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BRITISH FUNGUS-FLOEA,
BRITISH
FUNGUS-FLORA.
A CLASSIFIED TEXT-BOOK OF MYCOLOGY.
BT
GEOEGE MASSEE,
AV TUMEE VOLUMES.
VOL. I.
N; '. YORK
^ b/JlAMCAL
(lAkDElN
LONDON:
GEORGE BELL & SONS, YOEK ST., COVENT GARDEN,
AND NEW YOKK.
1892.
V, I
M5?7
LONDON:
I'lUNTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, Limited,
STAMFORD iSTKEET AND CHAKING CKOSS.
C-iB9ARY
NLVV YORK
BOTANICAL
QARDtiN
PREFACE.
It is now twenty-one years since the last complete British
Mycological Flora was published — Cooke's "Handbook of
British Fungi " — the number of sj)ecies therein described
being 2810, Avhereas the species now number 4895, and are
distributed as follows : — Basidiomycetes, 1930 ; Ascomycetes,
1275 ; Sphaeropsideae, 685 ; Hyphomycetes, 580 ; Uredineae
and Ustilagineae, 230 ; Phycomycetes, 145.
In the Basidiomycetes, with which the present volume
deals, the specific characters are mainly derived from
morphological features, with the additional physiological
characters furnished by colour, smell, and taste, and are
consequently not so readily determined as in some of the
other groups, where the size of the siDores in microns is by
many considered, along with a knowledge of the host, to be
all that is required for the discrimination of species ; and
when we bear in mind that no two persons ever succeed in
making the same measurements of the spores of a given
species, else the spores are very variable in the same species,
the great increase in number of microscopic fungi is not to
OQ be wondered at.
CD There are no better marked species to be met with anywhere
r—^ in the vegetable kingdom than in the Agaricinae, but the
c) majority of species vary witliin certain limits. I have
CL
CO
VI PREFACE.
observed this varietal diifereiice to be very clearly raarked
between many species common to the north and south of
England respectively, and the differences are in many cases
yet move strongly emphasized in forms of the same species
from different countries. To the expert, these modifications
rarely cause embarrassment, but with the beginner the case
is very different, and trivial modifications that do not in
any way affect the true specific character, are not unfrequently
considered as indicating a distinct species.
It is one thing to recognise a species by some unimportant
mark that may be constant in one locality, and another to
thoroughly grasp the true specific characters that remain
constant in every locality. "With the object of lessening the
difficulties indicated above, in addition to the specific diag-
nosis, extracts have been given from one or more authorities,
describing minor variations of colour, texture, form, &c., in
the case of species prone to variation. The various works of
the late Professor Elias Fries of Upsala, bave served as the
basis from whence specific characters have been drawn up,
and in cases where the description covers the typical British
form, have been given intact. It is hoped that all sources of
information have been acknowledged.
As all the individuals of a given species are not cast in the
same mould, it will bo understood that the various measure-
ments given apply to the average size of the part indicated.
G. MASSEE.
Kew, Surrey, 1892.
CONTENTS.
Introduction
BASIDIOMYCETES
Gastromycetes
Hymenogastreae
Octaviania .
Melanogaster
Hydnangium
Hysterangium
KliLzopogon
Hymenogaster
Sclerodermeae
Scleroderma
Polysaccum
Nidularieae
Cyathus
Crucibuliim
Nidularia .
Spliaerobolus
Thelebolus
Lycoperdeae
Lycoperdon
Geastei
Tulostoma .
Battarrea .
Phalloideae
Ithyphallus
PAGE
1-4
5
6
12
12
13
14
15
15
16
21
21
22
23
23
24
25
26
27
29
29
36
41
42
44
44
Vlll
CONTENTS.
Mutinus
Clathrus
Aseroe
Pilacreae
Htmenomtcetes
Tremellineae
Auricularieae
Auricularia
Hirneola
Tremellineae
Exidia
Ulocolla
Tremella .
Naematelia
Gyrocophalus
Tremellodon
Dacryomycetae
Dacryomyces
Dacryoi^sis
Guepinia
Ditiola
Apyrenium
Oalocera
Clavarieae
Sparassis
Clavaria
Pterula
Typhula
Pistillaria
Thelepkoreae
Coniopbora
Aldridgea .
Thelepliora
Soppittiella
Exobasidium
CONTENTS.
IX
I'eiiiopliorn
Hymenochiiete
Corticium .
Stereum
Cladoderris
Craterellu:<
Cyphella
Solenia
Hydneae
Hydiium
Caldesiella
Sistotrema
Irpex
Kadulum
Phlebia
Grandinia
Porotheliuin
Odontia
Knieftia
Mucronelhi
Polyporeae
Merulius
Daedalca
Trametes
I'oria .
Polystictus
Fomes
Polypnrus
Fistuliiia
Boletus
Agaricineae
Melanosparae
Coprinus
Anellaria .
Panaeolus .
VOL. I.
loy
114
118
128
135
i3t;
137
143
145
148
166
167
167
170
173
175
177
17'J
180
181
lS:i
185
19(1
103
197
210
216
226
255
258
298
301
304
330
332
X
CONTENTS.
P.siitliyr.lla.
Gomijliidius
Forphyrosponie
Psathyra .
Psilocybe .
Hyphnlninn
Strophariii .
Pilosace
Agaricus .
Chi ton ia
PAGE
838
346
350
352
363
378
395
408
, 409
417
( :^i )
LIST OF FIGURES.
Agaricus caiupestris
Aoraricus comptiilus
Aldridgea gelatinosa
Anellaria separata .
Auricularia mesenteiica
Battarrea phalloides
Boletus luteiis .
Caldesiella ferrugiuot^a
Calocera viscosa
Chitonia rubriceps .
Cladoderris minima
Clathrus caneellatus
Clavaria abietina
Clavaiia inaequalis .
Clavaria pistillaris .
Coniophora olivacea
Coprinus atramentarius
( 'oprinus comatus .
Coprinus congregatus
Coprinus fimetarius
Coprinus narcoticus.
Coprinus platypus .
Coprinus Spraguei .
Corticium salicinum
Craterellus cornucopioidcs
Crucibulum vulgare
Cyathus striatus
Cyathus vernicosus .
Cyphella capula.
Dacryomyces chrysocoma
Dacryomyces stillatus
Dacryopsis nxida
Daedalea quercina .
Exidia glandulosa .
Exidia recisa
Exobasidium vaccinii
PAGE
351
351
97
303
56
28
185
149
56
351
97
43
74
74
74
94
303
303
303
303
303
803
:!03
94
94
20
28
20
94
56
56
56
185
56
56
97
Fistuliua hepatica .
Fomes igniarius
Geaster hygrometricus
Gomphidius viscidus
Grandinia granuloma
Cruepinia peziza .
Gyrocepbalus rufus
Hireuola auricula-judae
Hydnangium carneum
Hydnum aureum
Hydnum repanduni
Hymenocbaete ruhiginosa
Hymenogaster citrinus
Hymeuogaster decorus
Hymenogaster tener
Hypboloma hypoxantbus
Hypholonia oedipus
Hypboloma sublateritius
Hysterangimii nepbriticuiu
Irpex obliquus .
Itbypallus impudicus .
Kneiffia f^etigera
Lycoperdon nigrescens
Lycoperdon pyritbrme .
Melanogaster variegatus
Merulius corium
Mucronella calva
Mutinies caninus
Naematclia encephaia .
Nidularia pisitbrmis
Octaviania asterosperma
Odontia fimbriata .
Panacolus retirugis
Peniopliora cinera .
Phlebia radiata .
Pilacre Petersii .
PACK
KS5
185
28
303
149
56
56
56
11
149
149
94
11
11
11
351
351
:!5]
11
149
43
149
28
28
11
185
149
43
56
28
11
149
303
94
149
43
Xll
LIST OF FIGURES.
Pilosace algerien.sis.
I'Ac.i;
. 351
Pistillaria quisquilaris .
. 74
Pistillaria tenuipes
. 74
Polypoius fumosus .
. 185
Polyporus pereiiuis .
. 185
Polysaccum pisocarpium
. 20
Polystictus versicolor .
. 185
Poria (iordoniensis .
. 185
Poria niedulla-panis
. 185
Porothelium confusum
. 149
Psatliyra gyroflexa .
. H51
Psathyra urticaecolu
. 851
Psatliyrella arata .
. 303
Psathyrella disseminata
. 303
Psilocybe luliis .
. 351
Radulum orbiculare
. 149
Rhizopogon ru1:)escens .
. . 11
Scleroilenna vulgare
. . 20
Sistotrema coufluens .
. 149
Sulenia anomala
. 94
PAGK
Soppittiella oristata ... 97
Sparassis crispa .... 74
Sphaernbolus stellatus . . 20
Stereum ochroleucum ... 97
Stereum purpureum ... 97
Stereum Sowerbei .... 97
Stiobilomyces strobilaceus . 185
Stiopliaria aeruginosa . . .351
Stropharia melasperma . . .351
Stropharia semiglobafci . . . 351
Thelebolus terrestris . . . 20
Th(^lephora laciniata ... 97
Trametes gibbosa . . . . 185
Trcinella lutescens .... 56
Tremella mesenterica ... 56
Trcmellodon gelatinosum . . 43
Tulostoma mammosum ... 28
Typhula erytliropus ... 74
Ullocolla saccharina ... 56
FUNGUS-FLOEA.
INTRODUCTION.
Nature and Origin of Fungi.
In a systematic work the very fascinating study of fungi,
comprising general morphology, life-history, &c., can receive
hut very brief attention; nevertheless, a clear knowledge of
such is indispensable to an intelligible appreciation of
systematic work, wdiich, if based on the system of natural
affinities, is the outcome of a correct knowledge of the
morphological and physiological peculiarities of the members
under consideration.
Fungi belong to the division of plants known as Crypto-
gams, amongst which they are conspicuous by the entire
absence of chlorophyll. This peculiarity determines the mode
of life of the fungi, and limits their distribution to those
places where organic matter is jjresent, which serves as
food, as owing to the absence of chlorophyll inorganic
matter cannot be assimilated. Those fungi that feed on
dead organic substances, as decaying wood, vegetable humus,
&c., are called sap-oxAytes : whereas those that derive their
food from living plants or animals are known as parasites.
Some species are saprophytes during one period of their
existence and parasites at another.
Fungi are not the only Cryptogams devoid of chlorophyll ;
two other groups, the Myxomycetes or Mycetozoa, and the
Schizomycetes or Bacteria agree in this point, but these
latter are distinguished by the absence of hyphae or my-
celium. The tissues of fungi always consist of rows of cells,
called hjphae; these may consist of very long continuous
cells without transverse septa, or septa may be present, when
VOL, I. B
A FUNGUS-FLORA.
the liypha consists of a row of superposed cells. In numerous
species tlie h3'phae form a loose, yieldiug structure, as in tbe
common mushroom, where they are arranged in a more or
less parallel manner in the stem or s^jpe, or intricately inter-
woven, as in the cap or pilcus. In perennial species, on the
other hand, the hyphae are compacted to form a dense,
elastic, corky tissue ; or, in some species of Pohjporus, the
substance becomes dark-coloured and as hard as wood. 'J'he
loose, floccose hyphae forming the vegetative portioi\ of the
fungus is called the mycelium, or spawn. In many species
certain of the hyphae become differentiated into laticiferous
hypJiae, and contain a dense, granular liquid called latex, or
' milk,' as usually described in systematic works ; such cells
are exceedingly abundant in the genus Ladarius, and con-
stitute one of its specific characters, the 'milk,' or latex,
escaping in drops when the tissue is broken. Laticiferous
cells are also present in many other genera.
The Fungi are considered as having descended from tlie
algae, the initial phase of departure being the suppression of
chlorophyll, after which they gradually adopted an aerial
mode of life ; and at the present day we recognise two
l)rimary lines of departure and specialisation, the Ascomycetes
and the Basidiomycetes. The first-named group is oldest in
point of time, and, as would be expected, is structuially most
in touch with the algae, especially the lower or algal-like
forms, such as Pythium, Sajjroler/nia, &c., which differ from
certain algae, as Vaucheria, more especially in the absence of
chlorophyll, in other respects the general structure is almost
identical ; such fungi are in many instances aquatic, and
])0ssess sexual organs of functional value, an antheridium, or
fertilising body — male — and a large cell, or oogonium —
female — the contents of which, after fertilisation, become
capable of reproducing the species ; the fertilised bodies con-
tained within the oogonium, or mother-cell, are called
oospores, and tlio leading idea of the Ascomycetes is that of
liroducing the reproductive bodies or spores in a mother-cell,
where they remain till mature. As the evolution of the
Ascomycetes proceeds, the sexual organs are gradually suji-
pressed, until eventuall}'^ the spores are ])roduced in a mother-
cell or ascMS without the intervention of any sexual process.
Along with the above mode of reproduction, a second or
INTRODUCTION. 6
asexual mode is iisually present in most species, consisting of
minute, differentiated, spore-like bodies, borne at the tips of
special branches, and not enclosed in mother-cells or asci,
but naked. Such reproductive bodies are termed conidia,
which in many instances have been proved to reproduce the
fungus either directly or indirectly, as the spores produced
in asci — ascospores — do.
In many of the Ascomycetes the conidia and higher asco-
spores are produced by the same structure, the two forms of
reproductive bodies either appearing at the same time, or
more frequently the conidia appear first, the ascospores
being produced at a later stage. In other species the conidia
and ascospores are respectively borne by two morphologically
and organically distinct structures, which are often so dis-
similar in general appearance, that before the relationship
between the two was known they Avere placed in different
genera, or even in different families.
As already mentioned, a marked feature in the evolution
of the Ascomycetes is the gradual suppression of the sexual
organs of reproduction, accompanied by a corresponding
evolution and differentiation of the sexual mode of reproduc-
tion. On the total disappearance of the sexual mode of
reproduction, we find the second great group of fungi — the
Basidiomycetes — gradually evolving through the Ustilagineae,
and the Uredineae, families including the well-known ' bunt,'
' rust,' and ' smut ' of oiir cereals, until finally, the character-
istic features of the Basidiomycetes are clearly indicated in
the Tremellineae, and the Thelephoreae, the most prominent
character lieing the jiroduction of naked spores — that is, not
formed in a mother-cell — at the tips of large, terminal cells
known as hasidia ; as a rule each basidium bears four spores,
sometimes called hasidiospores, at its apex. The basidia are
packed side by side, their tips bearing the spores forming
the free surface of the structure, the whole constituting the
hymenium, or spore-bearing surface. The further evolution
of the Basidiomycetes is moht evident in connection with the
development of the sporophore for the two purposes of pro-
viding the greatest possible area of hymenium or spore-
bearing surface with the least possible expenditure of
material, and also for the most eifective means of spore
dissemination.
B 2
4 FUNGUS-FLORA.
The mycelium or vegetative portion of a fungus, being
concerned in obtaining and assimilating food, is iisually
buried in the substratum or matrix from wliich the fungus
obtains its food, whereas the portion that appears in the air
has to do entirely with the reproductive phase, in other
words is either directly or indirectly concerned with the
production of spores, and collectively constitutes the sporo-
plwre, which in turn receives special names in the diiierent
groups, or in complicated cases different parts are in-
dividualised ; for example, in the common edible mushroom
(^Agaricus cam/pestris), the vegetative portion or mycelium is
buried in the ground, the whole of the above-ground
structure being the highly differentiated sporophore, con-
sisting of a stipe or stem, and a pilcus or cap, A veil is al.so
present in the form of a thin membrane stretched from the
stem to the margin of the pileus for the purpose of protecting
the gills during the young stage, while the spores are
growing, the whole of this complex sporophore being for the
purpose of producing spores on the gills or lamellae, protecting
them during their development, and assisting in their
dispersion at maturity.
In addition to the two primary groups of fungi indicated
above there exist others, included under the families known
as Hypliomycetes, Melanconieae, &c. Most of the forms in-
cluded in these families are minute, and popularly known as
* moulds,' ' mildews,' &c. ; many such have of late years
been proved to be phases in the life-cycle of higher fungi,
mostly belonging to the Ascomycetes. Kumerous species,
however, yet remain without any indicated connection with
higher forms, and consequently must for the present be
considered as species.
Fuller morphological and physiological information re-
specting the fungi, in addition to their evolution and inter-
relationship, will be found in a work I have previously
written on Cryptogamic Botany.*
* ' The Evolution of Plant Life : Lower Forms.'
5
BASIDIOMYCETES.
Naked spores borne on basidia are, as already stated, the
morphological features that are supposed to be indicative of
relationship amongst thousands of fuugi, which in every
other particular are frequently very dissimilar. A typical
basidium is the club-shaped terminal cell of an ordinary
hypha that becomes densely filled with protoplasm. From
the rounded apex of the basidium four very slender spine-
like processes — the steru/mata — are produced ; the tip of each
sterigma becomes swollen, the swollen portion becoming
differentiated into a spore.
In primitive types of Basidiomycetes the hymenium covers
the entire exposed surface of the sporophore, which shows
but little differentiation, as in Tremella, Corticium, &c. In
the last-named genus and its allies, the sporophore resembles
a crust-like expansion closely adnate or attached to the
'natrix throughout its entire surface, when it is said to be
resujjinate, the upper or free surface being entirely covered
by the hymenium. The next phase of evolution towards the
highest form is where a greater or less portion of the crust-
like sporophore is free fiom the matrix and rejtexed or curved
downwards ; this condition of things is seen in many species
of Stereum. A third type, the dimidiate stage, is illustrated
by many species of Poli/jiorus that are attached by a broad
edge to the matiix, the fungus standing out at right angles
to the matrix, and often of a more or le.-^s semicircular form,
the upper barren surface being the pileus, the under fertile
surface the hynienium.
Following on, we come to species with a lateral stem, due to
the broad base of attachment of the dimidiate type l>eing
narrowed to stem-like dimensions. Finally we come tc)
mesoj)od or central-stemmed species, as seen in the mush-
room.
In all the higher forms, Ihe hymenium is continuously
spread over both surfaces of thin plates t)f tissue, which are
variously arranged in different grou2)s, and furnish important
6 rUNGUS-FLOKA.
characters ; these plates take the form of gills or lamellae in
Agai'icus, &c., j^ores in Pohjyorus, Boletus, (fee, or are variously
contorted and form a cavernous structure in Lycoperdon,
Mhizojwgon, &c.
No trace of sexual organs is known to exist in any
member of the group.
The Basidiomycetes are divided into two primary groups,
briefly characterised as follow^s : —
Hymenomycetes.
Hymenium exposed from the first, or in all cases before
the spores are mature.
Gastromycetes.
Hymenium enclosed within a continuous membrane or
peridium until the spores are mature.
GASTEOMYCETES.
Opinion differs as to the origin or starting-point of the
peculiar featui'es that give individuality to the present
group. The late Professor De Bary saw in some points of
resemblance with certain species of Bolyporus the probable
starting-point of the group under consideration.* The
Hymenogastreae, including the comparatively simple sub-
terranean species, are universally considered as the starting-
point from which all the other families of the Gastromycetes
have been derived, and I have indicated the very close
agreement in many important points of structure, habitat,
ifec, f between the Hymenogastreae and the Tuberaceae, an
ascigerous family of subterranean fungi including the truffle,
and consider that the Gastromycetes have evolved from the
Tuberaceae through the Hymenogastreae, due to the gradual
conversion of asci into basidia.
In the simplest subterranean forms there is a continuous
external compact wall or peridium, which remains perfectly
closed until the spores are mature, and even then shows no
* ' Fungi Mycetozoa and Bacteria.' Fnfj. Ed.
t 'A Monograph of the British (;! astromycetcs,' 'Annals of Botany,*
vol. iv. 1885).
GASTROMYCETES. 7
special arrangement for dehiscence or opening, but has to
decay before the spores are liberated. In species that
become raised above ground during their development the
peridium is usually differentiated into two or more layers,
as, for instance, in the species of Lijcoperdon, where the outer
layer is usually resolved into warts or spines, the inner
layer remaining continuous, or in Geaster, where the numlier
of la^-ers is greater, an outer portion (exoperidium) eventually
splitting from the apex into a variable number of pointed
portions, the inner, as in Lycoperdon, remaining intact and
dehiscing by a more or less definite aperture at the apex.
The entire contents of the closed peridium are collectively
known as the gleha, which in the immature stage, before any
disintegration has taken place, consists of thin plates of tissue
continuous with the inside of the peridium and anastomosing
at numerous points, thus forming an irregular labyrinthi-
form or cavernous structure consisting of variously- shaped
cavities bounded by thin plates, which are in every respect,
except that of arrangement, identical with the gills of
Agarics, and consequently bear the basidia on their free
surfaces, which is equivalent to saying that the walls of the
cavities are covered with basidia bearing spores and forming
the hymenium.
The central portion of these plates consists of hyphae
running more or less parallel with the two surfaces and
constituting the trama, lateral branches of which bend
outwards on both sides and bear the basidia. In addition
to the basidia, certain tramal hyphae give origin in many
species to elongated, thick- walled, simple or branched hyphae
which collectively form the capilUtium or dense mass of
threads mixed with the mature spores in Lycoperdon, Geaster,
&c., and which, in its most highly-evolved phase acts as a
dispersive organ. In many genera, as Bovista, Lycoperdon,
&c., after the spores are formed the basidia, along with the
tramal plates, deliquesce and totally disappear, becoming
partly resolved into water that saturates the gleba of im-
mature puff-balls ; finally, this moisture disappears, the
spores become mature and form a dusty mass, mixed with
the capillitium threads.
In the species of Cyathus and Nididaria the tramal plates
do not deliquesce at maturity, but split along a central line.
8 FUNGUS-FLORA.
thus forming a number of free, closed, hollow bodies or
2)eridiola, the inner surface being lined with basidia. These
fungi are popularly known as birds'-nest fungi, the open
peridium corresponding to the nest and the peridiola to the
eggs.
In some of the subterranean species the basal portion of
the peridial wall is more or less thicker than the remainder,
and in the above-ground species this thickened portion or
sterile base is much more highly developed, and, as its name
denotes, is sterile, or does not produce basidia and spores.
In the species oi Lycoperdon, &c., the sterile base is developed
downwards as a stem, in other species it grows upwards into
the glelja as a more or less cylindrical, compact, sterile,
hemisphei'ical, or column-like pillar, called the columella.
In the sub-family Phalloideae the outer covering or peri-
dium is termed the volva, and the hymenium is elevated on
a variouslj^-formed receptacle. When the spores are formed
the hymenial elements, basidia, &c., deliquesce and form in
most sjiecies a very strong-smelling, green, semi-liquid,
dripping mass, in which the spores are imliedded. This
green substance contains a considerable amount of a sac-
charine substance, which is greedily soiight after by flies,
through whose agency the spores are supposed to be dis-
persed. In many species the receptacle is brilliantly coloured,
thus serving as an additional attraction to their insect
visitors. No trace of a capillitium is present.
GASTEOMYCETES.
Subterranean, or appearing above-ground when mature ;
hymenium concealed within a continuous peridium or volva
until the sjiores are formed. Basidia variable, cylindrical,
clavate, or sub-globose ; spores })roduc(jd laterally (Tiilostama)
or at the apex of tlie basidia, variable in number, often moi'e
than four, always continuous (= one-celled or without septa).
Capillitium often present.
Fam. I. IIVAIENOGASTREAK.
Subterranean. Peridium indehiscent ; cai)illitium absent.
GASTEOMYCETES. 9
Fmn. 11. SCLERODEEMEAE.
Appearing above ground at jnaturity. Peridium thick,
not composed of distinct layers, dehiscing irregularly ;
capillitium absent.
Fam. III. NlDULARIEAE.
Peridiola globose or compressed, free at maturit}- witliin
the peridium.
Fam. IV. Lycoperdeae.
Peridium consisting of two or more distinct layers ; sjiores
forming a powdery mass at maturity, and mixed with a
well-develoi3ed capillitium.
Fam. V. Phalloideae.
Volva at first continuous, with a middle gelatinous stratum,
spores when mature immersed in a greenish mucilage, and
elevated out of the volva on a variously-shaped receptacle.
ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA.
Hymenogastreae.
Octaviania. — Sterile base of peridium well develojied ;
spores globose, warted.
Melanogaster. — Sterile base of peridium absent ; spores
elliptical, smixjth.
Hydnangium. — Peridium without a sterile base ; spores
globose, warted.
Hysterangium. — Gleba cartilagineo - glutinous ; spores
minute, elliptical, smooth.
Rhizopogon. — Peridium with vein-like fibres on the sur-
lace ; spores smooth.
Hymenogaster.— Sterile base of peridium well developed ;
spores large, elliptical or fusiform, rugulose or
nodulose.
10 FUNGUS-FLOKA.
SCLERODERMEAE.
Scleroderma. — Surface of peridium with persistent warts
or granules.
Polysaccum. — Surface of peridium smooth.
NiDULARIEAE.
Cyathus. — Peridiola several, umbilicate, attached by a cord
to wall of peridium.
Crucibulum. — Peridiola several, not umbilicate, attached
1 ly a cord to wall of peridium.
Nidularia. — Peridiola several, not attached by a cord to the
peridium.
Sphaerobolus. — Peridium globose, containing a single
sporidiolum.
Thelebolus. — Peridium sessile on a broad base, containing
a single peridiolum.
Lycoperdeae.
* Stem absent, or very thick and continuous ivith the jjeridium.
Lycoperdon. — Exoperidium either in the form of warts,
spines, or flaking off in patches ; sterile base either
present or absent.
Geaster. — Exoperidium splitting in a stellate manner.
** Stem elongated, slender.
Tulostoma. — Peridium subglobose.
Battarrea. — ^ Peridium vertically compressed.
Phalloideae.
Ithyphallus. — -Pileus reticulated, free and sheathing the
apex of the stem-like receptacle.
Mutinus. — Pileus adnate to the apex of the long stem-like
receptacle.
Clathrus. — Eeceptaclo forming a hollow net.
GASTKOMYCETES.
U
FIGURES ILLUSTRATING THE IIYMENOGASTBEAE.
Fig. 1, Octaviania asterosperma, portion of a tramal plate sliowing tlifi
hyphae of the trama bending outwards and bearing tlie basi<lia on botli
surfaces; the young spores are smooth ; higlily mag. ; — Fig. 2.Hydnan<jinm
carnetim, spore very liigldy mag.; — Fig. 3, BliizojVKjon rahi'scenH, ])lant
nat. size ; — Fig. 4, Hysteraiufium vipliritlciun, spores higiily mag. ; — Fig. 5,
Hijmenofjdi^ter tener, section through centre of plant, showing the con-
tinuous peridium with the thickened sterile base, also the tramal plate.s
forming an irregular network in the gleba ; nat. size; — Fig. Ci.Mchuwrjmtlrr
varir.(jatu», basidium bearing four spores ; highly mag. ; — Fig. 7, llyiiuno-
gader decorus, spore; highly mag. ;— Fig. 8, Hymenngaster citrinus, jilaiit ;
nat. size.
1- FUNGUS-FLOEA.
FAM. I.
HYMENOGASTREAE.
Peridium indehiscent ; gleba consisting of numerous
irregi;lar cavities; capillitium absent; subterranean.
Ilymenogastreae, Tul., Fl. d'Alg. i. p. 394.
Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 31.
Hypogaei, Berk., Outl., p. 292.
Most of the species are of an irregular spherical form, and
in many cases originate from a fleecy weft of mycelium.
Most species grow under trees, and several have only been
met with in close proximity to certain kinds of trees, which
suggests the probability of commensalism, as already known
to exist between the subterranean species of Elaphomi/ces and
fir-trees. The basidia are very variable in form and in the
iiiuuber of sterigmata. The spores are remarkable, as a rule,
iVn- their very large f-ize, dark colour and markings. The
jieridium is not differentiated into layers in connection with
spore-diffusion, and decays to liberate the spores.
OCTAVIANIA. Vitt. (fig. 1, p. 11.;
Peridium cottony, sterile base distinct ; trama b3'ssoid
with a tendency to split ; cavities at first empty, small
towards the circumference, central ones larger and irregvilar;
spores rough.
Odaviania, Vitt., Mon. Tub., p. 15 (in part); Mass., Mon.
Gast., p. 31.
(Jiiaractcrised by the distinct sterile base, the byssoid
septa, and in the cavities being at first empty.
Octaviania asterosperma. Vitt. (fig. ], ]>. 11.)
Hubglobose or irregular, whitish, becoming bluish-black
ill places, sterile base distinct; cavities irregular, central
ones largest; spores globose, warted, brown, 14-15, /x.
Ociaviana asterosperma. Vitt., Mon. Tub., t. iii. p. 7 ; Cke.,
Hdbk., n. 1045; Perk., Outl. 292; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 31,
\. 2.
ocTAViANiA — :melanogaster. 13
Adhering to branches, leaves, Sec, underground.
From ^ to ItV in. across, mycelium cottony, aljundant ;
whitish, becoming stained with greenish-blue or black when
bruised and exposed to air.
Octaviania Stephensii. Tul.
Irregularly elongated, rufous, base more or less plicate,
with branched cord-like mycelial strands; within white,
becoming red when exposed ; cavities minute ; spores globose,
echinulate, pale brown, 11-17 /x.
Octaviania Stephensii, Tul., Fung. Hypog. 78, pi. xxi., f. vi. ;
Mass., Mon. Gast. p. 3'2, f. 3.
Hydnangium Stevensii, Berk., Ann. Nat. Hist, xviii. p. 70.
Amongst loose soil; from ^ to f in. across; giving out a
white milk-like fluid when cut.
Octaviania compacta. Tul.
Small, gregarious, irregularly globose, whitish, minutely
cottony, furnished with a dense mass of white mycelium ;
cavities irregular, septa indistinct ; spores minutely warted,
yellow, 5-6 /x.
Octaviana compacta, Tul., Giorn. Bot. Ital. ii. p. 56 ; Mass.,
Mon. Gast., p. 32, f. 12.
Underground or partly exposed ; from :f to ^ in. across.
MELANOGASTEE. Corda. (fig. 6, p. 11.)
Peridium without a distinct sterile rooting base, branched
root-like mycelial strands springing from every part of tlie
surface ; cavities of gleba small at the circumference, larger
in the centre ; tramal plates thick ; spores smooth, coloured
or colourless.
Melanogaster, Corda, ap. Sturm., Deutsch. Fl. iii. 11, p. 1 ;
Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 33.
The present genus is characterised by the smooth spores,
absence of sterile rooting base, and the cord-like strands of
mycelium springing from various points of the surface of the
peridium.
Melanogaster variegatus. Tul. (fig. 6, p. 11.)
Subglobose, oehraceous or yellowish, then ferruginous ;
tramal plates changing from white to orange; spores brown,
elliptic-oblong, 10 x 5 /a. :
14 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Melanogaster variegafiis, TuL, Fung. Hypog. 92, t. xi. f. 4,
an<l t. xii. f. 6 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 33, f. 10.
Undergroxand.
Var. Broomeianus, Berk. Differs from type in not
having yellow or orange tramal plates.
Melanogaster ambiguus. Tul.
Subglobose or ellipsoid, foetid, pale olive becoming brownish
when exposed ; septa white, spores obovate or elliptical, apex
variable, acute or obtuse and papillate, brown, 13-15 x
7—8 IX.
Melanogaster ambiguus, Tul., Fung. Hyp. 94, t. ii. f. 5, and
t. xi. f. 5 ; Berk., Outl. 293 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1048 ; Mass.,
Mon. Gast., p. 35, f. 5.
Under firs, the smell very strong, resembling assafoetida.
About 1 in. across.
Var. intermedius, Tul. Spores obovate, obtuse, rarely
papillate.
HYDNANGIUM. Wallr. (fig. 2, p. 11.)
Peridium fleshy or thin, smooth or silky, sterile base
absent ; cavities minute, irregular, at first empty ; spores
globose or subglobose, echinulate.
Hi/dnangium, Wallr., MS. ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 36.
Distinguished from Hydnangimn, its nearest ally, by the
absence of a sterile base and the subglobose echinulate spores.
Hydnangium carotae color. B. & Br.
Irregularly oblong, peridium thin,rugulose, dull red, orange
within; spores elliptic, pale, coarsely echinulate, 15-18 x
11-13 yu.
Hydnangium carotaecolor, B. and Br., Berk., Outl. 293 ; pi.
XX. f. 1 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1049 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 36,
f. 6.
Buried or half exposed, under trees. Fromi to | in. long,
of a bright carrot-colour within.
Hydnangium carneum. Wallr. (fig. 2, p. 11.)
Subglobose or irregular, flesh-coloured, inside paler, un-
changeable ; spores globose, pale j^inkish-brown, with long,
slender spines, 11-12 /a.
HYSTEKANGIUM — EHIZOPOGOX. 15
Hydnangium carneum, Wallr., MS. ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 37,
f. 14.
Underground or partly exposed. About | in. across.
HYSTEEANGIUM. Vitt. (fig. 4, p. 11.)
Peridium distinct, separable ; gleba at first mucilaginous,
becoming gelatinous, cavities at first empty ; spores minute,
smooth.
Hystercmghim, Yitt., Mon. Tub., p. 13; Mass., Mon. Gast.,
p. 87, f. 4.
Known by the cartilaginous nature of the mature gleba,
separable peridium, and minute elliptical, smooth spores.
There is often an abundant development of mycelium.
Hysterangium nephriticum. Berk. (fig. 4, p. 11.)
Spherico-depressed, mycelium white, strand-like ; peridium
rather thick ; gleba tinted with grey or dirty green ; cavities
minute, irregular, radiating from the base; spores pale,
elliptical, 18-20 x 5-6 /x.
Hysteranc/ium nephriticum. Berk., Outl. 294; Cke., Hdbk.,
n. 10o(» ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 38, f. 4.
Amongst clay, &c. From ^ to 1 in., at first white, downy,
springing from a dense mat of root-like mj'celium.
Hysterangium Thwaitesii. B. & Br.
"White, subglobose, becoming reddish when bruised ;
spores oblong, apiculate, ])ale olive, 25-30 X 7-9 /a.
Hysterangium Thoaitcsii, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist.,
ser. li. V. ii. p. 267 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 39, f. 80.
On the ground, under trees. About ^ in. across. Peridium
thin, separating when dry.
PtHIZOPOGON. Tul. (fig. 3, p. 11.)
Peridium thick and persistent, or thin and disappearing,
with strands of mycelium traversing its surface ; cavities
distinct, at first empty ; sjwres smooth.
Mltizopogon, Tub, Gioru. Bot. Ital. ii. p. 56 ; Mass., Mon.
Gast., p. 39.
Agreeing with Hysterangium in the smooth ellij)tical spores,
but distinguished by the root-like strands of mycelium
16 FUNGUS-FLORA.
springing from the general surface of the peridium ; in the
last character agreeing with Melanoij aster, from which the
present genus is distinct by the minute subequal cavities of
the gleba.
Rhizopogon rubescens. Tul. (fig. 3, p. 11.)
Irregularl}^ ovate or globose, with long, slender, root-like
mycelium, white, becoming reddish when exposed, yellowish-
olive when mature, cavities small, numerous ; spores elliptic-
oblong, very pale, 11 X 4-5 /x.
Jiluzopogon rubescens, Tul., Fung. Hypog. 89, t. xi. f. 4, t. ii.
f. 1.; Berk., Outl. 294; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1052; Mass., Mon.
Gast., p. 39, f. 7.
Amongst sand in fir-woods. Gregarious, f— 1^ iu., smell
sour when young, foetid when old.
Rhizopogon luteolus. Tul.
Globose or elongated, white, then brownish-olive, peridium
thick, with numerous strands of mycelium ; cavities minute,
rounded ; sjDores narrowly elliptical, pale olive, 8 X 3 /a.
Bliizopogon luteolus, Tul., Fung. Hypog. 87, t. i., f. 5 and t.
xi. f. 5 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 40, f. 9.
Underground or partly exposed. Solitary or gregarious,
1^-1^ in., smell slight when immature, then strong.
HYMENOGASTER. Tul. (fig. 5, p. 11.)
Peridium fleshy or thin, continuous with the sterile base ;
cavities of gleba empty at first, irregularly scattered or
radiating from the base, tramal walls not byssoid ; spores
elliptical or fusiform, rough or smooth.
Hymenogaster, Tul., Fung. Hypog., p. 63 ; Mass., Mon. Gast.,
p. 41.
Characterised by the large elliptical or fusiform spores,
steiile basal stratum, and cavities of the gleba being empty
at first.
Hymenogaster Klotzschii. Tul.
Oljovate or subglobose, base fibril lose, dirty white, be-
coming reddish-ochre inside ; spores elliptical, minutely
warted, pale brown, 18-20 x 11-13 fx.
HYMENOGASTER. 17
Hijmenoqaster Klotzschii, Tul., Fung. Hypog. 64, pi. x. f.
xii. ; Berk., Outl. 295 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1053 ; Mass., Mon.
Gast., p. 42, f. 24.
Amongst soil. From ^|- in.
Hymenogaster muticus. B. & Br.
Globose, white, then tinged brown, cracked ; pale yellow-
ish-brown within; spores obovate or oblong, obtuse, pale
brown, 18-21 x 10-12 fx.
Hymenogaster muticus, B. and Br., Berk., Outl. 295 ; Cke.,
Hdbk., n.'l054 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 42, f. 20.
Underground, amongst trees. From §-1 in. across.
Hymenogaster luteus. A^itt.
Subglobose, peridium very thin, white, then brownish ;
blight yellow within ; spores smooth, elliptical, 24-28 X
10 /J.,
Hymenogaster luteus, Berk., Outl. 295 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1055 ;
Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 43, f. 18.
Underground. About 1 in. diam., distinguished by the
bright yellow inside. Spores rather variable in shape and
size. Smell sometimes weak, at others very foetid.
Hymenogaster decorus. Tul. (fig. 7, p. 11.)
Subglobose, dirty white, becoming yellowish in places ;
inside lilac-brown, then blackish ; sterile base almost obso-
lete ; spores elliptical, obtuse, or obtusely apiculate, ochra-
ceous, then brown, rugulose, 24-28 x 13-15 fx.
Hymenogaster decorus. Tub, Fung. Hypog. 67, t. x. f. 9 ;
Berk., Outl. 295; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1056; Mass., Mon. Gast.,
p. 43, f. 22.
Underground in woods. From 1-2 in. across. Eemavk-
able for the long, slender basidia.
Hymenogaster vulgaris. Tul.
Irregularly subglobose, whitish, becoming discoloured :
rather soft ; gleba from white to dark brown, cavities rather
large, irregular; sterile base minute; spores oblong-lanceo-
late, dark brown when mature, rugulose, 30-40 x 12-14 /x.
Hymenogaster vulgaris. Tub, Fung. Hypog. 67, t. x. f. 13;
Berk., Outl. 296 ; Cke, Hdbk., n. 1057 ; Mass., Mon. Gast.,
p. 44, f. 13.
voT,. r. c
18 FUNGUS-FLOKA.
Underground. Snbglobose, or irregularly lobed, solitary
or gregarious, about 1 in.
Hymenogaster pallidus. B. & Br.
Subglobose or depressed ; white, then dirty buff, rather
soft, sterile base obsolete ; within at first white, passing
through yellow to pale brown; spores lanceolate, acute,
rather rough, brown, 30-36 X 12-14, jx.
Hymenogaster pallidus, B. and Br., Berk., Outl. 296 ; Cke.,
Hdbk. 1058; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 44, f. 17.
Underground under firs. From ^\ in., distinguished
from H. vulgaris by its paler colour and more acute spores,
which usually fall away with the short sterigma attached.
Hymenogaster citrinus. Vitt. (fig. 8, p. 11.)
Subglobose, often gibbous, shining as if silky ; yellow,
then rufous-black, same colour within ; spores lanceolate,
apiculate, reddish-brown, rugulose, 40 x 17-20/*.
Hymeiiogaster citrinus, Yitt., Berk., Oi;tl, 296 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
n.- 1057 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 45, f. 8.
Underground. From f-^ in. across. Distinguished by
the yellow tramal plates, the large brown, lanceolate sporet^,
and the cheesy smell.
Hymenogaster olivaceus. Yitt.
Angularly globose, at first silky, whitish, brownish when
bruised ; inside white at first, then passing through buff to
olive, tramal plates persistently whits ; spores broadly fusi-
form, mucronate, brown, generally quite smooth, 25-30 x
13-14: fl.
Hymenogaster ulivaceus, Yitt., Berk., Outl. 296 ; Cke., Hdbk.
1060; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 45, f. 16.
Underground in woods. Size variable, from |— 1^ in.
Allied to H. citrinus : distinguished by its paler and smoother
spores ; in fact, the spores are generally quite smooth, some-
times slightly rugulose ; the sterigmata remain attached to
the spores as a rule.
Var. modestus, B. and Br.
Spores narrowly fusiform, pale amber, 25-26 X 8-10 fx.
Hymenogaster tener. Berk. (fig. 5, p. 11.)
Subglobose, rather soft, white, silky, sterile base well
HYMENOGASTEE. 19
developed ; gleba pink, then greyish-amber ; spores broadly
elliptical with a papilla at the apex, verruculose or rugulose,
ochraceous, 30 X 14—16 fx.
ffijmenogaster tener, Berk., Oiitl. 296; Cke., Hdbk. 1061;
Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 46, figs. 1 and 54.
Underground, in woods. From ^1 in. across.
Hymenogaster Thwaitesii. B. & Br.
Globose, firm, dingy white becoming stained in places ;
gleba brown ; spores globose, brown, slightly rugulose, apex
with a minute papilla, 11-13 fx.
Hi/menoqaster Thicaitesii, B. and Br., Berk., Outl. 197;
Cke.', Hdbk., n. 1162 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 47, f. 25.
Underground. About h in. across. Characterised by the
globose spores.
Hymenogaster griseus. Vitt.
Globose or irregular, at first white, downy, cavities minute ;
spores fusiform, irregularly tuberculose, dark brown, 28-32
X 20 fjL.
Hymenogaster griseus, Vitt., Mon. Tub. 23, t. iii. f. xv. ;
Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 48.
Amongst leaf-soil. From ^-^ in. across. Smell
pleasant.
Hymenogaster pusillus. B. & Br.
Very small, obovate or subdepressed, white, sterile base
large ; cavities large ; spores pale, reddish, elliptical, with a
papilla, at the apex, at length rugulose, 14-16 X 10 fx.
Hymenogaster pusillus, B. and Br., Berk., Outl. 297 ; Cke.,
Hdbk., n. 1063; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 48, f. 21.
On mossy ground. About two lines high, obovate or
depressed.
20
FUNGUS-FLORA.
FIGURES ILLUSTRATING THE SCLERODEmiEAE, ALSO
THE NIDULAIIIEAE IN PART.
Fig. 1, Fohjsaccum pisocarpium, portion of a specimen, showin<r tbc
nodulose exterior, also a section showing the sporaiigiola ; small specimen,
nat. size ; — Fig. 2, Sphaeroholus stellatKs, specimen after dehiscence,
showing the outer wall of the peridium split in a stellate manner above,
and the inner layer elastically inverted, the single peridiolum has been
jerked away ; slightly mag. ; — Fig. 3, Theleliolns terredris, showing the
periilium with the single ])eridiolum at its apex; slightly mag.; — Fig. 4,
iidt'rodcrma ruhjare, entire ])lant; small specimen, nat. size; — Fig. 5,
(yntcthnhim vtiltjair, peridiolum with portion of the funiculus or coid by
which it is attached to the inner wall of the j)eridium ; slightly niHg. ; —
Fig. 6, Cyathus verm'coms, peridiolum in section, showing the internal
c;»vity lined with basidia; on one side there is a depression or umbilicu.s
from which the funiculus springs ; mug.
SCLERODERIMA. 21
FA2L If.
SCLERODERMEAE.
Peridiiim thick, clchiscing by splitting into lobes at the
apex, or usually by disintegration of the upper portion ;
gleba containing numerous cavities, tramal plates disappear-
ing or persistent, capillitium absent. Peridia appearing
above ground at maturity.
Distinguished from the Hyinenogastreae by the v^^ell-defined
sterile base of the peridium, v?hich usually becomes elongated
into a stem-like structure, and by the mature peridium l:)eing
above ground. The sjDores are small, yet there is no special
arrangement for eifecting their dispersion, although in this
respect the present order forms a transition between the
Hymenogastreae and the higher orders.
SCLERODERMA. Pers. (fig. 4, p. 20.)
Peridium firm, covered -with warts or scales, indehiscent
or splitting in an iri"egularly stellate manner at the apex ;
walls of trama subpersistent ; spores globose, warted.
Scleroderma, Pers., Syn., p. 159; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 49.
Distinguished by the firm, corky peridium covered w^ith
warts.
Scleroderma vulgare. Fr. (fig. 4, p. 20.)
Subsessile, often depressed, plicate towards the base,
peridium thick, white, verrucosa or broken up into minute
rigid scales ; trama white ; spores in the mass blackish with
})urple tinge, globose, warted, 9-11 fx.
Scleroderma vulgare, Berk., Outl. 303, pi. 15, f . 4 (with
Boletus parasiticus, growing upon it) ; Cke., Hdljk. 1090,
f. 116 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 50, f. 45.
Uniler trees, &c. Often cespitose, 1 to 3 in. across.
Peridium vaiiable, white or pale brown, often becoming
pink when cut. Dehiscing by decay of upper portion of
peridium.
22 FUNGITS-FLOEA.
Scleroderma verrucosum. Pers.
Peridium thiu above, ochraceoiis or dingy brown, covered
with minute warts, siibglobose, continued downwards as a
more or less elono;ated stem-like base ; spores umber in the
mass ; trama whitish ; spores globose, warted, 10-13 /x.
Scleroderma verrucosum, Berk., Outl. 303 ; Cke., Ildbk., n.
1092 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 50, f. 47.
On the ground, under trees, &c. Peridium, 1 to 3 in.
across, stem ^-2 in. long, thick, lacunose ; sometimes almost
sessile, when it approaches S. vulgare, but is distinguished by
the thin peridium and absence of purple tinge in the
immature spore mass.
Scleroderma bovista. Fr.
Subsessile, often irregular, peridium thin, pliant, almost
smooth ; tramal walls floccose, yellow, mass of spores olive-
brown, spores globose, warted, 10-13 fi.
Scleroderma hovista, 'Berk., Outl. 303 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1091 ;
Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 51, f. 36.
Sandy soil under trees, &c. From 1-2 in. across. Dis-
tinguished by the thin, almost smooth peridium, and the
yellow tramal walls.
Scleroderma geaster. Fr.
Subglobose, sessile, peridium thick, rigid, almost smooth,
splitting in an irregularly stellate manner at the apex ;
spores warted, 12-16 yu.
Scleroderma (/easier, Fr., Syst. Myc, iii. p. 46 ; Mass.,
Mon. Gast, p. 51, f. 35.
Sandy places. Known by the peridium dehiscing in a
stellate manner ; from 1-2 in. across.
POLYS ACCUM. D.C. (fig. 1, p. 20.)
Peridium irregularly globose, thick, attenuated down-
wards into a stem-like base, dehiscing by disintegration of
its upper portion ; gleba with numerous cavities containing
peridiola.
Pohjsaccum, D.C, in Desp. and Eapp., Voy. Bot. i. p. 8 ;
Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 52.
Allied to Scleroderma and distinguished by the cavities of
the gleba containing distinct peridiola.
POLYSACCUM — CYATHUS. 23
Polysaccum pisocarpium. Fr. (fig. 1, p. 20.)
Peridium irregularly globose, indistinctly nodulose,
passing downwards into a stout stem-like base; peridiola
irregularly angular, 4-5 X 2-3 mm., yellow ; spores globose,
warted, coffee-colour, 9-13 /x.
Polysaccum pisocarpium, Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 52, f. 53.
Polysaccum olivaceum, Berk., Outl. 304; Cke., Hdbk., n.
1093.
Lycoperdon capsuliferum, Sow., Engl. Fung., tab. 425.
Amongst sand. Peridium olive with brown tinge, 1-3 in.
across, stem stout ^-1 in. long. Has not been met with
since Sowerby's time.
FAM, III.
NIDULARIEAE.
Spores produced in the interior of one or usually several
indehiscent peridiola enclosed in a common peridium.
Nidularieae, Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 53.
Nidulariaceae, Tut, Mon. Nid., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, i.
p. 64 (in part).
The leading idea of the present group is the complete
differentiation of the peridiola, which were mistaken by the
early mycologists for the reproductive bodies. In Poly-
saccum the peridiola are present, but not so completely free,
owing to the persistence to some extent of the tramal
plates.
CYATHUS. Haller. (fig. 6, p. 20, and fig. 7, p. 28.)
Peridium consisting of three layers, apex at first closed by
a membrane (epiphragm), becoming broadly open ; peridiola
compressed, umbilicate, attached to peridium by an elastic
cord (funiculus).
Cyathus, Haller, Helv. V., p. 127 ; Mass., Mon. Gast, p. 54.
21 FUNGUS-FLOKA.
Marked by the three layers forming the peridium (seen
in a microscopic section) and the peridiola, with a depression
or umbilicus in the centre of one of the flattened sides from
vvhich the funiculus springs.
Cyathus striatus. Hoftm. (fig. 7, p. 28.)
Obconic, apex truncate, at first closed by a pale epiphragm ;
lead-colour and striate within, outside hirto-tomentose,
brownish, peridiola subcircular, comjiressed, about 2 mm,
across; spores elliptic-oblong, colourless, smooth, 18-22 x
10 fx.
Cyathus striatus, Berk., Outl. 312, pi. 2, f. 3 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
11. 1199 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 54, f. 48.
On wood, twigs, fir-cones, &c. Fasciculate; from i-§ in.
liigh. Distinguished by the fluted inside of the peridium.
Cyathus vernicosus. D.C. (fig. 6, p. 20.)
Campanulate, becoming broadly open, inside smooth, even,
outside silky becoming smooth ; peridiola circular, bicunvex,
blackish, 3-4 mm. across; sj)ores elliptical, colourless,
12-14 X 10 /A.
Cyathus vernicosus, Berk., Outl. 312, pi. 21, f. 1 ; Cke.,
Ildbk., n. 1199; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 55, f. 49-51.
On the ground. Clustered ; about -^ inch high.
Var. agrestis.
Smaller than type, hemispherical, erect.
CEUCIBULUM. Tul. (fig. 5, p. 20, and f. 8, p. 28.)
Wall of peridium double, thick, at first continuous over
the apex as a flat eijiphragm ; peridiola numerous, com-
pressed, attached to the peridium by a long cord (funiculus)
which springs from a iiijiple-like tubercle situated centrally
on one of tlie flattened surfaces of the peridiolum.
Criicihulum, Tul., Mon. Nid., Ann. Sci. Kat., ser. 3, v. i.,
p. 89 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 56.
Distinguished from Cyathus, its nearest all}', by the pcridial
wall consisting of two layers only, and in the funiculus
springing from a projection, and not from a dejiiession <ir
umbilicus on the flattened side of the peridiolum.
CRUCIBULUM — NIDULARIA. 25
Crucibulum vulgare. Tul. (fig. 5, p. 20, and fig. 8,
V--^-) . . . .
Peridiiim thick, greyish-buff, smooth and shining inside,
minutely tomentose outside ; peridiola circular, biconvex,
pale, 1 • 5-2 m.m. across ; spores elliptic-oblong, smooth,
colourless, 10 x 5-6 jx.
Crucibulum vulgare, Berk., Outl., p. 312, pi. 2, f. 1 ; Cke.,
Hdbk., n. 1200 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 5G, f. 52.
On wood, twigs, &c. Becoming bell-shaped and broadly
open, about ^ in. across. Gregarious or crowded.
NIDULAEIA. Tul. (fig. 6, p. 28.)
Peridium consisting of a single membrane ; peridiola
numerous, not attached by a funiculus to the peridium,
involved in mucus.
Nidularia, Tul., Mon. Kid,, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, vol. i.
p. 100 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 57.
Eeadily distinguished amongst its allies by the free
peridiola.
Nidularia pisiformis. Tul. (fig. 6, p. 28.)
Sessile, not rooting, dirty buif, more or less hairy, tuber-
culose above, splitting irregularly ; peridiola subrotund,
biconvex, brown, smooth, shining ; spores colourless, typi-
cally broadly obovate, sometimes subglobose or elliptical,
7-8 X 8-9 fx.
Nidularia pisiformis, Cke., Hdbk., n. 1201 ; Mass., Mon.
Gasr., p. 58, f. 37.
On the ground, wood, leaves, &c. Sessile, springing from
a broad base, more or less flattened above, about \ in. across.
Peridiola wrinkled when dry. Solitary or gregarious.
Nidularia Berkeleyi. Mass.
Subglobose, l)ecoming brondly open, peridium thick, exter-
nally cinnamon, hairy, inside velvety, cinnamon ; peridiola
numerous (40-50), circular in outline, biconvex, brown,
shining, about 2 mm. across ; spores elliptical, smooth,
becoming pale brownish-olive, 9-10 x 5-G /x.
Nidularia Berkeleyi, Muss., Mon. Gast., ]). 59, f. 38.
On wood and twigs. Peridium about \ in. broad and
high, without a trace of cord-like rooting mycelium. Solitary
26 FUNGUS-FLORA.
or 2-3 in groups. The peridiola are much wrinkled when
dry,
Nidularia confluens. Fr.
Peridia subglobose, not rooting, thin, villose, whitish,
becoming irregularly torn above ; peridiola numerous, cir-
cular, compressed, smooth, about 1 • 5 mm. across ; spores
elliptical, smooth, colourless, 8-10 x 6-7 /x,
Nidularia confluens, Fr. and Nordh., Symb. Gast., p. 3 ;
Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 59, f. 8].
On chips and amongst leaves, rarely on the ground.
About § in. across ; crowded and often irregular. Peridiola
wrinkled when dry.
Nidularia dentata. With.
Turban-shaped. Smaller than a hemp-seed; colour pale
buif ; rather woolly ; five segments or teeth at the edge,
broad, spear-shaped, regular. Membrane tough, whitish.
Seeds or capsules reddish-brown.
Nidularia dentata, With., Arr. Brit. PL (ed. 3), vol. iv.
p. 357.
Several growing together on rotten twigs. The above
description from Withering does not agree with any recently
described species, and is inserted for the purpose of prevent-
ing the creation of a new species, should the plant described
above be again discovered.
SPHAEROBOLUS. Tode. (fig. 2, p. 20.)
Peridium consisting of two layers, splitting in a stellate
manner above, the inner becoming exserted elastically, and
ejecting the single peridiolum.
Sphaerobolus, Tode, Meckl., i. p. 43 ; Mass., Mon. Gast.,
p. 60.
Characterised by the single peridiolum. The peculiar
stiucture of the peridium is for the purpose of effecting spore
dispersion. The fungus when immature is subglobose ; when
mature, the two layers of the peridium split into several
teeth at the top, the inner layer then contracts suddenly and
becomes inverted through the toothed opening, having in
tlie act ejected the peridiolum, with its contained spores, to
some distance.
SPHAEROBOLUS — THELEBOLUS. 27
Sphaerobolus stellatus. Tode. (fig. 2, p. 20.)
Peridium pale yellow, or whitish, tomeutose ; split at the
apex into several sharp teeth ; peridiolum broadly elliptical ;
spores elliptic-oblong or obovate. Smooth, colourless,
10 X 5 ^.
SphaeroholMS stellatus. Berk., Outl., p. 312, t. 21, f. 2 ; Cke.,
Hdbk. 1202, f. 145; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 60, f. 55.
On wood, twigs, &c. Crowded, rarely solitary, at first
connected by cobweb-like mycelium, about y'^ in. across.
THELEBOLUS. Tode. (fig. 3, p. 20.)
Wall of peridium single, peridiolum solitary, protruding
from apex of jDeridium.
Thelebolus, Tode, Meckl., i., p. 41 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 61.
Distinguished from Sphaerobolus by the peridium consist-
ing of a single layer and in the peridiolum not being ejected
elastically.
Thelebolus terrestris. A. & S. (fig. 3, p. 20.)
Peridium sessile on a broad base, hemispherical, then
urceolato-ventricose, yellow ; peridiolum spherical, solitary ;
s2)ores elliptic-oblong, smooth, colourless, 10-12 x 5-6 /x.
Tlieleholus terrestris, Alb. & Schw., Consp. Fung., p. 71, 1. 11,
f. 4; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1203, f. 146; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 61,
f. 57.
On wood, leaves, or on the ground. Peridia about jV in.
across, seated on a dense felt-like mycelium often 1-2 in.
broad and long.
28
FUNGUS-FLORA.
FIGURES ILLUSTRATING THE LYCOPEEDEAE, ALSO
THE NIDULAEIEAE IN PART.
Fig. 1, LycMperdon pyriforme, one-third iiat. size; — Fig. 2, Gender
hygrometricus ; the outer wall of the peridium is split into pointed teetii ;
lialf uat. size; — Fig. 3, Tulostoma mammomm, entire plant; nat. size; —
Fig. 4, basidium of same, the four spores are borne laterally ; this differs
from the basidia of A^u-iculana aud Fllaere in not being transversely
septate ; highly mag. ; — F'ig. 5, Lyroperdon nuirescenx, showing thescpavate
outer cortex that has broken away above, also tlie opening for the esciapi;
of tlie spores at the apex of tlu; inner wall or endopeiidiuni ; one-third
nat. size; — Fig. G, Nidularin ji/xiformix, nat. size; — Fig. 7, CyatlivK
nfrlaina; nat. size; — Fig. 8, Crucihiilnni vuJgare; nat. size; — Fig. 9,
liattarrea phalloides, entire plant, showing the volva at the bas^e of the
long stem; about one-quarter nat. size: — Fig. 10, a thread from the
capiilitium of i^a^arrea, showing annular tliickenings; highly mag. '
LYCOPERDOX. 29
FAM. IV.
LYCOPERDEAE.
Peridiiim consisting of two layers, rarely single ; spores
forming a powdery mass at maturity, capillitium well
developed.
Lnco2)erdeae, Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 62.
Tricliogastres, Fries, Syst. Myc., iii. p. 3; Berk., Ontl.,
p. 298 (in part).
The leading characteristic of the present group is the
presence of numerous differentiated hyphae, constituting
collectively the capillitium, mixed with the spores. In many
species the endoperidium, or innermost layer of the peridium,
dehisces by a definite stoma fir aperture. The spores are
miniTte, and in many species the sterigma remains attached
to the spore at maturity, resembling a slender stalk. The
spores are diffused by wind after their escape from the
peridium.
LYCOPEEDON. Tournef. (emended), (figs. 1, 5, p. 28.)
Peridium consisting of two well-defined layers, the outer
spinose, warted, or smooth and separable, inner layer smooth,
dehiscing by a small terminal orifice or the whole of the
upper portion disappearing ; sterile basal stratum present or
absent: capillitium dense ; spores globose or elliptical.
Lycoperdon, Tournef., Inst. E. Herb. 563 ; Berk., Outl.,
p. 301 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 372 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 66.
Bovista, Dillen., Berk., Outl., p. 301 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 371 ;
Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 62.
Judged from the standpoint of British species ahme,
Lycoperdon and Bovista appear to be distinct genera, tho
former characterised by having the outer layer of the peri-
<lium spiny or warted, whereas in the last-named the outer
layer is smooth, separates from the inner, becomes fragile,
and falls away in flakes ; but when all tho known species of
both the above-named genera are examined, it is found that
the above distinction does not hold good. There is an unbroken
30 FUNGUS-FLORA.
sequence from the most spiny forms to those that are per-
fectly smooth, and it is impossible to draw the line between
the two genera. The same remark applies to the supposed
distinctions presented by the capillitium and the absence
or presence of a sterile basal stratum.
As defined above, the genus Lycoperdon is distinguished by
the spinose, warted, or smooth and deciduous outer layer
of the peridium, copious capillitium, and absence of a dis-
tinctly defined opening for the escape of the spores. The
various species are popularly known as puft'-balls.
A. Sterile basal stratum present.
* Spores rough.
Lycoperdon echinatum. Peis.
Obovate or t>ubglobose, bristling with crowded, long,
pyramidal purple-brown spines ; between which are minute
brown warts; dehiscing by a small irregular opening; sterile
basal stratum well developed, pale ochraccous, passing
downwards into long root-like white strands ; mass of
spores purple-umber ; capillitium dense, threads irregularly
branched ; spores spherical, coarsely warted, 5-6 fx.
Lycoperdon echinatum, Pers., Symb. Myc, p. 36 ; Mass ,
Mon. Gast., p. 67, f. 32.
On the ground in woods, amongst leaves. Generally
solitary, 1-2 in. high, 1-li in. across, the spines are often
curved and split at the base; after falling away, smootli
scars are loft on the wall of the peridium, each surrounded
by a ring of minute warts, giving to the surface a tesselated
appearance.
Lycoperdon Hoylei. Berk.
Subglobosc, densely covered with stout, straight or curved
pyramidal, purple - brown, deciduous sjiines ; between the
spines are minute jiersistent brown warts ; sterile base very
compact, bright olive, passing into white, cord-like rooting
strands ; mass of spores purplo amber, with olive tinge ;
capillitium dense, threads olive, sparsely branched ; spores
globose, minutely warted, 5 /x.
Lycoperdon Hoylei, V>. & 13r., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1037 ; Mass.,
Mon. Gast., p. 68, f. 68.
LYCOPERDON. 31
On the ground amongst leaves under trees. Peridinni
1-2 in. across, superficially resembling L. eckinatum, but dis-
tinguished by the very compact bright olive basal stratum.
Lycoperdon atropurpureum. Vitt.
Subglobose or pyriform, plicate below, sessile, or the
cellular, well-developed, dark-brown sterile stratum con-
tinued as a short stem-like base; peridium thin, flaccid, with
slender brownish spines which soon fall away towards the
apex, dehiscing bj' a small irregular opening at the apex ;
mass of spores blackish-purple ; capillitium dense ; spores
spherical, warted, 6-7 fx.
Lycoperdon atrojntrpureum, Cke., Hdbk., n. 1085 ; Mass.,
Mon. Gast., p. 68, f. 71.
In woods, size variable, 1-2^ in. across, known from
H. echinatum and H. Hoijlei, by the dark- brown sterile base,
slender spines, and larger spores.
Lycoperdon excipuliforme. Scop.
Subglobose or depressed, sterile basal stratum continued
downwards as a stout stem, plicate at the base ; peridium
covered with slender spinose warts that soon fall away,
leaving the surface tomentose ; mass of spores brownish-olive ;
threads of capillitium flexuous, sparingly or not at all
branched ; spores globose minutely warted, 4-5 /j..
Lycoperdon excipuliforme, Yitt., Mon. Lye. 193; Mass.,
Mon. Gast., p, 69, f. 64.
In woods and meadows. From 1—i in. high. Often closely
resembling L. saccatum in general appearance, but distin-
guished by the sub-simple flexuous threads of the capillitium,
and the smaller, minutely warted spores.
Lycoperdon saccatum. Vahl.
Spherico-depressed, plicate below, with small spinuloso
warts that become smaller downwards, dehiscing by a small
apical aperture ; sterile base, porous, convex, passing down-
wards as a stout, elongated stem ; mass of spores olivaceous-
umber; capillitium dense, threads branched; spores globose,
strongly warted, 5-6 /j..
Lycoperdon saccatum, Berk., Outl. 302 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1087 ;
Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 69, f. 60.
Amongst moss in open woods, &c. From 2-5 in. high.
Oi
2 FUNGUS-FLORA.
peritliiini thin, becoming stnootli, nsiuilly plicate below, stem
2-4 in. high, 1 in. thick, sometimes the whole fungus is much
lar<rer than the above measurements. The stem is often
irregularly lacunose.
Lycoperdon gemmatum. Batsch.
Subglobose, depressed, obtuse, with large, brown pointed
warts which fall away, leaving the surface smooth and
shining, dehiscing by a small apical opening ; sterile cellular
base prominent, passing downwards into a long, thick stem
tapering downwards ; mass of spores olivaceous-umber ;
cai)illitium dense, threads branched ; spores globose, minutely
warted, 4 /x.
Lycoperdon gemmatum, Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 70, f. 30.
Among grass, ferns, &c., in woods. The present species
lias been almost invariably confused with L. perlatiim, from
which it is distinguished by the warted spores; 3-4 in, high,
1-2 in. across. Distinguished from L. saccatiim by the
peridium not being plicate below and the smaller spores.
* * Spores smooth.
Lycoperdon pyriforme. Schoefif. (fig. 1, p. 28.)
l^yriform or subglobose, rather umbonate ; peridium thin
and flaccid, covered with minute pointed warts, becoming
smooth, dehiscing by a small torn opening ; furnished with
numerous rooting white strands of mycelium at the l^ase ;
threads of capillitium branched, springing from the cellular
])ase and persisting as a columolla-like central mass ; mass
of spores olive, globose, smooth, about 4 p.
Lycoperdon pyriforme, Cke., Hdbk., n. lOSi); Mass., Mon.
Cast., p. 71, f. 61.
On rotten wood ; and on the ground attached to branches,
«tc. Generally densely tufted and connected by numerous
white, branching roots ; from 1-3 in. high, typically pyriform
wi til a distinct umbo, sometimes subglobose.
Var. excipuliforme, ])esm.
Peridium contracted abruptly into a slender, equal stem.
Lycoperdon perlatum. Pers.
Subglobose with an (;longated stem-like base or spherico-
fiepressed and nearly sessile, often plicate or lacunose below,
always umbonate, covered with stout, short spines, each
LYCOPERDON. 33
surrouudecl by a ring of small persistent warts that remain
after the spines have fallen away, dehiscing by a small
opening ; basal stratum, porous, convex ; mass of spores
dusky olive ; threads of capillitium branched, forming a
central loose columella ; spores globose, smooth, 4 fx.
Lycoperdon perlatiim, Pers., Syn. 145 ; Mass., Mon. Gast.,
p. 72, f. 31.
In woods and thickets. Often springing in pairs from the
same base, 3-5 in. high, 1-2 in. across, stem often lacunose.
See note under L. gemmatum.
Lycoperdon molle. Pers.
Turbinate, base broad, abrupt, peridium thin, furfuraceous,
becoming smooth, collapsing, dehiscing by a small, irregular
mouth ; sterile base well developed, spongy, margin well
defined; mass of spores olive; capillitium dense, threads
thick, walls thin collapsing ; spores globose, smooth, 4 fx.
Lycoperdon molle, Pers., Syn. 150; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 73,
f. 65.
On the ground in woods. Very soft and yielding, dilute
olive, Ig— 2 in. high.
Lycoperdon caelatum. Bull.
Subglobose or depressed, contracted below into a more or
less elongated base, often with a long taj^eriug root ;
peridium with rather large, scattered, conical warts, be-
coming smooth above, upper portion of peridium disappear-
ing ; mass of spores olive with a lilac tinge ; capillitium
dense, threads branched, disappearing ; sterile base compact,
rather convex ; spores globose, smooth, often with a long
pedicel, 4-5 yu.
Lycoperdon caelatum. Berk,, Outl., t. 20, f. 7 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
n. 1084; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 74, f. 58.
Fields, roadsides, woods, &c. Globose or usually de-
pressed, 1-4 in. across; stem stout, length variable, often
almost absent.
Lycoperdon bovista. Linn.
Globose or depressed, often plicate at the base, sessile,
wliitish, peridium thick, subtomentose, becoming smooth and
fragile, falling away above and leaving a wide opening;
mass of spores yellow, then olive ; capillitium com^iact ;
VOL. I. D
34 FUNGUS-FLORA.
sterile base spongy ; spores globose, smooth, 4-G /x, sometimes
pedicellate.
Lycoperdon hovista, Linn,, Sp., pi. 1653; Mass., Mon. Gast.,
p. 75, f. 76.
Lycoperdon giganteum, Hussey, vol. i. pi. 26 ; Berk., Eng.
FL, V. 5, p. 303 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1083.
Grassy places. Grows to a large size, varying from -i in,
to a foot or more across.
Lycoperdon Cookei. Mass.
Hemispherical, flattened below and abruptly contracted
into a very short, thick, stem-like abrupt base, peridium
minutely areolato-furfuraceous, smoky-brown above, be-
coming paler below, dehiscing by a small irregular opening ;
cellular sterile base well developed, whitish; capillitium
well developed, threads firm, unbranched ; mass of spores
yellow, then brownish-olive, spores globose, smooth, 4 /jl,
sometimes pedicellate.
Lycoperdon Coohei, Mass., Mon. Lycop., n. 32, pi. xiii.
figs. 24-26 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 75, f. 26.
Grassy places. From ^-| in. acro^^s.
B. sterile base absent.
* Spores globose.
Lycoperdon plumbeum. Pers.
Globose, outer layer of peridium thin, whitish, breaking
away above, persistent below, inner layer persistent, tough,
thin, lead colour, dehiscing by a small irregular opening;
mass of spores umber-brown ; threads of dense capillitium
thick walled, thick, much branched, tapering towards the
tips ; spores globose, smooth, generally pedicellate, 5-6 />(..
Lycoperdon plumbeum, Vitt., Mon. Lye, p. 174.
Batista plumbea. Berk., Outl., p. 301, pi. 20, f. 6; Cke.,
Ildbk., n. 372 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 63, f. 63.
Dry grassy and heathy ])laces. About 1 in. across.
Lycoperdon nigrescens. Vitt. (fig. 5, p. 28.)
Globose, outer layer of jjeridium whitish, thin, fragile,
soon breaking away, inner layer tough, persistent, shining,
blackish-umber, dehiscing by a small irregular opening;
mass of spores umber with a decided purple tinge ; threads of
LYCOPERDON. 35
capillitiiim thick, much branched, tapering towards the tips ;
spores globose, smooth, pedicellate, 5-6 fx.
Lycoperdon nigrescens, Vitt., Mon. Lye, p, 176,
Bovista nigrescens. Berk., Outl., p. 301, t. 20, f. 5 ; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 371 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 63, f. 89.
Dry pastures and heathy places. From 1-2 in. across.
Closely related to L. plumheum, differing in being generally
larger, and in having a decided purple tinge in the mass of
spores.
Lycoperdon olivaceum. Mass.
Globose, outer layer of peridium whitish, very thin
and fugacious, inner thick, soft, white or pale ochraceoxis,
becoming brittle and breaking away in patches above ; mass
of spores yellow, then olive ; threads of dense capillitium
thin, pale, flaccid, mostly unbranched ; spores globose,
smooth, sometimes pedicellate, 5 /a.
Bovista olivacea, Cke. and Mass., Grev. xvi. p. 77 ; Mass.,
Mon. Gast., p. 64, f. 67.
On downs. Externally resembling small forms of
L. bovista, but there is no trace of a thickened sterile basal
stratum, 1-2 in. across.
Lycoperdon ammophilum. Lev.
Broadly obovate, plicate below, and passing into a long,
tapering root, outer layer of peridium broken up into
tomentose warts, inner layer thin, whitish, dehiscing by a
small irregular opening ; mass of spores olive ; threads of
capillitium branched, thick walled ; spores globose, smooth,
pedicellate, 5-6 /x.
Bovista ammophila. Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, vol. ix.
p. 129, pi. 9, f. 5 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 04, f. 40.
On the ground in sandy places. From i-1^ in. high,
remarkable for the long, tapering root.
Lycoperdon cepaeforme. Bull.
Sessile, subglobose, outer layer of peridium white, papery,
minutely furfuraceous, breaking away in patches, inner
persistent, dehiscing by a small apical opening; root long,
cord-like ; mass of spores yellow with olive tinge ; threads
of capillitium much branched ; spores smooth, globose, often
with a short, thick pedicel, 4 /a.
D 2
o
6 FUNGUS- FLORA.
Lycoperdon cepaeforme, Bull., t. 403, f. 2 (upper row).
Bovista capaeforme, Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 65, f. 72.
On the ground. Distinguished from L. ammophila, which
it resembles in the long, cord-like root, in the globose
peridium and smaller spores.
Lycoperdon pusillum. Fr.
Subglobose, slightly attenuated at the base and continued
as a long, slender, tapering root ; peridium flaccid, with
minute adpressed scurfy squamules, becoming smooth, de-
hiscing by a small opening ; mass of spores olive ; capillitium
dense, threads much branched ; spores globose, smooth, about
4/..
Lycoperdon pusillum, Cke., Hdbk., n. 1086 ; Mass., Mon.
Lycop., n. 106; Bolt., t. 117, f. 6.
Bovista pusilla, Mass., Mon. Gast., -p. 65, f. 59.
In pastures and on hedge-banks, &c. Our smallest puff
ball, ^1 in. across.
**
Spores elliptical.
Lycoperdon ovalisporum. Mass.
Subglol)Ose, sessile ; outer layer of peridium whitish, fragile
above and falling away, persistent below, inner layer thin,
lead-colour, dehiscing by a small opening ; mass of spores
umber ; threads of capillitium much and irregularly
branched, tips tapering; spores elliptical, umber, with a
hyaline border, pedicels long, stout, 6 X 4 /x.
Bovista ovalispora, Cke. and Mass., Grev. xvi., p. 46; Mass.
Mon. Gast., p. ()2, f. 62.
On the ground. Superficially resembling L. nigrescens,
but differs in having no tinge of purple in the gleba and
the elliptical spores. The last character also separates the
present species from L. plumbeum.
GEASTEE. Michcli. (fig. 2, p. 28.)
Peridium at first entire, composed of three layers, the two
outermost (exoperidium) usually continuous, splitting from
the apex into several pointed segments which become
expanded ; inner layer (endoperidiu)ii) sessile or pedicellate,
furnished at the apex wdth one or more definite orifices ;
GEASTEK. 37
columella prominent or obsolete; capillitium well deve-
loj)ed.
Geaster, Mich., Nov. PI, Gen., p. 220 ; Mass., Mon. Gast,
p. 76.
Characterised by the exoperidium splitting into several
segments which spread out in a stellate manner.
Subgen. Mi/riostoma. Orifices and pedicels of endoperidium
indejinite in number,
Geaster coliformis. Pers.
Exoperidium cut into several acute segments; endo-
peridium spherico-depressed, supported on several distinct
pedicels ; orifices several, ciliated ; spores umber in the
mass ; threads of capillitium usually unbranched ; spores
globose, warted, 5-6 /x.
Geaster coliformis. Berk., Outl. 210 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1070 ;
Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 77, f. 66.
In sandy places; known by the endoperidium being
furnished with several orifices for the escape of the spores,
and in being supported on several pedicels or stalks. Endo-
peridium 3— i in. across when expanded.
Subgen. Monostoma. Endoperidiimi ivith a single orifice and
pedicel, or the latter may he absent.
A. Endoperidium distinctly pedicellate.
Geaster Bryantii. Berk.
Exoperidium cut into 8-10 acute segments, which become
incurved ; endoperidium subglobose, pedicellate, with a
distinct groove round the top of the pedicel ; peristome
conical, sulcato-striate ; mass of spores dark brown ; threads
of capillitium usually unbranched; spores globose, warted,
4-6 ij..
Geaster Bryantii, Berk., Outl., p. 300; Cke., Hdbk.,
n. 1073 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 77, f. 56.
On the ground amongst leaves, &c. Distinguished by the
groove round the top of the peduncle, and the elongated,
conical, fluted peristome forming the orifice ; 1^2 in. across
when expanded.
Var. minor, Beik.
Smaller than typical form, under 1 in. when expanded.
38 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Geaster Schmideli. Vitt.
Exoperidinm split to the centre into a variable number of
acute segments, pale inside ; endoperidium globose-ovate,
pedicellate, lead-colour, peristome long, fluted, tip fimbriate ;
spores in the mass blackish-umber; columella distinct;
spores globose, warted, 4-G fi.
Geaster Schmideli, Vitt., Mon. Lye, p. 157, t. 1, f. 7 ; Mass.,
Mon. Gast., p. 78, f. 74.
On the ground, in open places. Known amongst British
species by the whitish inner surface of the exoperidium and
lead-coloured endoperidium.
Geaster Berkeleyi. Mass.
Exoperidium thinnish, split to the centre into a variable
number of acute segments ; endoperidium broadly ovate,
pale brown, coarsely papillose, pedicel short, thick, peristome
prominent, fluted, surrounded by a smooth, depressed, silky
zone ; columella distinct, short ; mass of spores brown ;
threads of capillitium simple ; spores globose, warted, 4-6 jm.
Geaster Berkeleyi, Mass., Mon, Gast., p. 79, f. 41.
On the ground. Distinguished from G. striatus, to which
the present species is most closely allied, in the smooth,
depressed zone surrounding the peristome ; 3-31 in. across
when expanded. The rays of the exoperidium become
slightly incurved when dry.
Geaster limbatus. Fr.
Exoperidium cut into many unequal, acute segments ;
endoperidium subpyriform, pedicel short, stout, peristome
conical, fimbriato-ciliate, surrounded by a pale, silky circle ;
spore-mass purple brown ; columella almost obsolete ; spores
globose, warted, 3-5 /x.
Geaster limbatus. Berk., Outl., p. 300 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1074 ;
Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 79, f. (J9.
On the ground amongst leaves, &c.. Superficially re-
sembling G. rufescens, distinguished by the pedicellate
endoperidium.
Geaster fornicatus. Fr.
Exoperidium split into 4-5 STibequal acute segments,
the two layers separating, outer, cup-shaped, remaining
attached to the ground at the base, inner becoming convex
GEASTEK. 39
upwards and attached to the outer by the tips of the
segments only ; endoperidium shortly pedicellate, oljpyriform,
peristome conical, ciliato-sulcate ; spore-mass dark brown
with purple tinge ; columella slender ; spores globose,
warted, 3-5 fx.
Geaster fornicatus, Berk., Outl., p. 299 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1071 ;
Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 80, f. 42.
On the ground amongst leaves, &c. Distinguished by the
inner layer of tlie exoperidium becoming arched and attached
to the outer layer by the tips of the rays only. Very variable
in size.
B. Endoperidium sessile or suhsessile.
Geaster striatus. D.C.
Exoperidium split into a variable number of thin,
coriaceous, acute segments ; endoperidium subsessile, globose,
usually minutely rough with projecting points, peristome
prominent, conical, fluted ; spore-mass umber brown ; spores
globose, warted, 4—5 • 5 /x.
Geaster striatus, Berk., Outl., p. 300; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1072;
Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 85, f. 28.
On the ground. Distinguished by the absence of a pale
silky ring round the peristome from G. limhatus. Measuring
lV-2fl^ in. when expanded.
Geaster Michelianus. W. G. Sm.
Exoperidium thick, often cracked outside, splitting to the
middle into 4-6 acute segments, inner layer thick, crumbling
away; endoperidium subsessile ovate, peristome piano-
conical, ciliato-flmbriate, pale ; spore-mass brownish umber ;
columella large, clavate ; spores globose, warted, 4-5 /a.
Geaster Michelianus, W. G. Smith, Gard. Chron. (1873), n.
18 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 84, f. 27.
Geaster lageniformis, Cke., Hdbk., n. 1079, fig. 113 ;
Grev. ii. p. 35, pi. 13.
On the ground. The young plant is ovate-acuminate
before the splitting of the endoperidium. Distinguished by
the thick, rigid endoperidium, and the large club-shaped
columella ; 2-3 in. across when expanded.
Geaster lageniformis. Vitt.
Exoperidium ovate-acuminate, splitting into a variable
40 FUNGUS-FLORA.
number of acute segments, inner stratum disappearing ;
endoperidium subglobose, sessile, peristome piano-conic,
silky, striate, surrounded by a silky zone ; spore-mass umber
with olive tinge ; columella clavate ; spores globose, veiy
minutely warted, 3-4 /x,
Geaster lagcniformis, Vitt., Mon, Lye, p. 160, t, i. f. 2 ;
Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 84, f. 75.
On the ground. Superficially resembling G. 3Iic1ieliaims,
but at once distinguished by the silky zone surrounding the
peristome, sessile endoperidium, and smaller spores.
Geaster mammosus. Chev.
Exoperidium split nearly to the base into a varying
number of acute segments ; endoperidium sessile, pale ;
peristome conical, acute, fimbriato-ciliate, surrounded by a
pale, narrow, silky circle ; spore-mass dark brown with
purple tinge ; columella short ; spores globose, warted, 4-6 fi.
Geaster mammosus, Berk., Outl. 300; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1076 ;
Mass., Mon. Gast., 81, f. 78.
Lycoperdon recolligens, Sow., Fungi, t. 401.
On the ground. Exoperidium hygrometiic, the segments
being much incurved when dry ; 1-2 in. across when
expanded. Somewhat resembles G. hygromeirinis, but distinct
in the presence of a columella and prominent peristome
surrounded by a pale, silky ring.
Geaster rufescens. Pers.
Exoperidium rigid, thick, split nearly to the base into a
variable number of acute segments which become revolute ;
endoperidium sessile, subovate, pale, peristome dentate ;
spore-mass blackish brown ; spores globose, warted, 3-5 fx.
Geaster rufescens, Berk., Outl., p. 300 ; Cke., lldbk., n. 1077 ;
Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 82, f. 79.
In pastures and woods. From 2-4 in. across when ex-
panded, resembling most closely G. fimhriatus, but dis-
tinguished by the peristome being surrounded by sub-
triangular, pointed teeth, and in the segments of the thick
exoperidium being revolute when dry.
Geaster fimbriatus. Fr.
Exoperidium flaccid, split into a variable number of acute
segments, iuner layer soon disappearing; endoperidium
TULOSTOMA. 41
siabglobose, sessile, peristome indetermiuate, piloso-fimbriate ;
spore-mass blackish umber ; spores globose, minutely warted,
3—4 fjL.
Geaster fimbriatus, Berk., Outl., p. 300, pi. 20, f. 4 (peristome
not correctly represented); Cke., Hdbk., n. 1075; Mass.,
Mon. Gast., p. 81, f. 77.
On the ground. From 1-2 in. across when expanded.
The number of segments into which the endoj)eridium splits
varies from 5-15 in different individuals, and these remain
spread out almost flat.
Geaster hygrometricus. Pers. (fig. 2, p, 28.)
Exoperidium split into a varying number of acute lobes,
which are rigidly inflexed when dry ; endoperidiiim sessile,
usually depressed, subreticulate, rarely smooth, dehiscing by
an irregular, small apical month ; spore-mass dark brown ;
columella obsolete ; spores globose, warted, 7-10 fx.
Geaster hygrometricus, Cke., Hdbk., n. 1078; Mass., Mon.
Gast., p. 83, f. 70.
On the ground. Exoperidium hygroscopic, segments rigidly
incurved when dry, 2-2>}^ in. across when expanded. Opening
of endoperidium irregular, without a defined peristome ; in this
respect resembling some species of Lycoperdon. Distinguished
from G. fimbriatus, where the mouth is also indeterminate, in
the incurved segments and the much larger spores.
TULOSTOMA. Pers. (emended), (figs. 3, 4, p. 28.)
Peridium consisting of two layers, the outer deciduous,
inner persistent, dehiscing by a small apical opening,
columella absent ; capillitium present, threads septate,
swollen at the septa.
Tulostoma, Pers., Disp., p. 6 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 85.
Kesembling a Lycoperdon with a long slender stem, dis-
tinguished by a groove between the apex of the stem and
the septate threads of the capillitium.
Tulostoma mammosum. Fr. (figs. 3, 4, p. 28.)
Peridium subglobose, smooth, mouth small, prominent,
entire ; stem thin, ei[ual, more or less squamulose ; s})orc-
mass dirty cinnamon ; threads of capillitium colourless, thick-
42 FUNGUS-FLOEA.
walled, septate, slightly thickened at the septa ; spores
globose, minutel}' waited, 5 /x.
Tulostoma mammosum. Berk., Outl. 299 ; Cke., Hdbk., n.
106!t, f. 112 ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 86, f. 33.
Tulostoma brumalc, D.C., Fl. Fr. ii. p. 269.
On old walls, dry banks, &c. From 1-3 in. high ; peridium
■^5 in. across, furnished with a minute umbo at the apex,
which eventually forms the mouth, through which the spores
escape ; stem equal, about two lines thick, smooth, or gene-
I'ally furnished with minute recurved scales that are some-
times arranged in circles like frills. Whitish when fresh,
becoming dirty ochraceous when dry.
BATTARREA. Pers. (figs. 9, 10, p. 28.)
Yolva universal, central layer gelatinous. Peridium very
much depressed, bursting through the volva and raised
above ground on a long stem ; capillitium present ; columella
absent.
Battarrea, Pers., Syn. Fung., p. 129 ; Mass., Mon. Gast.,
p. 86.
The very much depressed peridium, which is concavo-
convex in section, with the convex side uppermost, distin-
guishes the present genus.
Battarrea phalloides. Pers. (figs. 9, 10, p. 28.)
Stem elongated, slightly tapering downwards, hollow,
externally broken up into coarse fibres ; furnished with a
loose volva at the base ; mass of spores yellowish brown ;
capillitium threads branched, collapsing, mixed with a few
thicker threads having the wall thickened in a spiral manner ;
spores globose, minutely warted, 6 fi.
Battarrea plialloides. Berk., Outl., p. 299 ; Cke., Hdbk., n.
1068, f. Ill ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 87, f. 29.
Lycoperdon jjholloules, Sow., Fung., t. 390.
Sandy places and in hollow trees at the base. The plant is
at first buried deep in the sand, and enclosed in a volva as
in Phallus. After the complete difi'erentiation of the gleba,
the peridium is elevated above ground on a long stem from
10-14 in. long and ^—5 in. thick in the centre. If the fungus
is drawn up by the stem, the volva generally remains behind.
Peridium 1-1^ in. across.
PHALLOIDEAE.
43
FIGURES ILLUSTEATING THE PHALLOIDEAE.
Fig. 1. — Mutinus canmug, entire plant, showing volva at base; lialf nnt.
size ; — Fig. 2, Clathrus cancellatus, showing split volva at hase and can-
cellate receptacle ; half nat. size ; — Fig. 3, Ithyphallm impiidicns, showing
torn volva at base, long, hollow receptacle supporting the free pileus at
itdapex; one-quarter natural size; — Fig. 4, Clathrus cuncellatiis, basidia
bearing six to eight spores each ; highly mag.
44 FUNGUS-FLORA.
FAM. V.
PHALLOIDEAE.
Eeceptaclo and gleba at first enclosed in a universal volva
composed of three distinct layers, the central one being
gelatinous at maturity ; spores minute, elliptic-oblong,
smooth, when mature involved in mucus.
Phalloideae, Fr., Syst. Myc. ii. p. 281; Mass., Mon. Gast.,
p. 87.
Complete differentiation of the various parts up to the
spore formation takes place undergroiind, and while yet
enclosed in the white, sub-elastic volva. When the spores
are mature and involved in the green mucus resulting from
the disintegration of the elements of the hymenium, the
volva is ruptured by the rapid expansion of the receptacle,
which elevates into the air the mucus containing the spores,
ITIIYPHALLUS. Fischer, (fig. 3, p. 43.)
Receptacle elongated, hollow, cellular, perforate at the
apex ; pileus I'eticulated, attached only to the apex of the
receptacle.
Ithi/phalliis, Fischer, Ueber die Phalloideen, p. 41, Mass.,
Mon. Gast., p. 87.
Phallus, Mich., Gen., p. 201.
Distinguished by the pileus being attached only to the
perforated margin of the receptacle.
Ithyphallus impudicus. Fisch, (fig. 3, p. 43.)
lieceptacle elongato-fusiform, colourless ; pilous reticu-
lated externally; spores immersed in an olive-green, very
strong-smelling gluten ; spores cylindrical, 3-5 X 2 /a.
Itliyphallus impudicus, Fischer, Ueb. die Phalloid., Mass.,
Mon. Gast., p. 88, f. 44.
Phallus iriqmdicus, Grev., Scot. Cr, FL, t. 213; Berk., Outl.
297, t. 20, f. 3; Cke., Ildbk., n. 364, f. 108.
Phallus iosmos. Berk., Fng. Fl. v. p. 227.
On the ground in woods, &c. The fungus frequently
attains the size of a hen's egg before bursting through the
ITHYPHALLUS— MUTINUS, 45
volva, and is then white, soft and elastic to the touch.
When fully developed varies from 5-7 in. high, and readily
detected at a distance of several yards by its abominable
smell. There is a wide-spreading, white cord-like mycelium
underground, from which several individuals generally
spring.
MUTINUS. Fr. (fig. 1, p. 43.)
Receptacle elongated, hollow, wall with a single row of
cavities, apex closed or perforated ; pileus apical, not free
from the receptacle.
3Iutimis, Fries, Summ. Veg. Scand. ii. 1849 ; Mass., Mon.
Gast., p. 89.
Ci/nuphallus, Berk., Outl., p. 298. Distinguished from
Itliijx>hallus by the pileus being adnate to the receptacle.
Mutinus caninus. Fr. (fig. 1, p. 43.)
Eeceptacle elongato-fusiform, cellular, white or rosy ;
pileus short, subacute, rugulose, red; spores cylindrical,
involved in green mucus, 3-5 X 2 /a.
Mutinus caninus. Fries ; Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 89, f. 43.
Phallus (Cynophallus) caninus. Berk., Outl., p. 298; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 365, f. 109.
Phallus inodorus, Sow., Fung., t. 330.
In woods and bushy places. Sporophore from i-| in.
before the volva is ruptured. When fully evolved 3-4 in.
high. Sometimes scentless, at others with a distinct odour,
but never so strong and disagreeable as in ItJiyjjhallus im-
pufJicus.
Mutinus bambusinus. Fischer.
Keceptacle elongato-fusiform, the upper half occupied by
the red adnate pileus ; spores cylindrical, 4 x 1 " 5 yu,, involved
in green mucus ; very foetid.
Mutinus hamhusinus, Fischer, Ann. du Jardin Bot. de
Buitzenzorg, vol. vi. p. 30, t. iv. figs. 2G-31 ; Mass., Mon.
Gast., p. 89.
An East Indian species, probably introduced with plants
from Java.
Somewhat resembling M. caninus, but distinguished by
the much longer pileus, which covers the upper half of the
46 FUNGUS-FLORA.
receptacle, and "by the foetid smell, whicli is even worse
than in Ithyphallus impucUcus.
CLATHEUS. Mich. (figs. 2 and 4, p. 43.)
Volva universal, becoming torn into irregular lobes at the
apex ; receptacle forming an obovate or globose, hollow net-
work, walls cellular, covered with mucus containing the
spores.
Clathrus, Micheli, Gen. PI., p. 214; Mass., Mon. Gast.,
p. 90.
Distinguished by the peculiar receptacle, which consists
of a hollow sphere bounded by thick, cellular, anastomosing
branches.
Clathrus cancellatus, Tournef. (figs. 2 and 4, p. 43.)
Eeceptacle obovate or subglobose, vermilion or dingy red,
at first covered with olive mucus containing the cylindrical
spores, 3-5 X 2 /x ; extremely foetid.
Clathrus cancellatus. Berk., Outl. 298 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1067 ;
Mass., Mon. Gast., p. 90, f. 46.
In woods. A very beautiful but extremely foetid fungus,
receptacle from 2-4 in. across.
[ASEEOE. La Bill.
Eeceptacle stipitate, expanded at the apex into a disc, from
the margin of which radiate several tapering, straight or
curved rays ; spores contained in mucus situated on the
disc.
Aseroe rubra. La Bill.
Stem red or pale rose, apex, perforated disc and bifid rays
bright red.
An Australian species introduced at Kew along with
plants.
The whole fungus resembles a red sea-anemone.]
Genera excluded.
Polyangium. — An insect production.
Cenococcum. — Belongs to the Tuheraceae.
PILACRE. 47
PILACREAE.
The present group, established by Brefeld, is in every
respect anomalous, and in reality appears to occupy a tran-
sitional position between the Gastromycetes and the Hyme-
nomycetes. The single genus, Pilacre, consists of minute
fungi rarely exceeding half an inch in height, and resembles
a long-stalked pufifball, or rather a Tulostoma in miniature,
consisting of a more or less globose head supported on a
slender stem. The stem is continued into the head or gleba
as a compact, subglobose columella, from which spring a
large number of hyphae that produce clusters of basidia.
These basidia agree with those met with in the sub-Family
Auricularieae of the Tremellineae in being cylindrical and
transversely sejDtate ; this feature is considered by Brefeld as
indicating an affinity with the Tremellineae, from which the
species differ widely in every other particular. The mass of
basidia-producing hyphae, along with others that are sterile,
are at first enclosed in an outer weft of hyphae that may be
compared with, the peridium in the Gastromycetes ; in fact,
the reproductive portion is at first concealed in a peridium
that eventually disintegrates, a character that suggests
affinity with the Gastromycetes. Nevertheless, the above
account shows that the group under consideration is not
typical of either of the above-named groups, hence its present
intermediate position.
In Saccardo's Sylloge the genus is placed in the Hyphomy-
cetes ; this, however, is the outcome of mere superficial resem-
blance, and directly opposed to all morphological characters.
PILACEE. Fries, (figs. 1, 2, 3, p. 48.) (emended).
Peridium subglobose, stipitate, wall single, fibrillose, at
length evanescent ; stem continued into the gleba as a colu-
mella, from which originate numerous hyphae that produce
lateral branches terminating in 1-4 transversely Be2)tate,
cylindrical basidia, and usually terminate in sterile, spirally
twisted branchlets ; spores coloured, circular in outline,
48
rUNGUS-FLOKA.
iimbilicate, sessile, j)roduced laterally, one on eacli of the cells
of a basidium,
Pilacre, Fries, Syst, Orb. Veg. 1, p. 3G4 ; Brefeld, Unter-
sucli. vii. Heft., p. 27.
FIGURES ILLUSTRATING THE PILACREAE, ALSO THE
TREMELLINEAE IN PART.
Fig. 1, Pilacre Petersii, natural size ; — Fig. 2, section of same, mag. ; —
Fig. 8, cluster of transversely septate basidia of same, bearing lateral
spores ; highly|mag. ; — Fig. 4, Tremellodon gelatinosum, a small specimen ;
nat. size ; — Fig. 5, basidium of same, -with the four long, stout sterigmata
bearing spores ; highly mag.
Pilacre faginea. B. & Br.
Gregarious, Tip to } in. high, head about 1^ lines across,
whitish with a brown tinge ; stem blackish ; threads of gleba
tortuous, spores subglobose, yellow-brown, 5 yut.
Pilacre faginea, B. and Br,, Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 380, t. xi.
fig. 5 ; Sacc. Syll. 4, n. 2748.
On rotten beech-wood.
Pilacre Petersii. B. & G. (figs. 1, 2, 3, p. 48.)
Stem 2-3 lines high, whitish, head 2-3 lines across ; spores
circular and sub-umbilicato, brown, 5 fx diameter.
HYMENOMYCETES. 49
Pilacre Pefersii, Berk, and Curt., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 824 ;
Sacc. Syll. 4, n. 2572.
On trunks of hornbeam, holly, beech, &c. Gregarious,
often covering half-dead trunks for a considerable distance.
HYMENOMYCETES.
In tracing the evolution of the sporophore from the most
primitive, entirely resupinate forms, I have repeated what I
previously wrote on this subject.*
" Eveiy type of hymenophore known in the Hymenomy-
cetes is met with in such genera as Stereum and Thelephora,
and in some instances even in the same species.
The following are the most marked phases of sporophore
evolution as occuriing in the Hymenomycetes, illustrated by
Stereum Mrsutum, Fries, one of the Thelephoreae : —
(a) The most primitive type is where the sporophore is
spread out as a thin layer attached to the substratum by the
whole of the under surface, the upper surface being covered
with the hymenium. In many of the simpler Thelephoreae
this mode of growth is permanent ; but in species like Stereum
Mrsutum, which may be described as inclined to ' sport,' or,
more correctly, where epinasty, the cause of the («) type of
sporophore, is strongly manifested, the above mode of growth
occurs when developing on a broad horizontal substratum.
(b) When the substratum is vertical, which may be the
side of a prostrate trunk, or an erect one, growth commences
as in type (a), and after extending from a centre for some
time, and assuming a more or less circular outline, the upper-
most margin becomes free, and continues to grow away from
the substratum, and at right angles to the attached portion.
In this type we get the first transition from the superior to
the inferior hymenium imperfectly indicated ; and it is in-
teresting to remember that the first step towards the inver-
sion of the hymenium — itself the most pronounced result of
* 'A Monograph of the Thelephoreae.' Part I., Luin. Soc. Journ.
Botany, vol. xxv. p. 107 (3 pi.)-
VOL. I. E
50 FUNGUS-FLORA.
development in the sub-group — is not the outcome of a new
initial force, but simply the continuation of ejDinasty, which
kept type (a) all pressed to the horizontal substratum. When
growing in what may be termed an unnatural position, the
dominant directive force, epinasty, directs the plant along the
old hereditary lines, and as soon as possible the horizontal
position is resumed with the free margin incurved. To prove
that this change of direction of growth is due to the position
of the substratum, it is only necessary to place a prostrate
branch with the plant growing on it, as in the (a) type, in a
vertical position, when further development will follow (fc)
type ; and microscoi^ic examination will clearly reveal the
epinastic curvatures of the hyphae in the thallus, as in the
section of Stereum hirsutum given by De Bary.* The above is
a remarkable illustration of a new type of structure due
entirely to surroundings, (c) In type (h) three-fourths or
more of the plant is usually attached to the substratum, and
this is more especially the case when growing on the side of
a prostrate trunk or large branch, where the side presents,
compared to the size of the plant, a practically flat vertical
surface, which appears in some way to neutralise, to a great
extent, the epinasty of the plant ; whereas, when growing on
the side of a small prostrate branch, when the antagonistic
flat surface is reduced to a minimum, the plant often becomes
free soon after the commencement of growth, the upper, free
horizontal portion still continuing to develop in a more or
less circular manner, which results in a structure that can be
understood by compai'ing it to a reniform leaf attached by a
short, flat petiole to the branch, the lamina being free, more
or less depressed in the centre, and incurved at the mai'giu.
Tliis stage ilbistrates the origin of a central stem and um-
brella-shaped pileus, which is perfected in (tZ) by the two
lateral lol)es becoming united behind, which results from the
plant growing from a point where it is free to expand equally
on every side from a short stem-like base.
Passing to the highest order of the Ilymenomycetes, the
Agaricineae, we meet Avith the same se(iuence of sporophore
development. In the genus Pleurotus, such simple, stemless
forms as P. applicatiis, Batsch, illustrate the (a) type, being
* • Fungi, Bacieria and Mycetozoa.' Engl. Ed., p. 53, fig. 23.
HYMENOMYCETES. 51
attached to the substratum by the barren surface, with the
hymenium uppermost.
P. hypnophUus, Berk., and P. cMoneus, Pers., follow the (h)
type ; P, ostreatm, Fr., the various stages of (c) to the highest
condition of {d). Here again, within the range of a single
genus, we have a repetition of what has already been de-
scribed as occurring in the Thelephoreae, and also the result
of similar external influences, modifying in various ways the
inhereut epinastic tendency.
The character of primary importance in distinguishing the
orders of the Hymenomycetes consists in the arrangement
of the hymenium or sj^ore-bearing surface, which may be
briefly described as follows : — Agaricineae : hymenium spread
over radiating plates or gills. Polyporeae ; hymenium lining
variously shaped pores or depressions. Hydneae : hymenium
covering spine-like or granular projections. Clavarieae :
hymenium continuously covering the greater portion of the
clavate or variously branched hymenophore. In the Thele-
phoreae we find clearly indicated all the above types of
hymenium."
The Tremellineae, although evidently allied to the Hyme-
nomycetes in the presence of basidia, exhibit none of the
characteristic sequences of development indicated above, but,
as first pointed out by De Bary, connect the true Hyme-
nomycetes with the tremelloid Uredines, which are shown
by the same author to belong to the Ascomycetes. Hence
we must consider the Basidiomycetes as being derived from
the Ascomycetes through the Tremellineae as a connecting-
link. For a fuller explanation of this subject relating to the
evolution of the Basidiomycetes along the lines indicated, the
reader is referred to the ' Monograph of the Thelephoreae'
already alluded to.
E 2
52 FUNGUS-FLOEA.
HYMENOMYCETES.
Fungi membranaceous, fleshy, corky, or woody, usually
large ; growing on the ground or on wood, hymenium distinct
and continuous, ex]iosed from the first or at an early stage of
development ; basidia usually tetrasporous ; cystidia often
present ; spores septate or more frequently continuous,
colourless or coloured, epispore smooth or verruculose.
ANALYSIS OF THE FAMILIES.
* Suhstance gelatinous.
Fam. I. Tremellineae.
** Substance not gelatinous.
I Hymenium even.
Fam. II. Clavarieae.
Sporophore erect, clavate, branched, or foliose, entirely
covsred by the hymenium.
Fam. III. Thelephoreae.
Sporophore resupinate or eifuso-reflexed ; hymenium uni-
lateral.
If Hymenium not even.
Fam. IV. Hydneae.
Hymenium spinulose or covered with protuberances or
granules.
Fam. V. PoLYPORiaE.
Hymenium porous or tubular.
Fam. VI. Agaricineae.
Hymenium spread over radiating gills or lamellae.
TREMELLINEAE. 53
FAM. L
TREMELLINEAE. Fries.
Entire fungus homogeneous, gelatinous, collaiising when
dry, regaining its form when moistened, traversed internally
by branched hyphae which terminate in basidia at the
periphery ; basidia variable in form, elongate or fusoid, trans-
versely septate or continuous, undivided or with the apex
forked, or subglobose and cruciately divided and bearing
two or four sterigmata ; spores hyaline, from globose to
sausage-shaped and curved, continuous or septate, often
becoming variously septate on germination and producing
sporidiola of various forms.
Tremellineae, Fries, Syst. Myc. I., p. 2; Sacc. Syll, vi.
p. 760.
The Tremellineae are characterised by their more or less
gelatinous consistency. In Tremella, the central genus, the
substance is in some species so tender as to lose its form and
almost deliquesce on being handled, whereas in Auricularia
the texture is coriaceous and retains its form. This pecu-
liarity is due to the fact that the external portion of the
walls of the intricately interwoven hyphae are diffluent,
forming a quaking jelly when moist, hard and horny when
dry, becoming soft again when moistened. In the lower
forms, as Tremella, Dacryomyces, &c., the hymenium covers
every portion of the exposed surface, whereas in the higher
types, as Auricularia, Guepinia, &c., the hymenium is confined
to one surface of the sporophore, and in most instances this
surface has a more or less marked tendency to point down-
wards or away from the light.
Being at the base or starting-point of the Basidiomycetes,
the basidia, which constitute the principal feature of the
group, are what may be termed in an unstable condition,
not having in any member of the present family assumed
the structure so constant within narrow limits and charac-
teristic of the following families. In Auricularia the basidia
are very primitive and transversely septate, each joint or cell
of the basidium producing near or at its apex a single
54 FUNGUS-FLORA.
sterigma. A second type occurs in Dncryomyces and Guephiia,
where the hasidium is more or less cylindrical and bifurcate
at the apex, each branch terminating in a sterigma that
bears a spore. A third type occurs in Tremella, where the
basidium at first appears as a subglobose or pear-shaped
body terminating a hypha ; this body is early divided into
four portions at its apex by two septa that cross at right
angles, then each of the four divisions grows out into a long
sterigma that eventually bears a spore. In the two last-
named types the basidia are not transversely septate. The
spores are always hyalme or colourless, and the present family
is the only one included in the Basidiomycetes where some
of the sj^ecies have septate spores. The spores on germina-
tion produce in many species characteristic secondary spores
or sportdiola. Brefeld has recently rearranged the genera,
based on the form and an-angement of the sporidiola to a
great extent ; time will prove whether this one character is
of more value than the sum of characters previously con-
sidered in the natural delimitation of genera. Brefeld has
also shown that conidia are not uncommon in various mem-
bers of the family ; in Tremella lutescens these are produced
on corymbose branches in the substance of the sporophore,
while in Guepinia they are produced on the side opposite to
the hymenium.
Microscopic examination is best eifected after the specimens
have been hardened in alcohol or good methylated spirit,
when satisfactory sections can be cut, which is not possible
with the fresh gelatinous material.
Sub-Fam. I. Auricularieae.
Basidia elongated or fusoid, simple, transversely septate.
Sub-Fam, II. Trkmellineae.
Basidia subglobose, at maturity' longitudinally quadripar-
tite in a cruciate manner, and producing at the apex two, or
usually foiir, elongated sterigmata.
Suh-Fam. III. Dacryomyceteae.
Basidia cylindrical or clavate, divided at the apex into
two long sterigmata, not septate.
TREMELLINEAE. 55
ANALYSIS OF THE GENEBA.
AURICULAKIEAE.
Auricularia. — Broadly attached, margin free and reflexed.
Hirneola. — Cartilaginous, ear-shaped, attached by a point.
Tremelli^eae.
Exidia. — Cup-shaped, truncate, or irregularly lobed ; spores
reniform, producing curved sporidiola on germina-
tion.
Ulocolla. — Pulvinate and gyrose ; spores reniform, produc-
ing rod-shaped sporidiola on germination.
Tremella. — Brain-like or lobed ; spores globose or ovoid.
Naematelia. — Firm, convex, with a central, hard nucleus.
Gyrocephalus. — Erect, spathulate.
Tremellodon. — Gelatinous, tremelloid, fan-shaped, fleshy ;
hymenium with distinct spines.
Dacryomyce:teae.
Dacryomyces. — Small, pulvinate and gyrose.
Guepinia. — Irregularly cup-shaped, hymenium on one sur-
face only.
Dacryopsis. — Hymenium at the apex of a short stem, bear-
ing conidia and spores.
Ditiola. — Stem distinct, bearing the hymenium at its
expanded apex.
Apyrenium. — Subglobose or lobed, hollow.
Calocera. — Subcylindrical and erect, simple or branched.
56
FUNGUS-FLORA.
FIGUEES ILLUSTRATING THE TREMELLINEAE.
Fig. 1, Aiiricidaria mesentcrica, a small specimen; nat. size; — Fig. 2,
basidium and spore of same ; liighly mag. — Fig. 3, Nacmatelia encephala,
section of, showing the central nucleus; nat. size;^-Fig. 4, Uirneola
anricula-judae, small specimen ; nat. size ; — Fig. 5. Dacryopsin nuda; nat.
size ; — Fig. G, portion of head of same, showing the densely fasciculate
conidiophores with conidia, also basidia bearing three septata basidia
sjjores; higldy mag.; — Fig. 7, VlncoUa gaccluirimi, spore germinating and
producing straight, rod-like sporidiola ; higldy mag. ; — Fig. 8, Exidia
recisa, small specimens; nat. size; — Fig. i), Exidia gJandidosa, spore
germinating and ^jroducing curved 8i)oridiola ; liighly mag. ; — Fig. 10,
Gyrocephulus rufus; nat. size; — Fig. 11, Calccra viscosa; nat. size; —
AUEICULAEIA. 57
AURICULARIEAE.
AUEICULAEIA. Bull, (emended), (figs. 1, 2, p. 56.)
Hymenium inferior, remotely and vaguely costate or
plicate, inflated and gelatinous when moist, collapsing when
dry. Basidia cylindrical, 3-5 septate, each joint or cell
producing a single slender sterigma from its apical region.
Spores oblong, curved, producing on germination a branched
promycelium, bearing several strongly curved sporidiola.
Habit exactly that of Stereum, but fructification entirely
distinct.
Auricularia, Bull., Champ., p. 277 ; Sacc. Syll. vi. p. 762.
Auricularia mesenterica. Fries, (figs. 1 and 2, p. 56.)
Pilei resupinate, reflexed above, velvety, zoned, greyish-
brown, margin not lobed ; hymenium brownish-violet, spores
oblong, reniform, 18-20 X 7 /x.
Auricularia mesenterica, Fries, Epicr., p. 555 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 319.
On trunks. Often very broadly effused and with numerous
partly free imbricated pilei.
Auricularia lobata. Sommerf.
Pileus effuso-reflexed, margin lobed, surface velvety, zoned,
whitish-brown; hymenium livid fulvescent, spores as in
A. mesenterica.
Auricularia lobata, Sommerfeldt, Mag. Nat. Vidensk., 1827 ;
Cke., Hdbk., p. 320.
On bark of trees. Closely allied to A. mesenteria, from
which it is mainly separated by the lobed margin of the
jDileus.
Fig. 12, Bacryomycis s^tillutm ; nat. size ;— Fig. 13, Dacryomyccs chrysocoma,
bifurcate basidium and spores ; bigLly mag. ;— Fig. 14, Tremdla mesenterica ;
nat. size of a fciuall specimen ;— Fig. 15, Tremella lutescens, bhowing the
basidia in various stages of developmeut, the sterigniata vary from two to
four; highly mag. ;— Fig. IG, Gutpinia pcziza; uat. size.
58 FDNGUS-FLORA.
HIRNEOLA. Fr. (emended), (fig. 4, p. 56.)
Cartilagineo-gelatinous, soft and tremelloid when moist.
Sporophore cup-shajDed, rigid when dry, reviving when
moistened, but not becoming inflated. Basidia rod-shaped
or fusoid, transversely septate, cells each bearing a single
monosporous sterigma ; spores oblong, curved.
Hmieola, Fries, Fung. Natal, p. 24; Sacc. Syll. vi.
p. 764.
In the British species the hymenium is variously plicate,
the pileus or barren surface minutely velvety.
Hirneola auricula-judae. Berk. (fig. 4, p. 56.)
Thin and elastic when moist, becoming blackish or dark-
brown ; hymenium venoso-plicate ; spores reniform, 20-25
X 7-9 IX ; pileus greyish-olive, minutely tomentose.
Hirneola auricula-judae. Berk., Outl., p. 289, t. 18, f. 7 ;
Cke., Hdbk., p. 349.
On elder and elm. From 1-3 inches broad.
[Hirneola jjolytricha, Mont. Has occurred on imported
timber, but is not a British species.]
TREMELLINEAE.
EXIDIA. Fr. (emended), (figs. 8, 9, p. 56.)
Gelatinously distended, tremelloid, submarginato or
effused, often papillose ; basidia globose or ovoid, typically
longitudinally cruciately divided, bearing four elongated,
stoiit sterigmata ; spores reniform, for a long time continuous,
becoming 1-niany septate on germination, each cell or
loculus of the spore giving origin to a very short promy-
celium bearing a crown of strongly curved sporidiola.
Exidia, Fries, Syst. Myc. ii. p. 220 ; Sacc. Syll. vi.
p. 772.
Exidia glandulosa. Fries, (fig. 9, p. 56.)
Flattened, thick, gelatinous, becoming blackish ; disc
covered with minute papillae ; below greyish and sub-
tomentose; spores reniform, 12-14 x 4-5 fj..
