British phaenogamous botany, or, Figures and descriptions of the genera of British flowering plants

BRITISH

on,

FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS
OF THE GENERA

BRITISH FLOWERING PLANTS, i

BY W. BAXTER, A. L. S. F. H. S. &c.

V'

CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE EOT A Mr A I. SOCIF.l Y OF ION 00 V ;
CURAJOK OF TIIE BOTANIC <1 A It DEN, OXFORD;

AM) AUTHOR OF STIRPES CRYPTOGAM.* OXOMENSES.

Flowers ****** which not nice art
Jn boils auil curious knots, but nature boon
Fours forth profuse on hill, anil dale, and plain.

. YOU. IV.

+ <3K5o£
.836

v.tf

TO

DAWSON TURNER, ESQ. M. A.

FELLOW OF THE ROYAL, ANTIQUARIAN, & LINNEAN SOCIETIES,
See. See. See.

WHOSE MANY VALUABLE WORKS HAVE SO EMINENTLY CON-
TRIBUTE!) TO THE CULTIVATION & ADVANCEMENT

OF

BRITISH BOTANY,

®})ts Folume

OF

BRITISH PHA5NOGAMGUS BOTANY,

IS MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED,

IN GRATEFUL REMEMBRANCE OF HIS KINDNESS AND FRIENDSHIP
AND WITH SENTIMENTS OF THE HIGHEST REGARD
AND ESTEEM;

BY HIS OBEDIENT,

AND VERY HUMBLE SERVANT.

WILLIAM BAXTER.

a 0 C 0 1

w U 1

i

Botanic Garden, Oxford,
February 18, 1839.

FLOWERS.

“ Fairest of Nature’s offspring ! When the mind
Has dwelt full long upon her grander forms,

The skies now bathed in light, now dark with storms —
The sea, that like a crystal zone doth bind
Earth’s solid frame, — or hills which seemed designed
To prop the ethereal arch, — 'tis passing sweet
Downward to glance and see ye at our feet
Nestling in quiet beauty, leaf-enslirin’d.

The mead, the hedge-row seem your fittest home ;

But be it where it may, or rock’s rude breast.

Or gloomy cavern, like the wreathed foam
On the vex’d billow, or the waving crest
On warrior’s dinted helm, so your meek bloom
Can even terror with a charm invest.

But other spell methinks than beauty's power
Binds ye to human bosoms ; ye appear
To share our moods ; ye have for grief a tear
When evening bends ye ’ncath her dewy shower.

For mirth a smile when morning’s shining hour
Decks ye with light and gladness ; on the dead
How oft your sweetest iucencc do ye shed.

And strew, as is most meet, the bridal bower !

Ye love the sunny brow of youth to bind,

To see gay childhood sport your haunts among ;

But most when years leave childhood far behind,

In strains as ‘ moral as the preacher's tongue,’

Ye love to raise and purify the mind.

And wean us from the world’s deluding throng.”

Bath and Cheltenham Gazette.

May 29, 1K38.

241

puhlqphccf fry Tf y/Hu '-fay /«■ /, &

TRO'LLIUS* * * * §.

Linnean Class and Order. Polya'ndria f, Polycy'niA.

Natural Order. Ranuncula'ce®:J:, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 231. — *
Sm. Gr. of Bot. p. 136. — Lindl. Svn. p. 7.; Introd. to Nat. Syst.
of Bot. p. 6. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 465. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p.
495. ; Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. i. p. 137. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard.
and Bot. v. i. p. 2. — Mack. FI. Hib. pt. i. p. 4. — Rosales ; sect.
Ranunculin®; type, Ranunculace® ; subty. Hellebore.®,
Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. p. 614, 828, 837, & 839. — Multisili-
QU®, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx ( corolla of Linn.,/ inferior, of 5 or many,
deciduous, petal-like coloured sepals (fig. 1, a). Corolla (see f. 2.)
of 5 or many, strap-shaped, petals f nectaries of Linn.) (see f. 1, b),
shorter than the calyx, each with an obscure depression above the
contracted base. Filaments (see fig. 2.) numerous, bristle-shaped,
shorter than the sepals. Anthers terminal, strap-shaped, upright.
Germens (figs. 3 & 5.) superior, numerous, sessile, columnar.
Styles none. Stigmas pointed, spreading, shorter than the stamens.
Capsules ( follicles ) (figs. 6 & 7.) numerous, cylindrical, pointed,
recurved, collected into a round head. Seeds several, at the edges
of the capsule, egg-shaped, smooth, somewhat triangular.

The calyx of 5 Or many, coloured sepals ; the corolla of 5 or
many, small, strap-shaped petals, with an obscure depression above
their contracted base ; and the numerous, sessile, columnar, many-
seeded capsules ; will distinguish this from other genera in the
same class and order.

One species British.

TRO'LLIUS EUROPE US. European Globe-flower. Mountain
Globe-flower. Globe Crowfoot. Locker-go wlans§.

Spec. Char. Calyx of about 15 concave sepals, converging
into a globe. Petals (nectaries of Linn.) from 5 to 10, the length
of the stamens.

Engl. Bot. t. 28. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. iv. t. 190. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 782. —
Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.J p.244. — VVilld. Sp. PI. v. ii. pt. ii. p. 1333. — Sm.
FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 597. ; Engl. FI. v. ii i. p. 56. — With. (7th ed.) v. iti. p. 685. —
Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 713. — Lindl. Syn. p. 12. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 267. —
Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p.295. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 736. ; and v. iti. p. 364. —
Hook. FI. Scot. p. 175. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 127. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p.
124. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durh. p. 38. — Flora Domestica, p. 153. —
Don’s Gen/Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 44 .—Ranunculus globosus, Kay’s
Syn. p. 272. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 955.

Fig. 1. A Sepal and a Petal ; a. a sepal ; b. a petal. — Fig. 2. Petals, Stamens,
and Pistils. — Fig. 3. Germens, and a single Petal.— Fig. 4. A separate Petal. —
Fig. 5. A separate Germen. — Fig 6. A head of Capsules.— Fig. 7. A separate
Capsule.

* A name given to this plant by Conrad Gesner. It is derived from trolo r

trolen, an old German word, signifying something round, in allusion to the form
of the flowers ; whence also the English name Globe Flower. Don.

t See folio 43, note f. t See folio 129, a.

§ Supposed to be a coriuption of Lucken-Gowan ( Cabbage-daisy ) of the Scots.

Localities. — Moist mountainous pastures, in the North of England ; in the
North of Ireland ; and in Wales and Scotland. — Cheshire ; In great plenty in
a wood betwixt Stayley Hall and Scout Mill, at a place called Wems. — Cum-
berland; East side of Derwentwater ; Kirkland; abundant in moist woods,
meadows, &c.; Aspatria Mill. — Derbysh. Between Matlock and New Haven;
Near Buxton; near Matlock Bath, and in the Via Gellia; Litton Dale, near
Tideswell ; and 2 miles from Matlock, on a hill called Vigelia. Durham ; In
ILivensworth, Heaton Dene, and Shipley Woods in Teesdale ; woods in Wear-
dale; Beamish; and near Egleston. Frequent in several bogs in the vale be-
tween Norton and Billingham. — Lancash. Borough-Hall Paik; road-side near
Dale-Park in Furness Fells ; side of Coniston Water ; and on the hanks of the
Loyne near Caton. — Northumb. Woods in Allondale ; Heaton Wood; and
Whitehill Dean, near Ovingham ; near Belford, Alnwick, and Morpeth; at
Catcherside, Roadley, and Long Witton; and in most of the woods, and on
banks of numerous rivulets. Shropsh. Meadows at Hays, plentifully. —
Westmoreland ; About Shap ; nearTroulbeck ; and on the banks of the Mint. —
Worcester sh. Moist meadows at the foot of Bredon Hill. — Yorksh. Hovingham
Woods, near Holly Hill. In Skirrith Wood, and moist woods about Settle.
About Grassington in Wharf-dale; near Copgrove, very common; moist mea-
dows near Ripon ; Wensley Dale ; by Malham Cove ; Settle Bridge ; Craven ;
Richmond ; Wood at Clayton’s Bridge ; Mill Island; and on the banks of the
Ribble. — WALES. Brecknocksh. Valleys of the Black Mountains. — Car-
narvonsh. Meadows below Penrhyn ; in the hollow immediately below the
cataract in Caunant Mawr ; near Dolbadarn Castle ; in the Vale of Llanberris ;
and in the meadows near Llyn Cowlid, a lake in the mountains above, and nearly
North of Capel Cerig. Rocks in Cwm Idwel ; Clogwyn dii’r Arddfi ; and
Crib y Ddescil ; banks of the Ogwen, a few miles above Bangor, and thence up
the mountains ; Twlldu; Llanberris.— Denbighsh. Frequent. — Glamoraansh.
Between Pont Nedd Vachn and Usgoed Eynon Gam. — Merionethsh. Dolgelle ;
boggy grassy lands to the left of the road from Dolgelle to Trawsfynaid. —
SCOTLAND. In several places in the vicinity of Berwick-upon-Tweed;
banks of the water of Leith, opposite Newmill above Currie; meadow-ground
South of Ravelrig-toll ; near Borthwick Castle ; Lugton Woods ; woods at Mid-
Calder; banks of the Clyde at Kenmuir ; Daldowie; Bothvrell, and the falls. —
IRELAND. Convoy and Lough Garton, county of Donegal.

Perennial. — Flowers in May and June.

Root fibrous, tufted. Stems several, from 1 to 2 feet high,
round, smooth, hollow, leafy, branched towards the top Leaves
smooth, dark green, 5-parted, the lobes variously divided and cut ;
the radical ones on long stalks. Flowers large and handsome, of a
bright yellow, almost globular from the roundish connivent sepals
of the calyx. Petals ( nectaries of Linn.y (fig. 4.) strap-shaped, of
nearly the same hue as the sepals, but scarcely half so long. Cap-
sules (figs. 6 & 7.) nearly cylindrical, transversely ribbed, termi-
nated by a crooked point, which turns outwards, giving the head
(fig. 6.) a star-like appearance. Seeds black and shining.

The large handsome flowers of this plant have obtained for it a place
in the flower-garden, where it thrives best in a moist shady situ-
ation. It is a native almost throughout the whole of Europe. The
country people of Westmorland, Scotland, and Sweden, consider it
a sort of festival flower, going in parties to gather it for the decor-
ation of their doors and apartments, as well as their persons. — It is
the Lucken-gowan of Allan Ramsey : —

“ We’ll pou the daisies on the green,

The lucken-gowans frae the bog ;

Between hands now and then we’ll lean,

And sport upon the velvet fog.”

It'ccc/ tfbmM-t C'l i /y .

CM dt bdnJJtL Sc Sc

Pub* by IVBaxbrBotan ic Gar dot. Ox/d*xL IS 37

(‘242.)

FRAGA'RIA* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Icosa'ndria f, Folygy'nia.

Natural Order. Rosa'cea:, Juss. Gen. Pi. p. 334. — Sm.Grara.
of Bot. p. 171. — Lind I. Syn. p. 88. ; Introd. to Nat. Systof Bot. p.
81. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 528. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 512. — Don’s
Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. ii. p. 523. — Mack. FI. Hibem. pt. i.
p. 85. — Rosales; sect. Rosinte ; subsect. Rosianag ; type, Ro-
sace/e; subtype, Fragarida: ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 614,
683, 699, & 700. — Senticosa:, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (see fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 flat, permanent
sepal, deeply divided into 10 spreading segments, the 5 alternate
ones external and smallest. Corolla of 5 roundish, spreading petals
(fig. 2.), attached to the rim of the calyx by their short claws, op-
posite to its outer segments. Filaments (see fig. 1.) numerous, from
the rim of the calyx, awl-shaped, upright, shorter than the corolla,
permanent. Anthers roundish, incumbent, of 2 cells, deciduous.
Germens (fig. 4.) superior, numerous, roundish, small, collected
into a round head. Styles, 1 to each germen (see figs. 6 & 7.),
lateral, short, incurved, permanent. Stigmas simple, blunt. Berry
(fig. 5.) spurious, formed of the enlarged receptacle of the seeds
become pulpy, coloured, egg-shaped or roundish, abrupt at the
base, finally deciduous. Seeds [nuts of Hooker and Lindley;
carpels of Don,) numerous, naked, scattered over the surface of the
large fleshy receptacle or berry, roundish egg-shaped, acute, smooth
and even (see figs. 6 & 7).

The 10-cleft calyx ; the corolla of 5 petals ; and the seeds or nuts
being placed on the surface of a large fleshy, deciduous receptacle ;
will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order.

Three species British.

FRAGA'RIA VE'SCA. Eatable Strawberry +. Wood Straw-
berry.

Spec. Char. Leaflets plicate, thin, pubescent beneath. Fruit
pendulous. Calyx at length reflexed. Hairs of the Peduncles
widely spreading ; those of the pedicels close-pressed, silky.

Eng. Bot. 1. 1524.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 708.— Huds. FI. A ngl. (2nd ed.) p. 221.—
Willd. Sp. PI. v. ii. pt ii. p. 1090. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 546. ; Engl. FI. v. ii.
p. 414. — With. (7th ed.) v. lii. p. 630. — Gray's Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 584. — Lindl.
Syn. p. 95. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 250.— Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p.267. — Siblh. FI.
Oxon. p. 160. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 112. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 51. — Purt.
Midi. FI. v. i. p.245. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 203. — Hook. FI. Scot. p.
162. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 115. — FI. Devon, pp. 87 6c 172. — Johnst. FI. ofBerw.
v. i. p. 115. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durh. p.35. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of
Gard. and Bot. v. ii. p. 542. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 144. — Bab. FI. Bath. p.
15. — Loud. Encyclop. of Gard. (new edit. 1835) p. 939. parag. 5131. — Baxter’s

Fig. 1. Calyx and Stamens. — Fig. 2. A Petal. — Fig. 3. A Stamen. — Fig. 4.
Receptacle and Germens divested of the calyx and corolla. — Fig. 4. The Ripe
Fruit, formed of the enlarged fleshy receptacle of the seeds. — Figs. 6 & 7. Seeds.
— Figs. 3 6c 7 a little magnified.

* From fragans, fragrant ; on account of the fragrance of the fruit,
t See Primus cirasus, folio 100, note f.

{ From the ancient practice of laying straw between the rows of plants, to
keep the ground moist and the fruit clean.

Lib. of Agricul. and Hort. Knowl. (2nd ed.) p. 563. — Mark. Catal. of Plants of
Irel. p. 49. ; FI. Hibern. pt. i. p. 92. — Fragaria, Ray’s Syn. p.254. — John-
son’s Gerarde, p. 997.

Localities.-* Woods and thickets; and on hedge-banks and heaths; common.

Perennial. — Flowers in May, June, and July.

Root somewhat woody, blackish, fibrous ; throwing out long,
slender, trailing, hairy runners above ground, which take root at
intervals, and produce new plants. Stems from 4 to 8 inches high,
upright, slightly leafy, clothed with soft spreading hairs. Leaves
mostly radical, on long channelled, hairy footstalks, ternate ; leaflets
egg-shaped, serrated, pubescent beneath, the 2 lateral ones unequal
at the base. Flowers panicled, or somewhat cymose, white, up-
right, their common stalks (peduncles ) clothed with copious spread-
ing hairs ; their partial ones (pedicels J with upright or close-
pressed silky pubescence. Segments of the Calyx, especially the
smaller or external ones, often cloven at the point. Fruit droop-
ing, egg-shaped, deep scarlet, pulpy, studded with the small smooth
seeds or nuts.

The fruit (which is the fleshy receptacle of the seeds become
enlarged and pulpy) is fragrant, gratefully acid and aromatic, and
from its cooling quality is particularly acceptable in Summer. Eaten
either alone, or with sugar and cream, there are few constitutions
with which strawberries, even when taken in large quantities, are
found to disagree. Further, they have properties which render
them in most conditions of the animal frame positively salutary ;
and Physicians concur in placing them in their small catalogue of
pleasant remedies. They promote perspiration, and dissolve the
tartarous incrustations of the teeth. Persons afflicted with the gout
or stone have found relief from using them very largely ; and
Hoffman says, he has known consumptive people cured by them.
The bark of the root is astringent.

Many varieties of the Wood Strawberry are cultivated in gardens. Mr. Neill
informs us, in his Horticultural Tour in Flanders, Holland, and France,
p. 210, that at the Hague, Leyden, and Haarlem, the native species, Fragaria
vesca, is preferred for culture, and is there very generally known by the name of
Boskoeper strawberry, from the circumstance of the plants being procured from
the woods at Boskoop. It is found to possess, with proper treatment, the pro-
perty of continuing very long in fruit, like the Alpine Strawberry in England.
At Haarlem, the fruit is sometimes gathered for nine months in succession, from
March till November ; but it is to be understood, that different lines of the plants
have been dressed at different periods of the season, and that attention has been
paid to watering the rows during the parching droughts in summer. The culti-
vated plants are regarded as exhausted after the second year ; they are therefore
rooted up and destroyed, and a new supply is obtained from Boskoop.

Two minute, parasitic fungi, Arigma obtusatum, Hook. Brit. FI. v. ii. pt. n.
p. 359; and Uredo Potentilldrum, ibid. p. 382 ; are found, occasionally, on the
leaves of this species of Fragaria ; but they are both much more common on
the leaves of Potentilla Fragariastrum.

Mr. Nelson, a very intelligent man, and an excellent gardener, who has, for
nearly 40 years, had the management of the gardens of A. Grimes, Esq. of
Coton House, near Rugby, in Warwickshire, informed me, in 1831, that the
Hautboy strawberry, Fragaria elatior, was growing wild in the plantations
and spinnies about that place, in such abundance, that he usually procured it
from thence to cultivate in his garden.

245

(243.)

GNAPHA'LIUM*

Linnean Class and Order. Syngene'sia f, Polyqa'mia, Su-
pe'rflua

Natural Order. Compo'sit^e§; tribe, Corymbi'fer.e ||, Juss. —
Lindl. Syn. pp. 140 & 142. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Hot. pp. 197
& 199. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 142. — Compo'sit^; ; subord. Car-
dua'ce.e ; Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 520 & 521. — Synanthe'rea:,
Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 454. — Corymbi'fer.e, sect. 1. Juss. Gen.
PI. p. 177. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. pp. 121 & 123. Engl. FI. v. iii.
p.334. — Syringales; subord. Asterosa: ; sect. Asterina. ;
subsect. Asteriana; type, Asterace.e; Burn. Outl. of Bot.
pp. 900, 901, 920, 924, & 926. — Composite, Linn.

Gen. Char. Involucrum ( common calyx) (fig. 1.) roundish,
imbricated ; scales (see fig. 2 ) membranous, often coloured, con-
verging. Corolla compound ; florets of the disk perfect, tubular ;
their limb 5-cleft (see figs. 3 & 4) ; some in the very centre occa-
sionally abortive, being destitute of stamens, and often of corolla
also; florets of the circumference, if present, slender, or awl-shaped,
mostly undivided. Filaments (see figs. 5 & 6.) 5, hair-like, short.
Anthers in a cylindrical tube (see fig. 5). Germen (see fig. 4.)
inversely egg-shaped, angular. Style (fig. 7.) thread-shaped, the
length of the floret. Stigmas 2, spreading, notched. Seed-vessel
none, except the permanent shining coloured calyx. Seeds in-
versely egg'-shaped, small, alike, and usually perfect, in all the
florets. Pappus ( down ) (figs. 4 & 8.) either simple, or variously
feathery. Receptacle (fig. 9.) naked.

Distinguished from other genera, (with the corolla of the marginal
florets obsolete, or wanting,) in the same class and order, by the
imbricated, filmy, coloured scales of the involucrum ; the awl-shaped
florets of the circumference, when present ; the rough, or feathery
pappus ; and the naked receptacle.

Eleven species British.

GNAPHA'LIUM DIO'ICUM. Dioecious Cudweed. Mountain
Cudweed. Mountain Cotton-weed. Mountain Cat’s-foot.

Spec. Char. Shoots procumbent. Stems unbranched. Root-
leaves spathulate. Corymbs simple, terminal. Flowers dioecious ;
inner scales of the involucrum (fig. 2.) elongated, ohtuse, coloured.

Engl. Bot. t. 267. — Linn. Sp. Plant, p. 1199. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd. ed.) p. 360. —
Willd. Sp. PI. v. iii. pt. in. p. 1882. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 869. ; Engl. FI. v. iii. p.
413. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 926. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 356. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i.
p. 470. t. 20. f. 1. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 250. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 77. — Purt.

Fig. 1. Involucrum. — Fig. 2. A inner Scale of the Involucrum. — Figs. 3 & 4.
Separate Florets, with their pappus. — Fig. 5. Stamens and Pistil. — Fig. 6. A sepa-
rate Stamen. — Fig. 7. Germen, Style, and Stigmas. — Fig. 8. A single Ray of the
Pappus. — Fig. 9. Receptacle. — Figs. 4, 5, 6, 7, & 8, more or tess magnified.

'* From Gnapheus. Gr. a fuller; certain species being soft and woolly as the
nap of cloth : and, according to some writers, used as a substitute for cotton or flax,
in filling couches and mattresses, and hence denominated Cotton-weed. Wither.
t Sec folio 91, note t. t See folio 36, note 1.

1 See folio 27, a. || See folio 36, a.

Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 743; — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rded.) p. 337. — Hook. FI. Soot. p. 240. —
Grev. FI. Edin. p. 176.— Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 182. — Winch’s FI. of North,
and Durh. p. 53. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 236. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 72 ;
FI. Hibern. pt. i. p. 145. — Gnaphalium montanum album, Ray’s Syn. p. 181. —
G. montanum pur pur eum et album, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 640. — Antenndria
dioica, Gaertner. — Lindl. Syn. p. 144. — A.montana, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 458.

Localities. — In dry mountainous pastures and heaths. — Oxfordshire;
Woodcot Heath: Dr. Sibthorp. — Cambridgeshire; Gog-magog Hills; Shel-
ford Moor; Newmarket Heath; Gamlingay : Rev. R. Relhan. — Cheshire;
Mountains above Stayley : Mr. Bradbury. — Cornwall ; By the road-side, a
short distance above Hayle Bridge towards Camborne: Mr. H. Watson, in
N. B. G. Frequent; Hudson. — Cumberland ; Kiikland, Brampton, and Pen-
rith Fell: Hutchinson. Ravine of the Screes near Wast water: Mr. Wood.
Winside Hill, Derwentwater : Mr. H. Watson. Watendlath : N. B. G. —
Derbyshire; Hills between Hayfield and Kinder Scout: Mr. O. Sims. At
Arbor Low, between Buxton and Ashbourne: Rev. W. T. Bree. — Durham ;
Moor above Beamish ; Gateshead Fell : N. J. Winch, Esq. Common in Tees-
dale Forest : Rev. J. Harriman. — Lancashire ; Yealand Common: Robson. —
Lincolnshire ; On Bernak Heath: Ray. Grantham Heath: D. Turner,
Esq. — Norfolk ; On Stratton Strawless Heath, near Norwich : Sir J. F,. Smith.
Swaffh am Heath : Mr. Pitchford. — Northamptonshire; Upon Bernack, and
Wittering Heaths: Morton. — Northumberland; Prestwick Car ; and Moors
near Newcastle: N. J. Winch, Esq. — Shropshire ; Road from Trebrodind to
Chin: Dr. Evans. — Suffolk ; On Canham Heath, near Bury: Mr. Pitch-
ford. — Westmoreland ; Kendal Fell: Robson. Kirkston, leading from Am-
bleside to Patterdale : Rev. J. Dodd. — Yorkshire ; On Ingleborough : Bulmer,
and Wilburn Moors; Barton Heights near Malton; and Rosedale-nead near
Whitby; near Leeds, and Thorp Arch; pastures in Craven ; New Park near
Askrig, Wensleydale ; Copgrove; Ais-la-Beck; and the Race-ground, near
Richmond: N.B.G. — Frequent in WALES, SCOTLAND, and IRELAND.

Perennial. — Flowers in June and July.

Root somewhat woody, with many long simple fibres. Stems
upright, simple, from 3 to 7 inches high, white, cottony, leafy,
accompanied at the base by several prostrate, leafy runners, by
which the plant is increased. Leaves scattered ; those on the run-
ners inversely egg-shaped, tapering at the base into a leafstalk;'
those on the stems spear-shaped, sessile ; all green and smooth
above ; very white and cottony beneath. Flowers from 3 to 8,
white, purple, or reddish ; terminating the stem in a kind of corymb.
Scales of the involucrum blunt, the outer short, green and cottony ;
the inner widening upwards, long, smooth, shining, white, often
rose-coloured, especially in the fertile plants. Jlnthers with two
bristles at the base (see fig. 6). Stigmas truncate. Seeds short.
Pappus sessile, partly rough, partly feathery, and somewhat tufted,
'the redder florets in general have the most perfect pistil, without
even the rudiments of stamens.

This is a very elegant little plant, the flowers of which retain- their freshness for a
great length of time after they are gathered, a property which renders it deserving
of a place in the flower-garden. It makes a pretty variety, mixed with the foreign
species of Everlasting, for forming the dried winter bouquet, &c. The Gnapha-
lium. or Everlasting, is considered the emblem of never-ceasing remembrance,
from its being so frequently used on the Continent to decorate the monuments and
graves of departed friends ; but it is not consigned alone to the use of the grave, for
we frequently meet with it ornamenting the vase of the saloon, and decorating our
chimney-pieees. The ancients crowned the images of their gods with garlands made
of these flowers, and from hence they were frequently called God’s Flowers. In
Spain and Portugal they are still used to decorate the altars and the images of the
Saints.

2-44

C Mathews, J)el&SC. Pu l* ly ff tc G ardtn Oxford JS3J

(■244.)

SHEItA'RDIA.

Linnean Class and Order. Tetra'.ndri a f, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Stella'ta:*, Linn. — Lindl. Syn. p. 128. ; Inlr.
to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 202. — Rubia'cea;, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 196. —
Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 126. — Engl. FI. v. i. p. 196. — Rich, by
Macgilliv. p. 459. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 519. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of
Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p.453. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 129. — Syrin-
gai.es; subord. Asterosa: ; sect. Rubiacin.b; type, Rubia-
ce.e; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 900, 901, 902, & 914.

Gen. Char. Calyx (see fig. 1, a.) small, superior, of 1 sepal,
with 4 or 6 segments or teeth, permanent. Corolla (see fig. 1, b.)
of 1 petal, funnel-shaped; tube cylindrical; limb in 4, equal, flat,
acute segments. Filaments (see fig. 1.) 4, from the mouth of the
tube, recurved. Anthers roundish, 2-lobed. German (see fig. 1.)
inferior, of 2 round or oblong lobes. Style (fig. 2.) hair-like,
2-lobed at the apex. Stigmas bluntish or capitate. Fruit (fig. 3.)
dry, crowned with the permanent teeth of the calyx, divisible into
2 1-seeded portions (mericarps, Don), flat on one side, convex on
the other (see figs. 3, 4, & 5).

The funnel-shaped, 4-cleft corolla ; and the dry fruit, crowned
with the permanent calyx ; will distinguish this from other genera
in the same class and order.

One species British.

SHERA'RDIA ARVE'NSIS. Field Sherardia. Little Field-
madder. Little Spur-wort.

Spec. Char. Leaves about 6 in a whorl. Flowers terminal,
sessde, umbellate.

Engl. Bot. t. 891. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 315. Curt. Brit. Entom: v. ix. t. 388. —
Linn. Sp. PI. p. 149. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed. ) p. 66. — Willd. Sp. l’l. v. i.» pt. I.
p. 574. — Sm."Fl. Brit. v. i. p. 171. ; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 196. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii.
p. 219. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 480. — Lindl. Syn. p. 130. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.
66. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 114. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p 57. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p.
32. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 15. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 99. — Relh.’Fl. Cant. (3rd
edit.) p. 57. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 50.— Grev. FI. Edin. p. 34. — FI. Devon, pp. 26
and 162. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 36. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durli.
p. 9. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 36. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p.
637. — Jacob’s West Devon and Cornw. FI. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 24.— Mack. Catal. of
PI. of Irel. p. 17. ; FI. Hibern. p. 132. — Rubeola arvensis repens car idea, Ray’s
Syn. p. 225.

Localities. — In fallow-fields, and among corn, on a light, sandy, or gravelly
soil ; frequent.

Annual. — Flowers from May to August.

Root small, tough and fibrous, of a reddish-brown colour. Stems
several, slender, branched, spreading, mostly decumbent, from 3 to

Fig. 1. A separate Flower; a. the Calyx; b. the Corolla. — Fig. 2. Style and
Stigmas. — Fig. 3. Half the Fruit. — Fig- 4. A Fruit cut transversely. — Fig. 5. One
half of the same. — All a little magnified.

f See folio 46, note y.

J See folio 135. a.

8 inches or mole long, square, leafy, and clothed, especially on the
angles, with numerous, short, bristly hairs, which point backwards^
Leaves verticillate, 6 in a whorl, those on the upper part of the
stems elliptic-spear-shaped, the lower ones shorter, broader, and
nearly egg-shaped, all entire, pointed, and rough, especially on the
edges and keel, with white bristly hairs, which are longer than
those on the stem. Flowers in small, nearly sessile umbels, termi-
nating the stems and branches, .each umbel accompanied by an
involucrum of about 8 leaves. Calyx with 6 teeth, permanent,
crowning the fruit. Corolla slender, of a pale purplish-blue.
Anthers tawny. Stigmas capitate. Fruit of 2 globular, closely
combined seeds (mericarps of Don,/, rough with very minute
bristles, and crowned with the somewhat enlarged calyx.

This little plant has much the habit of a Galium, but it is readily
distinguished from that genus by the fruit being crowned by the
calyx.

It was named Sherardia by Dillenius, in honour of his friend Dr. William
Sherard. This distinguished patron of botanical science was a native of Bushby
in Leicestershire ; he was born in 1659, and after passing through Merchant Taylor’s
School, he entered St. John’s College, Oxford, in 1677 ; of this college he after-
wards became a Fellow, and took the degree of Bachelor of Arts, December 11, 1683.
After this time he travelled much on the Continent ; chiefly occupied in collecting
plants, and in forming connexions with the most celebrated foreign Botanists of the
day; such as Herman, Boerhaave, and Tournefort. He is said to have been
the author of a book published under the name of Samuel Wharton, entitled,
" Schola Botanica being a Catalogue of Plants exhibited by Tournefort to
his botanical class at Paris for several years, during a part of which Sherard at-
tended his lectures. He also edited Herman’s “ Paradisus Batavus.” Soon
after 1702 he was appointed consul at Smyrna. During his residence there he had
a country house at a place called Sedekio ; here he collected specimens of all the
plants of Natolia and Greece, and began that famous Herbarium, which at length
became the most extensive that had ever been seen as the work of one man. On
his return he met with the celebrated Dillenius, whom he induced to accompany
him to England in 1721; and in the year 1726 he commenced his designs for the
advancement of Botany at Oxford, by giving £ 500 towards enlarging the Conser-
vatory; and by presenting a great number of curious plants and a library of botanical
works to the same establishment. He likewise made over to the Physic Garden his
Herbarium, which rendered Oxford, in the eyes of Linn ajus, pre-eminent among
the Universities of Europe for its botanical treasures ; and which Sir J. E. Smith,
only 16 years ago, pronounced as perhaps, excepting that of Linnaeus in his own
possession, the most ample, authentic, and valuable botanical record in the world.
He died August 12, 1728 ; and by his will bequeathed £ 3000 to provide a salary
for the Professor of Botany, on condition that the University should supply the
annual sum of £ 150 towards the maintenance of the Garden, and that Dr. Dille-
nics should be chosen the first professor.

Dr. James Sherard, the younger brother of Dr. William Sherard, was early
and strongly attached to his brother’s favourite pursuit, and cultivated, at his country
seat, at Eltham, in Kent, one of the richest gardens that England ever produced.
This was also the retirement of his brother the consul, after his return from Smyrna ;
and it is immortalized by the publication, in 1732, of Dillenius’s “ Hortus
Elthamensis ;” an elegant and elaborate work, in 2 volumes folio, in which are de-
scribed and figured, with the most circumstantial accuracy, 417 plants, all drawn
and etched by Dillenius himself, consisting principally of such exotics as were
then rare, or had been but lately introduced into England. Coloured copies of this
work are extremely rare ; one, coloured by Dillenius, is in the Library of the
Oxford Botanic Garden, — See Memorials of Oxford; and Pulteney’s Sketches.

2 •*'»

dt‘M

(245.)

MENYA'NTHES* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Penta^ndria f, Monogy'nia.
Natural Order. Gentia'nea:, Dr. R. Brown. — Lindl. Syn.
p. 177 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. ofBot. p.215. — Rich, by Macgilliv.
p. 444. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 526. — Lysimaciiiav, affinia, Juss.
Gen. PI. pp. 95 & 97. — Syringales ; subord. Primulos.e ; sect.
Gentianin.-e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900, 95§, & 1008. — Pre-
cise, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 2.) inferior, permanent, of 1 sepal, in
5 deep, slightly spreading segments. Corolla (see fig. 1.) of 1 pe-
tal, funnel-shaped; tube short, somewhat dilated upward; limb
spreading, in 5, more or less pointed, segments, bearded internally,
with a simple margin. Filaments (see fig. 1.) 5, awl-shaped, short,
attached to the tube, alternate with the segments of the limb.
Anthers cloven at the base, upright. Germen (sec fig. 3.) conical.
Style (see fig. 3.) 1, cylindrical. Stigma capitate, with from 2 to
5 furrows. Capsule (figs. 4 & 5.) egg-shaped, 1 -celled, 2-valved ;
the valves bearing the seed in their axis (see f. 5.) — Leaves ternate.

The 5-parted calyx ; the monopetalous, funnel-shaped corolla,
.in 5 deep segments, hairy within, with a simple margin; the
2-lobed stigma ; and the capsule of 1 cell, and 2 valves, bearing
the seeds in their axis ; will distinguish this from other genera in
the same class and order.

One species British.

MENYA'NTHES TRIFOLIA'TA. Common Buck-bean, or
Bog-bean. Marsh Trefoil.

Spec. Char. Leaves ternate. Disk of the Corolla densely
shaggy.

Engl. Bot. t. 495. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 240. — Woodv. Mod. Bot. v. i. p. 5. t. 2. —
Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. vii. t. 294 ! — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 20S. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i;
pt. ii. p. 811. — Iluds. FI. Angl. (2nded.) p. 85. — Linn. FI. Lapponica, (2nd edit.)
p. 52. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 225. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 274.- — With. (7th cd.) v. ii. p.
292.— Lindl. Syn. p. 179 — Hook. Br. FI. p. 91.— Lightf. FI. Scot. p. 137.— Sibth.
FI. Oxon. p. 73. — Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 44. — Thornton’s Fam. Herb. p. 98. — Davies’
Welsh Bot. p. 21. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 122 ; and v. iii. p. 343. — Relh. FI. Cant.
(3rded.) p. 85.- — Ilook. FI. Scot. p. 71. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 48. — FI. Devon, pp.
36 & 153. — Johnst. FI. Berw. v. i. p. 55. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham,
p. 13. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 52. — Perry’s PI. Varvie. Selectee, p. 16. — Bab. FI.
Batli. p. 30. — Mack. Catal. of Plants of Irel. p. 22 ; FI. llibern. pt. I. p. 188. —
Menycintlies palustris, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 340. — Menianthes palustre
triphyllum lati folium et angustifolium, Ray’s Syn. p. 285. — Trifolium palu-
dosum, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1194.

Localities. — In marshy and boggy places, watery meadows, and on the margins
of rivers, pools, and wet ditches. Not uncommon.

Perennial. — Flowers in May and June.

Fig. 1. Corolla, opened vertically to show the stamens. — Fig. 2. The Calyx. —
Fig. 3. The Calyx, Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 4. A Capsule. — Fig. 5. A
Capsule with the valves opened. — Fig. 8. A Seed.

* From mene, Gr. a month ; and anihos, Gr. a flower ; as continuing a mouth
in blossom. Withering.

t See folio 48, note +.

Root creeping, long, jointed and fibrous. Stems procumbent, or
somewhat ascending, nearly cylindrical, leafy, very cellular within.
Petioles f leaf -stalks ) cylindrical, stout ; nearly concealing the stem
by their dilated, sheathing base. Leaflets 3, equal, inversely egg-
shaped, smooth, slightly, waved at the margin, and obscurely toothed,
each with a thick midrib. Scape ( flower-stalk.) upright, about
6 or 8 inches high, cylindrical, smooth, arising from within the
sheaths of the petioles, and terminated by a raceme of forcers, each
on a short pedicel, with an egg-shaped bractea at its base. Calyx
wrinkled at the bottom. Corolla flesh-coloured on the outside,
nearly or quite white within, the disk of its segments beautifully
fringed with white filaments. Anthers yellow. Fruit an egg-
shaped capsule about the size of a pea, of 1 cell, and 2 valves.
Seeds egg-shaped, of a yellowish-brown colour, smooth and shining.

This is one of the most beautiful of our native plants, and is
highly deserving the eulogium of the poet: —

“ Oft where the stream meandering glides,

Our beauteous Menyanthes hides
Her clustering, fringed flowers ;

Nor mid the garden’s sheltering care.

Of fam’d exotics rich and rare,

Purple or roseate, brown or fair,

A plant more lovely towers.”

In the opinion of Mr. W. Curtis it is equal to the Kalmias, the
Rhododendrons , and the Ericas of foreign climes, “ which are
purchased at an extravagant price, and kept up with much pains
and expence, while this delicate native, which might be procured
without any expence, and cultivated without any trouble, blossoms
unseen, and wastes its beauty in the desart air.” To such as wish
to have this plant flower with them in perfection, Mr. Curtis re-
commends the following mode of cultivation. “ Collect the roots
of the plant either in Spring or Autumn, put them in a large pot
(having a hole at the bottom) filled with bog earth, immerse the pot
about two-thirds of its depth in water, in which it should continue ;
the advantage of this method is, that when the plant is coming into
flower it may be brought into any room and placed in a pan of
water, where it will continue to blossom for two or three weeks.”
A single root, which Mr. Curtis treated in this manner, planted
in the Spring, produced the ensuing May 8 flowering stems, many
of which had 15 or 16 blossoms on them.

In the North of Europe, where hops are scarce, this plant has been used as a
substitute in brewing ale : two ounces being equal to a pound of hops. The
roots dried and powdered, and mixed with a small quantity of meal, have been
used in Lapland for making bread, but it is extremely bitter and unpalatable.
The dried leaves are sometimes smoked. An infusion of the leaves is extremely
bitter, and is prescribed in rheumatisms and dropsies. A dram of them in
powder proves drastic and emetic. It is sometimes given to destroy worms ;
and it has gained reputation in scorbutic disorders, a pint a day of infusion of the
leaves removing inveterate cutaneous eruptions.

It has been said that it cures sheep of the rot; but from the Upsal experi-
ments tt appears that, though goals eat it, sheep seldom do. Cows, horses, and
swine refuse it.

In and about Hamburgh, this is called The Flower of Liberty ; and the in-
habitants pretend that it grows only within the territories of that republic, and
has never been seen in the South of Denmatk, which adjoins it.

<LJr6

^/aux' nuLiitt ma . r/ea-iMiiku,&it. V-

CJ£*th*r4.2>d.l> Jc. Tuifty W £ **?er 2: ot amc Ga-rdt* OxJoril&XJ ’.

(246.)

GIAU'X* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Primula 'ceas, Vent. — Lindl. Syn, p. 182.;
Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Pot. p.225. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 431. —
Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 192. — Plantagi'nea?, Loud. Hort. Brit. p.
530. — Salicarle, sect. 2. Juss. Gen. PI. pp. 330 & 333. — Sm.
Gram, of Bot. pp. 170 & 171. — Syringales ; subord. Primu-
los/E; sect. Primulin.e; type, Pkimulace.e ; subtype, Primu-
lid.e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900, 958, 1020, 1024, & 1025.—
Calycanthem.e, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, bell-shaped, coloured, of
1 sepal, in 5 deep, spreading, obtuse, recurved segments, perma-
nent. Corolla none. Filaments (fig. 2.) 5, awl-shaped, upright,
not longer than the calyx. Anthers roundish. Germen (fig. 3.)
superior, egg-shaped. Stigma capitate. Capsule (fig. 4.) globose,
pointed, of 1 cell, and 5 valves. Seeds about 5, roundish (see
fig. 7.), attached to a central, globose, pitted placenta (see fig. 6).

The monosepalous, bell-shaped, 5-cleft, coloured calyx ; and the
superior, 1-celled, 5-valved capsule; will distinguish this from
other genera, destitute of a corolla, in the same class and order.

One species British.

GLAU'X MARPT1MA. Common Sea-milkwort. Black Salt-
wort %. Newton’s Knotgrass.

Spec. Char.

Engl. Bot. t. 13. — Hook. FI. Lond. 1. 188. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. xii. t. 548. —
Ray’s Syn. p. 285. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 301. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 101. —
Wiild. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. ir. p. 1210. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 268. Engl. FI. v. i.
p.336. — With. (7th edit.) v, ii. p. 340. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.733. — Lindl.
Syn. p. 183. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 109. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 147. — Davies’
Welsh Bot. p. 25.— Relli. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 102. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 82.—
Grev. FI. Edin. p. 56 — FI. Devon, pp. 43 & 142. — Johnston’s FI. Berw. v. i.
p. 64. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 16. — Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii.
p. 1026. —Mack. Catal. of PI. of lrel. p. 25. ; FI. Hibernica, p. 192. — Glaux
exiyua maritirna, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 562.

Localities. — On tire sea shore, and in muddy salt-marshes, abundant," but
from its being frequently concealed among grass, or under the edge of ditch
banks, it does not obtrude itself upon the casual observer.” — Cambridgeshire ;
Wisbeach j Bardwell Fens: Rev. R. Relhan. — Cheshire; Shores of the sea,
and estuaries: Mr. H. C. Watson, in New Bot. Guide. — Cornwall; On the
sea coast : Mr. H. (',. Watson, ibid. — Cumberland ; Sea coast, Abbey Holm:
N. J. Winch, Esq. — Devon ; Topsham marshes ; Exminster marshes ; at Hack-
ney near Kingsteignton ; Plymouth, &c. : FI. Devon. Side of the river near
Teignmouth : Mr. F. Russel. — Dorset ; in Portland Island: Dr. Withering.
On Waste ground at the back of the promenade, Weymouth: Aug. 1837; Rev. A.
Bloxam. — Durham ; Salt marshes on Tyne, Tweed, Blyth, Wear, Tees, &c. :
N. J. Winch, Esq. Banks of the Tyne, below Friar’s Goose: R. Bowman, in
N. B. G.— Essex ; ltiver side near Purfleet : Dr. J. Mitchell, in FI. Metr. —

Fig. 1. A Flower. — Fig. 2. Stamens and Pistil. — Fig. 3. Germen, Style, and
Stigma. — Fig. 4. Capsule. — Fig. 5. Transverse section of the same. — Fig. 6. The
Placenta (receptacle of the seed). — Fig. 7. A Seed. — Figs. 2 & 3 a little magnified.

* From glaucus , a sea-green colour.

+ See Anchusa sempervirens, folio 48, note t.

4 From its producing salt or alkali when burnt.

Gloucestersh. Near Bristol: Miss Wobsley. Avon, bv Clifton: Rev. H. T.
Ellicombe. Below King’s Weston, near Bristol: Dr. Withering. — Hamp-
shire: Beach, Fareham: Rev. S. Palmer, in Mag. Nat. Hist. v. ii. p. 276. —
Kent ; On the coast : Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. South Kent : Rev. G. E. Smith.
Between Plumstead and Erith : J. F. Young, in FI. Metrop. Marshes about
Dartford; about Greenhithe ; and by the river side near Hochester: Mr. D.
Cooper, in FI. Metrop. — Lancash. On the sea shore: Mr. H. C. Watson, in
N. B. G. Near Southport: G.Croseield, Esq. North Shore, and Knott’s
Hole near Liverpool : Dr. Bostock.— ■- Norfolk ; Yarmouth: Mr. J. Paget, in
N. B. G. Near Lynn: Mr. G. Cooper, ibid. — Northumberland; In salt
marshes on Tyne, Tweed, Blyth, &c.: N. J. Winch, Esq. — Somersetsh. Near
Huntspill: W.C. Trevelyan, Esq. — Stajffordsh. Salt marsh at lngestre : Mr.
Bagot. — In Sussex: Rev. G. E. Smith. — Yorksh. Filby Bay near Scar-
borough: Rev. A. Bloxiiam, and E. F. Witts, Esq. — WALES. Anglesey ;
On the sea coast: Rev. H. Davies. — Caernarvonsh. On the sea shore: Mr.
H. C. Watson, in N. B. G. — Denbighsh. On the coast: Mr. H. C. Watson,
ibid . — Merionethsh. Sands, and mud banks near Burmouth : H. Woollcombe,
Esq. — SCOTLAND. Berwicksh. On the sea shore in muddy places, abun-
dant: Sir W. J. Hooker. Muddy places on the sea coast to the southward;
and sides of the Tweed above the bridge: Dr. Johnston. Shores of the Frith ;
Nort!) Queensferry; and Musselburgh Links: Mr. Neill. About Burntisland
and Pettycur: Dr, Greville. — IRELAND. Sea shores, and muddy salt
marshes, abundant : Mr. J. T. Mackay.

Perennial. — Flowers in June and July.

Root long, thickish, and jointed; producing fibres from the
joints. Stems procumbent at the base, then upright, from 2 to 5
inches high, branched round, smooth, very leafy. Leaves oppo-
site, sometimes becoming alternate, especially towards the summit
of the stem, sessile, elliptic-oblong, entire, smooth, pale on the
tinder surface, darker green and marked with impressed punctures
on the upper. Stipulas none. Flowers axillary, solitary, numer-
ous, nearly sessile, of a delicate rose-colour, minutely sprinkled
with deeper tints of the same colour.

The whole plant is smooth, succulent, and saltish to the taste.
Cows are said to eat it.

— “ Nature never did betray

The heart that loved her ; ’tis her privilege
Through all the years of this our life, to lead
From joy to joy ; for she can so inform
The mind that is within us, so impress
With quietness and beauty, and so feed
With lofty thoughts, that neither evil tongues.
Rash judgments, nor the sneers of selfish men,
Shall e’er prevail against us, or disturb
Our cheerful faith, that all which we behold
Is full of blessings.”

Wordsworth,

■urn. 77

Put.lyi

C?Jdth**X.£*l£Sc.

%

(247.)

MI'LIUM* *

Linnean Class and Order. TmA'NDRiAf, Digy'nia.

Natural Order. Grami'ne.e, Juss. Gen. PL p. 28. — Sm.Gram.
of Bot. p. 68. ; Engl FI. v. i. p. 71. — Lindl. Syn. p. 293. ; Introd.
to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 292. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 393. — Loud.
Hort. Brit, p.542. — Gramina, Linn. — Gramina'les; sect. Pani-
cin.e ; type, Miliace.e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. i. pp. 359 & 366.

Gen. Char. Panicle loose, spreading. Cahjx (see figs. 1 & 2.)
of 2 nearly equal, concave, tumid, keeled, clasping, awnless glumes,
containing a single floret. Corolla (see fig 2.) of 2, nearly equal,
ribless, very smooth, awnless palea, the upper flat. Nectary cloven,
membranous. Filaments (see fig. 2.) 3, hair-like, the length of
the calyx. German (fig. 3.) egg-shaped. Styles (see fig. 3.) com-
bined, or very short. Seed (figs. 4 & 5.) egg-shaped, coated with
the horny corolla.

The loose, spreading panicle ; the calyx of 2 glumes, as long, or
a little longer than the paleae, inclosing a single floret ; and the
corolla of 2 equal, smooth, awnless paleje, which at length become
hardened and closely invest the seed ; will distinguish this from
other genera in the same class and order.

