in North Devon by Mr. R.
Moule. 32x18 inches. A most lovely fern, and strikingly dis-
tinct. The linear segments give a lax appearance. Pale green.
Lower pinnae 14 inches long and 4 inches wide ; largest pinnules,
2|- inches long.
64 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 8.
5. decoratum, Lows. From the late Colonel Jones’s collection.
History not known. A subplumose, narrow, lax form ; very sym-
metrical. A great beauty. 23x6 inches.
*6. dilatatum, Mapplebeck. Rather foliose.
7. divaricatum, Lowe (plumosum-divaricatum, Moore). Found
in 1872 in Lancashire by Mr. W. Morris. Pinnules almost per-
pendicular to the main stem. A very fine divaricate plumosum.
30X12 inches.
8. elegans, Lowe (plumosum-elegans, Parsons). Raised by Mr.
Parsons. Slender, with finely cut pinnules. 28 X 7 inches.
9. foliosum, Druery. Found at Ilfracombe in 1881. A true
foliosum.
10. frondoso-cristatum,yb»i?j(in the late Colonel Jones’s collection).
u. Hodgsonas, Z<?m? (subplumosum Hodgson, Jones). Found by
Mrs. Hodgson in 1870 near Ulverston. A very slender featherlike
fern. 16x6 inches. Very lax ; with beautiful pinnules, finely cut.
12. kalothrix, Lowe. Raised in 1870 by Mr. Howlett. 18x6
inches. A most lovely, delicate, pale-green, hair-like form.
*13. Longridgense, Lowe. A subplumose form found on Long-
ridge Fell in 1846 by myself. A large and graceful variety. 30X 12
inches.
14. multifidum, Lowe (plumoso-multifidum, Stansfield). Found
about i860 on Ben Lawers by Mr. W. Marshall. A feathery form
of multifidum.
15. plumosum, Moore. Found in Yorkshire in i860 by Mr J.
Horsfall. A fine plumose variety. 33x8 inches.
16. Smithii, Lowe (plumosum Smith, Jones). Length 20 inches,
width 12 inches. A handsome fertile plumosum variety. Found
by Mr. Smith in Darley Dale.
17. Stansfieldii, Lowe (plumosum-Stansfieldii, Stansfield).
Raised by Messrs. Stansfield from kalothrix ; a larger and less
fragile form than that lovely variety. A most beautiful plumosum.
18. subplumosum, Padley. Found near Nettlecombe by the late
Mr. C. Ehvorthy. 26x8^ inches. A very elegant plumose form.
*19. superbum, Lowe (plumosum-superbum, Druery). Raised by
Mr. C. T. Druery. One of a number of lovely ferns raised by Mr.
Druery.
20. Thompsoni, Lowe. A singular plumose form, the pinnae
furcating near the ends, and the tips being caudate. Found at
Mousehole, Cornwall, by Mr. R. A. Thompson. 24x7 inches.
Apex furcate.
21. Willsii, Lowe (plumosum Wills, Jones). Found in Dorset in
1869 by Mr. J. S. Wills. Very robust. Mr. Wills had a plant
6 feet high and as much wide.
Section /3. DISSECTUM.
(Subdivision of ultimate segments without marked increase in
development of soft parts.)
1. Barnesii, Claphain. Raised by Mr. Barnes, of Thirsk. Some-
what in the way of pulcherrimum, though distirct.
SUB-SECTION ATHYRIUM.
65
2. coronatum, Lowe (setigerum-coronatum, Birkenhead ').
3. corymbiferum, Lowe (setigerum corymbiferum, Birkenhead).
4. cristatum, Lowe (pulcherrimum cristatum Hodgson, Jones').
A crested form of pulcherrimum found in the Lake District by Mrs.
Hodgson.
5. diffissum, Moore. Found originally in Guernsey by the late
Mr. James. Length 18 inches. Pinnules irregularly cut.
6. elegans, Phillips. Found at Duneight, Co. Antrim, by the
Rev. W. D. Pounden. 18x6 inches. A fragile form.
7. gracile, Phillips. Found at Inch, Co. Down, by the Rev. W.
D. Pounden, also in Antrim by Mr. Phillips. 20x6^ inches. A
slender form.
8. grandiceps, Lowe (setigerum grandiceps, Birkenhead).
9. Jacksoni, Lowe (pulcherrimum plumosum, Jones), A plumose
form of pulcherrimum found by the late Mr. Jackson.
*10. Lowse, Lowe. Raised by myself. Normal in form, fronds
and pinnae concave. Length, 16 inches.
*11. Lowse-angustatum, Lowe. Raised by myself. Differs in the
fronds being very narrow.
12. pulcherrimum, Jones. Raised in 1868, by Mrs. M. A. Walker.
14X4! inches. A pretty dwarf, feather-like fern.
*13. rectangulare, Moore. Found in 1870, in Westmoreland, by
Mrs. J. Wilson. 21x8 inches, in centre of frond. Apical pinnules
bidentate ; pinnules so small that the spore-cases are wider. A
very pretty variety. Doodioides Lowe is very similar.
14. setigerum, Wollaston. Found in 1878, in Lancashire, by
Mr. Garnett, nurseryman, Bowness. 20x6 inches, in centre of
frond. An exquisitely divided form.
15. spinosum, Lowe. Raised by myself. 15x5 inches. Pin-
nules deeply split into very dentate thorny lobes.
16. todeoides, Stansjield. Large and very finely dissected.
*17. todeoides superbum, Lowe. Raised by myself. Length, 24
inches.
Group II. Exiguum.
(Regular diminution of soft parts.)
Section a. LAXUM. (Pinnae wide apart.)
1. foecundulosissimum, Wollaston. Raised from uncum-crista-
tum in 1882 by Mr. C. T. Druery. Dwarf, densely crested, and
the crests crowded with bulbils.
2. laxo-cristatum, Phillips. Found at Ballynahinch, Co. Down,
by Mr. W. H. Phillips. 21x7 inches. Pinnules linear; pinnae
crested tips. Distinct.
3. lineare, Lowe (uncum-lineare, Jones), a very narrow uncum ,
raised by the late Colonel Jones. 12X1J inches.
4. pannosum, Moore. Found in a number of places. Slender ;
pinnules irregular and tapering.
5. scitum, Lowe. Raised in 1877 by myself. A narrow, neat
uncum. Pinnae slightly crested, apex of frond ramose and crested.
E
66 BRITISH FERNS.— SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 8.
24 X 3 inches in the broadest part, only f inch at the base, and
below the branched head.
6. uncum, Moore. Found in i860, in Levens Park, by Mr. J. M.
Barnes. 10x3 inches. Pinnae narrow and lax; pinnules varied,
although having a general resemblance ; divided to the costa and
often bent like a hook.
7. Woodii, Lowe (curtum-Woodii, Wollaston ). Found in 1865,
at Bowness, by Mr. J. Wood. iiX2j inches. Regular outline,
compact and leafy.
Section /3. DEPAUPERATUM. (Irregular, part wanting.)
1. abasilobum, Phillips. Found at Bally water, Co. Down, by
Mr. W. H. Phillips. 24x11 inches. Basal lobe wanting ; pinnae
linear caudate.
*2. abasiphyllum, Lowe. Found in Ireland by the late Rev. C.
Padley. Length 14 inches. Habit somewhat prostrate ; differs in
the absence of the basal pinnules.
*3. amoenum, Mapplebeck. Defective.
4. capitatum, Tyerman. A form very much like cephalomanes
was raised by the late Mr. Tyerman.
5. cephalomanes, Jones. Raised from spores. Length 14 inches.
Normal reflexed crested pinnae at the base ; above this pinnae ab-
sent ; apex capitate, the head five inches broad.
*6. defecto-sectum, Mapplebeck.
*7. Du Boulae, Lowe. Found in Cornwall by Mrs. Du Boule,
and sent to Mr. Sang to raise plants from spores, in order to realize
money towards restoring Mr. Du Boule’s church. Unfortunately
the seedlings would not come true from spores. 22x4 inches.
A singular depauperate and laciniate variety.
8. excurrens, Moore. Found in 1853 at Tunbridge Wells, differ-
ing in the tips of the pinnae having transparent hair-like points.
9. interruptum, Moore. Found near Nettlecombe, by the late
Mr. Elworthy. 26x7 inches. Pinnae very various ; pinnules much
depauperated. A singular form was found near Ambleside by Mr.
G. B. Wollaston ; and Mr. W. H. Phillips has found two good
forms, one at Carlingford and the other at Killymoon.
10. medio-deficiens, Jones. Found in 1884 at Innerwell, Wig-
townshire, by Mr. C. T. Druery. Outline symmetrical ; basal
pinnules (2 to 6 pairs) in all the middle pinnae depauperate.
11. polymorphum, C/aphai?i. Found in 1872 near Scarborough,
by Mr. Keld. Pinnae and pinnules depauperated; many pinnules
absent, and some branched and others confluent ; somewhat crested ;
a tail-like depauperate apex of frond. A singular fern. 18x7
inches.
*12. secare, Lowe. Raised by myself. A narrow depauperate
form, with pinnae and apex of frond truncate. Length, 16 inches.
*13. Sylvia, Lowe. Raised by myself. A slender depauperate
variety, with diverse pinnae and pinnules ; reflexed. 15x2^ inches.
The larger pinnules confluent.
SUB-SECTION ATHYRIUM.
67
Group III. Heteromorphum.
Section a. ROTUN DATUM. (Rounded pinnules.)
1. capitatum, Lowe (Pulleri-capitatum, Jones). Raised by Mr.
F.. F. Fox. A capitate Pulleri.
*2. cymbaforme, Lowe. Raised by myself. A cross between
Pulleri and cruciatum. In lower half of fronds, which are lax, each
pair of pinnm curve upwards and assume the shape of a boat ;
above the middle of frond cruciate, and towards the apex
Frizellice-like. The upper half of each pinna is lunulate, terminating
in a large lunulate pinnule, as broacf as the rest of the frond.
20 X 4 inches at base, and 20 X oj inches near apex.
*3. Fraseri, Lowe. Raised from spores by myself. Quite distinct
from Pulleri, with larger and less rounded pinnules. Truncate
and branched at the apex. Length, 22 inches, width, 2\ inches.
4. Pulleri, Moote (rotundatum, Wollaston). Found in 1864 in
the Isle of Skye by Mr. C. Puller. Length, 18x3 inches. Very
lax, pinnae short and narrow, with lunulate pinnules ; tip of frond
caudate. A distinct fern. I have raised a form from this, fronds 6
inches broad, and pinnules of double the size of Pulleri.
Section /3. LINEARE. (Narrow pinnules.)
1. diminuato-pinnulum, Lowe. Raised by myself in 1884.
18 X 7 inches. A slender variety, with very small, reduced pinnules,
broader than long.
*2. Flexile, Mapplebeck. Narrow.
3. Girdlestoni, Ivery (lineare, Wollaston). Found in 1866 in
Rosshire by the Rev. Canon Girdlestone. Length, 21x9 inches.
Pinnae ascending, linear or depauperate, especially near the rachis,
where the pinnules are reduced to a thorn, or wanting. Apex of
pinnules confluent.
Section y. LACINIATUM. (Jagged pinnules.)
1. arbuscula, Lowe. Raised by myself.
*2. Bellairsae, Lowe. A dwarf laciniate form. Found by Miss
Bellairs. Length, 10 inches. Pinnae and pinnules diverse.
3. conioides, Appleby.
4. elegans, Lowe (laciniatum elegans, Stansfield). A sport from
ramulosum. The ramulose apex has disappeared, and is replaced
by cruciate pinnules.
5. Fosteri, Lowe (laciniatum Foster, Jones). Found at Wood-
head, in 1879, by Mr. Foster. An interesting laciniate Kalothrix-
looking depauperate form. Pinnules cut into hair-like segments.
15x5 inches.
6. Jonesii, Barnes. Found in 1861, at Farleton Knot, by Mr. J.
J. Jones. Dwarf, laciniate, abrupt fronds.
7. multicuspe, Moore. Found in 1861, in Levens Park, by Mr.
Barnes. Pinnules many pointed.
8. multifidum, Lowe (tortile multifidum, Stansjield). Raised in
1886, at Todmorden.
68 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 8.
9. polydactylum, Lowe (laciniatum polydactylum, Stansfield).
Raised about 1885, by Messrs. F. W. and H. Stansfield.
10. ramulosum, Lowe (laciniatum ranuilosunpb/uw.pfc/W). Raised
in 1872, at Todmorden, between Craigii and Horsfallii. Some
fronds plumose, others multifid.
*11. Rickettsae, Lowe. Found by Mrs. Ricketts. A narrow
laciniate form. Length 12 inches.
12. tortile, Moore ( inaequale, Wollastofi). Found in 1858, in
Yorkshire, by Mr. J. Horsfall. A symmetrical but laciniate form.
An interesting variety. 24x7 inches.
13. tortiloides, Lowe. Raised by myself in 1887. 22X3! inches
(in middle of the frond). A combination of fissidens and tortile.
Section 8. LUNULATUM (or Frizell/e).
(Pinnae abbreviated to lobes.)
1. capitatum, Lowe (Frizelliae cristatum,
Jones ; lunulato-cristatum, Wollaston ). Raised
in 1875, by the late Colonel Jones. 24x02
inches. Pinnae smaller than in Frizelliae, ter-
minating in a compact capitate head 5 inches
wide. From the branching of this crested
head there is a complete change in the cha-
racter of the segments. I have raised an
identical form.
2. Carbonellii, Lowe (Frizelliae capitatum,
Carbonell). Raised by the late Mr. Carbonell.
14x0^ inches. A narrow capitate form.
3. Clovellianum, Lowe. Found in 1884, at
Clovelly. 16x0 3 inches. Somewhat of the
character of Frizellim, though quite distinct
and has a cuneate-crested apex.
*4. coronare, Lowe (Frizelliae-coronare,
Birketihead). Nicely crowned.
5. cruciatum, Lowe. Raised from spores
by myself. Narrow, cruciate, and capitate.
25x05 inches ; capitate head 5^ inches across.
Head dense and foliose.
6. dentato-capitatum, Lowe. Not unlike dentatum but broader
fronds, longer teeth, and a capitate dentate head. 16x1 inches
at base, and 16 Xo$ inches in upper half.
7. dentatum, Lowe. Raised from spores (of uncum, cruciatum,
and Frizelke). Combining the characters of all ; below uncum, then
cruciatum, ending in Frizellim ; everywhere deeply dentate. 16 X lA
inches at base, and 16 X io| inches near apex.
*8. flabellifolium, Mapplebeck.
*9. flabellifolium-cristatum, Mapplebeck.
10. Frizellte, Moore (lunulatum, Wollaston). Found in 1857, in
Co. Wicklow, by Mrs. Charles Frizell, of Castle Kevin, and
Fin. 26. — Athyrium
Filix-foemina, var.
Frizelliae.
SUB- SECTION ATHYRIUM, AND CETERACII. 69
subsequently in Co. Donegal, by Mr. H. C. Hart. Very narrow
with half-moon shaped pinna?. 15XC3 inches.
n. gracile, Lowe (Frizellae gracile, Birkenhead).
12. grammicon, Lowe. Raised from spores. Bushy habit. 18x1
inches.
13. Helena, Fox. Raised by Mr. E. F. Fox. 15x2 inches,
lower half branch-crested ; upper pinnae all but wanting. Cuneate
branched apex.
14. lunuloides, Lwwe. Raised by myself. 12 x ij inches. Upper
half of frond pinnae Emulate but confluent, apex truncate.
15. multifidum, Lowe (Frizellae multifidum, Barnes, lunulato-
multifidum, Wollaston). Raised in 1871, by Mr. Barnes. 18x07
inches. Pinnae smaller and more abortive than in Frizelliae. Frond
terminating in a capitate head 9 inches across. The tips of the
numerous branches crested, the crests being of a different character.
I have raised one almost identical.
16. ramosissimum, Lowe (Frizellae ramosissimum, Mapplebeck ;
ramulo-lunulatum, Wollaston). Raised in 1873, by Mr. Mapple-
beck. Length, 4 inches, width across the ramose head, 5 inches.
A mass of branches (as many as 17) starting at the stipes.
17. ramosum, Lowe (Frizellae ramosum, Lo'we j and ramo-lunu-
latum, Wollaston). Raised in 1874 by myself. 12X03 inches.
Branching from the rachis, each branch representing the top
portion of Frizelliae.
18. sagittatum, Lowe (sagittato lunulatum, yones). Raised by
myself. Base sagittate, upper part gradually passing into Frizelliae.
19. Shawii, Moore. A dwarf Frizellae, with lobes single instead
of double, as in Frizelliae.
*20. spicatum, Mapplebeck.
*21. stellatum-angustatum, Druery. Interesting capitate head.
22. superadornatum, Lowe. Raised by Mrs. Grant, of Hillers-
don. The lunulate pinnae smaller, and the capitate head larger
than in capitatum , and the plant more robust. 26x0^2 inches
(capitate head 6 inches).
THE COMMON CETERACH.
Asplenium Ceterach. — Linnaus.
(Ceterach officinarum. — Willdenow.)
A SMALL pinnatifid fern, growing on rocks and walls in a limestone
district, mostly on the sunny side ; having bluish-green, leathery,
numerous fronds varying from 3 to 10 inches in length. The
underneath of the frond is covered with reddish, chaffy scales, and
the sori, which are more or less hidden by these scales, are linear-
oblong. It is more abundant and more luxurious in Ireland than
in England. During droughts the fronds fold up as if dead, but
become fully expanded again after the first shower. Although it
is abundant in the southern counties of England, and found in
70 BRITISH FERNS.— SUB-ORDER II. TRIBES 8, 9.
30 English, 7 Welsh, and 7 Scotch counties, it
is nevertheless rare in some of them. Years ago
a single plant was found by the late Mr. Joseph
Sidebotham, on Col wick Park wall, in Nottingham,
and a second plant was on the sunk fence wall at
Highfield House; but both of these plants are now
dead. It had been seen years before in Notting-
ham Park and at Papplewick, but is destroyed in
these places. The Lancashire plants are the
variety crenatum. In Ireland it is more or less
abundant in fourteen counties, and is also found
in the islands of Jersey, Anglesea, Arran, and the
Isle of Wight. Widely spread throughout Europe,
and an inhabitant of Madeira, Azores, Canaries,
Cape de Verde Isles, India, Asia Minor, Brazil,
etc. In Lancashire it is found locally on Pendle
Hill, and at Browsholme Hall, near Clitheroe.
In Madeira there is a very similar fem on a
much larger scale, known as Ceterach aureum.
This I have crossed with the English species, but
the seedlings are yet too small to speak about
positively. The Barony of the Barren, in County
Clare, is extraordinarily rich in varieties, some very large, and
some exceedingly distinct. Mr. P. B. O’Kelly, of Glanarra
House, Ballyvaughan, has sent me more than a dozen distinct
varieties, and all good characteristic plants. Mr. O’Kelly’s name
is attached to all his Burren forms.
Varieties.
1. angustatum, O' Kelly. 2 xo| inches. Concave.
2. bilidum, O' Kelly. Bifid.
3. crenatum, Moore. Found in Lake district, by Miss Beever ;
near Clitheroe, by Mr. Garnett and myself ; Crickhowel, by Mr. J.
R. Cobb and myself ; Devon, Mr. J. R. Gray; Perth and Kircud-
bright, by Mr. W. G. Johnstone ; Carberry Island, by the late
Colonel A. S. H. Lowe ; Waterford, by Mr. J. R. Kinahan ; but
by far the best forms in the Burren, by Mr. O’Kelly. The margin
crenate. 6x i| inches.
4. crenatum-major, O' Kelly. 8x ij inches.
5. crenulare, Lowe (crenatum minor, O' Kelly). 2^X of inches.
Concave, very pretty.
6. crispum-major, O' Kelly. io| X if inches. A giant.
7. cristatum, O' Kelly. Crested.
8. decorum, O' Kelly. Stiffer texture and rugose. 8 X 1 inches.
9. densum, O' Kelly. 3 x of inches.
10. densum- varians, CP Kelly. 4x0* inches.
11. depauperatum, Wollaston. Found at Kilkenny, by Colonel
Buchanan.
12. giganteum, O' Kelly. 7^X1 inches.
13. grandiceps, O' Kelly. 4 Xo| inches. A fine capitate form.
Fig. 27. — Frond
of Asplenium
Ceterach.
SCOLOPENDRIUM.
71
14. interruptum, O' Kelly. 7x0^ inches. Lax and interrupted.
15. kalon, Lowe. Found near Athlone by the late Colonel A. S.
H. Lowe. 8x1^ inches. Crenate.
16. lineare, O’’ Kelly. 2^x0^ inches. A narrow form and
depauperate.
1 7. lineare-major, O' Kelly. 9 xof inches. Very lax, stipes long.
18. majus, O' Kelly. 9^ X ixV inches. Flat.
19. minimum, Lowe. Devon. 2 inches long.
20. multifido-cristatum, OKelly. 4Xor65 inches. Multifidly
crested.
21. ramoso-cristatum, Lowe. Found in Co. Clare, by Mr. A.
Wise. 5^Xo| inches.
22. ramosurn, O' Kelly. 6 X oT75 inches. Also Arnside, by Mr.
J. Crossfield. Branching in the rachis.
23. subpinnatum, O' Kelly.
24. superbum, O' Kelly. 9 X 1 inches. A fine deeply crenate form.
25. tenuifolium, O' Kelly. 5^ Xo| inches. Slender.
26. truncatum, O' Kelly. 2-fxo^ inches. Depauperate and
truncate.
27. variabile, Lowe. Found at Browsholme Hall, Clitheroe, by
myself. 5 inches. And also in the Burren by Mr. O' Kelly ; the
latter has a more bushy habit.
Tribe 9. SCOLOPENDRIE/E.
THE HART’S TONGUE FERN.
SCOLOPENDRIUM VULGARE. — Smith.
No one can mistake the Hart’s Tongue ; for in its normal state,
its strap-shaped, entire tongue-like deep green fronds are quite dis-
tinct in appearance. Although a widely distributed fern, it is only
locally common, and occurs only to the height of about 600 feet,
luxuriating most in shady, moist situations where the water drains
off ; damp walls, mouths of wells, and banks in shady lanes, are its
special delight. It is not found north of the island of Gothland, in
the Baltic Sea.
An evergreen species, with fronds from four to twenty-four inches
in length. Although the Hart’s Tongue has a single undivided
frond, its prolific varieties assume the most remarkable peculiari-
ties, so much so as to make it requisite to subdivide the varieties,
and this has been done in the following manner : —
branched.
unequally branched
crested
conglomerated
sagittate
truncate
pouch-bearing
flexuose
plumose (crispum)
undulate
narrowed
muricate
supralineate
marginate
margin-altered
variegated.
Readily grown under cultivation, but liable to be attacked by the
7 2 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 9.
grab of the Weevil ( Curculio sulca/us), which destroys the roots
and eats into the centre of the stem. Although this grub occa-
sionally attacks the Lady Fern and the Aspidium angulare, it is
far more destructive to the Hart’s Tongue.
Division A.
ALTERATION IN SKELETON.
Group I. Ramose. (Branched.)
Section a. RAMOSUM. (Stipes branched.)
*1 areston, Lowe. Raised by myself. 10X0J inches; branches
twisting and crossing each other ; divisions finely cut. Head, 6
inches across.
2. cristatum, Lowe (ramo-cristatum, Clapham ). Raised by the
late Mr. Clapham. Width across the finger-crested divisions, 7
inches. Stipes, 4 inches. Length of whole frond, 7 inches.
*3. dichotomum, Lowe. Raised by myself. 14X0I inches.
Branching from the base, again below the rachis, and again 4 inches
below the apex, into many narrow divisions. Outline irregular;
crests, 7 inches wide.
4. digitatum, Wollaston. Raised from spores by Mr. Wollaston ;
branched into a flat crest. In i860 Mr. Crossfield found a form
of this at Cork ; and one has been raised by myself gxo§ inches
5. Edwardsii, Losve.
Found in Devon by Mr.
Edwards ; branchingfrom
the base and again on
the stipes, and repeating
this on the rachis ; bunch
crested.
6. majus, Lowe (ram-
osum-major, Clapham ).
Found in Yorkshire in
1857, by the late Mr.
Clapham, 15x2 inches.
Stipes and rachis splitting
and producing two or
more normal fronds.
7. Molyi, Loive (ramo-
cristatum Moly, Wollas-
ton). Found in 1862 in
S. Devon by Mr. Moly.
i2Xi£ inches. Branch-
ing into five normal fronds
with crested heads, 4 and
5 inches across.
8. ramosum, Willdenow (daedaleum, Deakin). A ramosely
crested form, known for many years.
with a digitate head 4* inches across.
Fig. 28. — Scolopendrium vulgare, var. Edwardsii
(ramose cresting).
SCOI.OPENDRIUM.
73
Sub-section. Ramo-IN^EQUALE. (Unequally branched.)
X. admirabile, Lowe. Raised by myself. 12 Xo| inches. Branch-
ing, and crested with narrow divisions ; margin regularly dentate.
*2. Alexandras, Lowe. Raised by the late Colonel Jones from
Victoria, and more ramose than that variety. Length, 1 1 inches ;
width across the ramose head, 6 inches. Rachis linear and dentate.
3. arbusculare, Lowe. Raised by myself Length, 9 inches, and
width across the head, 7 inches ; stem naked ; palmate.
4. Atkinsoni, Lowe (inmquale furcans Atkinson, Wollaston').
Raised in 1876 by Mr. C. J. Atkinson. Length, 14 inches ; width
across the branches, 10 inches. A very pleasing form.
5. blandum, Lowe. A ramose form raised by myself.
6. capitatum, Lowe (inaequale capitatum, Lowe). Raised by
myself. 18 Xi inches. Margin deeply and variously cut ; the capi-
tate part also much cut ; the crest 5 inches wide. A bold fern with
a straggling stag’s-horn-like crest.
7. concavum, Lowe (concavo-ramosum, Clapham). Raised by
the late Mr. Clapham. Length, 7 inches, leafy portion only 2
inches. Stipes branching at base into 5 or 6 fronds that are
concave ; margin irregular ; rachis also branching and crested.
8. conjungendum, Lowe. Found in Devon by the Rev. F. Mules.
13x1 inches. Twin-fronded, strap-shaped and multifid ; the divi-
sions angular and pointed.
9. constellatum, Lowe. Raised by Mr. Glave. A dwarf, stem-
branching form ; depauperate below the numerous bunch crests ;
length, 6 inches.
10. cristatum, Lowe (ramo-cristatum, Wollaston). Found in S.
Devon in 1862, by Mr. Moly. Length, 10 inches. An interesting
ramose, crested form.
11. Delesserioides, Lowe. Raised by myself. 18X0J inches.
Stipes branching and rebranching, not unlike the red seaweed.
Delesseria sinuosa, Lamourj is a very singular variety.
*12. Ehvorthii, Lowe (inasquale-furcans Elworthy, Wollaston).
Raised in 1873 by the late Mr. Elworthy. Length, 9 inches ; width
across the branching head, 9 inches.
*13. formosum, Lowe. Raised by myself. 14X0I inches.
Branching, margin irregular ; the branches twisting across each
other ; the tips laciniately crested.
*14. gloriosum, Lo%ve. Raised by myself. 22X1J inches.
Irregular outline, as if bitten in places. Branching most on one
side. Stipes, 7 inches ; head 7 inches across.
15. keratoides, Lowe (inaequale cristatum, Jones). Raised by
the late Mr. Clapham. 9x0^- inches. Branching and rebranching
into a head 4 inches across. All parts of the frond narrow and
irregularly lacerate ; very stag’s-horn-like.
16. laudabile, Lowe. Raised by myself. 15x1 inches. Branch-
ing in the stipes, and having a crest 6 inches across, composed of
broad divisions. Margin irregular.
*17. mirabile, L^owe. Raised by myself. 7X1 inches. Widening
74 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 9.
from the base, and dividing into branches on one side ; termin-
ating in a large crest.
18. mirificum, Loive. Found by myself in 1869, at Westward
Ho. i6xof inches. Branching and rebranching; the topmost
branches long, narrow, and stag’s-horn-like. Width across the
head, 4 inches. Margin, irregularly dentate.
19. multipinnatum, Moore (inaequale cristatum, Wollaston ).
*20. notabile, Lowe. Raised by myself. 12X0J? inches. A
narrow dentate, Victorise-like variety ; branching in stipes and
rachis ; the head not so spreading and divisions narrower. Stipes
only 2 inches.
*21. Ouranion, Lowe. Raised by myself. 15X0J inches, the
margin very regularly cut into divisions ; the capitate head like a
bird’s wings.
22. patulum, Lowe. Found at Littleham, by the late Rev. C.
Padley. A large ramose form ; rachis dividing in the middle and
branching in a ramose manner.
23. ramo-congregatum, Birkenhead. Length, 1 foot.
24. rani o- cristatum, Clap ham. Raised by Mr. Clapham, Mr.
Moly, and Mr. Foster. Branched in stipes ; and ends of branches
crested.
25. ramo-digitatum, Bolton. Found in 1863 at Warton Crag by
Mr. Bolton. Large, strong-growing, ramose, and slightly undulate.
26. ramosissimum, Lowe. Raised by myself. A much branched
form.
27. serrula, Lowe. Avery interesting seedling from Todmorden.
Length, 6 inches. Branching, cresting, and the margins toothed
like a saw.
*28. summum, Raised by myself. 9X0^ inches. Branch-
ing ; the margins depauperate and irregularly toothed ; terminating
in a crest 4 inches across.
29. Trevellyanae, Lowe. Found near Nettlecombe by the late
Mr. Elworthy. Stem nearly naked ; erect. Width across the
crested head, 4 inches ; finely cut, interesting variety. Distinct,
much branched and crested; leafy part linear. i2Xo| inches.
Stipes, 7 inches ; a Victorise-like form.
30. variabile, Lowe (ramo-variabile, Wollaston). Found in
Dorset in 1875, by the late Colonel Jones. 8 X if inches. Branch-
ing in stipes, and again in rachis into twin truncate fronds.
#3i. Veloisii, Moore. A fine crested form introduced by Messrs.
Veitch.
32. Victoriae, Lowe. Raised by myself. 9 X of inches. Branching
in stipes and rachis, into very narrow divisions. A pretty fern.
33. Whitwellii, Moore. Found in 1873 at Kendal, by Mr. G.
Whitwell. A fine robust form, strongly ratno-crested.
Section /3. CRISTATUM. (Tasselled.)
1. alatum, Lowe (alatum-cristatum Moore). Raised at Ponte-
fract, about 1884 by Messrs. Stansfield.
*2. allokoton, Lowe. Raised by myself (an inaequale-furcans).
SCOLOPENDRIUM. 75
1 7 X of inches. Branches opposite each other, lower pair stipate ;
sori on margin. Head 1 1 inches across.
3. Atkinsoni, Lowe (capitatum Atkinson, Stansfield). A neat
dwarf crested variety found by a gardener (Atkinson) of Dalton in
Furness, and sent to Messrs. Stansfield about 1874.
4. attenuatum, Lowe (attenuato-cristatum Stewardson, Wollas-
ton). Raised in 1877 by Mr. Stewardson. ioxif inches in widest
part. Narrowing from the base to the crested apex ; the cresting
lax. An interesting form.
*5. Babingtoni, Lowe. Raised by myself. 12x1 inches. Digi-
tately and densely crisp-crested head, 6 inches across.
*6. Cliftii, Lowe. Found in North Wales by the late Mr. Clift.
12 X 1. A compact multifid very leafy crown with uncut margins.
7. columna, Lowe. Raised at St. Pierre, in 1885. ioxij inches.
Normal, but ending abruptly 2$ inches below the apex, where it
branches into an erect crest 2\ inches across. Very column-like.
8. commixtum, Loiue. Raised by myself. A form of Cliftii with
a greater crest.
9. contraction, Wollaston. Found in 1861, at Heversham Head,
by Mr. J. M. Barnes. A pretty variety ; fronds contracted below
the crest.
10. coronatum, Stansfield. n+of, a long strap-shaped form;
the costa splitting 2 inches from the apex ; the frond ending in a
globular croivn-like head. Found in 1872 by the late Mr. A. Stans-
field.
1 1. corymbiferum, Lowe. Raised by myself. Length 6 inches. A
foliose corymbose form.
12. cristagalli, Wollaston. Found in North Devon in 1864 by
Mr. R. Moule. 12x15 inches. Normal, with a symmetrical finely-
divided crest. Found also in the Lake district ; and at Drogheda
by Mr. W. H. Phillips.
13. cristatum, Moore. A not uncommon form; fronds crested.
14. cristulatum, Stansfield. Raised by Messrs. Stansfield about
1874. A round crest of i | inches wide.
15. digitale, Lowe. A digitate form raised by myself.
16. flabellatum, Moore. Found near Nettlecombe by the late
Mr. Elworthy, 8x ii, flabellately multifid.
1 7. flabellatum-Boltoni. Barnes. Found in 1870, near Kellet, by
Mr. W. Bolton. A fine form ; fronds short ; head fan-shaped.
18. Fosteri, Lowe (medicaule capitatum, Jones'). A most in-
teresting variety, raised by Mr. Foster of Salford in 1876. Stipes
branching at the base ; a naked stem, except the reniform close
capitate head (2§ inches across).
19. grandiceps, Jones. Found by Mr. John Cousins. Length, 11
inches, width across the crest, n inches. The grandest of Crested
Hart’s Tongues.
20. Hendersoni, Willison. Found in 1866, near Whitby, by Mr.
J. Henderson. Like a dwarf ramo-digitatum. Length, 6 inches.
Stipes branching and re-branching into divisions (5 or 6 in num-
ber) that branch and crest at the apex.
76 BRITISH FERMS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 9.
21. lato-digitatum, Stansfield. Raised by Messrs. Stansfield.
8 X if. Costa branching into a wide digitate crest 6 inches across.
22. Malcomsonae, Stansfield. Found at Clonmel by Miss
Malcomson. Length 13 inches. Margin irregular ; branching and
crested.
23. Millettii, Lowe (cristatum Millett, Wollaston). Found in
North Devon in 1865 by Mr. Millett. 14X1^ inches; having a
crested head 6 inches across.
24. multifidum, Gray. A not uncommon crested form.
25. mutandum, Lowe. In Colonel Jones’s collection of living
plants. History unknown. Length 10 inches. Normal for 5 inches,
then branching and contracting to very narrow, whip-like branches,
the tips bunch-crested ; some of the heads being 5 inches across.
26. ornandum, Lowe. Raised by myself. 14x1 inches. Crested
digitately ; has a slight tendency to be muricate.
27. ponderosum, Lowe (ponderoso-cristatum, Lowe). Raised by
myself. Stem naked. Length 6 inches ; crest 4 inches across. A
conglomerate form.
28. ramo-cristulatum, Stansfield. Raised by Messrs. Stansfield
about 1886. A very ramose cristulatum.
29. Riallii, Lowe (cristatum Riall, Jones). Found by the late
Dr. Ryall. A neat, dwarf-crested variety.
30. Stewardsoni, I^owe (capitatum, Stewardson). Found in
1872, at Dalton, by Mr. Stewardson. Fronds short ; densely
crested, crests large.
Fig. 29.— Scolopendrium vulgare, var. constcllatum.
SCOLOPENDRIUM.
77
31. Studdartii, Lowe (capitatum Studdart, Jones). Found about
1880, in Ireland, by Major C. F. Studdart. A fine crested form.
Sub-section. Ramo-marginatum. (Marginal branched.)
1. acrocladon, Lowe (not of Clapham). Found in 1837, at
Ambleside, by myself. i2Xi| inches. Normal, except a wide-
spreading, finger-like multifid head.
2. alato-cristatum, Stansfield (not of Moore).
3. capitatum, Jones. Found by Mr. Foster. A densely crested,
infra-lineate variety.
4. cervi cornu, Stansfield (not of Moore). Fronds linear,
branched and crested ; segments very narrow. Length, 5 inches,
Head 3^ inches across. Pretty.
5. chelaefrons-majus, Wollaston. Found in 1861, at Farleton
Knot, by Mr. J. M. Barnes. Apex of frond like crab’s claws ;
rather inconstant.
6. constellatum, Lowe. Raised by Mr. Glave. A dwarf, densely
crested, very ramose form. Leafy part almost absent, except at the
crests. Length 6 inches.
7. coronarium, Lowe. Raised by myself. Length 9 inches. Cre-
nate, wavy ; frond widest in the centre, contracting to the finely-
cut crown, and then 4 inches across.