EXIDIA — ULOCOLLA. 59
Exidia glandulosa, Fries, Syst. Myc. ii. p. 224 ; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 349,
On dead branches of oak, e^c. Varying from gi-ey to
brown, at length black ; often wrinkled above and plicate
below, ^-1^ in. across.
Exidia recisa. Fries, (fig. 8, p. 5G.)
Soft and gelatinous, hymeniuni plane, often wavy, amber-
brown, tapering downwards to a narrow, usually excentric
point of attachment, scabrous below ; spores oblong, 13-20
X 5-7 /x,
Exidia recisa, Fries, Syst. Myc. ii. p. 223 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 348.
On dead branches of willow, reaching to 1 inch in
diameter.
Exidia albida. Brefeld.
Gelatinous, expanded, undulate, white, becoming brownish
with age and pruinose with the white spores ; spores oblong,
curved, 12-14 x 4-6 fi.
Exidia albida, Brefeld.
Tremella albida, Cke., Hdbk., p. 346.
On dead branches. Bursting through cracks in the bark
and forming waved, subgyrose, white, semipellucid folds
that become yellowish or brown with age. Up to 1 inch
across.
ULOCOLLA. Bref. (fig. 7, p. 56.)
Sporophore convex, pulvinate, gyrose, cerebriform, gela-
tinous, rather large ; basidia globose, soon longitudinally
or obliquely cruciate] y partite ; sterigmata, elongated,
thick ; spores for a long time continuoiis, then 1-septatc,
reniform, each loculus on germination giving origin to a
very short promycelium bearing at its apex a crown ot
straight, rod-like sporidiola.
Ulocolla, Brefeld, Untersuch. vii. p. 95 ; Sacc. Syll. vi.
p. 777.
Ulocolla saccharina. Bref. (fig. 7, p. 56.)
Tuberculose, eftused, thick, gj-rose and undulate, fulvous-
cinnamon, here and there papillose ; spores reniform, 10-12
X 5-6 fjL ; conidia about equal to the spores.
60 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Ulocolla saccharma, Brefeld.
Exidia saccharina, Cke., Hdbk., p. 349.
On fallen pine-trunks. The colour of crystallized sugar
when young, afterwards with a fulvous tinge.
Ulocolla foliacea. Bref.
Tufted and much lobed and waved, segments thin,
springing from a plicate base ; colour variable, diaphanous,
pinkish-cinnamon, rarely deep brown or even violet ; spores
reniform, 10-12 X 5-6 /a; conidia similar to the spores.
Ulocolla foliacea, Brefeld.
Tremella foliacea, Cke., Hdbk., p. 345.
On stumps of pine and other trees, reaching to 1-2 inches
diameter.
TREMELLA. Dill, (emended), (figs. 14, 15, p. 56.)
Gelatinous, tremelloid, immarginate, generally smooth
(i.e. not papillose) ; basidia globose, longitudinally cruciately
(quadripartite, each quadrant of the basidium elongating
into a long, stout sterigma ; spores snbglobose, continuous ;
on germination a tube is formed that is covered with
broadly elliptical sporidiola ; conidia snbglobose, racemose
in sporiferous conceptacles in the sporophore, have occurred
in some species.
Tremella, Dill., Hist. Muse, p. 41 ; Sacc. Syll. vi. p. 780.
Sect. I. Mesenteriformes.
Cartilagineo-gelatinous, lobes large, foliaceous, naked
(i.e. not pruinose with the spores).
Tremella fimbriata. Pers.
Very soft and gelatinous, tufted, erect, lobes flaccid,
corrugated, margins cut, blackish-olive, spores subpyriform.
Tremella fimhriata, Persoon, Obs. 2, p. 97 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 344.
On dead branches. Two to three inches high audthe
same in diameter when well developed. Easily recognised
by its dark colour.
Tremella frondosa. Fries.
Gelatinous, tufted, large; lobes undulate and contorted.
TEEMELLA. Gl
smooth (not corrugated); base firmer, plicate; pale pinkish-
yellow ; spores subglohose, apiculate, 7-9 /x.
Tremella frondosa, Fries, Syst. Myo. ii. p. 212 ; Cke.,
Hclbk., p. 344.
On trunks of oak, &c. The largest species of the genus
sometimes 4 in. high and broad, or even more.
Tremella31utescens. Pars. (fig. 15, p. 56.)
Very soft and gelatinous, lobes crowded, entire, undulately
gyrose, pale then yellowish; spores subglohose, 12-16 //,
diameter ; conidia globose, 1 • 5-2 fx diameter.
Tremella lutescens, Persoon, Syn., p. 622; Cke., Hdbk,,
p. 345.
On fallen branches, stumps, &c. Very soft and tremulous,
1—2 inches broad.
The conidia are produced at the tips of densely corymbose
branches in the substance of the fungus.
Sect. II. Cerehrinae.
Lobes short, contorted, brain-like, pruinose with the white
spores.
Tremella mesenterica. Eetz. (fig. 14, p. 56.)
Gelatinous but firm, bright orange-yellow, variously con-
torted ; lobes short, smooth, pruinose with the white spores
at maturity ; spores broadly elliptical, 6-9 /j. diam. ; conidia
1-1 • 5 fi diam.
Tremella mesenterica, Eetz. in Vet. Ak. Handl. 1769, p. 249 ;
Cke., Hdbk. p. 345.
On dead branches. Very variable in form, but known by
the bright orange colour. From J-2 inches across.
Tremella intumescens. Eng. Bot.
Gelatinous; subcaespitose, rounded, broken up into nu-
meroTis tortuous lobes, brown, shining, obscurely dotted,
becoming darker when dry ; spores oblong, slightly curved,
12-14 X 3-4 fji.
Tremella intumescens, Eng. Bot., tab. 1870 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 346.
On trunks of beech, &c. From 1-2 inches across.
C2 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Tremella vesicaria. Bull.
Gelatinous but externally firm, soft and bladder}^ within,
much contorted, pallid or yellowish ; spores 10 X 6 /x.
Tremella vesicaria, Bnlliard, t. 427, f. 3 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 345.
On the ground. Erect, tufts reaching 2 in. high and
broad, or even more ; brownish when old.
Sect. III. Crustaceae.
Effused and applanate.
Tremella viscosa. Berk,
Small, depressed, undulate, white then grey, spores broadly
elliptical, 7-9 X G fJi.
Tremella viscosa, Berk., Outl., p. 288 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 347.
Thelephora viscosa. Berk., Engl. FL, vol. v. p. 171.
On dead wood. Forming grey, adpressed, small gelatinous
patches. When dry resembling a thin, closely adpressed
skin of a brown colour.
Tremella epigaea. B. & Br.
Gelatinous, eti'used and depressed, undulated and con-
torted, thin, white, at length pruinose ; spore subglobose,
G X 4: fX.
Tremella epigaea. Berk, and Broome, Ann. Nat. Hist., no.
373 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 348.
On the naked soil. Forming a thin, white stratum.
Sect. IV. Tuherculiformes.
Small, suberumpent.
Tremella indecorata. Somm.
Gelatinous, erumpent, sessile, rounded, moist, opaque,
plicate, dingy-olive, becoming blackish-brown when dry;
spores globose, 7-9 /a diameter.
Tremella indecorata, Sommerf. Lapp., p. 306 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 34G.
On willow, poplar, &c. Erumpent, 3-4 lines across, dirty-
grey, livid, or olive-brown, pitch-brown when dry.
Tremella moriformis. Berk.
Sessile, erumpent, roundish or oblong, sinuated, black.
TREMELLA. 63
with purple tinge, interually deep purple, opaque, firm ;
spores subglobose, apiculate, 5 x 4 /x,.
Tremella moriformis. Berk., Outl., p. 287 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 346.
On rotten wood. Small, resembling mulberries in minia-
ture. Gives out a purple colour when treated with potassic
hydrate.
Tremella versicolor. Berk.
Gelatinous but firm, orbicular, orange, at length brown ;
spores broadly elliptic-apiculate, 6 X 4 /a.
Tremella versicolor, Berk,, Outl., p. 288 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 347.
On Corticium nudum. Forming minute orange, tear-like,
convex spots on the hymenium of the Corticium, paler when
young, at length assuming a rufous tinge. (Berk.)
Tremella atrovirens. Fries.
Minute, erumpent, minutely papillate and rugose, sooty-
green when moist, blackish when dry ; gregarious or con-
fluent; spores ellipsoid, subapiculate, 12-15 x 10-13 yu,.
Tremella atrovirens, Fries, Sjst. Myc. ii. p. 232.
On dead branches of Sarothammis. One to three lines in
diameter.
Tremella clavata. Pers.
Solitary, simple, incrassated, reddish flesh-colour, becoming
black at the base.
Tremella clavata, Pers., Ic. Pict., t. 10, f. 1 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 347.
On stumps. About 1 inch high, 2 lines broad, blackish
below and slightly twisted TBerk.).
The present species has not occurred recently, unless
indeed it is a form of Tremella sarcoides, mentioned below.
Tremella tubercularia. Berk.
Erumpent, stem cylindrical, greyish, head subglobose,
smooth or plicate, whitish, becoming dark when dry ; conidia
2 X ■ 5 /x, straight or slightly curved.
Tremella tubercularia, Berk., Outl., p. 288 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 347.
On fallen branches, especially oak. Consisting of a rather
thick stem with a more or less rounded head, 2-4 lines high.
W hen dry of a semi-transparent horny appearance.
64 FUJ^GUS-FLORA.
The present species is certainly not a TrcmeUa, but the
conidial form of some sj^ecies ; but is left where placed by
Berkeley until its true position is ascertained.
Tremella sarcoides. Sm,
The conidial stage of OmhrojMa sarcoides, an ascigerous
fungus.
Caespitose, subgelatinous, flesh-colour or purplish, club-
shaped, then compressed, lobed and plicate, conidia elliptical,
4-6 X 3 fi.
On stumps and trunks.
NAEMATELIA. Fries, (fig. 3, p. 56.)
Subgelatinous but firm, convex, solid, with a firm nucleus ;
basidia subglobose, cruciate ; spores broadly elliptical, con-
tinuous.
Naematelia, Fries, Syst. Myc. ii. p. 227 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 350.
Eeadily distinguished by the presence of a central solid
portion composed of interwoven hyphae, everywhere above
covered with a thick gelatinous spore-beai-ing portion.
Naematelia encephala. Fries, (fig. 3, p. 56.)
Subsessile, pulvinate, variously plicate and contorted, firm ;
pale flesh-colour ; nucleus large, white ; spores pear-shaped,
15-18 fjL diameter.
Naematelia encepJiala, Fries, Syst. Myc. ii. p. 227 ; Cke.,
Hdbk. p. 350.
On pine, &c. From 1-2 inches across, pulvinate, with a
stem-like base entering the matrix.
Naematelia nucleata. Fries.
Sessile, flattened, gelatinous, more or less contorted, white,
then yellowish, nucleus small, white ; spores broadly
elliptical, 7 yu. long.
Naematelia nucleata. Fries, Syst. Myc. ii. p. 227 ; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 350.
On rotten wood. From l-r^ inch across, depressed,
superficially reseml)ling Exidia alhida, but distinguished by
the central hard, white nucleus. When dry the outermost
gelatinous portion contracts, the nucleus alone being visible.
GYROCEPHALUS — TREMELLODON. 65
Naematelia virescens. Corda.
Small, subgelatiuous, sessile, suborbicular, depressed, con-
torted, dingy green ; spores elliptical, apiculate, 18 X 11 /u.
Naematelia virescens, Corda, Icon. iii. f. 90 ; Cke,, Hdbk.,
p. 350.
On In-anches of furze, &c. About i in, across, but size
variable, greenish.
GYROCEPHALUS. Pers. (f. 10, p. 56.)
Sporophore erect, substipitate, subspathulate, irregular,
tremelloso-cartilaginous : basidia globose, soon longitudinally
and crucially septate, sterigmata 2 or 4, elongated, thick ;
^pores ovate-pirifurm, continuous, not producing sporidiola
on germination so far as is known.
Gyrocephalus, Pers., Mem. Soc. Linn., Paris, iii., p. 77
(1824) : Sacc. Syll. vi. p. 795.
Distinguished by being more or less distinctly stipitate,
sporophore flattened, spathulate, hymenium confined to one
surface only.
Gyrocephalus rufus. Jacq. (fig. 10, p. 56.)
Erect, cartilagineo-gelatinous, stem very variable in length,
subspathulate, or variously contorted or lobed ; orange with
a rosy tinge ; hymenium inferior, very smooth ; spores
elliptical, apiculate at the base, 12-15 x 8-10 /a.
Gyrocephalus rufus, Jacq. Misc. 1, p. 143, t. 14.
Guepinia helvelloides. Fries, Hyiu. Eur., p. 697.
On the ground, also on fragments of wood, &c. Ex-
ceedingly variable, stem elongated or almost wanting ; pileus
spathulate, variously contorted, entire or lobed. One inch or
more in height.
D
TREMELLODON. Pers. (figs. 4-5, p. 48.)
Gelatinous ; pileate ; hymenium inferior, covered with
acute gelatinous spines ; basidia subglobose, cruciately
divided, producing four stout, elongated sterigmata, spores
subglobose, continuous.
Tremellodon, Pers., Myc. Eur. ii. p. 172 ; Stev., Brit. Fung.,
p. 247.
VOL. I. F
66 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Eydnum, Cke., Hdbk., p. 298.
A very remarkable genus, with the gelatinous consistency,
hasidia, and spores of the Tremellini, but superficially re-
sembling the genus Hydnum in the distinct spines present on
the hymenium.
Tremellodon gelatinosum. Pers. (figs. 4-5, p. 48.)
Gelatinous, tremelloid, dimidiate or fan-shaped, 1-3 in.
across, thick, extended behind into a lateral thick, stem-like
base, pileus brownish with opalescent shades, very minutely
granular ; hymenium watery-grey ; teeth stout, acute, 1-2
lines long, whitish ; spores subglobose, 7-8 [x diam.
Tremellodon gelatinosum, Pers,, Myc. Eur. ii. p. 172; Stev.,
Fung., p. 247.
Hydnum gelatinosum, Cke., Hdbk., p. 298.
On pine stumps and on the ground. Gregarious, very
variable in form and size but unmistakable, being our only
tremelloid fungus with true spines.
DACRYOMYCETEAE.
DACEYOMYCES. Nees. (figs. 12, 13, p. 56.)
Gelatinous, homogeneous, rather plicato-gyrose, every-
where covered with the hymenium ; basidia terminating
ordinary hyphae, tereti-clavate, bifurcate at the apex when
mature ; spores cylindric-oblong, curved, at maturity or
during germination variously septate, sometimes becoming
muril'orui ; in conidia-bearing sporophores the conidia, which
more or less resemble the spores in size and form, are pro-
duced in chains.
Daeryomyccs, Nees, Syst., p. 89 ; Sacc, Syll. vi. p. 796.
Minute gelatinous fungi occurring on dead wood, often
of an orange or yellow colour.
Dacryomyces macrosporus. B. & Br,
Gelatinous, tiibcrculate, rosy ; spores cylindric-oblong,
becoming 3-5 septate, constricted at the septa.
DACRYOMYCES. 67
Dacryomyces macrosporus, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist. n.
1374, t. 7, f. 1 ; Fr., Hym. Eur., p. 698.
On dry branches. Forming thin patches \ in. long.
Dacryomyces deliquescens. Duby.
Gelatinous, roundish or irregular, convex, gyrose, yellow,
hyaline, basal portion root-like and entering the matrix,
spores cylindrical, obtuse, curved, 3-septate, 15-17 X 6-7 fx.
Dacryomyces deliquescens. Duby, Bot. Gall., p. 729 ; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 351.
On pine wood. In perfection during the winter months.
Forming yellow subcircular convex masses 1-4 lines broad,
often growing in long lines out of cracks in the wood.
Dacryomyces stillatus. Nees. (fig. 12, p. 56.)
Gelatinous, rounded, convex, more or less plicate, persist-
ently orange; spores cylindrical, curved, multi-septate,
18-22 X 7-8 ya.
Dacryomyces stillatus. Nees, Syst., p. 89, f. 90 ; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 352.
On pine and other decaying wood. Distinguished from
D. deliquescens by its rather smaller size, firmer substance,
deeper orange colour, and larger, multi-septate spores.
Usually barren.
Dacryomyces chrysocomus. Fries, (fig. 13, p. 56.)
Gelatinous, orbicular, when young spherical, soon becoming
collapsed and saucer-shaped, at length almost flat, golden
yellow, not wrinkled ; spores elliptical, multi-septate, 18-25 x
9-10 IX..
Dacryomyces chrysocomus. Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 699 ; Cke.
Hdbk., p. 352.
On rotten fir-wood, &c. Distinguished by being very
thin, pellucid, and saucer-shaped, like a minute Peziza or
Calloria. About 1 line across.
Dacryomyces succineus. Fries.
Subgelatinous, gregarious, smooth, amber-colour, paler ex-
ternally when moist, rather thick, collapsing when dry ;
spores cylindrical, straight, ends obtuse, 14 x 2 //, 2-gut-
tulate.
Dacryomyces succineus, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 699.
On pine leaves. The present minute species is stated by
F 2
68 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Phillips to be the conidial stage of Peziza eleetrica, Phil, and
Plow. inGrevillea, June, 1880.
Dacryomyces sebaceus. B. & Br.
Gelatinous but firm, cup-shaped, whitish, spores cylin-
drical, slightly curved, multi-septate, 12-13 X 7-8 /a.
Dacryomyces sebaceus, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., no. 1305 ;
Cke., Hdbk.. p. 351.
On branches. Conspicuous in wet weather, 2-4 lines
broad.
Dacryomyces torta. Massee.
Gelatinous, rounded, depressed, gyroso-tuberculate, yellow
or orange; spores cylindrical, curved, 3-septate, 12 x 4-5 [x.
Dacryomyces torta, Mass.
TremeUa torta. Berk., Outl., p. 288.
On decorticated oak branches. Distinguished from Da-
cryomyces deliquescens by the smaller spores. From 3-4 lines
across.
Dacryomyces {?) vermicularis. B. & Br.
Minute, grey, worm-shaped, sporophores globose, 12*5 yu, ;
spores globose, pallid rufous, 5 /x. diameter.
Dacryomyces (?) vermicularis, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist.,
no. 1700.
On rotten wood. No specimen exists in Berkeley's her-
barium, hence it remains doubtful as to the correct posi-
tion of the present species, which does not appear from the
brief description to agree with Dacryomyces as at present
understood.
DACRYOPSIS. Massee. (figs. 5, 6, p. 5(5.)
Small, subgelatiuous, stipitate, fertile portion capitate, at
first covered with conidiophores ; conidia terminal at apex of
conidiophores or short lateral brauchlets ; conidia minute,
hyaline, continuous, forming a dense stratum; basidia cylin-
drical, bifurcate, aseptate, springing from the interlaced
hyphao at the apex of tlie stem, either contemporaneous with
or later than the conidia. Spores elongated, colourless, con-
tinuous, or septate.
DACEYOPSIS — GUEPINIA. 69
Dacryopsis, Massee, Journ. Mycol. (1891), p. 180 ; Grevillea,
1891, p. 23.
Coryne, Berk, (in part).
Ditiola, Fries (in part).
During the conidial stage the structure is identical with
that of Tuhercularia, and later on the basidia appear on the
same stroma.
Dacryopsis nuda. Massee. (figs. 5 and 6, p. 56.)
Gregarious ; head hemispherical, flattened below, reddish-
orange, 3-4 mm. diameter ; stem short, stout, white or
tinged yellow, minutely tomentose; 3-4 x 2-2-5 mm.;
conidiophores appearing before the basidia, linear straight,
aseptate, simple or rarely with 1-3 short branchlets near the
apex, 35-40 x 1*5 /a ; conidia elliptic-oblong, 3 x 1 /a ; ba-
sidia projecting above the conidiophores, cylindrical, bifur-
cate, 56-60 X 5-6 /A ; spores elliptic-oblong, with an oblique
apiculus, 3-septate, 14 X 5 /a.
Dacryopsis nuda, Massee, Journ. Mycol. (1891), p. 181;
Grev. (1891), p. 24.
Ditiola nuda. Berk., Ann. Nat. Hist., Ser. ii., vol. ii. p. 267.
On fir stumps, &c.
GUEPINIA. Fr. (fig. 16, p. 56.)
Fungi cartilagineo-gelatinous, versiform, the two surfaces
diverse in structure ; substipitate ; hymenium unilateral ;
basidia linear, deeply bifurcate, bisporous ; spores curved.
Chains of conidia produced at the tips of hyphae springing
from the surface opposed to the hymenium.
Guepinia, Fr., Elenchus ii. p. 30 ; Sacc. Syll. vi. p. 805.
Guepinia peziza. Tul. (fig. 16, p. 56.)
Cup-shaped, subsessile, yellow or orange, everywhere gla-
brous, attached obliquely by the back ; stem slender ; sporo-
phores subclavate ; spores elliptic-oblong, at first continuous,
then l-3-.septate, 10 x 4 jx.
Guepinia peziza, Tulasne, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1853, p. 224.
On dead branches, trunks, &c. Cup oblique, often irre-
gular, about I in. across, often minutely hoary above;
tinged with pink when drv.
70 FUNGUS-FLORA.
DITIOLA. Fries.
Stroma firm, more or less stem-like ; hymenium discoid,
gelatinous ; basidia furcate ; spores at first continuous, then
1-septate.
Ditiola, Fries, Sj'st. Mj'c. ii. p. 170.
Ditiola radicata. Fries.
Stroma rooting, exposed portion thick, firm, simple or
branched, white, villous, expanded at the apex and ter-
minated by the plane or sliglitly depressed, golden-yellow
hj^menium ; spores elliptic-oblong, mostly curved, uni-septate,
8-12 X 4-5 /t.
Ditiola radicata. Fries, Syst. Myc. ii. p. 170 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 353, fig. 101.
On wood, amongst pine leaves, &c. Stem i-j in. high,
hymenium 2-5 lines across.
APYEENIUM. Fries.
Subgelatinous, subglobose, hollow ; hymenium covering
the whole of the outer surface ; spores continuous.
Apyrenium, Fries, Summ. Veg. Scand., p. 470 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 352.
Distinguished amongst the Tremellineae by being inflated
and constantly hollow. A spurious genus, the forms being
the conidial stage of species of Hypocrea.
Apyrenium lignatile. Fries.
Sessile, rounded and variously deformed, smooth, internally
and externally pallid or yellowish, collapsing when dry and
becoming rugulose ; spores rounded.
Apyrenium lignatile. Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 700 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 352, fig. 100.
On pine wood, decaying fungi, tfec, in damp places.
About the size of a pea, sometimes with a reddish tinge.
The conidial stage of Hypocrea rufa.
Apyrenium armeniacum. B. & Br.
Subgelatinous, lobed, peach colour; spores obovate, 13 x
8 fj..
APYRENIUM — CALOCERA. 71
Api/renium armeniacmn, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., no. 1141,
pi. ii., f. 2 ; Cke., Hdhk., p. 352.
On oak chips, decaying fungi, &c. Smaller tlian A. ligna-
tite and more irregularly lobed.
The conidial stage of Hypocrea gelatinosa.
CALOCERA. Fr. (fig. 11, p. 56.)
Gelatinoso-cartilaginous, horny when dry, vertical, suh-
cylindrical, simple or branched, viscid, without a distinct
stem. Hymenium covering every part of the hymenophore ;
basidia terete, apex furcate or bilobed, each lobe bearing a
single 1-spored sterigma. Spores oblong, curved, septate on
germination and producing heads of ellip.soid sporidiola.
Calocera, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 485 ; Sacc, Syll. vi.
p. 732.
In habit resembling the genus Clavana, but distinguished
by being subgelatinous and viscid when moist, rigid and
horny when dry, and more especially by the furcate basidia.
* Branched.
Calocera viscosa. Fries, (fig. 11, p. 56.)
Branched, viscid and tough when moist, rooting, smooth,
orange- yellow; branches straight, repeatedly forked ; spores
cylindric-oblong, apiculate, slightly curved, 9-10 X 4-5 /x.
Calocera viscosa, Fries, S. M. i. p. 486 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 339.
On pine stumps, &c. Generally tufted, 1-2 in. high, root
pale, often very long and penetrating the wood.
* Unbi'anchedy caespitose.
Calocera tuberosa. Fries.
Caespitose, tough, simple, linear, sub-acute, yellowish ;
two or three springing from a thick, strigose, subglobose
rooting tuberous base.
Calocera tuberosa. Fries, S. M. i. p. 486 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 339.
Oq trunks. Clubs up to 2 in. high, slender.
72 FUNGUS-FLOEA.
Calocera cornea. Fr.
Tufted, rooting, clubs smooth, viscid, subulate, simple or
rarely with a minute branchlet, orange-yellow or pale
yellow, several connate at the base ; spores cylindric-oblong,
7-8 X 5 /x.
Calocera cornea. Fries, S. M. i. p. 486; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 339.
On stumps and decorticated trunks, especially oak. Eigid
when dry. Known by the tufted, tapering and pointed
sporophores, which vary from \-% in. high.
*** TJnhranclied, solitary.
Calocera stricta. Fr.
Simple, solitary, i-1 in. high, linear, even when dry,
yellow; base abrupt, encircled with white tomentum.
Calocera stricta. Fries, Epicr., p. 581 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 340.
On trunks. Occasionally two sporophores spring from
the same base, but they are not habitually caespitose as in
C. cornea.
Var. epiphylla, Fr., differing from the type in being
2-3 in. high, smooth at the base, and abruptly rooting and
growing amongst pine leaves, has not, so far as I am aware,
occurred in this country.
Calocera striata. Fr.
Simple, solitary, about I in. high, acute, longitudinally
striate or rugose when dry, "yellow; spores cylindric-oblong,
8 X 4 /A.
Calocera striata, Fries, Epicr., p. 582 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 681.
On trunks. Somewhat resembling C. cornea, but dis-
tinguished by being solitary, and striate when dry.
Calocera glossoides. Fr.
Simple, solitary, yellow, somewhat tremellose, round and
slender at the base, incrassated and compressed above,
obtuse; spores elliptic-oblong, sliglitly curved.
Calocera glossoides, Fries, S. M. i. p. 487.
On trunks. About i in. high.
CLAVARIEAE. 73
FAM. II.
CLAVARIEAE.
Fleshy, not coriaceous ; erect, simple and club-shaped or
TarioiTsly branched ; hymenium covering the whole of the
sporophore.
Distinguished from the Thelephoreae, as Lachiodadium
(not British), that grow erect, and are branched and Clavaria-
like by being soft and fleshy and not subcoriaceous, and also
in having the hymenium completely surrounding the hymeno-
phore, and not confined to one side, as in Lachnocladium.
KEY TO THE GENEBA.
* Very much, hranched, branches compressed, plate-lihe, crisped.
Sparassis.
** Club-shaped and simple or variously branched, branches
terete.
f Stem distinct from hymenophore.
Typhula.
ff Stem not distinct from hymenophore.
Clavaria. — Fleshy, simple or branched, branches terete.
Pistillaria. — Minute, club-shaped, simple, rigid when
dry.
Ptenila. — Small, branches very numerous and very slen-
der, forming a brush-like tuft.
74
FUNGUS-FLOEA.
Fig. 1, section of Sparassis crispa, much reiluced :— Fig. 2, Clavaria
ahietina, nat. size;— Fig. 3, spores of same, highly mag. ;— Fig. 4, Clavaria
inaequalis, nat. size;— Fig. 5, Typhula erythropus, nat. size ;— Fig. 6,
FistiUaria tenvipes, nat. size ;— Fig. 7, spores of same, highly mag. ;—
Fig. 8, Clavaria pisfillari>t, basidium bearing four spores, higlily mag. ;—
Fig. 9, ristillaria quisquilaris, nat. size.
SPARASSIS. Fr. (fig. 1, p. 74.)
Fleshy, branched, branches flattened, laciniate, variously
contorted and grown together, entirely covered with the
hymenium.
SiJarassis, Fries, Ilym. Eur., p. 66G ; Cko., ITdbk., p. 330.
Forming large, irregularly globose, compact tufts, the
brittle branches variously flattened and contorted, with the
tips much cut.
Sparassis crispa. Fr. (fig. 1, p. 74.)
Fragile; very much branched, branches very irregular,
SPAEASSIS — CLAVAEL\. 75
forming a compact head, springing from a thick, stem-like,
rooting base, whitish or pale ochraceous ; spores pale ochra-
ceous, 5-6 X 3-4 /x.
Sparassis crispa, Cke., Hdbk., n. 958, f. 87 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung, ii. p. 289 ; Hogg and Johnst., t. 24.
Amongst heather, in fir woods, &c. Variable in size, some-
times forming masses 18 in. across.
CLAVAEIA. Yaill. (figs. 2, 3, 4, 8, p. 74.)
Sporophore erect, simple, and more or less club-shaped,
or variously, often excessively branched ; hymenium covering
every part of the sporophore, which is not furnished with a
distinct stem; basidia tetrasporous ; spores colourless or
coloured.
Clavaria, Yaill., Paris, p. 39 (in part) ; Fr., Syst. Myc. i.
p. 465.
Growing on the ground or rarely on wood. Fleshy and
brittle, often very bright-coloured. Calocera, a genus re-
sembling a branched Clavaria in habit, is distinguished by
its viscidity and subgelatinous nature, also by the sub-
globose, cruciately septate basidia.
I. EAMARIA. Branched, hrancJies attenuated upicards.
* Leucosporae. Spores ichite or dingy ; not ochraceous.
f Colour clear yellow, red or violet.
Clavaria botrytes. Pers.
Fragile, basal portion thick, fleshy, passing into numerous
irregular, crowded, thick branches, which are thickened at
the extremity and broken up into numerous densely-crowded,
reddish, toothed branchlets ; spores white, 8 x 5 /x.
Clavaria hotrytes, Cke., Hdbk., n. 959 ; Badham, Esc. Fung,
i. t. 16, f. 2 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 290.
In woods. Large, from 3-6 in. across, 3-4 in. high ; the
subglobose ends of the branches are composed of numerous
crowded, small branchlets varying from rose-colour to dingy
76 . FUNGUS-FLORA.
red ; branches and flesh white. Looks like the heart of a
cauliflower.
Clavaria amethystina. Bull.
Violet, fragile, very much branched, branches round,
smooth, even, obtuse ; spores elliptical, pale ochraceous,
10-12 X 6-7 IX.
Clavaria amethystina. Berk., Outl. 279, t. 18, f. 2 (small,
subsimple form, not bv any means typical) ; Cke., Hdbk., n.
960 ; Stev., Brit. F., p. 291.
Amongst grass in woods and pastures. From 1-3 in. high,
very much branched or almost simple. Known by the violet
colour.
Clavaria fastigiata. Linn.
Tufted, very much branched, branchlets fastigiate at the
tips, rather tough, egg-yellow; spores white, irregularly
globose, 4-6 //..
Clavaria fastigiata. Berk., Outl. 279 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 961 ;
Stev., B. Fung.'ii. 291.
Clavaria pratensis, Berk., Eng. Fl. v. 5, p. 174.
Amongst grass in pastures. About 1 in. high, distinguished
by clear egg-yellow colour.
Clavaria muscoides. Linn.
Clear yellow, slightly tufted, stems slender, toraentose at
the base, once or twice branched above, axils rounded ; spores
white, subglobose, 5-6 yu,.
Clavaria muscoides. Berk., Outl. 279 ; Cke., Ildbk. n. 962 ;
Stev., Brit. Fung. 291.
In pastures. "From 1-Uin. high, somewhat resembling
G. fastigiata, but the stems" are more slender, tomento.se at
the base, and are not branched so near to the base nor so
repeatedly ; branchlets thin, tapering, axils rounded.
Clavaria curta. Fries.
Greenish yellow, much branched, branches short, closely
crowded, tii)s blunt, stem not distinct; spores colourless,
subglobose, 5-6 /u,.
Clavaria curta, Fr., Ilym. Eur., p. 668 ; Stev., Brit. Fung,
ii. 291.
In grassy places. A small species not 1 in. high.
CLAVAEIA. 77
ff Colour tvJiite or grey.
Clavaria coralloides. Linn.
Eather fragile, white, partly hollow ; trunk rather thick,
short, breaking up into numerous repeatedly forked branches,
axils rounded, branches unequal, subcompressed ; ultimate
branchlets crowded, acute ; spores subglobose, apiculate, pale
ochraceous, 10 x 8 ^.
Clavaria coralloides, Linn., Suec, n. 1268; Stev., Fung.,
p. 292.
On the ground in woods. Usually caespitose, growing
into each other, 2— i in. high. Sometimes scattered and with-
out the branches developed, then approaching C. rugosa, but
not longitudinally wrinkled. Other forms approach C. cris-
tata, with which it agrees exactl}^ in the spores, but differs
in the numerous small pointed branchlets at the tips of the
branches.
Clavaria cinerea. Bull.
Stem short, thick, whitish, branches livid grey, brittle,
stuffed, numerous, irregular, sometimes compressed, wrinkled ;
spores white, subglobose, 5 ya or 6 x 5 /a.
Clavaria cinerea, Cke., Hdbk., n. 265 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii.
p. 292 ; Grev., Scot. Crypt. Fl., t. G-l.
In woods. Often gregarious or crowded, 1-2 in. high,
branches numerous, irregular, with a few short branchlets,
or flattened and cut at the tip into several slender, pointed
branchlets. Distinguished by the bright grey colour.
Clavaria umbrinella. Sacc.
Pale umber, about 1 in. high, sparingly branched, branches
and branchlets cylindrical, obtuse, forked, axils usually
rounded; spores subglobose, apiculate, 9-10 x 7-8 fx.
Clavaria umbrinella, Sacc, Syll. vi. n. 7948.
Clavaria umhrina, Berk., Outl, 279, t. 18, f. 4.
Berkeley's specific name was antedated by Leveille.
On the ground. Tufts usually' small, stem sometimes
rather thick and minutely velvety. Probably nothing more
than a small dingy form of C. cristata.
Clavaria cristata. IJolmsk.
Tough, white or tinj^ed with dirty ochre, base short, stout,
78 FUNGUS-FLOKA.
dividing into numerous irregular branches that become
flattened uj:) wards and cut at the apex into acute branchlets ;
spores pale ochraceous, subglobose. apiculate, 10 X 8 /*.
Clavaria cristnta, Grev., Scot, Cr. Fl., t. 190; Cke., Hdbk.,
n. 9G6 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 292.
Clavaria fuliginea. Pars.
In woods. Forming tufts 1-2 in. high, known b}'' the
flattened branches being divided into several pointed
branchlets at the tips like a stag's horn ; this last character
is the only one that separates the present species from
C. coralloides.
Clavaria Krombholzii. Fr.
Tufted, fragile, white, shining, even, sparingly branched,
branches more or less compressed, acute ; spores white,
broadly elliptical, 10-11 X 7-8 yu,,
Clavaria Krombholzii, Fr., Hym. Eur. G69 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung. 293.
In pastures. Somewhat resembling C. rugosa, differs in
being brittle and even, not wrinkled, 1-3 in. high.
Clavaria rugosa. Bull.
Eathor tough, whitish, thickened upwards, simple or with
a few irregular obtuse branches, longitudinally rugose ;
spores white, irregularly globose, 8-10 /a.
Clavaria rugosa. Berk., Outl., t. 18, f. 3 ; Cke., Ildbk., n.
9G7 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 293.
In woods. Solitary or gregarious, 2-4 in. high, up to
^ in. thick, white or dingy; simple and club-shaped or
variously branched, tips blunt. ])istinguished by the dis-
tinct, irregular longitudinal wrinkles.
Clavaria Kunzei. Fries.
Tufted, shining white, rather fragile, very much branched
from the base ; branches long, frequently forked, of about
equal height, axils compressed ; spores white, broadly ellip-
tical, 9-11 X 8 IX.
Clavaria Kunzei, Fries., Hym. Eur., p. 699 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung. ii. 293.
In woods. Tufts 1-2 in. high, distinguished amongst the
white species by the numerous, crowded, erect, repeatedly
forked equal branches of about equal length.
CLAVAEIA. 79
Clavaria pyxidata. Pers.
Tufted, pale, becoming rufescent, trunk variable in length,
breaking up into numerous suberect, forked brancbes, all
the tips hollowed out in a cup-like manner and usually with
slender branchlets springing from the margin of the cup :
spores white, svibglobose, 4 x 3 yu..
Clavaria pyxidata, Pers., Comm., t. 1, f. 1 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung. ii. 293.
On rotten wood, rarely on the ground, and then probably
springing from buried branches, &c. Tufted, 1-2 in. high,
known by the hollowed-out tips of the branches.
** Ochrosporae, Spores ocJiraceoiis or cinnamon.
f Colour yellow, pinJcish-yelloic, or dingy ochraceous.
Clavaria aurea. Schoeif.
Trunk thick, elastic, pallid, flesh white, dividing into
numerous thick branches that become repeated I3' divided in
a dichotomous manner upwards, and terminate in slender,
erect, round, yellow branchlets; spores pale ochraceous,
elliptical, 10-11 x 5-6 /x.
Clavaria aurea, Berk., Outl., p. 280 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 909 ;
Stev., Brit. Fung. 294.
In woods. Forming large tufts 2-3 in. high, colourless
or almost so below, tips yellow.
Clavaria formosa. Pers.
Base thick, elastic, dividing into numerous, crowded, erect
branches that become thinner upwards and divided at the
apex into several thin, straight, simple or toothed, yellow
branchlets, base and main branches pale dirty ochraceous
with a red tinge, flesh same colour inside ; spores ochraceous,
9x3-4 //.
Clavaria formosa, Cke., Hdbk. n. 970 ; Stev., Brit. F. ii.
p. 294.
On the ground in woods. Forming large tufts 3-4 in.
high, often crowded and extending for several feet. The
basal portion of the stem is sometimes whitish.
Clavaria spinulosa. Pers.
Trunk stout, pallid ; branches numerous, elongated, erect.
80 FUNGUS-FLORA.
crowded, tapering upwards, brownish cinnamon ; spores
ochraceous, elliptical, 11-13 X 5-6 /x.
Clavaria spinulosa, Pers., Obs. ii. t. 3, f. 1 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung. 294.
In pine woods. From 2-3 in. high, stem |-1 in., some-
what resembling some forms of C. ahietina, but distinguished
by the very much larger spores and not becoming green
when bruised.
Clavaria abietina. Schum. (figs. 2, 3, p. 74.)
Stem short, thick, white, downy ; branches numerous,
crowded, frequently divided, erect, ochraceous, becoming
greenish when bruised ; spores ochraceous, elliptical,
6 X 3-4 IX.
Clavaria ahietina, Cke., Hdbk., n. 971 ; Stev., Brit. Fung,
ii. p. 294 ; Greville, Scot. Cr. Fl. t. 117.
In fir woods. From 1-3 in. high, very much branched
from a stout base, branches deep ochre, sometimes rather
thick, equal, repeatedly divided, axils rounded, tips abrupt,
cristate, at others divided into numerous thin erect branches,
the whole plant resembling a birch besom. Taste bitter.
Branches longitudinally wrinkled when dry.
Clavaria flaccida. Fr.
Slender, very much branched, flaccid, ochraceous, stem
very short, branches crowded, repeatedly forked, upper
axils rounded, and the acute terminal branchlets converg-
ing ; spores ochraceous, broadly elliptical, 4—5 x 3 /a.
'Clavaria flaccida, Berk., Outl., 280 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 972 ;
Stev. Brit. Fung. ii. p. 295.
Amongst moss in woods. From 1-2 in. high, closely
related to C. spinulosa, but colour clearer than ochraceous
without any tinge of brown, and the terminal branches con-
verging like forceps. Does not turn green when bruised
like C. ahietina. Mycelium whitish, floccose, creeping over
leaves. Stem sometimes j in. long, at others almost obsolete.
Clavaria crocea. Tors.
SafiTron-yellow, stem slender, pale, at the apex dividing
into a few branches, which again divide in a dichotomous
manner ; spores ochraceous, elliptical, G-7 x 3-4 fx..
CLAVARIA. 81
CJavaria crocea, Berk., Out!. 280 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 973 ; Stev.,
Brit, r., ii. 295.
On the ground. From ^-| in. high, stem slender, for some
distance unbranched, bearing at the apex a variable number
(if dichotomously divided branches; a thin, slender, elegant
fungus.
a'
ff. Colour whitish, grey or violet.
Clavaria grisea. Pers.
Ashy-grey, stem stout, fleshy, branches long, irregular,
tapering, rugose, branchlets obtuse ; spores pale brown,
subglobose, 9 X 7-8 fx.
Clavaria grisea, Pers., Comm., p. 44 ; Berk., Outl. 281 ; Cke.,
Hdbk., n. 974; Stev., B. Fung. 295.
On the ground in woods. From 1^-3 in. high, stem about
1 in. long, 4-| in. thick, branches stout; resembling robust
forms of G. cinerea, best known by the large, coloured
spores.
Clavaria condensata. Fr.
Eeddish-tan colour, very densely branched from the base,
branches crowded, parallel, even, fastigiate at the apex, where
they are yellowish, not changing coloiir when bruised; spores
l^ale ochraceous, 9x7//..
Clavaria condensata, Fr., Hym. Eur., p. G72 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung. ii. p. 295.
On the ground. Tiunk absent, the densely crowded,
straight, subequal branches springing from the base; 3-4 in.
high ; mycelium white, fleecy, running amongst leaves,
ttf . Groiving on wood.
Clavaria stricta. Pers.
Pale dull yellow, becoming brownish when bruised ;
stem distinct, short, branches numerous, straight, crowded
together, tips acute ; spores pale ochraceous, 6-8 X 4—5 /x.
Clavaria stricta. Berk., Outl. 281, t. 18, f. 5: Cke., Hdbk.,
n. 970 : Stev., Brit. Fung. 295.
On trunks in woods. Densely branched, branches crowded,
repeatedly forking, tips usually with 2-3 pointed acute
branchlets; about 2 in. high.
VOL. I. o
82 FUNGUS-FLOKA.
Clavaria crispula. Fr.
Tau-colour, becoming ocliraceous, stem rather slender, with
downy rooting strands of mycelium ; branches numerous,
wavy, spreading, repeatedly dividing, terminal branchlets
acute, spreading ; spores pale yellow, elliptical, 5 X 3 /a.
Clavaria crispula. Berk., Outl. 281 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 976 ;
Stev., B. Fung. ii. 290.
At the base of trunks. Stem thin, branches numerous,
lax, rather wavy or flexuous, 2-3 in. high.
II. SYNCOEYNE. Cluhs almost simple, tufted at the base.
I Beddish.
Clavaria purpurea. Fr.
Purple, tufted, simple, acute, becoming hollow and com-
pressed ; spores colourless, elliptical, with a minute ajiiculus,
8 X 4-5 /x.
Clavaria j^urpurea, Berk., Outl., p. 281 ; Cke., Hdbk., n.
977; Stev., Fung. Brit. ii. p. 296.
Amongst grass. Simple, caespitose, 3-5 in. high ; tip
tapering, acute, 3-4 lines thick in the centre, sometimes
tinged with brown or red.
Clavaria rufa. Fl. Dan.
Eeddish brown, gregarious, not tufted, simple or slightly
cleft at the obtuse aj)ex, straight or generally' flexuous or
variously deformed ; spores colourless, elliptical, 7 x 5 ya.
Clavaria rupa, Fl. Dan., t. 775, f. 1 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii.
p. 296.
On the ground. Scattered, simple or with 1-2 irregular
branchlets, tip blunt or acute, often cleft, 1-1?. in. high,
2-3 lines thick, very frequently curved or twisted and com-
pressed.
Clavaria rosea. Fr.
Eose-colour, deep or pale, in small tufts ; simple, fragile,
stuffed, often becoming yellowish at the apex ; spores colour-
less, globose, 3 /x.
Clavaria rosea, Berk., Outl. 281 ; Cke., Ildbk., n. 978 ; Stev.,
B. Fung. ii. p. 290.
CLAVAKIA. 83
Amongst grass or moss. Generally sparingly tufted, rose-
pink, 1-1.^ in. high.
f f Yellowish or White.
Clavaria fusiformis. Sow.
Tufted, connate at the base, elongato-fusiform, primrose-
yellow, simple or rarely unequally branched above, tip con-
tracted into a short, brownish, spine-like point, smooth, soon
hollow; spores pale yellow, globose, 4-5 jx.
Clavaria fusiformis, Sowerby, Fung., t. 224; Cke., Hdbk., n.
979, fig. 89 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 297.
Clavaria ceramides, Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. 297 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
n. 980.
In woods, &c. Tufted, rather brittle, 2-3 in. high, 2-3
lines thick, becoming hollow, often compressed and collapsed,
straight, or sometimes rather flexuous, sometimes with one
or more short branches.
Clavaria inaequalis. Fl. Dan. (fig. 4, p. 74.)
Yellow, gregarious or fasciculate, fragile, stuffed, clavate,
apex obtuse, simple or sometimes forked ; spores colourless,
elliptical, 9-10 x 5 fi.
Clavaria inaequalis, Berk., Outl. 282 ; Cke., Hdbk., n, 981 ;
Stev., F. Brit. 297. In woods and pastures amongst grass.
Scattered or in small loose tufts, clubs clavate or cylindrical,
apex obtuse, sometimes forked, or variously cut at the tip
now and then compressed. Distinguished from C. fusiformis
in the tips not being apiculate and brown, 2-3 in. high.
Clavaria argillacea. Fr.
Loosely tufted, simple, fragile, club-shaped, or cylindrical ,
from whitish to pale drab, stem yellowish ; spores colourless,
elliptical, 7-9 x 5-6 /x.
Clavaria argillacea ; Berk., Outl. 282 ; Cke., Hdbk. 982 ;
Stev., B. Fung. 297.
Amongst moss and grass. Loosely tufted, from g-li in.
high, whitish to dirty pale drab, stem pale yellow or whitish ;
clubs variable, clavate or cylindrical, obtuse or subacute, often
more or less compressed.
Clavaria vermicularis. Scop.
Densely tufted, biittle, altogether white, stuffed, simple,
cylindrical, ajjex pointed ; spores white, elliptical, 4 x 3 /a.
G 2
84 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Clavaria vermicularis, Cke., Hdbk., n. 984; Stev., Brit.
Fung. ii. p. 298. f, xcii.
Amongst grass. Densely tufted, white, about 2 in. high,
straight or sometimes flexuous.
Clavaria fragilis. Holmsk.
White, sometimes with a yellow tinge, loosely tufted, very
brittle, simple, stuifed, becoming hollow and variously com-
pressed, and twisted, spores white, elliptical, 10-12 x 4-6 fx..
Clavaria fragilis, Berk., Outl., 283 ; Cke., Hdkb., n. 985 ;
Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 298.
Amongst grass. Clubs generally simple, rarely with 1 or
more short branches, variously compressed, twisted or curved,
soon hollow, very brittle, 1-3 in. high. Not so closely com-
pacted as in G. vermicularis, and the tips not so pointed.
Iff Colour smohy or hlacJcish.
Clavaria fumosa. Pers.
Greyish-browu or dusky-ochre, fasciculate, fragile, soon
hollow, clubs straight or flexuous, tips usually pointed and
curved, very much attenuated downwards ; spores colourless,
elliptical, 6-8 X 4 /x.
Clavaria fumosa, Cke., Hdbk., n. 986 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii.
p. 298.
Amongst grass. Tufted, varying from smoke-brown to
dingy ochre, 2-3 in. high. In Kromlioltz, fig. 18, quoted
by Fries under the present species; the clubs are very
flexuous, tips aciculate, curved, very much attenviated below,
dirty ochre, 2-3 in. high.
III. HOLOCORYNE. Clubs almost simple, distinct
at the hase.
f Colour whitish.
Clavaria canaliculata, Fr.
Solitary, white, simple, smooth, rather tough, soon hollow,
then becoming compressed, and longitudinally furrowed;
spores colourless, broadly elliptical, 10-12 x 9-10 ft.
Clavaria canaliculata, Fr,, Hym. Eur., p. 678 ; Stev,, Brit.
Fung. ii. p, 300,
CLAVARIA. 85
On the ground. Solitary, or sometimes in pairs, 2-4 iu.
high, 2-3 lines thick, longitudinally grooved, sometimes
splitting, apex tapering ; not rooting.
Clavaria acuta. Sow.
White, solitary, simple, erect, clavate, apex acute, prui-
nose ; spores colourless, subglobose, about 4 /a.
Clavaria acuta. Sow., Fung,, t. 333 ; Berk., Outl., p. 283 ;
Cke., Hdbk., n. 991 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 301.
On soil in plant-pots, &c. From ^-l^^ in. high.
Clavaria uncialis. Grev.
Whitish, tough, simple, smooth, obtuse, attenuated below ;
spores colourless, elliptical, 5 x 3 /x.
Clavaria uncialis, Grev., Scot. Or. FL, t. 98 ; Berk., Outl.
284; Cke., Hdbk., n. 992; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 301.
On dead stems of herbaceous plants, especially ura-
bellifers. Scattered, J— 1 in. high, becoming rather carti-
laginous and pale amber colour when dry. Distinguished by
its habitat.
ff Colour yelloio or pallid, becoming darker.
Clavaria pistillaris. Linn. (fig. 8, p. 74.)
Simple, clavate or obovate, stuffed, minutely velvety,
whitish, then dirty yellow, finally dingy brown ; spores
white, elliptic-oblong, 9-11 x 5-6 /x.
Clavaria pistillaris, Cke., Hdbk., n. 987 ; S^ev., Brit.
Fung. ii. p. 299. Sow., Fung., t. 277.
In woods. Variable in size, from 4-12 in. high, 1-? in.
thick at widest part ; either club-shaped with a narrow base
or sometimes irregularly subglobose or broadly elliptical ;
flesh whitish, stufi'ed in the centre, that is, the texture is
loose and cottony.
Clavaria ligula. Fr.
Gregarious, clavate, obtuse, much attenuated downwards,
base villous, simple, pale ochraceoiis, the clubs with rufes-
cent tinge, stuffed; spores colourless, elliptical, 11-13 x
4-5 fx.
Clavaria ligida, Fr., Hym. Eur., p. i>7G ; Stev., B. Fung. ii.
p. 299; Fl. Dan., t. 837, f. 1.
8(3 FUNGUS-FLOEA.
In woods. From 2-3 in. high, \ in. thick above, very
obtuse at the apex, very thin and villous at the base, by
which it is attached to twigs, &c. Smaller than C. pistillaris,
and not so dark coloured, also differs in the pilose base.
Clavaria contorta. Holmsk,
Erumpent ; in clusters of 2-5, simple, stuffed, variously
contorted and wrinkled, joruinose, yellowish, often with red
or brown tinge ; spores white, subglobose, 5 X 4 or 5 /x.
Clavaria contorta. Berk., Outl. 283 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 988 ;
Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 299.
On fallen branches. Easily known by its erumpent habit,
that is, bursting through the bark ; about 1 in. high.
Clavaria fistulosa. Fr.
Simple, slender, thickened upwards, obtuse, hollow,
elongated, straight, pale yellow, then rufescent ; root short,
villose ; spores colourless, elliptical, 14-15 X 6-7 jx.
Clavaria fistulosa, Fr., Hym. Eur., p. 677; Stev., Brit.
Fung.ii. p. 300.
On branches, &c. Solitary or 2-3 together, 2-3 in. high,
1^—2 lines thick at apex, short, distinct root villous or
downy.
Clavaria tuberosa. Sow.
Yellow, cespitose, or solitary, simple, straight, slightly
thickened upwards, tough, base thickened, strigose, rooting ;
spores colourless, ellijitical, 9-10 x 6 /x.
Clavaria tuberosa. Sow., Fung., tab. 199 : Berk., Outl.,
p. 284; Cke., Hdbk,, n. 994; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 300.
On decayed wood. From 2-4 in. high, 1-3 springing
from a thickened, subglobose, tomentose or strigose base.
Clavaria juncea. Fr.
Oregarious, very slender, elongated, flaccid, becoming
hollow, apex acute, the long, creeping, stem-like base villose,
pale dingy yellow, then rufescent; spores colourless, obovate
or subglobose, 4—5 fx.
Clavaria juncea. Berk., Out!., p. 283 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 990 ;
Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 300.
Gregarious on dead leaves, twigs, Arc, in woods. From
3-G in. high, 1-2 lines thick; distinguished from C. fistulosa
TTERULA. 87
hy the small, subgloboso spores, longer and more slender,
flaccid, acute clubs, and in the gregarious habit.
Iff Broionish or flesh-colour.
Clavaria Ardenia. Sow.
Ferruginous, becoming darker, elongated, simi^le, thickened
upwards, obtuse, hollow, base tomentose, not rooting ; spores
colourless, elliptical, l-l-lo x 7-9 /x,.
Clavaria Ardenia, Sow., Fung., t. 215 ; Berk., Outl., p. 283 ;
Cke., Hdbk., n. 989; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 300.
On fallen branches, &c., in woods. Varying from 5-12 in.
liigh, and reaching \ in. thick upwards; apex often acute
when young, becoming obtuse and sometimes more or less
hollowed out.
Clavaria incarnata. Weissm.
Simple, gregarious, cylindrical, apex obtuse, flesh-colour,
pruinose, internally 2:)urple ; spores colourless, elliptical,
8 X 4-5 IX.
Clavaria incarnata, Fr., Hym. Eur., p. 678 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung. ii. p. 301.
On the ground. Simple, varying from }f-l^ in. high.
Distinguished from C. rosea in the duller red colour and in
being purple inside.
PTERULA, Fr.
Subcartilaginous, filiform, simple or densely branched,
branches equal, hymenium covering every part.
Pterula, Fr., Linn. 1830, p. 351; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii.
p. 303.
The two British species form dense tufts composed of
equal, thread-like branches, distinguished amongst the
Clavariei by the cartilaginous substance, especially when
dry, and in this character agreeing with the Tremellineae,
but distinct from the latter in the basidia producing four
sterigmata at the apex, which support the spores.
Pterula subulata. Fr.
Tufts densely branched, branches very slender, equal, not
much divided except at the tips, where they divide into
90 FrNGUS-FLOKA.
Ttjplmla muscicola, Fries, Epicr., 585; Stev., Brit. Fung.,
p. 305.
On living mosses.
Typhula filiformis. Fr.
Entire jilaiit l-.'5 in. long; stem slender, more or less
lirancbed and decnmbent, hrown, clubs snbcylindrical, rather
tbicker tban the stem, whitish ; spores about 5-4 /a.
Typlmla filiformis. Fries, Epicr., p. 586 ; Stcv., Ikit. Fung.,
p. 306.
Amongst dead leaves.
Typhula gracilis. Berk.
Minute, 1-3 lines high, slender, stem short, distinct, smooth
or minutely strigose ; club pallid, subacute, simple, or forked ;
spores ellijitical, 6-7 x 4 /x ; cystidia numerous, large, sub-
acute.
Typhula gracilis, Berk., Outl., p. 285 ; Stev., Brit. Fung.,
p. 306.
On rotten leaves.
Tip of club often acuminate.
Typhula pusilla. Scbroet.
"White, very minute, linear, smooth ; spores colourless,
elliptical, 5 X 3 /x.
Typhula pusilla, Schroeter, Schles., p. 439.
Pistillaria pusilla. Berk., Outl., 286; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1011 ;
Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 308.
On dead eciuisetum, fallen leaves, &c. Very minute, not
more than 1 line hifth.
'&^
[Doubtful species.
Typhula gracillima. White.
Wbite, ^-^ in. high, very slender, curved, smooth, club
elongated.
Typhula gracillima, Wbite, in B. and Br., Notices of Brit.
Fung., n. 1699 ; Stev., Fung., p. 306.
On various lierT)aceous |iia:its. I have examined an au-
thentic specimen of the uIjovo in Berkeley's herbarium at
Kew, and can find no trace of basidia or hymenial surface of
any kind. (I listening when dry.
PISTILLARIA. 91
Typhula translucens. B. & Br.
Typhda translucene, B., and Br., Ann. Nat, Hist., n. 1589;
Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 306.
An examination of the type specimen shows that this is
not a fungus.
PISTILLAEIA. Fr. (figs. 6, 7, and 9, p. 74.)
Small ; club-shaped, either sessile or attenuated downwards
as a continuous stem-like base which is not distinctly defined,
becoming cartilaginous when dry.
Pistillaria, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 686 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 342 ;
Stev., B. Fung. ii. p. 307.
Closely related to Clavaria, if indeed distinct as a genus ;
known by the smaller size of the species, and more especially
by becoming cartilaginous and rigid when dry,
Pistillaria tenuipes. Mass. (figs. 6, 7, p. 74.)
Pale drab ; apex inflated, obtuse, wrinkled, stem slender,
flexuous, somewhat distinct from the hymenophore; spores
colourless, subglobose, 6 X 4-5 /x.
Clavaria tenuipes, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 369, t. 9,
f. 2 ; Berk., Outl. 282 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 983.
On bai-e heathy ground. Solitary or gregarious, |— 1 in.
high, head up to -i- in. across, more or less distinct from the
stem ; in this character the present species agrees with the
genus Pistillaria, as also in being cartilaginous when dry.
Pistillaria micans. Fr.
Eosy, shining, club-shaped, obtuse, stem short, whitish ;
spores white, elliptical, 8-10 x 4-6 /x.
Pistillaria micans. Berk., Outl. 285; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1007 ;
Stev., B. Fung. ii. p. 307.
On dead thistles, &c. Scattered or gregarious, about a line
high, distinguished by the rose-coloured, pruinose heads,
Pistillaria culmigena. Fr.
Whitish, hyaline, ovate, obtuse : stem distinct, very short ;
spores colourless, elliptical, 4 x 2-2 • 5 yu,.
Pistillaria culmigena. Berk., Outl. 285 ; Cke., Hdbk., n.
1008 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 307.
90 FUNOrS-FLOKA.
Ti/phda muscicola, Fries, Epicr., 585 ; Stev., Brit. FuBg.,
p. 305.
On living mosses.
Typhula filiformis. Fr.
Entire plant 1-3 in. long; stem slender, more or less
branched and decnmbent, lirown, clubs snbcylindrical, rather
thicker than the stem, whitish ; spores about 5-4 fx.
Typhda filiformis, Fries, Epicr., p. 586 ; Stev., Brit. Fung.,
p. 306.
Amongst dead leaves.
Typhula gracilis. Berk.
Minute, 1-3 lines high, slender, stem short, distinct, smooth
or minutely strigose ; club pallid, subacute, simple, or forked ;
spores elliptical, 6-7 x 4 /x ; cystidia numerous, large, sub-
acute.
Typhda gracilis. Berk., Outl., p. 285 ; Stev., Brit. Fung.,
p. 306.
On rotten leaves.
Tip of club often acuminate.
Typhula pusilla. Schmet.
White, very minute, linear, smooth ; spores colourless,
elliptical, 5 x 3 /^i.
Ti/phula pusilla, Schroeter, Schles., p. 439.
Pistillaria pusilla, Berk., Outl., 286; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1011 ;
Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 308.
On dead equisetum, fallen leaves, &c. Very minute, not
more than 1 line high.
' Douhtfid species.
Typhula gracillima. White.
White, ^-f in. high, very slender, curved, smooth, club
elongated.
Typhula gracillima. White, in B. and Br., Notices of Brit.
Fung., n. 1699 ; Stev., Fung., p. 306.
On various herbaceous iila:its. I have examined an au-
thentic specimen of the above in Berkeley's herbarium at
Kew, and can find no trace of basidia or hymenial surface of
any kind. Glistening when dry.
PISTILLAKIA. 91
Typhula translucens. B. & Br.
Typhula translucens, B., and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1589;
Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 306.
An examination of the type specimen shows that this is
not a fungus.
PISTILLAEIA. Fr. (figs. 6, 7, and 9, p. 74.)
Small ; club-shaped, either sessile or attenuated downwards
as a continuous stem-like base which is not distinctly defined,
becoming cartilaginous when dry.
Pistillaria, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 686 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 342 ;
Stev., B. Fung. ii. p. 307.
Closely related to Clavaria, if indeed distinct as a genus ;
known by the smaller size of the species, and more especially
by becoming cartilaginous and rigid when dry.
Pistillaria tenuipes. Mass. (figs. 6, 7, p. 74.)
Pale drab ; apex inflated, obtuse, wrinkled, stem slender,
flexuous, somewhat distinct from the hymenophore; spores
colourless, subglobose, 6 x 4-5 /a.
Clavaria tenuipes, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 369, t. 9,
f. 2 ; Berk., Outl. 282 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 983.
On bare heathy ground. Solitary or gregarious, |-1 in.
high, head up to ^ in. across, more or less distinct from the
stem ; in this character the present species agrees with the
genus Pistillaria, as also in being cartilaginous when dry.
Pistillaria micans. Fr.
Kosy, shining, club-shaped, obtuse, stem short, whitish ;
spores white, elliptical, 8-10 X 4-6 /x.
Pistillaria micans. Berk., Outl. 285 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 1007 ;
Stev., B. Fung. ii. p. 307.
On dead thistles, &c. Scattered or gregarious, about a line
high, distinguished by the rose-coloured, pruinose heads.
Pistillaria culmigena. Fr.
Whitish, hyaline, ovate, obtuse : stem distinct, very short ;
spores colourless, elliptical, 4 x 2-2 • 5 fj..
Pistillaria culmigena. Berk., Outl. 285 ; Cke., Hdbk., n.
1008 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 307.
92 rUNGUS-FLOEA.
On grass stems. Scattered, very minute, not exceeding
two lines in height, often smaller. Cartilaginous when dry.
Pistillaria quisquilaris. Fr. (fig. 9, p. 74.)
AVhitish, club-shaped, often more or less compressed, and
sometimes forked, soft, becoming rigid when dry, stem thin,
springing from a minute sclerotium; spores cylindric-oblong,
curved, 13-15 X 6-7 jjl.
Pistillaria quisquilaris, Berk., Outl. 286 ; Cke., Hdbk., n.
1009, f. 93 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii. p. 307.
Clavaria ohtusa, Sow., Fung., t. 334, f. 1.
On dead fern stems, leaves, &c. Gregarious, reaching
-} in. high, resembling Clavaria uncialis, but at once dis-
tinguished by the large sausage-shaped or allantoid spores,
Pistillaria furcata. Smith.
Clubs white or yellowish, waxy, then tough, compressed,
broad at the apex, attenuated downwards, generally furcate
and caespitose.
Pistillaria furcata, Cke., Hdbk., n. 1012; Stev., Brit.
Fung, ii., p. 307.
In greenhouses. Caespitose, l-l^^ in. high.
Pistillaria puberula. Berk.
White, minute, obovate, stem distinct, thin, equal or
attenuated upwards, pellucid, tomentose ; spores colourless,
elliptical, 5 X 3 /x,.
Pistillaria jjuherula, Berk., Outl., p. 286 ; Cke., Hdbk. 1010 ;
Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 308, fig. xcv.
On dead bracken. Scattered, about 1 line high, distin-
guished from P. quisquilaris by its smaller size, tomentose
stem, and different spores.
THELEPHOREAE. Ol;
o
FAiM. IIL
THELEPHOREAE.
In the present group we meet with a very varied collection
of genera agreeing in having a well-defined hymenium, which
is either perfectly even, as in Corticium, or at most
slightly rugulose, as in Thelepliora. The basidia are typically
clavate, tetrasporous, and aseptate, thus differing from the
Tremellineae, where the basidia are either transversely or
criiciately septate, or if aseptate, deeply bifurcate and
bisporous, and the whole fungus is of a gelatinous con-
sistency when moist. In some genera included in the Thele-
pJioreae the substance is more or less gelatinous, but, as
stated above, the basidia are tetrasporous and aseptate. In
the Clavarieae the hymenium is also even, but the sporophore
is always erect, either club-shaped or more or less branched.
The Tremellineae and the Clavarieae may be considered as
terminal groups, in the sense of not having given origin to
any of the more highly organised divisions of the Hijmeno-
mycetes, whereas in the Theleplwreae we have clearly indicated
all the various types of hymenophore which respectively
characterise the Hijdneae, Polyporeae, and the Agaricineae. It
must be understood that the above remarks apply to the
Thelephoreae in its entirety and not only to the genera
included in the British Flora, which are thirteen in number,
whereas altogether the group contains nineteen genera.
Craterellus connects with the Agaricineae, being closely allied
to Caniharellus. Coniophora leads up to the Polyporeae,
throiigh Meridius. Exohasidium forms a transition to the
Tremellineae. Beccaria, an exotic genus, connects through
Raduliim with the Hydneae ; while Lachnocladium, also an
exotic genus, leads up to the Clavarieae through Clmaria.
Finally the Thelephoreae lose the leading feature of the
Basidiomycetes — a continuous hymenium of compacted basidia
— in the genus Heterobasidium, which connects with the
Hypliomycetes through the genus Chromatosporium.
91
FUNGUS-FLOltA.
FIGURES ILLUSTRATING THE GENERA OF THE
TIIELEPHOREAE.
Fig. 1, Coniophora olivacea, portion of fungus, nat. size, growing on
wood ; — Fig. 2, section of Bamc seated on wood, nat. .size ; — Fig. 3, section
of portion of liymenium of same, showing basidia witli four sterigniulu,
each bearing a coloured spore ; between tlie basidia arc clavatc parajjiiysca ;
highly mag. ; — Fig. 4, section through portion of hymenium of Curticium
THELEPHOREAE. 95
THELEPHOEEAE.
Sporophore erect and stipitate, with a central stem, eflfused,
with the upper portion free and reflexed, or entirely re-
supinate ; hymenium perfectly even or radiato-rugulose,
glabrous or minutely setulose with projecting cystidia ;
basidia normally tetrasporous ; spores continuous f (aseptate),
colourless or coloured.
ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA.
A. Spores coloured.
* Spores smooth.
Coniophora. — Eesupinate, dry and pulverulent.
Aldridgea. — Eesupinate, soft and subgelatinous.
salicinum, showing paraphyses and basidia bearing four (solourless spores
each, the above elements spring directly from loosely interwoven hyphae ;
highly mag. ; — Fig. 5, section through plant of same growing on wood, and
showing the free upturned margin ; nat. size ; — Fig." 5a, section throu"-li
portion of hymenium of Ilymenochaete ruhirjinom, showing basidia with
spores, paraphyses, and long, coloured, spine-like, rigid cystidia,; these
last give a velvety appearance to the hymenium when examined 'with a
pocket-lens, and con.stitute the leading character of the genus ; highly
mag. ; — Fig. 6, Craterellus cornucopioides, a small specimen, nat. size. ; —
Fig. 7, section through hymenium of Penwphora cinerea, showing basidia
bearing globose spores, paraphyses, and large colourless, projecting
cystidia rough at the tip with minute particles of lime ; these latter give-
to the hymenium a minutely hispid or velvety appearance when viewed
through a pocket-lens, and constitute the leading generic character;
highly mag. ;— Fig. 8, section through two specimens of Solenia anomala ;
mag. ; — Fig. 9, a group of specimens of Cyphdla cnpuln ; growing on a
twig; nat. size; — Fig. 10, two specimens of the same; mag.
t In Ilfterohasidium, a transition genus between the Thelephoreae and
the Hijphomycetes, the spores are septate.
9G FUNGUS- FLORA.
** Spores loarted or echinulate.
Thelephora. — Dry and fibrous, hymenium rugulose.
Soppittiella. — Subgelatinous, effused or variously in-
crusting, hymenium even.
B. Spores colourless.
* Parasitic on living leaves or stems.
Exobasidium. —
** Saprophytes, growing on dead wood, Iranches, dc.
f Hymenium minutely setidose with projecting cystidia.
Peniophora. — Cystidia colourless, rough at the tip with particles
of lime.
Hymenochaete. — Cystidia brown, smooth.
Il Hymenium glabrous.
Corticmm. ^ — Entirely resupinate, hymenium usually
cracked when dry.
Stereum.| — Effuso-reflexed, pileus silky or strigoso, hy-
menium even.
Cladoderris. — Horizontal and attached by a narrow point
behind, hymenium radiato-rugulose.
Craterellus. — Large, erect, funnel-shaped.
Cyphella. — Minute, cup-shaped, mouth open.
Solenia. — Minute, cylindrical, gregarious or crowded,
tubular, mouth contracted.
X In certain species of Slereum the spores are coloured.
THELEPHOEEAE.
97
FIGUKES ILLUSTRATINfl THE GENERA OF THE
THELEPHOBEAE.
Fig. 11, Stereum ocltroleucum, showing the effused lower portion anil
the upper free, reflexed portion ; nat. size ; — Fig. 12, section of same ; nat.
size ; — Fig. 13, Stereum Sfjicerhei, a small specimen, showing a mesopod
form ; nat. size ; — Fig. 14, section through tlie hymenium of Stercnm
VOL. I. H
98 FUNGUS-FLOEA.
CONIOPHORA, D.C. (emended), (figs. 1-3, p. 94.)
Broadly effused, adnate ; margin defined or indeterminate ;
hymenium withont cystidia, when mature powdered with
the smooth, coloured spores.
Coniopliora, D.C, Flor. Fr. vi. p. 34 ; Mass., Mon. Thel.,
p. 128.
Corticium, sub-gen. Coniophora, Pers., Myc. Eur., p. 153;
Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 657 ; Cke., Grev. v. 8, p. 88.
The species constituting the present genus usually form
broadly expanded patches on dead wood or baric, agreeing in
this respect with the species of Corticium and PeniopJiora, but
readily' distinguished by the coloured spores. In some
species of Hijmenochaete the spores are coloured, but the hyme-
nium bristles with projecting coloured spines or cystidia,
which give to the surface a velvety appearance under a
pocket-lens. In the genus ThclepJiora, again, the spores are
generally coloured, but rough with minute warts, and the
hymenium has a tendency to become uneven, whereas in
Coniopliora the hymenium is even, but may appear to be
nodulose or irregular when very thin, and following the
inequalities of the matrix. The leading features of the
present genus are, the close attachment of every portion of
the fungus to the substratum, and the even, smooth hyme-
nium powdered with the smooth, coloured spores.
The species are closely allied, and represent a very primi-
tive type of the Basidiomycetes ; the hymenium is uppermost,
and there is no tendency shown by an}' one species to depart
purpnrt'um, showing tlic clenients of the hymenium — basidia and para-
pliyses — s])rinf^ing from a denstdy compacted stratum of hyphae, below
which there is a hiyer of loosely interwoven mycelium; tlie presence of
this dense subhynieniid layer is an important morpholDgieal distinction
between Stereuia and tlie allied genus Corticium: highly mag.; — Fig. 15,
Clndoih'rrix minima; nat. size; — Fig. 1(J, a single specimen of same;
slightly mag. ; — Fig. 17, spores of same; liigldy mag.; — Fig. 18, Soppit-
liella cridata; nat. size; — Fig. 19, basidium and spons of same; highly
mag. ; — Fig. 20, Aldridffca rfcJatinom, portion of a specimen; nat. size; —
Fig. 21, basidium and spores of same ; higiily mag. ; — Fig. 22, Exohaddium
vacrinii, showing the buUate i)atches formeil by tiie fungus on the leaves
of Vaccinium myrlillua; iiiit. size ; — l^'ig. 23, portion of the under side of
Thelephora laciniata, showing tiie rugose hymenium and laciniate margin ;
nat. size ; — Fig. 24, basidium and spores of same ; highly mag.
CONIOPHORA. 99
from this primitive condition, as usually first indicated by
the margin becoming free and more or less elevated.
Coniophora olivacea. Mass. ffigs. 1-3, p. 94.)
Membranaceous, inseparable, margin byssoid, whitish ;
hymeninm olive, glistening with crystals, pulverulent, some-
times cracked ; spores elliptical, ochraceous-olive, 14-17 x
10-12 fx.
Coniophora olivacea, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 129.
Corticeum oUvaceum, Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. p. 283.
On decaying pine-trunks. Broadly effused, often covering
nearly the whole surface of fallen trunks. The glistening-
appearance of the hymenium, due to minute crystals, is very
evident in fresh specimens, but disappears on drying. Hy-
menium ochraceous-olive, or brownish when dry, sometimes
cracked ; margin pale, byssoid, or altogether indeterminate.
Superficially resembling Periopliora olivacea, but distinguished
by coloured spores and absence of cystidia.
Coniophora arida. Karst.
Membranaceous, very thin, not removable from the matrix,
broadly effused, margin fibrillose whitish; hymenium con-
tinuous, even, dingy sulphur or ochraceous, pulverulent,
becoming brownish ; spores ellipsoid with a minute apiculus
at the base, ochraceous, 11-12 x 6-7 /x.
Coniophora arida, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 132 ; Karst., Myc
Fenn., p. 319.
Corticium aridum, Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. 282.
On decaying pine-wood. Often broadly eifused, entire
fungus closely adglutinated, dry and powdery when mature,
varying from almost clear sulphur-yellow to brownish-ochre,
becomiug dusky when old and dry ; margin radiato-byssoid,
whitish. Spore measurements will distinguish the present
from closely allied species.
Coniophora sulphurea. Mass.
Broadly etfused, margin bright sulphur-yellow, often fibril-
lose and running out in cord-like radiating strands ; hyme-
nium thick, compact, almost waxy, brownish Avith yellow
tinge, cracking when dry ; spores broadly elliptical, brownish-
yellow, 11-12 X 8-10 fx.
Coniophora sulphurea, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 132.
H 2
100 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Corticium sulpluremi. Berk., Ontl., p. 274 ; Cke., Hdbk., n.
929 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. 276.
On wood, bark, and leaves. Often broadly effused, the
hymenium is not nsually perfect, being spongy, bright
coloured, and barren, or with only patches here and there
producing basidia.
Var. ochroidea. Berk.
Hymenium ochraceous ; spores elliptical with a minute
apiculus at the base, olive, 16-18 X 9-10 /x.
Coniophora sulplmrea, var, ochroidea, Mass., Mon. Thel.,
p. 133.
On wood and bark. In general structure and habit the
variety agrees with the typical form, differing in the ochra-
ceous tint of the hymenium and the larger elliptical spores.
May possibly i)rove to be a distinct species.
Coniophora ochracea. Mass.
Very broadly effused, submembranaceous, usually indeter-
minate ; hymenium pulverulent, whitish then ochraceous ;
spores yellowish, subglobose, 8 x 6-7 /a.
Coniopliora ochracea, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 137.
Spreading continuously as a thin insepai'able film over the
inside of elm-bark which had become partly detached from
the fallen trunk. In its most highly developed condition
presenting some resemblance to Gonioinlwra sulphurea, from
which it is distinguished by the smaller subglobose spores,
and indeterminate margin. The subhymonial hyphae are
very thick, measuring up to 18 /x in diameter, and are pale
yellow.
Coniophora subdealbata. Mass.
Effused, determinate, thin; hymenium ochraceous olive,
pulverulent at maturity; spores elliptical with a minute
basal apiculus, ocliraceous, 11-12 X 7-8 /a.
Coniophora siihdenlh((ta, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 135.
Corticium suhdralhatum, V>. & Br., Grev.
On bark and wood. Tliin, often broadly effused, ochra-
ceous-olive, hymenium pulverulent, often with paler barren
patches.
Coniophora pulverulenta. Mass.
Broadly effused, margin tliin. byssoid, whitish ; hyme-
CONIOPHOKA. 101
niiim rusty-brown, pulverulent, even, entire ; spores ellip-
tical, yellow-brown, 1-1-15 x 9-10 /x.
ConiopJiora jjulverulenta, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 129.
Telephora pidverulenta, Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat., scr. iii., vol. v.
p. 149 (1846).
On wood. Tbe rusty-brown or sometimes dark brown
hymenium, white byssoid margin, and large spores charac-
terise the present species.
Coniophora Cookei. Mass.
Effused, fibrilloso-membranaceous, margin byssoid, whit-
ish ; hymenium olive with a rusty tinge, even, pulverulent ;
spores elliptic, ochraceous, 9-11 x 6 /x.
Coniopliora CooJcei, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 136.
On rotting wood. Closely resembling externally Corticium
laxuiii, Fr., but this species, as proved by a specimen from
Fries in the Berkeley collection, Kew, No. 3655, is a true
Thelephora.
Coniophora membranacea. D.C.
Broadly effused, subrotund, thin, fragile when mature,
separable from the matrix, margin minutely fibrillose, yellow-
ish ; hymenium minutely pulverulent, pallid then dirty pale
feruginous ; spores elliptical, yellow-brown, 10-15 x 5-6 //,.
Coniophora membranacea, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 137.
On wood, walls, &c. Forming broadly expanded, thin
patches often a foot or more in diameter, becoming cracked
and peeling off in shreds when dry.
Coniophora umbrina. Mass.
Effused, adnate, soft and fleshy at first, margin radiato-
villose, umber ; hymenium tuberculose, then irregularly
contracted during drying, rusty-umber, spores elliptical
with a minute apiculus at the base, pale umber, 12-14 x 8-
10 /x.
Coniopliora umhrina, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 131.
Corticium iimhrinum, Stev., Brit. Fung., vol. ii. p. 282.
On wood, branches, twigs, and on the ground. Eather
thick and fleshy, irregular, incrusting various substances.
Coniophora cinnamomea. Mass.
Commencing as isolated patches, which soon become con-
fluent and form a broad, irregularly efiused patch, with a
Tliel.,
p. 130.
Fung.
ii. 276.
rather
' soft,
becoming
dingy
brown.
Super-
102 FUNGUS-FLORA.
coarsely fibrilloso margin ; liymenium fleshy, clingy cinna-
mon, cracked when dry; spores elliptical with a minute
basal apiculus, pale cinnamon, 11-12 x 7-8 jx.
Coniojjhora cinnarnomea, Mass., Mon.
Corticium cinnamomeum, Stev., Brit.
On wood and bark. Fleshj^ and
cracked during drying, sometimes
ficially resembling dark forms of Peniopliora velutina, but
distinguished by the coloured spores and absence of cystidia.
Coniophora incrustans. Mass.
Effused, indeterminate, inseparable ; hymenium pale ochra-
ceous or dirty white, j)ulverulent ; sjDores elliptical, very pale
ochraceous, 15-17 x 8-10 fj..
Coniophora incrustans, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 132.
Running over leaves, tAvigs, &c. Usually forming a thin
inseparable film ; when perfectly developed the hymenium
is compact and almost waxy in consistence, but pulverulent
with the mass of spores.
Coniophora Berkeley!. Mass.
Effused, determinate, thick ; hymenium becoming much
cracked, interstices silky, yellow-brown, assuming a purple
tinge with age ; sjiores ellipsoid with a minute apiculus at
the base, yellow-brown, 11-12 x 0-7 /x.
Coniojjhora BerJccleiji, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 135.
On decorticated wood. Very thick and compact for a
Conio2)hora, hymenium becoming much cracked owing to
contraction during drying; the margin is sometimes minutely
byssoid. Sui)crficially resembling Corticium lactcscens, Berk.,
but readily distinguished by the coloured spores.
Coniophora puteana. Mass.
Broadly eilused, rather thick, separable, margin minutely
byssoid, whitish ; liymenium dirty yellow, becoming olive-
brown, pulverulent, sometimes cracked ; spores brownish-
olive, 14-16 X 8-9 ix.
Coniophora puteana, Mass., ]\Ion. Thel., p. 129.
Corticium putcanum, Stev., Brit. Fung. 281.
On bark and wood. Effused, rather thick, waxy when
young, sometimes separable as a thick, tough membrane.
ALDEIDGEA — THELEPHORA. lOS
ALDEIDGEA. Mass. (nov. gen.) (figs. 20, 21, p. 97.)
Eesnpinate, eflfnsecl, fleshy, subgelatiuous when growing,
cartilaginous or rigid and collapsed when dry ; hymenium
smooth, even ; basidia tetrasporous ; spores continuous,
coloured, smooth.
Allied to ConiojjJiora in the large coloured spores, but dis-
tinguished by the subgelatinous consistency when growing.
Named after Miss Emily Aldridge, a Sussex mycologist.
Aldridgea gelatinosa. Mass. (figs. 20, 21, p. 97.)
Broadly effused, rather fleshy, subgelatinous, pallid, be-
coming collapsed, rigid, and purple-brown when dry, margin
determinate ; spores broadly elliptical, obliquely apiculate,
olive, smooth, 10 X 6-7 fx.
On sawdust. Extendino- for several inches, the irresru-
larities of the hymenium being due to the substratum.
THELEPHOEA. Ehrh. (emended), (figs. 23, 24, p. 97.)
Mesopod or dimidiate with the hymenium inferior, or
resupinate with the hymenium exposed to the light ; pileus
coriaceous, destitute of a distinct cuticle, usually fibrillose;.
hymenium even or generally rugulose ; basidia tetrasporous,
spores continuous, spherical, coloured, minutely warted or
echinulate.
ThelejjJiora. Ehrh., Crypt., p. 178; emended in Massee,
Monogr. Theleph.
The genus as defined above contains a considerable number
of species scattered over the globe, characterised by the
loose, filjrillose texture of the pileus, the usually rugulose
hymenium, and the coloured, sub-globose, minutely-warted
spores. Brown, with a vinous or purple tinge is the pre-
dominating coloTir. Many of the species are soft and pliant
when growing, but never gelatinous.
* Growing erect, stijntate or sessile, frequently deeply cut or
laciniate.
Thelephora anthocephala. Fr.
Eusty-browu, inodorous, villose, cut into wedge-shaped
104 FUNGUS-FLOEA.
segments with whitish, fringed tips ; hymcniiim almost even ;
spores subglobose, vinous, verruculose, 8-9 /x,
Thelephora antlwccphala, Berk., Outl., 267, t. 17, f. 4; Cke.,
Hdbk. n. 893 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., 263.
On the ground in woods. Tufted, l-2in. high, often cut
to the base into wedge-shaped segments, or the segments very-
narrow and branched. There is often a vinous tinge about
the lower portion of the segments.
Thelephora caryophyllea. Pers.
Brownish-purple, inodorous, stem short, pileus depressed,
n:iargin variable, lobed or cut into narrow segments;
hymenium almost even; spores globose, warted, brown,
7—8 p..
Tlielcphora caryopluillea, Berk., Outl., 267 ; Sound, and Sm.
t. 41, f. 2; Cke., Hdbk., n. 894; Stev., Brit. Fung., ii. 262.
_ On the ground amongst grass, under trees. Tough, 2-3 in.
high, pilei usually densely caespitose, cup-shaped with a
central stem or very much cut and irregular.
Thelephora clavularis. Fr.
lieddish-brown with vinous tinge, soft, branches very
irregular, crowded, rounded or subcompressed, smooth, jirui-
nose, tips acute, whitish, downy; stem very short, sub-
tuberous ; spores subglobose, vinous, warted, 8 x 6-7 /a.
Theleplwra clavularis, Fr., Ilym. Eur. 634; Stev., B. Funjr.
263.
On the ground. Branches densely fasciculate, rounded or
compressed, ending in one or more whitish, pubescent, acute
tips ; l-H in. high.
Thelephora palmata. Fr.
Foetid ; browni,sh-])iirple, soft, divided from the stem-like
base into numerous flattened, palmately -branched segments,
tips whitish, fringed ; spores subglobose, vinous, warted,
8-11 fx.
Thelephora pjalmata, Fr., Berk., Outl., p. 267 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
n. 895 ; Stev., B. Fung. 263.
On the ground in woods. Forming dense clusters 1-21- in.
high, distinguished by the foetid odour and wedge-shaped
branches.
THELEPHORA. 105
Thelephora intybacea. Pers.
Caespitose, soft, whitish, then reddish-hrown ; stems more
or less confluent ; pileoli imbricated, fibrous, margin ex-
panded, whitish, becomin<j; dark ; hymenium papillose, spores
subglobose, rough, vinous, 7-9 /x.
ThelepJiora intijhacea, Fr., Hym. Eur. 635; Stev.,-B. Fung,
ii. 264.
On the ground. Tufts 1^-2 in. high, erect or with laterally
spreading, subtriangular pilei from 1-2 in. across.
** Pilei imbricated, horizontal.
Thelephora terrestris. Ehrh.
Tufted, soft, brown, then blackish ; pileoli overlapping,
flattened, more or less circular in outline, strigose; hymenium
radiato- rugose ; spores subglobose, vinous, war ted, 8-10,
Thelephora terrestris, Berk., Outl., p. 267 ; Cke., Hdbk., n.
896 ; Stev., B. Fung. 264.
On the ground in fir woods. Variable in size, segments
sometimes subdivided, from 1-2 in. across.
Thelephora laciniata. Pers. (figs. 23, 24, p. 97.)
Vinous, browu, soft, iucrusting, lobes thin, overlapping,
subrotund, fibroso-scaly, margin coarsely fibrose, at first
whitish ; hymenium inferior, radiato-rugulose, papillose ;
spores subglobose, vinous, rough, 6-9 /x.
Thelephora laciniata. Berk., Outl. p. 268 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
n. 899 ; Stev., B. F. ii. p. 264.
On fir-stumps, running up stems of heather, &c., and on
the ground in fir- woods. Perennial. Variable in size, often
extending for several inches. Known from T. terrestris by
the coarsely fibrous pileus and the shaggy margin.
Thelephora biennis. Fr.
Greyish-brown or ochraceous, sometimes with a vinous
tinge, soft, incrusting ; pilei tomentose with the fringed
margin often reflexed ; hymenium almost even; spores
8uV>globose, rougli, vinous, 9-11 /x.
Thelephora hiennis, Berk., Outl., p. 268 ; Cke., Hdbk. 900 ;
Stev., B. F. ii. 264.
On the ground, stones, wood, &c. Often broadly effused,
incrusting everything near, pale ochraceous, greyish-brown
106 FUNGUS-FLORA.
or vinous, the pilei are sometimes rudimentary, at others
well developed, with free reflexed mai'gins. Known from
T. terrestris hy the even, not radiato-rugulose hymenium and
from T. laciniata by the tomentose and not coarsely fibrillose
pileus.
Thelephora mollissima. Pers.
Whitish, becoming tinged brown, incrusting, very soft,
either continuous or cut up into spreading, acute-pointed
segments ; hymenium almost even, smooth, vinous-brown ;
spores subglobose, rough, vinous, 7-9 [x.
Thelephora mollissima. Berk., Outl., p. 263, t. 17, f. 5; Cke.,
Hdbk., n. 898 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii. p. 265.
On the ground, twigs, &c., in woods. Sometimes forming
broadly eftused, irregular incrusting masses without distinct
pilei ; at others erect and as much cut up as T. palmata.
Very soft,
SOPPITTIELLA. Mass. (figs. 18, 19, p. 97.)
Effused or variously incrusting, soft, fleshy, and sub-
gelatinous when growing, collapsing when dry ; hymenium
smooth, naked ; basidia tretrasporons ; spores subglobose,
echinulate, continuous, coloured ; cystidia absent.
The present genus is established for the reception of
certain species previously included in Thelephora, from
which it differs in being soft and subgelatinous when moist,
and compact, not strigose pileus ; forming either effused
patches or dendritic masses on twigs, grass, &c.
The genus is named after Mr. ]f. '1'. Soppitt, a Yorkshire
mycologist.
Soppittiella sebacea. Mass.
AVhitish at first, fleshy, soft, then becoming rigid, in-
crusting, form very variable ; hymenium collapsing when
dry and often more or less tinged brown or cinnamon ; spores
subglobose, spinulo^e, vinous, 9-10 /u, diameter; basidia
tetrasporous.
Thelephora sehacea, Berk., Outl., p. xvii. t. 17, f. 6; Cke.,
Hdbk., n. 904.
On stumjps, twigs, giass, &c. Variously incrusting,
SOPPITTIELLA. 107
forming veiy irregular stalactitic or tuberculose crust-like
patches. Wliite, soft, and fleshy when growing. Smell
none.
The present species has nothing in common with Sehacinia
incrustans, Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat. (1872), t. x. f. 5-10.
Soppittiella caesia. Mass.
Eflused, thin, soft, bright grey, determinate ; inseparable ;
spores subglobose, spinnlose, vinous, 10 /x diameter.
Theleplwra caesia, Persoon, Obs. Mjc. i. t. 3, f. 6. On
wood, moss, &c., on the ground. Forming thin, determinate
j)atches 1-4 or 5 in. across, soft and almost subgelatinous
when growing, hymenium not cracked when dry ; hyphae
brownish. Superficially resembling a thin soft Corticium,
but ^vith the pale vinous or brownish echinulate spores of
the present genus. The present species requires to be care-
fully distinguished from PeniojjJiora Crosslandi, which, under
a pocket-lens is minutely setulose with the white, projecting
cystidia.
Soppittiella fastidiosa. Mass.
AVhite, broadly effused, incrusting, shapeless or forming
irregularly flattened branches, very foetid ; hymenium papil-
lose becoming rufescent ; spores elliptical, rough, almost
colourless, 6-7 x 4-5 /j..
Tlieleplwra fastidiosa, Berk., Outl., p. 268 ; Cke., Hdbk. 901 ;
Stev., Brit. F. 265.
On the ground, leaves, &c. White becoming cream-
coloured, running as a thin film, over everything in its
way, sometimes passing into free, flattened branches. Dis-
tinguished from T. cristata by its disagreealjle odour. Silky
and byssoid when young.
Soppittiella cristata. Mass. (figs. 18, 19, p. 07.)
Pallid, incrusting, rather tough, here and there passing
into irregular branches with awl-shaped or fringed tips ;
hymenium papillose ; spores subglobose, rough, pale vinous,
7-8 X Q iJ..
Thelephora cristata, Fr., Berk., Outl., p. 268 ; Sow., t. 158 ;
Cke., Hdbk. 897 ; Stev., Brit. F. 265.
On the ground, or incrusting leaves, mosses, &c. Very
variable, forming thin, paint-like patches running over
108 FUNGUS-FLORA.
leaves, twig-s, Sec, or passing; into cristate ascending 'branches
-^—1 in. higii. Kot byssoid and silky when young,
Soppittiella Crustacea. Mass.
Umber-brown with sometimes a purple tinge, broadly
incrusting, rather fleshy, margin fibrillose, whitish; hy-
nienium irregularly papillose ; spores globose, rough, vinous-
brown, 9-11 IX.
Thelcpliora Crustacea, Fr., Hym. Eur. G37; Stev., Brit.
Funo-, 206.
Eunuing over the ground, moss, &c. Distinguished by
the brown colour and white fibrillose mai-gin ; sometimes
effused in an irregular manner for several inches.
EXOBASIDIUM. Woronin. (fig. 22, p. 97.)
Parasitic on living plants, leaves more especially, which
in consequence become vaiiously deformed ; basidia crowded,
cylindric-clavate, tetrasporous; spores elliptic-oblong, often
unequilateral, continuous, colourless.
Exohasidium, Woronin, in Verhandl. Nat. Ges. Freib. iv.
fasc. iv. (1867); Sacc, Syll. vi. p. 664.
A very peculiar and anomalous genus, the vegetative
hyphae remain immersed in the root, the basidia, which are
closely packed and form a hymenium, being alone developed
on the surface. Most nearly allied to Cor«ic7MH?, but distin-
guished by being a true parasite.
Exobasidium vaccinii. Woronin. (fig. 22, p. 97.)
Innate, effused, form various, usually orbicular or elon-
gated, fleshj^ often becoming confluent; hymenium protruding
from the under surface of the leaves or the stem, flesh-
coloured with a white bloom ; spores elongato-fusoid, colour-
less, straight, 5-8 x 1-2 fx.
Exohasidium vaccinii, Woronin, in Nat. Ges. Z. Freib.,
b. iv. Heft iv. ; Sacc, Syll. vi. n. 7795,
Oi> living leaves, rarely on stems and petioles of Vaccinium
myrtiUus. lied or pur})le patches occur on the upper surface
of the leaves opposite to the portion occupied by the fungus
below. The fungus occurs on other species of Vaccinium, also
■ on species of Andromeda and Acrosta^ihjlos in various parts of
Europe.
EXOBASIDIUM— PENIOPHOEA. 109^
Exobasidium rhododendri. Cramer.
Formino- g-all-like, buUate excrescences, that are at first
pale, then reddish and shining, ^-1 in. across, on the under
surface of the leaves, also on the petioles and stems ; spores
7-8 X 3 ^, often slightly cui-ved.
Exobasidium rJwdodendri, Cramer, in Eab., Fung. Eur.,
n. 1910 ; Sacc, Syll. vi. n. 7797.
On the leaves and twigs of Bhododendron ferrugineum and
other species.
PENIOPHOEA. Cooke, (fig. 7, p. 94.)
Entirely adnate or with the margin free and more or less
elevated ; hymenium even, furnished with projecting, fusi-
form, colourless cystidia, which are covered with minute
particles of oxalate of lime ; spores colourless.
PenipJiora, Cke., Grev., v. viii. p. 20 ; Mass., Mon. Thel.,
p. 140, pi. xlviii. figs. 14-19.
The species constituting the present genus were formerly
included in the old genus Corticium. The leading idea of the
genus Peniophora consists in the presence of numerous pro-
jecting cells which give to the hymenium a minutely velvety
appearance when seen under a pocket-lens. These projecting
cells were called metuloids by Cooke, but they are evidently
homologous with the bodies called cystidia by the old myco-
logists. In the present genus the cystidia are unicellular,
colourless, more or less fusiform and with the portion pro-
jecting above the surface of the hymenium studded with
numerous minute particles of oxalate of lime. While con-
stituting an excellent generic character, cystidia are variable
in size in the same species, and even in the same specimen,
the measurements given refer to the length above the
surface of the hymenium and width at the widest part, and
represent the average size. In old specimens the cystidia
often break away, leaving the surface of the hymenium
glabrous, but the persistent bases can always be seen in a
section under the microscope.
A. Margin free, more or less upturned.
Peniophora quercina. Cooke.
Subcartilaginous, at first adpressed, the margin eventually
110 FUNGUS-FLORA.
becoming more or less involute, under surface smooth,
blackish ; hymenium reddish-lilac ; cystidia fusoid, 50-70 X
15-20 ^•, spores elliptic-ohlong, slightly curved, 12-14 X
5 /x.
Peniophora qxiercina, Cooke, Grev., viii. p. 20, pi. 125,
f. 13 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 141.
Corticium quercinmn, Fr., Epicr. 563; Cke., Hdbk., n. 936;
Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. 278; Grev., Scot. Cr. Fl., t. 142; Berk.,
Outl., p. 275.
On branches, especially oak. Variable in size, sometimes
:i— ^ in. across vi^ith the margin upturned and attached by a
central point, at others extending for several inches, ap-
planate with the extreme edge only free. Hymenium varying
from flesh-colour to lilac, when old often slate-colour.
Peniophora pezizoides. Mass.
Erumpent ; subcoriaceous, at first cup-shaped, then ex-
panded, outside pale, villose ; hymenium ochraceous, minutely
velvety; cystidia fusoid, 50-60 x 15-20 /x; spores globose,
4-5 fji.
Peniopliora pezizoides, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 141, pi. xlvii.
figs. 17-19.
On branches of horse-chestnut. Bursting through the
l)ark, attached by a central point, at first with the margin
strongly involute, becoming expanded ; from ^-!f in. across.
Allied to PeniopJiora quercina, bvit distinguished by the small
globose spores and the pale villous exterior.
Periophora gigantea. Mass.
Very broadly effused, margin free, strigose ; substance
rather flesliy, when dry cartilaginous ; hymenium minutely
velvety, whitish, becoming tinged with brown when old ;
cystidia fusoid, 50-GO X 15-25 jx ; spores elliptical, 9-10 x
5—6 /A.
Peniophora gigantea, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 142.
Corticium giganteum, I'erk., Outl., p. 272; Cke., Hdbk., n.
922; Stev., Brit. Fung. 274.
On fir bark and wood, leaves, &c. Often broadly eifused,
forming patches a foot or more in extent, when young and
moist rather soft and fleshy, becoming thin and cartilaginous
when dry ; hymenium at first almost white, becoming tinged
PENIOPHORA. Ill
with brown or lilac. lu old specimens the cystidia fall away,
leaving the hymenium smooth.
B. Margin adjjressed, often indeterminate.
Peniophora limitata. Cooke.
Subrotund, closely aduate, firm and rather thick, margin
black ; hymenium dirty ochraceous, becoming pale, minutely
velvety; cystidia fusoid, 30-40 X 15-20 /x; spores elliptic-
oblong, with a minute apiculus at the base, slightly curved,
20-22 X 6 /x.
Peniophora limitata, Cke., Grev, viii. p. 21, jjl. 123, f. 7;
Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 145.
Corticium limitatum, Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. 280.
On bark and wood. Well marked by the dingy, pale
hymenium being circumscribed by a well-defined black
margin.
Peniophora rosea. Mass.
Broadly efi"used, thin, closely adnate, margin fimbriate,
whitish ; hymenium rosy, becoming pale, minutely velvety,
often cracked when dry ; cystidia fusoid, 40-60 X 18-25 /x ;
sjiores elliptic-oblong, curved, 13-15 x 4—5 /x.
Peniophora rosea, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 146.
Corticium roseum, Berk., Outl., p. 273; Cke., Hdbk., n.
926 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. 275.
On wood and bark. Sometimes in small scattered patches,
but usually broadly effused, clear rose-pink with a white
byssoid margin when fresh, when dry pale ochraceous with
traces of pink only.
Peniophora incarnata. Mass.
Inseparable, rather waxy when fresh, margin byssoid, or
altogether indeterminate ; hymenium reddish or orange, not
becoming pale, minutely velvety ; cystidia fusoid, 25-30 X
12-18 yx ; spores elliptic-oblong, curved, 18-20 x 5-6 /x.
Peniophora incarnata, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 147.
Corticium incarnatum, Cke., Hdbk., n. 938; Stev., Brit.
Fung. ii. 227.
On wood and bark. Often broadly eflTused, closely adglu-
tinated, hymenium usually becoming dull orange with age,
but never becoming colourless, as in P. roseum. When old
112 FUNGUS-FLOEA.
the cystidia fall away, leaving the hynienium glatrous, but
the microscope alwaj's reveals their presence.
Peniophora ochracea, Mass.
Broadly effused, inseparable, margin radiato-byssoid, soon
disappearing ; hymenium ochraceous, sparkling with minute
crystals of lime when fresh, cracked when dry; cystidia
fusoid, 40-50 X 20 /x ; spores elliptical, 10 x 5 /x.
Peniophora ochracea, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 150.
Corticium ochraceum, Ft., Epicr, 563 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 635 ;
Berk., Outl., p. 274; Stev., B. Fung. ii. 378.
On bark and wood. Closely resembling in general hahit,
colour, and in jDresence of sparkling atoms on the hymenium,
Ooniophora olivacea, but distinguished by the cystidia and
smaller coloi^rless spores.
Peniophora cinerea. Cooke, (fig. 7, p. 04.)
Commencing as isolated rounded patches, which usually
become confluent, forming broadly effused patches, rigid ;
hynienium ashy or with brown tinge, margin similar; cystidia
I'usoid, 30-50 x 15-20 fx ; spores globose, 5-7 (jl.
Peniophora cinerea, Cke., Grev. viii. p. 20, pi. 123, f . 8 ;
Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 148.
Corticium cinereum, Berk., Outl., p. 275 ; Cke., Hdbk,, n.
937; Stev., Brit. F. ii. 279.
On bark and wood, especially ash. Often commencing^
as detached, circular patches of a brownish colour, these
usually soon grow into each other, forming irregular patches,
sometimes extending for several inches. The hymenium
is minutely velvety, and varies from brownish-grej", through
lead-colour to greyish-lilac when dry.
Peniophora velutina. Cooke.
Broadly effused, rather fleshy, inseparable, margin running
out into long branching strands ; hymenium velvety, cream
colour, often slightly tinged with pink or buff; cystidia
cylindrical or attenuated upwards, GO-80 x 10-15 /x; spores
elliptic with a minute apiculus, 10 x 5 /x.
Peniophora velutina, Cke., Grev. viii, ]>. 21, pi. 125, f. 15 ;
Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 152.
Corticium velutinum, Berk., Outl., p. 273 ; Cke., Hdbk., n,
927 ; Stev., Brit. F. ii. 275.
PENIOPHORA. 113
On wood and bark. When perfectly developed, the hy-
menium bristles with cystidia, which are more cylindrical
and less incrusted with lime than usual. In some specimens
the hymenium is very much cracked, in others quite con-
tinuous. The marginal radiating strands of mycelium often
extend for many inches and connect several fertile patches.
Peniophora rimosa. Cooke.
Broadly effused, inseparable, margin indeterminate ; hy-
menium ochraceous, when dry cracked, minutely velvety,
cystidia scattered or in clusters, fusoid, 70-100 x 15-18 /u.;
spores elliptic-oblong, slightly curved, 15-17 x 6 /x.
Peniophora rimosa, Cke., Grev., ix. p. 94; Mass., Mon.
Thel., p. 153.
On bark and wood. Very closely resembling cracked
forms of Peniophora velutina, from which it diifers in the
larger spores. The hymenium is usually cracked into nu-
merous irreg-ular polygonal portions.
Peniophora Scotica. Mass.
Broadly effused, margin fibrillose, radiating; hymenium
pale cinnamon, minutely velvety ; cystidia sub-cylindrical,
80-120 X 15-20 ;a; spores elliptical, 8-10 x 6-7 fx.
Peniophora Scotica, Mass., Mon. Thel., jo. 152.
Broadly effused over the inside of bark. Closely related
to Peniophora velutina, differing in colour and absence of the
radiating marginal strands of mycelium, the cystidia are
also larger in the present species.
Peniophora phyllophila. Mass.
Broadly effused, membranaceous, margin fibrillose, often
indeterminate ; hymenium cream-colour, continuous, cystidia
fusoid or cylindrical, with the apex sometimes thickened,
60-80 x 20-30 /x; spores elliptic. 12 x 6 /a.
Peniophora pihijllophila, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 150.
On dead leaves. Closely resembling in habit and colour
Corticium epiphyllum, P., but distinguished by the numerous
cystidia.
Peniophora pubera. Mass.
Broadly effused, thin, inseparable, indeterminate, hymenium
whitish or dirty pale buft", minutely velvety, cracked when
VOL, I. I
114 FUNGUS-FLOE A.
dry; cystidia cylindrico-fusoid, 80-120 x 15-20 /j.; spores
elliptic-oblong, 10-12 X 4 /x.
Peniophora puhera, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 149.
Corticimn puberum, Stev., Brit. Fung. 277.
On bark and wood. Often very broadly effused, margin
usually altogether indeterminate. Accompanying the typical
cystidia are elongated, hair-like bodies,
Peniophora terrestris. Mass.
Effused, very thin, indeterminate ; hymenium pale grey or
buff, velvety, cystidia cylindrico-fusoid, 80-90 x 15-20 /xj
spores elliptical, 10 x 6-7 /x.
Peniophora terrestris, Mass., Grev. xv. p. 107 ; Mass., Mon.
Thel., p. 153.
Euuning over branches, leaves, and the naked ground.
Forming pale grey or buff patches, resembling a mould in
appearance.
Sub-gen. Scopuloides. Cystidia arranged in fascicles.
Peniophora hydnoides. Cke. & Mass.
Broadly effused, indeterminate, subinnate ; hymenium grey,
setulose; cystidia cylindrico-fusoid, aggregated in clusters,
70-120 X 12-14 /J. ; spores globose, 4-5 fx.
Peniophora hydnoides. Cke. and Mass., Mon. Thel,, p. 154,
pi. xlvii., figs. 15, 16.
On bark. Eesembling under a pocket-lens several of the
adnate species of Hydnmn and Grandinia, but on microscopic
examination the sjiine-like projections on the hymenium are
seen to consist of clusters of typical cystidia,
HYMENOCHAETE. Lev. (fig. 5a, p. 94.)
Sporophore entirely resupinate, effuso-reflexed, or entirely
free from the matrix and furnished with a central stem ;
hymenium minutely velvety with rigid, smooth, coloured,
projecting cystidia (setae) ; basidia tetrasporous ; spores
continuous, hyaline or coloured.
Eymcnochaete, Leveille, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, p. 150;
Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 95.
A well-marked genus, characterised by having the
HYMEXOCHAETE. 115
hymennim studded with projecting, smooth, thick-walled,
coloured, sharp-pointed cystidia (or setae), which are un-
doubtedly modified cystidia. A few abeiTant species with
thin-walled, pale-coloured setae more or less studded with
lumps of lime connect the present genus with Peniojihora.
The species were formerly included in Stereum and Corticium.
I. Upper portion of sporopliore usually free and refiexed.
Spores colourless.
Hymenochaete rubiginosa. Lev. (fig. 5a, p. 94.)
Coriaceous, rigid, effused, reflexed, velvety then glabrous,
ferruginous-brown, intennediate stratum foxy rust-colour ;
hymenium rust-colour, setae conical-acute, or cylindrical and
obtuse, 80-100 x 5-8 /x ; spores elliptical, 5 X 3 yu.
Bymenocliaete rubiginosa, Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, v.
p. 151 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 97.
On wood. Sometimes altogether resupinate or with the
margin only free, or with little reflexed pileoli springing as
it were from the surface of the adnate portion, or broadly
reflexed and densely imbricate, ferruginous brown, often
with a purple tinge ; margin usually brighter and becoming-
smooth. Hymenium sometimes concentrically undulate. In
addition to the normal setae, stout cylindrical, obtuse, thin-
walled, pale-brown bodies intermediate l^etween setae and
cystidia are sparingly met with in the hymenium ; somewhat
resembling H. tahacina, but distinguished at once by the
colourless spores.
Hymenochaete avellana. Cooke.
Coriaceous, hard ; efiused margin obtuse, free, narrowly
reflexed, reddish-brown velvety ; hymenium minutely
velvety, pale brown, readily becoming stained with red on
being bruised; setae cylindrical, obtuse, 80-140 x 7-9 fx:
spores cylindric-elliptical, 6-7 X 3 [x.
Hymenochaete avellana, Cke., Grev. viii. 140 ; Mass., Mon,
Thel., p. 103.
Stereum avellanum, Fries, Epicr. 551.
On hazel, beech, &c. Patches small as a rule, sometimes
efifused ; margin free all round or reflexed above; hymenium
when dry dingy ferruginous, pruinose.
I 2
116 FUNGUS-FLOKA.
II. Entirely resupinate.
* Spores colourless.
Hymenochaete nigrescens.. Cooke.
Peltate, applauate, solitary or gregarious and sometimes
confluent, rigid, margin sometimes free and sliglitly reflexed ;
liymenium setulose, brown then blackish ; setae conical,
blackish, 80-140 X 10-12 /x ; spores elliptical, 10 x 5 /x.
Hi/mcnochaete nigrescens, Cooke, in herb ; Mass., Mon.
Theieph., p. 104.
On dry wood. Sub-circular, 1-2 in. across. Adnate,
margin often free and upturned, almost smootli and greyish
below. Commencing as circular patches which usually soon
become confluent. Often radially cracked through the entire
substance. Hymenium blackish-umber, setulose, setae almost
black and opaque, numerous.
Hymenochaete Stevensonii. B. & Br.
Pale fawn-colour, rigid, margin obtuse, elevated ; setae
rigid, 20-40 x 8-10 /x; spores elliptic-fusoid, 6-7 x 3-4 /x.
Bi/menochaete Stevensonii, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 5,
V. iii. (1879), p. 211 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. lOG.
On yew. A very distinct species with an abrupt margin
wln'ch is sometimes a little thickened or raised ; hymenium
livid, or greyish pink, with a tinge of lilac when dr3^
Patches about 1 in. across.
Hymenochaete leonina. Berk. A; Curt.
Entirely resupinate, orange-ferruginous ; margin tomen-
toso ; hymenium unequal, inseparable, not cracked ; setae
acuminate, thick, 20-30 x 12-15 /x ; spores subglobose,
6 X 5 IX.
Hymenochaete leonina, B. and C. ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 107.
On dead wood. Broadly effused for several inches, thin,
firmly aduate ; margin almost indeterminate ; setae rare ;
hymenium variable in colour, often ferruginous-orange with
patches of jiure yellow.
Hymenochaete fuliginosa. Lev.
Efi'iisod, coriaceous, compact, obscure smoky-brown ; hy-
HYMENCCHAETE. 117
meninm even, densely setulose, setae 30-50 x G-8 fjL ; spores
subglobose, o X 4 yu.
HymenocJiaete fuliginosa, Lev., Ann. Sci., Nat., ser. 3, 184G,.
p. 152 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 109.
On wood. Thin, closely adnate, margin very thin,
yellowish rust ; often much broken into patches and almost
indeterminate ; hymeniiim umber with rust or purple tinge,
appearing almost smooth Tinder a lens, sometimes minutely
cracked and brighter in colour. The setae are often clear
purple by transmitted light, instead of brown, the usual
colour.
** Spores coloured, usualhj olive.
Hymenochaete corrugata. Lev.
Broadly effused, closely adnate, rigid, pale cinnamon ;
hymenium setulose ; when dry very much cracked ; setae
conico-acuminate, 70-120 X 8-10 /a ; spores elliptical, olive,
7-8 X 4-5 jji.
HymenocJiaete corrugata, Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, v.
p. 152 ; Mass., Mon. thel., p. 110.
On wood. Broadly effused, closely adnate, so that the
irregularities of the matrix are followed ; hymenium varying
from dark brown, through ferruginous to cinnamon and
dirty grey when dry, there is no 'tinge of purple. Cracked
into polygonal areas when diy.
Hymenochaete croceo-ferruginea. Mass.
Broadly effused, incrusting, closely adnate, very thin,
varying from orange-ferruginous to brownish ; hymenium
very minutely velvety ; cracked when dry ; setae cylindrical,
inflated at the base; 70-100 x 30-35//,; spores subgiobose,
olive, 7 X 6 /A.
HymenocJiaete croceo-ferruginea, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 110.
On dead rose stems. Margin sometimes byssoid, at others
indeterminate. Eesembling H. corrugata, but differing in
the very much swollen bases of the setae and the subgiobose
spores.
Hymenochaete tabacina. Lev.
Subcoriaceous, thin, flaccid, effused, margin often reflexcd,
silky, at length smooth, subferruginous, intermediate stratum
and margin bright golden-yellow; hymenium cinnamon or
118 FUNGUS-FLOEA.
ferniginotis with a purple tinge, usually cracked, minutely
velvety; setae conico-acumiuate, 80-130 X 10-14 /x; spores
elliptical, olive, o-O X S jx.
Hijmenocliaete tahacrna, Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat., ser, 3, v.
p. 152 .; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 112.