The hardened corolla , forming a coat to the seed, affords a mark
of distinction between this genus and Agrostis. Sm.

Two species British.

M'lLIUM EFFU'SUM. Millet-grass.

Spec. Char. Panicle glabrous, its branches subverticillate.
Ligule (see fig. 6.) blunt.

Engl. Bot. t. I106.—Curt. FI. Lond. t. 248. — Knapp’s Gram. Brit. 1. 19. —
Host. Gram. Austr. v. iii. p. 16. t. 22. — Graves’ British Grasses, t. 31. — Linn.
Sp. PI. p. 90. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd edit.) p. 29. — VVilld. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. i. p.
360. — Leers (2nd edit.) p. 18. t. 8. f. 7. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 75. Engl. FI. v. i.
P- 37. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 153. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v.ii. p. 154. — Lind. Syn.
p. 301. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 30. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 92. — Sibth. FI. Oxon.
P. 35. — Abbot’s FI. Bedt. p. 13. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p.72. — Davies’ Welsh
Bot. p. 8.— llelh. FI. Cant. (3rded.) p. 28. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 24. — Grev. FI.
F.din. p. 15. — Sind. Hort. Gram. Wob. pp.20 and 403. — FI. Devon, pp. 11 and
E20. — Winch’s H. of Norlhumb. and Duiham, p. 5. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p.
18. — Perry’s PI. Vary. Selectse, p.7. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 56. — Mack. Catal. of
Fb Hibern. p.297 ,—Gramen miliaceum, Kay’s Syn. p.
402. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 6.

Localities. — In moist shady places, in woods, &c. frequent.

Perennial. — Flowers in June and July.

Fig. 1. Calyx.— Fig. 2. Calyx, Corolla, and Stamens.— Fig. 3. Germcn and Pistils.
—Fig. 4. Seed invested with the Corolla.— Fig. 5. A Seed divested of the Corolla.—
Fig. 6. A portion of the Leaf, showing the Ligula. — -Figs. 1, 2, and 3, a little
magnified.

* From mille, a thousand, on account of its fertility ; or, according to Theis,
trom the Celtic mil, a stone, from the hardness of its fruit. Sir W. J. Hooker.
t See folio 56, note +.

Root creeping, fibrous. Culms ( stems J upright, slender, 3 or 4
feet high, round, jointed, leafy, smooth. Leaves bright green,
from 4 to 9 inches or a foot long, and about one-third of an inch
broad, terminating gradually in a fine point ; fiat, with a single rib
and rough edges. Sheath striated, smooth. Ligula (slipula) ob-
long, blunt, often jagged. Panicle large, often a foot long, and
8 inches wide, upright, loose, spreading, very much scattered from
the various lengths of the secondary foot-stalks, which grow in
half whorls, and give the plant an airy, light, and elegant appear-
ance. Flowers solitary, egg-shaped, slightly drooping. Calyx
(fig. 1.) permanently green, roughish, of 2 elliptical, expanded,
concave, ribbed, nearly equal glumes. Corolla (see fig. 2.) nearly
the shape and size of the calyx, to which it is opposite, not con-
trary ; at first of a greenish-white, polished ; after flowering yel-
lowish and horny, the larger palea embracing the other, and both
together forming a shining hard coat to the seed. Awn none.
Nectary a deeply cloven membrane. Anthers deeply cloven at
each end, of a yellow colour. Styles (see fig. 3.) short, combined.
Stigmas feathery, white. — Mr. G. Sinclair says, that the branches
of the panicle are often in whorls, diverging by glands fixed in the
axils, which has caused it to be mistaken sometimes for Poa relro-
Jlexa, or P. distans.

“ This Grass, in its natural state, seems to be confined to woods
as its place of growth ; it will thrive and grow, however, when
transplanted to open exposed situations. It is remarkable for the
lightness of its produce in proportion to its bulk. Birds are re-
markably fond of the seeds ; so much so, as to raise a doubt
whether, for the sake of the seed only, it could be cultivated to ad-
vantage on the farm. But in covers, where game is preserved,
there cannot be a better grass encouraged, as it will save the corn-
fields.

“ About the beginning of August is the best season for sowing
the seed. The surface of the ground, near the roots of the bushes,
should be lightly stirred, and the seed scattered over it, and raked
in ; a few of the decaying leaves that cover the ground should be
afterwards thrown over it.

“ It flowers in the second week and latter end of June, and the
seed is ripe in the middle of July and beginning of August.”
Hort. Gram. Wob.

Mr. Knapp observes, that the word ‘ effusus’ is not inaptly given
to this Millet-grass, as the abundance of its seed sufficiently bears
witness, and that from its quantity it merits some attention. Do-
mestic poultry might perhaps thrive upon it ; or it might be given
with advantage to swine, and tend to diminish the consumption of
bread corn ; a desideratum that defective seasons have rendered
distressingly necessary. Its foliage is eaten by cattle, but the
quantity of herbage it produces is too small to render it an object
of attention to the Farmer ; and from its creeping root it would,
if introduced into meadows, occupy the place of much more pro-
ductive species.

,/Uccl-U V

Puiily WBaxhrBcUmc r,*rln fyeriJSSJ C l' at Kerr 3c

1 (248.)

DRYAS * *.

Linncan Class and Order. Icosa'n dria f, Polvgy'nia.

Natural Order. Rosa'ce.e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 334. — Sin. Gram,
of Bot. p. 171. — Lindl. Syn. p. 88. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p.
81. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 528. — Loud- Hort. Brit. p. 512. — Don’s
Gen. Syst. ot Card, and Bot. v. ii. p. 523. — Mack. FI. Hibern. pt. i.
p. 85. — Rosales; sect. Rosine; subsect. Rostanaj; type, Ro-
sace.-e; subtype, Fragarid.e; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 614,
G83, 699, & 700. — Senticos.e, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1, a.) inferior, of 1 sepal, in 8 or 9
deep, spreading, equal or unequal segments, permanent. Corolla
of from 5 to 8, occasionally 9, roundish, undivided, spreading
petals, longer than the calyx, and attached by their clans to its
rim. Filaments (fig. 1,6.) numerous, hair-like, from the rim of
the calyx, much shorter than the corolla. Anthers small, roundish,
of 2 lobes. Gcrmcns superior, numerous, small, oblong. Styles
(fig. l,c.) lateral, long and hair-like, straight, continuous (see fig. 3).
Stigmas simple, smooth. Pericarps (seeds, Linn. ; nuts, Lindl. y
numerous, small, tipped with the permanent feathery styles (see
figs. 2 & 3). Seeds ascending. Receptacle (fig. 4.) depressed, dry,
downy, minutely cellular. Flowers white or yellow.

The 8- or 9-cleft calyx ; the corolla of 8 or 9 petals ; and the
pericarps with long feathery awns ; will distinguish this from other
genera in the same class and order. The straight awn will dis-
tinguish it from Geum.

One species British.

DRY'AS OCTOPE'TALA. Eight-petalled Dryas. White Dryas.
Mountain Avens.

Spec. Char. Petals, eight. Leaves simple, egg-shaped, or
somewhat heart-shaped, crenately serrated.

Engl. Bot. t. 451. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 717. — Huds. Ft. Angl. (2nd ed. ) p. 226. —
Linn. FI. Lapp. (2nd ed. ) p. 181. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. ii. pt. ii. p. 118. — Sm. FI. Brit,
v. ii. p. 555. Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 432. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 638. — Lindl. Syn.
p. 99. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 254. — Lightf. FI. Seot. v. i. p. 274. — Hook. FI. Scot.p.
165. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 35. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Card,
and Bot. v. ii. p. 525. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 50. ; FI. Hibern. p. 94. —
Dryas chamadrifulia, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 578. — Caryophyllata alpine,
chamcedry os folia, Ray’s Syn. p. 253. — Teucrium alpinum, cistiflore, John-
son’s Gerarde, p. 659.

Localities.— On stony alpine heaths, and high mountains, chiefly in a mica-
ceous or limestone soil. Very rar e.— Durham ; Near the Black A rk on Cronk-
ley Fell, Teesdale: N. J. Winch, Esq.— Yorkshire; On Arncliff Olowder, a
mountain within half a mile of Arncliff in Littendale; a few miles from Keln-
sey: Mr. VV. Curtis, 1782. Near Settle: Dr. Fell. Cronkley Fell at 2000
feet, and descending even to the edge of Darnbrook, near Arncliff: R. Bowman,
in N. B. G. — SCOTLAND. On the Highland mountains, in many places. On
the micaceous mountains in Breadalbane; and on the limestone rocks in Skye.

Fig. 1. Flower, with the petals taken off ; a. the calyx ; b. the stamens ; c. the
pistils.— Fig. 2. The Receptacle, and Seeds with their feathery appendages, sub-
tended by the permanent calyx. — Fig. 3. A Seed. — Fig. 4. The Receptacle.

* So named by Linnaws from the dryadcs or nymphs of the oaks, in consequence
of the leaves hearing some resemblance to those of the oak. Don.
t See Primus cerasus, folio 100, note r.

On a vast limestone tract called Creg-achnocaen, on the confines of Ross-shire
and Sunderland : Rev. J. Ligiitfoot. Upon Carn-dearg, in Glen Creran, and
near the top of Malmore, in Glenco, Argyleshire : Dr. Stuart. — Braes of Inver
Naver, and common along the coast of Sunderland : W. Borrer, Esq. and Sir
W. J. Hooker.— IRELAND. On Burren Mountains, County of Clare, abun-
dant. County of Antrim: Mr. Templeton. Benyevena, County of Derry :
Mr. D. Moore. Near Sligo: Withering.

A shrubby Perennial. — Flowers in June and July.

Root strong and woody. Stems short, clothed with the re-
mains of the withered leaf-stalks, decumbent, entangled, somewhat
shrubby, branched ; branches upright, leafy. Leaves evergreen,
stalked (petiolate), simple, egg-oblong, obtuse, about an inch long,*
their margins revolute, and strongly, though bluntly serrated ;
smooth, wrinkled, and of a deep shining green above ; white and
cottony, with a reddish rib beneath. Petioles longer than the
leaves, with a pair of long, awl-shaped, hairy stipulas, united to
the base of each. Peduncles ( flower-stalks ) solitary, downy, the
down mixed with purple glands or bristles. Flowers large, about
an inch in diameter. Calyx usually in 8 equal, uniform, cottony
and bristly segments, sometimes in 10, very rarely in 6. Corolla
of as many, somewhat inversely egg-shaped, white petals, as there
are segments of the calyx. Styles densely feathery and silky,
straight, without any joint or curvature, lengthening out, as the
flower fades, into long feathery awns to the seeds.

This elegant evergreen plant is a native of the Alps, and other mountainous
situations, in many parts of Europe ; ornamenting them with its germander-like
leaves, white flowers, and feathery heads of seeds. — There are, perhaps, few
plants more interesting to the Botanist than those which inhabit these elevated
regions; many of them may be ranked among the most lovely productions of the
vegetable world, and their elegant forms, brilliant colours, and, often, diminutive
size, have not unfrequently attracted the notice, and excited the admiration, of
the most casual observer ; but how sublime must have been the feelings of Mrs.
Sigourney, when, on contemplating the beauty of these “ living flowers that
skirt the eternal frost,” she penned to them the following delightful and ani-
mated address.

“ Meek dwellers mid yon terror-stricken cliffs !

With brows so pure, and incense-breathing lips.

Whence are ye ? — Did some white- rvinged messenger
On Mercy’s missions trust your timid germ
To the cold cradle of eternal snows ?

Or, breathing on the callous icicles.

Bid them with tear-drops nurse ye 1

Tree nor shrub

Dare that drear atmosphere ; no polar pine
Uprears a veteran front ; yet there ye stand.

Leaning your cheeks against the tliick-ribbed ice,

And looking up with brilliant eyes to Him
Who bids you bloom unblanched amid the waste
Of desolation. Man, who, panting, toils
O’er slippery steeps, or, trembling, treads the verge
Of yawning gulfs, o’er which the headlong plunge
Is to eternity, looks shuddering up,

And marks ye in your placid loveliness —

Fearless, yet frail — and, clasping his chill hands.

Blesses your pencilled beauty. ’Mid the pomp
• Of mountain summits rushing on the sky.

And chaining the rapt soul in breathless awe.

He bows to bind you drooping to his breast.

Inhales your spirit from the frost-winged gale,

And freer dreams of heaven.”

TRnU

-/vot ‘e/'hf 'vd. 7/

Puiib KB*** Botanic Carden Ox/eri W37 C . Afat&a**.Sr

<U9

I

(249.)

LO'TUS.

ijinnean Class and Order. DiADE'LPHlAf, Deca'ndria.

Natural Order. Legumino'sa:, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 345. — Sm.
taram. of Bot. p. 174. — Lindl. Syn. p. 75. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of
Bot. p. 87. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 532. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. iii. p.
259. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 509. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and
Bot. v. ii. p. 91. — Legumina'ce.e, Loud. Arb. Brit. p. 561. —
Eapiliona,cejE+, Linn. — Rosales; sect. Cicerina:; subsect.
Lotian^e ; type. Lotace.e ; subtype, Lotidas ; Burn. Out!, of
Bot. pp. 614, 638, 642, & 644.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal, tubular, with
5 pointed, nearly equal teeth, permanent. Corolla (see fig. 2.) of
5 petals, deciduous ; standard (fig. 3.) inversely egg-shaped, as-
cending, with a broad vaulted claw ; wings (fig. 4.) oblong, blunt,
shorter than the standard, converging at their upper edges ; keel
(fig. 5.) of 2 united petals, protuberant underneath, closed above,
with an ascending point, and narrow, short, distinct claws. Fila-
ments (fig. 6.) 10; 9 united into a compressed tube, split above;
the tenth hair-like, distinct, all generally a little dilated under the
anthers. Anthers small, roundish. German (see fig. 6.) cylindri-
cal, rather compressed. Style straight, awl-shaped. Stigma sim-
ple. Legume (fig. 7.) cylindrical or compressed, wingless, much
longer than the calyx, of 2 valves, and 1 cell, the seed separated
by a spongy substance. Seeds globular.

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by
the diadelphous stamens; the 1 -celled, many-seeded, cylindrical,
straight legume, much longer than the calyx ; and the keel of the
corolla as long: as the wings.

O O

Four species British.

LO'TUS CORNICULA'TUS. Horned or Common Bird’s-foot
Trefoil. Butter-jags. Crow-toes. Lady’s-fingers.

Spec. Char. Heads depressed, umbellate, of few flowers.
Stems decumbent, pithy. Leaflets inversely egg-shaped. Peduncles
very long. Claw of the Standard inversely egg-shaped.

Engl. Bot. t. 2090. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 107. — Mart. FI. Rust. t. 53. — Curt. Brit.
Entomol. v. vi. t. 259 — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1092. — Iluds. FI. Angl. (2nded.) p. 329. — •
Willd. Sp. Pi. v. iii. pt. II. p. 1395. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 793. ; Engl. FI. v. iii.
p. 312. — With. (7th ed. ) v. iii. p. 863. — Gray’s Nat. Ar. v. ii. p. 006. — Lindl. Syn.
p. 81. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 332. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 411. — Sibtli. FI. Oxon.
p. 231. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 164. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 342. — Relh. FI. Cant.
(3rd ed. ) p. 303. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 220; excluding the variety. — Grev. FI.
Edin. p. 162. — Sincl. Hort. Gram. Wob. p. 309, with a plate. — FI. Devon, pp. 126
and 177, excluding the variety. — Johnston’s FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 164. — Winch’s
FI. ofNorthumb. and Durham, p. 49, excl. var. Q. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 215. —

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Calyx and Corolla. — Fig. 3. Vexillum, or Standard. —
Fig. 4. One of the Wings, or Alas. — Fig. 5. The Keel, or Carina. — Fig. 0. The
Stamens, Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 7. A Legume, with its two valves se-
parated.— Fig. 8. A Seed.

* From Lotos, Gr. of Theophrastus and Dioscorides ; but the true Lotos is
Zizyplius Lotos. Lotos was a nymph turned into a tree to avoid the pursuit of
Pkiapus. Ovid. Metam. 97, &c. But the name is perhaps of Egyptian origin.

Don.

+ See folio 77, note +.

; See folio 117, note {.

Don’s Gen. ityst. of Card, and Bot. v. ii. p. 198. — Bali. FI. Ball), p. 13, excl. var. p.

— Jacob’s West Devon, and Cornw. FI. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 67, excl.
var. (3. ; FI. Ilibern. p. 80. — Lotus yibbus, Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 71. — Lotus
corniculata glabra minor , Kay’s Syn. p. 334. — Trifolium siliguosum minus,
Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1190.

Localities. — In meadows, pastures, and on heaths and road-sides, abundant.

Perennial. — Flowers from June to September.

Root branching, long, somewhat woody, the fibres beset with
small granulations. Stems numerous, slender, spreading on the
ground in every direction, from 3 to 10 inches or a foot long, sim-
ple or branched, solid, filled with pith, roundish towards the base,
more angular upwards, leafy, either quite smooth or clothed more
or less with small close-pressed hairs. Leaves ternate, on short,
channelled petioles ; leaflets on very short partial stalks, inversely
egg-shaped, entire, pointed, dark green above, glaucous beneath,
smooth or clothed with close-pressed hairs ; the 2 lateral leaflets
oblique. Stipulas in pairs, varying in size, sometimes larger and
sometimes smaller than the leaflets, obliquely egg-shaped, pointed.
Peduncles (flow er stalks ) axillary, solitary, upright or recumbent,
angular, very long, each bearing from 2 to 10 flowers on short
pedicels (partial flowerstalks ) , in a kind of flat umbel, accom-
panied by a small ternate bractea. Calyx bell-shaped, its seg-
ments the length of the tube, but much shorter than the corolla.
Corolla bright yellow, often tinged with orange. Standard streaked
with red at the base in front, and often quite red before expansion ;
its claw much dilated and vaulted. Keel pale yellow. Filaments
in their separate part all dilated under the anthers. Legumes
narrow, spreading, nearly cylindrical, about an inch long, of a
shining purplish-brown, smooth. Seeds kidney-shaped, blackish-
green. — The flowers become greenish when dried ; in which re-
spect they resemble those of the plants which produce indigo.

This plant has been recommended for cultivation under the erroneous names
of Milk-vetch and Astragalus glycyphy'llus, by the late Dr. Anderson, in
his Agricultural Essays, as very excellent for fodder as well as for hay. Lin-
naeus says, that cows, goats, and horses eat it, and that sheep and swine are not
fond of it. Mr. Sinclair tells us that with regard to sheep, as far as his ob-
servations have extended, they eat it in common with the herbage with which it
is usually combined ; the flowers, he observes, appeared always untouched, and
that, in dry pastures, little of the plant is seen or presented to cattle, except the
flowers, on account of its diminutive growth in such situations. This, however,
is nearly the case with white or Dutch clover; sheep seldom touch the flowers
while any foliage is to be found.

Lotus corniculatus is best adapted to poor soil, it does not spring early in
the season, but continues to vegetate late in the autumn; it attains to a con-
siderable height when growing among shrubs, and seems to lose its prostrate or
trailing habit of growth entirely when in such situations.

Some Botanists have considered Lotus major a variety of the present species,
but the difference between them is obvious at the first sight; and this difference,
Air. Sinclair states, remains permanent when the plant is raised from seed and
cultivated on different soils. What renders a specific distinction of most im-
portance to the farmer, is the difference which exists between them in an agri-
cultural point of view. The weight of green food, or hay, produced by L. major
is triple that of L. corniculatus, and its nutritive powers are little inferior to it,
being as 9 to 8. It does not appear to be eaten by any cattle when in a green
state ; but when made into hay with common grasses, sheep, oxen, and deer
eat it without reluctance. — In moist clayey soils it would doubtless be a most
profitable substitute for red clover, but the excess of bitter extractive and saline
matters it contains, seems to forbid its adoption without a considerable admixture
of other plants. See Hort. Gram. Wob.

L. major is larger, more hairy, and of a more upright growth than L. corni-
culatus, and the stem is hollow, and not filled with pith as in that species.

4,

'.i&udtza ca ■ 4 .

lO^ja/rt^rri l

fui. lw M 'Ba-rUf ’ fir,tnruc Carr>~*t Qxfs~* 7837-

(•250.)

A'SARUM* *.

.Linnean Class and Order. Dodeca'ndria f, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Artstolo'chiaj, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 72. — Sm. Gr.
of Bot. p. 85. — Lindl. Syn. p. 224 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p.
72. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 418. — Asa'rina;, Link. — Loud. Hort.
Brit. p. 533. — Querneales ; sect. Asarin.® ; type, Aristolo-
chiace.e ; subtype, Asa ridas ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 523, 583,
584, & 585. — Sarmentace/e, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) superior, of one leaf, bell-shaped,
coriaceous (leather-like), coloured, permanent, in 3 deep, upright
segments, with incurved points. Corolla none. Filaments 12,
placed upon the Germen (see fig. 2.), awl-shaped (see fig. 3), half
the length of the calyx. Anthers (see fig. 3.) attached to the inner
side of the filaments, below the summits, each of 2 round, separated
cells. Germen (see fig. 4.) inferior, turbinate. Style (fig. 4 ) co-
lumnar, furrowed, nearly as long as the stamens. Stigma (see
fig. 4.) in 6 deep, stellated, recurved segments. Capsule (see fig. 4.)
coriaceous, of 6 cells, not bursting, its outer coat a continuation of
the calyx. Seeds (figs. 6 & 7.) several in each cell, inversely egg-
shaped, with a pale longitudinal crest.

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by
the superior, bell-shaped, 3-lobed calyx ; and the 6-celled capsule.

One species British.

A'SARUM EUROPiE'UM. Common Asarabacca. Fole’s-foot.
Hazelwort. Wild Nard.

Spec. Char. Leaves in pairs, kidney-shaped, blunt.

Engl. Bot. t. 1083. — Woodv. Med. Bot. v. ii. p. 237. — Stephenson & Churchill's
Med. Bot. v. i. t. 23. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 633. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed. ) p. 205. —
Willd. Sp. PI. v. ii. pt. n. p. 838. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 509. Engl. FI. v. ii. p.
342. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 572. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 263. — Lindl. Syn.
p. 225. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 217. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 225. — Hook. FI. Scot. p.
146. — Thornton’s Family Herb. p. 466, with a figure. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb.
and Durham, p. 31. — Walker’s FI. ofOxf. p. 131. — A'sarum , Ray’s Syn. p. 158. —
Johnson’s Gerardo, p, 836. — Miller’s Plates, p. 35. t. 53. f. 1.

Localities. — In mountainous woods ; very rare. — Berksh. Between Maiden-
head and Henley: Rev. Dr. Abbot. — Cumberland ; Ramskin, Martindale, and
Keswick: Hutchinson. Naturalized about Ormathwaite : N. J. Winch, F.sq.
in New Bot. Guide. — Huntingdonshire ; In a wood near Kimbolton: Mr.
Fernie, in Med. Bot. — Lancashire; In several woods in Lancashire: Ray.
Near Preston : Mr. T. Hutton — Northumberland ; At Middleton, near Aln-
wick: Miss Forsteb. Probably not originally indigenous: N. J. Winch,
Esq. — Westmoreland ; Near Kirby Lonsdale, where it is gathered out of the
woods for medical use: Dr. Batty. — Yorkshire ; Plentiful in Broad-bottom
Wood, near Mytholmroyd, six miles from Halifax: Mr. Roberts Leyland.
Hebden Bridge, near Halifax : New Bot. Guide. Harper-royd Cleugh, near
Sowerby Bridge, three miles from Halifax: N. J. Winch, Esq. in N. B. G.
Gildersleets, Gigleswick, and Craven: E. F. Witts, Esq. — SCOTLAND.
West Binny, near Linlithgow : Miss Liston, in FI. Scot.

Fig. 1. A Flower opened vertically, showing the stamens and pistil. — Fig. 2.

Unripe Capsule, crowned with the Stamens and Pistil. — Fig. 3. A separate Stamen.

Fig. 4. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 5. A ripe Capsule, after the external skin
or epicarp is removed, opened to show the partitions. — Fig. 6. Seeds. — Fig. 7. A
Seed, a little magnified.

* From o, Gr. not ; and sairo, Gr. to adorn ; because, says Pliny, it was not
admitted into the ancient coronal wreaths, (lib. 21. eh. 6.) ; or more likely as being
concealed under its leaves, it does not adorn the earth. Thornton.

+ See folio 15, note +.

Perennial. — Flowers in April and May.

Roots of numerous, stout, branching fibres. Stems nearly cylin-=,
drical, hairy, creeping progressively on the surface of the ground,
and sending out roots from every part. Leaves in pairs, at the
extremity of the stems, on long, hairy petioles, kidney-shaped, quite
entire, shining, dark green above, paler beneath, clothed with a
few short bristly hairs, especially on the margin, and along the
nerves on the upper surface. Flowers solitary, rather large, droop-
ing, on a short peduncle at the summit of the stem, between the
two leaves. Before the leaves expand they, and the flowers, are
enclosed within two pair of large foliaceous scales or stipulae, which
are finally deciduous. Calyx large, bell-shaped, of a fleshy sub-
stance, and of a lurid and singular aspect. Filaments produced
beyond the anthers into a hook or little horn. Capsule top-shaped
(turbinate), crowned by the permanent calyx, hairy, obscurely
6-angled, not opening by valves, partitions fastened to the angles of
the capsule, but loose and separate next the axis (see fig. 5).

This species is a native of many other parts of Europe as well as of England ,
where it grows in woods and shady places. It is of easy cultivation, but it
should be planted in a shady situation. It grows remarkably well in the Oxford
Botanic Garden, on a border under a high wall facing the North East.

Asarabacca has been found a good substitute for Ipecacuanha ; it is possessed
of emetic, purgative, and diuretic powers, and, from its common use in France
by drunkards to produce vomiting, it has obtained the name of Cabaret. The
powder of Asarabacca is an excellent sternutory ; it enters into the composition
of medicinal snuff and in cases of inveterate headach, as well as in certain
chronic inflammations of the eyelids, its use has afforded very marked relief.
The best preparation for this purpose is the Compound Powder of Asarabacca
of the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia, which consists of the dried leaves of Asara-
bacca three parts, the leaves of Marjoram and Flowers of Lavender, of each one
part, reduced to powder. A few grains of this snuffed up the nose procures a
considerable evacuation for a long time, without causing much sneezing or in-
convenience to the patient.

The Natural Order Aristolochle is composed of Apetalous
dicotyledonous herbaceous or frutescent, often twining, plants ; with
alternate, simple, stalked leaves, which are frequently accompanied
by leafy stipulce. The flowers are hermaphrodite, axillary, and
solitary, of a brown or some dull colour. The calyx is superior,
tubular, with 3 segments, which are valvate in aestivation, some-
times regular, sometimes very unequal. The stamens, which are
from 6 to 12 in number, are epigynous, distinct, or adhering to
the style and stigmas. The ovarium is inferior, 3- or 6-celled ;
and contains numerous ovules, which are horizontally attached to
the axis ; the style (see fig. 4.) is simple ; the stigmas radiating,
and equal in number to the cells of the ovarium. rlhe fruit (see
fig. 2.) is dry or succulent, 3- or 6-celled, and many-seeded ; and
the seeds have a very minute embryo placed in the base of fleshy
albumen. See Lindl. Syn.

The only British examples of this natural order are Aristolochia
clematitis, t. 28, and Asarum europccum , t. 250.

2JJ

CM«cbhtw.%IfdA Sc. JTTjixt* mfrfuc Garden Oxford 1&3J

(251.)

POLY'GALA* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Diade'lphia f, Octa'ndria.

Natural Order. Polyga'lete, Juss. — Lindl. Syn. p. 39; Intr,
to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 144. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 494. — Loud.
Hort. Brit. p. 501. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p.
348. — Mack. FI. Hiber. p. 35. — Pedicula'res, Juss. Gen. PI.
p. 99. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 96. — Rosales ; subord. Rhceadosje ;
sect. Rh.eadin.e ; type, Polygalace/e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp.
614, 784, 847, &870, — Lomenta'ce.e, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 5 sepals, imbricated in
the bud ; 3 outer ones small, nearly equal, egg-shaped, pointed,
one of them uppermost; 2 inner ones much larger, like a pair of
wings, coloured, veiny, egg-shaped, finally converging and fading;
all permanent. Corolla (fig. 2.) of from 3 to 5 petals, united with
the tube of the stamens by their claws ; limb of the uppermost
deeply divided ; lowermost keel-shaped, (perhaps from 2 petals
being constantly joined, Don,) generally crowned with more or
less of a many-cleft, crested appendage (see fig. 4). Filaments
(see fig. 3.) all united at the bottom, and attached to the corolla ;
divided above into 2 sets, of 4 each. Anthers (see fig. 3.) 8, as-
cending, tubular, each of 1 cell, opening at the summit. Germen
(see fig. 5.) superior, roundish. Style (see fig. 5.) club-shaped,
straight. Stigma (see fig. 5.) of 2 unequal lips, concave. Capsule
(fig. 6.) elliptical, inversely egg-shaped or inversely heart-shaped,
compressed, of 2 valves and 2 cells (see fig. 7.) the partition from
the centre of each valve. Seeds (f. 8.) downy, crested at the hilum.

The calyx of 5 sepals, 2 of them wing-shaped and coloured ; the
corolla of from 3 to 5 petals combined by their claws with the
stamens, the lower one keeled ; the capsule of 2 cells and 2 valves ;
and the solitary, crested seeds; will distinguish this from other
genera in the same class and order.

Two species British.

POLY'GALA VULGA'RIS. Common Milkwort. Procession
Flower. Rogation Flower. Hedge Hyssop.

Spec. Char. Leaves strap-spear-shaped, bluntish. Stems as-
cending. Wings of the calyx elliptical, bluntish, a little longer than
the capsule, but somewhat equal in length, or shorter than the
corolla. Keel crested. Ovary sessile.

Engl. Bot. t. 76. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. i. t. 62.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 986.—
Huds. FI. Angl. (3rd ed.) p. 310. — YVilld. Sp. PI. v. iii. pt. n, p. 873. — Sm. FI.
Brit. v. ii. p 752. Engl. FI. v. iii, p. 258. —With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 826.— Gray’s
Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 667. — Lindl. Syn. p. 39 — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 317.— Lightf. FI.
Scot. v. i. p. 381. — Siblh. FI. Oxon. p. 218. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 153. — Davies’
Welsh Bot. p. 68.— Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p.327; and v. iii. p. 371.— Relh. FI.

Fig. 1. Bracteas, Pedicel, and Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. Tube of the
Corolla opened, showing the united filaments. — Fig. 4. The lower Petal or Keel,
with the Pistil. — Fig. 5. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 6. Capsule. — Fig. 7.
Transverse section of ditto. — Fig. 8. A Seed. — All, except figs. 1 & 2, more or

less magnified. •

* From poly, Gr. much ; and gala, Gr. milk ; alluding to the reputed effects of
the plant on cattle that feed upon it. Dox. t See folio 77, note t.

Cant. (3 id ed.) p. 287.— Hook. FI. Scot. p.211.-Grev. FI. Edin. p. 154.-FI.
Devon. pp. 1 19 & 187. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 157. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of
Card, and Bot. v. i. p. 352. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p.203. — Jacob’s West Devon
and Cornw. FI. — Perry’s PI. Varv. Select®, p. 60. — Pamplin’s PI. of Battersea
and Clapham, p. 13. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 7. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of I rel p 65;
FI. Hibern. p. 35. — Polygala, Ray’s Syn. p. *287. — John. Ger. pp.563 &564.

Localities. — On gravelly and heathy pastures, and in woods; common.

Perennial. — Flowers in June and July.

Root woody, tough, fibrous. Stems from 3 to 8 inches long,
procumbent, or ascending, sometimes nearly upright when grow-
ing among taller plants or under bushes ; simple, angular, leafy.
Leaves numerous, scattered, nearly sessile, strap-spear-shaped, dark
green, those near the root shortest, broadest, and most crowded.
Flowers in a simple, terminal raceme ( cluster J, usually of a fine
blue, but frequently pink, white, or purple ; and always marked
with green lines. Bracteas three at the base of each pedicel, egg-
shaped, concave, membranaceous, slightly coloured, deciduous.
Calyx (fig. 1.) permanent, of 5 sepals, the 2 innermost coloured,
much the largest, at length turning green, and protecting the ripen-
ing fruit. Corolla (fig. 2.) of 3 petals, closely united at the base,
so as to resemble one deeply 3-cleft, the two upper petals entire,
one of them somewhat overlapping the other, their points generally
a little indexed ; lower one keeled, tubular below, the apex ex-
panding into two sets of club-shaped glandular appendages (see
fig. 4). Filaments (fig. 3.) all united at the base, divided above
into 2 sets of 4 each. Anthers yellow or orange. Style (see fig. 5.)
thicker upwards. Stigma 2-lobed, one a fleshy knob, the other
spear-shaped, concave. Capsule (figs. 6 & 7.) bordered.

This pretty plant is a native of gravelly heathy pastures and woods through-
out Europe; it retains its leaves through the Winter. Hermits who inhabited
elevated places, formerly planted it round their habitations. Linnjeus found it
to possess the same properties as the Senega Rattle-snake Hoot ( Poly'gala
SdnegaJ, but in an inferior degree. Dohamll used it in pleuritic cases with
success; the powdered root may be given in doses of half a drachm. An infu-
sion of the herb, which is very bitter, taken in the morning fasting, about a
quarter of a pint daily, promotes expectoration, and is good for catarrhous
coughs. Foreigners celebrate it as a grateful and nutritious food for cattle.
Cows, goats, and sheep are said to eat it; swine to refuse it.

Poly'gala amdra, the other British species, is distinguished from vulgaris by
“ the size and form of its lower leaves, which, as well as those of the barren
shoots, are broadly obovate, blunt, sometimes spathulate and slightly emarginate,
varying from half an inch to an inch in length.” Engl. Bot. Supp. t. 2764.—-
217 species of Polygala are described in Mr. Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. S; Bot.

The Natural Order Polygai.ea., is composed of dicotyledonous herbs and
shrubs, with mostly alternate, entire leaves, and racemose flowers. The calyx
(see fig. 1.) is composed of 5 sepals, which are imbricated in the bud, the 2 inner
ones usually petal-like and coloured ; the 3 outer ones smaller ; of these last two
are connected. The corolla (fig. 2.) is formed of from 3 to 5 petals, which are
inferior, and more or less connected by means of the stamina! tube, 'lihe fila-
ments (see fig. 3.) are united with the petals, and are combined at the base into
one set, which divides at top into 2 equal portions, containing 4 anthers each.
The anthers are 1-cellcd, and open by a pore at the top. The ovary (see f. 5.)
is single, distinct, and 2-celled, rarely 1- or 3-celled ; the style single and in-
curved ; and the stigma funnel-shaped or 2-lolied. The fruit is capsular or
drupaceous, of 1 or 2 cells, the valves bearing the dissepiment in the middle.
The seeds are solitary in each cell, pendulous, and generally accompanied by a
kind of caruncle or arillus at the base, sometimes hairy or comose. The embryo
is straight, in the axis of a fleshy albumen, the latter is sometimes wanting, in
which case the inner coating of the testa is tumid. See Lindl. Syn.

(252.)

CATABROSA* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Tria'ndria-|-, Digy'nia.

Natural Order. GRAMi'NEyE, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 28. — Sm.Gram.
of Bot. p. 86. ; Engl. FI. v.i. p. 71. — Lindl. Syn. p. 293. ; Introd.
to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 292. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 393. — Loud.
Hort. Brit. p. 542. — Gramina, Linn. — Graminales; sect. Fes-
tijcinaj ; type, Avenace^e , Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. i. pp. 359
and 369.

Gen. Char. Panicle loose, spreading. Spikelets (fig. 1.) 2-
flowered. Calyx (fig. 2.) of 2, truncate (very blunt), unequal,
membranaceous glumes ( valves J, much shorter than the florets
(see fig. 1.). Corolla (see fig. 3.) of 2, nearly equal, ribbed, trun-
cated, awnless, coriaceous palea ( valves J, membranous only at the
extremity ; the upper free from the lower. Filaments (see fig. 3.)
3, hair-like. Anthers prominent, pendulous, notched at each end.
Germen (see fig. 4.) egg-shaped. Styles (see fig. 4.) short, distinct.
Stigmas (see fig. 4.) feathery, large. Seed (fig. 5.) egg-shaped,
loose, covered with the membranous corolla.

The 2-flowered spikelets; the calyx of 2 truncated, unequal
glumes, much shorter than the florets ; and the corolla of 2, very
blunt, nearly equal palece ; will distinguish this from other genera,
with a loose spreading panicle, in the same class and order.

One species British.

CATABRO'SA AQUA'TICA. Water Sweet-grass. Water
Whorl-grass.

Spec. Char. Panicle with whorled patent branches, leaves
broadly strap-shaped, blunt.

Lindl. Syn. p. 306.— Hook. Brit. FI. p.34. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 59. — Mack. FI.
Hibern. p.299. — Catabrosia aqucitica, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 133.— Aira
■aquatica, Engl. Bot. 1. 1557. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. . — Knapp’s Gram. Brit,

t. 29. — Host. Gram. Austr. v. ii. p. 30. t. 41.— Graves’ Brit. Grasses, t. 40 —
Linn. Sp. Pl.p.95. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 33. — Willd.Sp. PI. v.i. pt. r.
p. 376. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 84. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 101. — With. (7th ed.) v. iL
p. 160. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 94. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 38. — Abbot’s FI. Bedh
p. 15. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 9. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 74. — Relh. FI. Cant.
(3rd edit.) p. 31. — Sind. Hort. Gram. Wob. p. 351. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 29. —
Grev. FI. Edin. p. 19. — Johnston’s FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 20. — Winch’s FI. of
Northumb. and Durham, p.5. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 19. — Perry’s PI. Varv.
Select®, p. 8. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Ireland, p. 12. — Poa dulcis, Salisb. Prod,
p. 20. — Gramen miliaceum aquaticum, Ray’s Syn. p. 402.

Localities. — In wet ditches, and on the margins of pools, rivers, &c .; uot
uncommon.

Perennial. — Flowers in May, June, and July.

Fig. 1. A Spikelet. — Fig. 2. The two Glumes of the Calyx. — Fig. 3. The two
Florets taken out of the Calyx. — Fig. 4. The Germen and Pistils. — Fig. 5. A Seed. —
All, except fig. 5, more or less magnified.

* From katabrosis, Gr. a gnawing ; from the erose extremity of the glumes.
Hooker. + See folio 56, note +.

t From the sweet taste of the young shoots. The flowers also have a sweet taste
if drawn through the mouth ; whence this grass has acquired the name of dulce.

Hoot creeping, and producing from its joints many long, whitd-,
shining fibres. Culms (stems), if growing in water, partly floating,
if not, prostrate towards the base, rooting at the joints, the rest
ascending, from 1 to 2 feet or more long, branched, very leafy,
round, hollow, smooth, tender. Leaves strap-shaped, nearly flat,
bluntish, flaccid, often floating, bright green, smooth, except at the
margins . Sheaths lax, slightly compressed, smooth, with a promi-
nent, broad, rather pointed, membranous stipula ( ligula ). Panicle
4 or 5 inches long, and 2 or 3 inches broad when expanded, up-
right, smooth, branched ; branches spreading, unequal, aggregate,
angular, beginning to flower before the lower part is quite emerged
from the sheath of the uppermost leaf. Spihelets (see fig. 1.) oblong,
reddish-brown, generally containing two florets. Glumes ( calyx-
valves ) (fig. 2.) small, unequal, abrupt, notched, ribbed at the lower
part, purplish, smooth. Florets (see fig. 3.) much longer than the
glumes, one sessile, the other on a short stalk ; their paleat ( valves )
oblong, concave, brownish, with green ribs, diaphanous at the
point. Filaments hair-like, as long as the corolla. Anthers pro-
minent, oblong, yellow. — The flowers are said to abound with honey.

A variety of this, not more than from 3 to 5 inches high, has been
found near Liverpool, and at Parkgate, Cheshire. “ This diminu-
tive habit is occasioned by the plant being deprived of its requisite
supply of water, when growing on dry land.” Withering.

Mr. Graves says, the Catabrosa aquatica is the sweetest of all
the British Grasses ; but from Mr. Sinclair’s experiments it ap-
pears that there are several species of grass which contain more
sugar, in proportion to the other ingredients which compose their
nutritious matter, as the Glyceria jluitans, Elymus arenarius, Poa
nemoralis angustif olia, and Poa aquatica. Cattle are very fond
of it, and from its great sweetness it is sought out by them in the
Summer months, in preference to almost every other kind ; but as
it is an aquatic species, and, with respect to its uses in rural
(Economy, very far inferior to the Flote Meadow-grass ( Glyceria
jluitans), it is, consequently, not worth cultivating for fodder. —
Water-fowl are very fond of the young sweet shoots, and also of
the seeds ; and Mr. Salisbury thinks it might be introduced into
decoys and other places with good effect. Pulling up the plants,
and throwing them into the water with a weight tied to them, he
says, is the best mode of introducing it. The seeds will not vegetate
unless they are kept very moist.

“ When life

Hath half become a weariness, and hope
Thirsts for serener waters, go abroad
Upon the paths of Nature, and, when al
Its voices whisper, and its silent things
Are breathing the deep beauty of the world.
Kneel at its simple altar, and the God
Who hath the living waters shall be there 1”

N. P. Willis.

tua a/t&n&ufe* .

IKuJhed id I'ui^fa

/%{ - 'kit ■<r/,d~/t/it fflat/faua. . 0

fiyW./oS/’ CtUtk-~*.Si.

(253.)

CLAYTO'NIA* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Portula'cee +, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 312. — Sm.
Gram, of Bot. p. 164. — Lindl. Syn. p. 62. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of
Bot. p. 159. — Rich, by Macgiliiv. p. 510. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p.
516. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 71. — Mack. FI.
Hibern. p. 59. — Rosai.es ; section, Crassulin.e ; type, Portu-
lacejE ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 730, & 739. — Succulents,
Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 2.) inferior, of 2 oval, opposite, per-
manent sepals. Corolla (see fig. 1.) of 5, inversely heart-shaped,
or inversely egg-shaped, inferior, equal, clawed petals; their claws
slightly connected at the base. Filaments (see figs. 1 & 3.) 5, awl-
shaped, inserted on the claws of the petals. Jlntliers oblong, in-
cumbent. Germen (see fig. 4.) sessile. Style (see fig. 4.) thread-
shaped, simple, about as long as the stamens. Stigma (see fig. 4.)
3-cleft, downy inside. Capsule (see figs. 5, 6, & 7.) roundish, of
1 cell, and 3 elastic valves. Seeds (see figs. 7 & 8.) 3, sessile. —
Herbs smooth, rather succulent, usually perennial. Leaves quite
entire ; radical ones petiolate ; upper usually opposite and sessile,
and sometimes connate. Racemes terminal. Flowers white or
rose-coloured.

The calxjx of 2 sepals ; the corolla of 5 petals, bearing the
stamens on their claws ; the 3-cleft stigma ; and the superior,
1-celled, 3-valved, 3-seeded capsule; will distinguish this from
other genera in the same class and order. .

One species British.

CLAYTO'NIA ALSINOFDES. Chickweed-like Claytonia.

Spec. Char. Root fibrous. Upper Leaves opposite, sessile,
egg-shaped, mucronate ; radical ones petiolate, egg-shaped, point-
ed ; all reticulately veined. Pedicels of the raceme for the most
part solitary. Petals bifid.

Curt. Bot. Mag. t. 1309. — Pursh. FI. Amer. Septont. v. i. p. 176. — Sprengel’s
Systema Vegetabilium, v. i. p. 790. — Loudon’s Encyclopa'dia of Plants, pp. 184
& 185. f. 3014. — Do Cand. Prod. Syst. Nat. Reg. Veget. v. iii. p. 360. — Don’s Gen.
Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 81. — Limnia alsinoides, Haworth's Syn. l’l.
Suceul. p. 12. fide De Candolle.

Localities. — In moist shady woods; very rare. — Derbyshire ; “ In an
elevated part of a large plantation bordering Chatsworth Park, unquestionably
wild ; of this I feel quite satisfied, as its situation is such as not to offer any
probability of either seeds or plants being conveyed there by any other means
than by nature:” Mr. Joseeu Paxton, September 8, 1837.

Annual or Biennial. — Flowers from April to October.

Root fibrous. Stem from 6 to 10 inches or a foot high,
round, smooth, and shining. Leaves somewhat fleshy, quite entire,

Fig. 1. A separate Flower. — Fig. 2. The Calyx. — Fig. 3. A Stamen. — Fig. 4. The
Pistil. — Fig. 5. Calyx and Capsule. — Fig. 6. A Capsule, without the Calyx. —
Fig. 7. A Capsule after the valves have opened. — Fig. 8. A Seed, a little magnified.

* So named in honour of John Clayton, who collected plants, mostly in Virginia,
and sent them to Gronovius, who published them in his Flora Virginica, Don.

+ See folio 48, note t, t See folio 196, a.

reticulately veined, smooth, of a dark glossy green above, rather
paler beneath ; those from the root egg-shaped, or somewhat
rhomboid (diamond-shaped) , pointed, on long channelled footstalks,
which, as well as the stems, are often reddish at the base. Stem-
leaves seldom more than one pair, these are broadly egg-shaped with
a short point, usually opposite, sometimes alternate, sessile, but not
connate, and situated immediately below the racemes. One of the
specimens sent me by Mr. Paxton has 4 leaves on the stem, not
exactly opposite each other in pairs, but so near together as to ap-
pear like a whorl of 4 leaves ; in the axils of these leaves are pro-
duced, together with the stalks of the racemes, several small leaves
of a rhomboid shape, and on long footstalks, like those from the
root ; thus the plant appears to have a tendency to become vivipar-
ous. Racemes from 1 to 3, at the summit of the stem, simple, or
sometimes slightly branched. Flowers on long pedicels, from 1 to
3 together, usually somewhat unilateral (leaning all one way), and
more or less nodding both before and after flowering; each pedicel
accompanied by a leaf-like bractea at its base, the lower ones egg-
shaped, upper ones smaller, narrower, and more or less strap-shaped.
Calyx (see fig. 2.) small, of 2, broadly egg-shaped, opposite sepals,
each with a very blunt, somewhat tumid base. Corolla (fig. 1.)
white, of 5 petals, which are slightly united at the base, their sum-
mits deeply notched. Filaments inserted into the base of the
petals, and about half as long. Anthers red.

For an opportunity of introducing this elegant and curious little
plant into my work, as a native of Britain, I am indebted to the
kindness of Mr. Joseph Paxton, F. L. S. &c. Gardener to His
Grace the Duke of Devonshire, at Chatsworth, who discovered
it in an apparently wild state near Chatsworth, as stated above.

We should be cautious in introducing into the Flora of Britain plants which
may probably have been originally the outcasts from gardens; but I think the
present one has as good a claim to be considered as having become naturalized
in this country, as some others which have been published as natives. In a
letter which 1 received from Mr. Pax i on, dated the 10th instant, (Oct. 1837,)
he says, “ I have this morning gathered specimens of Claytonia from the very
places in which 1 originally found it, and 1 am more firmly than ever convinced
of its being natural to the situation ; in short, I feel fully persuaded, that if you
were to see it you would at once concur with me in considering it so. I find it
occurs in patches for the space of two or three hundred yards, from North to
South, across a thick wood, springing up amongst the underwood, sometimes
quite thick, at other times less plentifully. The ground, where it grows, gradu-
ally slopes to the North, and is, throughout the whole year, very wet, in conse-
quence of the density of the underwood, and great quantity of Fern, which is
growing in such abundance as constantly to exclude the beams of the sun. I
pulled up two or three plants, and found the roots were running in the decayed
and decaying leaves quite free; still the strongest were perhaps to be found in
the soil, which is a yellow loam, rendered stiff and heavy by constant moisture.
It has been in flower ever since last April, and is now quite fresh, although not
so fine as it was earlier in the season.” — Mr. Paxton observes, that he has not
seen it in any other part of Chatsworth, neither has he met with it in any garden
in the neighbourhood. This species of Claytonia is a native of the North-west
coast of America, at the sources of the Columbia ; it is particularly plentiful
about Indian villages, where it seems to hold the place of Chickweed in our
country. It was first cultivated in England in 1794.