8. distortum, Moore. Raised by Mr. Elworthy. Stipes and
rachis bent ; outline irregular ; branching several times, but only
dilate at the apex.
9. divaricatum, Moore. Found in Westmoreland by Mr. J.
Crossfield. Dividing near the apex into two branches, which
spread at a wide angle ; and these fork again in the same manner.
10. Dunkeldense, Lowe. Found by myself at Dunkeld. 6x2
inches. Very irregular, having a branching stipitate lobe in the
middle of the stipes 2^ inches long. Very curious. Deeply incised ;
and apex flat owing to the costa dividing.
it. Glavei, Lowe. Raised by Mr. Glave. Length 6 inches.
Branching and re-branching from a naked stipes into almost leaf-
less narrow divisions.
12. inaequale-cristatum, Glave (multipinnatum, Clapham).
Raised in 1876 by Mr. C. Glave. Length 12 inches. Branching
and re-branching into a frond of finely-cut divisions 9 inches
wide.
13. kephaloton, Lowe. Found in Devon by myself. 9x1
inches. Margin irregular. Costa branching into a leafy laciniate
head 6 inches across.
14. multifido-nanum, Lwwe. Found in Devon by Mr. W.
Edwards. Stem naked ; branching. Rachis also branching into a
corymbose head. Dwarf.
15. multifido-varians, /wzas\ Found in Devon in 1870 by Mrs.
Grant. 20 X 3J inches. A noble grandly multifid form, sometimes
1 1 inches across the broad foliose head.
16. nudistipes-cristatum, Mapplebeck. Raised in 1871 by Mr.
Mapplebeck. Length 9 inches. A long naked stem with a finely-
78 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 9.
cut circular crest. Colonel Jones considered that it suggested
seaweed.”
*17. pericalles, Lowe. Raised by myself. i4Xof. Branching in
both stipes and rachis, and forming a branching head 5 inches
across. Margin irregular, in the manner of polyschides.
18. polycuspis-transversum, Moore. Found in 1861 at Brig-
steer by Mr. J. M. Barnes. Remarkable for the crests crossing
each other.
19. polycuspis-undosum, Moore. Found at Giggleswick Scars
by Mr. Stanstield, near Doncaster by Mr. S. Appleby, and at
Heversham Head by Mr. J. M. Barnes. A many-pointed twisted
crest. A form of polycuspis has been found at Fermanagh by Mr.
W. H. Phillips.
20. ramo-marginatum, Clapham. Raised in i860 by the late
Mr. Clapham. Length 14 inches. Branching on stipes and
rachis, and terminating in several large crests. A lovely form.
21. ramo-palmatum, Clapham. Raised by the late Mr. Clapham.
Length 3 inches ; almost naked ; twin-fronded. A lacerated hand-
like crest.
22. ramo-proliferum, Clapham. Raised by Mr. Clapham.
Stipes and rachis branched. Length 3 inches. Coarsely ser-
rated, and apex split.
23. Shirenewtonense, Lowe. Found in 1888 on a wall in the
grounds at Shirenewton by Mr. Ireland. Naked stems. Length
5 inches. Digitately branched ; dividing into three leafy fronds,
each dividing into two digitate crests ; the tips flat and dentate ;
margin coarsely dentate ; partly suprasoriferous. A very interesting
dwarf form.
*24. tortuoso-cristatum, Lowe. Raised by myself. 14x2 inches.
Normal below the crestings. Tortuose crestings of large size (7
inches across), springing out of the leafy part ol the frond. Half
a dozen fronds forming a bush 12 inches across.
25. unguiceps, Wollaston. Raised in 1870 by Mr. E. F. Fox.
9 Xo| inches. A narrow variety with a bird’s-claw-like crest. Sori
on the margin.
26. unilaterale-ramosum, Lowe. Found at Sidmouth by Mrs.
Thompson. Only branching on one side.
Section y. CONGLOMERATUM. (Conglomerately branched.)
1. Baxteri, Moore. A copy of Coolingii.
2. conglomeratum, Lowe. Found at Truro by Mr. Dadds. Less
leafy ; the apices more lacerate, and more depauperate than
glomeratum.
3. congregatum, Lowe. Raised by myself. Stipes branching ;
and costa in leafy part splitting into branches that are densely
crested.
4. constellatum, Lowe. Raised by Mr. Glave of Scarborough.
5. Coolingii, Lowe. History unknown. Distributed by Mr.
Edwin Cooling. A proliferous conglomerate fern. Length, 3^
inches. Forming a ball-like bush, and each b ond like a ball.
SCOLOPENDRIUM.
79
6. coronans, Moule. Unknown to me.
7. coronare, Lowe. Raised by myself. Length, 7 inches.
Branching several times in stipes, and also in rachis, forming a
dense, crested ball 5^ inches wide. Soriferous.
8. Cousensii, Jones. I have never seen this.
*9. densum, Lowe (conglomeratum-densum Kelway, Jones').
Raised by Mr. Kelway. Length, 3 inches. A close, ball-like plant,
the frond branching and cut up into numerous threads, producing
plants at their tips. A marvellous form.
10. Drueryi, Lowe. Found at Sidford in 1888 ; robust and
normal for 2 feet ; then expanding into a corymb, which is divided
into a moss-like ball.
11. Elworthii, Moore. Raised by the late Mr. C. Elworthy.
Length, only 2 inches. A singular ramose-flabellate form.
*12. eulophon, Lowe. Raised by myself. Branching in the
stipes. Erect heavy crest, curling inwards, and 7 inches wide.
Length of frond, 8 inches.
13. Fittii, Loive (grandiceps Fitt, Jones). Raised by Mr. Fitt.
Length, 6 inches. A curious dwarf grandiceps ; spreading round
the crown. Singular and unfern-like.
14. glomeratum, Moore. Found in Jersey by M. Piquet. Length,
6 inches. A globular crispy mass. Miss Nicholson found a form
of this at Storth in 1867.
*15. Gloveri, Stansjield. Raised by the late Mr. Glover. Length,
4 inches. A leafy conglomerate form, with rounded divisions.
16. Irelandii, Lowe. Found in the Aylstone, near Ross, by Mr.
W. Ireland. Stems naked and very thick ; much branched ; form-
ing a rounded mass in the manner of Wardii, but having a fim-
briated margin. Length, 6 inches.
17. Jacksoni, Lowe (glomeratum Jackson, Jones). Found by
the late Mr. Jackson. Length, 10 inches. A conglomerate form
with normal-looking fronds rising out of the crest ; head, 5 inches
across.
#i8. Kelwayi, Lowe. A large form of “densum.” Found in
Somerset. Length, 5 inches. Conglomerate ; a fine dwarf variety.
19. Morgani, Moore. Length, 6 inches. Fronds flexuose ;
partly digitate and partly bunch-crested. Stem naked to crest ;
head 4 inches across.
20. pseudo-Wardii, Lowe. Raised by Mr. Glave from bulbils of
“ Wardii.” Length, 4 inches. Branching and rebranching, but
the divisions normal-looking.
21. ramusculum, Lowe. Found in Devon by Mr. W. Edwards,
somewhat undulate, with a small multifid crest.
22. Robinsoni, Backhouse (conglomeratum Robinson, Stans-
field). Raised by Mr. W. R. Robinson. Distinct from Coolingii in
being less cut on the edges.
23. sphsenula, Lowe. Raised by myself. A densely branching
foliose fern with rounded divisions. Length, 3^ inches ; width
across the head, 4 inches.
24. splenula, Lowe. Found in Somerset by the late Mr.
80 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 9.
Elworthy. Length, 3! inches. Repeatedly branching into rounded
foliose divisions. Bolder than “ Gloveri.”
25. sylvestre, Lowe. Raised by myself ; but there is a very
similar variety at Nettlecombe Court, said to have been found in
Somerset by the late Mr. Elworthy. A dense globular-crested
form, branching in the stipes. Length, 5 inches ; width across the
head, 4§ inches.
26. variabile, Lowe (glomerato-variabile, Monkman ). Raised
by Mr. Stansfield. Length, 16 inches (stipes, 6 inches). The
glomerate head from 6 to 10 inches across. Like glomeratum, with
a few normal branching divisions.
27. Wardii, Clapham. Raised by Mr. Glave in a Wardian case.
Length, 6 inches. Branches irregular. Margin copiously vivi-
parous.
Section 8. SAGITTATUM. (Arrow-like projections.)
1. acanthodes, Lowe. Found in Devon by Mr. Edwards. Re-
sembles “cristatum,” but with a larger crest and less sagittate
lobes.
2. capitatum, Lowe (capitatum-projectum, Jones). 22X6 inches
(in widest part). Sagittate ; branching along the upper portion of
the frond into heads 6 inches across.
3. Colmeri, Lowe (Sagittato-crispum, Wills). Found in Dorset,
in 1875, by Mr- M. Colmer. iyxi§ inches. Somewhat resembling
“ Drummondae,” but having a sagittate base.
4. conglobatum, Lowe. Found at St. Pierre in 1887, by Mr. H.
Bull. 4X2 inches. Projecting ; deeply cut and multifid ; sagittate
lobes placed at right angles ; forming a ball-like plant, hence the
name.
5. cristatum, Lowe (Sagittato-cristatum, Clapham ). Found near
Scarborough by the late Mr. A. Clapham. 11x3 inches. Sagittate
and crested. One found in Devon in 1859 by Mr. Hillman is
more sagittate and has a crest 9 inches wide.
6. foliosum, Lowe. Raised by myself. 14x2^ inches. Very
foliose, and broadly sagittate ; the head 7 inches across.
7. Hankeyi, Lowe (Sagittato-cristatum Hankey, Wollaston). A
splendid variety, raised by Mr. W. Barnard Hankey. 16x3 inches.
A crested sagittate form, 7 inches wide at the sagittate base, and
7 inches across the large sagittate head.
8. hastatum, James. Found in Guernsey, in i860, by the late
Mr. James. 7Xof inches. A dwarf, normal, sagittate variety,
with a crenate margin.
*9. hemionitoides, Moore (Sagittato-cristatum, Dadds). Mr.
Dadds’ plant (which is a copy of “ hemionitoides,” raised by Messrs.
Stansfield,) was found in North Devon, in i860, by Mr. J. Dadds.
Length, 9 inches ; width of sagittate base, 4^ inches. Apex and
lobes crested.
*10. Hookeri, Lowe. Raised by myself. 16x5^ inches. Differs
in the projections commencing on the sagittate base. Fronds
broad. Colour, very bright green.
SCOLOPENDRIUM.
8 [
11. Jamesii, Lowe. Raised by the late Mr. James. Slightly
crisp ; conspicuously sagittate at the base, and having a leafy
stag’s-horn-like cresting at the apex. Sori like a row of beads on
the upper surface.
12. laceratum, Moore (endivifolium, Wollaston). Found in 1851,
in Somerset, by the late Mr. J. Young. Length, 11 inches ; width
across the sagittate base, 7 inches ; capitate head often 7 inches
across. Mr. Glave raised a very fine form. Mr. W. H. Phillips
also found a plant at Strabane.
13. lacertum, Willison. Found near Whitby by Mr. W. Willi-
son, and called by him “ The Lizard,” from the apex of the frond
resembling a lizard’s tail, and the lobes the paddles of this reptile.
14. Molyi, Lowe (Sagittatum projectum Moly, Wollaston).
Found in 1862, in Dorset, by Mr. James Moly. 19x4 inches (in
widest part), projections more numerous than in “ Sclateri.”
15. multifidum, Lowe (Sagittato-multifidum, Jones). Raised in
1 873 by the late Colonel Jones. 13X7 inches. Leafy portion of
frond somewhat triangular.
16. nudisorum, Lowe (Sagittato-nudisorum, Barnes). Found in
1863, at Slack Head, by Mr. J. M. Barnes. Very large auricles.
Sori without indusium.
17. palmatum, Lowe (palmato-marginatum, Willisoti). Raised
by Mr. Willison. 2^X2 inches. Triangular ; blunt apex.
*18. princeps, Lowe. A very broad, distinct form. Raised by
myself.
19. projectum, Wollaston. Raised in 1876 by Mr. J. Molv.
10x35 inches (in widest part). A remarkable and very ragged
variety.
20. sagittatum, Moly. Found in Somerset, in 1876, by Mr. J.
Moly. 14X ij inches. Normal; with a sagittate base, where 4
inches wide. It was also found at Force by Dr. Allchin.
21. Sclateri, Lowe (Sagittato-projectum Sclater, Wollaston).
Found in Sligo, in i860, by Captain Sclater. 23x5 inches (in
widest part). A grand crested “ projectum.”
22. Snellii, Lowe (Sagittato-cristatum, Snell, Jones. In the way
of hemionitoides ; slightly marginate.
23. Welmani, Lowe (Sagittato-cristatum Welman, Jones).
Found in Dorset, in 1873, by Mr. Welman. 16x2 inches. Hastate,
and crested.
24. Westroppii, Lowe (Sagittato-projectum Westropp, Stansjeld).
24X3 inches. A very large and fine variety found in one of the
islands of Arran, Co. Clare, by Mr. Westropp.
25. Wollastoni, Lowe (Sagittato-crispum, Moore). Found at
Petersfield and Ottery St. Mary by Mr. G. B. Wollaston ; and
Barnstaple, by the late Mr. Jackson. 13x3 inches. Sagittate and
crisp.
26. viviparum, Lowe (cristato viviparum O’Kelly, Jones).
Found in County Clare by Mr. O’Kelly. 12X1J inches (stipes, 6
inches). Basal lobes leathery ; compactly crested. The leafy por-
tion growing bulbils on all parts. Very distinct.
F
82 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 9.
Group II. Truncate.
Section a. TRUNCATUM. (Ending abruptly.)
1. accisum, Lowe. Found in Devon ; and recently at Carron, by
Mr. P. B. O’Kelly. 12XI5 inches. Normal, except at the apex,
which terminates in a leafy frill within the frond.
2. constrictum, Moore. Found in Guernsey by the late Mr.
James. 6x ii inches. Depauperate ; and naked to stem m centre.
Very irregular, laciniate, and slightly marginate. .
3. corniculatum, Lowe. From the late Colonel Jones s collection.
8x1 inches. Truncate, cornute, rugose (except a broad fiat
rachis) ; the rugose margin i-inch thick. St‘Pes> 4? inches. _
4. cornutum, Lowe (truncato-cornutum, Mapplebeck). Raised
in 1872 by Mr. Mapplebeck. 9^X2^ inches. Frond terminating
in a horn ip inches long. No pouch. Found also in the Lake
district by Mrs. Hodgson and Mr. J. Crossfield. One raised by
myself is 6x2 inches ; with wavy margin
e. obtuso-dentatum, Moore. Found in 1855, near Ilfracombe, by
Rev. J. M. Chanter. i2Xij inches. Apex blunt, margin having
uniform dentate crenatures. , , , , ,
6. O’Kelly i, Lowe (truncation, O Kelly). Found at Blackhead
by Mr O’Kelly, where he also found another small rotund form.
7. reniforme, Williams. Found in several localities. 4x2
inches. Abrupt and kidney-shaped. Mrs. Grant has the best form.
8. significans, Lowe. Raised by myself. 5X inches. Rugose
and truncate. . , _. . , „
9. subcornutum, Tail. 8 x 1 inches. Rigid. Crenate ; apex
abruptly rounded. Cornute.
10. supra-cornutum, Lowe. Horned above. _
11. truncatum, lvery. Not uncommon. A nice form has been
found at Black Head, Co. Clare, by Mr. P. B. O’ Kelly.
Sub-section. PERAFERENS. (Bearing a pouch.)
1. acetabulum, Lowe. Raised by myself. A shallow cup at
apex, and there supralineate. I2X2| inches (of which 7 is the
2. anomalum, Lowe (perafero-anomalum, Mapplebeck). Raised
by Mr. Mapplebeck in 1872. 8X if inches ; stipes 4 inches long.
Pouch muricate, but frond smooth.
3. crispissimum, Lowe. Raised by myself. \\ avy in a crispum-
like manner. . r
4. excurrens, Moore. Found in 1864, at Whitbarrow, by Mr. G.
Stabler. Horned on the upper side. , _ , , _
5 fimbriatum, Lowe (marked 102 in the late Colonel Jones s
collection). 6 X iP inches. The edges of the cup fringed ; cornute.
Mr. W. H. Phillips found a similar form at Gormanstown.
6 incurvare, Lowe. Raised by myself. 10 X if inches. Costa
dividing 2 inches from the apex, forming an imperfect pouch at
the top, which faces the front of the frond. There are two horns
at the base on the underside bearing sori.
SCOLOPENDRIUM.
§3
7. Jamesii, Lowe (perafero-muricatum James, No. 1, Wollaston).
Raised in 1870 by the late Mr. James. 8x2 inches. Crispum-like
and cornute.
8. Jonesii, Lowe (peraferens Jones, Jones). Raised by the late
Colonel Jones. 9 X2J inches. Some fronds smooth, others rough.
Costa ending 1 inch below the tip, where a large horn is formed.
Margin irregularly fimbriated. Pouch, 2 inches in length.
9. marginatum, Lowe. No history (marked 106 in the late
Colonel Jones’s collection). 8x ij- inches. Submarginate ; fronds
widest at the apex ; peraferous and cornute.
*10. mirandum, Lowe. Raised by myself. - 9^X2 inches. Smooth
and normal, the costa splitting near the apex, each half furnished
with a horn ; very large pouch, 2x1 inches.
11. muricatum, Lowe (perafero-
muricatum James, No. 2, Wollaston).
Raised by the late Mr. J. James. 8 X 1 j
inches. Cornute ; texture thin ; pouch
confused.
12. peplum, Lowe. From the late
Coloneljones’scollection. 6X 1 finches.
Rugose, with a sharp horn-like elonga-
tion above a rosette-like pouch.
13. peraferens, Wollaston. Found
in Ireland by Dr. Allchin, and at
Ballygarth, by Mr. W. H. Phillips.
The type. 10x2 inches. Costa not
reaching the margin, but developing
a leafy pouch.
14. poculum ,Lowe. Rugose through-
out. The apex of frond bending over,
where a thorn an inch long rises out
of a rosette pouch. Raised by myself.
9x1^ inches.
*15. rosetta, Lowe. Raised by myself.
9x2 inches. A broad rugose form,
ending in a horn half an inch long.
The pouch, like a rosette (or double
flower), and half an inch in width.
Not rugose to the margin. Another
seedling, 7X i-g inches, is very similar,
except having concave fronds.
16. rugosum, Allchin. Found in
Ireland by Dr. Allchin. 8xi| inches.
Leafy part only 3 to 4 inches. Apex
irregular, rugose, and having an
irregular pouch.
17. sinum, Lowe (pocilliforme, Padley). Found at Hawkchurch
by Mr. Moly. 8xif inches. Undulate, irregularly marginate,
truncate, horned, and bearing a pouch (with a crisp margin) ;
i^Xof inches.
Fig. 30.
Scolopendrium vulgare,
var. sinum, showing pouch.
84 BRITISH FERNS.— SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 9.
*18. Stella, Lowe. Raised by myself. ioXif inches. Very
papillose ; rounded basal lobes extending beyond the general
outline ; a rosette pouch and cornute.
19. supraperaferens, Lowe. Raised by myself. 17x1 inches.
Irregular ; very rugose, extending to the rachis ; with a small pouch
on the rachis (upper side), 5 inches below the apex. Rachis bend-
ing and tip of frond weeping. Sometimes cornute.
20. varians, O' Kelly. Found at Ballaganor, County Clare, by
Mr. P. B. O’Kelly. 9X2 inches. The leafy portion only 3 inches
long.
Group III. Flexuose. (Bending.)
Section a. FLEXUOSUM. (Bending.)
1. complicandum, Lowe. Raised by myself. 5 * inches. A
twisted, undulate, rugose and spiral form ; near the apex the
margins of the frond fold over and clasp each other.
2. flexuosum, Wollaston (cymbaeforme, Wollastoji ). Found at
Whitbarrow in 1861 by Mr. J. M. Barnes. The best flexuose form.
14 X inches. Miss F. Kitson found a flexuosum in South Devon,
Mr. A. Leipner another in Somerset, and Mr. G. Stabler one at
Whitbarrow.
3. muricatum, Lowe (tortuoso-muricatum, Jones). Raised by
myself. 1 5 X iL inches. Rachis twisting, and costa on upper side
ribbed.
4. spira, Lotve. An extraordinary combination of forms ; flex-
uous. Raised by myself.
5. torquere, Lowe. Raised by myself. 7X1J inches. Stipes
and rachis flexuose, rugose, undulate, twisting, but not marginate.
Rachis dividing 3 inches from apex, the divisions twisting round
each other.
Division B.
ALTERATION IN SOFT PARTS.
Group I. Increased Development.
Section a. CRISPUM. (Crispy.)
*1. adornatum, Lowe (crispum-multifidum, Jones ; and crispum-
grandiceps, Jones). Raised by myself in 1884- 12X3 inches. A
large capitate head (4! inches wide). Sterile ; well crisped.
2. amplum, Lowe. Found by Mrs. Hole. 18x4 inches. Deeply
and densely frilled. Margin crenate ; apex, multifid.
*3. angustum, Lowe (crispo-angustum, Lowe). Found in Devon
by the late Rev. C. Padley. 15 X i| inches. Narrow, with naked
stem of 6 inches.
4. Baldwyni, Lowe. Found in the Mountain Valley, near Chep-
stow, by the late Mr. John Baldwyn. 16 X 2j inches. Well frilled.
A marvellous form, one half of the fronds being conglomerate ;
these arc 6 inches in length, and 5 inches across the conglomerate,
dense, foliose crown. 1 am indebted to Mr. Edwin Ellis for this
striking variety.
5. Bowdoni, Lowe (crispum Bowdon, Jones). Found in the
SCOLOPENDRIUM. 85
Lake district by Mr. Bowdon. 14 X if inches. The sagittate lobes
branching.
6. bulbiferum, Stansfield. Rather broader and less fringed than
usual. Bulbiferous.
7. capitatum, Lowe (crispum-capitaturn,/^;^). The late Colonel
Jones’s collection. History unknown. 22X3 inches (of which
the stipes is 6). A capitate head, 5 inches across.
8. capitulum, Loiue (crispum-cristatum, Clapham). History
unknown (marked “Glave” in the late Colonel Jones’s collection).
18x2 inches. A narrow, well-frilled variety. Small capitate head.
9. Claphami, Lowe (crispum Clapham, Wollaston). Found in
1857, in Yorkshire, by the coachman of the late Mr. Clapham.
18 X if inches. Base sagittate; projecting lobes fimbriate; apex
crested. Fronds variable. A more recent seedling is densely
crested.
10. convolvere, Lozve. Found by the late Rev. C. Padley.
14X3 inches. Lower half of frond irregular ; rolling round ; and
the stem is naked for 2 inches above the round basal lobes. ■
11. cornutum, Willison. Found in Yorkshire by Mr. Buckle.
Broadest at base ; margin cripsed and incised ; apex pointed.
Horned in centre of the frond.
12. Cowburni, Lovue (crispum Cowburn , Jones). Found in 1885
at Dennil Hill by Major Cowburn. 19x4 inches. A grand, flat,
crisped form. Margin cut. Habit erect. Major Cowburn has
found nineteen plants in this locality.
13. crispum, Grey. (The original type.) Elegantly frilled. A
number of distinct forms (all sterile) have been found in the Lake
district. Mr. W. H. Phillips found it in Co. Tyrone.
14. cristatum, Lowe (crispum cristatum, Padley). Found in
Devon by the late Rev. C. Padley. Apex divided into leafy crests.
*15. Cropperi, Lowe (crispum fimbriatum Cropper, Stansfield).
Raised by Mr. Cropper. Long, narrow, fimbriate, multifid fronds.
Very promising.
16. Curnowii, Lowe. Recently found near Penzance by Mr.
Curnow. A multifid form.
17. Currei, Lowe. Found in 1870 at Itton Court by the late
Mr. Pierce (gardener to Mr. W. E. C. Curre). A long and some-
what narrow form. 16 X z\ inches. Flatly crisped, and basal lobes
rotund, folding over and hiding the stipes. Not unlike Grantae in
form, but not variegated.
18. densum, Sim. Broad and densely frilled. Apex much
lacerated.
19. Drummondae, Moore (crispum Miss Drummond, Wollas-
ton). Found near Falmouth by Miss M. Drummond. 22X1J
inches. Frond narrowing upwards and terminating in a head
9 inches broad. In 1875 a variety with sagittate base, but with
much smaller crest, was found in Dorset.
20. elegans, Lowe (crispum-elegans, Jones). Found near Tintern
by Mr. Baldwyn. i2X2f inches. Widely, but well crisped. Very
short stipes.
86 BRITISH FERNS— SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 9.
21. excisum, Lowe. Found in 1 888 at Dennil Hill by Major
Cowburn. This variety only differs from “Cowburni” in being
deeply incised on the upper part of the frond ; occasionally
soriferous.
22. fertile, Lowe (crispum-fertile, Stans field). Found in 1863,
at Grange, by Mr. E. G. Wrigley. 24 X ii inches ; width at base
1 inch and in centre 2 inches. Well crisped and crenulated, and
copiously soriferous.
23. fimbriato-fertile, Lowe (crispum fimbriato-fertile, Jones). A
prominently but not densely crisp variety, with large round basal
lobes and a narrow fimbriated margin. 15X2^ inches. Sparingly
fertile.
24. fimbriatum, Lowe (crispum fimbriatum Stansfield, Jones).
Raised by Messrs. Stansfield, at Sale. A large fimbriate form,
profusely frilled ; the frills below overlapping from opposite sides
and hiding the rachis. Fertile. 16X2J inches.
25. fissum, Lowe (crispo-fissum, Barnes). Found in 1877 at
Milnthorpe by Mr. T. Airey. A small but beautiful narrow crispy
form.
. 26. Fosteri, Lowe (Sagittato-crispum Foster, Jones). Found in
1876 in Ireland by Mr. Foster, of Manchester.
27. Foxii, Lowe (crispum fertile, Fox). Found in 1868, in Corn-
wall, by Mr. Moule. 19^X3 inches. Fronds densely fringed.
The rounded sagittate lobes are occasionally very large. Fertile.
A “ crispum-fertile” was found in 1858, and another in 1863.
28. grande, Lowe (crispum grande Wills, Wollaston). Found
by the late Mr. Wills. A very large, broad, beautifully frilled form,
with an unusually long, naked stem.
29. grandidens, Lowe. Found in North Wales by the late Mr.
Clift. Split quite to the rachis, and depauperate.
30. imbricatum, Lowe. A splendidly crisp form, frills quite
wrapping over each other ; known as the Roundstone variety.
9x2! inches.
31. irregulare, Lowe (crispum irregulare, Moore). Irregularly
laciniate in parts of the frond, and there marginate.
32. Jacksoni, Lowe (Sagittato-crispum Jackson, Moore). Found
at Barnstaple by the late Mr. Jackson, and at Ottery St. Mary by
Mr. G. B. Wollaston. 16x2 inches. Undulate and crenate and
sagittate, combining Sagittatum and crispum.
33. Jonesii, Lowe (crispum capitatum, Jones), Raised in 1874
by the late Colonel Jones. 12 X 2| inches. A short, broad, fronded
form, the capitate head 6 inches in diameter.
*34. Kitsonae, Lowe (crispum-multifidum, Jones; crispum maxi-
mum, Gray). Found in Devon by Miss Fanny Kitson. 2oX2|
inches. Finely crisped, crested apex. Avery symmetrical variety.
.35. latissimum, Lowe (crispum-latissimum, Jones). A wide form.
36. latum, Lowe (crispum-latum, Moore). Found near Barn-
staple by the late Mr. C. Jackson, and at Nettlecombe by the late
Mr. Elworthy. 16x4 inches. Broad. Basal lobes separated from
the rest of the frond.
SCOLOPENDRIUM. 87
37. longipes, Lowe (crispum longipes, Jones). A flatly crisped
form. 17x3 inches. (The stipes 6 inches long.)
38. mseandri, Lowe. A bold, handsome form. Raised by the
late Colonel Jones, and given whilst young to Professor Morris,
of Bath. The frillings are wider apart than usual. 18 X 5 inches.
39. majus, Lowe (crispum majus, Moore). Found in Guernsey
by the late Mr. Jackson. Length, 19 inches (of which the stipes
is 7). Habit erect. Basal lobes large.
40. minus, Lowe (crispum minus, Jackson). Found by Mr. Jack-
son in Guernsey. 10 x i£ inches. Margin well frilled.
41. Mosesii, Lowe (crispum majus Moses, Jones). A broad,
symmetrical form found in the Lake district. 20X4J inches. A
grand variety. The basal lobes overlapping the stipes.
42. Oakeleyi, Lowe. Found about 1876, at Llangarrow, Here-
ford, by the Rev. W. Bagnall Oakeley. x 1 X 2 inches. Sagittate
lobes round ; undulately crested. Sterile.
43. projectum, Lowe. A crispum found by Mr. H. Bull at St.
Pierre, which is also sagittate, much cut, multifid, and well crisped.
*44. ramo-cristatum, Slansjield (crispum fimbriato-cristatum,
S/ansJield). A fimbriated form of great beauty. Raised by Messrs.
Stansfield. Branching in the stipes and rachis, and crested.
*45. reflexum, Lowe (crispum reflexum Wills, Jones). Found by
the late Mr. Wills. Large ; very broad, and long naked stems
(7 inches long). Basal lobes very large. Frilling reflexed. 20X5
inches -(at base, where broadest). Beautiful.
*46. Robinsoni, Lowe (crispum Robinson, Jones). Found in
North Lancashire by Mr. Robinson. 20X3I inches. Crenate on
the margin and exquisitely frilled.
*47. robustum, Lowe (crispum robustum, Jones). Found near
Shirenewton, Monmouthshire, in 1866, by the late Colonel A. M.
Jones. 23X4^ inches. Stipes short. A grand variety, with curving
fronds. Found also at Hawkcliurch by Mr. Moly.
48. serratum, Lowe (crispum serratum, Jo?ies). Found in 1866
near Shirenewton by the late Colonel Jones. 18x3 inches.
Serrated. Stipes brief.
49. serratum-fertile, Lowe (crispum serratum-fertile, Jones).
Found in Devon by Mr. Moule. A serrated, fertile form.
50. soriferum, Lowe (crispum soriferum, Barnes). Found in
1861 at Whitbarrosv by Mr. A. B. Taylor. A thin, undulated,
fertile variety.
51. St. Pierrense, Lowe. Found in 1880 at St. Pierre by Mr.
H. Bull. 17 x2^ inches. Widest at base ; rounded sagittate lobes ;
symmetrically frilled. Slightly soriferous.
52. Stablerae, Lowe (crispum Stabler®, Jones). Distinct. Found
in the Lake district by Mrs. Stabler. Large. Stipes very long ;
fronds pointed, broadest at the base. 17x3 inches.
53. Stansfieldii, Stansjield. Raised in 1872 by Messrs. Stans-
field. 9x15 inches. It differs from the original “Stansfieldii”
figured in “ Our Native Ferns,” in being crested and sagittate;
sometimes the fronds are branched.
88
BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 9.
54. uncinatum, Moore. Found in 1863, in County Clare, by Mr.
A. Stansfield. 11x2 inches. Apex rounded ; costa crooked ; and
the basal lobes twisted in the way of a hook.
55. variabile, Lowe (crispum-variabile, Jotiesj and crispum-
diversifrons, Jones). Raised in 1874 by the late Colonel Jones.
13X4J inches. Stipes, 4^ inches. Fronds broadest at the base.
Occasionally normal, but “sagittate ; fertile fronds, varying in width
from 2 to 3^ inches.
*56. Willsii, Lozve (crispum Wills, Wollaston). Found in Somer-
set in 1870 by the late Mr. J. Wills. 17x4 inches. Broad, long
stalked, and beautifully crisped.
57. Wollastoni, Lowe (sagittato-crispum, Wollaston). Found
in 1855, in Hants, by Mr. G. B. Wollaston. 23X3J inches. Basal
sagittate lobes, 4 to 5 inches wide. A grand form.
Note. — There are several forms of Crispum that have been
recently found near Chepstow, which are not yet fully enough
developed to be included.
Section /3. UNDULATUM. (Wavy, but not crispy.)
1. asperitate, Lowe. Raised by myself. 6x1 inches. Very
rough ; subspiral as well as undulate.
2. capitatum, Lowe. Raised by the late Colonel Jones. Length
9 inches. Dividing into two leafy branches, twisting into a capi-
tate head.
3. cochleato-multifidum, Lowe. Raised by myself in 1879,
differing from “ cochleatum ” in having a spirally coiled branching
apex. 16 X 2\ inches.
4. cochleatum, Lowe. Raised by myself in 1879. The apex
turning spirally like a snail’s shell ; a well-marked undulate form.
5. contractum, Loive. Found in Devon, by the late Mr. C.
Jackson. Lower half undulate, above contracted and partially
marginate.
6. cristatum, L^owe (undulato-cristatum, Stansjield). Raised by
Messrs. Stansfield about 1877.
*7. daphnites, Lowe. Raised by myself. Rugose, undulate,
but not marginate. 12 X ij inches. Bold stiff fronds, widest in the
centre.
8. extans, Lowe. Raised by myself. Base of the prominent parts
rugose ; prominences very stiff and half an inch long. Spirally
twisted ; a distinct wavy form. 5 X ijr inches.
9. Haburnense, Lowe. Found at Haburn Wyke by myself.
28X3 inches. Only slightly undulate. A giant form with a multifid
tip.
10. multifidum, Lotve (undulato-multifidum, Wollaston). Apex
multifid, but scarcely wider than the frond. Found in 1862 at
Witherslack by Mr. J. M. Barnes, also in Lancashire in 1877 by
Mr. Stewardson. Frilled as well as crested.
11. prodigiosum, Lowe. Raised by myself. 8x1 inches. Un-
dulate and depauperate. A twisted, crested apex, 3 inches wide.
SCOLOPENDRIUM. 89
Segments narrow and frond-like, their margins conspicuously
toothed.
*12. ptereidon, Lowe. Raised by myself. Rugose. 12x1^
inches. Very irregular ; round lobed ; upper half contracted.
13. ramosum, Lowe (undulato-ramosum, Lowe). Found in
Devon by Mr. Moly. Undulate, with a large much-branched
undulate apex.
14. reflexum, Lowe (undulato-reflexum, Jones). From the late
Colonel Jones’s collection. nxi| inches. Dark shiny green;
reflexed ; slightly multifid.
15. rigidum, Lowe (undulato-rigiaum, Jones). Found in Devon
by Mr. Edwards. A large form.
16. sinuato-multifidum, Padley. Found in North Devon by the
late Rev. C. Padley. A fine undulate form with a twisting branched
apex.
17. spira, Lowe. Raised by myself. 5Xi| inches. Spiral as
well as undulate. Rachis, near summit, dividing and twisting.
18. spirale, Moore. Found in Guernsey by the late Mr. J.
James, and at Nailsworth by Mrs. Campbell, and at Heversham
Plead by Mr. J. M. Barnes. 5x1 inches. Basal half undulate ;
above, spirally twisted.
19. Stansfieldii, Lowe (undulato-cristatum, Stansjield).
20. subundulatum, Lozve. Raised by myself. 12X1J inches.
Thick, deep green, shining fronds. Leafy part curling round the
rachis at the base.
*21. synthesina, Lowe. Raised by myself. A cross between
“ undulatum,” “ spirale,” “ rugosum,” and “ keratoides,” combining
the characters of all these four varieties.
*22. tortum, Lowe. Raised by myself. A bold undulate form.
14 X inches. Apex crested and twisted.
23. transverso-lobatum, Moore. Found at Nettlecombe by the
late Mr. C. E. Elworthy, at Doncaster by Mr. S. Appleby, and at
Castle Howard and Gordale Scars by Messrs. Stansfield. The
multifid apex has its branches crossing each other.
24. transverso-multifidum, Moore. Found near Ilfracombe by
Mr. Dadds. Having a compact, multifid, weeping apex.
25. undulatum, Moore (type). Found in many localities. 12X i|
inches. Wavy, but not crispy. Thick and fertile.
26. undulosum, Wollaston. Found in 1862, in Levens Park, by
Mr. J. Garnett. A gored, undulate, and crested variety.
Group II. Narrowing of Skeleton.
Section a. LINEARE. (Narrowed.)