On trunks, &c. Distinguislied by the golden yellow
margin and coloured spores. Sometimes almost completely
covering the under side of fallen logs. When moist dirty
ferruginous passing to mulberry-colour. Eigid when dry,
adnate, margin broadly free all round and more or less lobed,
or free and reflexed above, rugulose. Hymeninm often
cracked when dry in lines radiating from the centre, or from
several starting-points in broadly effused sjDecimens.
*** Setae mhclavate, often rough at the apex imtli particles of
lime.
Hymenochaete crassa. Cke.
Resupinate, coriaceous, minutely velvet}^ pale rufoxis,
maigin thickened, at length free; hymenium unequal,
velvety, rufous ; setae subclavafe, often rough at the ajiex ;
70-130 X 7-14 yu.; spores cylindric-ellipsoid, 7-8 X 4 yu..
Hymenochaete crassa, Berk., Cke., Grev. viii. p. 148 ; Mass.,
Mon. Thel., p. 114.
llieh'phora crassa, Lev., Voy. Bonite, t. 139, f. 1 B.
On trunks. From 1-2 in. across, known by the thickened,
more or less free maigin and the clavate setae.
CORTICIUM. Fr. (emended), (figs. 4, 5, p. 94.)
Hymenophore l)roadly effused, entirely rcsu])inate or with
tlie extreme margin free; hymenium smooth, waxy, polished,
composed of basidia and paraphyses only (no cystidia), which
originate directly from the mycelium withoiit an intermediate
compact stratum ; sjiores continuous, colourless.
Corticium, Fries, Epicr., p. 55G (in part) ; emended in
Mass., Mon. Theleph., p. 117.
Thelcphora (in jiart) of most old authors.
As defined above, the leading features of the genus are : —
Hymenium covering the whole free surface of the fungus,
wiiich is closely adnate by the avIioIc of the under surface to
CORTICIUM. 119
the substratum ; in a few species of high development the
extreme margin is free and sometimes more or less upraised.
The hymenium is perfectly glabrous and waxy, owing to the
entire absence of projecting cj'stidia, which give it a velvety
or minutely hispid appearance in the genera Peniojphora and
Hymenochaete. When dry the hymenium is often cracked,
owing to contraction. The nodulose or uneven appearance
of the hymenium in some species is mainly due to having
grown on an uneven surface, as bark, &c.
* Margin determinate, free.
Corticium salicinum. Fr. (figs, 4, 5, p. 94.)
Coriaceous, soft, rigid when dry, fixed by the centre,
margin raised all round ; hymenium blood-red ; w^hitish and
villous below; spores cylindric-oblong, 14-16 x 5-6 /x.
Corticium salicinum, Yries, Hym. Eur., p. 657 ; Stev., Fung.,
p. 647 ; Mass., Mon. Theleph., p. 118, pi. vi. f. 1.
On willow, poplar, &c. When young resembling a Peziza,
often becoming effused for 1 in. or more, margin always up-
turned.
Corticium evolvens. Fr.
Patches marginate, often eflfuso-reflexed, soft, whitish
and tomentose below^; hymenium subrugose, pale brown
then ochraceous or whitish, cracked when dry ; spores el-
liptical, 10-12 X 5 fjL.
Corticium evolvens, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 646 ; Mass., Mon.
Thel., p. 118, pi. vi. f. 4.
On bark, especially of rosaceous trees. Often commencing
as detached minute round patches, which sometimes assume
a saucer-like form and remain solitary ; more frequently
several become confluent and form irregular patches, with
the margin more or less upraised and filnillose below ; hy-
menium dirty ochraceous, sometimes with a lilac tinge,
cracked when dry, and showing the fibrillose subiculum,
Corticium porosum. B. & Curt.
Often efiused for several inches, margin sometimes deter-
minate and slightly raised, at others almost indeterminate ;
hymenium when well developed, waxy, even, pallid, with
120 FUNGUS-FLOEA.
little scattered pits or depressions; spores elliptic-oblong,
7 X 4: fl.
Corticium porosum. Berk, and Curt., Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 5,
iii. (1870), p. 211 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 121.
On wood. Colour of -wash leather; hyraenium often
sterile, and then spongy and porous. When dry often
cracked into large pieces, gaping, the edges curling up.
The pores look as if little dewdrops had settled on the
hyraenium, which had in consequence contracted, or rather
retracted. (B. & C.)
Corticium populinum. Fr.
Usually commencing as minute silky patches that become
confluent and effused, and with the margin involute; hy-
menium uneven, greyish ferruginous ; white and downy
below ; spores subglobose, 7-8 /x diameter.
Gorticium 2iopulmiim, Fries, Epicr. 559 ; Mass., Mon. Thel.,
p. 121.
On poplar. Often springing from old Sphaeriae; distin-
guished amongst its allies by the ferruginous hymenium and
subglobose spores.
Corticiuin lycii. Cooke.
Commencing as small round patches that run into each
other and form an irregular, effused thin patch, margin
usually free, but not always, hymenium bright lilac, when
old often with a tinge of ochre, not cracked when dry ; spores
elliptical, 8 x 4 /a.
Corticium. lycii, Cooke, in Mass., Mon. The]., p. 122.
Thelejphora lycii, Pers.
On Lycium and Syringa. Care must be taken not to
confound the present species with young resupinate speci-
mens of Stcreum puijiureum.
**•
Margin not free, indeterminate, hyssoid or strigose.
I llymenium whitish or ochraccous.
Corticium calceum. Fr.
Thin, Ijroudly cft'u.scd, margin usually determinate, but
closely adglutinated, hymenium smooth, polished, whitish,
COKTICII'M. 121
often tinged with lilac or pale ochre when drj^ ; spores
cylindric-ellipsoid, 8 x 4 yu.
Corticium calceicm, Fr., Ilym. Eur., p. 652 ; Mass., Mon.
The!., p. 127.
On wood. Often effused for several inches, thin, when
dry sometimes cracked, at others not.
Corticium sebaceum. Mass.
Effused, rather flesh3% often incrtisting twigs and grass in
a stalactitic manner, white ; hymenium collapsing when dry,
pruinose; spores elliptical, apiculate at the base, 14-16 X
7-9 /x.
Corticium sebaceum, Mass., Mon. Theleph., p. 127.
Thelepliora sehacea, Berk., Outl., 1. 17, f. 6; Cke.Hdbk.,n. 904.
On the ground, or running up grass, twigs, &c. Whitish,
rather pulpy when fresh ; the hymenium when perfectly
formed smooth and waxy, becoming pallid when dry.
Corticium. scutellare. B. & C.
Broadly effused, thin, inseparable from the matrix, margin
indistinct, white then dirty tan-colour or tawny; hymenium
waxy, smooth, very much cracked in an areolate manner,
interstices silky, white ; spores elliptical, 5 x 3 /x.
Corticium scutellare, Berk, and Curt., Grevillea, ii. p. 4 ;
Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 128.
On wood, herbaceous stems, &c. Eecognised by the areo-
lately cracked, tan-coloured hymenium and small spores.
Corticium foetidum. B. & Br.
Foetid, effused, crust-like, velvety below ; h^'menium whit-
ish, then pale tan ; spores elliptical, 7x4 /j..
Corticium foetidum, Berk, and Broome, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser.
5, iii. 1879, p. 211 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 131, pi. vi. f. 3.
Forming a thin crust on sawdust ; hymenium pallid when
dry, even or rather rugged from inequalities of the matrix.
Very foetid when fresh.
Corticium. lacteum. Fr.
Broadly effused, snbmembranaceous, usually more or less
irregularly lobed and broken up, under surface and margin
fibrillose ; hymenium waxy, cracked, showing the fibrillose
122 FUNGUS-FLORA.
substratum, wliitisli, pale ocliraceous or buff when dry;
spores subglobose, 5-6 /x.
Corticium ladeum, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. C49 ; Mass., Mon.
Thel., p. 132.
On wood. Broadly effused, often in very irregular patches ;
whitish, ochraceous, or pale buff Avhen drj- ; margin inde-
terminate, fibrillose, often radiating in long, thick, mycelial
strands in a frondose manner for several inches ; hymenium
when perfect smooth, cracked. Differs from C. radiatiim in
the cracked hymenium, and from C. radians in the subglobose
spores. Often imperfect and barren.
Corticium confluens. Fr.
Closely adnate, thin, margin radiating but not fibrillose ;
liymenium hyaline, whitish when dry ; spores cylindric-
ellipsoid, 20 x 10 fi.
Corticium confluens, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. G55 ; Mass., Mon.
Thel., p. 133.
On bark, usually beech. Often originating as isolated
rounded patches, which soon become confluent ; closely ad-
nate, thin.
Corticium arachnoideum. Berk.
Thin, effused, white or pallid, margin not determinate,
fibrillose or sulifloccose below, margin fimbriated with white
fibrils ; hymenium waxy, continuous, when dr}^ becoming
cracked ; spores globose, 6-7 fx diameter.
Corticium arachioideum, Berk., Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. (1844),
p. 345 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 135.
On wood, bark, running over moss, &c. Forming delicate,
effused, arachnoid patches of a snowy white ; threads by no
means forming fibres, but s})reading like a delicate web and
often remaining barren ; but mider favourable circumstances
giving rise to a smooth hymenium, consisting of elliptic
sporo])]i()res arranged in little bundles. Its habit is not
unlike that of Thehjyhora hombi/cina, 1>. (Berk.)
The specimens on which Berkeley founded the species
were in the liypoclmoid condition, but afterwards numerous
well-developed sjiecimens were ctjllected, showing the hy-
menium continuous for several inches, pale ochraceous (when
dry) or often with a tinge of glaucous green, slightly cracked ;
margin shading off into radiating mycelium, cobweb-like or
COKTICIUM. 123
mealy; frequently when growing in damp dark places the
whole plant remains arachnoid, with basidia in scattered tufts,
and not forming a continuoi;s hymenium.
Corticium typhae. Fuckel.
Yery thin, longitudinally effused, at first appearing as
small, distinct, white, byssoid sjwts ; hymenium at first
smooth, then minutely meal}', and sometimes slightly
cracked; margin sometimes indeterminate and mealy ; spores
elliptical, 6 x 3-i /x.
Corticium Ujphae, Fuckel, Symb., p. 27 ; Mass., IMon, Thel.,
p. 137.
On dead dry leaves of Tyjjha, Carex, &c. Forming small,
elongated patches, hymenium dull bufi' when dry.
Corticium sambuci. Fr.
Broadly eftused, subinnate, incrusting and often surround-
ing the branch or trunk, indeterminate, pure white, con-
tinuous when growing, collapsing and often more or less
powdery when dry ; spores elliptical, 8-10 X 5-G /*.
Corticium samhuci. Fries., Hym. Eur., p. 660 ; Mass., Mon.
Thel., p. 137.
On elder trunks. Forming broadly effused, thin, insepar-
able white patches.
Corticium lactescens. Berk.
Broadlj' eftused, closely adnate, rather thick, exuding a
whitish watery milk when broken ; margin lather thin,
byssoid, sterile; hymenium when dry, smooth, polished,
ochraceous, or sometimes reddish, becoming cracked ; spores
globose, 4 jx. diameter.
Corticium lactescens. Berk., Outl., p. 274; Mass., Mon.
Thel., p. 138.
Thelepkora salicina, Pers., Myc. Eur. i. p. 133.
On oak, willow, &c. Forming thickish, broadly eftused
patches that give out a white milk when broken. Hy-
menium usually much cracked when dry.
Corticium lacunosum. B. & Br.
Broadly effused, soft, m3'celium cinnamon or dirty
ochraceous, felt-like, lacunose ; hymenium ochraceous or
cinnamon, waxy, polished, not cracked when dry, spores
elliptical, 7 x 4—5 /a.
124 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Corticium jyorostim, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, xi.
p. 343 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 138.
On wood. Broadly and irregularly effused, generally
loosely fibrilloso and spongy, with variously-sized pores or
lacunae on the surface ; vaguely spreading on the surface of
wood and passing on to surrounding bodies on the ground,
sometimes forming a thick felt with scattered tufts of
sporophorcs, as in the imperfect forms of Cort. arachnoicleum ;
sometimes passing from the above stage into a compact, con-
tinuous, waxy hymenium of an ochraceous or pale cinnamon
colour when dry. The hyphae are 4-5 /x. thick, and fur-
nished with numerous clamp-connections; resembling in
habit Corticium porosum, differs in the spores and in the
hymenium not being cracked when dry.
Corticium. radiosum. Fr.
Subrotund, thin, closely adnate, margin white, fibrillose,
radiating ; hymenium dingy ochraceous, not cracked when
dry ; spores subglobose, 5-(3 /x. diameter.
Corticium: radiosum, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. G49 ; Mass., Mon.
Thel., p. 139.
Athelia ochracea, Pers., Myc. Eur., i. p. 84.
Corticium radians, B. and Br.
On rotten wood. Somewhat resembling C. lacteum in
habit, but distinguished by the dark ochraceous hymenium,
which does not crack when dry.
** Hymenium hriyldhj coloured.
Corticium roseolum. ]\Iass.
Very broadly eirused, indeterminate, very thin and_ in-
separable from the matrix; hymenium continuous, bright
rose-coloured, becoming pale; spores subglobose, apiculate
7 X 8-0 /x.
Corticium roseolum, Massee, in IMon. Thel., p. 140.
On old worked wood. Spreading irregularly for many
inches on smooth wood, exceedingly thin, adglutinatcd,
margin vague ; hymenium not cracked when dry, at first of
a bright rose-colour, then becoming pale and i)ersisting as
pale ochraceous, with only a tinge of ro.so when dry. Spores
very abundant, resembling in habit Pcnioj^hora incarnaia
CORTICIUM. 125
(^Corticiuni incarnatum, Fr.), also PeniojjJiora rosea (Cortichim
roseum, Fr.), but separated from both by the absence of pro-
jecting cystidia and different spores.
Corticium aurora. Berk.
Very thin, effused, closely adglutinated, rosy, becoming
pale, margin indeterminate ; spores ellipsoid, apiculate,
10-11 X 7-8 fx.
Corticium aurora, Berk., Outl., p. 270 ; Mass., Mon. Thel.,
p. 141.
On dead leaves of Carex, &c. Verj^ thin, effused, pink,
becoming whitish. Distinguished from Corticium typliae by
the large subpyriform or pip-shaped spores.
Corticium anthochroum. Fr.
Broadly effused, thin, bright rose-colour or brick-red with
a rosy tinge, becoming pale, margin byssoid, paler ; spores
elliptical, 11-13 x 8-9 p..
Corticium anthochroum. Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 661, Mass.,
Mon. Thel., p. 141.
Thelephora anthochroa, Pers., Syn., p. 576.
On bark. Hymenium when perfect, waxy and sometimes
cracked when dry; usually sterile and minutely velvety
under a lens.
Corticium molle. Fr.
Subrotund, fleshy, texture loose, soft, margin naked ;
hymenium pallid, more or less spotted with red, waxy,
papillose, cracked when dry ; spores cylindric - ellipsoid,
obtuse at both ends, 7 X o /jl.
Corticium molle, Fries, Hym. Eiir., p. 660; Mass., Mon.
Thel., p. 143.
On wood and bark of pines. Known by the thick, soft,
fleshy substance.
Corticium polygonium. Fr.
Closely adnate, determinate, margin byssoid ; soon in-
durated ; hymenium pinkish, pruinose, usually much
cracked; spores cylindric-ellipsoid, 14— 16 x 5-7 /x.
Corticium polyr/onium. Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 655 ; Mass.,
Mon. Thel., p. 145.
On bark, especially poplar, also on wood. Usually
126 FUNGUS-FLOEA.
appearing under the form of small, distinct Tuhercularia-
like pustules, wliicli generally become confluent, thick, and
again separating more or less when dry, giving the patch
a much cracked appearance ; sometimes continuous, then
tuberculose ; margin thin, adnate, hyssoid ; hymenium prui-
nose, pinkish, lilac, or dirty ochraceous.
Corticium sanguineum. Fries.
Broadly efl'used, indeterminate, loosely attached to the
substratum, cottony below and with the radiating marginal
strands blood-red ; hymenium smooth, even pale red, then
pallid ; spores elliptical, (5 x 4 yu..
Corticium sanguineum, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 650 ; Mass.,
Mon. Thel., p. 14G.
On wood, fallen branches, &c. Irregularly and often very
broadly eifused, thin, margin fibrillose or byssoid, running
off into spreading strands of mycelium of a blood-red colour,
mixed with thicker blackish-red radiating cord-like threads,
which penetrate and stain the wood red. Hymenium rarely
red, generally pinkish or dirty ochraceous when dry,
.slightly cracked, often barren and minutely fibrillose.
Usually rare, but during the rainy season of 181>1 was found
abundantly in the New Forest, near Lyndhurst, covering the
under surface of branches lying on the ground.
Corticium Carlylei. Mass.
Forming closely adnate, elongated patches, waxy, thin,
polished, margin white, soon disappearing ; hymenium
naked, dingy orange, not cracked when dry ; spores cj'lindric-
ellipsoid, both ends obtuse, curved, 18-20 x 5-6 /t.
Corticium Carlylei, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 148.
Forming ehmgated patches, often several inches long by
about 1 in. broad, very closely attached to the matrix, and
when dry, contracting below the level of the bark. Hyme-
nium rather shining, of a dingy orange, Avith sometimes a
foxy tinge ; when in full vigour there is usually a narrow
whitish margin, which, however, generally disappears with
age. The hymenium does not change colour in drying,
neither does it become in the least cracked.
Corticium flaveolum. Mass.
Effused, membranaceous, loosely attached to the matrix.
COETICIUM. 127
margin determinate ; hymenium glabrous, jjale-primrose-
yellow ; spores cylindric-ellipsoid, both ends obtuse, 7 x o fj.,
Corticium flaveolum, Massee, Mon. Thel., p. 150.
On trunk of tree-fern in a conservatory. Two to three
inches broad, suborbicuLir or variously lobed, clear but pale
primrose-yellow.
Corticium. coeruleum. Fr.
Broadly effused, adnate, tomentose, bright blue, byssoid
margin whitish, extreme margin sometimes free ; hymenium
waxy, rather soft, pale when dry ; spores elliptical, 8 X 4 yx.
Corticium coeruleum. Fries, Hyra, Eur., p. 651 ; Mass., Mun.
Thel., p. 151.
Auricularia pJiosjiJtorea, Sow. t. 350.
On wood. Irregularly effused, adnate or sometimes the
extreme margin free ; margin fibrous, radiating, buff, or
whitish ; hymenium when in full vigour intense l)lue, satiny,,
often becoming pale in the centre. Said to be phosphorescent.
Corticium violaceo-lividum. Fr.
Forming closely adnate, hard patches 1 in. or more across,
dingy reddish-purple, margin paler ; hymenium usually
corrugated or tuberculose, covered at first with white-bloom ;
spores cylindric-ellipsoid, 8 x 4 /a.
Corticium violaceo-lividum, Fr., Hym. Eur., p. 655 ; Stev.,
Brit. Fung., p. 280 ; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 151.
On wood. Hymenium dingy purple when dry, not cracked.
Corticium. lividum. Pers.
Thin, effused, cLjsely adnate, waxy and soft, variously
coloured, bluish-grey, dingy purple, &c., margin similar ;
hymenium even, naked (not pruinose), subviscid at maturity,
cracked when dry ; spores cylindric-ellipsoid, 7-8 X 4 /x.
Corticium lividum, Persoon, Obs., i. p. 38 ; Mass., Mon.
Thel., p. 152.
On wood. Distinguished from C. violaceo-lividum by the
hymenium n(jt being pruinose, cracked when dry, and by
having the margin coloured like the hymenium.
Corticium. atro-virens. Fr.
Irregularly effused, very thin, blackish-green, under surface
and indeterminate margin tomentose, similarly coloured ;
128 FUNGUS-FLORA.
hymenium when perfectly developed," paler, glaucous, and
wax}" ; spores suliglobose, 4-5 [x. diauietei".
Cortidum airo-virens, Pries, Hym. Eur., p. 651 ; Mass.,
Mon. Thel., p. 156 ; Stev., Fung., p 277.
On rotten wood, leaves, sticks, &c.
*** Developing on twigs helow the harJc, tcJiicJi is pushed off.
Corticium comedens. Fr.
Efifused, innate, inseparable from tlio luatiix, exposed by
tbe rupture of tlie bark, dingy lilac, then becoming pale ;
hymenium even, glabrous, cracked when dry ; spores cylin-
dric-ellipsoid, at length, curved, 14—10 x 6- 7 ;u.
Corticiurn comedens, Fries, Hym. 'EinT.,i>. 056; Mass., Mon.
Thel., p. 155.
On branches, especially hazel. Originates below the bark,
which^ eventually becomes torn and reflexed, exposing the
hymenium, which is at first purplish, becoming almost white ;
slightly viscid when moist.
Corticium nigrescens. Fries.
Effused, interrupted, exposed by the rupture of the bark,
closely adnate, thin, yellowish, then becoming blackish;
hymenium sometimes papillose, waxy, slightly pruinose ;
spores cylindric-oblung, obtuse at both ends, curved 18-20 x
5-6 /x.
Corticium nigrescens, Fries, Epicr., p. 565 ; Mass., Mon.
Thel., p. 155,
On branches. Originating beneath the bark, resembling
C comedens in habit, but distinguished by being pale at first,
and then becoming blackisii, whereas the last named is purjile
when growing and becoming whitish with age. Eii'used,
very thin, closely adglutiuated, indeterminate ; hymenium
waxy, powdered with tlie very large colourless spores.
STEKEUM. Pers. (emended), (figs. 11-14, p. 97.)
Furnished witli a distinct central stem, horizontal and
attached by a broad base, or entirely resupinate ; hymenium
smooth, even, inferior in the stipitato or reflexed forms,
superior in resujiinate species, originating from a comi)act
STEEEUM. 129"
intermecliate layer ; basidia tetrasporoiis ; spores continuous,
hyaline or coloured.
Stereum, Persoon, Obs. Myc, p. 35 ; Mass., Mon. Thel.,
p. 158.
The leading characters of the present genus are the smooth,
even hymenium, and the velvety or strigose pileus. In
Peniojjlwra and Hymenochaete the habit is the same as those-
of resupinate or reflexed species of the present genus, but in
both the hymenium is minutely velvety or setuiose. In the
present genus there is an unbroken sequence from the
Mesopod or central-stemmed type, with a more or less funnel-
shaped pileus and inferior hymenium, through the lateral-
stemmed or flahelUform, to the effused stage with a more or
less developed free margin, or several free margins springing
from the effused and adnate portion in a superposed, imbricate
or dimidiate manner. This last leads by degrees to the
lowest type, where the whole fungus is closely adnate to the
substratum by its under surface, and consequently, having
the hymenium uppermost, thus closely agreeing with the
normal condition in the genus Corticimn, but distinguished
by the presence of a layer of closely compacted hyphae,
which directly gives origin to the elements of the hymenial
layer ; from the underside of this compact layer a loose felted
layer of hyphae rests on and penetrates the substratum. In
Corticium no such layer exists. Again, in Stereum, as a rule
the hymenium does not become cracked when dry, as is fre-
quently the case in Corticium, and in the resupinate forms
the margin is rarely indeterminate, but usually more or less-
free and strigose.
* Pileus infundihuliform, stem central.
Stereum Sowerbei. Massee. (fig. 13, p. 97.)
Snow-white, pileus infundibulifjrm, 1-1 in. across, rather
rough with projecting points, but not velvety, margin vari-
ously incised ; hymenium smooth ; spores elliptical, 5x3 /x.
Stereum Sowerhei, Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 104.
Thelejjhora Sowerhei, Berk., Outl., p. 206.
Ehella jjanuosa, Sow., Fung., t. 155.
On the ground. A very beautiful species, snow-white,
tinged with pale buff" when old, and of a waxy appearance
VOL. I. K
130 rUNGUS-FLOEA.
when fresh ; sometimes with a distinct round stem \ in. or
more in height, at otliers several plants grow close together,
having their stems more or less confluent at the base. It has
110 relationship with Cladoderris, as suggested by Fries in
Summa, Veg. Scand., p. 332.
Stereum tuberosum. ]\[ass.
AVhite, becoming pallid or reddish, pileus cut nearly or
quite down to the tuberous base into narrow irregular seg-
ments arranged in an infundibuliform manner ; stem when
distinct, slender ; hymenium almost even ; spores elliptical,
colourless, smooth, 7-8 x 5 /a.
Thelephora tnherosa, Fr., Grev., Sc. Or. FL, t. 178; Berk.,
Outl., p. 267 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 802 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii. 262.
On the ground. About 1 in. high. Pileus infundibuliform
but cut into narrow segments, removed from Thelephora on
account of the smooth hymenium and elliptical smooth,
colourless spores. Distinguished from S. Soicerhel by the
pileus being cut down nearly to the base into narrow
segments, and the tuberous base t(j the stem.
Stereum undulatum. Mass.
Pileus whitish becomii)g tan, depressed, minutely fibrillose,
margin undulated, stem short, villous ; hymenium minutely
velvety, pale tan ; spores broadly pip-shaped, 10 x 6 /x.
Thelephora undulata, Fr., Hym. Eur., 663 ; Stev., B. Fung.
262.
On the ground. From ^—1 in. high, pileus depressed or
funnel-shaped, stem short, remarkable for the minutely
velvety, buff hymenium.
Stereum multizonatum. 15. k Br.
Tough and caitilaginoiis when fresh, ])ileus deeply infun-
dibuliform, variously cut and lobod and jjassing into a short
stem, bright brownish flesh-colour, zoned with darker bands ;
hymenium smooth, paler than the pileus, rugulose, powdered
wdth the white spores ; numerous pilei are varioiisly grown
together, the stems are also confluent at the base, thus
forming dense tufts ; spores elliptical, colourless, 8-0 x
4— .5 fx.
Stereum wuUizonatum, Berk, and Broome, Ann. Nat, Hist.,
Ser. 3, XV. ji. 321, j.l. xiii. f. 4; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 167.
STEREUM. 131
On the ground. Forming dense tufts 6-10 in. across and
2-3 in. high. Substance of pileus thin, crisp and carti-
laginous when fresh, and of a beautiful flesh-colour. The
dark zones vary much in intensity in different specimens.
** Horizontal and attached hy a hroad base, or resupinate mtli a
refiexed upper margin.
Stereum hirsutum. Fr.
Wholly resupinate, or usually effuso-reflexed ; pileus
coarsely strigose, dingy ochraceous, becoming pale and
greyish, indistinctly zoned, substance thin and coriaceous ;
hj^menium even, glabrous, naked, bright ochraceous or pale
tan-colour ; spores globose, 5 /x diameter.
Stereum hirsutum. Fries, Epicr., p. 549 ; Mass., Mon. Thel.,
p. 181.
On trunks and branches. Very variable in form, when
growing on a broad surface often wholly resupinate or wi th
a very narrow free portion. When developed on smaller
branches there is often a broad, free, refiexed portion, or
several such arranged in an imbricated fashion. Pileus
coarsely velvety or strigose ; hymenium usually- bright
ochraceous, often with varying shades of pin k: or grey.
Var. subcostatum. Karst.
Hymenium naked, A-agriely costate or rugose, yellowish-
white, bright flesh-colour or yellowish-red towards the base.
Stereum subcostatum, Karsten, Hedwigia, 1881, p. 178.
Certainly not a good si)ecies, intermediate forms leading
up to the typical form of S. hirsutum being not uncommon.
Var. cristulatum. Quelet.
Pileus strigose, grey ; hj-menium flesh-colour.
Quelet, Fung. Jura, iii., t. 1, f. 15.
Stereum ochroleucum. Fr. (figs. 11, 12, p. 97).
Horizontal and attached by a narrow or broad base, effused,
with the upper free margin rcflexcd, or entirely resupinate ;
pileus coriaceous, rather thick, flaccid, silky, zoned, greyish-
white ; hymenium pale ochraceous, smooth, cracked, espe-
cially when dry ; spores broadly elliptical, 8 x G /u..
K 2
132 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Stereum ochroleiicum, Fries, Hym. Eiir,, p. 639 ; Mass., Mou.
Thel., p. 184.
Corticiinn och-oleucum, Fries, Eincr., p. 577.
On wood and bark. Silky or strigose, becoming smooth
when old. It is not unusual to meet witli all stages from
flal)elliform to entirely resupinate. Distinguished from S.
stri(/(isum by the very pale ochraceous hymcniuni that becomes
much cracked when dry ; the sjiores are also difterent.
Stereum purpureum. Pers. (fig. 14, p. 97.)
Coriaceous but pliant, effuso-reflexed, more or less imbri-
cated, tomentose, zoned, whitish or pallid ; hymenium naked,
smooth, even, pale clear purj^jle, becoming dingy ochraceous
with only a tinge of purple when dry; spores elliptical,
7-8 X 4/x.
Stereum pwyureum, Persoon, Obs. Myc. ii. p. 92 ; Ma?s.,
Mon. Thel., p. 186.
On trunks, branches, &c. Variable ; often broadly adnate,
with the extreme margin only free and reflexed, or broadly
reflexed and imbricate, when the individuals are often small,
not more than |— 1 in. across, but sometimes much larger,
rather thin, rigid and incurved when dr}^ Pilcus silky,
tomentose, not coarsely strigose as in S. liirsutum, and often
with one or two narrow black zones near the margin ; hymfi-
nium more or less purple, becoming dingy ochre when dry.
Stereum sanguinolentum. Fr.
Efluso-rcjflcxed, thin, coriaceous, pileus silky-adpresscd,
substriate, pallid, margin acute, whitish ; hymeniiim even,
glabrous, very delicately pruinose when old, becoming
stained with dingy red when rubbed ; spores cylindrico-
ellijjsoid, slightly curved, 8-0 x 4-5 /x.
Stereum sanguinolentum, Fries, Epicr., p. 540 ; Mass., Mon.
Thel., p. 189.
On pine and other wood. Densely gregarious; at first
resui)inatc and circular, at length dimidiate or with the
margin more or less reflexed all round, silky or almost
strigose, zoned, the zones darker ; hymenium rough from the
inequalities of the matrix, otherwise smooth, pale greyish-
brown, when scratched or bruised becoming instantly blood-
red. (Berk.)
STEREUM. 133
Stereum rugosum. Fr.
Broadly eflfused, sometimes shortly reflexcd, coriaceous, at
length thick and rigid, pileiis at length smooth, brownish ;
hjTnenium pale greyish-yellow, changing slightly to red
when bniised, pruinose ; spores cylindrico-elliptical, straight,
11-12 X 4-5 yu.
Stereum rugosum. Fries, Epicr., p. 552 ; Mass., Mon. Thel.,
p. 191.
Theleiiliora lauro-cerasi, Berk., Engl. Fl. v. p. 173.
On trunks, &c. Very variable in form, wholly adnate,
partly reflexed, or pezizaeform. Agrees with S. sangumo-
lentum in becoming red when bruised, but differs in the
thicker, rigid substance, and in the larger, straight spores.
The hymenium is sometimes pale-yellow, at others pale-
grejish and livid.
Stereum spadiceum. Fr.
Coriaceous, thin, effuso-reflexed, villous, sub ferruginous, the
obtuse margin whitish ; hymenium smooth, brownish flesh-
colour, becoming red when bruised ; spores elliptical, 8 x 5 yu,.
Stereum spadiceum. Fries, Epicrisis, p. 549 ; Mass., Mon.
Thel., p. 190.
On trunks, &c. Distinguished amongst the species that
turn red when bruised by the dark colour of the hymenium.
Stereum disciforme. Fr.
Subcoriaceous, white, resupinate, determinate, the thin
margin free, naked, disciform ; the hymenium rigid, uneven,
pulverulent, pallid; spores subglobose, 16-18 /x, or 18 x
15-16 IX.
Stereum disciforme., Fries, Epicr., p. 522 ; Mass., Mon.
Thel., p. 189.
Feniophora disciforme, Cke., Grevillea, viii. p. 20, t. 122,
f. 2.
On oak. Forming patches from i to 1 in. across, firm and
rigid.
Stereum vorticosum. Fr.
Pileua coriaceous, effuso-reflexed, obscurely zoned, coarsely
hirsute, pallid, margin similarly coloured ; hymenium slightly
rugulose, purple or lilac ; spores elliptical 7x4/*.
Stereum vorticosum,, Fries, Obs. ii. p. 275; Mass., Mon.
Thel., p. 194.
134 FUNGUS-FLORA.
On bark and -wood. Intermediate beweon Stcreum liirsutnm
Hnd S. jyiirjmreiiiii, agrccu^Q wh]i the former in the coarsely
strigose pileus, and with the latter in the colour of the hyme-
ninm ; known by its thinner substance, which becomes more
or less torn when dry.
*** Entirely resupinate, margin scarcely or not at all free.
Stereum rufum. Fr.
Coriaceous-cartilaginous, erumpent, at fii'st tuberculiform,
tlien expanding and forming small circular patches ; hyme-
nium rufous, then brownish, powdered with a grey bloom,
more or less tuberculose, at length cracked ; spores elliptical,
6-7 X 4 fi.
Stereum rufnm, Fries, Epicr,, p. 552; Mass., Mon. Thel.,
p. 198.
On bark, usually lime. Bursting through the bark as
rounded patches, which spread for some distance, keeping
more or less circular in outline, thin, extreme margin free ;
looking like a Corticium in habit; hymenium with small
tubercles that are often arranged in indistinct concentric
circles.
Stereum frustulosum. Fr.
Tuberculose, woodj', crowded and almost confluent, hence
looking like one much cracked specimen, under surface and
margin glabrous, brownish-black ; hjmienium convex, cin-
namon, becoming pale, pruinose; spores elliptical, ends
sul)acuto, 4-5 x 3-3*5 fx.
Stcreinn frustulosum. Fries, Epicr., p. 552 ; Mass., Mon.
TheL, p. liJ9.
Tlieh'ijhora frustulosa, Fries, Syst. Mycol. i. p. 445.
On wood and bark. Some states superficially resemble
C<yrticium j)oly(j<nihim. Thick, tuberculose small patches almost
confluent ; the patches arc often cracked completely through,
so that the whole presents a tesselatcd appearance ; hyme-
nium usually cinnamon, becoming paler, but sometimes
persistently brown.
Stereum acerinum. Fr.
Forming a thin, Avhite, often broadly and irregularly
eftused crust, oven, smooth ; spores elliptical, G x 3-4 fx.
CLADODEREIS. 135
Stereum acerinum, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. G-io ; Mass., Mon.
Thel., p. 202.
Tliehphora acerina, Persoon, Synop., p, 81.
On living bark of Acer campestre, also on fallen trunks r)f
other trees. Forming a thin white crust, generally sterile.
Surface usually covered with minute particles of lime.
Stereum stratosum. 13erk. & Broome.
Ejffused, clear pale ochraceous, glabrous, here and there
rugose becoming yellowish ; substance pallid, stratified,
strata at length separating.
Stereum stratosum. Berk, and Broome, Ann. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 5, xii. 1883, p. 574; Mass., Mon. Thel., p. 203.
Penzance, Britain. No specimen exists in Berkeley's
herbarium, hence I am unable to supplement the above
scanty diagnosis.
CLADODEREIS. Pers. (figs. 15-17, p. 97.)
Pileus coriaceous, with a central stem, or laterally fixed
and sessile ; hymenium inferior, with radiating ridges, which
are often nodulose ; spores smooth, colourless.
Cladoderris, Pers., in Fr., Fung. Natal, p. 20.
Approaching Tliehphora in the radiato-rugulose and nodu-
lose hymenium, but distinguished by the firmer substance
and elongated, smooth, colourless spores. In Stereum, which
the British species superficially resembles, the hymenium is
even.
Cladoderris minima. B. & Br. (figs. 15-17, p. 97.)
White, flabelliform, sessile, resupinate ; pileus tomeutose ;
hymenium radiato-rugulose ; spores elliptic-oblong, apiculate
at base, curved, 14-15 X 4-5 /x.
Cladoderris minima, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 5,
p. 24 (1878) ; Stev., B. Fung. ii. p. 226, fig. Ixxxv.
On bark. From 2-4 lines across, gregarious, becoming
yellowish-tan when dry ; looking very much like young-
specimens of Stereum hirsuium, distinguished by the un-
even liymenium and the large, sausage-shaped, curved
spores.
136 FUNGUS-FLORA.
CKATEEELLUS. Fries, (fig. 6, p. 94.)
Terrestrial ; more or less infundibuliform, flesliy or' mem-
brauaceous, hymenium external aud inferior, glabrous, even
or rugulose ; basidia tetrasporoiis, spores continuous.
Craierellus, Fries, Epicr., p. 581 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 259.
Closely resembling in size and habit, certain species of
Cantharellus ; in this genus, however, the thick gills are
more distinct and usually connected by veins, whereas in
the present genus the hymenium is either quite even or at
most vaguely rugulose. Allied to the mesopod species of
T]iele2Jhora.
* Funnel-shaped, hollow to tlie hose,
Craterellus lutescens. Fr.
Pileus infundibuliform, brownish, flocculose, undulated,
thin ; stem elongated, hollow, smooth, yellow ; hymenium
yellow, at length with anastomosing veins ; spores broadly
elliptical, apiculate, colourless, 11-13 x 7-8 /x.
Craterellus lutescens, Berk., Outl., p. 2G5; Cke., Hdbk., n. 886;
Stev., B. Fung. 259, f. Ixxxiii.
In woods. Smell strong, spirituous ; size variable, pileus
1-4 in. across, stem IJ— 3 in. hiirh, solitary or srree:arious :
hymenium yellow, tinged orange, red, or ash}'. Superficially
resembling Cantharellus tuhaeformis var. lutescens, but in the
latter the gills arc more distinct.
Craterellus cornucopioides. Pers. (fig. 6, p. 94.)
Pilous deeply inlundibulilbrm, thin, smoky-black, sqna-
niulose; stem hollow, smooth, black; hymenium grey,
bec(jming indistinctly wrinkled ; spores elliptical, apiculate,
colourless, 11-12 x 7-8 /x.
Craterellus cornucopioules, Berk., Outl., \^. 206, t. 19, f . 0 ;
€ke., Ildbk., n. 887, f. 79 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii. 260.
In woods. Solitary or most fixMiuently tufted, variable in
size, 2-3 in. liigh. Pileus perviuus at the base and the
cavity continuous with the hollow stem. Some conditions
superficially resemble Cantharellus cinereus, but in the latter
the thick gills are more distinct.
CRATERELLUS — OYPHELLA. 137
**
Fiinnel-shajped, stem stuffed.
Craterellus sinuosus. Fr.
Strong scented, pileus infundiLuliform, villous, greyish-
brown, margin undulated ; stem pale yellow, elongated,
stuffed ; liymenium with anastomosing ribs, greyish ; spores
elliptical, pale yellow, 8-9 x 5 /a.
Craterellus sinuosus, Berk., Outl., p. 266 ; Clie., Hdbk.,
n. 888 ; Stev., B. Fung. ii. 260; Fr., Icon., t. 196.
In woods. Pileus ^1 in. high and broad, stem about
1 in. high, sometimes very short. Smell strong, musky.
Hymeuium becoming tan coloured when dry. Pileus more
or less villose.
Var. crispus.
Margin of hymenium sinuous and crisped, pileus pervious,
stem stuffed at base only. Hymenium almost even.
Craterellus crispus, F., Hym. Eur. 631 ; Stev., Fung. 260.
**
Irregularly turbinate, solid.
Craterellus clavatus. Fr.
Irregularly turbinate, flexous, fleshy, flesh white, pale
dingy yellow, passing downwards into the thick, solid stem,
hymenium at first even, then wrinkled, smoky-purple,
becoming paler and pruinose ; spores elliptical, pale buff,
10-12 X 4-5 /x.
Craterellus clavatus, Fr., Hym. Eur., p. 632; Stev., Brit.
Fung. 261.
In woo^s. From 1^-2?,^ in. across, solitary or clustered,
often irregular, flesh thick, white. The hymenium is
covered with a white bloom, variable in colour, flesh-colour
with violet tinge, smoky purple, or with an umber shade.
The pileus is almost plane, often irregulaily wavy, hence
the plant is more or less solid, and in this respect differs
from the usual infundibuliform common character.
CYPHELLA. Fr. (figs. 9, 10, p. 94.)
Cup-shaped, mouth not contracted, often pendulous from
a short stem-like base, rarely almost flat, substance thin ;
138 FUNGUS-FLORA.
liymeniixBi smooth or slightly rugnlose ; basidia tetra-
jsporous.
Ci/jjhcUa, Fr., Syst. Myc. ii. p. 201.
Cup-shaped and sessile or furnished with a more or less
elongated stem and obliquely pendulous, usually villose,
resembling minute Pezizae, but distinguished by the presence
of tetrasporous basidia. The expanded species are known
from Corticium by the more membranaceous texture, being-
attached by a central point only, and not by the whole of
the sterile sxirface, and by the tendency to turn the hy-
mcnium downward and away from the light.
A. Stijiifcde.
Cyphella Pimii. Thill.
"White or very pale yellow, cup-shaped, erect or pendent,
membranaceous, pubescent, margin of cup somewhat incised;
stem rather slender, crooked, enlarged upwards; spores
suhpyriform, colourless, 7-10 X -i y-
CypheUa Pimii, Phillips, Grev. xiii. p. 4? ; Stev., Brit.
Fung. ii. 287.
On dead herbaceous stems in water. Fasciculate ; about
2 lines high, cup 1 line wide.
Cyphella capula. Fr. (figs. 9, 10, p. 9-4.)
^Vhite or yellowish, membranaceous, obliquely campanu-
late, pendulous, smooth, margin waved, stem thin ; spoi es
elliptical, colourless, 7 x 5 /x.
Cyjjhella ca^mJa, Berk., Outl., p. 278 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 951 ;
Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. 237.
On dead herbaceous stems, gregarious or scattered, 2-5
lines long, wLite or yellow, cup often irregular, pendulous.
Cyphella cenma. Mass.
Thill, obliquely caiapannlate, glabrous, contracted into an
elongated, equal stem, altogether clear pale primrose yellow;
spores subglobose, with a basal apiculus, colourlest', 10 x
8-9 /x.
Peziza cernua, Schum., Fl. Dan., tab. 1970, fig. S.
On elder bark. Scattered or in clusters of two or three,
about '.i lines high. Fries says that the present species
appears to be a variety of Ciqihella cajjula ; but he was not
CYPHELLA. 139
acquainted with the plant, and judged from the figure
quoted above. Distinct in the more erect habit and larger
spores.
Cyphella cuticulosa. Berk.
White, diaphanous, membranaceous, at first oblong, then
cujD-shaped, elongated into a stem, smooth externally.
Cyphella cuticulosa, Berk., Outl., p. 278 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 955 ;
Stev., Brit. Fung. 288 ; Dicks., Cr., Fasc. iii. t. 9, f. 11.
On grass. Gregarious, 1-2 lines high ; a species founded
by Berkeley from Dickson's figure, hence not very likely to
be again recognised.
Cyphella lacera. Fr.
White or yellowish, membranaceous, cup-shaped, pen-
dulous, becoming torn into shreds and covered above with
black fibrils, stem short ; hymenium pale, wrinkled, spores
subglobose, colourless, 7 x <j //-.
Cijphella lacera, Berk., Outl., p. 227 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 950;
Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. 287.
On dead twigs. From 2-3 mm. broad, 4-6 mm. high.
B. Sessile or Suhsessile.
* Spores colourless.
Cyphella galeata. Fr.
Whitish, pale grey when moist, membranaceous, sub-
sessile, helmet-shaped, margin entire; hymenium slightly
wrinkled, becoming rufescent ; spores elliptical or obovate,
8-10 X 5 /x.
Cyphella galeata. Berk., Outl., p. 277 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 947;
Stev., B. Fung. 286.
On mosses. Snow-white at first, then becoming daik
cinnamon or rufescent, 2-3 lines across.
Cyphella Goldbachii. W^einm.
Wliitish, thin, cup-shaped or cjdindrical, sessile or sub-
stipitate, margin deeply and irregularly lobed, villous ;
hymenium even, pale ; spores globose, 7-8 jj..
Cyphella Goldbachii, Berk., Outl., p. 278; Cke., Hdbk.,
n. 952 ; Stev., B. Fung. 288.
140 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Clioetocyplia variabilis, Corda, in Sturm., tab. 63.
On leaves, &c. Gregarious, 1-2 lines liigh, variable in
form, sessile and cuii-shaped, or cylindrical and furnished
with a distinct stem ; margin irregularly torn into
segments.
Cyphella muscigena. Fr.
Variable in form, membranaceous, cup-sbaped, becoming
plane, spatbulate, stipitate or generally sessile, outside
minutely silk}-, shining-Avhite ; bj-meuium whitish, slightly
wrinkled ; spores elliptical, colourless, 8-10 X 5 /x.
Cyphella muscigena. Berk., Outl., p. 277; Cke., Hdbk.,
n. 946 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. 286.
Growing on various mosses. Very variable in form, one
of the larger species, extending to f in. across.
Cyphella catilla. Sm.
Somewhat membranaceous, expanded, margin crisj^ed and
undulated. Hymenium veined, grey.
Cyphella catilla, W. G. Smith, Seem., Journ. Bot. 1873,
p. 337 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 28G, f. Ixxxix.
On moss and dead leaves. Often imbricated, £- in. broad,
allied to C. tjnleata.
Cyphella fulva. B. & Eav.
Keddish-cinnamon, sessile, globose, becoming expanded,
externally tomentose ; hymenium same colour, even ; spores
colourless, elliptical, IG x 8 /x.
Cyphella f aha, Cke., Hdbk., n. 954; Stev., B. Fung. 285.
On dead bark. Scattered, or usuall}' crowded in little
clusters, about 1 line across, rough outside with lono-,
Ijrown, aseptate, thick-walled, often curved hairs.
Cyphella brunnea. Bhil.
Dirty-bruwn, sessile, cupulate, clothed near the margin
with a grey pruina, margin incurved, lacerated, mouth
«jl)lique. Hymenium smooth, discoloured brown ; flesh
jialer, subgelatinous ; spores colourless, gh)bose, 5-0 /x.
Cyphella hrannca, Bhil., Grev., vol. xiii., p. 49 ; Stev.,
B. Fung. 285.
On bark and wood of elder-trees. Scattered or crowded,
jiiinute.
CYPHELLA. 141
Cyphella stuppea. B. & Br.
Erumpent, sessile, cup-shaped, externally coarsely hispicl,
brownish, becoming paler ; hymeninm peisistently brown.
Ciiphella stuppea, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1698;.
Stev., Brit. Fung. 285.
On broom. Erumpent, scattered, sessile on a broad base,
rigid when dry ; about ^ line across. I have not succeeded
in finding spores in the type specimen. Not a good Cyphella.
Cyphella albo-violascens. Karst.
Cup-shaped, sessile or nearly so, snow-white, densely
villose ; hymenium even, pallid with a tinge of violet ;
spores elliptical, 12-15 x 9-10 /x, sometimes inequilateral,
colourless.
Cyphella albo-violascens, Karst., Fung. Fenn. exs., n. 715.
Cyphella Ciirreyi, B, and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 935 ; Cke.,
Hdbk., n. 953.
On wood, bark, twigs. Not common. Gregarious, about
^ line across ; often proliferous.
Cyphella villosa. Karst.
Sessile, whitish, externally villose, contracted and spherical
when dry ; hymenium even, whitish ; spores ellij)tic-oblong,
colourless, 10-12 x 7-8 /x.
Cyphella villosa, Karst., Myc. Fenn. iii. p. 325.
Peziza villosa, Cke., Hd])k., n. 2055.
On stems of herbaceous plants and on branches. Cu]is
^— ^ a line broad, hairy, snow-white or rather pallid. Dis-
tinguished from C. albo-violascens Ijy the pale hymenium.
Cyphella doclimiospora. B. & Br.
White, sessile, cup-shaped, minutely villose, spores ellij)-
tical, oblique, acute, colourless, 14-17 //..
Cyphella dochmiospora, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1373 ;
Stev., Brit. Fung. ii. 288.
Minute, snow-white. Distinguished amongst the other
minute, white species by the large inequilateral, acute
spores.
Cyphella Berkeleyi. Mass.
Sessile, globose, then expanding and becoming campanu-
late, minutely jiilose, reddish-grey as well as the even
hymeninm ; spores coloiirless, elliptical, 7x5 /y..
142 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Cyphella griseo-pallida. Berk., Outl., p. 277 ; Cke., lEdbk.,
n. !i'45; JStev., Brit. Fung., p. 285.
On dead Carcx pnniculata. Scattered, -i-1 liuo across,
distinct from G. {iriseo-pallida, Weium., in tlic spores and in
beinsc found on Carex and not wood or bark.
Cypliella Bloxami. Bi-. & Br.
White, floccoso-membranaceons, margin lobed, disc be-
coming light yellow, spores elliptical, 7-8 X 6 /a.
Ciipliclla Bloxami, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1894;
Stev., Brit. F. 284.
On Ulex. Scattered, very minute.
Cyphella pallida. B. & Br.
Cups at first orl)icular, at length irregularly lobed, plane,
tomentose or slightly hispid, sessile; hymenium at length
wrinkled, pallid ochraceous ; spores elliptical, 6-9 /x.
Ciipliella pallida, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., u. 1372;
Stev., Brit. Fung. 287.
On old stems of Clematis vitalba. Superficial, ;j— 1 line
across, sometimes proliferous. Distinct from C. albo-violascens
in the ochraceous hymenium and irregular shape.
** Spores coloured.
Cyphella fraxinicola. B. & Br.
Cup-shaped, sessile, snow-white, minutely villous ; hy-
menium pale yellow, becoming darker ; spores elliptical,
pale olive, smooth, 6 x 4 /a.
Cyphella fraxinicola, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1446 ;
Stev., Brit.F. ii. 286.
On ash bark. Scattered or gregarious, to the naked eye
resembling minute, snow-white cups, not half a line wide.
Distinguished by the coloured spores.
Cyphella muscicola. Fr.
]\b.>mbvanac(M)Us, sulisessik', cui)-sha]ied, cornuous, minutely
fibrillose, whitish ; margin irregularly torn and wavj,
downy ; hymenium oven ; spores subglobose, pale brown,
C-7 /A.
Cyphella iiiuscicola, Wvvk., (Jutl., p. 277; Cke., Ildbk., n.
94'J; Stev., Brit. Fung. 28G.
SOLENIA, 143
On mosses. About two lines across, wliitisli, the whole
plant dirty ochraceous when dry.
Cyphella ocliroleuca. B. & Br.
Yery pale ochraceous, memln-anaceons, -villous, cup-shaped,
margin becoming torn, sessile ; hymenium ochraceous ;
spores very pale ochraceous, elliptical, 6 x 4 yu.
CyphAla orhroleuca, B. & Br., Berk., Outl., p. 277; Cke.,
Hdbk., n. 948 ; Stev., Brit. Fung. 285.
On dead bramble stems. Scattered, 1-li lines broad.
SOLEXIA. Hoflfm. (fig. 8, p. 94.)
Sporophore cylindrical, more or less contracted at the
mouth ; cavity everywhere covered with the hymenium ;
basidia tetrasporous.
Solenia, Hoiimann, Deutschl. Fl., t. 8; Cooke, Hdbk. 1, ji.
329.
The species are all minute, rarely exceeding 1 line in
height narrowly cj^liudrical and tubular, the tube being-
more or less contracted at the mouth, and internally every-
where covered with the hymenium. The species grow on
rotten wood, and are often densely crowded. Closely allied
to Cyphella, distinguished by the contracted mouth of the
tube and the crowded habit. At one time the species were
considered as Ijelonging to the genus Peziza, before the
microscope revealed the presence of basidia. Fries places
the genus in the Pohjporeae, but each tube in the present
genus is an individual or sporophore, and not simply a
hymenophore. The external hairs are in most species rough
with particles of lime.
* Externally white.
Solenia maxima. Mass. (u. sp.)
Gregarious and subfasciculate, but not crowded ; subcy-
lindrical, slightly contracted at the base, externally villous,
with slender aseptate hyphae rough with minute particles of
lime, whitish or pale buff, about 1 line high ; spores ellip-
tical, minutely and obliquely apiculate, i) x 3 fx.
On rotten wood. Forming patches l in. across. Distin-
guished by its large size.
144 FUXGUS-FLOKA.
Solenia fasciculata. Pers.
Gregarious and usuallj' fasciculate, ^-^ line high ; cylin-
diic-clavate, white, externally minutely silky and almost
smooth ; spores subglobose, about 4 fx diameter.
Solenia fasciculata, Pers., Myc. Eur. i., p. 335, t. 12, f. 8, 9 ;
Sacc. Syll. vi. n. 6588.
Solenia Candida, Hoffm., Cke., Ildblc, p. 329.
Distinguished amongst British species by its white colour
and subglobose spores.
** Externally ochraceous.
Solenia anomala. Fr.
Usually densely crowded and forming effused patches,
about ;\ line high, pyriform, margin of hymenium incurA-ed,
externally pilose, varying from dingy ochraceous to ferru-
ginous ; spores, cylindric-oliloug, 7 X 4 /x.
Solenia anomala, Fries, Ilym. Eur., p. 596; Sacc. Syll. vi.
n. GGOO.
On rotten wood, bark, &c. Densely crowded, either form-
ing compact scattered patches i in, or more across, or con-
tinuous for several inches, and superficially resembling a
species of Poria.
Var. ochracea. Mass.
Distinguished from the type form by the scattered habit,
and rather smaller size ; in colour, form, and size, spores
similar.
Solenia ochracea, Hoffm., Deutsch. Fl., t. 8, f. 2 ; Cke., Ildbk.,
p. 329.
On rotten wood, bark, &c. Usually gregarious, liut not
densely packed, sometimes scattered, at others rather crowded.
HYDNEAE. 145
FAM. IV.
HYDNEAE.
In the preceding families the hymenium was perfectly
even in the majority of species, with just an indication of
rugosity in the highest genera of the Thelephoreae, as
Craterellus, Cladoderris, and Beccaria ; the last is an exotic
genus, and forms a transition from the Thelephoreae to the
Hydneae, agreeing with the former in habit and the structure
of the sporophore, with the latter in the configuration of the
hymenium, which is furnished with radiating ridges that
are more or less toothed or nodulose at the ede:e, shadowine:
the type of structure that is more highly developed in Irpex,
where the teeth spring from ridges or folds of the hymenium.
In the Hydneae the hymenium is, from the earliest stage
of its development, imeven, the inequalities — on which the
true hymenial surface is produced — taking the form of spine
or wart-like prominences ; in the simpler genera nearest to
the Thelephoreae, these prominences take the form of
crowded or scattered granules or hemispherical prominences
of small size, the whole fungus being a thin resupinate film
covered on its free surface with these structures, whereas in
the higher genera the projections of the surface take the
form of blunt tooth-like outgrowths, as in Irpex and Baduliim,
whereas in Hydniim, which illustrates the highest phase of
development to which the Hydneae have attained, the out-
growths from the sporophore which constitute the hymeno-
phore appear as elongated, tapering, pointed spines. It is in
this genus also that the hymenophore attains its highest
development, passing from the simpler, membranaceous,
resupinate forms to the pileate condition, supported on a
central stem. A peculiar feature in some of the simpler
genera consists in the fact that the warts are more or less
excavated or hollowed at the tip, as in Grandinia, Porothelium,
and even in some of the simple resupinate species of Ilydnum,
VOL. I. L
146 FUNGUS-FLORA.
or at all events in some species whicli liitlierto have been
considered as belonging to Hydtium. On the other hand, in
the genus Odontia the warts or spines are more or less fim-
briated or penicillate at the tip.
Up to the present the genus Porotlielium has been included
in the Polyporeac, and considered by Fries as having an
affinity with, or at all events being analogous to, Fistidhia in
the distinct warts being at first closed, eventually becoming
elongated, and more or less excavated at the apex. This rela-
tionship was indicated on the supposition that the hymenium
lined the cavities, as in the Polyporeae, but microscopic
examination shows that the hymenium covers the outer
surface of the warts, as in the Hydneae ; hence Porothelium
must be included in the last-named family, and not far
removed from the genus Grandinia.
HYDNEAE.
Hymenium inferior in the stipitate and dimidiate, hori-
zontal species, superior in the effused and resupinate species,
bearing from the first spines, teeth, tubercles, wart-like
granules, or irregular folds, either entire or more or less
fimbriated at the tips ; basidia in most genera tetrasporous ;
in one or two ill-understood genera {Knieffia and Mucronellci)
monosporous.
Hydneae, Fries, PI. Horn., p. 80.
The majority of species are efifuso-resupinate or entirely
resupinate, hence the present family is lower in the scale of
development of the sporophore than the A</aririucae and the
Polyporeae, as in the latter the majority of species are mesopod
or central stemmed, whereas the larger number of species are
attached laterally, and horizontal — dimidiate.
ANALYSIS OF THE GENEBA.
Hydnum. — Si^orophore fleshy, with a central stem or entirely
resupinate, texture compact, spines acute, distinct at
the base.
Caldesiella. — Resupinate; texture floccose, spines acute,
spores muriculate.
HYDXEAE. 147
Sistotrema. — Pileate ; fleshy, central-stemmed, teeth flat-
teued, irregular, inferior.
Irpex. — Eesupinate ; teeth rather acute, springing from folds
or ridges that often anastomose irregularly.
Radulum. — Eesupinate ; tubercles coarse, deformed, suhcy-
lindrical, obtuse.
Phlebia.^ — Eesupinate ; hymenium covered with folds or
wrinkles, having the edge entire or corrugated.
Grandinia. — Eesupinate ; hymenium with crowded, globose,
jDersistent, hemispherical, minute granules, having
their apices more or less excavated.
Porothelium. — Eesupinate ; hymenium with scattered,
wart-like granules, which become more or less elou
gated and excavated at the apices.
Odontia. — -Eesupinate; hymenium densely covered with
small granules that are divided at the apices in a
penicillate manner.
Kneiffia. — Eesupinate ; hymenium covered with very minute ,.
barren, acute spinules.
Mucronella. — Spines slender, elongated, acute, not spring-
ing from a sporophore or subiculum.
HYDNUM. Linn. (figs. 1, 2, p. 149.)
Hymenium inferior in the higher species, superior in resu-
pinate forms, covered with acute, awl-shaped spines that are
perfectly distinct at the base. Basidia tetrasporous.
Hifhvnn, Linn., Gen. El., n. 968; Stev., B. Fung., p. 233.
Tlie central genus of the Hijdneae, distinguished from Irjjex,.
its nearest ally, by having the pointed spines free at the base,.
that is, not originating from folds or wrinkles, but fi'om the
L 2
148 FUNGUS-FLOEA.
plane surface of the hymen ophore. We have in Britain a
distinct sequence from perfectly resnpinate forms to others
with a central stem and inferior hj'^menium.
The genus PorotJielmm, hitherto included in the Pohjporeae,
belongs in reality to the Hydneae, the hymenium being
situated on the outside of the blunt spines, as in Hydnum, to
which genus it is closely allied, especially to those resupinato
species of Hydnum having the spines more or less indented at
the ajiex. Porothelium is distinguished by the blunt_ wart-
like spines that become distinctly indented at the apex.
ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES.
I. Mesopus.
Stem central or slightly excentric, pileus fleshy, hymenium
inferior.
* Pileus fleshy, rather brittle.
** Pileus corky or coriaceous.
II. Pleuropus.
Stem lateral, hymenium inferior.
III. Merisma.
Very much branched or tuberculiform.
IV. Apus.
Sessile, dimidiate.
V. Resupinati.
Entirely resupinate, hymenium covering the free surface.
* Spines fuscous or ferruginous.
** Spines yellowish or greenish.
*** Spines flesh-colour, liluc, or rufescent.
**** Opines white, often tinged with yellow or grey when
old.
HYDNUM.
14»
'-> S I ■ '"'i' •--•,T,' . '- hi
FIGUEES ILLUSTRATING THE HYDNEAE.
Fig. 1, Hydnum repandum, section through the entire fungus, showinc"
the inferior hymenium, consisting of subulate spines ; stem excentric ; huif
nat. size ; — Fig. 2, Hydnum aureum, section showing the superior
hymenium in a resupinate species; nat. size; — Fig. 3, Cfddmdla ferrugi-
nom, spores, highly mag. ; — Fig. 4, Sistotrema confluent, single specimen,
showing the more or less jagged plate-like teeth ;— Fig. 5, Section of same,
nat. size ; — Fig. 6, Irpex ohliquus, portion of specimen ; nat. size ; — Fig. 7,,
Section of same, showing the unequal, more or less torn, oblique teeth ;
nat. size ; — Fig. 8, Mucronella calva, showing a few of the erect, elongated
teeth, springing directly from tlie substratum of wood, without any trace
of a subiculum or resupinate layer of hyphae ; nat. size ;— Fig. !), Itadidum
orhicidnre, portion of a plant ; nat. size ;— Fig. 10, 1'hhhia radiata, portion
of a plant, showing the radiating margin, and folds or wrinkles of the
hymenium; nat. size;— Fig. 11, Basidium and spores of same; highly
mag. ;— Fig. 12, Grandinia granulom ; nat. size ;— Fig. 13, Section of same,
showing the crowded subrotund granules covering the hymenium ; slightly
mag; — Fig. 14, Foroihelium confusum, portion of plant; nat. size; —
150 FUNGUS-FLOKA.
I. MESOPUS. With a central stem.
* Pileiisjlcslii/, somewhat hrittle.
Hydnum imbricatum. Linn.
Pileus 3-4 in. across, fleshy, plane, or slightly depressed,
umber, scaly ; spines crowded, up to ^ in. long, greyish,
recurrent ; stem 1-3 in. long, 1-2 in. thick, even ; spores
broadly elliptical, minutely warted, G-7 x 5 /x, coloured
l^ale yellow-brown.
Eijdnnm. imhricatum, Linn., Succ, n. 1257; Stev. Fung., p.
234.
In pine woods. Flesh dirty white. There are two forms,
one with a plane pileus covered with thick, persistent scales,
the other with the pileus subinfundibuliform with thinner
scales that eventually disajipear. (Fries.)
Pileus 2-5 inches broad, thick and fleshj'-, plane or slightly
convex, and rounded at the margin, at length somewhat
hollowed in the centre, pretty regular in form, varying in
colour from reddish to a kind of mouse-brown, scaly ; scales
imbricated, numerous, the central ones being often mere
cracked portions of the pileus, which renders that part
tessellated. Flesh pale, buffish, or reddish. Hymenium com-
posed of numerous, very short, obtuse, greyish-white, entire
spines of nearly equal length. Stipes central, 1-2 inches
long, often above 1 inch thick, firm, irregular, whitish. No
plant can be better characterised than tlie present one by its
scaly pileus and short thick stem. (Grev.)
Hydnum squamosum. Schaeflf.
I'ileus ii-2J, in. broad, fleshy, rufous-brown, smooth
Fig. 15, Section of same, sliowing the scattered warts that are more or less
excavated or tiiLuIar at tlie ai)cx (tlic warts arc niucli too long in tlio
section); slif,']itly nia^'. ; — Fig. I(J, Kini/lid, K(ti(i<'r<i, i)ortion of a jilant;
nat. size; — Fig. 17, Section of same, allowing tlie nunutc, scattered,
delicate spinules ; sliglitly niag. ; — Fig. 18, Odnniia jinibriatit,])ortion ni
a plant, .showing tlie granular surface, more or h^ss traversed by branched,
cord-like, strands of mycelium ; nat. size ; — Fig. 19, Section of same,
showing tlie hemisiilierical, minute granules with iienicillato apices ;
slightly mag.
HYDNUM. 151
■when young, then irregularly scaly ; spines greyish-brown,
tips whitish ; stem white, short, thinner at base ; spores
subglobose, 5-6 fj. diam.
Hydnuin squamosum, Schaeif., t. 273 ; Stev., Fung., p. 234.
On the ground amongst pines, &c. Flesh whitish, pileus
smooth when young.
Hydnum scabrosum. Fries.
Pileus 3-4 in. across, very fleshy, turbinate, then plane,
rustj'-umber, tomentose, then rough, with crowded squa-
mules; stem about 1 in. long and thick, grey, blackish at
base, equal, or thinner below ; spines crowded, about ^ in.
long, awl-shaped, rusty-brown, tips pale; spores 4-5 /a diam.
Hydnum scabrosum, Fr., Epicr., p. 505 ; Stev,, Fung., p, 235,
On the ground amongst pines, &c. Flesh white, spines at
first greyish brown.
Hydnum laevigatum. Swartz.
Pileus 4-7 in. broad, fleshy, compact, umber, even, very
smooth ; spines crowded, thin, about ^ in. long, pale brown ;
stem pale brown, variable in length and thickness, often
short and stout; spores 10-15 yx long.
Hydnum laevigatum, Swartz, in Vet. Akad. Handl., 1810,
p. 243 ; Stev., Fung., p. 235.
On the ground in pine Avoods. Allied to Hydnum fraijile,
with which it was at one time included by Fries, the latter,
however, is quite distinct in its softer substance, pileus at
first pubescent, then rugulose, repand margin that is some-
times lobed, &c.
Hydnum. fragile. Fr.
Pileus 4-7 in. across, fleshy, fragile, unequal, margin
waved and lobed, pale at first, then grey or often brick-red,
at first pubescent, becoming smooth, but often minutely
squamulose or wrinkled ; flesh soft, grey, zoned ; spines ^— f
in. long, slender, fragile, whitish, then grey, scarcely decur-
rent ; stem smooth, grey, short and thick or elongated.
Hydnum fraijile, Fries, in Vet. Akad. Fcirh., 1851, p. 51 ;
Stev., Fung., p. 235.
On the ground amongst pines, heather, &c. The pileus is
152 FUXGUS-FLOEA.
more or less distinctly zoned, and sometimes reaches a foot in
diameter. Allied to Eydnum lacvigatum ; for distinction see
lander latter.
Hydnum repandum. Linn. (fig. 1, p. 140.)
Pileiis 12-6 in. across, fleshy, fragile, somewhat waved,
smooth or minntelj^ floccose ; usually with the spines and
stem pale, ojiaqne 3'ellow, sometimes with a pinkish tinge ;
spines crowded, 2-4 lines long, brittle ; stem 2-4 in. long,
^,-li thick, rather irregular ; spores subglobose, apiculate,
5-8 IX diam.
Hydnum repamhim, Linn., Suec, n. 1258; Stev., Fung.,
p. 230.
In woods. Subgregarious ; pileus 2-4 in. broad, the margin
more or less arched, very irregnlar in form, often cxcentric,
or even laterally stipitate, more or less lobed or nndulated,
buflSsh or subrufescent, smooth or frequently decidedly to-
mentose ; spines unequal, conical, entire, or sometimes bifid or
laciniated, and even compressed and lamellated, sometimes
forming spurious pores. Stem lo-3 in. high, 1 in. thick,
solid, paler than the pileus, sometimes clothed with white
down, and at the apex with abortive spines. (Berk.)
I'ileus 2-4 inches broad, more or less convex, sometimes
slightly depressed, smooth, brittle, carnose, waved or sinuous,
or even sublobed at the margin, spreading, very j^ale bufi"
flesh-colour, occasionally reddish. Hj'menium composed of
fleshy, unequal, conical spines about the eighth of an inch in
length, very pale, mostly entire at the apex, but sometimes
laciniatc, and as if tubular. Stem often not central, thick, but
unequal, rarely straight, l?,-3 inches in lengtli, solid, fleshy,
paler than the pileus. I'lants seldom solitary, yet scarcely
gregarious. (Grev.)
Hydnum rufescens. IVrs.
Every part rufescent ; pileus 2-3 in. broad, thin, fragile,
mostly regular, pubescent ; si)incs 2-3 lines long, equal ;
stem 1-3 in. long, thin, subequal.
Hi/dimm riifcsccns, l^ers., Sj'm., p. 555 ; Stev., Fung., p. 23(3.
In woods. I'oBsibly only a thin, rufescent variety of
H. repandum.
HYDNUM. 153-
Hydnum acre. Quelet.
Pileus fleshy, compact, turbinate, depressed, tomentose,
yellowish-ochre, centre darker, flesh similarly coloured or
greyish, fragile, bitter and rather hot ; stem short, rather
thick, darker than the pileus ; spines greyish-yellow, tips
whitish ; spores globose, spinulose, 6 jx diameter.
Hydnum acre. Quel., Suppl. v. p. 324, t. vi. f. 1 ; Sacc. Syll.
vi. n. (3619.
In sandy pine and chestnut woods. Known from allied
species by the hot acrid taste.
**
Pileus corl-y or coriaceous, tough.
Hydnum compactum. Pers.
Pileus 2-G in. across, deformed, greyish-olive or brownish,
without zones, corky, compact, flesh variegated with blue ;
spines 1-2 lines long, brownish, tips paler ; stem about 1 in.
long, often deformed, brownish; spores 6 /x diatn.
Hydnum com])actum, Pers., Syn. 556 in part ; Stev., Fung.,
p. 236.
Amongst fir-trees, heather, &c. Often very irregular and
subsessile. Pileus often with white tomentum.
Irregular, confluent, inodorous, resembling a thick, shape-
less crust. Pileus 1-6 in. broad, readily imbibing moisture,
clotted with down of the same colour, or dirty white.
Spines equal, chestnut ; stem corky, obsolete or very thick.
(Fries.)
Hydnum aurantiacum. A. & S.
Pileus 1—6 in. across, orange-yellow, corky, compact,
irregularly convex, with small protuberances, without zones,
often with white tomentum, flesh zoned; spines whitisli,
changing to pale-brown, 1-2 lines long ; stem variable, -i-2
in. long, by -^-1 in. thick, orange ; spores 3-4 /a diam.
Hydnum aurantiacum. Alb. & Schw., p. 265 ; Stev., Fung.,
p. 236.
Inodorous, firm. In pine woods.
Hydnum ferrugineum. Fries.
Pileus 1-4 in. across, corky, soft, convex, then plane or
depressed, irregularly pitterl, feriuginou.s, at first with
whitish tomentum, flesh ferruginous ; spines thin, acute.
154 FUXGUS-FLORA.
about 2 lines long, rnsty-l)ro\vn ; stem firm, 2-3 in. long,
unequal, rusty-brown ; spores snbglobose, 4 ^ diam.
JSydnum ferrugineiim, Fries, S. M. i. p. -iO^ ; Stev., Fnng.,
p. 237.
In fir woods. Often gregarious ; soft when young, corky
and dry at maturity.
Hydnum scrobiculatum. Fr.
Entirely ferruginous ; pileus 1-2 in. across, convex then
plane or depressed, corky, pubescent, slightly pitted and
scaly at the centre, flesh zoned; spines short (1 line), thin,
fragile, decurrent ; stem ^| in. long, :|^ in. thick, equal,
smooth, often rooting ; spores angularly globose, 3— i yu, diam.
Hydnum scrvhiculatmn, Fr., Obs. i. p. 143 ; Stev., Fung.,
p. 237.
In fir woods. Becoming pale when dry ; gregarious and
often confluent.
Hydnum zonatum. Batsch.
Entirely ferruginous; pileus 1-2 in. across, coriaceous,
thin, depressed, zoned, radiato-rugose, margin paler, thin,
sterile beneath ; spines 1-2 lines long, slender, acute, pale,
then ferruginous ; stem ^-1 in. long, | in. thick, minutely
6(j[uamulose, base thickened ; spores globose, muriculate,
pale watery brown, 4 jx diam.
Hydnum zonatmu, Batsch., F. 224 ; Stev., Fung., p. 237.
In fir woods. Closely resembling H. scrdhiculaiinn ; dis-
tinguislied by the zoned, radiato-rugose pileus and iiiuriculate
spores.
A small variety has been fuund at Ascot, remarkable for
an appearance in tlie spines like that of shot silk. Spores
furinginuuH. (]>. i^' I'r.)
Hydnum nigrum. Fr.
I'ikus lil;iekish-blue, usually without zones, margin i)alo ;
corky, rigid, convex, then depressed, tuberculose, tomentose,
2-4 in. across; flesh blackisli ; spines white, delicate, short;
stem about 1 in. long, stout, une<|ual, often rooting, black
witliout and within ; spores glubosc, 0 fx diam.
Hifdaum nhjrum. Fries, S. M. i. j>. I<)4; Stev., Brit. Fung.,
p. 238.
HYDXUM.
155
In pine woods. Gregarious and often confluent. Margin
white when in full vigour ; flesh black.
Inodorous, woody. Pileus unequal, flattened and depressed,
with a whitish margin, spines slender, equal, becoming
cinereous. Very distinct and easily recognised Ity its black,
zoneless flesh. Spores white, round, papillose, diameter
•00017 in. In my specimens of this species the pileus is
distinctly zoned, as it is in Fries' own figure in his recently
published Icoue?. (W. G. Smith.)
Hydnum graveolens. Delast.
With an odour like melilot. Pileus 1-1^ in. across,
coriaceous, thin, soft, zoneless, rugulose, smooth, blackish-
brown, gre}^ when dry, margin pale, flesh brownish ; spines
decurrent, short, grey; stem 1-1^ inch long, about 1 line
thick, tough, blackish-brown, polished.
Hydnum graveolens, Delast. in Litt. Fr. Epicr., p. 509 ; Stev,,
r. Brit, p. 238.
In fir woods. Gregarious, retaining its scent for years.
When fresh it is extremely beautiful, being dark in the
centre with a white border. The spines are pale, and the
spores evidently white. The whole plant smells extremely
strong of melilot, and after it has been dried three or four
years the scent is as strong as ever. (B. & Br.)
Hydimm melaleucum. Fr.
Pileus plane, 1-lf in. across, thin, rigid, dry, irregular,
striate, with little elevations at the centre, black, margin
white ; spines short, white ; stem i-J in. long, slender,
smooth, black ; spores globose, 2 • 5-3 /x diam.
Hydnum melaleucum. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 400 ; Stev.,
Fung., p. 238.
In fir woods. Inodorous.
Hydnum cyathiforme. Schaeff.
Pileus 1-2 in. across, coriaceous, thin, plane, then deeply
depressed (infundibuliform), zoned, centre somewhat tomen-
tose, pale grey, margin white ; spines white, short, ci'owdeil ;
stem 1 in. or more long, slender, smooth, pale grey ; spores
globose, 3 /A diam.
Hydnum cyathiforme, Schaeflfer, t. 139; Stev., Fung., p. 239.
156 FUNGUS-FLORA.
In fir woods. Gregarious and commonlj- confluent or
growing into each other.
IL PLEUEOPUS. Stem lateral
Hydnum auriscalpium. Linn.
Pileus -1— J in. across, thin, dark brown, hairy, reniform ;
stem very slender, 2-3 in, long, dark, rooting ; spines
crowded, 2-3 lines long, dark ; spores subglobose, 5 x -i /x-
Hydnum atir i scalp iiim, Linn., Siiec, n. 12G0; Stev., Fung.,
p. 239.
On fir cones ; amongst fir leaves, &c.
Pileus 0,-1 in. broad, subrotund, thin coriaceous, often
somewhat lobed, the margin of the pileus entire, more or less
zoned, tomentose, purjdish or reddish-brown, sometimes
pale ; spines subcinereous, or a dilute shade of the pileus,
the tips often darker, but not always so, more or less hoary
from the spores. Stem l)nried to some depth amongst fir
leaves, 2-3 in. high, often confluent, slender, dark-brown,
tomentose, attached by a shaggy or spongy base. (Berk.).
Pileus roundish, al)out ^ in. in breadth, nearly jilane, or
somewhat convex, entire at the margin, of a leather}'-
substance ; surface tomentose, obscurely zoned ; colour
pur])lish-brown. Spines of the hymenium generally paler
than Ihe pileus, darkest at their apex, which is entire.
Stipes often branched at the base, 2-4 in. long, erect,
lateral, cylindrical, tomentose, bi'own, terminating in a
shaggy root, which is alwaj's fixed to the cone of some
Bjiecics of fir. (Grcv.)
111. MERISMA. Vcri) much brintchcd, or tuhcrcullfurm.
Hydnum coralloides. Scopoli.
Pure white, yellowisli Avith age, entirely brokeu up into
tapering interlaced branches ; branches .V in. thick or more
at the base, about 1 line at the tip ; spines growing from one
side of the branches, pendulous, 3-G lines long, awl-shaped,
entire ; spores globose, 4-G //, diam.
Jfildnum coralloides, Scop., Carn., 2, p. 472; Stev,, Fung.,
p. 239.
HYDNUM. 157
On decayed wood, fir, beech, &c. A very beautiful plant,
somewbat resembling a coral, or as some say, a cauliflower,
6 in. to half a yard across.
When old it forms tufts, a foot or more in length, with
flexuous, angular branches, beset with incurved ramuli,
bearing spines on the under side. (Cooke.)
Hydnum erinaceum. Bull.
Pileus 2-8 in. across, white, then yellowish, elastic,
irregularly tuberculose, pendulous, fibrillose ; spines crowded,
straight, pendulous, pale, 1-2^ in. long ; spores subglobose,
smooth, 5-G /x diam.
Hydnum erinaceum, Bulliard, t. 34 ; Stev., Fung., p. 449.
On trunks, oak, beech, &c. Internally lacunose, sometimes
with an indistinct lateral stem.
Pileus a span or more broad, the base projecting, soft, torn
into subfasciculate fibrillae (abortive spines) ; margin obtuse,
gradually giving out true spines, often imbricated with
smaller pilei; spines l\-2^ in. long, pendulous, thick set,
very regular, soft, equally attenuated, connected two or
three together at their bases, fastigiate ; substance thick,
tough, fleshy, very soft, elastic, white, not changing colour.
(Fries.)
States occur, depending probably on situation, with densely
anastomosing branches, stemless, or with a horizontal stem.
(Berk.)
Hydnum caput-medusae. Bull.
Pileus fleshy, 3-4 in. diameter, white, becoming dingy
grey, tuberculiform, tapering to a stem-like base, covered all
over with spines, those on the upper surface distorted, those
on the under side \-'^ in. long, straight.
Hydnum caput-medusae, Bull., t. 412 ; Stev., Fung., p. 240.
On trunks. Distinguished by the presence of spines on
every surface of the pileus.
Large and fleshy, at first snowy-white, then dingy
cinereous ; stem dilated into the pileus ; all the spines at
first straight, slender, long, the upper ones at length bent and
contorted. (Cooke.)
158 rUNGUS-FLulIA.
IV. APUS. Sessile, dimidiate.
Hydnum cirrhatum. Pers.
Pileus 2-4 in. across, simple or imbricated, fleshy, colour
variable, wliite, ])ale yellow, or witb a reddish tinge, attached
by a broad lateral surface, exjianded ; the upper surface vith
long, curled, abortive spines ; spines equal, thin, rather tough,
pale, i-J in. long ; spores globose, 3 /x diam,
Hydnum cirrhahm, Persoon, Syn., p. 558; Stev., Fung.,
p. 240.
On trunks of varioxis trees.
Hydnum diversidens. Fries.
Pileus 2-3 in. across, fleshy and irregularly tuberculose or
lobed, sometimes substipitate, whitish or yellowish, upper
surface with erect, irregularly-notched teeth ; the margin
clothed with clul>sliaped processes; under surface with
simple awl-shaped, regular spines, 3-G lines long.
Hydmm diversidens. Fries, 8. M. i. p. 411 ; 8tev,, Fung.,
p. 240.
On Ijeech, hornbeam, birch, kc. Remarkable for the three
forms of teeth. Often very irregular in form.
Hydnum ochraceum. Pers.
Pilei 1-3 in. across, thin, coriaceous, zoned, ochraceous,
efi'uso-reflexed or entirely resupinate ; spines very minute,
ochraceous with a pink linge ; spores subglobose, 5 yx diam.
Hydnum oclracntm, Pers., Syn., p. .550 ; Stev., Fung., p. 241.
On dead branches. Peadily separable from the matrix.
Intermediate between the dimidiate and truly resupinate
species.
V. RESUPIKATI. Entirely rcsiqnnate.
* Siiines fuHcnns or ferrut/inous.
Hydnum squalinum. Fr.
Suliicnliim palo wood-colour, Arm, coriaceous, thick, subor-
bicular, 2-3 in. across; spines crowded, stout, compressed,
ferruginous, then brownish, 3-4 lines long.
HYDNUM. 159
Hydnum squalinum, Fries, S. Mj'c. i. p. 420 ; Stev., Fung.,
p. 241.
Ou trunks. Not collected during recent years ; admitted
on the authority of the figures of Eay and Bolton.
Hydnum membranaceum. Bull.
Subiculum thin, smootli, closely adnate, effused for 1-2
inches ; spines awl-shaped, crowded, equal, about 1 line long,
acute, and like the subiculum, tawny ferruginous.
Hydnum membranaceum. Bull., t. 481 ; Stev., Fung., p. 242.
On fallen branches. Sometimes paler and yellowish, spines
often arranged in little groups, pale then brown.
A glandular appearance on the upper part of the spines is
figured by Bulliard and Sowerby. The specimen represented
by Sowerby is cracked into little areolae, each of which bears
a fascicle of spines. (Berk.)
Hydnum molluscum. Fries.
Subiculum membranaceous, dry, readily separable from the
matrix, whitish ; teeth short, slender, reddish.
Hydnum moUusciim, Fries, Summa Veg. Scand., p. 327
(note).
Hydnum memhranaceum. Berk., Exs., n. 142.
On wood. Distinguished from H. memhranaceum by readily
separating from the matrix, and by the white subiculum.
Hydnum Weinmanni. Fr.
Subiculum thin, closely adnate, smooth, buff, with a grey
tinge ; spines rather distant, minute, acute, equal, not 1 line
long, coloured like the subicuhim.
Hydnum Weinmanni, Fries, Ele-ch., p. 13G; Stev., Fung.,
p. 242.
On fallen branches and rotten wood. Effused for 1-2
inches, grey when dry. Most general on poplar branches,
according to Fries.
Allied to Hydnum memhranaceum ; very broadly effused,
not cracked ; excepting the spines, quite even, very smooth,
as is also the margin ; not truly innate with the matrix, but
appearing as if adglutinated. With the habit of a young
specimen of Thclephora livida. Spines not crowded, short,
but acute, slender, all equal, and up to the present I have
always seen them straight. Colour peculiar, sordid. (Fries.)
IGO FUNGUS-FLOKA.
Hydnum crinale. Fries.
Subiciilum effused for 1-2 in. ; very tliin, texture fibrillose,
umber, or with a rusty tinge ; spines very thin and slender,
hair-like, crowded, 2 lines long or more, umber with rusty
tiuge.
Hydnum crinale. Fries, Epicr,, p. 516; Stev,, Fung., p. 242.
On dead wood. Distinguished by the crowded hair-like
epines.
Hydnum variicolor. Fr.
Subiculuni white, forming a furfuraceous, adnate, in-
separable crust, spreading for 1-2 inches ; spines very
minute, crowded, conical, unequal, bi'ownish, usually more or
less closely adpressed to the subiculum ; spores subglobose,
3-4 fx diam.
Hydnum variicolor. Fries, Epicr., p. 516.
On trunks, especially oak.
**
Spines yellowisli or greenish.
Hydnum aureum. Fries, (fig. 2, p. 140.)
Every part golden yellow ; subiculum determinate, circum-
ference with radiating tooth-like processes ; subcartilaginous,
smooth; spines about 1 line long, awl-shaped, crowded;
spores subglobose, muriculate, 4-5 /a diam.
Hijdnuhi (inrcum, Fr., Elench., p. 137 ; Stev., Fungi, p. 243.
On dead branches. Mycelium penetrating the wood, and
forming a yellowish circumscribing zone.
Hydnum denticulatum. Pers.
Subiculum longitudinally effused, often for several inches,
rather mealy, briglit yellow ; spines same colour, crowded,
slightly toothed here and there.
Hydnum denticuhiiuiii, Pers., Myc. Eur., p. 181 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 243.
On rotten wood.
Hydnum alutaceum. Fr.
Subiculum lungitudinully elVused for several inches,
crustose, inseparable, margin naked, pale ochraceous; siDiues
similarly coloured, minute, crowded, unequal, acute.
HYDNUM. 161
Hijdnnm alutaceum, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 417 ; Stev.,
rung., p. 243.
On dead wood. Eesembling GrancUnia granulosa in
colour and general appearance, but quite distinct in the acute
spines.
Hydnum sordidum. Weinm,
Subiculum eflused, often for many inches, thin, readily
separating from the matrix, subgelatinous, dingy yellow,
margin irregularly porous, sulphur-yellow; spines very
much crowded, often fasciculate, compressed, incised, sub-
acute, 1-1^ lines long.
Hydnum sordidum, Weinmann, Eossic, p. 70 ; Stev., Fung.,
p. 243.
On rotten wood.
Hydnum viride. Fr.
Subiculum broadly effused, softly tomentose, green, becom-
ing yellowish with age ; spines straight, about 1 line long,
rather thick, irregular, more or less toothed, green.
Hijdnum viride. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 421 ; Sacc, Syll.,
vi. n. 6794.
On rotten wood. Often extending in patches 8-10 in.
long.
Hydnum limonicolor. B. & Br.
Adnate, bright citron-yellow; spines crowded, acute,
short ; mycelium white, scanty or almost obsolete.
Hydnum limonicolor, B. & Br., Ann. Kat. Hist., n. 1686;
Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 244.
On a stone buried amongst pine leaves. Distinguished
from its nearest ally, Hydnum sepultum, in the exceedingly
scanty subiculum and the absence of a persistent, white,
barren marg-in.
■■&'
Hydnum spathulatum. Fr.
Subiculum yellowish - white, effused, membranaceous,
separable, circumference fimbriated, under surface villous;
spines spathulate, oblique, orange ; spores colourless, broadly
elliptical, apiculate, 8 x 5 /x.
Hydnum spathulatum. Fries, Hym. Eur., p. G14; Stev,,
Brit. Fung., p. 244.
VOL. I. M
162 FUNGUS-FLOKA.
Slstotrcma spnthnJata, Sz., Car., ii. 993.
On decayitiy; avocmL Forming j^atclies 1-2 in. across,
spines 1-2 lines long. In some specimens flattened and
acicnlar spines are mixed.
Spines, however, scarcely orange, yet agreeing with
autlientic specimens from Schweinilz; separable. (Berk.)
Hydnum multiforme. B. & Br.
Yer}- pale buft' or whitisli, at first even and resembling a
Corticium, at length producing spines here and there, often
in clnsters, either acute or more or less flattened and fim-
briated ; spores colourless, subgiobose or very broadly pip-
shaped, obliquely apicnlate, 9 x 6-7 yu,.
H?/dnum multiforme, Berk. A: Broome, Ann. Nat. His., n.
1G87; Stev., Brit. Fiing., p. 244.
On dead wood. Eather broadly eftused, inseparable,
margin often thin and indeterminate, waxy and becoming
cracked wlien dry. It is almost certain that the j^rescnt
species is a irue Corticium, the hymenium is produced on the
plane, waxy surface, and not on the spines, which are in
some i^ortions of the type specimen absent altogether, and
when present, are sterile, irregular, and altogether morbid
productions, from 1-2 lines in lengtli.
Hydnum anomialum. B. & Br.
Pallid light yellow ; stratum thin, gelatinous ; tcetli in
the form of granules, then stipitate and obtTiselj' divided
upwards ; spores globose, shortly pedicellate.
Ilydnnm anomalum, ]>erk. tt Broome, Ann. Nat. Ilist., n.
14:5S, witli fig. ; Stev., lirit. Fung., p. 244.
In the inside of a very rotten ash-tree. Substance of teeth
tough, with large ovate or globose vesicles immersed in it.
(B. & Br.)
I cannot find a trace of an^-thing like the above on the
piece of wood that represents the type s})ecimcn. Apparently
not a good Uijdmnn ; may possibly prove to be a resu})inate
form allied to Trcmclhnhin, and the ovate or globose vesicles
in tlie spines to be basidia.
Hydnum melleum. B. Sc Br.
lloncy-coloui-, effused, thin, teeth acute, sometimes divided
HYDNUM. 163
at the apex, "basal portion along with the suhicuhim pul-
verulent; spores coloiirless, cylindrical, 7-10 X 2-5 /x.
Hydnum melleum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1436 ;
Stev., Fung., p. 244.
On fallen rails. Forming an exceedingly thin lioney-
coloured film, margin minutely byssoid. Spines about 1 line
long, often scattered, stout and blunt or slender and acute,
or again, blunt and divided at the apex. At best but a
doubtful species of Hijdnum.
Hydnum sepultum. B. & Br.
Eesuj)inate, golden-yellow, margin white ; sj)ines acute,
medium-sized ; spores globose, 5 /x diameter.
Hydnum sepultum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1813 ;
Stev., Fung., p. 244.
On stones buried amongst pine leaves. Forming little
scattered patches ; spines about 1 line long. Distinguished
from other resupinate yellow species by the persistent, white,
sterile margin and the globose spores.
*** Sj^ines flesh-colour, lilac or rufescent.
Hydnum udum. Fr.
Flesh-colour, then pale yellowish, subgelatinous, effused
for several inches ; spines crowded, unequal, about 1 line
long, awl-shaped or compressed, simple or toothed, coloured
like the subiculum.
Hydnum udum, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 422 ; Stev., Fung.,
p. 24.5.
Forming elongated, dingy, subgelatinous expansions on
dead branches ; not separable from the wood. Forming-
elongated patches 4—5 in. l<mg. My specimens agree
with Fries' character in every respect, except that most of
the spines are simple. When dry it is yellowish towards the
margin, the more central parts being of a pale fawn colour.
(Berk.)
Hydnum bicolor. A. & S.
White, effused for many inches, very thin, inseparable ;
spines about half a line long, basal portion villous, white,
tips dark brown, smooth.
M 2
164 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Hjifhinm hicohr, Albertini & Scliweinitz, p. 270; Stev.,
Brit. Fuug., p. 245.
On pine wood, &c.
At fir.st sight might he easily confoTindcil with reddish
form, of Hijdnum farinaccum, hut when examined in tlie living
condition is seen to be altogether distinct. Snhiculiim very-
thin, innate, slightly flocculose ; colour of the entire fnngus
when living, reddish-white. (Fries.)
**** Spines white, often tinged yelloio or grey when old,
Hydnum nodulosum. Fr.
Whitish, smooth, inseparable, very broadly effused, nodu-
lose ; spines long, on the flat portions depressed, on the lower
surface of the nodules pendulous, upper side of nodules
barren.
Hydnum nodulosim, Fries, Hym. Eur,, p. GIG; Stev., Fung.,
p. 245.
On trunks, fir stumps, &c. Often verj^ broadly effused,
nodules variable in size, sterile above, bearing pendulous
elongated spines on the surface pointing to the ground.
Hydnum Stevensoni. B. & Br.
"White, effused, mealy beneath, here and there byssoid ;
spines cylindrical, obtuse or truncate, sometimes compressed,
pulverulent at tlio apex; spores subglobose, apiculate,
colourless, 3-4 jx diameter.
Jlydnuni Stevensoni, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1437;
Stev., Fung., p. 240.
On dead wood. Often effused for 2-3 in., very thin,
byssoid or pulverulent; spines rather crowded, sometimes
several more or less confluent at the base, variable, about
1 }, line lung. Sometimes spreading from the wood and
encrusting mosses, leaves, &c.
Hydnum niveum. Pors.
"White, effused for 2-3 in., very thin, insei)arable, margin
byssoid ; spines crowded, short, ecpuil, glabrous.
Hildiiinii niveum, Pers., Disp., t. 4, f. 0-7; S
Stev., ;_Fung.,
p. 24C..
On dead wood.
HYDNUM. 165
Distinguished by the beautiful white colour when grow-
ing, becoming pallid when dry. Subiculum thin ; 2-3
inches or more across, spines minute, subacute, glabrous.
Persistent. (Fries.)
Hydnum farinaceum. Pers.
"White ; subiculum effused, indeterminate, forming thin,
mealy, crustose patches ; spines thin, rather distant, very
acute, quite entire.
Hydnum farinaceum, Pers., Syn., p. 562 ; Stev., Fung.,
p. 246.
On rotten wood, especially pine. Forming thin effused
patches resembling scattered meal, beset with distant acute
spines. Sometimes yellowish.
A form, evidently of this species, with a most beautifully
branched byssoid margin, spreading several inches on fallen
decayed branches. Subiculum effused, consisting of a very
delicate inseparable byssoid membrane, closely applied to
the wood and following all its irregularities, the margin
most beautifully radiated and barren ; the fertile parts
sprinkled with a thin farinaceous stratum, from which
spring acute white teeth, which are sometimes nearly
straight. (Berk.)
Hydnum argutum. Fr.
White, subiculum effused, vague, in scattered patches,
consisting of loosely interwoven hyphae ; spines awl-shaped,
acute, unequal, minutely toothed ; spores subglobose, 7-8 /x,
diam.
Hydnum argutum, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 424 ; Stev., Fung.,
p. 246.
On wood and bark. Distinguished by the loose texture of
the subiculum, thus approaching Caldesiella.
Hydnum stipatum. Fr.
"Whitish. Often very broadly effused, very thin, minutely
pulverulent, forming an inseparable crust ; spines crowded,
blunt, granule-like, minutely toothed.
Hydnum stipatum, Fries, Syst. Myc, p. 425 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 246.
On rotten wood. Often forming very broadly effused
166 FUNGUS-FLORA.
patches. Sometimes pale flingy yellow. The margin is
either sterile or covered with spines. Colour sometimes
pale yellowish or very pale Luif.
CALDESIELLA. Sacc. (fig. 3, p. 149.)
Spines minute, conical or ampulliform, springing from a
membranaceous, persistent villose subiculum ; spores globose,
mnriculate, copious.
Galdesiella, Saccardo, Mich. i. p. 7 ; Sacc, Syll. vi. p. 477.
Distinguished from Hydnum by the mui icate spores being-
very copious, and by the loose texture of the subiculum.
Resembles the teeth of a Hydnum in the subiculum of
Ilypochnus or Coniophora. I have liatl no opportunity of
examining the species included in the present genus in a
fresh state, hence cannot say definitely whether the fungus
is a true Basidiomycete or not, that is, whether the spores
are borne on true basidia, or singly at the tips of unthickened
branches, as in the family Ilyphomycetes. The profusion of
spores points to the latter ; this, however, must be settled by
some one examining fresh material.
Galdesiella ferruginosa. Sacc. (fig. 3, p. 149.)
Subiculum efiused, often fur several inches, tawny-ferru-
ginous, tomentose ; spines crowded, conico-subulate, acute,
colotired like the subiculum, straight or oblique and com-
pressed ; spores globose, 8-9 /j. diameter, distinctly muriculate,
dingy olive.
Cnldestclla ferruginosa, Sacc, Mich. ii. p. 303.
Hydnum fcrrugtnosum. Fries, Syst. Myc i., ji. 41(3; Stev.,
Fung., p. 242.
On decaying wood, especially under the bark ; rarely on
the ground. Separable from the matrix.
The whole plant consists of den scl}'- woven down, forming
an efi'usetl indeterminate mass, tlie hymenium comjjosed of
erect or oblicpie spines, which are villous and often abortive,
so as easily to be taken for some sjiecies of the sub-order
Hyphomyri'tcs. The colour varies from ferruginous to
brownish. (Berk.)
CALDESIELLA — SISTOTREMA — IRPEX. 167
SISTOTEEMA. Pers. (figs. 4, 5, p. 149.)
Fleshy, Hymenium inferior, interruptedly lamelloso-
dentate, rather waxy, irregularly scattered (not radiating),
readily separating from the pileus. Basidia tetrasporous.
Sistotrema, Persoon, Syst. Myc. i. p. 426; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 302.
Allied to Irpex, but distinguished by the irregularly-
toothed gills disposed without order, and readily separating
from the pileus.
Sistotrema confluens. Pers. (figs. 4, 5, p. 149.)
Pileus fleshy, irregular, horizontal, villous, white, then
yellowish or tinged with brown, subdepressed, f-l in.
across, several pilei often grown together; gill-like plates
entire or toothed ; stem about 1 in. high, often somewhat
excentric, becoming thinner downwards; spores colourless,
elliptical, 3 x 1 " 5 yu..
Sistotrema confluens, Persoon, Syn. Fung., p. 551 ; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 302.
On the ground. Gregarious, often anastomosing or two or
three growing into each other, scentless, brittle, whitish, at
length yellowish or tinged with brown. Stem attenuated
below, central or lateral, about an inch high. Pileus about
1 in. broad, somewhat depressed. Tooth-like plates of the
hymenium entire or jagged. (Grev.)
lEPEX. Fr. (figs. 6, 7, p. 149.)
Hymenium inferior, toothed from the first, teeth con-
tinuous with the pileus, acute, smooth, connected at the base
by slightly-raised folds arranged in a gill-like manner (in
sessile species), or like honeycomb (in resupinate species).
Basidia tetraspoi'ous.
Irpex, Fries, Elench., 142 ; Stev., Fung., p. 248.
Distinguished from Hydmim by having the spines con-
nected at the base. The spines in the present genus also
differ from those of Hydnum in not being so uniformly awl-
shaped or cylindrical, with a tapering pointed tip.
Hymenium inferior, at first toothed, teeth variable, firm.
168 FUNGUS-FLORA.
somewhat coriaceous, acute, entirely concrete witli the pileus,
placed in rows, or netted and connected at the base into
lamellae, or porous folds. Liguatile fungi, rather coriaceous,
approaching Lcnzitcs and Daedalea, but the hymenium is
toothed from the first, the teeth not lacerated. (Fries.)
Irpex pendulus. Fr.
Pilei membranaceous, elastic, plicate, minutely squamuloso-
pilose, pale j^ellow, free above and pendulous ; teeth in irre-
gular rows, about 1 line long, more or less incised, shining
white.
Irpex pendulus. Fries, Elench., p. 143 ; Stev., Fung., p. 249.
On pine wood. More or h-ss circular, thin, 1-1^ in. across,
extended behind and pendulous.
Pileus 1 in. or more broad, \qxj thin, somewhat resembling
paper, capable of being folded up or stretched, concrete or
infundibuliform, from a stem-like base, clothed with long,
even, pilose scales, so closely pressed that the wliole Hurface
appears slightly rugulose ; spines distinct, chiefly seated on
tlie produced base, which is at lengtli brownish, various in
form, generally arranged in rows. (Fries.)
Irpex spathulatus. Fries.
Broadly effused, inseparable, whitish, margin byssoid,
becoming defined ; teeth compressed or spathulate, 2-3 lines
long, coarse, s])ringing from reticulatidy arranged folds.
Irpex siKUliulatm, Fries, Elench., p. 14G; Stev., Fung., p. 250.
On larch, &c. Not porous, teeth largo and compressed,
often buff when dry. Often effused for several inches.
Irpex obliquus. Fr. (figs. G, 7, p. 149.)
"White or })a]lid, broadly efiused, inse])a]-al)le, margin
byssoid ; teeth obli(j[ue, thin, compressed, incised or torn,
2-3 lines long, rather crowded, springing from reticulately
arranged iolds.
Irpex ohli(pins, Fries, Elench., p. 147 ; Stev., Fung., p. 250.
On stumps, dead branches, &c. Effused for several
inches, superficially resembling some forms of Porta vaporaria,
where the pores are torn, Ijut coarser.
This spreads in irregular jjalches on the surface of decaying
wood. The jjores for a small space round the margin are
round and distinct, but towards the centre are greatly
IKPEX. 169
lengthened out, lying one upun another in an imbricated
manner. The colour is white at first, when old it changes
to a yellow-brown, and at last to a dirty, fuscous black.
(Bolton.)
Irpex carneus. Fr.
Eeddish, thin, effused, cartilagineo-gelatinous, 1-3 in. long;
teeth obtuse, awl-shaped, entire, united at the base.
Irpex carneus, Fr., Hym. Eur., p. 622 ; Stev., Fung., p. 250 ;
Fries, Elenchus, j). 148.
On wood and bark. Fries places the present species in
Irpex with a query ; it is placed in Badulum by Fuckel.
Irpex Johnstoni. Berk.
Eesupinate, 1-2 in, long, pure white, thin, separable,
circumference naked ; teeth compressed, unequal, crowded,
in irregular rows, 1 line or more in length.
Lpex Johnstoni, Berk., Outl., p. 262; Stev., Fung., p. 250.
On dead beech, &c. Closely resembling a Hydnum, but
careful examination shows that the teeth spring from fine
folds.
Two inches long, effused, with the margiu reflexed all
round, and the teeth exactly resembling those of many true
species of Hydnum, but on minute inspection, they will be
found to be seated on fine folds, and disposed in rows. (Berk,
and Broome.)
Irpex deformis. Fr.
\Vhite, effused, thin, adnate, margin byssoid ; teeth rather
crowded, awl-shaped, si^ringing from folds that form small
shallow pores, more or less incised, 1-2 lines long.
Irpex deformis, Fries, Elench., p. 147 ; Stev., Fung., p. 250.
On wood. Effused for several inches, resembling a Poly-
porus with the pores torn into shreds almost to the base, if
indeed it is in reality anything more.
Irpex fusco-violaceus. Fr.
Pileus often broadly elongated, cffuso-reflexed, coriaceous,
thin, zoned, silky, greyish; teeth in irregular rows, plate-
like, incised at the apex, violet-brown.
hpex fusco-violaceus, Fr., Elench., j). 144; Stev., B. Fung.,
p. 249.
170 FUNGUS-FLORA.
On pino trunks, which are sometimes nearly covered ;
sometimes wholly eftused, becomiug pale with age.
It is open to doubt as to whether the present species is not
a form of Polystidus ahietinus.
EADULUM. Fr. (fig. 9, p. 149.)
Sporophore resupinate, vaguely eifused ; hymenium tuber-
culose ; tubercles distinct at the base, coarse, commonly
elongated, deformed, obtuse, mostly waxy; basidia tetra-
sporous, present on smooth surface of hymenium as well as on
the tubercles.
Badnhm, Fries, Elenchus, p. 149 ; Stev., Fung., p. 251.
Growing on wood, and frequently bursting through the
bark. Distinguished amongst allies by the large, deformed,
elongated, obtuse tubercles.
The spores arc of value in determining the species in
some instances, when external characters leave the matter
uncertain.
* Superficial and exposed from the first ; very variable.
Radulum pendulum. Fr.
Longitudinally cil'iised for 1-3 in. or more, whitish, upper
margin shortly reiiexed, substance thick, softly coriaceous ;
hymenium inferior, tubercles elongated about 2 mm. long,
irregular, pendulous ; spores globose, 3 /x diam.
liadidum jjendidufif, Ti:, 'Eiench., p. 149; Sacc. Syll. vi. n.
G928.
On alder and birch, bursting tlirough cracks in the bark ;
also on pino wood.
Radulum orbiculare. Vr. (fig. 9, p. 149.)
Suborbicular, several ol'teii becoming confluent, white, then
tinged dull yellow, glabruus, margin byssoid ; tubercles
Kubterete, variously scattered or fasciculated, 2-3 mm. long ;
during the second season the colour is often dingy flesh-
colour; sjiores cylindric-oblong, slightly curved, 10 x 5 /><••
lladulmii orbiculare, Fr. Flench., p. 149 ; Stev., Fung.,
p. 251.
KADULUM. 171
On dead bark of various trees. Patches 1-6 in. across,
closely adnate, thickness variable, tubercles often adpressed
or pendulous.
Very variable, generally originating beneath the epidermis ;
2-3 in. broad, quite membranaceous or above 2 lines thick,
margin byssoid, occasionally showing a disposition to become
reflexed ; hymenium consisting of irregularly disposed,
oblique or erect, tooth-like, obtuse, entire or laciniated,
often fasciculate tubercles ; the apices sometimes somewhat
tomentose. Occasionally they are much scattered and almost
resemble spines. (Berk.)
Pileus entirely resupinate, one to several inches in diameter,
at first circular, afterwards irregular and often confluent, of
a white colour, mostly changing (especially in the centre)
to a pale orange-yellow ; margin filamentous, radiating,
somewhat raised, or rather thickened. Hymenium composed
of processes, irregularly distributed over the surface of the
pileus, and more or less distinct. They are singularly
variable in their form, but are mostly 2-3 lines in length,
slightly compressed, and somewhat broader at the apex than
at the base. Often several are confluent, and altogether
deformed. At their apex they are generally entire, and
sometimes naked, but more frequently villose. In regard to
direction, I have seen them both erect and oblique, or even
closely appressed. (Grev.)
Radulum quercinum. Fr.
Closely adnate subrotund, then irregularly and broadly
effused for several inches ; white, then pallid or with a flesli
tinge sometimes ; tubercles stout, 2-3 lines long, often fas-
ciculate, apex minutely spinulose ; spores broadly elliptical
with an oblique apiculus, 7 x 5 /x..
Radulum quercinum, Fries, Epicr., p. 525 ; Stev., Fung.,
p. 494.
On dead wood. Distinguished by the villose or spinulose
tips of the tubercles and the spores. The above measure-
ments are from a specimen from Fries in Berkeley's herba-
rium. Often confounded with species of Iri)ex in herbaria.
Adnate, persistent, 2-3 in. long, according to Fries, but
Berkeley has seen specimens as follows : sometimes a foot or
more broad, white when young, then yellowish rufous.
172 FUNGUS-FLORA.
membranaceoiis, composed of the finest down, margin byssoid,
pure Avhite.
Radulum. tomentosum. Fr.
Eflfuscd irregular for l-o in., rather thick, innate, whitish,
margin more or less free and erect, distinctly tomentose ;
tubercles short, crowded, irregular, subangular and often
confluent, smooth ; spores cylindric-oblong, slightly thinner,
curved, and a^^iculate at the base, 8 X -i /x.
Badulum tomentosum, Fr., Epicr., 525 ; Stev., Fung., p. 252.
On Pyrus, Salix, &c., also on pine sawdust. Distinguished
by the peculiarly-shaped spores and the tomentose margin,
which is sometimes brownish when dry.
Radulum deglubens. B. & Br.
Orbicular, about ^ in. across, margin broadly free and
upturned, smooth below, flesh-colour with rust tinge, dia-
plianouR, sub-cartilaginous and rigid when dry ; tubercles
aliout 1 line long, very irregular, scattered, cylindrical or
compressed, plate-like and toothed, interstices mealy with the
white spores, which are cylindric-obloug, ends obtuse, 14-16
X 7-8 yu,, often slightl}'' curved.
Badulum deglubens, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1410 ;
Stev., Fung., p. 252.
On ash. Described from Berkeley's typo specimen.
Radulum corallinum. B. & Br.
EfTiised for 2-.'5 in., whitish, very thin and pelliculose,
shining, sterile portions flaking off, tubercles in scattered
fascicles i-1 in. across, very irregular, coralloid, 2-3 lines
long ; spoi'cs subglobose, a]iiculate, about 5 /jl diam.
liaduhim coraUivum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1441 ;
Stev., Fung., p. 252.
On oak branches. Remarkable for the A'^ery thin, shining
subicnluni, producing isolated, coral-like clusters of very
irregular, crowded tubercles.
Radulum epileucum. B. i^' Br.
Effused for several inches, very fhin, entirely adnata;
subiculuni white, mucedinous ; hymenium waxy, polished,
pale ochraceous ; tubercles sparsely scattered, variable in
PHLEBIA. 173
size, up to 2 lines in length, apex often fimbriated, brittle;
spores cj^lindrical, slightly ci;rved, 6-7 x 3-3 • o jx.
Baduhim epileucum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1442 ;
Stev., Fung., p. 252.
On decorticated wood. Distinguished by the thin, even,
polished, pale ochraeeous surface and the much scattered
tubercles.
** Innate, i.e., developing helow the barJc, lohicJi is pushed off.
Radulum fagineum. Fr.
Broadly effused, inseparable, removing the bark, whitish,
the margin often broad, sterile, densely velvety and rusty-
orange ; tubercles irregular in form and size, entire and
obtuse, or variously toothed and acute, subiculum rather
thick, soft and spongy, and often irregularly pitted or porose ;
spores cylindrical, slightly curved, 11-12 X 6 /x.
Badidiim fagineum, Fries, Elenchus, p. 152; Stev., Fung.,
p. 252.
On dead beech. Surrounding the branches and resembling
stalactite. Becoming dingy pale ochraeeous with age.
Radulum aterrimum. Fr., Hym. Eur., p. 624;
Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 253.
Hijdnum erectum. Sow., Herb.
This fungus is not a Radulum, and does not even belong to
the Basidiomycetes.
. PHLEBIA. Fr. (figs. 10, 11, p. 149.)
Eesupinato-effused, hymenium covering the entire free
surface, rather soft, subgelatinous, from the first covered
with crowded, irregular wrinkles or ridges that have the
edge usually quite entire, everywhere covered witli tetra-
sporous basidia.
Phlehia, Fr., Syst. Myc. i. p. 426 ; Stev., Fung., p. 253.
Subgelatinous when moist, cartilaginous when dry, known
from other resupinate genera as Corticium, &c., by the
crowded, irregularly interrupted small wrinkles or folds
that cover the hymenium.
174 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Phlebia merismoides. Fr.
Broadly efiused, thin, tremelloid when fresh, flesh-colour,
then with dingy, purple tinge ; even or irregular when in-
crusting, margin strigose, orange, Avith white doA\-n on the
under surface ; wrinkles of hymenium crowded, never form-
ing pores or reticulations; spores 3 x I'O /x.
Phlehia merismoides, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 427 ; Stev.,
Brit. Fung., p. 253.
On trunks ; running over moss, &c., 1-3 in. across.
Pileus carnose, not a line in thickness, either growing
upon the bark itself, or (more frequently) spreading for two
or three inches over the mosses upon it, especially near the
ground ; often completely enveloping their stems, in which
state it bears no inconsiderable resemblance to a stalactite
incrustation. The colour is more or less orange, or red ;
that in the centre being more and more dull as the plant
grows older, but the margin is delicate and very bright ;
beneath the pileus is whitish and doM'n3\ The surfsice of
the hymenium partly depends upon the subjacent bodj' ; but
it is always either more or less tuberculated or folded ; when
growing on mosses, the folds or rugae often pass into pro-
minent somewhat elongated papillae ; when the subjacent
surface is plane, the rugae are more perfectly developed, and
pass towards the circumference in a tolerably direct manner.
The margin is byssoid. (Grev.)
Phlebia radiata. Fr. Cfigs. 10, 11, p. 149.)
Eeddish-flesh colour or almost orange, thin, subrotund,
glabrous on both surfaces, margin with radiating tooth-like
processes ; folds or wrinkles more or less straight and
radiating; spores cylindric-oblong, curved, 4-5 x 1-1 "5 /x..
Phlehia radiata. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 427 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 254,
On dead wood, bark, Sec. Patches reaching to 3 in. or
more across, thin, bright-coloured.