The Drawing for the accompanying plate was made from a specimen obligingly
communicated to me by Mr. Paxton, from its locality at Chatsworth, Septem-
ber 8, 1837.

iu

THALI'CTRUM* *

Linnean Class and Order. Polya'ndria f, Polygy'nia.

Natural Order. Ranuncula'ce.eJ, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 231. —
Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 136. — Lindl. Syn. p. 7. ; lntrod. to Nat. Syst.
of Bot. p. 6. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 465. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 495 ;
Mag. Nat. Hist. v. i. p. 137. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot.
v. i. p. 2. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 4. — Rosales ; sect. Ranuncu-
lin.e ; type, Ranunculaceas ; subtype, Anemone.e ; Burn. Out!,
of Bot. v.ii. pp. 614, 828, 837, & 838. — Multisiliqu.e, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx ( corolla of Sm.y (fig. 1.) inferior, of 4 or 5
roundish, obtuse, concave sepals, imbricated in the bud, very deci-
duous. Corolla none. Filaments (see fig. 2.) numerous, hair-like,
somewhat thickened at the upper part, various in length. Anthers
terminal, oblong, drooping, bursting at the edges. Germens (see
fig. 3) several, superior, egg-shaped, striated. Styles none. Stigmas
oblique, egg-shaped, tumid, downy. Seeds (figs. 5 & 6.) as many
as the germens, egg-shaped, furrowed, or winged, without any termi-
nal appendage. Embryo very minute, with converging cotyledons.

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by
the calyx of 4 or 5 sepals ; the absence of a corolla ; and by the
seeds being destitute of a terminal awn or appendage.

Four species British.

TH AL I'CT RUM F L A'VU M. Yellow-rooted Meadow-Rue.
Feather-Columbine.

Spec. Char. Stem upright, branched, furrowed, leafy. Root
fibrous. Leaves bipinnate ; leaflets wedge-shaped, trifid, acute.
Panicle compact, somewhat corymbose. Flowers upright.

Engl. Bot. t. 367. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. viii. t. 376. — I.inn. Sp. PI. p. 770. —
Iluds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed ) p.239. — YVilld. Sp. PI. v. ii. pt ii. p. 1300. — Sm. FI.
Brit. v. ii. p. 535. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 42. — With. (7lh ed.) v. lii. p. 674. — Gray’s
Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 727. — Lindl. Syn. p. 9. — Hook. Blit. FI. p. 263. — Lightf. FI.
Scot. v. i. p.285. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 171. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 120. — Davies’
Welsh Bot. p. 54. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 267.— Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed t.) p.
220. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 172. — FI. Devon, pp. 92 & 193. — Johnst. FI. of Berw.
v. i. p. 121. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb and Durh. p. 37. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of
Gard. and Bot. p. 14. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 153. — Perry’s PI. Varv. Select®,
p. 46. — Pamplin’s PI. of Battersea and Clapham, p. 10. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 1. —
Alack. Calal. of PI. of Irel. p. 53. ; FI. llibern. p. 5. — Thalictrum pratense,
Linn. FI. Lapp. (2nd ed.) p. 189. — Thalictrum nigricans, Jacq. 11. Austr.
t. 421. — Thalictrum seu Thalictrum majus, Ray’s Syn. p. 208; but not of
Gerarde, fide Smith.

Localities. — In wet meadows, and about the batiks of rivers and ditches. —
Not uncommon in ENGLAND ; more rare in SCO 1 LAND and IRELAND.

Perennial. — Flowers in June and July.

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. A single Flower, with its Calyx, Stamens, and Pistils.—
Fig. 3. The Pistils. — Fig. 4. A single Pistil, consisting of a German and Stigma
only, without any Style. — Figs. 5 Sc. 6. Seeds. — Fig. 7. Transverse section of a
Seed. — Figs. 4, (i, and 7, a little magnified.

* From thallo, Gr. to grow green ; from the bright colour of the young
shoots. Don.

+ See folio 43, note +.

f See folio 129, a.

Root fibrous, yellow. Stem 3 or 4 feet high, upright, straight
branched, hollow, deeply furrowed, smooth, leafy. Leaves alter-
nate, doubly pinnate, ultimately ternate, with general and partial
membranous, rounded stipulas. Leaflets somewhat wedge-shaped,
usually 3-cleft, but sometimes undivided, entire, varying much in
breadth and sharpness, veiny ; deep green and shining above ; paler
beneath. Sometimes the upper 'leaflets are strap-shaped, when it
is the T. nigricans of Jacquin. Panicle very much branched,
upright, somewhat corymbose; flowers very numerous. Calyx
(fig. 1.) of 4, cream-coloured, deciduous, sepals. Stamens many,
hair-like, several times longer than the sepals. Anthers up-
right, yellow. Germens (figs. 3 & 4.) several, sessile, deeply fur-
rowed. Styles none. Stigmas (see figs. 3 & 4.) short, oblique,
heart-shaped, downy. Seeds (see figs. 5 & 6.) deeply furrowed,
hairy.

The root of this species has been used to dye wool of a yellow
colour, and is said to have been serviceable, when taken in small
doses, in removing the jaundice. Cattle will eat it when mixed
with grass, but it is too acrid to be eaten alone.

Some of the exotic species of this genus, of which Mr. G. Don
describes 53, are very ornamental, and a few of them are cultivated
in the flower-garden, under the name of Feather Columbine, espe-
cially 2 or 3 varieties of Thalictrum aquilegifolium. They are
mostly hardy perennial herbaceous free growing plants, and are
easily increased by dividing the roots.

“ The heart’s affections — are they not like flowers 1
In life’s first spring they blossom ; summer comes
And ’neath the scorching blaze they droop apace ;
Autumn revives them not : in languid groups
They linger still, perchance, by grove or stream.
But Winter frowns and gives them to the winds ;
They are all withered !

Death !

Cold, blank, remorseless, and mysterious death,
Why dost thou fall so gently on the weed —

Leaving it beauty even in decay, —

Beauty and fragrance, — whilst to man thy touch
Is as the touch of stern annihilation 1
Love, genius, virtue, lost in rottenness !

It is most strange !

The unfathomable heart of man !

Why with a withered weed should there be linked
A thousand gentle feelings and emotions,

That break around the soul like rippling waves
Upon a summer shore ? Yet all will die !

A few brief years, — and will not this full heart
Be but a withered weed !

Perchance ’tis very childishness that weaves
Fancies with flowers, and borrows from their hue,
A colour for our thoughts but if it be.

It is weakness that will win a smile,

Not tempt a frown from sage philosophy ;

Or if he frown, in sooth, he’s not the sage
Men take him for — I would not give the love
My heart can feel for this frail harmless thing
Of green and gold, to be enshrined in all
The dusty grandeur of his worm-eat lore.”

H. G. BELL.

i

' /za/ . Q

J-Ri. 7*uZr?&y T!-f}«3c?er£rfei nir garden fixfiri 18SJ

C'Mal&tft*. .$ V

S A'LSOLA* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Digy'nia.

Natural Order. Chenopo'de.€+, Vent. — Lindl. Syn. p. 213 ;
Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 167. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 531. —
Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 226. — Atriplices, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 83. —
Sm. Gr. of Bot. p. 91. — Rich, by Macgill. p. 425. — Querneales ;
sect. Rumicin.e ; type, Betace.e ; subty. Chenopodid.e ; Burn.
Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 523, 587, & 591. — Holera'ce.e, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 2.) inferior, of 1 sepal, permanent,
deeply divided into 5 egg-shaped segments, which, after flowering,
produce from their back a scarious appendage (see figs. 5, 6, & 7).
Corolla none. Filaments (see fig- 3.) 5, awl-shaped, opposite to
the segments of the calyx, and about as long. Anthers roundish,
2-lobed. Germen (fig. 4.) superior, globular. Styles (fig. 4.) 2 or
3, combined at the base. Stigmas recurved. Capsule (see fig.
5 — 7.) of 1 cell, horny, not bursting, imbedded in the fleshy base
of the calyx, and crowned with its broad scarious limb. Seed
(figs. 10 & 1 1.) solitary, top-shaped, large, with a spiral, horizontal,
very large embryo.

The 5-cleft, inferior, permanent calyx , enveloping the indehis-
cent capsule with its base, and crowning it with its broad scarious
limb; and the solitary seed, with its spiral embryo; will distin-
guish this from other genera in the same class and order.

One species British.

SA'LSOLA KALI. Prickly Saltwort. Prickly Glasswort. Bas-
tard Sea-grape.

Spec. Char. Stems herbaceous, prostrate. Leaves awl-shaped,
spinous-pointed, rough. Segments of the Calyx with a dilated
scariose margin.

Engl. Bot. t. 634. — Hook. FI. Lond. t. 158. — Woody. Med. Bot. v. iii. p. 386.
t. 143. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. x. t. 442. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 322. — Huds. FI. Angl.
( 2nd ed. ) p. 107.— WillcL Sp. PI. v. i. pt. II. p. 1310.— Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 280. ;
Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 18. — With. (7th ed. ) v. ii. p. 352. — Lindl. Syn. p. 214. — Ilook.
Brit. FI. p. 139. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 151. — Annals of Bot. v. ii. p. 415. —
Thornton’s Fain. Herb. p. 249, with a figure. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 26. — Hook.
FI. Scot. p. 85. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 59, — FI. Devon, pp. 45 & 140. — Johnston’s FI.
of Berwick, v. i. p. 66. — Winch’s FI. of Nortlrumb. and Durham, p. 17. — Mack.
Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 26. ; FL Hibern. p. 226. — Salsola decumbens, Gray’s Nat.
Arr. v. ii. p. 288. — Kali spinosum cockleatum, Ray’s Syn. p. 159. — Blackstone’s
Spec. Bot. p. 41.

Fig. 1. A Flower, accompanied by its 3 leaf-like bracteas. — Fig. 2. A Flower
without the bracteas. — Fig. 3. Stamens and Pistils. — Fig. 4. Germen, Styles, and
Stigmas. — Figs. 5 & 6. Capsule enveloped by the permanent calyx. — Fig. 7. Verti-
cal section of ditto. — Figs. 8 & 9. The Capsule divested of the calyx. — Figs. 10 & 1 L
The Seed. — Fig. 12. The Spiral Cotyledons. — Figs. 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, & 12, more
or less magnified.

* From sal, salt ; alluding to the saline nature of the plant. Withering.
t See fol. 48, note t. t See folio 231, a.

Localities.— Sandy sea shores; frequent.— Cornwall; On the sea sho;c:
Mr. H. C. Watson, in N. 13. G.— Devonshire ; Frequent on the coast: FI.
Devon. On the shore near Barnstaple: Mr. H. 0. Watson, in N. B. G. —
Durham; On the sandy sea beach, common: N. J. Wincii, Esq. — Essex;
At Walton: J. G. in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. iv. p. 446. — Kent ; In South
Kent: Rev. G.E. Smith. On the shore between Graveney and Se;n alter, near
Faversham, not common : E. Jacob, Esq. 1777. — Lancashire ; Southport; and
on the banks of the Mersey near Liverpool : G. Crosfield, Esq. Bootle : Mr.
H C. Watson, in N. B. G. — Norfolk; Near Yarmouth, 1837 : Dam son Tur-
ner, Esq. — Northumberland ; Common on the sandysea beach : N. J. Winch,
Esq. — In Somersetshire : Dr. Garter, (now Southby,) in N. B.G. — York-
shire; N. Sands, Scarborough: Rev. A. Bloxam, and E. F. Witts, Esq. —
WALES. Anglesey ; In drifted sand, not rare: Kev. II. Davies. — Denbigh-
shire; North coast: J. E. Bowman, Esq. in N. B. G. — Merionethshire ; Bar-
mouth: Magaz. Nat. Hist.— SCOTLAND. Sandy sea shores, frequent: Sir
J. W. Hooker. — IRELAND. Sea shores, frequent: Mr. Mackay. — On the
coast of Waterford, near Ooolum, 1837: Countess of Carrick. Near the
Black Rock, about four miles S. E. from Dublin : Scientific Tourist through
Ireland. On the sea shore at the bottom of Ballyheigh Bay, C. of Kerry : ibid.

Annual. — Flowers in July and August.

Root tapering, fibrous. Stems angular, decumbent, from 6 in-
ches, to a foot or more long, much branched, rigid, and clothed
with whitish, awl-shaped, bristly hairs. Leaves alternate, fleshy,
awl-shaped, spreading, channelled, a little dilated and membranous
at the base, clothed more or less with short bristly hairs, and termi-
nated' with a very sharp spine. Flowers axillary, solitary, sessile,
each with 3, leaf-like, spinous pointed bracteas at the base (see
fig. 1). Calyx (fig. 2.) yellowish-white, membranous, with 5 seg-
ments, each of which is furnished with a small tooth-like process
externally at its base, which becomes dilated, and the tips of the
segments closely converging cover the capsule (see figs. 5 & 6).
Capsule (figs. 7 & 8.) turbinate or top-shaped, winged (see figs.
6 & 7.) with the permanent rigid calyx. Seed solitary, its cotyle-
dons curiously twisted into a spiral form (see figs. 11 & 12), by which
character this genus is distinguished from that of Chcnopodium.

Salsola Kali , together with a few other plants of a similar nature, which are
common on the shores of most parts of the world, are of much economical importance
on account of the soda they afford, and which constitutes a material ingredient in
the manufacture of soap and glass. In the south of France, and on the Mediter-
ranean shores of Spain, especially in the huerta of Murcia, the Salsola? , (especially
Salsola soda) are extensively cultivated, and when burned, their ashes form the
Barilla of commerce, as the ashes of sea-weeds form kelp. To obtain the fossil
alkali, the plants are well dried and placed in a deep trench upon cross bars, beneath
which a fire is lighted, when they are violently agitated, and on cooling settle into
solid masses. We are informed by Professor Burnett, (in his very interesting and
useful work, the “ Outlines of Botany, v. ii. p. 592,) that during the war, when the
demand for soda was great, and the gains on its production large, the growers ex-
tended their Salsola fields inland, but found, to their disappointment, that although,
as long as the land sloped upwards from the sea, the Salsola) were rich in soda ; yet,
as soon as they began to slope inland, the plants ceased to produce soda, and only
furnished potash. It appears, therefore, to be essential for the elaboration ol alkali
that they should be subject to the influence of the sea winds impregnated with saline
vapours, and bearing to them particles of salt.

The Drawing for the accompanying plate was made from a specimen which was
kindly communicated to me by the Countess of Carbick, from the vicinity of
Waterford, Ireland.— I am also indebted to Dawson Turner, Esq. F. L. S. &c. for
specimens from the neighbourhood of Yarmouth, Norfolk.

Salsola fruticosct of E. B. t. 635, is Chenopodium f rut i cosum of Lind lev
and Hooker.

2J6

(256.)

LAGU'RUS* *.

Linn can Class and Order. Tria'ndria f, Digy'nia.

Natural Order. Grami'ne.e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 28. — Sm. Gram,
of Bot. p. 86. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 71 . — Lindl. Syn. p. 293. ; Introd.
to Nat. Syst. of Bot p. 292. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 542. — Mack. FI.
Hibern. p. 294. — Gramina, Linn. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p.393. —
Gramixales ; sect. Festucinje ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. i. pp. 359
and 369.

Gen. Char. Panicle spiked. Spikelels 1-flovvered (see fig. 1 ).
Calyx (see fig. 2.) of 2 equal, slender, membranous, spreading,
fringed glumes, lengthened into feathery awns. Corolla (fig. 3.)
of 2 unequal palea, thicker and firmer than the glumes ; the outer
palea longest, egg-oblong, concave, terminating in 2 equal, upright
awns, shorter than the glumes, and bearing a much longer one
from the middle of its back, twisting in the lower part, tapering
and direct in the upper, reflexed when dry ; inner palea smaller,
involute, cloven, awnless. Nectary (fig. 5.) deeply cloven, acute.
Filaments (see fig. 3.) 3, hair-like, shorter than the calyx. Anthers
upright, oblong, cloven at each end. Germen (see fig. 4.) elliptic-
oblong. Styles (see fig. 4.) very short. Stigmas cylindrical, fea-
thery. Seecl oblong, blunt, with a furrow along the front, loose,
but enveloped in the unchanged corolla.

The dense, spiked panicle ; the 1 -flowered spilielets ; the calyx
of 2 equal, fringed glumes, lengthened into feathery awns ; and the
corolla of 2 pale.ee, the outer of which is bifid at the apex, with a
dorsal awn ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same
class and order.

Only One species known.

LAGU'RUS OVA'TUS. Ovate Hare’s-tail-grass.

Spec. Char.

Engl Bot. t. 1334. -FI. Graec. v. i. p. 71. t. 90. — Host. Gram. Austr. v. ii.
p. 34. t. 46. — Sehreb. Gram. v. i. p. 143. t. 19. f. 3. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 119. —
VVilld. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. i. p.453. — Dickson’s Hortus Siccus, fasc. 7. 1 .fide
Smith.— Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 143. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 167. — With. (5th ed.) v. ii.
p. 220. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 153.— Lindl. Syn. p. 299. — Hook. Brit. FI.
p. 30. — Alopecuros, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 87. n. 1. — Alopecuros genuina,
Morison. v. iii. p. 191. sect. 8. t. 4. f. 1.— Parkinson’s Theatrum Botanicum,
p. 1166. n. 1. — Gramen spicatum tomentosum longissimis aristis donation,
Scheuchzero Agrostographia, p. 58. t. 2. f. 4. b. c. — Gramen alopecur aides,
spicti rotundiore, Bauh. Pin. p. 4.

Localities. — In open sandy fields, near the sea, in the South ; very rare. —
In Guernsey: Mr. Gosselin, in Dickon's Hort. Sice. In the same locality,
in 1833: W. C. Trevelyan, Esq., from whom wild specimens were sentto the
Sherardian Herbarium.

Annual. — Flowers in June.

Fig. 1. Two of the Spikelets. — Fig. 2. The two Glumes of the Calyx. — Fig. 3*
A single Floret, showing the two Palea;, the Stamens, and the Pistils. — Fig. 4. The
Germen, Styles, and Stigmas. — Fig. 5. Nectary. — All a little magnified.

* From logos, Gr. a bare ; and our a, Gr. a tail ; from the spike-like panicle
resembling the tail of a hare. Thornton.

t See folio 56, note +.

Root fibrous, fibres woolly. Culm (stem) from 4 inches to a
foot, or more, high, upright, often geniculated (knee-bent) at the
base, leafy ; striated and downy at the top. Leaves spear-shaped,
yery soft and downy, wavy at the margins, blunt, or sometimes
egg-shaped, at the base. Sheaths (vagina;) inflated, ribbed, very
downy. Stipula (ligula) oblong, downy. Panicle upright, or
more or less inclining, very dense, forming an egg-shaped spike of
many flowers, woolly from the copious soft hairs of the calyx.
Glumes (see fig. 2.) equal, strap-spear-shaped, sharp pointed, and
clothed with very long, white hairs. Palea; (see fig 3.) unequal,
the outer palea striated, hairy, bifid at the apex, with a long dorsal
awn ; inner palea shorter, membranous, smooth.

This is a very pretty grass, and extremely rare in a wild state in
Britain, having been found only in the Isle of Guernsey. In the
more southern parts of Europe it is much more frequent. Sir
James Edward Smith observed it about the ruins of the Roman
amphitheatre at Frejus in France; (Tour on the Continent, v. i.
p. 198). It is also a native of Italy, Sicily, and Portugal.

“ This is human happiness !

Its secret and its evidence are writ

In the broad book of nature. ’Tis to have

Attentive and believing faculties ;

To go abroad rejoicing in the joy
Of beautiful and well-created things ;

To love the voice of waters, and the sheen
Of silver fountains leaping to the sea ;

To thrill with the rich melody of birds.

Living their life of music ; to be glad
In the gay sunshine, reverent in the storm ;

To see a beauty in the stirring leaf,

And find calm thoughts beneath the w hispering tree ;
To see, and hear, and breathe the evidence
Of God’s deep w isdom in the natural world !

It is to linger on ‘ the magic face
Of human beauty,’ and from light and shade
Alike to draw a lesson ; ’tis to love
The cadences of voices that are tuned
By majesty and purity of thought ;

To gaze on woman’s beauty, as a star
Whose purity and distance make it fair ;

And in the gush of music to be still.

And feel that it has purified the heart !

It is to love all virtue for itself.

All nature for its breathing evidence ;

And, when the eye hath seen, and when the ear
Hath drunk the beautiful harmony of the world.

It is to humble the imperfect mind.

And lean the broken spirit upon God !”

N. P. WILLIS.

Z9W

. r S'

/vv/V ^'Ommo'/s '/r/t/v'- 't -

Ju/i iy-'WBaTtar, Satanic (jitrJan O.t/ r l /ff.5/.

mu

(ENOTHE'RA* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Octa'ndria f, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Onagra'ri.e, Juss. — Lindl. Syn. p. 107. ; In-
trod. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 56. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 522. —
Loud. Kort. Brit. p. 513. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. & Bot. v. ii.
p. 675. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 109. — Ona'gr.e, Juss. Gen. PI. p.
317. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 166. — Rosales ; subord. Myrtos-e ;
sect. Onagrin.e; type, OnacracE-e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii.
pp. 614, 617, 722, & 728 — Calycanthem.e, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx superior, of 1 sepal, deciduous, tubular,
with a deeply 4-cleft limb ; the segments reflexed, and more or less
combined. Corolla of 4, inversely heart-shaped, equal petals,
attached to the summit of the tube of the calyx, and as long as the
limb. Filaments (fig. 1.) 8, from the throat of the tube, awl-shaped,
upright, or incurved, shorter than the petals. Anthers linear-
oblong, peltate, incumbent. Pollen cohering by threads. Germen
(see fig. 2.) inferior, oblong, furrowed. Style (see figs. 2 & 3 )
thread-shc.ped, the length of the stamens. Stigma (see figs. 2 & 3.)
in 4 thick, blunt, spreading segments. Capsule (see figs. 4, 5, & 6.)
cylindrical, or prismatic, clavate, or tetragonal ; of 4 cells, and 4
valves. Seeds (fig. 7.) numerous, angular, naked, fixed to the cen-
tral, quadrangular, unconnected placenta (see fig- 6).

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by
the tubular, 4-cleft, superior calyx; the corolla of 4 petals; and
the 4-valved capsule, containing numerous naked seeds.

One species British.

CENOTIIE'RA BIENNIS. Biennial or Common Evening Prim-
rose. Tree Primrose. Evening Star.

Spec. Char. Stem upright, branched. Radical Leaves oblong-
spear-shaped ; stem leaves egg-spear-shaped, toothed, pubescent.
Petals hardly inversely heart-shaped, longer than the stamens.
Lobes of the Stigma strap-shaped and thickish. Capsule nearly
cylindrical, thickest at the base ; its valves either entire or bifid,
opening at the apex.

Engl. Bot. t. 1534. — Flora Danica, t. 440. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 493. — Willd. Sp.
PI. v. ii. pt. i. p. 300. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 311. — With. (7tl\ eel.) v. ii. p. 473. —
Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 559. — Lindl. Syn. p. 109. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 178. —
l’urt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 195. ; and v. iii. p. 355. — Winch’s FI. of Nortjiumberl. and
Durham, p. 34. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. ii. p. 685. — Bab. FI. Bath,
p. 17. — (Enothera foliis ovato-lanceulatis plants, Linn. Virid. Cl ill'. 33. — Mil-
ler’s Plates, p. 126. t. 189. f. 2. — Lysimachia lutea siliquosa virginiana. Park.
Parad. p 264. t. 263. f. 6.

Localities.— On sandy soil; very rare. — Durham ; On South Shields Bal-
last-hills: N. J. Winch, Esq. Ballast-hills, near Sunderland : Mr. Robson. —
Essex ; On Warley Common: Or. 10. Mac Intyre, in FI. Metrop. — Glou-
cestersh. Near Bristol: Miss’ Worsi.ey, in N. B. G. — Kent; On the top of
Shooter’s Hill: C. Finch, in FI. Metrop. — Lane ash. Fields between Crosby
and the Sea, near Liverpool: Or. Bostuck. Southport, Formby and Crosby,
undoubtedly wild: G. Ghosfif.t.d, Ksq. — Somerselsh. Naturalized in many

Fig. 1. Stamens. — Fig. 2. Germen, Style, & Stigma. — Fig. 3. Style & Stigma. —
Fig. 4. Transverse section of the Capsule. — Fig. 5. Capsule, with the valves sepa-
rated, showing the central Placenta. — Fig. 6. Transverse section of the same —
Fig. 7. A Seed.

* From oinos, Gr .vine; and thera, Gr. searching, ov catching; from the
root having caught the perfume of wine. Hooker. + See fol. 42, n. +.

parts of the suburbs of Bath: C. C. Babington, Esq. — Suffolk ; Tt covers se-
veral aeres of ground near Woodbridge : D. Turner, Esq. — Surrey; Batter-
sea: Mr. W. Pami’i.tn, jun. in N. B. G. Couldsdon : Rev. E. Wood, ibid. —
Warwicksh. On the banks of the Arrow, at a distance from any house, abun-
dantly: T. Purton, Esq. — Wilts; Near Great Bedwyn: W. Bartlett, Esq.
In a neglected concavity, whence a coarse sand-stone had been formerly extract-
ed, in Bowood Park, near Devizes : Mr. Norris. — Worcestersh. Occasionally
on suspicious spots within sight of gardens: Mr. E. Lees, in Illust. Yorksh. —
Potteric Car. east of Doncaster: Mr. S. Appleby, in Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. v.
p.557. — WALES. Glamorgansh. Near Swansea : J. E. Biciieno, Esq.
Biennial. — Flowers from July to September.

Root spindle-shaped, branched, fibrous ; yellowish on the out-
side, white within. Stem from 2 to 4 feet or more high, upright,
branched, leafy, of a pale green colour, rough with minute tuber-
cles, and more or less hairy, often of a purplish-brown colour, espe-
cially towards the bottom. Leaves alternate, egg-shaped, or spear-
shaped, pointed, slightly toothed, downy, grass-green ; the lower-
most on short petioles, wavy, and much larger than the upper ones.
Flowers numerous, large, pale yellow, delicately fragrant, in termi-
nal, leafy spikes. Capsule somewhat cylindrical, obscurely 4-
cornered, rough.

This plant is a native of North America, in Virginia, Canada, and on the
North-west coast, from whence it has migrated to Europe about the year 1614,
and is now found apparently wild in some parts of England, especially in Lan-
cashire and Suffolk. It is very common in gardens, where it is well adapted to
the shrubbery. The flowers generally open in the evening, just as the sun sinks
below the horizon. This opening is effected by a very sudden retraction of the
segments of the limb of the calyx, which are forcibly thrown against its tube,
and followed by an immediate expansion of the petals.

“ The sun his latest ray has shed,

The wild-bird to its nest has sped.

And buds which to the day-beam spread
Their brightest glow.

Incline their dew-besprinkled head
In slumber now.

Then why art thou lone vigils keeping
Bale flower, when all beside are sleeping 1
Are not the same soft zephyrs sweeping
Each tender stem,

And the same opiate dew-drops steeping
Both thee and them 1

Eve is my noon — at this still hour
When softly sleeps each sister flower,

Sole watcher of the dusky bower
I joy to be.

And conscious feel the pale Moon shower
Her light on me.

Soon as meek Evening veils the sky.

And wildly fresh her breeze flits by.

And on my breast the dewdrops lie,

I feel to live.

And what is mine of fragraney,

I freely give.

Say, thou who thus dost question me,

W ouldst thou from earth’s dull cares be free,

O listen, and I’ll counsel thee

Wisely to shun
Tumult and glare and vanity.

As I have done.

‘ Enter thy closet, shut the door,’

And heavenward let thy spirit soar.

Then softer dews than bathe the flower
On thee shall rest.

And beams which Sun nor Moon can pour

Illume thy breast,”— The Moral of Flowers.

£« 98

ma< 'A,,-/,/' ■ A ■■ ■ Q

2-j-Juf{V h.7 Puif^bf ty&ax&r Botanic GprjUn O&fr-J, J8&] C. Mother*-?- or

(258.)

CAKI'LE * *.

Linnean Class and Order. Tetradyna'mia f, Siliculo'sa +.

Natural Order. Cruci'feraj §, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 237. — Sm.
Gram, of Bot. p. 138. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 153. — Rich, by Macgilliv.
p. 498. — Crucifers; subord. Pleurorhize.e || ; tribe, Caki-
LINE.-E ; Lindl. Syn. pp. 20, 22, & 28. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot.
pp. 14 to 18. — Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 498 & 499. ; Mag. Nat. Hist,
v. i. pp. 143 & 240. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i.
pp. 146 & 148. — Mack. FI. Hib. pt. i. p. 16. — Rosales; subord.
Rhoeadosje ; sect. RHA2ADiNiE ; type, Brassicace.e ; subtype,
Arabid.e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 784, 847, 854, & 856. —
SiLiQUoSiE, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 4 nearly close, upright,
oblong, deciduous sepals ; the two opposite ones protuberant at the
base. Corolla (fig. 2.) cruciform, of 4, inversely egg-shaped, blunt,
spreading sepals (fig. 3.) ; their claws as long as the border, and
equal to the calyx. Filaments (fig. 4.) 6, two shorter than the other
four, awl-shaped, simple. Anthers oblong, cloven at the base.
Germen (see fig. 4.) oblong. Style none. Stigma blunt, sessile.
Silicula (Pouch) (fig. 5.) angular, of 2, 1-seeded, indehiscent
joints, the upper joint sword-shaped or egg-shaped, deciduous,
bearing an upright, sessile seed (see fig. 6.) ; the lower one (sometimes
abortive) pendulous. Cotyledons (see figs. 7 & 8) accumbent (o=).

Distinguished from other genera, with accumbent cotyledons, in
the same class and order, by the compressed pouch of 2, 1-seeded,
indehiscent joints, the uppermost of which is deciduous ; and the
contrary direction of the seeds, when both are perfect.

One species British.

CAKI'LE MARI'TIMA. Purple Sea Rocket.

Spec. Char. Joints of the Pouch 2-edged ; the upper one with
2 teeth at the base. Leaves fleshy, pinnatifid, somewhat toothed.

Hook. FI. Lond. t. 160. — Willd. Sp. PI. v, iii. pt. I. p. 416. — Ait. Hort. Kew.
(2nd ed. ) v. iv. p. 71. — Sm. Eng. FI. v. iii. p 183. — With. (7th ed. ) v. iii. p. 751. —
Gray’s Nat. Ait. v. ii. p. 688. — Lindl. Syn. p. 28. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 293. ; FI.
Scot. p. 193.— Grev. FI. Edin. p. 139.— FI. Devon, pp. 107 & 187.— Johnst. FI. of
Berw. v. i. p. 142. — Rev. G. E. Smith’s PI. of Soutli Kent, p. 36. — Winch’s FI. of
Northumb. and Durham, p. 43. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 200. —
Mack. Cat. of PI. of Irel. p. 61. ; FI. Hibern. p. 22. — Cakile serapionis, Gartner,
v. ii. p. 287. t. 141. f. 12. — Cakile quibusdam. aliis Eruca marina et Raphanus
marinus, Bauh. Hist. v. ii. p. 867. f. 868. — Ray’s Syn. p. 307. — PI. Favershamien-
ses, p. 17. — Bunias Cakile , Linn. Sp. PI. p. 936. — Engl. Bot. t. 231. — Sm. FI.
Brit. v. ii. p. 694. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 363. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 63. —
Eruca marina, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 248.

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. A separate Petal. — Fig. 4. Stamens
and Pistil. — Fig. 5. Pouch. — Fig. 6. The same divided vertically to show the seed. —
Fig. 7. A Seed. — Fig. 8. A transverse section of the same.

* An Arabic word employed by SEUAno for this plant. Don.

+ See folio 38, note +. t See folio 107, note t. 5 See folio 38, a.

II See folio 111, note ||.

Localities.— On the sandy sea-coast frequent.— Cornwall ; On the shore
near Penzance. &c. : Mr. Watson, in N. B.G. — Devon; Along the coast, fre-
quent: FI. Devon. — Durham; On the sandy sea-beach, frequent : N.J. Winch,
Esq. Very common in saudy places by the Tees’ Mouth : J. Hogg.— Essex ;
On the sandy shore at W alton : J. G. in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. v. iv. p.447. —
Hampshire ; Hyde, Isle of Wight: Dr. Bostock. — Kent ; On the west shore,
near Folkstone Harbour; and at Lydden Spout: Rev. G E. Smith. Hear
Sheerness in Shepey, and Cliff's Pnd in 1 hanet : E. Jacob, Esq. in PI. Faversh.
— Lancashire; Bootle Sauds: -Mr. Watson, in N. B. G. Southpoit, and
Presail: G. Crosfield, Esq. Noilh shore, near Liverpool : Dr. Withering. —
Norfolk; On the Beach at Yarmouth: Dawson Turner, Esq. Near Lynn:
G. Cooper, iu N. B. G. — Northumberland ; On the sandy sea-beach, frequent :
N. J. Winch, Esq.— In Somersetshire: Dr. Capper, (now Soutury), in
N. B. G. — Suffolk ; Sou hwold: Mr. Woodward. — In Sussex : Rev. G. E.
Smith, in N. B. G. — Yorkshire ; North Sands, near Seal borough : Rev. A.
Bi.oxam, and E. F. Witts, E<q. — WALES. Anglesey ; On toe sandy sea-
coast, not uncommon: Rev. II. Davies. — Merionethshire ; Near Barmouth :
Mag. Nat. Hist. — SCOTLAND. On Leith Sands, at Kirkaldy, on the coast
of Fife, on the western side of Cantire, between Machrianish Bay and Barr:
Rev. J. Lichtfoot, in FI. Scot. East coast from Abetdeen to Fiaserburgh :
Mr. Murray'. On the coast at Caroline Park, ike.: Dr. G reville. — IRE-
LAND. On sandy sea-shores, frequent: Mr. Mackay. On the coast of
Waterford, near Coolum : Countess of Carrick.

Annual. — Flowers from June to October*.

Root small, slender, woody, running deep into the sand, and
terminated by a few rigid fibres. Stem from 6 to 12 inches high,
or more, smooth, woody, much branched, and spreading in every
direction, both stem and branches often remarkably twisted and
zigzag, never straight. Leaves scattered, thick, fleshy, a little glau-
cous, nearly sessile, variously pinnatifid, the lobes somewhat distant,
entire or toothed. Flowers of a pale purple or bright lilac colour,
in dense terminal corymbs, which are gradually elongated into
fruit-bearing racemes. Pouches about an inch long, their lower
joint generally abortive ; they are upright, with 4 sharp edges, but
so compressed as to be sword-shaped at the upper part, and when
ripe the upper joint falls off, without bursting, leaving a cloven base
behind. Sir W. J. Hooker mentions a variety with a white flower
having been found on the coast of Ayr, by Mr. James Wilson.

The whole plant has a saltish taste, and is said to be a brisk ca-
thartic, and it has been recommended as a diuretic and antiscorbutic.

I am indebted to the kindness of the Countess of Carrick for
the specimen from which the Drawing for the accompanying plate
was made. Dawson Turner, Esq. has also favoured me with
specimens from Yarmouth.

“ I have often thought that flowers were the alphabet of Angels, whereby they
write on hills and fields mysterious truths.” — The Rebels.

* A correspondent in Mr. Loudon’s Magazine of Natural History , v. iv. p.
447, who signs himself J. G., says that it was blooming, in spite of the wintry
blasts to which it was exposed, in the twelfth month (December), 1830 ; and that its
colours were then much more brilliant than is usually the case in Summer.

2.5.9

/

n 0720/,

/r'H A'.*/

(o>'Oj/a^-^/x//ey , ^Dc-m Tnon. ^e/^rw' .

Pub.W WB a«t.«r. [jc-tuncu Crorden Os»for<i. '.SJ*/.

(259.)

RHINA'NTHUS* *.

Linnean Class and Order. DiDYNA'MiAf, Angiospe'hmia %.

Natural Order. ScROPHULARi'NEAi§, Dr. R. Brown. — Lindl
Syn. p. 187.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. ot' Bot. p. 228. — Mack. FI
Hibern. p. 198. — Scropiiula 'rinas, Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 434. —
Sm. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 115. — Loud. Ilort. Brit, p.528. — Pedicu-
lares, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 99. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 96. — Syrix-
gales ; subord. Primulos^e ; sect. Mexthi.vje ; type, Scro-
phularia'ce.e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 900, 958, & 978. —
Personate, Linn.

Gex. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal, compressed,
somewhat inflated, rounded, bladdery, veiny, permanent; the mar-
gin in 4 nearly equal, acute, deep teeth, broad at their base. Corolla
(fig. 3.) ringent, nearly closed ; tube almost cylindrical, the length
of the calyx; upper lip narrowest, hooded, compressed, slightly
cloven ; lower broadest, expanded, divided half way into 3 blunt
lobes, the middle one rather the largest. Filaments (fig. 4.) 4, two
longer than the other two, thread-shaped, shorter than the upper
lip of the corolla, and concealed within it. Anthers incumbent,
2-lobed, hairy, not prominent. Germen (see fig. 2.) egg-shaped,
compressed, with a channel on each side. Style (see fig. 2.)
thread-shaped, curved, somewhat longer than the stamens. Stigma
deflexed, blunt. Capsule (fig. 5.) roundish egg-shaped, compressed,
blunt, with a small point, of 2 cells, and 2 valves separating at the
margin ; partitions transverse, combined, narrow. Seeds several,
inversely egg-shaped, compressed, imbricated, curved downwards,
more or less bordered.

The 4-cleft, inflated calyx ; the capsule of 2 cells ; and the com-
pressed, bordered, imbricated seeds; will distinguish this from
other genera in the same class and order.

Two species British.

RHINA'NTHUS CRISTA GALLI. Common Yellow Rattle.
Cock’s-comb. Penny-grass.

Spec. Char. Leaves spear-shaped, serrated. Flowers in lax
spikes. Calyx smooth. Style included. Seeds with a broad
membranous border.

Fig. 1, Calyx. — Fig. 2. Calyx opened vertically to show the Germen and Pistil. —
Fig. 3. Corolla. — Fig. 4. The Stamens. — Fig- 5. Capsule, with the valves separat-
ing.— Fig. 6. The same with the valves opened, showing the imbricated seeds. —
Fig. 7. A transverse section of the Capsule. — Fig. 8. A Seed.

* From rill, Gr. a nose ; and anthos, Gr. a flower ; in allusion to the beaked
upper lip of the corolla, which is very remarkable in the exotic Ithinanthus Ete-
ji/ias. . SirW. J. Hooker.
t Sec folio 31, note t.

t Sec folio 72, note $.

5 See folio 50, a.

Engl. Bol. t. 657. -Curt. FI. Lond. t. 320.— Curt. Brit. Entom. v. it. t. 419. —
Mart. FI. Rust. t. 138. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 810, a. — Muds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p.
268, a. — VVilld. Sp I’l. v. iii. pt. n. p. 188, a. — Sin. FI. Bril. v. ii. p. 649. ; Engl.
F'l.v. iii. p. 120. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 727, var. i. — Lind I . Syn. p 190. —
Hook. Brit. FI. p. 283. — Light. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 322, a.— Sibrh. FI. Oxon. p.192. —
Abb. FI. Bed. p. 134. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 60. — Purt. Mid. FI. v. i. p. 285. —
Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p.249. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 186. — Grev. FI. Fldin. p.
135. — FI. Devon, pp. 103 Sc 147. — Johnst. F I. of Berw. v. i. p. 135. — Winch’s FI.
of Northumb.and Durh. p. 41, a. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 173. — Jacob's West
Devon and Cornwall Flora. — Bab. F’l Bath. p. 36 — Mack. Catal. of PI. of lrel.
p. 57. ; FI. Hibern. p. 201.— Rhinanthus glaber, a, Gray’s Nat. 4rr. v. ii. p.
311. — Pedicularis seu Crista galli lutea, Ray s Syn. p. *284 . — Crista galli,
Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1071.

Localities. — In meadows and pastures; common.

Annual. — Flowers in June.

Root small, fibrous. Stem from 6 inches to a foot or more
high, upright, 4-cornered, smooth, rigid, leafy ; simple, or branch-
ed, and often spotted with red or purple. Leaves opposite, spear-
shaped, sessile, spreading, pointed, sharply serrated, rough and
minutely wrinkled on both sides, from an inch to an inch and a
half long, dilated and heart-shaped at the base. Bracteas like
the leaves, but broader at the base, and more deeply toothed, the
teeth pointed. Flowers on very short peduncles, axillary in the
bracteas, each pair crossing the next, and, altogether, forming a
kind of loose, interrupted spike. Calyx large, bladdery, strongly
ribbed, smooth, of a pale yellowish-green colour. Corolla yellow ;
the segments of its upper lip short, bluish. Nectary an egg-
shaped, purple, concave scale at the base of one edge of the broad
flattish germen. Anthers red, awnless, of 2 distant very hairy
lobes, quite concealed by the arched upper lip of the corolla , as
are likewise the style and stigma, though the latter sometimes be-
comes prominent as the flower fades. Capsule dry and mem-
branous, bordered at the edge, and terminating in a short point.
Seeds brown, smooth, with a thin, flat, broadish, membranous
border.

This plant is reckoned unprofitable to the farmer, encumbering rather than
enriching his crop of hay, as cattle are not fond of it, and whether they ever eat
h by choice is doubtful. When the fruit is ripe, the seeds rattle in the husky
capsule, and hence the English name of Yellow Rattle ; for the same reason it
is, in Ireland, called Rattle Box. It is known in some counties by the name of
Penny-grass ; and in Yorkshite by that of Hen-penny ; from the shape and
size of the seed-vessel, like a silver penny. Its other appellation of Cock' s-comb
is derived from the appearance of the bracteas. The rattling of the seeds in the
capsules, indicates to the Swedish peasant, as Linnjeus informs us, the time of
eutting his grass for hay. In England we have better indications, such as the
flowering-heads of wild Red Clover beginning to fade, and the predominant
grasses of the crop opening their glumes, and displaying their anthers. The
growth of this plant is remarkably quick, and is supposed in some foreign coun-
tries to be very injurious to the crop of ltie. With us it abounds only in poor
pastures, and some woods. See Smith’s English Flora ; and Miller’s Gard •
Diet., by Martin.

Fub li felied 1c W. Baxter. Botanic Garden. Oxford. 1837-

(260.)

CERA/rOPHY'LLUM* *

Linnean Class and Order. Moncecia f , Polyan'dria.
Natural Order. Ceratopiiyllea;, Gray’s Nat. Arr. of Brit.
Plants, v. ii. p. 554. — De Cand. Prod. v. iii. p. 73. — Lindl. Syn. p.
225. ; Tntrod. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 176. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 514.
— Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. ii. p. 705. — Mack. FI.
Hibern. p.239. — Naiades, Jiiss. Gen. PI. p. 18. — Sm. Gram, of
Bot. p. 66. — Quernf.ales; sect. Hippuri.v.e ; type, Cerato-
phyi.laceae ; Burn. Outlines of Botany, pp. 523, 576, & 578. —
I.vu.ydat.e, Linn.

Gen. Char. Barren Flower (fig. 1). Calyx inferior, in many,
deep, equal, oblong, permanent, upright segments. Corolla none.
Stamens twice as many as the segments of the calyx, from 12 to
20, without filaments. Anthers oblong, upright, rising above the
calyx. Fertile Flower (f. 2.) Calyx as in the barren flower. Corolla
none. German (see fig. 2.) superior, egg-shaped, compressed, 1-
celled. Style scarcely any. Stigma (see fig. 2.) simple, thread-
shaped, oblique. Nut (fig. 3.) somewhat egg-shaped, compressed,
1 -ceiled, 1-seeded, indehiscent, crowned with the permanent,
hardened stigma. Seed (see fig. 5.) solitary, the shape of the nut
(see fig. 4.) ; with 4 cotyledons, alternately smaller ; and a many-
cleft, central embryo (see fig. 7).

The manv-cleft calyx; want of a corolla; the number of sta-
mens in the barren flower , from 12 to 20 ; and the nearly sessile,
thread-shaped, oblique stigma; and superior, 1-seeded nut of the
fertile flower ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same
class and order.

Two species British.

CERATOPHY'LLUM DEME'RSUM. Demersed Hornwort.
Common Hornwort.

Spec. Char. Fruit armed with 3 spines, which are unequal,
one terminal, and two lateral. Segments of the calyx notched at
the extremity.

Perennial. — Flowers in August and September.

Engl. Bot. t. 947 Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1409.-Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 419, a.
— Willd. Sp. PI. v. iv. pt. i. p. 405.— Sm. FI. Brit, v.iii. p. 1020. ; Engl. FI. v. iv.
P- 141. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 572. — Lindl. Syn. p. 225. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.
405.— Lightf. FI. Scot. v. ii. p. 580 — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 168.-Relh. FI. Cant.
(3rd ed.) p. 392. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. iii. p. 70. — Hook. FI. Scot. pt. j. p. 272. and
pf. u. p. 297.— Grev. FI. Edin. p. 201.— FI. Devon, pp. 154 & 195.— Winch’s
FI. of Not thumb, and Durham, p 61.— Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v.ii.
p. 705.— Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 279.— Bab. FI. Bath. p. 17.— Mack. Catal. of
PI. of Irel. p. 82. ; FI. Hibern. p. 240. — Ceratophyllum cornutum, Rich. Mem.
Mus.- Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.554 .—Dichotophyllon, Dill. Giss. p. 149.—
Hydroceratophyllon folio aspero, quatuor cornibus arrnato, Ray’s Syn.
p. 135.

Fig. 1. A Barren Flower. — Fig. 2. A Fertile Flower. — Fig. 3. Fruit. — Fig. 4.
A vertical section of the Fruit or Nut. — Fig. 5. Seed. — Fig. 6. A transverse section
of the Nut. — All more or less magnified.

* From Iceras, Gr. a horn ; and phyllon, Gr. a leaf; in reference to the leaves
being branched, like a stag’s horn. Don.

t See folio 83, note f.

Localities. — Under water, in slow streams, ditches, and ponds ; not uncom-1
mon. — Oxfordshire ; Plentiful about Oxford. — Berks; About Wallingford:
Mr. W. Willis, Engraver, Wallingford. — Cambridgesh. In ditches and ponds:
Rev. R. Reliian. — Devon; River Clyst, by Clyst Bridge: FI. Devon. —
Durham; In ditches on Durham Moor: Rev. J. Symons — Essex; In Mr.
Warner’s, and most of the ponds on the Forest, near Woodford ; very common,
1771; Richard Warner, Esq. — Kent; Fish-pond in a wood behind the
Sussex Tavern, and elsewhere: FI. Tonb. In S. Kent: Rev. G. E. Smith. —
Middlesex ; Thames near Hampton Court I (without flowers) : Mr. Watson, in
N. li. G. — Norfolk; Not uncommon: Hist. Yar. Heigham near Norwich:
N. J. Winch, Esq. — In Nottinghamshire : T. H. Cooper, Esq. in N. B. G. —
Somersetshire ; In the Canal, near Bath: C. C. Babington, Esq. — Suffolk ;
Near Bungay : Mr. D. Stock, in N. B. G. — In Sussex ; Rev. G. E. Smith, in
N. B. G. — Warwickshire ; In a stew of the Rev. W. T. Bree’s at Allesley :
T. Porton, Esq — Worcestershire; In fish-ponds at W. Rawlins’, Esq.
Brockencot, filling nearly the whole of one pool: T. Purton, Esq. — SCOT-
LAND; Common: Sir W, J. Hooker. — IRELAND; Pools near the Bridge
at Navan: Dr. Scott. Near Ktllaleagh, Isle of Rathlin, and Lough Neagh :
Mr. Templeton.