1. bulbiferum, Lowe (lineare, Wollaston). Found in 1861, at
Whitbarrow, by Mr. J. M. Barnes. Very narrow, and bearing
bulbs.
2. circinatum, Lowe. Raised by the late Mr. Clapham. i8Xo|
inches. Bidentate margin. Apex tasseled with small foliose seg-
ments ; and circinate.
3. coriaceo-cristatuni, Lowe. Raised by the late Mr. Clapham.
90 BRITISH FERNS.— SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 9.
9X0^ inches. Deep green, thick, fleshy fronds ; with a small,
thick, erect crest.
4. crispatum, O' Kelly. A curled form from the Burren.
*5. curiose, Lowe. Raised by myself. 8 X o| inches. Like a
very irregular “ lonchophorum.” Basal lobes, and here and there
projections. Apex crested.
6. gymnosorum, Moore. Found at Minehead by Mr. W. Bow-
don. A narrow form. Length 6 inches. Stipes densely hair-
scaly ; veins and sori very oblique. Upper surface striate. Apex
multifid.
*7. involvens, Mapplebeck. Raised by Mr. J. E. Mapplebeck in
1871, Length 9 inches. Almost without leafy part. A few stalked
depauperate segments. Apex turning round into a circle.
8. laciniato-crispum, Barnes. Found in 1865, at Warton Crag,
by Mr. T. Bolton. Frond reduced in places. A fine variety.
9. laciniato-cristatum, Barnes. Found in 1862 at Bracken-
th waite by Mr. J. M. Barnes. Dwarf. Fronds reduced ; and
crested.
10. laciniato-irregulare, Barnes. Found in 1861, in Levens
Park'by Mr. J. M. Barnes. Irregularly reduced. Robust.
11. laciniato-marginatum, Barnes. Found in 1865, at Hever-
sham Head, by Mr. J. M. Barnes. Fronds reduced and margined.
12. laciniato-spirale, Barnes. Found in 1865, at Whitbarrow,
by Mr. J. M. Barnes. Undulated and twisted.
13. laciniatum, Wollaston. Narrow and irregular, except near
the apex, where normal. Not uncommon.
14. limbospermo-cristatum, Wollaston. Found in 1858, in
Somerset, by the late Mr. Elworthy. i6xii inches. Crest 3
inches across.
15. limbospermum, Moore. Found near Nettlecombe by the
late Mr. C. Elworthy ; and in i860, on Beetham Fell, by Mr. J.
Crossfield. Outline slightly irregular. Sori on the margin.
10 x i£ inches.
16. lineare, Jones. Raised in 1870 by the late Colonel A. M.
Jones. i8^xo| inches. Very long and narrow ; margin toothed.
Two basal lobes. I raised an almost identical form in 1867, named
“ grammicon.”
17. lobato-densum, Wollaston. Found in 1861, in Levens Park,
by Mr. J. M. Barnes. Thick and undulate.
18. lobato-divergens, Barnes. Found in 1864, Heversham,
by Mr. J. M. Barnes. Lobes at right angles in form of a cross.
19. lobatum, Deakiti. Common variety, fronds forked.
20. lonchophorum, Moore. Found in North Lancashire, in 1862,
by Mr. R. Preston, and in Baycliff Lane, in 1870, by Mr. J. K.
Hodgson. 9 xof inches. Strap-shaped; sori marginal.
21. multifidum, Lowe (lineare multifidum, Jones). Raised in
1874 by Mr. E. F. Fox. Stem naked and branching, terminating
in elegant lax crests 3 inches across. Length, 14 inches.
22. polyschides, Ray. One of the earliest known forms. 12 Xof
inches. Irregularly crenate.
SCOLOPENDRIUM. 91
23. polyschides-crispum, Lowe. Raised by the late Mr. Clapham.
Length, 10 inches. A crisped “ polyschides.”
24. rimosum, Moore. Found in Guernsey by the late Mr. James.
18x2 inches. Crenate ; near the divided apex profoundly incised.
Upper surface sulcate, having thickened prominent points.
Group 111. Surface rough.
Section a. MUR1CATUM. (Rough surface.)
1. bimaginato-cordatum, Moore. Raised by the late Mr. El-
worthy. Dwarf. Broader than bimarginatum ; it has also cordate
basal lobes. 11 Xof’o inches. Margin toothed.
2. bimarginato-multifidum, Moore. 12X03 inches. Broken up
to the rachis ; with a divided multifid apex of narrow branches.
Sori marginal. An interesting form.
3. bimarginatum, Moore. Found at Ulverston by Mr. W. Had-
win. Fronds very narrow.
*4. blandum, Lowe. Raised by myself. 15 X ij inches. Broad
rugose form. Half the width of the frond, next the rachis, quite
smooth ; beyond this, a rugose wall, and muricate to the margin.
5. capitatum, Lowe (muricato-capitatum, Jones). Raised by
myself. Branching both in stipes and rachis; and forming a close,
foliose, rugose, weeping head; fronds stiff.
6. cernuum, Lowe. From the late Colonel Jones’s collection.
11 Xi inches. Frond convex, rachis dividing three inches below
the apex into a capitate head.
*7. circulum, L.owe. Raised by myself. iiXof inches. Densely
but minutely rugose ; margin bending under ; apex weeping and
crested. At basal lobes frond 1^ inches across.
8. columnare, Clapham. Raised by the late Mr. Clapham.
8xo'2 inches. Linear, and lobate-dentate ; with a column-like
crest.
9. complicatum, Lowe. Raised by myself. 14x13- inches.
Irregular rugose margin ; almost plaited ; frond terminating in a
rugose crested head, which is twisted ball-like, width 2^ inches.
10. corniculatum, Lowe. Raised by myself. 20X if inches. A
fine form of muricatum, with stag’s-horn-like head.
11. cristatum, Lowe (muricato-cristatum, Jones). Raised by
the late Colonel Jones. ioXo| inches. A “ rnirum ” looking form,
but so depauperate as to become pinnate. A finely divided capi-
tate head, inches across.
*12. illustre, Lowe. Raised by myself. 16x2 inches. Rich
green, thick, stiff fronds ; very rugose except close to the rachis,
where smooth. Apex pointed and twisted. A fine form.
13. inaequale, Lowe (muricato-inaequale, Jones). Raised by the
late Colonel Jones. Very minute, and irregularly forked.
14. inframuricatum, Wollaston. Found in 1863, in Arnbarrow,
by Mr. J. M. Barnes. Projections on the under surface.
15. Jonesii, Lowe (muricato-multifidum, Jones). Raised by
the late Colonel Jones. 13X0! inches. Strongly rugose, the costa
92
BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 9.
even rugose. A twisted rugose head, composed of narrow, long
branches. Stipes 6 inches long.
16. lobatum, Lowe (muricato-lobatum, Barnes). Found in 1871,
near Gleeston, by Mrs. Hodgson. Lobate as well as muricate.
17. marginatum, Loive (rugoso-marginatum, Wollaston ). Found
in 1862, in Levens Park, by Mr. J. M. Barnes. Rough and under-
lined.
18. mixtum, Lowe. Raised by myself. 12 Xx inches. Muri-
cate, undulate, and capitate.
19. muricatum, Moore. Found in Guernsey by the late Mr.
James, at Nettlecombe by the late Mr. Elworthy, and at Farleton
Knot by Mr. J. J. Jones. Muricate on the upper surface.
20. nodosum, Barnes. Found in 1866, at Brigstear, by Mr. J.
M. Barnes. Frond kneed.
21. nupta, Lowe. Raised by myself, iaxof inches. Fronds
convex ; branching at the top of the stipes. Coarsely rough.
22. peraferens, Lowe (rugoso-peraferens, Jones). A distinct
rugose peraferens.
23. prominens, Lowe. Raised by myself. Undulate and
spirally twisted. The prominences (which are very stiff) are rugose
at the base, and are half an inch long. 5 X U inches.
24. ramosum, Lowe (ramoso-rugosum, Jones). Rugose and
branched.
25. revolutum, Lowe. Raised by myself, ioxof inches. A
tasselled rugose variety, with large, round, basal lobes. Fronds
revolving.
*26. Rickettsae, Lowe. Raised by myself. 25 X 2J inches. • Broad,
and very rugose.
27. rugoso-capitatum, Lowe. Raised by myself. A good capi-
tate rugosum.
28. l'ugoso-spirale, Lowe. Raised by myself. Stout, rugose,
spirally twisted.
*29. scalpturato-latum, Lowe. Found near Scarborough by
myself. 23 X 3^ inches. Shining ; but widely rugose ; margin
dentate-lobate.
30. scalpturatum, Moore. Found in Guernsey by the late Mr.
James, at Nettlecombe by the late Mr. Elworthy, in the Isle of
Wight by Mr. Bloxam, and near Dalton by Mrs. Hodgson.
12 X ij inches. Irregularly ridgy and crenate lobed.
*31. spirale, Lowe (muricato-spi rale, Jones). A spiral muricatum.
32. striatum, Lowe (muricato-striatum, Moore). 13x1^ inches,
of which the stipes is 6 inches. Regularly roughly striate.
33. superbum, Lowe (muricato-superbum, Lowe). Raised by
myself. 16x2 inches. A very bold muricate form.
34. tridentiferum, Lowe. Raised by myself. 7Xof inches.
Very rugose ; margin dentate. Apex trident-shaped.
35. undulatum, Lowe (undulato-muricatum, Lowe). Raised by
myself. 15X1I inches. A fine, very rugose form, with a bold
smooth costa.
SCOLOPENDRIUM.
93
Section 13. SUPRALINEATUM.
(Marginal ridge on upper surface.)
1. constrictum, Lowe (supralineato-constrictunr, Moore). Vari-
able ; the constricted portion markedly supralineate ; sometimes
not constricted, but having patch-like processes on the back of
the frond.
2. cristatum, Lowe (supralineato-cristatum, Jones). Raised in
1872 by the late Colonel A. M. Jones. 13X1I inches. Supra-
lineate ; and branching at the apex, where 9 inches across.
3. expetitum, Lowe. Raised by myself. 25X3J inches. Sub-
rugose and supramarginate. A giant form.
4. fimbriatum, Lowe (supralineato-fimbriatum, Moore). Found
in i860, in Levens Park, by Mr. J. M. Barnes. Margin fimbriated.
5. Hartleyi, I^owe (supralineatum Hartleyi, Barnes). Found in
1876 at Kellet by Mr. T. Hartley. A distinct, supralineate variety.
6. Kitsonse, Lowe (supralineato muricatum Kitson, Jones).
14 X ij inches. A singular form ; the linear membrane, a quarter
of an inch from the costa and within, concave and smooth, whilst
outside this line convex and muricate.
7. lanceolatum, Lowe (supralineato-lanceolatum, Barnes). Found
in 1877 at Milnthorpe by Mr. T. Airey. Distinct.
*8. Moonae, Lowe. Raised by myself in 1864. Undulate and
supramarginate ; the marginal belt conspicuous. Not unlike
“ undulato-supralineatum ” of Jones. 13^x2 inches. The marginal
belt of the latter extends quite to the base.
9. muricatum, Moore. Found in several places. Coriaceous
and muricate.
10. nudo-cristatum, Lowe. Raised by myself. Naked stems.
11. Phillipsii, Lowe (supralineatum Phillips, Jones). Found in
County Fermanagh, Ireland, by Mr. W. H. Phillips.
12. supralineatum, Moore. Found in 1875, near Ulverston, by
Mrs. Hodgson. A beautiful form, lined on the upper side. Found
also in County Clare by Mr. O’Kelly, and at Knocknarea, County
Sligo, by Mr. VV. H. Phillips.
*13. supralineatum Lowei, Moore. Raised by myself. A larger
and bolder form than No. 12.
14. undulatum, Lowe (undulato-supralineatum, Jones). Raised
by the late Colonel Jones. 14x2 inches. Only differing from
Moonae in the supralineate membrane extending to, instead of
terminating 2 or 3 inches above the base. Moonae is much more
soriferous.
Section y. MARGINATUM. (Marginal ridge on under surface.)
1. aicmoton, Lowe. Raised by the late Rev. C. Padley. Margin
crenate and dentate ; marginate. Apex branched in a fork-like
manner. Suprasoriferous.
2. alatum, Moore. Raised by Mr. Clapham. 6X0J inches.
Marginate ; winged ; projecting teeth.
3. amabile, Lotve. Raised by myself. 16X1J inches. Undulate
and marginate ; the margin of the frond crimped.
94 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 9.
4. biforme, Wollaston. Found in 1862, in Levens Park, by Mr.
J. M. Barnes. Laciniate ; many forms.
5. cervi-cornu, Moore. From Messrs. Stansfield. 7 xo|- inches.
Branching like stags’ horns. Margin densely denticulate.
6. corrugatum, Lowe (marginato-corrugatum, Moore). Narrow;
margined ; upper surface deeply corrugated.
7. cristatum, Lowe (marginato-cristatum, Moore). Raised both
by Mr Clapham and Mr. Elworthy, and found in i860 at Arnside
Tower by Mr. J. M. Barnes. Marginate and crested.
8. fimbriatum, Lowe (marginato-fimbriatum,
Moore). Found near Cartmel by Mr. Hillman, in
Silverdale by Mr. Stansfield, and in Levens Park
(1861) by Mr. J. M. Barnes. Margin fimbriated.
9Xof inches and ioXo| inches.
9. fissum, Lowe (marginato-fissum, Moore).
Found at Barnstaple by the late Mr. Jackson,
and at Ilfracombe by Mr. J. Dadds. Margin deeply
cut into narrow obtuse lobes. Mr. H. Bull has
found this at Mountain, near Chepstow (in 1880).
In the Chepstow form the marginal belt is close to
the costa.
10. irregulare, Lowe (marginato-irregulare,
Moore). Raised by the late Mr. Clapham. A
remarkable depauperate form ; branching at the
apex. Length, 18 inches.
11. (Fig. 31.) kraspedoumenon, L^owe. Raised
by the late Mr. Elworthy. 8X0J inches. Con-
spicuously dentate ; apex furcate.
12. Lyellii, Lowe (bimarginatum Lyell, Jones).
Raised by the late Dr. Lyell. i2Xof inches.
Rough, but very shining. Dentate.
13. marginato-coronatum, Moore. Margin cut
into small rounded lobes ; apex coronate, and
twisted in a curly manner.
14. marginato-multiceps, Moore. History un-
known. 14x1 inches. Dentate margin; an erect
crest. A handsome form of “ marginatum.”
15. marginato-multifidum, Moore. Raised by
the late Mr. Elworthy. Length, 12 inches. Slightly
flexuose ; apex multifid ; fronds narrow at base,
widening to the apex ; marginate excrescences.
16. marginatum, Moore. A common form, with
an excurrent membane within the margin on the
under side of the frond. 12x1 inches.
Svulgare,dvarm *I7- mirum, Lowe. Raised by myself. Forms
kraspedoumenon a dwarf, undulate, rugose, twisted, capitate bush.
^HneTanci Teetfi)' 7 x °'} inches. Below the head small stalked
me an tea 1 . j0bes . segments near the head, 4 inches wide.
18. muricatum, Lowe (marginato-muricatum, Jones). Mar-
ginate and muricate.
Fig. 31.—
SCOLOPENDRIUM.
95
*19. numphion, Lowe. Raised by myself. 4Xof inches. A
dwarf, rugose, undulate, marginate, sub-peraferens form ; with a
cuneate head 3^ inches across.
20. Oakeleya?, Lowe. Found in 1870 at Penalt (Monmouth) by
Mrs. E. Bagnall Oakeley. 14X1 inches. An extraordinary com-
bination. The marginal line has long dentate lobes ; margin of
the frond deeply fimbriated. Stipes dividing 2 inches from the
base ; and at the lower portion of the leafy part minutely pinnate.
Surface shining, but rough.
21. optatum, Lo%ve. Raised by myself. 6xo| inches. Mar-
ginate, dentate, and conti acted; narrowing to a thickened but
pointed apex.
22. papillosum, Lowe (marginato-papillosum, Moore). 9Xof
inches. A double row of projecting fleshy points extends on either
side of the midrib, on upper surface.
23. pectinatum, Lowe. From the late Colonel Jones’s collection.
17x15 inches. A marginate form with the edge cut into teeth a
quarter of an inch long.
*24. plicare, Lowe. Raised by myself. i6xif inches. Lobate
and muricate ; lobes projecting.
25. ramigerum, Moore. Found in 1865 in Levens Park by Mr.
J. M. Barnes. Undulate and branched. No two fronds alike.
26. rugosum, Lowe (rugoso-marginatum, Lowe). Raised by
myself. i8X2|- inches (the stipes 7 inches long). A broad
fronded, rugose variety ; the margin crenate.
27. sculpturatum Lowei, Lowe. Raised by myself. i6xof
inches. Very dentate.
28. stenomenon, Lowe. Raised by myself. 14x0^ inches. An
excurrent membrane near the rachis. Narrow ; regularly fimbri-
ated. An interesting variety.
29. Studdartii, Lowe (marginatum fimbriatum Studdart, Stans-
deld). Very pretty when constant.
30. submarginato-multifidum, Moore. Found at Hackness by
the late Mr vJapham. i2Xijincnes Maigin sinuous ; ending
in a multifid tuft. A continuous marginal belt.
31. submarginato-ramosum, Lowe. Raised by myself. i2Xij
inches. Branching in the stipes and rachis ; the frond terminating
in a flat, branched head 3 inches wide.
32. submarginatum, Wollaston. A common variety. Normal
in size, and crenate. Found in Ireland by Mr. W. H. Phillips, in
Counties Kildare, Wicklow, and Sligo.
*33. tenue, Lowe (marginatum-tenue, Moore). Raised by Mr. S.
Appleby. 6X0^ inches. Laciniate-toothed.
*34. triforme, Lowe. Raised by myself. 16x1 inches. Shining,
though rough ; submarginate line thorny ; margin of frond deeply
dentate ; apex twisting and forming a circle.
35. triumphale, Lowe. Raised by myself. 4X0^ inches.
Rugose ; the marginal membrane close to the margin, with a
dentate edge ; crested with a “ Cliftii ’’-like head 1^ inches across.
36. trossula, Lowe. Raised by myself. 17X0I inches. More
96 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 9.
widely and squarely dentate than “ stenomenon ” ; upper half of
frond widest ; marginal line close to rachis at the base, yet be-
coming close to the margin at the apex.
37. turgido-irregulare, Moore. Found at Whitby and Nettle-
combe. More irregular and more profoundly lobed than tuigi-
dum;” and marginate. . , . . „
*38. undosum, Lowe (named in error “ marginato-undulatum,
Lowe). Raised by myself. i6xi| inches. Shining green. A
marginate undulatum, with the undulations unusually close.
3a undulato-contractum, Lowe. Found in Devon by the late
Mr. C. Jackson. Undulate and irregular in outline ; contracted
in part of the frond. Partially marginate.
40. undulatum, Lowe (marginato-undulatum, Barnes), round,
in 1865, at Heversham Head, by Mr. J. M. Barnes. Also in
County Clare, by Mr. O'Kelly. A dense, undulate form.
41. venosum, Lowe (marginato venosum, Barnes). Found in
1874, at Flookborough, by Mr. J. Stewardson. Known by its
prominent veins.
Group IV. Margin jagged.
Section a. CRENATUM. (Margin altered.)
1. aduncum, Moore. 10 X 1 inches. Conspicuously lobate , irre-
gular, and apex bifurcate.
2. Aireyi, Lowe (fissum Airey, Barnes). Found in 1S77, at Miln-
thorpe, by Mr. T. Airey. A neat, narrow form.
3. alto-lobatum, Lowe . Found at Catron, Co. Clare, by Mr.
O’Kelly. Deeply lobed and truncate. 8x1^ inches.
4. angustato-nitidum, Lowe. Found at Lower Commons, Co.
Clare, by Mr. O’Kelly, i2Xof inches. Densely fimbriate ; having
a shiny frond. . _ c
5. contractum, Wollaston. Found in Clare, Guernsey, Smeerset,
N ettlecombe, and Ruthin. 10 X 1 inches (in widest part). Crenate ;
contracted below the densely flabellate multifid crest ; partly
supra-soriferous. . ~
6. crispo- fissum, Barnes. Found in 1877 at Milnthorpe by Mr. I.
Airey. A beautiful, small, narrow, crispy variety.
7 dareoides, Wollaston. Raised by the late Mr. Elworthy.
Length, 12 inches. Depauperate, and almost pinnatifid ; with lax
teeth The apex much the broadest part of the frond.
8. dentatum, Clapham. Length, 8 inches. Margin irregular and
conspicuously dentate. Apex almost normal.
9. erosum , Lowe. 8x1 inches. Outline irregular and here and
there erose ; interruptedly marginate and dentate. A good form
has been found at Mucknish, Co. Clare, by Mr. O’Kelly.
10. fissidens, Wollaston, found in N. Devon. Deeply cut and
narrower than “ fissum.”
11 fissile, Moore. Found at Nettlecombe by the late Mr. El-
worthy, and at Malton by the late Mr. C. Monkman. 12x1
inches. Irregular, and sub- pinnatifid ; and cienatc-dentatc.
SCOLOPENDRIUM.
97
12. fissum, Moore. Found in 1862, at Brigsteer, by Mr. J. M.
Barnes. Narrow undulate fronds. 15X1 inches.
13- imperfectum, Wollaston. Found in 1855, at Whitbarrovv, by
Mr. G. B. Wollaston. 10X if inches. Fronds defective, broader
than “ polyschides.”
14. inciso-lobatum, Wollaston. Found in 1861, in N. Devon, by
Mr. Dadds, also at Mucknish, Co. Clare, by Mr. O’Kelly. Normal,
but incised and lobed.
15. incisum, Barnes. Found in 1861, in Levens Park, by Mr.
Barnes. Deeply cut, almost pinnate.
16. irregulare, Padley. Found in S. Devon, in 1865, by the late
Rev. C. Padley. Length, 8 inches. A most irregular variety, having
more the appearance of an irregular Asplenium marinum.
17. lobatumjZtfWd? (crenato-lobatum, Moore). Crenate and lobate.
Not uncommon. 15X2 inches.
18. multifidum,Z<7Wl?(crenato-
multifidum, Moore). Found in
i860, at Birkrig, by Mrs. Hodg-
son. Margin toothed ; and apex
crested.
19. mutatum, Moore. Found
near Nettlecombe, by Mr. C.
Elworthy. i8xo| inches. In-
cised halfway to the costa at
about half-inch intervals, form-
ing square-ended lobes. The base of the frond
narrowest, and the apex broadest.
20. obtuso-dentatum, Moore. Found in 1855,
near Ilfracombe, by the Rev. J. M. Chanter.
12 X if inches. Margin notched with uniform
crenatures.
*21. omnilacerum, Lowe. Raised by the late
Mr. Glave. 22X1 inches. Erect habit. La-
cerated almost to the costa ; the lacerations
soriferous along their margins. A distinct form.
Fig. 32 is an improved form raised by myself.
*22. Padleyense, Lowe. Found in Devon by
the late Rev. C. Padley. 24X4 inches. A
very broad, large form. Normal on one side of
the costa, and interrupted on the other.
23. pinnatifidum, Moore. Raised by the late
Mr. Elworthy. 10 X of inches. Narrow at the
base ; widening to the apex, where rounded.
Pinnatifid with deep open sinuses. Mr. Clift
raised a similar form. 17 X 1 inches.
24. polymorphum, Wollaston. Found in 1854, in Sussex, by Mr.
Wollaston, and in 1861, at Haversham Head, by Mr. J. M. Barnes.
Irregular, and of many forms.
25. prominens, Moore. Found near Ruthin by Mr. T. Prit-
chard. Length, 12 inches. Irregularly crenate ; with few rounded
narrow lobes projecting beyond the general margin half an inch.
G
Fig. 32.
omnilacerum Lowei.
Tip of frond.
98 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 9.
26. serra, Loiue. Found at St. Pierre, in 1887, by Mr. H. Bull.
14 X ij. Normal, with a very broad dentate margin..
27. sinuatum, Wollaston. Not uncommon. i8xo| inches at
base and i8xi| in upper portion. Margin sinuated with irre-
gular projections ; fronds differing from each other.
*28. sub-pinnatum, Moore (semipinnatum, Moore). Found at
Ilfracombe by Mr. J. Dadds. 6x2 inches. Split to the costa into
irregular lobes, often distant, with an open sinus. Found also in
Sligo, by Mr. W. H. Phillips.
29. suprasoriferum, Lowe. Not uncommon. Crenately lobed,
bearing sori on the upper as well as under surface of the frond.
12 X inches. A dwarf form was found at Mountain, in 1888, by
Mr. Bull, of the St. Pierre Gardens. Margin deeply cut and apex
lacerate. Sori near the margin, and as copious above as below.
8x2 inches.
30. turgido-multifidum, Barnes. Found in 1862, at Witherslack,
by Mr. J. M. Barnes. Thick, rigid, and crested.
31. turgidum, Wollaston. Found in many places. 12X2 inches.
Coriaceous ; margin very irregular ; apex often multifid.
32. venabulum, Lowe. Raised by myself in 1878. 24XIJ inches
(stipes 7 inches). Sub-undulate and deeply lacerate. Erect inhabit.
Not contracted, like omnilacerum.
Group V. Variegated.
Section a. VAR1EGATUM. (Fronds variegated.)
1. albescens, (albescens variegatum, Found, in i860,
at Arnside, by Mr. J. Crossfield. Whole plant cream-coloured.
2. albulum, Lowe. A narrow, sagittate, crested, crispum. Raised
by myself. 17x2 inches. The sagittate lobes long and narrow, with
crested tips, and situated at right angles to the costa, variegated
with white. Frond narrowing upwards. The late Colonel Jones
raised a somewhat similar variety.
3. album, Lowe (albo-variegatum, Hodgson. Found, in 1871, at
Urswick, by Mrs. Hodgson. A beautiful variegated white and
green variety.
*4. aureolum, Lowe. A golden variegated “ crispum.” Raised by
myself in 1887, together with a number of other forms. Obtained
by crossing with a variegated variety. Sagittate lobes, rotund and
curling inwards. 16x2 inches.
5. aureum, Lowe (aureo-variegatum, Lowe). Found near Cam-
perdown by myself in 1867. Normal, with golden fronds, 16x2
inches.
6. autumnum, Lowe. Not unlike a golden Kitsonce. Crested,
head compact. 12X2 inches. Raised by myself in 1887.
7. Claphami, Lowe (variegatum Claphami, Moore). Beautifully
variegated with white ; not constant.
8. conglomere, Lowe. A dwarf, conglomerate, golden variety.
5x0^ inches (head 2-h inches wide). Raised by myself in 1S87.
9. consummatum, Lowe. Raised by myself. i2Xi| inches. Nor-
SCOLOFENDRIUM. 99
mal rigid fronds, striped regularly with thin lines of white, parallel
with the veins. Inconstant.
10. crenatum, Lowe (variegato-crenatum, Wollaston). A fine,
variegated crenatum.
11. crispo-lutescens, Lowe (crispum fimbriato lutescens, Stans-
field). A golden crispum. Raised by Messrs. Stansfield about 1885.
Very beautiful.
12. cristatum, Lowe (cristatum-lutescens, Stansfield). Raised by
Messrs. Stanfield in 1885.
13. Ehvorthii, Lowe (variegatum Elworthii, Moore). A handsome
narrow, permanently variegated variety. Found by the late Mr.
Elworthy, in Somerset.
14. fissum, Lowe (fissum- variegatum). A handsome variegated
“ fissum.” History unknown.
15. flavum ,Lowe (flavo-variegatum, Barnes). Found in 1865, near
Ulverston, by Mr. J. Crossfield. Normal, with yellow and green
variegation.
16. Grantse, Lowe (crispum variegatum Grant, Jones). i2Xif
inches. A good variegated form in Mrs. Grant’s collection.
1 7. Jones'u, Lowe (cristato-variegatum, Jones). Raised by the late
Colonel Jones.
18. lacteolum, Lowe. From the late Colonel Jones’s collection.
14x2^ inches. A normal, broad, variegated variety. The variega-
tion regular ; and milky-white.
19. lacteum, Lowe. A cross between Claphami and digitatum.
Raised by myself.
*20. luminare, Lowe. A bold golden “ crispum.” Raised by
myself in 1887. “Cowburni” was one of the parents. Erect.
18x2 inches.
21. lutescens, Stansfield (fimbriato-lutescens, S/ansfiehl). Raised
by Messrs. Stansfield in 1885.
22. Molyi, Lowe (variegatum Moly, Jones). A very fine variety.
23. multifidum, Lowe (multifidum lutescens, Jones). I have not
seen this.
24. O’Kellyi, Lowe (lutescens O’ Kelly, O' Kelly). 17 X if inches.
Found at Carron, in County Clare, by Mr. P. B. O’Kelly (15 X 1
inches), who at the same place has found another (albo-lobatum,
O' Kelly).
25. peraferum, Lowe (peraferens variegatum, Jones). Found at
Colin (Antrim), by Mr. W. H. Phillips.
26. Phillipsii, Lowe (variegatum Phillipsii, Moore). Found in
Colin Glen, Antrim, by Mr. W. H. Phillips. Fronds margined with
ivory white.
27. rugosum, Lowe (rugoso- variegatum, Jones). Raised by my-
self in 1887.
28. tridentiferum, Ldwe. Concave ; the apex separating into a
trident-head 7 inches across ; the tips also trident-formed. A
golden variety 10 inches in length. Raised by myself in 1887.
29. variegatum, Moore. Found in 1859, at Arnside, by Mr. J.
Crossfield. Normal, but variegated.
100 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 10.
Tribe 10. ASPIDIE/E.
THE HOLLY FERN.
Aspidium lonchitis. — Swartz.
(POLYSTICHUM LONCHITIS. — Rot/l.)
A MOUNTAIN fern, ranging from
1,000 to 3,000 feet above the sea.
It is pinnate, very rigid, and the
margin conspicuously spinous.
Mostly found amongst stones ;
frequently the roots running along
the roof of small cavernous rocks,
and therefore easily detached with-
out injury. In most localities it
requires to be grown in a frame
in a somewhat moist atmosphere.
A difficult fern to cultivate success-
fully.
Fig. 33.— Aspidium lonchitis.
Some of its native habitats are now destroyed. It is recorded as
having been found on Snowdon; in the English lakes, on Helvellyn,
Fairfield, Deepdale, near Ullswater and Farleton Knott ; in several
places in Yorkshire ; in Teesdale ; Ben Lomond, Ben Lawers, Ben
Chonzie, Ben Voirlich, Ben Ledi, Clova, and other places in the
East Highlands ; mountains in Inverness, Isle of Mull, Ross,
Sutherland, Orkney ; Donegal, Sligo, Leitrim, Meath, and Kerry.
Found also on the mountains of Iceland, Lapland, Sweden, and
Denmark ; and in the Arctic regions; Germany, Hungary, France,
Belgium, Spain, Italy, Switzerland, Greece, Kashmir, Altai, Kamts-
chatka, and the Rocky Mountains.
An evergreen fern with linear lanceolate pinnate fronds from 6
to 18 inches in length, of a rich green colour.
There are but few varieties : —
1. confertum, Lowe. Ireland. Smaller, and imbricated.
2. cristatum. Found on Ben Qui by Dr. Craig. Is well crested.
3. imbricatum, Boyd. Found by Mr. Boyd. Isa distinct imbri-
cated variety. A similar one was received many years ago from
Ireland.
4. multifidum, Moore. Multifid, but not constant.
5. proliferum, Moore. Producing bulbils in the axils of the
lower pinnae.
THE COMMON PRICKLY SHIELD FERN.
Aspidium aculeatum.— Swartz.
Sub-section. Polystichum.
A LARGE-GROWING, handsome evergreen fern, which could only
be confused with Aspidium angulare ; the pinnules, however, are
SUB-SECTION POLYSTICHUM.
IOI
stalkless ; with acute-angled or wedge-shaped bases ; whilst in
A. angulare the pinnules are stalked and their bases obtuse-angled.
Fig. 34. — Aspidium aculeatum, var. acrocladon.
In A. aculeatum the fronds are darker and more shining, stouter
and more leathery in texture, and the habit of the plant is more
102 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 10.
erect. Common throughout the United Kingdom and throughout
Europe. An inhabitant also of Asia, Algiers, British India, and
the United States. A very hardy plant, readily cultivated. It is
to be found in hedgerows, woods, and on shady banks. Ordinary
length, 2 to 3 feet.
Varieties.
1. Abbottce, Lowe (A. angulare grandiceps Abbott, Jones). A
bold and beautiful grandiceps , much larger than No. 2. I ound by
Mrs. Abbott. Fronds erect. Length, 2 feet.
2. acrocladon, Lowe. Found in 1858, in South Devon, by Mrs.
Agar Thompson. Length, 17 inches. A densely crested form.
"3. Argutum, Moore. Found in Buckinghamshire by Mr. J.
Lloyd. Pinnules narrow.
4. Boltoni, Lowe (corymbiferum, Barnes). Found in the Lake
district by Mr. Bolton. 17x6 inches. Not greatly corymbiferous.
5. capitatum, Jones. A narrow form, widening to a conspicuous
capitate head. 27 X inches at base, and 5 inches below the head.
6. caudiculare, Lowe. Found at Shirenewton by myself.
1 2 X 1 1 inches. A lobed form, having the basal lobes conspicuously
stalked and sharp-spined.
7. corymbiferum, Fox (cristatum Fox No. 10, Wollaston). Said
by Mr. E. F. Fox, the raiser, to be a hybrid with Aspidium angulare,
and from the smallness of the sporangia seems probable, although
very like A. angulare. 22x5 inches. Frond terminating in a
conspicuous head.
*8. cristato-angustatum, Lowe. Raised by myself. Is a copy of
cristato-gracile, except being narrower and better crested. 1 1 X 1 Is
inches.
9. cristato-gracile, Barnes. Found in 1865, at Hutton Reef Crag,
by Mr. T. Bolton. 9X if inches. Very spiny ; apex crested.
10. cristatum, Moore. Found at Barnstaple by Mr. IT. F.
Dempster. Not well crested.
*11. cristatum Lowei, Moore. Raised by myself. Well crested.
12. densum, Moore. Found in Devon by the late Mr. Jackson.
12x5 inches. Very foliose and distinct.
13. gracile, Barnes. Found in 1874 near Bowness, by Mr. T.
Hartley.
*14. grandiceps, Jones. Raised in 1881 by Mr. E. F. Fox.
17 X 5^ inches. Somewhat flexuose. The conspicuous lobe of
corymbiferum absent.
*15. hybridum, Lowe (cruciatum, Jones). Raised in 1878 by myself.
A hybrid between Aspidium angulare, var. Wakeleyanum, and A.
aculeatum, var. densum. There are no half-way characters ; it is a
sudden change from one species to the other of the cruciate, strap-
shaped, character. Previous to this cross, there had been no
cruciate A. aculeatum. 20x3 inches. Copiously soriferous ; but
the spores seldom germinate ; and the descendants are unlike
“hybridum.”
16. interruptum, Lowe. Found in North Devon by the Rev. F.
Mules. 24 x 5 inches. A well-marked interrupted form.
SUB-SECTION POLYSTICHUM.
103
17. lobatum, Deakin. Found at Shirenewton and elsewhere by
myself ; and at St. Pierre by Mr. Bull. 30x5 inches. Larger, and
the characters of lobatum better developed than in the original
form.
18. micaceum, Mules. Found near Barnstaple by the Rev. F.
Mules. 6x1 inches. Pinnae almost as broad as long. Said only
to grow on a micaceous soil.
19. multifidum, Wollaston. Found in several places in the Lake
district and elsewhere. Frond dividing into a tuft of branches.
*20. nepos, Lowe. Raised from hybridum by Mr. Barnes of
Milnthorpe. A narrow, very rough-looking spinous cruciate form.
17 X 1 j inches.
21. neptis, Lowe. Raised from hybridum by the late Mr.
Carbonell. An interesting variety. 18x3 inches. This and No.
20 are grandchildren of densum.
22. plumosum, Lowe. Found near Marwood by the Rev. F.
Mules. Large and feathery.
23. polydactylum, Fox. Raised by Mr. E. F. Fox. 14X4
inches. Pinnae polydactylous. Apex of frond crested.
*24. proliferum, Wollaston (acutilobum, Jones). Found in 1853
by Dr. Allchin. 36x6 inches. In 1873 the late Mr. John Wills
found a very similar plant in Dorset. Not unlike a proliferum (or
acutilobum) in A. angulare, but longer and more lax.