Between fleshy and membranaceous, tough ; at first
orbicular, then dilated, confluent, 1-3 in. broad, margin
free, smooth, but beautifully fabroso-radiated. Folds radiat-
ing from the centre, short, interwoven, very close. (Fries.)
One of the specimens gathered by Captain Carmichael is
four inches long and appears to have been originally still
GRANDIXIA. 175
longer. In tliis the character of the radiated margin is
entirely lost and the folds are very short, so as to resemble
blunt compressed teeth ; but there is still something like
order visible in their disposition. (Berk.)
Phlebia contorta. Fr.
Effused, rather firm, smooth on both surfaces, margin
indeterminate ; wrinkles of the hymenium often branched,
waved, and irregularly arranged; dingy flesh-colour, then
brownish; spores cylindric-oblong, curved, 3-5 x 1-1 • 5 fj..
Phlehia contorta, Fr., Syst. Myc. i. p. 427; Stevenson,
Brit. Fung., p. 254.
On decaying wood. Closely allied to P. rad'iata and dis-
tinguished chiefly by the irregularly arranged, contorted
folds.
Phlebia vaga. Fr.
Effused, closely adnate, margin fibrillose or bj'ssoid, of a
dirty yellowish shade, hymenium grejash-yellow, or some-
times with a dingy lilac shade ; wrinkles slender, waved
and intricately interwoven, when in perfect condition covered
with granules ; spores 3-4 x 1-2 /a.
Phlebia vaga, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 428 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 254.
On dead wood. Hymenial rugae or wrinkles intricately
arranged, ridges papillose.
Phlebia lirellosa. B. & Br.
Eesupinate, margin free, greyish-umber, 1-2 in. across,
wrinkles thin, straight, branched, or in some instances anas-
tomosing to form pores.
Phlebia lirellosa, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1973; Stev.,
Brit. Fung., p. 254.
Daedalea lirellosa, Persoon, Myc. Eur., iii. p. 2, t. 18, f, 2.
On branches, wood, &c.
GEANDINIA. Fr. (figs. 12, 13, p. 149.)
Crustaceous, effused, thin ; hymenium covering the entire
free surface, warted or granulose ; warts entire, smooth,
crowded, apices usually indented, basidia tetrasporous.
Grandinia, Fr., Epicr., p. 527 ; Stev., Fung. Brit., p. 255.
176 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Distingiiislicd l)y the minutely granular or warted hy-
menium, the warts are rounded, not pointed as in the
resupinate species of Hydnum, often slightly excavated or
porous at the apex, as in PorotheJium.
Ilymenium amphigenous, contiguous, waxj^, papillose,
warty, or granulosa ; the granules globular or hemispherical,
entire, obtuse, crowded, regular, glabrous, persistent, incrust-
ing, spreading, soft fungi. (Fries.)
Grandinia granulosa. Fr. (figs. 12, 13, p. 149.)
Waxy, buft' or whitish, broadly effused, closely adnate,
margin determinate, smooth ; hymenium crowded with equal
minute granules ; spores spherical, 2 • 5-3 fx diameter, hyaline.
Grandinia gramdosa, Fr., Epicr., p. 527 ; Ster., F. B.,
p. 255.
On dead wood, branches, &c. Forming a thin, closely
adnate stratum, often effused for several inches.
Forming a thin, adnate, whitish, or sub-ochraceous stratum,
following the irregularities of the wood, with scarcely any
definite circumference, beset with crowded, rather sharp
granules. (Berk.)
Grandinia papillosa, Fr.
\\ hite, membranaceous, separating from the matrix, yel-
lowish below ; hymenium much cracked, granules minute,
crowded, subequal, almost spherical.
Grandinia impillosa, Fr., E])icr., j). 528 ; Stev., F. B., p. 256.
On sticks, bark, &c. Effused for 1-2 in., very thin, and
when in good condition separable as a very thin sheet.
Grandinia ocellata. Fr.
Waxy, closely adnate, livid with a dull purple tinge,
margin indetui'minate, barren ; hymenium witli minute,
unequal obtusely conical warts that becomo minutely col-
lapsed at the apex.
Grandinia ocellata, Fr,, Epicr., p. 527 ; Stev., B. Fung.,
p. 255.
On dead trunks. Not cracking when dry. Often effused
for several inches.
Grandinia crustosa. Fr.
White, or with a yellow tinge, irregularly effused, closely
POPtOTHELIUM. 177
adnate, thin, crustaceous, rather mealy ; warts crowded, sub-
globose, minute, often collajDsing at the apex, unequal.
Grandinia crustosa. Fries, Hj-m. Eur,, p. 627; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 256.
On bark of willow, pine, &o., and on Polyporus versicolor.
Often forming a crust that extends for several inches.
Grandinia mucida. Fr.
Waxy and somewhat gelatinous, effused, subinnate, pale
dull yellow ; hymenium crowded with rather large, unequal,
hemispherical, soft granules.
Grandinia mucida, Fr., Elench., p. 217; Stev.,Fung., p. 255.
On rotting wood. Effused for several inches. Subgela-
tinous when moist, corrugated when dry.
POEOTHELIUM. Fries (emended), (figs. 14, 15, p. 149.)
Thin and entirely resupinate, the surface covered with
small warts that eventually become more or less perforated at
the apex, basidia tetraspoi'ous, borne on the outer surface of
the warts as in Hydnum.
Porothelium, Fries, Obs. ii. j). 272 ; Stev., Brit. Fung.,
p. 231.
The present genus was placed by Fries in the Folyporeae,
and considered as showing some afSnity with Fistulina in the
structure of the pores, which are at first solid, then exca-
vated, but in reality the basidia do not line the pores, as in
the Polyporeae, but the hymenium covers the outer surface of
the warts or projections as in the Hydneae, and the species
are very close to certain of the resupinate Hydnums that
have the tips of the spines more or less excavated.
Porothelium Keithii. B. & Br.
ClosL'ly adnate, inseparable, thin, at first subgelatinous,
forming patches 1-2 in. across, pale umber, margin very
thin, subpulverulent ; warts scattered, short, at length col-
lapsing, gelatinous in the centre ; spores linear-oblong,
5x2//,.
Porothelium Keithii, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1084;
Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 231.
On dead fir. Distinguished amongst British species by
VOL. I. N
178 FUNGUS-FLOKA.
the flingy pale nmber colour and subgelatinous consistency
when growing.
Porothelium Friesii. Mont.
Forming Lroadly efiused, thin, inseparable white or pale
ochraceous patches of irregular form 1-3 in. across, flocculoso-
mcmbranaceoiis ; margin thin, sterile, minutely fibrilloso-
radiate ; warts immersed, perforated at the apex, yellowish,
scattered, at length becoming ojDen ; spores colourless, ellip-
tical, 5 X 3 /A.
Porothelium Friesii, Montagne, Ann. Sci. Nat. (1836), vol. v.
p. 339 ; Cke., Hdbk., n. 840, fig. 69.
On bark and wood. Resembling a thin Corticiiun, and care
must be taken not to confound the present species with thin
forms of Coriicium lacunosum and C. porosnm, both of which
are distinguished hy the waxy, polished hymenium.
Porothelium confusum. P.. &r,r. (figs. 14, 15, p. 149.)
Broadly and irregularly elfused, closely adnate and insepa-
rable, thin, pallid, waxy-looking and rather polished, margin
byssoid ; pai)illae scattered, distinct, very short, excavated at
the tip ; spores 4-5 x 1 • 5 /x.
Porotlielium confusum, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. v.,
vol. i. p. 24, no. 1685; Stev., Fung., p. 231.
On wood, sticks, &c. Often vaguely and irregularly
effused, thin, dirty white, dingy pale buff when dry; pa-
pillae or pores not more than | line long.
Porothelium Stevensoni. B. & Br,
Substance rather thick, gelatinous, effused, closely adnate,
whitish, margin rather coarsely hispid, at length almost
smooth ; papillae distinct, scattered, bearing at the apex a
diaphanous yellow globule, interstices waxy, polished ; spores
4 X 1 • 5 /i.
Porothelium Stevensoni, B. X' Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1683;
Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 231, fig. Ixxi.
On old pine-rail. Almost white when fresh, becoming
yellowisli when old. The limi)id globule is at first pale.
When fnll grown the ])apilla is from four to five times as
long as the diameter of the globule. The mycelium imparts
a sweet scent to the wood. Found in greatest perfection
ODONTIA. 179
on the under side of very old pine-rail lying on the ground.
(B. & Br.).
Warts not more than ^ line high, the limpid globule
consists of resin derived from the matrix.
ODONTIA. Pers. (figs. 18, 19, p. 149.)
Eesupinate, effused, consisting of interwoven hyphae,
dry, not waxy ; surface warted, rarely spinulose, warts or
spines cristate at the apex.
Odontia, Pers., Obs;. ii. p. 16; Stev., B. Fung., p. 256.
Thin, resupinate fungi, known by the crested or penicillate
apices of the warts or spines.
Hymenium formed of fibres interwoven into papillose
warts, rarely awl or bristle-like, furnished at the apex with
a multifid crest.
Eesupinate, spreading fungi, dry, not waxy, approaching
more to Hi/dnum. (Fries.)
Odontia fimbriata. Pers. (figs. 18, 19, p. 1-19.)
Cinnamon or pale buff, often tinged lilac, thin, broadly
effused, traversed by prominent branching veins, margin
fringed ; warts small, tips crested.
Odontia fimbriata, Pers., Obs. i. p. 88 ; Stev., B. Fung.,
p. 257.
On dead wood. Often very broadly effused, entirely
resupinate, usually a beautiful fawn-colour, appearing
to the naked eye as being densely covered with small
granules, which, when magnified, are seen to be fringed at
the tips.
In young perfect specimens the membrane is furnished
with branched ribs, which adhere less firmly to the matrix.
Margin most elegantly radiato-fibrillose, wliite. T)rj speci-
mens are of a uniform fawn-colour, sometimes the fimbri-
ated margin is entirely absent. Warts at first granular,
minute, at length elongated. (Berk.)
Odontia barba-jovis. Fr.
White, then pale yellowish-tan, membranaceous, effused ;
warts conical, ?-} in. long, with an orange fringe at the
apex ; spores subglobose, 5-6 /a diam.
N 2
ISO FUNGUS-FLORA.
Odontia harla-jocis, Fr., Hyin. Eur., p. G27; Stev., B. F,,
p. 257.
On decaj-iug wood. Spreading 12 in. and more. Distin-
guished from BaduluM querchmia by the finiLriated orange
tips of the spines.
On the under side of wood \yn\^ on the ground. Some-
times a foot or more broad ; white when young, then yel-
lowish rufous ; membranaceous, composed of the finest down,
margin byssoid, pure white. Spines simple, about 2 lines
long, their tips somewhat penicillate. (Fries.)
KNIEFFIA. Fr. (figs. 16, 17, p. 149.)
Hymenium covering the whole exposed surface, destitute
of granules and warts, but bearing scattered or fasciculate
bristles. Basidium bearing a single sterigma. Broadly effused,
thin, and encrusting, or m the most perfect form growing
out of cracks in the bark, and assuming various shapes.
Knifffia, Fr., Epicr., p. 529 ; Stev., Fung., p. 257.
Tiio minute bristles do not bear the hymenium, as is the
case with the spines in Ui/dninii, but are barren outgrowths
from the flat liymenial surface, and in this respect only
diilering from Corticiuru. In Penlojihora the minute spines
covering the hymenium ditier in consisting of single large
cells — cystidia.
Knieffia setigera. Fr. (figs. 16, 17, p. 149.)
White, i)ale butf Avlien dry, broadly effused, sometimes
ratlier thick and flesh}', at others a mere film, bristles very
minute, hyaline, scattered.
Knir[)ia svthji'ra, Fr., Epicr., p. 529 ; Stev., Fung., ]>. 25().
Form very variable. Fries says that large specimens
reach the size of an apple, but commonly thin and eifnsed.
J British specimens, so far as I am aware, are always eifused
and entirely resupinate, forming a thin white layer that
follows the irregularities of the matrix; superficially re-
sembling Grandiuia (jrannhmi, but distinguished under a
pocket-lens by the minute, bristle-like .spines.
Kniefiia subgelatinosa. B. k Br.
Thin, Bubgelatinous, yellowish, then pale bulf; spines very
minute, scattered ; spores broadly elliptical, apiculate,
4 X 2 • 5 /x.
KNIEFFIA — MUCRONELLA. 181
Knieffi,a subgelatinosa, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1-444;
Stev., B. F., p. 258.
On fir stnmps. Forming a very thin, broadly effused
subgelatinoiis film.
^o^
MUCRONELLA. Fr. (fig. 8, p. 149.)
Sporophore obsolete ; spines subulate, simple, acute, gla-
brous, scattered or fasciculate, and then more or less con-
nate at the base ; basidia monosporous.
Mucronella, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 629 ; Sacc, Syll. vii.
p. 512.
Mihcronia, Fries, S. V. S., p. 329 (not Mucronea of Ben-
tham).
A peculiar genus, resembling Uijdnum in the aculeate
spines, but differiug in the absence of the sporophore or
resupinate })ortion from which the spines originate in Hijd-
num. Also differing in the monosporous basidia, which,
in Mucronella calva, the only species I have examined, are
but slightly or not at all inflated upwards, and suggest
the conidiophores of some Ilypliomycetous fungus, as Isaria.
It may possibly be shown at some time, that the species of
Mucronella are conidial conditions of some higher form, as
Ptijcho</asfer has been already proved to be the conidial
condition of Polyporus.
Mucronella calva. Fr. (fig. 8, p. 149.)
Si)ines i— 1 in. lung, very slender, whitish, then grey,
scattered, quite smooth and even, and covered externally,
except at the tips, with slender, subeqiial, monosporous ba-
sidia ; spores subglobose, apiculate, colourless, 4r-5 /a diameter.
Mucronella calva, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 629 ; Sacc, Syll. vi,
n. 70:58.
Hydnum calvum, Albertini and Schweinitz, p. 271, t. 10,
f. 8.
On rotten pino and other wood. The spines are erect,
not .V mm. thick at the base, tapering to the apex, either
scattered or gregarious. Very much resembling the upright,
spine-like bodies not uncommon on trunks, and obviously
belonging to yoimg mycelium. The present species differs
from sucli in bearing globose spore-liko bodies.
182 FUNGUS-FLORA.
FAIL V,
POLYPOREAE.
In the preceding famity, the Hydneae, the hymenophore
in ty'pical genera was seen to "be furnished with distinct
outgTowths, either under the form of acute, tapering spine.s,
blunt papillae, or finger-like projections, which in every'
instance produced the hymenium on their outer surface. In
the present family the hymenophore consists of hollow tubes
bearing the hymenium on their inner surface, the outer
surface being sterile. In the genus PMehia, belonging to
the Hydneae, the markings of the hymenophore are reduced
to slightly developed radiating or contorted wrinkles or veins,
which ill some species are minutely and irregularly toothed,
hence the characteristic teeth are altogether wanting. In
like manner the genus Merul'ms, belonging to the Poliiporeae
has the porous hymenium, characteristic of the family,
leduced to very shallow and usually irregular depressions,
formed by slightly elevated ridges or wrinkles on the surface.
In both the above genera the entire substance is more or less
gelatinous, and the two genera must be considered as forming
a connecting link l)etween the two families. In Daedalea
the tubes are often more or less elongated, and the partition-
walls or dissepiments gill-like, thus connecting the Poly-
jjoreae with the Agaricincao through the genus Lenzitcs,
belonging to the last-named family. In several species of
Fovtcs the liymenium is furnished with numerous large,
coloured, fusiform or conical, jigid cystidia, as in tlie genus
Hymenochaetc. All such species are included by Ellis, the
American mycologist, in a new genus called Miicronoporus.
POLYPOREAE.
Sporophore pileate, with a central or lateral stem, hori-
zontal and attached by a broad base, or entirely resupinate.
POLYPOEEAE. 183
Hyinenophore inferior and jjointing to the ground in the
higher forms, turned towards the light in resupinate forms,
normally porous ; pores rounded, angular or elongated and
sinuous, bearing on their inner surface the usually tetra-
sporous basidia, accompanied in some species by cystidia.
Spores continuous, colourless or coloured.
Fohjj^orei, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 495.
ANALYSIS OF THE GENEBA.
POLYPOREAE.
Merulius. — Subgelatinous. Tubes very shallow, formed by
anastomosing wrinkles; resupinate.
Daedalea.^ — Tubes as in Trametes, but sinuous and laby-
rinthiform ; corky ; not stratose ; sessile.
Trametes. — Tubes immersed in flesh of pileus, of various
depths, hence not forming a heterogeneous stratum,
subcylindrical, not stratose ; corky ; sessile.
Poria. — Tubes as in Polyporus, not stratose ; entirely resu-
pinate.
Polystictus. — Tubes as in Polyporus, not stratose, generally
developing from the centre to the margin, at fir.st
shallow and punctiform, coriaceous or membranaceous.
Fomes. — Tubes as in Pohj])orus, often stratose ; woody ;
sessile, dimidiate.
Polyporus. — Stratum of tubes distinct from hymenophore,
but not separable, not stratose; fleshy and tough,
stipitate or sessile.
Fistulina. — Fleshy, lateral, tubes crowded but distinct.
Strobilomyces. — Tubes like Boletus, but pileus with large
scales ; stem central.
Boletus. — Stratum of tubes easily separable from hymeno-
phore ; stem central.
184
FUNGUS-FLORA.
MEEULIUS. 185
MEEULIUS. Hall, (fig. 13, p. 184.)
Hymenophore resting on a loose mucedinous mycelium,
covered with the soft, continuous hymenium, having its
surface variously plicate or rugose, the folds forming irre-
gular pores, and sometimes obsoletely toothed ; spores colour-
less or coloured.
Merulius, Hall, Helv. (emend.), p. 150 ; Stev., Fung., p.
227.
Mostly growing on wood, at first soft and mucedinous,
when the hymenium is formed often subgelatinous. Eesu-
pinate or efiuso-reflexed. Distinguished from Plilehia by
the irregularly porous hymenium, and from Poria by the
very shallow irregular pores and the soft consistency.
FIGURES ILLUSTRATING THE POLYPOREAE.
Fig. 1, Daedalea quercina, entire fungus; much reduced; — Fig. 2,
Trametes gibhosa, entire fungus ; much reduced ; — Fig. 3, section of same ;
much reduced; — Fig. 4, Boletus luteun, entire fungus ; much reduced; —
Fig. 5, section of same ; much reduced ; — Fig. 6, Basidium with four
spores of same ; highly mag. : — Fig. 7, Strohilomyces strohilaceus, spores
of : highly mag. ; — Fig. 8, Fistulina hepattca, group of plants ; much
reduced ; — Fig. 9, spores of same ; highly mag. ; — Fig 10, section of same ;
much reduced ; — Fig. 11, Poria meduUa-panis, portion of a specimen; nat.
size ; — Fig. 12, section of same, showing the exceedingly thin stratum of
flesh ; nat. size ; — Fig. 13, Merulius corium, two parts of plants, one
effused, with the upper margin free and reflexed ; the other resupiuate, with
the margin free ; nat. size; — Fig. 14, Polyporus fumosus, illutstruting the
dimidiate or imbricated, horizontal, laterally attached form ; nat. size ; —
Fig. 15, section of same, showing the very short tubes : nat. size ; — Fig. IG,
Polyporus perennis, illustrating the niesopod or central stemmed type, the
pileus is infundibuliform or funnel-shaped ; nat. size ; — Fig. 17, section of
same; nat. size; — Fig. 18, Pohjxtictus vrrsicolor, showing tiie velvety,
zoned, upper surface of the pileus; small specimen, nat. size; — Fig. 19,
portion of under or hymenial surface of same, showing tlie openings of the
minute pores ; nat. size ; — Fig. 20, Fomcs viiilarius, portion of a plant,
showing the thick, hoof-shaped, concentrically sulcate pileus ; the section
shows tlie stratified tubes, each stratum corresponding to one year's
growth ; reduced ; — Fig. 21, Porta dordoniennis, showing the variable,
irregularly angular openings of the tubes ; enlarged.
186 FUNGUS-FLORA.
I. Spores coloured.
Merulius lacrymans. Fr.
Broadly effused, usually entirely rcsupinate, but sometimes
efFuso-reflexed, thick, soft and rather nudist, ssilky or minutely
velvety below, yellowish-l>ruwn or dark brown in the centre,
shading oft" to the tumid, sterile, silky, Avhite or yellow sterile
margin; folds large, gyrose, sometimes irregTilarly toothed;
spores rusty yellow, obliquely elliptical, 10-12 x 5-6 /x.
Merulius lacrijmans, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 328 ; Stev.,
Fung., p, 230.
On trunks, worked wood, carpet, &c. Patches varying
from 2-3 in. to a foot and more in diameter, }, in. or more
thick at times. Very variable, but distinguished by the
slightly gelatinous substance, irregularly rngulo.se hymenium,
and briglit rusty orange spores. Exuding drops of water
when growing.
Whole plant generally resupinatc, soft, tender, at first
very light, cottony and white. When the veins ap])('ar they
are of a fine yellow-orange or reddish- brown, foruiinsr irre-
gular folds, most frequently so arranged as to have the
appearance of 2)ores, but never anything like tubes, and
<listilling, Avhen perfect, drops of water. Sometimes the
jiileus or substance of the jilant, from its situation, produces
pendent processes like inverted cones. (Grev.)
II. Spores icMfe.
* Crust aceo-adnate, margin more or less tomentose.
Merulius Carmichaelanus. IJerk.
White, Ibrming a very thin, adnate pellicle irregularly
ciTused for 1-2 in., folds very slightly prominent, very thin,
forming a fairly equal, angular network; whole plant
becoming brown when dry.
Merulius Carviichaelanus, Berk., Outl., p. 256 ; Stov., Fung.,
p. 230.
(Jn bark. Pores often hexagonal, very shallow, by which
character it is distinguished from the white species of
Poria.
MERULIUS. 187
Entire plant resupinate, smooth, so thin as to he almost
like a membrane, of no regular form, effused, of a pure -white
colour, changing when dry to a pinkish-brown, the margin
membranaceous, and between byssoid and laciniate. My
specimen is 2-3 inches in breadth. Pores occupying almost
the whole substance of the plant, very shallow, minute,
more resembling:: somewhat hexagonal little pits or cavities
than pores, the dissepiments very thin. Spores very minute,
globose. (Grev.)
The present minute but very curious species forms a mere
pellicle, in its dry state of an uniform dull-brown, scarcely
distinguishable from the bark on which it grows ; but when
examined with a moderate magnifying power, the regular
often hexagonal reticulations exhibit a very elegant appear-
ance, like the cells of a honeycomb, but quite superficial.
(Berk.)
Merulius pallens. Berk.
Pale-reddisb, adnata, fleshy, somewhat gelatinous, thin,
inseparable, margin indeterminate ; folds poriform, pores
minute ; spores globose, 4 yu, diameter,
MeruUus imllens, Berk., Outl., p. 296; Stev., Fung., p. 229.
On fir and oak.
Merulius serpens. Tode.
Crustaceo-adnate, thin, almost glabrous, pallid then red-
dish, margin byssoid, white ; hymenium with the folds at
first free, then anastomosing and forming variously formed
pores ; spores cylindrical, 4x2 /x.
Merulius serpens, Tode, Abh. Hall. i. p. 355 ; Stev., Fung.,
p. 229.
On rotten pine. Extending in a wavy manner for 2 in. or
more. Closely adnate, inseparable.
Merulius rufus. Pers.
Crustaceo-adnate, often effused for 1-3 in., substance
soft, smooth, reddish flesh-colour, sometimes with a purple
tinge, margin almost smooth ; hymenium distinctly and
equally porous ; spores subglobose, 5 /x diameter.
MeruJius rufus, Pers., Syn., p. 498 ; Stev., Fung., p. 229.
On dead wood. General appearance and hymenium of
188 FUXGUS-FLOKA.
Pohjporns ( = Poria), but distinguished by the soft nature of
the hymenopliore.
Merulius porinoides. Fr.
Thin, crustaceo-adnatc, margin byssoid, white, hymenium
dingy yellow, folds poriform.
3[cruUns porinoides, Fries, Syst. 'Mjc. i. p. 329 ; Stev.,
Brit. Fung., p. 22lt.
On dead wood, chips, bark, &c., and on the ground. Often
forming patches 1-3 in. across.
** Hesujpinato-effused, separable, thin, under-surface and margin
byssoid or fibrillose.
Merulius laeticolor. B. & Br.
Eesupinate, adnato, bright orange ; margin tomentose,
white ; hymenium even, then plicato-rugose, folds distant ;
spores subglobose, 6-7 /x diam.
Merulius laeticolor, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1681 ; Stev.,
Fung., p. 228.
On sawdust and leaves. Resembling M. aureus, a species
not yet found in Britain, but known by its brighter orange
colour and white byssoid margin.
Merulius molluscus. Fr.
Effused, thin, soft, membranaceous, margin byssoid, white ;
folds of hymenium puroso-gyrose, flesh-colour, spores ellip-
tical, 4 X 3 yu..
Merulius molluscus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 329 ; Stev., Fung.,
p. 229.
On wood and branches. Sometimes shortly rcflexed, with
the hymenium gyroso-dentate from the first, and not reticu-
lated. Hymenium often brown with age. Elfused for 1-3
in.
Merulius himantioides. Fr.
Eifused, very soft, silky, lilac, margin byssoid; hymenium
dingy yellow or with an olive tinge, folds irregular, forming
vague pores; spores yellowish, broadly elliptical, 7-8 X 6 yu,.
Merulius himantioides. Fries, Syst. ]\Iyc. i. p. 329; Stev.,
Fung., p. 228.
On pine wood, club-mosses, <fec. Somewhat resembling
M. lacrymans, but thinner and not pulverulent.
***
MERULIUS. 189
3Iargin determinate, effnso-reflexed.
Merulius tremellosus. Sclirad.
Resupinate ; margin becoming free and more or less
reflexed, usually radiato-dentate, gelatinoso-cartilaginous ;
hymenium variously rugose and porous ; whitish and sub-
translucent looking, becoming tinged brown in the centre ;
spores cylindrical, curved, about 4 x 1 /a.
Mendius tremellosus, Schrad., SiDic, p. 139; Stev., Fung.,
p. 227.
On wood. From 1-3 in. across, remaining pale when
growing in dark places. Margin sometimes tinged rose,
radiating when well developed.
Merulius corium. Fr. (fig. 13, p. 18-i.)
Eesupinato-eifused for 3-4 in. or often more, upper margin
usually free and reflexed ; pileus whitish, silky or tomentose,
substance thin, pliant ; hymenium reticulato-porous, from
pale ochraceous to clear tan; spores oblong, 8-10 x 3-4 yu..
Merulius corium. Fries, Elench., p. 58 ; Stev., Fung., p. 228,
On trunks and branches. Very variable, but known by
the white, silky pileus and the reticulato-porous ochraceous
hymenium. The hymenium is sometimes tinged with lilac
or rose-colour.
Pileus 2-3 in. long, or more, and often nearly as broad,
resupinate, byssoid at the margin when young, but after-
wards entire, and more or less free at the circumference.
Colour pale buff, in age somewhat reddish in the centre.
Substance very leathery, flexible, tough, varying in thick-
ness, but mostly rather thin. Hymenium minutely and
distinctly reticulated, the spaces between the reticulations
concave, irregular. (Grev.)
Plant 2-3 in. broad ; sometimes completely effused,
with a white byssoid margin, or even the whole pileus is
regularly reflexed ; often imbricated ; white, pubescent and
zoned above, below pale buff or lilac, variously sinuato-rugose
or reticulato-porous ; very various in thickness, being some-
times a mere pellicle, while, on the contrary, individuals occur
as thick as Stereum hirsutum. I have seen it covering the
stump of a felled tree in the greatest jjrofusion, imbricated
190 FUNGUS-FLOEA.
and completely reflexet!, witli tlio hymenium beautifuU}-
tiuged with lilac. (Berk.)
Merulius aurantiacus. Klotzsch.
Effuso-reflexed l-l?r in. across, subcoriaceous, tough, dingy
white, yellowish, or grey, coarsely tomentose, indistinctly
zoned; hymeniuna minutely rugulose, somewhat porose,
orange.
Mendius aurantiacus, Klotzsch, in Berk., Engl. El. v.
p. 128; Stev., Fung., p. 228.
On decaying trunks.
Pileus 1 in. broad ; zones obsolete, hirsuto-tomentose.
Nearly allied to Merulius corium. (Berk.)
DAEDALEA. Pers. (fig. 1, p. 184.)
Firm, corky or woody ; pores becoming elongated and
irregularly sinuous, dissepiments corky and often flexible.
Daedalca, Pers., Syn., p. 449 ; Stev., Fung. Brit., p. 224.
Distinguished from Tramctes and PoJi/purun by the very
much contorted and sinuous pores ; flesh at flrst soft and
moist, trama jiresent, but not distinct in colour or texture
froiu flesh of pilous.
Il^'menophore descending unchanged into the trama,
which is firmer than in Tramefes. Pores, when fully formed,
lab3rinthiform, lacerated, and toothed. In habit the species
resemble Tramctes, but they are inodorous, and must not be
confounded with the siiecies of Poli/jjurus that have elougated,
curved pores. (W. G. Smith.)
* Dimidiate, sessile on a hroad or narrow hose.
Daedalea quercina. Pers. (fig. 1, p. 184.)
Every part i)ale Avood-culour ; pileus corky, rngulose,
uneven ; pores at first roundeil, becoming very much con-
torted and elongated, broad, dissejiiments very thick,
flexible.
Daedalea quercina, Pars., Syn., p. 500 ; Stev., Brit. Fung.,
p. 224.
DAEDALEA. 191
On dead oak stumiis, and trunks. Eeacliing to 6 in. or
more across ; pores |— 1 in. deep, dissepiments flexible.
Pileus dimidiate, sessile, of a pale buff colour, and firm and
corky substance. The surface is marked with concentric
lines, which are sometimes changed into concentric ridges,
more or less rough, with little knobs and inequalities, but
always glabrous, and having a woody appearance to the eye.
Hymenium composed of large, deep, sinuous, irregularly
anastomosing lamellae, of a paler colour than the pileus,
entire and rounded at the edges. The form of the pileus is
very inconstant. In general it is more or less semicircular,
nearly horizontal, subentire, and the hymenium forming
either a boldly convex or nearly straight line from the margin
to the base, where the lamellae are often two inches in length.
Sometimes numerous smaller pilei are attached inseparably
together in various directions, and press one another out of
shape. In like manner the hymenium also varies, and some-
times permits the lamellae to fall down like the folds of a
curtain. The flesh is of a pale reddish-brown, darker than
the lamellae ; and though of considerable substance in some
specimens, in others is scarcely thicker than one eighth of an
inch. (Grev.)
Perennial. Pileus 5-6 in. broad, sessile, dimidiate, of a
pale woody appearance, smooth, marked with concentric
raised or depressed zones and little radiating wrinkles, the
margin in well-grown specimens is thin, but in ill-developed
individuals swollen and blunt, in which state it is D. gihhosa,
Pnrt. Gills of the same colour as the pileus, with sometimes
a slight shade of pink, woody, thick, sinuous, branched and
anastomosing, so as to form long wavy pores a line or more
broad. Sometimes the whole plant is resupinate or decurrent,
in which case the partitions are often elongated into tooth-
like processes. (Berk.)
Daedalea aurea. Fr.
Pileus 1-2 in. across, rather thin, coarsely velvety, golden
or tawny, more or less zoned ; pores narrow, very sinuate,
with the flesh pale yellow.
Daedalea aurea, Fries, Syst. M. i. p. 339 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 224.
On oak, &c. Pileus more or less triangular.
192 rUNGUS-FLOEA.
Daedalea confragosa. Pers.
Pileus corky, 2-5 iu. across, rcddisli-lirown, indistinctly
zoned, scaLrid, flesh wood-colour, thick at base; pores
rounded, becoming narrowly sinuous and torn, grey, then
brownish.
Daedalea confragosa, Pers., Syn., p. 501 ; Stev., Brit. Fung.,
p. 225.
On willow, itc.
Daedalea cinerea. Fr.
Pileus 1-4 inches broad, corky, thick behind, becoming
thin towards the margin, silky, zoned, greyish, margin paler ;
pores minute, elongated, very sinuous, white or greyish.
Daedalea cinerea, Fr., Syst. Myc. i. p. 336 ; Stev., Fung.,
p. 225.
On dead trunks, perennial, flesh thick o-l in. at base,
stratose, pale buff.
Daedalea iinicolor. Fr.
Usually imbricated or broadly effused, rather thin ; pileus
grey, zoned, velvety ; hymenium grey, pores long, sinuous,
dissepiments often broken up into teeth.
Daedalea unicolor. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 336 ; Stev.,
Fung., p. 225.
On stumps, trunks, rails, Szc. Eeaching 4-6 in. across.
Often imbricated for a foot or more.
Imbricated. Pileus 2-4 in. broad, zoned, densely villous,
often green from minute algae, pores narrow, small, irregular,
unequal, subflexuous. (Berk.)
**
Resujjinaie.
Daedalea latissima. Vr.
Very broadly effused, thick, pale wood-colour outside and
inside, tliick, corky, zoned or stratose within; pores narrow,
some very long and much contorted, others roundish.
Daedalea latissima. Fries, Sytst. Myc. i, p. 340 ; Stev.,
Brit. Fung., p. 225.
On dead wood. Often spreading for a foot or more in a
continuous sheet.
TKABIETES. 193
Daedalea vermicularis. Pers.
Thin, closely adnate, broadly effused, pores short, waved,
becoming small and rounded towards the margin, flesh-
colour with a rufous tinge.
Daedalea vermicularis, Pers., Myc. Eur. 3, p. 2 ; Stev.,
Fung,, p. 226.
On the ground, attached by fibres.
Daedalea ferruginea. Schum.
Pileus resupinate or effuso-reflexed, pale yellowish rust-
colour; pores rusty-brown, narrowly sinuous, with a con-
spicuous broad, sterile margin.
Daedalea ferruginea, Schum., in Fr., Syst. Myc. i. p. 339 ;
Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 226.
Subcircular, ^1|- in. across. On wood.
TEAMETES. Fr. (figs. 2,3, p. 184.)
Pores roundish or more or less elongated radially; dis-
sepiments rather thick, often unequal in depth and not form-
ing a heterogeneous stratum, hence the trama is continuous
with the flesh of the sporophore.
Trametes, Fries, Epicr., p. 488 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 221,
Forming a connecting link between the genera Daedalea
on the one hand and Polyporus and Polystictus on the other.
The former is separated by the long, sinuous pores, and more
obvious gill-like form of the dissepiments, the two latter by
having the pores of uniform length, the thinner dissepiments,
and smaller size of the circular or angular, not elongated
pores.
The species grow on wood, and so far as British species
are concerned, are more or less semicircular in form and
attached laterally by a broad base, or otherwise resupinate.
The substance becomes hard, woody or corky. Several are
sweet-scented.
Hymenophore descending unchanged into the trama of the
pores, which is permanently similar to the substance of the
pileus. Pores concrete with the pileus, at first very small,
then open, obtuse, entire, equal, round or linear, not laby-
rinthiform or lacerated. Corky or woody fungi, arboreal,
always dimidiate, at first generally fragrant, and never acid.
VOL. I. 0
194 FUNGUS-FLORA.
* Dimidiate.
■f Flesh hroicn or ferruginous.
Trametes pini. Fr.
More or less bcinicirculav in outline, horizontal, attaclied
by a Lroad, thick base, pileus rusty-brown, then blackish, con-
centrically silicate, rough, strigose at tlie margin, flesh tawny
ferruginous, hard ; pores irregular, roundish or elongated,
deep and indistinctly stratified in old specimens, bright
ferruginous, with yellow tinge, becoming dusky.
Trametes pini, riles, Syst. Myc. i. p. 336 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 221.
On living pine ti'unks. From 2-4 in. across, flesh thick
liehind, pores about \ in. deep first year, but the species is
perennial and eventually the annual strata collectively
become 1 in. or more thick. Smell slight, pleasant. Pores
average J— 1 uim. in diameter.
fl Flesh ivhitish.
Trametes gibbosa. Fr. (figs. 2, 3, p. 184.)
Horizontal, sometimes imbricated, semicircular or rather
narrowed behind at the point of attachment ; pileus con-
centrically zoned, minutely velvety, white, greyish with age,
margin thick, obtuse, flesh white, corky, thickest behind,
pores about ^ in. deep, small, usually elongated radially.
Trametes r/ibhosn, Fries, Epicr., p. 492 ; Stev., Fung., p. 222.
On 6tum])s, trunks, posts, ikc. A fine large species often
reaching 4- G in. across, and 3-4 in. from back to front, about
rj in. thick at the back, sometimes altogether smaller. Known
by the white, velvety concentrically zoned pileus and the
narrow pores a little elongated in a radial direction. Some-
times the pores are quite irregular in form, average size
2 mm. long by \ mm. wide.
Sessile, dimidiate, zoned, corky, hard, idastic, zones convex
and t.uberculated, dirty-white, beaulilully velvety, when old
cinereous and green from miinite algai', the edge obtuse or
sul)acute, often projecting at the base and very gibbous, but
not invariably so ; sulistance white ; pores linear, mostly
straight, except at the base, where they are roundish or
irregular, very narrow, pale tan. (Berk.)
TEAMETES. 195
Gregarious but scarcely caespitosely imbricated ; pilens
corky, whitish, at length powdered with green, pnlvinate,
elastic, subtomentose, sometimes zoned, size variable (1-4
in. broad), base often porrecto-gibbous, margin obtuse,
often obscure gvej, pileus at length becoming greyish ; flesh
white, very tough, pores oblong, straight, some subrotund,
white. (Fries.)
The green colour mentioned by Fries is due to the pre-
sence of minute algae which grow amongst the tomentum of
the pileus.
Trametes BuUiardi. Fr.
Pileus 2-4 in. across, f-1 in. thick at point of attachment,
becoming thinner and subacute towards the margin, white,
then brownish, becoming zoned; flesh whitish, then wood-
colour ; pores irregularly roundish, unequal, i in. deep,
pallid, then rufescent ; odour fragrant.
Trametes BuUiardi, Fries, Epicr., p. 421 ; Stev., Brit. Fung.,
p. 222.
On dead wood. The pores average about 1 mm. in
diameter, some larger.
Trametes suaveolens. Fr.
Horizontal, 3-6 in. across, often 1 in. or more thick at the
point of attachment, becoming thinner towards the margin ;
pileus villose, whitish, zoneless, flesh thick, white, corky;
pores I" in. or more in length, irregularly rounded, rather
large, white, becoming fuscous; spores cylindric-oblong
6 X 2 • 5 /u, ; odour s]ucy.
Trametes suaveolens. Fries, Epicr., p. 491 ; Stev., Fung.,
p. __^.
On trunks, especially willow. The pores average about
1 mm. in diameter.
• Easily distinguished by its odour (when young) which
resembles aniseed. White at first, then rufescent, zoned and
scabrous, within dingy straw-colour. (Fries.)
The present species is not our only scented one, the other
characters must be taken in combination.
Trametes odora. Fr.
Horizontal, 2-4 in. across, 2 in. from front to back, up to
0 2
196 FUNGUS-FLORA.
1 in. thick at point of attacliment, becoming tliin towards
the margin ; pileus whitish, smooth, even, zoneless, villous ;
flesh thick, soft, and corky, whitish ; pores -l~l in. deep,
round and fairly regular, small, pale ochraceous ; odour
fragrant, spicy.
Tramctes odora, Fries, Epicr., p. 491 ; Stev., Brit. Fung.,
p. ^^_,
On willow. Eesembling Trametes suaveolcns, from which
it difiers in the shorter, and much smaller, regular, round
pores that average about two in the- space of 1 mm., dis-
sejjiments thick.
Trametes inodora. Fr.
Inodorous, 2-3 in. across, 7,-f in. thick at base, tapering
to a thin acute margin ; pileus minutely velvety, white or
tinged yellow and often obsoletely zoned, flesh white, corky ;
pores }.—\ in. deep, persistently whitish, small, subangular
or usually elongated.
Trametes inodora. Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 584 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 223.
On stumps, &c. Distinguished amongst the white hori-
zontal forms by being inodorous, and the persistent white
colour of the pores, which average about \-]^ mm. wide and
1-1?, mm. in length; sometimes roundish. The pileus is
sometimes tinged with pink at the base, and when dry often
has faint yellow zones.
** Hesupinate.
Trametes serpens. Fr.
Wliite, resujiinate, closely adnate, inseparable, margin
determinate, pubescent, at iirst erumpent, orbicular, then
confluent and f( inning elongated patches ; pores very shallow,
rounded or angular, iine(j[ual.
Trametes serjjcns, Fries, Ilym. Eur. i. p. 58G ; Stev., Fung.,
p. 223.
Folyporm StcplicnsU, B. & J'>r., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 35G._
On bark. Thickness, including pores about J in. thick ;
pores very shallow, pit-like, about I mm. across. The entire
fungus becomes pale ochraceous with age.
POEIA. l97
Trametes mollis. Fr.
Eesuj)iuate, often broadly effused, determinate, submem-
branaceous, separable, pale wood-colour then brownish,
margin at length more or less reflexed, umber and pubescent
below ; pores large, unequal ; dissepiments often torn.
Trametes mollis, Fries, Hym. Eui'., p. 585 ; Stev., Fung.,
p. 223.
Polyporus cervinus, Pers., Myc. Eur. ii. p, 87 ; Berk., Outl.,
p. 247.
On wood and branches, especially beech. Well marked
by the resupinate habit and large, irregular, shallow pores,
measuring on an average, 5-I mm. when angular or roundish,
often larger and elongated, but not sinuous as in Daedalea.
Becoming blackish ; often subcircular at first, then elongated
for several inches.
Trametes Terrei. B. & Br.
Eesupinate, pulvinate, about 3 in. across, 1 in. thick in
the centre, thinning away on every side to the margin;
substance white, corky, firm; pores angular, rather large,
here and there sinuate, pallid.
Trametes Terrei, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist. n. 1571 ; Stev,,
Brit. Fung., p. 223.
On beech. The type specimen, fortunately, is in a good
state of preservation, and is likely to remain unique, as
suggesting a " sport " more than the type of a new species.
The pores average about ^| mm., here and there elongated
and more or less wavy or sinuous.
POEIA. Pers. (figs. 11, 12, 21, p. 184.)
Entirely resupinate, forming more or less extended patches
or thin membranaceous expansions; pores forming a con-
tinuous stratum, springing from a thin woody or waxy layer
which in some instances is exceedingly thin and rudimen-
tary.
Poria, Persoon, Syn., p. 542 (as a subgenus) ; Sacc, Syll.
vi. p. 292. Pohjporiis (resupinatae) of most authors.
Separated from the old genus Pohjporus on account of the
entirely resupinate habit. It is probable that many f jrms
at present considered as species will prove to be resupinate
198 rUNGUS-FLOKA.
conditions of Poli/siidus and Fomes ; however, until evidence
is forthcoming, such must be considered as entities.
ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES OF PORIA.
I. Pores persistently white, or hecoming pallid or pale
ochraceous when drj', hut never assuming bright tints.
II. Pores white, changing to brown, green, red, or some
colour other than pallid or ochraceous Avhen dr3^
III. Pores white, with a more or less decided tinge of red
or flesh-colour when growing.
IV. Pores when growing, bright yellow, ochraceous, or
honey-colour.
V. Pures, umber, rufous, brown, purple, flesh-colour, or
cinnamon.
I. Pores persistently ichitisli.
Poria vaporaria. Fr.
Broadly effused, thin, inseparable, the white mycelium
penetrating the matrix ; pores large, angular, white then
cream-colour, forming a continuous stratum.
Pohiporus vaporarim. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 382 ; Stev.,
Brit. Fung., p. 219.
On dead trunks, branches, &c. Often broadly effused,
inseparable, pores very variable, large, angular, often ir-
regularly torn and more or less oblique, appearing as if
sunk into the matrix, usually bark, whitish or i^allid,
becoming pale ochraceous when dry. Pores often reach-
ing 1 mm. in length.
Var. secernibilis, P.. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1022;
Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 219.
White, lioney-coluur when dry, separable from the matrix.
On fir leaves under moss.
Poria mollusca. Fr.
Effused, thin, soft, white, margin filirillosc, radiating ;
pores short, minute, roundish, very thin and unequally torn,
occupying the central iiortiun of the patch or here and there
in scattered clusters, j— a nnn- diameter.
PoJi/porm mollui^rns. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 384; Stev.,
Brit. Fung., p. 218.
POKIA. 199
On rotten wood, also on dead leaves. Sometimes broadly
effused, known by the fringed, fibrillose margin ; the partitions
of the pores are very thin and usually toothed or torn.
Sometimes tinged with yellow.
At fir.st forming a mere fringed byssoid membrane, which
gradually acquires moderate, rigid, subrotund, and angular
pores, the partitions of which are so thin that they very
generally become lacerated. (Berk.)
Poria vulgaris. Fr.
Broadly eft'used, white, flesh obsolete, consisting almost
entirely of closely packed, minute, round, subequal tubes
about i— 1 line long ; margin soon even and smooth.
Poria vulgaris. Fries, Syst. Myc. i., p. 381.
Polyporus vulgaris, Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 218.
On dead wood, branches, &c. Often effused for 8-12 in.,
inseparable except in fragments. Pores vertical or oblique,
sometimes yellowish, i-i mm. across.
Poria medulla-panis. Fr. (fig. 11-12, p. 184.)
White, effused, circumference naked, determinate, more or
less marginate ; flesh obsolete, consisting almost entirely of
rather long, entire, medium-sized pores.
Polijporus medulla-panis. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 380 ; Stev.,
Fung., p. 216.
On rotten wood, branches. Sec. Forming patches 2-4 in.
across, about 2 lines thick. Becoming rigid and separable
when dry. Sometimes tinged yellow when old. Said to
grow on the grotmd.
Effused, white, becoming yellowish in age, roundish,
tolerably defined, dry, thickish, following in some degree
the inequalities of the wood. Pores elongated, roundish,
straight or oblique, according to situation. Flesh almost
none. (Grev.)
Pores about :[-^- mm. across.
Poria vitrea. Pers.
Broadly and unequally effused, separable, whitish, sub-
hyaline, indeterminate, margin thin, villous ; pores minute,
entire, rather long, roundish, straight or oblique according
to situation.
200 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Polyporus vitrens, Pers., Obs. i. p. 15; Stev., Brit, Fung.,
p. 217.
Ou rotten wood, esjieciall}^ fir. Sliining, 2 lines thick or
more ; recognised L}- the rather thick clastic flesh below the
pores, which separates readily from the matrix. Pores about
I mm. diameter.
Distinguished by its distinct xylostromatoid substratum,
which separates easily from the matrix. (B. & Br.)
Poria Hibernica. B. & Br.
Apjiearing as Binall, orbicular spots which soon become
confluent and form broadly extended white patches, adnata,
inseparable, white, margin narrow, very thin, radiato-
byssoid; jiores very short, dissepiments thin, Arm, acute,
almost entire, openings small, polygonal ; spores elliptical,
5 X S IX.
JPoljiporus (resupinatus) Hihernicus, Berk, and Broome,
Ann. Kat. Hist., n. 1291 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 579.
On decorticated pine. Distinguished from Porta Gor-
doniensis by being inseparable, and from P. radula and P.
vaporaria by the size of the spores, also by the smaller
and more regularly angular openings of the pores, and by
the thin, firm, usually entire and acute dissepiments. Pores
\—\ nmi. across.
Poria Gordoniensis. B. & Br. (fig. 21, p. 184.)
Eftused fur 1-2 in., very thin and meuibranaceous but
separable from the matrix, i)crsistently white ; margin
shortly fimbriate ; poi'cs minute, unequal, angular, dis-
sepiments very thin, minutely toothed at the margin.
Pohiporiis Gonhiiiii'uNis, ]5crk. & Broome, Ann. Nat. Hist.,
n. 1028; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 210.
On fir poles.
An extremely delicate s[)ecies, but, not in the slightest
degree innate. The margin remains snow-white, and the
pores themselves change colour only very slightly in drying.
(B. & Br.)
Forming patches 1 in. across or more; pores 3 to 4 in the
space of 1 mm. Superficially resembling P. hibernica, but
distinguished l)y tlio toi-n margins of the dissepiments, and
in being separable from the matrix.
POKIA. 201
Poria blepharistoma. B. & Br.
Entirely resupinate, very thin, snow-wliite, mycelium
cobweb-like, somewhat pulverulent ; pores small, dissepi-
ments thin, edge finely toothed, spores elliptical, apiculate,
colourless, 5 x 3 /x.
Pohjporus hlepharistoma, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1434 ;
Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 220.
On dead wood, branches, &c. Forming exceedingly thin,
persistently snow-white patches 1-2 iu. across. Pores
exceedingly shallow, about -^- mm. across.
Poria farinella. Fr.
White, broadly and irregularly effused, thin, mycelium
floccose or pulverulent, not interwoven ; pores forming a
continuous stratum, unequal, somewhat flexuous and intri-
cate, dissepiments thin.
Pohjporus farinellus. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 384; Stev.,
Brit. Fung., p. 220.
On dead beech wood, &c. Very variable, almost dis-
appearing on being touched, with the substance of Corticium
sambuci. Pores about l- mm. across.
Poria reticulata. Fr.
Orbicular, white, thin, soon disappearing, margin floccose,
byssoid, radiating, pores distant, resembling cup-shaped
depressions in the substance.
Poljiporus reticulatus, Fries, Syst., Myc. i. p. 355 ; Stev.,
Brit. Fung., p. 220.
On rotten wood. The dissepiments of the rather large,
shallow pores resembling a network, pores about -^ mm.
across.
Poria Vaillantii. Fr.
White, thin, the cord-like spreading mycelium connected
imperfectly by a membranaceous exi:)ansion ; pores short,
rather large, unequal, produced here and there in clusters,
dissepiments thin.
Pohjporus Vaillantii, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 383; Stev.,
Brit. Fung., p. 219.
On dead wood. Perhaps an abnormal or imperfectly
developed condition of some species. The principal feature
is the spreading, cord-like, white mycelium connected by a
202 FUNGUS-FLORA.
thin membranaceous film that liere and there produces
clusters of large, irregular pores averaging about ^ mm.
across.
Forming a thin, white, or slightly rufescent, bj^ssoid,
broadlj' efl'used, close membrane, here and there traversed by-
rooting ribs. (Fries.)
Poria callosa. Fr.
Broadly ell'used, white, equal, tough, separable like a
sheet of leather, flesh thick, firm, but not ligid, 1-2 lines
thick, everywhere covered with round, equal, quite entire
pores that form a firm stratum, spores obliquely elliptical,
6 X 3 • 5 /x,.
Poll/poms callosus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 381 ; Stev., Brit
Fung., p. 217.
On rotten Avood. Readily known by the thick, leather-
like flesh, and by separating readily from the substratum.
Poria mucida. Fr.
White, then ^lallid, rather thick, soft, subimmersed, margin
indeterminate, byssoid, pores medium-sized, unequal, torn,
seated on the flesh formed by the mj^celium.
Polyporus miicidus, Fries, Sj'st. Myc. i. p. 382; Stev.,
Brit. Fung., p. 217.
On rotten fir wood. Forming patches .5-6 in. or more
long, I in. or more thick. Varies, softer or firmer according
to the position, but is moderately persistent, generally moist,
much thicker than P. mollusca. Tubes 1-3 mm. long, pores
l—)j mm. across.
Poria hybrid a. V>. & Br.
White, inyccliuin forming rather thick, felt-like patches
or branched, creeping strands ; pores long, minute, slender,
in scattered patelies, not forming a continuous hymenium ;
spores elliptic-oblong, colourless, 4 x 2 /t.
Pohjporiis liijhridua, Berk. & Broome, in Berk., Outl.,
p. xviii ; Stev., Fung., p. 221.
On oak wood. Causing tlio dry-rot of oak ships. Sup-
posed by Fries to be a nun bid form of some species (perhaiis
P. destructor), its [)eculiarities caused by the abnormal con-
dition under which it occurs. Pores about } mm. diameter,
2—4 mm. long.
PORIA. 203
Poria collabefacta. B. & Br.
Forming white, very smooth, Corticium-like patches ; the
formation of the pores appears to be dixe to the collapsing of
the substance, short; margin obtuse; spores colourless,
elliptic-oblong, 4 x 1 " 5 /x.
Pohjporus collabefactus, B, & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1432 ;
Stev., Fung., p. 21*8.
On dead wood. The barren parts resemble exactly a very
smooth Corticium after the fashion of C. calceum ; the pores
seem first to arise from the mere collapsing of the substance,
always shallow ; margin obtuse. (B. & Br.)
Size of depressions or pores very variable, ■^— | mm. across.
Much more like an abnormal Corticium than a Poria.
Poria radula. Fr.
Effused, thin, white, formed entirely from the loose, dry
mycelium, villous below ; pores medium-sized, angular,
dissepiments toothed, pubescent when young.
Pohjporus radula. Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 578 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 219.
On wood, dry branches, &c. With the habit of P. sanguino-
lenta, but much looser and drier in texture, also separable
from the matrix and not turning red when bruised. Pores
about I mm. across, sometimes oblique, usually bounded by
a sterile margin.
Poria obducens. Pers.
White, effused, incrusting, innate, inseparable, pores,
minute, short, flesh almost obsolete, distinctly stratose,
stratified portion pale bufi"; spores elliptical 4x2//,.
Polyporus obducens, Persoon, Myc. Eur., ii. p. 104 ; Stev.,
Brit. Fung., p. 217.
On rotten wood. During the first year somewhat re-
sembling P. vulgaris, afterwards becoming stratose, a single
stratum of pores about 1 line thick being formed annually
on the surface of the layer of the previous season. Some-
times small pileoli are formed, and in all probability the
present is only a resupinate condition of Fomes connatus.
Poria hymenocystis. B. & Br.
Snow-white, mycelium below and at the margin cobweb-
like ; pores shallow, large, at length pallid, the very thin
204 FUNGUS-FLORA.
scarious dissepiments at length collapsing; spores colourless,
subglohose, minute, 3 x 2 /u,.
Poh/jyorus hymenocystis, 13. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1810
bis ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 220.
On dead Avood, Exceedingly thin, margin minutely
byssoid, in some places almost indeterminate, pores about
^ mm, across, readily known by the large pores, collapsing
dissepiments, and especially the minute, subglobose spores.
11. Wliite, changing to some other colour when dry.
Poria subfusco-flavida. Eost.
Patches broadly efi'usod and becoming confluent, thin,
coriaceous, dry, closely adnate, changing from white to
yellowish brown ; margin thin, byssoid, white, determinate;
pores minute, irregular.
On old dead oak wood, planks, &c. Extending for 8-12
in. The pores appear when viewed one, way of a greyish-
brown, and the other white. (B. k Br.)
Poria viridans. Berk.
Effused, thin, crustaceo-adnate, at first white, becoming
])allid green when dry, margin tomentose ; pores minute,
angular, dissepiments very thin ; spores, 4 /a 2-5 ^.
Poh/porus viridans. Berk. & Br., n. 347 ; Stev., Brit. Fung.,
p. 21G.
On rotten wood. Eflfused, forming patches a few inches
long, perfectly white at first, but in drying assuming a deli-
cate pale green, with a honey-like tinge in parts ; border
pulverulento-tomentose, very thin; pores minute, angular,
dissepiments thin. This pretty species has the habit of
P. vulgaris. (B. & Br.)
Bores about -[ mm. across.
Poria Renneyi. B. & Br.
Subiculum rather thick, at fir.st somewhat frothy, then
dry, white, changing to citron- yellow when dry; jtores
white, scantily produced, elongated, dissepiments thin ;
sjiores numerous, colourless, elliptical, minute, 3 x 1*5 /x.
Puhjporus Benneyi, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1433 ;
Stev./ Brit. Fung., p. 215.
PORTA. 205
On stumps, and running on the ground. Pores 2-3 mm.
long, openings rather irregular, averaging about ^ mm. across.
Poria terrestris. Fr.
Effused, very thin, composed of delicate byssoid hyphae,
white, evanescent ; pores central, very minute, white, then
rufescent.
Pohjporus terrestris. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 383 ; Sacc.,Syll.
vi. n. 6150; Stev. Fung., p. 216.
On the ground or on rotten wood in close damp places.
Very thin, almost disappearing when touched. Pores
angular, very shallow, about i mm. across.
Poria cincta. Berk.
White, turning pallid, forming small, erect, scattered
tufts, each tuft encircled by radiating strigose fibres ; pores
exceedingly minute, pallid ochraceous, darker when dry,
angular dissepiments very thin, minutely toothed at the edge ;
spores subglobose, colourless, 4-5 [x.
Pohjporus cinctus, Berk., Outl., p. 250 ; Stev., Brit. Fung.,
p. 215.
On old deal boards. Some of the patches are barren, and
some at leng-th become confluent. Under favourable circum-
stances a distinct hymenium, 1^ line thick, with a free,
even, abrupt, vertical circumference, is formed in the centre
of each tuft. Pores so minute as to be scarcely visible to the
naked eye. The colour of the whole plant is pale ochraceous,
more or less tawny when dry. (Berk.)
Tubes two lines long, pores -^— ^t- mm. across. Whole
fungus brown and rigid when dry,
Poria subgelatinosa. B. & Br.
Orbicular, margin raised, subgelatinous, whitish tomen-
tose, becoming blackish ; pores grey, small, edge of the
dissepiments acute, entire; spores colourless, broadly ellip-
tical, 4 X 2-5-3 /x.
Pohjporus subgelatinosus, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1569;
Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 216.
On dead wood, parasitic on Pohjporus amorphus.
This singular species forms little pulvinato masses, with
an obtuse raised border, which is at first tomentoso and
pallid, of a subgelatinous consistence, and turning black.
206 FUNGUS-FLORA.
The pores are of a pale delicate grey, with an acute, even
edge, about J„ of an inch in diameter. We cannot point out
any species to wliich it is allied. (B. & Br.)
Bores about \ ram. across, angular, very shallow.
Poria sanguinolenta. A. & S.
Nodulose, soon confluent, effused, soft, white, but becoming
blood-red when touched ; the byssoid margin soon disappear-
ing : pores roundish, small, unequal, becoming torn.
Poh/poriis sanquinohntus, Albertini and Schweinitz, Lusat.,
p. 257 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 218.
On dead branches, rails, Szc. First appearing as small,
detached mycelioid tufts, which soon become confluent and
form a continuous, often broadly effused, thin stratum ;
sul^stance soft and becoming red at once when injured, in
this respect resembling Corticium sangnineum. Pores very
irregular in form, about ^ mm. across. The plant usually
contracts much during drj-ing, and is consequently torn into
in-egular patches.
III. Pores white, tinged red or Jiesh-colour.
Poria rhodella. Fr.
Effused, soft, thin, closely attached to the matrix, white,
with a pink or rosy tinge, margin determinate, naked ; pores
minute, short, subrotund, not at all torn.
Poljiporus rliodellus. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 380 ; Stev.,
Brit. Fung., p. 213.
On trunks of beech, fir, &c.
Poria micans. Fr.
Effused, orliicular, usually becoming confluent, soft, white,
with a flesh-tinge ; margin white byssoid ; pores very
shallow, angular, resembling honeycomb, walls exceedingly
thin, somewhat toothed under a lens.
Pohjijoriis micans. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 383 ; Stev., Fung.,
}). 213.
On dead wood, rotten trunks, &c. Distinguished from
P. rhodelhis by the angular pores and white byssoid margin.
Pores very irregular in size and form, always angular,
^— ^ mm. diameter.
POEIA. 20i
IV. Pores yelloio, ochraceous, or honey-colour.
Poria Laestadii. Fr. & Berk.
Snlostance thin, white, very brittle, separable ; hymeBinm
tuberculose here and there ; pores short, bright citron-
yellow, circular or rather elongated and sinuous, very
minute ; spores 5 X 2'5 fx.
Polyporus Laestadii, Fries & Berk., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 2025.
On the underside of a deal board in a hot-house. Colour
bright persistent yellow ; forming confluent patches many
inches in length ; substance from 1-2 lines thick, compact,
white, surface irregular, nodulose, the lumps varying in size
from a pin's head to that of a pea and larger ; pores exceed-
ingly short, sometimes circular, 4-5 in the space of 1 mm.
or elongated and curved. Judging from the specimens, the
fungus appears to be perennial, a new stratum of pores
developing each year, the latest stratum bright primrose-
yellow.
Poria nitida. A. & S.
Effused, subadnate, determinate, margin villous, yellow
or almost golden ; pores short, minute, round, equal, shining.
Polyporus nitidiis. Alb. & Schw., Lus., p. 258 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 214.
On rotten wood. Eecognised by its bright yellow colour.
Crust-like, adnate.
Poria bombycina. Fr.
Effused, silky-membranaceous, loosely attached to the
matrix, dirty yellow, margin velvety ; j)ores large, angular
and sinuous ; spores elliptic-oblong, 6-7 X 4 /a.
Polyporus homhycinus, Fries, Elench. i. p. 117 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 214.
On rotten wood, &c. Pores at first appearing as roundish
depressions in the loosely silky substance of the fungus,
then becoming angular and sinuous, when regular about
-^ mm. across.
Poria ramentacea. B. & Br.
Somewhat orl>icular ; subicnlum white, tomentose, margin
obsolete ; pores honey-colour, large, somewhat hexagonal,
dissepiments thin, rather rigid, entire ; spores 6 x 3 /x.
208 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Polyposis ramcntacens, B. & Br., Aun. Nat. Hist., n. 1809 ;
Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 214.
On dead branches. Pores ^— | mm. across. Fungus car-
tilaginous and horny when dry.
V. Pores timber, rufous, brown, purjjle, Jiesli-colour or cinnamon.
Poria umbrina. Fr.
Kesupinatc, effused, up to ]y in. thick; surface rather
uneven, umber with a rufous tinge, pores minute, roundish,
tmequal ; margin smooth, paler than the hymenium.
Poli/porus nmbrimis, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 571 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung.', p. 211.
On trunks. Extending for 2-3 in., flesh almost obsolete ;
distinguished amongst its allies by the dingy umber colour
and pale, smooth margin.
Poria rufa. Fr.
Effused, thin, closely adnate, coriaceous, determinate,
blood-red with a rufous tinge; pores minute, thin.
Poli/jporus rufiis. Fries, Epicr., p. 484 ; Stev., Brit. Fung.,
p. 2i;i.
On branches and prostrate trunks. Margin byssoid Avhcn
young.
Poria aneirina. Sommcrf.
Effused, thin, subinnate, margin white, byssoid ; pores
large, wax}^, angular, even, fulvous.
Poh/jjorus aneirinus, Sommerfeldt, Lapp., j). 276; Stev.,
Brit. Fung., p. 214.
On dead wood and branches, of poplar more especiallv.
Commencing as in P. bomhycina as a b^'ssoid membrane from
which the pores are formed, which at length become waxy,
generally exMctlj- hexagonal, and tawn}^ or fulvous, ?;-l mm.
across. Distinguished by its large pores, the hymenium of
which has a peculiar smooth, waxy as2)ect. (B. & Br.)
Usually beconiing much contracted and cracked nr torn
during drying.
Poria incarnata. Fr.
Broadly ell'used, corky-coriaceous, persistent, firm, upper
margin frequently reflexed ; hymenium liesh-colour, pores
elongated, unequal, commonly oblique.
POEIA. 209
Poh/porus incarnatus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 378 ; Stev.,
Brit. Fung., p. 213.
On rotten pine and fir trunks. Often efifused for 3-6 in.
in length, upper margin frequently shortly reflexed. Care
must be taken not to confound the present species with
Poli/stidus abietinus, which differs in the large, lacerated
violet pores, that eventually become pale and more or less
cinnamon colour.
Efifused, irregular, thin, coriaceous, marginate, or im-
marginate ; margin white, cottony, rather thick, as if there
was a tendency to become reflexed. Pores about ^ mm.
diameter, minute, very short, round, sub-equal, straight or
oblique, of a fine flesh-colour, approaching in some cases to
orange. Sometimes small cottony protuberances occur
amongst the pores, which have the appearance of small
pilei with tubes underneath. (Grev.)
Poria violacea. Fr.
Efifused, determinate, thin, violet-colour, closely adnate,
pores very shallow, cellular as if formed by upraised veins
or ridges, entire ; spores elliptical, 7 x 4 /x., tinged yellow.
Pohjponis violaceus, Fries, Obs. ii. p. 263; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 212.
On fir stumps, trunks, poles, &c. Somewhat resembling
Merulius in the shallow pores. Care must be taken not to
confound the pi-esent species with Polystictus abietinus, which
differs in the deeper torn pores, and is also usually more or
less reflexed. Pores from ^f mm. across.
Allied to Merulius, for which a young specimen might
easily be taken. (Cke.)
Poria purpurea. Fr.
Broadly and irregularly efifused, the white flocculose
mycelium creeping over the surface of rotten wood and pro-
ducing here and there groups of minute, unequal, purple-
lilac pores about 1 line long.
Polyporus purpureus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 379 ; Stev.,
Brit. Fung., p. 212.
On rotten trunks of beech and willow. Often broadly
effused. The violet colour usually disappears during drying.
Pores about ^ mm. across.
VOL. I. p
210 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Poria contigua. Fr.
EfFiiscd, altuiit .V in. thick, firm, when young cinnamon,
dingy when old ; pores rather large, equal, entire ; margin
at first villose.
Puhjijorus coniiguus. Fries, Hym. Syst. Myc. i. p. 378 ;
Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 212.
On rotten wood, fallen branches, &c. Not so broadly
effused as P. ferrnginea, from which it is also known by tlie
absence of a rust-coloured tinge. There is often a yellowish-
orange tinge about growing specimens ; when dry often
obscure brown ; pores about ^ mm. across.
Doubtful species.
Poria bathypora. Kostk.
Effused, white, margin thin, byssoid ; pores rather large,
cup-shaped, margin of dissepiments toothed.
Pohjiwrus hatliijporus, Rostk. in Sturm's Deutschl. Cr. FL,
p. 4, t. 59 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 220.
On dead wood. In the British specimen referred by
Berkeley to the above species, the pores are shallow and
varying from ]— J mm. across.
POLYSTICTUS. Fr.
Pileus coriaceous, membranaceous, or rather spongy, ino-
dermeous, i.e. cuticle thin and loosely fibrous. Tubes first
a])peariiig in the centre and successively developing towards
the margin ; at first superficial and distinct, then becoming
deeper and more crowded, not stratose.
Pohjstirtus, Fries, Nov. Symli., p. 54; Cke., Prae. Poly,,
Grev., p. 77, 188G.
Polyporus, of most authors.
Separated from the genus Polyporus in the old sense, by
certain ])eculiaritie8 of structure ; the species are thin,
usually flaccid, never hard and woody, mesopod, dimidiate,
and imbricated, or effuso-reflexed and almost resupinate,
pileus velvety or strigos(>, ])ores shallow, never stratose,
towards the margin (jften sterile or with imperfect pores.
In Pohjporus, as understood in the present work, and
Fames, the tubes are fully formed from Iho first, i.e., not at
POLYSTICTUS. 211
first superficial and developing by degrees. Poh/sf ictus differs
from Tramctes, to which genus it is closely allied, by the
unequal length of the tubes in the latter, which run to
various depths into the flesh, whereas in Polystictus, as also
in Poli/porus, Fomes, and Poria, the tubes are of equal length,
i.e. originate from the sporophore at one common level, a
character seen in a section of the fungus through the sporo-
phore and stratum of tubes.
I. MESOPUS.
Stem central.
Polystictus perennis. Fr. (figs. 16, 17, p. 184.)
Pileus plano-infundibuliform, 1-3 in. across, thin, cori-
aceous, tough, velvety becoming smooth, zoned, clear cinna-
mon, then yellowish brick-red ; stem firm biit not hard,
■§—1^ in. high, thickened below, minutely velvety ; pores very
short, minute, angular, dissepiments becoming torn ; at first
with a white bloom, then naked ; spores elliptical, hyaline,
4-5 X 2-5 fji.
Pohfporus perennis, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 350 ; Sowei'by,
Brit. Fung., t. 192.
On the ground under trees, &c. ; also on trunks. Pileua
funnel-shaped or expanded and only umbilicate ; stem central,
whole plant elastic when growing.
Autumn and winter, remaining through the following
summer in a growing state. Pileus 1^2 in. broad, varying
in depth of colour, cup-shaped when young, nearly plane
when old ; often confluent, zoned, soft and velvety and
marked with little raised radiating lines, giving it a striated
appearance ; margin fimbriate or laciniated. Pores small,
roundish or angular, at length torn, decurrent. Stem 1 in.
high, vaiying greatly in thickness, very tough, velvety,
bulbous at the base. (Berk.)
Polystictus cinnamomeus. Sacc.
Pileus rather corky, flaccid, piano-depressed or subinfun-
dibuliform, velvety, becoming smooth, vivid cinnamon, shin-
ing, with evanescent brown zones, f-ll in. across, pores
rather large, angular, brownish-cinnamon, when dry fulvous ;
stem 1-li in, long, 2 lines thick, velvety, for the most part
p 2
212 FUNGUS-FLOKA.
attenuated downwards, but tlie base is sometiiucs tuberous,
coloured like the pileus ; flesli similarly coloured, rather
nauseous ; spores subgloboso-ellipsoid, yellow, G-7 x 4—5 /x.
Poh/jwrus cinnamomeiis, Saccardo, Michelia, i. p. 362 ; Bre-
sadola, Trid., p. 89, t. 99.
Boletus cinnainomeus, Jacq. Collect, i. p. 116, t. 2.
On the ground imder trees. Generally solitarj', rarely
subcacspitose. Distinct from P. jperennis in the larger
pores.
II. APUS.
Sessile, dimidiate.
* Pileus dark coloured.
Polystictus versioolor. Fries, (figs. 18, 19, p. 184.)
Pileus horizontal, thin, coriaceous, rigid, flat, slightly
depressed behind, densely velvety, shining, with variously
coloured concentric zones ; pores ver^'- short, minute, dissepi-
ments acute, becoming torn, white, then very pale buff.
Polyporus versicolor. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 368 ; Sowerby,
Fung., t. 229.
On trunks, stumps, branches, &c. Often semicirciilar or
flabelliform and imbricated, 2-3 in, across, \ in. thick, mar-
gin thinner ; pileus dark green with brown or orange narrow
concentric zones, lint colours variable. Hymenium plane,
pores white, then cream-colour, often obsolete towards the
margin, about \ mm. across.
Variable ; sometimes quite rcsupinate, or with the margin
reflexed ; more generally dimidiate and densely imbricated,
occasionally'^ spuriously stipitate, more or less lobed, villous,
marked witli regular concentric smooth shining zones of
vari(jus colours, sometimes entirely white, and not unfre-
quently the whole surface is villous, and the zones mere
dejiressions. (Berk.)
Tufted, subimbricated, thin, velvety, not strigose, margin
often almost glal>rous, iiallid. Pores white, shining. The
pileus is sometimes yellowish clay-colo\ir ; the zones also
vary in colour through rufous, rusty, yellowish, white, &c.
Var. fuscatus. Fr.
ZonelesB, 1)r(jwii, pcjres yellow, torn into teeth. (Fries.)
POLYSTICTUS. 213
Polystictus radiatus. Fr.
Pileus corky, coriaceous, rigid, radiato-rugose, at first vel-
vety, foxy, then glabrous and rusty-brown, margin spread-
ing, wavy; pores minute, pallid, with a silvery sheen, at
length rust-coloured.
Polyporus radiatus. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 3G9 ; Cke.,
Hdbk,, p. 278.
Boletus radiatus, Sow., t. 196.
On alder, hazel, &c.
Tawny specimens of Polystictus versicolor sometimes occur,
very much resembling this species ; but it appears from
Sowerby's own specimens, as well as the opinion of Fries, to
be altogether distinct. (Berk.)
Imbricated, about 1 in. across, ferruginous, radiating from
the base, paler towards the sinuous margin, indistinctly
zoned. Pores minute, rounded, white, or dingy yellow.
(Fries.)
Polystictus polymorphus. Eostk.
Pileus 1 in. and more across, resupinate, effused, coriaceous,
margin reflexed, crisped, glabrous, umber ; pores rather
large, angular, torn, pallid.
Polijporus j^olymorjjJius, Rostk., 4, t. 56; Stev., Brit. Fung,,
p. 209.
On branches, worked wood, <kG. The above description is
taken from the figure of Rostkovius, in the description the
pileus is said to be pale bay.
*** Pileus whitish, yellowish, or pale-tan.
Polystictus hirsutus. Fr.
Pileus between corky and coriaceous, 1-3 in. across, con-
vexo-plaue, covered with dense hair-like pile, whitish all
over, concentrically zoned ; pores roundish, obtuse, white, then
brownish ; spores linear-elliptic, 4-5 x 2 /;i.
Polyporus hirsutus, Fr., Syst. Myc. i. p. 367 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 210.
On trunks. The typical form varies as follows : — B. pores
entirely white. C. Pores with the opening yellow, puro
white within. D. Pores obtuse, angular. E. Margin of the
pileus rust-colour. F. Pileus becoming blackish.
214 FUNGUS-FLORA.
With the habit and general appearance of Puhjstidus versi-
color, hut quite distinct ; pores about ^ mm, across.
Often imbricated and continuously efiused behind. Dis-
tinguished from P. velutinus by the coarsely strigose pileus
and the different spores.
Both surfaces almost plane, reniform, often imbricated,
about 2 in. long, 1^ in. broad, zones coloured like the pileus.
Substance tough, soft. Pores of medium size, equal, be-
coming grey; sometimes yellow, but always internally
white. (Fries.)
Polystictus velutinus. Fr.
Horizontal, laterally attached, thin, corky-coriaceous then
rigid; pileus velvety, indistinctly zoned, white, becoming
yellowish, margin straight, acute ; jdane on both surfaces ;
pores short, subangular, white, disseiDiments thin ; spores
broadly elliptic-oblong, obliquely apiculate, 5 X 4 /a.
Pohjporus velutinus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 368 ; Berk.,
OutL "Fung., p. 248.
On trunks, stumps, &c. Sometimes imbricated, 1-3 in.
across, about ^r in. thick. Moist when j'oung, then becoming
hard ; pileus not shining, as in Pdli/stidus versicolor, from
which it is also distinguished by the whitish colour. Pores
about three in 1 mm.
More or less imbricated. Pileus 2-3 in. broad, velvety,
undulated, obscurely zoned, between corky and leathery,
margin thinner than in the following species ( = Polystictus
versicolor), shrinking and curling inwards when dried ;
colours various, whitish with a cottony margin, yellowish-
fuscous, or brownish-grey ; the latter is most common.
Pores whitish or yellowish, minute, round, very short, often
disappearing near the margin. (Grev.)
I'ileus convex when young, then depressed, thin, white or
pale yellowish, about 2 in. across. Pores small, equal, dingy,
white or yellowish. (Fries.)
Polystictus gossypinus. licv.
"White, i'ileus 1—1 in. acioss, coriaceous, effuso-reflexed,
flattened, thin, tomentose, zoueless ; flesh thin, white ; tubes
1-2 lines or more long, pores lal)yrinthiform, then angular,
rather large, greyish, dissepiments thin, more or less torn.
POLYSTICTUS. 215
Polyporus gossypimis, Leveille, Aun. Sci. Nat,, 1843, p. 124;
Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 209.
On trunks, furze stems, &c. Tubes very irregular, some-
times almost resembling plates or teeth, three or four times
as long as the thickness of the flesh of the pileus.
Polystictus abietinus. Fr.
Pileus thin, coriaceous, flaccid, efi"uso-reflexed, or sometimes
entirely resupinate, silky-villose, greyish-white or with an
ochraceous tinge, indistinctly zoned ; pores shallow, unequal ;
dissepiments torn, violet, becoming pale ; spores elliptic-
oblong, 4 X 1 • 5 /x,.
Poh/porus abietinus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 370 ; Stev.,
Brit. Fung., p. 211.
On trunks of decaying fir-trees. Pilei 2-3 in. long, often
much more, and in many instances more or less completely
covering the trunk, either completely resupinate, with the
margin variously lobed, owing to the confluence of several
individuals, or with the upper margin more or less reflexed,
and then often densely imbricated. Pores ^-1 mm. in length,
mxich torn, violet, then bleached.
Plants often growing in so crowded a manner as to cover
a considerable extent of surface. Pileus circular, entire, or
somewhat lobed, about 2 in. in breadth, thin, coriaceous, re-
supinate at first, at length sometimes reflexed and undulate
at the margin, villose, whitish, more or less impressed with
obscure narrow zones. Hymenium at first of a pale violet
colour, becoming brownish in the centre. Pores while
young roundish, entire, short, quickly assuming an irregular
lacerate and sinuous form. The first commencement of this
beautiful species is a minute plane tuft of radiating, silky
filaments, which begins to show a few central, roundish,
entire pores, while scarcely ^ in. in breadth ; in maturity,
the pores become torn and toothed in every direction, and
often entirely lose the character of a Polyporus, except at the
extreme margin, where they commonly preserve their generic
character. In decay the white of the pileus becomes tinged
with green, the whole plant dries up, and the pores quite lose
their violet colour. (Grov.)
Polystictus Wynnei. B. & Br.
Pileus coriaceous, cti'uso-reflexed, silky, variously incrust-
216 FUNGUS-FLORA.
ing, clay-colour, zoned with raised lines ; pores minute, an-
gular, white.
Pohiiwrm (Inoderinci) Wijnnei, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist.,
n. 807 ; Berk., Outh, p. 270.
Running over twigs, grass, &c.
Thin, incrusting various substances, with the margin more
or less broadly reliected, tan-coloured, sericeous, and marked
with raised lines ; pores -r,^ in. across, angular, white, acquir-
ing a slight tint like that of the pileus in drying. This
species has somewhat the habit of P. amoiyhus, but is not of
so fleshy a texture. Specimens have been submitted to Fries,
who says that he is unacquainted with the species, and I
have therefore no hesitation in proposing it as new. (B. & Br.)
FOMES. Fries.
Pileus hard and woody from the first, texture consisting
of interwoven hyphae, covered with a hard, rigid, crustaceous
cuticle, zoneless, but often concentrically sulcate ; perennial,
formius: successive strata, but the latest formed stratum alone
living.
Fomcs, Fries, Nov. Symb., p. 31 ; Cooke, Praec, p. 117.
Polyjjorus, most authors.
Stem central, lateral, dimidiate, or sometimes entirely
rcsupinate. The present genus includes those species
included in Folyporus as understood in the old sense, cha-
racterised by a hard, woody,, often concentrically sulcate
pileus, and by the stratose tubes, resulting from the peren-
nial nature of the species.
ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES.
I. Pleuropus.
Stem lateral.
II. Ai'us.
Sessile ; dimidiate, effuso-reflexed, or almost entirely
rcsupinate.
* I'ileus whitish.
** Pileus rose-colour.
*■** Pileus ferruginous, brownish, tawny, &c., always
coloured.
FOMES. 217
I. PLEUEOPUS.
Stem lateral.
Fomes lucidus. Fr.
Horizontal, flabelliform or subreniform, laterally stipitate,
pileus 2-6 in. across, corky then bard and woody, sulca to-
rugose, blood-red with a chestnut tinge, polished, shining,
pores ^-l- in. long, minute, whitish then cinnamon ; stem
variable in length, rugose, coloured and polished like the
pileus; spores 7 x 5 /j.., brown.
Polyporus lucidus. Fries, N. S., p. 61 ; Berk., Outl., t. 16,
f. 2.
On trunks, cl'-c. Stem varying from less than 1 in. to
6 in. long, readily known by the deep-red pileus and stem
that are highly polished, as if varnished. Pores averaging
|- mm. across.
Pileus 2-6 inches broad, generally more or less oblique,
very variable in thickness, rugose, often marked with con-
centric grooves or ridges, chocolate-brown, the edge often
tawny or bright chestnut, shining as if varnished, with
occasionally a vitreous appearance. Pores very minute,
subrotund, pale, equal, at length cinnamon. Stem 6-10
inches high, 1 inch or more thick, rugose, marked occasion-
ally with transverse lines of growth, shining like the pileus ;
sometimes obsolete. Both the pileus and stem are occasion-
ally marked with minute wavy wrinkles. A most beaiitiful
and highly curious species, occurring in most parts of the
world. (Berk.)
Pileus of a coriaceous or corky, firm substance, very in-
constant in its form, pileus 4-8 inches in breadth, usually
more or less reniform, sometimes flabelliform, rarely orbicular ;
nearly plane, rugose, and marked with concentric lines or
grooves, glabrous, shining as if highly varnished. Colour
yellowish at first, then bright chestnut, in old age almost
black. Flesh thick, very firm, delicately fibrous, pale, at
length reddish ; the pores of the same colour, equal, roundish,
very minute, either short or rather long, according to cir-
cumstances. Stipes either almost wanting, or 6—10 inches in
height, mostly erect and lateral, rarely centrical or ventrical.
It is often an inch or more in thickness, very hard, of the
218 FUNGUS-FLORA.
same colour and shining appearance as the pileus. I have
had no opportunity of tracing the growth of this fungus,
hut Mr. Purton informs us, that the lacquered appearance is
occasioned by a thick, glutinous, reddish juice, which exudes
from every part of the pileus and stipes, and soon dries.
(Grev.)
II. Arus.
Sessile, dimidiate or effuso-reflexed.
* Pileus whitisJi.
Fomes ulmarius. Fr.
Pileus white, effused, sometimes with an obtuse free
margin, corky, then woody and hard, cuticle crustaceous,
tuberculose, smooth ; flesh white ; tubes stratose, whitish,
pores minute, rounded, yellowish or at first ta^nay, spores
elliptical, 7-8 X 4 /x.
Pohjpurus uhnarius, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 3G5 ; Berk.,
Engl. Fl., vol. V. p. 142 ; Cooke, Hdbk,, p. 27G.
On old elm trunks.
Effused, with an obtuse, occasionally free margin, forming
a new stratum every year, so that a section gives several
distinct layers of pores and flesh, alternating with each
otlier ; flesh white ; pores minutely tawny ; substance when
dry, hard and corky. (Berk.)
Pileus 4r-10 in. across, often yellowish with age. Tubes
i-| in. long when old and stratifled; pores about ] mm.
across.
Fomes populinus. Fr.
White, pileus between corky and woody, rigid, zoneless,
villose, margin obtuse ; white within ; pores minute, short,
rounded.
Pohjporus jxijiiiliiiHS, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 367; Fries,
llym. Eur., ]). .^><)4.
On white poplar.
Iml)ricatcd, grown together at the dccurrent base, trans-
versely dilatfd. J have the same on black ])oplar nearly
solitary, pileus at first floccoso-mealy, very hard and woody
when old. Both are white within, not stratose. (Fries.)
FOMES. 219
Fomes cytisinus. Berk.
Dimidiate, imbricated, 8-12 in. long, 4-6 in. broad, pileus
coarsely tuberculated, hard, woody, margin slightly incurved,
flesh about 1 in. thick behind, becoming thin towards the
margin, fibrous but hard and compact, whitish ; tubes 1 in.
long behind, shorter in front, pores minute, rounded,
whitish ; spores subglobose, 5 /x. diameter.
Pohjporus cytisinus. Berk., Engl. Flora, vol. v. p. 142 ;
Berk., Outl., p. 247 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 207.
Boletus suberosus. Sow., t. 288.
On laburnum.
Imbricated, above a foot across, dimidiate, quite smooth
(at least when dry), but coarsely tuberculated. Substance
slightly zoned, very thick and close, pale, evidently com-
posed of two or three successive layers. This is certainly
the same as Boletus suberosus, Sowerby. (Berk.)
Fomes connatus. Fr.
Between corky and woody, effuso-reflexed, densely im-
bricated, growing into each other, velvety, grepsh-white ;
flesh white, zoned; tubes stratose, pores minute, roundish,
white.
Pohjporus connatus. Fries, Epicr., p. 472 ; Cooke, Hdbk.,
p. 278.
On old trunks. Often running up the trunk for one or
two feet in an imbricated manner, the pilei growing into
each other; margin usually obtuse, often only slightly
reflexed from a continuous, effused basal portion. From
2-4 in. across or more.
The colour of the jiores varies when viewed in diflferent
directions, in some positions glistening with a satiny sheen.
** Pileus rose-colour.
Fomes roseus. Fr.
Somewhat caespitose. Pileus 2-5 in. broad, ?-l in. thick,
corky, inclining to woody, hard, triangular, even, somewhat
banded, rose-colour, more or less obscured by a greyish-black
bloom ; internally floccoso-fibrous, rose-colour ; pores niinnte,
round, rose-colour ; spores G [jl. long.
Polyjxmis roseus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 372 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 206.
220 FUNGUS-FLORA.
On worked wood.
Eose-colonr without and within, but tinged wirh smoke-
colour, especially the pileus, 2-4 inches broad, ^-1 inch
thick. Margin subacute. (Fries.)
*** Pileus ferruginous, hroicnish, taicny, &c., alicays coloured.
Fomes fomentarius. Fr.
Iloof-shaped, 4-7 in. across, 3-5 in. thick at tho base ;
pileus distantly concentrically sulcate, glabious, opaque,
fuliginous, or dingy brown, cuticle thick, hard, persistent,
margin at first with a white bloom, then ferruginous ; flesh
rather soft, compactly floccose, foxy rust-colour ; tubes very
long, J,-2 in. or more, distinctly stratosc, ferruginous, pores
subangular, about \ mm. across, powdered with white at
first then ferruginous ; spores brown, elliptical, base abruptly
truncate, 6x3* 5— i /jl.
Foh/porus fomentarius, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 374; Stev.,
Brit. Fung., p. 204.
Plane below, tapering towards the margin all round from
the very thick base, hence more or less triangular in section.
Sometimes when old, especially when growing on birch,
nearly white, occasionally tinged with bright yellow,
(P.evk.)
In the young plant the upper surface of the pileus is
brown, with a thick rounded Avhite edge. Pores varying
from white to brown. It throws off most copiously, from
everjr part of its surface, a powder of the colour of Spanish
snuff; this alone will distinguish it from every other species.
It is also an annual; Poli/jwrus igniarius, on the contrary, is
a perennial. (Purton.)
Large, externally hard, with grey or blackish zones,
especially near tho margin. I'ores stratose, forming long,
very slender tubes, naked. Substance spongy, foxy, good
for making tinder. (Fries.)
Pileus large, 3-8 in. in diameter, externally hard, some-
what banded, particularly towards the margin, with grey
and dark zones, strongly resembling a horse's hoof, some-
times much flattened. I'ores stratified, or in a succession of
layers, long, very slender, naked ; substance reddish-brown
and spongy. (Grev.)
FOMES. 221
Pomes igniarius. Fr. (fig. 20, p. 184.)
Piletis at first tubercTiloso-globose, iiumarginate, even,
with a thin, floccnlose, adpressed hoary covering, thin hoof-
shaped, ferruginous then blackish-brown, opaque, cuticle
very hard, uneven ; flesh zoned, ferruginous, very hard,
margin rounded ; tubes 1-2 in. long, very small, stratose,
convex, cinnamon, when old filled with white mycelium,
pores ^-^ mm. across, rounded, at first hoary ; spores sub-
globose, hyaline, 6-7 /x. diameter, cystidia few, 10-25 x
5-6 ij..
Poh/porus igniarius, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 375 ; Stev,,
Brit. Fung., p. 205.
On trunks of various trees.
■ Diifers from Fames fomentarius and F. nigricans in its entire
nature and life-history. The new spring growth adds to
the entire substance of young specimens, in larger specimens
adds mostly to the margin and hymenium. (Fries.)
Pileus somewhat like a horse's hoof, irregular, rugose,
banded with convex zones, reddish -brown, at length blackish,
smooth, hard throughout, and not fit for converting into
amadou. Pores very minute, slender, yellowish, or greenish-
grey, at length cinnamon. The pileus is apt to change its
form according to its situation ; and when growing on the
under surface of a horizontal cherry-tree branch, it becomes
as it were perpendicular, and the pores form a horizontal
and circular surface beneath. (Grev.)
Forties nigricans. Fr.
Hoof-shaped or pulvinate, very thick, 4-6 in. broad, 3-4
in, thick, at the base ; pileus densely and concentrically
sulcate, cuticle very hard, with a crusty varnished layer,
black, smooth, shining, margin very obtuse, ferruginous;
flesh very hard, ferruginous; tubes elongated, 2-3 in,,
distinctly stratose, ferruginous, pores ^ mm. across, obsoletely
angular, naked from the first ; spores ellii^tical, both ends
rouhded, brown, 5 x 3 /x ; cystidia abundant, 10-25 X 6 /x.
Polyporus nigricans, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 375 ; Stev.,
Brit. Fung., p. 204,
On living and dead birch. The blackish, lacquered,
shining pileus distinguishes the present species amongst its
allies, but a form is described by Fries with the pileus
222 f:;ngus-flora.
triangular, rugose, opaque, which ai^proachcs Fomes tgni-
ariiis.
Fomes salicinus. Fr.
Woody, very hard, undulate, the greater portion usually
resupinato, with a narrow, undulated, smooth, free margin,
that is obtuse and patent, cinnamon then greyish ; pores
minute, rounded, ferruginous-cinnamon, as is also the flesh ;
spores 5 X 3 /x; cystidia plentiful, 12-35 x 6 /a.
Pohjporus salicinus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 376 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung.', p. 206.
On willow trunks. Pileus 12 in. and more across. Eelated
to F. fomentarius and F. igniarius. Entirely resupinato, or in
vertical positions with the upper margin narrowly reflexed.
There is a form with the free margin striato-plicate.
A foot or more long, often interrupted, glabrous, woody.
Pores rounded, equal, or when growing in an oblique direc-
tion, gaping. (Fries.)
Fomes fraxineus. Fr.
Pileus between corky and woody, glabrous, rather flattened,
zoneless, white when young, then reddish-brown, at first
even, then concentrically sulcate, pale within ; tubes short,
pores minute, rusty-red, at first covered, as is also the margin,
•with a white pubescence ; spores subglobose, G-7 /u, long.
Poljiporus fraxineus. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 374; Stev.,
Brit. Fung., p. 207.
On old ash trunks.
Variable in form, softer when young, but not fleshy, truly
perennial. (Fries.)
Solitary or imbricated. Smell strong and penetrating.
(Berk.)
Pileus 3-9 inches and more broad ; tubes 2-4 lines long,
pores about J mm. across.
Femes pectinatus. Klotzsch.
Pileus rusty-brown, corky, inclining to woody, hard,
triangular, concentrically lamelloso-plicate, tomentosely scaly;
margin and the short, minute, obtuse pores, pale yellowish-
red, naked.
Pdli/porHS pectinatus, Klotzsch, Linnaoa, viii. p. 485 ; Stev.,
Brit. Fung., p. 205.
FOMES. 223
On wood, Pileus 1-2 in. broad. In the original descrip-
tion it is queried as to whether the pores and margin are
always naked.
Fomes vegetus. Fr.
Pileus horizontal, 8-12 in. broad, flattened, glabrous,
opaque, brown, concentrically sulcate, annual zone broad,
flesh floccose, loose, very thin, coloured; cuticle of the
second year thick, separable ; tubes umber, stratose, seceding,
each yearly stratum separated from the preceding by a
floccose layer; mouths of the tubes minute, roundish, white
at first.
Polyporus vegetus, Fries, Epicr., p. 464 ; Cooke, Hdbk., p. 274.
On trunks of lime, elm, &c. Amongst the largest of
species, often reaching a foot across diiring the first season.
Allied to Fomes applanatus, from which it is distinguished by
the very thin flesh, and the distinctly stratose tubes, eacii
annual formation being separated from the preceding by a
floccose layer. Plane below, at first white, margin very
smooth, shaning, sterile, narrow.
Fomes fulvus. Fr.
Exceedingly hard, convex above and below, attached by a
broad base, hence triangular in section ; pileus even (not
concentrically zoned), at first villous, fulvous then greyish,
flesh subferiniginous ; pores short, about \ in. rounded,
minute, cinnamon, at first with a greyish-yellow bloom.
Polyporus fulvus. Fries, Epicr., p. 565; Stev., Brit. Fung.,
p. 205.
On decaying trunks, especially poplar. Pores not distinctly
stratose.
Fomes annosus. Fr.
Very irregular in form, often horizontal and imbricated ;
pileus convex, becoming plane, tuberculoso-zoned, coarsely
radiately rugulose, during the first year brown, silky, margin
whitish, second season covered with a glabrous blackisli-
brown rigid crust; flesh rather thick, whitish; pores at first
pure white, about i in. deep, medium size ; spores colourless,
elliptic-oblong, G x -i (j-
Polyporus annosus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 375 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 208.
224 I'UNGUS-FLORA.
About the roots of decayed trees, stumps, Szc, especially
pine. Very irregular in growth, often forming a continuous
stratum following the irregularities of the wood, and entirely
resujiinate, at others wdth several pilci more or less imbri-
cated. Pileus hard, coarsely radiato-rugose, margin and
pores white,
Fomes applanatus. Wallr.
Horizontal, semicircular, attached by a broad base; pileus
flattened, tuberculose, indistinctly zoned, outer crust rigid,
at length brittle, cinnamon or brown, then often greyish
with age ; rather shining, margin tumid, white, then cinna-
mon : flesh thick, floccose and soft ; stratum of pores short,
sul>ferruginous, exceedingly minute, roundish, surface of
poi'ous stratum pure white, brownish when bruised.
Pohjporns applanatus, Wallr., D. Kr. Fl. ii. p. 591 ; Berk.,
Outl., p. 245.
On trunks. Sometimes imbricated, 2 in. or more in thick-
ness, 4—8 in, across ; distinguished by the brown, tiibercu-
lose, and vaguely concentrically zoned, glabrous pileus, and
the oven white hymenial surface with very minute pores.
Fomes conchatus. Fr,
Thin, rigid, eiiuso-reflexed, the reflexed portion somewhat
shell-shaped ; pileus dark brown, concentrically grooved,
minutely silky, margin acute, pores short, very minute,
coloured like the pileus ; spores 4-5 fx ; cystidia scanty,
l".-;}0 X 7-9 p..
Pohiporns conchatus. Fries, Syst, Myc, i, p. 376 ; Stev,,
r,rit. i'ung., p. 206.
On trunks of willow, Sec. From 2-3 in. across, about ^
111. thick, hard, altogether inside and outside dark brown,
■with a tinge of ferruginous or chocolate; often imbricate,
sometimes entirely resupinate.
Closely allied to F. ifjmarins, but smaller and thinner,
closely concentrically sulcate, concave below, margin acute,
(Fries.)
Fomes variegatus. Seer.
Pileus between corky and woody, rather flattened, even,
glabrous, zoneless, shining, orange variegated with bay ;
FOMES. 225
pallid within; tubes short, pores rounded, minute, unequal,
torn, yellowish,
Polyporus variegatus, Secretan, Myc. Fl. Suis., n. 45 ; Fries,
Hym. Eur., p. 563 ; Sow., t. 368 ; Cooke, Hdbk., p. 277.
On trunks. Sowerby's figure has the pilei dimidiate and
imbricated, 3-5 in.across, margin wavy, pileus tawny orange,
attached by a broad decurrent base.
Fomes ribis. Fr.
Horizontal, imbricated, coriaceous, rigid, flattened, almost
even, velvet}^, ferruginous then umber, margin acute ; pores
short, minute, naked, and with the thin flesh, fulvous.
Polyporus rihis, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 375 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 206.
On currant and gooseberry bushes. Imbricated, from 2-4
in. across, pores about 1 line long. Perennial, stratose.
Pileus often indistinctly zoned, but not concentrically sulcate
as in F. conchatus; the latter is not so distinctly velvety as the
present species.
Imbricated, 3 in. or more broad, thin, zoned and velvety,
of a rather rich tawny-brown, the margin paler and brighter.
Substance soft, silky, fit for making tinder. Pores short,
larger than in the foregoing species ( = Fomes igniarius),
brownish-grey. (Berk.)
Imbricated, unequal, up to 4 in. broad, substance spongy,
soft, foxy-yellow, not thick, the base often thinner than the
margin. Velvety and yellowish when young, then almost
glabrous, indistinctly zoned. Pores plane. 1 line long.
(Fries.)
Fomes carneus. Nees.
Pileus effuso-reflexed or dimidiate, 2-6 in. long, 1-2 in.
broad, woody, hard, rather thin, glabrous, zoneless, radiately
rugose, dingy flesh-colour, flesh similarly coloured ; tubes
short, stratose in old specimens, pores roundish, minute,
decurrent at the expanded base, paler than the pileus.
Polyporiis carneus, Nees, in Nov. Act. Nat. Curios, xiii. t. 3 ;
Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 208.
On trunks, stumps, &c. Pores \-}^ mm. across. Often
extending for several inches, the reflexed portion remaining
narrow, imbricated, rarely solitary. Smaller and thinner
VOL, I. Q
226 FUNGUS-FLORA.
than Fames fraxineus or F. variegatiis, hut hard and perennial,
resembling F. annosiis in the radiately rugose bard pileus,
but quite distinct in the absence of the white sterile margin,
&c.
Fomes resupinatus. Massee.
Coriaceous but rather spongy, sessile, often broadly effused,
and either plane or furnished here and there "with nodulcse
outgrowths ; altogether ferruginous, flesh very thin, fibrous ;
tubes stratose, 2-5 mm. long, openings nearly circular. ^-\
mm. across, dissepiments thin, entire, acute; spores colour-
less, elliptical, 4 x 1'5 jx.
Boletus resu2nnatus, Bolton, Fung. Halifax, t. 165, p. 165.
Fomes sjyonrjiosus, Sacc, Syll., vi. n. 5525.
Boletus s^ongiosus, Persoon, Syn., jj. 543 (according to
Saccardo).
On trunks and branches. Often broadly incrusting, closely
aduate, the hynienium often more or less nodulose from the
outgrowth of abortive or imperfectly developed rudimentary
pilei ; in other examples the hymenium remains plane and
even, and then resembling in general appearance and habit
Fomes ferruginosus, Fr., but at once distinguished on a micro-
scopic examination by the absence of large, coloured cystidia
projecting from the hymenial surface.
Saccardo, in Sacc, Syll. Fung. vi. n. 6525, has given the
present species as a synonym under Fomes spongiosus, Pers. ;
there is no evidence, however, that the two arc identical,
whereas there are specimens in the Kew Herbarium agreeing
exactly with Bolton's species, and determined as such by the
Rev, M. J. Berkeley.
This curious Piolctus (= Fomes), most frequently creeps
or spreads upon its back, sometimes it is formed into lum])s
of a rude turban-shape; in either case it consists of a
thin brown crust, which closely embraces the wood on
which it grows, and serves as a base or groundwork to the
tubes.
The tubes are long, erect, and constitute almost the whole
substance of the plant ; in spreading or creeping specimens,
tlie margin is une(j[ually lobed and blunt ; the surface made
uneven by swelling bunches ; the colour, like all the other
parts, is a rusty brown. The pores round, but are too small
POLYPORUS. 227
for the inspection of the naked eye. The length of the tubes
is different in the creeping and the turbanated specimens,
being shorter in the first, longer in the last variety.
I gathered specimens of this plant on dry decayed hazel
boughs, near Burks Hall, in February, 1790. (Bolton.)
Pomes ferruginosus. Mass.
Broadly effused, closely adnate, from |— 1 in. thick, surface
either even and nearly plane, nodulose, or with numerous
more or less reflexed, imbricated, imperfectly formed pi lei,
bright ferruginoiis-brown, becoming dusky ferruginous when
old, margin sterile ; pores subrotund, torn, very long ; spores
6-7 X 4 yu, ; cystidia numerous, acuminate, clear brown,
30-40 X 5-6 IX.
Polyporus ferruginosus. Fries, S. Myc. i. p. 378; Hym. Eur.,
p. 671 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 212.
Polyporus cryptorum, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 376.
Boletus cryptorum. Bull., t. 478.
On trunks, posts, &c. Often very broadly effused, thick-
ness variable, flesh almost obsolete. When growing and at
its best, the barren margin is very bright rust colour. Pores
8-4 in the space of 1 mm. The bright yellow-brown, spine-
like cystidia are very abundant in the hymenium. All the
species of Fames having the hymenium furnished with
cystidia have been arranged under a new genus —Mucrono-
porus — by Ellis.
At first appearing under the form of a confervoid stratum,
which gradually thickens and acquires pores in the centre ;
generally wholly resupinate, but occasionally slightly
reflexed. Pores minute, roundish, unequal ; specimens
sometimes occur many inches in length, and in parts ^ in.
thick, from several individuals having become confluent.
(Berk.)
POLYPOEUS. Mich.
Central or lateral stemmed, dimidiate, &c. Pileus fleshy,
tough, rather soft and moist, at length becoming harder
(rarely of a cheesy texture and fragile), externally neither
sulcate nor zoned, but the internal texture consisting of
Q 2
228 FUNGUS-FLORA,
radiating fibres often more or less zoned. Fores never stra-
tose. Sporophore descending into the hymenophore and
forming the trama (or dissepiments), hence the tubes (hyme-
nophore) are not separable from the sporophore; pores at
first obsolete or none, then rounded, angialar, or torn.
Pohjporus, Mieheli, Gen., p. 129, emended by Fries, Nov.
Symk, p. 30; Ckc., Praec, Grev., p. 80, 188G.
Distinguished from Polystidus by the thiolver flesh, which
is soft and moist at first, also by the absence of zones on the
pilous.
The species of Folyporus with elongated sinuous pores are
distinguished from haedalea by the flesh being soft and
juicy at first, the slender narrow pores, thinner disse})iments,
and absence of a difierently coloured trama. Fonics diifers
from the present genus in the pileus being hard and woody
from the first, and in the stratose tubes.
ANALYSIS OF TEE SPECIES.
I. Mesopus.
Stem simple, central or excentric, not black at the base.
II. Pleuropus.
Stem simple, excentric or lateral, base black.
III. Merisma.
Numerous pileoli bonic on a common simple or much-
branched stem or short, thick tubercle.
IV. Arus.
Pileus sessile, dimidiate or elTuso-rcflexed.
* Pileus ferruginous, brownish, or dark fuliginous.
** I'ileus white, pale ochraceous, yellowish, &c.
POLYPORUS. 229
I. MESOPUS.
Stem quite distinct, vertical or excentric, simple, not blacJc at the
base. Pileus entire or excentric.
Polyporus leucomelas. Fr.
Pileus 2-5 in. across, expanded, margin often irregular,
silky or minutely squamulose, smoky black, sometimes with
dark olive tinge, flesh thick except at the extreme, acute
margin, whitish ; pores about ^ in. deep, rather large, un-
equal, greyish, decurrent ; stem 1-3 in. long, stout, rather
tomentose, similar in colour or paler than the pileus ; spores
cylindric-fusoid, pale brown, 10-12 x 4—5 [x.
Polyporus leucomelas. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 346 ; Stev.,
Brit. Fung., p. 187.
In pine woods, &c. Pileus often deformed, rather fragile,
stem variable in length, flesh turning red when bruised,
pores become blackish in drying, also inside of stem. Spores
of the Boletus type. Pores about | mm. diam.
Polyporus lentus. Berk.
Pileus 1-2 in. across, thin, tough, coriaceous, umbilicate,
ochraceous or pallid, zoneless, squamulose especially when
young; pores shallow, large, angular, often slightly elon-
gated radially, decurrent, dissepiments thin ; stem central or
excentric, 2 lines or more thick, |— 1 in. long, colour of the
pileus, variable, straight or curved, hispid or furfuraceous ;
spores elliptic-fusiform, colourless, 12 x 4-5 />t.
Polyporus lentus, Berk., Outl., p. 237, t. 16, f. 1; Stev.,
Fung., p. 187.
On wood, furze stems, &c. Known amongst the British
mesopod forms by the large pores that average 1 mm. or
more in size. The pileus is sometimes entirely destitute of
scales, and the pores decurrent to the base of the stem.
Pileus 14- in. broad, convex, or slightly depressed, at first
furfuraceo-squamulose, reddish-brown, at length nearly
smooth, ochraceous, the margin fibrilloso-squamose, of a tough
fleshy substance. Pores large, rather deep, decurrent,
roundish or subquadrate, at first white, the edges slightly
toothed and powdered with the white oblong sporulcs. Stem
^1 in. high, f in. thick, central, covered with pores to the
very base, only the lower ones are abortive, and their inter
230 FUNGUS-FLORA.
slices pilose or distinctly furfuraceous, nearly of the colour of
the pilens. A very elegant and distinct fungus, and quite
unlike any with which I am acquainted, resembling some-
what in habit certain species of Fries' subgenus Lentinus.
(Berk.).
Polyporus brumalis, Fr.
Pileus 1-4 in. across, thin, pliant then coriaceous and
rigid, more or less umbilicate, during the first year smoky-
umber and densely villous, in the second year minutely scaly,
becoming smooth and paler; pores shallow, large, angular
and usually elongated radially, white then yellowish, disse-
piments thin, very minutely toothed at the margin ; stem
central, 1-2 in. long, 2-4 lines thick, coloured like the stem,
velvety or squamulose ; spores colourless, linear-oblong,
sometimes slightly curved, 5-6 X 2 /x.
Pohjiwrus brumalis, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 348 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 188.
On dead branches. Pileus becoming rigid and incurved
when dry, the margin often fimbriate when young ; pores
more or less decurrent, about i— f mm. long. Distinguished
in all its forms from P. Iciitus by the much smaller spores.
Autumn and winter, reviving in the spring. (Klotzsch.)
Pileus 1-4 in. broad, nearly plane, depressed in the centre,
dingy, clothed with minute scales, at length fawn-coloured
and nearly smooth. Pileus very slightly angular, Avhite, the
dissepiments rather thick. Stem -^-2 in. high, 2-4 lines
thick, central, velvety, hirsute or squamulose. (Berk.)
Polyporus fuscidulus. Fr.
Pileus 1-2^ in. across, thin, pliant, rather coriaceous, con-
vexo-plane, not umbilicate, zoneless, even, smooth, yellowish-
brown ; flesh thin, yellowish-white; ])()res shallow, subangu-
lar, yellowish, largest and slightly elongated near the stem,
not decurrent. dissepiments thin, margin quite entire ; stem
1-2 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, quite smooth, brown or
yellowish ; sjiores elliptic-oblung, colourless, 5-6 X 2 /a.
Pohjporns fuscidulus. Fries, Ejjicr., p. 431 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 188.
On bits of wood, amongst chips, &c. Close to P. hi-umalis,
from Avhich it is distinguished by the glabrous stem and
pileus, and the quite entire edge of the dissepiments. The
POLYPORUS. 231
pores average about | mm. in length near the stem, becoming
smaller and angularly round near the margin.
Polyporus leptocephalus. Fr.
Pileus about 1 in. across, tough, then coriaceous, thin, con-
vexo-plane, glabrous, even, zoneless, pale then fawn-colour,
margin rather wavy, flesh white ; pores adnate, subrotund,
minute, whitish; stem about 1 in. long, glabrous, pallid.
Polyporus leptocephalus, Fr., Syst. Myc. i. p. 349 ; Berk.,
Outl., p. 237.
On trunks. Appears to be close to P. fuscidulus, perhaps
distinct in the smaller pores, but I have not seen an au-
thentic specimen, hence cannot give spore measurements,
&c. All the specimens that I have seen under this nam©
belong to P. fuscidulus.
Pileus 1 in. broad, tawny-bay, flat, thin, leather-like;
pores white, very short ; stem pale or reddish-brown, thick
as a crow-quill, and about 4- in. high. (Withering.)
Polyporus Schweinitzii. Fr.
Pileus 6-9 in. across, tomentose, rugged, and matted into
little heaps, dark brown with a ferruginous tinge, flesh
thick, spongy and soft, fibrous, bright brown ; stem thick,
very short, bright brown, sometimes almost obsolete ; tubes
about l- in. long, openings large, irregular and variable in
form, yellow with a tinge of green ; spores elliptical, ob-
liquely apiculate, pale yellow, 7-8 X 4 /x.
Pohjporus Schweinitzii, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 351 ; Fries,
Icones, pi. 179, fig. 3 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 189.
In pine woods, &c., about roots and stumps.
Distinguished from such species as P. hispidus, spongia, &c.,
by the central stem, which is, however, sometimes almost ob-
solete ; it is never attached by a broad, lateral base.
Openings of tubes often elongated and sinuous, §— l^- mm.
Very large, 8 in. and more broad, sometimes regular and
almost plane, slightly depressed, sometimes irregular in form
and dimidiate, the pilei growing into each other and incrust-
ing, at first with a foxy tomentum, which colour is soon con-
fined to the margin, when old entirely dull brown ; flesh
when the plant is growing very soft and spongy, then har-
dened, fragile when dry, rhubarb-colour becoming brownish.
(Fries.)
232 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Polyporus rufescens. Fr.
Pileus b— i in, acioss, soft and spongy, unequal, strigose or
liaiiy, flcsli-colour, flesh thin, coloured ; pores rather short,
large, more or less sinuated and torn, pale flesh-colour ; stem
short, subcentral or almost lateral, irregular in form ; spores
broadly elliptical, almost colourless, G X 4-5 /x.
Pohiporus rufescens. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 351 ; Stev.,
Brit. Fung., p. 189.
Boletus biennis, Sow., t. 191.
On stumps, &c. Distinguished amongst the hairy, soft-
fleshed species by the whitish-pink hymenium, and the large,
sinuous, torn pores that are often 1 mm. wide, and 2-4 mm.
long.
Habit of growth resembling that of Polyporus Schweinitzii,
but it is smaller, softer, and different in colour both exter-
i\a\\y and internally. (Fries.)
The stipes (occasionally central and covered with naked
pores) is somewhat tomentose. Pores varj'ing into sinuses
and labyrinths very irregularly. The pileus is rather hispid.
It hardens in drying, becoming woody. (Sow.)
In the two specimens figured by Sowerbj', the stem is in
both instances distinctly lateral, about 1^ in. long, pileus
jiale brown, pores pale pink.
Pileus convex when young, at length plane or oven de-
pressed, velvety or hispid, 1-3 in. broad, irregular, furnished
underneath with large, irregular, very flexuous or labyrinth-
like pores, greyish or flesh-coloured. StijDes when ])resent
very irregular, unequal, even grotesque, 1-2 in. high, of
various thickness, ferruginous, souietimes wanting, when the
pileus becomes dimidiate, as growing from the side of a rotten
])Ost; ill this situation it is even sometimes imbricated.