Perennial. — Flowers in August and September.

Root striking deep in the mud. Stem floating entirely under
water, long, slender, and much branched. Leaves in whorls,
spreading, about 8 in a whorl, the lower whorls most distant, the
upper closer, those towards the top very much crowded ; each leaf
repeatedly cut into tine, strap-shaped, equal, pointed, roughish
segments. Flowers few, in the axils of the leaves, solitary, sessile,
pale green. Anthers sessile. Fruit (fig. 3.) armed with 2 spread-
ing lateral spines, and a terminal one from the elongated Stigma ;
all very variable in length. Differs from Ceratophyllum submersum
in the armed fruit.

This is an elegant plant in appearance, and seems to be an excellent shelter
for fish ; giving way to the slightest pressure. Mr. Purton mentions this plant
having become very abundant in a pond, (after the process of mudding,) wherein
it had been unknown before; and conjectures that, till then, the seeds must
have been buried too deep for vegetation ; a circumstance which, doubtless, may
frequently account for the fluctuating appearance of plants. See Part. Midi.
FI. and With. Bot. Arr.

The Natural Order Ceratophyllfje consists of apetalous,
dicotyledonous, floating herbs, with multifid, cellular leaves ; monoe-
cious flowers ; and an inferior, many-parted calyx. In the barren
flowers the stamens are from 12 to 20 in number; the anthers are
2-celled, and without filaments. In the fertile flower (which is
destitute of stamens) the ovary ( germenj is superior, and 1-celled ;
the ovule fseedj is solitary, and pendulous; the stigma thread-
shaped, oblique, and sessile ; the nut (figs. 3 and 4.) 1-celled,
1 -seeded, indehiscent, and terminated by the hardened stigma. The
seed is solitary, pendulous, and without albumen ; it has an embryo
of 4 cotyledons, which are alternately smaller ; with a many-leaved
plumule; and a superior radical. — Ceratophyllum is the only
genus in the order.

#

#

/

RiMisfceA by'W But -nip Garden. Oxford

('201. )

A'RU.ll*.

Linnean Class and Order. MoNCE'ciAf, Polya'ndriA.

Natural Order. Aroi'deh;, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 23. — Sm. Gram,
of Bot. p. 67. — Lincll. Syn. p. 246. ; Introcl. to Nat. Syst. of Bot.
p. 286. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 3S8. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 541. — *
Mack. FI. 1-libern. p. 26 L — Juxcales; sect. Acorina:; type,
Callace.e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. i. pp. 403, 408, & 410. —
Piperit.e, Linn.

Gen. Char. Spalha of 1 leaf, upright, oblong, convolute at the
base ; converging above ; contracted towards the middle ; coloured
within ; containing the flowers, which are situated on a spadix or
common stalk (see fig. 1, d.), the upper part of which is naked,
coloured, nearly cylindrical, and at length withering. Flowers
monoecious, without cither calyx or corolla ; the barren ones of
numerous stamens, with very short and thick filaments, disposed
in a dense ring, of several rows, round the spadix, within the con-
voluted part of the spatha (see fig. l,u), and surmounted, at a small
distance above, by another aggregate ring, of apparently abortive,
slender-pointed filaments (see fig. 1, c.). Anthers of 2 lateral,
elliptic-oblong, single-celled lobes, opening by solitary pores.
Fertile Flowers (see fig. 1 , b.) in a dense, compound ring at the
base of the spadix. Germen (see fig. 1, b.) sessile, inversely heart-
shaped. Style none. Stujma downy. Derry (see figs. 2 c: 3.)
juicy, globose, 1 -celled, many-seeded. Seeds (see fig. 3.) roundish,
or angular, with a simple embryo.

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by
the spatha of 1 leaf, enclosing a spadix, which bears the barren
flowers in a dense ring about the middle, and the fertile ones at the
base, its summit being naked ; and by the 1-celled, many-seeded berry.

One species British.

A 'RUM MACULA'TUM. Spotted-leaved Arum. Cuckow-pint.
Wake-robin. Lords and Ladies.

Spec. Char. Leaves all radical, halbert-shaped, entire. Spadix
club-shaped, blunt, shorter than the spatha.

Engl. Bot. t. 1298. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 111. — Woodv. Mod. Bot. v. i. p. 74. t.
25. — Steph. & Church. Med. Bot. v. i. t. 22. — Curt. Blit. Entomol. v. xiii. t. C07. —
Linn. Sp. Pi. p. 1370. — Iluds. FI. Angl. p. 395. — Willd. Sp. Pi. v. iv. pt. I. p. 483.
— Sm. FI. Brit. v. iii. p. 1024. ; Engl. FI. v. iv. p. 140. — With. (7th cd. ) v. iii.
p. 669. — Lindl. Syn. p. 246. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 400. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p.
528. — Sibtli. FI. Oxon. p, 177. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 197. — Davies’ Welsh. Bot.
p. 90. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 431. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rded.) p. 394. — Thornt.
Fain. Herb. p. 750, with a figure. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 272. — Grev. FI. Edin. p.
202. — FI. Devon, pp. 154 & 114. — Johnst. FI. Berw. v. i. p. 205. — Winch’s FI. of
Northumb & Durham, p. 61. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 280. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 53. —
Mack. Catal. of Pi. of Ircl. p. 82. ; FI. Ilibern. p. 262. — Arum, Ray’s Syn. p.
266. — Arum vulyare, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 834. — Mill. Icon. p. 35. t. 52. f. 1. —
Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 38.

Fig. 1. The Spadix, a. Barren Flowers ; b. Germens, or Fertile Flowers ;
C. C. Roundish bodies terminated by longish filaments; these Linn;eus called the
nectaries. — Fig. 2. A Spike of Berries. — Fig. 3. A Berry divided transversely, show-
ing the Seeds.

“ From Am, Gr. noxa, injury ; because the root, when eaten without prepa-
ration, affects the tongue with a pungency as if it were pricked with a needle.
Phillips. t See Bryonia dioica, folio 83, note t.

Localities. — 1» woods, bushy places, borders of fields, and hedge banks ;
common.

Perennial. — Flowers in May.

Root tuberous, whitish. Stem none. Leaves all radical, from
2 to 4 in number, petiolate, broadly arrow-shaped, more or less
halbert-shaped, pointed, upright, smooth, of a bright glossy green,
generally more or less spotted with black ; their petioles or stalks
dilated at the base, and sheathing the flower-stalk. Spatha large,
from 6 to 8 inches high, or more in shady places, usually pale
green, but varying in colour, and sometimes spotted like the leaves,
very concave, the margins convolute, the summit pointed. Spadix
(fig. 1, 6?.) long, varying in colour from a pale buff to a fine purple
or deep carmine ; naked, and club-shaped at top ; at its base are
the germens (6), the sessile anthers (a), and the nectaries (c). Berries
on a blunt spike, bright scarlet, viscid, remaining long after the
leaves and spatha have past away. Seeds 2 or more in each berry.

The Root and Leaves of the Arum, when fresh, are so extremely pungent,
that it is highly disagreeable to taste them, but they lose this acrimony in dry-
ing, and the roots become farinaceous and insipid. After the acrimony of the
roots has been extracted, either by boiling or baking, they afford a very mild and
wholesome farinaceous nutriment, resembling Salep. Many nations prepare
the only bread they have from plants as acrimonious as this; first dissipating
the noxious qualities by heat.

The Root dried and powdered is used by the French as a lotion, and is sold
at a high price, under the name of Cypress Powder. Starch has been also pre-
pared from the root; but Gebakde observes, that the hands are apt to be
blistered in using it. Mr. Lovdon, in his valuable Encyclop. of Gardening,
informs us, that in the Isle of Portland the common people dig up the roots,
•which they macerate and steep, and the powder so obtained is dried, and sent
to London, and sold under the name of Portland Sago.

The Flower has been cited as affording a remarkable instance of the sponta-
neous heat generated in vegetables ; which, according to the observations of
Lamarck and Senebier, is evolved in a very obvious degree for several hours,
subsequent to the first opening of the spatha.

jEcidittm Ari, Hook. Br. FI. v. ii. pt. ii. p.369, is sometimes found, parasi-
tical, on the under side of the leaves of this plant, in the neighbourhood of
Oxford. I have observed it in Bagley Wood; and Mr. George Gulliver,
Surgeon, found it, some years ago, near Banbury.

Mrs. F. Arabella Rowden thus cautions Children against the Berties of
the Arum: —

" Oh ! wander not where Dragon Arum showers
Her baleful dews, and twines her purple flowers,

Lest round thy neck she throw her snaring arms,

Sap thy life’s blood, and riot on thy charms,

Her shining berry, as the ruby bright,

Might please thy taste, and tempt thy eager sight ;

Trust not this specious veil ; beneath its guise,

In honied streams a fatal poison lies.

So Vice allures with Virtue’s pleasing song,

And charms her victims with a Siren’s tongue.”

>

RuflillDil. C3Mitn.tc.

v_

(262.)

l'LEX* *.

Linnean Class and Order. T etra'ndria f, Tetragy'nia.

Natural Order. Aquifolia'ce.e, De Cand. — Lindl. Key, p.
63. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 538. — Loud. Arb. Brit. p. 504. — Ili-
cine.e, Lindl. Syn. p. 73. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst of Bot. p. 178. —
Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. ii. p. 14. — Mack. FI. Hib.
p. 71. — Crlastrine.e, tribe, Aquifoliace.e ; Loud. Hort. Brit,
p. 508. — Rhamni, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 376. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p.
182. — Rosales; subord. Myrtosje; sect. Ilicin.e; type, Aqui-
foliace.e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 614 & 617. — Dumos^e,
Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, small, of 1 sepal, with
4 or 5 small teeth, permanent. Corolla (figs. 2 & 3 ) much larger
than the calyx, wheel-shaped, in 4 or 5 deep, elliptical, spreading,
concave segments ; or of 4 or 5 petals cohering by their broad bases.
Filaments (see figs. 2 & 3.) 4 or 5, awl-shaped, shorter than the
corolla, and alternate with its segments. Anthers small, 2-lobea.
Germen roundish. Styles none. Stigmas 4 or 5, blunt, perma-
nent, either distinct or united in one. Berry (fig. 4.) globular,
including 4 or 5, 1-seeded nuts (see figs. 5, 6, & 7), each oblong,
pointed, angular at the inside, rounded externally. Seed inverted ;
albumen fleshy ; embryo in the apex. Flowers sometimes poly-
gamous.

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by
the 4- or 5-toothed calyx ; the wheel-shaped corolla, of 4 or 5 deep
segments ; and the globular berry, including 4 or 5, 1-seeded nuts.

One species British.

I'LEX AQUIFO'LIUM. Common Holly. Hulver. Hulfere.
Holme.

Spec. Char. Leaves egg-shaped or oblong, acute, shining,
wavy, spiny-toothed. Peduncles axillary, short, many-flowered.
Flowers nearly umbellate.

Engl. Bot. t. 498. — FI. Dan. t. 508. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. ii. t. 59. — Linn.
Sp. l’l. p. 181.— Hunt. Evelyn’s Silva, p. 383, with a plate. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd
edit.) p. 446. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. i. p. 707. — Sm. Brit FI. v. i. p. 192. ; Engl.
FI. v. i. p. 227. — Wither. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 254. — Lindl. Syn. p. 74. — Hook. Brit.
FI. p. 72.— Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 121.— Sihth. FI. Oxon. p. 64.— Abbot’s FI.
Bedf. p 37. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 17. — I’urt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 103. — Relh. FI.
Cant. (3rd ed. ) p. 66. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 57. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 40. — Sylvan
Sketches, p. 164. — FI. Devon, pp. 30 & 178. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 39. —
Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 10.— Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 43. —
Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. ii. p. 16. — Loud. Arb. Brit. p. 505. t. 59. —
Bab. FI. Bath. p. 11. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 19. ; FI. Hibem. p. 72. —
Jle.v vulgaris, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 491. — Agrifolium, Johnson’s Ger. p.
1338. — Ray’s Syn. p. 466. — Aquifolium, Mill. Icon. p. 31. t. 46.

Localities. — In woods, hedges, and on heaths, generally in dry elevated situ-
ations ; frequent.

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Figs. 2 & 3. Corolla and Stamens. — Fig. 4. Berry. — Fig. 5. The
Nuts, after the fleshy part of the berry is removed. — Figs. 6 & 7. The Nuts
separated.

* So named, by C. Baviien, and Loureiro, en account of the resemblance of its
leaves to those of the Quercus I'lex, the true I' lex of Virgil. — Loudon.

■t Sec folio 46, note +.

Tree. — Flowers in May.

A handsome evergreen tree, growing to the height of from 20 to
30 feet in a wild state, and to twice that height in a state of culti-
vation. Bark smooth, greyish. Wood hard and close-grained.
Leaves alternate, stalked, rigid, surrounded by a strong cartilagin-
ous border; tough, shining, wavy, lobed, each lobe terminating in
a strong, sharp thorn; sometimes in old trees the upper leaves are
entire, with only a terminal prickle. Flowers small, white, tinged
externally with purple, somewhat umbellate, usually three together,
from the axils of the leaves, the earliar ones least perfect. Calyx
slightly hairy, very small. Berries bright scarlet, casually yellow,
crowned with the calyx, which turns black. Nuts, ( seeds of Linn.,/
(see figs. 5, 6, & 7.) three or four.

Numerous varieties of this tree are cultivated in gardens, and
that with yellow berries has been found wild in England. They
are all highly ornamental in clumps, borders, and other parts of
pleasure-grounds, affording much variety when judiciously inter-
mixed.

The Holly makes an impenetrable fence, and bears cropping well ; nor is its
verdure, or the beauty of its scarlet berries, ever observed to suffer from the severest
of our winters. It would be preferable to the hawthorn for hedges, were it not for
the slowness of its growth. The wood is the whitest of all hard woods, and is use-
ful for various purposes. It is used in veneering, in turnery, in engineering, iu
mathematical-instrument making, and even for wood engraving ; but one of its
principal uses, at present, is, when dyed black, to be substituted for ebony, in the
handles of metal tea-pots, &c. The strongest straight shoots, deprived of their
bark, are made into whip-handles and walking-sticks ; and the young shoots and
the branches are given to sheep and deer, during the winter, in France. From the
bark birdlime is made. The berries are purgative, and six or eight of them will
occasion violent vomiting. Though they are considered as poisonous to men, yet
they form the food of some birds, mure especially of thrushes. The use of the
Holly at Christmas for ornamenting churches and dwelling-houses, is well known ;
though the origin of the practice is uncertain.

The disciples of Zoroaster believed that the sun never shadows the Holly-tree ;
and the followers of that Philosopher, who still remain in Persia and India, are said
to throw water impregnated with Holly bark in the face of a child newly born.

In The Language of Flowers, the Holly signifies foresight. It is the badge of
the clan Drummond in Scotland.

For many interesting par ticulars respecting the Geography, History, Proper-
ties and Uses; Mythological, Legendary, and Poetical Allusions ; Propa-
gation and Culture ; Statistics, §c. of the Holly, see Mr. Loudon’s admirable
work, The Arboretum et Fruticctum Britunnicum, pp. 505 to 51G.

Two very beautiful Lichens, Opegrapha e'legans. Hook. Br. FI. v. ii. p. 146 ;
and Thelotrema lepaclinum, ibid. p. 161 ; are not uncommon on the bark of the
Holly In Bagley Wood, near Oxford ; and Eustegia Ilicis ; Ceuthhspora phas-
cidioides ; arid Sphccria ilicis ; are common on the dead leaves.

The Natural Order Aquifolta'cete, is composed of dicotyledon-
ous trees or shrubs, with alternate or opposite, coriaceous leaves ;
and small, axillary, solitary, or faciculated flowers. The calyx is
4-, 5-, or 6-sepaled, and imbricated in the bud. The corolla is
hypogynous, and 4- or 5-parted, with as many .stamens inserted into
it, alternately with its segments. The ovary is from 2- to 6-celled,
with a pendulous ovule in each cell. The fruit is fleshy, indehis-
cent, with from 2 to 6 stones or nuts, each containing a pendulous
seed, which has a large fleshy albumen.

(

Published hv W Baxter. Botanic Garden.. Oxford 18 3 8.

(203 )

THE'SIUM* *.

Li Innean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Digy'nia.

Natural Order. Saxtala'ce.e, Dr. R. Brown. — Lindl. Syn.

207. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of J3ot. p. 74. — Rich, by Macgilliv.
p. 420. — Loud. Hort. Brit, p.532. — El.eagni, Juss. Gen. PI. p.
74. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 86. — Quernf.ales; sect. Lauri.we ;
type, Santalace-'E ; subtype, Santauda! ; Burn. Outl. of Bot.
pp. 523, 563, 573, & 574.— Veprecula:, Linn.

Gen. Char. Cah/x (figs. 1 & 2.) superior, of 1 sepal, internally
coloured, divided half way down into 4 or 5 spreading segments,
with intermediate notches, permanent. Corolla none. Filaments
4 or 5, short, awl-shaped, upright, inserted into the base of each
segment of the calyx, in the centre. Anthers roundish. Germcn
(see fig. 3.) inferior, roundish, ribbed. Style thread-shaped, as
long as the stamens. Stigma cloven. Drupa (fig. 4.) oblong,
angular, dry, coriaceous, crowned by the indexed calyx. Nut
roundish. — Dr. Brown describes a small tuft of hairs at the out-
side of each stamen. Smith.

The superior 4- or 5-cleft, permanent calyx ; ihe stamens with
a small tuft of hairs ; and the inferior, somewhat drupaceous nut ;
will distinguish this from other genera, without a corolla, in the
same class and order.

One species British.

THE'SIUM LINOPHY'LLUM. Flax-leaved Bastard-Toad-
Flax J.

Spec. Char. Leaves strap-spear-shaped. Racemes branched.
Bracteas three together. Tube of the Calyx very short. Fruit
nearly globose.

Engl. Bot. t. 247. — Curt. Brit. Entomol.vol. v. t.228. — Linn. Sp. PI. p.301. —
Unit. H. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 101. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. n. p. 1211. — Sm. FI.
Brit. v. i. p. 269. ; Engl F). v. i. p. 337. — With. (7tli ed.) v. ii p. 340. Gray’s
Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 204. — Lindl. Syn. p. 208. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. Ill)- — Silitli. FI.
(Jxon. p. 414. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 102, with a plate. — Purt. Midi. FI.
v. iii. p. 21. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 68. — Linaria adulterine, Ray’s Syn.

p. 202.

Localities.— On elevated chalky pastures; not common. — Oxfordshire ;
Near old gravel-pits by the road side between Bayswater and Stanton St. John :
W. B. — Berks; On the Downs at Streatley ; May 13, 1819: W.B. Chalk-
banks near Hurley : Mr. Gotobed.— Bucks ; Chalk-banks near Morton: Mr.
Gotohed. — Cambridgeshire ; On Gogmagog Hills; Triplow Heath; between
Hinton and Fulbourn ; leversham; Bottisham ; between Linton and Hilder-
sham ; Newmarket Heath; and Chippenham Moor: Rev. R. Relhan. Abun-
dant near Snailwell, three miles East of Newmarket: Rev. J. Dalton. —

Figs. 1 & 2. Calyx. — Fig. 3. Germcn, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 4. Fruit, accom-
panied by the bracteas at US' base.

* Name of doubtful origin. Dr. Thornton says it is from Thesivs, who is
supposed to have put this plant into the crown which he presented to Ariadne ;
but l’rofcssor Burnett observes, that our plant cannot be the one to which Athe-
ne's and Tim AcniDES refer, as its obscure flowers, devoid of elegance, would
scarcely have caused it to be selected for such a purpose.

+ See folio 48, note +.

i From its leaves resembling toad-flax; hence called by Kay Linaria
adulterine.

Dorset; Very common on the clialkv, and especially the upland Downs. On
Hod, and llamldedon Hills; on the Itace Down, Pimpern Down; and in Nut-
ford Field, near lilandford: Dr. Pultenf.y, in If. G. On the East Cliff, in
Portland Island: Uev. A. Bloxam. — Gloucestershire ; Shepscomhe Hill,

Painswick : Mr. (). Roberts. Upper Slaughter; and on Northleaclt Downs,
&c. : E. F. Witts, Esq. — Hants ; Flower Down, near Winchester: Dr. Pul-
teney. Basingstoke: Dr. Maui yn. Heading Downs, Isle of Wight : Mr. J,
Woods, jun. Chalk Cliff's on the South side of the Isle of Wight : Dr. Stokes.
Near Alresford: Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. — In Herefordshire : N..I. Winch,
Esq. in N. B. G. — Norfolk ; Limekiln Hill, near Shouldham : Miss Bell, in
N. B. G. — Suffolk ; On the West side of Bury : Sir J. E. Smith. Chalk-bank
near the Plantation of Firs on Risby Heath, &c.: SirT. G. Cullum. — Surrey ;
South side of the chalk range between Guildford and Dorking : Mr. J. Woods,
jun. Coulsdon : E. Wood, in N.B.G. Banstead Downs; between Dorking
and Ranmore Common; Box Hill: N. J. Winch, Esq. — Sussex; On a hill
by the road from Lewes to Falmer; near Portslade, on the hill towatds the
Devil's Dyke : W. Bobrer, Esq. in B. G. On Whiteloc-k Bottom: New But.
Guide. — In Wiltshire : W. C. Trevelyan, Esq. in N. B. G.

Perennial. — Flowers in July.

Root woody, branched, yellowish. Stems widely spreading,
mostly branched, from 3 to 9 inches or more in length, angular,
leafy. Leaves alternate, strap-shaped, somewhat succulent, rough
edged, light green, about an inch long at most, all pointing one
way. Racemes terminal, many-flowered, upright, generally branch-
ed or subdivided. Pedicels alternate, upright, single-flowered, with
3 spreading, spear-shaped bracteas undereach flower, one of which
is much larger than the other two. Calyx with a very short tube,
and a broadish, white, sharp-toothed border, irregularly notched
between the segments. Stamens very short, opposite to the seg-
ments of the calyx. Style upright, the length of the stamens.
Stigma notched. Drupa somewhat egg-shaped, 5-angled, striated,
bony, crowned by the inflexed calyx.

Sir J. E. Smith observes, that the varities of Willdenow seem
dintinct species ; especially Thesium montanum, Ehrh. Herb. 2, a
much larger, more upright, herb, with compound, more slender,
panicles; which is Haller’s n. 1573, and likewise Gerarde’s
plant, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 555, taken by Ray for the English
species.

The Natural Order Santalace.v., consists of trees or shrubs,
sometimes undershrubs or herbaceous plants ; with alternate, or
nearly opposite, undivided leaves, which are sometimes minute,
and resemble stipules. Their Jlowers are small, solitary, or in
spikes, seldom in umbels. Their calyx is superior, 4- or 5-cleft,
half-coloured, and valvate in the bud. The stamens, 4 or 5 in
number, are opposite the segments of the calyx, and inserled into
their bases. The ovary is 1 -celled, with from 2 to 4 seeds. The
ovules are fixed to the top of a central placenta near the summit ;
the style is simple ; and the stigma often lobed. The fruit is
1-seeded, hard and dry, or drupaceous ; and the seed has an axile
embryo in a fleshy albumen.

’

r m

(264.)

SCl'RPUS* *

Linnean Class and Order. Tria'ndria f, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Cypera'ce.e, Juss. — Lindl. Syn. p. 278. ;
Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 304. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 392. —
Loud. Hort. Brit, p.541. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 318. — Cyperoi-
de.f, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 26. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 68. — Cypera-
les; sect. Cyperin.e ; type, Scirpace.f. ; Burn. Outl. of Bot.
v. i. pp. 354, 356, & 357. — Calamari.e, Linn.

Gen. Char. Spikes (fig. 1.) lateral or terminal, of numerous
florets, all perfect. Glumes (fig. 2.) of 1 valve, imbricated on all
sides, equal, 1 or 2 of the outer ones sometimes sterile. Corolla
none. Filaments (see figs. 3 & 4.) 3, flat. Anthers strap-shaped.
Style (see figs. 4 & 5.) neither jointed nor dilated at the base, deci-
duous, leaving only a small mucro. Stigmas (see figs. 4 & 5.) 2
or 3, downy. Seeds (fig. 6.) with or without rough bristles be-
neath (see fig. 4.) ; often pointed.

Distinguished from other glumaceous genera, without a corolla,
in the same class and order, by the glumes being imbricated on all
sides, uniform, concave, and expanded ; and by the style being
simple at the base, and deciduous.

Seven species British.

SCl'RPUS MAR I' TIM US. Sea Club-rush. Salt-marsh

Club-rush.

Spec. Char. Stem leafy, triangular. Spikelets terminal,
clustered, stalked, and sessile. Involucrum of many foliaceous
leaflets. Glumes with a mucro between the pointed segments of
the notch (see fig. 2). Stigmas 3.

Engl. Bot. t. 542. — Curt. FI. Land. t. 284. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 74. — Huds. FL
Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 21. — YVilld. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. i. p. 806. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p.
56. ; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 61. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 104. — G ray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii.
p. 76. — Lindl. Syn. p. 281. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.21. — Liglitf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 89. —
Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 64. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 24. — Hook. FI. Scot. p.
19. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 12.— Rev. G. E. Smith’s PI. of S. Kent, p. 5. — FI. Devon,
pp. 8 & 116. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 16. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and
Durham, p. 4. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of lrel. p. 11. ; FI. Hib. p. 323. -Grame/i
cyperoides palustre, panicula sparse, Ray s Syn. p.425. — Gramen aquati .
cum cyperoides vulgatius, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 22. — 3. Scirpus tuberoses,
Desfont. Atlant. v. i. p. 50. — Scirpus maritimus, FI. Dan. t. 937. — Cyperus
rotundus littorius , Johns. Gerarde, p. 31. — Cyperus rotundus littorius in~
odorus, Ray’s Syn. p. 426.

Localities. — In salt-marshes, and about the banks of great rivers exposed to
the tide; frequent. — Cambridgesh. Stretham Ferry; Littleport ; Isle of Ely;
Westbeach : Rev. R. Relhan.— Cornwall ; On the shore near Falmouth : Mr.
Watson, in N. B. G. At Swan Pool, Falmouth: Supp. N. B. G. — Cumber -

Fig. 1. The Spikes of Florets. — Fig. 2. A Glume. — Fig. 3. A single Floret. —
Fig. 4. Stamens and Pistil ; accompanied by the bristles at the base of the Germen. —
Fig. 5. Germen, Style, and Stigmas. — Fig. 6. A Seed. — Figs. 2, 4, & 5. magnified.

* According to Tiieis from cirs, in Celtic, which makes cors in the plural,
whence chorda in Latin, and cord in English ; the steins having been formerly
employed for making a kind of cordage.

+ See folio 56, note +.

land; Maryport and Allonby : Hutchinson.— Devon; F.xe and Clyst rivers
near their junction, abundant : FI. Devon. — Dorset ; On the eastern side of t he
Backwater, near Weymouth. On the Weymouth side, near Portland Ferry:
Rev. A. Bloxam. — Durham ; On the salt-marshes of Tyne, Wear, and Tees :
N. J. Winch, Esq. — Essex; Near Maldon: Mr. Dai.e, in Ray's Syn. —
Kent ; In dykes, near or distant from the coast, connected with the sea by tide
or inundation. Varieties, in the military canal ; on sandy ground near the turn-
pike on the New Road to Folkstone. In a dyke by the road-side, Dimchurch
East. In dykes at New Romney. Between Sandwich and Deal: Rev. G. E.
Smith. About Nortlifleet, abundantly: Mr. W. Ramplin, in N. B. G. Be-
tween Plumstead and Eritli : J. P'. Young, in FI. Metr. In the Isle of Shepey :
Mr. W. Curtis.— Middlesex ; In the Isle of Dogs: FI. Metr. — Common in
Norfolk. — Northumberland; Sea-coast near Beal; and on the salt-marshes
of Tyne : N. J. Winch, Esq. — Somersetsh. Plentiful in ditches overflowed by
the Parret; near Westonzoyland ; near Bridgewater and Middlezoy; salt-
marshes, Brean Down: J. C. Collins, in N. B. G.— Stojffbrdsh. Shirley
Wych, near Stafford : Dr. Stokes. — Surrey; Near Battersea : Mr. W.Pamp-
lin, jun. — In Sussex : Itev. G. E. Smith. — Worcestersh. Marshes and ditches
about Badsey : Rev. Mr. Rcfforo, in Midi. FI. — WALES. In Anglesea ;
Rev. H. Davies. — Denbighsh. On the North Coast: J. E. Bowman, Esq. in
N. B. G. — Merionethsh. Marshes between Harlech and Barmouth : J. Ander-
son, in N. B. G. — Monmonthsh. Near Pontnewvdd Works: Mr. C. Conway,
in N. B. G. — SCOTLAND. Aberdeensh. In the river V than, between Ellon
and the sea ; in the marsh at the North end of the Old Town Links, Aberdeen:
Dr. Murray, in N. B. G. — Argylesli. Arran: Mr. Joseph Hookir, in

N. B. G.— Dumbartonsh. Banks of the Clyde from Dumbarton to Bowling
Bay, plentifully : Mr. Hopkirk, in N. B. G. — Dumfriesshire ; I.ocher: Rev.
G. Gordon, in N. B. G. — Forfarthsh. On the back sands, near Montrose:
Mr. Don. — Haddingtonsh. Stream-side near LufFness : Dr. Graiiam. — Kin-
cardinesh. Gouidori in theMearns: Dr. Murray, in North. FI. — Linlith-
gowsh. On the coast westward of Queensferry : Mr. Watson, in N. B. G. —
Rossshtre ; Dingwall : Rev. G. Gordon, ibid. Near Bonar Bridge : North.
FI.— IRELAND. Salt-marshes, frequent : Mr. J. T. Mackay.

Perennial. — Flowers in July and August.

Root creeping; in /3. knotty or tuberous. Culm (stem) up-
right, from 1 to 3 feet high, striated, leafy, triangular, the angles
roughish. Leaves strap-shaped, keeled, taper-pointed, dark green,
rough at the margin ; the lower ones sheathing and alternate, those
under the panicle sessile, and very unequal in length. Spikes
egg-shaped, soft, sessile or stalked, solitary or aggregate ; some-
times elongated and cylindrical. Glumes membranous, shining,
of a dark uniform brown, often minutely downy ; notched or torn
at the end, with a long intermediate point or awn (see fig. 2).
Seed somewhat triangular, pointed, shining brown, with from 1 to
5 or 6 rough bristles at its base (see fig. 4).

This is supposed to be the plant known as a very noxious weed
in certain valuable pastures bordering the Isle of Thanet, and there
denominated Spurt-grass. The root creeps powerfully, and pal-
liative remedies are of no avail. The only effective mode of clear-
ing the land is to pare and burn ; take a course of crops, and let
th e hand and fork assist the plough and harrows. Sinclair. It
is said to be much relished by cattle; and Dr. Withering says,
that the roots (especially those of variety /3.) are esculent, and that
when dried and ground to powder, they have been used instead of
flour in times of scarcity.

Z6A

(‘205.)

I'NULA* *. ,

Linnean Class and Order. Syngenf.'sia f, Polyga'aiia,
Supe'rflu a %.

Natural Order. Compo'stt.e § ; tribe, Corymbi'fer.e||, Jiiss.
— I.indl. Svn. pp. 140 & 142.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp.
1.97 & 199. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 142. — Compo'sit.k ; subord.
Cardua ck.k, Loud. Hort. Brit. pn. 520 &521. — Synanthe're k ;
trihe, Corymbi'feu.f., Rich, bv Macgill. pp. 454 & 455. — Couym-
bifer.k, sect. 2. .luss. Gen. PI. pp. 177 &. ISO. — Sm. Gram, of
Bot. pp. 121 & 123.; Engl. FI. v. lii. p. 334. — Syringales ; sub-
order, Astf.ros.k ; sect. Asterin.-k ; subsect. Asterian.u; type,
Asterace e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900, 901, 920, 924, & 9 -6. —
Compo'sit.e, Linn.

Gf.n. Char. Involucrum f common calyx ) (fig. 1.) imbricated ;
scales spreading, outer ones terminated by a leafy appendage.
Corolla compound, radiant; florets of the disk (fig. 2.) numerous,
perfect, tubular, with 5 equal segments ; florets of the ray (fig. 0 )
strap-shaped, 3-toothed, yellow. Filaments (see figs. 4 & 5.) 5,
in the florets of the disk only, thread-shaped. Anthers united into
a cylindrical tube, with bristles at their base (see tig. 5). (iermen
(see figs. 2 & 3.) in all the florets fertile, oblong. Style (see fig. 5.)
thread-shaped, cloven. Stigmas spreading, oblong, ralher obtuse.
Seed-vessel none, but the unaltered calyx. Seed (see fig. 7.) linear,
quadrangular. Pappus (see fig. 7.) roughish, simple. Receptacle
(see fig. 8.) naked.

The imbricated involucrum of many spreading scales, the outer
ones terminated by a leafy appendage ; the anthers with 2 bristles
at their base; the naked receptacle ; and the simple pappus ; will
distinguish this from other genera, with radiant flowers, in the same
class and order.

The leaf-like scales of the involucrum will distinguish it from
Limb dr da, and the simple pappus from Pulicuria, (t. 170).

One species British.

I'NULA HELE'NIUM. Elecampane. Scab-wort. Horse-heal.

Spec. Char. Leaves clasping the stem, egg-shaped, somewhat
toothed, wrinkled, downy beneath. Scales of the involucrum egg-
shaped, downy.

Engl. Bot. t. 1546. — Woodv. Mod. Hot. v. ii. p. 297. 1. 108.— Stepli. and Church.
Mod. Bot. v. ii. t. 49. — Linn. Bp. l’l. p. 1236. — Hull.. El. Augb (2nded. ) p. 368. —
Willd. Bp. PL v. iii. pt. in. p. 2089. — Sm, FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 891. ; Engl. FI. v. iii.
p. 440. — With, (7th cd.) v. iii. p. 944. — Lindt. Syn. p. 143. — Hook. Brit. El. p.
Site. — Lightf. El. Scot. v. i. p. 484. — Si’oth. Ft. Oxon. p. 255. — Abbot’s El. Bcdf.
p. 183. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 79. — l’urt. Midi. El. v. ii. p. 410. — Itelh. El. Cant.
(3rd ed. ) p. 345. — Hook. El. Scot. p. 245. — El. Devon, pp. 139 & 160. — Winch’s
El. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 54. — Walker’s FI. Oxf. p. 243. — Perry’s l’l.

Fig. 1. Involucrum. — Fig. 2. A Floret of the Disk. — Fig, 3. The Gerincn, Sta-
mens, Style, and Stigmas of ditto. — Fig. 4. A single Stamen. — Fig. 5. The same
magnified. — Fig. 6. A Floret of the Hay. — Fig. 7. A Seed, with its Pappus. — Fig. 8.
A vertical section of the Involucrum and Receptacle.

* Said to be the same as Helenium, having sprung from the tears of Helen.
Sir W. J. Hooked.

+ See fob 91. n. +. t Sec fob 30. n. {. ? See fob 27, a. || See fol. 36, a.

Varvic. Selects, p. “1. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 36. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Ircl. p. 74. ;
FI. Hibern. p. 143. — I'nula grandiflora, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 463. — Hele-
nium, Ray’s Syn. p. 176.— Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 793.

Loc a lities. — In moist meadows and pastures ; rare. — Oxfordshire ; Stanton
St. John’s : Dr. Sibtuorp. Fields on the right hand side of the new road going
from Oxford to F.nsham, about three miles from Oxford ; and in a meadow near
the Plough Public-House, Horton: Rev. Richard Walker, B. D. Magdalen
Coll. — lledfordsh. Ravensden, and Stevington: Rev. C. Abbot.— Cambridgesh.
Moor Barns; Madiogley, in a close near the road leading to Drayton; Evers-
den Wood ; and Lolworth, in a close N. W. of the church : Rev. R. Relhan. —
Cheshire; About old Farm Houses: Mr. Br.ADKur.y. — Coi nwall ; Gulval ;
St. Ives; St. Michael’s Mount; St. Mary’s; and Scillv Isles: Kev. W. T.
Bree, in M. N. H. v. iv. p. 162.— Devon ; Orchards at itosa near llsington,
and at Christowe : FI. Devon. — Dorsetsh. In the A^ale of Blackmoor in many
places, as Hasilbury, Sturminster Newton ; St. Margaret’s Marsh, and Lang-
ton near Blandford: Dr. Pwlteney. — Durham ; In Castle Eden Dene, on the
N. side, about a mile from the sea; and in many nlaces by the River Tees: FI.
North. S; Durh. — Essex ; Hedge by the road-side at Loughton ; lane from the
Bald-faced Stag on Epping Forest to Chigwell Church ; near a Farm House at
Muncombe near Woodford : Mr. E. Foester, jun.— Gloucestersh. Near Wick
Cliffs: Mr. Swayne. On the banks of the Boyd, about a quarter of a mile
above its mouth ; Bitton Meadows, in large and long established patches: Rev.
H. ']’. Ellicombe. — Hants ; Waste places about Freshwater, and elsewhere in
the Isle of Wight: Waring. Road-side between A I resford and Basingstoke,
near Preston Candover: Mr. W. Pampi.in, jun. — Herefordsh. near Richard’s
Castle: Dr. Lloyd. — Huntingdonsh. About Riptonand Warboys. — Lancash.
About Yealand : Robson. Several places near Dalton : Mr. Atkincon. — Mid-
dlesex ; In a meadow at Breakspears, called Ganl'ets ; and in a close adjoining
the Common at Harefield : Blackstone. — Norfolk; In several parts of the
county: Mr. R. Forby. — Northamptonsh. In the home closes at Ranee ; and
in the grounds near the church at Newton Broomshoid : Morton. — Shropsh.
Near Lianymenech ; two miles from Bishops Castle on the Montgomery road ;
Marlow near Ludlow : Mr. A. Aikin. — Somersetsh. Near Yeovil : M. N. Hist.
Pastures at Hinton Abbey, near the Fish-ponds: Mr. Sale. — Staffordsh.
Himley Wood: Rev. W. T. Bkee. — Suffolk; At Mettingham: Mr. Wood-
ward. Pa.ham, the Hall Farm; Ufi’ord: Rev. C. Craf.ee. Sibton, Bram-
field, and Heveningham: Mr. Davy. — Warwtcksh. Studley, in the Castle
Field ; and at Grafton : T. Purton, Esq. — Wilts ; ltiver-side near Bemerton :
Dr. Maton. Lower Whitacre: Rev. W. T. Bree. — Worcesiersh. In great
abundance on the side of Breedon Hill, in the ascent from Great Comberion:
Nash. Between Worcester and Ludlow ; and near Stanford Bridge : Illust. —
Yorksh. In Mowthorpe Dale: Teesdale. Byland Wood near Coxwold : Rev.
Archdeacon Pierson. Near Copgrove, and Newby : llev. J. Dalton. Pas-
tures above Fountains Abbey: Mr. Brunton. On low land near the River
Don, about six miles from Doncaster: S. Appleby. Hayburn Wyke, near
Scarborough; Rev. A. Bloxam, and E. F. Witts, Esq.— In WALES;
SCOTLAND; and IRELAND; but rare.

Perennial. — Flowers in July and August.

Boot thick, branching, brown, aromatic, and mucilaginous. Stem
from 3 to 5 feet high, upright, leafy, round, furrowed, downy ;
branched towards the top. Lower leaves large, stalked, spear-
shaped ; upper leaves egg-spear-shaped, sessile, clasping the stem,
serrated, veiny, deep green, slightly hairy above ; whitish-green,
and downy underneath. Flowers large, solitary, terminating the
stem and branches. Scales of the involucrum broad, recurved,
leafv, finely downy on both sides. Florets all yellow ; those of
the ray long and narrow, each terminating in 3 unequal teeth.
Seed quadrangular, smooth. Pappus roughish. Receptacle reti-
culated, not quite smooth or naked.

This is the Elecampane of the simps ; the root is esteemed a good pectoral ;
and the scab in sheep is cured by a decoction of il. Bruised and macerated io
urine with balls of ashes and wortle-berries, it dyes a fine blue colour. An in-
fusion of the fresh root, sweetened with honey, is considered an exeellent medi-
cine in the hooping cough. Horses and goals eat this plant ; cows, sheep, and
sw ine reluse it.

&S6

CMz?htw*DeL %

(2G6.)

PKDICULA'RIS* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Dihyna'mia f, Angiospe'rmia+.

Natural Order. ScrophularEneve §, Dr. R. Brown. — Lindh
Syn. p. 187.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 228. — Mack. FI. Hib.
p. 198. — ScROPHULA'RiNiE, Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 434. — Sm. Engl.
FI. v. iii. p. 115. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 528. — Pediculares, Juss,
Gen. PI. p. 99. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 96. — Syringales ; subord.
Primuloste; sect. Menthinak ; type, Scrophulariacea? ; Burn.
Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 900, 958, & 978. — Personat.e, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal, inflated, ge-
nerally 5-cleft, or unequally 2- or 3-lobed, somewhat leafy. Co-
rolla (fig. 2.) of 1 petal, ringent, tubular, 2-lipped ; upper lip long,
compressed, arched, often notched; lower lip flat, spreading, 3-
lobed. Nectary, a gland under the germen. Filaments (fig. 3.) 4,
thread-shaped, concealed by the upper lip of the corolla. Anthers
incumbent, 2-lobed, acute at the lower part, compressed. Germen
(see fig. 5.) egg-shaped. Style (see fig. 5.) thread-shaped, longer
than the stamens. Stigma simple, deHexed. Capsule (fig. 6.) ob-
long, or egg-shaped, pointed, oblique, of 2 cells and 2 valves,
bursting ac the summit, the partitions from the centre of each
valve. Seeds (see figs. 7 & 8.) few, angular, pointed, attached
to a roundish receptacle ( placenta ) at the base between the
partitions.

The inflated, generally 5-cleft, or unequally 2- or 3-lobed calyx:
the compressed upper lip of the ringent corolla; the 2-celled cap-
sule; and the angular, pointed seeds; will distinguish this from
other genera in the same class and order.

Two species British.

PEDICUL.VRIS SYLVA'TICA. Wood Lousewort. Pasture
Lousewort. Dwarf Red Rattle. Rattle Grass.

Spec. Char. Stem much branched at the bottom, simple above,
spreading. Calyx oblong, angular, smooth, in 5 unequal, crenate,
and almost leafy segments.

Engl. Bot. t. 400. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. x. t. 451. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 845. —
Haas. FI. Anal. (2nd ed.) p. 271. — VVilld. Sp. PI. v. iii. pt. i. p. 203. — Sm. FI.
Brit. v. ii. p. 656. ; Engl. Fi. v. iii. p. 129. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p.7.32.— Lindl.
t>yn. p 190. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.286. — Lighif. FI. Scot. v.i. p.327. — Sibtlt. FI.
Oxon. p. 194. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 136.— Davies' Welsh Bot. p. 60.— Purr.
Midi. FI. v. i. p. 290. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd edit.) p. 252. — Hook. FI. Scot. p.
188. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 136. — FI. Devon, pp. 104 6c 147. — Johnst. FI. of Berw,
v. i. p. 137. — Winch's FI. of Northumherl. 6c Durham, p. 41. — Walker’s FI. of
Oxf. p. 176. — Jacob's West Devon 6c Cornwall Flora. — Bab. FI. Bath, p. 36. —
Mack. Caial. of PI. of Bel. p. 58. ; FI. Hibe-n. p. 20\.—Pediculdris pratensis
rubra vulgaris, Bay’s Syn. p. *284.— Pedicularis, Johnson’s Ger. p. 1071. —
Pediculdria sylvuiica, Gray’s Mat. Arr. v. ii. p. 312.

LocALiTifcS. — Moist pastures, and on heaths; frequent.

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. Stamens and Pistil. — ‘Fig. 4. A Stamen
magnified. — Fig. 5. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 6. Capsule. — Fig. 7. A
transverse section of ditto. — Fig. 8. A Seed.

* From pediculus , a louse ; from its imaginary property of infesting sheep
with such vermin. Withering.

t Sec folib 31, note t. J Sec folio 72, note t.

1 See folio 50, a.

Perennial ? — Flowers in June and July.

Root tapering, fleshy, subdivided. Stem very short, branches
from the root, from 3 to 6 inches. long, decumbent, simple, angular,
leafy. Leaves alternate, doubly pinnatifid and notched: those from
the root egg-shaped, undivided, crenate, recurved. Flowers axil-
lary, mostly towards the summit of the branches. Calyx oblong,
tubular, with 4 larger angles, and as many intermediate smaller
ones ; the margin irregularly 5-cleft, the segments crenate, and
often leafy. Corolla of a uniform rose colour, rather large and
showy, much more slender than the calvx ; tube compressed : up-
per lip with a little tooth on each side; lower lip 3-lobed, the
middle lobe rather the smallest. Filaments thread-shaped, the two
longer ones hairy towarcis the top. Capsule smooth, involved in
the calyx. Seeds roundish, compressed, with a membranous
border.

This is a very pretty little plant, and is found wild, in ir.o'st
pastures and heaths, and also in woods, not only in Britain, but in
many other parts of Europe, and also in .‘Siberia. It occurs some-
times with a white flower; and a very singular variety was found
in 1808, near Dunrobin Castle, in Sutherland, North Britain, by
the Marquis of Stafford, with a solitary flower, which, instead
of its proper ringent form, with 2 long and 2 shorter stamens, had
a salver-shaped regular corolla, with 6 stamens, 4 of which were
longer than the other 2. Sir W. J. Hooker, and W. Borker,
Esq. found one resembling it in the same place in 1809. See
Trans, of Linn. Soc. v. x. p. 227.

The expressed juice, or a decoction of this plant, has been used
with advantage as an injection for sinuous ulcers. It is said, that
if the healthiest flock of sheep be fed with it, they become scabby
and scurfy in a short time; the wool will become loose, and they
will be over-run with vermin. If this effect ready follows, it is
more probably owing to the poverty of’ the soil where the plants
grow, than to anv particular quality in the plants themselves. See
Withering’s Dot. Arr. and Ligutfoot’s FL Scot.

“ Flowers, lovely flowers! ye are to me
Most clear and precious things;
Nature’s soft pencil over ye

Its brightest colouring flings.

Ye seem to mo, though blooming hero,
Bright ladings of another sphere. —

A fairy hand ! apart, alone,

A bright and beauteous race !
Blooming wherever ye are sown.

And sown in every place :

Filling the air with fragraucy.

Wherever ye may smiling lie.

li lightening alike the cultured scene.

And the untvodden rock ;

Blooming the lava’s paths between,
tinning the thunder-shock ;

Glowing, unseard, beneath the sun,
Unchillcd within ttie forest lone.”

Mary Ann Browne.

i nk'll da. /o/li^wUDWl/ /nia/i/Ji-musm . • /a//y/i/'/Us. ?,

Published by W.Baxter.Bolinic Garden. Oxford '838.

CRITHMUM* *.

Linncan Class anrl Order. Penta'ndhia f, Digy'ma.

Natural Order. UmmellFfer.e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 218. — Sm.
Gram, of Bot. p. 132. — Lindl. Svn. p. 111.; Introd. to Nat. Syst.
of Bot. p. 4. — Rich. by Macgilliv. p. 463. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p.
517. — Don’s Gen. Svst. of Card, and Bot. v. iii. p.235. — Mack.
FI. llibern. p. 113. — Umbellatje, Linn. — Rosales; sect. A rc-
geliciy.k ; type, Angelicace.e ; subtype, Angelicid.e ; Burn.
Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 614, 770, 773, & 774.