*25. pulcherrimum, Joties. Found in 1876, in Dorset, by a
labourer, and given to the late Mr. Wills. It is one of the most
beautiful of the British ferns ; is sterile, has a very silky appearance,
and is a lax proliferum-looking variety.
26. pulchrum, Lowe. Found in North Devon by the late Rev.
C. Padley. Narrow ; pinnae minutely crested, the tip of the frond
branching into a large foliose head.
27. rotundatum, Lowe (imbricatum, Fox). Raised by Mr. E.
F. Fox. 16x2 inches. An interesting, narrow form. Tips of the
pinnae confluent (not imbricate). Pinnules rotund, and the basal
ones stalked.
28. stipatum, Lowe. Found in 1890 by Major Cowburn, at
Dennil Hill. A bold form, with large stipitate uncut pinnules,
having a minute dentate margin. 27x6 inches.
29. tergeminum, Lowe. Raised from hybridum by the late
Mr. Carbonell. Lower pinnae normal “ densum,” then cruciate,
and here and there brachiate in the pinnae to near the apex. A
bold form. 28x4 inches.
THE SOFT PRICKLY SHIELD-FERN.
Aspidium angulare. — K itaibel.
Sub-section. POLYSTICHUM.
Some of our best authorities consider the present fern as a form
of the last, and there is more or less resemblance amongst the
varietal forms, but this has a softer feel and a less sturdy con-
104 BRITISH FERNS— SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 10.
stitution. To me the greatest proof seems to lie in the difficulty
in producing hybrids between A. aculeatum and A. angulare. After
many years of perseverance there now exist several undoubted
Fig. 35.— Aspidium angulare, var. confluens. Portion of frond.
crosses ; and again it is as difficult to raise young plants from these
hybrids. If, however, we mix the varieties of the reputed species,
i.e. varieties of A. angulare together, or varieties of A. aculeatum,
then this difficulty no longer occurs, for seedlings come up by the
thousand.
As with the Lady Fern and the Hart’s Tongue, this species teems
with remarkable varieties, and an attempt at classification has
again been resorted to.
A common species, except in Scotland, where only found in a
few localities in the Lowlands.
It is so mixed up with the last species by botanists that it is
impossible to trace it with certainty on the Continent.
One difference in the normal form of the two ferns is in the
pinnules of A. angulare being stalked and having an obtuse-angled
base, whilst in A. aculeatum they are without stalks and acute-
angled.*
This species selects shady woods and hedgerows, ranging from
the coast to 600 feet. Evergreen, or subevergreen where exposed,
varying in length from a few inches to 3 feet. More or less lanceo-
late in form ; and bipinnate even to quadripinnate. It is difficult
with all but botanists to distinguish the present from the last
species. Easily cultivated.
* Since this has been written, Major Cowburn has found at Dennii Hill a
variety of Aspidium Aculeatum, with pinnae and pinnules stalked, and which
has been named stipatum.
SUB-SECTION POLYSTICIIUM.
105
Varieties.
Division A.
CHANGES IN SKELETON.
Group I. Ramosum. (Branching of some part of skeleton.)
Section n. RAMOSUM. (Stipes branched.)
*1. acroclaclon, Moore (ramo-cristatum, Jones ). Found in South
Devon, in 1862, by Mr. J. E. Mapplebeck. Length of frond, 1 foot
2 inches; width across the branches, 1 foot 4 inches. Most pro-
fusely branched.
2. Allchini, Lowe (ramo-furcillatum, Allchin). Found in 1871,
in South Devon, by Dr. Allchin. A well-branched variety, bearing
bulbils ; and almost sterile. Length, 1 foot 2 inches. Apex crested.
3. capitatum, Lowe. Raised from spores at Highfield House.
Frond widest in the middle, and narrowing to the base of a capitate
head of 7 or 8 inches across. Pinnae polydactylous. Length, 2
feet ; width, 7 inches.
4. cladodesteron, Lowe (viviparum,/h«6S'). Branching from the
base ; and very much branched to the apex; ending in an erect
capitate head. Dwarf ; only 5 inches in length.
5. corymbiferum, Lo%ve (ramo-corymbiferum, Padley). Found in
1863. Dwarf form ; branching from the stipes. Length, 12 inches.
6. furcillatum, Lowe (ramo-furcillatum, Wollaston j ramosum,
Jones). A remarkable ramose form, branching from below the
rachis, and rebranching several times. Found in 1867, in South
Devon, by Mr. G. B. Wollaston. Length, 1 foot 9 inches ; width
across the branches, 12 inches.
7. Iveryi, Lowe (nnlltifido-cristatum I very, Jones). Better than
multifido-cristatum, Moore. 30x10 inches. Pinnae crested, pin-
nules large. Stipes branching into a large head.
8. Kitsonae, Moore (multicristatum, Wollaston). Found at
Torquay by Miss Kitson, in 1856. A fine branched form, the
pinnules being altered in form on the upper portion of the frond.
9. multifido-cristatum, Moore. Found in Devon in 1863 by the
late Rev. C. Padley. Length, 6 inches. Branching in the middle
of the frond.
10. multifidum, Wollaston (Claphami, Moore). Found in 1874
by Mr. J. Wills. Length, 16 inches. Branching in the middle of
the frond.
11. projectum, Wollaston. Found in 1862, in Devon, by the
late Rev. C. Padley of Enville. 18x3 inches. Curious projecting
and ascending branches on the lower half of the frond.
12. ramo-gracile, Wollaston. Found by Mr. Wollaston.
13. ramo-multifidum, Wills. Found in 1874 by the late Mr. J.
Wills. 15x3 inches, and 9 inches across the branching head.
106 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 10.
Section ft. GRANDICEPS.
(Rachis dividing near summit, into numerous branches,
and large heads.)
1. accumulatum, Lowe. Raised from spores by myself. A bold
grandiceps. An erect grower. 30x10 inches.
2. capitatum, Clapham (Claphami, Moore; multifidum Clapham,
Wollaston). Raised by Mr. Clapham in 1864. A dense capitate
head, 12 inches across. Not cristate, except the head. A splendid
form. 22 X 7 inches.
3. capitosum, Lowe. Found at Tatworth by Mr. Moly. Pinnae
crested. A grandiceps with a head 7 inches across. 28 X 4^ inches.
*4. coronare, Lowe. Raised from spores given me by the Rev.
F. Mules. Habit erect. An enormous branched head. Length,
2 feet.
5. coronatum, Lowe. Raised by Mr. E. F. Fox. A cross be-
tween Molyi and plumosum. Pinnae crested ; apex crowned (width
7 inches). 15x5 inches.
6. cristatum, Wollaston (marked W. No. 10). Found in Somerset
by Mr. G. B. Wollaston. Minutely crested, but largely capitate.
21x5^ inches.
7. Downense, Lowe. Found at Fermebrogni, Co. Down, by Mr.
W. H. Phillips. 28x6^ inches. Pinnae cristulate. Apex of frond
ramulose. Not unlike No. 2.
8. furcans, Wollaston. An interesting fern.
9. grandiceps, Moore (grandiceps Talbot, Wollaston). Found
in 1861, in Co. Cork, by Mr. W. Talbot. A fine form.
*10. inaequale-furcans, Cowper. Found by Mrs. Cowper near
Sidmouth. 24x10 inches. Pinnae unequally furcate. A grand
capitate head, 8 inches across.
11. Jonesii, Lowe (cristatum Jonesii, Stansfield; grandiceps
Jacob Jones, Wollaston). Found in Pembrokeshire, about 1869,
by the late Mr. Jacob Jones.
12. Molyi, Lowe (grandiceps Moly, Wollaston). Found in 1869,
in South Somerset, by Mr. Moly. A bold, compactly crested
variety, with a dense compact head. 19x7^ inches (where widest,
i.e., at the base).
13. nudicaule, Lowe (nudicaule-grandiceps, Barrand). Found
near Barnstaple in 1889. Long bare stalks, and splendid crests.
Distinct.
14. orbiculatum, Lowe. Found at Langmoor, Charmouth, in
1887, by Mr. Moly. 21x4 inches.
1 5 . Phillipsii, Lowe (capitatum, Phillips). Found at Glendevis by
Mr. W. H. Phillips. 20x5 inches. Normal, with capitate head.
16. Praegeri, Lowe (capitatum Praeger, Jones). Found in 1883,
in Holywood, by Mr. Praeger. 20x4 inches. Normal, with a
grand crested head, 5 inches wide.
17. ramulosum, Stansfield. Found in Co. Antrim by Mr. W.
H. Phillips. 30X8 inches. Normal, with a dense ramulose head.
18. scopaeoides Lozve. History unknown. From Colonel Jones’s.
SUB-SECTION POLYSTICHUM. 107
collection. 16x5 inches. Short pinnae, large rounded pinnules;
costa splitting and forming a besom-like head.
19. spinigerum, Lowe. Found at Chard by Mr. Moly. A
grandiceps with short spiny pinnules. 15x4 inches.
20. viviparum, Lowe. History unknown. From the late
Colonel Jones’s collection. A grandiceps with a viviparous head.
Length, 10 inches. Very irregular.
Section y. CRISTATUM. (Bunch crested.)
1. apuaeforme, Moore. Found in 1863, at Cunsey, by Mrs.
Wilson. Fronds fish-shaped ; crested.
2. attenuato-cristatuin, Wollaston. Found by Mr. Elworthy.
3. brachiale, Lowe. A superb variety, found in the late Colonel
Jones’s collection of dried fronds. The superior basal pinnule un-
equally brachiate ; pinnules setose ; pinnae crested ; and apex of
frond capitate. 18x6 inches.
4. Braclburyanum, Jo?ies. A good grandiceps form.
5. Carbonellii, Lowe (cristatum Carbon ell, Jones). Slender, but
a large grower. Upper pinnules of upper pinnae incised.
6. Cowperi, Lowe (cristato-gracile Cowper, Wollaston ). Found
,in 1874, in Dorset, by the late Mr. R. Cowper. Much narrower
near the apex. A slender variety, with small crests and pinnules.
16x4 inches.
7. cristato-gracile, Wollaston (percristatum, Moly). Found in
1868, in South Devon, by Mr. J. Moly. 21x5 inches. Apex of
pinnule conspicuously dentate ; crests small. An interesting variety.
8. cristatum, Moore. Under this name there are many forms.
9. cristulum, Lowe (cristatum Stormount, No. 1 , Praeger). Found
in 1883, at Stormount, by Mr. Praeger. A neat cristulate form, in
which the upper part of the midrib of the pinnae expands and
becomes transparent.
10. grande, Lowe (capitatum-grande, Fox). Raised by Mr. E.
F. Fox. 14x4 inches. Normal, with a large, compact head.
ix. inaequale, Lowe (inaequale cristatum, Wollaston). Found in
1863, in South Devon, by Mr. G. B. Wollaston. A singular com-
bination of cresting and depauperation. A small, dense, capitate
head. 22x7 inches.
12. Jacksoni, Lowe (cristato-gracile Jackson, Jones). Found by
the late Mr. Jackson. 15x6 inches. A pretty thorny-looking
variety.
13. Jonesii, Lowe (cristato-gracile, Jones). Length, 1^ feet.
14. laxum, Lowe (cristatum-laxum, Jones). Found in 1881, at
Holywood, by Mr. Praeger. 13 X2| inches. A nice crested form,
with ends of pinnae confluent.
15. Molyi, Lowe (cristato-gracile Moly, Jones). A pretty form.
16. multifidum, Wollaston. A number of varieties have been
found ; more or less branched.
17. multilobum, I^owe (multilobum cristatum Jones, Wollaston).
Raised in 1873 by the late Colonel Jones. 24x4^ inches. A very
fine, densely crested form.
108 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 10.
1 8. percristatum, Gray (cristato gracile, Gray). Minutely crested.
19. Pbillipsii, Lowe (cristatum Phillips, Wollaston). Found in
1870, in Co. Down, by Mr. W. H. Phillips. A dwarf, broad, crested
variety. Crests small. 12x5 inches.
20. Praegeri, Lowe (cristatum Castle Dobbs, Praeger). Found
in 1884, at Castle Dobbs, by Mr. Praeger. 28x6 inches. A lax
crested form.
21. setosum, Lowe (setoso-cristatum, Moore). Found in 1874,
in South Devon, by Mr. J. Moly. Length, 19 inches, A crested
“ setosum.”
22. subcristaturn, Praeger. Found in 1885, at Castle Dobbs, by
Mr. Praeger. 12X3J inches. Subcrested.
23. Thompsons?, Moore (cristatum Mrs. Thompson, Wollaston).
Found in i860, in North Devon, by Mrs. Agar Thompson. A very
narrow, close-crested variety, with a compact capitate head. 20 x 2 i
inches. I his fern is sometimes branched and crested.
24. Willsii, Lowe (percristatum, Wills). Found by Mr. Wills.
Very distinct. 20x5 inches.
25. Wollastoni, Lowe (cristatum, Wollaston). 21X6 inches.
Found in 1870, in Somerset, by Mr. G. B. Wollaston. Narrowing
to the large capitate head ; crests small.
Section 5. POLYDACTYLUM. (Pinnae digitate, not bunched.)
1. conspicuilobum, Lowe (polydactylum-conspicuilobum, Jones).
A good polydactylous form. 28 X 6 inches.
2. cruciatum, Lowe (cruciato-polydactylum,y<?«£y). 26x2 inches.
In the late Colonel Jones’s collection. A good form.
3. erectum, Padley. An erect polydactylum.
4. furcillatum, Phillips. Pinnae slightly forked.
5. grande, Lowe (polydactylum grande, Jones). 24x9 inches.
Very large pinnules. A fine variety,
. Jonesii, Lowe (polydactylum, Jones). Found in Hampshire
in 1875. It differs from Padleyi in having the two pairs of basal
pinnae much longer than the rest, and in the rachis dividing some
6 inches from the apex of the frond, and again subdividing into a
crested head 8 inches broad. 24x6 inches (at base).
7. Padleyi, Lowe (polydactylum, Padley). Found in 1862, in the
Vale of Avoca, by the late Rev. C. Padley. Frond slightly narrower
at the base and scarcely polydactylous at the apex. "24x6 inches.
8. polydactylum, Moore. Found in Tipperary in 1857. A
slender crested form.
9. ramoso-pinnatum, Jones. 24x6 inches (at base). A lax,
acute, pinnuled form, with branching pinna? on the basal half of the
frond.
10. scalptum, Ca7-boncll. Raised by the late Mr. Carbonell. A
slender polydactylous decompositum. 15X5 inches.
11. splendens, Lowe (polydactylum splendens, Jones). Raised
by the late Colonel Jones from Mr. Padley’s Vale of Avoca poly-
dactylum.
SUB-SECTION POLY STICHU M. 109
12. Willsii, Lowe. Found by the late Mr. Wills. A subrotun-
date crested variety.
13. Wollastoni, Lowe (polydactylum, Wollaston). Found in
1870, in Somerset, by Mr. G. B. Wollaston. Conspicuously poly-
daotylous and capitate ; peculiar cut pinnules, ending in a sharp
point. 20 X 5-5 inches.
Section f. BRACHIATUM.
(Rachis branching into three near the base.)
1. brachiatum, Gray. Found in i860, in South Devon, by the
late Mr. R. J. Gray, and at Axminster by Mr. Moly. 21 X 5 inches
(base, 14 inches). Basal branches make the frond triangular. Mr.
Gray raised very many brachiate seedlings.
2. capitatum, Wollaston. Found in 1862, in Dorset, by Mr. J.
Moly. Length, 12 inches. Short irregular pinnae and a large
capitate head (8 inches broad).
3. coronare, Lowe (brachiato-cristatum, Gray , in part). Raised
by Mr. R. J. Gray.
4. deltoideo-decompositum, Moly. Found in 1874, in Devon, by
Mr. Moly. 21X5 inches (basal pinnae 9 inches). An interesting
form.
5. furcillatum, Lowe (brachiato-furcillatum, Wollaston ). Found
in 1874 in Hampshire by the late Colonel Jones. Length, 24
inches. Width across basal branches, 14 inches. Tips of pinnae
forked minutely.
6. Grayi, Moore (brachiato-cristatum, Wollaston ). Found in
1854, in South Devon, by Mr. R. J. Gray. Length and breadth, 18
inches. Mostly branching in the leafy portion of the frond at its
base into a magnificent tree-like frond with three conglomerate
heads. Mr. Gray raised many forms of this variety.
7. Hankeyi, Lowe (brachiato-cristatum Hankey, Wollaston ).
Found in Sussex, in 1866, by Mr. Barnard Hankey. 21x6 inches
(except brachiate base, where 12 inches). Frond capitate, the
head 7 inches across. A marvellous form, with pinnules plumosely
dentate. There is a brachiate character with all the pinnae.
8. Jonesii, Lowe (brachiato-cristatum, Jones). Found in 1873,
in Hampshire, by the late Colonel Jones. Length, 15 inches.
Much depauperated.
9. Keallii, Lowe (brachiato-cristatum, Keall). Length, 15 inches
width, 12 inches. A fine form, found by Mr. Keall, in which each
of the two branches is as large as the central frond ; the apices
in all are branched and their tips crested. Mr. Elworthy found a
very similar variety.
10. Kitsonae, Moore (brachiato-cristatum, Kitsori). Found in
1856, in South Devon, by Miss Kitson. 20x7 inches. A very
singular brachiate form, with fan-shaped feathery pinnules.
11. minor, Lowe (brachiato-cristatum Wills No. 3, Wollaston).
Found in 1873, in Dorset, by Mr. Wills. Length, 12 inches.
12. multifidum, Lowe (brachiato-multifidum, Jones). Found in
IIO BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 10.
1877 in Dorset by the late Mr. J. Wills. 18 X 13 inches. Branched
in the middle of the rachis, and each again near the apex. Naked
stem, 6 inches.
13. O’Kellyi, Lowe (brachiatum O’Kelly, Jones). Dwarf, and
sterile.
14. Padleyi, Lowe (brachiato-cristatum, Padley ). Found in
Sussex by Mr. W. Barnard Hankey in 1866. Length, 1 foot S
inches. Ten years previously, Mr. Gray, of Exeter, found this
variety in South Devon. Recently, Mr. W. H. Phillips has found
it in County Down. “ Padleyi ” branches in capitate heads.
15. Phillipsii, Lowe (brachiatum of Phillips, Jones). Found at
Stormont by Mr. W. H. Phillips. 35 R 10 inches. A lax form.
The brachiate part 16 inches wide.
16. polyclados, Moore (brachiato-cristatum Elworthy, Wollas-
ton). Found in 1857 in Somerset. Flexuose. Length, 15 inches,
very irregular. Apex of frond branched horizontally ; large crested
head.
*17. Smithii, Lowe (brachiatum cristatum Smithii, Mapplebeck). I
have not seen this.
18. Willsii, Lowe (brachiato-cristatum Wills No. 4, Wollaston).
Found in 1876, in Dorset, by Mr. Wills. Very plumose pinnules.
Small capitate apex of frond. 20X7 inches; and across basal
pinnae, 10 inches.
Section (. CRUCIATUM.
(Pinnae or pinnules twin-branched.)
*1. Cliftonae, Lowe. Raised by myself. Erect; well cruciate;
having a large capitate head.
2. cruciato-pinnulum, Fox. Found in 1873, in Dorset, by Mr.
J. Moly. 21x5 inches. Cruciate pinnules. Apex caudate.
3. cruciato-polydactylum,_/i9«^ (cruciato- cristatum, Wollaston).
Raised in 1874 by the late Colonel Jones. A crested variety.
27x3 inches.
4. cruciatum, Wollaston. Found in 1862, in Somerset, by Mr.
G. B. Wollaston. 30x2 inches. Cruciate above the centre of the
frond.
5. Elworthii, Moore (cruciato-truncatum, Jones). Found in
1854, in Somerset, by the late Mr. Elworthy. 14 X 1 inches, except
below the truncate apex, where there are 3 or 4 long pinnae.
*6. laudatum, Lowe. Raised from spores. A very narrow form
of large size. 30x3 inches.
7. majus, Lowe (cruciatum-majus, Jones). The boldest cruciatum
yet found. 34x4^ inches.
*8. transforme, Lowe. Only an occasional pinna cruciate. Pinnae
ascending very short and confluent. Habit erect. Length, 2 feet.
Colonel Jones has this marked subcruciatum in his collection.
9. Wakeleyanum, Moore (cruciato-multifidum Russell, Jones).
Found in i860, in S. Devon. A narrow, well-cruciated variety,
with a crested apex. 30 X 1^ inches.
10. Willsii, Lowe (cruciatum Wills, Jones).
SUB-SECTION POLYSTICHUM.
1 1 1
Group I!. Dwarfed.
(Abbreviation of skeletal axis in relation to soft parts.)
Section a. CONGESTUM. (Central axis abbreviated.)
1. annutum, Moore (conspicuo-crispatum, Jones). A dwarf cris-
pate form. Possibly the same as coriaceo-crispatum, Jones.
2. Carbonellii, Lowe (obtusissimum Carbonell, Fox). Found in
1S83, at Littleham, by the late Mr. Carbonell. 16x3 inches.
Imbricate, pinnules falcate with blunt ends ; very neat.
3. confertum, Padley (congestum, Wollaston). Found in 1865,
in South Devon, by the Rev. C. Padley. A dense, congested form,
with pinnae overlapping. 14x5 inches.
4. crispatum, Jones. Found at Hale, near Salisbury, by the late
Colonel Jones. Crisped.
5. decurtum, Lowe. Found at Holditch by Mr. Moly. Narrow,
and imbricated. 15x2^ inches.
6. Lyellii, Lowe (congestum Lyell , Jones). Raised by Dr. Lyell.
A tine congested form, crisped, and occasionally closely branching
at the apex.
7. micron, Lowe. Found in Braunton, by the late Rev. F.
Mules. 8 x 2J inches. A stiff, wire-like fern of the gracile type.
8. multifidum, L.owe (congesto-multifidum, Jones). Raised by
the late Colonel Jones. 8x45 inches. Pinnae much branched ;
costa splitting and forming a branched head.
9. obtusissimum, Moore. Found in x 86 r , at Ottery St. Mary,
Devon, by Mr. G. B. Wollaston. Pinnae narrow and imbricated,
and somewhat blunt-ended. A handsome variety. 18x4 inches.
10. parvissimum, Moore. Less in size. Length, 6 inches.
11. polydactylum, Lowe (polydactylum-congestum, Fox). A cross
between congestum, Wills , and polydactylum, Jo?ies. Raised by
Mr. E. F. Fox. 8xef inches. Apex multifid, not crested.
12. stipatum, Wollaston. Found by Mr. Tait. Pinnae short,
crowded and overlapping ; pinnules also crowded and overlapping.
13. truncatum, Lowe (truncatum Mrs. Cowper, Wollaston).
Found in 1871, in South Devon, by Mrs. C. Cowper (3, The Resi-
dences, South Kensington Museum). Basal pinnae largest ; flexu-
ose ; apex of frond truncate and cornute. Very foliosc. 10x9 inches.
14. turgidum, Moore. Found at Littleham, Devon, by the late
Rev. C. Padley. Dwarf. 9X2 inches.
15. Willsii, Lowe (congestum Wills, Jones). Dwarf; beautiful.
Section /3. ALATUM.
(Lateral axes abbreviated, pinnules more or less confluent.)
1. alatum, Moore. Fouhd in Somerset by Mrs. Thompson, and
in Devon by Mr. Wollaston. Pinnules joined together by a well-
developed wing. A dwarf variety.
1 12 BRITISH FERNS.— SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 10.
2. angustifrons, Moore. Found at Barnstaple by the late Mr
Jackson. 8 X i inches. Exceedingly narrow.
3. extremum, Lowe. Found in Devon, in 1864, by the late Mr.
C. Ehvorthy. 14x3 inches. Allied to obtusissimum. Pinnae
touching, but not overlapping.
4. Hartleyi, Lowe (alatum Hartleyi, Barnes). Found in 1870, on
Furness Fell, by Mr. T. Hartley. Distinct; pinnules confluent and
imbricated.
5. imbricatum, Moore. A narrow, imbricated, very lax form, found
in Somerset by the late Mr. Elworthy. Length, 24 inches. Pro-
liferous.
6. pterophorum, Moore. Found in Devon by Mr. G. B. Wollas-
ton. 24 X 3^ inches. An ally of alatum.
7. pumilum, Moore. Found near Nettlecombe by Mr. Elworthy.
9X2 inches. Almost recurved.
Group III. Flexuose.
(Abnormal curving of skeleton.)
Section «. FLEXUOSUM.
r. abasipinnulum, Moore (medio-deficiens, Paiiley). Found in
Dorset, in 1876, by Mr. R. Thompson (3, The Residences, South
Kensington Museum). A flexuose variety, not unlike gracile in
general appearance. The three or four basal pinnules, to within
two inches of the tip of the frond, reduced to the stem of the pin-
nule. 22x5 inches.
2. flexuosum, Wollaston. Mr. Wollaston, between 1870 and
1873, found several plants in North Somerset and South Devon
that varied in the flexuose character. The stipes and rachis bend-
ing in an extraordinary manner. 20X 5 inches. A dwarf form in
the Clifton Zoological Gardens was possibly raised from flexuosum.
3. grandidens, Lowe (grandidens flexuosum, Moly). Found in
1870, in Devon, by Mr. J. Moly. A narrow, depauperate form,
in which the upper part curls round. 14 x 1 inches.
4. pendens, Lowe (flexuoso-pendens, Wills). Lax and beautiful.
5. reflexum, Wollaston. Found in Devon by Mr. G. B. Wollas-
ton, pinnules reflexed.
6. revolutum, Lowe. Found by myself, in 1887, in a hedge at
Shirenewton. 22x3 inches. Rather larger and bolder than revol-
vens.
7. revolvens, Moore. Found in 1S72, in Somerset, by Mr. J.
W ills. 18x2 inches. The pinnae revolve, curving over the back
of the frond, and by this means shortening their width one half.
8. subrotundatum, Bellairs. Found in Devon about 1865 by
Miss Bellairs. 16x2^ inches. A subflexuous form, and subrotun-
date. Pinnae flexuose and ascending.
r>
SUB-SECTION POLYSTICHUM.
1 13
Group VI. Stipitate.
(Pinnae and pinnules distinctly stalked.)
Section a. STIPATUM.
x. deorsopinnatum, Moore. Found in 1S71, in South Devon, by
Mr. J. Moly. The inferior pinnules much the larger. 27x9 inches.
2. Hodgsoni, Lowe (stipitatum, Wollaston). Found in 1866 in
Gleeston Lane by Mr. J. K. Hodgson. A dense, distinct form,
with crowded pinnules.
3. Jonesii, Lowe (deorsopinnatum Jones, Jones). A distinct
form, raised by the late Colonel Jones.
4. levidense, Wollaston. Found in 1866, at Windermere, by Mr.
J. M. Barnes. Pinnules thin, and long-stalked.
5. pediculatum, Lowe (pediculatum Hodgson, Jones). Found
in 1869, near Ulverston, by Miss Hodgson. Pinnules long-stalked.
6. Praegeri, I.owe (deorso-pinnatum Praeger, Jones).
7. stipitatum, Moore. This and pedicellatum, Wills, are much
alike. Known at the Todmorden Nursery as far back as 1865.
Division B.
CHANGES IN SOFT PARTS.
Group I. Amplum. (Increased development.)
Section a. PLUMOSUM.
(Texture thin. Fructification scanty or absent.)
1. Cooperi, Lowe. Found at Braunton by Mrs. S. Cooper. A
dense, large pinnuled form. 18x5^ inches.
*2. coronare, Lowe (plumosum coronare, Lowe). Raised by myself
in 1887. Densely bunch-crested.
3. Daddsii, Lowe (plumosum Dadds, Jones). Neat.
4. grande, Jones. Raised by Mr. E. F. Fox from spores (of
decompositum-splendens) supplied by the late Colonel Jones ; and
from which also the three magnificent plumose divisolobes were
raised by Mr. Fox. A barren handsome form. 28x9 inches.
5. Hillersdonense, Lowe (plumosum Hillersdon,_/^>«^). One of
Mrs. Grant’s beauties.
6. laxum , Jones. A superb fern, raised by the late Colonel Jones.
*7. Mousogines, Lowe. Purchased in Yorkshire. Not unlike
Pateyi, but without the large basal pinnae ; and occasionally bear-
ing bulbils at the apex of the frond. 32 X 7\ inches. A splendid
form.
8. Pateyi, Moore (plumosum Patey, Wollaston). Found in 1866,
in Dorset, by Mr. G. E. Patey. A magnificent, sterile, plumose
form with extraordinary development. 22x7 inches (except at
base, where 1 1 inches).
9. plumatile, Lowe. A distinct feathery form raised by myself
in 1884.
H
•I 14 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE IO.
10. plumosum, Moore. Found in Somerset in 1856 by the late
Mr. C. Elworthy. A sterile form, 36x9 inches.
11. Wollastoni, Lowe (plumosum Wollaston, Wollaston). Found
in Devon by Mr. G. B. Wollaston. Less lax than plumosum, and
fertile.
Section /3. FOLIOSUM.
(Foliose or -subplumose. Texture and fructification normal.)
1. bulbiferum, Low e (frondoso-bulbiferum, Jones). A grand
foliosum, .developing bulbils into little plants (some as much as 2
inches long) at the base of the pinnae. As many as 5° plants on a
frond. 30X7 inches.
2. concinnum, Moore. Found near Nettlecombe by the late
Mr. C Elworthy. A pretty foliose variety. 24x6 inches.
3. crispum, Lowe (folioso-crispum,_/^/«).
4. cristatum, Lowe (fohoso-cristatum,/*?;?^).
5. cruciatum, Lowe (frondoso-cruciatum, Jones). History
obscure.
6. foliosum, Wollaston. Found near Romsey, Hants, by Mr.
G. B. Wollaston. A handsome leafy form with overlapping pinnae
and crowded pinnules.
7. frondosum, Jones. A densely foliose yet refined variety.
24x10 inches.
8. imbricato - crispatum, Phillips. Overlapping and crisp.
24x6 inches.
*9. Jonesii, Lowe (foliosum, Jones). Found by the late Colonel
Jones. When vigorous, lower pinnules falcate Both Mr. Wills and
Mr. F. W. Stansfield pointed out this as suggestive of the pul-
cherrimum type.
10. latipes, Moore. Raised in 1870 by Mr. Parsons. A fine foliose
form. 27x8 inches.
11. multifidum, Lowe (folioso-multifidum,_/tf«cj). A fine variety
with solid rotund pinnules. Stipes dividing considerably below the
apex into a capitate head (8 inches across). 20x4^ inches.
12. Parsonsii, Lowe (crispato-foliosum, Parsons). Raised in 1872,
at Danesbury (Herts), by Mr. Parsons. A handsome, thorny,
fringed, foliose form. 21x6^ inches.
13. polydactylum, Lowe ~ (frondoso-polydactylum, Jones). A
foliose and polydactylous variety. 30x7 inches.
Section y. PULCHERRIMUM. (Ultra plumose.)
[Lower pinnules, and sometimes upper, falcate, deeply incised,
and drawn out into thread-like processes. Fructification generally
aposporous. Character more or less intermittent.]
i. Molyi, Lowe (pulcherrimum Moly, Jones; and caudiculato
cristatum, Wollaston). Found in 1876 in S. Devon by Mr. Moly.
Tips of the pinnae crisped and feathery. Mr. Moly also found
other forms, from one of which Mr. F. W. Stansfield has raised
seedlings by apospory. The Rev. C. Padley also found a pul-
SUB-SECTION POLYSTICHUM.
I 15
cherrimum, from which Mr. Morris of Bath has raised seedlings
by apospory (Mr. Moly also found a characteristic pulcherrimum
with variegated fronds. See section variegatum). 24 X 5 inches.
2. pulcherrimum, Moore (pulcherrimum Wills, Wollaston).
Found in Dorset by the late Mr. Wills.
3. Thompsonae, Lowe (pulcherrimum Mrs. Thompson, Jones).
Found in 1863, in S. Devon, by Mrs. Agar Thompson. A most
feather-like variety, especially near the tips of the pinnae. 27x6
inches (in the middle of the fronds).
Section 5. MACROPINNULUM.
(Unusually large pinnules.)
1. cristatum, Lowe (latifolio-cristatum, Jones). Raised by the
late Colonel Jones. 18x9 inches. Lax, and slightly crested.
2. divisum, Smith. Found in 1869 in S. Devon by Mr. Moly.
18x6 inches. Lax. A number of forms have been found.
3. globosum, Lowe (latifolio-globosum, Jottes). Lax, with glo-
bose crests and a branched head. Distinct. 20X4 inches.
*4. grandiceps, Lowe (latifolio-grandiceps, Jones). Raised by
the late Colonel Jones. 14X7 inches, having a tasselled head 6
inches long.
5. Jonesii, Lowe (pendens Jones, Jones). Found in 1873, in
Dorset, by the late Colonel Jones. A lax, large-pinnuled form.
27 X 7 inches.
6. latifolium, Wollaston. Found in 1873 >n S. Devon by Mr. J.
Moly. 32x10 inches. One of our finest varieties. The develop-
ment of the posterior basal pinnules is very exceptional.
7. latitudine, Lowe. 22x12 inches. A frond found in the late
Colonel Jones’s collection, apparently raised from latifolium. A
lovely, slender form.
8. pendens, Lowe (pendens Wills, Jones). A very handsome
form, found by the late Mr. Wills. 24X5J inches.
Group II. Exiguum.
(Diminished development of soft parts.)
Section a. LAXUM.
(Pinnse and pinnules distant.)
1. acutilobum, Lowe (gracile Grayi, Gray). Found in 1865, in
S. Devon, by Mr. R. J. Gray. Length, 2 feet 3 inches. An acuti-
lobe of the finer kind.
2. Jonesii, Lowe (laxum Jones, Jones). Found by the late
Colonel Jones.
3. laxum, Moore. Found in Devon by the late Rev. C. Padley.
Length, 17 inches. Pinnse and pinnules lax.
4. Molyi, Lowe (laxum Moly , Jones). Found by Mr. Moly.
5. Padleyi, Lowe (gracile Padley, Jones). Found by the late
Rev. C. Padley.
1 16 BRITISH FERNS— SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE IO.
Group III. Compositum. (Subdivision of pinnules.)
Section a. DECOMPOSITUM.
(Subdivision on normal lines.)
1. Clowesii, Lowe (decompositum Clowesii, Moore). Found in
i860, at Whitbarrow, by Mr. F. Clowes. Robust, dense, plumose,
with profoundly cut pinnules. A similar variety was found at
Arnside by Mr. J. Crossfield.
2. decompositum, Moule. Found by Mr. Moule in Devon.
3. Foxii, Lowe (decompositum Fox, Jones). Large.
4. frondosum, Lowe (frondoso-decompositum,/^^). A delicate
foliose form. 24x9 inches.
5. Gillettii, Lowe (tripinnatum Gillett, Jones). Found in 1864,
near Yeovil (Somerset), by Mr. Gillett, of Cirencester. A grand
form, densely foliose. 27 X 14 inches.
6. grande, Lowe (decompositum grande, Jones). 38x12 inches.
Found at Torquay by the late Colonel Jones (in 1870-2).
7. Jonesii, Lowe (decompositum. splendens, Jones). Raised by
the late Colonel Jones. Distinct and fine.
8. laxum, Lowe (decompositum-laxum, Wollaston). Found in
1876, at Brislington, near Bristol, by Mr. E. F. Fox. A large, bold
form. 33 X 10 inches.
9. magnifico-polydactylum, Lowe (decompositum magnificum
polydactylum, Jones).
10. magnificum, Lowe (decompositum magnificum No. 3, Jones).
28 X 12 inches.
11. Padleyi, Lowe (tripinnatum Padley, Jones). Found in 1872,
in North Devon, by the late Rev. C. Padley. Colonel Jones remarks,
“ The divergence of the anterior pinnules from the primary rachis
is remarkable.” Dense overlapping pinnae. 18x6^ inches.
12. Phillipsii, Lowe (decompositum Phillips, Jones). Found in
Co. Down by Mr. W. H. Phillips. 16X 5! inches.
13. plumosum, Lowe (plumoso-decompositum, Jones). The late
Colonel Jones raised three interesting forms from his multilobum-
laxum. 15x5 inches.
14. Praegeri, Lowe (tripinnatum VsTszgQX, Jones). Found in 1886,
at Dundonald, by Mr. Praeger. 27 X 7 inches. A distinct tripinnate
form.