When dry it is hard and woody. (Grev.)
II. PLEUPvOPUS.
Stem simple, excentric (sometimes almost central), or lateral,
base of stem black.
Polyporus squamosus. Fr.
Pileus br(jadly llabelliform, fleshy, pliant, dingy pale
yellow or pallid, variegated with large, adpressed, centri-
POLYPORUS. 233
fugally arranged, brown scales, flesh thick at the base,
becoming thin towards the margin ; pores short, varial)Ie,
at first minute, becoming large, angular, and torn, pallid ;
stem excentric or almost lateral, short, thick, corky, black
at the base, reticulated with the rudiments of the decurrent
pures ; spores elliiDtical, colourless, 12 x 5 /a.
Polijporns squamosus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 343 ; Greville,
Scut. Cr. FL, t. 207.
On trunks, stumps, &c. Fan-shaped or flabelliform, 6-12
in. across, often larger, sometimes imbricated ; pileus often
iufundibuliform and stem almost central when young,
becoming flabelliform as growth proceeds.
Pileus in the very young state scarcely more than the
diameter of the stipes, but it rapidly enlarges, and ultimately
attains a foot or more in breadth. In its form it is ex-
ceedingly irregular, but most commonly it is rather orbi-
cular, at first slightly convex, then plane, and at length
concave, the margin somewhat waved, entire, rarely lobed.
Colour ochraceous, darker in the centre, surface covered
more or less with adpressed (rarely revolutej, fimbriated,
reddish, blotchy scales. Substance white within, fleshy,
rather firm. Pores yellowish-white, very large, irregular,
towards the stipe becoming very shallow, often pentagonal
or hexagonal, and ending in a mere reticulation. StijDes
variable; lateral, sublateral, or, rarely, subcentral, very short
and unequally thickened, or much elongated ; in the latter
state it is frequently branched, in rather a palmate manner,
the summit being either quite simple, or the terminating
pileus imperfectly developed ; this is the Boletus rangiferinus
of authors. The stipe is always solid, blackish at the base,
paler upwards. This species sometimes attains to an
enormous .size. My esteemed friend, Dr. Hooker, relates an
instance given him by j\Ir. Hopkirk, of one which measured
7 ft. 5 in. in circumference, and weighed, after having been
cut four days, 3-4 lbs. avoirdupois. It was only four weeks in
attaining the above size, gaining thus an acquisition of
weight of above 1 lb. 3 oz. in the day. (Grev.)
Solitary or imbricated. From a subglobose or turgid
scaly blackish knob arise one or more stems, which are at
first slightly compressed, flat, and hollowed out above where
they are furfuraceous ; gradually the depressed surface
234 FUNGUS-FLOEA.
expands, but more rapidly in the direction of the light, and
the hymenium is formed beneath the small scales of the
upper part of the stem, consisting when feebly developed of
large angiilar pores, becoming mere reticulations towards
the base. Pilens when fully expanded pallid-ochraceous
with scattered brown adpressed scales. If a portion of the
hymenium be torn off, a new stratum of pores is rapidly
developed. In vaults and hollow trees it sometimes assumes
the form of a Clavaria, but in this case seldom produces a
pileus. (Berk.)
Polyporus Michelii. Fr.
Pileus 2-4 in. across, thin, depressed, repand, pliant,
minutely silky and somewhat sqxiamulose, white with a
yellowish tinge; stem 1-2 in. long, more or less lateral,
usually thickened at the base, rough, white, brownish at the
base ; pores very short, circular or slightly elongated
radiately, entire, large, white; spores almost colourless,
elongato-elliptical, 16-17 X 7 fi.
Foliiporus Michelii, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 3-13 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung.', p. 190.
On trunks, stumps, &c., often on willow. Allied to
Polyporus squamosus, but distinguished by the pores being
minute at first, then becoming large, but remaining entire
and regular, and by the larger spores.
Polyporus melanopus. Fr.
Pileus 2-3 in. across, pliant, almost plane, tlicn depressed
in the centre and more or less infundibulifurm, at lirst
minutely flocculose, becoming smooth, whitish then yellowish-
brown or tan-colour, flesh thin, white, soft, tubes very short,
decurrent, unequal, minute, white ; stem excentric, 1-li in.
long, 3-4 lines thick, slightly attenuated upwards and
dift'used into the pileus, often curved, minutely velvety,
black ; spores almost or (|uitc colourless, 5 X 2-5 fx.
Vohiporus melanopus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 347 ; Stev.,
Brit. Fung., p. 190.
On roots, and apparently on the ground, but attached to
wood, chips, &c. Amongst the allied, more or less black-
stemmed British species of Poli/porns, the present is distin-
guished from P. squamosus and P. Michelii by the very
minute pores that average 4-5 in the space of 1 mm. From
POLYPORUS. 235
p. RostJcovn, P. picipes, P. varius, and P. elegans, th.Q present
species varies in the pileus being minutely flocculose at
first. In other words, P. melanopus is known by the floc-
culose pileus when young and the minute pores.
Polyporus Rostkovii. Fr.
Pilei 4—6 in. across, pliant, several often connate at the
base of their stems, infundibuliform, smooth, even, smoke-
colour, or sometimes tinged tan-colour; pores short, de-
current, large, angular, edges of dissepiments toothed, white,
then dingy and yellowish ; stem 3-6 in. long, up to 1 in.
thick, excentric, thickened at the base, reticulated by the
rudimentary decurrent tubes, abruptly black ; spores almost
colourless, elongato-elliptical, 14-16 x 5-6 /a.
Polyporus BostJcovii, Fries, Epicr., p. 439 ; Stev., Brit. Fung.,
p. 191.
On trunks of ash, &c., also on stumps. Allied to P.squamosus,
which it almost equals in size, differs in the usually longer
stem, which is reticulated by the decurrent pores on the
under side. Several stems usually connate at the base;
pileus not scaly. Pores elongato-radiate, 2-4 mm. long.
Polyporus picipes. Fr.
Pileus 2—4 in. across, expanded, more or less depressed at
the disc or laterally, margin entire or lobed, tough then
rigid, even, smooth, yellowish with the disc chestnut, or
altogether chestnut, flesh white, 2-3 lines thick, margin
thin; stem |-1|- in. long, i— ^ in. thick, subequal, firm,
varying from almost central, through excentric, to lateral, at
first velvety, then naked and dotted, black up to the pores ;
pores about -} mm. across, rounded, short, decurrent, white
then pallid or yellowish ; spores minute, subglobose 3*5-4 /j..
Polyporus picipes. Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 534 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 191.
On trunks, especially willow.
Imbricated, smell rather sweet, flesh white. Pileus
depressed behind, commonly emarginate, infundibuliform,
with lobes all round the margin. Colour pallid, becoming
chestnut ; commonly livid-yellow with the disc chestnut.
(Fries.)
Distinguished from P. varius by the even pileus and
velvety stem.
236 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Polyporus varius. Fr.
Pileus 2-4 in. or more across, expanded, depressed at the
point of origin of the stem, pliant, tough, often irregular,
smooth, rather virgatc, commonly bay brown, sometimes
paler, flesh 2-3 lines thick, pallid ; stem excentric or lateral,
rJ-1^ in. long, about 2-3 lines thick, even, smooth, greyish-
black downwards ; pores decurrent, short, more or less
rounded, about \ mm. across, whitish then pale cinnamon ;
sjiores colourless, linear-oblong, 4 x 1 ' 5 /x.
Polyporus varius. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 352 ; Stev., Fung.,
p. 191.
On trunks, stumps, &c., especially ash. Size and form
variable, when large the pileus is often undulated and
lobed ; often in dense tufts and more or less deformed from
mutual pressure ; commonly bay, but sometimes pale,
especially when young. Sometimes sessile. Distinguished
from Polijporns incites by the glabrous stem (not velvety),
the more or less virgate or radially streaked pileus, and the
different spores. The pileiis soon becomes woody and
rigid.
Polyporus elegans. Fr.
I'ileus 2-4 in. across, expanded, often angular, equally
fleshy, at first pliant, soon rigid and woody, smooth, even,
all of one colour, varying from pale ochraceous to dull
orange, shining, not virgate nor infuudibuliform ; stem
?,-l?, in. long, 2-3 lines thick, excentric or lateral, even,
smooth, pallid above, abruptly black below, rooting ; pores
plane, sometimes decurrent to the black portion of the stem,
sometimes not at all decurrent, subrotund, minute, yellowish-
white, then pallid, about ] mm. across; spores linear-
elliptical, 4 X I'o fj..
Pohiporus elegans. Fries, Epicr., p. 440 ; Stev., Fung. ii.
p. 192.
On stumps and trunks, chiefly birch. Distinguished from
allied black-stemmed species, by the pileus being almost
plane, scarcely depressed, neither virgate nor infundibuli-
forin, and in the absence of any bay or chestnut colour.
Flesh white, about 1^—2 lines thick, equally so up to the
margin.
Var. nummularius. Fries.
POLYPORUS. 237
Smaller than the typical form, about 1 in, across, thin,
almost regular in outline, stem equal, excentric.
On trunks.
Polyporus petaloides. Fr.
Pileus 2 in. or more across, spathulate, thin, almost
membranaceous, rugose, but without zones, smooth, pliant
when growing, dark chestnut-colour; pores decurrent, very
short, minute, white ; stem lateral, ascendini;, compressed
and expanding into the pileus, smooth, whitish, not rooting
but expanding at the base into a discoid organ of attach-
ment; spores elliptical, almost colourless, 6 X 2*5-3 /a.
Polyporus petaloides. Fries, Epicr., p. 44-i; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 192.
On old stumps. Distinguished by the lateral stem,
flabelliform, dark chestnut-coloured pileus, and the minute
pores averaging about 3 in the space of 1 mm. The pileus
and stem are more or less erect during growth ; when dry
the pileus becomes involute and fragile, also very rugulose,
due to contraction.
III. MEEISMA.
Pileoli numerous, springing from a common trunk or tubercle^
which is often much divided upwards.
Polyporus umbellatus. Fr.
Excessively branched, substance fibrous, elastic; pileoli
irregularly circular, depressed, ^2 in. across, smoky, dingy
yellowish, or with a rufous tinge, pores white, minute ;
stems whitish, elongated, distinct and spreading, excej)t at
the base, where they unite to form a common, thick, root-
like mass.
Polyporus umbellatus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 354 : Stev.,
Brit. Fung., p. 193.
On the ground and near or on stumps, in woods, &c. The
numerous branches spreading from a centre and the regular,
depressed pileoli characterise the present species.
Tufts spreading, dense, 6-9 in. across, form variable,
stems very much branched, connate at the base. Pilei more
or less depressed, l-l^ in. broad, very numerous, the larger
238 FUNGUS-FLORA.
ones wavy or cut. Pores unequal, deeurrent on the stem and
branches. Flesh soft, esculent. (Fries.)
Polyporus frondosus. Fr.
Tuft ',—1 ft. across, very much branched, fibrous, fleshy,
rather tough ; pileoli very numerous, J— 2 in. broad, smoky-
grey, dimidiate, rugose, lobed, intricately recurved ; flesh
white : stems growing into each other, white ; tubes short,
tender, pores very small, acute, white, round, or torn when
in an oblique position.
Poiyporus frondosus, Fr., Syst. Myc. i. p. 355; Stev., Fung.
Brit., p. 193.
On stumps, roots, trunks, &c. Flesh white ; pores com-
monly rounded but oblique, and with the dissepiments torn
when in an oblique position.
Pilei very numerous, dimidiate, forming irregular convex
tufts, 4-1 ft. bigh, crowded, imbricated or variously grown
together; at first tomentose, smoky, tlien glabrous and livid-
grey, disc depressed, dilated above, ^-2 in., convex, base
jDroduced into a stem terminated by a thick, rooting base.
(Fries.)
Polyporus intybaceus. Fr.
Very much branched, fleshy, rather fragile, pilei numerous,
dimidiate, expanded, sinuate, at length spathulate, nearly
even, yellowish, or greyish brown ; branches united at the
base into a very short, thick, stem-like base ; tul)es veiy
short, pores rather torn, whitish-brown ; sjDores colourless,
elliptical, 7 x 3*5 /x.
Pohjporus intyhaceus. Fries, Epicrisis. p. 446 ; Cke., Hdbk,,
p. 267.
On trunks.
Tufts 1-2 ft. across, flaps expanding on every side.
►Smells like mice.
Polyporus cristatus. Fr.
Stem white, irregularly branched, rather thick, 1-2 in.
high; sul).stance flesliy, linn, fragile ; pileoli 2-3 in. broad,
irregular, fleshy, entire or dimidiate, variable in number,
sometimes imbricated, dojiressed, rufous with a more or less
decided green tinge, cuticle breaking u]) and becoming
powdery or villous, then cracking into minute scales ; pores
POLYPOKUS. 239
about 1 line long, sometimes less, whitish, angular, irregular,
torn, -^— 5 mm. across ; spores colourless, subglobose, 5 x 4 /a.
Poiyporus cristatus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 356; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 194.
Very variable in form, stem white, usually thick, up to
1 in., irregular and more or less branched, and bearing
several more or less depressed pilei ; sometimes, however,
only one is present. Known amongst the branched fragile
species furnished with a stem by the greenish colour of the
pileus.
Substance that of Poiyporus giganteus. Colour resembling
P. sulphur eus. Stem lateral, irregular, pruinose, white, at
length brown. Pilei rather fleshy, involute, and more or
less growing into each other, villoso-pulverulent, 2-3 in.
broad, greenish-yellow. Pores unequal, white, becoming
more or less tinged with green when torn. (Fries.)
Poiyporus giganteus. Fr.
Formed of numerous imbricated pilei, fleshy and tough,
then coriaceous, pilei dimidiate, very broad, flaccid, slightly
zoned, rivulose, depressed behind, bay -brown; stem much
branched, originating from a tuberous base ; pores minute,
roundish, at length torn, pallid, becoming darker when
bruised.
Poiyporus giganteus. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 356; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 268, fig. 65.
At the base of trunks, &c.
Forming large tufts 1-2 ft. or more broad, branched in an
imbricated manner. (Berk.)
Pilei sublateral, flaccid, various in form, the surface granu-
lated with minute brown flocci, rigid, when dry squamoso-
fibrillose ; at first pale, then brownish-yellow ; disc depressed,
at length black. Pores minute, dirty brown when bruised,
at length torn. I have seen tufts of this species in Sweden
4 ft. across. (Fries.)
Poiyporus acanthoides. Fr.
Imbricatt-d ; pliant when growing, then coriaceous ; pileoli
infundibuliform, thin, margin lobed, 2—5 in. across, flesh
2—3 lines thick, ferruginous or pale cliestnut, indistinctly
zoned, radiately rugulose, smooth ; stems connate-branched.
240 FUNGUS-FLORA.
attenuated downwards, white, tlieii rufescent ; pores very-
shallow, irrregularly simious, dissepiments toothed at the
edge, more or less decurrent, whitish, then rufescent; spores
suhglobose, 4 X 3 /x, almost colourless.
Pohjporus acanthoides, Fries, Epicr., p. 448; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 195.
Boletus acanthoides, Bull., t. 486.
On trunks, also on roots and buried wood. Pores irregular,
;|— 1 mm. in length. Forming large clusters, said by Bulliard
to sometimes extend for 2-3 ft. Somewhat resembling Poh/-
phorns <jigauteus, but thinner and pale when young, rigid and
fragile when old. P. rufescens is distinguished by the
spongy substance and hairy pileus.
Polyporus sulpliureus. Fr.
Horizontal, attached by a broad base, usually verj' much
imbricated; pileus Tindulate, almost glabrous, pale flesh-
colour with a j-ellow tinge, flesh thick, y^ellow, then white,
of a cheesy consistency; pores up to ^ in. long, minute,
plane, suliihur-vcllow ; spores elliptical, hy^aline, slightly
papillose, 7-8 x 4-5 fx.
Tohjpliorus sulpliureus, Fr., Syst. Myc. i. ji. 357 ; Berk.,
Outl., t. IG, f. 3.
On trunks. Commonly sessile, but sometimes stipitate
forms occur, tufted and imbricate, pilei 6-12 in. across,
sometimes much larger. Flesh yellow, becoming white, of
a cheese-like consistency, not becoming hard. Whole fungus
brittle and witli a disagreeable smell. Dry specimens are
often more or less incrusted with a dejiosit of crystals of
l)inf)xalate of potasli.
riant very 2)nlymor})hous in its shape, and une(jual in
size, composed of a number of mostly imbricated jtilei, more
or less grown together, so as to form one mass, from which
the rounded and lobed margins of the pilei project in a tiled
manner, or shoot out into various excrescences, or even some-
what cylindrical, simple or divided branches; the wh(.)le
sometimes attaining two or tliree feet in breadth. Colour
yellowish, orange, red, or a bright union of these hues,
iadiiig in age, the pores always of a fine sulphur tint.
Flesh thick, white. Bores very numerous, mijiute, roundisli,
readily produced on any part of the fungus, according to
POLYPORUS.
241
situation and position. Substance light, spongy ; when old,
dry and friable, never coriaceous. In the young state
whitish, soft, and presenting nothing but a plane, convex,
and somewhat effused surface. (Grev.)
Polyporus Herbergii. B. & Br.
Caespitose, 4-8 in. across, rather soft and corky ; pilei
imbricated, bright rusty - bay, becoming sulphur - yellow
towards the margin ; tubes 2—4 lines long, pores labyrinthi-
form, unequal, pale grey, dissepiments torn.
Polyporus Herhergii, Berk, and Broome, Ann. Nat, Hist., n.
1805; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 195.
Polyporus spongia, Fr., Hym. Eur., p. 542.
Boletus Herbergii, Kostkovius, in Sturm's Deutschl. Cr.
FL, lit. 29, t. 18.
On trunks.
Minutely velvety, becoming almost glabrous, soft and
felt-like to the touch, bright rusty-brown, often bright
yellow at the margin. Considered by Cooke as a variety of
Polyporus ciiticularis.
Polyporus alligatus. Fr.
Usually in many tufted or overlapping layers, pilei vari-
able in size and form, 1-3 in. across, rather fleshy, flesh
rather fibrous, rigid, iragile ; pilei pale dingy tan-colour,
not zoned, imlu'icated, unequal, minutely velvety or villous ;
pores short, small, soft, white, often sterile, and filled with
delicate hyphae ; spores elliptical, pale, 6 X 7 /x.
Polyporus alligatus, Fries, Elench., p. 78 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 195.
On roots, &c., often involving grass, twigs, &c., during its
growth ; pores about ^ mm. across.
Exceedingly variable in form, irregularly club-shaped or
variously expanded, but without a distinct stem. Lobes
often imliricated, unequal, dilated, often circular in outline,
imdulated, silky-villose, dirty pale tan-colour, flesh rigid,
fibrous, paler.
Polyporus heteroclitus. Fr.
Tufted, coriaceous, pilei springing from every side of a
hard tubercular base, lobed, villous, thin, zoneless, yellowish,
VOL. I. B
242 FUNGUS-FLORA.
then brownisli-orange ; pores irregular and elongated, yellow,
then hrowuish.
Poll/poms hefei-Gclitiis, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. 344; Berk.,
Eng. Flora, vol. v. p. 135; Cke., Hdbk., p. 269.
Boletus hetcrodidis, Bolton, t. 164.
On the ground, growing from stumps, partly covered
with soil.
Pileus 2^- in. broad; it shoots out several flat pieces from
a hard and coriaceous root, which is white within, lying on
the surface of the earth in a horizontal direction. Pores
very variable in size and form. (Purton, MS.)
Polyporus salignus. Fr.
Tufted, coriaceous, soft, elastic, pilei dimidiate, imbricated,
flattened and more or less reniform, whitish, covered with
adpressed down, grooved near the tumid, more or less lobed
margin ; pores crowded, thin, elongated, intricately waved,
white.
Polyporus salignus, Fries, Epicr., p. 452; Hym. Eur., ji.
644; Cke., Hdbk., p. 269.
On decaying willows.
Pilei imbricated, white, 2-4 in. across, rather thick. In-
odorous.
Polyporus spongia. Fr.
Caespitose, mucli divided ; pilei o-6 in. across, spongy,
soft, very numerous, dimidiate, connate in large, dense
tufts, becoming almost plane, wrinkled and rugulose,
strigoso- velvety, ferruginous -brown, when dry almost
orange-brown, flesh about l in. tliic-k, margin thin, soft,
filaims, Itriglit brown ; ]»orcs sliort, about | in., ratlier small,
entire, sulphur-coloured, tlien brownish ; sijores ellijjtical,
very pale yellow, almost colourless, 7 x 4 /a.
Polyporus sponfjia, Fries, Monogr. ii. p. 268 ; Fries, Hym.
Eur., p. 542 ; Fries, Icones, t. 180, f. 2.
On dead trunks of pine, &c. Allied to Polyporus
Schweinitzii, but distinguished by the usually densely
tufted habit, brigliter colour, and shorter, small, entire
pores, wliicli average about 5 mm. across. A yellow-brown
colouring-matter present in every part is soluble in an
alkaline solution or in methylated spirit.
POLYPORUS 243
IV. APUS.
Pileus sessile, dimidiate or effuso-reflexed.
* Pileus ferruginous, brownish, or dark fuliginous.
Polyporus dryadeus. Fr.
Pileus 3-10 in. or more broad, 2-3 in. thick, horizontal,
pulvinate, fleshy then corky, cuticle thin, soft, smooth,
rugged becoming even, ferruginous then broM-n ; flesh
ferruginous, somewhat zoned, rather velvety-fibrous when
cut ; tubes '?>— 1^^ in. long, thin, round, soft, ferruginous,
openings rounded, paler, about /; mm. across, dissepiments
entire ; spores colourless, elliptical, 5 x 3 /a.
Pohjporus dryadeus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 374 (in part) ;
Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 553 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 202.
On oak trunks.
Smell strong, subacid. Growing rapidly and attaining a
large size. Annual, but persisting through the winter.
Exuding drops of water at the margin like P. ajjjilanatus,
from which, however, it is quite distinct. Odour slightly
acid. Everywhere imbricated, 5 in. broad, 1 in. thick, with
indistinct ferruginous zones ; pores short, slightly larger
than in Polyporus fomentarius, ferruginous within. Margin
sometimes exuding drops of water. (Fries.)
Polyporus hispidus. Fr.
Pileus laterally attached, horizontal, 4-8 in. broad, dimi-
diate, more or less convex, compact, fleshy, ferruginous-
brown, hispid ; flesh spongy, 1-2 in. thick, ferruginous,
composed of diverging fibres; pores ^1 in. long or more,
yellowish then brownish, but paler than the pileus, minute,
margin fimbriated, often inclined to separate ; spores
elliptic-oblong, obliquely apiculate, bright orange-brown,
10 X 7 /A.
Polyporus hispidus. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 362 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 201.
On living ash trunks, &c. Variable in size and colour,
subferruginous, when old often blackish-brown, rather soft
and spongy. Pores |— 1 mm. across. When any part of
the fungus is treated with ammonic or potassic hydrate, it
yields a deep yellow-brown colouring-matter. Distinguished
R 2
244 FUNGUS-FLORA.
from Fohiporus cuticularis, its nearest ally, l>y the thicker
flesh, larger pores, and larger obliquely apiculate spores,
also by the presence of a brown colouring-matter soluble in
alkiiline solutions, which is not the case with Pohjporus
cuticularis.
Pileus a foot or more across, 4 in. thick, dimidiate,
with occasionally an obsolete knob-like stem, generally very
hispid, bur sometimes almost smooth and cracked; substance
flesln' but fibrous, marked with concentiic lines AA-hich seem
to indicate diiferent intervals in which vegetation has been
more or less dormant, brown, blackish, yellowish or reddish-
brown ; Ijelow pale yellow, or rich sienna-browTi, with the
margin paler. Sporules pure yellow, often hanging upon
spider's threads in elegant festoons beneath the hymenium.
Close to the bark of the tree the pubescence often resembles
Ozonium auricoimim. (Berk.)
Substance spongy, moist, coloured. Pileus 4-G in.,
yellowish or brown ; pores subrotund, equal, minute, forming
long tubes. (Fries.)
Pileus dimidiate, horizontal, very thick, 5-18 in. across,
roundish, often irregularly divided into two or three large
lobes, convex, very villose, even shaggy, ferruginous at first,
and somewhat orange at the margin, at length black in age.
Flesh yellow-ferruginous, zoned, difficult to cut, but tearing
easil}'- in the direction of the fibres. Pores long, yellowish,
roundish, pale and fringed at their orifices, sporules bright
yellow. (Grev.)
Polyporus cuticularis. Fr.
More or less semicircular, horizontal, base of attachment
rather narrowed, hairy or rather velvety-tomentose, often
minutely uneven and with a tendency to form small
radiating wrinkles, lieconiing plane, ferrugmous-brown, then
darker ; flesh |-i in. thick, spongy, formed of lax parallel
fibres, yellow-brdwn ; )iiargiii fibrdSD-fiiiibriate, incurved;
pores longer than thickness of liesh, i>ale then ferruginous,
minute ; spores broadly elliptical, not apiculate, yellow-
brown, 7 X 4-5 fj..
Ftili/juirus cuticularis, Fries, Syst. IMyc i. p. 3C3 (excl. syn.
P. ahiviis) ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 202.
On trunks. Pileub 3-5 in. across, thin, becoming
POLYPORUS. 245
plane ; allied to Polyporus hispidus, but softer, &c. : for fuller
distinctions see under the latter.
Imbricated, pilei growing into each other, obsoletely
zoned, rather triquetrous ; varies " substipitate " and re-
supinate ; tomentum strigose or velvety, at length dis-
appearing. Pores small, subrotiind, greyish pruinose, shining
when looked at with the light falling on them, at length
naked, torn, substance fibrous, hard, but not persistent when
dead. (Fries.)
Polyporus quercinus. Fr.
Pileus tongue-shaped, horizontal, narrowed behind into a
thick stem, 3-6 in. long, 2-3 in. broad, up to 1 in. thick,
convexo-plane, floccoso-granular, pale tan or tinged red, and
becoming reddish when bruised ; substance coloured, corky,
texture floccose, soft then hardened ; tubes about 2 lines
long, pores rounded, ^-4 mm. across, whitish ; spores
colourless, narrowly elliptical o x 2, fx.
Polyporus quercinus, Fr., Epicr., p. 441 ; Stev,, Brit. Fung.,
p. 203.
On dead oak trunks. Somewhat resembling, in form and
general appearance, Fistulina hepatica, from which, however,
it is generically distinct.
Polyporus Keithii. B. & Br.
Shell-shaped, effuso-reflexed, narrowed behind, about i in,
across ; pileus reddish-brown, rough with rigid spine-like
points ; pores large, angular, pallid, dissepiments torn ;
spores colourless, elliptical, 6 x 3 /z.
Polyporus Keithii, B, & Br,, Ann. Nat. Hist,, n, 1430 ; Stev,,
Brit, Fung,, p. 201.
On fallen sticks. The pores average about f mm. in
diameter.
Polyporus crispus, Fr,
Horizontal, eft'used behind, thin, pliant, then coriaceous,
tough, floccoso-ruguluse, when young smoky-black, zoneless,
the thin crisped or wavy margin whitish ; when full grown
the pileus becomes pallid or greyish, and the margin
blackish ; pores about 1 line long, rather large, unequal, at
length torn, silvery grey ; spores elliptic-oblong, colourless,
5-6 X 3 /x.
246 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Pohjporus crisjms. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 550 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 200.
On old stumps, &c. Distingnished at once from allied
species Ijy the coarsely fibriilose radiately rugulose pileus ;
pores average about three in the space of 1 mm., but very
i)ften collapsing and l)ecoming much torn and Dacdnlea-like.
Imbricated, thin, sometimes resupinate, obsoletely zoned.
Pores much larger than in Pohjporus adustus, acute, unequal,
colour smoky, margin blackish. (Fries.)
Polyporus nidulans. Fr.
Pileus fleshy, very soft, subjiulvinate, convex above and
below, villous then smooth, zoneless, yellowish-red, similarly
coloured inside ; tubes elongated, pores rather large, unequul,
angular, tawny, with a tinge of brick -red.
Pohjporus nidulans. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 364; Cooke,
Hdbk", p. 270.
On trunks and fallen branches.
Fragrant when dry, remarkable for its soft substance.
Pores larger than in neighbouring species (P. rutilans, P.
gih:us, &c.), margin spreading, rather obtuse. There are two
forms, one gilvous, the other inclining to flesh-colour.
(Fries.)
Fragrant when dry; colour of the pilous rufescent or
yellowish ; margin spreading, somewhat obtuse. (Cooke.)
Colour variable, generally pale ochraceous, but also
reddish, rusty-fulvous, &c. Substance very soft, elastic,
coloured like the pileus. Pileus usually elongated, of
variable size (also resupinate), J-l in. thick. Pores deep,
round, oblong-quadrangular or flexuous. (Fries.)
Polyporus mollis. Fr.
Pilous 1-5 in. long, I— I in. broad, brownish flesh-colour,
fleshy-librous, soft, eft'uso-reflexed, rugose, margin acute ;
flesh up to -\ in. thick, white ; tubes 2—3 lines long, pores
unequal, soft, white, elongated and wavy, becoming reddish
when touched.
Pohjporus mollis. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 3 GO ; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 198.
On dead jiine wood. Pores up to 1 mm. in length. Not
Watery, but soft to the touch. Several specimens often
POLYPOEUS. 247
becoming connate, often considerably elongated, upper edge
free, or entirely resupinate. Known by the white pores
becoming foxy when bruised.
Flesh fibrous, soft. Triquetrous, rather moist, base
effused, margin acute ; sometimes imbricated. Pores thin,
narrow, some round, others elongated and flexuous, toothed,
pale flesh-colour. (Fries.)
Polyporus rutilans. Fr.
Pileus fleshy, tough, thin soft, at first villous then almost
smooth, zoneless, tawny-cinnamon becoming paler, inside
similarly coloured ; tubes short, pores minute, thin, equal,
acute, cinnamon.
Polyporus rutilans, Fries, Syst. Myc. i., p. 363 ; Cooke,
Hdbk., p. 270.
On fallen branches.
Variable in form, but thin, not pulvinate and convex
above and below, as in Polyporus nidulans. Pileus at length
dry, friable, the extreme margin inflexed, but not incurved
and fimbriate, as in Polyporus cuticularis. Pores rather
shining. (Fries.)
When fresh very soft, of a beautiful reddish-grey, and
with a powerful but pleasant odour. Hire that of aniseed.
(Berk. & Broome.)
Perhaps a variety of Polyporus nidulans. Pileus soft, rather
fragile, convex, base rather effused, margin obtuse, unequal.
Pores shining-white when young, soon changing to the colour
of the pileus, medium-sized, sometimes flexuous. (Fries.)
Polyporus destructor. Fr.
From 2-6 in. long, effuso-reflexed, fragile, rugose, rather
undulated, brownish- white, substance fleshy, watery, zoned ;
tubes 4—7 mm. long, pores white, subrotund, dissepiments
becoming torn into teeth.
Polyporus destructor, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 359 ; Stev.,
Brit. Fung., p. 199.
On wood, especially that has been worked, which is
softened and destroyed as by Merulms lacrymans. Pores
\-^ mm. diameter, much crowded, forming, with the excep-
tion of the uniting membrane, the whole of the fungus.
Sometimes almost resupinate.
248 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Var. undulatus. Fr., broadly expanded, marginate, pale
bay-brown.
** Pileus white, pale ochraceoiis, yelloicish, dx.
Polyporus betulinus. Fr.
Pileus thick, curky, elastic, hoof-shaped, obliquely um-
bonato behind, and forming the point of attachment, margin
obtuse, incurved, sterile below, pileus covered with a thin
crust that eventually breaks away, whitish, zoncless, glabrous ;
pores up to ^ in. deep, minute, unequal, whitish; spores
white.
Pohjpoms hetuUmis, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 358 ; Grevillc,
Scot. Cr. Fl., t. 240.
On trunks of birch, &c. Distinguished by the white, corky,
very fleshy pileus having the margin incurved, 3-8 in. across,
flesh white, soft, very thick behind, horizontally attached by
the posterior, oblique umbo. Pores very miniite, about
1 mm.
Pileus 4-6 in. across, smooth, pale reddish-brown when
mature, often mottled, roundish or sometimes reniform.
Flesh white, very thick ; pores white or tinged with brown,
narrow, the orifices toothed, separable from the pileus when
fresh, but really concrete with it. (Grev.)
Taste and smell acid. The epidermis is very thin and
delicate, and easily peels oft'; when dry the whole plant is
very light ; its texture between coriaceous and corky.
(Berk.j
Polyporus borealis. Fr.
Horizontal, subspathulate or reniform, either attenuated
behind into a short, nioro or less distinct stem, or thick and
sessile, 2-3 in. across, whitish then dingy yellow, spongy
then corky, compact, hairy, flesh thick, composed of parallel
fibres, whitish ; tubes 2-3 lines long, pores unequal, flexuous,
dissepiments thin, torn, white ; spores colourless, snbgh)bosc,
4 fx diameter.
Polyporus horeaHs, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 366; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 202.
On stumps and trunks of jjine, itc. Pilous often radiato-
rugose, rigid aiul more or less incurved when dry. When a
stem is present the tubes are more or less decurrent.
POLYPORUS. 249
Yery distinct from its nearest allies. Fleshy when young,
but becoming corky with age. It other respects variable.
The following forms occur : — ■
B. montanus. Pileus fleshy, thick, hairj', margin obtuse ;
pores obtuse, entire. C. sjmthulatus, pileus thin, villose,
margin acute, extended into a short lateral stem, dissepiments
thin, much. torn.
Inodorous when fresh, but with a slight anise odour when
dry. Imbricated, pilei more or less growing into each other,
2 in. and more broad and thick, convex above, sometimes
velvety, at others strigose, margin acute, plane below. Pores
white, torn, sinuous and subrotund, very narrow, forming
long tubes. (Fries.)
Polyporus fumosus. Fr. (figs. 14, 15, p. 184.)
Horizontal, often imbricated, effused behind, 2-5 in. long,
pallid with a smoky tinge, silky becoming smooth, zoneless;
flesh whitish, fibroiis, rather corky, with indications of
zones ; pores shallow, roundish, small, whitish with smoky
tinge, darker when bruised, dissepiments entire ; spores
colourless, subpyriform or elliptical, 5 x 2 • 5 yu,.
Polyporus fumosus. Fries, Syst. Myc, i. p. 367 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 200.
On old stumps, trunks, &c. Imbricated and effused behind,
flesh rather thick, up to q: in., becoming thinner towards the
margin ; pores average about three in the space of 1 mm.
Distinguished from P. adustus by the thicker substance, and
in tlie pores not becoming black in drying.
Tufted, imbricato-connate, whitish, tinged with smoky-
grey ; substance with indications of zones, smell not appre-
ciable. Pileus rather thick, 2-4 in. broad, surface glabrous
or silky. Pores equal. /3., small, pileus livid-grey, pores
white ; c, thin, pileus dingy brick-red, broad margin, and
pores white. (Fries.)
Polyporus adustus. Fr.
Etfuso-reflexed and imbricate, or entirely resupinate, thin,
flaccid ; pileus pallid-greyish, villose, obsoletoly zoned,
rugulose; pores very short, minute, round, whitish-pruinose,
soon dingy-grey, blackish when dry ; spores colourless,
4-5 X 2'b fx.
250 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Poljiporns ndnsfus, Fries, Syst. Mjc. i. p. 363; Berk.,
Outlines Fungol., p. 243.
On trunks, stumps, &c. Very variable, sometimes entirely
resupiiiato, at otliers with a broad, free, reflexed margin, and
often much imbricated. Whole substance not more than
2-3 lines thick, flexible when moist. Known by the ashy-
grey hymenium, pores minute, obsolete towards the margin,
averaging 3-4 in the space of 1 mm.
Pores very small and grey, even in younger specimens
always leaving a whitish margin on the under side which
will readily distinguish it. (Sow.)
Sowerby's original specimens are now of a dull reddish-
brown, with the tubes darker and not extending to the
margin ; their substance hard and corky ; they have scarcely
any of the scorched appearance which is very remarkable in
the specimens from Nottinghamshire. (Bt^rk.)
Imbricated, size variable, subrugose, obsoletely zoned,
covered with a delicate tomentum. Pores short, rotund,
obtuse, equal, at first with a silvery sheen, then dingy grey
or blackish. (Fries.)
Polyporus amorphus. Fr.
Eflfuso-reflexed or entirely resupinate, thin and flexible,
becoming incurved and rigid when dry, pileus white,
minutely velvety ; pores small, irregular, golden yellow,
dissepiments very thin ; spores colourless, elliptic-piriform,
8-9 X 4 /A.
PoJiHiornx amorjjhus, Fries, Obs. 2, p. 258 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung.', p. 201.
On rotten pine wood, or running over pine leaves on the
ground. Sometimes very thin and entirely resupinate,
following the inequalities of the matrix ; pores about three
in space of 1 mm., but irregular and sometimes when grow-
ing on a vertical substratum becoming eff'uso-reflexed and
imbricated, and in such specimens the pores are often large,
irregular, and toin.
Resupinate, with the upper margin reflexed or dimidiate,
imbricated, somewhat zoned, whitu and silky; pores mimite,
nhort, yellowish, or rich tawny, pruinose when young.
(Berk.)
Pilei imbricated, soft, slightly zoned, becoming darker
POLYPORUS. 251
behind, Pores short, equal, obtuse, bright yellow, covered
with white powder when young. (Fries.)
Polyporus epileucus. Fr.
Pileus horizontal, pulvinate, 3-5 in. broad, 1-2^ in. thick,
sc'ft and of a cheesy texture, then firm, whitish, rugged with
villose projections, flesh whitish ; tubes 2-3 lines long, pores
minute, round, pale ochraceous-tan colour, i mm diameter.
Polyporus epileucus, Fr., Epicr., p. 452 ; Stev., Brit. Fung.,
p. 196.
On trunks and stumps.
Simple, large, semiorbicular, concave below, flesh not
fibrous, scarcely zoned, pores at first scarcely distinguishable,
tubes minute, up to 18 mm. long. (Fries.)
Polyporus alutaceus. Fr.
Pileus 1-2 in. across, | in. thick, horizontal, reniform,
fleshy, becoming tough, pileus minutely velvety, pale dingy
ochraceous, flesh similar in colour, soft, fibrous, vaguely
zoned, margin acute ; tubes 3-4 mm. long, pores roundish,
minute, about \ mm. across ; spores subglobose, with a
slight ochraceous tinge, 4 fx. diameter.
Polyporus alutaceus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 36. ; Stev.,
Brit. Fung., p. 197.
On beech and pine trunks, stumps, &c. Substance obso-
letely zoned, soft, fragile. Pilei often connate, triquetrous,
reniform, obtuse, 1 in. broad and thick. Pores quite entire,
forming long tubes.
Somewhat imbricated, sometimes convex, at others
flattened, occasionally hairy and rugose, plane beneath.
(Fries.)
Tubes about f in. long. (Stev.)
Polyporus chioneus. Fr.
Pileus 1-2 in. across, thick and fleshy, soft, becoming even,
smooth, zoneless, often extended behind, also imbricated,
every part white ; tubes short, pores minute, round, equal,
the dissepiments quite entire.
Polyporus chioneus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 359 ; Stev.,
Brit. Fung., p. 197.
On trunks and stumps of pine, birch, &c. Soft when
growing, becoming rigid when dry, hyaline-white when
252 FUNGUS-FLORA.
moist, shining-white when dry. Smell rather acid. "Without
a distinct ciiticle. Pores about .\ mm. across. Distinguished
amongst the soft white species of Pohjporus by the absence
of blue or rusty stains when bruised.
Allied to Folyporus spumeus. Flesh soft, watery, slightly
acid, taste astringent. Pileus rather thin, 1 in. and more
across, zoneless, (pubescent when young?), margin thin,
acute, sometimes with a short lateral stem. Pores round,
at length convex. White, watery-white when moist.
(Fries.)
Polyporus cerebrinus. B. & Br.
Eesupinate, pulvinate, about 1 in. across, | in. or more
thick ; snow-white, very minutely tomentose, margin crenu-
late ; pores rounded, rather large, dissepiments thick, entire ;
spores subfusiform, colourless, 5 x 2 • 5 /x.
Pohjporus cerehrinus, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1800;
Stev.,'Brit. Fung., p. 197.
On fir. Looks like a portion of white brain ; pores average
about ^ mm. across.
Polyporus caesius. Fr.
Eesupinate or diuudiate, 1-3 in. across, fleshy, irregular,
soft and tough, silky, white, here and there tinged with
blue ; pores minute, unequal, elongated, flexuous, dissepi-
ments thin, torn into irregular teeth ; spores elliptical,
14 X 3 /x.
Polyporus caesius, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 3(50 ; Stev., Brit,
Fung., p. 198,
On dead trunks, et-pecially pine,
A small species i-3 in. broad, imbricated and laciniated,
sometimes .^^tipitate, very delicate, changing wlien touched
to bluish ; llcsh thin ; pores of various lengths, sometimes
obliipie, and deeper than the flesh of the pileus, (Berk.)
Pores ^3- mm. diameter.
Pileus ?.-3 in. broad, reflexed, sometimes imbricated,
white at first, at length glaucous or bluish, soft and easily
injured, but when old rather tough, and at length dry and
hard. Pores small, white, irregular, often obli([ne, lacerat-
ing, of various lengths. Flesh tender, and turning bluish
when injured, as does also the surface of the pileus.
(Grev.)
POLYPORUS. 253
Flesh thin, soft; pileus -i— 2 in. broad, grey or bluish,
form variable, sometimes effuso-reflexed, at others triangular,
sometimes " stipitate." Pores plane, minute, torn as in
Sistotrenia. (Fries.)
Polyporus spumeus. Fr.
Whitish, 3-4 in. across, pileus fleshy, spongy, compact,
pulvinate, gibbous, rugosely hispid, margin incurved, base
stem-like ; flesh zoned towards the margin ; pores minute,
rounded, dissepiments acute, entire.
Polyporus spumeus, Syst. Myc. i. p. 358 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 273.
On living or dead trunks. Pores about i mm. across.
Plant 3-4 in. across, oozing out from the tree in a very
soft mass, which hardens in a day, and if it dries favourably
the pileus becomes hispid. (Berk.)
Large, 3 in. across, thick, soft when young, then firmer.
Pores of medium size, equal, entire, not deep. On trunks of
beech and birch. (Fries.)
Polyporus lacteus. Fr.
White. Pileus fibrous, fleshy, fragile, triangular, pubes-
cent, zoneless without and within, the inflexed margin
acute ; pores medium-sized, becoming labyrinthiform ; dis-
sejuments thin, acute, torn.
Polyporus lacteus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 359 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 197.
On dead laburnum, birch, beech, &c. Without a cuticle,
small, triangular, soft, taste astringent. Pores plane,
flexuous, but very fine and deep, torn into shreds as in
Sistrotema. Flesh thinner than the length of the tubes.
Commonly small, thin, but sometimes larger, transversely
elongated, very much sloped downwards and gibbous
behind, at length becoming smooth and uneven.
Inodorous, small, triquetrous, soft, taste astringent.
Pores plane, flexuous, becoming torn into Sistotrema-\ikQ
teeth. Flesh thinner than length of pores. (Fries.)
Polyporus pallescens. Fr.
Pileus fleshy then corky, thin, even, glabrous, zoneless,
yellowish, the acute margin similarly coloui-ed ; tubes short,
pores minute, rounded, white then yellowish.
2B4
FUNGUS-FLORA.
Pohjporiis pallescens. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 359 ; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 274.
On stumps, trunks, branches, &c.
Subcaespitose, commonly small and thin, aiSnities un-
certain. (Fries.)
Thin, imbricated, 2-3 in. or more broad, with scarcely any
trace of zones, more or less tuberculated, pores minute, many
superficial, but towards the base a line or more deep, with a
pulverulent appearance, arising from a very minute down.
(Berk.)
Polyporus trabeus. Eostk.
White ; pileus fleshy, fibrous, then firm, efiuso-reflexed,
transversely elongated, zoneless, pallid ; tubes short, minute,
subrotund or elongated, toothed, white.
Polyporus trabeus, Rostkovius, in Sturm's Deutschl. Fl. Cr.,
t. 28 ; Fries, Ilyra. Eur., p. 547.
On pine wood. Commonly confounded with Polyporus
destructor; both very effused and reflexed, glabrous and
pubescent, but the present species is more regular, clearer in
colour, hyaline within when moist, and obsoletely zoned.
(Fries.)
Polyporus fragilis. Fr,
Whitish, becoming spotted with brown when touched ;
pileus fleshy, reniform, piano-depressed or variable in form,
fibnjso-rugose, convex below; pores slender, elongated and
wavy, intricate,
Polyjjorus/rafiilis, Fries, Elenchus, p. 86; Cke., ITdbk., p. 270.
On decayed fir wood, &c. Form very variable, sometimes
extended behind into a narrowed stem-like base and more or
less pendulous.
Polyporus fibula. Fr.
Whitish ; pileus coriaceous, soft, tough, vclvety-hairj',
zoneless, often radiato-rugose, snow-white within, margin
entire, acute ; pores small, roundish, acute, at length torn,
becoming yellowish.
Polyporus fibula. Fries, Epicr., p. 475 ; Stev., Brit. Fung.,
p. 210.
On fallen oak branches, also on worked wood, &c.
Small, adnate behind, margin free all round, sometimes
FISTULINA. 255
forming orbicular shields, variable in form from growing
into each other. (Fries.)
Polyporus adiposus. B. & Br.
Effuso-reflexed or entirely resupinate, soft; pilous wliite,
usually tinged here and there with brown, minutely tomen-
tose ; hymenophore rather fleshy ; pores whitish, tinged in
places with brown, pores small, irregularly angular, very
shallow in resupinate forms, in the reflexed forms often
elongated and irregularly torn.
Polyporus adiposus, Berk. & Broome, Ann. Nat. Hi^t.,
n. 711 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 201.
On the ground near stumps and on trunks. Often
irregularly effused for several inches, with here and there
shortly reflexed portions, white with rusty stains here and
there. Pores where tolerably normal, about four in 1 mm.,
rather fleshy and soft. The whole fungus turns brown on
drying.
Polyporus armeniacus. Berk.
Broadly eflused, thin, flesh almost obsolete, margin downy ;
pores shallow, rounded, rather irregular, dissepiments thick,
pure white, changing to deep cinnamon during diying ;
spores colourless, elliptical, 7 X 4*5 ft.
Polyporus armeniacus, Berk., Engl. Flor., vol. v. p. 147 ;
Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 215.
Broadly eifused and usually consisting in the large
patches of several confluent individuals. Margin often
sterile and byssoid. Pores average about h mm. in diameter.
Cooke considers that the present species is not distinct from
Polyporus amorphus, but the shape and size of the spores are
against this idea.
FISTULINA. Bull.
Hymenium formed on the under surface of a fleshy hy-
menophore, at first warted, the warts developing into
cylindrical tubes that remain distinct and free from each
other, and producing the tetrasporous basidia in their
interior. Conidia produced in cavities of the old hymeno-
phore.
256 FUNGUS-FLORA.
FistuUna, Bull., Champ, i. p. 314;'Stev., Brit. Fung.,
p. 183.
Superficially re.sembling a fleshy Pohjporus, but distin-
guished by the tubes of the hymenium remaiuiug free from
each other.
Fistulina hepatica. Fr. (figs. 8-10, p. 184.)
Pileus roundish, dimidiate, or subspathulate, attached by
a liroad base or substipitate, blood-red, fleshy and soft,
streaked internally; tubes at first pallid, then red; spores
broadly elliptical, salmon-colour, 5-G x 3-4 /a. Conidia
G-10 X 5 fx, salmon-colour.
Fistulina hepatica. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 396 ; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 183, tig. Ixii.
On the trunks of living trees, oak, hornbeam, beech, &c.
Size variable, from 3-20 in. across, 2-3 in. thick, sometimes
several pilei spring from the same point, red above and
inside streaked like beetroot. Popularly known as the beef-
steak fungus.
Pileus 4-8 in. broad, exceedingly variable in form, being
either quite sessile or obliquely stipitate, entire or lobed,
solitary, or several growing together in a tufted manner,
but rarely at all imbricated. The substance is very thick,
soft, fleshy, viscid or juicy, especially in a young state, when
a bloud-like fluid is emitted if it be wounded; the fibres
composing the substance are tenacious ; and in tearing the
pileus they are found to pass from the base to the extremity.
When the jnleus is divided longitudinally by a knife, it is
beautifully marbled with red and white, somewhat like fine
beef. The colour of the pileus is at first a fine red, passing
into a jiale yellow towards the base ; in age it becomes
deeper, and at length of a tine chocolate colour. The
surface is rendered more or loss rough by minute, prominent,
rigid points, which may be denominated abortive tubes, as
they are the teiniinution ol' fibres Avhicli, under other ciivum-
stances, would have formed jterfect ones. The hymenium
is whitish or yellowish, and composed of a multitude of tubes
between | in. and i in. in length, perfecth' distinct from
each other, but so connected to the substance of the pileus as
not to be separated from it, as in the genus Boletus. In the
young state the first appearance of the tube is in the form of
STKOBILOMYCES. 257
minute coloured warts, situated at a little distance from each
other, the intervening spaces being filled up with a fibrous
juicy mass, which gradually disappears as the tubes become
developed. Some of the warts are conical, others furnished
with a spreading radiated border of short filaments, which
clo.se the orifice and act as a veil to the infant tubes ; the
conical tubes are probably merely unexpanded. In this
commencement of the tubes they are very short, scarcely
more than a line in length, and barely possess a cavity. As
they become more developed they elongate, approximate by
the simple enlargement of their diameter, and gradually
acquire an open orifice by the disappearance of the fimbriated
veil. When at their full growth they are in complete
contact, 2-4 lines in length, of a white colour, sometimes
tinted with pink or even green, and quite open at the
extremity, which is now only a little ragged. (Grev.)
STEOBILOMYCES. Berk.
Tubes equal, ample, not easily separating from the hy-
menophore ; pileus fleshy, becoming tough, covered with
large, imbricating scales ; spores large, coloured, epispore
rough.
Strohilomyces, Berk., Outl., p. 236; Stev., Brit. Funo-.,
p. 182. '^
Most closely allied to Boletus, distinguished more especially
by the pileus being covered with large scales, the flesh of
the pileus becoming tough, and the large warted spores.
Strobilomyces strobilaceus. Berk. (fig. 7, p. 184.)
Pileus fleshy and pulvinate, 2-5 in. across, densely covered
with large, imbricated, umber-brown floccose scales, margin
with irregular fragments of the white veil; tubes white,
deep, large, irregularly angular, adnate, but rather shorter
round the stem ; spores broadly elliptical, brown, 12-13 x
9 fjL ; epispore minutely warted ; stem 3-6 in. long, },—? iu.
thick below, solid, subequal, coarsely fibrillose, brown below,
white and sulcate above.
Strobilomyces strobilaceus, Berk., Outl., p. 236; Cke., Hdbk
n. 734 ; Stev., Fung. Brit., p. 182, fig. Ixi.
VOL. I. S
258 FUNGUS-FLORA.
In fir woods, fScc. Flesh turning blackish or brown when
broken, resembling a Boletus with a scaly pilens.
Pileus two inches broad, tesselated or cracked, like the
cone of the Scotch fir. Pores very white. Stem 3-4 in.
high, thick, solid. The stem is stated 1)y Fries in his
specific character to be nearly smooth. IVtsoou describes
his species as sulcate, especially above, and furnished with
a downy veil. The stem in Dickson's figure is rough with
narrow erect scales. (Grev.)
BOLETUS. Dili.
Sporophore pileate, stem central ; hymcnophore inferior,
consisting of closely- packed, parallel, cylindrical or prismatic
tubes that are distinctly differentiated and readily separable
from the sporophore, openings or mouths of the tubes cir-
cular or angular (elongated and sinuous in the subgenus
Gyrodon) ; hymenium lining the cavities of tlie tubes,
basidia tetrasporous, spores large, elonga to-fusiform, coloured.
Boletus, Dillenius, Fries, Obs. i. p. 109 ; Fries, llym. Eur.,
p. 495 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 249.
Annual. Usually large, pileus at first very convex or
]mlvinate, fleshy ; either dry and more or less tomentose, or
at first viscid. Flesh in main' species changing colour,
usually becoming blue when cut or broken. Stem central,
often very stout, in some species ornamented with thin
raised lines that anastomose to form a more or less regular
network or reticulation, usually' solid. In some species a
veil is present, that remains as a ring round the stem at
maturity. The tubes are easily removed from the pilcixs,
and the dissepiments or walls of the tubes — in reality the
tramal plates from Avhich the h^'menium proceeds — are in
some species coloured red at the opening of the pores.
The ])eculiar ])ri)perty jiossessed by tlio flesh of some
species in becoming a more or less intense blue when cut
or broken, dei)ends on the presence of two distinct substances
in the flesh ; one, a resinous substance that becomes blue
when brouglit in contnct with ozone ; the other, a substance
soluble in water, which ozonises the oxygen of tlic air, and
then efiects a combination with the resin, to which it gives
BOLETUS. 259
Tip its oxygen in the form of ozone, the i-esult being a more
or less intense blue coloration.
Starch has been proved to be present in the flesh of the
stem and j^ileus of many sj)ecies of Boletus. If a portion of
the flesh, after the blue coloration above described has
passed away, is touched with a solution of iodine, the blue
coloration characteristic of the presence of starch is at once
produced; this colour disappears on heating, but returns
when cool ; if the starch is extracted from the fungus by
boiling water, and the solution mixed with a diastase (saliva),
after remaining for some time it loses the power of becoming
blue on the application of iodine, has, in fact, been converted
into a sugar, which readily reduces a solution of Fehling's
fluid or of cupro-potash. In most instances where starch is
present in fungi, it is in solution in the cell- wall, as in the
asci of many of the Discomycetes ; in the sclerotium of
Claviceps purpurea it is present in the form of small grains.
Hovering round Boletus, as a typical and central genus,
are several genera, established as such by different myco-
logists. The genus Sirobilomyces — kept up in the present
book out of deference to its founder, the late M. J. Berkeley,
called by Fries " The Prince of Mj^cologists " — is very
closely allied, differing in fact from Boletus only in the
coarsely scaly pileus. Gijrodon, founded as a distinct genus
by Opatowski, difiers in the very short tubes with sinuous
openings, and is considered here as a subgenus, in which I
have followed Fries. Boletinus, Kalchbr., differs in the tubes
not leaving the flesh of the pileus by a plane surface, as in
Boletus, but little points of the flesh of the pileus pass down
into the tubes; the general aspect is, however, that of
Boletus, and it is included by Fries as a subgenus. The
only species, B. cavipjes, Kalchbr., closely resembles in size,
habit, and colour. Boletus luteus, being more umbonate, with
a well-developed whitish veil, and poi-es decurrent, the
openings rather elongated radially, and stem hollow; this
species has not yet been found in Britain. Polifporus differs
from Boletus in the trama or dissepiments of the pores being
continuous with the flesh of the pileus ; lience the tubes
cannot be removed in a clean manner from the sporophore
or flesh of the pileus.
s 2
260 FUNGUS-FLORA.
ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES OF BOLETUS.
A. Pores ytlloic at the openings.
Under this division are included those species having the ,
openings of the pores yellow, orange, greenish, or cinnamon- |
brown tvhen mature.
* Eing present on stem.
** Pileus dry, tomentose or silky,
*** Pileiis viscid, at least when moist; ring absent.
**** Stem reticulated.
B. Pores red at the openings, tubes more or less olivaceous.
The red colour of the openings of the pores varies from
crimson, through purple, to brownish red.
C. Tubes red throughout.
The entire length of the tubes as well as the openings of
the pores red.
D. Tubes pale, dingi/ pinlr throughout.
The entire lengtli of the tubes, as well as the openings of
(lie pores, dingy pink or pale flesh-colour.
E. Tubes and openings of pores white or grey.
In the present section both tubes and openings of pores
are white at first, then often grey, in some species becoming
lirownish; but there is not at any age the least trace of
yellow or red.
Suhgr)!. Gyrodon.
Tubes exceedingly short, openings sinuous.
The above characters apply to the mature fungus; in
many species oi Buleliis tlie tubes in llic young state answer
more or less to the above diagnosis, but the tubes elongate
and the openings expand during development.
BOLETUS. 261
A. Pores yellow at the openings.
* Ming present on stem.
Boletus luteus. Linn. (figs. 4-6, p. 184.)
Pileus 3-4 iu. across, convex, covered at first with a thick
coat of dirty, brown gluten, w^hich eventually disappears,
leaving the surface paler, and with darker streaks, flesh thick,
whitish, unchangeable ; tubes about i in. long, adnata,
openings roundish, about \ mm. across, yellow, tinged with
cinnamon when old ; stem 3-4 in. long, | in. thick, subequal,
firm ; above the large membranaceous, whitish ring, yellow
and rough with darker raised points, below the ring,
whitish, solid ; spores cylindric-fiisiform, cinnamon, 10 x 3 /x.
Boletus luteus, Linn., fcjuec, n. 1247 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 250.
On the ground, usually in pine woods. I3istinguished by
the very glutinous dirty-brown pileus and the ample whitish
ring, which is sometimes more or less tinged with pink.
Pileus 3-4 in. broad, dingy yellow, convex, covered at
first with thick brown gluten, which is soon washed off, but
the pileus remains slightly viscid, and clothed with very
minute matted silkiness. Flesh at first firm, whitish, not
changing. Tubes adnate, dull yellow, nearly simple, their
orifices round, or .slightly waved. Spores ochraceous, ferru-
ginous. Stem 4 in. high or more, ?, in. thick, straight or
flexuous, at first white, but soon sordid, hoary beneath the
white persistent ring, glandular above, sometimes the whole
surface is glandular. (Berk.)
Boletus elegans. Schum.
Pileus 2-4 in. across, convex then almost plane, viscid,
tawny-golden, or sometimes clear yellow, flesh rather thick,
pale-yellow ; tubes slightly decurrent, about | in. long,
openings minute, simple, deep suljihur-yellow ; stem firm
3-4 in. long, ^ in. thick or more, unequal or subequal, gulden-
yellow, then more or less rufescent, punctate above the
whitish, fugacious imperfect ring ; spores elliptical.
Boletus elegans, Schum., in I'ries, Epicr., p. 4UU ; Fries,
Sverig atl Svamp., t. 76; Cke., Hdbk., p. 250; Stev., Brit.
Fung., p. 168.
In woods, especially larch.
Pileus 2-4 in. broad, convex, smooth, covered with a
2G2 FLNGlS-FhURA.
glutinous substance, wliicli gradnall}' disappears, of a tawny
or yellow colour, often irregularly spotted, and with a
reddish tinge. Tubes of the hynienium yellow and decur-
rent, and adnate with tlie stipes, the orifice minute, uniform.
Flesh thick, pale-yellowish, scarcely changing on l)eing cut.
Stipes solid, 2-4 in. long or more, firm, half an inch or more
in diameter, somewhat attenuated upwards, or subequal,
pale towards the upper part, especially above the veil, where
it is generally dotted, below it is usually more or less
streaked or stained with dull red. Veil very conspicuour,
passing in the young state from the margin of the pileus
to the stipes, to which it afterwards remains more or less
attached. (Grev,)
Boletus flavus- With.
I'ileus o— i in. across, compact, firm, convex then ex-
panded, smooth, even, yellow, covered with an evanescent
tawny gluten, flesh thick, pale yellow, unchangeable ; tubes
about -j- in. long, abruptly adnate, openings angular, com-
jDound, large, irregular, §-1 mm. across, yellow, then tinged
with cinnamon ; stem 3-4 in. long, about § in. thick, equal
or slightly thickened at the base, furnished at maturity
with the remains of the meml)ranaceous ring, above which
the stem is vaguely reticulated and dingy yellow, below the
ring, even, yellow tinged with rufous, flesh j-ellow, dingy at
the base ; spores pale olive, elongato-fusiform, 10-13 X 4 /x.
J5o/c/us //ar«s, Withering ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 497; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 250.
In woods. Allied to Boletus rln/nns and B. Intcxa ; distin-
guished from the former by the large angular ojienings of
the pores and the reticulated apex of the stem ; from the
latter by the bright yelU)\v pilous after the gluten has dis-
appeared, and b}' the reticulate, not punctate apex of the
stem.
Pileus 2-5 in. broad, compact, in moist shady places
glutinous and bright yellow, in exposed situations dry and
brown ; flesli pale yellow, not changing ; tubes unequal, of
a golden sulphur, wavy, sometimes with their orifices ruddy,
ring diity yuUow, memlirauaccous. Stem 2-3 in. high,
G-9 lines thick, yellow spotted with purple, thickened at the
base, reticulated above the ring. (Klotsch.)
BOLETUS. 263
Boletus flavidus. Fr.
Pileiis l.^,-2|- ill. across, when quite young, umbonate,
then gibbous, eventually almost plane, viscid, dingy j-ellow
or pale brown, tinged more or less with pink, flesh pallid,
thin ; tubes about | in. long, decurrent, dingy yellow,
openings large, angular, compound ; stem 2-3 in. long,
about 4 lines thick, subequal, usually more or less curved,
whitish tinged with yellow, minutely glandular above
viscous ring.
Boletus flavidus, Fries, Obs. i. p. 110 ; Stev., Brit. Fung.,
p. 169.
In pine woods, swamps, &c. A much more slender fungus
than the other annulate species, and distinguished at once
by the viscous veil. In Krombholtz's figure quoted by Fries,
the margin of the pileus is striate, as is also the apex of the
stem.
Stem furnished with a ring, 2-3 in. long, whitish or
yellowish, slender, the thickness of a goose-quill or a little
more, equal, not in the least incrassated at the base, even
tough, straight or subflexuous ; varies with a striate stem,
Pileus convex, pulvinate, pale yellow, or greyish-yellow,
sometimes umbonate, glabrous, dry, or in rainy weather
viscid, 2-3 in. broad, margin sometimes regular and spread-
ing, at others irregular and repand, hymenium plane. Flesh
yellowish, soft, unchangeable, sometimes distinctly greyish.
Tubes ^— ^ in. long, yellow. Pores angular, large, irregular,
subcompound, attached to the stem and often decurrent.
(Fries.)
**
Pileus dry, tomentose or silky.
Boletus chrysenteron. Fr.
Pileus 2-4 in. across, convex then expanded, becoming
almost plane, soft, minutely tomentose, brownish with an
olive tinge, often cracked into areolae, interstices reddish,
flesh rather thin, pale, yellow, red just underneath the
cuticle, with a transient shade of blue ; tubes up to ^ in.
long, subadnate, yellow then greenish, openings angular,
irregular, compound, largest near the stein, where they are
1-1 • 5 mm, across ; stem 2-3 in. long, ?,-;f in. thick, subequal
or slightly swollen below the middle, rigid, fibroso-striate,
264 FUNGUS-FLOKA.
yellow, more or less tinged witli red, solid, flesli deeper
yellow than that of the pileus, usually stained with red ;
spores elongato-fusiform, pale olive, 12-14 X 4 /x.
Boletus chrysenteron. Fries, Epicrisis, p. 415; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 254.
In Avoods and pastures. At first continuously covered with
a dense olive tomentuni, which eventually becomes cracked,
the cracks are red. Stem generally crooked, more or le^s
streaked with red. Allied to Boletus suhtomentosus, from
which the present species is known more especiallj- by the
red colour of the flesh below the minutely velvety surface.
Pileus 2-3 in. or more broad, of various colours, but chiefly
some shade of red, olive or yellow, pulvinate, minutel}'-
downy ; specimens often cracked in polj-gons, the intei stices
reddish ; flesh white or yellowish, changing slightly to blue.
Tubes adnate or ascending and then subdecurrent, large,
dull yellow, simple, blue when bruised. Stem 3 in. high,
l-}^ in. thick, nearly smooth, very firm, j'ellow streaked
more or less with red, generally crooked, particularly at the
base, which is often suddenly attenuated, though sometimes
tliat part is thickest, changing slightly to blue when cut.
(Berk.)
Var. nanus, Mass. Pileus about 1 in. across, convex,
covered with a continuous olive tomentum, which does not
crack ; flesh pale yellow, and like that of the stem changing
to red when cut ; tubes about 2 lines long, adnate, yellow,
eventually with a green tinge, openings elongated, sinuous,
narrow ; stem 1 in. long, | in. thick, slightly swollen below
the centre, firm, yellow, streaked or spotted with crimson
below, flesh red at the base from the first; spores clougato-
iusif(um, i)ale olive, 10 X 3 /x.
Amongst grass under trees. Distinct from the type in the
smaller size, in the flesh of ]iileus and stem becoming red
when cut, and in the elongated, narrow, sinuous or gyrose
oi)enings of the pores. May possibly prove to bo a distinct
species.
Var. versicolor, Rost. I''i]eus about 1\ in. across, nearly
plane, minutely velvety, bright deep lose-pink ; tubes
shorter round the stem, but adnate, |- in. long, openings
large, angular, yellow, greenish when old ; stem 1 J in. long,
BOLETUS. 265
i in. thick, apex yellowish, rest more or less red, aolid ; spores
pale yellow, fi:sit'orm, 10 x 3 /x,.
Boletus versicolor, Eoskovius, in Sturm's Deutschl. Fl.,
t. 10;; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 504.
In woods. Distinguished by the clear rose-pink tomen-
tose pileus. Although Fries accepts the above as a species,
he says that he has seen a variety of J5. chrysenteron exactly
similar, and considers that it may be a varietj'^ of the last-
named species.
Boletus striaepes. Seer.
Pileus convex then exjianded, soft, silky, olive, ferruginous
under the cuticle; tubes adnate, angular, greenish, pores
minute, yellow ; stem firm, curved, yellow, with blackish-
brown striations, base reddish-brown.
Boletus striaepes, Secretan, Fl. Mycol. Snis., n. 32 ; Fries,
Hym. Eur., p. 502 ; Berk., Outl., p. 232.
In pine woods. A species respecting which l)ut little is
known in this country. Appears to be near Boletus chrysen-
teron.
Boletus subtomentosus. Linn.
Pileus 2-4 in. across, convex then expanded, soft, dry,
velvety, dingy olive, dark umber-brown with olive tinge, or
yellowish-brown, often cracked in an areolate manner, the
interstices yellowish, no tinge of red under the cuticle ;
tubes adnate, \ in. long, openings angular, |-1 mm. across,
yellow ; stem 2-3 in. long, § in. thick, attenuated at the
base, often slightly ventricose, more or less ribbed, yellowish,
usually streaked with red, solid; spores elongato-ellij)tica],
pale browni.sh-olive, 13—14 x o fx.
Boletus subtomentosus, Linn., Suec, n. 1251; Fries, Hym.
Eur., p. 503; Bulliard, t. 393 ; Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 172.
In woods. Resembling Boletus chrysenteron in size, habit,
and general appearance, but known l)y the absence of a red
tinge under the tomentum of the pileus. The stem is
sliglitly rough with minute points. Young specimens of
B. chrysenteron may be mistaken for the present species,
unless a section of the pileus is made, when the red colour
of the flesh below the cuticle decides the point. Berkeley
says that the present species often grows on beech-nuts.
206 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Stem attenuated downwaixls. When the pileus is cracked
the cracks arc yellowish. Flesh white or pallid, not red
Itelow the cuticle. After the olive tomentuiu has dis-
appeared the pileus is brighter, variable. (Fries.)
Var. radicans. Mass.
Pileus expanded, usually undulated, tomentose, bright
yelhnvish olive-green ; tubes greenish-olive at maturity,
stem whitish below, yellow and strongly grooved above.
Boletus radicans, Krombholtz, t. 48, fig. 1-6.
In woods. DilFering from the type in the points indicated,
in size and other respects similar.
Boletus cruentus. Vent.
Pileus .']— i in. across, convex then almost plane, soft,
minutely tomentose, olivaceous with a reddish tinge, be-
coming red at once when bruised, flesh ^ in. thick, pale
yellow changing to red when cut; tubes shortened round
the stem and almost free, -i— § in. long, pale yellowish-olive,
openings minute, suliangular, regular, aljoiit ?(- mm. diameter ;
stem 2-3 in. long, tapering upwards, 1-1 }r in. thick at the
incrassated base, which ends in a tapering rooting portion,
yellow -with reddish markings, minutely flocculose, solid,
flesh yellow, becoming red like that of the jjileus when cut ;
sj^ores elliiitic-fusiform, pale olive, 14—16 x 5 ^.
Boletus cruentus, Venturi, t. 43, f. 3 & 4; Fries, Hym.
Eur., p. 507.
On the ground, under beeches. Smell strong. Not
agreeing in every particular with Venturi's species, but
corresponding in the essential features of the flesh becoming
red when cut, and rooting base of stem.
Boletus sanguineus. With.
"Tubes yellow; pileus lihiod-red, changing to a rich
red-brown; stem-yellow, with broad crimson streaks.
" Tubes yellow, a little decurrent, unequal in length, but
mostly about ^J■ of an in. long, changing to deep blue when
broken. Pores lenion-ydlow, angular.
" Pileus crimson, semiglobular, -4— 1£- in. over ; when old,
rich red-brown, near 3 in. over, and the edge turning up.
Flesli white, a little tinged with crimson next to the skin,
changing slowly to a bluish cast when wounded. Stem,
BOLETUS.
267
blotches or streaks of dilute crimson on a yellow ground,
apparently twisted, l-2i- in. high, near ^ths diameter. In
the larger specimens the base is bulbous.
" I have never found this species elsewhere than in the spot
mentioned below, and no author I meet with has figured it.
In its button state the blood-red pileus, the yellow and
crimson stained stem, and the fine lemon-coloured pores,
render it a beautiful object. I only once found it in an
expanded state as described above, growing on the same
spot, but am rather doubtful as to the identity of the species.
" Between the large square stew and the wall in Edgbaston
Park.'"
Boletus sanguineus, Withering, Arr. Brit. PI., ed. 3,
vol. iv. p. 319.
The above is the unabridged description given by
Withering, of the fungus called by him Boletus sanguineus ;
although in some respects it resembles, from the description,
Boletus cJirysenteron, yet it appears to be quite distinct in the
short tubes, &c., and the last-named is described very
accurately by Withering next to B. sanguineus.
Whatever the species may be, it is certainly not the
Boletus sanguineus. With., of Fries, Epicr., p. 412, and Hym.
Eur., p. 500. Fries admits in his latest work that he had
never seen the species, but only a figure by Sowerby,
tab. 225, which he supposes to represent Withering's plant,
and the description given by Fries in Hym. Eur. is a
compound of Withering's description and Sowerby's figure,
it is also stated to be vi.scid, a character not mentioned by
either Withering or Sowerl»y. The following is Sowerby's
description of the fungus he calls Boletus communis. Bull.,
t. 393, and quoted by Fries as Boletus sanguineus, With.
"Found in woods, frequently of this bright colour,
especially when in a young state. It is no less frequently
of a duller colour, resembling the pileus oi B. scaher, tab. 175.
The yellow or lemon-coloured pores, and their being straight
from the edge of the pileus to the stipes (.scarcely decurrent)
will readily distinguish the one from the other. Does not
Dr. Withering's B. sanguineus, 319, belong to this species?
It changes blue when cut."
Now Sowerljy's figure of what he calls Boletus communis,
figured on tab. 225, may be described as follows from the figure.
268 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Pileus 2-5 in. across, convex then expanded, smooth, even
])lood-red with a tinge of piiri)le in some of the younj;er
specimens ; tubes l in. or more long, adnate, plane, openings
large, pale olive-green when matuie; stem 3-4^ in. long,
X in. or more thick, equal, yellow, more or ies's streaked
with red, especially upwards, flesh, like that of the pileus,
yellowish.
As already stated, this is considered by Sowcrby to be
Boletus communis, Bulliard, t. 393, but the latter is quoted by
Fries under Boletus suhtomentosus, and the figure certainly
appears to agree with tlie last-named species, and has not a
trace of red about the pileus, hence it appears certain that
Sowerby was wrong in referring his plant to Bulliard's B.
communis (— B. suhtomentosus), and as it does not agree in habit
and other particulai s with B. chri/scnteron, it may be CDUsidcrcd
as a distinct species, but until, like Withering's species, it is
met with again, it had better remain as it is, now that
attention has been called to the matter. The curse of
establishing species from figures presses already heavily
enough on the systematist without adding to the load.
In Cooke's llandl)ook and Stevenson's British Fungi,
Fries' description of Boletus sanguineus is copied Avithuut
comment.
Boletus impolitus. Fries.
Pileus 4-6 in. acro^is, convex, then more or less expanded,
llocculose, at length granuloso- rivulose, not polished, rather
]>ale yellow-brown, flesh thick, pale yellow below tlio
cuticle; tubes nearly free, ^-.\ in. long, openings minuie,
yellow ; stem 2-3 in. long, 1 .\-2 in. thick at the base, some-
what bulbous or inflated below, yellow, even, pubescent,
sometimes tinged with red near the ajjcx ; spores jmlo olive,
elongato-fusifurm, 14—15 X o fx.
Boletus impolitus. Fries, Epicr., p. 421 ; Fries, Sverig. iitl.
Svamp., t. 42.
In woods.
A large fine species, pileus yellow-brown or tawnv-
brown, tomentose, sometimes cracking into areolae. Stain
yellow, tomentose, not reticulated. Attains a diameter
of 4 in. or more ; stem al^out 2 in. Flesh more or less
changing to blue when cut. Often very large, (Cooke.)
BOLETUS. 269
Boletus sulphureus. Fr.
Pileus convex, then plane, compact, silky-tomentose,
sulphur-yellow, tiesh pale-yellow, becoming more or less
blue when bruken, but golden yellow when exposed to the
air, reddish near the tubes ; tubes 1-2 lines long, adhering
more firmly together than usual, changing colour when
touched, at length spotted with rust-colour ; openings
minute, compound, sulphur-yellow, then greenish ; stem
1—2 in. long, 1 in. thick, firm, ventricose, even, smooth,
sulphur-yellow, then dingy ferruginous; spores pale-yellow,
then ochraceous.
Boletus suljyhureus, Fries, Epicr., p, 413 ; Stev., Brit. Fung.,
p. 171.
Amongst sawdust, chips, &c.
In dense clusters, springing from abroadly expanded, woolly,
golden-yellow mycelium, with the appearance of Agaricus
spectabilis. Pilei wavy and growing into each other. (Fries.)
Boletus variecolor. B & Br.
Pileus 1 J- in. across, convex, olive, subtomentose, margin
involute, flesh thick, blackish-purple below the cuticle,
remainder like that of the stem white, tinged yellow here
and there; pores about 2 lines long, free, openings minute,
3'ellow; stem about 2 in. long, base thickened, ^ in. or more
across, 3 in. thick at apex, apex reticulated, minutely
l)ubescent and rufescent upwards, yellowish below, solid;
spores elliptic-fusiform, slightly oblique, pale olive, 14x4/x.
Boletus variecolor, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1020,
pi. 13, f. 3 (1865); Cke., Hdbk., p. 255.
In woods. Agreeing with B. olivaceus in having the
margin involute, but distinguished from this and other
allies by the dark-purple colour below the cuticle of the
pileus. The gills are described as free by B. & Br., and
figured as broadly adnate, but an examination of the type
specimens show them to be shortened round the stem.
"NV^ith the habit of jB. suhtomentosm and B. chrysenieron, but
the stem is clavate and reticulated.
Boletus olivaceus. Schaeff.
Pilens 2—3 in. acr(jss, convex, margin at first involute,
brownish-olive, glabrous; tubes adnate, 2-3 lines long,
270 FUNGUS-FLORA.
opeBings miuute, nnequal, yellowish-olive ; stem firm, cla-
vate, bulLous, the thin apex' yellow, remainder more or less
covered with crimson blotches or entirely crimson, vaguely
reticulated or punctate with red, solid ; spores ?.
Boletus olivaccns, Schaeffer, tab. 105 ; Cke., Ildbk., p. 255.
In woods. A rare species that I have not seen, neither
can I find any specimens in herbaria, hence cannot give
form or size of spores. Flesh of pileus .V in. or more thick,
tinged yellow, becoming blue when cut ; this colour soon
fades, leaving the flesh white. Stem li-2 in. long, 1-li- in.
across at thickest part, thinner upwards. Known by incurved
margin when young, glabrous pileus, and reddish, vaguely
reticulated obese stem.
Boletus fragrans. Vitt.
Fasciculate or solitary. Pileus 1-4 in. across, convex,
dark-brown or umber-brown, often wavy, slightly tomentose,
margin incurved; flesh very thick, yellowish, sometimes
unchangeable, at others changing to green or blue, and finally
becoming reddish when broken ; tul)es shortened round the
stem and almost free, }j in. or more long, openings small,
roundish, yellow then greenish ; stem at first stout, ovate,
usually tapering at the base, then lengthening and becoming
thinner upwards, even, variegated with yellow and red,
solid : spores pale olive, elongato-fusiform, 10-12 X 4 /x.
Boletus fragrans, Vittadini, Fung. JNlang., p. 153, t. Ill ;
Stev., Brit. Fung., p. ;)4.
In woods, under oaks, &c. I'ileus bronze-brown, some-
times with purple shades. Often grows in dense clusters,
and in this particular diflfering from any other British
species. Very good for eating.
Boletus aestivalis. Fr.
Pileus 5-8 in. acvdss, convex, wliitisli or pale buff, minutely
silky, often cracking into areolae, margin often wavy, flesh
very thick, white under the cuticle, lower down and that of
stem yellow, unchangeable ; tubes shortened round the stem,
I in. or more in length, openings minute, equal, yellow ;
stem about 3 in. long, very thick, more or less bulbous,
Kubconical, palo yellow or whitish, even, solid, flesh at base
BOLETUS. 271
usually with a reddish tinge; spores pale olive, elongato-
fusiform, 13-14 X 4 /a.
Boletus aestivalis, Fries, Epicr., p. 422 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 257.
In pastures under trees, &c. Esculent, one of the largest
species of the genus, distinguished from its allies by the
pale-coloured pileus, which varies from white, through grey,
to pale tan, yellow tubes, unchangeable flesh, and stout
stem, which is often 2 in. across at the thickest part.
Boletus fulvidus. Fr.
Pileus 2-3-^^ in. across, convex then plane, minutely silky,
shining, dry, firm, foxy brown ; pores up to ^ in. long,
depressed round the stem and free, openings small, equal,
angular, about -} mm. across, white, then yellow with a
tinge of olive when old ; stem li— 2 in. long, | in. thick,
equal or a little attenuated downwards, firm, smooth,
shining, coloured like the pileus, solid, flesh like that of the
pileus yellowish white, unchangeable ; spores elliptic-oblong,
white with a yellow tinge, 10-11 X 5 /x..
Boletus fulvidus. Fries, Obs. 2, p. 247 ; Fries, Hym. Eur.,
p. 517.
On the ground under trees. Flesh of pileus and stem
firm and rigid. The stem becomes more or less hollow with
age. Allied to Boletus castaneus, which, however, is readily
known by the velvety stem. Fries says that the intensity
of colour of the pileus is variable.
Boletus castaneus. Bull.
Pileus 2-4 in. across, convex then expanded, becoming
almost plane, or even depressed, firm, even, minutely velvety,
pale chestnut, tubes free, short, about | in. long, free from
the stem, openings minute, round, white then yellow ; stem
2-3 in. high, base slightly incrassated, slightly attenuated
upwards, even, more or less velvety, same colour as the
pileus or paler, becoming imperfectly hollow with age.
Boletus castaneus, Bull., t. 328 ; Krombh. t. 4, f. 28-30 ;
Stev., Brit. Fung., p. 181.
In woods. Flesh white, unchangeable, rather thick. In
Bulliard's figures the pileus is reddish cinnamon, in those of
Kromljholtz bright but rather light chestnut ; the stem is
also indicated as distinctly hollow.
272 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Smaller than Boletus cyanescens, not juicy. Pileiis at first
encircling the base of the somewhat marginato-bulbous
stem, which is not constricted at the apex as in B. cyanescens.
(Fries.)
Pilens 3 in. broad, depressed when old, but broadly pul-
vinate in the centre, subtonientose, the down raised up into
little flat scales, beautiful dark rufous tan ; flesh thick,
mottled, stained beneath the cuticle with the colour of the
pileus, not changing colour, viscid, insipid or subacid ; tubes
vivid yellow, half-free, not reaching to the extreme margin ;
spores yellow ; stem sometimes short, swelling in the centre,
attenuated below, hollow, sometimes long and equal, beauti-
fully tinged with yellow and rufous. (Berk.)
Solitary. Stem 2-3 in. long, -?,— 1 in. thick, constantly
very smooth, subatteniiated upwards, cjdiudrical, firm,
colour of the pileus or a little paler. Pileus pulvinate, even,
drj% villoso-pulverulent or nearly glabrous, 2 in. broad,
chestnut, margin patent, obtuse, hymenium almost plane.
Flesh white, unchangeable, or becoming pale lilac-chestnut
towards the edges when broken. Tubes al;)out equal in
length to the thickness of the flesh of the pileus, straight,
sti-aw-colour, at length yellow, equal, minute, subrotund, not
decurrent. (Fries.)
Boletus spadiceus. Schaeff.
Pileus 2-4 in. across, convex then expanded, sometimes
becoming almost plane, dry, tomentose, bay-brown, opaque,
often irregularly cracked ; flesh thick, white, reddish-brown
under the cuticle ; tubes adnate, |-.^ in. long, openings
minute, subrotund, yellow ; stem 2-3 in. long, 'f-l in. thick
at the base, attenuated upwards, even, flocculoso-furfura-
ceous, yellowish-brown, solid, flesh yellowish.
Boletus spadiceus, Schaeft'er, t. 12G ; Stev., Brit. Fung.,
p. 173.
In woods. Solitary or in clusters of 2-3. Stem firm,
pale yellowish-brown in Schaeifer's figure, deej) orange-
brown in Krombholtz's figure, tab. 30, f. 19 and 20, also
quoted by Fries under the present species. The stem is not
red at all.
Boletus vaccinus. Fr.
Pileus 2-4 in. across, convex then expanded, minutely
BOLETUS. 273
tomentose, margin obtuse, deep chestnut-colour, flesh whitish,
unchangeable, tinged red under the cuticle ; tubes about
^ in. long, almost free from the stem, openings minute,
rounded, white then sulphur-yellow, stem 2-3 in. long, |-1
in. thick, variable, sometimes bulbous, at others attenuated
downwards, paler than the stem, solid, flesh brownish at the
base; spores very pale yellow, elongato-fusiform, 15-16 x
5 fi.
Boletus vaccinus. Fries, Epicrisis, p. -1:20 ; Fries, Sverig.
Svamp. tab. 51.
In woods, especially under beech-trees. Allied to Boletus
hadius, but known by the minutely tomentose, dry pileus,
and the much smaller openings of the pores, that rarely
exceed ^ mm. across. Often subcaespitose. Although Fries
says the flesh is unchangeable, yet in the section of his fig.
in Sverig. Svamp. it is tinged blue. I have never observed
any trace of blue.
Boletus Rostkovii. Fr.
Pileus 3-4 in. across, convex or almost j)lane, dingy olive-
brown or rufous, very minutely tomentose, often areolately
cracked, interstices pale ; flesh thick, compact, white,
becoming tinged red when cut, here and there a shade of
blue ; tubes about ^ in. long, pale yellow-green, openings
irregularly angular, compound, about | mm. diameter ; stem
obconic, 1 in. across at the apes, tapering almost to a point,
about 1 in. long, smooth, pale reddish-yellow, solid, flesh
tinged like that of pileus ; spores elongato-fusoid, pale olive,
20 X 5 /x.
Boletus Rostkovii, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 521.
Boletus lividas, Rost., Sturm, Cr. Fl., t. 18.
On the ground under trees. Known at once by the short
obconic stem and the flesh becoming tinged with red when
broken.
Boletus purpurascens. IJost.
Pileus 3-4 in. across, convex then almost plane, drj',
glabrous, deep purple with a tinge of brown, flesh thick,
compact, dirty grey, streaked or marbled ; tubes adnate,
1 in. or more in length, dingy yellow, openings same colour,
small, irregularly circular, about l mm. across ; stcui about
2 in. long, ^ in. thick at the apex, tapering downwards and
VOL. I. T
274 FUN.GUS-FLOKA.
ending in a rooting base, even, glabrous, deep purple-red;
spores elliptic-fusiform, pale olive, 15 x 4-5 /x.
Buh'tits jjurjmrascens, Kostkovius, in Sturm, Cr. FL, t. 8 ;
Fries, Uyni. Eur., p. 504.
In woods. Resembling Boletus p^irpnrcus in the purple
pileus, liut distinguished by the moutlis of the tubes being
yellow and not red. The tubes become green when bruised.
Boletus radicans. Pers.
Pilous 0-4 in. across, convex, then nearly plane and often
flexuous, minutely velvety, grej'ish-olive and becoming
yellowish-red, flesh white, unchangeable or with a vague
tinge of blue here and there, thick except at the permanently
incurved margin ; tubes about | in. deep, adnate, openings
irregularly^ angular, bright yellow ; stem 2^3 in. long,
|— 1 in. thick at the apex, tapering downwards and ending
in a rooting base, solid, j^ellow, sprinkled Avitli red particles ;
spores elliptic-oblong, pale yellow, 1(3 x 4 /a.
Boletus radicans, Pers., Synopsis, p. 507 ; Fries, Hym. Eur.,
p. 503.
On the ground under trees. Allied to Boletus clirysenteron,
but distinguished by the permanently incurved margin of
the pileus, and the stouter stem tapering downwards and
ending in a rooting base; the pores are also smaller, ave-
raging V. mm. across.
Boletus cyanescens. liull.
Pileus 2-5 in. across, convex, becoming expanded and
sometimes Avavy, closely tomentose or floccoso-squamose,
opaque, tan-coloured or brownish, flesh thick, white, bectini-
ing deep blue when broken ; tubes about J in. long, free or
almost so, openings mintite, rounded, white then pale lemon
yellow ; stem 2-3 in. long, thickened below, where it is
sometimes 1.] in. diameter, villoso-pruinose, coloured like the
pileus, stuffed then imperfectly hollow ; spores very pale
yellow, fusiform, 14—10 X 4 /x.
Boletus cyanescens, Pulliaril, t. 309 ; Cooke, Ildbk., p. 200.
In woods. Pileus 2-5 in. broad, rigid, pale, straw-colour,
subfuliginous, the margin acute; flesh white, when broken
cliaiigiiig instantly to the most beautiful azure blue, and
when stjueezed distilling a blue juice; tubes short, when
young scarcely a line long, white or lomon-coloured ; stem
BOLETUS. 275
distinct from the pileus, tlie apex contracted, brittle, never
reticulated, but villoso-pruinose. (Fries.)
Stem, as in other species, solid ; but in this species the
stem is stuifed with a softer, rather spongy (not elastic)
substance that is contiguous with the outer firm portion,
naked, 1^2|- inches long, thickened at the base, ventricose,
always even, glabrous or villoso-pulverulent, white, some-
times yellowish, when touched becoming olive or smoky-
grey, flesh white, becoming bluish; pileus when young
semiglobose, soon convex and plane below, at length almost
plane and convex below, fleshy, not elastic, 2-5 in.,
yellowish, sometimes bright, at others pallid, sometimes
even greyish; villoso-pulverulent, due to short, partly ad-
pressed hairs, rarely glabrous, margin patent, acute ; flesh
white, when broken becoming blue, when squeezed giving
out a bright blue juice. Pores minute, subrotund, white,
free from the stem, also becoming bright blue when
wounded. (Fries.)
Boletus parasiticus. Bull.
Pileus 1^-2 in. across, convexo-plane, dry, silky, usually
becoming ci'acked in an areolate manner, dingy, yellowish-
tan, flesh about 2 lines thick, equal ; tubes subdecurrent,
about 2 lines long, yellow, then reddish-orange or dingy
cinnamon, openings rounded, sometimes compound, about
}^- mm. across, stem ^-2 in. long, incurved, coloured like the
pileus, solid, flesh yellow ; spores pale olive-brown, elongato-
fusifonn, 12-13 X i /x.
Boletus ijaraslticus. Bull., t. 431, f. 1 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 253.
Parasitic on species of Scleroderma. Known by its peculiar
habitat. Apparently a variable species in colour.
Berkeley and Broome say, " Pileus silky, dirty yellow, as
well as the incurved, rigid, slightly silky stem ; flesh of a
pale reddish hue ; tubes decui-rent, labyrinthiform, reddish.
It is certainly not viscid in any stage of growth."
Cooke remarks on the above, " We have met with it
several times, but there has not been any reddish tint in the
tubes of our specimens. Hence, they may vary in colour.
Tubes at first sulphur-colour, yellow, then reddish-orange.
Spores spindle-shaped, elongated, pale brown, very different
from the last (J5. ruhinus), -0005 x "00015 in."
T 2
276 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Finally, I have collected specimens in Epping Forest
liaYing the pileiis and incurved stem dingy tan-coloiir, tubes
at first yellow, then dingy cinnamon.
Boletus duriusculus. Schulz.
Pileus 2-0 in. across, hemispherical, minntely velvety,
viscid when moist, varying in colour from pale brown,
through dingy chestnut, to umber-brown, often becoming
cracked in an areolate manner when dry, interstices paler ;
flesh thick, white or tinged yellow, when cut becoming red-
dish copper-colour ; tubes -h-^ in. long, shortened round the
stem and free, openings about ^ mm. across, often compound,
irregularly angular, bright yellow ; stem 4-7 in. long, fusi-
form, thickest part l|^-2 in. across, situated below the middle,
yellowish, rough with blackish points, which are sometimes
arranged in a subreticulate manner, apex sometimes more or
less grooved, solid, flesh of upper part becoming coppery like
the pileus; spores elongato-cylindrical, pale umber, 14-lG x
5—6 fj..
Boletus duriusculus, Schulzer, Icon. Sel. Hymen. Hung.,
p. 51, t. xxxiii., fig. 1 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 515.
In woods. Esculent and very delicious. Allied to Boletus
scaler, but distinguished by the bright yellow tubes and the
very firm flesh, which turns coppery-red when exposed to
the air ; this colour eventually changes to a dingy greyish-
violet. Also allied to Boletus porphjrosporus.
Boletus pruinatus. Fr.
Pileus li-o in. across, convex, becoming expanded, rigid,
dry, purplish-bay or dark cinnamon with a red tinge, covered
with an umber-colourcd bloom, flesh rather thin, white,
becoming indistinctly greenish or bluish sometimes; tubes
about I in. long, ojienings minute, rounded, yellow; stem
about 2 in. long, | in. thick above, rather ventricose towards
the base, even, smooth, yellow, more or less streaked with
red.
Boletus 2^ruinatu8, Fries, Bolet., p. 0 ; Stev., Brit. Fung.,
p. 174.
In grassy ground under trees, &c. Solitary, or often more
or less clustered, with somewhat the habit and appearance of
certain forms oi Boletus cJirysenteron, hut distinguished by the
BOLETUS. 277
small rounded openings of the tubes, and the pileus covered
with a dark coloured bloom.
Boletus variegatus. Swartz.
Pileus 3-5 in. across, convex then expanded, obtuse, margin
acute, dingy yellow or pale tawny at the disc, paler yellow
towards the margin, covered with minute pilose, tawny
squamules, viscid when moist, iiesh thick, yellow, becoming
pale blue when cut ; tubes |- in. long, adnate, openings small,
unequal, yellowish, then cinnamon or brownish ; stem 2-3 in.
long, up to 1 in. thick, subequal, firm, pale yellow, solid ;
spores pale olive, elliptical, 6 x 3 /x.
Boletus variegatus, Swartz, in Vet. Akad. Handl., p. 8 ; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 253.
In fir woods, amongst heather, &c. Often gregarious.
Pileus tawny and minutely adpressed, squamulose at the disc,
becoming pale yellow towards the margin, in some instances
the flesh does not become blue on being cut. Fries says that
the stem is sometimes reddish.
Pileus 3 in. or more broad, convex, fasciculato-squamose ;
scale small, tawny-yellow ; flesh changing to blue when cut ;
margin tomentose, subinvolute ; tubes very narrow, dull yel-
low, blue when bruised, adnate ; resembling somewhat those
of B. boviniis ; stem 3 in. high, J iu. thick, granulato-pulve-
rulent, very neat, firm, yellow, obtuse. Smell unpleasant,
taste not so. (Berk.)
Stem naked, 1-3 in. long, ^1 in. thick, subequal, gla-
brous, smooth, cylindrical, every part yellow, rarely reddish.
Flesh of the stem pale yellow, unchangeable, elastic, not
spongy. Pileus plano-convex, sometimes covered with minute
squamules, sometimes glabrous, dry, slightly viscid during
rainy weather, yellow, margin acute, even, hymenium slightly
concave when young, then plane; diameter 3-5 in., flesh pale
yellowish, soft, not elastic, rather thick, usually unchange-
able, rarely tinged with blue when broken. Tubes shorter
than the thickness of the flesh of the pileus, adfixed, yellow-
ish-grey; pores obscure yellow, when young almost spadi-
ceous, then grey or greenish-yellow, equal, minute, subrotund
or obtusely angular. (Fries.)
Boletus aereus. Bull.
Pileus 3-4 in. across, convex, glabrous, dark brown with a
278 FUNGUS-FLORA.
tinge of olive or tlackish-brown, flesh thick, white, assuming
a yellowish tinge when broken ; tubes almost free from the
stem, about | in. long, openings minute, rounded, sulphur-
coloured ; stem 3-4 in. long, 1 in. or more thick, yellowish,
brownish towards the base, or sometimes entirely pale brown,
somewhat reticulated, solid; spores oblong fusiform, 12-14 x
5 fx.
Boletus acreus, Bull., Champ., p. 321 ; Stev., Brit. Fung.,
p. 176.
On woods. Distinguished by the very dark brown or
blackish pileus and the short sulphur-coloured tubes. The
stem sometimes shows no trace of reticulations. According
to Krombholz the fungus much exceeds the dimensions given
above.
Boletus camosus. Rostk.
Pileus 4 in. across, convex, glabrous, bay-brown, flesh
thick, pale yellow; tubes shortened close to the stem, partly
adnate, aljout J, in. long, openings rather large, angular, yel-
low ; stem 2^ in. long, tirm, snbequal, yellow and more or
less streaked with reddish-brown, substriate, solid.
Boletus camosus, Kostkovius in Sturm's Deutschl. FL,
Pilze, p. 63, t. 14 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 520.
In woods. Included by Fries amongst species of doubtful
affinity, but the figure given by Kostkovius is very good, as
is also his diagnosis, and the fact of a fungus having been
found in England by the late M. J. Berkeley, agreeing with
the above, justifies the assumption that it is a good species.
*** Pileus viscid ivhen moist, ring absent.
Boletus badius. Linn.
Pileus ;i-5 in. across, slightly convex, rather viscid and
minutely tomentoso wjien young, soon becoming dry and
smooth, bay-brown, flesh , thick, white, slightly tinged blue
near the pores when cut; tubes about ?^ in. long, slightly de-
pressed round the stem but not free, yellow then yellowish-
green, becoming green Avlien bruised, openings subrotund,
irregular, here and there compound, from l—l mm. across;
stem 2-3 in. long, 'l in. thick, subequal, even, equal, dirty
ochraceous mottled and streaked with pale brown, base
white, cottony; spores olive, elliptic-oblong, 12-14 x 3-4 fx.
BOLETUS. 279
Boletus hadius, Linn., Suec, n. 124(3; Cke., Hdbk., p. 252.
On the ground in woods, usually pine. Known by the
bay-brown pileus, which is viscid in wet weather and shining
when quite dry, and the yellowish pores becoming deep
bluish-green at once when bruised. The flesh of the pileus
is usually faintly tinged red when cut.
Stem equal, 3 in. long, 1 in. thick, never reticulated. Pileus
very fleshy, soft, villoso-viscosous when young, then almost
glabrous, dry, hemispherical, 3-6 in. broad ; flesh 1-2 in.
thick, white, soft. Tubes long, bluish-green when bruised.
(Fries.)
Boletus piperatus. Bull.
Pileus 1-3 in. across, convexo-plane, soft, slightly viscid,
ochraceous-tan, sometimes with a tinge of red ; tubes up to
i in. long, decurrent, openings large, irregularly angular, at
first paleolive, then cinnamon, finally bright cinnamon-brown;
stem 1^2 in. long, i in. thick, equal or slightly thinner
downwards, smooth, even, darker than the pileus, base
usually brit;ht yellow, solid, flesh, like that of pileus, yellow,
often tinged with flesh-colour in the pileus ; spores elongato-
fusiform, cinnamon-colour, 10-12 x 3—4 /a,. Taste very hot
and pungent.
Boletus piperatus. Bull., t. 451, f. 2; Cke., Hdbk., p. 252.
On the ground in woods. Distinguished by the acrid,
pungent taste, and by the deep cinnamon-brown or almost
ferruginous tubes at maturity.
Pileus 1-3 in. broad, at length plane, moist or even gluti-
nous, reddish-yellow or brownish. Flesh yellow, not chang-
ing colour. Tubes large, subdecurrent, angulai", reddish
yellow, or ferruginous. Stem 1-2 in. high, 3-4 lines thick,
more or less deep yellow. Taste remarkably acid and pun-
gent. (Grev.)
Boletus paludosus. Massee. (n. sp.)
Pileus 3-4 in. across, slightly convex then quite plane,
glabrous, even, slightly viscid, bright rufous-brown, paler
when dry, flesh firm, thin, not more than 2 lines thick, every-
where equal, very pale tinge of brown, unchangealde ; tubes
about 2 lines long, adnate and subdecurrent, openings large,
angular, compound, about j mm. diameter, yellow then
olive-green ; stem 3-5 in. long, about H in. thick, equal, base
280 FCNGUS-FLORA.
attenuated, smooth, rather paler than the pileus, withoTit a
ring, solid, flesh with a tinge of brown ; spores elongato-
fusiform, olive, 16 x 4 fx.
Gregarious, but not caespitose. Amongst sphagnum in a
swamp. Without any very near ally, probably nearest to
slender forms of Boletus hadius, from which it is at once dis-
tinguished by the very thin flesh of the pileus, brighter
colour, long slender stem, short tubes, &c.
Boletus bovinus. Linn.
Fasciculate. Pileus 2-3^ in. across, convex then almost
plane, margin acute, pale reddish-yellow, glabrous, viscid,
shining when dry, with traces of the gluten remaining as
fibrils or ridges, flesh rather thin, whitish, unchangeable;
tubes subdecurrent, up to ^ in. deep, openings compound, sub-
angular, often elongated radially, i-1^ mm. across, dingy
yellow, then brownish-cinnamon ; stem 2-4 in. long, }, in.
or more thick, equal, even, coloured like pileus, apex often
yellow; spores elongato-fusiform, pale olive, 12-14 X 5 fi.
Boletus hovimis, Linn., Suec, n. 1246; Fries, S. M. i. p.
388 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 252.
Heathy fir woods, &c. Pileus rather thin for a Boletus,
stem thin usually elongated, clustered or gregarious.
Gi-egarious, fiisciculate ; pileus 1-2 } in. broad, when young
hemisi^herical, margin white and tomentose, disc and top of
stem purplish, base rhubarb-coloured; when full-grown
convex, exi)anded, margin still turned in, very glutinous,
dull orange-yellow, or deep buif; flesh tinged with the colour
of the pileus, not changeable. Tubes resembling the pores of
MeruViHs larhri/mau.s, very shallow (:", in.), comjiound, dirty
yellow, not easily se])arating from the pileus. Stem 2-3 in,
liigh, l-^ in. thick, subtomentose, not diffused gradually but
rather abruptly into the pileus, of the same colour, but
streaked with watery lines, attenuated below, or subequal ;
bulbous when very young. fSporcs elliptic. Smell strong,
like Marasmius oreades. (Berk.)
Boletus granulatus. Linn.
I'ileus 0-4 in. across, convex, then more or less expanded,
at first viscid with reddish-luown gluten, yellowish when
the gluten has disappeared ; tubes up to ^ in. long, adnato
and often with an indication of being decurrent, yellow,
BOLETUS. 281
pores subcircnlar, simple, with particles of a granulated
substance adhering to the dissepiments, about i^ mm.
diameter; stem about 2 in. long, ;^— 1 in. thick, subequal,
yellowish, granular with raised points towards the apex,
solid, flesh like that of the pileus, pale yellow, unchange-
able; spores elongato-fusiform, yellowish, 12 x 3-4 /x.
Boletus granulatus, Linn. Suec, n. 1249 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 251.
Boletus ladiflims, Sowerby, t. 420.
Amongst grass under trees, especially firs. The stem is
sometimes thinner above. Allied to Boletus liiteus, but
known by the absence of a ring on the stem.
Gregarious, caespitose. Pileus 2 in. or more broad,
hemispherical, at first covered with a rufous-brown slime,
afterwards dirty rufous or yellowish; flesh thick, white or
yellowish, not changeable ; margin at first inflexed and
downy. Pores at first whitish, then lemon-coloured, com-
pound, the margin distilling a pale watery milk, which
when dried gives them a granulated appearance, at length
dirty yellow, adnate. Spores ochraceo-ferruginous ; stem
1 in. or more high, }y in. thick, generally short, but variable,
obtuse at the base, rooting, more watery than the pileus,
pale yellow above, white below, minutely tomentose and
granulated, at first covered with milky drops. (Berk.)
A very variable species, but the very glutinous pileus
always the same colour, viz., a rich chestnut-brown ; tubes
and stem sulphur-colour, tubes exuding a thin gummy juice,
which soon dries in the form of sugary granules. Stem
rough, scabrous, as if covered with moist sugar. (W. G.
Smith.)
Boletus tenuipes. Cooke.
Pileus 1-2 in, across, convex then almost plane, yellowish-
brown or gilvous, viscid, streaked with minute fibrils when
dry, flesh thick in proportion, white, rosy under the cuticle ;
pores about \ in. long, shortened round the stem, but
adnate, openings rather large, angular, yellowish ; stem
3-3^- in. long, \ in. thick, even, attenuated at the base,
yellow, solid ; spores pale yellow, fusiform, 10 X 3 //..
Boletus granulatus, Fr., var. tenuipes, Cke., Grev. 1883,
p. 43.
282 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Boletus tenuipcs, Cooke in herb.
In woods and open pastures. Intermediate between
Boletus bovinus and B. granulatus, with some of the features
of both, and not readily to be referred to either. The Eev.
M. J. Berkeley considers that it approaches most to B. bovinus,
but the pores are smaller, and the tubes are shortened as.
they approach the stem. (Cooke.)
Our smallest species of Boletus.
Boletus aurantiporus. Howse.
Pilcus about 2 in. across, convex then expanded, viscid, at
first fulvous-ferruginous, then pale gilvous, squamulose about
the margin ; tubes deeply decurrent, openings broad angular,
edges of dessepiments golden-yellow then orange, turning
red when bruised ; stem about 3 in. long, equal, beautifully
reticulated with yellow and red.
Boletus aiirantqiorus, Howse, in Grevillea, vol. xii. -p. 43
(1883).
Under trees. Flesh becoming slightly reddish.
**** Stem reticulated.
Boletus pachypus. Fr.
Pileus 4-8 in. across, convex, minutely tomentose, brownish
then pale tan, extreme margin incurved when young, flesh
very thick, whitish, with very pale tinge of blue when
broken; tubes ] in. long, shorter round the stemand almost
free, openings minute, roiuided, pale yellow, tinged with
green when old; stem at first short, ovate-bulbous, then
elongated and subequal, 21-31 in. long, 1 in. or more thick,
reguLirly reticulated, variegated witli yellow and crimson,
or often entirely crimson, solid ; spores narrowly elliptical,
pale ochraceous, 14-15 X 6 /x.
Boletus imcliypus. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 390 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 256.
In woods. Pileus G-7 in. l>road, jtulvinate, sub-tomentose,
pale reddish-brown, very thick and fleshy, when young firm,
when full groAvn very soft ; flesh white, not changeable ;
tubes free, at first lemon-coloured, afterwards dirty yellow,
simple; stem 3-4 in. high, 2.V in. thick, bulbous, often
swollen from the top, rarely equal, reticulated, yellowish
BOLETUS. 283
when young, subrufescent when old, sometimes two or three
springing from the same root. (Berk.)
Another large Boletus occurs in pastures, under oaks, in
August and September, apparently distinct, though nearly
allied. I shall therefore give its characters at length,
leaving the establishment of it as a species for further
consideration. Pileus 10 in. or more across, pulvinate,
2 in. thick, pale ochraceous umber, smooth, but witli a
satiny appearance from the minute matted silk with which
it is clothed, visible only under a lens ; sometimes much
cracked. Flesh instantly changing from yellow to a
beautiful blue, which, however, is very evanescent ; towards
the edge the flesh scarcely changes at alL Tubes free, but
pressed close to the stem, forming an irregular spongy mass
an inch thick, pale yellow, blue when bruised. Sporules
pale olivaceous ochre. Stem 3 in. high, nearly 3 in. thick,
bulbous at the base, generally reticuhxted only at the veiy
top, but sometimes half-way down, minutely pulverulento-
squamulose, of the same coloxir with the pileus, with a few
minute dark flecks, and just where the tubes end a few minute
red spots ; mottled with blue when cut. Taste like that of a
o-rowino- walnut. The growth of the tubes is sometimes
partially checked, so that while on one side they are 1 in.
thick, on the opposite side they are not above i or i. I
have found the same plant more than a foot broad, more
decidedly tomentose, and of a delicate mouse-grey, and the
sides of the pileus remarkably compressed, so as to be
parallel with the stem, the flesh not changing uniformly to
blue, but becoming beautifully mottled, and the stem bright
red near the tubes. (Berkeley, in Eng. Flor., vol. v. p. 151.)
The above form appears to be distinct from B. paclujpus,
neither does it agree ^vith any known species, and although
omitted in later works, cannot be ignored, and may possibly
occur agarn.
Stem short, 1-2 in. long, ovate, thick, apex thinner, 1 in.
or more thick, firm, distinctly reticulated, lower half red,
apex yellow, glabrous, flesh yellowish at the edges, central
portion whiter, soon becoming bluish wlicn broken. Pileus
convex, brownish-grey, olive, or clay-colour, 2-8 in. broad,
compact, rather tomentose, then glabrous, margin subin-
volute, soon patent and obtuse. Flesh white, slightly tinged
284 FUNGUS-FLORA.
lilno when broken, sometimes almost unchangeable; pores
minute, subrotund, bright j'ellow, whitish when young,
becoming blue when touched ; tubes rather short, yellow,
tlien greenish. (Fries.)
Boletus edulis. Bull.
Pileiis 4-6 in. across, convex, margin obtuse, smooth,
moist, brownish becoming paler towards the margin, flesh
very thick, white with a slight reddish tinge below the
cuticle ; tubes up to f in. long, shortened round the stem
but not free, openings about ^ mm. across, simple, sub-
angular, at first white then yellow, finally greenish ; stem
2-3 in long, stout, ventricose, 1^-2 in. at tlaickest part, very
])ale brown or buif, upper part with polygonal reticulations
formed by thin raised lines, solid ; spores greenish-olive,
elongato-fusiform, 14-16 x 5 /a.
Boletus edulis, Bulliard, tab. 60 and 494; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 256.
In woods. Esculent. Sometimes three to four spring
from the same point. Reticulations on the stem var}' in
development, but always evident upwards ; stem sometimes
almost equal, rarely rooting. Flesh unchangeable. Fries
says the pileus is sometimes white, greyish with a rufous
tinge, &c,
Pileus 6 in. or more broad, pulvinate, at length convexo-
expanded, smooth, shining, often rugose, and much ciacked,
dark umber, paler towards the margin, slightly viscid,
extreme margin white, scarcely downy. Flesh turning a
little reddish near the epidermis. Tubes nearly free, at first
white, then lemon-coloured, at length dull yellow, simple,
their orifices angular. Spores large, greenish ochre. Stem
4 in. high or more, 2 in. thick, fawn-coloured, iucrassated
above and below, reticulated. (Berk.)
I sliould imagine that the statement by Berkeley, that the
stem is incra.ssatcd al)ove and below, is a slip, and the word
attenuated intended.
Var. elephantinus, changes to blue when cut or bruised.
Schaefi'er, t. 277.
Var. laevipes, Mass.
Pileus 4-6 in. across, convex, dark brownish-umber,
BOLETUS. 285
becoming paler towards the margin, flesh very thick, tinged
red under the cuticle ; tubes slightly shortened round the
stem, but broadly adnata, ^— | in. long, openings subangular,
I in. across, whitish, then yellow, tinally greenish ; stem
3—4 in. long, 11-2 in. or more near the base, slightly attenuated
upwards, glabrous and even at every stage of growth, white
or with a faint buif tinge towards the apex ; spores olive,
elongato-fusiforni, 15-6 /x.
In pine woods. The present variety is not uncommon and
distinguished from the type by the perfectly even white
stem, there being no trace of reticulations at any stage of
development.
Boletus calopus. Fr.
Pileus 2— t in. across, convex, minutely tomentose, umber-
brown, iisnally with a strong olive-tinge, flesh thick, margin
not involute, soft, yellowish, changing to blue when cut ;
tubes I in. or more in length, more or less adnate, yellow,
when old tinged with green, openings minute, angular,
^l- mm. across ; stem 2-4 in. long, ~—l in. across at thickest
part, usually more or less conical, reticulated, apical portion
crimson, remainder yellow, or sometimes entirely red, solid ;
spores elliptic- fusiform, brownish-olive, 10-11 x 3"5/x.
Boletus calopus. Fries, Syst. Mjc. i. p. 390 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 255.
In woods, (fee. Allied to Boletus subtomentosus and B.
chrysenteron, but readily distinguished by the reticulated
stem and the smaller openings of the pores. Pileus not
involute at the margin, as in B. olivaceus, another ally.
A very beautiful fungus allied to the present species, but
much larger, and presenting some remarkable characters, was
found by Mr. W. G. Smith. Pileus 7 in. across, convexo-
plane, gibbous, smooth and soft like kid leather, yellowish-
brown, becoming cracked into areolae, interstices paler;
flesh Ih in. thick, firm, whitish, tinged red under the cuticle,
bright "blue when cut; tubes shortened round the stem but
not free, f in. long, yellow, green when bruised, openings
roundish, small; stem 3 in. long, 1^ in. thick, equal,
attenuated at extreme base, colour of pileus below, stained
with red above and then distinctly reticulated, sometimes
obscurely reticulated below, solid, flesh deep red at the
:286
FUNGUS-FLORA.
base and tinged with red higher up. Taste extremely bitter
like gall.