Gey. Ciiar. Flowers (see tigs. 1 & 2.) all regular, perfect, and
prolific. Calyx an obsolete margin. Corolla (see figs. 1 & 2.) of 5,
equal, elliptical, pointed, entire petals, incurved at the apex,
broad at the base. Filaments (see figs. 1, 2, & 3.) 5, thread-
shaped, spreading, as long as the corolla. Ardliers roundish.
(lermen (see fig. 2.) inferior, elliptical, furrowed. Styles (see fig. 1.)
very short and thick, each finally a little recurved (see fig. 4), but
never equalling in length its large, tumid, somewhat pyramidal
base. Stigmas blunt. Floral Receptacle none. Fruit (fig. 4.)
nearly round, of 2 carpels. Carpels (see figs. 5 & 6.) with 5 ele-
vated, sharp, somewhat winged ridges , of which the lateral ones
are a little broader and marginal. Seed half round, forming a loose
kernel, covered with numerous viltce. Universal and partial In-
volucrum many-leaved. Pericarpium spongy, cellular. Flowers
greenish-white.

The perfect umbels : obsolete calyx ; elliptic, entire, involute
petals; nearly round Jruit ; the carpels with 5 elevated, sharp,
somewhat winged ridges, of which the lateral ones are rather the
broadest and marginal ; and the half round, loose seed, covered
wi th numerous vittcc ; will distinguish this from other genera in
the same class and order.

One species British.

CRI'THMUM MARl'TIMUM. Sea Samphire}. Rock Samphire.

Spec. Char. Leaflets strap-spear-shaped, fleshy. Leaves of
the involucrum egg-shaped.

Kngl. Hot. 1. 819.— Jacq. lloit. Vind. v. ii. p. 88. t. 187 — Linn. Sp. PI. p.
354.— Iluds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 117. — Wilkl. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. u. p. 1408. —
Sm. Kl. Brit. v. i. p. 305.; Kngl. Kl. v. ii. p 73. — With. (7tli ed.) v. ii. p. 374. —
Gray’s Nat. Air. v. ii. p. 510. — Lindl. Syu p. 118. — Hook. Uiit. FI. p. 120. —
Light. Kl. Scot. v. i. d. 158. — Davies' Welsh Bot. p. 28. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 89. —
Grev. Kl. Kdin. p. 61. -Kev. (i. H. Smith’s PI. of S. Kent. p. 17 — FI. Devon,
pp. 49 Kc 156. — Winch’s Kl. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 19. — Loudon’s Kn-
cycl. of Uaid. (new ed.) d. 880. pa rag. 4684. —Don’s Gen. Svst. of Gird. Y Hot.
v. iii. p. 321. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of lrel. p. 28. ; KL Hibern p. 117.— 6 'rith-
mum marinum, Kay’s Syn. p. 217. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p.533.

Locai.itiis. — Rocks and cliffs by the sea side. — Cornwall ; Cliffs on the
coast about Penzance ; the Logan stone ; Lizard, rvc. : Mr. H. C. Watson, in
N. B. G. — Cumberland; Rocks by the sea-side South of Whitehaven: N.J.
Winch, F.sq. — Devon; Along the cliffs, both of the northern and southern

Fig. 1. Front view of a Flower.— Fig. 2. Side view of ditto. — Fig. a. A single
Stamen. — Fig. 4. Fruit. — Fig. 5. Transverse section of ditto. — Fig. 6. Transverse
section of a Carpel. — -Figs. 1, 2, & 3, magnified.

* From Jcrithe. Gr. barley ; from a fancied resemblance between the fruit of
tliis plant and a grain of barley. Sir W. J. IIookrk. t See folio 48, note +.

f A corruption from sampler, and this again a corruption from the French
name Saint Pierre. Lot don.

coasts, abundant. Teignmoutb, Torbay, Plymouth, Lundy Island, Upcombe,
Pocks of Babicotnbe Bay, ike.: Rev. Pike Jones. — Dorset; In the crevices
of the cliffs in Portland, and on the Purbeck coast, especially about Tineham,
whence great quantities are collected for pickling: Dr. Pui.teney. On the Cliesil
Beach between the Kerry and Portland: Rev. A. Bi.oxam. — Gloucestershire ,
Clevedon: Miss WoRSLEY.in N. B. G. — Hunts ; On the Chalk Cliffs near the
Needles, Isle of Wight : Dr. Stokes. Isle of Wight: Mr. W. Pampi.in, jun.
Abundant on the cliffs at Freshwater: Mr.E. Lees. — Kent; Upon chalk cliff’s,
Lydden Spout, S. Kent : Rev. G. E. Smith. On the cliffs of the South Fore-
land, and Hay Clift', near Dover, rendered classical ground by the sublime de-
scription of Shakspeare * : Dr. Withering. — Lancash. On the rocks at Dun-
nerholme, and above Cartmell Wells, on the sea shore, growing out of the
crevices of the rocks, and difficult to reach : Mr. Ai kinson.— Norfolk ; Abun-
dant about Mundesley I see New Dot. Guide — Northtimberland ; On the sea
rocks near Alemouth, plentiful: Waliis. I could not find it there, nor did I
ever hear of its being gaihered on our coast : N. .1. Winch, Esq. in Flora of
Northumb. <5; Durh. — Somersetsh. On die holmes Islands, in the Severn: Dr.
Withering. Abundant ai Lrean Down, C’evedoa, and Burnham: J. C.
Coi.lins, in N. B. G. — I n Sussex : Rev. G. E. Smith, ibid. — WALES. In
Anglesey: Rev. H. Davies. — Merionethsh. Barmouth: Mag. Nat. Hist. —
SCOTLAND. Ayrshire; Culzean: Si' W. .1. Hooker, in Dr. FI. — Edin-
burghshire; Islands in the Kirill of Forth ; not found in the present day: Dr.
Gntvn.i.v.—Huddingtonsh. At Aberlady: Mr. J. Ferme, in Dr. FI. — Kirk-
cudbrightshire; On rocks along the coast, from Balmae to Balearry ; also at
Rosslull: G. N. Lloyd, in N. B. G. — Wigtonshire ; Near the Point of Mull,
on the W. side: Mr. G. Macnab, in N. B.G. Kirkmaiden ; between Mill I and
Kirkpatrick: Rev. J. Ligiitfoot. — Isle of Man ; On the Grevwacke, scarce:
Mr. Forbes, in N. B. G. — IRELAND. Plentiful on Killiney Hill ; Howtli ;
Lambay ; and Ireland’s Eye : Mr. J. T. Mackay. On the southern coast : Mr.
J. Drummond. Near Coolum, Waterford: Countess of Carrick.

Perennial. — Flowers in August.

Root branched, creeping extensively. Stems from 6 to 12 inches
high, ascending, round, leafy, not much branched. Leaves twice or
thrice ternate, on sheathing footstalks ; Leaflets entire, strap-spear-
shaped, uniform, smooth, glaucous. Umbels rather crowded ; the
rays short. General and partial involucrums of small, egg-spear-
shaped leaves ; the former mostly of 5, the latter of 7. Petals en-
tire, broad at the base, indexed at the apex ; yellowish or greenish-
white. Fruit oval, spongy.

Whole plant glaucous, and very succulent. It forms an excellent
pickle, and a frequent addition to salads. It is sold in the London
shops ; but there are many plants preferred for the same purpose,
as salicdrnia herbdcea, Limbdrda f Inula J crithmoides, &c. In
taste, it is crisp and aromatic, and constitutes a light and whole-
some condiment. It is generally gathered in places where it is
found wild ; but a successful method of cultivating it is given in
The Transact, of the Horticul. Society of London, v. ii. p. 232 ; in
Mr. Loudon’s Encyclop. of Gardening, (ed. 1835.) p. 881. parag.
4686 ; and in Mr. G. Don’s General System of Gard. Sf Bot. v. iii.
p. 321. — The plant is sometimes used in medicine.

The drawing for the accompanying plate was made from a specimen which
was kindly communicated to me by the Countess of Carrick, from the vicinity
of Coolum, Waterford, Ireland. August, 1837.

* “ Come on, sir ; here’s the place : — stand still. — II ow fearful
And dizzy ’tis, to east one's eyes so low !

The crows, and choughs (daws), that wing the midway air.

Show scarce so gross as beetles : Half way down
Hangs one that gathers samphire ; dreadful trade !

Methinks, he seems no bigger than his head.”

King Lear, Act 1. Scene 0.

(268.)

SCHCE'NUS* *.

Linncan Class and Order. Tria'ndria f , Monocy'nia.

Natural Order. Cypkra'cem:, ./mss. — Lindl. Svn. p. 278. ;
Iutrofl. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 304. — Rich, by Macgiiliv. p. 392. —
Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 541. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 3 i 8. — Cyperoi-
de.e, Juss. Gen. FI. p. 26. — Sm. Gr. of Bot. p. 68. — Cyperales ;
sect. Cyperin.-e; type, Papyraceaj ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. i.
pp. 354 & 356. — Calamari.e, Linn.

Gen. Char. Spihelets terminal, 2-ranked, of 1 to 3 florets,
(see fig. I ). Rachis nearly straight. Lower glumes smaller than
the rest and empty. Corolla none. Filaments (see fig. 2.) 3,
hair-like, longer than the glumes (fig. 1.). Anthers strap-shaped,
upright. Germen (see fig. 3.) superior, roundish, more or less tri-
angular. IJypogynous Bristles very small or none. Style (see fig. 3.)
thread-shaped, simple, deciduous. Stigmas 3, pointed, feathery.
Fruit 3-cornered, either pointless, or with a very little point.

The 2-ranked, 1 to 3-flowered spihelets ; the outer glumes smaller
than the rest and empty ; the simple, trifid, deciduous style ; and
the nearly or quite pointless fruit ; will distinguish this from other
genera, destitute of a corolla, in the same class and order.

One species British.

SCHCE'NUS NIGRI'CANS. Black Bog-rush.

Spec. Char. Stem rounded, naked. Spikelets collected into
a rounded head. Involucrum 2-leaved, outer one awl-shaped,
longer titan the flowers.

Engl. Bot. 1. 1121. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 64. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 15. —
Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. p. i. p. 261. — Sm. 1 1. Bril. v. i. p. 41. ; Engl. Ft. v. i. p. 51. —
With. (7,h ed.) v. ii. p. 107. — G ray’s Nat. A it. v. ii. p. 75. — Lind. Svn. (1st ed.)
p.230.; 2nd edit, pp.280 & 332.— Hook Brit. FI. p. 19. — Liglnf. FI. Scot. v. i.
p. 86. — Sibili. Fl.O.von. p. 22. — Abbot's FI. Bedf. p.9. — Davies’ Welsh. Bot.
p. 6. — Iteih. FI. Cant. (3id ed.) p. 20. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 16. — Grev. FI. Edin.
p- 9. — FI. Devon, pp. 7 & 115. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 14. — Winch’s FI.
of Nortlninib. & Durham, p.3. — Walker’s Fl.ofOxf. p. 12. — Perry's PI. Varv.
Select®, p.5. — Mack. Catal.of PI. of lie), p. 10. ; FI. Hibern. p.320. — Cyperus
nigricans, With. (2nd ed.) v. i. p. 44. — Burt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 02. — June us
lavis minor panicula ylomerata nigricante, Kay’s Syn. p. 430.

i.ocsMT'ES. — On moors, and tuify bogs; frequent. — Oxfordshire ; Bogs
under Headington- Wick Copse: Dr. Sjbi iioki'. 1 'lent' ful in the same place,
1831: W. B.— Berks ; Near Newbury : Mr. Biciikno.- Beds. Ampthill Moor,
and Potion Marshes: Kev. C. Abuot. — Cambridgeshire ; Teveisham, and
Sawston Moo s: ltev. It. Kelhan.— Cornwall ; On t lie heath by Kvuance
Cove: Mr. Watson, in N. B. G. — Cumberland; In bogs on the Gillsland
Moors: N. J. Winch, Esq. in N. B. G. — In Derbyshire : Dr. Howitt, in
N. B. G. — Devon ; Bovey Heaihfield ; Woodbeny Hill ; Moors near Clovelly :
Dr. Wavell. — Dorset: In Purbeck, and on Canford and Wareham Heaths:
Dr. Pui.tenev. — Durham; In bogs near Hartlepool, to the S. E. of Coatham
near Darlington ; and near Murton Moor: N. J. Wincii, Fisq. Near Norton :

Fig. 1. A single Floret. — Fig. 2. A Floret, divested of the glume, showing the
Stamens and pistil. — Fig. 3. Germen, Style, and Stigmas.

• From schoinos, Gr. a cord ; because a kind of cordage was anciently made
from plants of this tribe. Hooked.

+ See ftlio 56, note t.

John Hugo, F.sq. — Essex ; In ilie fens of Tilbury Foit: Mr. Mn.sr. — Hamp-
shire ; Townhil I Common : N. J. Winch, F.sq .— Norfolk ; Horning : .1. P/ckt.
in N. B. G. Ormesley Common, abundant: Hist. Yurm. Dereliam, and
F.llinghara : S. P. Woodward, in N. 13. G.— Hoyden Ken : Hev. A. Bi.oxam,
ibid. — Northumberland; On the heath at Prestwick Carr: N. J. Winch,
Ksq. On moors and boggy places near Berwick, frequent : Ur. G. Johnston.
On Learmouth Bog: N. J. Winch, Esq. — Notts ; Baslord Scott um ; Kdingley
Moor; Bullwell and Popplewick Forests; Pleasley and Fountain I tale Bogs:
Dr. How itt, in N. B. G. — Suffolk ; Near Bungay : Mr. D. Stock, in N. B. G.
— Surrey; On Bagshot Heath : N. J. Winch, Ksq. ibid. — Warwickshire ;
Coleshill Bog : T. Purton. F.sq. Boggs meadows bv the Thames, under Don's
Hill, near Middleton: Ray's Catal. — Worcester sh. Freckenhain Moors: T.
Purion, Esq. — Yorkshire ; On the red marl, near Hichmond: tMr. Ward. in
N. B. G. Fields half way between Preston and Swindon : N. J. Winch , F.sq.
ibid. — WALES. Anglesey; By the Menai Bridge: N.J. Winch, Esq. — In
Carnarvonshire; J. E. Bowman, in N.B.G — SCOTLAN D. Aberdeensh.
About seven miles from Aberdeen, in a swamp upon the East side of the load
to Udny, near the dark serpentine rocks: Dr. Murray, ibid. — Argyleshire ;
Bute: J. Hooker, Esq. Locheil lMoors, at about 400 yards above Loch Hi! ;
the highest station in which 1 have observed it : Mr. Watson, in N. B. G. —
Fi/eshire ; Bog near Anstruther: Dr. Graham. — Forfarshire ; Wet ground
adjacent to Montrose: Dr. Murray, in N. B. G —Ross -shire ; Black Isle:
Hr. Murray, ibid.— Sutherland ; Moor near Farr: Mr. Watson. Banks of
Loch Shin, and not uncommon on the West side of the county : Dr. Murray,
in N. B. G. — IRELAND. Plentiful at Portmarr.ock Sands, and between Bal-
doyle and Howth, &c. In Cunnamara, \t here it is very abundant ; it is well
known by the name of Black Keil: Air. J. T. Mackay.

Perennial. — Flowers in June and July.

Root of strong fibres, crowned with black, shining, upright scales
or sheaths, remnants of old leaves. Culms ( stems J about a foot
high, simple, firm, and rigid, sheathed at the base by the remains
of the old leaves. Leave.s bristle-like, acute, rigid, upright, convex
beneath, sheathing, shorter than the culms. Head of Flowers
somesvhat egg-shaped, formed of several dark purplish, black, or
brown spikelets. Involucrum of 2 leaves ; inner one small and
membranaceous ; outer one awl-shaped, longer than the flowers.
Jlnthers long, prominent, yellow. Style jointed above the germen
and darker than it. Stigmas 3, dark purple. “ Bristles small
(see fig. 2.), reddish-brown, spiny, the spines pointing upwards;
attached to the receptacle, as Smith observes, but certainly placed
on the outside of the filaments, — which is the case also in various
species of Scirpus, and, as I am inclined to believe, in all cases
where bristles are to be found at all.” (Mr. Wilson, in Brit. FI.)
Fruit white and polished.

“ Where’er I cast my waiul’ring eyes around,
Tile God I seek, in every object’s found :
Pursuing Thee, the verdant fields I pass.

And read Thy name in every blade of grass ;
lleauty complete, and majesty divine,

In all Thy works, adoi’d Creator! shine.”

Mrs. Kowe.

f%

Z69

(269.)

SANGUISO'RBA* *

Linnean Class and Order. Tetra'ndria, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Rosa'ce.® ; sect. Sanguisorbe.® ; Juss. Gen.
PI. pp. 334 & 336. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. pp. 171 & 172. — Lindl.
Syn. pp. 88 & 1 02. — Rich, by Macgilliv. pp. 528 & 530. — Loud.
Hort. Brit. p. 512. — Mack. FI. Hibern. pp. 85 & 105. — Sangui-
sorbe.®, Lindl. Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 80. — Don’s Gen.
Syst. of Gard. & Bot. v. ii. p. 589. — Rosales ; sect. Rosina: ;
subsect. Rosian.® ; type, Sanguisorbaceas ; Burn. Outl. of Bot.
pp. 614, 683, 699, & 707. — Senticos.®, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (see fig. 2, b.) superior, of 1 sepal, in
4 deep, equal, egg-shaped, spreading, coloured lobes ; with 2 or
4 external scales or bracteas (fig. 2, a.) at the base. Corolla none.
Filaments (see fig. 2, c.) 4, from the base of the calyx, opposite to
its lobes, and about as long, dilated upwards, smooth. Anthers
roundish, of 2 cells. Germens (see figs. 4 & 5.) inferior, quad-
rangular. Style (see figs. 2 & 5.) thread-shaped, nearly as long as
the stamens. Stigma notched. Fruit (fig. 5.) quadrangular, hard,
not bursting, of 1 cell, containing 1 or 2 seeds.

The superior, 4-lobed, coloured calyx ; with 2 or 4 bracteas at
the base ; and the quadrangular, 1- or 2-seeded, indehiscent fruit,
surrounded by the permanent base only of the calyx ; will distin-
guish this from other genera, destitute of a corolla, in the same
class and order.

Two species British.

SANGUISO'RBA OFFICINA'LIS. Officinal Great Burnet.
Wild Burnet. Burnet Bloodwort.

Spec. Char. Tlant smooth. Spikes egg-shaped. Stamens
about as long as the calyx.

Engl. Bot, t. 1312. — .Mart. FI. Rust. t. 142. — Curt. Brit. Entom. v. xi. t. 193. —
Linn. Sp. PI. p. 169. — lluds. FI. Angl. (2nded.) p. G5. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. I.
p. 653. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 186. ; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 218. — With. (7th ed. ) v. ii.
p. 235. — Gray’s Nat. Ait. v. ii. p. 575. — Lindl. Syn. p. 103. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.
71. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 119. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 57. — Abb. FI. Bcdf. p. 31. —
Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 93. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd cd.) p. 64. — Hook. FI. Scot. p.
54. — FI. Devon, pp. 29 & 173. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 10. —
Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 41. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. ii. p. 594, with
a figure. — Perry’s PI. Varvic. Selects, p. 13. — Sanguis6rba major, flore spadi-
ceo, Ray’s Syn. p. 203. — Pimpinella sylvestris, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1045.

Localities. — Low moist meadows and pastures, on a calcareous soil, chiefly
in the North of England ; more rare in Scotland. — Oxfordsh. lffley, Cowley,
and Binsey : Dr. Siimionr. Near Oddington : VV. B. — Berks ; Ditches about
Greenham Mill, near Newbury : Mr. Biciieno. In Cumnor Meadow, abun-
dant: W.B. — Beds. Bromham, Kenlake, and Cow Meadows: Rev.C. Abbot. —
Cambridgesh. King’s Hedges, VVhitvvell, Ditton, Shelford, Long Stanton, Cot-
tenham, 6cc. : Rev. R. Relhan. In a plantation by the great watercourse on

Fig. 1. A single Flower. — Fig. 2. Same magnified, a. the Bracteas; b. the
Calyx; c. the Stamens. — Fig. 3. A single Stamen. — Fig. 4. Germen, Style, and
Stigma. — Fig. 5. The Fruit, a little magnified.

* From sanguis, blood ; and sorbeo, to take up, or absorb ; from the sup-
posed vulnerary properties of the plant. Sir W. J. HooKEU.

+ See folio 46, note t.

Fulbourn Moor: New Hot. Guide. — Cheshire; Fiehls by the rond, between
Disley :ind Whaley Bridge; dry meadows near the New Bridge at Mock port :
Mr. (i. Holme. — Cornwall; Goonbilly Downs: Mr. \V. Allen. At Kedg-
worth: Rev. J. P. Jones. — Cumberland ; Common in fields: Otley's Guide. —
Derbysk. Common in moist pastures: Mr. Pilkington. About Matlock anil
Buxton: Mr. Woodward. — Near Whaley Bridge. Castleton, and Bakewell :
Mr. Watson, in N . B. G. Near Calke Abbey: Rev. A. Bloxam. — Devon ;
Meadows between Crocombe Bridge and Cannonteign ; Wood near Wear Gate
by the river Mew : FI. Devon. N. Devon, between Barnstaple and F.xeter, on
the river 'J aw : Mr. Watson, in N. B. G. — Durham ; In moist meadows and
pastures, frequent : N. J Winch. F.sq. — Glouceslersh. Banks of the Berkeley
Canal, and Robin’s Wood Hill, Gloucester: G. S. Wintle, in N. B. G. In
great plenty in meadows by the western side of the Severn, below Tewkesbury :
N. B. G. — Hunts; About Ripton: Mr. WoonwAitn. — Lancash. Near the
Aqueduct, Lancaster: G. Cronfield, F,sq.— Leicestersh. In the meadows by
the river opposite Belvoir Castle ; and in the fields South of Bottesford ; near
Merston, &e. plentifully: Rev. G. Chabbe. Glenfield, rare; at Braunston,
near Leicester; and meadows about Congerstone: Rev. A. Bioxam. Near
Ashby de la Zruch, near the outwoods: C. Babincton, Esq. in N. B. G. —
Lincolnsh. Fields about Belvoir Castle : Rev. G. Craep.f.. Plentiful in mea-
dows between Folkingham and Grantham: Dawson Turner, Esq. — Middle-
sex; Hampstead Heath: FI. Metr. — Northumberland ; Moist meadows and
pastures, frequent : N. J. Winch, l’sq. — Notts. About Nottingham, especially
about Beeston and Lenton: Deerinc. — Stajfordsh. About Stafford : Dr. Wi-
a tiering. — Surrey ; Abdut Croydon : FI. Metr. — Warwicksh. In a field at the
bottom of the Bleach-field, on a ditch bank, (Alcesler); and in moist meadows
at Upton, in Haslor Parish : T. Pimiton. F.sq. Meadows near the Race Course,
&c. Warwick, plentiful: Mr. W. G. Perry. — Common in meadows near
Rugby: W. B. — In Westmoreland, common: N. B. G. — Worcestersh. In
moist ground at the S. W. side of Nunnery Wood : E. Lees, Esq. — Yorkshire ;
Common in meadows at Ripon ; Copgrove; and Redcar : and about Coxwold ;
Leeds; and Settle: Dot. Guide. — WALES. In Breconshire ; Glamorgan-
shire: Flintshire ; Monmouthshire ; and Montgomeryshire. — SCOTLAND.
In Berwickshire ; Dumfriesshire ; Kirkcudbrightshire, and Roxburghshire.

Perennial. — Flowers in June and July.

Root strong, and somewhat woody. Stem from 18 inches to
3 feet high, upright, furrowed, leafy, smooth ; branched towards
the top. Leaves unequally pinnate, of 4 or 5 pair of leaflets, and
a single one terminal ; those from the root with very long foot-stalks ;
those on the stem alternate, and smallest, with a pair of large,
rounded, cut stipulas, united" to the base of the common foot-stalk.
Leaflets stalked, egg-oblong, and somewhat heart-shaped at the
base, strongly serrated, smooth, and veiny. Spikes egg-shaped, on
long flower-stalks, dense, blunt, of a dull purple, or dark blood-red
colour ; the upper flowers expanding first, these are often without
stamens, or with only an imperfect one. Bracteas ( calyx of Linn.y
fringed, 4 under each flower. Calyx ( corolla of Linn.y hairy on
the outside at the base, tube inclosing the germen, limb in 4 egg-
shaped lobes, which, when old, adhere so slightly at their base that
they might be almost considered as 4 distinct sepals. Stigma
4-cleft. Seed solitary, rarely two.

The whole plant is astringent. The root has been recommended
as a tonic, though of very moderate efficacy. The young leaves
are sometimes cut as salads, and it is used to form one of the in-
gredients in Cool Tankard ; but the Polerium, its near ally, is far
more grateful in flavour. It is a coarse plant, and does not seem
to be very acceptable to cattle.

%7°

(270.)

HELMl'NTHIA* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Syngen’e'sia f, Polyga'mia
;Equalis %.

Natural Order. Compo'sit.f. §, ( Linn.J, tribe, Cichora'ce.-f,
Lind!. Syn. pp. 140 & 156. : Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bof. pp. 197
and 201. — Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 520 & 521. — Mack. FI. Hibern.
pp. 142 & 159. — Cichora'ce.'e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 168. — Sm. Gr.
of Bot. p. 120. — Synanthe're.e, Rich, by Macgilliv. p.454. —
Syringales; subord. Asterosaj; type, Cichoraceaj, Burn.
Out!, of Bot. pp. 900, 901, & 935.

Gem. Char. Involucrum ( common calyx ) (fig. 1.) double,
inner of 8 equal, parallel, close scales ( fig 2.) ; outer of 5 large, lax,
leafy ones, permanent. Corolla compound, imbricated, uniform ;
florets (fig. 3.) numerous, perfect, uniform, strap-shaped, abrupt,
with 5 teeth. Filaments 5, hair-like, very short. Anthers united
into a cylindrical tube German (see fig. 3.) nearly oval. Style
thread-shaped, the length of the stamens (see fig. 3'. Stigmas 2,
reflexed. Seed-vessel none, except the permanent calyx, which at
length becomes reflexed. Seed (fig. 5.) transversely striated. Pappus
(see fig. 5.) feathery (see fig. 6.), stalked (stipitate). Receptacle
(see fig. 7.) naked, dotted.

The double involucrum , innermost equal, outer lax ; the feathery,
stipitate pappus; the transversely striated seed; and the naked
receptacle; will distinguish this from other genera in the same
class and order.

This genus differs from Picris in the pappus being stipitate, not
sessile.

One species British.

HELMPNTHIA ECHIOPDES. Echium-like Helminthia.
Bristly Ox-tongue. Bugloss Langue-de-boeuf.

Spec. Char. Outer scales (bracteola?) of the Involucrum broad,
egg-heart-shaped, somewhat spiny.

Gsertner’s Fruclibus et seminibus Plantarum, v. ii. p.368 t. 159. f. 2. — VVilld.
Sp. PI. v. iii. pt. hi. p. 1607. — Gray’s Nat. Air. v. ii. p. 431. — Lindl. Syn. p.
158. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.338. — FI. Devon, p. 129. — Bab. FI. Bath. p.28. — Mack.
Gatal. of PI. of Ire 1. p. 69. ; FI. Hibern. p. 162, — Picris echioides, Engl. Bot.
t. 972. — Curt. FI. Bond. t. 150. ; Cult. Biit. Entomol. v. vii. t. 314. — Linn. Sp.
PI. p. 1114. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 342.— Sm. FI. Brit. v.ii. p. 814:
Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 339. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 881. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p.240. —
Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 168. — Davies' Welsh Bot. p. 74. — Hurt. Mid. FI. v. ii. p.
374. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 316. — Jolmst. FI. of Berwick, v. i. p. 173. —
Winch’s FI. of Northumb. 6c Durham, p. 50. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 221. —
Hieracium echioides cnpitulis carditi benedicli, Kay’s Syn. p. 166. — Butj-
lossum luteum, J ohnson s Gerarde, p. 798.

Fig. 1. Involucrum. — Fig. 2. One of the inner Scales of the Involucrum. —
Fig. 3. A single Floret. — Figs. 4 & 5. The Seed and Pappus. — Fig. 6. A Ray of
the Pappus, magnified. — Fig. 7. Receptacle.

* From Helminthion, a little worm ; which the rugose seeds somewhat re-
semble. Loudon.

t See folio 91. t

J Sec folio 147.

i See folio 27, a.

Localities. — On the borders of corn-fields, and on ditch banks, and by road
sides, on clay soil : frequent in ENGLAND and IRELAND. — Dr. Johnston thinks
the Pier-road near the Limekiln, Berwick-upon-Tweed, is probably its most north-
ern station, as it has not yet found a place in the Scottish Flora.

Root tapering, and somewhat branched. Stem 2 or 3 feet high,
upright, cylindrical, furrowed, solid, leafy, very much branched ;
usually of a reddish-purple colour, clothed with scattered, stiff,
horizontal, bristle-like hairs. Lower-leaves inversely egg-spear-
shaped ; upper-leaves heart-shaped, clasping the stem, and, like
most other parts of the plant, beset with rigid, very pungent bristles,
each of which springs from a white tubercle or wart. Flowers soli-
tary, on grooved peduncles. Inner scales of the Involucrum keeled,
keel fringed, ending in a fringed awn from a little below the sum-
mit of the scale (see fig. 2.). Outer scales spreading, heart-shaped,
pointed, fringed with prickleSj and terminated by a sharp prickle-
like awn. Corolla about an inch in diameter, of a bright golden
yellow. Seed (fig. 5.) shining, of a red orange colour, curiously
and beautifully wrinkled or furrowed transversely. Pappus (fig. 5.)
the length of the inner scales of the involucrum, on a stalk 3 or 4
lines long ; rays (fig. 6.) feathery.

The whole plant abounds with a somewhat milky, very hitter,
juice. It has been sometimes used as a pot-herb, but it can only
be eaten when young, when it is said to be not disagreeable.

The flowers open about four or five o’clock in the morning, and
do not close before noon ; sometimes they remain expanded much
later.

A nearly smooth variety of this plant is represented in Hermann’s
Paradisus Batavus, p. 185.

“ See Nature gay, as when she first began
With smiles alluring her admirer man;

She spreads the morning over eastern hills,

Earth glitters with the drops the night distils ;

The sun obedient at her call appears.

To fling his glories o’er the robes she wears ;

Banks clothed with flowers, groves filled with sprightly sounds,
The yellow tilth, green meads, rocks, rising grounds,

Streams edged with osiers, fattening every field
Where’er they flow, now seen and now concealed ;

From the blue rim where skies and mountains meet,

Down to the very turf beneath thy feet.” — Cowpeii.

£ Mathew t

(271.)

NASTURTIUM* *

Linnean Class and Order. Tetradyna'mia t, Siliquosa %.
Natural Order. Cruci'fer.t.§, Juss. Gen. VI. p. 237. — Sin.
Gr. ofBot. p. 138.; Engl. But. v. iii. p. 153. — Rich, by Macgilliv.
p.498. — Cruci'fer/e; subord. Pleurorhi'ze.e ; tribe, Arabi'-
de.-e ; Lindl. Syn. pp. 20 & 22. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp.
14 to 18. — Loud. Hort. Brit. pp.49S & 499.; Mag. Nat. Hist. v. i.
pp. 143 & 239. — Don’s Gen. 8yst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. pp. 1 4b
and 147. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 16. — Rosai.es; subord. Rhcea-
dos.e ; sect. Rh.eadin.e ; type, Brassicace.e ; subty. Arahid.e ;
Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 784, 847, 854, & 856. — Siliquos.e,
Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, equal at the base, of 4 egg-
oblong, blunt, spreading, somewhat coloured, deciduous sepals.
Corolla cruciform, of 4 inversely egg-shaped, spreading, entire
petals, tapering into short claws (see fig. 2.) ; sometimes wanting.
Filaments (see fig. 3.) 6, awl-shaped, simple ; the 2 shortest each
with a gland at the base wilhinside. Anthers incumbent, somewhat
heart-shaped. Germen (fig. 4.) cylindrical. Style upright, short,
cylindrical. Stigma blunt, notched. Pod (fig. 5.) nearly cylin-
drical, (sometimes short) ; valves (see fig. 6.) concave, neither
ribbed nor keeled. Seeds (fig. 7.) small, irregularly attached in two
rows, not bordered. Cotyledons accumbent, (o=).

The spreading calyx, equal at the base ; and the nearly cylindri-
cal, shortish pod, with concave keelless valves ; will distinguish
this from other genera, with accumbent cotyledons, in the same
class and order.

Four species British.

NASTU'RTIUM OFFICINA'LE. Officinal Nasturtium. Com-
mon Water-Cress.

Spec. Char. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets roundish-heart-shaped,
wavy.

Hrown in Ait. Hort. Kew. (2nd ed.) v. iv. p. 110. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. iii. p.
192. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 770. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 678. — Lind. Syn.
P-25. — Hook, lirit. H. p.304.; FI. Scot. p. 201. — Grev. FI. Kdin. p. 144. — FI.
Devon, pp. Ill & 189. — Johnst. FI. of Herw. v. i. p. 144 — Winch’s FI. of
Morlhumb. th Durham, p. 44. — Walker's FI. of Oxf. p. 188. — Don’s Gen. Sysi.
ol Gard. & Hot. v. i. p. 1,75. — Loud. Ency. of Gard. (new ed.) p. 864. paragr.
4461— 4467.— Hah FI. Hath. p. 4— Mack! Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 61.; FI. Ilib.
p. 18. — Nasturtium aquaticum , sive Crateral sium, Johnson’s Gerarde, p.
257. — Sisymbrium Nasturtium, Engl. Hot. t. 855. — Curt. FI. bond. t. . —
Woodv. hied. Hot. v. i. p. 134. t. 48. — Curt. Hrit. Entom. vol. v. t. 201. — Linn.
Sp. PI. p.916. — Huds. FI. Angl. p. 296. — Willd. Sp. l’l. v. iii. pt. i. p. 489. —
Sm. FI. Hrit. v. ii. p. 700. — Light). FI. Scot. v. i. p. 350. — Sibtli. FI. Oxon. p.
206 — Abbot’s FI. Hedf. p. 143. — Davies’ Welsh Hot. p.64. — Thornton’s Fain.
Herb. p. 617, with a fig. — Hurt. Midi. FI. v.i. p. 306. — Relit. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.)
p.265 .— Sisymbrium Cardumiue , sen Nasturtium aquaticum, Ray’s Syn.
p. 300.

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. A Petal. — Fig. 3. Stamens. — Fig. 4. Germen. — Fig. 5.
A Pod.— Fig. 6. Ditto, with the valves separated, showing the septum and seeds. —
Fig. 7. A seed. — Fig. 1, 3, & 7, a little magnified.

• From nasus tortus, a convulsed nose ; an etleet supposed to he produced by
the acrid and pungent quality of this plant. Sir W. J. Hooker.

+ See folio 91, note +. { See folio 1 17, note t. i See folio 27. a.

Localities. — In springs, brooks, rivulets, ponds, and watery ditches ; common.

Perennial. — Flowers in June and July.

Root of many long, simple, whitish fibres, the lowermost fixed
in the soil, the rest suspended in the water. Stems many, spread-
ing, usually creeping at the base, from 1 to 2 feet high, angular,
branched, leafy, mostly smooth, but occasionally, when growing out
of the water, a little hairy. Leaves alternate, smooth, deep shining
green, sometimes tinged with dark purplish-brown, pinnate (winged) ,
of 5 or 7, roundish, wavy leaflets, the terminal one the largest.
Stipulas none. Flowers in a flattish corymb, which soon lengthens
out into a raceme. Calyx purplish. Corolla small, white, or
slightly purple. Pods about an inch long, tumid and undulated at
the sides, smooth, curved upwards, each on an horizontal stalk,
variable in length.

There are 2 or 3 varieties of this plant, but they are of little consequence.

AVater-cress is a native in livulets throughout the world. It is universally
used as an early and wholesome Spring salad, either alone or with brook-lime
or scurvy-grass ; and is eaten fasting, or with bread and butter, by those who
Wave faith in its antiscorbutic viitues. The juice, decocted with that of scurvy-
grass and Seville oranges, foims the popular remedy called Spring Juices. In
Prance it is not only used as salad, but dressed like spinach, and the picked
leaves served with roasted fowl compose the favourite Poulet au cressons. Of
late it has been cultivated on many acres of land in the vicinity of London,
whence the markets are supplied daily throughout the year; but Water-cress
grown in this way is far inferior to that grown in natural streams.! In the latter
stale it is gathered by the peasantry in the neighbourhood of large towns, where
the sale of it forms an important though humble branch of domestic commerce.

THE WATER-CRESS GIRL.

“ She leaves her bed while yet the dew
Is sparkling on the flower ;

And ere Aurora’s golden hue

Hath tinged the old church tower —

Ere yet the matin bell hath toll’d.

Ere yet the flock hath left the fold.

Or the blithe lark his bower —

Before the shadowy mountain mist
By the first sun-beam hath been kiss’d.

Her way is o’er the dewy meads.

And by the violet dell.

To where a plank her footsteps leads,

By the old haunted well ;

And then she steps from stone to stone,

In the brook’s gurgling waters throne.

To where the cresses dwell ;

And many a lily decks the scene,

Of which she looks the fairy queen !

Ah, little need she blush to see
The wave give back her face :

And her dark tresses wand’ring free
In all their native grace.

No worm bath marr’d her cheek’s young bloom.

No mark of care’s depressing gloom
Upon her brow hath place ;

For love — false love, — hath never yet
llis seal upon her young heart set.”

From “ The Diamond.”

(272.)

SCANDIX* * •

Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndrta f, Dic.y'nia.

Natural Order. Umbelli'fer.'eJ, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 218. — Sm.
Gr. of Bot. p. 132. — Lindl. Syn. p. 111. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of
Bot. p. 4. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 463. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 517. —
Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. & Bot. v.iii. p. 235. — Mack. FI. Hibern.
p. 113. — Umbellate, Linn. — Rosales; sect. Angelicin^ ;
type. Smyrniace.e; subtype, Scandicida: ; Burn. Outl. of Bot.
pp. 614, 770, 780, & 781.

Gen. Char. Flowers separated ; the innermost barren. Calyx
obsolete. Corolla (see fig. 1.) superior, of 5, unequal, undivided,
spreading, indexed petals, tapering at the base (see fig. 2). Fila-
ments (see fig. 1.) 5, thread-shaped, spreading, the length of the
corolla. JInthers roundish. Germen (see figs. 1 & 3.) inferior,
oblong, somewhat compressed, more or less rough, with close
hairs. Styles (see fig. 3.) 2, spreading, short, finally upright, per-
manent, swelled at the base. Stigmas simple ; in the barren
dowers blunt. Fruit (fig. 4.) ribbed, compressed at the side, some-
what bristly, elliptic-oblong, with a straight, linear, flat, bristly,
very long beak, crowned with the permanent, enlarged, 5-lobed,
coloured receptacle of the flower, surrounding the base of the styles.
Carpels (figs. 5 & 6.) with 5, blunt, equal ridges, the lateral ones
marginal. Channels without vitta, or with scarcely any. Seed
(fig. 7.) roundly convex, with a deep furrow in front. Universal
Involucrum none, or few-leaved ; partial involucrum 5- or 7-
leaved. Flowers white.

The obsolete calyx ; the unequal, undivided petals ; the some-
what bristly fruit, with a very long beak ; and the carpels with
5 blunt, equal ridges, with the channels destitute of vittce, or with
scarcely any ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same
class and order.

One species British.

SCA'NDIX PECTEN-VENERIS. Venus’s Comb. Our Lady’s
Comb. Common Shepherd’s Needle. Needle Chervil. Beggar’s
Needle Crow Needles.

Spec. Char. Stem rough. Leaves thrice pinnatifid ; with many
strap-shaped, short segments. Fruit roughish, with a very long
beak.

Eng. Bot. 1. 1397.— Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. ix. t. 401. — Linn. Sp PI. p.368. —
Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 123. — Sm. Brit. FI. v. i. p. 324; Engl. FI. v. ii. p.
46. — With. (1st ed.) v. i. p. 174.— Lindl. Syn. p. 125.— Light!'. FI. Scot. v. i.
p. 166. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p.29. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 123. — Hook.
FI. Scot. p. 92.— FI. Devon, pp. 52 & 167.— Jolinst. FL of Berw. v. i. p. 67. —
Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham, p. Jfi.— Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and

Fig. I. A single Flower. — Fig. 2. A Petal. — Fig. 3. The young Fruit, crowned
with the floral receptacle and styles. — Fig. 4. The full grown Fruit. — Fig. 5. A
Carpel, with its beak. — Fig. 6. A Carpel divided transversely. — Fig. 7. Section of
the Seed, showing the Embryo.

* From Skeo, Gr. to prick ; because of the sharp and long points to the Seeds.
SirW, J. Hooker.

t See folio 48, note f.

$ See folio 235, a.

Bot. v. iii. p. 363. — Walker's FI. of Oxf. p. 76. — Bab. FI. Bath. p, 21.— Mack-
Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 29. — Scandix Pec ten. Curt. FI. Land. 1.249. — Jacq.
FI. Austr. v. iii. p.35 t. 263. —Mart. FI. Rust. t. 38. — Willd.Sp. PI. v. i. pt. ji.
1449. — With. (7tii etl.) v. ii. p. 387.— Hook. Brit. FI. p. 131. — Sibtli. FI. Oxon.
p. 100. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 66. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 154. — Grev. FI. Edin.
p. 72. — Mack. FI. Flibern. p. 126. — Scandix vulgaris, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii.
p. 503. — Scandix semine rostrato vulgaris, Ray’s Syn. p. 207 .—Pecten veneris,
Johnson’s Gerarde. p. 1040.

Localities. — In corn-fields ; common.

Annual. — Flowers from May to August.

Root tapering, simple, whitish, furnished with a few fibres.
Stems from 6 to 12 inches high, one or more from the same root ;
spreading, branched, leafy, furrowed, rough, often purplish. Leaves
light green, thrice pinnatifid, with strap-shaped, pointed, smooth
segments. Petioles ( footstalks J dilated at the base, with mem-
branous, hairy edges. Umbels irregular, sometimes simple, but
usually of 2 or 3 rays, without an involucrum. Umbellules ( partial
umbels J small, of several short rays, accompanied by a partial
involucrum of several broad, cloven or jagged, white-edged leaves,
longer than the partial flower-stalks. Flowers small, white, in
some degree radiant, especially those of the circumference, which
ripen seed, the innermost having no perfect germens. Petals
unequal, entire, inversely egg-shaped, pointed and infiexed at the
apex. Fruit oblong, rough, furnished with an angular, rough
beak, an inch and a half or two inches long, and crowned with the
purplish, enlarged, 5-cleft receptacle of the flower, over-topped by
the straight upright styles. — I)r. Withering says, that by care-
fully dividing the germen after it has shot out an inch or more in
length, a tube continued from the styles down to the seeds may
be discovered.

This plant is a very common weed in corn-fields, not only in
Britain, but in all the Southern parts of Europe, and also in the
North of Africa and Teneriffe. The very long beak of the fruit
will distinguish it from all other British umbelliferae. It is slightly
aromatic and acrid, but no particular use is attributed to it.
Dioscorides mentions it as eatable, but his Eksc/Cu? (Scandix J
may not be ours.

“ Flow many plants, we call them weeds.
Against our wishes grow.

And spatter wide their various seeds
With all the winds that blow.

Man grumbles when he sees them rise.

To foul his husbandry ;

Kind Providence this way supplies
Ilis lesser family.

Scatter’d and small, they ’cape our eye,

But are not wasted there ;

Safe they in clefts and furrows lie.

The little birds find where.”

Saturday Magazine.

T.RufiHlJkl.

C Qyha/n/Auvrrts . ('(v///srL -j/7 c<y6hs . £

£ubhslied"by "V7 Barter. 3otajiic f^iir den .O7.ford . 1 838

If. y>\LLU fe.

(273.)

ONOPORDUM* *

Linn.Class Sf Order. Syngene'sia t,PoLYGA'MiA, .EqualisJ*

Natural Order. CoMPO'siTAi§ ; tribe, Cynarocephal.e, Juss •
— Lindl. syn. pp. 140 & 152 ; lntrod. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp. 197
and 200. — Compo'sit.e; subord. Cardua'cea? ; Loud. Hort. Brit,
pp. 520 and 521. — Synanthe're.e ; tribe, Cynarocephalae ;
Rich, by Macgilliv. pp. 454 and 455. — Cinarocephal.e, sect. 1.
Juss. Gen. PI. pp. 171 and 172. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 121.; Engl.
FI. v. iii.p. 334. — Svringales ; type, Cynaraceas ; Burn. Outl.
of Bot. pp. 900 and 931. — Compo'sita:, Linn.

Gex. Char. Involucrum ( common calyx ) (fig. \,a.) orbicular,
tumid, imbricated, of numerous, spear-shaped, spinous-pointed,
spreading, or upright, permanent scales. Corolla (cec fig. 1, 6.)
compound, uniform ; florets (see fig. 1 , b, & f, 2.) very numerous,
equal, tubular, funnel-shaped ; tube very slender ; limb in 5 deep,
strap-shaped, equal segments. Filaments (see fig. 3.) 5, hair-like,
very short. Anthers (see fig. 3.) united into a cylindrical tube,
with 5 teeth. Germen (see figs. 2 & 3.) inversely egg-shaped, short.
Style (fig. 3.) thread-shaped, prominent. Stigma oblong, notched.
Seed-vessel none. Seed (fig. 5.) compressed, 4-corr.ered, furrowed
transversely. Pappus (fig. 4.) sessile, hair-like, rough, connected
in a ring at the base, embracing the point of the seed, and finally
deciduous. Receptacle (see figs. 6 & 7.) convex, fleshy, deeply
cellular like honey-comb, the membranous edges of the cells un-
even, jagged, or fringed.

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order,
by the cellular, or honey-combed, receptacle.

One species British.

ONOPO'RDUM ACA'NTHIUM. Common Cotton-Thistle.
Argentine, or Silver-Thistle. White Cotton-Thistle. Wild White-
Thistle.

Spec. Char. Leaves egg-oblong, decurrent, sinuated, spinous ;
cottony on both sides. Scales of the Involucrum awl-shaped, spread-
ing in every direction.

Engl. But. 977. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 334. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1158. — Huds, FI.
Angl. (2nd ed. ) p. 354. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. iii. pt. III. p. 1680. — Sm. FI. Brit. V. ii.
p. 85G. ; Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 395. — With. (7th ed. ) v. iii. p. 916. — Liudl. Syn. p.
152. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 353. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 459. — Sibth. FI. Oxou. p.
247.— Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 177.— Purt. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 384.— Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd
edit.) p. 332. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 238. — Grev. FI. Ediu. p. 174. — Johust. Ft of
Berw. v. i. p. 179. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durh. p. 53. — Walker’s FI. of
Oxf. p. 233. — Perry’s PI. Varv. Selects', p. 68. — l’ainplin’s Catal. of PI. of Hatter-
sea and Clapham, p. 14. — Onopordum vulyare, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 434. — •
Carduus tomentosus, Acanthium dictus, vulgaris , Bay’s Syn. p. 196. — Acan-
thium album, Johnson’s Uerarde, p. 1149.

Localities.— In waste ground, on hedge-banks, rubbish, and by road-sides,
chiefly on a gravelly soil ; frequent. — Oxfordsh. Hedge-banks on Bullington
Green, near Magdalen College Copse ; between the Paiks and Sommers Town ;

Fig. 1. A vertical section of a Flower ; a. the involucrum ; b. the florets ; c. the
receptacle. — l’ig. 2. A single Floret. — Fig. 3. Germen, Pistil, and Stamens. — Fig. 4,
Pappus. — Fig. 5. Seed. — Figs. 6 & 7. Parts of the Receptacle.