15. serrulatum, Wollaston (deltoides-decompositum, Stansjield).
Raised by Messrs. F. W. and H.Stansfield. It is stipitate, deltoid,
and decompound ; with strongly toothed pinnules.
16. splendens, Lowe (decompositum splendens Moly, Wollaston).
Found in 1875, in S. Devon, by Mr. J. Moly. Contrast of develop-
ment in centre of frond remarkable. 34x5 inches. From this
Mr. E. F. Fox raised the grand divisolobums named by the late
Colonel Jones, densum , robustum, and laxum; described in Section 8.
17. tripinnatum, Moore. A confusion has occurred with regard
to this plant ; it was originally found by Mr. R. Tracy Millett,
of Penzance, and named by Mr. Moore. (See page 155, vol. I.
SUB-SECTION POLYSTICHUM.
II 7
Nature-Printed British Ferns,” by Thomas Moore.) In the
original plant the pinnae were twisted so as to lie one above the
other like stairs. It is not so decidedly tripinnate as Gillettii , and
altogether a different-looking plant. Found also in the English
Lake district.
Section /3. ACUTILOBUM.
(Pinnules acute-lobed, upper and lower ones of equal length.)
1. acutilobum, Wollaston. Raised from spores by Mr. Wollas-
ton in 1873. 34X3 inches ; in middle of frond, only 2 inches.
2. acutissimum, Wollaston.
3. acutum, Lowe (acutilobum acutum Wills, /ones). Crowded
with bulbils along the rachis.
4. Allchini, Lowe (proliferum Allchin, Jones). Also copiously
bulbiferous.
*5. arctissimum {Lowe). A very narrow form, raised at Highfield
House. Apex attenuate.
*6. conspicuum, Lowe (proliferum-conspicuum, Lowe). Raised
from spores. Very lax in every part of the frond. 25 X 13 inches.
Narrowing from the base. The superior basal lobe at right angles
to the pinnule.
7. cruciatum, Lowe (acutilobum cruciatum, Jones). An interest-
ing form. 24 X 2^ inches.
8. exile, Lowe (acutilobum exile, Phillips). Found at Holywood
by Mr. W. H. Phillips. 12X3^ inches. A pretty form. Mr.
Phillips has found other sub-forms.
9. Footii, Lowe (proliferum YootW, Jones). Found in Co. Clare
by Mr. F. J. Foot. Length, 2 feet. Segments more crowded than
in proliferum.
*10. Fraseri, Lowe (proliferum Fraseri, Lowe). Raised from
spores at Highfield House. A narrow acutilobe variety. The pinnae
and pinnules very lax. 18 X 5 inches.
11. grandiceps, Lozve (acutilobum grandiceps, Wollaston).
Raised in 1874 by Mr. G. B. Wollaston. Narrow, branching,
and crested. 18x2^ inches.
12. Grayi, Lowe (gracile Grayi, Gray). Found in 1865, in South
Devon, by Mr. R. J. Gray. 27x65 inches. Very slender and acute-
lobed. A narrower form was found in i860, in Hampshire, by Mr.
T. B. Rake, which is more divisolobe. Length, 2 feet.
13. Hankeyi, Lowe (acutilobum Hankey, Jones). A fine form,
not proliferous.
14. Hartleyae, Lozve (acutilobum Hartley, Wollaston). Found
in 1863, on Furness Fell, by Mrs. Hartley. A beautiful variety,
erect in habit and acute in all its parts.
15. laciniare, Lozve. Found at Coombpyne, Devon, by Mr.
Moly. A lovely lace-like form. 24 x6| inches.
16. Masoni, Lowe (proliferum Masoni, Barnes). Found in
1868, at Humphrey Head, by Mr. A. Mason. A finely-cut, bulb-
bearing variety.
1 1 8 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 10.
17. oxyphyllum, Moore (divisolobum Elworthy, Wollaston).
Found in 1852, in Somerset, by the late Mr. Elworthy. 21x6
inches.
18. Phillipsii, Lozoe (acutilobum, Phillips). Found in Co. Down
by Mr. W. H. Phillips. 20x5 inches. Rather lax.
*19. pictorum, Lowe.
20. Praegeri, Lowe (acutum Praeger, Jones). Found in 1882, at
Dundonald, by Mr. Praeger. 14x35 inches.
21. proliferum, Moore. There are many similar forms ; one found
in 1876, in Dorset, by Mr. Wills, is more proliferous than Mr.
Choule’s original plant. 24x65 inches.
22. scopae, Lowe. Raised from spores, at Shirenewton Hall (from
vars. polydactylum and multilobum). A vexy divisilobum-looking
variety, with pinnae heavily crested. The late Colonel Jones
laised four seedlings very like the present one, but larger.
23. tenue, Lowe (proliferum tenue, Clapham). Raised by the late
Mr. Clapham. 14 X3J inches. Lax.
24. Willsii, Lowe (acutilobum proliferum Wills, Wollaston).
Found in 1876, in Dorset, by Mr. J. Wills. Length, 2 feet. Robust
and proliferous.
25. Wollastoni, Lowe (proliferum Wollastoni, Moore; acuti-
lobum proliferum, Wollaston). Found in 1852, in South Devon, by
Mr. G. B. Wollaston. A very interesting fern. 3 0x7 inches.
Section y. DIVISOLOBUM.
(Pinnules cut into acute lobes ; lower pinnules distinctly larger than
the upper ones.)
1. acutum, Lozoe (divisolobum acutum, Jones). Found by Mr.
Padley. An interesting lax form. 22 X 10 inches.
2. Carbonellii, I.ozue (divisolobum Carbonell , Jones). Raised by
the late Mr. Carbonell. A handsome lax form. 28x6 inches.
3. Crawfordianum, Phillips (proliferum Crawfordianum, Jones).
Found in Crawfoid Park by Mi-. W. H. Phillips. Length, 2 feet.
4. ci'ista, Lowe. Raised in 1886, by the late Colonel Jones. A
dwarf imbricate variety ; with close, dense, cock’s-comb-like crests.
6x2 inches.
5. cristatum, Lowe (divisolobum cristatum Ivery, Wollaston).
Raised in 1870, by Messrs. Ivery. A grand fern ; heavily ci'ested
on lower half of frond. 22x8 inches.
6. decorum, Lowe (divisolobum decoiaim,/xw.r). Raised by the
late Colonel Jones. 32 X 10 inches.
7. deltoideum, Lowe (divisolobum-deltoideum, Jones). Lax.
33 X 10 inches.
8. dumetum, Lowe. Raised in 1886 by the late Colonel Jones.
Upper half of pinna: branching in a bush-like manner. Costa split-
ting near the apex. 13X4 inches.
9. dumosum, Lozoe. Raised in 1886 by the late Colonel Jones.
A dwarf, broad, bunch-crested form. A small tasselled head. 9x6
inches.
SUB-SECTION POLYSTICHUM..
1 19
10. elegans, Lowe (divisolobum elegans, Jones).
11. falcatum, Lowe (divisolobum falcatum Moly , Stansfieldf and
divisolobum laxum Moly, Wollaston). Remarkably lax and falcate,
both in the pinnae and pinnules. Pinnae, shaped like a reaping
sickle, 7 inches long, whilst the frond is only 7 inches wide. 22x7
inches.
12. foliosum,Z<9W£ (divisolobum foliosum Pearson ■, Jones). Raised
by Messrs. Pearson. A foliose divisolobe.
13. grande, Lowe (divisolobum grande, Jones'). Raised by the
late Colonel Jones. A well-merited name. 21 X 13 inches.
14. grandiceps, Lowe (divisolobum grandiceps, Jones). Raised
by the late Mr. Carbonell. A very fine variety.
15. Henleyae, Moore (divisolobum proliferum B'agg,. Wollaston ).
Found in 1869, in Somerset, by the late Mrs. Henley’s- gardener (j.
Bagg). 24X8 inches.
16. Holeanae, Moore (divisolobum proliferum Plimsoli, Wollas-
ton). Found in 1861, in South Devon, by Mrs. Hole’s gardener (J.
Plimsoli). Very close-growing ; widest at base. 20X9. inches.
17. Jonesii, Lowe (divisolobum Jones, Jones). Found near Sud-
bury by the late Colonel Jones. A majestic fern. 36 X 10 inches.
18. laxum, Lowe (divisolobum laxum, Jones). Found in 1874, in
South Devon, by the late Mr. J. Wills. A grand form. Pinnules
somewhat depauperate at the base of the pinnae. 30X12 inches.
19. longipinnatum, Lowe (divisolobum longipinnatum, Jones).
Raised by the late Mr. Carbonell. A lax and very graceful fern,
with very long inferior pinnules. 32 X 12 inches.
20. Molyi, Lowe (divisolobum Moly, Wollaston ). Found in
1875, in South Devon, by Mr. Moly. Plumose. Divisions thin.
24 X 7 inches.
21. multifidum, Lowe (divisolobum-multifidum, Jones). Raised
by the late Colonel Jones. Basal half and apex of frond crested.
Frond tapering. Pinnae acutilobe at the base, broader above. 18x9
inches (at base).
22. Padleyi, Lowe (divisolobum Padley, Jones). Found in
1866, in North Devon, by the late Rev. C. Padley. One of the
finest of the lax forms. 34 X 10 inches.
23. perfectum, Lowe (divisolobum perfectum, Jones). Raised by
the late Colonel Jones.
24. Phillipsii, Lowe (divisolobum laxum Phillips, Found
at Castlecoole by Mr. W. H. Phillips. A fine fern ; broadest at
the base, and narrowing to the apex. 30 X 13 inches (at the base).
25. plenum, Lowe (divisolobum plenum, Jones). Raised by the
late Colonel Jones.
26. polydactylum, Lowe (divisolobum polydactydum, Jones).
Raised by the late Colonel Jones. A cross between Henleyae and
polydactylum. 21x5 inches.
27. robustum, Lowe (divisolobum robustum Moly, Jones).
Found in 1874, in South Devon, by Mr. J. Moly. A grand, robust
form. 36 X 16 inches.
28. Seymourae, Moore (divisolobum Seymour, Wollaston).
120 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 10.
Found in 1870, in South Devon, by the late Miss Seymour. A
dense form. 18x7 inches.
29. Stansfieldii, Lowe (divisolobum densum Stansfield, Jones).
Raised by Messrs. F. W. and H. Stansfield, at Sale. Somewhat
resembling the plumose divisolobes.
30. stipula, Lowe (divisolobum stipulatum, Jones). Raised by
the late Mr. Carbonell, from spores given him by the late Colonel
Jones.
31. Willsii, Lowe (divisolobum Wills No. 3, Jones). Found by
the late Mr. Wills, as recorded by the late Colonel Jones.
Section 8. PLUMOSO-DI VISOLOBUM.
(Like divisolobum, but with greatly increased development of
leafy part of frond.)
*1. Baldwini ,Lowe. Raised by the late Colonel Jones, about 1885,
from a bulbil of “densum,” and given whilst young to Mr. John
Loraine Baldwin. The finest of all the plumose divisolobums.
Costa of the pinnae very thin, and the pinnae imbricate ; quadripin-
nate. The divisions finer and more feather-like than any other
variety. 22x8 inches. Colonel Jones’s greatest achievement.
*2. densum, Lowe (plumoso-divisolobum densum, Jones). Raised
in 1878 by Mr. E. F. Fox from spores of decompositum splendens
given him by Colonel Jones. Length, 24 inches. A mossy mass of
foliage. Todea-like in appearance. Sterile, but bulbiferous. Qua-
dripinnate and plumose.
3. dissectum, Pearson. A very finely-cut variety. Raised by
Mr. Pearson.
4. grande, Lowe (plumoso-divisolobum grande, Jones). Raised
in 1885 by Mr. E. F. Fox. A cross between decompositum-splen-
dens and plumosum of Wollaston. Far superior to the parent
plumosum. [Mr. Fox has a large number of forms not yet named
from this batch of seedlings.]
* 5 • imbricatum, Lowe. Raised about 1885, from a bulbil of
“densum.” Exceedingly imbricated and plumose. Baldwini and
imbricatum were considered two of the most notable varieties at
the Royal Horticultural Society’s Fern Show, on July 22 and 23,
1890.
6. laxum, Lowe (plumoso-divisolobum laxum, Jones). Raised in
the same batch of seedlings with densum and robustum by Mr.
E. F. Fox. Length, 24 inches. Quadripinnate ; and more lax than
densum or robustum. Sterile, but copiously bulbiferous.
7. Pearsoni, Lowe. Divisolobum plumosum Pearson, Jones.
A good plumose form.
8. robustum, Lowe (plumoso-divisolobum robustum, Jones).
Raised by Mr. E. F. Fox. Not as luxuriant or so finely divided
as densum. Pinna: somewhat curt and rounded. Sterile, and very
sparely bulbiferous.
SUB-SECTION POLYSTICIIUM.
1 2 1
Section <r. MULTI LO BUM.
(Pinnules divided into rounded lobes.)
i. Aireyi, Barnes. Found in 1873, in Dale Park, by Mr. T. Airey.
A fine deltoid form.
*2. ariprepes, Lowe. A very graceful large fern. Frond equal
in width for the lower half, and then gradually narrowing to a
point. 33x7 inches. A somewhat similar variety (multilobum-
Lowei) was also raised at Flighfield House.
3. attenuatum, Lowe (attenuato-multilobum, Moly ). 20X8
inches A very fine tripinnate form, the pinnulets being very finely
cut and divided.
4. conspicuilobum, Padley. Found in Somerset by Colonel Jones
in 1878. Length, 1 foot 6 inches. Mr. Padley has found even finer
forms.
5. cristatum, Lowe (multilobum cristatum Jones, Wollaston).
Raised in 1873 by the late Colonel Jones. Heavily crested. 24 x
5 inches.
6. decorum, Lowe. Raised by myself in 1876. A large narrow
form. 36 X 4 inches.
7. deltoideum, Lowe (multilobum deltoideum, Jones). 24 X 8
inches. A fine form.
8. densum, I^owe (multilobum densum, Jones). Raised by the
late Mr. Carbonell.
9. gracile, Lowe. Raised by the late Colonel Jones. Partly
polydactylous.
10. Iona, Lowe (multilobum Jones Iona, Jones). Raised by the
late Colonel Jones. 26x9 inches. A fine form.
11. Jonesii, Lowe (conspicuilobum Jones No. 2, Jones). Found
in 1878, in Somerset, by the late Colonel Jones. Much smaller
pinnules than in Wiilsii, and ending in a sharp point. 18x5
inches.
12. laxum, Lowe (multilobum-laxum, Jones). Found in 1872, at
Teignmouth, by the late Colonel Jones.
13. lineare, Loive. Raised by Mr. E. F. Fox from attenuato-
multilobum of Moly. Very handsome, and lineare-looking form.
i6x6| inches. Although pinnae crowded, pinnules so narrow as to
give a lax appearance.
14. multilobum, Lowe (multilobum Gray, Wollasto?i). Found
in 1865, in S. Devon, bythelate Mr. R. J. Gray. Foliose. 30 X 9 inches.
15. multilobum minor, Lowe (multilobum Jones, Wallaston).
Found in 1874 in Hants, by the late Colonel Jones. 20 x 5 inches.
16. ovale, Lowe (multilobum ovale Padley, Wollaston). Found
in 1863, in Somerset, by the late Rev. C. Padley. Robust, lax, and
elegant. 26x9 inches.
17. polydactylum, Lowe (multilobum poly dacty lum, Jones).
Raised by Mr. E. F. Fox. 30 X 17 inches. A dense, divisilobum-
looking form. Pinnae with polydactylous ends.
18. tripinnatum, Moore. Found at Penzance by Mr. R. Tracey
Millett. 27 X 5 inches. Pinnae horizontal (like steps), and pinnules
122 BRITISH FERNS.— SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 10.
very conspicuously dentate. Totally distinct from Mr. Gillett’s
tripinnatum, which is a form of decompositum.
19. venustum, Moore (multilobum, Wollaston). Found in Devon
by the late Rev. C. Padley. Length, 2 feet. A very handsome
multilobe.
20. Willsii, Lowe (conspicuilobum Wills, Wollaston). Found in
1873, >n Dorset, by the late Mr. J. Wills. 27x10 inches (in centre
of frond). Lax, the lobes being very conspicuous.
Group IV. Heteromorphum.
(Alteration in contour and margin, etc., of ultimate segments.)
Section a. ROTUNDATUM. (Rounded pinnules.)
Fig. 36. — Aspfdium angulare, var. rotundatum. Portion of frond.
1. angustior, Lowe. Raised from spores. Dwarf. 8 Xoi inches.
2. capitatum, Lowe. A subrotundate form. Raised by myself.
14X3 inches. A well-branched capitate head, 4 inches long.
3. conchatum, Moore. Found at Hawkhurst by Mr. Moly.
Very distinct. Pinnules like shells. 16 X 3! inches.
*4. cruciatum, Lowe (rotundato-cruciatum, Jones)- A cruciate
narrow form. Raised by myself from spores. 22Xi| inches.
Everywhere cruciate ; and pinnae longer at upper part of frond
than Hankeyi.
5. diversum, Iwwe. Raised by myself (between rotundatum and
cruciatum). 12x2^ inches below, where normal ; narrowing above
to 1 inch, where cruciate.
*6. erectum, Lowe (rotundato-erectum, Jones). Narrow, erect,
lax, and attenuated. Raised from spores. Pinnules crenate.
Pinnae confluent near the apex. 24X4! inches.
7. Gormanstownense, Lowe. Found at Gormanstown, County
Meath, by Mr. W. H. Phillips. 12x3^ inches. A foliose rotun-
datum.
8. Hankeyi, Lowe (rotundato-cruciatum, Monkey). Raised in
1875 by Mr. W. Barnard Hankey. Cruciate from the base
upwards. 20x1 inches, [lato-cru datum is not unlike this form,
SUB-SECTION POLYSTICHUM.
123
but on a much larger scale ; and the lobes are divided to the costa
at the base of the pinnae ; and they are broad, deeply crenate, and
confluent above.]
9. Hodgsonae, Lowe (rotundatum Hodgsonae, Barnes). Found
in 1870, at Leece, near Ulverston, by Mrs. Hodgson. Distinct and
beautiful. Pinnules lax, thin, and round.
*10. lato-cruciatum, Lowe. Raised by myself. 23 x ii inches,
(var. cruciatum x rotundatum.) Pinnae cruciate and confluent. Only
the basal lobe divided. A most distinct fern.
11. laxum, Lowe (rotundatum laxum, Jones. In the late Colonel
Jones’s collection.
12. Ligonielense, Lowe. Found at Ligoniel, Co. Antrim, by Mr.
W. H. Phillips. 27x6^ inches. An interesting subrotund form.
13. Phillipsii, Lowe (rotundatum Phillips, Jones). Found in
1877, in County Down, by Mr. W. H. Phillips. Pinnules smaller
and more numerous than in No. 14. Frond widest in the centre,
narrowing to a pointed apex. 15 x 2\ inches.
14. rotundatum, Moore. Found in i860, in Somerset, by the late
Mr. Elworthy. 20x2 inches. A narrow fern, with only two to
four pairs of pinnules, which are rounded.
15. singular Lotue. Raised by myself. 15x2 inches. Pinnae
ascending. Tips confluent. Apex of frond as if bitten off.
Section /3. LINEARE.
(Pinnules narrow, supra-lineate or infra-lineate.)
1. confluens, Foot. A lineare form found in Ireland by Mr. S.
Foot ; and in S. Devon, in 1873, by Mr. J. Mol)'. Length, 18 inches.
The ends of the pinnae and frond confluent. A lax variety.
2. cuneatum, Wollaston. Found in 1873 in S. Devon by Mr. J.
Moly. 24x6 inches. Lax, with broader pinnules than in Imeare.
3. depauperatum, Padley. Found by Mr. Padley. 16x5 inches.
A depauperate lineare.
4. egenum, Lowe (confluens Moly, Jones). Found at Axminster
by Mr. Moly. A very depauperate lineare. 24x6 inches.
5. extremum, Lowe. A very extreme form (frond without label
in the late Colonel Jones’s collection). Lax ; much depauperate ;
and the apices of the pinnae confluent and linear. 30x7 inches.
6. gracile, Wollaston (acuto-incisum, Jones). Found in 1856 in
S. Devon by Mr. G. B. Wollaston. A beautiful, symmetrical, acute,
incised form, not unlike confluens. 20x6 inches.
7. gracile-interruptum, Lowe. Found in Somerset by the late
Mr. Elworthy. Nearer Mr. Foot’s confluens than lineare ; the
three pairs of basal pinnules wanting ; on the upper half of the
frond the superior basal pinnule is narrow and very long ; beyond
which again wanting or depauperate. 24 X 5 inches.
8. hirondelle, Wills. Found by Mr. Wills, small but very
symmetrical.
9. Jamesii, Lowe (lineare James, Jones). Pinnae not so lax, and
pinnules broader. Found in Guernsey.
124 BRITISH FERNS.— SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 10.
10. laxum, Lowe (lineare-laxum, Lowe). Pinnules mostly reduced
to a mere fertile thorn. The pinnae confluent towards the apex.
Raised from spores at Highfield House. 30 X 7 inches.
11. lineare, Moore. Larger and more decidedly bipinnate than
confluens. Found in Devon by the late Mr. C. Jackson.
12. Molyi, Lowe (lineatum, Moly). Found in S. Devon, in 1873,
by Mr. J. Moly. Fronds, dark-green. Ends of pinnae confluent.
24x6^ inches. A fine form.
*13. nidum, Lowe. Raised by myself in 1863. 15x5 inches.
Not unlike confluens, but growing like Asplenium-nidus.
14. polydactylum, Lowe (lineare polydactylum, Jones). Raised
by the late Colonel Jones. 20x6 inches. A fine form.
15. remoto-decurrens, Wollaston. Found in 1863, in S. Devon,
by the late Rev. C. Padley. 22 X 5 inches. Like a broad pinnuled
confluens. Thorny.
16. Taitii, Lowe (lineare Tait, Jones). Found by Mr. Tait twenty
years ago. A fine lineare, in the style of Jamesii.
17. Willsii, Lowe (lineare Wills, Wollaston). Found in Somerset
in 1871. 19x6 inches. A fine form, without the usual depaupera-
tion of lineare. Pinnules lobed.
Section y. LACINIATUM. (Laciniate forms.)
*1. Buckleae, Lowe. A very pretty regular though depauperate
fern. Pinnules very small. Pinnae varying in length ; some
attenuate and some truncate. The apex of the frond usually finely
attenuate. 18x4 inches.
2. Carbonellii, Lowe (grandidens Carbonell, Jones). Raised by
the late Mr. Carbonell. A symmetrical laciniate variety. 16x4^
inches.
3. caudatum, Lowe (interruptum caudatum,_/h«<?.y). Raised by the
late Colonel Jones (crucipinnulum + polydactylum) a polydactylous
crucipinnulum with a caudate apex.
4. clavapinnulum, Lowe. Found by Mr. Moly. Club-lilce. Very
depauperate. 21x5 inches.
5. Crawfordianum, Lowe (truncatum, Praeger). Found in 1886, in
Crawfordsburn, by Mr. Praeger. 10x5 inches. Ending abruptly.
6. deficiens, Wollaston. Found in 1874, in Dorset, by Mr. John
Wills. An extraordinary fern, with deficient pinnules, mostly
wanting about an inch from the apex of the pinnae, where only
points remain. Least deficient near the base of the pinnae. 21x7
inches.
7. Fittii, Lozoe (grandidens Fitt, Jones). A very distinct crisp
form with dark-green fronds, raised by Mr. Fitt. 10x3 inches.
#8. flabellipinnulum, Jones (cristipinnulum, Wills). Found in
1878, in Dorset, by the late Mr. Wills. The pinnules fan-shaped.
20 x 4J inches.
9. Foxii, Lowe. Raised by Mr. E. F. Fox (a cross between
grandidens and Jacksoni) in 1872. 10x5 inches. It is a grandi-
dens to the apices of the pinna, and then a cristato-gracile.
SUB-SECTION POLYSTICHUM.
125
10. Glenarmense, Lowe (interruptum Glenarm, Praeger). Found
in 1884, in Glenarm, by Mr. Praeger. 20x5 inches. Not much
depauperated. Very thorny. [A second form, found in the same
place, is distinctly tripinnate. 13 X4| inches.]
11. gracile, Lowe. A gracile-like interruptum. Found at Bally-
raeux by Mr. W. H. Phillips.
12. grandidens, Wollaston. Found in 1872 in Dorset by Mr. J.
Wills. Everywhere depauperate. 20x1 inches. A number of
kindred forms have been found.
13. interrupto-caudatum, Praeger. Found in 1885, in Glenarm,
by Mr. Praeger. 21x7 inches (at base); only an inch in upper
half of frond.
14. interruptum, Wollaston. Found in Hampshire, in 1862, by
Mr. Rake. Length, 18 inches. A most interrupted form ; some
pinnae 4 inches long, others not \ an inch ; most of the pinnae are
not an inch in length.
15. irregulare, Jones. Found at Ballymenoch by Mr. W. H.
Phillips. 12 x 1 inches. Much depauperated and truncate.
16. laciniatum, Wollaston. A form of interruptum.
17. Lowei, Lowe (grandidens Lowei, Moore). Very dwarf and
fine-cut, the pinnules being acutilobe. Truncate. Length, 4 to 6
inches.
18. magnum, Lowe. A giant amongst laciniatums. Found at
Mequale Bramel, Co. Down, by Mr. W. H. Phillips. 30 x 7 inches.
19. manica-infanta, Wollaston. Pinnules contracted like a baby’s .
sleeve. Found at Offwell, Devon, by Mr. Moly. 13X4 inches.
20. Phillipsii, Lowe (interruptum Phillips, Wollaston ). Found
in 1876, in Co. Down, by Mr. W. H. Phillips. 24x7 inches.
Towards the apex pinnae suddenly shortened ; pinnules much
depauperated ; lax. General outline of frond symmetrical.
21. Praegeri, Lowe (grandidens Praeger ). Found in 1881, in
Graigavad, by Mr. Praeger. 20x25 inches. A bold, truncate
grandidens.
22. praemorsum, Allchiti. Found in Ireland, in 1853, by Dr.
Allchin, and subsequently in Devon and Hants. Dwarf, narrow,
praemorse variety. 14x3^ inches. Mr. W. H. Phillips found a
form at Knock, 24 x 4J inches.
23. Strictum, Jones (interruptum, Parties). A good form.
24. Thompsoni, Lowe (grandiceps Thompson, Jones). A curious
very narrow grandiceps ; with abrupt pinnae, and with larger con-
fluent ones. 14x1 inches. A slender laciniate head, 2 inches
wide. Distinct.
25. truncatum, I^owe (grandidens truncatum Elworthy, Wollas-
ton). Found in 1859, in Somerset, by the late Mr. Elworthy. Pinnae
and apex truncate ; pinnules very abnormal. 7 x i£ inches.
Section 8. SETOSUM. (Pinnules thorny.)
1. cristatum, Lowe (setoso-cristatum, Moore). Found in 1S74, in
S. Devon, by Mr. J. Moly. Apex of pinnae slightly crested, and
a compact, much-branched head, not wider than the frondi This
126 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 10.
charming variety has the margins of the pinnules crowded with
bristles. 20 x scinches.
2. cuneatum, Lowe (setoso-cuneatum, Jones). Found in 1877, in
Co. Antrim, by Mr. W. H. Phillips. A delicate, pale, lustrous green ;
and so copiously dentate as to resemble Kalothrix of the Lady
Fern. 16x4 inches. A grand form. Mr. Moly found a similar
plant, but whether exile I am unable to say.
3. exile, Wollaston.
4. gracile, Lowe (Setoso-gracile, Phillips). Found at Castle-
coole by Mr. W. H. Phillips. 20x5^ inches. A neat form.
5. inoequale, Lowe (inaequale Setosum, Phillips). Found in Glen
Devis by Mr. W. H. Phillips. 16x3 inches.
6. Kalothrix, Lowe. Found at Shute, Devon, by Mr. Moly. A
good form. 20x55 inches.
7. Phillipsii, Lowe (exile Phillips, Jones). Found at Holy wood,
Co. Down, by Mr. W. H. Phillips.
Section e. PERSERRATUM.
(Pinnules deeply and acutely serrated.)
1. Bayliae, Moore. An interesting dwarf form. 14X4 inches.
2. Carbonellii, Lowe (perserratum Carbonell, Jones). Found by
the late Mr. W. C. Carbonell in Monmouth. Dwarfer than Bayliae.
3. fisso-decurrens, Wollaston. Found in 1874, in Dorset, by
Mr. Moly. Narrow and branching at the base into twin fronds.
19X2I inches.
4. Pateyi, Lowe (perserratum Patey, Wollaston). Found in 1873,
in Berkshire, by Mr. G. S. Patey. A larger fern than perserratum,
with very much larger pinnules. Dark green. 23 x6| inches.
5. perserratum, Wollaston. Found in 1869, in South Devon, by
Mr. G. B. Wollaston. 20X6 inches. A very Lady-Fern-looking
plant. Dark green.
Division C.
ALTERATION IN OUTLINE OF FROND.
(The relations of hard and soft parts remaining unchanged.)
Group I. Widened.
Section a. DELTOIDEUM. (Deltoid.)
1. curtum, Moore. Found near Nettlecombe by Mr. Elworthy.
Length, 8 inches. Pinnae crowded, overlapping. Plumose-like.
2. decompositum, Lowe (deltoideo-decompositum, Moly). Found
in 1874, in Devon, by Mr. J. Moly. 21x9 inches ; middle of frond
6 inches wide ; basal pinnae much larger.
3. decurrens, Lowe (deltoideo-decurrens, Wollaston). Found in
1876, in Dorset, by Mr. G. B. Wollaston. 22x6^ inches. Coria-
ceous ; pinnules large.
4. foliosum, Lowe (deltoideo-foliosum, Jones). Found in 1875,
in Devon, by Mr. Moly. 24x6 inches. A foliose, coriaceous form.
5. latipes, Moore. Raised in 1870 by Mr. Parsons. A fine deltoid
SUB-SECTION POLYSTICHUM. 1 27
form. 27x9 inches. The late Mr. Elworthy, in 1854, found a very
similar fern.
6. plumosum, Lowe (deltoideo-plumosum, Moly). Found in
Dorset by Mr. J. Moly. Length, 2 ft. 3 inches.
7. proliferum, Lowe (curto-proliferum, Wollaston). Found in
1863, at Cunsey (Lake district), by Mr. J. A. Wilson. Narrow, and
bulb-bearing.
Group II. Narrowed.
Section a. ANGUSTATUM. (Frond simply narrowed.)
1. Padleyi, Lowe. A narrow, very lax, slender form, with an acute
apex. Found in Somerset by myself in 1864.
2. Phillipsii, Lowe. A narrow form, found at Castlereagh by
Mr. W. H. Phillips. 7X2J inches. Pinnules subrotund.
3. ramo-cristatum, Padley. Found in 1863 by the late Rev. C.
Padley. i2Xif inches. Pinnae confluent and dilate. Apex of
frond crested.
4. subimbricatum, Lowe (interruption, Phillips). Found at
Springfield by Mr. W. H. Phillips. 15x2^ inches.
Division D.
ALTERATION IN THE COLOUR OF FROND.
Group I. Variegated.
Section a. VARIEGATUM.
1 aureolum, Lowe. Found at Martin Hoe, Devon, by myself, in
1885. Narrow, pinnules imbricate at the base of the pinnae ; apex
of the frond branching. An autumnal golden hue. 24 x 5 inches.
2. aureum, Jones. Found by the late Colonel Jones.
3. inaequale, Padley (inaequale variegatum Padley, Wollaston).
Found by the late Rev. C. Padley. Pinnules (not pinnae) depau-
perate. 24x6 inches.
4. Jonesii, Lowe (variegatum, Jones). Found by the late Colonel
Jones. Mr. Moly has also found a similar one.
5. leucothea, Lowe. A large fern in Colonel Jones’s collection,
some fronds entirely white, and others well variegated. 31x7
inches.
6. multifidum, Lowe (inaequale variegatum multifidum, Jones).
Tips of pinnae confluent and slightly crested. A depauperate form.
22 X 8 inches.
*7. polydactylum, Lowe (inaequale variegatum polydactylum,
Jones). Raised by the late Colonel Jones. A cross between No. 3
and polydactylum grande. Some pinnules very large, others all
but wanting. A grand variegatum. 36x8 inches.
8. pulcherrimum, Lowe (pulcherrimum variegatum Moly, Jones).
Found by Mr. Moly. A variegated pulcherrimum. 28x8 inches.
A charming variety, with rich golden variegation.
9. venosum, Padley (venoso-variegatum, Jones). Found by the
late Rev. C. Padley.
128 BRITISH FERNS.— SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 10.
THE MARSH FERN.
Nephrodium thelypteris. — Desvaux.
(Lastrea thelypteris. — Bory.)
An interesting fern, the associate of Osmunda regalis in boggy
situations. It is readily cultivated, but prefers wet peat, as water
is its especial requisite. The fronds vary from 6 inches to 4 feet,
including the stem ; for at least half the frond is the naked stem.
It is erect, and the fronds are of a delicate pale-green. Deciduous ;
rhizoma creeping. Quite distinct from all other species. Widely
spread, but very local. It is found in Devon, Somerset, Hamp-
shire, the Isle of Wight, Sussex, Kent, Surrey, Berkshire, Essex,
Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge, Bedford, Huntingdon, Warwick,
Stafford, Hereford, Salop, Nottingham, Yorkshire, Cheshire,
Westmoreland, Cumberland, and Northumberland. In Wales —
Glamorgan, Pembroke, Carnarvon, and Anglesea. In Scotland —
Forfar ; Shetland. In Ireland — Antrim, Galway, Mayo, Wicklow,
and Kerry.
Occurs throughout Europe; in North America; and North
Africa.
There are no varieties.
THE MOUNTAIN BUCKLER FERN.
N EPHRODIUM MONTANUM. — Baker.
( Lastr e a montan a. — Moore. )
Fig. 38. — Nephrodium montanum. Pinna (showing fructification).
Known as the “Sweet Mountain Fern,” owing to the strong yet
pleasant scent of the fronds. Although recognised as a mountain
fern, it is nevertheless found from the sea-level to an altitude of
SUB-SECTION LASTREA.
I29
about 3,000 feet. Usually an inhabitant of hillsides, especially in
mountain districts ; luxuriating in strong soil in damp situations.
An easily recognised species, with lanceolate, pinnate fronds. Sori
marginal. Fronds varying from 1 to more than 3 feet in length,
and from 2 inches to nearly a foot in width. Erect in habit. A
deciduous fern, requiring a damp situation for successful cultiva-
tion. A common species in this country, and found throughout
Europe. Of late years a number of varieties have been dis-
covered, the late Mr. Barnes, of Milnthorpe, being the most
successful discoverer as well as cultivator.
Varieties.
1. abruptum, Moore. An interesting variety, found at Barnstaple
by the late Mr. C. Jackson. Pinnae narrow and short, pinnules
interrupted.
2. albo-variegatum, Barnes. Found in 1872, in Wastdale, by
Mr. J. M. Barnes. Fronds green and white.
3. angustifrons, Wollaston. Found in Patterdale by Mr. G.
Whit well.
4. angustum, Wollaston. Found at Staveley by Mr. J. West-
lake.
5. apuaeforme, Moore. Found in 1865, in Swindale, by Mr.
J. M. Barnes. Apex of frond many branched.
6. attenuato-cristatum, Moore. Found in 1865, in Mardale, by
Mr. J. M. Barnes. A handsome robust form, with caudate and
crested fronds.
7. Barnesii, Moore (adpressa, Wollaston ). Found in 1865, in
Swindale, by Mr. J. M. Barnes. A grand, bold, dark-green variety,
with erect fronds which are very narrow ; pinnules horizontal.
Length, 26 inches ; width (at widest), only 2| inches.
8. Bellii, Lowe (crispum Bell, Barnes). Found at Coniston by
Mr. Bell.
9. Boydii, Lowe (plumosum Boyd, Barnes). Length, i| feet.
10. brevilobum, Moore. Found in 1864, in Mardale. A distinct
and beautiful form, with pinnules evenly reduced.
11. caudato-cristatum, Barnes. Found in 1863, at Ry dal Head,
by Mr. Crouch. Robust ; very caudate. Small crests.