A fine figure of the above, which may prove to be distinct,
is in the British Museum collection of drawino;s of funo-i.
Boletus regius. Kromb.
Pileus 3-5 in. across, very convex, almost hemispherical,
minutely tomentose, bright rose-pink ; flesh very thick, pale
yellow, unchangeable ; tubes ]-£ in. long, much depressed
round the stem, golden-3-ellow, openings subangular, about
^ mm. across; stem 2-3-^ in. long, 1 in. thick, subequal,
solid, pale yellow except the base, which is dingy purple,
vaguely reticulated or with minute squamules ; spores
elongate-fusiform, pale yellow, 16 X 5 /n.
Boletus regius, Krombholtz, t. 7 ; Fries, Hym. Eur.,
p, 508.
On the ground in open places, &g. A verj' beautiful
species, either solitary or in small clusters. The British
specimens differ from Fries' description, which says that the
pileus is glabrous and the tubes short, but this description
is drawn up from Krombholtz's figure.
Boletus crassus. Mass. (n. sp.)
Pileus 3-5 in. across, convex then expanded, often ir-
regularly waved or nodulose, densely tomentose, tomentum
collected in little fascicles, sometimes cracked in an areolate
manner, flesh thick up to the margin, l-'^ in. or more, firm,
for a long time whitf, then pale primrose-yellow, colour of
pileus rather pale yellow-brown; tubes short at iir<.t,
eventually l-'} in. long, shortened round the stem and
nearly or quite free, openings irregularly rounded, generally
simple, about ?, nun. across, for a long time white, then bright
but pale primiose-yellow; stem at first almost globose, at
length becoming a little elongated, about 2 in. long, and
nearly as thick, slightly attenuated at the apex, a little
paler than the pileus above, bucoming almost white towards
the base, glabrous, upper portion with conspicuous raised
white lines arranged to form a more or less regular polygonal
network, solid; flesh white when young, becoming 'jpalo
yellow with age ; spores elliijtic-iusiform, pale yellow,
10 X 3 fx.
BOLETUS. 287
In woods and under trees in pastures, &c. The pure
white flesh of young specimens becomes pale primrose-
yellow when cut or broken and exposed to the air ; smell
strong, acid, taste sweet and nutty.
Allied to Boletus impoUfus, but distinguished by the un-
dulated, yellow-brown pileus, glabrous, conspicuously re-
ticulated stem, and clear pale primrose-yellow flesh. The
subglobose stem is also characteristic. There is no tinge of
blue about the flesh at any age. Boletus imclujpus difiers
from the present species in the stem, which is at first sub-
globose, becoming elongated and subequal, the greenish
pores, and the larger spores.
Boletus collinitus. Fr.
Pileus 3-4 in. across, convex then expanded, smooth, even,
at first covered with brown gluten, which eventually dis-
appears, leaving the pileus pale, flesh white ; tubes adnate,
^ in. or more in length, openings rather large, mostly
divided in two, pallid then yellow, naked ; stem 2-3 in.
long, up to 1 in. thick at the apex, attenuated downwards,
firm, without trace of a ring, whitish becoming tinged with
brown, more or less covered with adpressed scales that give
to it a reticulated appearance.
Boletus collinitus, Fries, Epicrisis, p. 410 ; Stev., Brit. Fung.,
p. 169.
In fir woods. Solitary. Stature and colour of Boletus
luteus, but without a trace of a ring on the stem at any age.
A rare species, of which no figure exists ; Fries says that
Krombholtz, t. 76, figs. 10, 11, are allied, but the tubes are
green.
B. Openings of tubes red.
Boletus satanus. Lenz.
Pileus 4^S in. acfoss, convex, soft, glabrous, slightly viscid,
whitish or pale buff, flesh very thick, becoming at first red-
dish when broken, then bluish or violet ; tubes rather short,
free from the stem, yellow, openings minute, edges of the
dissepiments from the first blood-red, becoming orange when
old; stem very stout ovato-ventricose, 2-3 in. long, and
almost as wide at the thickest part, whitish or pale dingy
288 FUNGUS-FLORA.
yellow with blood-red reticulations above, solid; spores
brownish, elliptic-fusiform, 11-13 X 4—5 fx.
Boletus satanas, Leuz., f. 31 ; Fries, Ilym, Eur., p. 510,
Hussey, vol. i. t, 7 ; Cke., Ildbk., p. 258 ; Stev., Brit. Fung.,
p. 177.
In woods. Pilous variable in colour, bnt always pale, com-
monly whitish, tiugcd buff, yellow, or pink, often irregular
and wavy. Very showy, smell and taste pleasant, but very
poisonous. Known by the very stout, broadly fusiform
stem having red reticulations at the apex, the blood-red
mouths of the pores and the pale 2)ileus.
Pileus sometimes 8 in. across; commonly less, pulvinate,
soft to the touch, naked, dry, smooth, whitish, leather-buff,
or greenish, often shading into a red tinge ; flesh solid, be-
coming soft, tender, and juicy, white, turning reddish, then
blue; stem 2-3 in. high, thick, finely reticulated above, the
reticulations purple-crimson, often vanishing in age, the
stem growing streaked below. (Cooke.)
Boletus luridus, Schaeff.
Pileus 3-6 in. across, convex, minutely tomentose, colour
variable, generally dingy brown with an olive tinge, rather
viscid when moist, flesh very thick, firm, and like that of
the stem, yellow, becoming indigo-blue at once when broken ;
tubes \-}r in. long, shortened round the stem and almost or
quite free, greenish-olive, openings roundish, about J, mm.
across, edges of dissepiments vermilion, orange, or reddish-
brown ; stem usually almost globose when young, after-
wards remaining bulbous or becoming ventricose and elon-
gated, vermilion or yellow with red blotches, sometimes
vaguely reticulated witli red lines ; spores yellowish, oblong-
fusiform, 12 X 4 /x.
Boletus luridas, Schaeffcr, t. 107 ; Cke., TTdblc, p. 258.
In woods and under trees in pastures. Whole plant hard
and firm ; the yellow flesh changes at once to indigo blue
when broken in contact with the air, the blue colour soon
fades, leaving the flesh a ])ormanont dirty yellow. Every
part becomes blackish when l)rui,scil.
The stem is not distinctly reticulated by raised lines as
in several s])ecies, but the darker markings take at times
a more or less netted arrangement.
BOLETUS. 289
Pilens 2-G in. broad, convex, expanded, minutely tomen-
tose, olive, brick-red, pinkish, cream-coloured, or ferruginuus
brown ; flesh more or less yellow, changing to blue. Tubes
free, yellow or greenish, their orifices of a beautiful red or
bright orange, quite simple, round. Spores olivaceous-ochre.
Stem variable in length, bulbous, tomentose, sometimes
quite smooth, red, with ferruginous or the brightest yellow
shades, solid, generally more or less marked or reticulated
with crimson-red. (Berk.)
Plant large and robust. Pileus 3-6 in. broad, convex,
thick, subtomentose, olivaceous, becoming darker and dingy
in age, very juicy. Flesh yellowish, when cut or broken
changing instantly to a blue colour. Tubes of the hyme-
nium scarcely in contact with the stipes, |— |- in. long, yel-
low, roundish, the orifice minute and of a fine red. Stipes
2-5 in. high, mostly very thick, and much incrassated to
wards the base, solid, yellow above, red below, and gene-
rally more or less reticulated with red veins. (Grev.)
Var. erythropus. Fries. Stem thinner than in the
typical form, not reticulated, yellow with red squamules or
spots, flesh red at the base.
Boletus luridus, var. erythropus. Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 511.
Boletus erythrojms, Cke., Hdbk., p. 258.
In woods. A smaller form than the type, pileus tomen-
tose, stem elongated, equal or a little thinner upwards, not
ventricose. The flesh of the stem is sometimes all yellow,
and the main point of difference between the variety and the
type then turns on the elongated subequal stem without
reticulations.
Boletus purpureus. Fr.
Pileus 3-4 in. across, convex, slightly velvety, dry, oj^aque,
reddish-purple, flesh thick, pale yellow, becoming blue in
young specimens when broken ; tubes almost free from the
stem, about ^ in. long, pale yellow-green, openings reddish-
purple, minute, subrotund, about |- mm. in diameter ; stem
2-3 in. long, fj in. thick, yellow, streaked and spotted with
purple, especially towards the base, solid, flesh purple, espe-
cially downwards; spores elliptic-oblong, pale olive, 10 x 4—
5 fi.
VOL. I. U
290 FUNGUS-FI ORA.
Boletus purjmreus, Fries, Bol., p. 11 ; Hj-iu. Eur., p. 511 ;
Cke., Ildbk., p. 258.
Id woods. Distiuguislied by the deep i)urple-rcd pileus
and the purple or orange-red openings of the tubes. Fries
says that the apex of the stem is sometimes reticulated. Dis-
tingnislied from Boletus purjmrascens by the red or purple
moutlis of the tubes. A very fine form of the present species
was collected at Morpeth in Cumberland, presenting the fol-
lowing characters: — Pileus 4 in. across, convex then plane,
rather flexuous, margin slightly exceeding the tubes and in-
curved, very minutely tomentose, reddish-purple, flesh about
i in. thick, thinner towards the margin, j^ellow, uuchan^;e-
al)le ; tubes free from the stem, ventricose, ^ in. long, yel-
lowish-olive, becoming blue when cut, openings irregular,
circular and about I mm. across, or elongated up to 1 mm.,
edges of dissepiments deep orange ; stem o in. long, ecjual,
but attenuated at extreme base, ground yellow, but densely
covered with purple spots and lines, solid, flesh yellow above,
becoming blue when cut, deep purple downwards; spores
olive, elliptical, 9x5//.
C. Tubes red throughout their lenrfth.
Boletus rubinus. W. G. Smith.
Pileus 2-0 in. across, gibbous, convex, when old often
nearly plane, dry, minutely tomentose, often slightly cracked,
pale yellow-brown ; tubes subdecurrent, about \ in. long,
wholly clear carmine, openings subangular, comjiound, about
I mni. diameter; stem l.\-3 in. long, l-^ in. tliick, solid,
yellow more or less streaked or smeared with carmine, or
sometimes entirely red, flesh, like that of the pileus, clear
yellow, unchangeable ; spores pale yellow-brown, elliptical
6 X 4 /A.
Boletus rubinus, W. G. Smith, in Seeman's Journ., 1868,
p. 33, t. 75, f. 1-4 ; Cke., ndl)k., p. 253.
On the ground under trees. It differs from all other
liritish species in the wholly carmine tubes, together with
the vivid yellow, wholly unchangeable flesh.
A larger form or variety of this siJccies occurred iflentifully
i
BOLETUS. 291
under beecli-trees in Kew Gardens in Oct., 1886. The
typical form also occurred.
The variety measured 3-4 in. across, convex, then depressed,
yellow-brown, tomentose, then broken up into minute squa-
mules, flesh ^ in. thick nearly up to the margin, yellow,
becoming rose-coloured when cut ; tubes free, convex, ^ in.
long where longest, carmine for some distance, changing to
olive where the tubes join the pileus, openings angular, com-
pound, about ^ mm. across ; stem about 1^ in. long, obconic,
1^ in. across at the apex, tapering to a point, yellow, streaked
and spotted with carmine, solid, flesh yellow ; spores yellow-
brown, elliptic-fusiform, 9x4^.
D, Tubes pinlcish throughout their length.
Boletus felleus. Bull.
Pileus 3— i in. across, convex then expanded, soft, even,
glabrous, yellowish-red, foxy, or chestnut, flesh thick, white,
becoming dingj^ flesh-colour when broken ; tubes adnate but
rather shortened round the stem, f in. deep, pale flesh-colour,
darker when bruised, openings irregularly angular, up to
1 mm. across; stem 2^—3 in. long, \l in. at the base, thinner
upwards, dingy yellow or olive, reticulate with laised lines,
solid; spores pale flesh-colour, elongato-elliptic, 16-19 x 4-
5 fji.
Boletus felleus, Bull., t. 379; Cke., Hdbk., p. 260.
Distinguished by the pale pinkish pores and sj)ores, and by
the white flesh becoming pink when cut. Taste bitter.
Amongst the most beautiful of species, solitary, stem naked,
fleshy, almost straight, 2-4 in. long, glabrous, reticulated,
subequal, or incrassated at the ba^e, }—l in. thick, in our
specimens smoky-olive, white within, towards the apex often
greenish, very pale rose-colour when wounded. Pileus fleshy,
convex when young, then becoming almost plane, pale chest-
nut or fulvous, very glabrous, even, 1^-4 in. broad, flesh
white then tinged with dilute rose-colour, very soft and
spongy, margin obtuse. Tubes very long, soft, straight,
often rosy-white. Pores subrotund, regular, rosy-white, often
becoming dingy when touched. (Fries.)
u 2
292 FUNGUS-FLORA.
E. Tubes and openings of pores white or grey, sometimes
becoming brownish.
Boletus laricinus. Berk.
Pileus 2-3 in. across, convex, dirty white with livid or
greenish stains, covered at first with dirty yellow or brownish
evanescent slime, usually with a few squamnles near the
margin, fle&h white, unchangeable ; tubes subdecurrent,
about -\ in. long, openings angular, compound, about ^V mm.
diameter, white then dingy olive-brown ; stem 1-2 in. long,
^ in, or more thick, ringed, dirty white, reticulated above the
ring, often hollow towards the base ; spores dirty olive-
brown, fusiform, •11-14 X 4 /u..
Boletus laricinus. Berk., Outl., p. 230 : Cke., Ildbk., p. 251.
On the ground under larches, &c. Pileus 2-3 in. broad,
dirty white, with livid stains, and sometimes adpressed, dirty
yellow fascicles of filaments, the remains of the slimj- ring ;
often deeply scrobiculate, covered with dirty yellow or brown-
ish slime, which gradually disappears. Flesh white, very
slightly tinged with yellow, not changeable. Tubes adnate
or subdecurrent, compound, each consisting of two or three
cells, their orifices angular, at first dirty white, with a tinge
of yellow, at length brownish from the spores. Stem 2 in. or
more high, .',— ?^ in. thick, nearly equal, reticulated above the
ring, and frequently much scrobiculated below, dirty white
like the pileus, stained with the spores, somewhat downy at
the base. Spores oblong, brownish clay-coloured. (Berk.)
Boletus rubiginosus. Fr.
Pileus 2-5 in. broad, convex, rather soft, pubescent, soon
becoming glabrous, reddish-brown, flesh tliick, white, un-
changeal)le ; tubes adnate, very slightly or not at all
shortened round the stem, openings angular, unequal, about
.\ mm. diameter, white, unchangeable; stem 2-3 in. long,
about 1 in. thick, thinner upwards, everywhere covered
witli ])rominent thin ridges arranged in a reticulated
milliner, solid, whitish, then more or less tinged with
yellow ; spores colourless, elongato-fusiform, 12 x 4 /x.
lldltfm riihiqinosus, Fries, r)l)S. Myc. ii. ]). 245 ; Fries,
llym. Eur., p. '621.
On the ground in beech woods.
BOLETUS. 293
Scattered. Stem 2-3 in. long, almost 1 in. thick attenu-
ated upwards, firm, glabrous, solid, very distinctly reticu-
lated, whitish when young, then yellowish, becoming slightly
greyish or yellowish-olive when bruised. Pileus pulvinate,
2—1: in. broad, pubescent when young, soon becoming very
glabrous, dry, foxy-brown with a reddish tinge, in young
specimens the margin is acutely incurved, then becoming
] latent and obtuse ; under surface concave when young,
then plane. Tubes short, straight, white, shorter than
the thickness of the soft, spongy, white, unchangeable
flesh. Pores variable, subrotund or unequal, elongated or
not longer than broad, white, unchangeable. (Fries.)
A specimen agreeing admirably Avith the above detailed
description by Fries, was collected in a beech wood in the
New Forest. The species appears to be very rare every-
where, and was only once collected by Fries in 1815.
Distinguished at once by the dark reddish-brown, glabrous
jiileus, white tubes, and beautifully reticulated pale stem.
There is no tinge of blue at any part when cut or broken.
Boletus viscidus. Linn.
Pileus 3-4 in. across, convex, soft, smooth, viscid, pale
dingy yellowish or pale buff, often with greenish stains,
flesh thick, white, unchangeable, margin of pileus acute,
often with fragments of the veil attached ; tubes about i in.
long, adnate, openings large, unequal, more or less radially
elongated, pale grey then brownish ; stem 2-3 in. long, -}f in.
thick, viscid, pale yellow, vaguely reticulated upwards, and
with fragments of the veil adhering here and there, sub-
equal or thickened at the base, ring imperfect, solid, flesh
yellow at the base ; spores subfusiform, brownish-green,
9-10 X 3 /a.
Boletus viscidus, Linn., Suec, n. 1248 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 259.
In woods. Closely allied to Boletus laricinus. Berk., but
distinguished by the yellow tone of pileus and stem, also by
the large openings to the pores, which are radially elongated,
and Ijy the smaller spores.
Boletus scaber. Fries.
Pileus 3-G in. across, very convex, smooth, even, viscid
when moist, at length more or less rugulose and often
294
FUNGUS-FLORA.
minutely granulated, owing to the breaking up of the
cuticle, colour variable, whitisli, brown, ocliraceous-orange,
itc. ; flesh thick in the centre, thin towards the margin,
white, unchangeable ; tubes ^-^ in. long, shorter round the
stem and almt^st free, openings subangular, compound,
irregular l-l mm. across, white then dingy brownish-olive ;
stem 5-7 in. high, I-I4 thick at the base, conical, pale,
rough with dark fibrous squamules that become larger
downwards, solid ; spores dingy olive-brown, elongato-
fusiform, 18-20 x 5 /x.
Boletus scaler. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 293 ; Cke., Hdl)k.,
p. 259.
In woods. Esculent, and good flavour. Distinguished
by the conical scabrid stem, white, unchangeable flesh, and
the pores first white, then dingy.
Pileus 3-7 in. or more broad, pulvinate, viscid when
moist, very variable in colour, white, cinereous, brown olive,
deep orange, or vermilion, smooth or minutely downy, the
down sometimes collected into minute fasciculate scales ;
flesh very thick, soft, not changeable in young specimens, in
older ones reddish-grey when bruised, and sometimes black ;
tubes white, pulvinate, stained with the yellow-brown
S])ores, their orifices often ferruginous before the expansion
of the pileus, minute, I'ound ; stem 6 in. or more high,
attenuated upwards, squarrose with black or orange scales,
sometimes marked with coarse raised lines. At first the
stem is ovate and the pileus very narrow. There are
frequent traces of a floccose veil. (Berk.)
Boletus niveus. Fr.
Pileus 3-5 in. across, very convex, even, glabrous, pure
white when young, and either remaining so, or becoming
more or less tinged with green ; flesh white, very thick,
becoming greyisli Avhen broken; tubes shortened round tlie
stem but not entirely free, ^-§ in. or more in length, whitish,
becoming tinged with grey, o])enings rounded, small, about
?j mm. across ; stem 3-G in. long, 1 in. or more thick at tlie
base, becoming gradually attenuated upwards, whitish,
becoming grey when brui.sed, more or less rough with wliite
Bfpianiulcs, or wart-like elevations, solid ; spores colourless,
elliptical, 9-10 x 5 /x.
BOLETUS. 295
Boletus niveus. Fries, Obs. Myc. i. p. 111.
Boletus scaber, var. niveus, Fries, Hjm. Eur., p. 516.
On the ground hi woods. The present species, as sho\vn
by the synonymy, was first described as a distinct species by
Fries, and later was considered by the same authority as a
variety of Boletus scaber. During the annual fungus foray
of tlie Windsor and Eton Scientific Society, held at Burnham
Beeches in October, 1891, the present species was found in
abundance, and although the general form, size, and conical
stem suggest B. scaber, nevertheless I am inclined to accept
the first determination of Fries, and consider the present as
a distinct species, known from B. scaher by the white pileus
usually becoming more or less green with age, the small
adnate and persistent wart-like sqnamules on the stem, the
tendency of every part to become greyish when bruised, and
more especially by the bruadlj- elliiitieal colourless spores,
which are very unusual in the genus.
Subgregarious. Stem solid, elongated, 3-5 in. long,
whitish, becoming considerably attenuated upwards, scabrous,
with white squamules or rough points arranged somewhat
in a reticulate manner, greyish when handled, base with
white tomentum, not bulbous. Pileus pulvinate, convex,
fleshy, soft, even, glabrous, white, becoming greenish, 2 in.
broad, mar-iin patent, even, hymenium plane. Flesh very
soft, white, grey when touched with the fingers. Tubes
white with a greyish tinge, longer than thickness of flesh of
pileus. Pores white, minute, rounded. (Fries.)
Boletus versipellis. Fr.
Pileus 3-5 in. across, convex, dry, at first tomentose, then
minutely squamulose, eventually often smooth, often fur-
nished at the margin with fragments of the membranaceous
veil, flesh thick, unchangeable ; tubes free, rarely exceeding
^- in. in length, white, plane, openings minute, edges of
dissepiments grey ; stem 4-5 in. long, 1 \-2 in. thick at the
base, attenuated upwards, ruguloso-squamulose, whitish or
tinged with pale buff, yellow or pink, solid.
Boletus versipellis. Fries, Bolet. p. 13, Stev,, Brit. Fung.,
p. 179.
In woods and amongst heather, &c.
Distinct from Boletus scaber, but on account of agreement in
296 FUNGUS-FLORA.
variations of colour and stature, difficult to define. In the
present species the colour is more constantly rufous. (Fries.)
Pileus of a beautiful orange, spores spindle-shaped, pale
ochraceous, 14—15 X 6 /a. (Cooke.)
In Krombholtz, tab. 32, quoted by Fries under the present
species, the colour of the pileus is shown as umber, reddish-
browi), rufous, blood-red, orange, and yellow.
Boletus alutarius. Fr.
Pileus convex then expanded, soff, velvety becoming
glabrous, brownish-tan ; tubes short, depressed round the
stem, plane, openings round, white, becoming brownish
when bruised ; stem solid, almost smooth, bulbous, apex
rugulose.
Boletus alutarius, Fries, Obs. i. p. 115 ; Stev., Brit, Fung.,
p. 180.
In woodland pastures.
Closely allied to Boletus felleus, but readily known by
the almost unchangeable flesh and mild taste. (Fries.)
Boletus porphyrosporus. Fr.
Pileus 4-6 in. across, convex then expanded, minutely
velvety, dark olive or brownish-umber, l)ecoming blackish
when bruised, flesh up to 1 in. thick, white, becoming blue
near the tubes when cut; tubes ^-f in, long, slightly
shortened close to the stem, semiadnate, openings angular,
|-1 mm. wide, grey, then pale brown, becoming umber
"when bruised; stem 4-5 in. long, 1 in. or more thick, equal
or usually more or less thicker towards the base, dirty
greyish-umber or brownish witli ochraceous tinge, minutely
punctate; spores brown ish-iDur2)le, elougato- fusiform, lo-14
X 4 /A.
Boletus iMn-plujrosporns, Fries, Bolet., No. 36 ; Fries, Hym.
Eur., p. 514 ; Kalchbr., Icon. Sel. Hym. Hung., p. 51,
tab. xxxii. fig. 1.
In woods and open grassy places under trees. Solitary or
in tufts of few individuals. 8mell strong, fishy according to
Kalchbrenner's idea. A large fine species distinguished at
once by the purple spores. Stem curved and ascending at
times.
BOLETUS. 297
Suhgen. GYRODON. Ohatowski.
Pores sinuous or gyroso-iilicate, tubes very short, scarcely
1 line long, subadnate with the sporophore.
Boletus (Gyrodon) caespitosus. Mass. (n. sp.)
Densely fasciculate, stems more or less connate at the
base. Pileus 1-2 in. across, hemispherical, margin usually
wavy, acute, disc olivaceous-umber, becoming paler towards
the margin, which is pale pink, tomentose, dry ; flesh thick,
f in. in large specimens, firm, yellow like that of the stem,
and instantly changing to intense blue when cut or broken,
this colour soon fades to a dirty white, then becomes rufous ;
tubes about ^ line long, openings very irregular, elongated,
sinuous, yellow ; stem 13,— 2 in. long, ^ in. thick in the
larger specimens, thinner at the extreme apex, even,
glabrous, yellow except at the base, which is dingy red,
solid, flesh dingy red at the base ; spores narrowly elliptical,
pale olive, 12 x 4 /x.
Amongst grass under trees. Distinguished by the
caespitose habit, 8-12 in a cluster, and the very short tubes
with sinuous openings.
298 FUXGUS-FLORA.
AGARICINEAE.
The Hymenomycetons type of structure attains its
maximum of development in certain of the members of the
present group, characterised more especially by having the
hymenium spread over radiating gills or lamellae.
In the most higldy evolved forms the entire fungus when
young is enclosed in a priraarj^ or universal veil which is
ru})tured during the elongation of the stem, the lower
portion remaining attached to, and sheathing the base of the
stem, and known as the volva. The volva may be more or
less free and readilj"- separable, or entirely adnate or grown
to the substance of the stem. The upper portion that is
carried up on the ]nlcus is torn into patches or warts as the
pileus expands. A secondary or partial veil is also present in
some species, spreading as a thin membrane from the upper
part of the stem to the margin of tlie piileus ; as the pileus
expands the veil breaks away from its margin and remains
on the stem as a frill-like rijig. In some species both
universal and secondary veils are present, in others the
universal veil only, whereas in others the secondary veil
alone is present ; finally there are numerous species not
possessing a trace of either universal or secondary veil.
In the great majority of species the stem is central, but in
some species it grows from the margin of the pileus, and is
said to be lateral ; in othcis again it is entirely absent, when
the pileus is described as scsnilc, and is either attaeheil by a
broad base and stands out horizontally, when it is dimidiate,
or is attached by tlie pileus to the wood or bark on which it
is growing, hence the gills are uppermost, and exposed to tlie
liglit, in which case it is describrd as resupinate.
The most important featun- in tlie discrimination of
genera turns on the mode of attaflmient of the gills to the
stem. When the gills are attaclu'il or grown to the stem,
and run down the latter for some distance, they are said to
be decurrent. Tlie opposite extreme to the last-named
AGARICINEAE. 2119
condition is when the gills are ronndecl oif behind ( = nearest
to the stem), and do not touch tbe stem, when they are said
to be free. Between the two extreme modes of attachment
already described, transitional stages exist; when the gills
reach the stem and grow to it without being either decurrent
or narrowed at the point of attachment, they are said to be
adnate. When the gills are attached to the stem, but not by
their whole width, in other words when the gill is more or
less narrowed at the point of contact with the stem, tbe term
adnexed is used ; finally, when the adnexed type of attach-
ment has the narrowed part of the gill close to the stem cut
away in a curved manner so as to leave an evident channel
between the gills and the stem, the term sinuate is used.
The primary divisions of the Agaricineae are founded on
the colour of the spores, and while admitting that this is a
purely artificial arrangement, it is certainly a very con-
venient and practical one, and in a purely systematic work,
where the primary object is to enable the student to deter-
mine the name of a given species- — a necessary preliminary
to morphological or physiological work — is admissible.
The large genus Agaricus, as understood by Fries, is
broken lap by that author into several subgenera ; in the
present w^ork all the Friesian subgenera of Agaricus are
elevated to generic rank, for tlie two following reasons :
(1) Many genera included in the Agaricineae by Fries, as
Cortinarius, PaxiUus, &c., are quite as closely allied, or even
more so, than the Friesian subgenera of Agaricus are to each
other. (2) In describing a species of Agaricus from the
Friesian standpoint it is necessary to include the subgeneric
name in brackets thus : — Agaricus (Psalliota) camjK'stris ; this
unnecessarily long name is reduced by raising the sub-
genera of Fries to generic rank, and as a genus is not
stereotyped in nature as such, more good than harm is
effected by the change, except to those minds who consider
every departure from accepted custom as retrograde.
AGAKICINEAE.
Hymenium borne on lamellae, situated on the under
surface of the sporophore, rarely in the simpler types on
the upper surface, and consequently turned to the light.
300 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Lamellae radiating from the centre or from a lateral point,
simple or forked, rarely irregularly anastomosing, often
connected transversely by thin ridge-like ril)S or veins.
Basidia normally tetrasporous, cystidia often present in the
hymeninm. Spores continuous, colourless or coLnired.
The great majority of species are fleshy, and soon decay ;
others, however, are toiigh, coriaceous, or woody and per-
sistent.
ANALYSIS OF SECTIONS.
I. Melanosporae.
Spores black. The gills black or dark grey and speckled
with the black sj^ores. No tinge of purple at maturity.
II. PORPHYROSPORAE.
Spores purjDle-black. Gills black or brown, with a purple
tinge at maturity.
III. OcriROSPORAE.
Spores ochraceous, bright brown or bright rust-colour.
Gills at maturity dingj^ ochraceous, brownish or bright fer-
ruginous, no tinge of purple present.
IV. EHODOSPORiE.
Spores salmon-colour or pink. Gills salmon-colour or
rosy at maturity ; the colour in some species is very pale,
and liable to be mistaken for members of the Leucosporae,
unless attention is paid to the colour of the spores in the
mass. In some of the Porphyrosporac the gills are pale rose
at an early stage of development, but become dark purple
later.
V. Leucosporae.
Spoies white. Gills in most species white at maturity ;
in many species, however, the gills are from the first, or at
s<mie stage of development, grey, yellow, rusty, &c., but
these tints are not due, as in the other sections, to the
MELANOSPORAE. 301
coloTir of the spores. When a doubtful specimen presents
itself, the only certain method is to examine the spores
microscopically, and also in the mass as thrown down on
paper.
In the genus Bussula, included in the Leucosporae, the
spores are in some species pure white, in others cream-colour,
and in several clear pale ochraceous.
Finally, in numerous species of Cortinarius the gills are
deep purple during certain stages of development, but tliis
colour is never present in the spores.
The spores can be obtained in the mass, and the colour
seen by the naked eye, if the stem is cut off close to the
gills, and the pileus placed gills downwards on paper and
allowed to remain for a few hours. If the species is pre-
siamably a dark-spored one, use white paper; if pink or
white spored, use black paper.
MELANOSrOEAE.
The present section includes five genera characterised b}'
having black spores, as seen in the mass and on a white
ground ; under such circumstances there is no tinge of
purple or brown. Seen under the microscope by transmitted
light the spores are in some species black and ojjaque, in
others subtranslucent and often of a sooty-brown colour.
The flesh of the pileus is usually thin and often membrana-
ceous. In the genus Coprimis the gills are, during the young
stage, closely pressed together like the leaves of a book ;
cystidia are commonly present, and when the spores are
mature the whole structure of the gills deliquesces and
drips away, charged witli the black spores in the form of an
inky fluid.
In the genera Panaeolus, Anellaria, and PsatJtyrella, the
gills are free from each other laterally, and persistent, fre-
quently dark grey and variegated with the black spores.
The species, as a rule, are long-stemmed, and with a
cylindrical or canipanulate thin pileus that often eventually
becomes expanded, and in many species is deeply sulcate or
grooved.
The atomate appearance of the pileus so characteristic of
o
02 FUNGUS-FLORA.
many species of the present group, is due to the presence
of myriads of very minute, glistening crystals of oxalate
of lime.
Many of the species grow on dung or in richly-manured
ground, a few occur on decaying trunks.
The deliquescence of the gills in Goprinus has its equi-
valent in the deliquescence of the trama and hymenial
elements, basidia, &c., in the Gastromycetes.
The genus GompMdius is placed with the present group on
purely technical grounds, and presents no affinity whatever
with Q.nj other genus included in the section. But this
remark is equally true of the genera included in any other
group, Gornphidius not suggesting close affinity with any
known genus. Fries considers that the habit suggests a
position intermediate between Cortinarius and Hygrophorus.
Tlie spores in the present genus are not truly black, as
in the remainder of the Melanosporae, but more or less
olive Avith a smoky-black tinge, and are very large and
fusiform or spindle-shaped, as in the genus Boletus.
ANALYSIS OF THE GENEBA.
Melanosporae.
* Gills at first cohering laterally, soon deliquescing, not
decurrent.
Coprinus.
** Gills distinct, not deliquescent nor decurrent.
f Pileus not striate.
Anellaria. — Stem with a ring.
Panaeolus. — Stem without a ring.
ff Pileus striate.
Psathyrella.
*** Gills decurrent, subgelatinous.
Gornphidius.
FIGURES ILLUSTRATING THE MELANOSPOBAE.
Fig. 1, Coprinus comatiis, showing; the scaly, cylindrical pileus, and the
loose ring that has slipped down the stem ; about J nat. size ; — Fig. 2,
Anellaria separota, a rather small specimen; nat. size; — Fig. 3, Fanaeolus
retiru(jig, basidium and spores; highly mag.; — Fig. 4, Fsathyrella dis-
semmato, group of plants; nat. size; — Fig. 5, Anellaria .se^jaraia, section
of portion of pileus, showing the adnate or fixed gills, also the margin of
the pileus extending beyond the gills ; nat. size ; — Fig. 6, Coprinus
narcoticus, group of plants about § nat. size; — Fig. 7, Gomphidius
mscidus, entire specimen ; about J nat. size ; — Fig. 8, section of pileus of
same, showing tlie decuirent gills ; h nat. size ; — Fig. 9, basidium and
spores of same ; highly mag.; — Fig. 10, Coprinus atrameidarius, j)ortion
of hymenium, showing a basidium bearing four coloured spores, several
paraphy8(>s, and a large cystidiuin ; highly mag.; — Fig. 11, Coprinus
Jimeturiui, pileus in an advanced stage of development, with the margin
revolute, and the gills deliquescing into a black inky iluid ; ^ nat. size ;
— Fig. 12, Coprinus cotKjrcjjatus, a small group of fungi; nat. .size; —
Fig. l^,jCoprinns S}>r(ujni'i, spores; highly mag.; — Fig. 14, Fsatliyrdla
arata, portion of pileun, showing the deeply sulcate margin ; about ^ nat.
size;— Fig. 15, Coprinus platypus, two specimens showing the discoid base
of the stem ; mag. 3 times.
oO-l FUNGUS-FLORA.
COPBINUS. Pcrs. (figs. 1, 6, 10-13, 15, p. 303).
Pileus stipitate, flesh very tliiu uv even quite membra-
naceous, veil generally universal, sometimes forming an ad-
nate volva round the base of the stem, and furuislied with a
free border, usually floccose or scurfy on the expanded pileus;
gills at first closely in contact laterally, eventually deli-
qiiesciug into a fluid coloured black by the spores; stem
usually hollow ; spores black at maturity.
Cojn-inus, Pers., Syn., in part ; Fries, Epic, p. 241 ; Fries,
Hym. Eur., p. 320 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 224.
A vwy distinct and natiiral genus, and sharply defined,
more especially by the peculiarities of the gills or lamellae,
which are at first closely coherent laterally, lieing apparently
agglutinated, but eventually becoming separate and free
from each other, and by becoming at maturity resolved into
a black inky fluid ; most of the species are very ephemeral,
the sporophore in many springing up, attaining maturity,
and completely disappearing again within twenty-four hours.
Cystidia of large size are present in large numbers in the
hymenium of many species.
The majority of species grow on dung or on richly ma-
nured ground, but a few also occur on rotten wood, damp
carpets, walls, &c.
In the Ochrosporac, the genus Bolhitius agrees with Coprhms
in the ephemeral existence of the species, in the soft, de-
liquescent gills, and also in most frequentlj' growing on
dung or in places where dung abounds.
ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES OF COPBINUS.
Tribe I. Pelliculosi. — Gills covered with a distinct fleshy
or membranaceous cuticle, therefore the pileus does not s})lit
along the lines of the gills, bnt becomes lacerated and
revolute.
* Coinati. — Ring formed from the free margin of the volva ;
cuticle torn into scales.
** Atramcntarii. — With an imperfect ring (not volvate),
squamules of pileus, minute, innate.
COPEINUS. 305
*** Picacei. — Universal veil flocculose. at first continuous,
then torn into superficial, areolate patches by the expansion
of the pileus,
**** Tomentosi. — Pileus at first veiled by a loosely villous
web that becomes torn into distinct floccose scales, which
eventually disappear, Eing absent.
***** Micacei. — Pileus at first covered with minute
glistening micaceous squamules or granules, which at length
disappear. Eing absent.
****** G^Z«6ra</.— Pileus glabrous, without either floccose
or micaceous squamules. Veil absent.
Tribe II. Veliformes. — Pileus very thin, without a cuticle,
plicato-sulcate, at length sjolitting along the lines of the gills.
{Stem slender, hollow.
* Cijclodei. — Stem furnished with a ring that is in some
species the free margin of the volva.
** Lanulati. — Gills free, pileus with a superficial floccu-
lose layer that eventually disappears. Eing absent.
*** Furfurelli. — Pileus micaceous or scurfy ; gills usually
adnate to a collar at the apex of the stem. Eing absent.
**** Hemerohii. — Pileus always glabrous. Eing absent.
TEIBE I.— PELLICULOSI.
* Comati,
Coprinus comatus. Fr. (fig. 1, p. 303.)
Pileus 3-4 in. high, cylindrical, then more or less expanded,
at first even, during growth the cuticle becomes torn into ^
broad, adpressed, scattered scales, pale ochraceous, interstices
whitish ; gills almost free, about tV in. broad, crowded, white,
then pinkish, at length black ; stem 4-6 in. long, h—^- in. thick,
subequal or slightly attenuated upwards, white, even, hollow,
more or less bulbous, bulb solid, ring movable ; spores uimost
black, elliptical, 13-18 x 7-8 fi.
VOL. I. Z
306 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Coprinus comatus. Fries, Epicr,, p. 242 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 224;
Cke., Illus., pi. 658.
Amongst grass. Esculent. A very distinct species ; Co-
jirinus ovatus, its nearest ally, is with us a rare species, dis-
tinguished by its smaller size, striate margin of the pileus,
and large, concentrically arranged scales on the pileus.
Large, gregarious, not tufted. Pileus when young oli-
longo-cylindrical, at length conic-cam panulate, 3-6 in. from
the base to the apex, white, the summit tinged with brown,
and the surface more or less covered w'ith large shaggy
scales. As the plant grows old, the white colour gives place
to a shade of reddish-brown, and the lower part becomes so
thin that the lamellae arc seen through its substance, of a
dull orange colour. Lamella free, contiguous to each otht-i-,
white, at length reddish-purple, in decay changing to black,
and deliquescing along with the pileus. Stipes smooth,
long, erect, cylindrical, white, with an annular movable
veil ; hollow, but with a cord of filaments in the cavity ;
somewhat bulbous at the base, and terminating below the
bulb in a short attenuated radicular process. A very hand-
some agaric, and very satisfactorily characterised ; indeed I
do not know any with which it can be confounded. In
decay, like all those of the division in which it is placed, it
melts into an inky black fluid. (Grev.)
Coprinus ovatus. Schaeft'.
I'ileus about 2 in. across when expanded, ovate, then ex-
panded, at first covered with an even pale ochraceous cu-
ticle, which by the exjiansion and growth of the pileus
becomes broken up into large concentric scales, ^41110 be-
tween the scales, tlie apical portion remaining intact like
a cap, margin striate, flesh thin ; gills free, very distant
from the stem, lanceolate, about 2 lines l)road, whitish then
blackish-umber; stem 3-5 in. long, \ in. thick or more at
the swollen base, slightly attenuated upwards, attenuated
into a rooting base, flocculose or fibrillose, white, hollow%
bulbous portion solid, ring deciduous : sjiores 11-12 x 7-8 /x.
CojJrimts ovatus, Fries, Kpicr., p. 242 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 224;
Cke., Illustr., jd. 059.
Agaricus ovdtun, SchaefH-r, Icon., t. 7.
In pastures. Probably' often passed over as Copinua
COPRINUS. 307
comatus, from which, however, it is distinguished by the fol-
lowing characters ; smaller size, margin of pileus striate,
surface densely covered with concentric scales, apex smooth,
cup-like, very distant gills with no tinge of purple, and
fugacious ring.
Coprinus sterquilinus. Fr.
Pileus about 2 in. across when expanded, conical, then ex-
panded, sulcate more than half way from margin tij disc, at
first villous or silky, disc rather fleshy with squarrose squa-
mules, silverj'-grey, tinged with fut^cous at the apex, flesh
thin ; gills free, ventricose, about 2 lines broad, pale then
purple-umber; stem 4-6 in. high, slightly attenuated up-
wards, white, fibrillose, hollow, thickened base solid, and
peionate for aboiit an inch fi'om the base, margin of sheath
ending in a free border or ring.
Coprinus sterquilinus. Fries, Epicr., p. 242 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 225 ; Cke., Illnstr., pi. GGO.
On dung. A fine large species known by the squamulose
apex of the pileus, the basal portion of the stem surrounded
by a volva-like, adnate structure with a free upper margin.
The stem soon becomes black when bruised. Base of stem
not rooting but abrupt, and furnished with a few white
fibres.
Coprinus oblectus. Fr.
Pileiis 1 in. or more across, cylindrical, then conico-cam-
panulate, at first whitish and everywhere silky, then glabrous
and pallid-tan, sulcate nearly up to the disc, flesh membra-
naceous ; gills free, linear, becoming blackish with a tinge of
flesh-colour; stem 3-4 in. long, ^ in. thick, slightly attenu-
ated upwards, soft, even, silky, white, hollow, base with a
short adnate sheath, the upper margin of which is free and
reflexed.
Coprinus oblectus. Fries, Epicr., p. 243 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 225 ;
Cke., lllustr., pi. 661 (after Bolton).
Agaricus oblectus, Bolton, Fung., t. 142.
On dung. Has not been recorded since Bolton's time.
Pileus white and silky at first, tlien becoming glabrous and
powdered with red ; finally revolute. Spores — from an un-
certain specimen in the Kew Herbarium — 23-20 x 14 fx.
The root is swelled, and emits white downy fibres.
X 2
308 FUXGUS-FLORA.
The stem is white, of a soft silky surface, and easily splits
in shining white filaments; it is holl'iw, hut with a soft
silky down iii the jierfo ration.
The curtain is white, soft, downy, and separates from the
rim of the pilous ; when the stem has attained but a small
part of its heiii'ht, it is permanent, abiding near the bottom
of the stem, till the decay of the plant.
The gills are, while the plant is young, covered with a
carnation-coloured powder, changing black in decay, rolling
upwards, and dissolving in a black turbid gelly.
The pileus at first covered with a white downy epidermis
which soon disappears, and the surface becomes striated, and
of a soft, downy, livid, carnation colour ; which colour, both
in the young and old plants, consists of a soft powder, which
at last changes black and dissolves.
Grows on new dung-hills. (Bolton.)
** Atramentarii ,
Coprinus atramentarius. Fr. (fig. 10, p. 303.)
rileiis 2-3 in. high, same across when expanded, at first
ovate then expanded, often plicate and lobed, greyish, silky-
fibrous, minutely mealy, apex brownish and minutely
verruculose or scjuamulose, flesh thin ; gills crowded, free,
white then black with purple tinge; stem 4-(3 in. high,
i-| in. thick, white, silky-shining, hollow, ring basal, very
evanescent; spores 12 X <3 /x ; cystidia numerous, sub-
cylindrical, large.
Coprinus atramnifarius, Fries, Epicr., p. 243 ; Cke., Illust.,
t. 622; Cooke, lldl)k., p. 225.
About old stumps, and on rich naked soil, but not on dung.
Usually clustered and often irregular from mutual pressure.
Gregarious, caespitose. Pileus 3J, in. or more high, sul>-
carnos'3, campanulate, obtuse, the edge uneven, dirty gi'ey,
at length brownish, innato-fibrillose, more or less fur-
furaceous and corrugated, the ap<'X often scaly. Gills very
broad and close, witli numerous pellucid processes, ventricose,
umber, the margin white, rounded behind, quite free. Stem
3'- in. high, }, in. thick, fistuU)Be, juicy, fibrillose, at-
tenuated upwards, brittle, the substance banded concentri-
cally. There is generally a prominent mark at the base,
coPRixus. 309
caused by the pressure of the edge of the pileus, in an early-
stage of growth, which has somewhat the appearance of a
volva. (Berk.)
Tufted. Pileus brownish- white or silvery grey, darker aL
the summit, remaining campanulate for a long time, above
2 in. from the base to the apex, obtusely and irregularly
plicate, unequal, at length becoming plane and revolute.
Lamellae free, sihery grey, changing to black, contiguous
to each other, ventricose, dissolving in age. Stipes hollow,
w^hite, 3-8 in. long, cylindrical, about .y in, thick. This
s})ecies is well marked by the large folds or plaits which
often extend from the base to the very apex of the pileus.
(Grev.)
Coprinus soboliferus. Fr.
Pileus l^-'2\ in. across, subcylindrical, then ovato-cam-
jjanulate, lower half of pileus usually undulate but not
sulcate or striate, disc truncate, usually depressed, distinctly
squamulose, dingy white, towards the apex tinged with pale
brown, squamules darker, flesh very thin ; gills free, lanceo-
late, ^ in. or more broad, crowded, pale then blackish ; stem
.5-8 in. long, | in. thick at the base, slightly attenuated
upwards, silky, white, stuffed ; towards the base thei'e is a
depressed zone caused by the edge of the pileus when young,
ring fugacious; spores elliptical, 15 x 7 yu.
Coprinus soboliferus, Fries, Epicr., p. 243 ; Cooke, Hdbk.,
p. 22.5 ; Cooke, Illustr., pi. 848.
Amongst grass near to trunks, buried wood, &c. A very
large and beautiful species, distinguished from Coprinus
atramentarius, its nearest ally, by the larger size of every part,
the costate or waved lower portion of the pileus, the
truncate, depressed disc, with distinct squamules, the
whitish colour of the pileus, and the imperfectly hollow or
stuffed stem.
Coprinus fuscescens. Fr.
Pileus J-I4 in. across, submembranaceous, ovato-expandea,
dull, dipc rather fleshy, even or cracked into squamules,
greyish-brown, disc rufous; gills adfixed, blackish-umber;
stem 4-5 in. long, about \ in. thick, equal, fi agile, hollow,
subfibrillose, ring indistinct or absent, whitish ; spores
elliptical, apiculate, 10 x 0 yu,.
310 FUNGUS-FLOKA.
Coprinus fuscescens, Fries, Epicr., p. 214; Cooke, Hdbk.,
p. 226 ; Cooke, Ilhistr., pi. (563?.
On trunks, dead stumps, etc.
Smaller and more slender than Copriniis atramentorius,
]iileus lirownisli-grov, disc becoming rufous, not sprinkled
Avith niicareous itarticles, Lut at first covered with a mealy
bloom ; gills adnexed, attenuated iVoni the stem to the
margin, deliquescent. (Fries.)
In Cooke's figure of this si^ecies, drawn from specimens
determined by the Eev. I\I. J. Berkeley, the pileus is bright
chestnut in every part, and striate from the margin half-waj-
up, and when old much split and more or less revolute,
whereas Schaeffer's figure shows the species densely tufted,
with the habit of C. micaceus and the pileus pale grey with
tinge of brown, apex darker.
Var. rimoso-squamosus, Cooke, Illustr., pi. 004 ; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 220.
Pileus li-2 in. high and broad, ovate, then more or less
expanded, greyish-brown, becoming brown towards the apex,
where the cuticle is torn into large angidar patches, pale
between the patches; gills broad near the stem, becoming
narrower tow^ards the margin ; stem whitish, rather flexuous,
equal, hollow^: spores as in the type.
On the ground, about stumps.
*** Picacei.
Coprinus picaceus. Fr.
rilijus 2-2.', in. across, memliranaceous, ovato-campanulate,
stiiate up to" the disc, smoky-black, variegated with large,
irregular, supei-ficial white patches ; gills free, -\ in. or more
broad, vc^ntricosc, greyish-black; stem 5-0 in. long, base
buUjuus, abrupt, otherwise ('(jual j-r; in. thick, wdiite, hollow,
fragile, smooth; sjjorcs elliptical, apiculate, J4 x H /x;
cystidia large, numerous.
Coprinus picaceus. Fries, liym. Eur., p. ;323 ; Cooke, Ildbk.,
, p. 226 ; Cooke, Illustr., pi. 605.
On the o-round. A very distinct and beautiful sjH'eies.
.When young the pileus is cylindrical, and conqdetely
covered by a thick, whitish layer, which during the growth
and expansion of tlie pileus becomes broken up into large,
COPRINUS. 311
irregular pieces that persist on the fully expanded pileus.
Soon deliquescing after attaining full development. Dis-
tinguished from allied species by the large, irregular,
supeificial patches on the pileus. In C. aratus the pileus is
dark and striate, but the evanescent covering consists of
small, crowded scales, and the gills are at iirst adnexed, then
breaking away. In G. floccidosus the pileus is whitish and
the gills violaceous.
Pileus 2 in. broad and high, campaniilate, glutinous,
closely grooved, brown with a tinge of red abuve ; margin
cinereous, dimpled at the apex, epidermis ci'ackiug into large
pale fawn-coloured subconic scales ; flesh very thin ; gills
iDroad, ventricose, narrow in front, black, the extreme
margin, except when deliquescent, white, not so close as in
C. atramentarius, clothed Avith prominent spiculae (cystidia)
exactly as long as the interstices are broad, quite free.
S|)ores elliptic, black. Stem 6 in. high, ^ in. thick at the
base, beautifully satiny with adpressed fibrillae, attenuated
above, w^here it is subtomentose, and stained with the
spores, subbulbous below, hollow, with a few stringy fibres
attached to the walls. (Berk.)
Coprinus aphthosus. Fr.
Pileus about 1 in. high and broad, membranaceous, ovate-
campanulate, not striate, at first covered with super-
ficial scales, then naked, pallid ; gills adnate, linear, white,
then black; stem about 2 in. high, 2 lines thick, soft,
white, equal, fibrillose, twisted, hollow; spores blackish,
15-16 xlO fx.
Coprinus aplitliosus. Fries, Epicr., p. 245 ; Cooke, Hdbk.,
p. 226.
In hollow trunks, &c.
I have followed Fries in considering the above described
form as the typical species, nevertheless it is rather unusual
that he should accept the species he found as typical and
run a previously described species, as that of Bolton, as a
variety.
Var. Boltoni. Mass.
The following description by Bolton indicates a distinct
variety of the present species, distinguished more especially
by the repand, olivaceous pileus.
312 FUNGUS-FLOKA.
Agaricus domestinis, Bolton, p. 26, pi. 20 ; Cooke, lUusti'.,
jtl. 66(> (partly after Bulton).
The root consists of a great numlier of downy grey fibres,
some of which insinuate themselves into the substance of the
]nitrid wood, whereon it grows; the rest crop like mouldiness
upon its surface. The plants most commonly grow in
bundles from the same root.
The stem is white and shines Avith a silky gloss ; it is
tistular, of a thin, light substance, the thickness of a goose-
(juill, and three or four inches high; it easily divides in
white glittering filaments, and often abides after the pileus
is fallen.
The curtain is extremel}' delicate, and vanishes as soon as
the rim of the pileus separates from the stem.
The gills are in one series, numerous, broad, and deep ; at
first of a pale grey colour, but in decay dissolve in a black
inky liquor.
The pileus is at first of an oval figure, and wrapjjcd up in
a volva, which is peculiar to itself, and does not in-wrap at
the root. The volva is of a cottony substance, and a very
pale grey-brown colour ; as the pileus increases in bigness it
1)ursts in fragments, and remains like warts on the surface.
From an oval, the pileus changes to a conical figure ; the
margin undulated, next becomes bell-shaped, and at last
lacerates and dissolves.
Grows on decaying pieces of moist wood, in cellars, cold
kitchens, &c., in plenty. (Bolton.)
Coprinus flocculosus. Fr.
Pileus 2-3 in. across, membranaceous, ovate then expanded,
dirty white, striate, covered with innate scales, splitting :
gills free, narrow, subviolaceous, then brownish black : stem
;{ in. high, hollow, attenuated upwards, white, slightly
swollen at the l)asc, smooth, silky, sinning ; spores 10 x 7-8 /x.
Coprinus Jiocculosns, Fries, Epicr., p. 'lAb; B. & Br., Ann.
Kat. Hist,, n. 926; Cke., Illustr., t. 667.
In fields and gardens. Solitary or tufted ; stem often
with loose silky fibrils that soon disappear. Allied to
C. aratuH and C. htijdpua, but in the first the spores are
elliptic-fusiform, 1.") x JO-11 /^, in the last nan)ed the disc of
the pileus is bright brown.
C0PIll^'US. 313
Coprinus similis, B. & Br.
Pileus campanxilate-ovate, pallid, lineato-striate, disc
darker, hygrophanons, studded with brown-tipped acute
warts, which eventually disappear ; stem white, hollow,
attenuated upwards; gills adnate, narrower behind, sub-
linear, blackish, margin brown.
Coprinus similis, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist., n, 1011 ; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 227.
On trunks of dead trees. Eesembling Coprinus aphthosus,
but differing in the striate pileus. Pileus 1 in. across.
***♦
Tomentosi.
Coprinus extinctorius. Fr.
Pileus 1-2—2 in. across when expanded, submembranaceous,
cylindric-clavate, then expanded and campanulate, straight,
marsrin striate, at first clothed with floccose evanescent
scales, whitish, apex tinged with brown ; gills reaching the
stem, lanceolate, whitish, becoming brownish-black ; stem
4-5 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, slightly swollen at the base,
below which it is continued as a rooting-stem, smooth, white,
hollow ; spores 10-11 x 0 /x.
Coprinus extinctorius, Fries, Epicr., p. 245; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 227; Cke., Illustr., pi. 66S ; Bolt., t. 24.
On the ground about the roots of trees. Firmer than
neighbouring species, pileus splitting when expanded, but
not revolute, pallid, disc darker ; becoming glabrous from
the apex towards the margin, whereas in C. fimetarius the
disappearance of the floccose substance is from the margin
to the apex. (Fries.)
Fries considers that Bolton's figure, pi. 24, is a poor fignre
of the present species. The following is Bolton's account of
his species.
The root is a little swelled, hard, white, and emits brown
fibres from the sides; sometimes it sustains several plants,
sometimes only one ; it is not surrounded by a volva.
The stem is cylindrical, smooth, white, fistular, with a
small perforation, wherein is a soft downy matter like
cotton ; it is an inch in circumference, and five inches high ;
there is no curtain.
The gills are all in one series, extremely numerous, thin.
314 FUNGUS-FLORA.
deep, and delicate ; of a pure white colour at first, afterwards
turn to a pale brown, and in decay dissolve in a dark-brown
liquor.
The pilens is shaped like an extinguisher, terminating
bluntly above, and spreading out at the rim, where it is a
little waved and undulated; the suiface is smooth wliile the
])laut is young, afterwards becomes striated, and at last
lacerates and dissolves. The colour is white at first, except
a gentle tinge of brown near the top ; as it advances in age,
the white changes to a very pale brown ; and in some speci-
mens there are a few downy scales or tufts of a i)ale brown,
as in the Agaricus fimetarius.
Grows amongst sand, in moist and shady situations about
Halifax, but is rare there. (Bolton.)
Coprinus fimetarius. Fr. (fig. 1], p. o03.)
Pileus 1-12 in. across, clavate then conico-expanded, soon
s|)lit and revolute, greyish, apex tinged with bi'own ; at
first covered with white floceose scales, then naked, rimoso-
sulcate ; disc even, flesh thin ; gills free, lanceolate, about
2 lines broad, then linear and wavj^, black ; stem 5-6 in.
high, 2-3 lines thick, hollow, thickened at the base and
tlierc solid, squamulose ; spores 12-14 x 7-8 fx; cystidia
large, numerous.
Coprinus fimetarius, Fries, Epicr,, p. 245 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 227 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 324.
On manure-heaps, &c. Solitary or usually clustered,
soon becoming revolute and deliquescing.
Var. puUatus. Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 324; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 228 : Cke., Illustr., pi. GG'V
Piluus with adpressed s<puuuules and tomentose, soon
naked, fuscous, then blackish ; stem equal, becoming smooth.
On dung. Clustered. Stature of the type.
Var. cinereus. Schaeif., t. 1 00 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p.
324; Cke., Ildl.k., ]>. 228; Cke., lllnstr. pi. 671.
I'ilcus membranaceous, floccosely mealy, then naked, ashy-
grey ; stem subo(]ual, rootless, hollow to the base, often
twisted; spores 12-8 /x.
On dung and rich soil.
rileus 2 in. high before expansion, then 3 in., but very
COPEINUS. 315
variabie in size, sulcate, at fiivst cylindrical, rather flat at the
apex, clothed with fugacious ad])ressed or slightly recurved
feathery scales ; then conico-campanulate ; at length inverted
Avith the margin split and rolled hack. Gills black, dotted
"with pellucid conic processes and elliptic black spores.
Stem sometimes 5 in. high, 4— 3- in. thick, clothed near
the apex with thick patent down, near the base with
adpressed scales, very fragile, hollow, without any cottony
fibres. (Berk.)
Var. macrorhiza. Fr., Hym. Eur., p. 324 ; Cke,, Hdbk.,
p. 228 ; Cke., lllustr. pi. 670.
Agariciis macrorhizus, Pers., Syn., p. 898.
Pileus at first with feathery squamules ; stem short,
villose, rooting, sometimes more or less marginately siib-
bulbous ; spores 13-14 x 8-9.
On dung. Pileus pale and smaller than in the typical form,
stem shorter, with a more or less elongated rooting base.
On a hot-bed, penetrating through the superincumbent
mould and attached to the dung beneath by the long
attenuated root. Pileus f in. broad, nearly 1 in. high,
scaly, the scales sometimes forming a beautiful radiated
crown at the apex, pale brown above, the margin greyish,
striate. Gills brown, with a slight white border, close,
free, very slightlj^ ventricose, ^ in. broad. Stem 3 in.
higb, 3 lines thick at the base, J, in. at the apex, straight,
very downy towards the base, less so upwards, fistulose ;
root 2^ in. long. (Berk.)
Coprinus tomentosus. Fr.
Pileus 1-H in. high, submembranaceous, cylindrical, then
conical, afterwards splitting and expanded, striate, floccoso-
tomentose, pale-grey, the velvety floccose layer becoming
torn into persistent patches on the expansion of the pileus ;
gills free, narrow, brownish, then blackish brown ; stem
about 2 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, velvety, greyish,
hollow.
Coprinus tomentosus, Fr., Epicr., p. 246 ; Cke., Hdbk., p.
228; Cke., Illustr., pi. 672 a (after liolton).
Af/aricus tomentosus, BuUiard, t. 138.
On dung and in rich pastures. Pileus cylindrical, then
narrowly pyramidal, at length expanded and more or less
316 FUXGUS-FLOKA.
split. Covered continiioTisly at first Avith a velvety greyish
felt that is persistent, and becomes torn into patches when
the pileus expands. Pileus pallid or yellowish below the
grey nap.
This agaric is fonnd in woods and gardens in autumn ; on
the ground, also sometimes on dunghills; it is generally
solitary, sometimes more or less gregarious, but not forming
clusters. Stem hollow, naked, pubescent, terminating in a
point at the base and the summit, 1-2 lines thick, and about
2 in. high. The jiileus is ashy-grey or mouse-grey, becoming
blackish with age, surface tomentose ; the tomentum is
easily removed when the pileus is smooth and striate. It is
at first cylindrical, then conical, and long enough to cover
more than half the length of the stem ; as maturity ap-
proaches the pileus becomes more expanded, and the split
margin tiirns up a little ; during middle age it is 8-10 lines
across, and 13-18 lines high. It is very fugacious and
deliquescent. Gills free, narrow, more especially near to
the stem, at first white, at length black. (BuUiard.)
The root is small, black, and emits a few short brown
fibres.
The stem is upright, cylindrical, hollow; the substance
white, and easily torn into filaments; it is covered, on the
outside, with a lead-coloured down.
The gills are arranged in three series, those of the first
series long and narrow ; they are white on the sides, but
furnished with a black down or powder on the edges, which,
before the plant is torn, makes them aj^j^ear wholly black.
The pileus is at first oval or oblong ; when the rim begins
to enlarge, it becomes of a pyramidal figure ; at last bell-
shaped, lacerates, and soon dissolves. In its first stages it
is thickly covered with a grey or lead-coloured down, which
covering tears in fragments as the pileus extends in breadth,
and remains on its white striated surface in broken, deformed,
giey patches.
I gathered this species near Ugden-Kirk, anujngst wet
moss, in the ground where peat is dug for fuel. (Bolton.)
Coprinus niveus. Fr.
Pileus .^-1 in. across, submembranaceous, elliptical, then
campanulate and expanded, almost persistently covered with
COPRINUS. 317
snow-white floccose-down ; gills slightly attached, narrow,
becoming blackish; stem 1^-3 in. high, snbequal, or slightly
attenuated upwards, villose, white, hollow ; sjDores 1 6 x
11-13 fx.
Coprinus niveus. Fries, Epicr., p. 246 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 228 ;
Cke., Illustr., pi. 672 b.
On dung, especially of horses. Distinguished by snow-
white colour, persistently tomentose pileus, and .small size.
Cojjrinus narcoticus is distinguished by its strong smell of
opium, and C. stercorarius by the dense micaceous mealy
coat covering the pileus at first ; it is also larger in every
l^art.
Pileus ^—1 in. across, campanulate, at length expanded
and depressed with the margin rolled back, clothed with
dense scaly meal ; the margin striate, very thin and delicate.
Gills narrow, free, black, subventricose. Stem 2 in. or more
high, 1 line thick, thickest at the base, sericeo-squamulose,
hollow, fragile, splitting longitudinally. (Berk.)
Coprinus cothurnatus. Godey.
Pileus exceedingly thin, conico-campanulate, then ex-
panded, densely furfiiraceous, becoming umbonate and
unequally split, reddish- white ; stem hollow, attenuated
upwards, white, squamnlose, base squamuloso-vaginate, about
1^ in. long, 1-2 lines thick ; gills free, sublanceolate, crowded,
white, then flesh-coloured, at length blackish.
Coprinus cothurnatus, Godey, in Gillet's Champ, de France,
p. 605, with a fig. ; Sacc, Syll., vol. v., n. 4410 ; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 228.
Ou cow-dung in pastures.
The English specimens referred to this species are yel-
lowish, the pileus about 1 in. across, stem 2 in. long.
*****
Micacei.
Coprinus micaceus. Fr.
Pileus li-2i- in. across, submembranaceous, elliptical, then
campanulate, coarsely striate, disc even, ochraceous-tan, disc
darker, margin usually more or less repand ; when young
densely covered with glistening minute crystals of oxalate
of lime, at length naked, when fully developed rimoso-
318 Fuxra's-FT.ORA.
sulcate; gills 2-4 lines broad, adnexed, lanceolate, rather
crowded, whitish, then brown, finally black : stem 2-3 in.
long, abont | in. thick, equal, even, silk}', whitish, hollow ;
spores elliptical, blackish, 7-8 X 4-5 ^.
Coprinus micaceus. Fries, Epicr., p. 247 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 229 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 673.
About old stumps, posts, &c. Generally densely fascicu-
late. In rainy weather subdeliquescent, pileus soon naked,
and becoming dark reddish -brown. In dry weather the
pileus becomes pale in colour, and the glistening particles
of lime, which resemble mica in their appearance, are per-
manent.
Caespitose ; pileus f-1 in. or more broad, half-ovate, often
more or less irregular from the dense mode of growth,
sprinkled with glistening meal, strongly striate, almost
plicate, rufous, the umbo darker; the margin cinereous, very
thin ; veil very fugacious. Gills attenuated in front, bmad
behind, ascending, attached above, umber mottled with the
sporules, which apjiear black when viewed in the mass, but
arc really brown-purple ; stem 2-3 in. high or more, 2 lines
thick, hollow, brittle, squamuloso-pulveriilent, the epidermis
often cracked into little scales, very faintly tinged with red,
attenuated upwards. (Berk.)
Coprinus aratus. B. & Br.
Pileus submembranaceous, 2-3 in. across, campanulate,
then exp;uided, umber, deeply sulcate up to the darker
usually wrinkled disc, sprinkled with large micaceous
particles, revolute in decay ; gills narrow, attenuated at
either end, attached, then seceding and becoming free, deep
rich brown, then l»lack ; stem 4—3 in. high, 2-3 lines thick,
attenuated upwards, slightly bulbous at the base, snow-
white, sillvy, holloAV, miiber within ; spores 1,5 x 10-11 jx.
Coprinus aratus, Berk, and Browne, Ann. Nat. Hist., n.
927, and again after n. 1956; Cke., Handbk., p. 229; Cke.,
Illustr., tabs. 674 and 675.
In hollow trees, on the ground, S:c., solitary or clustered;
resembling Coprinus micaceus in habit, but larger and umber-
colour.
A group occurred and showed some differences from the
single specimen before seen ; disc sometimes rugose, sometimes
coPRixus. 319
even; gills at first attached, but soon separatino- from the
stem so as to appear free, but still connected at the base as
if by a slight collar, hence instead of " lamellis liheris," it
should be " secedentihus." (Berk.)
Coprinus radians. Fr.
Pileus 1-2 in. across, membranaceous, ovato-campanulate,
glistening with minute crystals of oxalate of lime, disc
granuloso-squamulose ; margin striate, yellowish-fulvous,
becoming pale, sometimes becoming subdiscoid ; gills abcmt
li lines broad, slightly attached to the stem, pale, then
violet-black ; stem 1-14^ in. long, equal, smooth, even,
hollow, whitish, furnished at the base with radiating strands
of mycelium ; spores violet-black, elliptical, 7 X 4 /x.
Coprinus radians. Fries, Epicr., p. 248 ; Cooke, Hdbk., p.
229; Cooke, Illustr., pi. 676 a.
Agaricus radians, Desmaz., Ann. Sci. Nat. 19, t. 10, f. 1.
On damp plastered walls, rather small, solitary or sub-
caespitose, pileus yellow-fulvous, subdiscoid, becoming pale ;
stem short, incurved from the position of growth.
Pileus 2 in. broad, gills free, numerous, at iirst white ;
stem ItV in. high, 2 lines thick, cylindric, fistulose, almost
equal ; curved in consequence of its vertical place of growth,
naked, smooth, furnished with a radiating base 2 in. broad.
(Desmazieres.)
The fungus called Lycoperdon radiatum, Sowerby, t. 145,
is the very j'oung stage of the present species.
Coprinus papillatus. Fr.
Pileus |-.V in. across, elliptical, then camijanulate, then
often splitting and almost plane or even upturned, but
the disc remaining prominent, striate, greyish-furfuraceous,
centre livid smooth-coloiir, rough with minute papilhc ;
gills free but close to the stem, narrow, black ; stem about 1 in.
long, slender, equal, hollow, white, hyaline except at the
base ; spores 1 o x 7 fi.
Coprinus papillatus. Fries, Epicr., p. 248; Cooke, Hdbk.,
229; Cooke, Illustr., pi. 676 b.
Agaricus papillatus, Batsch, fig. 78.
On the ground, also on dung. Minute, but rather per-
sistent.
32U FUNGUS-FLORA.
****** Glabra ti.
Coprinus alternatus. Fr.
Pileus ^—1 in. across, when expanded H-2 in., flesh thin,
lieniispherical, then expanded and unihonate, striate, quite
smooth, chalkj^-pallid or very pale buff, disc darker ; gills
adnate, narrow, grey, then black; stem 3-4 in. long, about
2 lines thick, and equal except the more or less thickened
base, or sometimes attenuated upwards, hollow, whitish,
smooth ; spore black, broadly pip-shaped, 10 X 6-7 ^.
Coprinus alternatus, Fries, Epicr., j). 248 ; Cooke, Hdbk.,
p. 230; Cooke, Illustr., pi. G77.
Agaricus alternatus, Schum., SaelL, n. 1874.
On the ground. In small clusters. In Cooke's figure,
Illustr., pi. 677, the gills are represented free from the stem.
Stem equal sliglitly or not at all thickened at the base,
subflexuous.
Coprinus deliquescens. Fr.
IMleus 1^—3 in. across, ovato-cam])anulate, then expanded,
usually rather repand, flesh rather thick at the disc, thin
towards the margin, distantly striate, glabrous except the
disc, which is minutely papillose, livid gre}', or smoky, disc
often tinged riifescent ; gills free, at length distant from the
stem, narrow, grey, then blackish ; stem 3-4 in. high, about
I in. thick, corticated, whitish, glabrous, hollow, subequal
or slightly attenuated upwards ; spores elliptical, oblicjuely
apiculate, 8 x o /><..
Coprinus deliquescens, Fries, Epicr., p. 249 ; Cooke, Ildbk.,
p. 230; Cooke, Jllustr., pi. 678.
Af/aricus deliquescens, Bulliard, t. 558, f. 1.
On trunks, stumps, and (m heaps of dead leaves, &c.
tSlightly caespitose. Sometimes confounded with Coprinus
afrautentarlitx, from which it differs in every part being more
blendei", and in the free, distant gills.
Stem naked, corticated, firm, 4 in. long, 2-4 lines thick,
efjiially attenuated upwaids, glabrous, white. Pileus mem-
lu'anaceous, campanulate, then expanded, almust glabrous,
disc minutely papilhjse, livid-fuliginous, 3-4 in. broad, not
sjtlitting, l>ut, revolute, striate, striae broad but not deep,
gills free, distant from the stem, very much crowded,
flexuous, very narrow, about I line broad. (Fries.)
COPRINUS. 321
Coprinus tardus. Karst.
Pileus 1-2 in. higli and wide, rather fleshy, thin, fragile,
ovate, then campanulate, sulcate, or deeply striate, quite gla-
brous, rather dry, bright brown becoming pale ochraceous-
tan ; gills adnate, crowded, very narrow, broadest behind, deli-
quescent, whitish, then tinged with brown, at length black ;
stem 4-6 in. high, about 2 lines thick, equal, hollow, sub-
flexuous, minutely striated at the apex, slightly downy,
whitish; spores elliptical or sometimes subangular, opaque,
blackish brown, subinaequilateral, 12-18 X 7-9 /x.
Coprinus tardus, Symb. ad Myc. Fenn., vi. p. 20 ; Icon. Sel.
Hym. Fenn., fig. xix. : Cke., Hdbk., p. 230 ; Cke., Illustr.,
pL 719.
On the ground.
Densely tufted. Smell none. Allied to Coprinus deli-
quescens, but distinct in the following points : pileus fleshy,
hardly expanded, not punctate at the disc, never revolute,
hardly splitting, dryish, stem equal, gills adnate, crowded,
not flexuous, white, than brownish, at length black. (Kar-
sten.)
Coprinus digitalis. Fr.
Caespitose. Pileus about 1 in. high and broad, submem-
branaceous, parabolic, altogether glabrous and naked, disc
even, the remainder striated, whitish or straw-colour, centre
often darker, splitting with age ; gills slightly adnexed,
ventricose, whitish-brown, then blackish, margin at first
micaceous ; stem 1-5 in. long, 1 line thick, equal, hollow,
rather flexuous, glabrous, corticated, white.
Copjrinus digitalis, Fries, Epicr., p. 249 ; Fries, Monogr.
Suec, i. p. 462.
In damp places in woods, &c. Caespitose, fragile, terres-
trial. In the mature fungus the pileus is livid olive or yel-
lowish-grey, and the gills appear to be adnate.
Coprinus congregatus. Bull. (fig. 12, p. 303.)
Pileus \-'^ in. high, cylindrical, then campanulate, tinallj'
expanded and split at the margin, smooth, viscid, margin
slightly striate, ochraceous ; gills about 1 line broad, slightly
adnexetl, white, finally becoming black; stem 1-1.', in. hi<'h,
equal, smooth, hollow, whitish.
VOL. I. Y
322 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Coprinus congrcgatus. Fries, Epicr., p, 249 ; Fries, Hyni.
Eur., p. 328; Cke., Hdbk., p. 230; Cke., lllustr., pi. 679.
Afjaricus congrcgatits, Bull., t. 94.
On the ground, also in hothouses, &c.
Eeadily distinguished by the densely caespitose mode of
growth, the small size, the viscid, ochraceous, glabrous pileus
which remains elongato-cylindrical for some time, then
becomes campanulate, and finally expands and splits at the
margin.
Densely caespitose, fragile, readily distinguished from
Coprinus digitalis by its much smaller size ; stem short, thin ;
pileus from cylindrical to campanulate, glabrous, ochraceous,
gills adtixed, linear, white, then black. (Fries.)
TEIBE II.— VELIFORMES.
* Cyclodei.
Coprinus Hendersoni. Berk.
Pileus about 2 lines high, up to |- in. across when ex-
panded, membranaceous, at first subcylindrical, then becom-
ing plano-convex, minutel}- pruinose, apex pale brown, grey-
ish towards the margin ; gills free, narrow, becoming black,
margin white, rather distant; stem 1-1 V in. long, slender,
slightly attenuated upwards, almost or quite smooth, white,
I'urnished with a distinct ring below the middle, hollow ;
spores 10 x 5 ^.
Coprinus Hendersoni, Berk., Outl., pi. 24, f. 8 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 231 ; Cke., lllustr., pi. 080 a.
Agaricm Hendersoni, Berk., Eng. Flora, vol. v. p. 122.
On hotbeds and on dung in fi«.'lds.
Extremely tender ; pileu.s 4-0 lines broad, at first subcy-
lindric, granulosa under a lens, apex brownish, shaded into
cinereous towards the margin, at length plano-convex ;
margin folded. Gills rather distant, free, powdered with the
black siiornles, the extreme margin white, narrow; at length
appearing like mere wrinkles. Stem 1^- in. high, not a line
tliick, Avhite, neai'ly or (|uite siiKioth, hollow, attenuated up-
wards, furnished Avith a cnp-shaped more or less distant,
])(.-rmanent ring. (Berk.)
COPRINUS. 323
Coprinus lagopus. Fr.
Pileiis 1-2 in. across, very thin, cylindrical, then campanu-
late, covered with white floccnlent down, becoming glabroiis,
stria to-sulcate up to the umbo, at length splitting and more
or less revohite, whitish or greyish, disc brownish ; gills
free, at length, distant from the stem, narrow, becoming
black ; stem elongated, usually equally attenuated upwards,
white, every part clothed with white floccose down, hollow,
very fragile; spores 147-16 x 10-12 fx.
Goprinus lago])us. Fries, Epicr., p. 250 ; Saunders and Smith,
t. 19 ; Cke., Hdbk., pi. 231 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 681.
On rotten wood, dung, &c.
Fries distinguishes two forms. A, nemorum, stem slender,
4-6 in. long. B, viarum, stem 2-3 in. long, pileus broader,
livid. Both forms are inodorous. The pileus of the long-
stemmed form is sometimes entirely clear brown, at others
greyish with a brownish disc. Stem very weak, 5 in. and
more in length, 1 line thick, attenuated at both ends, Pileus
thin, campanulato-expanded, about 1 in. across, when young
elegantly flocculose, then farrowed, disc livid. Gills rather
distant. (Fries.)
Coprinus narcoticus. Fr. (fig. 6, p. 303.)
Pileus |— J in. across, foetid, very thin, cylindric-clavate,
then expanded, at length revolute, covered at first with
white, recui'ved, floccose scales, then naked, greyish-white,
hyaline, striate ; gills free but very close to the stem, white,
then becoming blackish; stem 1^2 in. long, about 1 line
thick, fragile, at first covered with, white down, then almost
glabrous, hollow; spores elliptical, 11 X o-Q [x.
Coprinus narcoticus, Fries, Epicr., p. 250 ; Cke., Hdbk., p.
231 ; Cke., Illustr. pi. 680 b.
Afjaricus narcoticus, Batsch, f. 77.
On dung. Caespitose. Smell very strong and disagree-
able, described by Fries as alkaline-narcotic, and in this
peculiarity is distinct from all otlier species. The stem is
sometimes straight, at others flexuoiis.
Smell very strong, otherwise diliicult to distinguish from
Coprinus niveus. Stem about 2 in. long, equal, 'subulate,' at
length glabrous. Pileus when young conico-cylindrical, be-
Y 2
324 FUNGUS-FLORA.
coming naked wlion expanded, up to 1 in. across. Gills white
then blackish. (Fries.)
Coprinus macrocephalus. Fr.
Pileus up to r} in. high and hroad when expanded, cylin-
drical, then canipamilatn-expanded, ashy-grc}-, disc brownish,
sprinkled with paler pointed scales, margin slightly striate,
flesh rather thick for the size of the species ; gills quite free,
up to 1 line broad, at length black ; stem 13,-2 in. long, 1 line
or more thick, subequal, dirty white, clothed with white
down and long free fibres, base strigose, hollow : spores
bruadh" elliptical or obliquely pip-shaped, 11-13 x 7-8 yu, ;
cystidia elliptical, large, numerous.
Coprinus macrocephalus. Fries, ITym. Eur., p. 329 ; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 231 ; Cke., Illustr. pi. 682a.
Ayaricus macrocepJmlus, Birk., Eng. Flora, vol. v. p. 122.
On putiid dung, Subcaespitose. Distinguished amongst
the small grej^ species of Ccqjrinus by the pointed squamules
adorning the pileus, and more especially by the long loose
fibrils on the stem.
Pileus ^ in. broad, ^ in. high, linear when young, then
cylindrico-campanulate, the margin slightly spread out,
adorned with elegant adpressed or patent scales, the remains
of the veil ; apex brown, shaped oft' into slate colour on the
margin, scarcely at all pubescent. Gills linear, perfectly
free, at length black, clothed with pellucid spiculae. Stem
1-2 in. high, 2 lines thick, ascending, dirty white, fistulose,
clotlied with short cottony down, and with longer, sometimes
deflexed, loose fibres, strigose at the base, somewhat attenu-
ated upwards and stained Avith the black elliptic spores. A
very distinct species, apparently near A. lagopus ( = Co-
prinus lagopus). (Berk.)
Coprinus nycthemerus. Fr.
Pileus J,-fj in. wlien ex]ianded, membranaceous, at first
conico-cylindrical, then exi)anded and splitting at the margin,
floccosely-mealy, radiately plicate, mari^in striate, striae fur-
cate, then naked, grey, disc tawny ; gills free, at length
distant f)om the stem, narrow, lilackish ; stem 2-3 in. long,
equal, hollow, llaccid, whitish, glabrous ; spores U X 6 /a.
COPEINUS. 325
Coprinns mjctliemenis. Fries, Epicr,, p. 251 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 232 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 682 b?
On dung and manured ground. Subcaespitose. In Cooke's
figures quoted above the pileus is in every specimen tawny
at the disc and becoming very pale dull yellow towards the
margin, wliereas Fries distinctly states in italics " griseo,
disco fusco," hence it is not certain that the species of Fries
is depicted.
Coprinus radiatus. Fr.
Pileus 2-3 lines across, exceedingly delicate and em-
phemeral, cylindrical, then campanulate, at length plane,
at first covered with a greyish down, soon splitting, radially
plicate, yellowish, disc tawny ; gills free, few and distant,
narrow, blackish ; stem i-1 in. high, filiform, hyaline,
becoming glabrous, whitish ; spores 7-8 x 5 /x.
Coprinus radiatus. Fries, Epicr., p. 251 ; Cke., Hdbk,,
p. 232 ; Cke., Illustr. pi. 682 A.
On dung. Distinguished by its very small size and the
plane, fissured pileus. Very ephemeral.
On horse-dung, often on the under side, in grassy woods,
&c. Very tender, so that a breath destroys it. Pileus 1-2
lines broad, at first digitaliform, yellowish, the apex obtuse,
darker, striate and downy, when full grown pale-brown, or
nearly colourless, the centre sometimes dimpled, strongly
furrowed, edge notched and often split in a radiated
manner, so as to appear like the spokes of a wlieel ; gills
about 10, with minute smaller 'ones in the interstices. Stem
1-3 in. high, very slender, quite filiform, smooth, l»ut
sometimes fibrillose and tomentose, dusky or colourless, a
little thickened at the base, where it is slightly down v.
(Berk.J)
Coprinus Spraguei. B. & C. (fig. 13, p. 303.)
Pileus i— ^- in. across, membranaceous, conical, then cam-
panulate, finally expanded and revolute, tomentose, greyish,
disc tawny, margin cofirsely striate ; stem 1 }—2 in. high,
about 1 line thick, equal, smooth, pale cinnamon, hollow ;
gills free, few and distant, narrow, from white becoming-
blackish; spores elliptical, slightly curved, 10 x 5 /x.
Coprinus Spjragiiei, Bei'k. & Curt., Ann. Nat. Hist., Oct.
326 FUXGUS-FLOEA.
1859 ; Cke., HdWc, p. 232 ; Cke., Ilhistr., pi. 683 b ; Berk.,
Outlines, p. 182. ,
On the ground. Somewhat resembling Coprlnus^ j;Z<caf?Z/s
in size and general appearance, but readily distinguished
from this aud all other species by the pale cinnamon-
coloured stem, and the slightly curved spores. The disc is
not depressed when the pileus is expanded as in C. ^iUcatilis.
** Furfurelli.
Coprinus domesticus. Fr.
Pileus l?,-2 in. across, thin, ovate, then campanulate,
obtuse, furfuraceo - squamulose, smoke-coloured _ or pale
greyish- white, disc brown, undulato-sulcate,_ splitting ; gills
adnexed, crowded, narrow, at first reddi.sh-whitc, then
blackish-brown ; stem 2-3 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, slightly
attenuated upwards, adpressedly silky, white, hollow, spores
14-16 X 7-8 fjL.
Coprinus domesticus. Fries, Epicr., p. 251 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 232 ; Cke., Illustr., pL 684.
On moist rotten wood, damp carpets, on damp walls, &c.
Caespitose. The largest species included in the present
section of the genus.
Very brittle, often caespitose; pileus 2 in. broad, mem-
branaceous, campanulate, apex nearly smooth, reddish-
brown. Gills white Avhen young, then ruddy, at length
brown-black. Stem 2-3 in. high, 3 lines thick, even,
attenuated upwards. (Fries.)
Coprinus stercorarius. Fr.
Pileus above 1 in. high, when fully expanded 1| in. broad,
very thin, ovate then campanulate, sometimes expanded, and
a little upturned at the margin, densely covered with a
white, glistening, micaceous powder, margin striate ; gills
adnexed about i'.', lines broad, ventricose, black; stem at
first ovately bulbous, then elongated, 3-5 in. long, equally
attenuated upwards from the base, at first minutely mealy,
white, hollow ; spores 14-15 x S fx.
Coprinus stercorarius. Fries, Epicr., p. 251 ; Cke., Ildbk.,
p. 232 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 085 A.
On dung, manured ground, &c. Diflfcring from the other
coPKixus. 327
species included iu the present section in the pileus scarcely
splitting. Eesemhles Coprinus niveus in the pnre white
colour of the pilevis and stem, but is larger in every part,
and the pileus is covered with a micaceous meal and not
with white floccose down as in C. niveus.
Coprinus ephemeras. Fr.
Pileus \-% in. across, very thin, ovate, then campanulate,
finally expanded and splitting, radiato-sulcate, at first
slightly furfuraceous, disc elevated, even, rufescent; gills
slightly attached, linear, white, then brownish, at length
blackish; stem 1^,— 2i in. high, 1 line or more thick, equal,
glabrous, pellucid, hollow, whitish; spores 16-17 X 9-10 /x.
Coprinus ephemerus, Fries, Epicr., p. 252 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 233 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 685 B.
On dung-hills, manured ground, &c. To the naked eye
appearing almost glabrous, but under a lens seen to be
distinctly furfuraceous. Known from Coprinus pUcatilis by
the disc of the pileus being prominent and not depressed.
Extremely fugacious. Pileus ^-| in. broad, ovate or
campanulate, at length deflexed, the margin finally
splitting and curling back ; apex umber, shaded gradually
into a delicate bluish-grey; striate, scaly when young.
Gills at length black, linear, edge downy, white. Stem 1-2
in. high, 1 line thick, dirty white, with a few fibrillae, at
length naked. (Berk.)
Coprinus sociatus. Fr,
Pileus very thin, ovate, then campanulate, soon splitting,
radially plicate, mealy, fuscous, becoming pale, disc umber,
at length umbilicate ; gills adnexed to a collar, greyish-
black ; stem 2 in. long, attenuated, glabrous, white.
Coprinus sociatus, Fries, Epicr., p. 252 ; Fries, Hym. Eur.,
p. 331 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 233.
On walls, moist ground in gardens, &c.
Stem hollow, 2 in. long or a little more, slightly and
gradually attenuated from the base, glabrous, white, not
pellucid, oval-cylindrical, then expanded, 1 V in. broad, densely
grooved, the elevated ribs scurfy, brown becoming pale,
disc even, reddish-brown, centre depressed ; gills blackish-
brown, edge similarly coloui-ed, tardily deliquescent. (Fries.)
328 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Coprinus plicatilis. Fr.
Pileus r^-1 iu. across, membranaceous, ovate-cylindrical,
then campanulate, cventuall}- becoming plane, the margin
splitting and revolute, silicate up to the disc, almost glabrous,
brown, then greyish, the disc remaining darker, broad, even,
at lengtli depressed ; gills attached to a collar distant from
the stem, narrow, distant, greyish-black ; stem 2-3 in. long,
about 1 line thick, equal, white, smooth, hollow: spores
12-14 X 8-10 ^.
Coprinus plicatilis, Fries, Epicr., p. 252; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 233 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 686 A.
Afjaricus plicatilis, Curtis, Flor. Lond., t. 200.
In rich pastures, &c. Distinguished by the almost glabrous
membranaceous pileus being sulcate up to the broad, even
disc which becomes depressed at maturity, very ephemeral.
Extremely fugacious. Pileus i-I in. broad, cylindrical,
furfuraceous, at length plane, nearly naked, umbilicated,
grey, yellowish-brown in the centre, beautifully plicate,
membranaceous, pellucid. Gills free, dark-grey, subdistant ;
very narrow, tender. Stem 1-3 in. high, very slender,
fragile, smooth, grey tinged with brown, sometimes white,
hollow. (Grev.)
Coprinus filiformis. B. & Br.
Pileus 1-2 lines high, grey, cylindrical, striate, atomate ;
stem ■?,— 2-iii- high, very thin, white, sparingly hbrillose;
gills linear, spores globose, 5 ^ diameter.
Coprinus filiformis. Berk, it Broome, Ann. Nat. Hist., n.
928 ; pi. XV. f. 8; Cke., Hdbk., p. 233; Illustr., pi. ^^^Sn.
On the ground in a wood. This minute species is not
larger than Mncor caninus, and is certainly distinct from any
which has been described. (B. & Br.)
Specimens have since been met with rather larger than
those described by P>erkeley, but agreeing with the type in
every other resj^ect.
-*««»
Hemerohii.
Coprinus hemerobius. Fr.
Pileus ^-1 in. across, ovate-campanulatc, then expanded,
coarsely sulcate up to the obtuse disc, smooth from the first,
COPRINUS. 329
bay-brown, flesh very thin, splitting ; gills narrow, attachcrl
to an obscure collar, pale, then black ; stem 2^-5 in. long,
2-3 lines thick at the base, becoming thinner upwards,
smooth, even, whitish, hollow ; spores elliiitical, 7-8 x 6 /x.
Coprinus liemcrohius, Fries, Hym. Enr., p. 332 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 234: Cke., lUustr. pi. 687a ; Bolton, t. 31.
On roadsides. Distinguished amongst the very thin-
fleshed sulcate species by the bay-brown pileus being per-
fectly free from meal at all ages. Coprinus pjlicatilis, a nearly
allied species, common in pastures, has the gills distant i'rom
the stem and attached to a distinct collar, disc of pileus
becoming depressed, and very large spores. The figures of
the present species given by Boltctn have a longer stem than
those figured by Cooke, the base of the stem is also more
distinctly bulbous.
The root is a little brown bulb, emitting brown fibres
from its bottom and sides.
The stem is cylindrical, fistular, transparent, of a whitish-
grey coloui', the thickness of a swallow's quill, and 4 or 6 in.
high.
The cuitain is very delicate, vanishes when the plant is
about an inch high, but leaves a black vestige on the stem,
which abides for a little time, and then disappears.
The gills are in two series, narrow, thin, transparent, and
of a grey colour, changing black in decay.
The pileus is at first conical, smooth, and brown, after-
wards the rim begins to diverge, and to appear dimly striated,
with fine tender lines ; the next stage a black ciliation
begins to appear round the rim, and as it advances in growth
the pileus expands, and what before appeared to be stria,
are now found to be actual plaits, the angles whereof are
alternately brown and lead- coloured ; the black ciliation is
divided into little tufts, which adhere to the extremities of
the brown angles, and give a pretty appearance to the rim
of the pileus. It is about 1^ in. in diameter, of a tender
watery substance, and semitransparent ; in decay it dissolves
into a brown liquor. It grows up in one night, and perishes
next day.
Grows in meadows where the soil is rich, in September
and October, about Halifax plentifully. (Bolton.)
Pileus very thin, ovate, then campanulate, not gaping and
330 FUNGUS-FLORA.
expanded but deeply sulcate, glabrous from the first, apex
even, not depressed, haj'-brown; gills linear, l-l^ lines
broad, adnate to an almost obsolete collar, pale, then black ;
stem very fragile, 3 in. and more long, attenuated upwards,
glabrous, pallid. With the habit of Cojmnus pUcatilis, but
taller. (Fries.)
An exotic species imported ivith living plants.
Coprinus platypus. Berk. (fig. 15. p. 303.)
Pileus 2-3 lines across, campanulate, convex, then ex-
panded, white, then ochraceous-flocculose ; gills free, narrow,
distant, becoming black ; stem about 1^ in. long, very
slender, even, whitish, discoid at the base ; spores blackish,
^ X Q> IX.
Cojjrinus 2)lati/2ms, Bevk., in Cooke's Illustr., pi. 687 b; Cke.,
ndbk., p. 234.
On palm stem in a conservatory. In all probability an
introduced species; readily distinguished by its small size
and especially by the flattened, discoid base of the stem, in
which respect it resembles some of the minute species of
Mijcena, as M. stylobates, &c.
ANELLAEIA. Karst. (figs. 2, 5, p. 303.)
Pileus slightly fleshy, smooth and even; gills adnexed,
dark slate-colour, variegated with the black spores; stem
central, smooth, sliining, rather firm, ring present at first,
either persistent, or forming a zone round the stem.
Anc'Uaria, Karsteu, Hattsv. i. p. xxv. ; Sacc, Syll., vol. v,
p. 1125.
Panneolus, Fries (in part).
Allied to Pano.eolus, but distinguished by the presence of a
more or less perfect ring round the stem, bearing in fact the
same relation to Panacolus that Amanita does to Amanitopsis
amongst the Leucosporae.
Anellaria separata. Karst. (fig. 2, 5, p. 303.)
rilcius 1-Jjj- in. across, hciglit about the same, ovate, then
campanulate, not expanding, viscid, even, ochraceous, then
whitish, shining, flesh rather thick ; gills adfixed, ascending.
ANELLARIA. 331
thin, crowded, broad, greyisli-black, margin paler; stem
3-5 in. long, straight, base subclavate, attenuated upwards,
whitish, shining, apex striatulate, ring persistent, distant ;
spores broadly elliptic-fusiform, black, opaque, 10 x 7 /x.
Anelaria sej>a7-ata, Karsten, HattsY. i. p. 517; Sacc, Syll.
6, n. 4560.
Agaricus (Panaeolus) separatus, Cke., Hdbk., p. 218 ; Cke.,
Illustr. t., 623.
On dung. Bather variable in size. Whole plant whitish
when old, distinguished by the campanulate pileus that is
often wrinkled when old, and the long stem with a persistent
ring.
Pileus campanulate, but very obtuse at the summit,
^-1^ in. from the base to the apex, not expanding at the
base without cracking, yellowish-white, glutinous, smooth,
polished, " wrinkled when old like wash-leather," (With.)
Lamellae 2-3 lines broad, vanishing towards the margin of
the pileus, very dark grey, numerous. Stipes 3-6 in. high,
white, hollow, rather firm, 2-3 lines thick, shining, somewhat
bulbous, sprinkled with the dark sporules, veil rather
fugacious. (Grev.)
Anellaria scitula. Massee.
Pileus about h in. across, obtuse, campanulate, smooth,
even, viscid, margin exceeding the gills, dirty pale ochre,
flesh thin, white; gills almost free, crowded, becoming ashy
grey, speckled with the black spores, margin entire, paler ;
stem 1-1 1 in. long, not a line in thickness, fistulose, white,
shining, base peronate, the sheath ending in a persistent
ring below the middle of the stem ; spores black, opaque,
with a colourless hilum, 12-13 X 4 /z,.
Andlaria scitula, Massee, Sacc, SylL, vol. vi. n. 4562.
Agaricus (Panaeolus^ scitulus, Massee, Grev. xv. p. 65 :
Cke., Illustr., 625b; Cke., Hdbk., p. 219.
On soil in a flower pot. Resembling A. separata in minia-
ture, but differing in the sheathed stem and basal ring.
Anellaria fimiputris. Karsten.
Pileus 1-2 in. across, submembranaceous, conico-expanded,
sabgibbous, even, viscid, smoky-grey, pale dingy ochraceous
when dry; gills adnate, 2-3 lines broad, greyish-black,
margin the same colour ; stem 3-5 in. long, about 2 lines
332 FUNGUS-FLOKA.
thick, often rather flexuoiis, equal, smooth, pallid, ring im-
perfect, but its position always evident, hollow; spores
elliptical, apiculate, 9-10 x 0 /x,
Anellaria fimiputris, Karsten, Hattsv. i. p. 518: Sacc,
Syll. 6, n. 4:)C.l.
Afjaricus {Panaeolus) JmijJutrL^, Cke., Ildbk., p. 218; Cke.,
Illustr,, pi. 626 (called Agariais (Panaeolus) phalenarum by
mistake").
Ayaricnsjimijniiris, Bull., Champ., t. 66.
On dung. Distinguished amongst the British species of
Anellaria by the very imperfect ring, which is usually only
indicated by a pale zone round the stem. In Bulliard's
plate, the pileus in one specimen is broadly expanded,
depressed in the centre and margin arched ; the gills show a
tinge of brownish-red, and there is a tuft of several spe-
cimens springing from the same point.
i'ileus rather fleshy, conical, then expanded, about 1 in.
across, subgibbous, even, glabrous, viscid, smoky-grey or
livid ; ^ stem 2-4 in. long, 1 lino thick, equal, glabrous,
becoming pale, with an annular zone above the middle;
gills as in Anellaria separata, but less ascending. Slenderer
than the last-named species, more fragile, and ring incom-
plete. (Fries.)
PANAEOLUS. Fries, (fig. 3, p. 303.)
Pileus slightly fleshy, never striated; gills adnexed,
ascending in a conical manner, slate-grey, mottled with the
black spores; stem central, smooth, witliuut trace of a riij<^;
spores black. '^ '
Panaeolus, Fries, Epicr., p. 234; Cke., Ildbk., p. 217; (in
both instances as a siibgcnus of Aijarieus.)
Distinguished amongst the Melanosporao by the even, non-
striate pileus and the absence of a more or less evident rin<'-
on the stem. In Psatlujrelhi the jnlcus is striate, and the gills
altogether black and not mottled : in Anellaria there is a
ring on the stem, Avhereas in Cojvinus the gills deliquesce
into a black, inky liquid at maturity.
The pileus remains conical or campanulate, and does not
become expanded, hence the margins of the gills ascend and
form a hollow cone round the stem.
PANAEOLUS. 333
* Pileiis viscid, sTiining lohen dry.
Panaeolus leucophanes. B. & Br.
Pileus about 2- ^'^- across, obtuse, campanulate, viscid,
shining when dry, white, minutely silky, here and there
stained subochraceous ; margin appendiculate ; gills aduate,
pale greyish flesh-colour, theu blackish, margin white ; stem
attenuated upwards, white, about 2 in. high and 1 line thick
in the centre, fibrillose and sparingly scattered with mealy
particles, hollow, slightly wavy or undulate ; spores sub-
cymbiform, 9 /x long.
Agaricus (^Panaeolus) leucoplianes, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist.,
n. 1137, pi. 2, f. 1 ; Cke. Hdbk., p. 218.
In grass fields. Allied to Anellaria separata, but smaller
and jDaler in colour and wdthout a ring.
Panaeolus egregius. Massee.
Pileus 2i in. high by 2 in. broad, ovate-campanulate,
smooth, even, viscid when moist, bright orange-brown,
disc darker, fleshy, exceeding the gills at the margin, with
a trace of agglutinated down on the pileus, slightly
wj'inkled when dry, flesh 1 line or more thick, ochra-
ceous : stem 5 in. long and ^ in. or more thick, slightly
thickened at the base, solid, fibrillose, readily splitting longi-
tudinally, pale brijwn without and within, duller than the
pileus, white and cottony at the base, smooth at the apex ;
gills broad, ^ in. or more at the centre, ventricose, adnexed,
crowded, thin, brownish black, edge entire, paler, dry, not
deliquescent, spores brown, then blackish, oblong-ovate, with
a minute apiculus, 15-17 X 7-8 /x.
Agaricus (Panaeolus) egregius, Massee, Grevillea, vol. xiv.
p. 91 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 218; Cke., Hlustr., pi. 624.
On the ground. Solitary ; a fine and large species with-
out any close affinitj'^ with any known species. There is no
trace of a ring. There is just a tinge of purple about the
gills at maturity.
Panaeolus phalaenarum. Fr.
Pileus 1-2 in. across, rather fleshy, campanulato-convex,
obtuse, even, viscid, glabrous, greyish, then yellowish clay-
colour, fragments of the veil attached to the margin ; gills
adnexed, } in. broad, greyish-black ; stem 3-5 in. long, 2 lines
or more thick, equal, straight or very slightly flexuous, rather
334 FUNGUS-FLORA.
firm, almost naked, pale reddish-pink, liollow; spores ellip-
tical, 10 X 0 /x.
Afjaricus (Panaeolus) i^halaenarum, Fries, Epicr., p. 235 ;
Cke., Hdbk., p. 219; Cke., Illustr., pi. 625 (called Agaricus
(PanaeoJiis) fimqmtris by mistake).
Agarirns pludaenarum. Bull., t. 58.
On dung. Closely allied to Panaeolus papilionaceus, but
larger, the pileus viscid and yellowish clay-colour, like
Anellar'ia separata, stem reddish.
Exactly intermediate between AneUaria separata and
Panaeolus papilionaceus ; difiters from the first in the absence
of a ring, and the equal, rufescent stem, the much more
convex pileus appendiculate at the margin ; the fragments,
however, are fugacious and not usually seen ; from the latter,
present species is known by the veil, viscid pileus, and
whitish clay -colour. (Fries.)
** Pileus not viscid, suhflocculose ichen dry.
Panaeolus retirugis. Fr. (fig. 3, p. 303, )
Pileus about 1 in. across, at first almost globose, then
hcmisi)herical, subumbonate, minutely mealy, opaque, moist,
furnished with anastomosing raised ribs, pinkish tan-coloxir ;
margin with irregular fragments of the veil attached ; flesh
rather thick ; gills adnexed, ascending, 2 lines or more
broad, greyish black; stem 2-4 in. long, about 2 lines thick,
equal, pruinose, purplish flesh-colour, hollow ; spores elliptic-
fusiform, 11-13 X 7 /x.
A^iarirHH {Panaeolus) retirugis, Fries, Epicr., p. 235 ; Ck.,
Hdbk., p. 219; Ck., Illustr., pi. 627.
Agaricus carhonarius, Batsch, fig. 91.
On dung. Distinguislied amongst the species of Panaeolus
by the raised riljs on the pileus and its appendiculate margin.
The pileus is sometimes greyish, when it approaches P.
phalenarum ; the latter, however, has the pileus even. Closely
resembling, superficially, Pmtlnjra rorrugis, Avhich is, how-
ever, distinguished by the violet-l)lack gills.
Pileus 1-2 in. broad and high, at first obtiise, conic, re-
ticulato-rugulose ; at length cnuqjanulate, dark cinereous,
livid Avhcn dry; the ring lpr(jken into triangular loops or
laciuiao, fringing the margin, which is minutely downy and
PANAEOLUS. 335
frequently split. Gills adnate, ascending, mottled, cinereous-
black, subdeliquescent ; sporules elliptical, siibapiculate,
brown-black. Stem 2-6 in. high, sqiiamuloso-tomentose,
pulverulent, often beaded with little drops, striate above,
nearly white, at length rufescent ; zoned within. (Berk.)
Panaeolus sphinctrinus. Fr.
Pileus 5— 1 in. across, parabolic, obtuse, opaque, even,
glabrous, when moist smoky-black, livid and rather silky
when dry, margin at first fringed with fragments of the
white veil, flesh thin, pale umber; gills adnate, crowded,
about 2 lines broad, greyish-black, edge similarly coloured ;
stem 2-3 in. long, 1 line thick or more, equal, straight,
smokj' gvey, apex slightly pruinose, base more or less rufous,
fragile, hollow.
Agaricus (^Panaeolus) sphinctrinus. Fries, Epicr., p. 235 ;
Cke., Hdbk., p. 219 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 628.
On dung, &c., somewhat resembling PanaeoZMsp/<aZaenfflr?tm
and P. papiUonaceus ; distinguished from the former by the
pileus not being viscid, and from the latter by the grey
stem. Fries mentions a small form with linear gills.
Stem fistulose, straight, 2—3 in. long, 1 line thick, equal,
fragile, glabrous, smoky-grey, apex even, pruinose. Veil
appendiculate near the margin, white, fugacious. Pileus
rather fleshy, parabolic, then campanulate, not expanded,
obtuse, 1 in. high, hygrophanous, not viscid, hence always
opaque, but in rainy weather, moist and smoke-colour or
smoky-grey, livid and rather silky when dry, sometimes
when in full vigour covered with fibrils, especially near
the margin. Gills adnate, ascending, crowded, greyish-
black, edge same colour. (Fries.)
Panaeolus papilionaceus. Fr.
Pileus ?,-l in. across, slightly fleshy, hemispherical, obtuse,
glabrous, when dry cracked into minute squamules, pale
grey with a tinge of rufous, especially at the disc ; gills
broadly adnate, 3 lines broad, at length plane, at length
blackish ; stem 3-4 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, smooth,
whitish, apex powdered with white meal, hollow; spores
elliptical, 11-12 X 7 /x.
Agaricus (^Panaeolus) ixipilionaceus, Fries, Epicr., p. 136;
Cke., Hdbk., p. 220 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 630.
oo
36 FUNGUS-FLOKA.
Agarkus impUhnaceus, Bull., t. 5G1, f. 2.
On mamircd ground. (lun>r, itc At one time confounded
with PauaeoJns campaunhiius, but quite distinct although
closely allied, and recognised by the much paler hemi-
splierical pilous, paler stem, and broader, broadly aduate
gills. The present species is altogether a firmer fungus.
Closely allied to Panacolm canqianulatiis, but certiinly
distinct; stem even, whitish, apex even and powdered with
white: pilous hemispherical (not caaipanulate), when dry
commonl}' rimoso-squamose, dry, pallid ; gills broadly adnate,
3-4 lines broad (often broader than long) plane. (Fries.)
*** Pileus not viscid smooth, shining, zoneless.
Panaeolus campanulatus. Linn.
Pileus about 1^ in. high and broad, rather fleshy, campa-
nulate, often more or less umbonate, not expanded nor split-
ting, dry, even, glabrous, rather slimy, brown becoming
rufescent; gills adfixed, 2 lines or more broad, ascending^
grey variegated with black, edge usually Avhitish ; stem
3-5 in. long, 1-2 lines thick, equal straight, every part ru-
fescent, apex striate, at first frosted with white meal, then
powdered with the black spores, hollow; spores elliptical
8-9x0/.. - 1 '
Agaricus campanulatus, Linn., 8uec., 2, n. 1213.
Agaricus (Panaeolus) campanulatus, Fries, llym Eur
p. 311 : Cke., lldbk., p. 220 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 629.
On the ground where manure is abundant, tl'c. Allied to
Panaeolus papiUunnccus, but distinguished by the campanu-
late, more or less umbonate, rufescent stem, and the ascend-
ing gills. In rainy weatlier the stem is often beaded with
m(jisture. A^eil exceedingly fugacious.
Stem hollow, straight, comnionly 3 in. long, 1-2 lines
thick, even, glabrous, lufous, apex distinctly striate, and at
first pruinose, then powdered black with the falling spores.
I'ileus rather fieshy, canipanulate, then convex, oi'len umbo-
nate, not cracking, dry, even, rather shining, l-l in. high
and broad, smoky-brown, rufous wlien dry. (Tills adnate,
ascending, crowded, grey variegated with black. \'eil fuga-
cious, often absent. A much smaller variety also exists. In
PANAEOLUS. 337
both forms the stem is often studded with drops of water in
rainy weather. (Fries.)
Panaeolus caliginosus. Jungh.
Pileus about J} in, high and -},- in. broad, rather fleshy,
obtuse, even, smooth, brown ; gills slightly adnexed, 1 .} lines
broad, ascending, lanceolate, smoky-black ; stem 2-3 in. long,
1 line or more thick, equal, naked, coloured like the pileus,
straight, hollow ; spores elliptical, blackish, 10 X 6-7 fx.
Agariciis caliginosus, Junghuhn, Linnea, vol. v. t. vi. f. 13.
Agaricus (Panaeolus') caliginosus, Fries, Hvm. Eur., p. 312;
Cko., Hdbk., p. 220; Cke., Illustr., pi. OSIa".
In open pastures amongst grass, &c. Distinguished
amongst the smaller species of Panaeolus by the brown
pileus and stem. Fries says that he has seen a very delicate
veil present in this species.
**** Pileus not viscid, ivith a dark-coloured marginal zone.
Panaeolus sub-balteatus. B. & Br.
Caespitose. Pileus li-2 in. across, convex with mai-gin
slightly incurved, then expanded, obtuse or slightly umbo-
nate, rather fleshy, hygrophanous, dull, deep fawn-colour,
paler when dry, slightly rugose, marked near the margin
Avith a dark, narrow zone ; gills brownish, slightly ventricose,
adnate, margin white, serrulate ; stem 2-2^ in. high, 2 lines
thick, fistulose, red-brown, brittle, longitudinally fibrous,
with short white fibrils ; veil none ; spores black.
Agaricus (^Panaeolus) sub-halt eatus, B. & Br., Ann. Nat.
Hist., n. 923 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 220 ; Cke., Illustr., t. 631b.
On the ground. The dark zone appears to depend on the
amount of moisture in the pileus.
Panaeolus acuminatus. Fr.
Pileus H-l in. across, rather fleshy, conical, ajoex subacute,
even, glalarous, shining, yellowish clay-colour with a flesh
tinge, with a dark encircling zone near the uneven margin ;
gills adnexed, 1] line broad, ventricose, crowded, at length
black; stem l-li in. long, 1^ line thick, equal, pale upwards,
brownish towards the base, pruiuose, hollow.
Agaricus (^Panaeolus) acuminatus, Fries, Epicr., p. 237 ;
Cke., Hdbk., p. 220 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. G32a.
VOL. I. Z
338 FUNGUS-FLORA.
On dung and amongst grass by roadsides, &c.
Stem 1 in. long, (" up to 3 in."), whitish, fuscous below,
base incrassated. Pileus large in proportion, fleshy-clay-
colour, (" foxy- violet " Seer.), margin at first crenulated.
(Fries.)
Panaeolus fimicola. Fr.
Pileus l-^l in. across and high, slightly fleshy, campanu-
lato-convex, obtuse, ghilirous, opaque, dingy grey when
moist, palei- and yellowish when dry, with a narrow brown
encircling zone near the margin ; gills adnate, 2 lines or
more broad, grey, variegated with smoky-black ; stem 2-4 in.
high, 1 line or more thick, equal, fragile, whitish, powdered
with white meal upwards, hollow.
Agaricm (Panaeolus) fimicola. Fries, Syst, Myc, i. p. 301 ;
Cke., Ildbk., p. 221 ; Cke., Illustr., pL 632 b.
Agaricus varius, Bolton, t. GQ, f. 1.
On dung and in rich pastures, &c.
Stem soft, fragile, obsoletely silky-striatulate, 2-4 in. long.
Pileus when moist commonly smoky-gre}-, when dry greyish
clay-colour, sometimes discoid. Gills semi-ovate with a
minute decurrent tooth. (Fries.)
Panaeolus cinctulus. Bolton.
Pileus 1-2 .\ in. across, campanulate, then expanded, smooth,
even, reddish cinnamon colour Avith a band 5—5- in. broad of
a dark brown colour near to or q^^ite up to the margin ;
flesh \ in. and more thick at the disc, gradually tapering to
tlie margin of the pileus, which extends beyond the gills ; the
dark brown colour of the band on the pilens permeates tlie
flesh ; gills rather close, free, ventricose, 2 lines and more
broad, dusky-black ; stem 3-5 in. high, 2 lines and more
thick, equal, hollow, dingy brown within and without.
Agarkus cinctulus, Bolton, I^i.^t. Fung. Halifax, p. 152,
t. 152.
Panaeolus fimicola, var. cinctulus, Cke., Hdbk., p. 221.
On dunghills. Tlie above description is drawn up from
Bolton's figure and description, and appears to be (juite
distinct from any described s]>eGies. The fungus is probably
a Panaeolus as suggested by the margin of the pileus being
continued Vicyonil the gills, but the flesh is thicker than
usual in the Melanosporae.
PSATHYRELLA. 339
The root is small, round, hard, firm, and furnished with
numerous fibres.
The stem is cylindrical, tall, of a dark fuscous-colour, both
Avithin and without; it is hollow, and splits in long brown
filaments.
The gills are arranged in three series ; they are very
broad in the middle, and diminish to each extremity ; the
colour is a dusky black, the substance tender and brittle.
The pileus is convex, it is a kind of red deer colour,
with a broad belt of a dark brown, which colour is not
only on the surface but penetrates the whole substance of
the pileus ; in young plants the marginal light circle is
wanting ( = the dark zone reaches the margin of the
pileus).
Gi-rows on dunghills, after rain, in June and July. (Bolton.)
PSATHYRELLA. Fries, (figs. 4, U, p. 303.)
Stem central ; pileus membranaceous, striated, margin
straight and pressed to the stem when young, not extending
beyond the free, adnexed, or adnate, persistent (not deli-
quescent) gills ; veil inconsj^icuous ; spores black.
Agaricus, subgen. Psatliyrella, Fries, Epicr., p. 237 ; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 221.