* From onos, Gr. an ass ; and perdo, Gr. pedere ; such being the effect, ac-
cording to Pliny, upon the ass who eats of it. Hooker.

t See fol. 91, n. t. { See fol. 147, u. 4. 5 See fol. 27, a.

qnd other places about Oxford, not uncommon : W, B,— Common in Bedford-
shirei Rev. C. Abbot. — Cambridgesh. Way-sides, rubbish, and dunhills:
Rev. R. Relhan. — Durham ; On waste ground and hedge-banks, but not very
common, except near the sea-coast: N. J. Winch, Esq. — Essex; Common
about Woodford: R. Warner. — Gloucestersh. Between Rockeridge Common
and Ripple ; near Twining : Mr. E. Lees, in N. B. G. Lower Slaughter : E. F.
Witts, Esq. — Kent; In South Kent : Rev. G. E. Smith. Tunbridge Wells:
FI. Tonb. Common near Faversham : E. Jacob, Esq. — Norfolk; Abundant
near Norwich: S. P. Woodward, in N. B. G. — Northumberland ; On waste
ground and banks, but not very common, except near the sea-coast ; near the
Scotch Gate : N. J. W inch. Esq. — Notts ; Frequent in the vicinity of Notting-
ham: Dr. Deerino. — Shropsh. Atchley, near Shiffnall : H. Bidwell. Esq. —
Somersetsh. Near the church, Berrow : J. C. Coli.ins, in N. B.G. — Suffolk;
Near Bungay: Mr. D. Stock, in N. B. G. — Surrey; In several places near
Battersea: Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. In small quantity, by the road-side, be-
tween the farm buildings of Captain White and the rail-road, I.ong Ditton : Mr.
Watson, in N. B. G. — In Sussex ; W. Bokrer, Esq. — Warwicksh. Bidford,
Brome : T. Purton, Esq. Near the Old Pond, Coton-end, Warwick. In a
lane leading from Nicholas’ Meadow to the Emscote road, Warwick : Mr. W. G.
Perry. — Worcester sli. A fin e forest of this magnificent thistle atClaines, two
miles north of Worcester, in 1836: Mr. E. Lefs, in N. B. G. At Worcester, on
the Evesham road : T. Pcrton, Esq. — W ALES. In Montgomeryshire ; per-
haps naturalized: J. E. Bowman, in N. B. G. — SCOTLAND. Edinburghsh.
Near Misselburgh : Mr. Arnott. — Fifeshire ; Between Limekilns and Charles-
town: Mr. Neill. At Weems on the coast of Fife: Rev. J. Lichtfoot. —
Haddingdonsh. Sea shore beyond Preston-pans : Rev. J. Lichtfoot. Near
Cockenzie; Links at Port Seton: Mi .Maugiian. — Lanarksh. Near the coach-
house Barncluith : N. B. G. — Roxburghsh. Near Melrose : Mr. Maughan. —
Isle of Man ; On the sand, very rare : Mr. Forbes.

Biennial. — Flowers in July and August.

Root tap-shaped. Stem from 3 to 5 or 6 feet high, upright, very
much branched, and somewhat woolly, with a broad, leafy, irregu-
larly toothed, spinous border, running up to the involucrum. Leaves
sessile, egg-oblong, covered on both surfaces with a white cottony
down, spreading, lobed, notched and spinous, the base running down
into the numerous prickly borders, or wings, of the stem ; lowermost
leaves very large, often a foot and a half long, and nearly a foot
wide. Flowers solitary, at the ends of the branches, large, upright,
of a bluish rose-colour. Involucrum of numerous, spreading, awl-
shaped, spinous-pointed scales. Seeds inversely egg-shaped, slightly
compressed, faintly angular, wrinkled, blackish. Pappus slightly
hispid when magnified. Receptacle reticulated with square mem-
branous cells, like a honey-comb.

When the flowering is over, the innermost scales of the involucrum close
together, and preserve the seed ; in this respect, as well as in the honey-combed
receptacle, it differs from the common Thistles, (the carduus* and cnicus tribes),
in which, as soon as the seed is ripe, the first hot day opens the heads, expands
the pappus, and the least wind carries away the seeds, but in this plant they re-
main shut up, and strongly defended; nor can they commit themselves to the
earth, or be eaten by birds, till long exposure to the weather has decayed the
involucrum which encloses them ; and thus they afford sustenance to birds late
in the year.

The Cotton Thistle is a magnificent and beautiful plant, its whole herbage is
covered, more or less, with a white cottony pubescence, which is easily rubbed
off, and which, we are told by Gf.ra rdf., is galheied for divers purposes, as well
by the poor to stuff pillows, cushions, and beds, as by deceitful upholsterers, to
mix with feathers for the same purpose. But, as Sir J. E. Smith observes, it
seems very inadequate in quantity, as well as in quality, having no elasticity,
and shrinking to nothing under the touch. The receptacle of the flowers, and
the tender stalks peeled and boiled, may be eaten in the same manner as Arti-
chokes and Cardoons. The large brown seeds are eaten by Goldfinches; and
the bird-catchers about London provide themselves with heads of this Thistle
and the Carduus marianus, to entrap these and other birds, in bright autumnal
mornings.

* See fol. 177.

Z.RufttlL Dd,

'Zf . ^/faWi -tecn/ \%oUj . 6

XVblished by ■VTB»xlcr. B^Un^ Garden. Oxford 183 8

(274.)

PI'CRIS* *.

Linn. Class ft Order. SYNOENE'siAf, Polyga'mia,jEquaus+.

Natural Order. Compo'sitae §, f Linn.), tribe, Cichora'ce.s,
Lindl. Syn. pp. 140 & 156.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp. 197
and 201. — Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 520 & 521. — Mack. FI. Hibem.
pp. 142 & 159. — Cichora'ce.e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 168. — Sm. Gr.
of Bot. p. 120. — Synanthe're^e, Rich, by Macgilliv. p.454. —
Syringales ; subord. Asteros^e ; type, Cichorace.e ; Bnrn.
Oud. of Bot. pp. 900, 901, & 935.

Gen. Char. Involncrum { common calyx ) (fig. 1.) double;
inner of many compact, upright, equal scales ; outer of several lax,
small, strap-shaped ones. Corolla compound, imbricated, uniform ;
florets (fig. 3.) numerous, perfect, uniform, strap-sbaped, abrupt,
with 5 teeth. Filaments (see fig. 2.) 5, hair-like, very short.
Anthers (see fig. 2.) united into a cylindrical tube. Germen (see
figs. 2 & 3.) nearly oval. Style (see fig. 2.) thread-shaped, the
length of the stamens. Stigmas 2, reflexed. Seed-vessel none,
except the permanent involucrum, which at length becomes reflexed
(see fig. 6). Seed (see figs. 4 & 5.) transversely triated. Pappus
(see fig. 5.) sessile, slightly feathery. Receptacle (see fig. 6.) naked,
dotted.

The double involucrum , innermost of many compact, upright,
equal scales, outer of several lax, small, strap-shaped ones; the
feathery, sessile pappus ; the transversely wrinkled seed ; and the
naked receptacle ; will distinguish this genus from others in the
same class and order.

It differs from the genus Helminthia (t. 270.) in the pappus
being sessile, not stipitate.

One species British. •

PI'CRIS HIERACIOIDES. Hawk weed-like Ox-tongue. Hawk-
weed Yellow-succory. Curled Hawk weed.

Spec. Char. Stem rough with hooked bristles. Leaves spear-
shaped, rough, toothed. Flowers corymbose ; peduncles with many
bracteas. Hooker.

Engl. Bot. t. 196. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1115. — Willd. Sp. P). v. iii. pt. m. p.
1556. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 814. ; Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 339. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii.
p. 882. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 430. — Lindl. Syn. 1st edit. p. 159 : 2nd edit,
p. 158. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.338. — Sibth. Oxon. p. 240. — Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 168. —
Purt. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 375. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 316. — Hook. FI. Scot.
p.226.— FI. Devon, pp. 129 & 154. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durh. p.
50. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p.22l. — Bab. FI. Bath. p.28. — Mack. Catal. of P). of
lrel. p.69; FI. Hibem. p. 162. — Hedypnois Hieracioides, Huds. FI. Angl.
(2nd ed ) p. 342. — Hieracium asperum majori flore , in agrorum limitibus,
Ray’s Syn. p. 167. — Hieracium asperum, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 298.

Localities. — On dry banks, road-sides, and borders of fields, on a gravelly or
chalky soil ; frequent. — Rare in Ireland.

Biennial. — Flowers in July and August.

Fig. 1. Involucrum.— Fig. 2. Stamens and Pistil.— Fig. 3. A Floret.— Fig. 4.
A Seed, crowned with the sessile pappus.— Fig. 5. The same, a little magnified.
—Fig. 6. The reflexed Involucrum, showing the receptacle, with one of the seeds
attached.

• From pikros, Gr. bitter ; on account of the bitterness of many of this tribe,
t See fol. 19, n. r. $ See fol. 147, n. t. ? See fol. 27, a.

Root fibrous, tough. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, upright, round,
furrowed, solid, leafy, rough with short, coarse hairs, which arc
not bristly or pungent, much branched ; branches spreading, fur-
rowed, purplish on their upper side and in their axils. Leaves
pointed, wavy, spear-shaped ; those from the root unequally and
broadly toothed, on bordered footstalks ; those on the stem sessile,
and somewhat heart-shaped at the base ; the uppermost approach-
ing to strap-shaped. Peduncles ( flower-stalks ) branched, some-
what corymbose, each branch with several, scattered, spear-shaped
bracteas, and bearing one largish, bright yellow flower. Inner scales
of the involucrum nearly strap-shaped, parallel, hairy on the out-
side, and exactly the length of the pappus, which is slightly feathery :
outer scales loosely spreading, similar to the inner, but unequal, and
all much shorter. Seeds oblong, roundish, drawn to a point at both
ends, furrowed, and transversely wrinkled. Receptacle flat, with
shallow pits, which are somewhat pentagonal.

This plant is a native of many other parts of Europe as well as of England. It is
of a dark-green colour, and rough with short, coarse hairs.

SUMMER.

“ They may boast of the spring-time when flowers are the fairest.

And birds sing by thousands on every green tree ;

They may call it the loveliest, the greenest, the rarest, —

But the Summer’s the season that’s dearest to me !

For the brightness of sunshine ; the depth of the shadows ;

The crystal of waters ; the fullness of green ;

And the rich flowery growth of the old pasture meadows.

In the glory of Summer can only be seen.

Oh, the joy of the green-wood ! I love to be in it.

And list to the hum of the never-still bees ;

And to hear the sweet voice of the old mother linnet,

Calling unto her young ’mong the leaves of the trees 1

To see the red squirrel frisk hither and thither.

And the w'ater-rat plunging about in his mirth ;

And the thousand small lives that the warm Summer weather
Calls forth to rejoice on the bountiful earth !

Then the mountains, how fair ! to the blue vault of heaven
Towering up in the sunshine, and drinking the light.

While adown their deep chasms, all splintered and riven.

Fall the far-gleaming cataracts silvery white !

And where are the flowers that in beauty are glowing
In the gardens and fields of the young merry Spring,

Like the mountain-side wilds of the yellow broom blowing.

And the old forest pride, the red wastes of the ling !

Then the garden, no longer ’tis leafless and chilly,

But warm with the sunshine, and bright with the sheen

Of rich flowers, the moss-rose and the bright tiger-lily,

Barbaric in pomp as an Ethiop Queen.

Oh, the beautiful flowers, all colours combining.

The larkspur, the pink, and the sweet mignionette.

And the blue fleur-de-lis, in the warm sunlight shining.

As if grains of gold in its petals were set !

Yes, the Summer, — the radiant Summer’s the fairest.

For green woods and mountains, for meadows and bowers,

For waters, and fruits, and for flowers the rarest.

And for bright shining butterflies, lovely as flowers !”

From “ Birds and Flowers," a volume of delightful l’oetrv,
by Mrs. Mary IIowitt.

2? J

Path shed by W. Baxter. Botanic Garden. Orford. 183 6.

W Willis Vd dSc

(275.)

MONO'TItOPA* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Deoa'ndri a f, Monogv'xia.

Natural Order. Pyrol^'ceaEiJ:, Lindl. fntrod. to Nat. Syst. of
Bot. p. 184. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 182. — Pyro'le.e, Lindl. Svn.
p. 175. — Monotro'pea:, Nutt. Gen. v. i. p. 272., fide Lindley. —
Erica'ceas; tribe, Monotro'pEaE ; Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and
Bot.v.iii. pp. 785 & 789. — Erici'ne.e, Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 450.
— Eri'ceaE ; sect. Monotro'pEae; Loud. Hort. Brit, p.523. —
Syringales ; subord. EricosaE ; sect. Ericinas ; type, Erica-
ceae ; subtype, PyroliDaE ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900, 937, 944,
946, & 947.

Gen. Char. Calyx inferior, of 4 or 5 coloured sepals (see fig. 2''.
Corolla permanent, of 4 or 5, inversely egg-oblong, upright, petals,
slightly cohering, and concave at the base (see fig. 1 }. Filaments
(see fig 3.) 10, or 8, upright, strap-shaped, flatfish, shorter than the
corolla; the 5 or 4 alternate ones rather the smallest. Anthers
kidney-shaped, upright, of 1 cell and 2 valves. Germen (see fig. 3.)
superior, egg-shaped, with 5, or 4, furrows. Stigma orbicular,
peltate. Capsule (fig. 4.) superior, roundish, with 5, or 4, furrows,
and as many cells and valves, with a partition (dissepiment) from
the centre of each valve ; and a spongy central column (placenta)
of as many angles (see fig. 5). Seeds (fig. 6.) very numerous, mi-
nute, oval, enveloped in a membranous reticulated tunic, or arillus ,
greatly elongated at both ends. — Herbaceous parasitical plants,
with leafless scaly stems.

The terminal flower, which in some species is the only one with
10 stamens, 5 sepals, and 5 petals, determines the class, as in
Adoxa, t. 42.

Distinguished from other gen,era, in the same class and order, by
the calyx of 4 or 5, coloured sepals ; the corolla of 4 or 5 petals,
slightly united at the base ; the simple cylindrical style ; and the
4- or 5-celled, 4- or 5-valved, many-seeded capsule.

One species British.

MONO'TROPA HYPO'PITYS §. Yellow Bird’-nest. Yellow
Pine-sap.

Spec. Char. Flowers in a terminal cluster, at first drooping ;
lateral ones with 8 stamens; terminal one with 10.

Engl. Bot. t, 69. — Hook. FI. Lon<l. t. 105. — Linn. Sp, PI. p. 555 ; FI. Suecica.
(2nd. ed.) p. 135.— Hud. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 175.— Willd. Sp. PI. v. ii. pt. i.
jj. 573. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 440. ; Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 249. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii.

Fig. 1. A Petal. — Fig. 2. A Sepal. — Fig. 3. Stamens and Pistil. — Fig. 4. A Cap-
sule.— Fig. 5. A transverse section of a Capsule. — Fig. 6. A Seed.

* From monos, Gr. one ; and trepo, Gr. to regard ; alluding to the Linmcan
principal of chiefly attending to the single terminal flower for the determination of
the class and genus in preference to the lateral ones, as exemplified in the present
genus. Withering. t See fol. 37, n. +. f See fol. 339, a.

i From hupo, Gr. under; and pitys, Gr. a pine tree ; in allusion to its place
pf growth. Don.

p. 519. — Lindl. Syn. p. 176.— Hook. Brit. FI. p. 186. — LiglUf. FI, Scot. v. i, p.
214.— Sibth. FI. Oxon, p. 136.— Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 92.— Kelli. FI. Cant. (3rd edit. )
p. 171.— Purt. Midi. FI. v. iii. p. 36.— Hook. FI. Scot. p. 125.— Winch’s FI. of
Northumb. and Durham, p. 27. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 117. — Bab. FI. Bath. p.
30. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 39. ; FI. Hibern. p. 184. — Hypipitys lutea,
Ray’s Syn. p. 317. — Blaekst. Spec. Bot. p. 39. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 404. —
Hypopitys Europeg' a, Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 886. — Oro-
bunche verbascali odore, Plot’s Nat. Hist, of Oxf. p. 146. t. 9. f. 6.

Localities. — In woods of beech and fir, on a dry soil ; not uncommon. —
Oxfordsh. In Stokenchurch Woods. Woods between Netllebed and Henley:
Hr. Sibthorp. In the Beech Walk at Mongewell ; and also in Mongewell
Woods; 1837: Mr. W. VVji.lis, Engraver, Wallingford, Berks. Beech Woods
between Henley andGreat Marlow: N. J. Winch, Esq. — Berks ; In the woods
at Park Place: Dr. Noeheden. Woods and Plantations near Buckland : Mr.
John Reddv. Near the path, upper side of Bisham Wood: Mr. W. Hurst.
In a wood at Baseldon House: Mr. E. Foster, jun. — Beds. Hostler's Wood,
near Market Street: J. Sibley, Esq. — Bucks ; In Marlow Wood, in abundance :
Mr. Gotobf.b. Common in this county : Hudson. — Cambridgesh. Madingley
Plantations: Rev. R. Relhan.— Gloucestersh. W'oods near Uley : Mr. Baker.
Leigh Wood, Bristol: Mr. Dyer. Slade Woods: G. W. Sandys, Esq. Upper
Slaughter, Stow-on-the-Wold, Cranham Woods, &c.: E. F. Witts, Esq. —
Hampsh. In Selborne Hanger under the shady beeches, to whose roots it seems
to be parasitical ; at the N. W. end of the Hanger: White’s Selborne. Mr. W.
Pamplin, jun. observed it in the same place, in May, 1836. In Halt Wood:
Dr. Pdlteney. By the footway through the under-cliff from Luccombe to Bon-
church: Mr. J. Woods, jun. — Hertfordsh. NearTring: Mr. Doody, in Ray's
Syn. ; and Mr. W. Pa.mpi.in, jun. — Kent ; Stowting, at the foot of Ashes and
Alders: Sir W. J. Hooker. Woods near Cobham : Mr. W. Pamplin, jun.
Wood near Maidstone : Mr. Jarvis. — Lincolnsh. Close to Summer Castle, in
Fir Woods: Rev. J. Dalton. — Norfolk; In a Fir Wood at Shotisham, near
Stoke: Mr. Crow. — Notts; Oak Plantations near Ollerton : N. B. G. — Somer-
setsh. In Fir Plantations at the top of Widcombe Hill : Dr. Davis. — Stqffordsh.
Lord Stamford’s Woods at Enville : Dr. Withering. — Suffolk ; Bungay, found
only in one station : N. B. G. — Surrey ; About Box Hill : Air. Graves. Alickle-
ham : Mr. W. Christy. Coulsdon : Mr. E. Wood, in N. B. G. — Sussex ; St.
Leonard’s and Charlton Forests; Eastclean, towards Houghton Beech Woods:
Bot. Sits. — Wilts; Clarendon Wood, near Salisbury: Dr. AIaton — Worces-
tersh. Shrawley Wood: Mis. Gardner. — Yorksh. Wood near Everton : Mr.
Salt.— In SCOTLAND, and IRELAND, but rare.

Perennial. — Flowers in June and July.

Root fibrous, branched, and somewhat creeping, often adhering
to the roots of trees, under which it grows, but it is uncertain whe-
ther it is parasitical. Stem, from 5 to 9 inches high, upright, mostly
solitary, simple, round, smooth and shining, having no leaves , but
instead of them numerous egg-shaped scales, of the same dingy
yellow-colour as the stem. Flowers the same colour as the rest of
the plant, on short, scaly, or bracteated peduncles, in a kind of
raceme or cluster at the top of the stem, at first drooping, then up-
right. Cedyx smooth, the sepals slightly ciliated at the edge.
Stamens alternately smaller, often hairy. Germen roundish, 4- or
5-lobed. Stigma large, peltate. Seeds very minute, rarely per-
fected, enveloped in a reticulated arillus.

The whole plant is succulent, and of a pale yellow, or brownish-yellow colour,
which peculiarity is generally confined to parasitic plants, or such as grow in very
shady situations. It turns quite black in drying, and exhales, during that process,
an agreeable musky scent. It is a native of many other parts of Europe besides
Britain ; as Sweden, Denmark, France, Italy, &c. It is also found in N. America,
from Canada to Pennsylvania, at the roots of beech and other trees, in shady moist
places. Linn.eus informs us, in his Flora Suecica, that in Sweden it i9 given
dry to sheep that are effected with a cough.

I.&jfidLDd.

27*'

yf.ihllit.Se.

^^uiAtfa/riztc'rrt ? ^suA/yteed. £

Rjblsned byW Hay5.,fr Botaunic Garden Oxford. 1838

(276.)

SPARGA'NIUM* *.

Linnean Class and Order. MoNCECiAf, Tria'ndriA.

Natural Order. Typha'ce.®, Dec. — Lindl. Syn. p. 247 ; Introd.
to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 285. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 262. — Typh^e,
Juss. Gen. PI. p. 25. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 67. — Typhina:, Rich,
by Macgilliv. p. 389. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 540. — Aroide.e, sect. 3.
R. Brown, Prod. 338. — Juncales ; sect. Typhina ; type, Typha-
cea; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. i. pp. 403, 404, & 407. — Calama-
rije, Linn.

Gen. Char. Sterile-flowers (see figs. 1 & 2.) numerous, col-
lected into one or more, dense, superior balls. Calyx (see fig. 2.)
of 3 or more, oblong, obtuse, equal, deciduous sepals. Corolla
none. Filaments (see fig. 2.) 3, hair-like, upright, longer than the
calyx. Anthers roundish, 2-celled.

Fertile-flowers (see figs. 3 & 4.) numerous, in one or more dense
balls, beneath the sterile ones. Calyx (see fig. 4.) the same as in
the sterile-flower. Corolla none. Germen (see fig. 4.) superior,
egg-shaped. Style short, terminal. Stigma awl-shaped, or egg-
shaped, oblique, downy at one side, mostly solitary, rarely 2, per-
manent. Fruit (fig. 5.) sessile, inversely egg-shaped, beaked, dry,
of 1 , rarely 2, cells. Nut (fig. 7.) solitary, egg-shaped. Embryo
cylindrical, straight, in the centre of a mealy albumen. Common
Receptacle globose, naked.

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by
the dense, round heads or spikes ; the calyx of 3 sepals, without a
corolla ; and by the dry, 1-seeded fruit.

Three species British.

SPARGA'NIUM SIMPLEX. Unbranched upright Bur-reed.

Spec. Char. Leaves triangular at the base, with flat sides.
Common flower-stalk simple. Stigma strap-shaped.

Engl. Bot. t. 743.— 'Curt. FI. Lond. t. 341 . — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. x. t. 436. —
Huds. F’l. Angl. (2nd ed ) p. 401, excluding var. p. — Sm. Brit. FI. v. iii. p.962. —
3V did. Sp. PI. v. iv. pt. i. p. 199. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. iv. p. 75. — With. (7th edit.)
v. ii. p. 141. — Gray’s Nat. Air. v. ii. p. 39. — Lindl. Syn. p.247. — Hook. Brit.
FI. p. 386. — Sibih. FI. Oxon. p.25. — Abbot’s FI. Hedf. p. 200. — Davies’ Welsh
Bot. p. 84. — Pur t. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 439. — Kelli. FI. Cant. (3rd edit.) p. 376. —
Hook. FI. Scot, p.260. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 189. — FI. Devon, pp. 146 & 114. —
Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 198. — Rev.G. E. Smith’s PI. of S. Kent, p. 60. —
Winch's FI. of Nortiiumb. and Durham, p. 58. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 265. —
Perry’s PI. Varvic. Selects?, p. 75.— Pampliu’s PI. of Battersea and Clapham,
p. 16. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 53. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel p. 78. ; FI. Hibern. p.
263. — Sparganium erection B. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1378. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. ii.
p. 540, the variety . — Sparganium non ramosum, Ray’s Syn. p. 437. — Sparga-
nium lutifolium, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 45.

Localities.— In pools, slow streams, and watery ditches, especially on a
gravelly soil.

Fig. 1. A Head of sterile Flowers.— Fig. 2. A single sterile Flower. — F’ig. 3. A
Head of fertile Flowers. — Fig. 4. A single fertile Flower.— F’ig. 5. A single Fruit.
—Fig. 6. A transverse section of ditto. — Fig. 7. A Seed.

• From Sparganon, Gr. a band, or ribbon ; from its long leaves, as in Spar-
ganium natans. Withering. t See folio 83, note +.

Root creeping. Stem from 1 to 2 feet high, upright, round, solid,
leafy, unbranched, smooth. Root-leaves long, strap-shaped, entire,
triangular at the base, the intermediate spaces between the angles
being flat ; (not concave, as in Sparganium ramosam ;) sword-
shaped, and elongated in their upper part. Stem-leaves alternate,
somewhat sheathing at the base. Heads of Flowers alternate, all
sessile, on one common stalk, except the lowest one or two, which
are sometimes elevated on a short partial stalk ; those of the sterile
flowers above, yellow ; those of the fertile ones below, greenish.
Calyx green, or not of so deep a brown as in Spar, ramosum.
Anthers pale yellow. Stigma long, strap-shaped, mostly solitary.

Whole plant smooth, of a yellowish-green, and much smaller
than Sparganium ramosum, except the flowers, which are larger
than those of that species. — Mr. Lightfoot, (like Linnaeus,)
comprehended this and Spar, ramosum under the common name
of erectum : but he mentions the present species as the most com-
mon variety in Scotland.

The Natural Order, Typha'ce.e, is composed of monocotyledon-
ous herbaceous plants , growing in marshes, or ditches. Their stems
are without nodi (knots). Their leaves rigid, sword-shaped, with
parallel veins. Their flowers are monoecious, and arranged upon a
naked spadix (figs. 1 & 2.) Their perianth (see folio 33, note + )
is 3- or more-parted (figs. 2 & 4). Their stamens 3 or 6 in num-
ber ; with long slender filaments ; and wedge-shaped, upright
anthers (fig. 2). The ovary (see fig. 4.) is single, superior, and
] -ceiled. The ovule solitary, and pendulous; the style short, with
1 or 2, simple, strap-shaped stigmas. The fruit (see figs. 5 & 6.)
is dry, and indehiscent. with 1 cell and 1 seed. The embryo,
which is contained in the centre of the albumen, is cylindrical, and
straight, with a cleft in one side, in which lies the plumule, with
the radicle next the hilurn.

The order contains but two British genera, Typha and Spar-
ganium.

“ Little streams have flowers a many,
Beautiful and fair as any ;

Typha strong, and green Bur-reed ;
Willow- herb* with cotton-seed ;
Arrow -head f with eye of jet,

And the Water -violet | ;

There the Flowering-rush || you meet,
And the plumy Meadow-sweet $ /

And in places deep and stilly.
Marble-like, the Water-lily If.”

Mary Howitt.

* Epilobium, see folio 14.
t Hottonia palustris.

5 Spircca ulmaria.

f Sagittaria sagittifolia, folio 109.
|| Butomns umbellatus, folio 34.

1 Nymph aa alba, folio 181 & 182.

YZ/^t/>Ji7y S , rfr • Sc/7f*(OY/.i. ^

RiblUked by ^Baxter. Bo\*mc G .rderv Oxford 1828

m‘ ')

ill

Jv 1

SCABIO'SA* *

Linnean Class and Order. Tetra'ndria f, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Dipsa'ceeJ, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 194. — Lindl.
Syn. p. 139.; Introduct. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 196. — Rich, by
Macgilliv. p. 457. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 520. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of
Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 680. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 140. — Syrin-
gales ; subord. Asterosas; sect. Valerine ; type, Dipsacee ;
Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 900, 901, 916, & 918. — Aggre-
gate, Linn.

Gen. Char. Involucrum ( common calyx) (see fig. 6.) of many
spreading leaves, surrounding the common receptacle, to which
they are attached (see fig. 7) . Proper calyx (see figs. 3, 4, & 5.)
double ; the outer ( involucellum, Lindl.y mostly membranous, and
plaited ; the inner ( calyx, Lindl.^ (fig. 3.) with a limb consisting
of 5 awned bristles, rarely only 1 or 4 from abortion. Corolla
(figs. 1 & 2.) of each flower monopetalous, tubular, dilated upwards ;
limb in 4 or 5 equal, or unequal, segments. Filaments (see figs.
1 & 2.) 4, spreading, lax, from the mouth of the corolla, longer
than its limb. Anthers oblong, incumbent. Germen inferior.
Style thread-shaped. Stigma blunt, cloven. Fruit (figs. 4 & 5.)
nearly cylindrical, crowned with the double calyx. Common
Receptacle (fig. 7.) convex, chaffy. — Heads of Flowers depressed.
Outer Flowers of the Heads usually radiant.

The many-leaved involucrum ; the double calyx, the outer mostly
membranous and plaited, the inner with about 5 bristles ; will dis-
tinguish this from other genera, with a monopetalous, superior
corolla, in the same class and order. — Differs from Knautia, in the
limb of the inner calyx being attenuated into a neck at the base,
and ending in 4 or 5 awned bristles.

Two species British.

SCABIO'SA SUCCI'SA. Devil’s-bit Scabious.

Spec. Char. Corolla in 4 equal segments. Heads of Flowers
nearly globose. Stem-leaves distantly toothed.

Engl. Bot. t. 878. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. — . Curt. Brit. Eutomol. v. i. t. 40. —
Linn. Sp. PI. p. 142. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed. ) p. 62. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. i.
p. 548. — Sra. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 170. ; Engl. FI, v. i. p. 194. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii.
p. 217. — Lind. Syn. p. 139. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 61. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 114 —
Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 55. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 29. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 14. —
Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 95. — ltelh. FI. Cant. (3rded.) p. 56. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 49.
— Grev. FI. Edin. p. 34. — FI. Devon, pp. 25 & 162. — Johnston’s FI. of Berw. v. i.
p. 35. — Winch’s FI. of Northumbl. and Durh. p. 9. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 35. —
Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 695. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 24. — Mack.
Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 17. ; FI. Hibern. p. 141. — Scabiosa radice succisa, .ft ore
globoso, Ray’s Syn. p. 191. — Succisa Fuchsii, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 476. —
Morsus Diuboli, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 726.

Fig. 1. A single Flower. — Fig. 2. Corolla opened. — Fig. 3. The Calyx. — Figs.
4 & 5. The Fruit; fig. 5. magnified. — Fig. 6. Involucrum, and Seeds. — Fig. 7.
Involucrum, and Receptacle, with one of the Scales.

* From scabies, an eruptive disease, which certain species were supposed to
cure. Withekino.

+ See folio 114, note +.

t See folio 179, a.

Localities.— In meadows and pastures, frequent.

Perennial. — Flowers from July to October.

Root oblong, blackish, nearly the thickness of the little finger,
often growing obliquely ; abrupt at the lower end, so as to appear
as if bitten off, furnished with long whitish fibres. Stem from a
foot to 18 inches high, upright, round, rough with defiexed hairs,
and often of a reddish colour. Root-leaves numerous, inversely
egg-shaped, entire, on short foot-stalks, clothed on both sides with
long rough hairs. Stem-leaves opposite, connate, spear-shaped,
variously toothed, or coarsely serrated ; the uppermost nearly
strap-shaped, and entire ; all dark green, harsh and hairy. Flowers
in nearly globular heads, on lonsjish peduncles. Involucrum
hairy, its leaves in 2 or 3 series (see fig 6). Outer calyx (involucel)
4-sided, with 4 shallow clefts, fringed with white hairs ; inner
calyx (see figs. 3 to 5) crowned with a concave, glandular recep-
tacle, armed with 4 or 5 strong reddish-black bristles. Corolla
(fig. 1.) dark purplish-blue, sometimes of a milk-white, very rarely
of a pale purple. Filaments almost twice the length of the corolla ;
anthers violet ; pollen white. Germen very small, whitish. Style
about the same length as the corolla. Stigma round, flat, with a
depression in the middle. Seed oblong, angular, grooved, beset
with rough hairs, and crowned with 4 or 5 bristles. Receptacle
conical, chaffy (see fig. 7).

Haller observes, that the leaves are sometimes gashed, and that the flowers
are sometimes proliferous. In cultivation the plant becomes more branched
than in a wild state. The root is a good example of what, in botanical language,
is termed Radix prcemorsa, a premorse, or abrupt root; this, however, accord-
ing to Dr. Drummond, is only the case when the plant is above a year old, for
during the first year it is fusiform (spindle-shaped) ; after that it becomes woody,
dies, and rots, the upper part excepted, and this causes the eroded, or bitten-ofif
appearance; while the new lateral branches shooting out from the part left,
compensate the want of the old main root. Thus, says Dr. Withering, do
science and truth dispel superstitious errors ; for in ages darkened by monkery,
the faithful were taught implicitly to believe, in respect to the pretended virtues
of this plant, that “ the Divell for envie that he beareth to mankind bitt it off,
because it would be otherwise good for many uses hence the plant is commonly
called Devil' s-bit. This appearance of an abrupt or stumped root is not pecu-
liar to this plant, but is observed in some species of Plantago, Apargia, Va-
leriana, and many other herbs. According to Bergius the root possesses an
astringent quality, and the infusion of it is bitterish, but not unpleasant to the
taste. Linnaus says, that the dried leaves are used to dye wool yellow or
green.

The caterpillers of Scsia Bombyliformis, Curt. Brit. Enlomol. v. i. t. 40.
(sphinx fuci/ormis, y. Gm. Linn. Syst. Nat. v. i. pt. v. p. 2388 ) feeds upon this
plant. See Mr. Curtis’s very beautiful work referred to above.

(278.)

FU MARIA* *.

Linnean Class and Order. DiADE'LPHiAf, Hexa'ndria.

Natural Order. Fu.maria'ceje J, De Cand. — Lindl. Syn. p. 18 ;
Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 18. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 496. —
Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 493. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i.
p. 139. — Fapavera'ce.e, sect. 2. Juss. Gen. PI. p. 235. — Sm.
Gram, of Bot. p. 137. — Rosales; suborder, Rhceados.e; sect.
Rhjeadi.v.e ; type, Fumariace.e; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614,
784, 847, & 852. — Corydales, Linn.

Gev. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 2 opposite, upright,
small, membranous, deciduous sepals. Corolla (see fig. 2.) ob-
long, tubular, ringent, of 4 petals, the lower one strap-shaped and
free, the upper ones united at the base, the intermediate one of the
three being gibbous, or spurred at the base. Filaments (see fig. 3.)
2, awl-shaped, flat, shorter than the corolla, one within each lip.
Anthers roundish, membranous, 3 terminating each filament.
Germen (see fig. 4.) superior, somewhat compressed. Style (see
fig. 4.) terminal, thread-shaped, deciduous. Sterna compressed, of
2 flat lobes. Fruit (figs. 5 & 6.) indehiscent, 1-seeded.

The calyx of 2 deciduous sepals ; the corolla of 4 petals, with
one of them gibbous or spurred at the base ; the indehiscent,
1-seeded fruit; and the deciduous style, will distinguish this
genus from others in the same class and order — It differs from the
genus Corydalis, 1. 190, in the fruit being indehiscent and 1-seeded,
not 2-valved and many-seeded.

Three species British.

FUMA'RIA OFFICINA'LIS. Officinal Fumitory. Common
Fumitory. Earth-Gall. Fumus Terrse.

Spec. Char. Cluster rather loose. Pods (fruit) single-seeded,
abrupt, on upright pedicels twice as long as the bracteas. Stem
spreading. Leaves supra-decompound ; lobes spear-shaped, or
strap-shaped.

Engl. Bot. t. 589. — Curt. FI. I.ond. t. 1 12. — Woodv. Med. Bot. v. ii. p. 241.
t. 88. — Mart. FI. Rust. t. 68. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. ix. t. 404 — Linn. Sp. PI.
p. 984. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 309, exelud. var. /3. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. iii.
pt. it. p. 867. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 750. ; Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 255. — With. (7th
edit.) v. iii p. 824.— Gray ’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 700. — Lindl. Syn. p. 19. — Hook.
Brit. FI. p. 317.— Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p.379. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 217. — Abb.
FI. Bedf. p. 152. — Thornton's Family Herbal, p. 627, with a figure. — Davies’
Welsh Bot. p. 68. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 325. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd edit ) p.
286. — Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 210. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 153. — FI. Devon, pp. 1 18 and
191. — Johnst. Fl. of Berw. v. i. p. 156. — Winch’s Fl. of Northumb. and Durh.
p. 47. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 145. — Walker’s FL ofOxf.
p.203. — Bab. Fl. Bath. p.3. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of lrel. p. 65. ; Fl. Hibern.
p. 16.— Fumaria vulgaris, Ray’s Syn. p. 204. — Fumaria purpurea, John-
son’s Gerarde, p. 1088.

Localities. — In cornfields, gardens, and about hedges; common.

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. A Flower. — Fig. 3. Stamens and Pistil. — Fig. 4. Ger-
men, Style, and Stigmas. — Fig. 5. A Pod. — Fig. G. Transverse section of the
same. — Figs. 1, 2, 3, & 4, a little magnified.

* From fumus, Lat. smoke ; in allusion to the disagreeable smell of the plant ;
or, according to some, from the light and smoke-like cloudiness of its foliage,
t Sec folio 77, note +, J See folio 190, a.

Annual. — Flowers from May to August.

Root slender, tapering, fibrous, of a yeliowish-brovvn colour.
Stem from 6, to 12, or 18 inches high, smooth, glaucous, much
branched, spreading, often recumbent, leafy, angular. Leaves
mostly alternate, stalked, twice or thrice pinnate ; leaflets wedge-
shaped, with flat spear-shaped segments. Clusters opposite to the
leaves, spike-like, stalked, upright, many-flowered, rather loose.
Bracteas spear-shaped, pointed, not half the length of the flower-
stalks, especially when in fruit. Flowers rose-coloured, or pale
red, tipped with deep red, with a green keel to the upper and
under petals. Spur very short, rounded. Calyx coloured, toothed
at the margin, deciduous. Style 3 or 4 times as long as the ger-
men, crowned with the flattish, downy stigma. Pod globose, a
little compressed, blunt or notched at the extremity, so as to be
inversely heart-shaped, smooth, indehiscent (not opening). Seed
solitary, roundish.

Whole herb of a sea-green colour, the leaves succulent, saline,
and bitter. The expressed juice, in doses of 2 ounces, taken twice
a-day in whey, is useful in hypochondriacal, scorbutic, and cachetic
habits. It corrects acidity, and strengthens the stomach. Hoff-
man prefers it to all other medicines as a sweetener of the blood.
There is no doubt of its utility in obstructions of the viscera, and
diseases arising therefrom. An infusion of the leaves is used as a
cosmetic to remove freckles and clear the skin. See Woodville’s
Medical Botany ; Withering’s Botanical Arrangement, &c.

THE DEATH OF THE FLOWERS.

How happily, how happily, the flowers die away ;

Oh, could we but return to earth as easily as they !

Just live a life of sunshine, of innocence, and bloom,

Then drop, without decrepitude or pain, into the tomb.

The gay and glorious creatures ! they neither “ toil nor spin
Yet lo ! what goodly raiment they’re all apparelled in ;

No tears are on their beauty, but dewy gems more bright,

Than ever brow of eastern queen endiadem’d with light.

The young rejoicing creatures ! their pleasures never pall ;

Nor lose in sweet contentment, because so free to all ;

The dew, the showers, the sunshine, the balmy blessed air.

Spend nothing of their freshness, though all may freely share.

The happy, careless creatures ! of time they take no heed.

Nor weary of his creeping, nor tremble at his speed ;

Nor sigh with sick impatience, and wish the light away ;

Nor when ’tis gone, cry dolefully, ‘ would God that it were day !'

And when their lives are over, they drop away to rest,
Unconscious of the penal doom, on holy Nature’s breast j
No pain have they in dying, no shrinking from decay ;

Oh ! could we but return to earth as easily as they.”

Caroline Bowles.

f | * M

Cl faZketrs, Del % Sc. Pub? hr 7,'DajeC^; BolatiicGar&n. Oxferi.JSSS .

*79

(279.)

COTYLE'DON* *

Linncan Class and Order. Deca'ndria f, Monogy'niA.

Natural Order. Crassula'ceve, De Cand. — Lindl. Syn. p. 63. ;
Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 161. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 514. —
Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 516. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii.

p.97. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 59 Cra'ssula, Juss. Diet. des. Sc.

Nat. v. xi. p. 369. — Succule'ntve, Linn. — Vent. Tabl. v. iii. p.
271. — Semperviv.e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 307. — Sm. Gram, of Bot.
p. 162. — Rosales; sect. Crassulina:; type, Crassulace.e ;
Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 614, 730, & 735.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, small, of 1 petal, in
5, pointed segments. Corolla (see fig. 2.) of 1 petal, tubular,
5-cleft. Nectary a concave scale, at the base of each germen, on
the outer side. Filaments (see figs. 2 & 3.) 10, awl-shaped, straight,
inserted on the corolla, scarcely so long as the limb. Anthers
roundish, 2-lobed. Germens (see fig. 4.) 5, oblong, rather tumid.
Styles awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla. Stigmas simple.
Capsules (see figs. 4 & 5.) 5, oblong, tumid, pointed, each of
1 valve, bursting along the inner margin (see fig. 5). Seeds (fig. 6.)
numerous, small.

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by
the 5-parted calyx; the monopetalous, tubular, 5-cleft corolla;
and the 5 capsules, each with a gland or nectariferous scale at
its base.

Two species British.

COTYLE'DON UMBILI'CUSJ. Common Navelwort. Wall
Pennywort. Kidneywort. Hipwort.

Spec. Char. Leaves peltate, crenate, depressed in the centre.
Stem with a (usually) simple cluster of drooping flowers. Upper
bracteas minute, entire.

Engl. Bot. t. 325. — Hook. FI. Lond. t. 184. — Huds FI. Angl. (2nd edit ) p.
194. — Alton’s Hort. Kevv. (1st edit.) v. ii. p. 107. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. ii. pt. i.
p. 757. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 484. ; Engl. Fi. v. ii. p. 314. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii.
p. 555 — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 209. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 143. — Davies’ Welsh Bot,
p. 43. — Purt. Midi. FI. v, i. p. 224. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 139. — FI. Devon, pp. 75
6c 185. — Rev. G. E. Smith’s PI. of South Kent, p. 27. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p.
125.— Perry’s PI. Varvic. Select®, p. 41. —Bab. FI. Bath, p, 18.— Mack. Catal.
of PI. of Irel. p. 44. ; FI. Hibern. p. 60.— Cotyledon Umbilicus Veneris fi. tu-
berosa, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 615. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p.233. — Cotyledon vera
radice tuberosa, Ray’s Syn. p 271.— Umbilicus pendulinus, De Carid. PI.
Grass, t. 156. ; Bot. Gall. v. i. p.201. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.538. — Don’s Gen.
Syst. of Gard. & Bot. v. iii. p. 1 12. — Umbilicus Veneris, Johns. Ger. p. 528.

Localities.— Damp rocks, and old walls.— Oxfordsh. Iffley, Cowley, and
on Gudstow-Bride and Nunnery: Dr. Suniionr. — Berks; Stone walls about
Abingdon: Mr. Biciieno. Abundant on old stonewalls at South Hinksey:
W. B. — Cheshire; Bidston : G.Crosfield, Esq. Near Knutsford, but not
common: Mr. Wilson, in N. B. G .—Cornwall; Frequent about Penzance:
Mr. Watson, in N. B. G. Plentiful about Pdiaton : H. Woollcombe, Esq. —

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla, opened vertically, to show the stamens. — Fig. 3.
A single Stamen. — Fig. 4. Germens, Styles, and Stigmas. — Fig. 6. A single Cap-
sule.— Fig. 7. Seeds. — Fig. 3. magnified.

* From kotyle, Gr. a cup ; to which the leaves of some of the species hear a
distant resemblance. Hooker. + Sec folio 37, note t.

i From umbilicus, Lat., the navel; from the hollow leaves.

Derbysh. A nehor Church, near Repton : Rev. A. Bloxam. Dove Dale and
Hew-gill : Mr. Howitt, in N. B. G. — Devon; Walls, roofs, hedges, &c. com-
mon : FI. Devon. — Gloucestersh. Wallsat Bitton, common : Rev. H. T. Elli-
oombe. Leigh Wood, opposite the Hot Wells, Bristol: N. J. Winch, Esq.
Near Bristol : Worsley, in N. B.G. — Hampsh. Between Southampton and
Ringwood, by the road-side, abundant: Mr. W. Pamflin, jun. Banks by the
road-side leading from Redbridge into the New Forest, plentifully: Mr. W.
Pamplin, in N. B. G. — Kent ; On Tenterden Church; and in a stone-pit at
Boughton Monchelsea, near Feversham, very uncommon : E. Jacob, Esq. 1777.
Upon a low stone wall, with Asplenium Ceterach, adjoining the point at which
the Canterbury, Cheriton, Broadmead, and Folkstone roads meet. Upon the
wall of the east gate of Winchelsea: Rev. G. E. Smith. — Luncash. On old
walls about Liverpool : Mr. Shepherd. — Leicestersh. Swithland slate-pits,
very rare : Rev. A. Bloxam. — Northamptonsh. On an old wall at Peterborough.,
beyond Almoner’s Gate ; in a close on a sandy bank near Church Brampton ;
by the road to Chapel Brompton: in Northampton; and about Delapre, near
Northampton: Morton. — Shropsh. Quatford and Rowton, on the walls by
the turnpike road : T. Pcrton, Esq. Common on most of the hills near Shrews-
bury : W. A. Leighton, in N. B. G. Old stone walls by the road between
Shrewsbury and Ellesmere : Rev. A. Bloxam. Wet rocks on Caer Carradock :
H. Darby, in N. B. G. — Somersetsh. On old walls at Monckton Farley, Kel-
ston, Swainswick, Inglishcotnbe, &c. : C. C. Babington. Common on damp
walls, rocks, and old thatched roofs, in the neighbourhood of Bridgwater, and'
around the Quantoeks ; J. C. Collins, in N. B. G. — In Sussex : W. Borrer,
Esq. — WarwicJcsh. Maxtock Priory, and Coleshill : Rev. W. T. Bree. On
the walls of the area of Guy’s Cliflfe-house. In the Old Pound, Coten-end,
Warwick: Mr. W.G. Perry. — Westmoreland ; AboutTroutbeck: Hudson. —
Worcestersh. In the fissures of the greenstone and granitic rocks at Malvern.
Growing very luxuriantly in a lane leading to the Giant’s Grave, at Habberley,
near Kidderminster: Mr. E. Lees, in Illust. — On Picket Rock, anil about Fox-
holes, near Kidderminster: Mag. Nat. Hist — Yorksh. Near Mitholm, six
miles from Halifax: N. J. Winch, Esq. Wall near East Witton : Miss E.
Otter, in N. R. G. — WALES. In Anglesey; Carnarvonshire ; Denbigh'-
shire ; Merionethshire ; and Montgomeryshire. — SCO FLA NO ; Isle of Man;
counties of Argyle ; Ayr; and Inverness.— IRELAN D ; frequent.

Perennial. — Flowers from June to October.

Rout a roundish knob, with several woolly fibres. Stem from
6 inches to a foot high, purplish, rounded, simple or branched ;
leafy in the lower part. Leaves scattered, thick, fleshy, circular,
with central leaf-stalks, concave on the upper surface, with a hollow
dimple nearly in the centre, just opposite to the insertion of the
petiole underneath ; upper leaves with the petiole not fixed so
nearly in the centre, and their margins more deeply cut. Flowers
drooping, in long terminating clusters, each on a short stalk, with
a small spear-shaped, entire bractea at its base. Segments of the
Calyx egg-spear-shaped. Corolla tubular, somewhat 5-sided,
yellowish-green. Nectaries red. Stamens short, in two rows, in
the mouth of the corolla.