12. caudatum, Moore. Found in 1868, in Mardale and Wast-
dale, by the late Mr. J. K. Hodgson. The frond and pinnae con-
spicuously caudate.
13. Clowesii, Lowe. Found near Windermere by Mr. J. Hud-
dart. Pinnae digitate ; apex of frond crested.
14. concinnatum, Barnes. Found in 1866, on Loughrigg, by
Mr. W. Crouch. An interesting variety, the points of the pinnae
like ringlets.
15. congestum, Barnes. Found in 1873, in Langdale, by Mr.
J. M. Barnes. A fine variety ; densely foliose.
16. coronans, Moore. Found in 1872, in Langdale, by Mr. J. M.
Barnes. The best heavily crested variety. Length, ij feet.
I
130 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 10.
1 7. corymbiferum, Whitwell. Found at Grasmere by Mr. J.
Garnett.
18. crispatissimum, Wollaston. Found in 1871, in Langdale,
by Mr. J. A. Wilson, and since in Troutbeck by Mr. J. Gott.
Pinnules undulated.
19. crispatum, Jones. Found at Clougha by Mr. J. Stewartson.
20. crispo-angustatum, Barjies. Found in Patterdale by Mr. W.
Foster.
21. crispo-congestum, Barnes. Found at Coniston by Mr. J. M.
Barnes, junr.
22. crispum, Mooie. Found in 1865, in Furness Fell, by Mr.
J. M. Barnes. Previously it had been found on the Clova Moun-
tains by Dr. Balfour. A striking variety, with undulate pinnules.
23. cristato-angustatum, Moore. Raised by Mr. J. M. Barnes.
A narrow, wonderfully crested variety.
24. cristato-gracile, Druery. Found in 1888, at Sticklepath,
North Devon, by Mr. Druery. A slender crested form with
narrow pinnae.
25. cristatum, Wollaston. Found in 1871, in Westmoreland, by
Mr. J. M. Barnes. A grand crested variety. Length, 24 inches ;
width, 6 inches ; a small capitate head. A form of cristatum was
found in Monmouthshire by Mr. T. H. Thomas.
26. Crouchii, Lowe. Found near Tain, N.B., in 1877. An in-
terrupted form.
27. curtum, Barnes. Found in Wyresdale by Mr. J. Hartley.
28. curvatum, Moore. Found in 1863, at Farleton Knot, West-
moreland, by the late Mr. Jacob Jones. Length, 30 inches ; width
(in middle of frond), 4j inches. Pinnae curving downwards ; and
upper half of frond gradually narrowing, to a point. A fine variety.
29. curvatum-Barnesii, Moore. Found in 1866, in Garsdale, by
Mr. J. M. Barnes. A fine robust form with curving-down pinnules.
30. curvatum- Whitwellii, Barnes. Found at Coniston by Mr.
G. Whitwell.
31. decurrens, Moore. Found in 1866, in Garsdale, by Mr. J.
M. Barnes. Another robust form ; with curving-down pinnae.
32. deficiens, Wollaston. Found in Longsteddale by Mr. G.
Whitwell.
33. depauperatum, Druery. Found in 1888, at Sticklepath,
North Devon. Dwarf; very depauperate.
34. digitatum, Jones. Found in 1875, in Langdale, by Mrs. J.
K. Hodgson. Length, 21 inches; width, 5.$ inches. Digitate
except the apex, which is pointed. Mr. J. Hartley has also found
a digitate variety at Coniston.
35. erosum, Moore. Found near Bowness by Mr. F. Clowes.
The pinnules are deformed.
36. flavo-variegatum, Barnes. Found in several places. Fronds
green and yellow.
37. flexuosum, Wollaston. Found in 1870, in Westmoreland, by
Mr. W. Crouch. Length, 24 inches ; width (in middle of frond) 4^
SUB-SECTION LASTREA. 1 3 I
inches ; at the base, only 1 inch wide. Rachis slightly flexuose ;
pinnae and pinnules much twisted.
38. Fosteri, Lowe (brevilobum Foster, Barjies). Found in
Patterdale by Mr. W. Foster. Another brief-lobed variety.
39. furcans, Moore. Found in Westmoreland by Mr. Stansfield.
Length, 12 inches ; ending in a tuft of spreading segments.
40. furcillatum, Wollaston. Found at Brotherswater and Fros-
trow, by Mr. G. Whitwell.
41. Gottii, Lowe (crispatissimum Gott, Hartley). Found at
Troutbeck by Mr. J. Gott.
42. grandiceps, Bar?ies. Raised by Mr. Barnes in 1872. Length,
18 inches ; width, 1 inch; the apex capitate and crested, and 4
inches wide.
43. grandiceps-Fosteri, Lo%ve. Found in Martindale, by Mr.
J. J. Smithies.
44. Hodgsonae, Lowe (polydactylum, Barnes). Found in 1875
by Mrs. J. K. Hodgson, in Langdale. Frond and pinnae crested.
45. inaequale, Wollaston. Found at Hartsop and Brothers-
water by Mr. G. Whitwell.
46. inaequale-acutilobum, Wollaston. Found at Cautley by Mr.
G. Whitwell.
47. inaequale-confluens, Wollaston. Found at Hartsop by Mr.
G. Whitwell.
48. incisum, Barnes. Found in 1827, in Langdale, by Mr. J. M.
Barnes. Length, 27 inches ; width (in middle of frond), 10 inches.
Pinnae lax; pinnules incised ; apex truncate.
49. interrupto-crispum, Barnes. Found at Coniston by Mr. G. S.
Whitwell.
50. interrupto-laciniatum, Moore. Found in 1872, in Langdale,
by Mr. T. Hartley. Length, 18 inches ; width (in middle), 5 inches.
Very irregular ; pinnae interrupted, pinnules much depauperated,
and apex truncate.
51. interruptum, Moore. Found in 1861, in Levens Park, by Mr.
J. Crossfield. Irregular, with pinnules reduced. More recently
found in Co. Antrim by Mr. R. LI. Praeger.
52. interruptum-Barnesii, Moore. Found in 1864, in Westmore-
land, by Mr. J. M. Barnes. Length, 20 inches ; width (in middle),
7 inches. Depauperate.
53. laciniato-caudatum, Barnes. Found in 1865, in Mardale, by
Mr. J. M. Barnes. Pinnae and pinnules defective.
54. latifolium, Barnes. Found at Cautley, by Mr. G. Whitwell.
55. lobatum, Moore. Found in 1873, >n Langdale, by Mr. J. M.
Barnes. A very fine, almost tripinnate form.
56. multifidum, Barnes. Found in 1872, at Seathwaite, by
Mr. J. K. Hodgson. An interesting variety, with apex of frond
multifid. Mr. J. Stewardson found this also at Clougha.
57. multiforme, Barnes. Found in Garsdale, by Mr. G. Whit-
well.
58. multifurcatum, Wollaston. Found at Coniston by Mr. G. S.
Whitwell.
132 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE IO.
59. Nowellianum, Moore. Found in North Wales, in i860, by
Mr. J. Nowell. A distinct form.
60. plumosum, Barnes. Found in 1876, at Little Langdale, by
Mr. T. Airey. A splendid, finely cut, plumose, sterile form. Mr.
G. Whitvvell lias also found this on Patterfell.
61. polydactylum, Barnes (cristatum, Moore). Found in i860,
by Mr. Clarke, of the Glasgow Botanic Gardens. Mr. J. Steward-
son has also found at Clougha a polydactylous form.
62. praemorso-cristatum, Wollaston. Found on Patterfell by
Mr. G. Whitwell.
63. ramo-coronans, Barnes ? Branching and crowned. Length,
i| feet.
64. ramo-cristatum, Barnes. Raised in 1873) hy Mr. Barnes.
Length, 16 inches ; width, ii inches. Branching, both in the stipes
and rachis. Width across the lax head, 5 inches.
65. reflexum, Joties. Found at Coniston by Mr. J. Stewardson.
66. revolvens, Phillips. Found at Newcastle, Co. Down, by
Mr. W. H. Phillips.
67. rotundatum, Wollaston. Raised by Mr. Barnes in 1872.
Length, 22 inches ; width, in middle of the frond ; 7 inches. Very
short rotund pinnules ; apex caudate.
68. rugoso-interruptum, Barnes. Found at Coniston by Mr.
G. Whitwell.
69. serrulatum, Wollaston. Found at Troutbeck, and another
found in Garsdale by Mr. G. Whitwell.
70. simplex, Moore. Found in 1867, in Mardale, by Mr. J. M.
Barnes. Mr. Barnes remarks, that it closely resembles Polypodium
vulgare.
71. Smithiesii, Lo'iue (grandiceps Smithies, Wollaston). Branch-
ing and crowned.
72. strictum, Wollaston. Found at Cautley by Mr. G. Whit-
well.
73. subcrispum, Barnes. Found in 1873, *n Wastdale, by Mrs.
J. K. Hodgson. Crispy and undulate.
74. subsimplex, Moore (confluens, Wollaston). Found in 1869,
in Westmoreland, by Mr. J. M. Barnes. Length, 20 inches ; width
at the base, i£ inches, and in centre of frond, 6£ inches. Very
confluent.
75. truncatum, Wollaston. Found near Tunbridge Wells by
Mr. G. B. Wollaston. Fronds and pinnae horned ; apex like bitten
off.
76. variegatum, Barnes. Found in 1873, in Swarthfell, by Mrs.
J. K. Hodgson. Fronds variegated with green and yellow.
77. Whitwellii, Lowe (congestum Whitwell, Barnes), found in
Little Langdale by Mr. G. Whitwell. Another form of congestum
The names only of half these varieties are known to the author.
SUB-SECTION LASTREA.
T33
THE MALE FERN.
N EPHRODIUM Filix-mas. — Richard.
(Lastrea F it.ix-mas. — Presl.)
Fig. 39. — Pinna (showing fructification of Nephrodium Filix-mas).
Under Presl’s Lastrea Filix-mas we have apparently three
species. They are too distinct, both in their normal forms and in
their varieties to enable us to consider them as mere sections,
unless we look upon N. propinquum as the mountain form of
N. paleaceum. As our object is, to produce a Handbook of all the
distinct varieties, it has been thought best to follow Wollaston’s
arrangement.
According to Mr. G. B. Wollaston (who pointed out these dis-
tinctions some years ago), we have the following characteristics
Fronds and
N. Filix-mas.
N. paleaceum.*
N. PROPINQUUM.
pinnoe
convex
plane
. concave
Colour . .
shining pale green .
shining deep green .
. dull pale green
Fronds . .
partially deciduous
evergreen or sub-
evergreen
quite deciduous
Indusium .
not embracing spore
embracing spore
embracing spore
cases ; evanescent,
cases ; persistent,
cases ; persistent
Texture of
disrupted
entire
entire
frond . .
papery
coriaceous
. soft
Pinnules .
saw-toothed
scarcely toothed . .
. double saw-toothed.
The concave character of the frond is not uncommon on moun-
tains, or when plants grow under difficulties, such as insufficiency
of soil, unfavourable climate, etc. This may be seen on Ben
Lawers, with the examples of half-starved Polypodium vulgare,
P. dryopteris, and P. phegopteris. Diminished size, wavy out-
line, crisp, and a more or less abnormal and starved-look are
features familiar to all mountain Botanists. This is also to be seen
with regard to ferns growing on rocks and walls in the Lowlands.
* Lastrea pseudo-mas, Wollaston. There can be no doubt this is the
Aspidium paleaceum of older writers, hence its adoption.
134 BRITISH FERNS.— SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 10.
Near Chepstow, except when growing with great luxuriance, the
Hart’s-tongue is scarcely ever flat-fronded ; it is mostly undulate
(or wavy), and often crisp. The beautiful form of Harts-tongue,
known as crispum, is more abundant in Monmouthshire than in
the whole of the rest of the United Kingdom. Within the last
few years, not more than half-a-dozen miles from Chepstow, more
than fifty plants of “crispum” have been found ; and of these
twenty-nine were discovered by the late Colonel Jones, between
Caerwent and Shirenewton ; whilst on the opposite side of the
Wye, near Tidenham, Major Cowburn has found nineteen, for
which refer to section “crispum” in the descriptions of the
varieties of Scolopendrium vulgare.
Mr. Wollaston proposed the name, pseudo-?nas, for one of these
species ; but Fee, in “Iconogr. Nouv.” uses the same name for
Filix-mas , whilst Aspidium paleaceum Don “Prod. FI. Nepal”
has been adopted years ago for var. paleacea, Moore , “Nature-
Printed Ferns.” (This is the type of the normal form of the sub-
evergreen fern under discussion, after the present species ; and no
more appropriate name could be suggested.)
THE MALE FERN.
Nephrodium Filix-mas.— Richard.
The normal form is large, but less elegant than N. paleaceum ;
texture of the frond thinner, colour paler and less shining ;
partially deciduous. The fronds become broken at the ground by
autumnal winds, and lie prostrate, whilst those of N. paleaceum
retain their erect position until the spring fronds are ready to
unfold. It is a common fern in this country.
Varieties.
1. acrocladon, Lowe. Raised by the late Mr. A. Clapham, of
Scarborough. A shield-fern-looking plant with deep green fronds,
which are digitately crested, except towards the apex ; the extreme
tip is however crested. Pinnules deeply incised. Length of frond,
2 feet.
2. acuto-furcatum, Barnes. Found in 1873, on Borwick Moor,
by Mr. J. Bolton. A neat crested variety with very acute fronds.
3. argenteum; Phillips. A white variegated variety, found in
Ulster by Mr. W. H. Phillips.
4. athyrioides, Lowe. More like the “ Lady ” than the “Male
Fern.” ’ Raised from lineare. A pretty variety, with fronds
gradually becoming narrow and ending in a sharp-pointed tip.
Pinnae attenuated at the tips, and occasionally depauperate at
the base. Pinnules linear, deeply cut, and curving upwards, giving
a very dentate appearance. 32 x 9 inches (at base, only inches).
5. attenuato-multifidum, Wollaston. Found in 1864, in Mar-
dale, by Mr. J. M. Barnes, of Milnthorpe. A graceful variety,
with narrow finely-cut pinnules.
6. attenuatum, Padlcy. Found in 1864, in North Devon, by the
SUB-SECTION LASTREA.
135
late Rev. Charles Padley, of Enville. Pinnae lax ; pinnules narrow
and sessile, except the basal pair. Frond symmetrical, yet more or
less depauperate, the apex of the front most so. 24x9 inches.
7. Barnesii, Moore (curta, Wollaston). Found at Heversham, in
Lancashire, by Mr. J. M. Barnes. A grand, very narrow form.
Pinnae elongate-triangular ; pinnules broad and conspicuously
toothed. 15 X2^ inches.
8. Berryae, Lowe (grandiceps, Berry). Found in 1870, in North
Devon, by Mrs. Berry, and now in the possession of Mr. Gardener
of Ilfracombe. A very fine grandiceps form, differing in being
more thoroughly ramose, and in being often cornute. Length, 2ft.
9. Bollandae, Moore (plumosa, Wollaston). Found in 1857, in
Kent, by Mrs. Bolland. A charming plumose, almost barren form.
It is partly depauperate, which interferes with its beauty.
10. Clowesii, Moore. Found in 1859, at Troutbeck, by Mr. F.
Clowes, of Windermere. A robust variety, with frond and pinnae
digitate.
11. confluens, Phillips. Found at Ligoniel, Co. Antrim, by Mr.
W. H. Phillips. A fine confluent form. 26x6 inches.
1 2. crispatum, Barnes{ congesta, Wollaston ; fluctuosa, Stansfield).
Found in 1864, at Coniston, by the late Mr. J. K. Hodgson, of
Ulverston. A superior variety, with a compact halait and dark-green
fronds. Pinnules crisp. 15x6 inches. Canon S wayne, of Salis-
bury, gave Colonel Jones a remarkable dwarf crisp form, which he
had found in 1874 in Carnarvon; and the Rev. S. A. Brenan also
found another in Tyrone.
13. cristatum, (cristata Crouchii, Barnes). Found at Rydal,
in 1864, by Mr. W. Crouch. A very vigorous form, with loose
spreading crests.
*14. Cronkleyense, Lowe. Found in 1863, in abundance, on
Cronkley Fell, near the Falcon Clints, by myself and my brother
(the late Colonel Arthur S. H. Lowe, of Gosfielcl Hall). It has the
general appearance of attenuatum , but the pinnules are twice as
broad. Many of the pinnae are confluent at their extremities. A
somewhat similar form was found by myself near Chaigeley Manor,
Lancashire, named Marsdence , differing only in not being confluent.
15. decompositum, Allchin. Found in 1871, in South Devon, by
Dr. Allchin. A handsome very foliose fern, with broad pinnules,
which are toothed and overlapping. Basal pinnules very long.
24 x 1 1 inches.
16. densum, Barnes. Found in 1876, in Patterdale, by Mr. T.
Airey. A remarkable congested form.
17. dentatum, Lowe. Found near Nettlecombe Court, by the
late Mr. Elworthy. A large-growing, coarsely dentate variety, with
fronds 4 feet in length.
*18. depauperatum, Padley. Found in 1868, on Exmoor, by the
late Rev. C. Padley. A most distinct and interesting variety.
Frond widest at the base. Pinnae crested. Pinnules depauperate ;
most so in the middle of the frond. More or less confluent on the
upper third of the frond. 21X5 inches.
I
136 BRITISH FERNS.— SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 10.
19. digitale, Lowe (digitatum Barnes, Whitwell). A digitate
variety found at Burneside by Mr. J. M. Barnes.
20. digitatum, Lowe (digitata Jonesii, Barnes). Found in i860,
near Burton (English Lakes), by Mr. J. M. Barnes. A strong-
growing fern, with frond and pinnae digitate.
21. Drueryi, Lowe (polydactylum Druery, Jones'). Found in
1884, near Kilmarnock, by Mr. C. T. Druery. The tips of the fronds
and pinnae broadly flat tasselled. Slightly pendulous from the
weight of the tassels. Inconstant. Length, 36 inches.
22. Ellacombei, Lowe (cristata Ellacombe, Wollaston). Found in
1856, in Pembroke, by the late Rev. H. Ellacombe. The finest and
most symmetrical of the large crested forms. Pinnae close together,
long, and compactly tasselled. Frond terminating in a pointed,
crested apex. 27x11 inches.
23. elongatum, Moore. Found in the Isle of Wight by the Rev.
W. H. Hawker and Mr. A. G. More. Large lance-shapecl fronds.
Pinnae lax and caudate. Pinnules elongate, narrow, bluntish. A
somewhat similar form, elegans, was found near Whitby by the late
Mr. W. Willison.
24. erosum, Clowes. Found near Keswick by Miss Wright and
at Windermere by Mr. Clowes. Variously erose and irregularly
contracted.
25. excurrens, Moore. Found in 1862, in Silverdale, by Mr. J.
Crossfield, and at Staveley by Mr. J. A. Martindale. The frond
and also the pinnae terminating with a horn.
26. fluctuosum, Moore (crispatissima, Wollaston). A crisp, wavy
form.
27. folioso-truncatum, Lowe. No history. From a frond in the
late Colonel Jones’s collection of dried specimens. A grand,
branched, heavy foliose form. Very stiff truncate pinnae, only 4
inches wide at the base. Length, 15 inches.
*28. Gemma, Lowe. Raised by myself in 1869. An improved
“ ramosum.”
29. gracile, Jones. Raised by the late Colonel A. M. Jones. A
very lax, regular, and symmetrical fern. Pinnules broadest at the
base of the frond, and also broadest at the base of the pinna? ;
gradually becoming smaller to the pointed apex of the pinna?.
Length, 1 foot 8 inches, breadth, 7 inches.
3°. grandiceps, Sim. Found in 1862, on Warton Crag, by a
labouring man (Wearing). Stem dividing into twin branches, which
again branch several times, producing a large spreading head.
Pinna? crested. (A seedling raised from grandiceps at Highfield
House, *“ acceptum’' Lowe, is more vigorous and has a more sturdy
upright growth.)
31. Hodgsona?, Lowe (gracile, Barnes). Found in iS73at Seath-
waite. A different fern has been figured under the name gracile
by Colonel Jones, necessitating the change of name of the Seath-
waite variety. A beautiful form, with narrow, finely cut pinnules.
32. inflexum, Barnes. Found at Amblesideby Mr. J. M. Barnes.
A singular bent variety.
SUB-SECTION LASTREA.
137
33- interruptum, Moore. Found near Bowness by Mr. Clowes,
and at Morecambe Bay by the late Mr. Monkman. A good form
was also found in 1874, at Windermere, by Mr. T. Airey. Very
irregular ; most of the pinnules much shortened, and some wanting.
34. Iveryanum, Moore (cristata Martindale, Wollaston). Mr.
W. Martindale found in 1870, at Winster, a copy of this crested fern.
35. Jervisii, Moore. Found near Darlaston Hall, Staffordshire,
by the late Mr. Swynfen Jervis. A large-growing, coarse, tasselled
fern of no great beauty.
36. Jonesii, Lowe (polydactyla Jonesii, Barnes). Found in i860
near Burton (English Lakes) by Mr. J. J. Jones. A graceful crested
variety.
37. Kilmoryense, Lowe. Found at Kilmory, Argyleshire by
Canon Ellacombe. It is not unlike Bollandce , but more depauperate,
and pinnules smaller. 33 X 8 inches.
38. lineare, Wollaston. History unknown. Very distinct. Pin-
nules linear, or wanting, or merely thorn-like. 21x6 inches.
39. multiforme, Barnes (inaequale-furcans,/h«r\y). Found in 1871,
in Lancashire (near Ulverston) by Mr. J. M. Barnes. A more
curious than graceful fern, with very broad pinnae ; mostly poly-
dactylous, some without crestings and shorter, and some wanting.
Pinnules varying, some depauperate ; in fact, all manner of forms.
40. Padleyi, Lowe (grandiceps Paclley, Jones). Found by the late
Rev. C. Padley. A fine grandiceps with a dense bushy habit.
41. platyphyllum, Clapham. Found in 1871, in Perthshire, by a
gardener (Peter McDonald). Another polyclactylous form, con-
spicuously crested. Pinnae approximate, pinnules of one touching
those of the next pinna. Basal pinnules on the lower half of the
frond, smaller than the rest ; and slightly crested below the tasselled
apex of each pinna ; pinnules almost wanting. 24 x 10 inches.
42. polydactylum, Lowe (polydactyla Barnesii, Barnes). Found
in 1865 at Whitbarrow by Mr. J. M. Barnes. A very robust crested
form. Length, exceeding 3 feet.
43. productum, Moore. Found in 1862, in Silverdale, by Mr. J.
Crossfield. Somewhat like the ordinary incisum, with large pin-
nules.
44. ramosum, Barnes. Found in 1875, at Red Bank (English
Lakes), by Mr. T. Airey. A fine variety, with ramose, crested
fronds.
45. recurvum, Murray. Found in 1889 at Innerwell, Wigton.
A striking form, with pinnules recurved nearly into tubes.
46. reticulatum, Birkenhead. Length 1 i feet.
47. Ruttledgei, Lowe (cristata Ruttledgei, Barites). Found in
1872 at Old Hutton. An elegant crested variety.
48. Stewardsonae, Lowe (digitata-Stewardsonae, Barnes). Found
in 1875 on Lancaster Moor by Mrs. Stewardson. An elegant,
vigorous, digitate fern, with broad, short pinnules.
49. tortuosum, Moore (flexuosa, Wollaston). Found in 1864, in
Dumfries, by Mr. Tod, of Edinburgh. Fronds and pinnae (the latter
more especially) flexuose. 20x3 inches.
138 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE IO.
50. variegato-aureum, Lowe. Found in 1883 at Monkton W vide,
Dorset, by Mr. Moly. Normal in form, with a yellow variegation.
20 x inches.
*51. variegatum, Lowe (Wrightse, Clapham ; Lux Luna;, Wollaston).
Found in Yorkshire by Miss Wright, and distributed by the late
Mr. Clapham. Normal, except in being green and white. When
not grown in a moist situation, the fronds soon fade in full sunlight.
Length, 2 feet.
52. Willsii, Lowe (grandiceps, Wills). Found in 1870, in Dor-
set, by the late Mr. John Wills. The largest of all the grandiceps
forms ; regularly crested, and having a large branching capitate
head (8 inches wide). 36 x 9 inches.
THE CHAFFY MALE FERN.
Nephrodium paleaceum.— Don.
(Nephrodium Filix-mas of most authors.)
A HANDSOME, thick-fronded species, with shining fronds from
2 to 3 feet in length, the rachis being thickly clothed with bright
brown scales. Fronds sub-evergreen, or evergreen in shady situa-
tions. Broadly lanceolate, gradually tapering to the apex. Fructi-
fication most abundant at the upper portion of the frond, but none
near the base. A common English fern, though less so than
Nephrodium Filix-mas. This is the species known as Lastrea
pseudo-mas of Wollaston ; but Nephrodium paleaceum of Don (the
normal type) has a prior claim for adoption.
Like N. Filix-mas, there are no difficulties in its cultivation.
Varieties.
1. abasipinnulum, Wollaston. Found in Westmoreland by Mrs.
Robinson, of Bowness. Lax. Pinnules small, and absent at the
base of the pinna;. 27 x 5 inches.
2. Bakeri, Lowe (polydactyla Bakeri, Barnes). Found recently
at Millom (English Lakes) by the Rev. W. J. Baker. One of the
best of the flat-crested varieties.
3. Beeverae, Lowe. Found near Coniston by Miss Beever. It
differs from Pinderi in the pinnte overlapping, so as to cause the
frond to be imbricate.
*4. Belperi, Lowe. Raised by myself in 1868. Not unlike
“ cristatum,” with heavier crests.
5. crispare, Lowe (crispa, Barnes). Found in 1865, in Mardale,
by Mr. J. M. Barnes. A robust fern, with deeply-cut undulate
pinnules. It is larger growing than the crispa of Moore.
6. crispatum, Wollaston. Found in Devon by Mr. G. B. Wol-
laston, and near Levens by Mr. J. M. Barnes. In Ireland, by Mr.
W. H. Phillips and Rev. S. A. Brenan. Differs in being crispy-
waved throughout the frond.
7. crispo-cristatum, Moore (congesto-cristata, Wollaston). Raised
in 1886 by the late Dr. Lyell, of Newbury. A congested form.
SUB-SECTION LASTREA. I 39
Pinnae crested, except near the tip of the frond, the tip itself branch-
ing and crested. 11x5 inches. Fronds stiff’.
8. crispo-gracile, Lyell. Raised by Dr. Lyell, of Newbury. A
distinct dwarf variety. Pinnae twisted and crispy. Length, 5 inches.
Fig. 40. — Nephrodium paleaceum, var. crispulum (upper pinna:, showing bunch-cresting).
*9. crispulum, Lowe (cristatum-globosum, Druery ). Found in
1879 in a wood about two miles from Bettws-y-coed by Mrs. Boyd,
and has been growing in her garden until it came into my pos-
session. It is an interesting variety, for it is almost a copy of
N. cristatum, except that the cresting is in bunches instead of
being flat. 36x8. Avery similar variety was raised in 1865, at
Highfield House, from cristatum.
h 10. crispum, Moore. Found in Wales, and given to The Hon.
Mrs. Wrightson, of Warmsworth Hall, Doncaster. A dwarf, very
stiff, erect-growing fern ; crisp. 11x5 inches.
11. cristato-angustatum, Moore. A sport of cristatum , with
much shorter pinnae. Very narrow strap-shaped fronds, well crested.
24 x 3 inches. An intermediate variety between this and cristatum
“ Winstanleyi ” was raised at Highfield House in 1862.
12. cristatum, Moore. One of our most beautiful symmetrical
varieties, having the tips of the pinnae and the apex of the frond
tasselled with a flat crest. It was found at Charleston, near St.
Austell; also at Upper Cultra Wood, in Co. Down, by Mr. R.
Milligan. The basal half of the frond is very heavily crested.
36 x 8 inches.
13. Fittii, I^owe (ramo-cristata, Jones'). Raised by Mr. Fitt.
This distinct variety is very ramose, branching several times from
the base upwards. It is a branching form of N. cristatum. A
massive, attractive variety.
14. furcillatum, Wollaston (sub-cristata, Moore). Found in 1861,
in North Devon, by Mr. John Dadds, of Ilfracombe. Fronds very
%vide. Pinnae narrow, and tassels less than in the var. poly-
dactylum. 36 x 9 inches.
15. grandiceps, Jones. History obscure.
16. Lyellii, Lowe. Raised at Highfield House from crispo-lineare
(one of Dr. Lyell’s sports), and is more marked than that variety.
A narrow, well-crested form, with an erect habit, and fronds so
remarkably stiff as to break if bent. Length, 6 inches.
140 BRITISH FERNS.— SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 10.
*17. magnificum, Lowe. Found by myself at Dunkeld in 1867.
A bold, foliose form. 36 x 8 inches.
*18. Mapplebeckii, Moore (polydactyla, Wollaston). Found in
1862, in Westmoreland, by Mr. J. E. Mapplebeck. Pinnae con-
tracted at the base. The branching apex much larger than in var.
polydactylum. 31 X 9 inches.
19. monstrosum, Phillips. Found at Holywood by Mr. W. H.
Phillips. A monstrosity. 8x4 inches;
*20. nitidum, Lowe. Found in 1867 by myself, at Dunkeld.
Foliose, deep green, shining. 30x7 inches.
*21. pendens, Lowe (grandiceps Ranyard, Wollaston). Another
very handsome, bold, symmetrical fern, having very long, narrow
pinnae, drooping in a very graceful manner. Pinnae crested, and the
apex of the frond branched and crested. Length, 3 feet. The
name has been changed to pendens, as there is already a gra?idiccps.
22. Pinderi, Moore. Found in 1855, near Eltenvater, by the
Rev. G. Pinder. A distinct, handsome, narrow -fronded variety,
tapering both to the base and apex, and terminating in a long,
slender point. 36x6 inches. The late Mr. C. Monkman found a
somewhat similar variety in 1862 at Coneysthorpe, near Malton.
23. pluma, Lowe. Found at Newcastle, Co. Down, by Mr. W.
Id. Phillips. Pinnte close, pinnules imbricate. A nice, plumy form.
17 x6£ inches.
*24. plumosissimum, Lo7ve (fimbriata-cristata, Stansfield). An-
other grand symmetrical form, found by Mr. Cropper. It is in the
style of cristatum, but cut up into narrow lobes with fimbriate
edges. A very plumose variety. Length, 2 feet.
25. polydactylum, Wollaston. Raised in 1872 by Mr. John
Dadds, of Ilfracombe ; found also in Co. Down, by Mr. W. H.
Phillips. Conspicuously crested. Pinnm an inch wide at the base.
36x8 inches. There are several sub-forms of this variety.
26. polymorphum, Barnes. Found in 1865, at Kentmere, by Mr.
J. M. Barnes. A fine variety, with variable, tripinnate fronds.
27. pumilum, Moore. Found on Snowdon by the late Mr. D.
Cameron. A much smaller fern than N. propinquum, var abbrevia-
tum. Compact, bushy habit. Sori, a single pair on each pinnule.
Length, 9 to 12 inches.
28. ramo-cristatum, Jones. Found in 1871, in Lancashire, by
Mr. Wilson, of Bowness. This very fine variety is in the posses-
sion of Mrs. Hodgson, of Ulverston. Branching several times, and
terminating in a wide, capitate head. Pinnte crested in compact
bundles. Length, 2 feet.
29. ramo-digitatum, Lowe (ramo-furcillato-cristata, Wollaston).
Found in 1871, in Langdale, by Mr. J. A. Wilson. A handsome
variety. Very ramose, and having forked crests.
30. ramo-furcillatum, Wollaston. Found in 1864, in North
Devon, by Mr. Dadds, of Ilfracombe. Branching and furcate.
Length, 2 feet 2 inches.
*31. ramosissimum, Moore. Found in 1864, in North Wales, by
the late Mr. Robert Wright. A very distinct, sterile variety.
SUB-SECTION LASTREA.
141
Fronds dividing into two or three at the base of the stem, and each
again dividing 2 or 3 inches higher, and becoming very ramose
3 or 4 inches below the apex, making the frond as broad as it is long.
The tips of the pinnae crested. Length, 1 foot 6 inches.
32. ramulosissimum, Wollaston. Raised from spores in 1865
by Mr. Sim, of Foots Cray. Avery curious dwarf variety. More
than half the length of the frond consists of its naked stem, above
which it is a diminutive grandiceps. Length, 3J inches.
33. recurvum, Moore. Found in 1857, near Doncaster, by Mr.
S. Appleby. Recurved. Length, 18 inches.
*34. revolvens, Wollaston. Found at Troutbeck Bridge, West-
moreland, by Mr. F. Clowes. A remarkable, thin-textured variety.
Owing to the pinnae curling round the back of the frond, the width
is only 2 inches. Length, 1 foot.
35. rotundatum, Phillips. Found at Ligoniel by Mr. W. H.
Phillips. Pinnules rounded and denticulate. Very distinct. 18x4
inches.
36. Sangii, Lowe (crispa-cristata-angustata, Sang). A distinct,
dwarf, very narrow, crisp, and well-crested variety, with thick stem.
Length, 6 inches.
37. Schofieldii, Moore (ramulosa, Wollaston). Found in 1855,
at Derby, by Mr. J. Schofield, of Rochdale. The stem divides
into two foliose fronds, and these again divide at the tips. Length,
2 to 3 inches. Var. ramulosissimum was raised from this variety.
38. Stableri, Moore. Raised by Mr. Stabler, of Levens. Not
unlike Pinderi, but in every way larger.
39. Willsii, Lowe. Found in South Devon by the late Mr. Wills.
A grand polydactylous fern.
40. Wilsoni, Lwwe (cristata Wilsoni, Wollaston). Found in
1871, in Langdale, by Mr. J. A. Wilson. Distinct from all other
crested forms, having golden-coloured, pendulous pinnules.
ALLIED MALE FERN.
Nephrodium propinquum. — Lowe.
(LASTREA PROPINQUA.— Wollaston.)
A perfectly deciduous species, with fronds and pinnae concave ;
pinnules biserrate. Indusium embracing spore-cases, persistent,
and entire. Fronds dull pale-green, and of a soft texture. This
fern approaches nearer to N. paleaceum. than to N. Filix-mas , and
may eventually prove to be a mountain form of the former.
Varieties.
1. abbreviatum, Babington. Considered the normal form of
the species. It has been found on Snowdon by the Rev. J. M.
Chanter, in Teesdale by Mr. Backhouse, on Cronkley Fell by my-
self, Ingleborough by the Rev. G. Pinder, Coniston by Miss Beever,
in Westmoreland by Mr. G. B. Wollaston, Glen Isla by Mr. J.
Backhouse, on Ben Lawers by Mr. P. Neill Fraser and myself, at
142 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 10.
Killarney by Mr. R. Barrington, and on the Clova Mountains by
Mr. T. Westcombe. Dwarf, though larger than N. paleaceum var.
pumilum. Pinnate, the lowest pinnules alone being separate, the
remainder decurrent. Pinnules large. Length, i foot.
2. attenuato-cristatum, Barnes. Found at Clougha by Mr. J.
Stewardson. A narrow, attenuate, crested variety.
3. Barnesii, Lowe (cristata Barnes, Wollaston). Found in
Langdale, Westmoreland, by Mr. J. M. Barnes. The finest of all
the crested forms. Pinnae well cristate, and the apex heavily
crested. 27 X 5^ inches.
4. confluens, Moore. Found in Swindale by Mr. J. M. Barnes.
A neat variety, with confluent pinnules.
5. congestum, Barnes. Found in Patterdale by Mr. W. Foster.
A dwarf, congested form.
6. Cowardii, Lowe (cristata Cowardii, Barnes ). Found near
Ambleside by Mr. J. Coward. A pretty, small-growing, neatly-
crested variety.
7. crispum, Wollaston. Found in Wales. Pinnae overlap each
other, and are deeply pinnatifld. Segments also overlapping,
crispy, and crowded.
8. cristatum, Moore. A plant was found in Borrowdale many
years ago by Mr. J. D. Harrison ; a second in 1863, in Swindale,
by Mr. J. M. Barnes, who considered it distinct ; and a third in
1871, at Ambleside, by Mr. Coward. Graceful, and very neatly
crested.
9. curvato-cristatum, Barnes (the Swindale variety found by Mr.
Barnes). A dwarf, interesting, small-crested form, having curving-
down pinnules.
10. dactyliferum, Moore. Found also in Swindale by Mr. J. M.