Distinguished from Panaeolus and Anellaria, by the striate
pileus, and from Coprinus by the persistent, and not deli-
quescent gills. The aberrent genus Gomphidius is distin-
guished by the subgelatinous nature of the gills and the
large fusiform spores.
The present genus is closely allied to Psathyra, a genus in-
cluded in the Porphyrosporae ; but in the latter the purple
or brown colour of the spores is distinctive.
* Steyn straight, apex not mealy.
Psathyrella substrata. Fr.
Pileus i~\h in. across, rather membranaceous, campanulate,
then expanded, obtuse, glabrous, slightly striate at the
margin, often rugulose, rufous-umber, when dry rufeseent,
becoming pale ; gills adnate, rather narrow, crowded, smoky,
then blackish; stem 4-5 iu. long, about l.l lines thick, hol-
z 2
340 FUNGUS-FLOEA.
low, straight, rather firm, rather silky and shining, white,
then pallid, nakofl.
Ag. (PsathyrcUa) substratus. Fries, Epicr., p. 238; Cke,,
Hdbk., p. 221 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 633.
Amongst grass, ite.
3n the typical form the stem is 4-5 in. long, in form media
2-3 in., in form minor little more than 1 in. ; pilens snlmm-
bonate, fnliginons when moist, siibolivaceous ; gills ventri-
cose, 2 lines broad. (Fries.)
Tufted. Pileus fleshy, brown-orange, paler at the margin,
when young sericeous, 2-5 in. broad, convex, sometimes
glutinous, rarely scaly. Lamellae adnate, rather broad, pale,
greyish, at length somewhat greenish, numerous. Stipes
2-5 in. long, about ^- in. thick, firm, cjdindrical, crooked,
scarcely quite solid, but filled with a fibrous spongy mass.
Flesh yellowish-white. Veil fugacious, staining the stipes
more or less. Taste bitter. (Grev.)
Psathyrella gracilis. Fr.
Pileus r--l in. across, sulimembranaceons, conical, then ex-
panded, slightly striate when moist, hygrophanous, brown-
ish when moist, pale dingy yellow or tinged with rose-
colour when dry and without striae ; gills broadly adnate,
about 2 lines broad, rather distant, broadest behind, grey-
ish-black; margin with a slight rosy tint : stem about 3 in.
long, l-H lines thick, straight, naked, pallid, holknv ; spores
ellij)tical, 7 x 3-3 • 5 /x.
Aqaricus (Psafhi/reUa) gracilis, Fries, Syst. Myc. Eur. i.
p. 2it9,; Cke., lldbk., p. 221 ; Cke., Illustr. pi. 634.
On banks under hedges, &c. Fries says that a corrugated
variety exists that very much resembles Psailujra corrugis. In
Cooke's figures the stem is represented as being attenuated
into a rooting base.
Gregarious, fragile owing to its rigidit3\ Stem hollow,
very straight, 3 in. long and more, scarcely a lino thick,
equal, naked, glabrous, Avhitish, base rootless, furnished
with white down. Fileus membranaceous, campanulate,
obtuse, .1-1 in. broad, glabrous, even, slightly pellucido-
striate towards the margin, smoky, livid, il'C, but hygro-
jihanous; when dry clay-colour, rosy, or whitish, soft to
the touch. Gills broadly adnate, generally broadest behind
PSATHYEELLA. 341
(rarely linear), almost distant, at first whitish, then from the
black spores greyish-black, edge rose-colour. (Fries.)
Psathyrella hiascens. Fr.
Pileiis about 1 in. across, membranaceous, campanulate,
glabrous, sulcate and splitting, disc even, brownish, the
remainder pallid or greyish ; gills attached to the stem,
rather distant, broadest behind, pale, then blackish ; stejn
lJ-2 in. long, 1-1 i lines thick, straight or slightly curved
at the base, brittle, rigid, glabrous, white, hollow ; spores
elliptical, 7 X 3 • 5 ^.
Agaricus (^Psathyrella) hiascens. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 303 ;
Cke., Hdbk., p. 222 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 635.
Under hedges, damp woods, &c.
With the hal^it of a Copriims of the Veliformes section, but
distinguished by its rigidity, and by the dry gills. Stem
fistulose, 3 in. long, 1 line thick, straight, rigid, and fragile,
glabrous, naked, whitish. Pileus membranaceous, conico-
campanulate, obtuse, 1 in. high, glabrous, livid, then
yellowish, soon (usually uj) to the middle) with gaping
fissures as in the slender species of Coprinus, but dry and
persistent, not difiluent, margin at length splitting and
revolute. Gills adnate, narrow, linear or subattenuated in
front, distinct, distant, whitish, then black, at length very
black. Spores black. (Fries.)
Psathyrella arata. Berk. (fig. 14. p,303.)
Pileus |— 1 in. across, membranaceous, campanulato-conio,
rather acute, margin coarsely and deeply sulcate, brown,
l^aler when dry ; gills free, lanceolate, slightly broadest in
front, black with a tinge of purple; stem 4-5 in. long,
slender, gradually and slightly attenuated upwards, white,
smooth, even, hollow.
Agaricus (Psathyrella) aratus. Berk., Outl., p. 176; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 222 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 636.
Under hedges, &c.
With somewhat the habit of Psathyrella substrata, but
distinguished from this and every other species by the pale
brown pileus having the margin coarsely sulcate, and the
long, white, tapering stem.
Psathyrella trepida. Fr.
Pileus about 1 in. across, membranaceous, campanulat(;,
342 FUNGUS-FLORA.
margin sometimes rather wavy, oLtnse, glaLrous, disc even,
very closely striatulate, liygrophanous, fuliginous, apex
fuscous ; gills adiiate, crowded, 1 line or more broad, ven-
tricose, thin, sooty-black; stem 3 in. long, straight or
slightly wavy, glabrous, l-lo- lines thick, equal, whitish,
glabrous, pellucid, hollow.
Affaricus {PsathyreUa) trepidus, Fries, Epicr., p. 238 : Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 222 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 655 A.
In muddy marshes and damp places. Very fragile, stem
usually rather yva.\y : pileus with closely-crowded but not
deep striae.
Stem fistulose, 3 in. long, almost 1 line thick, equal,
straight (rarely llexuous), glabrous and naked, diaphanous,
hyaline. Pileus membranaceous, very fragile, campanulate,
obtuse, 1 in. and more across, glabrous, disc even, spadiceous,
the remainder densely striatulate, fuliginous. Gills adnate.
crowded, ventricose, very thin, smoky-black. Spores black.
(Fries.)
PsathyreUa hydrophora. Bull.
Pileus 1 in. and more across, membranaceous, campanulate,
then expanded, the striate margin becoming upturned,
glabrous, disc broad, even, rufous, remainder paler; gills
adnate, crowded, about 1 line broad, livid, then black ; stem
2-5—3 in. high, ascending and straight from a curved base,
smooth, white, hollow, often beaded with minute drops (if
water.
A(iaricus (PmthyreUa) hjdropJiorns, Fries, Hym. Eur., p.
314; Cke., Hdbk., p. 222; Cke., Illustr., pi. 655 n.
Agaricus hydropliorns, Bull., Chamji., t. 558, f. 2.
On the ground in gardens, &c.
Intermediate between the present genus and Copriaus, but
the gills are not truly diffluent.
Stem fragile, straight, 3 in. long, 1 line or a little more
in thickness, glabrous, in rainy weather beaded with
moisture, white, veil fugacious, at first appendiculate. Pileus
submembranaceous, conico-campanulate, obtuse, then ex-
panded and revolute, glabrous, disc even, margin striate,
rufescent. Gills adnate, ascending, crowded, narrow, linear,
livid-black, edge of the same colour. (Fries.)
PSATHYRELLA. 343
** Stem more or less flexuous, apex mealy.
Psathyrella caudata. Fr.
Pileus 1^-2 in. across, ruembranaceoiis, conico-campanulate,
margin striate, bygrophanoiis, dry, disc even, pale ochra-
ceous; gills adnate, then adnexed, 2 lines or more broad,
greyish-black ; stem 3-5 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, often
wavy, whitish, hollow, attenuated into a rooting base.
Agaricus (Psathyrella) caudatus, Fr., Obs. ii. p. 187 ; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 222 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 637.
In gardens, &c.
Very fragile. Stem 3 in. and more in length, about 2
lines thick, apex obsoletely pulverulent. Pileus when ex-
panded 2 in. across, dry, not rugose, clay-colour, with a
tinge of flesh-colour, splitting and almost deliquescent in
rainy weather. (Fries.)
A condition of the present species is described as follows
by Berk. & Broome. A small form. Pileus at first sienna-
1 )rown, at length whitish, often transversely cracked ; stem
at first white, fibrillose ; gills ventricose, adnate.
Stem fistulose, 3 in. and more long, almost 2 lines thick,
attenuated from the thickened rooting-base, very fragile,
curved, at length tortuous, surface undulated, apex powdered
with white meal, pallid-white. Veil none. Pileus mem-
branaceous, very delicate, conical, then campanulate, at
length expanded and 2 in. or more broad, glabrous, disc
subgibbous, even, the remainder pellucid, striate, not corru-
gated, spadiceous; in moist weather splitting and subdeli-
quescent; quite firm in dry weather, clay-colour with a
tinge of flesh-colour. Gills adnate, 4 lines broad, distinct,
gi-eyish-black, edge similarly coloured. Habit almost that of P.
gracilis, but abundantly distinct. Spores black when thrown
on white paper, on black paper blackish-brown. (Fries.)
Psathyrella pronus. Fr.
Pileus ?,-H in. across, membranaceous, hemispherical, obtuse,
striate, hygrophanous, opaque and minutely silky-atomate
when dry, pale smoky-ochraceous ; gills adnate, rather dis-
tant, ventricose, 1 line or more broad, greyish-black ; stem
about \\ in. long, \ line thick, equal, rather wavy, whitish,
semi-pellucid, minutely hollow ; spores elliptical, 10 x 4-5 /a.
344 FUNGUy-FLORA.
Agaricus {Psathyrclla) jjronus, Fries, Ei)ier., p. 239; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 223; Cke., Illustr., pi. G5G A.
Amongst grass. Often tufted, fragile.
Stem filiform, lax, j-et fragile, 1] in. long, apex obsoletely
liruiuose, remainder very glabrous. Pileus 4-G lines broad,
smoky, hoary when dry. Gills siibtriangular, margin some-
times obsoletely rosy. Spores very black. (Fries.)
Var. Smithii, ]\Iass. Pileus 2 lines across, hemispherical,
stem 1?, in. high, filiform, pallid, gills broad in proportion.
Cke., Illustr., pi. G56 b.
On the ground in woods (Worth. G. Smith).
Stem distinctly fistulose, ] ', in. long, filiform, flexuous,
lax, equal, very smooth, apex pruinose under a lens, becoming
pallid. I'ileus membranaceous;, campanulate, then hemi-
S})herical, very ol>tuse, 4— C lines broad, glabrous, pellucido-
striate, hygrojihorus, fuliginous when moist, hoary when
dry, obsoletely minutely silky-atomate. Gills adnate, plane,
subtriangular, distant, 2 lines broad, livid-fuliginous, spotted
with black with the spores. (Fries.)
Psathyrella empyreumatica. B. & Br.
I'ileus Ij, in. across, expanded, hygrophanous, atomate,
rufous, becoming pale, margin crenate ; gills 2 lines broad,
connected by veins, thick, distant, adnate with a decurrent
tooth, rufous, then brown-purple, margin pale; stem 2-2?, in.
high, ]}, lines thick, minutely fistulose, silky-furfuraceous,
pale. Strong-scented.
Agaricus (PsailijireJld) nnjryrpnmnticiis, B. & Br., Ann. Nat.
Hist, n. 12G2; Cke., lldbk.,"p. 223; Cke., Illustr., t. G57 A.
On a wooden pavement.
Resembling Ag. confragosiifi (= Pholioia confragosa) so
closely that, till tlie spores were observed, it was taken for
that species. (B. »t Br.)
Psathyrella atomata. Fr.
Pileus ab(jut 1 in. across, submembranaceous, campanulate,
obtuse, then expanded, indistinctly striate at the margin,
hygrophanous, when dry rugulose and covered with
glistening particles, not torn, pale oehraceons, often tinged
with rose-colour ; gills adnate, rather distant, about li line
broad, margin minutely and irregularly toothed, greyish,
PSATHYEELLA. 345
then black ; stem about 2 in. long, 1 line or more thick,
rather wavy, hollow, white, apex mealy ; spores elliptical,
10 X 4: fl.
Arjaricus (^PsathireUa) atomatus. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 298 ;
Cke., Hdbk., p. 223 ; Cke., Illiistr., pi. 638.
On the ground under hedges, bushes, &c.
Pileus resembling that of Psathyrella gracilis, livid and
becoming tinted with rose-colour or whitish, but more
fragile than the last-named fungus ; stem not straight,
shorter (2 inches), rootless, not glabrous. Gills ventricose,
rather distant, edge coloured like the rest or whitish.
(Fries.)
Stem hollow, 2 inches long, about 1 line thick, equal, not
rooting, even, slightly wavy (not straight), white, apex
powdered with white meal. Pileus membranaceous, obtuse,
^-1 in. broad, lightly striatulate, becoming livid, striae
absent when dry, rugulose, powdered with shining atoms,
clay-colour or pallid-pinkish, sometimes reddish. Gills
adnate, broad, ventricose, rather distant, whitish, but from
the black spores greyish-black. (Fries.)
Psathyrella crenata. Lasch.
Pileus }r~l in. across, membranaceous, hemispherical,
obtuse, margin crenate, sulcate half way up, hygrophanous,
whitish with a tinge of yellow, disc darker, and atomate
when dry ; gills adnate, rather ventricose, rather broad,
yellow-brown, then blackish ; stem 1^-2 in. long, 1-2 lines
thick, slightly curved near the base, fragile, whitish, striate
and mealy above, hollow; spores elliptical, 11-13 x 5-6 /x.
Agaricus (Psathyrella) crenatus, Lasch, in Fries, Hym. Eur.,
p. 315 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 223 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 847. Amongst
grass.
Fragile. Stem 1 i in. long. Pileus f-1 in. broad, ochraceous
or rufescent, becoming pale. (Fries.)
Distinguished by the coarsely sulcate pileus and crenate
margin.
Psathyrella disseminata. Pers. (fig. 4, p. 303.)
Densely tufted. I'ileus about J in. across, membranaceous,
ovate-campanulato, at first scurfy then naked, coarsely
striate, margin entire, yellowish then grey ; gills adnate.
346 FUNGUS-FLORA.
narrow, Avhitish, then grey, finally blackish; stem 1-1}, in.
long, rather curveil, mealy then smooth, fragile, hollow.
Afjaricus (Psathyrella') disseminalus, Pers., Syn., p. 403;
Cke., Hdl)k., p. 223 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 657 b.
About trunks of trees, and on the ground. Forming large,
dense tufts ; very slender and fragile, soon flaccid, but not
deliquescent.
Crowded. Pileus ovate, conical, at length campanulate,
\-l in. from the base to the apex, .striate and plicate,
membranaceous, pale buff or reddish-brown, at length grc}',
becoming flaccid and dissolving. Lamellae distant, narrow,
pale brown. Stipes 1-3 inches long, slender, weak, brittle,
crooked, hollow, pale yellowish, whitish or greyish. Par-
ticularly partial to old willow-trees, and when growing on a
stump of a felled tree often covering nearly a square yard.
(Grev.)
GOMPHIDIUS. Fries, (figs. 7-9, p. 303.)
Stem central, expanding gradually and without differentia-
tion into the fleshy pileus ; gills decurrent, distant, soft,
rather mucilaginous, edge acute ; veil floccose, viscid,
forming an imperfect ring round the stem ; spores large,
elongato-fusiforni, smoky-olive; cystitlia large.
Gompliidius, Fries, Epicr., p. 319 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 399 ;
Cke., Hdbk., p. 284.
A very distinct genus, characteiised by the peculiar
tough, elastic substance of the entire fungus, pileus glutinous
when moist, as is also the floccose veil ; gills decurrent,
generally more or less tinged with dingy olive at maturity,
soft and mucilaginous. Spores very large, elongated and
narrowly fusiform, dingy olive, in form resembling those
characteristic of the species oi Boletus ; a genus without close
aflinities, and might with ctjuid reasons have been placed in
any other group with coloured spores. Fries says, from the
habit, its position is between Cortinarms and Hi/(jro^horus.
Gomphidius glutinosus. Schacfif.
Pileus 2-5 ill. across, obtuse, margin for a long time
incurved, glutinous, purplish-brown or fulvous, flesh thick
except at the incurved margin, white; veil viscid; gills
GOMPHIDIUS. 347
rather distant, about 2 lines broad, slightly decurrent,
whitish, then grey, finally greenish-olive ; stem 2-4 in. long
■|-| in. thick, subequal, whitish, ring indistinct, solid, flesh
white except towards the base, where it is yellow; spores
elongato-fnsiform, smoky-olive, 18-20 x 6 /i,
Gomphidius glutinosus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 315; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 284; Cke., Illustr., pL 879.
In fir woods.
Pileus 2-5 in. broad ; gills truly branched ; stem 2-3
in. or more high, ^ in. thick, dirty white, the base
thickened and yellow, sometimes adorned wiih black scales.
(Fries.)
The whole fungus is elastic, pileus glutinous, stem often
also viscid from the remains of the viscid veil ; gills more or
less decurrent (said by Fries to be adnexed). Distinguished
by the bright yellow flesh at the base of the stem.
Gomphidius viscidus. Fr. (fig. 7-9, p. 303.)
Pileus 2—6 in. broad, viscid, convex then depi'essed round
the disc and obtusely umbonate, margin acute, reddish-
brown, flesh thick, pale yellowish-brown ; gills rather
distant, decurrent, elastic, branched, becoming purplish-
umber with an olive tinge; stem 3-5 in. long, |-1 in. thick,
subequal or slightly ventricose, pale yellow-brown, more or
less floccose, ring imperfect, solid, flesh yellowish-brown,
deepest at the base; spores elongato-fusiform, 18—20 x 6 /x.
Gomphidius viscidus, Fries, Syst. M^c. i. p. 315; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 284; Cke., Illust., pi. 881.
Under fir-trees, &c.
Stem rhubarb-colour within ; pileus 2-3 in. diameter,
stem 3—4 in. long, -}, in. thick, but these dimensions are often
exceeded, gills pallid then greenish, at length purple-umber.
(Cooke.)
Pileus 2-3 in. broad, top-shaped, umbonate, yellow in the
centre, the margin liver-coloured, shining; gills decurrent,
somewhat branched, firm, elastic, thick, entire, purple-
brown, the shorter connected with the longer ; spores dark,
fusiform. Stem 3 in. high, -|— J in. thick, rhubarb-coloured
without and within, fibrillose, attenuated below, firm, solid,
slimy from the remains of the veil, which forms an obsolete
filamentous ring. (Berk.)
348 rUNGUS-FLOKA.
Gomphidius maculatus. Scop.
rik'us about '■> iu. across, fleshy, convex, viscid, wliitisli,
spotted when old with black, flesh thick, white; stem
shorter than diameter of pileus, firm cj'lindrical, yellow,
flesh reddish; gills dociirrent, thick, branched, umber.
Gomphidius ntarnldtns, Fries, Epicr., p. oVJ. Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 284.
Agaricus macnlatns, Scopoli, Carm. ii. p. 448.
Gomphidius stillatus, Straus, in Sturm, fasc. 33, t. 2.
In woods. It is doubtful whether the above species is in
reality a member of the British flora ; it is introduced on
the authority of specimens found and figured by Cooke
which are considered to be a variety of the above, but which
difi'er so much that as species are at present understood in
the genus Gomphidius, it ajipears to be as distinct as any other
described ; however, in deference to Cooke's opinion the
supposed variety will be considered as such, and as Cooke
did not give it a distinctive name, it may be named and
described as follows.
Var. Cookei. Mass.
Pileus 1-2 in. across, convex, then either subdepressed or
gibbous, viscid, whitish, with black stains especially near
the margin, flesh thick in the centre, very thin towards the
margin ; gills decurrent, distant, about 1 i line broad,
whitish then brownish ; stem 3 in. long, \ in. thick at the
apex, attenuated downwards, pale above becoming blackish
towards the base, flesh dark at the base, solid ; spores
20 X 5-0 IX.
Gomphidius maculatus, var., Cke., Illustr., pi. 882.
In woods.
The form figured in " Illustrations " differs from the type
in the longer stem, which is not yellow, but is attenuated
and turns blackish at the base. Pileus 2 in. ; stem 3 in.
or UKjre long. (Cooke.)
Gomphidius roseus. Fr.
Pileus 1-2 in. across, obtuse or often slightly depressed
when (lid, glutinous, var^dng from pale pink to bright rose-
red colour, flesh iliick exce])t at the margin, whitish; veil
tliick, filamentous; gills 1 line or more broad, decurrent,
GOMPHIDIUS. 349
rather distant, forked, whitisli-grej, finally olive ; stem
li-2 in. long, l-'^ in. thick, whitish, more or less attenuated
downwards, whitish, ring imperfect, solid, flesh more or less
tinged wdth red at the base ; spores smoky-olive, elongato-
fusiform, 16-18 x 7 fx.
Gomphidius roseus, Fries, Hym. Enr., p. 400 ; Cke., Ilhistr.,
pi. 880.
Gomphidius viscosus, var. B. roseus, Cke., Hdbk., p. 284,
In woods.
Pileus 2 in, broad, plano-convex, very slimy, of a beau-
tiful strawberr}' colour, shining when dry with a satiny
lustre. Gills albido-cinereous, very decurrent, forked, dis-
tant; veil thick, filamentous and coloured within by the
spores. Stem attenuated downwards, solid but spungy,
silky with a pale tinge of rose, (Berk.)
Gomphideus gracilis. Berk.
Pileus about 1 in. across, conical, then hemispherical,
sometimes depressed round the disc and subumbonate,
vinous-brown or dingy tan-colour, covered with a smoke-
coloured gluten which leaves blackish spots in drying,
chiefly near the margin ; gills decurrent, forked, about
l.V line broad, thick, whitish then pale bistre, becoming
bfackish; stem 1^2 in, long, i in, thick at the apex, often
thinner downwards, flexuous, pallid, with whitish squamules
above, virgate below, base yellow, solid, ring obsolete;
spores dingy olive, elongato-fusiform, 16-18 X 5 /a,
Gomphidius gracilis. Berk., Outl., p. 196, t. 12, f. 7; Cke,,
Hdbk., p. 285 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 883.
In fir woods.
Pileus 1 in. across, conico-subhemispherical, of a pale
vinous-brown, when dry clothed with dirty fuliginous slime,
which dries, especially round the margin, into black spots,
or forms a narrow, irregular black border. Stem 2 in.
high, 1^ line thick, flexuous, pale, especially above, where it
is sprinkled with minute white scales, virgate below, with
the remains of the slime, yellow at the base ; gills arched,
decurrent, forked, thick, obtuse, clothed under a lens with
short tomentoso hairs, of a washy bistre. (Berk.)
350 FUNGUS-FLOKA.
PORPHYROSPORAE.
The species included in the present group are closely allied
to those of the Melanosporae, but are distinguished by a
more or less distinct violet or purple tinge in the epispore
at maturity, which gives to the mature gills, as also to the
spores in the mass, a purple tinge.
The gills are persistent, and do not deliquesce at maturity,
as in the genus Coprinus.
The simplest types of structure, as resupinate or lateral
stemmed species, are absent from the present group, as are
also species, with decurrent gills. On the other hand, we
meet with generic types of a higher order than in the Me-
lanosporae, as in Agaricus, where the gills are free, and a
well developed secondary veil is present, forming a persistent
ring on the stem ; in Cliitonia the gills are also free, and
a large, persistent volva sheaths the base of the stem.
Finally, in many species of Hyjiholoma, Stropharia, and Aga-
ricus, the flesh of the pileus is very thick and copipact.
ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA.
* Gills attached to the stem.
I Ring imperfect or absent.
Psathyra. — Stem fragile ; margin of pileus straight when
young ; veil obsolete.
Psilocybe. — Stem tough ; margin of pileus incurved when
young ; veil obsolete.
Hypholoma. — Veil attached in fragments to margin of
pileus (appendiculate) ; ring fibrilloso or absent.
ff liing interwoven (^forming a viembrane^, 2>crsistent on the
stem.
Stropharia.
POKPHYROSPORAE.
351
FIGURES ILLUSTRATING THE POEPEYROSFORAE.
Fig. 1, Agaricus campestris, section of portion of fungus, showing the
free gills and the ring surrounding the stem ; about half nat. size ; —
Fig. 2, Agaricus comptulus, a fully developed specimen ; nut. size ; —
Fig. 3, Stropharia aeruginosa ; half nat. size ; — Fig. 4, Chitonia ruhriceps,
a specimen showing the large volva at the base of the stem ; nat. size ; —
Fig. 5. section of pileus of same, showing the free gills and the hollow
stem ; nat. size ; — Fig. 6, Pilosace Algeriensis, section of a portion of the
pileus, showing the free gills and the tissue of the stem ditferentiated from
352 FUNGUS-FLORA.
** Gills free from the stem.
Pilosace. — Volva and ring both absent.
Agaricus. — ( = Psallloia, Fr.) ring on stem present; volva
absent.
Chitonia. — Volva at base of stem present ; ring absent.
PSATIIYKA. Fries, (figs. 13 and 15, p. 351).
Pileus submerabranaceous, coiiical or campanulate, then
expanded, margin at first straight and jiressed to the stem ;
stem central, polished, rather cartilaginous and fragile, hol-
low ; gills purplish or brownish, as are also the spores ; veil
absent or only universal and iloccose or fibril lose.
Agaricus, subgen. Psafhijra, Fries, Epicr., p. 231 ; Cke.,
Ildbk., p. 213; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 304.
Slender, fragile, hygrophanous. There are a few tough
species analogous to the tough species of Psilocyhe. The
genera included in the Melanosporae are distinguished by
the gills being pale or grey at first, then black, and not
brown or purplish.
Veil universal, fibrillose, or entirely absent. Pileus sub-
membranaceous, conical or campanulate, margin at first
straight and pressed to the stem. Corresj^onds to Myccna,
Nolanea, and Galera. Closely allied to Psailiyrella, from
which the present is distinguished by the brown spores
(not black) and the brown or purplish gills. All the
species are terrestrial or grow on trunks, slender, hygro-
phanous. (Fries.)
that of the pilous ; nat. aizo of a small specimen ; — Fig. 7, spores of
same ; highly mag. ; — Fig. 8, Stropharia melasperma, section showing the
adnate gills and ring on the stem ; nat. size ; — Fig. 9, llypholoma hi/jio-
xunthus; small specimen nat. size; — Fig. 10, JTyplwloma oedlpus, entire
fungus ; nat. size; — Fig. 11, Fnilocijlie iidiii^, entire specimen ; nat. size ; —
Fig. 12, section of same, sliowing adnate gills; nat. size; --Fig. 1:5,
Psathyra gyroflcxa, gronp of phmts; nat. size; — Fig. 14, lliipJioloma
oerf/j>M8, section of pileus ; nat. size; — Fig. 1.5, I'mthyra urticaecol a : nut.
gizc; — Fig. IC, Ili/pholoma suJilaforHiuK, basidium and spores; higiily
mag. ; — Fig. 17, Strojiliaria scmiijIoLata, section ; half nat. size.
PSATHYEA. 353
I, CONOPILEI. Pileus conico-camjjanulate, gills adnexed,
often free, ascending, stem straight ; veil absent. On the ground in
grassy or moist places.
Psathyra elata. Massee.
Pileus 1-1 i in. across, submembranaceotis, obtusely cam-
panulate, very symmetrical, dark clear brown when moist,
becoming pale ocbraceons when dry, and then minutely
atomate, perfectly even and glabrous ; gills adnate, crowded,
about 2 lines broad, soft; stem 4-7 in. long, 3 lines thick
at the base, slightly and iiniformly attenuated upwards,
perfectly straight, rigid, glabrous, snow-white, silky shining,
hollow, pale brown within ; spores elliptical, brown with a
purple tinge, 18 x 8-9 [x.
Agaricus (^Psathyra') conopileus, Fr., var. supei-hus, Jung-
huhn, Cke., Hdbk., p. 378 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1158.
Amongst grass on hedge-banks, &c. Considered by Cooke
to be a variety of P. conopilea as stated above, but evidently
a distinct species in the obtusely campanulate pileus, the
broadly adnate gills, and larger sj)oies.
Psathyra conopilea. Fr.
Pileus about 1 in. across, submembranaceous, conico-cam-
panulate, even, glabrous, bay-brown, becoming pale ochra-
ceous when dry ; gills slightly adnexed, crowded, purple-
brown ; stem 4-6 in. long, 1-2 lines thick, slightly thinner
upwards, glabrous, whitish, silvery -shining, straight or
wavy, hollow; spores elliptical, 14 x 7 /x.
Agaricus conopileus, Fries, Syst. Mvc. i. p. 504 ; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 213; Cke., Illustr., pi. 575.
In grassy places, gardens, &c. A large, showy species,
the pileus is dark bay-brown when moist, pale whitish-
ochre when dry ; the paler colour shows first at the apex
of the pileus and descends to the margin.
Psathyra mastiger. B. & Br,
I'ileus 1-1^, in. across, at first nearly cylindrical, obtuse,
then couico-campanulate with a strong mammiform umbo,
usually wavy, dark rich brown, dingy tan when dry', rather
fleshy, even ; gills rather narrow, ascending, affixed, umber,
margin pale, veil none ; stem 3 in. or more high, 1^—2
VOL. L 2 a
354 FUNGUS-FLORA.
lines thick, attenuated upwards, wliite, smootli or fibrillose
and pnrpuraceous, fistulose, paler than the pileus ; spores
elliptical.
Agaricus {Psatliyra) masttger, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist.,
n. 921; pi. xiv. f. G; Ckc, Hdbk., p. 213; Cke., lUustr.,
t. 591 A.
Amongst grass on roadsides, &c. Allied to P. conopileiis,
but known by the large mammiform umbo and the rich
brown colour when moist.
Psathyra glareosa. B. & Br.
Pileus campanulate, obtuse or umbonate, h in. across, grey,
apex pale chestnut, striate, very minutely tomentose ; gills
broad behind, adnate, umber; stem 1-2 in. high, 1 line
thick, fistulose, brown with white fibrils.
Agaricus (Psathyra) glareosa, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist.,
n. 2011 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 213 ; Cke., Illustr., t. 591 c.
On gravelly soil after wet weather. Flesh brown, espe-
cially close to the gills.
Psathyra corrugis. Pers.
Pileus 1-2 in. across, submembranaceous, campanulate,
umbonate, rather radially rugulose, very pale ochraceous
often tinged with pink ; gills sinuate, adnexed, ventricose,
violet black; stem 2-3 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, equal,
smooth, white, hollow; spores elliptical, 12-14 X G H-
Agaricus corrugis, Pers., Syn., p. 424 ; Fries, Hym. Eur.,
p. 305 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 214; Cke., Hlustr., pi. 57G.
In pastures.
Pileus 1 in. or more broad, turning pale, corrugated when
dry. Gills broad. Stem 2-4 in. high, 1-2 lines thick,
smooth ; cottony at the base. (Fries.)
Var, vinosus. Corda in Sturm, 19, t. 4. Cke., Illustr.,
pi. 592.
Pileus with a rosy tinge, stem short.
In gardens, &c.
Var. gracilis. Bull., t. 501, f. 1; Agaricus pellosjpermus,
Cke., Illustr., pi. 577.
More slender than the tj^pe.
The above varieties appear to be nothing more than more
forms of the type species.
PSATHYRA. 355
Psathyra gyroflexa. Fr. (fig. 13, p. 351.)
Pileus i-| in. across, memlorauaceous, conico-campanulate,
deeply striate half way up the pileus, atomate, becoming
very pale grey, disc rufescent, gills adnexed, crowded, soft,
narrow, greyish-purple; stem lh-2 in. long, about 1 line
thick, equal, white silky, shining, hollow, flexuous; spores
elliptical, 10 X 6 /x..
Agaricus gyroflexus, Fries, Epicr., p. 232; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 214; Cke., Illustr., pi. 970.
Amongst grass, &c. Scattered or usually subcaespitose.
Distinguished by the slender wavy stem and rather coarsely
striate pileus. With the habit of Psathjrella disseminata.
Stem fistulose, formed of two tubes, very fragile, tortuous,
surface undulated, 2 in. long and more, scarcely 1 line thick,
dry, glabrous, shining, white. Pileus submembranaceous,
conical then campanulate, obtuse, I '^^- broad, glabrous, pallid-
white, margin striate. Gills adnate, ascending, broad,
greyish-purple. (Fries.)
II. OBTUSATI. Pileus campanulato-convex, expanded, glabrous
or atomate ; gills plane or arcuato-adfixed ; veil absent.
Psathyra spadicio-grisea. Schaeff.
Pileus 1-1^ in. across, submembranaceous, conical then
campanulate, becoming expanded, glabrous, striate to the
middle, hygrophanous, bay then greyish ; gills adnexed,
rather crowded, narrow, brownish; stem 1^2 in. long,
1-2 lines thick, usually curved, firm subequal or attenuated
upwards, white, shining, apex striate, hollow.
Agaricus spadiceo-griseus, Schaeffer, Icon., t. 237 ; Cke.
Hdbk., p. 214; Cke., Illustr., pi. 611.
On chips, also on and near trunks, &c. Subcaespitose or
solitary, watery, fragile. With the habit and general
structure of a Psathyra, but departing from the specific
character in the persistent brown colour of the gills.
Solitary or gregarious; often large numbers springing
from the same point, but not connate. Stem hollow, 3 in.
long, 2 lines thick, equal, whitish, shining, apex striate,
sometimes powdery. Pileus submembranaceous, very
fragile, campanulate then convex, at length expanded,
obtuse, glabrous, even, but owing to the translucent nature
2 A 2
356 FUNGUS-FLORA.
of the pilcus, striate to the middle when moist, 2 in. and
more broad, very hygrophauons, buy when moist, gi-eyish-
white when dry ; gills attenuated behind, adnexed, crowded,
narrow, at first ascending, then plane, umber-brown.
Psathyra obtusata. Fr.
Pileus -I— I in. across, sxibmembranaceons, broadly cam-
panulate, obtuse, glabrous, corrugated, hygrophanous, rather
shining, umber, margin paler, every part paler when dry ;
gills adnate, rather distant, slightly ventricose, pale then
umber; stem 1-2 in. long, rather rigid, about 1-}, line thick,
equal, almost naked, whitish, usually incurved at the base,
hollow ; spores elliptical, 6-7 X 4 ya.
Agaricus (Psathyra) ohiusaius, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 293 ;
Cke., Hdbk., p. 215; Cke., lllustr., ph 593.
On trunks and on the ground. Solitary or tufted.
Berkeley says that the stem is rooting.
Stem fragile, fistulose, 2-3 in. long, 1-2 lines thick,
round, equal, silky-fibrillose, not meally, whitish, apex even.
Veil none. Pileus submembranaceous, conical when young,
then convex, at length expanded, obtuse, 1 in. and more
across, bay or brownish-umber, disc even, margin striated
and paler, the very thin flesh similarly coloured. Gills
adnate, broad, distinct, rather distant, greyish-brown, then
umber. (Fries.)
Psathyra neglecta. Massee.
Pileus about } in. across, convex then almost plane, even,
glabrous, pale ochraccous, when dry atomate, almost white
except the disc; gills slightly attached, rather broad,
ventricose, at maturity purple-brown, crowded ; stem about
1 in. long, very slender, rather wavy, pellucid, glabrous,
white, tinged with rufous below ; spores elliptical, purple-
brown, smooth, 12 X (3 /x; cystidia abundant, fusiform,
50-GO X 12-14 IX.
On the ground; Kew Gardens, Nov. 1886. Ecadily
distinguished by its small size and pale colour; agreeing
with Fsathyra nrticaecola most nearly in size, but belonging
to a different section.
PSATHYRA. 357
III. FIBRILLOSI. Pileiis and stem at first jihrillose or
floccose from the remains of the universal veil.
Psathyra frustulenta. Fr.
Pileus about 1 in. across, membranaceous, fragile, cam-
panulate then hemispherical, obtuse, hygroi^hanous, slightly
striate, with white squamules near the margin ; gills adnate,
ascending, crowded, whitish, then watery cinnamon ; stem
about 2 in. long, and 1 line thick, equal, rather wavy,
flocculose, white; spores elliptical, smooth, pale rusty-
bro-wn, 10 X 4 /a.
Afjaricus (Psathjra) frustulentus, Fries, Monogr. i. p. 422 ;
Fries, Epicr., p. 209 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 307.
Amongst gravel in damp places.
Departs from the Erythrosporae in the rusty-brown
spores, but the general structure is that of Psathyra, much
more than that of Galera.
Intermediate between the Dermini ( = Ochrosporae) and
the Pratellae ( = Por2:)hyrosporae). Allied to the former in
the fusco-ferruginous spores, to the latter in general habit,
remarkable fragility, and in being very hygrophanous.
Stem fistulose, 2-3 in. long, 1 line thick, equal, subundulate,
usually not straight, fibrillose or with scattered white
downy portions, whitish. Pileus membranaceous, very
fragile, campanulate, then hemispherical, obtuse, disc slightly
fleshy, about an inch broad, slightly striatulate when moist,
watery ferruginous but very pale ; even and paler when
dry, glabrous in both conditions, but at or near the margin
whitish floccose. Gills adnate, crowded, ascending, watery
cinnamon, then brownish. (Fries.)
Psathyra bifrons. Berk,
Pileus, |— I in. across, submembranacoous, campanulate,
obtuse, ochraceous-brown, tinged with pink, palo ochraceous
when dry, smooth, even, margin very thin, transparent;
gills adnate, narrow, pinkish-grey, margin minutely toothed,
white ; stem 2-3 in. long, 1-2 lines thick, slightly attenu-
ated upwards, straight, naked, whitish, hollow ; spores
elliptical, 8 x 4 /a.
Agaricus hifrons, 'Berh., 'Engl. Flor., vol. v. p. 114; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 215; Cke., Illustr., jjL 594.
358 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Agaricus (^Psathjm) hifrons, B., var. semitindus, Phillips,
Cke., Illustr., pi. 594 b.
On twigs, chips, &c.
Pilous 2 iu. l)road, furnished at first with a minute
fihrillose very evanescent veil, ruguloso, ochraceous-Lrown,
more or less tinged with red ; margin thin, transparent.
Gills adnate, moderately broad, cinereous shaded with pink ;
margin white, composed of minute wavy teeth. Spores
hrown-purple. Stem 2i in, high, 1 line thick, filiform,
thickest at the base, beautifully but very minutely satiny,
not pulverulent, very brittle. (Berk.)
Psathyra semivestita. B. & Br.
Pileus l-'} in. across, thin, ovate-campanulate, obtuse,
even, bay-brown when moist, becoming pallid-ochraccous
when dry, sprinkled when young up to the middle with
white fibrils ; gills adnate or adnexed, ratlier broad, greyish
then umber, narrowest in front ; stem 2-3 in. long, 1 line
thick, white silky, fibrillose, hollow; spores elliptical, 10-12
X 5 ft.
Agaricus (Psathjrd) semivestitus, Berk. & Broome, Ann.
Nat. Hist., n. 920, t. 14, f. 5 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 215 ; Cke.,
Illustr., pi. 578.
Amongst grass in rich pastures, woods, Sro. Caespitose in
the typical form, but a larger, solitary form occurs, having
the pileus 1-1 ^ in. across, stem 4-5 in. long, 2 lines or more
thick, remarkable for the coating of white fibrils on the
lower half of the pileus ; these, however, usually disappear
with age.
Psathyra fatuus. Fr.
Pileus rj— 1 in. across, submembranaceous, ovate-cam-
panulate, then expanded, rugulose, fil)rillosc at first, then
smooth and dingy ochraccous, apex darker, then paler ; gills
adnate, crowded, rather narrow, pale then brown ; stem
2-4 in. long, about U lino thick, fragile, almost smooth,
white, apex rather mealy, hollow.
Agaricus fatuus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i, p. 296 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 215 ; Cke., Illu.str., pi. 595 A
On the ground.
Very fragile. Stem almost glabrous, pileus clay-coloured,
then whitish. Veil none. (Fries.)
I
PSATHYKA. 359
Stem hollow, 2-3 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, rather firm for
the present genus, soon glabrous, white, base white and
villose, apex striate and powdered with white meal. Pileus
submembranaceous ; at first ovate, then campanulate, at
length expanded, obtuse, 2-3 in. broad, when young every-
where fibrillose and brownish clay-colour, when dry
ochraceous clay-colour, when adult glabrous, rugulose,
whitish clay-colour, margin slightly undulate, sometimes
with fragments of the veil attached. Gills adnate, li-2
lines broad, crowded, white, then brown, edge similarly
coloured. Approaching to Hypholoma ajjpendiculatus, but
not growing on trunks. (Fries.)
Psathyra fibrillosa. Pers.
Pileus 1-1 i in. across, submembranaceous, campanulato-
convex, then expanded, and almost plane, minutely striate,
at first fibrillose, livid then whitish ; gills adnate, plane,
broad behind, blackish-purple ; stem about 2 in. long,
2 lines thick, equal, very fragile, fibrilloso-squamulose,
white, often incurved at the base, hollow ; spores blackish-
purple.
Agaricus fihrillosus, Pers., p. 424; Cke., Hdbk., p. 216;
Cke., Illustr., pi. 595 b.
On the ground or on rotten branches, in woods, &c.
Very variable in form and perhaps embracing two species,
always solitary. Typical form very fragile. Stem hollow,
3-4 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, equal, everywhere covered
with spreading fibrilloso-fasciculate squamules, white. Pileus
submembranaceous, fi'om campanulate to convex, then
expanded, obtuse, livid or whitish, striate from the gills
showing through the translucent pileus, commonly glabrous,
sometimes at first squamulose, 1 in. and more across. Gills
adnate, broadest behind, 3-5 lines broad, at length plane,
grey, then blackish-purple. (Fries.)
Psathyra Gordoni. B. & Br.
Densely tufted. Pilous 1-1£- in. across, membranaceous,
campanulate, pale grey, then white, sprinkled with white
floccose scales, margin sulcato-striate ; gills ascending,
narrowly adnate, distant, rather broad, scarcely ventricose,
grey ; stem about 2 in. high, Ih line thick, transversely
360 FUNGUS-FLOEA.
undulate, pruinose above, floccose below, but becoming at
length smooth, and shining, fistulose ; spores.
Aqaricus (Psathi/ra) Gordoui, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist.,
n. 922, pi. XV. fig. 7; Cke., Hdbk., p. 216; Cke., lUustr.,
t. 580 A.
On old stumps. Usually fasciculate, smell strong, dis-
agreeable. When young the whole of the plant is covered
with white floccose fibrils.
Psathyra helobius. Kalchbr.
Pileus submcmbranaceous, 1^ in. across, conico-cam-
panulate, then almost plane, with concentric elevated ridges,
radiately rugose, subumbonate, sooty-brown, the striate
margin brown, hygrophanous, pale Avith a reddish tinge
when dry ; gills adnate but slightly rounded behind, rather
crowded, sootj'-brown ; stem 3-4 in. long, 2 lines thick,
equal, rather flexuous, reddish-umbei*, covered with fugacious
whitish squaniulcs, paler and reddish when dry, hollow ;
spores elliptical, ends rather acute, 12 x 6 /u,.
Agaricus (Psathyra) helohius, Kalchbrenner, Icon. Hym.
Hung., p. 31, tab. 17, fig. 4; Cke., Hdbk., p. 216; Cke.,
lllustr., pi. 579.
Damp places in woods.
Spores quite black when seen in the mass on a white
ground, hence the species is technically a Psathi/rella, but the
whole habit and the stem clad with white fibrillae point
to Psathyra, and more especially to Psathyra fihrillosa.
(Kalchbr.)
Psathyra pennata. Fr.
Pileus about 1 in. across, submcmbranaceous, campanulate,
obtuse, even, pale ochraceous, disc brownish, covered with
white plumose squaniulcs, then naked; gills adnexod, 2-3
lines broad, crowded, livid then blackish-brown; stem about
2 in. long, 2-3 lines tliick, silvery white, villose, rather
mealy at the apex, hollow.
Agaricus (Psathyra) peniiatKS, Fries, Syst. Mvc. i. p. 297 ;
Cke., Hdbk., p. 216; Cke, lllustr., pi. 580 b.
On naked soil.
Somewhat resembling Coprinus cinereus, livid white, stem
usually short, but sometimes elongated. Margin of pileus
sometimes appendiculate.
PSATHYEA. 361
Stem fistulose, 1-1^- in. long, 1-2 lines thick, equal,
villous, apex rather powdery, silvery. Pileus submem-
branaceous, ovate then eampanulate, tV in. high and broad,
1 in. broad when expanded, not striate, but densely covered
for a long time with white feathery scales, at length naked,
changing from livid to white, or in the young stage brownish-
bay. Gills adnexed, crowded, ventricose, broad, livid then
blackish-brown. (Fries.)
Psathyra gossypina. Bull.
Pileus f— 1 in. across, submembranaceous, eampanulate,
obtuse, becoming expanded, dingy pale ochraceous, tomen-
tose then smooth, margin striate ; gills adnexed, ventricose,
rather broad, white then brownish- black ; stem about 2 in.
long, 1^ line thick, whitish, tomentose, hollow, sometimes
rather wavy ; spores elliptical, 10 X 6 yu,.
Agaricus (PsatJujra) gossij'pmus, Bulliard, t. 425 ; fig. 2 ;
Cke., Hdbk., p. 216; Cke., Illustr., pi. 612 a; Bolton, t. 71,
fig.l.
On the ground and on fragments of twigs in woods.
Often subcaespitose, fragile, distinguished from Psathjra
pennata by the striate margin of the pileus.
From the habit was once considered as a Copriniis, but
evidently a Psathyra, allied to P. pennata, from which it
differs more especially in the loose floccose covering of the
pileus (veil) being more tomentose, and which densely
clothes the young fungus, the colour also differs in being
ochraceous clay-colour. When adult the pileus is glabrous
and j)ale. Gills livid, then fuscous. The rest as in P. pen-
natus. (Fries.)
Psathyra noli-tangere. Fr.
Pileus -|--| in. across, membranaceous, eampanulate then
expanded, everywhere striate, hygrophanous, squamulose
about the margin, pale umber, becoming pale when dry ;
gills adnate, broad, pale brown ; stem about 1\ in. long,
1 line or more thick, very fragile, nearly naked, apex even ;
spores elliptical, 12 x 5 /t.
Agaricus (Psathjra) noli-tangere. Fries, Epicr., p. 234;
Cke., Hdbk., p. 217 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 612 b; Sowerby, pi. 107.
Amongst chips.
Altogether very fragile, every part pale umber when
362 FUNGUS-FLORA.
moist, pileus paler when dry, even and spuriously sqiiamu-
loso-appendiculatc. (Fries.)
In Cooke's figure quoted above, the pileus is represented
with a distinct umbo.
A large form grows on oak chips, a small form on damp
ground in shady places. Very fragile. Stem fistulose,
about 1 in. long, 1 lino thick, equal, almost naked, apex
even. Pileus membranaceous, campanulate, then expanded,
obti^se, 1 in. or less, glabrous except for the presence of
deciduous squamules, everywhere striate, the large form
pale umber when moist, small form obscure brown. Very
hygrophanous, becoming pale when dry. Gills adnate,
broad, plane, sometimes pallid, at others obscure brown.
(Fries.)
Psathyra microrhiza. Lasch.
Pileus about 1 in. across, membranaceous, campanulate,
even, dry, shining Avith atoms, at first with yellow hair-
like fibrils ; gills adnexcd, crowded, narrow, at first pale,
then blackish-brown ; stem 2 in. long, about 1 line thick,
attenuated into a taj)ering root-like base, silky, whitish,
hollow.
Agariciis (^Psathyra) microrldza, Lasch., n. 468, Fries, Hym.
Eur., p. 309 ; Cke., Rdbk., p. 217 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 59G A.
In grassy places.
Gregarious, at first everywhere flocculose, fragile, small.
Pileus ochraceous or rufous-brown, becoming pale. (Fries.)
Distinguished by the tapering, rooting base of the stem.
Gregarious, varying in size from a few lines to 1^ in.
when it approaches the finer forms of the P. nossijpina.
(Berk.) -^ ^^
Psathyra urticaecola. B. & Br. (fig. 15, p. 351.)
Pileus 2-3 lines across, canipanulate, flocculent, margin
straight at length, striate, white ; gills broadest in front,
adnexed, white, then chocolate ; stem ^-1 in. high, slender
attenuated upwards, fistulose, flocculent, white; spores
7 X 4/x.
AgaricMS (Psathjrd) urticaecola, B. k Br., Ann. Nat. Hist.,
n. 019; Cke., Hdbk., p. 217 ; Cke., Illustr., t. 596 b.
On nettle stems. Distinguished by its small size and
white colour.
PSILOCYBE. 363
PSILOCYBE. Fries, (figs. 11, 12, p. 351.)
Pilens more or less fleshy, smooth, margin at first incurved ;
gills and spores at length brownish or purplish ; stem
central, rather cartilaginous, rigid or tough, tubular, tube
either hollow or stuiFed, often rooting. Veil absent or
rudimentary, never interwoven to form a membrane.
Psilocybe (as a subgenus of Agaricus), Fries, Syst. Myc. i.
p. 289 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 207.
Distinguished from Psathyra by the margin of the pileus
being at first incurved, and from Agaricus and Stropharia,
which some of the species resemble, by the absence of a
ring.
Psilocybe is analogous to Naucoria, Leptonia and Collyhia.
Pileus glabrous, veil either absent (or in a few species
that grow on dung, very fugacious). Distinguished from
Psathyra by the margin of the pileus being incurved at first.
Stem almost cartilaginous, and in this respect corresponding
with Collyhia and Naucoria rather than Clitocyhe. In the
present genus there are two primary divisions characterised
by being tough or fragile. These are connected by species
having the pileus innately fibrillose. Almost all the species
are terrestrial, gregarious, often caespitose, inodorous, not
edible. (Fries.)
ANALYSIS OF TEE SPECIES.
I. Tenaces. — Veil accidental, rarely conspicuous. Pileus
with a pellicle, often rather viscid in damp weather, becom-
ing pale. Colour of pileus clear, bright. Stem firm, flexile,
often coloured.
* Gills ventricose, not decurrent.
** Gills plane, very broad behind, subdecurrent. ( = Sub-
gen. Decornica of W. G. Smith.)
*** Gills almost linear, ascending,
II. EiGiDi. — Veil absent. Pileus scarcely pelliculose, but
the flesh frequently splitting, hygrophanous. Gills adnexed,
very rarely adnate. Stem rigid.
364 FUNGUS-FLORA.
The total absence of tlie partial veil from the first
separates the species inchidfd iu the present section from
those of Agaricus and Hi/jiholoma, which they otherwise
much resemble.
I. TENACES. Veil accidental, rarely conspicuous, Pileus
pellicnlosc, often rather viscid ichen moist, becoming pale. Colour
of pileus bright. Stem hard, flexile, often coloured.
* Gills ventricose, not decurrent.
Psilocybe sarcocephala. Fr.
Pileus 2—4 in. across, fleshy, compact, convex, obtuse, be-
coming expanded and sometimes depressed in the centre,
even, drj-, pale tawny becumiiig pale, the margin sometimes
whitish ; gills adnate, very broad, (3-4 lines), not crowded,
greyish flesh-coloi;r, then soot}^ from the dark spores ; stem
3-5 in. long, 2-4 lines thick, subequal, usually curved or
flexuous, whitish, apex powdered with white meal, stufied
then hollow; sj^ores elliptical, dull brown, 7 X 3'5 /j..
Agaricus (^Psilocybe) sarcocephalus. Fries, Monogr. 1, p. 429,
(not of Epicr. !) ; Hym. Eur., p. 297 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 208 ;
Cke., Illustr., pi. 567 and 520.
Grassy places, especially about stumps. Solitary or clus-
tered. Distinct from every other species in the fleshy, com-
pact pileus.
In every respect the noblest and most distinct species
belonging to the present genus, not related to any other
species. Gregarious, subcaespitose ; without the slightest
trace of a veil. 8teni rol)ust, stuffed then hollow, elongated,
curved, equal or slightly thinner beloAv, whitish, sometimes
with a rusty tinge, powdered with white meal at the apex,
slightly squamulose, in other respects glabrous. In clus-
tered individuals the stem is wavy and thinner, 3 in.
Jong, 2-3 lines thick ; in the larger form, not caespitose,
the stem is stouter, straight, 3-4 in. long, up to 1 in.
thick. Pileus truly flesh}-, rather firm, convex then ex-
panded, obtuse, 3-4 iu. broad, the smallest 1-2 in., oven,
glabrous, dry, pale ferruginous. Flesh white, unchangeable,
firm, not tough. Gills adnate, in the large form J in. broad,
ventricose, rather thick, not crowded, greyish flesh-colour,
then rather fuliginous from the spores. (Fries.)
I
PSILOCYBE. 365
Psilocybe ericaea. Pers.
Pileus §— 1^ in. across, conico-convex, then expanded and
becoming almost plane or sometimes more or less depressed,
rather viscid when moist, even, glabrous, tawny-ferrnginous
or bay, pale yellowish and shining when dry ; gills adnate,
3-4 lines broad, plane, j^allid then black ; stem 3-4 in. long,
2 lines thick or more, subequal, flexuous, rarely straight,
tough, pallid, partly hollow; spores elliptical, brown, 9-10
Agaricus ericaeus, Pers., Syn., p, 413 ; Fries, Hym. Eur.,
p. 298 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 208; Cke., lllustr., pi. 5G8.
In wet, exposed pastures. Usually gregarious.
Gregarious, tough, size variable. Stem hollow, tough,
3—4 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, almost glabrous, sometimes
slightly silky, yellowish, base with white down. Pileus
fleshy, thin, convex then expanded, scarcely umbonate,
1—1^ in. and more broad, even, glabrous, commonly dry and
shining, but rather viscid when moist, tawny-ferruginoiis,
when dry tawny-yellow. Gills adnate, 3-4 lines broad,
plane, rather distant, pallid then blackish, pruinose, edge
whitish. There is a small form found in muddy places with
a bay pileus. (Fries.)
Psilocybe subericaea. Fr.
Pileus 1-2 in. or more across, rather fleshy, convex, obtuse,
becoming plane, even, smooth, tawny then pale ; gills
sinuate, adnexed, 2-3 lines broad, pallid then blackish ; stem
1-2 in, long, about U line thick, equal, smooth, yellowish,
distinctly hollow; spores elliptical, 10 x Q fJi..
Agaricus (^Psilocybe) subericaeus, Fries, Icon., n. 367, t. 136,
fig. 2 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 208 ; Cke., lllustr., pi. 588.
In fields.
Psilocybe udus. Pers. (figs. 11, 12, p. 351.)
Pileus |-1 in. across, slightly fleshy, convex then plane,
dry, rugulose, tawny-bay then pale yellowish ; gills adfixed,
ventricose, lax, whitish then purplish ; stem 3-5 in. long,
1-H line thick, tough, straight or a little wavy, fibrillose,
pale above, ferruginous below, hollow; spores elliptical
browTiish-purple, 10 x 5 /i,.
Agaricus udus, Pers., Syn., p. 414; Fries, Ilym. Eur.,
p. 298 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 208 ; Cke., lllustr., pi. 569.
366 FUNGUS-FLOE A.
In swamps, amongst sphagnum, &c.
Pilous testaceo-tawny, becoming pale, not liygrophanous.
There is a variety with the pileus almost membranaceous,
acutely conical, tawny, gills yellowish.- white, owing to being
almost sterile. Amongst sphagnum. (Fries.)
Scattered, tough when young, slender. Stem fistulose,
2-3 in. long, 1 line or more thick, equal, fibrillose, tawny-
ferruginous, paler at the apex; pileus rather fleshy, convex
then expanded, more or less evidently umbonate, -J-1 in.
broad, glabrous, even, rugulose when old, tawny-bay. Gills
adfixed, ventricose, very broad, lax, plane or convex, pallid
then purplish-brown.
Amongst high mosses, especially Polytricha, there is a
form with a longer, more or less tawny stem, pileus smaller,
"becoming depressed, yellow then whitish, often striate ; gills
livid-yellow or clouded with white.
Amongst sphagnum it becomes very much drawn out,
very slender, stem slender, wavy, pallid ; pileus submem-
branaceous, at first conical, livid yellow and striate when
moist (tinged greenish), even and yellow when dry ; gills
pallid, not becoming discoloured, and commonly sterile.
(Fries.)
Psilocybe canofaciens. Cke.
Gregarious. Pileus :^-l in. across, campanulate then ex-
panded, scarcely umbonate, but with a fleshy disc, even,
dark bay-brown, ferruginous at the apex, clad everywhere,
as well as the stem, with delicate, white, scattered hairs,
which arc soon evanescent at the apex ; veil white, fibrillose,
at first attached to the margin of the pileus ; stem 2-3 in.
high, 2-3 lines thick at the apex, subc(j[ual or slightly attenu-
ated downwards, of the same colour as the pileus, very dark
at the base, stufled ; flesh of pileus pallid, of the stem rufes-
cent, gradually darker downwards ; gills 3 lines broad, ad-
nate, ventricose, dark umber ; spores umber-brown, elliptic-
oblong, veiy variable in size, the longest 17x8, the smaller
10 X 4 fi.
Afjnriciis (Psilocyhe) canofaciens, Cke., Grev. 14, p. 1 ; Gkc.,
ndV.k., p. 208; Cke., Illustr., pi. 021.
A(jaricu8 areolaias, W. G. Smith, in Brit. Mus.
On rotten straw.
PSILOCYBE. 367
A very distinct species, known by the dark colour of the
pileus and stem, both of which are sprinkled with, white
fibrils.
Psilocybe areolata. Kotzsch,
Pileus 1-3 in. across, convex, obtuse, then expanded, dry,
minutely fibrillose, cuticle breaking up into angular patches,
ochraceous or rufous, interstices and margin pale, yellowish ;
gills adnexed, 2-3 lines or more broad, umber then blackish.
with a purple tinge, margin whitish; stem 2-3 in. long,
2-3 lines thick, equal, attenuated or slightly thickened
below, fibrillose, dingy white, hollow ; flesh of pileus and
stem tinged brown ; veil fugacious ; spores blackish, umber
with a purple tinge, 12-13 x 8 yu..
Agaricus areolatus, Klotzsch, in Berk., Eng. Flor., vol. v. ;
Cke., Hdbk., p. 209 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 590.
In gardens, &c.
Pileus |— 3 in. broad, convex, ochre or fuscous ; veil be-
tween fibrous and membranaceous, fugacious ; gills 2-3
lines broad, the edge white and beaded with drops of
moisture. Stem 2-3 in. high, generally thickened at the
hase, fibrillose, dirty white. (Klotzsch.)
Densely caespitose. Pileus at first white, with the cuticle
entire, at length rufous and cracking into areolae, a much
firmer plant than A. sj)adiceus, not brittle. Stem striate,
pulverulent, especially towards the apex, hollow ; gills with
a distinct white edge, at first very pale, spores very dark,
almost black, broadly almond-shape. (W. G. Smith.)
Psilocybe virescens. Massee.
Pileus 1-1 1 in. across, convex, obtuse, then becoming ex-
panded, when young minutely silky, bright dark brown,
during expansion the brown cuticle becomes broken up into
persistent angular patches, the interstices being clear pale
green, becoming yellowish with age ; gills adnexed, rather
crowded, 3 lines broad, soft, pallid then smoky purple,
margin pale ; stem about 2 in. long, 3 lines thick, equal,
smooth, apical portion pale green and strongly striate,
lower portion ferruginous, extreme base snow-white, downy,
firm, hollow, straight or slightly incurved ; spores sooty
purple, elliptical, ends obtuse, 9 x 5 /x.
368 FUNGUS-FLORA.
On rotten chips and stumps.
Agnrkus (Psilocybe) areolntus, Klotzscli, var. virescens, Cooke
and Massee, in Cooke's Hdbk., p. 376; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1177.
Solitary. Taste and smell none.
Quite distinct from P. arcolata in being solitary and not
fasciculate, in growing on wood, and in the purple gills and
different spores.
Psilocybe agraria. Fr.
Pileus about f in. across, conico-convex, then expanded,
whitish then becoming grey, not hygrophanous. subumbonate,
subsulcato-striate ; flesh white; stem 2}, in. long, thin,
flexuous, hollow, white; gills very distant, rather broad,
shortly adnato-adnexed, grey.
Agaricus (Psilocybe) agraria. Fries' MSS. ; Berk, and Br. in
Ann. Nat. Hist., n. 1257 ; Cke., Illustr., t. 622.
About the roots of decayed trees. Allied to A. copropkilvs.
In colour the pileus somewhat resembles Hygrophorus ovinus.
(B. and Br.)
Psilocybe chondroderma. B. & Br.
Pilous about 1 in. across, campanulate, fleshy, dark bright
brown, very smooth, cracked here and there, margin thin,
appendiculate ; gills ventricose, adfixed, seceding, dark brown,
edge white ; stem subequal, 2i— 3 lines thick, fistulose, paler
than the pileus, fibrillose, base squamulose ; spores purple-
black, elliptical, 7 x 3-5 fx.
Agaricus (Psilocybe) cJwndroderma, B. & Br., Ann. Nat.
Hist., n. 1538; Cke., Hdbk., p. 209.
In pine woods. Veil jagged. The jiileus stains paper
yellow.
Psilocybe scobicola. B. & Br.
Pileus l-lo i"- across, convex, umbilicate, glabrous,
white ; gills bi'oad, adnexed, brown with red tinge ; stem
1-1}, in. long, 2 lines thick, fil)rilloso, whitish, subequal or
dilated at the apex, hollow ; spores elliptical.
Agaricuft (Psilocybe) scobicola, B. & Br., Cke., Hdbk., p. 210 ;
Cke.', Illustr., t. 607.
On branches, sawdust, &c. Distinguished amongst the
white species of Psilocybe by the umbilicate pileus.
PSELOCYBE. 369
** Gills plane, very hroacl hehincl, suhdecurrent.
Psilocybe ammophila. Mont.
Pileus §-i in. across, rather fleshy, hemispherical then
expanded and umbonate, yellowish-brown; gills with a
subdecurrent tooth, plane, rather narrow, smoke-colour,
powdered with the dark spores ; stem about 2 in. long,
li line thick, the lower half clavate, sunk in the sand, and
covered with matted mycelium, upper portion white, hollow ;
spores elliptic-fusiform, 12 x 8 /x.
Ayaricus ammopkilus, Montague, in Expl. Scient. Alg.,
t. 31; Cke., Hdbk., p. 210; Cke., Ulustr., pi. 606 b.
Amongst sand.
Remarkable for the clavate basal half of the stem
being densely matted with mycelium, and sunk in the sand
in which the fungus grows.
Psilocybe coprophila. Bull.
Pileus about ^ in. across, rather fleshy, hemispherical then
expanded, umbonate, even, yellowish rufous ; gills arcuate,
rather decurrent, 2 lines and more broad, livid-brown ; stem
1-2 in. long, at first short and floccose, then elongated,
glabrous, and shining, attenuated upwards, apex pruinose,
hollow.
Agariciis (Psilocybe) copropJiilus, Bulliard, Champ., t. 566,
f. 3 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 210 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 608 a.
On dung and in pastures.
Siiperficially resembling Psilocybe bullacea, but distin-
guished by the absence of striae on the pileus, and by the
stem being at first short and flocculose, then elongated and
glabrous.
Stem more or less hollow, at first with a central pith,
short (1 in.), hairy flocculose, then elongated and almost
smooth, shining, 1 line thick, attenuated upwards, and
there mealy. Veil scarcely evident. Pileus rather fleshy,
hemispherical, then expanded, umbonate, 1 in. broad, even,
glabrous, scarcely viscid, yellowish-rufous. Gills arcuato-
decurrent, broad, crowded, livid then brown. (Fries.)
Pileus when very young white and downy; subhemi-
spherical, clothed with little white superficial scales, at
length smooth and pale umber, darker at the obtuse apex,
VOL. I. 2 b
370 FUNGUS-FLOEA.
slightly fleshy. Stem flexuons, slightly attenuated upwards,
"whitish, shiuing, at first scaly like the pileus, withiu which
it is pruinose ; gills iicarlj' plane, ventricose, adnato-arcuate,
subdecnrrent, umber-hrown. (Berk.)
Psilocybe bullacea. Bull.
Pileiis ^-^ in. across, rather fleshy, hemispherical then
expanded, at length nmbonate, glabrous, finely striate to
the middle, tawny-bay, clay-colour when dry ; gills adnate,
broad, triangular, plane, crowded, rusty -brown ; stem 1-1 .',
in. long, 1 line or more thick, equal, fibrillose, pale-yellowish,
base brownish, hollow.
Agaricm (Psilocijhc') huUaceits, Bulliard, Champ,, t. 566,
f. 2; Cke., Hdbk., p. 210; Cke., Illustr., pi. 608 b.
On dung, rich soil, &c.
Veil at first often evident, sometimes appendiculate from
the margin. Stem 1 in. long or a little more, 1 lino thick,
yellowish, base rusty-brown. Pileus scarcely reaching an
inch across, tawny-bay, clay-colour when dry, when moist a
^^scid pellicle readily separates from the pileus. Gills of
themselves livid- white, spores on a black ground purple-
lilac. (Fries.)
Gregarious. Stem hollow, 1 in. or a little more in length,
1 line thick, equal or attenuated at the base, cortinated
when young, then rather fibrillose, tawny then yellowish,
base rusty-brown. Pileus rather fleshy at the disc, margin
almost membranaceous, hemispherical, obtuse, then expanded,
umbonate, 4-6 lines broad, covered witli a separable viscid
pellicle, glabrous, ta^vny-bay, then reddish-ochre, clay-
colour when dry ; margin at first even, with fragments of
the appendiculate veil, then naked and striate. Gills
adnate, minutely decurrcnt, subtriangular, plane, crowded,
livid- white then iiisty-brown. Spores purj^le-lilac on a
black ground. (Fries.)
Psilocybe physaloides. Bull.
Pileus ^-fj in. across, slightly fleshy, campanulate then
expanded, sometimes subumljonate and depressed round the
umbo, even, rather viscid, purple-brown, becoming paler ;
gills slightly decurrcnt, croAvded, rather broad, rusty-brown ;
stem about 1 in. long, and 1 lino thick, equal, rather pliant.
PSILOCYBE. 371
minutely fibrillose, pale, base rusty, hollow ; spores elliptical,
brown, 12 X 6 /x.
Agaricus (Psilocyhe) i:)'hysaJo'ides, Bulliard, Champig., t. 366,
fig. 1 ; Cke., Hdblc, p. 210; Cke., Illustr., pL 609 A.
On the ground in fertile places, also amongst moss.
Cooke sajs, on dxmg.
Closely related to Psilocyhe hidlacea ; on white paper the
spores are blackish-purple, on black paper lilac-violet.
Pileus purple-brown, paler towards the margin, at length
umbonate and depressed round the umbo. Readily con-
founded with Tuharia rnquilina. (Fries.)
Stem fistulose, filiform, wavy, 1 in. and more long, ad-
pressedly fibrillose, pale, base bay. Veil not evident. Pileus
rather fleshy, campanulate then expanded, at length
flattened, umbo prominent, usually depressed round the
umbo, 3-4 lines broad, glabrous, even, with a viscid pellicle,
shining, purple-brown. Gills adnate, slightly decurrent,
crowded, pale rusty-brown. Spores ])urple-brown, almost
black when on white paper, on a black-ground lilac-violet.
(Fries.)
Psilocyhe nuciseda. Fr.
Pileus h-^ in. across, rather fleshy, convex, obsoletely
umbonate, expanded and sometimes depressed round the
umbo, pale-brown, when dry yellowish and minutely silky ;
gills adnate, broad, plane, brown then blackish-umber ; stem
about 1 in. long, li line thick, becoming thinner down-
wards, brownish, with white down, hollow; spores brown,
elliptical, 8 x 4 /a.
Arjaricus (Psilocyhe) nucisedus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 293 ;
Cke., Hdbk., p. 210; Cke., Illustr., pi. 609 b.
On involucres of beech, and fragments of various kinds of
wood.
Stem slender, 1-2 in. long, apex as in Psilocyhe atro-rufus,
often pruinose. Pileus yellowish. With exactly the habit
of Tuharia inquilina, but differing in the spores. A similar
form occurs on hazel nuts, but eveiy part umber, and
yellowish clay-colour when dry. (Fries.)
On involucres and rotten wood of beech. Differs from
P. atro-rufa in growing on wood, in the paler, tougher stem,
which is attenuated downwards, and white and downy at
2 B 2
372 FUNGUS-FLORA.
the base; pileus ratliev umbonate, rather silky and yellow
wheu dry, gills scarcely decurrent. (Fries.)
Psilocybe atro-rufa. Schaoff.
PilcTis .1-1 in. across, rather fleshy, bemispherico-convex,
obtuse, then expanded, glabrous, margin slightly striate,
dark rnfons or purple-brown, pale when dry, even ; gills
subdecurrent, 2 lines broad, plane, becoming umber ; stem
2-3 in. long, 1^, line thick, equal, straight, or wavy, pale
bay then Avhitish, hollow ; spores elliptical, purple-brown,
10-12 X 6 /x.
Agariciis (Psilocyhe) atro-ruftis, Schaeff., t. 234; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 211 ; Cke., Ilhistr., pi. 571.
On the ground in woods, Sec.
Fries says that there are two forms : (a) Stem librillose ;
on the ground in woods, (h) Stem short, glabrous; in
sunny places amongst gravel.
Stem fistulose, thin, scarcely 1 line thick, equal, at first
subtibrillosus, then glabrous, pale bay, apex rather mealy ;
pileus slightly fleshy, obtTise, hemispherico-convex, glabrous,
in full vigour of growth the margin is striate, dark rufjus
or purple-brown, when dry becoming very pale and without
striae. Gills adnate, subdecurrent, triangular, plane, umber
or purple-umber. (Fries.)
*** Gills almost linear, ascending.
Psilocybe compta. B. & Br.
i'ileus J-1] in, across, conico-campanulate, then becoming
expanded, pale ochraceous and atomate when dry, scarcely
rugulose, striate, margin at first iiiflexed, crenulate ; gills
distant, ventricose, broad, aduate, \iiiiber with a rosy tinge;
stem 2 in. high, 1-1 A lines thick, flexuose, glabi'ous, silky
and shining, not stiiate above, below very' pale rufous,
fistulose ; spores pur})le-br()wn.
A(jaricu8 {Fsilocyhc) compiitliis, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist.,
n. 917, t. xiv. f. 3; Cke., Ildbk., p. 211; Cke., Illust.,
t. 589 A.
In woods amongst grass. Our only pale Psilocyhe with a
distinctly striate margin and subumbonate pileus.
PSILOCYBE. 373
Psilocybe semilanceata. Fr.
Pileus h-^ in. across, sul)memhraiiaceous, acutely conical,
sometimes almost cuspidate, margin more or less persistently
incurved, slightly viscid and striatnlate when moist, when
dry very pale yellow or pallid with tinges of yellow, or blue-
green, shining ; gills subdistant, broadly adnate, brown
then blackish with purple tinge, margin pale ; stem 2-3 in.
long, 1^ line thick, equal, tough, wavy, silky-fibrous and
shining, pallid, with minute, evanescent fibrils at the apex,
stuffed with silky fibres; spores brown, 10-12 x 6 /x.
Agaricus (Psilocyhe) semiJanceafus, Fr., Obs., ii. p. 178 ;
Cke., Illust, t. 572; Cke., Hdbk., p. 211.
Amongst grass in pastures, &c. Gregarious, pileus some-
times quite obtuse, from which condition every transition
exists to cuspidate.
Fries says that he has observed the presence of a sub-
annulate ring in the young stage of the present species and
consequently it might with equal propriety be placed in the
genus StrojjJiaria, after *S^. semiglohata.
Var. caerulescens. Cooke.
Pileus rather obtuse, bare of stem, more or less distinctly
tinged with blue ; spores, 10-12 x 6 /x.
Cke., Illustr., t. 573.
Amongst grass in pastures.
It is doubtfiil as to the propriety of considering the above
a true variety ; I do not consider it as even a permanent
form ; in the type the relative p)rominence of the umbo is
very variable, and there is frequently a. tinge of blue at the
base of the stem, and Cooke's variety, if retained, rests
entirely on the distinct blue tinge at the base of the stem.
II. EIGIDI. Veil absent. Pileus scarcel;/ pelUculose, flesh
frequently si^liitinfj, hjgroiiiJianous. Gills adnexed, rarely
adnate. Stem rigid.
Psilocybe canobrunnea. Fr.
Pileus 2-3 in. broad, fleshy, convex then plane, obtuse,
hygrophanous, rather viscid when moist, fleshy-brown, pale
when dry; stem about 2 in. long, \ in. or more thick,
whitish, squamialose, rooting, hollow ; gills almost free,
crowded, broad, ventricose, pallid then brownish-purple.
374 FUNGUS-FLOKA.
Agaricus (Psilociihe) canohrunneus, Grios, Syst. Myc. i. p.
294 '; Fries, Ilym. Eur., p. 302.
On the naked ground in sunny places, and on scorched
ground.
Solitary. Firm, rigid, pilous flesh-colour, Avhen dry pale
clay-colour.
Solitary or laxly gregarious, amongst the most robust and
firm in this genus. Stem rigid, hollow, 2 in. and more long,
3-5 lines thick, equal, base rooting, squamulose, whitish.
Veil not seen even in the earliest stage of development.
Pileus truly fleshy, convexo-plane, obtuse, 2-3 in. broad,
even, glabrous, from its rigidity sometimes cracked in an
areolate manner, rather viscid when moist, watery pallid or
brownish flesh-colour, pale clay-colour when dry. Flesh
ihickish, white. Gills almost free, ventricose, 3 lines
broad, rather crowded, distinct, pallid then purple-brown.
(Fries.)
Psilocybe spadicea. Fr.
Fasciculate, pileus rigid, 1-3 in. across, convex, obtuse
then more or less plane, glabrous, even, moist, hygrophanous,
bay-brown when moist, pallid when dry ; gills rounded
behind and adnexed, dry, crowded, about 2 lines broad, pale
then rosy-brown ; stem 2-4 in. long, rather tough, 2-3 lines
thick, equal, whitish, smooth, apex even, hollow ; spores
elliptical, brown, 9 x 4 ya.
Agaricus (Psilocj/he') spadicciis. Fries, E^Dicr., p. 225 ;
Cke., Hdbk., p. 211 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 610.
On the grovmd amongst leaves, at the base of trunks, &c.
Rather caespitose. Veil entirely absent from the first.
Stem firm, cartilaginous (in moist places on the ground,
softer). I'ilcus couvt-xo-plane, oven, at first glabrous, rigid,
rough with minute points, bay-umber, becoming pale when
dry, flesh whitish, margin slightly incurved, when dry
often broken up, especially var. ^ulijceplialus. Gills at length
either cinnamon (in dry Aveather), or umber. (Fries.)
Var. hygrophilus. Large, pilous brown then clay-colour ;
stem 4-(J in. long, rather fusiform and rooting, gills emargi-
nate with a long decurrent line down the stem, at length
umbcr-brown.
Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 29G ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 212.
PSILOCYBE. 375
At roots of ash in damp places.
Var. polyceplialus, densely crowded, more rigid, stems
thinner, flexuose ; gills almost free, at length umbev-brown.
Paulet, t. iii. figs. 1-2 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 302 ; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 212.
On trunks.
Colour as in the typical form, bay then ochraceous, or
pallid-li\'id then clay-colour.
At the base of trunks, amongst leaves, &c., very common.
Very distinct from Hyplioloma aiypendiculatum, which it
approaches in colour, in the more rigid pileus and stem, and
in the complete absence of a veil. Known from every other
species of the present genus in the gills being white then
flesh-colour, and finally brown. In size and other points
very variable. Typically large, terrestrial, forming large,
loose clusters. Stem firm, subcartilaginous, hollow, 3-4 in.
long, 3-5 lines thick, equal, often curved, glabrous, white,
apex not striate. Pileus fleshy, convex then plane, obtuse,
3— i in. broad, even, glabrous, moist in wet weather but not
viscid, umber-brown, becoming pale when dry, often cracked
and torn, margin inflexed when young. Gills rounded-
adnexed, crowded, dry, white, then flesh-colour, at length
umber. (Fries.)
Psilocybe squalens. Fr.
Pileus 1-2 in. across, rather fleshy, convex then plane or
depressed, even, glabrous, moist, hygrophanous, lurid then
pale; gills adnato-decurrent, crowded, plane, clay-colour
then brown; stem about 2 in. long and 2 lines thick, equal,
not rooting, apex striate, nearly like the pileus in colour,
stuifed.
Agaricus (Psilocybe) squalens, Fries, Epicr., p. 226 ; Fries,
Hym. Eur., p. 303.
On and near trunks.
Solitary or tufted. Veil absent. Stem 1-2 in. long, 1-2
lines thick, tough, obsoletely fibrillose. Pileus 1-2 in. across,
lurid then pale, margin incurved. Spores rusty-brown.
Kesembling Psilocybe cernmis, but quite distinct in the
brownish-ferruginous spores, hence technically belonging to
the Ochrosporae; veil none. Stem stuffed then hollow, not
very rigid, not rooting, about 2 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal.
376 FUNGUS-FLORA.
obsolctelj fibrillose, apex rather mealy, almost the same
coloiir as the pilcus. Pileus rather fleshy, convex then
plane, obtuse, 1-2 in. broad, even, glabrous, when moist (not
viscid) ferruginous with a lurid aspect, becoming pale dingy
clay-colour when dry. Flesh whitish. Gills adnexed with
a decurrent tooth, ventricose, 2 lines broad, crowded, from
dingy clay-colour becoming cinnamon-umber. (Fries.)
Psilocybe cernua. Fl. Dan.
Pileus f-i in. across, rather ileshy, campanulato-convex,
then more or less expanded, glabrous, hygrophanous, rugu-
lose when dry, pallid ; stem 2-4 in, long, 2 lines thick, about
equal, flexuoj^e, whitish, glabrous, rather mealy at the apex ;
gills adnate, slightly ventricose, not very close, I line broad,
greyish-white, then dark-bro^vn.
A(jaricu8 cernnus. Mull, in Flor. Danica, t. 1005 ; Cke.,
ndbk., p. 212; Cke., lUustr., pi. 574; Fries, Hym. Eur.,
p. 302.
On the ground, on leaves, rotten wood, &c.
Commonly caespitose. Intermediate between Psailiyra and
Psilocybe, rather fragile. Pileus liecoming pallid, pellucidly
striatulate, naked from the first, veil absent.
Differs from all forms of Psilocyhe sjyadicea in the gills never
assuming a flesh-coloured tinge. Stem hollow, 2 in. and more
long, about 2 lines thick, equal, terete, rigid, fragile,
glabrous, white, apex rather mealy, sometimes curved, when
the pileus becomes cernuous. Veil none ! Pileus rather
fleshy, fragile, campanulate then expanded, obtuse, 1-2^ in.
broad, glabrous (or atomate under a lens), pale livid when
moist, when dry white and rugulose. Gills adnate, at first
linear, then ventricose, scarcely crowded, 1-2 lines broad,
at first white then greyish-black. Spores with no trace of a
ferruginous tinge. (Fries.)
Psilocybe hebes. Pers.
Pileus l-l in, across, rather fleshj', convex and obtuse,
then expanded, smooth, margin finely striate, hygrophanous,
lurid, pale when dry ; gills adnate but cut out behind so as
to be almost triangular, crowded, pale then brown ; stem
about 1 in. long, ecpial, IJ, lino thick, glabrous, whitish,
hollow, often slightly incurved at the base ; sj)ores elliptical,
14-16 X 7 /x.
PSILOCYBE. 377
Agaricus (Psilocyhe) liehes, Persoon, Myc. Eur. 3, t. 28, f. 5 ;
Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 293; Cke., Hdbk., p. 212; Cke.,
niustr., pi. 589 B.
On trunks, leaves, &c.
Pileus lurid, i.e., a dingy obscure olive, pale and even
when dry, rather viscid when moist. Pileus rather rigid, as
are also the gills.
Commonly solitary; rigid and firmer than Psilocyhe
murcidus. Stem cartilaginous, rigid, hollow, 1|— 2 in. long,
2 lines thick, equal, even, glabrous, naked, whitish. Veil
absent ! Pileus rather fleshy, convex then expanded, obtuse,
1 in. broad, even, glabrous, hygrophanous, rather viscid,
lurid, and with the margin slightly striate when moist;
pale and even when dry. Gills very broad behind,
triangular, entirely adnate, crowded, dry, white then
broAvnish. iieadily known by the form of the gills.
(Fries.)
Psilocybe foenisecii. Pers.
Pileus h-1 in, across, campanulato-hemispherical then
more or less expanded, obtuse, dingy brown with a rufous
tinge, j)ale ochraceous when dry ; flesh thin, dingy ; gills
adnate, ventricose, hence looking as if broadly emarginate,
scarcely crowded, 2-3 lines broad, umber-brown ; stem
2-3 in. long, about 1 line thick, even, glabrous, brownish
then paler, not rooting, hollow ; spores elliptic-fusiform,
10 X 5-6 fjL.
Agaricus (^Psilocyhe) foenisecii, Persoon, Icon. Descr., t. 11,
f. 1 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 212 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 590.
Amongst grass in fields, lawns, &c.
Scattered or in small groups. Kigid, fragile, pileus dark,
drying from the apex downwards. Stem straight or often a
little flexuous, somewhat resembling superficially Panaeolus
papilionaceus, but much smaller, and differing in the umber
gills and spores.
With somewhat the habit of Panaeolus, but the gills are
not variegated and the spores are umber. Stem hollow,
straight, rigid, fragile, 2-3 in. long, 1-2 lines thick, equal,
naked, mfescent, at first paler and powdered with white,
subpubescent. Veil absent. Disc of the pileus more
especially fleshy, campanulato-convex, obtuse, dry, glabrous.
378 FUNGUS-FLORA.
riigiilose in dry weather, pale smoky-broAvn or liroAvu,
becoming pale. Gills adnate, but ventricose in front and
thns appearing emarginate, rather distant, not thin, brownish,
Ijright brown, then umber. When half dry the disc becomes
pale, (Fries.)
Psilocybe clivensis. B. & Br.
Pilens abont 1 in. across, hemispherical, pale brown then
pale ochraceous or almost white, even, atomate, margin
striate ; gills broad, adnate, Avidel}!' emarginate, broadest in
front, subdistant, nmber, margin white ; stem about 1 1 in.
high, 1 line thick, subequal, fistulose, somewhat silky, base
subclavate ; spores nmber, 1 0 x 5 /a.
Agaricus (Psilocyhe) clivensis, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist.,
n. 916, pi. xiv. f. 3; Cke., Hdbk., p. 212; Cke., Illustr.,
t, 969.
On the ground.
When fully developed whitish, plane or even a little
depressed, margin indistinctly striate.
Psilocybe catervata. Massee.
Densely fasciculate ; pileus -i— §• in. across, campanulate,
olituse, snow-white, even, glabrous, satiny, flesh rather thick,
white; stem about 2 in. long, 1 line thick, equal, usually
rather wavy, hollow, white, shining, brittle ; gills slightly
adnoxed, rather broad, crowded, grey then brown with a
tinge of purple, edge entire, white; sj)ores elliptic-oblong,
smooth, brown with a purple tinge, 12 x 4 fx; cystidia
fusiform, 60-70 X 12 /x.
On the ground; Carlisle, Oct. 1887. (Dr. Carlyle.)
Not closely allied to any knoAvn species ; distinguished at
once by the densely fasciculate liabit and the shining snow-
white pileus and stem. Eescmbling in size and crowded
mode of growth, Galcra conferta, but distinguished by the
purple gills and spores, and the pure white pileus at all
ages.
HYPHOLOMA. Fries, (figs. 9, 10, 14, 16, p. 351.)
Pileus more or less fleshy, margin at first incurved; stem
central, its substance continuous with that of the pileus;
veil interwoven, adhering in torn fragments to the margin
HYPHOLO:\IA. 379
of the pileus (appeudiculate) ; not forming a distinct ring
round the stem ; gills adnate or sinuate and adnexed, often
seceding (separating from the stem, and then appearing as
if free) ; spores brownish-purple, sometimes intense purple.
Hijpholoma, Fries, Syst. Mycol. i. p. 287; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 202.
Mostly caespitose and growing on wood, when growing on
the ground, often springing from buried wood, roots, &c.
Distinguished from StropTiaria by the absence of an inter-
woven ring on the stem ; when a trace of the ring is present,
it is in the form of cobweb-like fibres, and very scanty.
Hijplwloma agrees in structure with Heheloma, Entoloma,
and Tricholoma.
Veil woven into a loose cobweb-like texture, adhering to
the margin of the pileus, not forming a distinct ring round
the stem ; the last character separates the present genus
from Agarkus ; from Psathjra it is known by the stature,
habit, and presence of an evident veil. Known amongst
allied genera by the tufted mode of growth, growing on
wood, pileus not furnished with a separable pellicle, gills in
some species almost deliquescent. (Fries.)
ANALYSIS OF TEE SPECIES.
* Fasciculares, — Pileus tough, glabrous, bright coloured,
not hygrophanous.
** VisciDi. — Pileus viscid, naked.
*** Velutini. — Pileus virgate or silky with innate fibrils.
**** Flocculosi. — Pileus covered with superficial floccoso
scales that eventually disappear.
***** Appexdiculati. — Pileus glabrous, hygrophanous.
* FASCICULAKES.
Hypholoma silaceus. Pers.
Pileus about 3 in. across, fleshy, convex, viscid, orange-
rufous, silky and whitish near the margin ; gills adnate,
crowded, grey then olive ; stem 3 in. long, 3-4 lines thick,
fibrilloso-striate, shining, base bulbous.
380 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Arjaricus silaccus, Persoon, Syn., p. 421 ; Fries, Hym. Eur.,
p. 421 ; Secretan, n. 349 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 202.
On the ground, solitary, or according to Secretan, caespi-
tose, and springing from a common tuberous base.
rileus viscid, bright orange-rufous ; stem 4 in. high, at
length hollow, solid and slightly swollen at the base ;
smell resembling that of meal. Spores pale purple-brown.
(Cooke.)
Hypholoma sublateritius. Schaeflf. (fig. 16, 351.)
Pilous 2-4 in. across, ileshy, convex then expanded and
almost jjlane, dry, almost glabrous, brick-red tinged with
orange, margin paler, flesh compact, whitish, thin at the
margin ; gills adnate, crowded, about 3 lines broad, whitish
then sooty-olive ; stem 3-5 in. long, 3-5 lines thick, usually
attenuated downwards, fibrillose, rusty or yellowish, stuffed ;
spores elliptical, sooty-brown, 8x4//,.
Agaricus sublateritius, Schaeffer, t. 49 ; figs. G, 7 ; Fries,
Hym. Eur., p. 290 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 202 ; Cke., Illustr., pi.
657.
On and about old stumps. Subcaespitose, taste bitter,
smell almost none. A very fine, showy species, somewhat
resembling Hypholoma fascicularis, but larger, and differing
in the obtuse pilous and stuffed stem.
Var. Schaefferi. Fries ; Pileus yellow, conical then
depressed, rugose ; gills narrow, decurrent, even when quite
young ; stem e(j[ual, hollow.
Schaeffer, Icon., t. 49, figs. 4, 5 ; Fries, Hym. Eur., ji. 291 ;
Cke., Hdbk., p. 203.
On trunks, &c. Smaller than the typical form, and
altogether yellowish.
Var. squamosus. Cooke; Pileusconvcx, bright brick-red
shading to yellow at the margin, sjiotted with superficial
scales, flesh very thick, yellowish, gills narrowish, adnate ;
stem elongated, stout, jialc above, ferruginous below,
hollow. Veil appendiculate when young ; spores elliptical,
Sx4 IX.
Agaricus {Hyplinlnma^ suhlafcritius, Schaeff., var. squamosus,
Cke., Ildbk., p. 202 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 558.
On trunks. A very beautiful variety, larger and more
robxist than the typical form.
HYPHOLOMA. 381
There are two forms : (A.) Vulgaris. Stem stuffed, stout
and firm, usually distinctly attenuated downwards, rarely
equal, 3-4 in. long, 3-5 lines thick, from the position of
growth incurved, fibrillosely squamulose, fibrils pale, base
ferruginous, veil apical, at first white then blackish, pileus
fleshy, convexo-plane, obtuse, even, glabrous, rather tawny
but paler and clouded with the remains of the superficial,
white, rather silky veil ; flesh compact, white then yellowish ;
gills adnate, more or less crowded, narrow, at first dingy
yellowish, base more obscure, then sooty, at length tinged
olive. Spores purple-brown. (B.) Pomposus. Stem solid,
up to 1 in. thick, subannulate, paler above. Pileus thicker,
almost entirely tawny. Gills becoming clear olive. (Fries.)
Hypholoma capnoides. Fr.
Pileus 1-1;^ in. across, convex, then plane and subumbonate
or depressed, dry, very smooth, yellowish or tinged tawny,
flesh thin, white ; gills adnate, not crowded, 2-3 lines broad,
dry, sooty-grey then purplish ; stem 2-4 in. long, about 3
lines broad, about equal, silky, even, pallid, brownish under
the silkiness, partly hollow ; spores elliptical, brownish-
purple, 8x4^.
Afjaricus (^Hypholoma) capnoides, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 289 ;
Cke., Hdbk., p. 203 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 559.
In pine woods on the ground and on pine trunks ; fas-
ciculate.
Smell and taste mild. Stem under the whitish silkiness
rusty. Pileus one colour, commonly yellowish, veil becoming
purplish.
Caespitose, fasciculate, smell and taste sweet. Stem
connate at the base, hollow, 2-3 in. long, 2-4 lines thick,
equal, often curved and flexuous, adpressedly silky, pallid,
apex white, everywhere striate; when old with a more or
less ferruginous down. Veil appendiciilate, white, then
purple-brown. Pileus fleshy, convex, then expanf'ed, obtuse,
dry, glabrous, yellowish-ochre, from 1-3 in. broad. Flesh
rather thin, white. Gills adnate, readily separating from
the sporophore, rather crowded and broad, dry, at first grey,
then purple brown. (Fries.)
Hypholoma epixanthus. Fr.
Pileus 2-3 in. across, thin, convex then almost plane, even,
382 FUNGUS-FLORA.
at first silky then glal irons, pale yellow, disc darker, often
tinged tawny; gills adn ate, crowded, 3-4 lines broad, pale
yellow, becoming clonded with grey ; stem 3-5 in. long, 3-5
lines thick, subcqnal, Hoecoso-fibrillose, whitish, basal portion
brownish, ajiex mealy, liollow ; spores elliptical, 7 X 4 /x.
Agaricus (Hiiplwloma) epixanthus. Fries, Epicr., p. 222 ;
Cke., Hdbk., p." 203 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 5G0.
On old fir stnmps, &c. Fasciculate. Smell rather strong.
Known by the clear pale yellow gills. Not deliquescing.
Stem hollow, about 3 in. long, 3-4 lines tliick, attenuated
from the base, thickened, or equal, floccoso-fibrilloso, pale
ferruginous or brownish below, ajiex mealy. Veil appen-
diculate, white. Pileus fleshy, rather thin ; not hygro-
l)hanous, convexo-plane, obtuse or gibbous, 2-3 in. broad,
even, silky then almost glabrous, yellow or pallid, disc
usually darker. Flesh white, becoming tinged with yellow.
Gills adnate, crowded, at first whitish-yellow, at length grey,
not deliquescent, neither purplish nor green. Size very
variable ; smell acid. (Fries.)
Hypholoma fascicularis. Tluds.
Fasciculate, intensely bitter. Pileus 1-2 in. across, cam-
panulato-convex then expanded, subuml)onate, thin, glabrous,
even, tawny, margin yellow ; gills adnate, very crowded,
narrow, yellow then greenish, subdeliquescent; stem 3-4 in.
long, 2-3 lines thick, fibrillose, yellow, as is also the flesh,
curved or flexuous, hollow; veil sometimes appendiculate ;
spores elliptical, 7 X 4 yu..
Agaricus fascicularis, Hudson, Flor. Angl., j). Glo ; Fries,
Syst. Myc.i. p. 288; Cke., Hdbk., p. 203 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 501
and 5G2 (the latter called Ag. fascicularis, var. claeodcs, Fr.)
On old stumps, &c.
Gregarious, densely caespitose. Pileus 2 in. broad, at
first conic then expanded, more or less irregular fi'om the
tufted mode of growth, subcarnose, thick in the centre,
tawny, the margin thin, j^ellow, with portions of the veil
adhering to it, often stained with the fcrruginous-purplo
spores. Gills green, clouded, adnate, with a subdccurrent
tooth. Spores elliptic. Stem 2-0 in. high, 2 lines thick,
curved and unequal, hollow, fibrillose or squamulosc, yclloAv,
greenish above. Ping stained Avith the spores, leaving
HYPHOLOMA. 383
scarcely any trace upon the stern. Taste very bitter and
nanseoits. (Berk.)
Smell and taste bitter, flesh yellow, gills rather deli-
quescent, snlphiir-colonr, then greenish. Forming large,
densely crowded tufts, stems very numerous, hollow, thin,
incurved or flexuous, fibrillose, length very variable, pileus
often thin, convex then expanded, subumbonate or obtuse,
even, glabrous, dry, yellow, disc usually darker; gills
adnate, very much crowded, linear, more or less dingy green,
(Fries.)
Tufted, juleus 1-2 in. broad, plano-convex, somewhat
umbonate, glabrous, extremely thin at the margin, of a
yellowish, reddish-buff, or brownish-orange colour. Lamellae
numerous, mostlj- eight in a series, rather narrow, adnate,
yellowish at first, afterwards greenish and mottled with the
sporidia. Stipes slender, cylindrical, equal, firm, hollow, of
a yellow colour, 2-9 in. in length, and 2-3 lines in thickness.
Veil a delicate curtain, becoming blackish, but mostly so
evanescent as to leave only a stain upon the stipes. Taste
intensely bitter.
One of the common i^garics, abounding at the base of old
trees, and gate-posts in a state of decay, and similar situa-
tions. The dense clusters it forms are frequently composed
of several hundred plants, and the stems, which accommodate
themselves in length and direction to their situation, are so
crowded and compressed at their base as to appear more or
less united in bundles, whence the origin of the specific
name. In general habit this species resembles A. velutipcs,
a plant confined to the same kind of station ; and still more
nearly A. lateritius (= siihlateritius of this work), a very
distinct species, to which A. pomposus of Bolton must be
referred. (Grev.)
Hypholoma elaeodes. Fr.
Pileus §-1?, in. across, convex, then almost jilane, sub-
umbonate," dry, glabrous, even, brick-red, flesh yellow;
gills adnate, crowded, thin, green, then pure olive; stem
2-4 in. long, 2 lines thick, curved, or flexuous, equal, fibril-
lose, more or less ferruginous, stuffed then hollow.
Agarkus (Hi/jjholoma) elaeodes, Fries, Epicr,, p, 222 ; Hym,
Eur., p, 291,
384 FUNGUS-FLORA.
On trunks and on the ground.
Fasciculate ; smell !?our. Closely allied to Hypholoma
fascicularis, but distinguished by the brick-red pileus, ferru-
ginous stem, and persistent, pure olive gills.
Hypholoma instratus. Britz.
Caespitose ; Tilcus ^^1 1 in. across, hemispherical, convex,
broadly umbonate, dark brown, radiatelj^ rugose ; gills
adnate, subventricose, 3 lines broad, brown, then purple-
brown, margin paler ; stem 2-3 in. high, about 2 lines thick,
equal, white and smooth above, iiljrillose or squamulose
below, base becoming brownish,' hollow"; veil white, appendi-
culate; spores elliptical, purple-brown, 8 x 4 /x.; flesh of
pileus and stem brownish.
Agariciis (Jlijijholoina) instratus, Britzelmej'er, Melan., fig. 10 ;
Cke., Hdbk., p. 377 ; Cke., lUustr., pi. 1157.
On stumps. Known at once by the persistently dark
brown, radiato-rugose pileus.
Possibly these specimens belong to the above species of
Britzelmeyer, but we have been compelled to expand the
description. (Cooke.)
Hypholoma dispersus. Fr.
Pileus §-1 in. across, campanulate then expanded, obtuse,
even, silky round the margin from the veil, tawny, honey-
colour near the margin ; gills adnate, thin, 2-3 lines broad,
rather ventricose, crowded, straw-colour, becoming clouded
and with a greenish tinge; stem 2-4 in. long, 2 lines thick,
equal, straight or almost so, tough, silky -tibrillose, ^jale, base
brownish; spores elliptical, 7 x 3—4 /x.
Agaricas (]Iij2^holoma) dis^jcrsits, Fries, Epicr., p. 222 ; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 203 ; Cke., lUustr,, pi. 586 ; Saund. & Smith, t. 24,
f. 1-3 (an elongated form).
On trunks and on the ground. Usually'' scattered.
Stem altogether equal, straight, 2-3 in. long, 1 lino thick,
for the greater jiart insty-brown, apex pale, i'ilcus tawny,
honey-colour. Gills 2-3 lines broad, obscure greenish.
(Fries.)
On the ground and on trunks, solitary, scarcely ever
caespitose. Stem hollow, 2 in. or more long, 2 lines thick,
equal, straight, tough, silkj^-iilirilloso, become ferruginous,
base brownish, apex pale. Pileus rather fleshy, convex, then
HYPHOLOMA. 385
expanded, 1-1^ in. broad, even, suijerficially silky round the
margin from the veil, or squamnlose, the remainder even and
glabrous, tawny, honey-colour, not hygrophanous. Flesh
thin, paler in colour than the pileus ; gills adnate, thin,
ventricose, broader (3-4 lines) than in Hypholoma fascicularis,
crowded, at first pale straw-colour, then clouded, obsolete
greenish. (Fries.)
** VISCIDI.
Hypholoma incomptus. Massee.
Pileus 3-4 in. across, campanulate then expanding, broadly
gibbous, even, viscid when moist, margin usually flexuous,
deep bay-brown, becoming slightly silky and orange-tawny
when dry ; flesh 2 lines thick, tawny, as is also that of the
stem ; gills slightly rounded behind, adnate, crowded, 3-4
lines broad, thin, pallid then deep olive, finally clouded
with purple from the spores ; stem about 3 in, long, § in.
thick, equal, pale above, dark ferruginous below, covered
with minute, spreading, ferruginous, fibrillose squamules,
mixed with primrose-yellow tomentum, hollow, cavity small ;
spores puri:)li8h, obliquely elliptical, 8 X 3-5 /x.
On stumps. Easily distinguished by the viscid, dark-bay
pileus, and the broad dark-olive gills clouded with purple.
Hypholoma oedipus. Cke. (figs. 10, 14, p. 351.)
Pileus 4-1 in. across, glutinous, fleshy in the centre,
membranaceous at the margin, at first turbinate or hemi-
spherical, with a ragged margin (which separates from the
inferior, very visible, and slightly darker evanescent ring ),
then convex, with an even margin, smooth, dull, hygro-
phanous, disc umber, becoming pallid at the margin, which
extends slightly beyond the gills. Stem 2 in. long, 2 lines
thick, enlarging downwards to a bulbous base, solid, fibrillose
below, pruinose above the median ring. Gills at first
whitish, becoming umber, adnate by their entire breadth,
sometimes with a minute decurrent tooth, plane, with a
somewhat granular margin. Spores dark brown.
Agaricus (Hi/pholoina) oedipus, Cke., Grevillea, vol. xiv.
p. 1 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 204 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 587a.
Attached to decayed sticks or dead leaves. Solitary or in
VOL. I. 2 c
386 FUNGUS-FLORA.
groups of two or tlireo individuals. A very distinct species,,
characterised by the distinctly bulbous base of the solid
stem.
*** VELUTINI.
Hypholoma storea. Fr.
Pileus 3 in. across, fleshy, convexo-plane, umbonate,
usually depressed round the umbo, dry, filirillose, pale
brownish or dingy pale ochraceous ; gills adnate, drj^ livid-
brownish, margin white, serriilate ; stem 4-5 in. long, 4 lines
thick, firm, solid, equal, even, rather fibrillose, pallid.
Agaricus (nyp1ioloma~) storea. Fries, Epicr., p. 223 ; Fries,
Hym. Eur., p. 293 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 204.
On decayed beech trunks, &c.
On a decayed part of a living beech trunk, found in 1815 ;
and again appearing from the same crack in 1833. Firm,
solitary, not hygiophanous, in which it differs from H.
lacrymahundus, H. pyroirklms, &c., with the habit of Inocyhe.
Stem solid, 4-5 in. long, 4 lines thick, equal, round, even,
rather fibrillose, pallid. Pileus fleshy, convex, broadly
umbonate, rather depressed round the umbo, about 3 in.
broad, the entire surface broken up into adnate longitudinal
fibrils, (rarely squarrose) ; becoming dingy brownish. Veil
appendiculate from the margin, the fibrils continuous with
those of the pileus, Flesh white, compact, not thick. Gills
adnate, with a decurrcnt tooth, livid-greyish, at length brown,
edge at first white and serrulate ; spores brown, not purple-
brown. (Fries.)
Hypholoma hypoxanthus. Phil. & Plow. (fig. 9,
p. 351.)
Caespitose. Pileiis about 2 in. across, ximbonate, moist,
viscid, dirty white, umbo darker, l)rownish, squamulose with
minute black fil)ril]jo, whicli are evanescent; gills purple-
brown, crowded, narrow, edge white, adnate, seceding, some-
times forked ; pileus subcarnose, except the centre, which is
a tliick fleshy umbo ; stem 2-4 in. high, 3 lines thick, curved,
liollow, incrassated below, whitish, smooth above, floccoso-
squamose below ; base with a distinct yellow tinge ; my-
celium orange-yellow; spores elliptical, 5 x 2-2 • 5 /x.
hypholo:ma. 387
Agaricm {Hypholomci) hypoxantlius, Pliillips & Plowright,
Grevillea, vol. xiii. p. 48.
Agaricus {Hijplioloma) storea. Fries, var. caesjntosa, Ckc,
Hdbk., p. 204; Cke., Illustr., pi. 543 (the yellow base of
the stem and the orange mycelium not shown).
It is always caespitose, and has hitherto occurred either on
rotten beech-wood or under beech- trees. (Phil. & Plow.)
Hypholoma lacrymabundus. Fr.
Pileus 2-3 in. across, fleshy, convex, obtuse, piloso-
squamose with darker innate squamules, at first white then
brownish ; flesh white ; gills about 3 lines broad, adnate,
crowded, brownish-purple, beaded with drops of moisture in
wet weather ; stem 2 in. long, 3 lines thick, equal, or
slightly thickened at the base, fibrilloso-squamose, whitish
then brownish, hollow; spores elliptic-fusiform, purple-
brown, 9 X 4 /A.
Agaricus lacrymahundus. Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 287 ; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 205 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 56G?
On the ground and on trunks. Truly caespitose.
Smaller than H. j^yrotricJiiis and H. velutinus, but firmer,
truly fleshy, not hygrophanous. Veil white, spores purple-
brown. Pileus and stem at first white, then brownish. A
very distinct species, but often confounded with the above-
mentioned species. (Fries.)
Cooke's figure quoted above differs from Fries' description
in many particulars, as the solid stem, adnexed gills, &c.
From H. ijyrotriclia and H. velutina, with which it has
been confounded, it is quite distinct in the fleshy, not
hygrophanous pileus ; truly caespitose, firm ; stem hollow,
2 in. long, 3-4 lines thick, base rather incrassated, fibrilloso-
squamose, brownish-white. Veil discrete, fibrillose, ap-
pendiculate, white. Pileus truly fleshj^ but not very
compact, convex, obtuse, 'Z-H in. broad, piloso-squamose,
squamules innate, darker, white when young, then brown,
becoming paler towards the margin. Pileus often irregular
from mutual pressure. Flesh white, (lills adnate, crowded,
3 lines broad, whitish, then like the spores brownish-purple,
edge white, and in rainy weather beaded with drops of
moisture. (Fries.)
2 c 2
388 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Hypholoma velutinus. Pers.
Pileus 2-4 iu. across, rather fleshy, campanulate then
expanded, at length obtusely umbonate, even, at first
tomentose with adpressed fibrils, then almost glabrous,
hj^grophanous, flesh very thin, coloured like the pileus ;
stem 3-4 in. long, 3-5 lines thick, hollow, silky-fibrous, dirty
clay-colour : gills separating from the stem, rather crowded,
brownish then bay-brown, spotted with black; spores
elliptical, 10 X 5 fx.
Agaricus velutinus, Persoon, Syn., p. 409; Fries, Hym.
Eur., p. 293 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 205 ; Cke., Illustr., ph 563.
Amongst grass, &c. Size variable, often very large,
fragile. Not caespitose.
Subcaespitose, fragile ; stem hollow, up to 4—5 in. long, i
in. and more thick in the largest forms, in smaller forms 2
in. long, 2 lines thick,- equal, silky-fibrillose, tomentose above
from the veil, dingy clay-colour ; veil especially attached to
the margin of the pileus, woolly, at first white, then blackish ;
pileus rather fleshy, campanulate then expanded, at length
obtusely umbonate, not squamose, but when young entirely
tomentose with adpressed filirils, at length almost glabrous
and even, 2-4 in. broad, livid when fresh, tawny Avhen half
dry, dirty clay-colour when dry. Flesh very thin, coloured
like the pileus, fragile. Gills adfixed and readily seceding
(almost free), broad (4-5 lines in larger form), not crowded,
at first brownish, margin white, then bay-brown, spotted
with black. (Fries.)
Hypholoma velutinus. Pers. (3. leiocephalus.
Pileus hygro]ihanous, rugged, smooth except at the
margin, which like the stem is fibrillose, apex of stem
farinose.
On old stiinips.
Densely caespitose ; much smaller tlian the common form,
but apparently a mere variety, though a very striking one,
itom its smooth, but very rugged disc. (B. & Br.)
Hypholoma pyrotrichus. Ilolmsk.
I'ileus 2-4 in. across, rather fleshy, conical, then hemi-
Bi)herical, obtuse, covered with orange-tawny fibrils collected
HYPHOLOMA. 389
into minute rather adpressed squamules, flesh and veil
tawny ; stem 3-4 in. long, 3-5 lines thick, equal, fibrillose
or with squarrose squamules, becoming tawny, hollow ; gills
adnate, pallid then brownish, 2-3 lines broad; spores
elliptical, 11 x 6 /x.
Agaricus pyrotrichus, Holmskiold, Ot. ii. t. 35 ; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 205 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 564.
On the ground near trunks, stumps, &c. Caespitose.
Very showy, pileus often bright orange-tawny, veil fringing
the margin, which is a little incurved. Stem fibrous, soft,
often with squarrose squamules.
Tufted, rather firm. Stem hollow, fibrous, soft, 2-3 in.
long, 2-3 lines thick, equal, or very slightly thickened at
the base, fibrillose, commonly squarrosely squamulose,
becoming tawny. Veil conspicuously append iculate, tawny.
Pileus rather fleshy, at first hemispherical, obtuse, then
expanded, 3 in. broad, densely covered with tawny fibrils
that are collected into minute subdepressed squamules, colour
hence tawny or orange-tawny, persistent. Flesh tawny.
Gills adnate, rather crowded, broad, at first pallid, margin
flocculose, white, then brownish, at length free. (Fries.)
Var. egregius. Massee.
Pileus 2-3 in. across, convex, obtuse, ochraceous, with
numerous small, orange-red squamules, margin incurved,
fringed with the remains of the veil, flesh thick in the centre,
becoming very thin towards the margin ; stem 4-5 in. long,
f in. thick, hollow, pale ochraceous, below the ring covered
with spreading squarrose whitish scales, above the ring
smooth ; gills crowded, broadly adnate, i in. broad, purple-
brown, margin white; spores broadly elliptical or nearly
globose, apiculate, purple-brown, smooth, G x 4-5 fx, cystidia
none.
In a fir wood, Scarborough, October, 1880. Fasciculate,
near to stumps. Difi'ers from the typical form in the densely
shaggy stem. Flesh of pileus and stem pale ochraceous.
**** FLOCCULOSI.
Hypholoma cascus. Fries.
Pileus 1-2'- in. across, rather fleshy, oval then expanded,
390 FUNGUS-FLORA.
soft, almost glabrous, rugulose, diugy greyish ochre theu
pale, disc obtuse, even ; gills rounded behind and adnexed,
ventricose, dry, 3-4 lines broad, greyish then blackish-
brown, edge whitisli ; stem 2-4 in. long, 2-3 lines thick,
equal, fibrillose, white, rather pruinose, hollow.
Agaricus (^Hypholoma) cascus. Fries, Epicr., p. 224 : Cke.,
Ildbk., p. 205 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 544.
In grass}^ places, ({regarious ; fragile.
Terrestrial, gregarious, not caespitose, very fragile. Stem
hollow, equal, 3-4 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, hbrillose, white,
apex slightly powdered with white meal. Veil appendi-
culate at the margin of the pileus, squamulose, white, and in
the young stage forming white squamules on the pileus,
which soon disappear. Pileus rather flcsh5% oval then
expanded, obtuse, l},-o in. broad, glabrous, livid-grey, truly
soft, rugulose, and whitish clay-colour when dry ; disc very
persistently even. Gills rounded, adnexed, ventricose, up
to 4 lines broad, dry, fragile, grey then blackish-brown,
edge whitish. (Fries.)
Hypholoma punctulatus. Kalchbr.
Caespitose. Pileus about 1 in. across, flesh thin, convex,
obtuse, margin involute and the centre rather depressed,
dry, pallid, with a yellowish or brownish tinge, minutely
squamulose from the very delicate veil, at length naked;
flesh pale brownish, tawny towards the base ; gills 2-3 lines
broad, sinuato-adnato, with a decurrent tooth, rather
crowded, edge entire, pallid then pale-umber ; stem 1-2 in.
long, 2-3 lines thick, fleshy-fibrous, stuffed, equal or rather
bulbous at the base, pallid, squamuloso-tibrillose up to the
ring, glabrous above ; ring superior or near the apex, thin,
formed of iiljrik clustered to form a zone, fugacious ; si^ores
brown.