Whole plant smooth and succulent. “ Its peculiar and elegant
appearance,” as Dr. Withering observes, “ renders it a fit sub-
ject for rock-work.” A variety with large bracteas, longer than
the flowers, the racemes terminated by a rose-like cluster of leaves,
is recorded by Mr. Watson (in his New Botanist’s Guide, p. 8.)
as having been gathered on rocks by the Logan-Stone, Cornwall.
In stunted specimens the flowers are sometimes nearly upright ;
and in very luxuriant ones the clusters of flowers have often se-
veral lateral branches.

280

(280.)

ALCHEMI'LIA* * * * §.

Linnean Class and Order. Tetra'ndria f, Monogy'nia.
Natural Order. Rosa'ce^e ; sect. SanguisorbeasJ; Juss.Gen.
31. pp. 334 & 336. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. pp. 171 & 172. — Lindl.
Syn. pp. 88 & 102. — Rich, by Macgilliv. pp. 528 & 530. — Loud.
Hort. Brit. p. 512. — Mack. Fi. Hibern. pp. 85 & 105. — Sangui-
sorbe.e, Lindl. Introd. to Nat Syst of Bot. p. 80. — Don’s Gen.
Syst. of Card, and Bot. v. ii. p. 589. — Rosales ; sect. Rosinas ;
subsect. Rosianas ; type, Sanguisorbace^: ; Burn. Outl. of Bot.
pp. 614, 683, 699, & 707. — Senticosae, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (figs. 1, 2, & 3.) inferior, of 1 sepal, tubu-
lar, permanent ; tube rather contracted at the apex ; limb spreading,
in 8 segments, the 4 outer alternate ones smallest. Corolla none.
Filaments (see fig. 3.) 4, from the mouth of the calyx, opposite to
the smaller segments, awl-shaped, short. Anthers roundish, mi-
nute. Germen (see fig. 4.) in the bottom of the calyx, generally
solitary. Style (see fig. 4.) from the base of the germen, thread-
shaped, about the length of the stamens (see fig. 3). Stigma
capitate. Fruit (see fig. 4.) 1- or 2-seeded, surrounded by the
permanent calyx. Seed inverted.

The inferior, 8-cleft calyx, the 4 outer segments smallest; the
want of a corolla; and the 1- or 2-seeded fruit, surrounded by the
permanent calyx ; will distinguish this from other genera in the
same class and order.

Three species British.

ALCHEMl'LLA VULGARIS. Common Lady’s Mantle [|.
Lion’s-foot. Lion’s-paw. Great Sanicle. Bear’s-foot.

Spec. Char. Leaves roundish, kindney-shaped, plaited, many-
lobed, serrated.

Engl. Bot. t. 597. — Hook. FI. Lond. t. 210. — Curt. Brit. Entom. v. iv. t. 185. —
Linn. Sp. Pi. p. 178.— Huds. Fi. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 71. — W il Id. Sp. Pi. v. i.
pt. i. p. 698.— Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 189. ; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 223. — With. (7th ed.)
v. ii. p.243. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v.ii. p. 576. — Lindl. Syn. p. 103. — Hook. Brit.
Fi. p. 70. — Lightf. Fi. Scot. v. i. p. 120. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p.61. — Abbot’s FI.
Bedf. p. 36. t. 1. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 17. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 102. t. 1.
and voi. iii. p. 339. — Relh. FI. Cantab. (3rd edit.) p. 66. — Hook. FI. Scot. p.
56. — Giev. FI. Edin. p.39. — FI. Devon, pp. 29 & 172. — Johnst. FI. of Berwick,
v. i. p. 39. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durh. p. 10. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of
Gard. and Bot. v. ii. p. 590. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 42. — Perry's PI. Varvic.
Selects, p. 14. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 15. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 19. ; FI.
Hibern. p. 105. — Alchimilla, Ray’s Syn. p. 158. — Johnson’s Ger. p.949.
Localities. — In dry, rather mountainous pastures.

Figs. 1 & 2. Calyx. — Fig. 3. Front View of a Flower, showing the Stamens,
Pistil, and fleshy ring, or nectary, which closes its mouth. — Fig. 4, Germen, Style,
and Stigma. — Figs. 2, 3, & 4, more or less magnified.

* From the Arabic alkemelyeh, alchemy ; from its pretended alchemical vir-
tues. Hooker. -f- See folio 46, note -f\

$ This section is raised to the rank of an order, by Dr. Lindley, in consequence

of the plants, which compose it, having apetalous flowers ; an indurated calyx;
and only one carpel.

§ From the plaiting and regularity of its leaves, giving an appearance of a Lady’s
Mantle. Thornton.

Perennial. — Flowers in June, July, and August.

Root somewhat woody, fibrous, Stem from 4 to 8 inches or a
foot high, more or less procumbent, alternately branched, round,
hairy, leafy. Radical-leaves numerous, large, and elegant, on long
petioles (foot-stalks), roundish kidney -shaped, bluntly lobed, ser-
rated ; of a bright pleasant green above, paler and most hairy
below ; stem-leaves much smaller, nearly sessile, with a pair of
large, notched stipulas to each. Flowers numerous, yellowish-
green, terminating the stem in little corymbose clusters. Flower-
stalks nearly capillary, smooth. Mouth of the Calyx closed by a
yellow, fleshy ring. Germens 1 or 2. Seeds 1 or 2. Styles
lateral.

This is one of the most elegant of our native plants, and is not
uncommon in dry upland pastures in many parts of Britain ; it is
also occasionally found in low moist meadows ; I have seen it in
such situations between Yarnton and Cassington, near Oxford, but
very sparingly. It varies much in hairiness and smoothness, as
well as in size and stature. The whole plant is astringent and
slightly tonic. The leaves were formerly used in medicine, and
were esteemed to be vulnerary. In the province of Smolandia, in
Gothland, a tincture is made from the leaves, and given in spas-
modic or convulsive diseases. Horses, sheep, and goats eat it ;
swine refuse it ; cows are not fond of it. — “ The Rev. S. Dicken-
son gives the following curious account of its pernicious effects on
cows : * Being lately on a visit to Somerford, the Hon. E. Moncton
requested me to examine the herbage of a meadow near the river
Penk, in which he had the misfortune, a few years ago, to have five
milking cows die suddenly at once, and several more were with
difficulty recovered. The symptoms of the disease, which he attri-
buted to some noxious plant, were irremediable obstruction in the
bowels. Upon examination, I found a very unusual abundance of
Alchemilla vulgaris in every part of the field ; and am inclined to
believe this plant was the cause of the fatality, as it is known to be
of a very astringent quality. It was the aftermath the herd de-
pastured ; and the survivors, upon being introduced into the same
field the Summer following, were immediately affected with similar
symptoms, but removed in time to prevent the fatal consequences ;
since which Mr. Moncton has never hazarded the depasturing of
it by neat cattle.’”. Dr. Withering.

" — — Let us read

The living page, whose ev’ry character
Delights and gives us wisdom. Not a tree,

A plant, a leaf, a blossom, but contains
A folio volume. We may read, and read.

And read again, and still find something new.
Something to please, and something to instruct,
E'en in the noisome weed.

Ilvnsis,

287

uL.is/ica by V/. if** *.er. &&Wu.c v -■ arden. Q*£or d.. illul3.

as 2

Tubiished V V. Bailer. Botanic Carde's Oxford. 1838.

l.RuficU I),l.

VMdir.Sr.

(*281 & 282.)

NU'PHAR*.

Linnean Class and Order. Polya'ndria f, MoNOCY'NiAi

Natural Order. Nymph.ea'cea:, De Cand. — Lindl. Syn. p.
15.; Introd. to Nat.Syst.ofBot. p. 10. — Rich. by Macgilliv. p. 415. —
Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 497. — Nymphia'cea:, Don’s Gen. Syst. of
Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 122. — Nymphae.-Ej Salisbury , in Anhals
of Bot. v. ii. p. 69. — HydrocharidEs, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 67. — Sm.
Gram, of Bot. p. 84. — Rosales; suborder, Rhceados.e; sect.
Ranunculin.e ; subsect. Nelumbiana? ; type, Nymph.eacea:;
Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 614, 784, 828, 844, & 845.

Gen. Char Calyx (see t. 281, and t. 282, f. 1. a.) inferior, of
5 or 6 large, coriaceous, concave, coloured, petal-like, permanent
sepals. Corolla (see t. 282, f. 1. b. and f. 2.) of from 10 to 18
oblong petals, much smaller than the sepals, furrowed and honey-
bearing at the back, and inserted along with the numerous stamens
into a disk which surrounds the base of the germen. Filaments
(see t. 282, figs. 1 and 3.) very numerous, unconnected with the
germen, strap-shaped, of 2 parallel cells, closely attached to the
inner surface of the upper part of each filament. Germen superior,
nearly sessile, egg-shaped, with an elongation at the summit. Style
none. Stigma (see t. 282, f. 1.) sessile, orbicular, convex, entire
or notched, with many central radiating clefts. Berry (see t. 282,
figs. 5 — 7.) superior, coriaceous, smooth, egg-shaped, pointed ; of
as many cells as there are rays to the stigma, finally pulpy within.
Seeds (t. 282, f. 8.) numerous, smooth, egg-shaped, in several rows
in each cell.

The calyx of 5 or 6 sepals ; the corolla of numerous petals, in-
serted, along with the stamens, upon the receptacle; and the
superior, many-celled, many-seeded berry ; will distinguish this
from other genera in the same class and order.

It differs from the genus Nymphcea (t. 181 & 182.) in the petals
and the stamens being inserted into a disk at the base of the germen,
not into one which surrounds and adheres to the side of it, (see
t. 182).

Two species British.

NU'PHAR LU'TEA. Common Yellow Water-Lily. Yellow
Water-Can. Brandy-Bottles.

Spec. Char. Calyx of 5 sepals. Border of the Stigma entire.
Footstalks 2-edged. Leaves heart-shaped, their lobes meeting
each other.

Hook. FI. Lond. t. 141. — Smith’s Prod. FI. Gra>e. v. i. p. 361. ; Engl. FI. v. iii.
p. 15. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 653. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 706. — Lindl. Syn.
p. 15. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 260. — FI. Scot. p. 169. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 120. — FI.
Devon, pp. 91 and 192. — Johust. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 120. — Winch’s FI. of

Tab. 282. — Fig. 1. A Flower, with 4 of the sepals removed; a. a sepal ; b. petals. —
Fig. 2. A Petal. — Fig. 3. A Stamen. — Fig. 4. A Berry, with the permanent calyx. —
Fig. 5. The same with the calyx removed. — Fig. 6. A transverse section of a
Berry. — Fig. 7. A vertical section of the same, — Fig. 8. Seeds.

From navfar, or nylovfar, the Arabic name of Kymphce'Ct. Don,
+ See folio 43, note t.

Nortliumb. and Durli. p. SG. — Rev. G. E. Smith’s PI. of S. Kent, p. 30. — Don's
Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 127. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 149. — Bab. FL
Batli. p. 3. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Ivel. p. 51. ; FI. Hibern. p. 12. — Nympkaa
lutea, Engl. Bot. t. 159. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 819.— Ray’s Syn. p. 368. — Linn.
Sp. PI. p. 729. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 234. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 569. —
Willd. Sp. PI. v. ii. pt. II. p. 1151. — With. (5th edit.) v. iii. p.598. — Lightf. FI.
Scot. v. i. p. 282. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 167. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 117.— Davies’
Welsh Bot. p. 53. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 251. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rded. ) p. 214.

Localities. — In watery ditches, lakes, and slow rivers ; frequent.

Perennial. — Flowers in June and July.

Trunk of the root large and fleshy, horizontal, producing, from
its under side, many long, stout radicles, which are fibrous at the
extremity. Leaves on long, 2-edged footstalks (petioles), floating,
10 or 12 inches wide, entirely smooth and even, bright green above,
paler underneath, with branched raised nerves or veins, heart-
shaped, rounded at the summit, and generally at the lobes, which
meet and lap over each other. Flowerstalks nearly or quite cylin-
drical, 1 -flowered. Flower about two inches wide. Calyx much
larger than the corolla, of five roundish, blunt, upright, concave
sepals, which are entire, somewhat sinuated, smooth, tough, and
of a golden yellow, except at the base on the outside, where they
are green. Corolla of from 10 to 20, small, blunt, fleshy, orange-
coloured petals (see t. 282, f. 1, b). Stamens very numerous, when
the flower first opens pressed closely on the germen, but after they
have shed their pollen bending back ; filaments yellowish, thicker
than the anthers, which are yellow, and about two lines in length.
Germen egg-shaped, blunt, smooth. Style none. Stigma yellow,
a little convex, with from about 10 to 15 rays. Fruit large, smooth,
shaped like a bottle or flagon, terminated by the flat, dilated stigma.
Seeds numerous, large. The flowers smell like brandy, whence
they ate called Brandy-bottles in some places.

This species is a native throughout the whole of Europe and Siberia, in ditches,
lakes, and slow rivers ; also of N. America, between latitude 54°. and 64°. The
roots, bruised and ihfused in milk, are said to be destructive to beetles and cock-
roaches ; they are also sometimes burned, to get rid of crickets, to which the
smoke is peculiarly obnoxious. Swine will eat this plant ; goats are not fond of
it ; cows, sheep, and horses refuse it. — Dr. Withering says, that an infusion of a
pound of the fresh root to a gallon of water, taken in the dose of a pint, night and
morning, cured a leprous eruption of the arm.

The Natural Order, Nyjmpii/la'ce.®, is composed of dicotyledonous, herba-
ceous, aquatic plants, whose leaves are peltate or heart-shaped, and their flowers
mostly large and very beautiful, each on a long cylindrical peduncle. The sepals
and petals are numerous, imbricated, and pass gradually into each other, the
former persistent, the latter inserted upon the disk which surrounds the pistillum.
The stamens are numerous, and inserted above the petals into the disk; their
filaments flattish ; their anthers adnate, strap-shaped, and burst inwards by a
double longitudinal cleft. The dis/c is large and fleshy, and surrounds the ovary
either wholly or in part. The ovary is many-seeded, and many-celled, with
the stigmas radiating from a common centre upon a sort of flat urcedate cap.
The fruit is many-celled, and indehiseent. The seeds, which are very numer-
ous, are attached to spongy dissepiments, and enveloped in a gelatinous arillus.
The albumen is farinaceous. The embryo small, on the outside of the base of
the albumen, enclosed in a membranous bag. Cotyledons foliaceous. See
Lindley's Synopsis, p. 15.

f*18l & 182.)

THE CHERWELL WATERLILLY.'

Bright came the last departing gleam
To lonely Chenvell’s silent stream.

And for a moment seemed to smile
On tall St. Mary’s1 2 graceful pile.

But brighter still the glory stood
On Marston’s3 wild sequestered wood.

The lights that through the leaves were sent.
Of gold and green were richly blent ; —

Oh ! beautiful they were to see
Gilding the trunk of many a tree.

Just as the colours died away
In evening’s meditative gray ;

Sweet meadow-flowers were round me spread.
And many a budding birch-tree shed
Its woodland perfume there ;

And from its pinky-clustered boughs
A fragrance mild the Hawthorn throws
Upon the tranquil air.

Deep rung St. Mary’s stately chime
The holy hour of vesper time,

And as the solemn sounds I caught.

Over the distant meadows brought,

I heard the raptured nightingale
Tell from yon elmy grove4 his tale
Of jealousy and love.

In thronging notes that seemed to fall
As faultless and as musical
As angels strains above ;

So sweet they cast o’er all things round
A spell of melody profound ;

They charmed the river in his flowing,

They stayed the night wind in his blowing.
They lulled the Lily to her rest
Upon the Cherwell’s heaving breast.

How often doth a wild flower bring
Fancies and thoughts that seem to spring
From inmost depths of feeling!

Nay, often they have power to bless
With their uncultured loveliness :

And far into the aching breast
There goes a heavenly thought of rest
With their soft influence stealing.

IIow often, too, can ye unlock,

Dear wildings, with a gentle shock,

The fountains of the heart.

And bid Religion sweetly rise
Before the mourner’s tearful eyes
To do her holy part.

1 This very beautiful Poem appeared in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine
for November, 1836.

2 The Church of St. Mary the Virgin, Oxford.

3 A small village on the banks of the Chcrwell, about a mile N. E. from Oxford.

4 Magdalen College Grove, the East side of which is bounded by a branch of the
river Clierwell,

Ah ! surely such strange power is given
To lowly flowers, like flew from heaven.

For lessons oft by them are brought
Deeper than mortal sage hath taught —

Lessons of wisdom pure that rise
From some clear fountain in the skies.

Fairest of Flora’s lovely daughters
That bloom by stilly-running waters,

Fair Lily !5 thou a tpye must be
Qf virgin love and purity !

Fragrant thou art as any flower
That decks a lady’s garden bower ;

But he who would thy sweetness know,

Must stoop and bend his loving brow
To catch thy scent so faint and rare,

Scarce breathed upon the Summer air ;

And all thy motions too — how free.

And yet how fraught with sympathy ;

So pale thy tint, so meek thy gleam.

Shed on thy kindly father stream.

Still as he swayeth to and fro
How true in all thy goings,

As if thy very soul did know
The secret of his flowings.

And then that heart of living gold$

Which thou doth modestly enfold.

And screen from man’s too piercing vie\y
Within thy robe of snowy hue.

To careless minds thou seemst to roam
Abroad upon the river ; —

In all thy movements chained to home,

Fast rooted there for ever ;

Linked by a holy, hidden tie.

Too holy for a mortal’s eye,

Nor riveted by mortal art.

Deep down within thy father’s heart !

Emblem in truth thou art to me

Of all a woman ought to be 1

How shall I liken thee, sweet Flower !

That other men may feel thy power.

May seek thee on some lovely night,

And say how strong, how chaste the might,
The tie of filial duty —

How graceful too, and angel bright
The pride of lowly beauty 1
Thou sittest on the varying tide.

As if thy spirit did preside.

With a becoming queenly grace.

As mistress of this lonely place.

A quiet magic hast thou now
To smooth the river’s ruffled brow.

And still his rippling water —

And yet so delicate and airy.

Thou art to him a very fairy,

A widowed Father’s only daughter,

FRED. WM. FABER.

Univ. Coll.

Uymphcca alba, t. 181.

6 See t, 182, fig. 1, c. ; and fig. 2, c,

.TJ?uJse./{J)el

Put ~ h tf]3 ajtftv J^itn n,xc {r*.r-den 2$3J

C.^fatfoH&S c .

(283.)

TRIFO'LIUM* *

Linnean Class and Order. DiADE'LPHiAf, Deca'ndria.

Natural Order. Legumino's.e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 345. — Sm.
Gram, of Bot. p. 174. — Lindl. Syn. p. 75. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of
Bot. p. 87. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 532. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. iii. p.
259. — Loud. Hon. Brit. p. 509. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and
Bot. v. ii. p. 91. — Legumina'ce.e, Loud. Arb. Brit. p. 561. —
Papiliona,ce.«+, Linn. — Rosales; sect. Cicerina:; subsect.
Lotiana: ; type, Lotaceas ; subtype, Lotid.e ; Burn. Outl. of
Bot. pp. 614, 638, 642, & 644.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, tubular, permanent, 5-cleft,
not glandular; with awl-shaped segments. Corolla (fig. 2.) of 4
petals, which are mostly united by their long claws, permanent,
withering ; standard (fig. 3.) reflexed ; wings (see figs. 2, 4, & 5.)
oblong, direct, shorter than the standard ; keel of 1 petal, shorter
than the wings and standard. Filaments, (see fig. 6.) 9 in one split
compressed tube ; the tenth hair-like, distinct (see fig. 7). Anthers
roundish. Germen (see fig. 7.) oblong-egg-shaped. Style (see
fig. 7.) awl-shaped, curved upwards. Stigma simple, smooth.
Legume (fig. 8.) small, indehiscent, often egg-shaped, with 1 or 2
seeds, shorter than the calyx by which it is covered, seldom oblong,
with 3 or 4 seeds, and a little longer than the calyx. Flowers in
dense heads or spikes, bracteate, purple, white, or cream-coloured.

Distinguished from other genera with diadelphous stamens, in the
same class and order, by the 1-celled, 1- or 2-seeded, rarely 3- or
4-seeded, indehiscent pod, shorter than the calyx ; the awl-shaped
style with a simple, smooth stigma ; and the capitate or densely-
spiked inflorescence.

It differs from the genus Melilotus in the flowers being produced
in a head or close spike, not in a loose raceme ; and in the legume
being shorter than the calyx, not longer.

Seventeen species British.

TRIFO'LIUM PRATENSE. Meadow Trefoil. Common Purple
Clover. Honeysuckle Trefoil. Marie Grass.

Spec. Char. Stems ascending. Heads of Flowers dense, egg-
shaped. Teeth of the Calyx setaceous, lower one longer than the
rest, half as long as the tube of the corolla. Stipulas egg-shaped,
bristle-pointed.

Engl. Bot. t. 1770.— Mart. FI. Rust. t. 3.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1082.— Huds. FI.
Angl. (2nd ed. ) p. 325. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. iii. pt. n. p. 1366. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii.
p. 785. ; Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 302. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 857. — Gray’s Nat. Arr.
v. ii. p. 599. — Lindl. Syn. p. 80. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 328. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i.
p. 404. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 228. — Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 162. — Afzelius in Linn. Soc.

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Calyx and Corolla. — Fig. 3. The same, with the wings
and keel taken off. — Fig. 4. The Wings and keel. — Fig. 5. One of the Wings, a
little enlarged. — Fig. 6. Stamens and l’istil. — Fig. 7. Pistil, and odd Stamen. —
Fig- 8. Legume. — Fig. 9. The same opened vertically, showing the Seed. — Fig. 10.

A Seed.

* From treis, Gr. three; and phyllon, Gr. a leaf; descriptive of its ternate
leaves. Dr. Withering. Or from the Latin tri, three ; and folium, leaf. —
Jt is the badge of the Highland clan Sinclair.

+ See folio 77, note +. t Sec folio 117, note t.

Trans, v. i. pp. 221 & 240. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. H. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p.
343. — llelh. IT. Cant. (3rd ed. ) p. 300. — Sinel. Holt. Gram. Wob. p. 221. with a
plate. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 218. — Grev. l*'l. Edin. p. 160. — FI. Devon, pp. 124 and
176. — Jolinst. FI. of Bcnv. v. i. p. 103. — Winch’s FI. of Nortliumb. and Durli. p.
49.— Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 213. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. & Bot. v. ii. p. 183. —
Bab. FI. Bath. p. 12. — Mack. Catal. of Plants of Irel. p. 67. ; FI. Ilibcrn. p. 77. —
Trifolium pratense purpureum, Bay’s Syn. p. 328.

Localities. — In meadows and pastures, especially on a limestone or gravelly soil.

Perennial. — Flowers from May to September.

Root rather woody, and somewhat tap-shaped, branching at the
crown, ash-coloured, its fibres often bearing minute fleshy granula-
tions. Stems ascending, a foot or more high, slightly branched,
unequally leafy, roundish ; clothed, in the upper part, with close
fine hairs. Leaves alternate, on longish petioles, ternate; leaflets
of the lower leaves roundish, those of the upper elliptical, more or
less acute, entire, nearly smooth, dark green, usually with a whitish
angular mark in the centre. Stipulas membranous, egg-shaped,
broad, nerved, smooth, each terminating in a short bristle-shaped
point. Heads terminal, solitary, egg-shaped, obtuse, dense, situated
between a pair of nearly sessile leaves, and in part surrounded by
their stipulae ; flowers in each head very numerous, sweet-scented,
of a light purple colour, rarely white. Calyx short, slightly hairy,
generally scored with red veins ; segments awl-shaped, the 4 upper
ones usually equal ; the 5th, or lowermost one, the longest. Corolla
of 1 petal, tube long, standard much longer than the wings and
keel. Legume roundish, small, and thin. Seeds kidney-shaped,
compressed, yellowish.

The white-flowered variety of this species is rare ; I have seen
it in a pasture about four miles from Oxford, on the right hand
side of the new road to Ensham ; and also in a field on the left hand
side of the road going from Rugby to Brownsover, Warwickshire, a
few yards from the new Aqueduct over the road.

Trifolium pratense is well known to the farmer as one of the
most valuable artificial grasses, as they are called, for fodder or
hay, as it yields the largest crop of all the other sorts. For parti-
culars relating to its history, mode of culture, uses, & c. see Miller's
Gard. Diet, by Martyn ; The Transactions of the Linnean So-
ciety, v. i. pp. 221 & 240., and v. vi. pp. 142 & 147.; Don's Gen.
Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. ii. p. 183 — 185. ; and Baxter's Library
of Agricultural and Horticultural Knowledge, p. 173.

The heads are used in Sweden to dye wool green ; with alum they give a light,
with copperas a dark green.

We are informed by Dr. Joiinston, in his excellent Flora of Berwick-upon-
Tweed, that “ in the days when there were witches in the land, the leaf of the
Trefoil was worn by knight and by peasant, as a potent charm against their
wiles ; and we can even yet trace this belief of its magic virtue in some not un-
observed customs. Hast thou never sought, and deemed thyself fortunate in
finding a four-leaved clover 1

‘ But woe to the wight who meets the green knight,

Except on his faulchion arm,

Spell proof he bear, like the brave St. Clair,

The holy Trefoil's charm ;

For then shall fly his gifted eye,

Delusions false and dim ;

And each unbless’d shade shall stand pourtray’d.

In ghostly form and limb.’ ”

Sphtxriu Trifolii, and Polythrincia Trifolii, are parasitic on the leaves of
this and some other species ot Trifolium, about Oxford.

26^

C2£etT\r^sLd^Se.

-

(284.)

LITTORE'LLA * *.

Linnean Class and Order. Moncecia f , Tetra'ndria.

Natural Order. Plantagi'ne.e, Dr. R. Brown. — Lindl.Syn.
p. 169. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 194. — Rich, by Macgilliv.
p.428. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 530. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 174. —
Plantagines, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 89. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 93. —
Syringales; subord. Primulos.e ; sect. Plantagin.e; type,
Plantaginacea; ; Burn. Out!, of Bot. v. ii. pp. 900, 958, 1026,
and 1027.

Gen. Char. Sterile Flower (figs. 1, 2 & 3). Calyx (see figs.
1 & 2.) of 4, egg-shaped, upright, acute sepals. Corolla (see fig. 2.)
of 1 petal, tubular, permanent ; tube the length of the calyx, rather
tumid ; limb in 4 deep, equal, egg-shaped, pointed, moderately
spreading segments, finally membranous. Filaments (fig. 3.) 4,
from the bottom of the tube, hair-like, very long, at first doubled
inward, then upright, equal, finally flaccid. Anthers (see fig. 4.)
upright, heart-shaped, of 2 cells, bursting lengthwise. Fertile
Flower (see figs. 6 & 7.) sessile. Calyx 3-parted. Corotla (figs.
5, 6, & 7.) of 1 petal, membranous, permanent, pitcher-shaped,
contracted at the mouth, with obsolete toothings. Germen supe-
rior, elliptic-oblong, very small. Style (figs. 6 & 7.) thread-shaped,
upright, very long. Stigma simple, pointed. Capsule (fig. 8.)
1 -celled, 1 -seeded.

The 4-sepaled calyx; the 4-cleft corolla; and very long fila-
ments, of the sterile flowers ; the 3-parted calyx ; the pitcher-shaped
corolla, contracted at the mouth ; the very long style ; and the 1-
seeded capsule, of the fertile flowers; will distinguish this from
other genera in the same class and order.

One species British.

LITTORE'LLA LACU'STRIS. Lake Shore-weed. Plantain
Shore-weed.

Spec. Char.

Eng. Bot. t. 468. — Hook. FI. I.ond. 1. 168. — I, inn. Mant. p. 295. — Huds FI.
Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 415. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. iv. pi. i. p. 330. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. iii.
p. 1011.; Engl. FI. v. iv. p. 130. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p.229. — Gray’s Nat.
Arr. v. ii. p.295. — Lindl. Syn. p. 170. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 401. — l.ightf. FI.
Scot. v. ii. p.571. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 89 — Putt. Midi. FI. v. ii. p 457. —
Itelh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 390. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 271. — Grev. FI. Kdin. p.
200. — Rev. G. E. Smith’s Pl.ofS. Kent, p.64. 1. 1. f.2. — FI. Devon, pp. 153
and 141. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 204.— Winch’s FI. of N'orlhumb. and
Durh. p. 61.— Perry’s PI. Varvic. Selectae, p. 77. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Ire),
p. 81 . ; FI. Hibern. p. 176. — Plantago uni flora, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 167. — Plantayo
palustris gramineofolio, monanthos, parisiensis, Ray’s Syn. p. 316. — Subu-
laria repens, folio minus rigido. Dill, in Linn. Corresp. v. ii. p. 136. — Subula-
ria repens, foliis convexo planis. Dill. Muse. p. 542. t. 81.

Localities. — In watery sandy places, especially about the margins of lakes
and pools. — Bucks; Langley Heath.— Cambridges/i. Gamlingay Bogs. — In

Fig. 1. Calyx of Sterile Flower. — Fig. 2. Calyx and Corolla of ditto. — Fig. 3.
Stamens. — Fig. 4. Anther. — Fig. 5. Corolla of Fertile Flower. — Fig 6. Calyx,
Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 7. Two Fertile Flowers, at the base of the flower-stalk
of a Sterile Flower. — Fig. 8. A Capsule.

* From littus, Lat. the shore ; from its place of growth,
t See folio 46, note f.

Cheshire. — Cornwall ; in a watery lane near Penzance. — Cumberland ; Ulls-
water; Cullgaith Moor, School, and Mr. Carlyle’s Land; Low Holm Mine;
foot of Derwentwater; Loweswater; Crummock Lake; and Buttermere. —
Devon; Bovey Heatlitield ; Sandy Plat, near Widdecombe-in-the-Moor ; Bogs
on Woodbury Hill ; Haldon ; and on the margin of the great pool near the sea
between Slapton and Torcross. —Dorset ; Wareham Heath near Sherford Bridge
and Sandford Bridge; and between Wareham and Woodbury Hill; near the
road, not far from the two milestone going from Wimbourneto Poole. — Hants;
In the margin of Woolmer Ponds, near Selbourne. — Kent ; Upon the bank and
the sides of the Baptist Pond, Brabourne Leas.— Lancash. Crosby Marsh, near
Liverpool. — Middlesex ; Bogs on Hartfield Common ; and on Hounslow Heath
in many places, particularly in the ditch on the S. side of Whitton Gardens. —
Norfolk ; Muddy margins of several of the broads, abundant. — Northamptonsh.
Kelmarsh Lane. — Northumberland ; At Prestwick Car, and on the shores of
Bromley and Greenley Loughs ; also by Holy Island Lough ; by Roadley
Lake; and by Hoseley Lough. — In Nottinghamshire. — Shropsh. Ellesmere
Mere. — Suffolk ; Oulton Broad, by Lowestoft; atCavenham; Salt Waters at
Benacre near the sea ; and on Belton Common .— Surrey ; Battersea Common ;
Hedge Court Pond, E. Grimstead; and ponds on Esher Common, near the
grounds of Claremont — Sussex; Horsham Common; Plummer's Plain; Til-
gate Ponds ; and Pilt Down. — Worcestersh. Pensnett Reservoir, near Stour-
bridge.— Yorksh. Downholme Moor; Scarborough Mere; Stockton Common,
and Terrington Car ; wet places on Hutton Moor ; and on Blackmoor, near
Leeds.— In many parts of WALES, SCOTLAND, and IRELAND.

Perennial. — Flowers in June, July, and August.

Root somewhat fleshy, tap-shaped, with many simple fibres ; as
well as some horizontal runners from the crown. Stem. none. Leaves
all radical, ascending, strap-shaped, entire, semicylindrical, and
fleshy, from 1 to 4 inches long, usually smooth, sometimes rough
with hairs. Scapes several, from 1 to 3 inches long, bearing sterile
or stameniferous flowers , their 4 filaments very long and weak.
Fertile Flowers 2, sometimes 3, sessile, in the axils of the leaves,
at the base of the stalk of the sterile flower (see fig. 7). Style long,
thread-shaped, white. Capsule, or Nut, (fig. 8.) small, elliptic,
brown, dotted, covered by the corolla (fig. 5). — Mr. Griffith
observes, that “ this plant is truly amphibious, growing in most of
the lakes of N. Wales several feet under water, but it never flowers
except when on shore, or in water about one inch in depth,” I
find this to be the case also with plants which have, for several years,
been cultivated in the aquarium of the Oxford Garden.

The Natural Order Plantaginea: consists of Herbaceous
plants, which are usually stemless. Their leaves are flat and ribbed,
or taper and fleshy. Their flowers usually perfect, seldom sepa-
rated ; spiked, rarely solitary. The calyx is 4-parted and persistent.
The corolla monopetalous, hypogynous, and persistent, with a 4-
parted limb. The stamens are 4, and are inserted into the corolla,
alternately with its segments ; the filaments are thread-shaped, and
doubled inwards in aestivation ; the anthers are versatile and 2-
celled ; the ovary is sessile, 2-, very seldom 4-celled ; the ovule
peltate or erect, solitary, twin, or indefinite ; the style is simple and
awl-shaped, with a simple, hispid stigma ; the capsule is membra-
nous, and opens transversely ; the seeds are sessile, peltate, or erect,
solitary, twin, or indefinite; these have a mucilaginous testa; an
embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen ; an inferior radicle ; and an
inconspicuous plumula. See Lindl. Syn.

The only other British genus in this order is Plantago, t. 207.

H> < ••

.

gas

//r/zZ/o! G //f ///,( //i . > /ssrj/rt U /gf/m . 2{

TVblisHed by WIBixicr.Bdrt.ar.ic Garden. Oxford . 183 6 .

I TiufitlL Dsl

V VUZis sc

(285.)

MELI'TTIS* *

Linnean Class ancl Order. Didyna'mta f, Gymnospe'rmia}:.

Natural Order. Laeia'ta§, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 110. — Sm. Gram,
of Bot. p. 99. ; Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 63. — Bentham, in Bot. Regist.
(1829). — Lindl.Syn. p. 196.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p.239. —
Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 439. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 528. — Mack. FI.
Hibern. p. 209. — Verticillata of Linnaeus. — Syringales;
suborder, Primulosa; sect. Menthina ; type, Menthacea or
Labiata ; subtype, Nepetida ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 900,
958, 968, & 973.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, bell-shaped, large, slightly
angular, somewhat 2-lipped, with 3 or 4 broad lobes. Corolla
(fig. 2.) ringent, tube much narrower than the calyx ; throat a little
dilated; upper lip erect, rounded, entire, slightly concave ; lower
lip spreading, in 3, deep, blunt lobes, the middle one largest, in-
versely heart-shaped. Filaments (fig. 3.) 4, awl-shaped, straight,
shorter than the upper lip of the corolla, the two intermediate ones
shortest. Anthers 2-lobed, converging in pairs, forming a double
cross. Germen (fig. 3, a.) in 4, blunt, downy lobes. Style (fig- 5.)
thread-shaped, reaching to the anthers (see fig. 3). Stigma cloven,
pointed. Seeds (fig. 6.) 4, oval, small, in the bottom of the open
unaltered calyx.

The large, bell-shaped calyx, with 3 or 4 broad lobes ; and the
much exserted corolla, with the upper lip nearly flat and entire;
and the lower one of 3, rounded, nearly equal lobes, will distinguish
this from other genera in the same class and order.

One species British.

MELI'TTIS MELISSOPHY'LLUM. Melissa-leaved Bastard
Balm. Large-flowered Bastard Balm.

Spec. Char. Leaves oblong-egg-shaped, or somewhat heart-
shaped. Upper lip of the calyx with 2 or 3 teeth.

Engl. Bot. t. 577. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. — Jacq. FI. Aust. v. i. p. 18. t. 26. —
Linn. Sp. PI. p. 832.— Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd edit.) p. 264. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. iii.
pt. I. p. 157. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 643 ; Engl. FI. v. iii, p. 111. — With. (7th ed.)
v. iii. p. 723. — Lindl. Syn. p. 205. ; 2nd edit. p. 202. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 280. —
FI. Devou. pp. 102 & 146. — Melittis grandiflora, Engl. Bot. t. 636. — Sm. FI.
Brit. v. ii. p. 644. ; Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 112. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 386. —
Melissa Fuchsii, Ray’s Syn. p. 242. — Melissa Fuchsii , Rore purpurto ; and
M. Fuchsii, /lore albo, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 690.

Localities. — In woods, coppices, and hedges, in the South and South-west
of England.— Cornwall ; Road-side between Liskeard and Callington: Dr.
Withering. Near Liskeard on hedges in the road to Lostwithiel : Dawson
Turner, Esq. — Devonsh. Woods about Totness : Ray. In the Southams, par-
ticularly in Hempston Wood: Mr. Cornish. Dartington Woods; Canonteign
Woods, in the road to Brampford-Speke, beyond Sir Stafford Northcote’s Pillars
on the left hand, not far from the blacksmith’s shop: Mr. Weston. A small

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. Stamens, Germen, Style, and Stigma. —
Fig. 4. A single Stamen. — Fig. 5. Style and Stigma. — Fig. 6. Seed. — Figs. 3. 4, & 5,
a little magnified.

• From Melitta, Gr. a Bee; it being productive of honey, and grateful to that
insect. Withering.

t See folio 31, note t. t Ibid, note J,

5 See folio 94, a.

wood not far from Kingsweare, near Dartmouth : Miss Burges. Woods near
Biddeford; and near Hall : Dr. Wavei.l. Woods near Ugbrooke. Buckland
and Spitchwiek Woods. Rora and Pen Woods ; Ilsington. Hayes Wood near
Budleigh. Road between Taphouse and Crediton ; and about Tedburne.
Sandridge Wood, and about Torquay : FI. Devon. Woods at Leemouth : Mr.
Watson, in N. B. G. Common in most coppices in every part of the county :
Rev. Dr. Beeke. By the road-side at Hall, near Barnstable: Mr. W. Curtis.
A mile from Ashburton on the road to Plymouth in the hedges, in great plenty :
Dawson Turner, Esq. The last two localities belong to M. grandiftora of
E. Bot. On Hilsboiough Hill, near Ilfracombe, not far from the sea: Miss
Down. — Hampshire ; In the New Forest, and near Netley Abbey : Hudson. —
Southampton : N. J. Winch, Esq. — Sussex ; In St. Leonard’s Forest, going
down into Isemonger’s Gill, by the cross-road from Hand Cross to the Horsham
road: W. Borrer, Esq. — WALES. Pembrokeshire; Woods about Haver-
fordwest : Ray.

Perennial. — Flowers in May and June.

Root fibrous, somewhat creeping. Stem from a foot to 18 inches
high or more, upright, simple, square, rough with spreading hairs.
Leaves opposite, on short petioles, egg-shaped, somewhat pointed,
an inch and a half or two inches long, copiously and equally ser-
rated, veiny, wrinkled, slightly hairy ; paler beneath ; petiole con-
cave above, hairy. Flowers large and handsome, 1, 2, or 3 in the
axil of each leaf, on round, simple peduncles, of about the same
length as the petioles, all turned one way, the peduncles frequently
crossing each other. Calyx lare;e, somewhat 2-lipped, reticulated
with hairy veins, coloured, fringed, the margin gaping, in 3 or 4 ir-
regular lobes, the upper one usually the longest, and often with a
single notch at each side. Corolla twice or thrice the length of
the calyx, downy, white, stained with purple, except the middle
lobe of the lower lip, which is a deep reddish-purple edged with
white.

Melittis Melissophyllum, and M. grandiftora, (Engl. Bot. t. 577, & t. 636.)
are considered by the most eminent Botanists of the present day to he mere varie-
ties of the same species. Dr. Withering says, “ On further examination of
specimens from Devonshire and other parts, we much doubt the permanency of any
specific distinction in Smith’s M. grandiftora , (E. t. 636, said to grow in most
coppices of Devon and Cornwall ; as the road-side between Liskeard and Calling-
ton, and a mile from Ashburton on the road to Plymouth). The character at-
tempted to be established, of ‘ calyx three-lobed,’ in M . Melissophyllum ; and
• calyx four-lobed,’ in M. Grandiftora , appears to be far from invariable. Curtis
declares the divisions of the lips of the calyx to be * altogether inconstant.’ ” The
Rev. J. P. Jonf.s, and J. F. Kingston, Esq. authors of Flora Devoniensis, ob-
serve, “We suspect that M. Melissophyllum and At. Grandiftora are the same
plants. In the habitats where the former is said to grow, we have found the plant
described in Smith’s FI. Brit, by the name of M. grandiftora. As we have
never found but one species of Melittis in the county, we have retained the old
specific name ( Melissophyllum J ■ Dr. Smith’s specific distinction, respecting
the division of the lobes of the calyx, is altogether fallacious ; on the same plant
we have observed the calyx both 3- and 4-lobed.” FI. Devon, p. 102. The Rev.
J. S. Tozer is also of opinion that the two plants of English Botany are only va-
rieties of the same species. This gentleman tells us, (Hook. Brit. FI. p. 281),
that he resided many years at Totness, in which neighbourhood the M. Melisso-
phyllum is said to grow ; and there he found a plant identical with that which still
grows “ a mile from Ashburton in the road to Plymouth — the habitat given in
English Botany for M. grandiftora. Mr. Tozer met with this plant also in the
woods of Pembrokeshire, and in almost every individual he examined the calyx
was to be found in every state, 3-lobed, 4-lobed, and in every intermediate grada-
tion.— The plant when growing has a rather strong disagreeable smell, but when
dry it smells like new hay.

.

'

*

.

2te«>'

C.

a/tawnJ&. « %e/t/ £

W Willi* sc-

I.Jiufsdl Dd.

Published byW .‘axler. Botanic Garden. Oxf ore. 1838

(286.)

CERA'STIUM* *

Linnean Class and Order. DECA'NDRtAf, Pentagy'nia.

Nat&ral Order. Caryophy'lleajJ, Linn. — Juss. Gen. PI. p.
299. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 159. — Lindl. Syn. p. 43. ; Introd. to
Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 156. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 507. — Loud.
Hort. Brit. p. 501. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p.
379. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 40. — Rosales ; subord. Rhceados^e ;
sect. Dianthin,e; type, Dianthace.e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp.
614, 784, S05, & 807.

Gen. Char. Calyx (figs. 1 & 2.) inferior, of 5, egg-spear-
shaped, pointed, spreading, permanent sepals, membranous at the
edges. Corolla (fig. 3.) of 5, divided, obtuse, spreading petals,
about the length of the calyx, (sometimes longer,) with broad, very
short, claws (see fig. 4). Filaments (fig. 5.) 10, 5, or 4, thread-
shaped, shorter than the corolla ; alternate ones shortest. Anthers
roundish, 2-lobed. Germen (see figs. 5 & 6.) egg-shaped, superior,
sessile. Styles (see fig. 6,) 5, rarely but 4, short. Stigmas bluntish,
downy. Capsules (figs. 7 & 8.) membranous, cylindrical or egg-
shaped, of 1 cell, opening with twice as many upright teeth as there
are styles. Seeds (fig. 2.) numerous, roundish, rough. Flowers of
all white.

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order,
by the calyx of 5 sepals ; the corolla of 5 cloven petals ; and the
1-celled, many-seeded capsule.

Eight species British.

CERA'STIUM ARVE'NSE. Field Chickweed.

Spec. Char. Leaves strap-spear-shaped, bluntish ; fringed at
the base. Petals twice as long at the calyx. Capsule oblong,
scarcely longer than the calyx.

Engl. Bot. t. 93. — Curt. FI. Loud. t. — Curt. Brit. Entom. v. vi. t. 254. — Linn.
Sp. PI. p. 628. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nded. ) p. 201. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. ii. pt. I. p.
813. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 499, ; Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 333. — With. (7th ed. ) v. ii.
p. 566. — Lightf, FI. Scot. v. i. p. 241. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 147. — Ahb. FI. Bedf.
p. 102. — Purt, Mid. FI. v. i. p. 220. ; and v. iii. p. 359. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rded.)
p. 185. — Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 143. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 104. — Johnst. FI. Berwick,
v. i. p. 102. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 446. — Walker’s Fl. of
Gxf. p. 130.— Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 45 ; Fl. Hibeni. p. 49. — Stelldria
arvensis, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 660. — Cary ophy' llus arvensis hirsutus flore
majore , Ray’s Syn. p. 348. — Caryophy'llus Holostius, Johns. Ger. p. 595.

Localities. — In fields, and on banks and hillocks, on a gravelly or chalky
soil ; frequent. — Oxfordsh. Between the Parks and Wolvercot; Stanton Har-
court ; and between \\ itney and Burford : Dr. Sibthorp. Road crossing the
Hundred Acres, Bullingdon: Rev. R. Walker, B. D. Between Elsfield and
Noke Lane ; at the back of the Red Lion, in Stow Wood, near Oxford ; and

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Calyx, Stamens, and Pistils. — Fig. 3. Corolla. — Fig. 4. A
Petal. — Fig. 5. Stamens, Germen, aud Pistils. — Fig. 6. Germen, Styles, and Stig-
mas.— Fig. 7. Capsule. — Fig. 8. A vertical section of the same, showing the central
placenta or receptacle of the Seeds. — Fig. 9. Seeds. — Figs. 2 & 4 a little magnified.

* From keras, Gr. a horn ; from the rather long and curved capsules of some
species. Sir W. J. Hooker.

•f See folio 37, note t.

t See Buffonia annua, folio 152, a.

abundant among stones by the road-side between Witney and Minster Lovel :
1831, W.B. — Berks; Prettycommon: Dr. Mavor. — Bedfurdsh. Kempston ;
Ford-End; and Barton Hill: Rev. C. Abbot. — Cambridyesh . Castle Hill,
Cambridge; Hill of Health; Gogmagog Hills, &c.: Rev. R. Relhan. — In
Derbyshire: Dr. Howitt, in N. B. G. — Durham; At Friar’s Goose near
Gateshead; on dry banks and heaths near Darlington ; on Fulwell Hills;
Marsden Rocks; and near Chester Bridge: N. J. Wincii, Esq. — Gloucestersh.
On Broad-way Hills: Rev. W. S. Rufford, in Midi. FI. — Hampsh. Abbas-
ton Downs, and elsewhere: Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. in N. B. G. — Kent ; Barham
Downs, abundantly : Mr. W. Pampi.in, jun. Not uncommon, FI. Ton. —
Middlesex; By the Thames, below Hampton Court Bridge: Mr. H. Watson,
in N. B. G. — Norfolk ; Fields near Norwich ; S. P. Woodward, in N. B. G. — •
Northamptonsh. In Brixworth and Boughton Fields, particularly near the
highways : Hist. N.B. G. — Northumberland ; On banks near the Chain Bridge
over the Tweed; at Horncliffe; near Coldstream; and on St. Peter’s Quay,
where it was observed by Wilson : N. J. Wincii, Esq. Near King’s Mount
Bastion ; and Castle Bank, Berwick: Dr. Thompson. On Spittal and Screm-
merston Links: Dr. Johnston. On Alnwick Moor: Mr. J. Davison. Near
Wark on Tweed: Lightfoot. Near Bambro’ Castle : R. Embleton. — Notts.
Badford, Farnsfield, Nottingham Park and Forest, Bulwell, and Mansfield :
Dr. Howitt, in N.B.G. — Suffolk; About Bury, very plentiful: Mr. W.
Curtis. — Surrey; Dupper’s Hill , near Croydon : Dr. Withering. On Ban-
stead Downs, and near Ham : Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. Moulsey Hurst, near
the Ferry to Hampton : Mr. Watson, in N. B. G. — In Sussex ; W. Borrer,
Esq. — Limestone Hills, South of Scarborough : N. J. Wincii, Esq.