Barnes. A fine polydactylous form, with long, finger -crested
pinnules.
it. erosum, Moore. Found at Keswick by Miss Wright, and
at Troutbeck by Mr. Clowes. This has the pinnules regularly
reduced.
12. excurrens, Moore. Found on Langdale by Mr. J. M. Barnes.
An interesting, excurrent fern, with very dark-green fronds.
13. flabellato-cristatum, Barnes. Found in Swindale by Mr. J.
M. Barnes. Crest fan-shaped. Rather inconstant.
14. furcans, Barnes. Found in Marwood by Mr. W. Foster.
Fronds forked.
15. Gottii, Lowe (cristata Gott, Whilwell). Found at Low Gill
by Mr. J. Gott. Another form of cristatum.
16. gracile, Moore (gracile-furcans, /ones). Found in 1886 or
1887 by Mr. Foster. Very graceful, the fronds being pendent and
unusually wide. A more beautiful form had been previously found
at Mardale by Mr. J. M. Barnes, having narrow, finely-cut pinnules.
17. grandiceps, Moore. Found at Mardale by Mr. J. M. Barnes.
This has a very large, spreading head.
18. interruptum, Moore. Found at Windermere by Mr. F.
Clowes. Both fronds and pinnules irregular.
SUB-SECTION LASTREA. 143
19. laciniatum, Lowe (laciniato-truncatum, Barnes). Found in
Patterdale by Mr. W. Foster. A laciniate, truncate form.
20. lineatum, Lowe (lineatum-furcans, Bar?ies). Found in Patter-
dale by Mr. W. Foster.
21. morsum, Lowe (erosa-Barnesii, Moore). Found in S win-
dale by Mr. J. M. Barnes. A delicate variety, with evenly reduced
pinnules.
22. multifidum, Barnes. Found in Mardale by Mr. T. Airey. A
small-growing, multifid form.
23. multiforme, Moore. Found in Long Sleddale by Mr. J. M.
Barnes. Fronds variable and very irregular.
24. nanum-cristatum, Jones (cristato-nanum, Sim). A dwarf,
narrow-crested form.
25. productum, Foster. Found in 1887 or 1888 by Mr. Foster.
When fully developed, this is a very fine, slender fern. The lower
pinnules are long and much divided.
26. pulchellum, Stansjield. Found in Patterdale by Mr. W.
Foster.
27. Smithiesii, Barnes (crispata-incisa, Jones). A distinct, inter-
esting fern. Found by Mr. Smithies. Pinnules finely cut and
crisped.
28. strictum, Moore. Found in Mardale by Mr. J. M. Barnes.
Distinct. Pinnules much reduced.
THE CRESTED BUCKLER FERN.
N EPHRODIUM CRISTATUM.— MichaUX.
(Lastrea cristata. — Brest.)
Fig. 41.— Nephrodiura cristatum, pinna (showing fructification).
A RARE and local fern, growing only in boggy localities. It
has been found near Ipswich, Lynn, Dersingham, Holt, Yarmouth,
Norwich, Wymondham, Newcastle-under-Lyne, Oxton Bogs,
Bulwell Marshes (not now), Wybunbury Bog, Knaresborough, and
Malton. It is also a native of France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland,
Russia, Belgium, Holland, Scandinavia, Siberia, Canada, and the
United States.
Fronds from 1 to 3 feet, of which one-third is the stipes. Erect
in growth. Narrow, linear-oblong, sub-bipinnate, tapering to the
apex. Lower pinnte distant. Sori large and conspicuous. Deci-
144 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE IO.
duous. The normal form is distinct in appearance from all other
species.
Varieties.
i. Clintonianum, Birkenhead. A North American variety.
Length, 3 feet.
*2. con tluens, Lowe (cristatum-confluens, Claphani). Found by
myself, on Oxton Bogs. Normal in size ; pinnae confluent.
3. Floridanum, Birkenhead. A large-grower, from Florida.
4. spinulosum, Moore. Basal pinnae more remote and larger,
and more nearly like some of the forms of “spinulosum.” It is a
much more common form, growing in damp boggy places, and
sometimes in woods.
5. uliginosum, Moore. More linear-lanceolate, with oblong acute
pinnules. Only found growing in boggy situations, mostly amongst
plants of the normal form.
THE RIGID BUCKLER FERN.
Nephrodium rigidum. — Desvaux.
(Lastrea rigida.— Presl.)
ANOTHER mountain fern ; with dull-green fronds of from 1 to
2 feet high ; somewhat lanceolate, bipinnate, and scented. Not
easily confounded with any other species. It has been found
in Cornwall, also in Yorkshire (Wharnside, near Ingleburgh, and
near Settle) ; in Westmoreland (Arnside, Farleton, and on Hutton
Roof Crags) ; and in North Lancashire. It is a native of France,
Germany, Switzerland, Sardinia, Italy, Sicily, Dalmatia, Hungary,
Russia, Siberia, and Asia Minor.
A deciduous species, confined to limestone mountains at heights
ranging from 1200 to 1500 feet.
Varieties.
1. abruptum, Lowe. Found at Whitbarrow, by Mr. J. M. Barnes.
An abrupt-ended variety.
2. argutum, Birkenhead. A North American variety. Fronds
smoother and more triangular.
3. cristatum, Barraud. Found recently. Small crests through-
out the frond. Mr. Druery possesses this plant.
4. interruptum, Barnes. Found at Arnside, by Mr. J. Cross-
field. An interrupted form.
5. polyclados, Moore. Found at Farleton Knott, by Mr. J. M.
Barnes, and at Crosby Ravensw'orth, by Mr. Clarke. Fronds
divide into two, either at the base or higher up.
6. ramosum, Lowe. Received from Mr. Clarke’s gardener, at
Floss House, Crosby Ravens worth, Westmoreland. It differs in
two fronds rising from one stem. Another variety, polyclados ,
found at Arnside, only differs in having the frond sometimes
dividing in the upper parts as well as at the base. This form
was sent to me in 1863, and it is still in my fernery, and has
retained its branching habit. More dwarf than the normal form.
SUB-SECTION LASTREA.
145
THE BROAD BUCKLER FERN.
N EPHRODIUM SPINULOSUM. — Desvaux.
Fig. 42. — Nephrodium spinulosum, pinna (showing fructification).
A WORD or two is requisite in order to point out why the ferns
known as Lastrea dilatata and L. aemula are included in the
present fern.
There can be no doubt that locality, especially height above the
sea, changes the character of a plant. We may instance “ the
common Brake,” which attains 12 feet in height on Longridge
Fell, and yet only 4 inches near the summit of Hellvelyn. As a
rule, ferns are diminutive on mountains. In a wood at Hack-
ness, near Scarborough (I am speaking of twenty years ago), N.
dilatatum (Section 7) was near the base of the hill 5 feet high, and
was common to half-way up this hill, where N. aemulum (Section a)
mingled with it ; higher, aemulum was common and dilatatum
absent. My brother and myself being surprised at this change,
we determined to test it ; and from many thousand plants of
aemulum we removed 500 to Highfield House. In a couple of
years, several changed to dilatatum ; the next year an increased
number, until at length aemulum was the exception to the rule. At
the same time we had a score in pots, but none of these changed.
The same has occurred with the mountain form alpinum, dwarf
plants on removal having much increased in size. The Oak fern,
only an inch high, and the Beech fern, not much larger, when
gathered at the summit of Ben Lawers, assumed their natural
size in three or four years. Polypodium vulgare, var. cambricum,
and Scolopendrium vulgare, var. crispum, when planted in a wood,
gradually reverted to the normal form of the species, whilst
divisions of the same plants grown in pans did not change ; and,
again, divisions taken from those planted out and repotted did
in the course of time resume their original character of cambricum
K
146 BRITISH FERNS.— SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE 10.
and crispum. Further, when I came to reside at Shirenewton
Hall, I brought a superb collection of Scolopendriums to this place,
which were unfortunately planted in an unsuitable situation ; and
the result was that every one of them (even the most ramose
or most rugose forms) became as normal as the common Harts-
tongue. Several years later some Were removed into a better
situation, and in three years they had returned to their original
varietal forms. Two years ago the remainder were treated in a
similar manner, and are now assuming their original characters.
This is strong presumptive evidence, that the following may really
belong to one species.
Nephrodium spinulosum has been divided into three sections,
viz. : —
Section a. aemulum.
„ /3. alpinum.
„ y. dilatatum
Section a. y£MULUM. (Hay-scented Fern.)
The distinctive characters are dwarfness, crispy fronds, and
scent like new-mown hay, the last character being said to be
unlike any other species ; but here, where the Brake is commonly
cut as a substitute for straw, the scent, when freshly cut, is even
more powerful than that of cemulutn.
Varieties.
1. mmulum, (Lastraea zemula, Brackenridge; L. fcenisecii,
Watson ; L. recurvum, Newman). A beautiful crispy fern, so
strong as to be difficult to break, either in the leafy or stem
portion. Found in Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, Gloucester (Boyle),
Hereford, Shropshire, York, Lancaster, Cumberland, Northumber-
land, Glamorgan, Pembroke, Anglesea, Merioneth, Carnarvon,
Forfar, Dumbarton, Argyle, Inverness, Arran, Mull, North Uist,
Orkney, Guernsey, Antrim, Londonderry, Donegal, Mayo, Galway,
Wicklow, Waterford, Clare, Cork, Derry, Louth, Armagh, Tyrone,
Fermanagh, Cavan, Sligo, and Leitrim.
2. angustipinnulum, Moore. Found at Antrim by Mr. D.
Moore, and in Co. Down by Mr. W. H. Phillips. In this the
secondary pinnules are more confluent ; and the lobes are irregularly
shortened.
3. capitatum, Lowe. Found in Hackness Wood by my son,
the late Colonel A. E. Lawson Lowe. Crested and conspicuously
capitate.
*4. cristatum, Jones. Found in North Devon by Mr. Gill.
Well crested ; rather dwarf.
5. interruptum, Clapham. Found at Hackness both by the
late Mr. Clapham and myself, and subsequently in the same
locality by my son. Fronds depauperate ; pinnae and pinnules
shortened and misshapen.
6. ramosum, Clapham. Found by the late Mr. Clapham.
Twin fronds from the base.
SUB-SECTION LASTREA.
147
Section 0. ALPINUM.
(Distinguished by its dwarf and more slender fronds.)
1. alpinum, Moore. Found by Mr. Clowes, at Hawes water, and
on Ben Lawers, by Mr. P. N. Fraser and myself. A small, delicate
form.
2. Aireyi, Lowe (interrupta Aireyi, Barnes ). Found in 1S76, in
Patterdale, by Mr. T. Airey. Evenly interrupted.
3. angustipinnulum, Moore. Found in Lancashire, by Mr. R.
Morris ; and in Yorkshire, by Mr. W. Willison. A depauperate
yet symmetrical form, with very narrow pinnules.
4. anomalum, Lowe. Found in Yorkshire, by the late Mr.
Clapham. A dwarf depauperate variety.
5. Barnesii, Lowe (interrupto-Barnesii, Lowe). Found in 1865, at
Witherslack, by Mr. J. M. Barnes. Defective ; pinnules reduced.
*6. calomelanos, Lowe. Found in 1867, by myself, on Ben
Lawers. More finely divided than lepidotum. Length, 10 inches.
7. contractum, Lowe (alpinum-contractum, Moore). Found in
1864, at Mardale, by Mr. J. M. Barnes. Depauperate, with re-
duced pinnae and pinnules.
8. Crouchii, Lowe (interrupta Crouchii, Barnes). Found in
1864, at Loughrigg, by Mr. W. Crouch. Defective, with reduced
pinnules.
9. dumetorum, Moore. Found in a number of places. Dwarf
broad fronds, with a glandular surface. Length, 12 inches.
*10. ebeneum, Lowe. Raised by myself, in 1862. Dwarf. Stem
ebeneous.
*11. Fraseri, Lowe. Found in 1867, on Ben Lawers, by myself.
Dwarf and crisp.
12. grandidens, Lowe (interrupto-grandidens, Clapham). Found
in 1873, in Yorkshire, by the late Mr. Clapham. Dwarf ; inter-
rupted ; half of the pinnules minute.
13. Howardii, Monkman (cruciata pinnula, Fox). Found in 1863,
in Ray Wood, Castle Howard, by Mr. J. Greenwood, and soon after
by Mr. Monkman and Mr. Stabler (six plants were found in this
wood. A remarkable fern with cruciate pinnules.
14. hymenophyHoides,Z<?7t/£. Found at Ilfracombe by Mr. Dadds.
A very Filmy-fern-looking variety. 9x2^ inches. Stiff and erect in
growth.
15. irregulare, Moore. Found in 1862 at Witherslack, by Mr.J.M.
Barnes ; an irregular form.
16. lepidotum, Moore. History obscure. A much-divided, dis-
tinct, elegant form.
*17. ornamentum, Lowe. Found in 1867, on Ben Lawers, by
myself. A slender dwarf variety with twisted pinnules.
18. plumosum, Jones. Found on Ben Nevis. A very beautiful
plumose form.
19. pumilum, Moore. Dwarf, not uncommon.
20. ramoso-cristatum^arwj. Raised in 1874b)' Mr. J. M. Barnes.
Branching at the base and again in the middle (below the pinnae),
148 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBES IO AND I I.
ending in large capitate, closely-crested heads. Length, 15
inches.
21. ramosum, Moore. History obscure. Dwarf, twin-fronded,
and again dividing.
*22. spectabile, Lowe. Found in 1867, on Ben Lawers, by myself.
A lepidotum-looking variety with much attenuated fronds. Length,
12 inches.
*23. spectabile-ramosum, Lowe, f found in 1867, on Ben Lawers,
by myself. Like spectabile, with the apex forked.
Section 7. DILATATUM.
The large-growing form. Exceedingly common, and requiring but
little care in its cultivation. Where there is an abundance of half-
decayed leaves, it grows to a great size. Fronds spreading and ovate
lanceolate in form, bipinnate and even tripinnate. Basal pinnae
obliquely triangular ; pinnules very dentate. Usually erect, with a
long densely scaly stem. Length, from 1 to 6 feet.
1. Bootii, Birkenhead. A North American variety. Length,
2\ feet.
2. Chanterae, hLoore. Found in Devon by Mrs. and the Rev.
J. M. Chanter. Pinnae distant ; pinnules blunt ; frond oblong
lanceolate ; apex attenuated. Length, 2 feet.
3. Clovellyanum, Lowe (cristatum Druery, Druery). Found in
1888, at Clovelly ; neatly crested.
4. crispato-cristatum, Jones (cristata Oscroft, Wollaston). Found
in 1873, near Bristol, by Mr. J. Oscroft. Pinnae minutely crested ;
rachis dividing and subdividing into a foliose, crisped, and
crested head, 9 inches or more across. Length, 2 feet.
5. crispum, Wollaston. Said to be a good crisp form.
6. cristato-gracile, Jones (cristata Roberts, Wollaston). Found
in 1870, in Carnarvon, by Mr. Roberts. Pinnae narrow ; pinnules
small ; better crested than any other variety. Length, 19 inches.
7. cristatum, Moore. Found near Doncaster by Mr. S. Appleby,
and a more marked form in Yorkshire, by Miss Wright. Pinnae
twice forked.
8. Drueryi, Lowe (stipitato-lacerata, Druery). Found in 1884, at
Campsil, by Mr. C. T. Druery. An interesting depauperate form.
6x if inches.
9. folioso-cristatum. A vigorous, handsome, foliose form, found
in the Azores. Fronds and pinnae heavily crested.
10. folioso-digitatum. Also found in the Azores. A fine variety.
Fronds heavily polydactylously crested.
11. grandiceps, Barnes. Raised by Mr. J. M. Barnes. A grand
variety, very heavily crested.
12. hybridum, Stajisficld. Accidental seedling. Came up on the
bole of another hybrid, i.e. remotum (a cross between Nephrodium
spinulosum and N. Filix-mas).
Nos. ii, 17, 20 and 21 were all found on Ben Lawers, beneath one heap of stones.
SUB-SECTION LASTREA, AND POLYPODIUM. 1 49
13. interruptum, Moore. Found near Harrogate by the late Mr.
Clapham, and also in the Hole of Hercum, by the late Mr. Monk-
man. Pinnules irregular, some wanting.
14. polydactylum, Wollaston. Found by Mr. Turner. Many-
finger crested.
15. remotum, Lowe (Lastrea remota, Moore). Found in 1859,
at Windermere, by Mr. F. Clowes (this and hybridum might equally
be placed with N. Filix-mas, though the resemblance is nearer the
present species ; they are hybrids between the two). Fronds erect,
oblong lanceolate, smooth ; basal pinnae unlike N. spinulosunr.
Copiously soriferous ; but after a score trials I have failed to raise
one plant. Length, 3! feet. It has also been found in Germany.
1 6. stipitato-laciniatum, Birkenhead. Length, 2 feet.
17. tanacetifolium, Moore. Is not uncommon. A large tripinnate
variety with triangular fronds.
Tribe 11. POLYPODIE/C.
THE BEECH FERN.
Polypodium Phegopteris.— Linnceus.
A beautiful fern, creeping along damp ground, either in woods or
on shady banks, and is more abundant in mountainous districts
The entire length of the frond varies from 1 inch (under rocks near
the summit of Ben Lawers, E. J. L.) to 20 inches in woods at
Hackness, near Scarborough (and near Ambleside), one-half of
which is stalk. Some few years ago there were carpets of this fern
in woods near Scarborough, more than a dozen yards across, with
not a single vacant spot. It inhabits fourteen counties in England,
seven in Wales, seven in Ireland; the Isle of Man ; and Shetland;
and it is generally distributed through Scotland. Found throughout
Europe, and extends from Italy to Iceland. Widely spread in
North America, also Kamtschatka and the Altai Mountains. The
frond is ovate-triangular ; the basal pair of pinnae curved down-
wards, and the pinnae narrow from the base upwards. Colour, pale
dull-green.
Varieties.
1. caudatum, Lowe. Found on Ben Lawers by myself. A very
dwarf form with a caudate apex ; somewhat depauperate.
2. Fosteri, Lowe. A beautiful laciniate form. Found by Mr.
Foster in the Lake district.
3. interruptum, Barnes. Length, 4 inches. Found at Wither-
slack by Mr. J. M. Barnes, of Milnthorpe, in 1863. This is a very
narrow, irregular form ; the pinnae being variable in size, their
apices truncate, and the tip of the fiond tail-like.
4. laceratum, Druery. Found in 1889, near Settle, by Mr. Bar-
raud. Fronds approaching P. vulgare, var. cambricum, in cutting.
5. multitldum, Moore. Differing in having a portion of the lobes
multifid and longer ; and in the tips of the pinnae being crested. I
150 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE II.
found it in great abundance in 1857, near Stockghyll Force, Amble-
side, where it clothed a bank of a wet shady lane for six or eight
yards. In 1865 a similar form was found by the late Mr. J.J.
Jones and by Mr. J. E. Mapplebeck in the same district.
6. strictum, Barnes. Found at Witherslack by Mr. J. M. Barnes.
THE OAK FERN.
Polypodium Dryopteris.— Linnceus.
A SMALL, exquisitely beautiful species, inhabiting mountainous,
rocky situations in shady woods ; or beneath hedges where the
atmosphere is damp but not the soil. It is sometimes called “ The
Smooth Three-branched Polypody,” because the frond is three-
branched. Usually varying in size from 4 to 12 inches, but occa-
sionally very diminutive. I found it under cavernous stones near
the summit of Ben Lawers, not much more than one inch long.
Frond triangular, and of a brilliant refreshing green. Rhizoma
creeping. This fern can only be confused with the Limestone
Polypody; but the latter has its fronds as if dusted with lime. It
is a common Scotch and Welsh fern, and occurs in fifteen English
counties. In Ireland it is exceedingly rare. Widely spread in
Europe and America. A rapid-growing fern with a creeping rhizome.
It is met with in very large clumps. Easily cultivated.
There are no varieties.
THE LIMESTONE POLYPODY.
Polypodium Robertianum. — Hoffmann.
(P. CALCAREUM, Smith ; and P. DRYOPTERIS var., Bolton.)
In appearance very like the Oak
Fern, but more obliquely triangu-
lar. It varies from 8 to 18 inches
in length. The stipes is much
longer than the rachis, whilst in
Dryopteris it is just the reverse.
This species delights in sunshine ;
Dryopteris , in shade. The fronds
being pubescent, they have the
appearance of being dusted over
with lime. Rhizoma, creeping. Found in Cumberland, West-
moreland, Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Gloucestershire, Wiltshire,
Somerset, Caernarvon, Denbigh, and Glamorganshire. Near Bux-
ton its rhizomes creep about heaps of stones ; and plants can be
obtained by removing the stones, when it is seen that the plants
are luxuriating without the roots penetrating soil. It is found in
France, Germany, Switzerland, Hungary, Norway, Canada, the
United States, and on the Himalayan Mountains.
There are no varieties.
F IG. 43. — Polypodium Robertianum
(pinna, showing fructification).
POLYPODIUM.
151
THE ALPINE POLYPODY.
Polypodium alpestre.— Hoppe.
A Lady-fern looking plant,
but having circular (minute)
sori, which are not covered
with an indusium. It is only
found on mountain* of from
2,000 to 4,000 feet elevation.
'I he fronds are somewhat lan-
ceolate and bipinnate. Usually
20 inches in length, but some-
times double this size. The
habit is erect, and the fronds are deciduous.
First recognised as British by Mr. Watson, in 1841. It has been
found on the Clova mountains by Mr. Backhouse and Mr. G.
Lawson ; on the Deeside mountains, by Mr. T. Westcombe and
Mr. Backhouse ; on Ben Aulder, by Mr. Watson ; Lochnagar, by
Mr. Croall ; and on Ben Lawers, by Mr. Fraser and myself. It
appears to be abundant though local. It is exclusively a Scotch
fern, as far as the United Kingdom is concerned ; but it is found
in Switzerland, Germany, Russia, Norway, Sweden, Lapland, and
the Caucasus.
Varieties.
1. flexile, Newman. Found in Glen Prosen (Clova). Plandsome
and distinct. Length, 6 to 18 inches. Very narrow; the pinnae
shorter, and the pinnules less in number. Sori only near the base
of the frond.
2. laciniatum, Stansfield. Raised from spores by Mr. Stansfield.
More dense than flexile , and the pinnae laciniate.
3. lanceum, Moore. Found on Clova by Mr. G. Lawson; and
on Lochnagar by Mr. Croall.
4. tripinnatum, Moore. Found at the Wells of Dee by Mr. G.
Lawson. Fronds large, tripinnate, and the pinnules very large.
THE COMMON POLYPODY.
Polypodium vulgare. — Linneeus.
Fig. 44. — Polypodium alpestre
([ i.ina, showing fructification).
Fig. 45. — ,^ooe of Polypodium vulgare.
The common Polypody cannot be confused with any other
British fern. The stout, firm fronds attached to the thick, creeping
rhizoma in such a manner that they separate from it, like leaves
152 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE II.
from a branch as they approach decay, is a unique character. The
fronds vary from 2 to 22 inches in length ; are linear, oblong in
form ; deeply pinnatifid ; with large, conspicuous sori. Except in
very hard winters, the fronds remain green till spring, when they
are cast, and fresh ones appear. It grows on rocks, walls, tree-
stumps, and banks, and is common throughout Great Britain and
Ireland, from the level of the sea to a height of more than 3,000
feet. It is also abundant throughout Europe, Siberia, Kamtschatka,
Canada, the United States, California, Mexico, and Guatemala.
The sections including Cambricum and semilacerum are not un-
common in Monmouth and Wales.
Readily cultivated if grown in leaf mould, sand, fibrous loam,
and lumps of decaying wood, care being taken that the rhizomes
shall be fastened on the surface of the soil. In the varieties of
this fern the departure from the normal form is unusually great.
Varieties.
These have been grouped in several sections, Section 8 contain-
ing all those that could not be classed in Sections a to 7.
Section a. plumosum.
,, /3. cristatum.
„ 7. semilacerum.
„ 8. anomalum.
Section a. contains feathery varieties, such as Cambricum, Cornu-
biense, and pulcherrimum.
Section /3, the tasselled, branched, or capitate forms.
Section 7, semilacerum and omnilacerum, i.e., lacerate forms.
Section 8, anomalum (a term used to denote that these are not
classed). This section contains those varieties not included in
the first three classes.
Section a. PLUMOSUM.
1. Barrowi, Lowe (Cambricum Barrowi, Barnes). Found in 1874,
at Witherslack, in the Lake district, by Mr. T. Barrow. It is a
splendid form ; with very dense, finely-cut, thin-textured fronds.
2. Cambricum, Linnaus (plumosum, Wollaston). A well-known,
plumose, sterile variety. Found many years ago in Wales. Men-
tioned as early as 1743. The late Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of
Manchester, found it in North Wales, at Mill Dingle, Beaumaris,
and Conway Castle ; also at Troutbeck, near Ambleside ; and at
Flenarim, in County Antrim (the Irish form not sterile). Found
in South Devon, in 1867, by W. Easterbrook. It is also recorded
from Monmouthshire, Glamorganshire, Cheshire (where it was
found in a wood near Macclesfield), and from Almondsbury, near
Bristol.
3. Claphami, Lowe (multifido-elegantissimum, Clapliam). A
cross between a crested form and “ Cornubiense,” raised by the
late Mr. Clapham ; in fact, a crested Cornubiense.
POLYPODIUM.
153
4. Cornubiense, Moore (elegantissimum, Stansjield). The original
plant was found in 1867 in Cornwall, growing on an ash pollard,
and was distributed by the Rev. J. B. Whyte. A wonderfully fine,
divided form, somewhat resembling the Killa7mey Fern , yet also
having some normal and some half-normal fronds. 14 X4J inches.
5. foliosissimum, Lowe (Cornubiense-foliosum, Clapham). An-
other of Mr. Clapham’s fine varieties. A very mossy form.
6. Fowleri, Lowe. Raised from Cornubiense by the late Mr.
Fowler. Has no normal fronds.
7. Hadwini, Lowe (Cambricum Hadwini, Barnes). Found in
1875, i11 Silverdale, by Mr. Fladwin. A beautiful plumose variety.
8. Hutchisoni, Baker. Found in Carmarthenshire in 1889 by
Mr. Hutchison, and now in the Oxford Botanic Gardens, having
been secured by Mr. Baker (curator). A form of trichomanoides.
Apex lax, and finely drawn out in a stag’s-horn manner. 8x3
inches.
9. Lyellii, Lyell. A plumose form. Raised by Dr. Lyell.
15x5 inches.
10. Oakeleyae, Lowe. A dwarf form of Cambricum. Found in
1868, at Raglan, by Mrs. Bagnall Oakeley. 9x45 inches.
11. pluma, Lowe. Found 30 years ago, on Tintern Abbey, by
Mr. Cowburn. A handsome variety, with characters between
Cambricum and pulcherrimum. Sparingly fertile. 20 X 5? inches
(stipes, 6 inches).
12. Prestoni, Lowe (Cambricum Prestoni, Barnes ; congestum,
Jones). Found in 1871, at Yelland, by Mr. R. Preston. A grand,
congested, tripinnatifid plumosum. 11x45 inches.
13. pulcherrimum, Stansjield. Found in 1861, at Whitbarrow,'
by Mr. T. Addison. Texture thicker than Cambricum ; lobes
rounded. A handsome, robust, tripinnatifid form. 19x85 inches.
14. pulchritudine, Lowe (pulcherrimum Lowei, Jones). Raised
by myself in 1884. A handsome, finely-cut variety. Fronds con-
cave. 12X4^ inches.
15. serra, Wollast07i. Found in 1868, in Furness Fell, by Mr.
J. A. Wilson. A sub-Cambricum, with erect basal pinna?.
16. trichomanoides, Backhouse. A sport in the York Nursery
of Cornubiense. Finely divided ; and with no normal fronds.
12 X45 inches.
17. triumphale, Lowe. Raised in 1884 by myself. Characters,
midway between Cambricum and pulcherrimum. Growth, hori-
zontal. 16x5 inches.
Section (3. CRISTATUM.
1. acuto-bifidum, Wollasto7i. Found in 1858, at Stainton, by Mr.
J. M. Barnes. Acute bifid points.
2. bifido-cristatum, Mapplebeck. Found in 1867, near Grange,
by Mr. T. Walmsley. A fine bifid, crested form, with a branching
crested head. 55 inches wide. 17x2^ inches.
3. bificlum, Francis. Found in many localities. Points of seg-
ments bifid.
154 BRITISH FERNS.— SUB-ORDER II. TRIBE II.
4. contractum, Lowe (cristatum-contractum, Jones). Raised by
myself in 1875. Costa splits and forms a compact, crested cornute
head. 14x4^ inches.
5. cristatum, Moore. Found in 1854 in County Cork, by Mr.
H. S. Perry. A fine foliose, well-crested capitate form.
6. diadema, Lowe. Found by myself in 1886, at Penhow, Mon-
mouthshire. Segments bifid. Small crest. 9x2^ inches.
7. Fosteri, L^owe (cristatum Clewarth, Wollaston). Found in
1876 in County Clare- Greatly crested and capitate. Segments
much narrower than those in cristatum. A splendid form. 16x5
inches.
8. glomeratum, Mcly. Found in 1873, by Mr. Job Mullins, in
Dorset. Half stem, the leafy part broader than long, tips crested.
8x6 inches.
9. grandiceps, Barnes. Found in 1868, near Grange, by Mrs.
Fox. Heavily crested. A grand variety. 16x4 inches.
10. Hodgsonae, Lowe. Found by Mrs. Hodgson. Crested and
capitate, contracting to the crests, iaxaf inches.
11. lomarioides, Lowe. Found in Ireland by Mr. Stewartson.
Very narrow. 8 X of inches.
12. Martindalei, Lowe (multifidum, Moore). Found in 1865,
near Staveley, by Mr. J. A. Martindale. A nice crested form.
13. multifidum, Moore. Found at Whitbarrow by Mr. F. Clowes.
Crested.
14. Parkeri, Lowe (multifido-cristatum, Moore; grandiceps
Parker, Wollaston). Found in 1854, in Somerset, by Mr. H. Parker.
A fine grandiceps with a large capitate head. 12x3 inches. [I
raised a form of this in 1880 which Colonel Jones called capitatum
Lowei. The tips cristulate and crisp. 8x4 inches ]
15. ramosum, Moore. Found in i860, in Hampshire, by Mr.
C. Hillman. Branching at the base and also above. 12X3 inches
(1 1 inches across the branches). [I raised a somewhat similar form
some years ago, known as gleichenioides.]
Section y. SEMILACERUM.
1. Aldreni, Lowe (omnilacerum Aldreni, Barnes; O. truncation,
Wollaston). Found in 1873, near Milnthorp, by Mr. J. A. Aldren.
Long acute lobes, and somewhat truncate apex. 21 X 55 inches.
2. brachiato-semilacerum,yn;/^j. Found in 1862, in Worcester-
shire, by Mr. J. E. Mapplebeck. Branching where the basal
segments should be. 1 7 X inches ; and 1 1 inches across the arms.
3. brachiatum, Wollaston. Found in 1856, in Guernsey, by Mr.
C. Jackson. 17x5 inches ; and 8^ inches across the arms.
4. densilobum, Lowe (semilacerum densilobum, Moore). A
dense-lobed form.
5. grande, Lowe (semilacerum grande, Jones). Found in 1862
in Wicklow. Near the rachis the pinnae are confluent and depau-
perate. This magnificent plant is in the possession of Mr. Bar-
nard Hankey. 16 x 13 inches.
POLYPODIUM.
155
6. Iiallii, Lowe (semilacerum Hallii, Jones'). Found in Went-
Wood by the late Rev. C. Ranken Hall. Undulate. 12X4 inches.
7. illustre, Lowe. Raised by myself. Erect, stiff habit, foliose,
distinct. 18x5 inches.
8. Lowei, Lowe (semilacerum Lowei, Jones'). Found by the late
Colonel A. S. FI. Lowe, near Athlone. A dense, imbricate form.
9. omnilacerum, Moore. Found in 1848, near Goodrich Castle,
by Mr. T. E. Bennett. Segments ascending and confluent, the
lobes having long, pointed projections. Distinct. 20 X 5! inches.
10. Parsonsii, Lowe (brachiato semilacerum Parsons, Jones).
Found in 1870 by Mr. Parsons. A brachiate semilacerum.
Length, 15 inches.
11. robustum, Lowe (semilacerum robustum, Moore). Found
in 1863, at Whitbarrow, by Mr. J. M. Barnes. A grand foliose
form. 19x8 inches.
12. semilacerum, Link. Not uncommon in Monmouthshire.
Originally found in 1850 by the late Mrs. Delves, in County Wick-
low. 15x7 inches. [Mr. W. PI. P’hillips has found it in County
Antrim. 18x9 inches.]
13. truncatum, Lowe (semilacerum-truncatum, Barnes). Found
in 1863, in Levens Park, by Mr. J. M. Barnes. The frond and also
the divisions terminating in a horn.
14. undulatum, Lowe (semilacerum densilobunpyh;!^). A densely
lobed form. 18 x6i inches.
Section S. AN O MALUM. (Unclassified varieties.)
1. abruptum, Lowe (folioso-abruptum, Barnes). Found in 1863,
in Witherslack, by Mr. J. M. Barnes. A fine, broad, leafy form.
2. acutum, Moore. A characteristic form was found by the late
Mr. Sidebotham in Patterdale. The lobes have no irregularities
on the margins. Length, 6 inches.
3. auritum, Moore. Found in numerous places. Eared.
4. Barnesii, Lowe (dentatum Barnesii, Moore). Found in 1865,
at Slackhead, by Mr. J. M. Barnes. Deltoid, and evenly and deeply
dentate ; not unlike Onoclea sensibilis.
5. crenatum, Moore. Not uncommon ; with margins crenate.
The late Colonel A. S. H. Lowe found a most marked form on
Carberry Island, near Athlone.
6. Crossfieldii, Lowe (marginatum Crossfieldii, Moore). Found
in 1862 at Arnside by Mr. J. Crossfield. A marginatum with pinnre
as if bitten.
7. curtum, Wollaston. Found in 1872, in Crake Valley, by Mr.
J. K. Hodgson. A remarkable form, not unlike a dwarf Nephro-
lepis exaltata. Very narrow. 14 X if inches.
8. densilobum, Fitt. Narrow dentate segments. 8x35 inches.
9. dentatum, Moore. Found in 1865, in Westmoreland, by Mr.
Barnes. 13x7 inches. Frond broad ; lobes narrow and crowded ;
margin dentate. Not uncommon. [A good form, found in Co. Clare
by Mr. O’Kelly, has fronds 16x5^ inches.]
156 BRITISH FERNS. — SUB-ORDER II. TRIBES II AND 12.
10. depauperatum, Wollaston. Found in South Devon by Miss
Kitson. A depauperate form, found on their garden wall at Ship-
hay. Cornute. 9x4 inches.
11. foliosum, Wollaston. Found in 1862, in Silverdale, by Mr.
J. M. Barnes. Broad and leafy.
12. Huckii, Lowe (suprasoriferum Huckii, Barnes). A form
having sori on the upper surface.
13. irregulare, Moore. Found in 1864, on Cartmel Fell, by Mr.
J. M. Barnes. Frond and lobes irregular.
14. lineare, Lowe (marked “Irish Polypody” in Colonel Jones’s
collection). Very distinct, long linear lobes. 10 X of inches.
15. Llanvairense, Lowe. Found at Llanvair, near Shirenewton,
by myself, in 1887. Segments narrow ; apex of frond branching,
and ending in 3, or 4, cornute tips. 10x25 inches.
16. macrostachya, O'Kelly. Found at Carron, Co. Clare, by
Mr. P. B. O’Kelly. Normal, with a long caudate termination of
the frond. 12x3^ inches.
17. marginatum, Moore. Found in 1854, at Windermere, by
Mr. F. Clowes. An interesting form, although it appears as if
bitten. Mr. W. H. Phillips has also found a good form. 16x3 inches.
18. minimum, Hodgson. Found in 1866 at Millorn by Mrs. J.
K. Hodgson. Fronds small and of many shapes.
19. Oakeleyas. Lowe. Found by Mrs. Bagnall Oakeley at
Penalt. Crenate ; dark green. 16x4 inches.
20. obtuso-serratum, Moore. Found in 1863, at Whitbarrow, by
Mr. J. M Barnes. Cornute and serrate.
21. rotundatum, Phillips. Found in Ireland by Mr. W. H.