Agaricus {Pholiota) 2>unchdatu8, Kalchbronner, Icon. Sel.
Hung., p. 25, pi. 14, f. 2.
Agaricus (Strojjharia) punctulatus (Kalchbr.), Fries, Hym.
Eur., p. 282.
Agaricus (Hypholoma') punctulatus, Cke., Ildbk., p. 206 ;
Cke.', llluKtr., pi. 587 b.
On rotten twigs and on chips lying on the ground.
Densely tufted.
HYPHOLOMA. 391
As seen from tbe synonyms given above, there appears to
'be some uncertainty as to the correct genus to which the
present fungus belongs, but, judging from the figure and
■description, it belongs to the present genus.
***** APPENDICULATL
Hypholoma lanaripes. Cke.
Pileus li-2| in. across, rather fleshy, campanulate, then
expanded with the margin upturned and the centre conical,
hygrophanous, squamose, with superficial scales arising
from the breaking up of the cuticle, pallid or pale dingy
buff; veil attached to the margin in small, fugacious
patches ; gills adnexed, crowded, about 2 lines broad, whitish
then purplish-brown; stem 2-3 in. long, about 2 lines thick,
equal, fragile, rather fibrillose, white, tomentose at the base,
hollow, brownish within.
Agaricus (Hypholoma) lanaripes, Cke., Seem. Journ. Bot.
(1863), p. 66, t. 3, f. 2; Cke., Hdbk., p. 206; Cke., Illustr.,
pi. 545.
On soil in conservatories.
A very distinct species, recognised by the scaly, pallid
pileus, which at maturity is broadly conical in the centre,
and more or less upturned at the margin.
Hypholoma Candolleanus. Fr.
Pileus li-S in. across, slightly fleshy, campanulato-convex
then expanded, obtuse, glabrous, hygrophanous, bay when
moist, almost white with the disc ochraceous when dry;
flesh white ; veil appendiculate ; gills rounded behind and
adnexed, crowded, pale-violet then cinnamon-brown, narrow ;
stem 2-3 in. long, 2 lines thick, rather fibrillose, hollow,
white ; spores elliptical, 8 X 4 /x.
Aqaricus Candolleanus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 296 ; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 206 ; Cke., Hdbk., pi. 546.
On stumps and on the ground. Caespitose.
Colour of the pileus and gills very variable, depending on
the amount of moisture. The appendiculate veil and gills
violet at first, readily distinguish the present species. Base
of stem solid and slightly incrassated. Pileus whitish, apex
ochraceous, but bay at first. Flesh white. (Fries.)
392 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Distinguished amongst its allies by the gills being at first
]>retty obscixre violet, never flesh-colour. l3ensely caespitose,
fragile, very hygrophanous. Stem fistnlose, 3 in. long,
3-4 lines thick, base solid, rather thickened, fibrillose,
white, apex striate. Veil curtain-like, appendiculate, white
then yelloAvish. Pileus rather fleshy, glandiform then
campanulate, soon convex and at length expanded, obtuse,
unequal, 2-4 in. broad, smooth, even, bay then whitish, disc
subochraceous. Flesh thin, white. Gills rotundato-ad-
nexed, then separating (from the stem), crowded, violet then
brownish- cinnamon, edge at first whitish. (Fries.)
Hypholoma appendiculatus. Bull.
Pileus 2-3 in. across, flesh thin, ovate then expanded,
glabrous, hygrophanous, bay-brown, becoming white with
an ochraceous tinge, rugose, and rather atomate when dry ;
gills adnexed, crowded, dry, rather narrow, whitish then
brownish flesh-colour; stem 2-3 in. long, 2-3 lines thick,
equal, glabrous, apex mealy, white, hollow ; spores elliptical,
o X 2-5 fi.
Acjaricus appendiculntus, Bulliard, Champ., t. 392 (including
H. CandoUeanus) ; Cke., Hdbk,, p. 206 ; Cke., Illustr.,
pi. 547.
On stumps and trunks. Caespitose.
Gills browu-red to chocolate, four in a set ; pilexis white
to brown, conical, blunt. Stem white, smooth, splitting. . . .
Growing in crowded patches ; the pileus often splits to its
centre, as rei^resonted in Bulliard's fig. C. The curtain
hanging like a fringe from the edge of the pileu,s, is very
fugacious, and will not be found many minutes after the
l)ileus is fully expanded. (Purton.)
Densely caespitose, very fragile and hygrophanous. Gills
whitish then brownish flesh - colour, distinguishes the
present from H. CandoUeanus, but this character agrees with
Psilocyhe spadicca, which is clearly separated by the total
absence of a veil, and by being more robust and rigid.
Stem fislulose, 3 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, equal, glabrous,
white, apex pruinose ; veil, as in IT. CandoUeanus, fimbriate,
fugacious, white. Pileus flesh^-membranaceous, thinner
than in H. CandoUeanus, ovate then expanded, at length
flattened, obtuse, 2-3 in. broad, glabrous, bay then tawny;
HYPHOLOMA. 393
when dry truly rugulose, rather atomate, ochraceous 1)600111-
iog pale. Gills subadnate, crowded, dry, white then flesh-
colour, at length hrown. (Fries.)
Hypholoma catarius. Fr.
Pileus h-^ in. across, flesh thin, hemispherical, then
expanded, even, glabrous, hygrophanous, ochraceous, becom-
ing paler when dry ; gills adnate, narrow, rather crowded,
whitish then brown; stem 1-1| iu. long, 1-1| line thick,
equal, white, rather shining, base incrassated and covered
with white floccose down, apex striate, hollow ; ring superio)-,
fugacious, often attached in fragments to the margin of the
pileus ; spores elliptic-oblong, 6 x 3 /x.
Agaricus (Hi/pholoma) catarius, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 296 ;
Cke., Illustr., pi. 1176 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 337.
Agaricus felmus, Passerini (not of Persoon).
On the ground amongst grass.
Gregarious, subcaespitose, ochraceous, pileus scarcely 1 in.
diameter. Stem about li in. long. Spores 6 x 3 /x.
(Cooke.)
Hypholoma leucotephrum. B. & Br.
Tufted ; pileus 2-3 in. across, at first pallid, subcampanu-
late, rugose, then con vexo -expanded and whitish ; gills
narrow, li line broad, slightly adnate, greyish- white, grey,
then blackish ; stem 3-4 in. high, i in. thick, silky-fibrou&
below, apex striate or sulcato-striate, fistulose, ring ample,
here and there appendiculate from margin of pileus ; spores
purple-brown, 10 X 6 /a.
Agaricus (^Hypholoma) leucotephrus, B. & Br., Ann. Sci. Nat.,
n. 1256; Cke., Illustr., t. 548.
In large masses at the base of ash-trees. This is clearly
different from A. Candolleanus and A. appendiculatus. The
pileus is not of a rich brown when young, nor are the gills
when old at all brown. (B. & Br.)
Hypholoma egenulus. B. & Br.
Solitarj\ Pileus Ih in. across, hemispherical then ex-
panded, umbonate, watery white, when dry snow-wliite,
not decidedly rugose or atomate, quite smooth as if gunimeil,.
margin finely striate, appendiculate; gills slightly ventri-
cose, adnate with a decurrent tooth, rather distant, purplish-
394 FUNGUS-FLORA.
umber, margin white ; stem 2 in. high, Ij line thick,
attenuated upwards or nearly equal, fistulose, minutely
adpres80-squamose ; spores purple-hrown.
Aqaricus (^Hi/pholoma) egcnulus, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist.,
n. 915 ; Cke., lllustr. t. 605 A ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 207.
On the ground amongst grass. Has exactly the habit of
Schaeff. t. 205 (.4. cernuus) ; but that belongs to a different
section. The nearest ally is A. appendiculatus.
Hypholoma pilulaeformis. Bull.
Pileus rj-l \ in. across, rather membranaceous, globose
then expanded, obtuse, even, glabrous, brown when moist,
dingy ochraceous when dry ; gills adnexed, separating from
the stem, thin, white, then becoming brownish ; stem about
1 in. long and 1 line thiek, glabrous, white, hollow; veil
interwoven, at first forming a ring.
Agaricus pilulaeformis, Bulliard, Champ., t. 112; Fries,
Hym. Eur., p. 29G ; Fries, Mon. i. p. 428.
On mossy trunks.
Eesembles a diminutive form of H. appendicnlatus, dif-
fering more essentially in the gills never assuming a flesh-
coloured tinge. In habit resembling Psathyrella disseminata,
very crowded and fragile. Stem hollow, 1 in. long, 1 line
thick, flexuous, glabrous, white, apex naked. Veil evident,
interwoven, in young specimens ring-like. Pileus almost
membranaceous, globose then expanded, obtuse, 1 in. and
more broad, even, smooth, l)rown when moist, dingy ochra-
ceous when dry. Gills adnexed, readily separating, thin,
narrow, linear, dry, white then grey, at length brownish.
(Fries.)
Hypholoma hydrophilus. Bull.
Pileus 1-2 in. across, flesh thin, convex then expanded
and almost plane, obtuse, rather wavy sometimes, hygro-
phanous, rugose, disc even, margin slightly inturnod and
split, tawny-ochraceous when dry ; gills adnexed, ventricose,
-about 2 lines broad, crowded, exuding drops of water, pallid,
then brownish-cinnamon ; stem about 2 in. long, 2-3 lines
thick, adpressedly fibrillose, apex rather mealy, pallid,
usually curved, hollow ; spores elliptical, rusty-cinnamon,
5 X 3/x.
STROPHARIA. 395
Agaricus hydrophilus, Bulliard, Champ., t. 511 ; Fries,
Monogr. i. p. 427 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 207 ; Cke., lUustr., pi.
605 b.
Bolhitius hydrophilus, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 333.
At the base of trunks, stumps, &c. Caespitose. Some-
what resembling Psilocyhe spadicea, but distinguished by the
absence of a rosy tint in the gills and by the small ferru-
ginous spores. Considered by Fries in his latest work as a
species of Bolhitius.
Veil very fugacious. Often absent. Pileus pale tawny
when dry. General structure that of the appendiculate
species of Hypholoma, but diifering in the obsolete veil, and
small, ferruginous spores. (Fries.)
The veil though fugacious, at once distinguishes it
(Hypholoma hydrophilus) from some other species with which
it might easily be confounded. (Berk.)
Very similar to H. appendiculatus but widely different in
the giils exuding drops of water, and in this feature agree-
ing with H. velutinus. Very caespitose and fragile. Stem
fistulose, 2 in. long, 2 lines thick, rather curved and often
compressed, fibrillosely reticulated under a lens, at first
white then becoming ferruginous, apex obsoletely mealy.
Veil marginal, fimbriated, white, fugacious. Pileus fleshy-
membranaceous, bullate, then convex, finally expanded,
often very irregular from mutual pressure, about 1^ in. across ;
moist, even, bay, when growing; rugose (the prominent
disc even) when dry, margin incurved, undulate. Flesh
very thin, readily splitting, pure white when dry. Gills
adnate, ventricose, and sometimes appearing to be almost
free, crowded, watery, exuding drops of water, bay-brown.
Spores more evidently ferruginous than in the other species.
(Fries.)
STEOPHAEIA. Fries, (figs. 8, 17, p. 351).
Pileus somewhat fleshy, often with a viscid pellicle ; stem
central, its flesh continuous with that of the pileus ; veil
present, forming a distinct ring round the stem ; gills adnate
or adnexed, becoming dark brown or purplish.
Stropharia (as a subgenus), Fries, Monogr. i. p. 408 ;
Cke., Hdbk., p. 197.
396 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Distingiiished amongst the Porphjrosporae by the presence
of a distinct ring in conjunction with adnate or adnexed
gills.
The species nsuallj^ grow on the ground or on dnng.
Stropliaria corresponds with PhoUota and ArmlUaria.
Agreeing with Psallioia in having a distinct ring on the
stem, but differing much in other respects, especially in
haA'iiig the substance of the stum continuous with that of the
pileus, and in the structure, and more or less adnate attach-
ment of the gills to the stem. (Fries.)
ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES.
A. VisciPELLES. — Pileus with an even or squamose, often
viscid pellicle.
* MuNDi. — Not growing on dimg.
** Merdarii. — King often incomplete.
B. Spiktkigeri. — Pileus without a pellicle, but innato-
fibrillose ; not viscid.
A. VISCIPELLES.
* Mundi.
Stropharia Percevali. B. & Br.
Pileus 1^-2 in. across, slightly viscid, fleshy, ochraceous,
umbonate, then expanded, here and there, esjiecially towards
the margin, Avith white floccose scpiamules that eventually
disappear; flesh at length dull umber; gills broad, .\ in.,
adnexed, distant, white, then greyish, finally pale umber ;
stem 2-0 in. high, ^-^ in. thick at base, .[ in. above, trans-
versely squamose, hollow, pale above, ring narrow, more or
less persistent, umber within; spores 12-14 x 6 yu,.
Agaricus (Slrojiharia^ Percevali, B. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist.,
n. 1767 ; Cke., lldbk., p. 197 ; Cke., Illustr. t. 550.
On sawdust and rotten wood. Allied to A. sqiiamosus, but
quite distinct.
Stropharia versicolor. With.
J 'ileus fleshy, convexo-plane, scaly, scales of the disc
STROPHARIA. 397
crowded ; stem spongy, stuiFed, bulbous, whitish then
brownish, ring persistent; gills decurrent, pallid, then
reddish-brown.
Aijaricm versicolor, Withering, Bot., vol. 4, p. 158 ; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 197.
On the ground.
Pileus 1-4 in. broad, scurfy, especially in the centre ;
( on vex, at length flat, but the edge much curled in. Gills
decurrent. Stem 2 in. high, as thick as a swan's quill,
thickest downwards. (With.)
The present species has not been found since Withering's
time, hence little is known about it. The decurrent gills
suggest that the present genus is not its proper place,
Ijut for the present it is left here in deference to the opinion
of previous authors.
Stropharia aeruginosa. Curt, (fig. 3, p. 351.)
Pileus 2-3 in. across, fleshy, convex then almost plane,
rather umbonate, covered with bluish-green mucus that
eventually disappears, leaving the pileus pale straw-colour
or pallid, smooth or at first with scattered white squamules ;
gills adnate, o lines broad, soft, brown then purplish ; stem
about 3 in. high ; equal, viscid, squamosely fibrillose below
the ring, smooth above, greenish, hollow ; spores elliptical,
10 X 5 /x.
Agnricus aeruginosus, Curtis, Flor. Lond., t. 309 ; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 197; Cke., lUustr., pi. 551.
On the ground and on wood ; in pastures and woods. A
very beautiful species ; bright bluish-green before the
glutinous pellicle disappeai's ; when growing in woods the
]iileus is often adorned with snow-white, scattered squamules.
The typical and very elegant form occurs late in the
autumn in woods, large (pileus also, stem 3 in. and more),
stem with white squarrose squamules, pileus with scattered
white squamules, with an intensely aeruginous or bluish
jDellicle, very glutinous. From this form a series occur
having the gluten of the pileus soon disappearing, as also do
the squamules from the pileus and stem, and the jjileu.s
becomes yellowish. A smaller form occurs in sunny pastures,
stem scarcely 2 in. long, 2 lines thick, greeui.sh-blue, without
squamules; pileus 1-2 in. broad, pale greenish-blue then
398 FUNGUS-FLORA.
yellowish, less viscid. In this form the ring is incomplete,
whereas in the type it is spreading, entire, persistent.
The essential points of this species are : stem hollow, soft,
equal, squamnlose or fihrillose, and viscid below the ring at
first, moic or less bhiish-green, ring distant ; jiileus fleshy
but not compact, campanulato-convex then expanded, snb-
nmbonate (in most cases obtuse), with a viscid pellicle,
ground yellowisli but from the mucus bluish ; gills adnate,
plane, 2 lines and more broad, not crowded, solt, whitish,
then brown, finally with a purple shade. Sometimes cae-
spitose. (Fries.)
Stropharia albo-cyanea. Desm.
Pileus ?,-rj in. across, rather fleshy, convexo-campanulate,
then expanded, umbonato, even, viscid, bluish-green then
pale ; gills narrowly adnexed, narrow, pale flesh-colour, then
brown, at length purplish ; stem 1-2 in. long, 1 line thick,
equal, flexuous, dry, even, whitish or tinged with green,
hollow ; ring present but incomplete ; spores elliptical,
brownish -purple, 7-8 x 3-4 /x.
Aqaricus alho-ci/anens, Desmaz., Catal., p. 22 ; Cke., Illustr.,
pi. 552; Cke., Hdbk., p. 1!>8.
On the ground and on dimg. The pileus often becomes
tinged with straw-colour when drj'. Smaller, more slender,
and softer than ;S'. aeruginosa, pellicle of the pileus also
thinner, and not readily separable.
Stem hollow, sott, at length fragile, about 2 in. long, 3-4
lines thick, equal, ascending or flexuous, almost naked below
the ring, not viscid, white. Ring some lines distant, white,
or stained with the brown spores, stem above the ring mealy.
I'ileuK fleshy, convex, then ]ilanc, glabrous, always naked
(not squamose) and viscid, but the gluten is limpid, not
coloured, white and shining when young, then bluish-green.
Flesh soft, watery. Gills adnate, thin, scarcely crowded,
rather broad, at first white, then rather sinuate, brownish.
Sometimes caespitose. Pellicle of the pileus scarcely
separable. (Fries.)
Stropharia Worthingtoni. Fr.
Pileus about 1 in. across, flesh thin, campanulate, even,
smooth, viscid, yellow; stem 2-3 in. long, 1 line or more
STROPHAKIA. 399"
thick, flexnose, smooth, dark "bine, fistulose; ring incomplete,
distant; gills adnata, broad, cinnamon-brown ; spores ellipti-
cal, brown, 7 X 4 /la.
Acjaricus (^Stropharia) Worthingtoni, Fries, Hym. Eur., p.
286.
Agaricus (Stropharia) albo-cyaneus. Smith & Sannd., pi. 29,
f. 1-0 (not of Desmaz.).
On the ground, in pastures, &c. Allied to Stropharia alho-
cyanea, but distinguished by the yellow pileus and the firmer,
larger stem.
Stropharia inuncta. Fr.
Pileus |-1 in across, slightly fleshy, convex or campanulate
then expanded, rather umbonate, even, glabrous, soft, at first
covered with a livid-purplish glutinous pellicle that dis-
appears leaving the pileus pale ; gills adnate, 1^ line broad,
ventricose, pale then dilute brown : stem 2-3^ in. long, 1-^-
line thick, flexiious, soft, white, silky-fibrillose below the
distant, imperfect, fugacious ring, stuffed or hollow ; spores
elliptical, 8 x 6 /x.
Agaricus (^Stropharia) inunctus, Fries, Elenchus, p. 40 ;
Cke., Hdbk., p. liiS ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 534.
Amongst grass. Fries distinguishes two forms : —
Lundensis, pileus convex then expanded, stem stuffed.
Upsaliensis, pileus convex then plane, distinctly umbonate,
stem hollow.
Gregarious, subcaespitose. Stem fistulose, 3 in. long,
thin, equal, sometimes flexuous, often decumbent, very soft,
dry, white, silky-fibrillose below the distant, fugacious ring.
Pileus fleshy, convexo-plane, subumbonate, pelliculose, one
rarely 2 in. across, viscid, glabrous, pale yellow, but livid
purple from the dense gluten with which it is at first covered,
margin slightly striate. Flesh thin, soft, white. Gills
adnate, with a decurrent tooth, 3 lines broad, scarcely
crowded, whitish then brownish. Spores purple-brown.
(Fries.)
Stropharia coronilla. P>nll.
Pileus 1-1^, in. across, fleshy, hemispherical then expanded,
even, slightly viscid, tawny-ochraceous, becoming pale,
margin at first whitish and slightly floccose from the veil ;
400 FUNGUS-FLORA.
ijjills adnate, sinuate, crowded, 2 lines broad, whitish, then
purple-violet, at length blackish, edge whitish; stem 1-li
in. long, 2-4: lines thick, attenuated downwards, base equal
or slightly bulbous, fibrillose, white, stufted, then hollow;
ring median on the stem, striate ; spores purple-brown,
elliptical, 10 x 5 /a.
Agaricus (Stro})haria^ coronillus, Bulliard, Champ., tab. 597 ;
Cke,, Hdbk., p. 198 ; Cke., lUustr., pi. 535.
On the ground. Small but firm ; flesh of pileus 3-6 lines
thick in the centre, white. Smell something like that of
radishes. With the habit of PsalUota, but distinguished by
the gills not being free from the stem.
Stropharia ventricosa. Massee.
Pileus about 1 in. across, campanulate then almost plane,
broadly gibbous, even, smooth, slightly viscid in wet weather,
tawny-ochraceous, paler when dry ; flesh thick in the
centre, becoming very thin at the margin, pale ochraceous ;
gills slightly adnexed, almost free, ventricose, 2},— 3 lines
broad, rather crowded, thin, greyish-lilac then purplish-
brown, margin ])ale ; stem 2i— 3 in. long, ventricose below
the middle, 4-5 lines diameter at the swollen part, ending
in a long, tapering, rooting base, pale yellow, minutel}'^
squamulose downwards, hollow, brown within, ring large,
persistent, near the apex of the stem, white, pendulous,
margin striate; spores elliptical, purple-brown, 10 x 6 /a.
Agaricus {^Stropharia) merdarius. Fries, var. major, Cke.,
Hdbk., Suppl., p. 383 (not of Fries) ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 1188.
On the ground.
Growing in tufts of 3-6. Known from all other species
by the distinctly fusiform, rooting stem, and the large,
persistent, striate ring. Gills almost free.
Stropharia obturata. Fr.
Pileus ,',-1 in. across, rather compact, convex then plane,
obtuse, almost dry, at length cracked into squamules, yellow ;
gills adnate, plane, whitish then purplish-umber ; stem 1— 1|
in. long, 3 lines thick, attenuated downwards, white, stuffed ;
ring tumid, white ; si)ore8 purple-brown.
AgaricuH (Stropharia) ohturatus, Fries, Syst. Myc. Eur. i.
p. 283 ; Fries, Uym. Eur., p. 285.
STROPHARIA. 401
On the ground in pastures, &c.
Pileus yellow, hardly pelliculose, not glutinous, and liriu
like the stem.
Distinguished from S. inuncta and S. nlhoci/anea by the
compact flesh and stouter nature. Stem firm, stuffed, short,
1-1 1 in. long, 3 lines and more thick, attenuated downwards,
even, white, not squamose; ring superior, deflexed, white.
Pileus fleshy, convex then plane, obtuse, obsoletely viscid,
commonly dry, yellow, even, but often cracked into squa-
niules ; flesh compact, white. Gills adnate, without a decur-
rent tooth, crowded, plane, white then purple-umber. (Fries. )
Stropharia melasperma. Bull. (fig. 8, ji. 351.)
Pileus 1-2 in. across, fleshy, convex then plane and often
slightly depressed at the centre, soft, even, slightly viscid,
soon dry, the cuticle often broken into patches, centre straw-
colour, margin whitish; gills aduexed, deeply sinuate,
crowded, ventricose, 2-3 lines broad, whitish, then greyish-
violet, at length greyish-black ; stem 1-2 in. long, nearly
equal, silky-fibrillose, often curved at the base, becoming
smooth, apex striate, stufled, white ; ring white, rather close
to the pileus, deciduoi;s ; spores elliptical, brownish-purple,
10x6 iJi.
Agaricus melaspermus, Bulliard, Champ., tab. 540, fig. 1 ;
Cke., Hdbk., p. 198 ; Cke., lUustr., pi. 53G.
On the ground in pastures, &c. Flesh of pileus white, of
the stem pale straw-colour. Resembling S. coronilla in
general appearance and stature, but distinguished by the
equal stem with the apex striate.
Stropharia squamosa. Fr.
Pileus li-3 in. across, flesh thin, convex then almost piano,
often wavy, rather viscid, with scattered concentrically
arranged, superficial floccose scales, yellowish-tan ; gills
adnate, crowded, 2-3 lines broad, brown then blackish, edge
whitish ; stem 3-4 in. long, 2-4 lines thick, tough, straight
or slightly flexuous, villoso-squamose below the distant ring,
smooth above, whitish, ierruginous towards the base, partly
hollow; spores elliptical, 12 x 6 yu.
Agaricm {Stropharia) squamosum. Fries, Syst. Myc. i.
p. 284; Cke., Hdbk., p. 199; Cke., Illustr. pi. 553.
On the ground in woods, &c.
VOL. I. 2d
402 FUNGUS-FLOKA.
The stem is sometimes covered below the ring with reflexed
fibrillose squamnles, at other times strigosely tomentose.
Stem tubular, at first stuffed, soon hollow, slender, 3-5 in.
long, 2 lines tliick, equal, tough, pale above ferruginous
downwards, powdered above the distant, entire, membrana-
cec^us ring, below the ring sometimes covered with squarrose
squamules, at others tomentose and densely strigose ; pileus
fleshy, thin, hemispherical then expanded, often obtuse or
with an obsoletely gibbous umbo, 1-3 in. broad, with a viscid
pellicle when moist, not viscid when dry, ochraceous, covered
with sujierficial, concentrically arranged, pilose squamules.
Gills adnate, broad, crowded, plane, grey then blackish, edge
white. (Fries.)
Var. thraustus, Fr. Differing from the typical form in
the pileus, soon becoming glabrous. Slenderer than the tj'pe,
pileus about 1 in. across, stem 4—5 in. high ; spores elliptical,
12 X 0 /x.
Agarkus {Stropharia) ihraustus, Kalchb., Icon. Fung. Hung.,
t. 15, f. 4.
Agarkus (Stropliaria) sguamosus, Fr., var. thraustus, Fries,
Hym. Eur., p. 286 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 199 ; Cke., lllustr., pi. 554.
Amongst grass.
Var. aurantiaca, Cooke. Agreeing in size with the
typical form, but having the pileus orange or brick-red;
sjjores elliptical, 12 x 6 /u,.
Agaricus (Strojjharia) squamosus. Fries, var. aurantiacus,
Cke., Hdbk., p. 199 ; Cke., Ulustr., pi. 555.
Amongst grass.
** Merdarii.
Stropharia luteo-nitens. Flor. Dan.
Pileus ;^-l in. across, Ik'sh thin, conico-eampanulate, um-
bonate, viscid, yellow, even, margin squamulose; gills
adnexed, ventricose, 1-2 lines broad, greyish-black; stem
]-li in. high, 1 line or more thick, even, pruinose above the
distant imperfect ring, whitish, hollow; spores elliptical,
10-11 X (■' i^.
On dung in pastures.
Small, hardly bquamose, stem short, fibrilloso-striate under
a lens. (Fries.)
STKOPHAEIA. 403
Cooke says that the present species also occurs on dung
and sawdust.
Agaricus (Stropharia) luteo-nitens. Flora Danica, tab. 1057 ;
Fries, Hym.Eur., p. 286 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 200; Cke., Illustr.,
pi. 604.
Intermediate between Stropharia squamosa and Psilocyhe
coprophila, having the scaly pileus and ring of the former
with the stature of the latter. Stem fistulose, firm, 2 in.
long, 2 lines thick, equal, even, very minutely silky-fibrillose,
pallid, pruinose above the distant, entire,- spreading ring.
Pileus rather fleshy, conical then hemispherical, umbonate,
1-2 in, broad, even, glabrous, but scaly towards the margin,
viscid when moist, yellow and shining when dry ; superficial
scales soon disappearing, pallid. Flesh white. Gills sub-
adnate, very ventricose, broad, plane, grey then blackish.
(Fries.)
Stropharia merdaria. Fr.
Pileus -\-l in. across, flesh thin, convex becoming almost
plane, obtuse, glabrous, moist, hygrophanous, dingy yel-
lowish-brown or pale bay ; gills adnate, ventricose, about
Ih line broad, yellowish then umber; stem about 1 in. long,
1-1 i line thick, dry, flocculose, pale, hollow; ring torn,
fugacious ; spores broadly elliptical, 8 x 5 /x.
Agaricus (Stropharia) merdarius, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p.
291 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 200; Cke., Illustr., pL 537.
On dry dung. Gregarious.
Stem generally about 1 in. long, when longer flexuous, at
length almost even. Veil at first interwoven, then forming
a thin ring, portions also remain at the margin of the pileus.
Pileus pelliculose, but not truly viscid, almost cinnamon
colour when moist, ochraceous when dry, margin at length
finely striate. A much larger variety exists (with the habit
of S. aeruginosa^ having the pileus gibbous, yellow then
straw-colour, stem partly stufi'ed. (Fries.)
Gregarious, subcaespitose ; stem tough, stuffed with a
distinct pith, 2-3 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, equal subflexuous
everywhere silky and squamulose, dry, pale straw-colour,
base with white down, apex striate due to the decurrent
line-like teeth of the gills. I have seen it brown inside
when old, ring incomplete, torn, the greater portion usually
2 D 2
404 FUNGUS-FLOKA.
adhering to the margin of tlie pileus, as in species of
JTypholoma. Pileiis fleshy, at first obtusely campanulate,
then convexo-plane, gihbous, 2 in. broad, glabrous, pellicu-
lose, rather viscid, yellow then straAv-colonr, margin thin,
deflexed, even. Flesh white. Gills adnato-decnrrent,
rather crowded, plane, 3 lines broad, soft, very broad behind,
pallid then brown from the Idackish-brown spores. (Fries.}
Stropharia stercoraria. Fr.
Pileus about 1 in. across, sometimes more, rather fleshj-,^
hemispherical then expanded, even, glabrous, discoid, yelloAV ;
gills broadly adnate, with a decurrent tooth, 4 lines broad,
whitish then umber or blackish-oliA^e, sometimes brownish-
purple ; stem 4-5 in. long, 2 lines thick, equal, stuffed with
a distinct pith, flocculose below the distant imperfect ring,
rather viscid, whitish with a yellow tinge; spores elliptical,
18-20 X 8-10 /x.
Agaricus (^Stropharia) stercorarius. Fries, Syst. Myc. i.
1^ 291 ; Cke., ndl)k., p. 200; Cke., Illiistr., pi. 538.
On dung. Closely resembling Stropharia scmighhata, but
usually larger, and distinguished more especially by the
distinct pith in the stem, by the portion of stem below the
ring l)eing at first flocculose, and by the much larger spores.
On dry dung. Stem stufted with a distinct fibrous cord,
3 in. long and more, 2-3 lines thick, equal, clothed-up to the
viscid, narrow, somewhat spreading ring — which is situated
about 1 in. from the pileus — with the flocculose and viscid
veil, so that it appears smooth ; yellow, silky-viscid
when moist, when dry truly even, shining, j'ellowish white,
without an evident veil. Pileus fleshy, thin at the margin,
hemispherical then expanded, obtuse, orbicular, 1 in. across,
with a viscid pellicle, naked, glabrous, oven, or at length
with the margin slightly striate, yellow. (Hlls adnate,
very broad behind, 2 lines broad, rather crowded, umber-
brown or olive-brown, of one colour, quite entire. (Fries.)
Stropharia semiglobata. Patsch. (fig. 17, p. 351.)
Pileus h-'i in. across, persistently hemispherical, even,
viscid, pale yellow; gills broadly adnate, 4-5 lines broad,
plane, greyish, clouded with black; stem 3-5 in. high, 1-1 i
lino thick, equal, glabrous, viscid, yellowish ; ring imperfect,
STROPHARIA. 405
inferior, soon stained with the dark spores ; spores elliptical,
•ends rather acute, blackish-purple, 12 x 6 /j-.
Agaricus (^Stropharia) semiglohatiis, Batsch, Elench., fig. 110 ;
Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 287 ; Gke., Hdbk., p. 200 ; Cke., Illustr.,
pi. 539.
On dung.
Smaller and more slender than <S^. stercoraria, stem hollow,
straight, about 3 in. long, 1 line thick, equal, even, glabrous,
yellowish, apex paler, becoming spotted with black by the
spores, the rest smeared with the glutinous veil terminating
abnxptly above in an incomplete (not membranaceous) viscid
ring that is distant from the pileus. Pileus rather fleshy,
hemispherical, not expanded, very obtuse, usually about
li^ in. broad, even, viscid, yellow. Gills adnate, very broad,
plane clouded with black. Spores as in S. stercorarius,
purple-brown. Although occurring everywhere, yet varying
little. (Fries.)
Solitary or gregarious, stipes 3-6 in. high, 2-3 lines
thick, pale yellowish, hollow, more or less crooked, somewhat
incrassated at the base, firm, glutinous, furnished with a
ring, and generally dotted with black immediately beneath
the pileus. Pileus half an inch to one inch and a half in
breadth, exactly hemispherical, rarely becoming in large
specimens plano-convex, yellow or pale reddish orange, very
shining, and smooth, the flesh thin and white. Lamellae
rather numerous, broad, fixed, horizontal (extending in a
straight line, or nearly so, from the margin of the pileus to
the stipes), beautifully mottled with the purplish-black
sporidia. (Grev.)
B. SPINTEIGEKL
Stropharia caput-Medusae. Fr.
Pileus 1-2 in. across, fleshy, fragile, ovate then expanded,
often lacunose, squamulose, discoid, umber-brown at the
centre, circumference dingy ochraceous ; gills adfixed, 3 lines
broad, ventricose, clay-colour then pale umber ; stem 2-4 in.
long, up to i in. thick, whitish, below the ring with concen-
tricalJy arranged imbricated, squarrose squamules, smooth
above the superior, persistent ring ; hollow ; spores purple-
brown, elliptic-fusiform, 10 x 4 />i.
406 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Agariciis {Stropharid) caput-Medusae, Fries., Epicr., p. 216 -
Cke., Hdbk., p. 200; Cke., Illxistr., pi. 540,
On pine woods near the roots of trunks. Subcaespitosc.
Tufted, rather firm, but at the same time fragile. Stem
hollow, base sub-bulbous, solid, 2-3 in. long, I in. and more
thick, equally attenuated upwards, whitish, "covered with
crowded, imbricated, squarrose, brownish-wliito squamules-
below the spreading ring, powdered with white meal above.
"Universal veil floccoso-squamose, brown, at first enclosing
the entire fungus, remaining as persistent scales on the
stem, soon disappearing from the pileus ; it is distinct from
the partial or superior membranaceous ring, which is pen-
dulous, white, with a floccose, swollen brown margin. Pileus
fleshy, at first ovate, then convex-expanded, obtuse, or
obtusely umbonate from the apex of the stem, about 3 in.
broad, dry; when young, densely squarrosely squamt)se
from the veil, soon naked, disc even, umber, lacunose and
paler towards the margin, almost clay-colour ; at length the
disc is cracked into warts, the margin split into cracks, and
the intermediate portion split into squamules. Gills adnate,
ventricose, at first appearing to be free, lanceolate, or at
length nearly ovate, 2-3 lines broad, fragile, not much
crowded, whitish clay-colour then pale umber looking as if
spotted with brown. Spores purple-brown. (Fries.)
Between the peculiar umber disc and the rest of the
pileus, which is paler, tan-coloured, there is sometimes a
marked circular depression. The disc is very soon naked,
and becomes broken into granulose warts, leaving the rest o\
the pileus clothed with tlie peculiar blackish scales which
lo(jk like sharp-pointed tufts. These soon vanish, while the
stem rouains clothed. (Stev.).
Stropliaria scobinacea. Fr.
Pilous 1-2 in. across, flesh thin, hemispherical tlien ex-
l)anded, gibbous, finely sulcate, covered with blackish,
adpressed, crowded squamules which eventually disappear,
Imnvnish, then greyish-violet near tlie margin, centre livid
then yellowish; gills adnate, crowded, crenulate, reddish-
white then purplish ; stem 3-4 in. long, 2-3 lines thick,
attenuated from the thickened base, fibrilloso, white, apex
mealy, hollow ; ring superior, fugacious.
STROPHAEIA. 407
Agaricus (StropJiarla) scohinaceus, Fries, Epicr., p. 217;
Cke., Hdbk., p. 201.
On ash trunks. Snbcaespitose ; moist and fragile.
Caespitose. Allied to S. caput- Medusae, but not so showy,
moist, and more fragile. Stem hollow, attenuated from the
thickened (solid?) base, fibrillose, white, apex mealy; ring
superior, fugacious, white. Pileus thin, hemispherical then
expanded, gibbous, slightly sulcate, covered at first with
crowded, adpressed, blackish, evanescent scales, at first
brown, from the centre towards the margin livid then
yellowish, margin greyish-violet. Gills adnate, crowded,
crenulate, whitish flesh-colour then purplish. (Fries.)
The type of this species is nearly of the same stature as
H. caput-Medusae, but the whole plant is thinner, more
fragile, and less handsome. There are various intermediate
forms which seem to connect the true combining features of
both. I have found several well-marked stages between
them. Spores ellipsoid-elongate, 7-8 x 3 /x,. (Plow.)
Stropharia Jerdoni. B. and Br.
Pileus 2 in. across, campanulate, obtuse, with a broad
fleshy umbo, ochraceous, dry, adorned with snow-white
superficial, evanescent scales, cuticle not peeling ofi"; gills
adnate, sending a line down the stem, but not truly decur-
rent, pallid then brown, transversely striate ; stem 3 in.
high, 2-3 lines thick, cylindrical, snow-white and pulveru-
lent above, brownish, with silky transverse scales below,
hollow, ring superior, deflexed ; spores purple-brown.
Agaricus (Psalliota) Jerdoni, B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist.,
n. 913, pi. xiv., f. 2 ; Cke., Illustr., 541 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 201.
On fir-stumps. Berkeley in his diagnosis says the pileus
is brown when dry, but in the type it is ochraceous, having
probably changed with age.
Stropharia spintriger. Fr.
Pileus 2-4 in. broad, rather fleshy, ovate then expanded,
obtuse, even, glabrous, pale brown pinkish-tan then whitish;
gills adnate, crowded, 1-2 lines broad, brownish ; stem 2-3
in. long, 3 lines thick, equal, white, floccosely-fibrillose, apex
naked, hollow ; ring distant, thin, fugacious.
Agaricus (^Stropharia) spintriger. Fries, Ejjicr., p. 217 ;
Cke., Hdbk., p. 201 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 542.
408 FUNGUS-FLORA.
On trunks. Caespitose ; jiileTis fragil<'. In Cooko's figure
the stem is in every example tliickened at the base.
Eather caespitose, stem hollow, about 3 in. long, 3 lines
thick, equal or sometimes slightly ventricose ; sometimes
floccoso-squamose, at others fibrillose, white, apex naked (not
mealy) ; ring an inch and more from the pileus, thin,
Avhite, fugacious. Pileus rather fleshy, thin, fragile, ovate
then expanded, 3-4 in. broad, even, glabrous, soft to the
touch, brownish then clay- colour. Flesh thin, white, almost
absent from the margin. Gills adnate, linear, 1-2 lines
broad, crowded, joined behind, brownish, rather deli(][uescent,
edge same coloured, entti'e. Allied to S. appendkidata.
(Fries.)
Stropharia hypsipoda. Fr.
Pileus 1-2 in. across, flesh thin, convex then almost plane,
glabrous, hj'grophanous, brownish -yellow and with the
margin slightly striate when moist, pale and with the margin
even when dry: gills adnate then seceding, rather distant,
pale then dark brown ; stem 3-5 in. high, 2-4 lines thick,
equal or slightly thickened at the base, glabrous, whitish,
lioUow ; ring median, persistent ; spores elliptical, brown,
12-14 X 6-7 fx.
Agaricus {Stropliarid) hjpsipus, Fries, Epic, p. 218; Cke.,
Ildbk., p. 201 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. GI9.
In damp jilaces amongst grass, moss, &c. Solitary.
Fragile.
Stem fistulose, fragile, 3-4 in. long, 2-3 lines thick, equal,
glabrous, white ; ring medium, distant from the pileus,
membranaceous, white. Pileus rather fleshy, campanulate
then convexo-plane, obtuse, 2 in. and more broad, even,
glabrous, hygro])hanous, livid-brownish when moist, margin
slightly striate ; altogether even (not corrugated), clay-
colour. Gills adnate, at lengtli separating from the stem,
rather distant, white then brown. (Fries.)
PILOSACE. Fries, (figs. (3, 7, p. 351).
Sporophore differentiated from the stem ; gills free from
the stem ; general and partial veil both absent, hence there
is no ring on the central stem ; spores purple-brown.
PILOSACE— AGARICUS. 409
Pilosace, Fries, Nova Symb., p. 9 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 196.
A peculiar genus, with the habit of Agaricus, but without
a trace of a ring.
Pilosace Algeriensis. Fr. (figs. 6, 7, p. 351.)
Pileus 3-4 in. across, hemispherical with the margin
incurved, becoming depressed round the gibbous disc, and
with the margin more or less upturned and often split,
snow-white, minutely silky ; flesh thick except at the margin,
firm, white ; gills distant from the stem, narrow, rather
distant, slightly broadest in front, dark purple ; stem 2-3 in.
long, A in. thick, equal, firm, even, silky, white, differentiated
from the flesh of tlie pileus at its apex, solid ; spores pip-
shaped, brownish- purple, 16-18 x S fx.
Pilosace Algeriensis, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 283; Cke.,
Hdbk., 13. 196; Cke., Illustr., pi. 618.
On the ground. Has up to the present only been found
in one locality, but as it is difficult to distinguish in the
field from Agaricus campestris, except in the absence of a ring,
it may possibly have been passed over for that species.
AGARICUS. Linn, (emended), (figs. 1, 2, p. 351.)
Pileus fleshy ; gills free from the stem, whitish or pink,
finally dark reddish-brown or umber ; stem usually differen-
tiated from tlie flesh of the pileus, furnished with a ring ;
spores brownish or reddish-purple.
Agaricus, Linn., Syst. Nat. (1735), (in part).
Agaricus, subgen. Psalliota, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 278;
Cke., Hdbk., p. 192.
As previously explained, the genus Agaricus as interpreted
by Fries, was by that author divided into several subgenera,
and the original name Agaricus has been retained for those
species included in the subgenus Psalliota of Fries.
Agaricus as here understood, is analogous with Lepiota in
the white-spored series. There is no trace of a volva at any
stage of development. The species are terrestrial, mostly
growing in open pastures and on manured ground ; some
species, however, occur in woods, and one small exotic sjiecies,
A. geniculatus, Briganti, grows on wood.
410 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Agaricus augustus. Fr.
Pilens 4-6 in. across, almost globose at first tlion expanded,
very obtuse, disc even, becoming minutely tibrillose, squamose
towards the margin, pale brown, sometimes with a yellow
tinge, margin paler, flesh l—^ in. thick, compact, white,
slightly tinged wdth brown under the cuticle ; gills free and
distant from the stem, narrow, about I in., crowded, pale
then brownish ; stem 4-5 in. long, I5-2 in. thick at the base,
becoming thinner upwards, smooth, even, whitish, or slightly
tinged brown at the base ; ring about ^ from the apex of
the stem, very broad, persistent, cracked into more or less
irregular portions on the under surface, stem solid ; spores
elliptical, tJ x 3-3 "5 /a.
Agaricus (Psalliota) attgustus, Fries, Ejiicr., p. 212; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 192 ; Cke., Illustr., t. 521.
In orchards, woods, &c. Fries says that it often grows on
ant-hills. Esculent.
A very large and fine species. I'ileus 4—5 in. broad.
Stem 1^-2 in. thick, attenuated upwards, white, but tinged
with red when bruised. Flesh soft, white, unchangeable.
Gills never acquiring a flesh-colour. (Cooke.)
Agaricus elvensis. B. and Br,
Tufted. Pileus 4—0 in. or more across, subglobose then
hemispherical, fibrillose, broken up into large jiersistent
brown scales, areolate in the centre ; margin very obtuse,
thick, covered with pyramidal warts ; stem at first nearly
equal, at length swollen in the centre, and attenuated at the
base, 4— G in. high, 2 in. thick in the centre, fibrillose and
areolate below, nearly smooth within the pileus, solid, stuffed
with delicate threads ; ring thick, very large, defiexed, broken
here and there, areolato - verrucose beneath ; gills rather
crowded, \ in. broad, free, of a broAvnish ilesh-colour ; spores
elliptic-oblong, 8x4^.
Agaricus (Psalliota) elvensis, B. and Br., Ann. Nat Hist., n.
lOOi" ; Cke., Illustr., tab. 522.
Under oak-trees, &c. Edible, delicious eating. Flesh of
])ilcus fj in. thick, red when cut. Allied to Ag. niigustus, but
difleriug in colour, warty margin of pileus, stull'ed stem, &c.
Agaricus campestris. Linn. (fig. 1, p. 351.)
I'ileus 3-G in. across, globose then convexo-plane, dry,
AGARICUS. 411
silky, floccose or squamulose, whitish, flesh thick, white be-
coming reddish-brown when cut ; gills free but rather close to
the stem, ^-| in, broad, close, pink then flesh -colour, finally
blackish -brown, subdeliquescent ; stem 3-4 in. long, §-1 in.
thick, subequal, white, stuffed, ring median, persistent, more
or less torn ; spores purple-brown, elliptical, 7-9 X 6 /a.
Agaricus (Psalliota) campestris, Linn., Suec, n. 1205 (in-
cluding allied species) ; Fries, Hym, Eur., p. 279 ; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 194; Cke., Illustr., pi. 526.
In rich pastures. Esculent. Smell slight.
Pileus 2-5 in. broad, at first convex then plano-convex,
white, silky or clothed with reddish-brown adpressed
fibrillae collected into little fascicles ; epidermis easily-
separating from the flesh, projecting beyond the gills and
often curled back, fleshy ; flesh firm, thick, white, more or
less stained with reddish-brown, especially when bruised-
Gills very unequal, at first of a beautiful pink, free, obtuse,
and sometimes forked behind, broad in the middle ; at length
dark, mottled with the brownish-purple minute subelliptic
sporules ; the edge white and minutely denticulate. Stem
2-3 in. or more high, i— | in. thick, nearly equal or sub-
bulbous, white, beautifully but minutely silky, furnished
with a thick spongy ring, generally above the middle, firm,
consisting of fibres, those in the centre longer. Eoot consist-
ing of a few white branched fibres, which are often beset
with little knobs, which are the infant state of the plant.
When quite young there is a fine silky universal veil. (Berk.)
Plant mostly gregarious, without odour, but with a grateful
flavour. Pileus hemispherical, at length convex, and event-
ually plane, fleshy, 2-5 in. broad or more, white, or of a
reddish tinge, or even uniform light brown ; the surface is
either smooth, slightly scaly, or (in the brown variety), more
or less covered with prominent scales, formed partly of the
substance of the plant, partly of hair-like fibres from the
epidermis. Flesh soft, white, sometimes changing to a light
reddish hue on being divided. Lamellae numerous, free,
broad, ventricose, of a brittle substance, fine pink, red or
flesh-colour, becoming dark vinous, fuscous, or even nearly
black. Stipes firm, solid, 2-5 in. high, but mostly short,
thick, white, sometimes rather bulbous at the base. Veil
annular, white, variable, but mostly subpersistent. (Grev.)
412 FUNGUS-FLORA.
Var. silvicola, Yittadiui, Cke., Illustr., t. 529. Pileus
smooth, shiuitig, stem, elongated, somewhat bulbous, hollow,
ring large.
In woods.
Var. pratensis, Yittadini.
Distinguished by the small rufous scales of the pileus, and
the flesh having a slight pink tinge.
Var. hortensis, Cke., Illustr., pi. 527. Pileus fibrillose
or squamulose, brownish.
This is the cultivated form, which is very variable, in-
cluding var. elongahis, Gard. Chrou., 1860, p. 1061, with fig.,
and var. Buchanani, Gard. Chron., 1860, p. 1030, with fig.
Var. vaporarius, Otto.
Pileus even, with a brown pilose coat, which also covers
the stem and leaves transverse fragments thereon as it
elongates.
Var. costatus, Fr., Cke., Illustr., t. 528 a. Small. Pileus
sulcate, repand. Hing large, per&istent.
In woods.
Var. rufescens, Berk.
A distinct variety, which is rufous, like A. vaccinus, and
whose flesh turns of a bright red when bruised. The gills
are at first perfectly white. Berk., Outlines, t. 10, f. 3,
In pastures.
Var. exannulatus, Cke., Illustr., pi. 528 b. Pileus
squamulose, stem elongated, equal, solid, ring evanescent or
obsolete.
Agaricus arvensis. Schaeff.
Pileus 5-1 <» ill. or luoro across, conico-campanulate then
expanded, at first rather mealy, becoming nearly smooth,
even or cracked, flesh tliick at the disc, becoming tliiii towards
the margin ; gills free, broadest in front, close, whitish then
reddish-brown; stem 3-5 in. high, l.\-2 in. thick at the base,
sliglitly tliinner upwards or almost equal, whitish, smooth,
even, soft in the centre and filled with loose threads, ring
penduhjus, double, the outer portion more or less split ;
spores elliptical, 0 x 4 /u..
AGAEICUS. 413
Agariciis (^Psalliota) arvensls, Schaeffer, t. 310, 311 ; Cke.,
Hdbk., p. 193 ; Cke., lUustr., pi. 523.
Agaricus Georgii, Sow., t. 30-1.
In pastures, &c., often in rings. Smell strong and not
pleasant as in A. campestris.
Pilens 4-18 in. broad, white stained with yellow, convex,
very thick, firm and tongh, quite smooth or clothed with
broad tawny more or less concentric adpressed scales ; flesh
yellowish when cut, juice yellow. Gills adnate (free, Grei\),
broad, numerous, white or very pale flesh-colour, at length
dark purplish-brown. Stem 2-5 in. high, 1-2 in. thick,
firm, the centre loose and web-like ; when bruised yellow,
especially below. Distinguished from A. campestris by the
almost white gills and the yellow stains when bruised. It
grows to an enormous size. (Berk.)
Flesh white, unchangeable, gills for a long time pallid
dry, not becoming reddish during the middle stage, not
deliquescent. (Fries.)
Var. villaticus, Brond.
Grows to a very large size, pilous covered with brovniish
scales. Cke., Illustr., pi. 585.
Var. purpurascens, Cke.
Much smaller and more slender than the typical form ;
pileus even, smooth, tinged with purple that is deepest at
the disc. Cke., Illustr., pi. 584.
Agaricus silvaticus. Schaeff.
Pileus 3-4 in. across, campanulate, then expanded, gibbous,
the margin sometimes upturned, fibrillose or squamulose,
brownish in the centre becoming paler towards the margin,
flesh thin, whitish or tinged with brown ; gills free, crowded,
about J in. broad, rather thin, dry, reddish, then brown ;
stem 4—6 in. long, ^-j in. thick, equal, straight or curved
towards the base, smooth, even, whitish, distinctly hollow,
ring superior, simple, persistent; spores brownish tinged
with purple, elliptical, apiculate, 7 X 4 /a.
Agaricus silvaticus, Schaeffer, Icon., t. 242; Cke., Hdbk.,.
195; Cke., Illustr., pi. 530.
In woods. Distinguished from all the varieties of Agaricus ^
camjpestris by the elongated hollow stem and the brownish
414 FUNGUS-FLORA.
squaimilose pileus. The stem is not bulbous at the base, as
iu Aijaricus campestris, var. silvicola.
Agaricus cretaceus. Fr.
rileus 3-4 in. across, campanulate then expanded, and the
margin sometimes upturned, naked, even, nearly smooth, or
rivulose, sometimes cracked into areolae at the disc, whitish,
or with a pale buff disc, flesh thin, soft; gills free, broadest
in front and then nearly A in. broad, rather distant, for a
long time whitish, becoming blackish-brown with a tinge of
flesh-colour ; stem about 3 in. long, ^ in. thick, usually
.slightly thickened at the base, smooth, whitish, sometimes
slightly flexuous, distinctly hollow, ring almost median,
simple, reflexed with the margin again ascending ; spores
5-6 X 3-5 yix.
Agaricus cretaceus. Fries, Sj'^st. Myc. i. p. 28 ; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 194 ; Cke., Illustr. pi. 524 (not of BuUiard).
On rich pastures, &c. Distinguished by the whitish
pileus, distinctly hollow stem, and distant ring.
Stem hollow, cavity stuffed with a cobweb-like substance;
firm, 3 in. long, 3-6 lines and more thick, attenuated
upwards, even, glabrous, white, not spotted ; ring superior,
ample, reflexed, the margin erect, even, white, Pileus
fleshy, lentiform-globose when young, then convexo-ex-
panded, obtuse, 3 in. and more broad, dry, sometimes even,
sometimes with the cuticle broken up into deciduous squa-
mules, especially near the rivulose margin, altogether white.
Flesh thick, white, unchangeable. Gills free, at length
remote, ventricose, narrowest near the stem, crowded, per-
sistently white for a long time, brownish when old. (Fries.)
Agaricus pratensis. Schaeff.
Pileus 2-3 j, in. across, ovoid then expanded, becoming
smooth or sometimes broken up into squamules more or less
concentrically arranged, whitish, then greyish, flesh thick in
the centre, thin towards the margin, white ; gills free,
rounded behind, about \ in. broad, greyish, then brown ;
«tem about 2 in. long, ^-r- in. thick, base tliickened, smooth
whitish, ring median, simple, usually deciduous ; stem
becoming more or less hollow ; speres elliptical, ajiiculate,
G X 3 • 5 /A.
AGARICUS. 415
Agaricus pratensis, Schaeffer, Icon,, t. 96; Cke., Hdbk.,
p. 193 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 525.
On pastures and woods. Distinguished by the greyish
gills becomiDg brown without any intermediate pink or
fleshy tinge, and in being rounded behind, the median deci-
duous ring, and the more or less hollow stem.
Agaricus haemorrhoidarius. Schulz.
Pileus 3-5 in. across, ovate then expanded, brownish,
usually tinged with red or pu]:ple at the disc, covered with
broad, adpressed scales or coarsely fibrilloso-squamose, flesh
thick, and like that of the stem, becoming deep red when
cut or bruised; gills free but near to the stem crowded,
^^ in. broad, rosy flesh-colour then purplish umber ; stem
4-5 in. high, |-1 in. thick, subequal but more or less bulbous
at the base, straight, hollow, white, silky, becoming blood-
red when bruised, ring large, persistent; spores purple-
brown, 7-8 X 5 /x.
Agaricus Jiaemorrlioidarius, Schulzer, in Kalchbrenner's
Icon. Hung., t. 18, fig. i. ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 195 ; Cke., Illustr.,
pi. .531.
In pine and other woods, and in open places under trees.
Every part of the plant turns red when bruised. The stem
in typical specimens is almost pure white and straight, and
more or less bulbous at the base. Pileus becoming expanded,
but remaining gibbous in the centre.
Agaricus peronatus. Massee.
Pileus 4-5 in. across, hemispherical then expanded, pale
dull ochraceous, densely covered with small brown silky
scales that become larger towards the margin ; flesh thick,
white, imchangeable ; gills very distant from the stem,
crowded, about \ in. broad, pink then pale purple-brown,
margin entire; stem 5-6 in. long, 1 in. thick, equal, mar-
ginately bulbous at the base, distinctly hollow, bulb solid ;
ring large, spreading, below the ring and down to the
margin of the bulb covered with large, white scales that
point upwards, above the ring white and smooth ; spores
obliquely elliptical, purple-brown, smooth, 6 x 4 /i, ; cystidia
absent.
In a pine-wood, Carlisle, Oct., 1886 (Dr. Carlyle).
416 FUNGUS-FLORA.
The present species is allied to Agarleus augustus and A<j,
haemorrhoidarhis, but is distinct from both in the elongated
stem being densely covered with large squarrose scales
below the ring. The flesh of the stem becomes brownish
when cut.
Agaricus sagatus. Fr.
Pilous 1^-2 in. across, convex then almost plane, even,
glabrous, shining, pelliculose, reddish-brown, flesh white,
thin; gills free, ventricose, about \ in. broad, pinkish, then
umber with a tinge of purple ; stem about 2 in. long, about
1 in. thick, slightly attenuated upwards or subequal, dis-
tinctly hollow, jmle, ring almost median, spreading, per-
sistent ; spores purplish-uinber, elliptical, G x 3-4 fx.
Agaricus (Psalliuta) sagatus, Fries, Syst. Myc. i. p. 282 ;
Cke., Ildbk., p. 196 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 968.
In grassy places under trees. Distinguished amongst
British species by its small size, bright reddish-brown or
fulvous, glabrous, shining, pelliculose pileiTS, and the slender,
hollow stem with the distant ring.
Stem very hollow, consequently appears to be fragile
when compressed, 2 in. long, 3 lines thick, equal, glabruus,
yellowish ; ring distant, entire, persistent, white, pileus
fleshj', thin, convex then plane, at length rcvolute, obtuse,
2 in. broad, even, glabrous, subpelliculose, foxy-yellow,
flesh similarly coloured (?). Gills free, crowded, ventricose,
umber. Approaches Stropliaria phaeosperma, from which it is
distinguished more especially by the free gills. (Fries.)
Agaricus comptulus. Fr. (fig. 2, p. 351.)
Pileus 1-2 in. across, convex, then plane and with the
margin sometimes upturned, obtuse, with an adprosscd silki-
ness or glabrous, white, flesh thin except at the disc, white;
gills free, crowded, about 2 lines broad, broadest in front,
flesh-colour then rosy-brown ; stem about 2 in. high, 2-3
lines thick, slightly attenuated upwards, whitish, flocculose
in the centre at first, then hollow ; ring median, fugacious,
white then yellowish.
Agaricus comptulus, Fries, Epicr., p. 215; Cke., Ildbk., p.
19^ ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 533.
In grassy places, A very neat little species, although
CHITONIA. 417
there does not appear to be anything to justify the specific
name ; the pileus often becoming quite plane, white and
shining. The ring often completely disappears at maturity,
when the species may cause a little perplexity, being under
these conditions technically a Pilosace.
Agaricus subgibbosus. Fr.
Pileus scarcely 1 in. across, convexo-plane, subumbonate,
even, yellowish, glabrous, but the margin silkj^-fibrillose ;
gills free, remote, white then greyish-brown ; stem 1 in.
long, 1-2 lines thick, imperfectly hollow; ring fugacious.
Agaricus (Psalliota) subgibbosus, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 281 ;
Cke., Hdbk., p. 196.
Jn woods, &c.
It is doubtful whether the present species in reality
belongs to the British flora, as the specimens found and
figured by Cooke, Illustr., pi. 532, are much larger than the
typical form, and also diifer in other points, as the large,
persistent ring, &c. Cooke's reason for considering liis spe-
cimens as belonging to the present species is explained as
follows.
The form figured in Cooke's Illustr., t. 532, is referred pro-
visionally to this species on the recommendation of the Rev.
M. J. Berkeley. It is larger than the typical form. Pileus
2-3 in., stem 2-3 in. long, h in. thick. (Cke.)
CHITONIA. Fries (emended), (fig. 4, p. 351).
Universal veil distinct from the pileus, at maturity
forming a distinct volva round the base of the exannulate
central stem ; gills free from tlie stem ; spores brownish
purple.
Chitonia, Fries, Hym. Eur., p. 277 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 192.
Analogous in structure with Volvaria and Amanitopsis.
An exotic genus, imported into this country.
Chitonia as defined by Fries, includes both ringed and
ringless species, but as the old subgenus Amanita, which also
includes some species furnished with a secondary veil and
others without, has been divided into two genera, — Amanita
furnished with a secondary or partial veil that forms a ring
round the stem, and Amanitopsis not having a partial veil,
VOL. I. 2 E
418 FUNGUS-FLORA.
and consequently ringless, — hence, to be consistent, the
genus Chitonia of Fries, including both ringed and ringless
species, must be divided into two genera, Chitonia including
the species without a ring, and the species furnished with a
ring included in a genus that might be called Chitoniella.
Chitonia rubriceps. Cke. and Mass. (fig. 4, p. 351.)
Pileus g-l in. across, rather fleshy, campanulate then
expanded, umbonate, often becoming depressed round the
umbo, margin arched, slightly striate, even, reddish-brown ;
gills free, narrow, rather crowded, purplish-brown, remain-
ing dry; stem about 3 in. long, I;'; -2 lines thick, equal,
smooth, even, paler than tho pileus, hollow, volva large, free,
whitish, torn irregularly at the margin ; spores elliptic-
fusiform, 12 X 6 /A.
Chitonia rubriceps, Cooke and Massee, Grevillea, vol. xv.,
p. 57 ; Cke., Hdbk., p. 192 ; Cke., Illustr., pi. 9G7.
On soil in the Aroid hoTise, Kew Gardens. An exotic
species, probably introduced in the soil along with some
foreign plant.
OMITTED SPECIES.
Peniophora Crosslandi. Mass.
Effused, thin, soft when moist, hymenium minutely setu-
lose, pale grey, wuth a slight ochraceous tinge when dry ;
margin determinate, slightly raised, the wJiole fungus
separable from the matrix when dr^' ; cystidia numerous,
the portion projecting above the hymenium conical, 30-40 x
10 ft, colourless and studded with particles of lime; spores
elliptical, 6 X 3 /a.
On bark and wood of fir.
llesembling P. (figanica in being soft and fleshy when
growing, and cartilaginous and separable from the matrix
when dry, but diifcring in the shorter cystidia and smaller
spores. Patches 1-2 in. across. Halifax. (C. Crossland.)
Guepinia obliqua. Mass.
Giregari(jus, abdut 2 lines high, hymenium slightly con-
cave, obliquo, passing downwards into a veiy short stem-like
OMITTED SPECIES. 419
base, entirely deep orange-red, glabrous ; spores elliptical
colourless, slightly curved, continuous, 12 X 5-6 fx.
On dead wood.
The cup is shaped somewhat like a rabbit's ear, and attached
obliquely at the back to a -very short stem. Colour un-
changed when dry. Soft and rather gelatinous when moist,
homy when dry.
Polyporus gilvus. Schwein.
Pileus fleshy, inclined to be tough, effuso-reflexed, soft,
even, almost glabrous, zoneless, reddish - yellow ; margin
spreading, thin, acute ; pores minute, rounded, naked, rusty
yellowish-red, dissepiments entire.
Polyporus gilvus, Schweinitz, Carol., n. 897 ; Fries, Hym.
Eur., p. 548 ; Stev., Fung. Brit., p. 199.
Boletus impuber. Sow., t. 195.
On trunks.
Effused for 2-4 inches, sometimes almost entirely re-
supinate. Pores about \ mm. diameter, dissej)iments thick,
entire.
Included in the British Flora on the opinion expressed by
Fries that Boletus impuher, Sow., is the present species.
Usually longitudinally effused, byssoid when growing in
close places, soft to the touch, velvety, but sometimes so-
indistinctly as to appear smooth. (Fries.)
Geaster saccatus. Fr.
Exoperidium cut into 6-9, thin, very acute and long
pointed segments that become revolute ; endoperidinm
globose, sessile ; peristome acute, silky, surrounded by a
distinct depressed circle ; capillitium smoky, threads 4-5 //.
thick ; spores globose, minutely warted, 2*5-3 /x diam.
Geaster saccatus. Fries, S.M., 3, p. 16; Grev., 11, t. xx.
On the ground. From 1-2 in. across when expanded.
Allied to 6r. lageniformis, Vittad., agreeing with G. micheli-
anus in the acuminate apex before dehiscence, but quite
distinct in the much thinner exoperidium, &c.
2 K 2
INDEX TO GENERA.
Agaricus. Liun. 40i».
Aldridgea, Mass. 103.
Anellaria. Karst. 330.
Apyrenium. Fries, 70.
Auricularia. Bull. 57.
Battarrea. Pers. 42.
Boletus. Dill. 258.
Caldesiella. Sacc. IGG.
Calooera. Fr. 71.
Ceuficoccum, 4(3.
CMtonia. Fries, 417.
Cladoderris. Pers. 135.
Clathrus. Mich. 46.
Clavaria. Vaill. 75,
Coniophora. D.C. 98.
Coprinus. Pers. 304.
Corticium. Fries, 118.
Coryuf. Berk. G9.
Craterellus. Fries, 136.
Crucibulum. Tul. 24.
Cyathus. Ilaller, 23.
Jyiiopliullus. Berk. 45.
Cyphella. Fr. 137.
Dacryomyces. Nees, G6.
Dacryopsis. Massee, G8.
Daedalea. Pers. 190.
Ditiola. Fries, 70.
Exidia. Fr. 58.
Exobasidium. Wor. 108.
Fistulina. Bull. 255.
Fomes. Fries, 21G.
Geaster. IMiclioli, 3G.
Gomphidius. Fries, 346.
Grandinia. Fr. 175.
Guepinia. Fr. 69.
Gyrocephalus. I'ers. 65.
Hirneola. Fr. 5^.
Hydnangium. Walk. 14.
Hydnuin. Clce. 66.
Hydnum. Linn. 148.
Hymenochaote. Lev. 114.
Hymenogaster. Tul. 16.
Hypholoma. Fries. 378.
Hysterangium. Vitt. 15.
Irpex. Fr. 167.
Ithyphallus. Fischer, 44.
Knieffia. Fr. 180.
Lycoperdon. Tournef. 29.
Melanogaster. Cnrda, 13.
Mucronella. Fr. 181.
Mucrouia. Hcutluim, 181.
Mutinus. Fr. 45.
Naemutclia. Frie.s, 64.
Nidularia. Tul. 25.''
Octaviania. Vitt. 12.
Panaeolus. Fries, 332.
Peniophora Ckc 109.
rhiilius. IM ell, 44.
Phlebia. Fr. 173.
Pilacre. Fiies, 47.
Pilosace. Friis, 408.
PistUlaria. Fr. 91.
Pi)ly:ini;:iuiii, IG.
Polyporus. Mich. 227.
INDEX.
421
Polyponis, 210. 216.
PolysaccTun. D.C. 22.
Polystictus. Fr. 210.
Poria. Pers. 197.
Porothelium. Fries. 177.
Psathyra. Fries, 852.
Psathyrella. Fries, 339.
Psilocybe. Fries, 263.
Pterula. Fr. 87.
Kadulum. Fr. 170.
Ehizopogon. Tul. 15.
Scleroderma. Pers. 21.
Sistotrema. Pers. 167.
Solenia. Hoffm. 143.
Soppittiella. Mass. lOG.
Sparassis. Fr. 74.
Sphaerobolus. Tode, 26.
Stereum, Pers. 128.
Strobilomyces. Berk. 257.
Stropharia. Fries, 395.
Thelebolus. Tode, 27.
Thelephora. Ehrh. 103.
Trametes. Fr. 193.
Tremella. Dill. 60.
TremeUodon. Persoon, 65.
Tulostoma. Pers. 41.
Typhula. Pers. 88.
Ulocolla. Bref. 59.
INDEX TO SPECIES.
ahietina (Clavaria), 80.
abietinus (Polystictus), 215.
abietinus (Polypnrus), 215.
acanthoides (Polyporiis), 230.
acanthoides (Boli tna), 240.
acerinum (Stereum), 134.
acerina (Thelephoia), 135.
acre (Hydnum), 153.
acuminatus (Paiiaeolus), 337.
acuminatus (Agariuus), 337.
aruta (Clavaria). 85.
adiposns (Polyporus), 255.
adustus (Polyporus), 249.
aereus (Boletus), 277.
aeruginosa (Stropharia), 397.
aeruginosus (Asiancus), 397.
aestivalis (Bfiletus), 270.
ayraria (Psilocybe). 368.
agraria (Agaricus). 368.
augustus (Agaricus), 410.
ulbida (Exidia), 59.
albida (Tremella), 59.
albo-cyanea (Stropharia), 398.
albo-cyaneus (Agaricus), 398.
albo-violascens (CypluUa), 141.
algeriensis (Pilosace), 409.
alligatus (Polyporus), 241.
ulternatus (Coprinus), 320.
alternatus (Agaricus), 32U.
alutaceum (Hydnum), 160.
alutaceus (Polyporus), 251.
alutarius (Boletus), 296.
ambiguus (Melanogaster), 14.
amethyst ina (Clavaria), 76.
ammophila (Psilocybe), 369.
ammophilum (Lycopcrdon), 35.
ammopbilus (Agaricus), 360.
amorphus (Polyporus), 250.
aneirina (Poria), 208.
aneirinus (Polyporus), 208.
annosus (Fomes), 223.
annosus (Polyporus), 223.
anomala (Solenia), 144.
Var. ocbracca, 144.
anomulum (Hydnum), 162.
anfhocephala (Thelephora), 103.
anthrochroa (Thelephora), 125.
anihrochroum (Corticium), 125.
appendiculatus (Hyplioloma), 392.
appendiculatus (Agaricus), 393.
422
INDEX.
applanatus (Fomes), 224.
applanatus (Polyporus), 224.
(ipthonus (Copriuus), 311.
Var. Boltoni, 311.
arachnoid eum (Corticiurn), 122.
arata (Psathyrella), 341.
arutus (Agaricus), 341.
aratus (Coprinus), 318.
areolata (Psilocybe), 367.
areolatus (Agarlciis), 306, 367, 368.
ardenia (Clavaria), 87.
argillacea (Clavaria), 83.
argutum (Hyilnuin), 1G5.
arida (Coniophora), 99.
aridum (Corticiurn), 99.
armeniacum (Apyrenium), 70.
armeniacus (Polyporus), 255.
arvensis (Agaricus), 412.
Var. villaticus, 413.
„ purpurascens, 413.
asterosperma (Octaviania), 12.
aterrimum (Kaduluni), 173.
atomata (Psathyrella), 344.
atomatus (Agaricus), 345.
atramentarius (Coprinus), 308.
atropurpureum (Lycoperdon), 31.
atro-rnfa (Psilocybe), 372.
atro-rufa (Agaricus), 372.
atro-virens (Tremella), (!3.
atro-virens (Corticiurn), 127.
aurantiacum (Hydnum), 153.
aurantiacus (Merulius), 189.
aiirca (Daedalea), 191.
attrea (Clavaria), 79.
aureum (Hydnum), 160.
auricuhi-judae (Herneola), 58.
anrisfdl pium (Hydnum), 15(J.
aurora (Corticiurn), 125.
avellaud (Hymenocliacta), 115.
avcllanum (Stereum), 115.
ladius (Boletus), 278.
lamhusinus (Mutinus), 45.
h(irJ>a-joris (Odontia). 178.
batl)yporu.s (Polyporus), 210.
iathypora (Poria), 210.
BerhtUyi (Coniophora), 102.
Ikrheleyi (Cypliclla), 141.
lierheleyi (dJcaster), 38.
Uerkeleyi (Nidularia), 25.
betulinus (Polyporus), 248.
hicolor (Hydnum), 163.
biennis (Boktus), 232.
hieiin/if (Tlielephura), 105.
hiJ'ro7iii (Psatliyra), 357.
bifrons (Agaricus), 357.
blei)liaristoma (Polyporus), 201.
blepliaristoma (Poria), 201.
Blozami (Cyphella), 142.
homhycina (Poria), 207.
bombycinus (Polyporus), 207.
horealin (Polyporus), 248.
hotrytes (Clavaria), 75.
hovinus (Boletu.s), 280.
hovista (Lycoperdon), 33.
hovida t_ Scleroderma), 22.
brunialo (Tulostoma), 42.
hrunndis (Polyporus), 230.
hnuDtra (Cyi)hella), 140.
Bryantii (Gcasti-r), 37.
hnllacca (I'silocylie), 370.
bullaceus (Agaricus), 370.
Bulliardi (Trametes), 195.
caesia (Soppittiella), 107.
caesia ( I'helephora), 107.
caedus (Polyporus), 252.
caespitosus (Boletus), 297.
callosus (Polyporus), 202.
calceum (Corticiurn), 120.
caliginoiius (Panaeolus), 337.
caliginosus (Agaricus), 337.
callosa (Poria), 202.
calo2)us (Boletus), 285.
calva (MucroncUa), 181.
calvum (Hydnum), 181.
campniiulatus (Panaeolus), 336,
canii)auulatus (Agaricus), 336.
cam^Kstria (Agaricus), 410.
Var. costatus, 412.
„ exanuulatus, 412.
„ hortensis, 412.
„ pratensis, 412.
,, rufescens, 412.
„ silvicola, 412.
,, vaporarius, 412.
cnixdindafa (Clavaria), 84.
canciJlatun (Clathrus), 46.
cnuilida (Solenia), 144.
CandoUranuK (Hypliuloraa), 391.
CandoJltanns (Agaricus), 391.
canitius (Mutinus), 45.
INDEX.
423
caninus (Phallus), 45.
canohrunnea (Psilocybe), 373.
canobrunneus (Agaricus), 374.
cano/aciens (Psiloi-ybe), 366.
canofaciens (Agaricus), 366.
capnoides (Hypholoma), 381.
capnoides (Agaricus), 381.
capsuliferiun (Lycoperdon), 23.
capula (Cypliella), 138.
capht-Medusae (Hydnum), 157.
caput-Medusae (Stropharia), 405.
caput-Medusao (Agaricus), 406.
carbonarius (Agaricus), 334.
Carlylei (Corticium), 126.
Carmichaelanus (Merulius), 186.
carmum (Hydnangium), 14.
carneus (Fomes), 225.
carreus (Polyporus), 225.
carneus (Irpex), 169.
camosus (Boletus), 278.
carotaecolor (Hydnangium), 14.
caryophyllea (Thelephora), 104.
cascus (Hypholoma), 389.
cascus (Agaricus). 390.
castaneus (Boletus), 271.
cataria (Hypholoma), 392.
catarius (Agaricus), 393.
catervata (Psilocybe), 378.
catillu (Cyphella), 140.
caiidata (Psathyrella), 343.
caudatus (Agaricus), 343.
cepaeforme (Bovista), 36.
cepaefonne (Lycoperdon), 35.
cerenoides (Clavaria), 83.
cerehrimis (Polyporous), 252.
cernua (Cyphella), 138.
cernua (Psilocybe), 376.
cemua (Agaricus), 376.
cernua (Peziza), 138.
cervinus (Polyporus), 197.
chioneus (Polyporus), 251.
chondroderma (Psilocybe), 368.
chondroderma (Agaricus), 368.
chrysenteron (Boletus), 263.
Var. nanus, 263.
„ versicolor, 263.
chry&ocomus (Dacryorayces^, 67.
cincta (Porta), 205.
cinetus (Polyporu.-j), 205.
cinctulus (Panueolus), 338.
cinctuius (Agaricus), 338.
cinera (Daedalea), 192.
cinera (Clavaria), 77.
cinerea (Peniophora), 112.
cinereum (Corticium), 112.
cinnamomea (Coniophora), 101.
cinnamomeum (Corticium), 102.
cinnamomeus (IBoletus), 212.
citmamorneus (Polystictus), 211.
cinnamomeus (Polyporus i, 212.
cirrhutum (Hydnum), 158.
citrinua (Hymenogaster), 18.
clavata (Tremella), 63.
clavatus (Craterellus). 137.
clavularis (Thelephora), 104.
clivensis (Psilocybe), 378.
clivensis (Agaricus), 378.
coelatum (Lycoperdon), 33.
coeruleum (Corticium), 127.
coliformis (Geaster), 37.
collabefarta (Poria), 203.
coUabefactus (Polyporus), 203.
collinitus (Boletus), 287.
comatus (Coprinus), 305.
comedens (Corticium), 128.
compacta (Octaviania), 13.
compactum (Hydnum), 153.
compta (Psilocybe), 372.
comptxdus (Agaricus), 416.
comptulus (Agaricus), 372.
conchatus (Fomes), 224.
conchatus (Polyporus), 224.
condensata (Clavaria), 81.
confluens (Corticium), 122.
confluens (Nidularia), 26.
confluens (Sistotrema), 167.
confragosa (Daedalea), 192.
confusum (Porothelium), 178.
congregatns (Coprinus), 321.
congregatus (Coprinusj, 322.
connatus (Fomes), 219.
conniitus (Polyporus), 219.
conopilea (Psathyra), 353.
conopileus (Agaricus), 353.
contigua (Poria), 210.
contiguus (Polyporus), 210.
contortd (Clavaria), 86.
contorta (Phiebia), 175.
Coolcei (Coniophora), 101.
Cooke i (Lycoperdon), 34.
coprophiUi (Psilocybe), 369.
coprophilus (Agaricus), 36'.».
424
INDEX.
corallinnm (Eadulum), 172.
coraVoides (Clavaria), 77.
coraUoides (Hydnum), 15C.
corium (Merulius), 189.
cornea (Calocera), 72.
corjiHcopioides (Craterellus), 130.
coroniUa (Strophoria), .S99.
coronilius (Af^aricus), -100.
cnrrugata (Hymenocliaote), 117.
corruqis (Psatbyra), 354.
Var. gracilis, 3.54.
„ tinosug, 354.
cornigis (Af^ariciis), 354.
cothurnntus (Coprinus), 317.
crassa (Hymenochacte), 118.
crassa (Thelc[)li()ra), 118.
cras^ns (Boletus), 28G.
crenata (PsathyroUa). 345.
crenatus (Agariciis), 345.
cretaceu^ (Agaricus), 414.
crinale (Hyihuim), IGO.
crispa (Sj)aras!5is), 75.
crii^puhi (Clavaria), 82.
ciispus (Craterellus), 137.
crispus (Polyporus), 245.
cristata (Clavaria), 77.
cristata (So]){)ittiella), 107.
crietata (Thelepliora), 107.
cristatus (Polyporus), 238.
crocea (Clavaria), 80.
croceo-ferruginea (Hymenocliaete),
117.
Crossla7idi (Peniopliora), 4IS.
crumitus (Boletus), 2(;(j.
Crustacea (Snppittiella), 108.
crustosa ((irandiiiia), 170.
cryptoruni (Boletus), 227.
cryptorum (I'olyporus), 227.
cuhnigena (Pislillaria), 01.
Curreyi (Cypliella). 141.
curia (Cluvari;i), 70
cutictilaris ( Polyp(irns), 241.
cuticidosa Cyplu'lla), 130.
i-yantsfins (Bulelus), 274.
cyutliiforme (llydnum), 155.
cytisinus (Foines), 210.
cytisiuus ( Polyporu.s), 210.
df'corus (Ilymenngaster), 17.
dcformis (Irpex), 100.
deglubaiis (Itaduluui), 172.
deliquescens (Agaricus), 320.
dcliqnesrens (Dacryomyees), 07.
deliquescens (Copriuus), 320.
dentata (Nidularia), 26.
denticulatum (Hyduum), 160.
destructor (Polyporus), 247.
digitidis (Coprinus), 321.
dibciformc (Peniopliora), 133.
disci/ormo (Stcreiuii), 133.
dispersus (Hypliolonia), 384.
dispersus (Agaricus), 384.
disseminata (Psathyrella), 345.
disseminatu.s (Agaricus), 346.
dirersidens (Hyduum), 1 58.
dochmiospura (Cyi)liella), 141.
domesticus (Agaricus), 312.
domesticus (Coprinus), 326.
dryadeus (Polyporus), 243.
duriuscuhis (Boletus), 276.
echinatum (Ijvcoperdon), ;J0.
edulis (Boletus), 284.
Var. ele}->hantinus, 284.
„ Jaevipes, 284.
egemdus (Hypholoma), 303.
egenulus (Agaricus), 304.
egrcgius (Pauaeolus), 333.
elaeodes (Hypholoma), 383.
elaeodes (Agaricus), 383.
elata (Psathyra), 353.
elegans (Boletus), 261.
elegans (Polyporus), 236.
Var. immmelarius, 236.
elvensis (Agaricus), 410.
empijreumatica (Psathyrella), 3-i4.
empyreuniatica (Agaricus), 344.
encephala (Naematelia), 64.
epheiiienis (Coprinus), 327.
epigaea (Tremella), 62.
epileucum (Kaduluni). 172.
ej'ileucus (l'()ly])uru.s), 1^51.
epi.ranthn.'' (Hypholoma), 381.
ei)i.\aiillHis (Agaricus), 382.
ericaia (Psilocybe). 365.
ericuous (Aguricu.s), 365.
erinaceum (Hy<inum), 157.
erydiropus (lioletu.s), 280.
erijlhnijius ('ryphula), 88.
evolvens (tJortieium), 110.
excipuliformc (Lycoperdou), 31.
extinctorius (Coprinus), 313.
INDEX.
425
faginea (Pilacre), 48.
fagineum (Eadulum), 173.
farinaceum (H3'dnum), 1G5.
farinella (Poria), 201.
farinellus (Polyporus), 201.
fascicularis (Hypholonia), 382.
fascicularis (Agaricus), 382.
fasciculata (Solenia), 144.
fastidiosa (Soppittiella), 107.
fastidiosa (Thelephora), 107.
fastigiata (Clavaria), 7G.
fatuus (Psatliyra), 358.
fatuus (Agaricu.s), 358.
felinus (Agaricus), 393.
felleus (Boletus), 291.
ferruginea (Daedalea), 193.
ferrugineum (Hydnum), 153.
ferruginosa (Caldesiella), 166.
^erruginosus (Fomes), 227.
ferruginosus (Polyporus), 227.
fibrillosa (Psathyra), 359.
fibrillosus (Agaricus), 359.
fbula (Polyporus), 254.
filiformis (Coprinus), 328.
filiformu (Typhula), 90.
fimhriata (Odontia) 178.
fimbriata (Tremella), 60.
fimbriatug (fleaster), 40.
fimetarius (Coprinus), 314.
Var. cinere^is, 314.
„ mnrrorhiza, 315.
„ puUatus, 314.
fimicola (Paiiaeolus), 338.
fimicola (Agaricus), 338.
fimiputrin (Anellaria), 331.
fimiputris (Agaricus), 332.
fistulosa (Clavaria), 80.
flaccida (Clavaria), 80.
flaveolum (Corticiuin), 12G.
flavidus (Boletus). 263.
flavus (Boletus), 262.
flocculosus (Coprinus), 312.
foenisecii (Psilocybe), 377.
foenisecii (Agaricus), 377.
foetidum (CoxiiciMm), 121.
/oliacea (Ulocolla), On.
foliacea (Tremella), 00.
fomentarius (Fomes), 220.
fomentarius (Polyporus), 220.
formosa (Clavaria), 79.
fornicatus (Geaster), 38.
fragile (Hydnum), 151.
fragilis (Polyporus), 254.
fragilis (Clavaria), 84.
fragrans (Boletus), 270.
fraxineus (Fomes), 222.
fraxineus (Polyporus), 222.
fraxinicola (Cyphella), 142.
Friesii (Porothelium), 178.
frondosa (Tremella), 60.
frondosus (Polyporus), 238.
frustnlenta (Psathyra), 357.
frustulentus (Agaricus), 357.
frustulosa (Thelephora), 134.
frustnlosum (Stereum), 134.
f uliginea (Clavaria), 78.
fuliginosa (Hymenochaete), 110.
fulm (Cyphella), 140.
fidvidus (Boletus), 271.
fidvus (Fomes), 223.
fulvus (Polyporus), 223.
fumosa (Clavaria), 84.
fumosus (Polyporus), 249.
furcata (Pistillaria), 92.
fuscescens (Coprinus), 309.
Var. rimoso-sqiiamosiis), 310.
fuscidulns (Polyporus), 230.
fusco-violaceus (Irpex), 169.
fusiformis (Clavaria), 83.
galeata (Cyphella), 139.
geaster (Scleroderma), 22.
gelafinosa (Aldridgea), 103.
gelatinosum (Hydnum), 06.
gelatinosum (Tremellodon), 06.
gemmatum (Lycoperdun), 32.
gibbosa (Trametes), 194.
gigantea (Periophora), 110.
giganteum (Corticium), 110.
giganteum (Lycoperdon), 34.
giganti'Hs (Polyporus), 239.
gilvus (Polyporus), 419.
glandulosa (Exidia), 58.
glareom (Psathyra), 354.
glareosa (Agaricus), 354.
glossoidcH (Calocera), 72.
glutino»ii8 (Gomphidius). .346.
Goldhachii (Cyphella), 139.
Gordon! (Psathyra), 359.
Gordoni (Agiiricus), 360.
Gordon tens is (Poria), 200.
Gordoniensis (Polyporus), 200.
426
INDEX.
gossypina (Psathyra), 361.
gossypinus (Agaricus), 361.
gossypintis (Polystictus), 214.
gossypinus (Polyporus), 215.
gracilis (Agaricus), 3i0.
gracilis (Gomphideus), 349.
gracilis (Psathyrella), 310.
gracilis (Typhula), HO.
gracillinia (Typhula), 90.
granulatus (Boletus), 280.
grauulatus (Boletus), 281.
granulosa (Grandinia), 176.
grarolens (Hydnuni), 155.
Grevillei (Typluila), 89.
grisea (Clavaria), 81.
griseopallida (Cyphella), 142.
griseus (Hymenogaster), 19.
gijrans (Tyjihula), 89.
gijrojli-xa (Psathyra), 355.
gyroflexus (Agaricus), 355.
Jiaemorrhoidarius (Agaricus), 415.
hebes (Psiloeybe), 376.
hebes (Agaricus), 377.
helobius (Psathyra), 360.
helobius (Agaricus), 360.
hclvclloides (Guepinia), 65.
hemerohitis (Copriiius), 328.
Hendersoui (Agaricus), 322.
Henderso)ii (Coprinus), 322.
hepatica (Fistuliiia), 256.
Herbcrgii (Boletus), 241.
Herbergii (Polyporus), 241.
heteroclitus (Boletus), 242.
heteroclitiis (Polyporus). 241.
hiascens (P.^^athyrolla), 341.
hiascens (Agaricus), 341.
Hihernica (Poria), 200.
Hibernicus (Polyporus), 200.
Itiiiiantioidcs (Merulius), 188.
Iiirsutum (Sfcreuiii), 131.
Var. cristuliitum, 131.
„ subcostatuni, 131.
hirsntas (Polystictus), 213.
hirsutus (Poly])oru8), 213.
hisjiidus (P<jly]i(irns), 243.
Iloylei (Lycdpcrdoii), 30.
hyhrida (Poria), 202.
liybridus (Ptdyporus), 202.
Jnjditoidis (Pcuiophora), 114.
liydrophihis (Agaricus), 395.
hydrophilus (Bolbitius), 395.
hydrophilus (Ilypholoma), 394.
hydrophora (Psathyrella), 342.
hydrophorus (Agaricus), 342.
hygrometricns (Geaster), 41.
hymenocystis (Poria), 203.
hymenocystis (Polyjiorus), 204.
hypoxanthns (Ilypholoma), 386.
hypoxanthus (Agaricus), 387.
hypsipoda (Stropharia), 408.
hypsipus (Agaricus), 408.
igniarius (Fomes), 221.
igiiiarius (Polyporus), 221.
imhricidum (Hydnum), 150.
impolitus (Boletus), 268.
impubur (Boletus), 419.
impudicus (Ithyphallus), 44.
inipudicns 'Pliallus), 44.
inacqucdis (Clavaria), 83.
incariKda (Clavaria), 87.
ihcuriuda (Pcniophora), 111.
■incarnata (Poria), 208.
incarnata (Typhula), 89.
incarnatum (Corticium), 111.
incarnatus (Polyporus), 209.
■incomptiis (Hypholoma), 385.
incrtistans (Couiopiiora). 102.
ind.i'corida (Tremclla), 62.
inodont (Trametes), 196.
instratus (Hypholoma), 384.
instratus (Agaricus), 384.
intuniescens (Tremella), 61.
intyhacca (Thclephora), 105.
intyhareuK (Polyporus), 238.
iniincid (Stropharia), 399.'
inuuctus (Agaricus), 399.
iosmos (I'hallus), 44.
Jerdoui (Agaricus), 4(i7.
Jirdoni (Stropharia), 407.
Johnstoiii (Irpex), 169.
juncea (Clavaria), 86.
Kcitlni (Polyporus), 245.
Krithii (Porothi lium), 177.
Kliifzscliii (Hviiiriiogastcr), 16.
Krombhtilzii (Clavaria), 78.
Kunzri (Clavaria), 78.
hiccra (CjTjhella), 139.
INDEX.
427
laciniata (Tlielephora), 105.
lacteum (Corticium), 121.
lactescens (Corticium), 123.
lacteus (Polvpnrus), 253.
lactifluus (Boletus), 281.
lacrymabundus (Hypholoma), 387.
lacrymabundus (Agaricus), 387.
lacrymans (Merulius), 186.
lacunosum (Corticium), 123.
Laestadii (Poria), 207.
Laestadii (Polyporus), 207.
ZaeiicoZor (Merulius), 188.
laevigatum (Hydnum), 151.
lageniformis (Geaster), 39, 40.
lagopus (Coprinus), 323.
lanaripes (Hypholoma), 391.
lanaripes (Agaricus), 391.
laricinus (Boletus), 292.
latissima (Daedalea), 192.
lauro-cerasi (Thelephora), 133.
lentus (Polyporu.s), 229.
leptocephahis (Polyporus), 231.
leonina (Hymenochaete), 116.
leucomelas (Polyporus), 229.
leucopliaues (Panaeolus), 333.
leucophanes (Agaricus), 333.
leucotephrum (Hypholoma), 393.
leucotephrum (Agaricus), 393.
lignatile (Apyrenium), 70.
ligula (Clavaria), 85.
limbatus (Geaster), 38.
limitata (Peniophora), 111.
limitatum (Corticium), 111.
limonicolor (Hydnum), 161.
lirellosa (Phlebia), 175.
lirellosa (Daedalea), 175.
lividum (Corticium), 127.
lividus (Boletus), 273.
lobatd (Auricularia), 57.
lucidus (Fomcs), 217.
lucidus (Polyporus), 217.
luridus (Boletus), 288.
Var. erythropus. 289.
luridus (Boletus), 289.
luteolus (Rhizopogon), 16.
luteonitens (Stropharia), 402,
lutescens (Tremella), 61.
lutescens (Craterellus), 136.
lutetis (Boletus), 261.
luteus (Hymeiiogaster), 17.
hjcii (Corticium), 120.
lycii (Telephora), 120.
macroceplialus (Coprinus), 323.
macrocephalus (Agaricus), 324.
macrorhizus (Agaricus), 315.
macrosporus (Dacryomyces), 66.
maculatus (Gomphidius), 348.
Var. Cookei, 348.
maculatus (Agaricus), 318.
mammosum (Tulostoma), 41.
mammosus (Geaster), 40.
mastiger (Psathyra), 353.
mastiger (Agaricus), 354.
maxima (Solenia), 143.
medulla-panis (Poria), 199.
medulla-panis (Polyporus), 199.
melaleucum (Hydnum), 155.
melanopus (Polyporus), 231.
mekisperma (Stropharia), 401,
melaspermus fAgaricus), 401.
melleum (Hydnum), 162.
membranacea (Coniophora), 101.
membranaceum (Hydnum), 159.
membranaceum (Hydnum), 159.
mtrdaria (Stropharia), 403.
merdarius (Agaricus), 403.
merdarius (Agaricus), 400.
merismoides (Phlebia), 174.
mesenterica (Auricularia), 57.
mesenterica (Tremella), 61.
micans (Poria), 206.
micans (Polyporus), 206.
micans (Pistillaria), 91.
micaceus (Coprinus), 317.
Michelii (Polyporus), 234.
Michelianus (Geaster), 39.
microrhiza (Psathyra), 362.
microrhiza (Agaricus), 362.
minima (Cladoderris), 135.
molle (Corticium), 125.
molle (Lycoperdon), 33.
mollis (Polyporus), 246.
mollis (Trametes), 197.
mollissinui (Thelephora), 106.
mollmca (Poria), 198.
mclluscum (Hydnum), 159.
molluscus (Merulius), 188.
molluscus (Polyporus), 198.
moriformis (Tremella), 62.
mucida (Grandinia), 177.
mucida (Poria), 202.
428
INDEX.
mucidus (Polyporus), 202.
muscicola (Cyphclla), 142.
muscicola (Typliula), 89.
muscigena (Cyphella). 140.
muscoidef: (Clavaria), 7G.
mulicus (Hymenogaster). 17.
multifida (Pterula), 88.
multiforme (Hydnum), 162.
multizonatum (Stereum), 130.
rmrcoticiis (Coprinus), 323.
narcoticus (Agaricus), 323.
neglecta (Psathyra), 356.
nephriticiim (Hysterangium), 15.
nidulans (Polyporus), 246.
nigrescens (Bovista), 34.
nigrescens (Corticium), 128.
nigrescens (Hymenochaete), 116-
nigrescens (Lycoperdoii), 34.
7iigricans (Fomes), 221.
nigricans (Polyporus), 221.
nigrum (Hydnum), 154.
nitida (Poria), 207.
nitidus (Polyporus), 207.
niveum (Hydnum), 164.
niveus (13oletus), 294.
niveus (Coprinus), 316.
nodulosum (Hydnum), 164.
mdi-tungere (Psathyra), 361.
noli-tangere (Agaricus), 361.
nuciseda (Psiloeybe), 371.
nuciseda (Agaricus), 371.
nncleata (Naematelia), 64.
nuda (Diicryopsis), 69.
nuda (Ditiola;, 69.
nycthemerus (Coprinus), 324.
ohducens (Poria), 203.
obducona (Polyporu.s), 203.
ohlecUts (Coprinus), 307.
oblectus (Agiiricus), 307.
ohliqua (Guopinia), 418.
obliquus ( Irpc'X ], 1 68.
obtusa (Clavaria), 92.
oliturdtd (Stropharia), 401).
obturatus (Agiiricu.s), 100.
ohtusaid (Psathyra), 351).
obtusatus (Agaricus), 356.
oeellata (Grandinia), 176.
ochracea (Athclia), 124.
oehracea (Coniophora), 100.
ochracea (Peniophora), 112.
ochracea (Solenia), 144.
ochraccum (Corticium), 112.
ochraceum (Hydnum), 158.
ochroleuca (Cyphella), 143.
ochroleucum (Steroum), 131.
ochroleucum (Corticium), 132.
odora (Trametcs), 195.
Oedipus (Hypholoma), 385.
oedipus (Agaricus), 385.
olivacea (Bovista^, 35.
olivacea (Coniophora), 99.
olivaceum (Lycoperdon), 35.
olivaceum (Polysaccum), 23.
olivaceum (Corticeum), 99.
olivaceus (Boletus), 269.
olivaceus (Hymenogaster), 18.
orbicidare (Radulum), 170.
ovalispora (Bovista), 36.
ovalisjjorum (Lycoperdon), 36.
ovattm (Coprinus), 306.
ovatus (Agaricus), 306.
pallens (Merulius), 187.
pallescens (Polyporus"), 253.
pallida (Cyphella \ 142.
pallidus (Hymenogaster), 18.
palmata (Thelephora), 104.
paludosus (Boletus), 279.
pannosa (Elvella), 129.
papiUatus (Coprinus), 319.
piipillatns (Agaricus), 319.
papiliouaceus (Agaricus), 335.
papiUonacens (Panaei)lu.s), 335.
papulosa (Grandinia). 176.
parasiticus (Boletus), 275.
pectinaius (Fomcs), 222.
pt'ctinatus (Polyporus), 222.
pdaloitles (i'olyporus , 2;!7.
pendulum (Uaduluui), 170.
pendulus (Irpex), 168.
pcnnttta (I'sathyra), 360.
])('niiatus (.Vgaricus), 360.
J'erri-vidi (Stropharia). 396.
Perccvali (Aguricu.s), 396.
jiereiniis (I'olystictns), 211.
pcrennis (Polyporus), 211.
pcrlatam (Lycoperdon), 32.
peronatus (Agaricus), 415.
Vetersii (Pilacrc), 48.
peziza (Guopinia), 69.
INDEX.
429
pezizoides (Peniophora), 110.
phacorrkiza (Typhula), 89.
phalaenarum (Panaeolus), 333.
phalaenanim (Agaricus), 334.
phaUoides (Battarrea), 42.
phalloides (Lycoperdon), 42
phospborea (Auricularia), 127.
phyllophiln (Peniophora), 113.
physaloides (Psilocybo), 370.
physaloides (Agaricus), 371.
picaceus (Coprinus), 310.
piicipes (Polyporus), 235.
pihdaeformis (Hypholoma), 394.
pilulaeformis (Agaricus), o.si.
Pimii (Cypliella), 138.
pint (Trametes), 194.
piperatus (Boletus), 279.
pisiformis (Nidularia), 25.
puocarpium (Polysaccum), 23.
pistillaru (Clavaria), 85.
platypus ((L'oprinus). 330.
Ijlicatilis (Agaricus), 328.
plicatilis (Coprinus), 328.
plumbeum (Lycoperdon), 34.
plumbea (Bovista), 34.
polygonium (Corticium), 125.
polymorphiis (Polystictus), 213.
polymorphus (Polyporus), 213.
polytricha (Herneola), 58.
populinum (Corticium), 120.
populinus (Fomes), 218.
populinus (Polyporus), 218.
porinoidcs (Merulius), 188.
porosum (Corticium), 119, 124.
porphyroi-porus (Boletus), 296.
pratensis (Agaricus), 414.
pratensis (Clavaria), 76.
promts (Psathvrella), 343.
Var. Smitliii, 344.
pronus (Agaricus), 344.
pruinatus (Boletus), 276.
puhera (Peniophora), 113.
puberida (Pistillaria), 92.
puherum (Corticium), 114.
pulverulenta (Coniophora), 100.
pulverulenta (Telepliora), 101.
punctulata (Pholiota), 390.
punctulatus (Agaricus), 390.
purpurascens (Boletus), 2*78.
purpurea (Clavaria), 82.
purpurea (Poria), 209.
purpureum (Stereum), 132.
purpureus (Polyporus), 209.
purpureus (Boletus), 289.
pusilla (Bovista), 36.
pusilla (Pistillaria), 90.
pusilla (Typhula), 90.
pusiUum (Lycoperdon), 36.
pusillus (Hymenogaater), 19.
puteana (Coniophora), 102.
puteanum (Corticium), 102.
pyriforme (Lycoperdon), 32.
pyrotrichus (Hypholoma), 388.
Var. egregius, 389.
pyrotrichus (Agaricus), 389.
pyxidata (Clavaria), 79.
quercina (Daedalea), 190.
quercina (Peniophora), 109.
quercinum (Corticium), 110.
quercinum (Kadulum), 171.
quercinus (Polyporus), 245.
quisquilaris (Pistillaria), 92.
radians (Agaricus), 319.
radians (Coprinus), 319.
radians (Corticium), 124.
radiata (Phlebia), 174.
radiatus (Boletus), 213.
radiatus (Coprinus), 325.
radiatus (Polystictus), 213.
radiatus (Polyporus), 213.
radicans (Boletus), 274.
radicans (Boletus), 266.
radicata (Ditiola), 70.
radiosum (Corticium), 124.
radula (Poria), 203.
radula (Polyporus), 203.
ramentacea (Poria), 207.
ramentaceus (Polyporus), 208.
recisa (Exidia), 59.
recoUigeus (Lycoperdon), 40.
regius (Boletus), 286.
Benneyi (Poria), 204.
Keniieyi (Polyporus), 204.
repandum (Ilydnum), 152.
resupinat.us (Boletus), 226.
resupinntus (Fomes), 220.
reticulata (Poria), 201.
reticulatus (Polyporus), 201.
retirugis (Agaricus), 334.
retirwjis (Panaeolus), 334.
430
INDEX.
rhodella (Poria), 20C.
rhodelhis (Polyporus), 206.
rhododendri (Exobasidium), 109.
ribis (Fomes), 225.
ribis (Polyporus), 225.
rimosa (Peniophora), 113.
rosea (Clavaria), 82.
rosea (Peniophora), 111.
roseolum (Corticium), 124.
roseum (Corticium), 111.
roseus (Fomes), 219.
roseus (Gomphidius), 348.
roseus (Polyporus), 219.
liosthovii (Boletus), 273.
Mostkorii (Polyporus), 235.
rubescens (Rhizopogon), 16.
rubiginosa (Hymenochaeta), 115.
ruhiginosus (Boletus), 292.
rubinus (Boletus), 290.
rubra (Aseroe), 46.
rubriceps (Cliitonia), 418.
rufa (Clavaria), 82.
rufa (Poria), 208.
rufescens (Geaster), 40.
rufescens (Hydnum), 152.
rufesceriH (Polyponis), 232.
rw/Mm (Stereum), 184.
rufus (Gyrocephalus), 65.
rufus (Merulius), 187.
rufus (Polyporus), 208.
rurjona (Clavaria), 78.
ruijognm (Stcreuin), 133.
rntiJans (Polyporus), 247.
saccalum (Lycoperdon), 31.
saccatus (Geaster), 419.
sacfliariua (Exidia), 60.
succhdrina (Ulocolla), 59.
ga<i<itits (Agaricus), 416.
saiieiiia (Thelepliora), 123.
saliriiium (Corticium), 119.
saliciinm (Fomes), 222.
salicinus (Polyporus), 222.
sulifjnuH (Polyporus), 242.
samhnri (Corticium), 123.
ganguiiirinii (Corticiiini), 126.
saiiguiiifuK (IJoli'lu.s) 266.
tanguiiKiltiiid (Poriii), 206.
Banguiiiolenta (P<>lyi)orus), 206.
saiujniuolenium (Sfereum), 1.32.
sarcoccphaht (Psilocybc), 364.
sarcoides (Treraella), 64.
satanus (Boletus), 287.
scaber (Boletus), 293.
scabrosum (Hydiium), 151.
Schmidell (Geaster). 38.
Schweinitzii (Poly2)()rus), 231.
scitiila (Anellaria), 331.
scitulus (Agaricus), 331.
scobicola (Psilocybc), 368.
scobicola (Agaricus), 368.
scobinacea (Stropbaria), 406.
scobinaceus (Agaricus), 407.
Scotica (Peniophora), 113.
scrobiculatum (Hydnum), 154.
scutellare (Corticium), 121.
sebacea (Soppittiulla), 106.
sebacea (Thelcphora), 106, 121.
sebaceum (Corticium), 121.
sebaceum (Dacryomyces), 68.
semiglobuia (Stropharia), 404.
semiglobatus (Agaricus), 405.
semilanceata (Psilocybe), 373.
Var. caerulescens, 373.
semilanceatus (Agaricus), 373.
semivestita (Psatliyra), 358.
semivestitus (Agaricus), 358.
separata (Anellaria), 330.
separatus (Agaricus), 331.
sepultum (Hydnum), 163.
serpens (Merulius), 187.
serpens (Tramctcs), 196.
setigera (IvniiiBn). 180.
silaceus (Ilyjiholoma), .379.
silaceus (Agaricus), 380.
silvaticun (Agaricus), 413.
similis (Coprinus), 313.
sinuosus (Cratercllus), 137.
Yur. crispus. 137.
soboliferus (Co|)riims), 309.
socialus (Coprinus), 327.
sonlidum (Hydnum), 1(J1.
Sowerbei (Stereum), 129.
Rowerbei ('i'lieleiihora), 129.
spadicea (I'silocybe), 374.
Var. hygrojihilus, 374.
„ iwlyceplialus, 375.
spadicea (Agaricus), 374.
spadia'o-grisea (Psuthyra), 355.
spadicco-gri.sou (Agaricus), 355.
spadiceum (Stcreum), 133.
spadicetis (Boletus), 272.
INDEX.
431
spathulata (Sistotrema), 1G2.
spathulaf urn (Hydnum), 161.
spathulatus (Irpex), 168.
sphinctrinus (Agaricus), 335.
sphinctrinus (Panaeolus), 335.
Bpintriger (Agaricus), 407.
spintriger (Stropharia), 407.
Bpinulosa (Clavaria), 79
spongia (Polyporus), 242.
spongia (Polyporus), 241.
spongiosus (Boletus), 226.
spougiosus (Fomes), 226.
Spraguei (Copriiius), 325.
spumeuB (Polyporus), 253.
squalens (Agaricus), 375.
squalens (Psilocybe), 375.
squuliniim (Hydnum), 158.
squamosa (Stropharia), 401.
Var. aurantiaca, 402.
„ thraustus, 402.
squamosum (Hydnum), 150.
squamosus (Polyporus), 232.
stelluhis (Sphaerobolus), 27.
Stephensii (Octaviania), 13.
Stephensii (Polyporus), 196.
stercoraria (Stropharia), 404.
stercorarius (Agaricus), 404.
stercorarius (Coprinus), 326.
sterquilinus (Coprinus), 307.
Stevensii (Hydnangium), 13.
Stevensoni (Hydnum), 164.
Stevensoni (Portothelium), 178.
Stevensonii (Hymenochaete), 116.
stdlatus (Dacryomyces), 67.
stillatus (Gompliidius), 348.
stiputuin (Hydnum), 165.
storea (Hypholoma) 386.
storea (Agaricus), 386.
stratomm (Stereum), 1.35.
etriaepes (Boletus), 265.
striata (Calocera), 72.
stnatus (Cyathus), 24.
striaius (Geaster), 39.
stricta (Calocera), 72.
stricta (Clavaria), 81.
strobilaceus (Strobilomyces), 257.
stuppea (Cyp\ic\la), 141.
suaveolens (Tramt-tes), 195.
subbalteatus (Agaricus), 337.
subbalteatus (Panaeolus), 337.
Bubcostatum (Stereum), 131.
snhdealhaia (Coniophora), 100.
subdealbata (Corticium), 100.
subericaea (Psilocybe), 365.
subericaeus (Agaricus), 365.
suberosus (Boletus), 219.
subfusco-flavida (Poria), 204.
subgelatinosa (Kneftia), 180.
subgelatinosa (Polyporus), 205.
subgelatinosa (Poria), 205.
subgibbosus (Agaiicus), 417.
sublateritius (Hypholoma), 380,
Yar. Schaefieri, 380.
,. squamosus, 380.
sublateritius (Agaricus), 380.
substrata (Psatliyrella), 339.
subtratus (Agaricus), 340.
subtomentosus (Boletus), 265.
Var. radicans, 266.
svbulata (Ptorula), 87.
succineus (Dacryomyces), 67.
sulphurea (Coniophora), 99.
sulpliureum (Corticium), 100.
sulphureus (Boletus), 269.
sulphureus (Polyijorus), 240.
tdbacina (Hymenochaete), 117.
tardus (Coprinus), 321.
tener (Hyraenogaster), 18.
tenuipes (Boletus), 281.
tenuipes (Pistillaria), 91
Terrei (Trametes), 197.
terrestris (Peniophora), 114.
terrestris (Poria), 205.
terrestris (Polyporus), 205.
terrestris (Tiielebolus), 27.
terrestris (Thelephora), 105
thraustus (Agaricus), 402.
Thicaitesii (Hymenogaster), 19.
Thicaitesii (Hysterangium), 15.
tomentosum (Ra.dv\\xm), 172.
tomentosus (Agaricus), 315.
tomeiitosus (Coprinus), 315.
torta (Dacryomyces), 68.
torta (Tremella), 68.
trabeus (Polyporus), 254.
translucens (Typliiilu), 91.
treinellosus (Meruliu.s), 189.
trepida (Psathyrella), 311.
trepidus (Agaricus), 342.
tubercularia (Tremella), 63.
iuberosa (Calocera), 71.
432
INDEX.
tuherom (Clavaria), 86.
tuberosa (Thclepliora), 130.
tuherosum (Steroum), 130.
typhae (Corticium), 123.
udum (Hydnum), 1G3.
udus (I'silocybe), 365.
uilus (Agaricus), 365.
ulnuirius (Fomes), 218.
ulniaiius (Polyporus), 218.
umbellatus (Polyporus), 237.
umlirina (CLivaria), 77.
umhrina (Coniopbora), 101.
umhrina (Foria), 208.
umbrinella (Clavaria), 77.
umbrinura (Corticium), 101.
umbrinus (Polyporus), 208.
uncialis (Clavaria), 85.
undulata (Tlielepbora), 130.
undulaium (Stereum), 130.
unirulor (Daedalea), 192.
urticaecola (Psathyra), 362.
urticaecola (Agaricus), 362.
vaccina (Exobasidium), 108.
vaccinus (Boletus), 272.
vaga (Phlebia), 175,
Vaillantii (Poria), 201.
Vaillantii (Polyporus), 201.
vaporaria (Poria), 198.
Var. secernibilis, 198.
vaporarius (Polyporus), 198.
variabilis (C!lioctocypliii). HO.
variecolor (Boletus), 2t)9.
variegatui^ (Boletus), 277.
variegatux (Foines), 224.
variigatuif (Melauogaster), 13.
variigHtus (Polyporus), 225.^
variirolor (Hydnum), 160.
variiis (Polyporus). 236.
vegettiH (Fomes), 223.
vegetus (Polyporus), 223.
velutina (Peuiopbora), 112.
velutiiiuin (Corticium), 1 12.
veliitinus (Agaricus), 3S8.
velutiuus (llyi)lioloinii), 388.
Vnr. /3. liiocepbalu.s, 388.
velutinus (Polyporus), 214.
vchitinus (Polystictus), 214.
ventricom (Stropharia), 400.
vermicularis (Clavaria), 83.
vermicularis (Dacryomyces ?), 68.
vermicitlaritt (Daedalea), 193.
veniirosu>< (Cyatlius), 24.
verrucosunt. (Scleroderma), 22.
versicolor (Agaricus), 397.
versicolor (Boletus), 265.
versicolor (Polystictus), 212.
versicolor (Polyporus), 212.
versicolor (Stropharia), 396.
versicolor (TremoUa), 63.
versipellis (Boletus), 295.
vpsicaria (Tremella), 62.
villosa (Cyphella), 141.
villosa (Peziza), 141.
violacea (Poria)f 209.
violaceo-lividum (Corticium), 127.
violaceus (Polyporus), 209.
virescens (Naematelia), 65.
virescens (Psilocybe), 367.
viridans (Poria), 204.
viridans (Polyporus), 204.
viride (Hydnum), 161.
viscidus (Boletus), 293.
viscidus (Gompbidius), 347.
viscosa (Galocera), 71.
viscosa (Thelephora), 62.
viscosa (Tremella), 62.
vifrea (Poria), 199.
vitreus (Polyporus), 200.
vorticosum (Stereum), 133.
vulgnre (Crucibulum), 25.
vulgare (Scleroderma), 21.
vidgaris (Hymenogaster), 17.
vulgaris (Poria), 199.
vulgaris (Polyporus), 199.
Wt inm<nini (Hydnum), 159.
Wortbingtoni (Agaricus), 399.
Worthiiigtoni (Stropbaria), 398.
Wynnei (Polystictus), 215.
Wyuiiei (l\)lyi)orus), 216.
zonatum (Hydnum), 154.
LONDON : rUlNTKI> BY WM. CLOWl-.s AND .SONS, LIMITED,
kTAMl-OUD srUEEX AND CllAKlKO CU083.
u
New York Botanical Garden Ubrary
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Massee, George Edwa/British fungus-flora
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