Phillips, and also by Mr. O’Kelly. Reduced to rounded lobes in
basal portion.
22. serra, Wollaston. Found in 1865, in Lancashire, by Mr. J.
Wilson. Very distinct ; biserrate, and the lobes overlapping. 1 3 X 2|
inches.
23. serratum, Moore. Found in several places. Cut like a saw.
24. sinuato-auritum, Moore. Found, in 1865 in Levens Park, by
Mr. J. M. Barnes. Pinnae irregular.
25. suprasoriferum, Wollaston. Found in 1865, on Cartmel Fell,
by Mr. J. M. Barnes. Sori on the upper surface.
26. truncatum, Wollaston. Found in 1870, in S. Devon, by Miss
Kitson. Truncate. 13x5 inches. [Mr. P. B. O’Kelly has found
a curious form in Co. Clare. 6X2J inches.]
27. variegatum, Barnes. Found in 1866, at Witherslack, by Mr.
J. M. Barnes. A dwarf green-and-white variety.
28. Whitakeri, Lowe (dentatum Whitakeri, Moore). Found in
1864, near Kendal, by Mr. Whitaker. Evenly dentate.
GYMNOGRAMME, AND SUB-ORDER III. OSMUNDA. 1 57
Tribe 12. GRAM MITI DE/E.
THE SLENDER-LEAVED GYMNOGRAM.
Gymnogramme leptophylla.
— Desvaux.
The only British species of
the very handsome hot-house
Gold and Silver Ferns. Dimi-
nutive. Length, 3 to 8 inches.
Fronds fragile and few in num-
ber. Only found in Jersey,
where it is abundant in several
places. It is an annual ; but
if under suitable circumstances
it will sow itself. Found on
moist Lbanks with a sunny as-
pect. A native of France,
Switzerland, Germany, Spain,
Portugal, Italy, Sicily, Sar-
dinia, Dalmatia, Crete, and
Greece ; India, Algiers, Moroc-
co, Egypt, Abyssinia, and in
the Atlantic Isles ; Mexico and
Australasia.
There are no varieties.
Fig. 46. — Frond of Gymnogramme
leptophylla.
SUB-ORDER III. OSMUND ACEaE.
THE ROYAL FERN.
Osmunda regalis. — Linnceus.
The Royal, or, as it is often called, the Flowering Fern, is a
most interesting and majestic species, and grows in situations
where it can supply itself with water ; flourishing on the margins of
lakes and rivers, and in swampy fields. It varies considerably in
size (from 1 foot to as much as 12 feet). It is abundant at
Shapwick, in Somerset, but very dwarf. In i860 I noticed a num-
ber of plants in the crevices of low rocks at Santander, in N.
Spain, by the side of the sea, where they must be frequently
splashed by the waves. They were all small, none more than 6
inches in length. In the early part of the present century, before
the land was effectually drained it was not uncommon at Buhvell
158 BRITISH FERNS— SUB-ORDERS III. AND VI.
in Nottinghamshire. In 1855 only three plants could be found,
and they were gradually perishing for want of water. One of
these was removed into my fernery at Highfield House, and it
is still alive ; the other two perished in 1857. It is, or was,
found in twenty-six English, five Welsh, ten Scotch, and nine
Irish counties, Anglesea, Isle of Wight, Arran, Bute, Mull, Islay,
Uist, Harris, Lewis, Shetland, and Jersey. It is also widely spread
on the Continent ; in India, Algeria, Natal, Madagascar, New-
foundland, Canada, United States, Mexico, Brazil, and the Azores.
Fronds somewhat erect and trunk-like, the stipes being half the
length of the frond ; yellowish-green in colour, and broadly lance-
olate in form ; the pinnules sometimes being i\ inches long. The
fronds are part sterile, and part have a terminal fertile panicle,
giving the appearance of a flower. It cannot be mistaken for any
other fern.
Varieties.
1. bulbifera, Lowe. The exact counterpart of cristata, but bear-
ing bulbils at the base of the pinnae. Raised from spores by Mr.
Clift, of Birmingham.
2. capitata, Lowe. Dwarf. 16 inches in length, three-fourths
of which is the stipes. Crown, spreading and almost creeping,
making a wide plant with numerous fronds, which give a ball-like
character. It is a conglomerate variety, and was raised from a
bulbil of bulbifera by myself. The plant is still in my possession.
3. cristata, Moore. Extremely handsome. Length, 3 feet. The
apices of all the pinnules are dilated and crested. It was intro-
duced by Messrs. Osborn & Son, of Fulham. I had a plant in
1866 that was 14 feet in circumference.
4. interrupta, Moore. This has a few normal pinnae, the remainder
reduced in size, and of a rounder form.
5. Phillipsii, Lowe. Another interrupted form, found by Mr. W.
H. Phillips, of Belfast, in Co. Fermanah. It is more distinct than
v. interrupta. 36x15 inches.
6. purpurascens, Moore. Remarkable for its colour; but is
distinct also in habit, not being unlike Osmunda spectabilis, a
North American species.
7. ramo-cristata, Jones. Raised from spores. Almost a copy
of cristata ; but the stalk splits into two in the upper portion of the
frond.
8. undulata, Brown. From the Azores.
SUB-ORDER VI. OPHIOGLOSSACE^:.
MOON WORT.
Botrychium Lunar i a. — Swartz.
A COMMON, but local, inconspicuous species ; growing in dry
mountain pastures ; having a single, pinnate, stout, fleshy frond ;
BOTRYCHIUM AND OPHIOGLOSSUM.
159
varying from 2 to 10 inches, out of which rises the fertile spike, which
somewhat resembles a bunch of young grapes. Usually only one
frond.
Found in most parts of Europe as far as the Arctic Circle, and
within it. Also on the Himalaya and Rocky Mountains.
A botanical curiosity, difficult to cultivate.
Mr. Moore has described three varieties : 1. Rutaceum, found
near Dundee ; 2. tripartitum, in County Dublin ; and 3. incisum,
found at Halifax by Mr. Bolton ; Crosby Ravensworth by Mr.
Clarke ; and near Dublin by Dr. Allchin. The latter has the
pinnae deeply incised.
THE ADDER’S TONGUE.
Ophioglossum vulgatum. — Linnceus.
Another diminutive, inconspicuous fern, growing in moist, loamy
pastures and woods ; widely spread throughout Great Britain ; and
throughout Europe. Also found in America, Mexico, New Zealand,
New Holland, Cape of Good Hope, East Indies, Kamtschatka,
and Siberia. Fronds, 3 to 12 inches in length ; thin and fleshy.
Frond entire and yellowish-green ; the fertile spike rising from
the base of the sterile frond. Creeping rhizoma, sending up soli-
tary fronds ; as it forms rhizomas, like the common Brakes.
Varieties.
1. lusitanicum, Linnceus. Much more diminutive. Found in
Guernsey, in 1854, by Mr. G. Wolsey. [This may be a distinct
species ; as it has been found in about twenty other countries.]
2. microstichum, Moore. A very dwarf variety, with narrow
fronds. Found at Swanbister, in Orkney, by Mr. J. T. Syme.
CONCLUDING REMARKS.
It only now remains to say a few words about how the varieties
just described have been obtained. A certain portion are natural
wild finds, whilst the remainder have been raised from spores.
Every now and then a remarkably distinct variety has been found
wild, but the occasions are few and far between ; whilst, guided
by judicious selection, the amount of forms that can be raised
from spores is practically inexhaustible. Wild finds are important,
as new blood is infused into these crosses.
Whilst residing at Highfield House, near Nottingham, I began
(in 1842) to cultivate British ferns. The only species then growing
on that estate were a few examples of Asplenium adiantum-nigrum,
on a new-red sandstone rock near the lake ; one single example of
the Asplenium Ceterach in a sunk-fence wall (erected in 1829) ; and
some half-dozen plants of Aspidium aculeatum half a mile from the
house ; the neighbourhood being singularly deficient of ferns. How-
i6o
BRITISH FERNS.
ever, after their cultivation for several years, the following could
be found growing wild in suitable places : Scolopendrium vulgare,
Asplenium Filix-foemina, Asplenium trichomanes, Nephrodium
Filix-mas, Nephrodium paleaceum, Nephrodium spinulosum, and
Aspidium angulare — not normal, but varietal forms, that owed their
origin to the plants that had been introduced.
In 1867 I wrote “Our Native Ferns,” and before that time
began to raise varieties from spores.* In order to economize space,
spores from the varieties of any one species were sown together ;
and from the plants so obtained it seemed certain that crosses had
taken place whilst in the seed-pans. This circumstance caused a
series of experiments, with a certain object in view, to be com-
menced. From these experiments it became evident that spores
gathered from a peculiar part of a frond would produce more strik-
ing results than from those gathered haphazard. In 1866 the
late Mr. Clapham had found Asplenium Filix-foemina, var .proteum,
and in 1870 he sent me a plant. Spores of this were mixed with
those of the variety Victoria, and produced a series of forms having
proteum as the one extreme and Victoria as the other ; every seed-
ling showing in a greater or less degree the peculiarities of the
parents. This series was seen in 1879 by Mr. Clapham, who before
did not believe that ferns could be crossed, but who now became
convinced ; and on the strength of this conviction he mixed spores
of Polypodium vulgare, var. Cornubiense , with the var. bifido-
cristatum, and raised a crested Cornubiense.
My next attempt was to cross species ; and spores of Aspidium
aculeatum were sown with those of Aspidium angulare. The object
was, to obtain a narrow cruciate variety of Aspidium aculeatum,
similar to the variety Wakeleyanitm of Aspidium angulare, as this
was as yet a desideratum. Spores of Wakeleyanum were sown
with those of Aspidium aculeatum, var. densum ; and out of a
thousand seedlings there were five plants unmistakably Aspidium
aculeatum, and having cruciate fronds like Wakeleyanum. In
1884 a short paper, with fronds of this cross, was sent to the Linnaean
Society ; yet even this did not remove the doubt of Botanists; but a
year later Sir Joseph Hooker informed me that the crossing of
ferns was an acknowledged fact ; and this change of opinion appears
to have arisen from seeing a foreign hybrid Adiantum. It is true,
however, that in 1868 the late Rev. M. J. Berkeley submitted a
hybrid between Asplenium ebeneum and Scolopendrium rhizophyl-
lum to the late Sir W. J. Hooker, who replied, it was^the most
probable instance he had yet met with of a real hybrid amongst
ferns. In 1888 the late Colonel Jones and myself set forth, in a
joint paper “On Abnormal Ferns”! at the British Association
meeting at Bath, our experience ; Colonel Jones taking Aspidium,
# At the British Association at Dundee, in 1867, I read a paper on " Hybrid
Ferns ; ” but Botanists (except the late Professor Hutton Balfour) would not
admit they were satisfied that ferns could be hybrids.
t Printed in the “Annals of Botany, ’’ February, 1889, with illustrations.
CONCLUDING REMARKS.
161
and myself the Hart’s-tongue and Lady Fern. In the Lady Fern
twelve marked varieties, and in the Hart’s-tongue eight varieties,
were sown together ; and the result was, that seedlings were
raised having the peculiar characters of three or four varieties
blended in the same frond. There are several hybrids now known
besides the above : one with Asplenium trichomanes, another
with Asplenium marinum, a third with Asplenium lanceolatum,
the fern known as Nephrodium remotum, Pteris pendula, etc.,
and may I add Asplenium Germanicum. Although these are
apparently fertile, plants have not been raised from their spores
after frequent trials.*'
Mr. James Britten, in his “ European Ferns,” mentions as foreign
hybrids : —
Asplenium adulterinum, Milde (A. trichomanes -f- A. viride).
„ dolosum, Milde (A. trichomanes -f A. adiantum-
nigrum).
„ ebenoides (A. ebeneum-f Camtosorus rhizophyllus).
Scolopendrium hybridum (S. vulgare + A. Ceterach).
Adiantum Farleyense (A. capillus-Veneris-t- A. scutum ?).
Nephrodium remotum (N. Filix-mas + N. spinulosum).
Space will not allow me to describe the reproductive organs ; f it
may however be mentioned that Professor Arthur Henfrey pub-
lished in 1851 a paper in which he stated that ten years previously
Professor Nageli, of Zurich, had discovered the male organs, and
in the year 1844 Count Leszazye-Suminski, of Berlin, had dis-
covered both the male (Antheridia) and the female (Archegonia)
organs, on the underside of the prothallus, £ during the prothalloid
life of the fern ; and on the male organs finding the female cell
coition took place. Some experiments that I am now making,
bearing on this subject, will, I believe, open up a new field of
inquiry. In Mr. Druery’s “ Choice British Ferns,” the reproductive
organs are explained, as well as Mr. Druery’s newly-discovered
phenomenon of Apospory in Ferns.
It is an established fact, that the bulbils found on some varieties
of ferns, do not always produce the same variety. Bulbils from
the Scolopendriums “ Wardii ” and “ Kelwayi ” have yielded new
varieties ; those from Aspidium angulare, Section plumoso-divi-
solobum, variety “densum,” have originated the beautiful forms
“Baldwini” and “ imbricatum,” and a bulbil from Osmunda regalis,
* Several plants have recently been raised from my hybrid Aspidium
aculeatum, and also from Nephrodium remotum, but the number is insignifi-
cant.
t Usually the archegonia are situated in the kidney-shaped prothalli, just
behind the indented 'portion, and the antheridia amongst the rootlets. The
archegonia are bottle-shaped, with a rather long neck, and contain a minute
central cell (oosphere). The antheridia are spiral ciliated bodies, endowed with
movement and called spermatozoids. These pass down the neck of the arche-
gonia and fertilize the oosphere. — Britten's “ European Ferns.”
J The prothallium was first noticed by Dr. Lindsay. — "Linn. Trans.” 1792.
L
162
BRITISH FERNS.
variety “ cristata,” a grandiceps form. Even by apospory (t.e.,
prothalli formed directly on the frond, without the intermediate
spore,) varieties are produced ; and in the case of those from
“Clarissima” (of the Lady fern) we may instance a subplumose
form, a flexuose-pinnuled one, and another that is furcate and
flexuose.
There is a peculiar connecting link between one species and
another, for there is a mimical power that gives crested, branched,
cruciate, and in short increased or diminished development in
fronds, pinnae, and pinnules, so that these characters are found
almost identical in many species. Again, a well-developed variety
may (as example) have a crested peculiarity in which the pinnae
copy the whole frond, and even the pinnules imitate the pinnae.
Variegation can also be obtained by crossing. The late Colonel
Jones exhibited a striking example in Aspidium angulare : having
added the polydactylous character to a multilobe, he then succeeded
in making it variegated by a second cross ; whilst in Scolopendrium
vulgare I have obtained a dozen variegated forms.
The usual method of raising varieties is the one pointed out by
me in 1867 5 hut more recent experiments have shown that we can
go beyond this. In 1888 experiments were made, based on the
notion that it required a swarm of antheridia to make the
archegonia fertile. I had formed this opinion partly by what I
had learned from Dr. Hudson on microscopic animal life, and
partly on what I had done in crossing Dahlias. In the latter case,
if I filled half a dozen small brushes with the pollen of a white
Dahlia, and one with that from a coloured flower, and mixed these
together (in the proportion of 6 to 1) and then impregnated a white
flower, there was 87 per cent, of white seedlings, whilst if the pro-
cess were reversed, i.e., six times as much pollen from coloured
flowers, white was almost absent in the seedlings.* To get a
certain desired colour, moist paints were mixed together in various
proportions of white and colour ; and this was imitated with so
many brushes full of white pollen to one of the colour selected.
This could not, however, be done with ferns ; but certain proportions
in bulk of spores from a crested Nephrodium paleaceum and of an
uncrested variegated Nephrodium Filix-mas were sown together,
and the plants (500 in number) though yet too small to exhibit
variegation, are large enough to be crested, and every one of the
plants is crested. If, therefore, it be desired to produce heavily-
crested ferns, and at the same time to increase the size of the
variety without reducing the crests ; to make any alteration in
form that shall not be at the expense of these crests, it is recom-
mended that a much larger proportion of the spores of the crested
than of the other form shall be sown together.
# As an experiment, in 1889 pollen was used from different genera and
species ; the seedlings have bloomed, and are like the seed-bearer. The
pollen was apparently able to give life to the seed, but not to show any of the
characters of the male.
HINTS TO FERN CULTIVATORS.
Ferneries. Mounds, unless with a considerable thickness of soil,
are not suitable for ferns, as during droughts they become too dry ;
a sunken rockery (assuming the water can drain off) is far better.
A north border (under a wall), some 5 or 6 feet wide (prepared with
suitable soil), is one in which all large-growing ferns delight. On
the other hand, an open windy position is the very worst that could
be selected. Within a series of walls (like a ruined castle) is an
admirable situation. Ferns planted near tree-roots often require
the renewal of soil as it becomes exhausted.
Compost. This should be coarse, except the surface (in pot-
culture), and the leaves used should only be half-decayed ; roots
grow much quicker and stronger when the soil is not too fine and
close. Rock-ferns require the addition of stone, and do well (if in
pots), plunged in a mixture of stone and compost in narrow boxes
fixed against a north wall, a few feet from the ground.
Drainage. Perfect drainage is essential in pot cultivation, as
ferns do not like water to stagnate about their roots. Cockle-shells,
and above this a thin layer of spent hops, may be used with advan-
tage, the roots receiving nourishment as well as drainage.
Manure. Very weak manure water given occasionally ; and old
cow manure mixed in the compost is beneficial.
Watering and Syringing. Ferns require attention in watering,
especially if young and delicate. Hunt’s aphicide (a cheap spray
distributor, made on a larger scale than the one in ordinary use),
is an excellent instrument, holding a quart of liquid. A spray of
water can be rapidly blown on the fronds. A solution of fir-tree oil
blown through this “aphicide” on to the fronds kills insect pests,
therefore another should be kept specially for this purpose. An
excess of water is as injurious as a deficiency, and not constant
small supplies, but a copious watering at proper intervals.
Shading. This is an important matter, especially with delicate
plants. Ferns do not like full sunshine, and overhanging trees give
too dense a shade. Exposed situations and green-houses require
shading. For years I have used the “ Willesden Scrim” ; it gives
a subdued light without being too dense. I can recommend it as
by far the best shading.
Gathering Fronds. Gathering fronds, and their breakage by
wind or other causes, is a souixe of weakness to ferns. In drying
fronds it is requisite to change the blotting paper frequently.
“ Bentham’s Paper ” is very good for the purpose ; and a new
blotting paper named Robosal seems, from a brief trial, to be equally
good. The felt-like material used under carpets is a useful absor-
bent of moisture, if placed between newspapers containing fronds.
Slugs, Beetles, etc. Where houses are infested by beetles,
Birkenhead’s “ beetle-trap ” is effective. For eradicating slugs and
woodlice, small heaps of a mixture of bran and vinegar will attract
them ; and by visiting these heaps at night-time they may be cap-
163
164
BRITISH FERNS.
tured whilst feeding. A flower-pan with a canal surrounding it,
made at the Royal Potteries, Weston-super-Mare, is a simple and
useful contrivance; and “Toope’s Plant Stand,” i.e. a metal support
surrounded by water, acts in a similar manner. Mr. P. Neill Fraser
adopted this on a large scale for specimen plants twenty years ago.
Fern Hunting. When exploring the country for ferns, always
have several tin boxes of about 20 X 14 inches, and about 3 inches
deep ; these will strap together so as not to be cumbersome.
Carefully tie the fronds together, and place at once in the boxes,
where they will remain for several days without injury ; and the
plants, when taken home, will not be unsightly for the rest of the
summer. A record of each wild find should also be kept for future
reference, giving date and locality.
Filmy Ferns. These require their fronds to be kept damp, with-
out an over-abundance of water at the roots. A sunken pit (4 to
5 feet deep), covered with glass and shaded with Scrim, is the
most successful plan. In such a pit an extra cover in frosty
weather is all that is required for the Killarney Fern and Todea
superba. Fire heat is injurious.
Raising from Spores. Freshly gathered spores germinate more
quickly than those from dried fronds. The time of their appear-
ance (as green specks) is variable ; some will have put on their
first frondlets in three months, whilst others may be more than a
year before showing any sign of life. Confervas and mosses are
apt to spring up and destroy the tiny ferns whilst in their prothal-
loid growth. To prevent this, it is advisable to use a clean earthen-
ware (glazed) pan, the soil having been previously plunged in
boiling water to destroy the animal and vegetable life contained
in it. Protect with a glass cover, to prevent outside confervoid
spores (of which the air is full) from being deposited on the soil, and
use distilled water, or that which has been boiled, as ordinary water
also teems with vegetable life. These pans, having no hole, do
not require watering after the spores have been sown until the
young ferns appear, i.e., if placed in a moderately damp situa-
tion and shaded. Worms also (that are destructive to infant ferns)
do not get into the pans. Pricking out into small patches and
ultimately dividing into single plants, is a delicate process, re-
quiring great care and experience. In the earlier stages it is better
to keep the soil damp by standing the small flower-pots in saucers
of water, slightly wetting the frondlets with the spray distributor.
Attention to the above remarks may prevent disappointment.
Since “Our Native Ferns” was published, in 1867, with the
exception of the late Colonel Jones’s privately printed “Varieties of
the British Species,” there has been no large work issued to illus-
trate the great number of marvellously beautiful ferns that have
been discovered or raised since that time. A new work is there-
fore much wanted ; and the author of the present Handbook has
been for some time collecting materials to supply this want, and
would be glad to receive fronds of any new varieties.
ADDITIONAL VARIETIES.
PTERIS AQUILINA.
17. tortuosum, derive. A large-growing variety in Mrs. Grant’s fernery, with pin-
nules twisting in an extraordinary manner. Length, 4 feet.
ADIANTUM CAPILLUS-VENERIS.
33. cuneatoides, Lowe. A hybrid with adiantum-cuneatum. Raised by myself.
Forming a dwarf, dense bush.
34. minutopinnulum, Lowe. Raised by myself. Apparently a hybrid. Length 2
feet. Small, crowded pinnules.
ASPLENIUM ADIANTUM-NIGRUM.
t6. plumum, Lowe. A grand feather-like hybrid (with asplenium marinum), with
deep green fronds. In Mrs. Grant’s collection. 1 3 4 x 4 4 inches (of which 35 inches is
the stipes).
ASPLENIUM FILIX-FCEMINA.
A. I. (3. GRANDICEPS.
30. dentatum, Lowe. Raised by Mr. E. F. Fox. Profoundly dentate ; pinnae narrow
and lax, and a much-branched capitate head 6 inches wide. 22x4 inches.
31. superadornatum, Lowe. Raised by Mrs. Grant. Not unlike coronare, but with
a larger and more dense head (5 inches wide). 23 x 3 inches.
A. 1. y. CRISTATUM.
45. cymba, Lowe. Raised by Mrs. Grant. A boat-like form as in cymbaforme, but
the pinnae are densely crested. 20 x 3 inches.
A. 1. 8. CRUCtATUM.
60. grandissimum, Lcnve. Raised by Mrs. Grant. A narrow, lax, cruciate form of
enormous length. Cruciate except a normal apex. Widest in centre of frond where
63 x 4 inches (at base only 1 inch wide).
* A. 2. a. PUMULUM.
22. cengere, Lowe. Raised by Mr. E. F. Fox. Basal half lax, upper half con-
gested. Sub-tripinnate. 27 x 4 inches.
23. prodigiosum, Lowe. Raised by Mrs. Grant. A narrow, confluent, feathery fern,
with half the pinnm all but wanting. 15x2 inches.
24. silvescere, Loive (Fosteri, Jones). Found by Mr. Foster. A dense forest of
dwarf fronds forming a ball-like plant. 8 x 2* inches.
A. 2. |S. CRISPATUM.
8. pavoninum, Lowe. Raised by myself in 1888. A feathery capitate variety, with
the pinnules roundly crested like the eye in the peacock’s feather. 9X2$ inches.
9. plumigerum, Loouc. Raised by myself in 1888. More feathery than pavoninum
and a stronger grower. 17 x 44 inches.
B. 1. a. PLUMOSUM.
22. Molyi, Lowe. Found by Mr. Moly. A finely cut plumose orm, widest in the
middle of the frond, where 32 x 12 inches.
23. pluma, Lowe. Found by Mr. Moly. A narrow, lax, finely-cut plumosum, widest
n the middle, where 27 x 7 inches.
B. I. S. MACROPINNULUM.
9. taeda, Lowe. An unusually bold, polydactylous form raised by myself in 1888.
Pinnules of great size, capitate. 23X9 inches.
B. 2. o. LAXUM.
8. Illustre, Lcnve. A distinct form, raised by myself. Pinnae and pinnules very lax ;
pinnules narrow and deeply cut ; pinnae crested, and frond ramosely crested. 24 x 7
inches.
9. sponsa, Lowe. A large, distinct, very lax, feathery form, raised by Mrs. Grant.
Some pinnae 2 inches apart, and very narrow (5 x of inches) ; pinnules cut to base, and
lobes bidentate. 40 x 9 in centre of frond (only 3 inches at base).
165
BRITISH FERNS.
1 66
B. 3. 1). VARIEGATUM.
i. variegatum, Moly. Found by Mr. Moly, in 1878, at Colyton, Devon. Normal,
but variegated.
The two following I do not know : —
* flabellifolium-tenue, Mapplebeck.
* Jonesii, Mapplebcck.
SCOLOPENDRIUM VULGARE.
A. I. P. CR1STATUM.
32. Jubatum, Lowe. Raised by myself. The crests falling over like a horse's mane.
16x2 inches. (Head 8 inches wide.)
A. I. S. SAGITTATUM.
28. aureum, Lowe. A variegated sagittatum, raised by Mrs. Grant. 11X2 inches.
B. 1. a. CRISPUM.
58. caulitorquere, Lowe. Found by the late Mr. Wills. Rachis bending. 12X2}
nches.
59. rugosocrispum, Lowe. Raised by myself. A cross between Cowbumi and rugosum.
B. 5. o. VARIEGATUM.
30. candicans, Lowe. Found at Hawkchurch, by Mr. Moly. Only marginally
crisped. Pale golden variegation. 16 x 2| inches.
ASPIDIUM ACULEATUM.
30. conopeum, Lowe. A normal, lobate form, with a flat head 10 inches wide.
Raised by the late Colonel Jones.
31. cruciferum, Lowe. Offspring of hybridum, raised by the late Mr. Barnes. Pin-
nules cruciate and narrow. 32 x 6 inches (in centre where widest).
32. distinctum, Lowe. Offspring of hybridum, raised by myself. Long, broad,
cruciate, pinnules. Frond lax and broad at base, but much contracted in upper half.
27 x 8 inches at base (and only 1) inches in upper half).
53. filia, Lowe. Offspring of hybridum , raised by the late Mr. Barnes. Fronds
foliose, concave, dark green, and very thorny. Pinnae confluent at the tips, cruciate ;
pinnules large and cruciate. 28x4 inches.
34. trapezipinnulum, Lowe. Offspring of hybridum and lonchitis. Raised by my-
self. Fronds concave and deep green. Tips of pinna; confluent. Pinnules large,
trapeziform/ and strongly dentate. A distinct hybrid. 16x4 inches.
ASPIDIUM ANGULARE.
A. I. p. GRANDICEPS.
21. coronale, Lowe. Raised by Mr. E. F. Fox. Distinct, erect, with very dentate
subrotund pinnules, and a much-branched, spirally-twisted, compact head. 20x4 inches
in middle (only 1 inch at base).
22. euprepes, Lowe. Raised by myself. Capitate.
25. surculosum, Lowe. A narrow, erect, capitate form, in Mrs. Grant’s fernery,
having conspicuous lobes. 30 x 6 inches in middle (only three inches at base).
A. I. S. POLYDACTYLUM.
14. excellens, Loivc. Raised by the late Colonel Jones. A narrow, polydactylous
variety, compactly well branched. Pinnules simply lobed. 26 x 6 inches in middle (only
3 inches at base).
15. Foxii, Lou'e (remoto-decurrens polydactylum, Stansfield). A polydactylous
form, raised by Mr. E. F. Fox.
16. notabil e, Lowe. Raised by the late Colonel Jones. A narrow, lax, crested form.
Pinnules more divided than in excellens. 27 x 6 inches in middle (4$ at base).
17. splendens, Lowe. Differing from notabile in having thick round crests. Raised
by the late Colonel Jones. 24 x 6 inches in centre (only 3 at base).
A. 1. £. CRUCIATUM.
11. pretiosum, Lowe. Raised by myself. Narrow, cruciate, dark green, with acute
pinnules. 24 x 2 inches.
12. rectangulare, Jones. Found by Mrs. Wilson. Large, lax, cruciate, and capitate.
Pinnules in lower half merely lobate. 26 x 6 inches.
A. 3. a. FLEXUOSUM.
9. deforme, Loive. An ugly variety, found by Mr. Moly. A tortuose lincare, with
scarcely anything but the midribs of pinna; and pinnules. Length of frond 25 inches,
but only 10 inches high.
10. prosternare, Lcnve. A very distinct, slender, pendulous, flexuosc, depauperate
and lax variety, raised from inceguale-furcans. 9 x 1 inches, branching head, ij inches.
11. torquere, Lovuc. A very flexuose form. Found by Mr. Moly. 26x4 inches.
12. tortum, Lowe. A narrow twisted variety. Found by Mr. Moly. 30X3I inches.
ADDITIONAL VARIETIES.
1 67
B. I. a. PLUMOSUM.
12. penna, Lowe. A plumose form raised by myself in 1887. Tips of pinnae curling
over and polydactylous. 24 x 7 inches.
B. I. 8. MACROPINNULUM.
9. lucidum, Padley. Large pinnules, and shining, pale-green fronds.
B. 3. a. DECOMPOSITUM.
18. pluma, Lowe. A very plumose form of Mr. Padley ’s tripinnatum. Raised by
the late Colonel Jones. 24 x 8 inches.
19. pteron, Lowe. A narrow plumose form of Mr. Padley’s tripinnatum. Raised by
the late Colonel Jones. 26 inches.
20. venustum, Lowe. Raised by myself. A tripinnate divisolobe, narrowing to the
apex. 40 x 10 inches (at base).
B. 3. fS. ACUTILOBUM.
26. Germinere, Lowe. Raised by the late Colonel Jones. A distinct narrow acuti-
lobum. Frond equal in width. Pinnae so much branched as to be broader than long.
14 X 3^ inches.
27. invincere, Lowe. Raised by Mr. E. F. Fox. A grandly polydactylous acuti-
lobum. 23 X 9 inches (at base).
28. Trevellyanae, Lowe. Found in Somerset, by the late Mr. Elworthy. Pinnae
overlapping ; pinnules long, narrow, and lax. 30x9) inches.
29. viviparum, Lowe. An acutilobum with plants along the rachis. In Mrs. Grant’s
fernery. 16 x 5 inches (at base).
B. 4. a. ROTUNDATUM.
16. circulare, Lowe. Raised by the late Colonel Jones. Distinct, subrotund form
with lax pinnules. 25 x 3} inches (in middle), only inches at base.
17. exile, Lowe. Found by Mrs. Grant. A gracile- looking, conspicuously lobed
variety, with lax pinnules. 27X9 inches (in middle), only 4 inches at base.
B. 4. y. LACINIATUM.
26. bellulum, Lowe. Found by Mr. Moly, in Dorset. Not unlike a narrow remoto-
decurrens. 23 x 4 inches.
27. caudatum, Lowe. Raised by myself in 1887. A distinct caudate grandidens.
16x4 inches at base, and only 1 inch near the tip.
C. 2. a. ANGUSTATUM.
5. arctum, Lowe. Found at Uplyme, by Mr. Moly. A pretty, narrow, dark-green
form, with blunt-ended, imbricate pinnules. A bird's-nest-like habit.
D. I. a. VARIEGATUM.
16. autumnale, Lowe. Raised by Mr. Fitt. Not unlike Mr. Parson’s foliosum, but
green and gold. 20 x 6 inches.
NEPHRODIUM FILIX MAS.
*53. Festingii, Thompson. From the South Kensington collection.
54. revolver z, Lowe. Found by Mrs. Grant. A revolved Stabler!. 29x5 inches.
NEPHRODIUM PALEACEUM.
41. grandescere, Lowe. A very refined yet giant form, having embossed pinnules
Found by Mr. Moly. 52 x 10 inches in centre : only 2^ inches at base.
42. ornamentum, Low e. A neat variety with dense pinnae. Found by Mr. Moly
44 x 7 inches.
NEPHRODIUM SPINULOSUM. (Subsection dilatatum.)
18. diversopinnulum, Lowe. Found by Mr. Moly. A distinct, pretty, very lax,
depauperate form. 32 x 14 inches (stipes 15 inches).
POLYPODIUM VULGARE. (Subsection semilacerum.)
15. Tinternense, Lowe. A plumose form, obtained in 1847, on the ruins of Tintern
Abbey, by Colonel Randall, and independently, some 30 years ago, by Mr. Cowburn.
It is not now however to be found there. A large, graceful variety, much divided in
the centre of the pinnae in a regular manner. 23 x 6 inches.
The above additions increase the list as follows :
Pteris Aquilina ....
Adiantum Capillus Veneris
Asplenium adiantum nigrum
,, filix foeinina
Scolopendrium vulgare
Aspidium aculeatum
VARIETIES.
17
34
16
3r3
45°
34
Aspidium angulare , .
Nephrodium Filix Mas
„ paleaceum
,, spinulosum
Polypodium vulgare
The number of varieties described in this Handbook is 1859.
VARIETIES.
394
54
42
47
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„ 9d.
71
4d.
William IV. „
„ 3/6
„ 2/6
11
6d.
Victoria ,,
„ 6d.
,, 6d.
71
4d.
Collectors are respectfully requested to communicate with Spink & Son
in the event of their not seeing the coins they require mentioned in these
Lists, as it is impossible here to give more than a bare outline of the stock of
coins Spink & Son have for sale, which for variety, extent and the large
selection of every class of coins is unsurpassed.
The prices given in these Lists are subject to market alterations, otherwise
the coins can usually be supplied at the figures named.
Customers unknown to us should remit cash with orders or forward good
references.
Greek and Roman silver and copper coins, Oriental coins, siege pieces and
money of necessity, 17th and 1 8th century tokens, fine patterns and proofs
in all metals, &c., &c., kept in stock ; prices on application.
Illustrated price-list of coin and medal cabinets, (Spink & Son’s special
make), free by post.
Collections of coins or medals purchased for cash. The best obtainable
prices given. Coins exchanged. War Medals, Decorations and Com
memorative Medals in great variety.
SPINK <& SOM,
NUMISMATISTS,
2, GRACECHURCH STREET, LONDON, E.C,
KaTASfci&aii o ovck a. cemxurv.
E. SUMNER,
D/Iafurcil'isfs’ gifores,
135 OXFORD ST., LONDON, W.
PATENTED.
'T'HIS most ingenious invention is designed for the rearing of all living
objects of Natural History, and is of the greatest assistance in the
scientific study (under the most favourable conditions) of the wonderful
economy and transformation of nature, and so constructed as to enable the
specimen to develop to the fullest perfection.
No. 1, as illustrated, is a Ventilated Lid or Cover, with deep rim (which
fits inside of glass case, No. 2), deep enough to prevent larvae from spinning
on the glass, thus allowing the cover, with cocoons and pupae attached, to
be removed for inspection, or stored away in large cages until they emerge.
No. 2, Glass Case, which permits the full power of light to freely enter
on all parts of the specimens from every point of view.
No. 3, The Base (which the Case No. 2 fits into) is made to contain earth
for the growing of plants, or for the use of those insects who bury during pupa
state. The bottom of the base is perforated to allow the air to pass through
the case, thus preventing over-heating, steaming, or mildew of the specimens,
earth, or plants, which is very difficult to prevent in other forms of cases.
No. 4, Is a small movable Pot to contain water in which the stems of food
plants may be placed that cannot be grown in the case, such as the cuttings
of trees, etc., which last for a considerable time in this case.
The Pot has a perforated india-rubber cover to prevent the larvae from
entering the water.
Height.
Diameter.
Price.
Height.
Diameter.
Price.
6 in. .
. 2f in. ..
• 2/-
9 in.
... in. ..
. 3/6
7 in. .
. 3£ in. ..
. 2/6
10 in.
... 45 in. ..
. 5/6
8 in. .
. 3| in. ..
• 3/-
11 in.
... 5£ in. ..
. 7/6
Note. — The various farts are supplied separately.
E. SUMNER, 135 Oxford Street, London, W.
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