Richmond: Mr. Ward, in N. B. G. — WALES. Denbighsh. Near Wrexham,
not common : J. E. Bowman, Esq. in N. B. G. — SCO t’LAND. Aberdeensh.
Near Aberdeen: Mr. Dickie, in N.B.G. — Berwicksh. Common on all the
borders between Berwick-upon-Tweed and Kelso: Dr. Johnston. — Elginsh.
Springfield, Elgin: Rev. G. Gordon, in N.B.G .~Forfarsh. Near Forfar:
Mr. D. Don .—Hqddingtonsh. Guillon Links: Mr. Arnott. — Isle of Man ;
On the sand, scirce: Mr. Forbes, in N.B.G. — Nairnsh. Viewfield : W.
Stables, in N.B.G. — Orkney Isles; Orkney: Dr. Gillies, in N.B.G. —
Roxburghsh. Foot of walls near Waik, by Kelso, abundant: Lightfoot. —
IRELAND. Very common in the County of Dublin, near the coast: Mr.
J. T. Mackay.

Perennial. — Flowers from May to August.

Root creeping. Stems numerous, slightly branched, leafy, round,
covered with fine hairs, which bend downwards; prostrate and
matted at the base ; then ascending ; from 4 inches to a foot in
length. Leaves opposite, sessile, strap-spear-shaped, from half an
inch to an inch long, various in breadth, bluntly pointed, for the
most part densely hairy, the hairs pointing upwards ; sometimes
smooth, but always fringed about the lower part. Flowers large,
white, in terminal, forked panicles. Sepals hairy, with a mem-
branous margin. Petals inversely heart-shaped, veiny, twice as
long as the sepals. Germen globose. Capsule cylindrical, slender,
not longer than the calyx, with 10 oblong teeth, sometimes splitting
down into 5 or 1 0 narrow valves.

The large flowers, with petals twice the length of the calyx ; and
the powerfully creeping roots ; will distinguish this from all the
other British species of Cerastium.

C Ifalht ws -7i .

(287.)

LONICE'RA* *.

Linnean Class and Order. PentaG’dria "f, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Caprifoua'ce.e J, Dec. ; sect. Lonicere.e ;
Lindl. Syn. p. 131. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp. 206 & 207. —
Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 460. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 519. — Don’s Gen.
Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 435. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 133. —
Caprikolia ; sect. 1. ; Juss. Gen. PI. pp.210 & 211. — Sm. Gram,
of Bot. pp. 129 & 130. — Syringales ; subord. Asteros.e; sect.
Rubiacin.e ; type, Caprifoliace.e ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii.
pp. 900, 901, & 902. — Aggregate, Linnaeus.

Gen. Char. Calyx (see fig. 1.) superior, small, of 1 sepal, in
5 deep segments, permanent. Corolla (fig. 2.) of 1 petal, tubular,
tube oblong, swelling at one side ; limb in 5 deep revolute seg-
ments, one of them more deeply separated than the rest. Filaments
(see fig. 2.) 5, awl-shaped, inserted into the upper part of the tube,
and about equal to the limb. Anthers incumbent, oblong. Germen
(see fig. 1.) roundish, inferior. Style (fig. 3.) thread-shaped, re-
clining, about the length of the corolla. Stigma bluntly capitate.
Berry (fig. 5.) roundish, with a concave scar, of 1 or more cells,
sometimes double and confluent. Seeds (fig. 5.) several, roundish,
compressed.

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by
the irregular corolla ; and the 1- to 3-celled, many-seeded berry.

Three species British.

LONICE'RA PERICLY'MENUM §. Woodbine. Woodbind.
Common Honeysuckle. Caprifoly.

Spec. Char. Branches twining. Leaves all separate, decidu-
ous. Heads of Flowers egg-shaped, imbricated, terminal. Corolla
ringent.

Engl. Bot. t. 800.— Curt. FI. Lond. t. — Linn. Sp. PI. p.247.— Huds. FI.
Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 94. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. ir. p. 894. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p.
260.; Engl. FI. v. i. p.326.— With. (7th edit.) v. ii. p. 309. — Hook. Brit. FI.
p. 103. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 143. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 81. — Abb. FI. Bedf.
p. 49. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 24.— Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 124.— Itelh. FI.
Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 98. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 80.— Grev. FI. Edin. p. 55. — FI. Devon,
pp. 41 & 164. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 62. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and
Durh. p. 15. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 65. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot.
v. iii. p.445. — Loud. Arb. et Frut. Brit. p. 1043. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel.
p. 24.; FI. Hibern. p. 133. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 22. — Phillips’ Sylva Florifera,
v. i. p. 293. — Moral of Flowers, (2nd ed.) p. 104. t. 16. — Caprifolmm Periclyi-
menum, Lindl. Syn. p. 131 . — Caprifnlium Germanicum, Kay’s Syn. p. 458. —
Pericly'menum vulgare, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v.ii. p. 488. — Pericly'menum, John-
son’s Gerarde, p. 891.

Localities. — In woods, thickets, and hedges ; common.

Shrub. — Flowers in June, July, and August.

Fig. 1. Germen and Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla, opened vertically, and deprived of
its lower lip. — Fig. 3. Style and Stigma. — Fig. 4. A Bunch of Berries. — Fig. 5. A
separate Berry. — Fig. 6. A Seed.

* So named in honour of Adam Lo.niceb, a German Botanist, who was born in
1528, and died in 1588.

t See folio 48, note +. 1 See folio 128, a.

? From peri, round about ; and kulio, to roll ; in allusion to its habit of winding
itself round every tree and shrub within its reach, and binding them together.

Stem woody, round, smooth, pale brown, branched, twining from
left to right, or according to the apparent motion of the sun, and
climbing, where it meets with support, to a considerable hight.
Branches opposite, cylindrical, often more or less purple. Leaves
opposite, all separate, egg-shaped, blunt, attenuated at the base ;
mostly sessile, or slightly stalked, entire, more or less hairy, rarely
smooth, darkish green above, pale underneath. Flowers in termi-
nal, somewhat egg-shaped heads; reddish on the outside, yellowish
within, but they vary much in colour, between red, purple, and
yellow, and in the shade are often very pale ; they are very fragrant,
especially in the evening. Calyx small, distinctly 5-toothed.
Corolla gaping, tube about an inch long, a little curved ; border
2-parted, both parts reflexed, the upper one divided into 4 blunt
and nearly equal segments, the lower one strap-shaped and entire.
Stamens and Pistil very conspicuous. Berries nearly globular,
deep red, bitter and nauseous ; often roughish ; accompanied by
permanent bracteas. A variety of this (Caprifolium non perfora-
tum, foliis sinuosis, Ray's Syn. p. 458.) with sinuated leaves, like
those of the Oak, is sometimes met with in a wild state. It was
found first near Oxford, by Mr. Jenner, before 1666 ; (see Mcrr.
Pin. 92.) and afterwards by Mr. Knowlton, in the way from
Hitchim to Wembly. Mr. Woodward found it in Norfolk, in the
woods of Lord Wodehouse ; and I have observed it in Bagley
Wood, Berks ; in Headington-Wick Copse, near Oxford ; and in a
hedge about a mile from Rugby, in Warwickshire, on the left hand
side of the road to Lawford.

The early writers attribute virtues to the Woodbine which are
now quite given up ; but the beauty and exquisite fragrance of the
flowers make it a favourite plant in gardens and shrubberies. 1 never
remember to have seen it in greater profusion than in the neigh-
bourhood of Rugby ; almost every hedge in the vicinity of that
pleasant town is, in the months of June and July, “ o’ercanopied”
with wreaths of its odoriferous flowers, whose perfume being of the
most agreeable kind, renders a walk into the fields, at that season
of the year, truly delightful. Happy, says Dr. WrTHERiNG, the
disposition which can derive mental improvement from the con-
templation of each varied production of nature ; enviable the feeling
which can delight to connect with objects so pleasing as flowers
the characters of those we love. The present subject suggests to
the amiable author of the “ Wonders of the Vegetable Kingdom,”
an elegant emblematical compliment to her friend. “ Behold your-
self,— in the fragrant Woodbine. Its scent may be compared to a
fountain of affection, always flowing, always full. It is not the
flower of a day, nor does the passing of a cloud occasion any differ-
ence ; but its sweets continue, and even emit a richer perfume,
when the heavy shower is descending.”

A small fungus, JEcidium Pericly'meni, Deo., is parasitic on the leaves of this
plant in the vicinity of Oxford, in the Summer.

Some interesting information relating to the common Woodbine may he seen in
Mr. Loudon’s Magazine of Nat. History, v. vi. pp. 330 & 331. ; arid also in his
excellent work, the Arboretum et Frutieetum Britannicum, pp. 1013 to 1045.

'

'

(288.)

P O' A*.

Linnean Class and Order. TiUA'NDRiAf, Digy'nia.

Natural Order. Grami'ne.e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 28. — Sm. Gram,
of Bot. p. 86. ; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 71. — Lindl. Syn. p. 293. ; Introd.
to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 292. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 393. — Loud.
Hort. Brit. p. 542. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 294. — Gramina, Linn. —
Graminales; sect. Festucin^e ; type, AvenacEjE ; Burn. Outl.
of Bot. v. i. pp. 359 & 369.

Gen. Char. Panicle loose. Spikelets (fig. 1.) egg-shaped, im-
bricated. Calyx (fig. 2.) of 2 equal, awnless, pointed, egg-shaped,
folded, keeled glumes, containing several awnless, alternate, 2-
ranked, perfect florets (see fig. 3.), which are often connected at
their base by a condensed web, of long, white, cottony filaments.
Corolla (see fig. 3.) of 2 unequal paleae ; the outer egg-shaped,
pointed, strongly keeled, compressed, sometimes ribbed, entire,
more or less membranous at the summit, as well as at the edges,
which are flat, not reflexed ; inner narrower, with 2 nearly marginal
ribs, the edges membranous, indexed, the summit cloven. Nectary
a deeply cloven scale. Filaments (see fig. 3.) 3, hair-like, longer
than the corolla. Anthers pendulous, oblong, cloven at each end.
Germen (see fig. 4.) egg-shaped. Styles (see fig. 4.) very short.
Stigmas (see fig. 4.) spreading, feathery, in several species re-
peatedly branched. Seed (fig. 5.) elliptic-oblong, pointed, some-
what angular, loose, covered with the unchanged corolla, and some-
times woolly at the base with the permanent web above described.

The loose panicle ; the egg-shaped, compressed, many-flowered
spikelets ; the calyx of 2 glumes, shorter than the florets ; the corolla
of 2, egg-shaped, awnless paleae ; and the loose, elliptic-oblong
seed ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and
order.

Nine species British. (Smith’s Engl. FI.)

PO'A A'NNUA. Annual Meadow-grass. Suflfolk-grass.

Spec. Char. Panicle somewhat unilateral, widely spreading.
Spikelets oblong-egg-shaped, of about 5 florets, which are a little
remote, 5-ribbed, without a web. Culm ascending, compressed.
Root fibrous.

Engl. Bot. t. 1141. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 6. — Knapp’s Gram. Brit. t. 52. — Mart.
FI. Rust. t. 98. — Host. Gram. Austr. v. ii. p. 46. t. 64. — Grav. Brit. Grass, t.
67. — Sincl. Ilort. Gram. Wob. p. 400, with a plate. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 99. —
Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 42.— Leers’ (2nd ed.) p.29. t. 6. f. 1. — Stillingfleet’s
Miscell. Tr. p. 383. t. 7. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. i. p. 390. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i_
p. 105.; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 127. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 168. — Gray’s Nat. Arr.
v. ii. p. 104. — Lindl. Syn. p. 317. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 43. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i.
p. 97. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 42.— Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 18. — Davies’ Wesh Bot. p.
10.— Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 79.— Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 37.— Hook. FI.

Fig. 1. A Floret. — Fig. 2. Calyx. — Fig. 3. Three Florets. — Fig. 4. Germen and
Pistils. — Fig. 5. A Seed. — All more or less magnified.

From Poa, Gr. meaning an herb fit for the use of cattle. Dr. Withering.
t See fob 56, note t.

Scot. p. 35.— Grev. FI. Edin. p.23. — FI. Deuon. pp. 17 & 124. — Johnston’s Fi.
of Berwick, v. i. p. 24. — Winch’s FI. of Northunib. and Durli. p. 6. — Baxter’s
Lib. of Agrieul. and Horticul. Know). (2nd ed.) p.306. — Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist,
v. i. p. 382. f. 174. t. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 24.— Bab. FI. Bath. p. 59.—
Mack. Cat. of PI. oflrel. p. 14. ; FI. Hibern. p.305. — G rumen pratense minus,
seu vulgatissimum, Ray’s Syn. p. 408. — Gramen minimum album, Johnson’s
Gerarde, p. 3.

Localities. — In meadows and pastures ; and in waste and cultivated ground,
arid by road-sides, every where, except in alpine situations.

Annual. — Flowers from April to November.

Root very fibrous. Culms ( stems J numerous, somewhat pro-
cumbent, or, when growing among other plants, nearly upright ;
from 3 to 12 inches long, very smooth, slightly compressed, leafy,
jointed, branched at the base, spreading in every direction, and
taking root at many of their lower joints. Leaves of a fine light-
green, spreading, strap-shaped, bluntish, flaccid, rough at the edges
only, flat, except a few transverse wrinkles here and there, cha-
racteristic of the species, though not absolutely peculiar to it.
Sheaths long, compressed, smooth, striated, paleish. Stipula
(ligula) of the upper leaves oblong and acute; of the lower ones
shorter, blunter, and jagged. Panicle somewhat triangular, flattish,
upright, smooth. Spikelets egg-shaped, of 5 or 6 florets, smooth
and polished. Glumes fvalves of the cahjxJ unequal, egg-spear-
shaped, rough at the back, nerved. Outer palea (valve of the
corolla) egg-spear-shaped, pointed, white and membranous at the
margin, keel and base hairy ; inner notched, rough-edged. There
is no web or hairiness at the base of the florets. Anthers short.
Styles distant, very short. Stigmas branched.

There is no grass, says Mr. Curtis, better entitled to Ray’s
epithet of vulgatissimum than this, for it is common to every quar-
ter of the globe, and occurs almost every where in meadows,
gardens, by the sides of paths, and on walls ; flowering all the
Summer, and even in the Winter, if the weather be mild. When
it grows in very dry situations it frequently does not exceed three
inches, but in rich meadows it often grows more than a foot high.
The panicle is usually green, but in open fields it frequently ac-
quires a reddish tinge.

In walks, pavements, and pitching, it is one of our most troublesome weeds ; the
most effectual remedy to destroy it in such situations, Mr. Sinclair says, is by an
application of common salt, just after the pitchings or walks have been cleaned ; it
should be strown over the surface sufficiently thick to make each particle of the
salt touch another. This dressing will be found to prevent the vegetation of the
seeds or roots of the grass. It will also be found to destroy worms or slugs.

The foliage of this grass is tender, sweet, and grateful to cattle, but as it is an
annual, does not attain any great size, and is liable to be killed by severe frost ; it
is not likely to be of any material service to the farmer, though it has been much
extolled by some writers. Its duration being annual renders it unfit for grass-plats,
for which it has been much recommended ; it differs, however, from most other
annuals, in continually throwing out new shoots, so that it may generally be found
with young shoots and ripe seed at the same time ; and its seeds, which are abun-
dantly produced, vegetate quickly, so that ere the parent plant decays, an abundant
progeny are ready to occupy its place.

l.&fsjl Del.

A w/mt ) an/tt^ucrium . ''^urA/// • '//<d/-/k/ i 2,

K»Vi*Sed S’ V«r. Hatter. Bolunc Girder Ojrferd .1 8 5 8 •

KWiEu*

J

(289.)

ONO'NIS* *

Linnean Class and Order. DiADE'LPHiAf, Deca'ndria.

Natural Order. Legumino's.e, Juss. Gen. PI. p.345. — Sm.
Gram, of Bot. p. 174. — Lindl. Syn. p. 75. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of
Bot. p. 87. — Rich, bv Macgilliv. p. 532 — Sm. Engl. FI. v. iii. p.
259. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 509- — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Card, and
Bot. v. ii. p. 91. — Legumina ce.b, Loudon's Arb. Brit. p. 561. —
Papiliona'cea: X, Linn. — Rosax.es; sect. Cicerina: ; subsect.
Lotianaj ; type, Lotace.b ; subtype, Lotidas; Burn. Outl, of
Bot. pp. 614, 63S, 642, & 644.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) bell-shaped, in 5 rather deep,
strap-shaped, pointed segments, the lower one the longest, and
subtending the keel of the corolla. Corolla (fig. 2.) papilionaceous,
of 5 petals; standard ^vexillumy (fig:. 4.) larger than the rest,
striated, keeled and compressed at the back, depressed at the sides;
wings (see figs. 3 & 5 ) inversely egg-shaped, about half the length
of the standard ; keel (see figs. 3 & 6.) of 2 converging petals,
rather abrupt, pointed, a little longer than the wings. Filaments
(see figs. 8 & 9.) 10, united into one cylinder, splitting along the
upper edge. Anthers roundish. Germcn (see fig. 8.) oblong. Style
(see figs. 8 & 9 ) cylindrical, ascending. Stigma small, blunt.
Legume (fig. 10.) oblong-rhomboid, turgid, sessile, scarcely longer
than the calyx, of 1 cell, and 2 rigid elastic valves (see fig. 11).
Seeds (see figs. 11 & 12.) few, kidney-shaped, roughish.

The bell-shaped calyx, with 5 strap-shaped, pointed segments ;
the large striated standard; and the turgid, sessile, few-seeded
legume ; will distinguish this from other genera, with monadelphous
stamens, in the same class and order.

Three species British.

ONO'NIS ANTIQUO'RUM. Ancient Rest-Tlarrow. Spiny Rest-
Harrow. Ground Furze. Cammock. Petty Whin.

Spec. Char. Stems nearly upright, spinous, with 1 or 2 sepa-
rate rows of hairs. Lower leaves trifoliate, the rest simple; leaflets
and leaves oblong, wedge-shaped, and entire towards the base.
Flowers usually solitary. Lobes of the calyx shorter than the legume.

Ononis antiquorvm, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1006 — Willd. Sp. PI. v. iii. pt. ii. p.
988. — Lindl. Syu. (2nd ed. ) p. 322. — Ononis spinosa, Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed. )
p. 312. — Mart. FI. Rust. t. 129. — With. (7th ed. ) v. iii. p. 832.— Lindl. Syn. (1st
edit.) p. 78.— Sihth. FI. Oxon. p. 220. — Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 155. — Part. Midi. FI.
v. i. p. 331. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. ii. p. 161. — Ononis arvensis,
var. j3. Engl Bot. t. 682. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 758 ; Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 267. —
Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed. ) p. 290. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 47. —
Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 205. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 320, in part ; FI. Scot. p. 212,
in part. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 155, in part. — FI. Devon, pp. 120 & 174, in part. —
Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 76, in part. — O. arvensis, var. <y. Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.
596. — Anonis spinosa, flore purpureo, Ray’s Syn. p. 332. — Anonis sive Resta
bovis, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1322.

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. A Flower with the banner removed. —
Fig. 4. The Banner. — Fig. 5. One of the Wings. — Fig. 6. The Keel. — Fig. 7. The
Stamens. — Figs. 8 & 9. The same, a little magnified. — Fig. 10. Legume. — Fig. 11.
One Valve of the same. — Fig. 12. A Seed.

* From onos , Gr. an ass ; because the plant is eaten by that animal. Hooker.
+ See folio 77, note +. } See folio 117, note t.

Localities.— In barren pastures, on hedge-banks, and by road-sides, on a
sandy or marly soil.

Perennial. — Flowers from June to August.

Root woody, tough and strong. Stems nearly upright, round,
woody, branched, reddish, leafy, usually smooth, or covered only
with a short down, with the exception of a single or double line of,
somewhat recurved, hairs down the young branches ; these hairs,
Mr. Bentham observes, are by no means constant, and are never
so long as in the Ononis arvensis, but much more apparent, on ac-
count of the extreme shortness or total absence of the general down
of the plant. Principal, as well as short lateral branches, terminat-
ing in a straight sharp spine. Leaves alternate, stalked, lower ones
trifoliate, the rest simple, all elliptical, inclining to wedge-shaped ;
entire in their lower part ; serrated towards the extremity ; dark
green, with a few scattered, short, glandular hairs. Stipulas vari-
able in size, on luxuriant plants rather large, egg-shaped, toothed,
slightly glandular, often hairy at the base, combined, clasping the
stem. Flowers axillary, mostly solitary, on short stalks, large and
handsome, of a bright rose-colour ; sometimes white. Calyx slightly
hairy, its teeth awl-shaped, unequal, permanent, enlarging as the
fruit ripens. Standard (see fig. 4.) twice the size of the wings and
keel. Legume (fig. 10.) obliquely rhomboid, partly hairy, a little
longer than the lobes of the calyx. Seeds rough, with minute points.

Many authors have described this as a variety of Ononis arvensis, but Mr.
Bentham, in some remarks upon these species, in the Supplement to English
Botany, t. 2659, observes, that “ the erect kind, which is almost constantly spi-
nous, is certainly the O. antiquorum of Linnaeus, and ought therefore to retain
that name. Of his spinosa," says Mr. Bentham, “ there is no authentic spe-
cimen ; but be appears to have first given that name to this plant ( O . arvensis,
E. B. t. 2659), and to have afterwards (Syst. Nat. ed. 12.) changed it to O. ar-
vensis ; and it is probably by mistake that Murray, in the 14th edition of the
Systema Vegetabilium, inserted both O. arvensis and O. spinosa.” ( Engl .
Hot. Suppl. at t. 2659.

Dr. Stokes observes, ( With. Bot. Arr. 1st edit. v. ii. p.444.) “Notwith-
standing Linn/evs makes the thorny Rest-harrow only a variety of the other
(O. arvensis), and from the observations of Loesel, in the Flora Prussica,
says it becomes thorny in the Autumn ; yet with us they seem to be different
species ; they are seldom found together, and the Corn Rest-harrow without
thorns, hath never been observed to become thorny.” — Mr. Woodward informs
ns, that in the Autumn of 1779, he examined many hundreds of O. arvensis in
the cornfields at Berkhamslead, Hertfordshire, without finding a single one with
thorns, while in the neighbourhood of Bungay, Suffolk, he never found one with-
out thorns in any season of the year, (With. 2nd ed. v. ii. p. 763.) — The Hon.
Lady Arden has, for several years, observed that both the O. arvensis, (E. B.
t. 2659), and O. antiquorum, (E. B. t. 682.), retain their character both in a
wild and cultivated state, and her Ladyship expresses her opinion, that the plants
differ too widely to be of the same species ; Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. v. viff.
p. 636.

O. antiquorum occasionally occurs with a white flower. I have seen this
variety on a common near the canal, about half a mile N. from Upper Heyford,
Oxon ; and also on the road-side between Southam and Dunchurch, Warwick-
shire ; July 14, 1831. — Mr. John Smith, of Beaumont Buildings, Oxford, ob-
served it near the Isis, between Sandford and Nuneham.

The more upright growth ; spiny stems and branches; shorter pubescence ;
and the legume as long, or rather longer than the calyx, will distinguish this
species from O. arvensis.

In the fourth edit, of “ The British Flora,” just published, Sir W. J. Hooker
has added the Ononis reclinata of Linn«us to the British Flora, on the autho-
rity of Dr. Graham, who found it, in considerable quantity, on a steep bank,
close by the sea, 2 miles W. from Tarbert, Galloway, 1836.

230

IL/MllDd.

?SY^iovSi ?na//i3 '‘J/nAs nn

I'aH-.skcdTy W Hax'.cr. Koranic C-arcen. Oxford 183 8

0290.)

CONY'ZA* *.

Linnean Class and Order. SYNGENE'siAf, Polyca'mia,
Supe'rklua

Natural Order. Compo'sit.e §, tribe, Corymbi'fer^:, Juss.
— Lindl. Syn. pp. 140 & 142.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp.
197 & 199. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 142. — Compo'shve ; subord.
Cardua'ceje, Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 520 & 52 1 . — Synantue'reae ;
tribe, Corymbi'fera!, Rich, by Macgill. pp. 454 & 455. — Corym-
bifeRjE, sect. 2. Juss. Gen. PI. pp. 177 & 180. — Sm. Gram, of
Bot. pp. 121 & 123. ; Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 334. — Syringales ; sub-
order, Asteros.e ; sect. Asterin.e; subsect. AsteriaN/(e; type,
Asteracea; ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900, 901, 920, 924, & 926. —
Compo'siTjE, Linn.

Gen. Char. Involucrum ( common calyx) roundish, imbricated;
scales acute, rigid, with spreading prominent points, especially the
outer ones. Corolla compound, discoid ; florets tubular ; those of
the disk numerous, funnel-shaped, with 5 equal segments, perfect,
all fertile (fig. 3.) ; those of the circumference without stamens,
barren, slender, 3-toothed. Filaments (fig. 3.) 5, hair-like, very
short. Anthers in a cylindrical tube. Germen (see fig. 3.) oblong.
Style (see fig. 3.) thread-shaped, the length of the florets. Stigmas 2,
spreading, more slender in the marginal florets. Seed-vessel none.
Seed (fig. 4.) oblong. Pappus (see fig. 4.) simple, sessile, rough.
Receptacle (see fig. 5.) naked.

The roundish, imbricated involucrum ; the 3-toothed florets of
the circumference ; the rough pappus ; and naked receptacle ; will
distinguish this from other genera, with a discoid corolla, in the
same class and order.

One species British.

CONY'ZA SQUARRO'SA. Rough Ploughman’s Spikenard.
Great Fleabane. Montpelier Fleabane.

Spec. Char. Leaves downy, egg-spear-shaped, serrated, the
upper ones entire. Stem herbaceous, corymbose. Scales of the
involucrum recurved, leafy.

Engl. Bot. t. 1195. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. vi. t. 277. — Lin. Sp. Pt. p. 1205. —
Hulls. Ft. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 363. — Willd. Sp. Pi. v. iii. pt. in. p. 1918. — Sm. FI.
Brit. v.ii. p. 873. ; Engl. Ft. v. iii. p. 420. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 930. — Gray’s
Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 462. — Lindl. Syn. p. 142. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 358. — Lightf. FI.
Scot. v. i. p. 473. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 251. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 180. — Davies’
Welsh Bot. p. 78. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 395. — ltelh. FI. Cant. (3rdeil. ) p. 339. —
Hook. FI. Scot. p. 241. — H. Devon, pp. 137 & 159. — Winch’s FI. of Nortliumb.
and Durham, p. 53. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 238. — Jacob’s West Devon and Corn-
wall Flora. — Perry’s PI. Varvic. Selecta;, p. 70. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 26. — Inula
Conyga, Hook. Brit. FI. (4th ed.) p. 306. — Baccharis monspeliensium, Ray’s
Syn. p. 179. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 792.

Fig. 1. A Floret, with its pappus. — Fig. 2. A Floret without its pappus. — Fig. 3.
Stamens and Pistil. — Fig. 4. A Seed crowned with the pappus. — Fig. 5. Recep-
tacle.— Figs. 2 & 3. slightly magnified.

* From konops, Gr. a gnat ; the plant having been supposed to possess the virtue
of driving away insects. Hookek,

•t See folio 91, note t. ; See folio 36, note ;.

? See folio 27, a.

Localities. — In mountainous meadows and pastures, by road-sides, and in
woods, on a chalky or limestone soil. Common in England ; rare in Scotland ; the
only habitat recorded is “ near Blair, in Athol,” and that with a mark of doubt.
Not noticed at all in Mr. JIackay’s Flora Hibernica.

Biennial. — Flowers in September and October.

Root tapering, fleshy, simple at the crown, but much branched
below. Stems upright, 2 or 3 feet high, somewhat angular, downy,
often purplish, leafy ; terminating in a corymbose, leafy, many-
flowered panicle. Leaves elliptic spear-shaped, irregularly cre-
nated, woolly on both sides, veiny, radical ones large, tapering at
the base into bordered footstalks; uppermost ones often entire.
Flowers numerous, dull yellow. Peduncles short, woolly. Bracteas
spear-shaped, small, one on each peduncle. Scales of the Involu-
crum strap-spear-shaped, numerous, imbricated, the lower green,
the upper yellowish, their points green and recurved* Seeds small,
blackish, furrowed. Pappus sessile, as long as the involucrum.
Receptacle tubercled. — Whole herb soft and downy, bitter and
somewhat aromatic, with a portion of mucilage.

The root-leaves greatly resemble those of Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea, t.
113.) , but when rubbed, they are readily distinguished by their aromatic scent.

The name of Flea-bane, more properly Fly-bane, has been applied to this
plant, from its fanied power of keeping off insects, especially flies, and of de-
stroying fleas ; but the genus Erigeron (see 1. 166.) is the real Fly-bane, some of
its viscid species, dipped in milk, being used in the south of Europe to catch the
various little winged insects, so troublesome in warm climates.

WANDERINGS IN JUNE.

“ How strange a scene has come to pass
Since Summer ’gau its reign!

Spring flowers are buried in the grass.

To sleep till Spring again ;

Her dew-drops Evening still receives
To gild the Morning hours ;

But dew-drops fall on open’d leaves.

And moisten stranger-flowers.

The artless daisies’ smiling face
My wanderings find no more ;

The king. cups that supplied their place.
Their golden race is o’er ;

And clover-heads, with ruddy bloom.

That blossom where these fell.

Ere Autumn’s fading mornings come
Shall meet their grave as well.

# * * * #

The open flower, the loaded bough.

The fields of spindling grain.

Were blooming then the same as now,

And so will bloom again :

When with the past my being dies.

Still Summer suns shall shine,

And other eyes shall see them rise
When death has darkened mine.

Reflection, with thy mortal shrouds
When thou dost interfere.

Though all is gay, what gloomy clouds
Thy musings shadow here !

To think of Summers yet to come
That I am not to see !

To think a weed is yet to bloom
From dust that I shall be !”

JOHN CLARE.

/

‘v

" tom, ji? nuf. lac A* f/cH,

le * * '■ V. t>sr*iFcJ>c?antc Gan2c*t.C.r/erlJ&>18.

CMfi+ki

(291.)

TA'MUS* *

Linnean Class and Order. DiCE'ciAf, Hexa'ndria.

Natural Order. Dioscorea;, Dr. R. Brown. — Lindl. Syn. (2nd
edit.) p. 271. — Hook. Br. FI. (4th ed.) p. 426. — Smilacea:, Lindl.
Syn. p. 270. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 277. — Asparagines,
Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 402. — Asparagi, sect. 3. Juss. Gen. PI. pp.
40 & 43. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. pp. 71 & 72. — Ta'mes, Loud. Hort.
Brit. p. 538. — Musales ; sect. Taccins ; type, Dioscorace.e ;
Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. i. pp. 437, 439, & 440. — Sarmkntaces,
Linn.

Gen. Char. Sterile Flowers (fig. 1). Calyx none. Corolla [ see
fig. 1.) regular, in 6 deep, egg-spear-shaped segments; their upper
part spreading horizontally. Filaments (fig. 3.) 6, awl-shaped,
simple, equal, shorter than the corolla. Anthers roundish, upright.
— Fertile Flowers (fig. 2). Calyx none. Corolla (see fig. 2.) supe-
rior, in 6 deep segments, contracted at the neck, deciduous. Nectary
a small oblong pore, at the inside of the base of each segment.
Germen (see figs. 2 & 4.) inferior, egg-oblong, large, smooth. Style
(see fig. 4.) short, cylindrical, the length of the corolla. Stigmas 3,
spreading, acute. Berry (fig. 5.) juicy, oval, of 3 cells. Seeds (see
figs. 6 & 7.) 2 in each cell, with a blackish brittle skin.

The single perianth, in 6 deep segments, the staminiferous ones
spreading ; the pistiliferous ones superior and contracted at the
neck ; the single style, with 3 stigmas; and the 3-celled berry ; will
distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order.

One species British.

TA'MUS COMMU'NIS. Common Black Byrony. Wild Vine.
Lady’s Seal.

Spec. Char. Leaves heart-shaped, undivided, acute.

Engl. Bot. t. 91. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. x. t. 443. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1458. —
Huds. FI. Angl. (2nded. ) p. 433. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. iv. pt. ii. p. 772. — Sm. FI.
Brit. v. iii. p. 1078. ; Engl. FI. v. iv. p. 241. — With. (7th ed. ) v. ii. p. 437. — Gray's
Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 190. — Lindl. Syn. p. 271. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 436. — Sibth. FI.
Oxon. p. 117. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 214. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 94. — Purt. Midi.
FI. v. ii. p. 477. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed. ) p. 408. — FI. Devon, pp. 160 & 129. —
Winch’s Fl. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 64. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 296. — Bab.
FI. Bath. p. 50. — Tamnus racemosa, flore minore luteo-pallescente, Ray’s
Syn. p. 262. — Bryonia nigra, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 871.

Localities. — In hedges, thickets, woods, &c. Common in most parts of Eng-
land ; not in the Floras of Scotland or of Ireland.

Perennial. — Flowers in June.

Fig. 1. A Sterile Flower. — Fig. 2. A Fertile Flower. — Fig. 3. Stamens of a
Sterile Flower. — Fig. 4. The Germen, Style, and Stigmas of a Fertile Flower. —
Fig. 5. A Berry. — Fig. 6. A transverse section of a Berry. — Fig. 7. A Seed. — Figs.
1, 2, 3, & 4, slightly magnified.

* Supposed to be the Uva Timinia of Pliny, or Black Byrony. Sir W. J,
IIookeb. t See folio 143, note t.

Root large and fleshy, blackish on the outside, white within.
Stems smooth, twining about every thing in their way, and thus
ascending without the aid of tendrils, to the height of 10 or 12 feet
in hedges or among bushes, which they adorn with their graceful
festoons of tawny, shining leaves, and bright red berries in the Au-
tumn. Leaves alternate, on long petioles, smooth, bright green,
shining, entire, the nerves raised beneath, varying from kidney to
heart-shaped, heart-spear-shaped, triangular spear-shaped, and even
halbert-shaped. Stipulas in pairs, awl-shaped. Flowers greenish,
in imperfectly whorled, axillary, stalked racemes, with minute
bracteas under their partial stalks ; the sterile and fertile flowers on
separate plants. The sterile flowers soon fall off ; but the fertile
ones are succeeded by oval smooth berries.

The whole plant is smooth, and though considered poisonous,
the young shoots are eaten in the spring, dressed like asparagus.
The Moors are said to eat them boiled, with oil and salt. “ The
roots are large, and replete with fecula, which is, however, mixed
with a bitter acrid matter, that renders them unpleasant to the
taste, and probably unwholesome. Heat and repeated washing
will, however, destroy all the bitterness and acridity, and the fecula
which remains forms a nutritious food. Attached to the roots are
blackish tumours, which should be removed from those intended
to be eaten ; for they are so exceedingly acrid, that, when beaten
into a pultaceous mass with the rest of the root, they have been
used as stimulating plasters.” Burnet's Outlines of Botany , p.
440.

Mr. Winch observes, in his “ Essay on the Geographical Dis-
tribution of Plants,” that Tamus Communis terminates its long range
on the north bank of the river Wear, above Sunderland, from as far
south as Algiers.

The Natural Order Dioscoree:, of which Tamus is the only
British example, consists of monocotyledonous, twining plants or
shrubs, the veins of whose leaves are reticulated, or palmatinerved.
Their flowers are dioecious, small, and greenish. Their perianthium
is superior and 6-parted ; and their stamens, 6 in number, are in-
serted into the base of the perianthium. The ovary is 3-celled,
with 1 or 2 seeds in each cell ; the style is deeply 3-parted ; and the
stigmas undivided. The fruit is either succulent or dry ; and the
embryo, which is near the hilum, is small, and included in a large
cavity of cartilaginous albumen.

The most important exotic Genera in this order are the Diosc6rea,
or Yam; and Testudinaria, or Hottentot's Bread. The roots of
these plants yield valuable articles of food in tropical countries.

(292.)

AVE'NA * *

Linnean Class and Order. TRiA'NDRiAf, Digy'nia.

Natural Order. Grami'neao, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 28. — Sm. Gram,
of Bot. p. 86. ; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 71 . — Lindl. Syn. p. 293. ; Introd.
to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 292. — Rich, by MacgiUiv. p. 393. — Loud.
Hort. Brit. p. 542. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p 294. — Gramina, Linn. —
Graminales ; sect. Festucina: ; type, Avenacea: ; Burn. Outl.
of Bot. v. i. pp. 359 & 369.

Gen. Char. Panicle loose. Spikelets (fig. 2.) of 2 or more al-
ternate florets. Calyx (see figs. 1 & 2.) of 2 unequal, egg-spear-
shaped, concave, lax, membranous-pointed, awnless glumes. Co-
rolla (see figs. 2 & 3.) of 2 unequal, spear-shaped palea: ( valves J,
the outer firmer than the calyx, and about the same size, egg-
shaped, involute, so as to be nearly cylindrical, pointed at the end,
concave ; deeply cloven at the summit, bearing from the middle of
the back a stout awn ; spirally twisting in its lower part; simple
and tapering above; spreading when dry ; inner palea egg-shaped,
smaller, awnless. Nectary (see fig. 4.) of 2 spear-shaped scales.
Filaments (see fig. 3.) 3, shorter than the corolla. Anthers rather
short. Germen (see fig. 4.) blunt. Styles (see fig. 4.) somewhat la-
teral, short, distinct. Stigmas (see fig. 4.) densely feathery. Seed.
(fig. 5.) elliptic-oblong, with a narrow channel along its upper side,
sometimes downy, closely enveloped in the hardened outer palea of
the corolla, retaining its awn. The upper florets are often im-
perfect.

The loose panicle ; the calyx of 2 glumes, containing 2 or more
Jlorets; and the corolla of 2 spear-shaped paiese, firmly inclosing
the seed, the outer one bearing a twisted dorsal awn ; will distin-
guish this from other genera in the same class and order. See Hook.
Brit. FI. (4th ed.) t. 2. f. 30.

Seven species British.

AVE'NA PUBESCENS. Downy Oat-grass}.

Spec. Char. Panicle upright, nearly simple. Spikelets upright,
of about 3 florets, a little longer than the calyx ; outer palea of the
corolla jagged. Leaves flat, downy, their edges smooth.

F.ngl. Bot. t. 1640 — Knapp's Gram. Brit. t. 90. — Host. Gram. Austr. v. ii.
p. 37. t. 60. — Curt. Brit. Entom. v. xiii. t. 625. — Leers’ FI. Herliorn. (2nd edit.)
p. 42. t. 9. f. 2.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1665—lluds. FI. Angl. (2nd edit.) p. 52. -
Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pi. i. p.448 — Sin. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 140.; Engl. FI. v. i.
p. 164. — With. (7th edit.) v. ii. p. 194.--Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 131.— Hook.

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. A Spikelet — Fig. 3. A perfect, and an imperfect
Floret.— Fig. 4. Nectary, Germen, and Pistils.— Fig. 5. A Seed.

* Name of doubtful origin; the ancients applied it to the Drome-grass.
Hooker.

f See folio 56, note f.

t Oat, Theis tells us, comes from the Celtic word atari, the oat ; and that
again from etan, to eat. Hooker.

Brit. FI. p. 51. — Sincl. Hort. Gram. Wob. p.285, with a plate. — Lightf. FI.
Scot. v. i. p. 105 — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 49. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 24. — Part.
Midi. FI. v. i. p. 85. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 12 — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd edit.)
p. 46.— Hook. FI. Scot. p. 43. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 30.— Johnston’s FI. of Berw.
v. i. p.28. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 8. — Walker’s FI. of
Oxf. p. 80. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 57. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 15. ; FI.
Hibern. p. 312. — Avena sesquitertia , Linn Mant. v. i. p. 34. excl. the reference
to Scheuchzer. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. i. p. 448. — Trisetum pnbescens, Pers.—
Lindl. Syn. p. 308. — Gramen avenaceuml. seu glabrum fpotius hirsutum)
panicula purpuro-argentea splendente, Ray’s Syn. p. 4C6 t. 21. f. 2. —
Gramen avenaceum paniculd purpuro-argentea splendente, Scheuchz. Agr.
226. t. 4. f. 20.

Localities. — In pastures on a chalky or limestone soil. — Not uncommon in
most counties in ENGLAND; more rare in SCOTLAND and IRELAND.

Perennial. — Flowers in June.

Root strong, somewhat creeping, fibres slightly downy. Culms
(stems) from 18 inches to 2 feet high, simple, straight, except at
the lowest joint, smooth, leafy. Leaves spreading, flat, bluntish,
clothed all over with soft spreading hairs. Stipulas (ligulae) acute,
triangular, the upper one elongated. Sheaths (vaginae) cylindrical,
striated, the upper one nearly smooth, the lower ones clothed, like
the leaves, with soft spreading hairs. Panicle upright ; all its
branches in general simple, 3 or 4 together, rough, upright. Spike-
lets upright, spreading when in flower. Florets purplish and silvery
white, mostly 2, with an imperfect one, all on a long, bent, bearded
partial stalk. Glumes of the calyx very unequal. Corolla with a
purple stain, the paleae all shining and pellucid at the summit ; the
outer one oblong, and jagged at the apex ; with a long, rough,
brown, twisted awn, twice as long as the calyx, inserted at the back,
about the middle. Styles very short.

The leaves are very bitter, which makes it disagreeable to cattle.
Mr. Sinclair states, that the downy hairs on the leaves almost
disappear when the plant is cultivated on richer soils, and is in-
clined to consider it of some value among the secondary grasses.

It is readily distinguished from other species of Avena by the
beautiful purplish and silvery white florets.

Sir W. J. Hooker remarks, (Brit. Flora, p. 51.) that nothing, as
it appears to him, can be more unnatural than to place this plant
in a different genus from Avlna Alp'ina and planiculmis. In habit
it partakes of the character of the larger-flowered species of the
Genus, A. fatua and strigosa, and of the smaller-flowered one, A.
f avescens. Dr. Lindley confines the Genus Trisetum to T. pu-
bescens and T. fiavescens. Mr. Dumortier adds to it Avena pra-
tensis, and Aira preecox, of the British Flora.

■

333

l.Ihfnll Dll.

1 AAuz *s w/lo/uett .

v/uea, . men _/f

< 7nc-6lce . $

7Vblis\cd b> W.B&aVer HoUmc Gtrder. , Ortc- d 153 &

M XT /^wyV'

; §f \

hit Jrr* "ft

1MPI *

(293.)

TI'LIA* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Polya'ndria f, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Tilia'cea:, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 289. — Sm. Gr.
of Bot. p. 155. — Lindl. Syn. p. 54. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot.
p. 40. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 481. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 503. ;
Arboret. Brit. p. 364. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i.
p.540. — Mack. FI. Hibern.p. 52. — Hook. Br. Fl.(4thed.) p. 401. —
Rosales ; subord. Rhceadosas ; sect. Malvina: ; type, Tiliacea ;
Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 784, 814. & 823. — Columnifera:,
Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (see figs. 1 & 2.) inferior, in 5 deep, valvular,
concave, coloured, rather coriaceous, equal segments, about the
size of the corolla, deciduous. Corolla (see fig. 1.) of 5, inversely
egg-shaped, blunt petals, alternate with the segments of the calyx,
with or without a scale or nectary on the inside at the base. Fila-
ments (see fig. 3.) numerous, 30 or more, thread-shaped, the length
of the petals. Anthers of 2 roundish lobes, bursting outwards.
Germen (figs. 4 & 5.) superior, roundish. Style (see figs. 4 & 5.)
columnar, upright, scarcely so long as the stamens, deciduous.
Stigma with 5 blunt angles. Capsule (fig. 6.) roundish, more or
less angular, bursting tardily at the base, of 5 cells, seldom all
perfect ; partitions opposite to the angles. Seeds 1 or 2 in each
cell of the germen, but many prove abortive, and the ripe capsule
has often but one cell, with a solitary seed, which is globular and
smooth. Embryo (see figs. 10 & 11.) large, heart-shaped andlobed.

The 5-parted, deciduous calyx; the corolla of 5 petals, with or
without a scale on the inside ; and the coriaceous capsule of from
1 to 5 cells, with 1 or 2 seeds in each cell ; will distinguish this
from other genera in the same class and order.

Three species British.

TI'LIA EUROPjE'A. European Lime-tree. Common Lime-
tree. Linden-tree. Bast.

Spec. Char. Leaves twice the length of the footstalks, quite
smooth, except a woolly tuft at the origin of each vein beneath.
Cymes many-flow’ered. Fruit coriaceous, downy.

Engl. Bot. t. 610. — Hook. Ft. Lond. t. 190. — Loud. Arbor, et Frut. Brit. p. 364.
t. 15. and t. 15, a.— Linn. Spec. PI. p. 733, a.— Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 231,
Willd. Sp. PI. V. ii. pt. II. p. 1161.— Sm. Ft. Brit. v. ii. p. 571, a. ; Engl. FI.
v. iii. p. 17.— With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 654. var. 1.— Hook. Brit.Fl. p.259.— Hunt.
Evel. Silva, p. 201, in part.— Light. FI. Scot. p. 280.— Sibth. FI. Ox. p. 166.— Abb.
FI. Bedf. p. 116.— Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 53.— Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 253.— Relh.
FI. Cant. (3rd ed. ) p. 215. — Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 170. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 121. —
FI. Devon, pp. 91 & 179. — Phillips’ Sylva Florif. v. ii. p. 53. — Sylvan Sketches,
p. 216. — Winch’s Fl. of Northumb. and Durham, p. 36. — Walker’s Fl. of Oxf. p.
100. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 552.- — Bab. Fl. Bath. p. 9.- — -
Dick. Fl. Abredonensis, p. 41.— Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 52. ; Fl. Hibern. p.

Fig. 1. Calyx and Corolla.— Fig. 2. Calyx.— Fig. 3. Stamens and Pistil.— Figs.
4 & 5. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 6. Capsule. — Fig. 7. Transverse section
of the seme. Fig. 8. Seed. — Fig 9. Transverse section of ditto. — Fig. 10. Verti-
cal section, showing the large leaf-like Cotyledons.— Fig. 11. Embryo, magnified.

* Supposed to be derived from ptilon, Gr. a feather ; alluding to the appear-
ance of the flowers and floral-leaves. + See folio 43, note +.

53. — Tilia intermedia, Dec. Prod. v. i. p. 513. — Lindl. Syn. p. 54. — Macreiglit’s
Man. of Brit. Bot. p. 37. — T. platyphylla, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 637. — T.
fcemina, John. Uevarde, p. 1438. — T. vulgaris platypkyllos, Ray’s Syn. p. 473,
hut not of J. Bauhin.

Localities. — In woods and hedges.

Tree. — Flowers in July.

A tall, upright tree, with smooth, round, brown, leafy, spreading
branches, green while young. Leaves 3 or 4 inches broad, and
rather more in length, undivided ; unequal and somewhat heart-
shaped, as well as entire, at the base ; the margin acutely and rather
unequally serrated ; the point elongated, acute ; bright green on
the upper surface, paler on the under ; quite smooth, except a tuft
of brown woolly hairs at the origin of the veins beneath. Stipulas
oval, smooth, in pairs at the base of each footstalk, soon falling off.
Footstalks (petioles J cylindrical, slender, smooth, not half so long as
the leaves. Flowers small, very fragrant, in drooping pedunculate
cymes or imperfect umbels, which arise from the centre of a long,
spear-shaped, leaf-like bractea, of a pale yellowish-green colour,
which falls off with the fruit. Calyx greenish. Petals inversely
egg-shaped, pale lemon-coloured, destitute, like all our European
species, of the scales attached to the petals of American ones.
Stamens spreading, shorter than the corolla. Jlnthers yellow.
Germen densely hairy. Stigma 5-lobed. Capsule downy, leathery,
not woody, uncertain in the number of perfect cells and seeds.

This tree is cultivated all over England, as well as in some parts of Scotland.
The wood is soft, light, and smooth ; close grained, and not subject to the worm ;
it is used for some domestic purposes, and by the turner, and musical instrument
maker ; but its chief use is for carving.

It served Gibbons for his inimitable carvings of flowers, dead game, &c, so often
seen in old English houses, the Duke of Devonshire’s at Chatsworth, choir of St.
Paul’s, &c. ; and it is supposed by some, that the blocks employed by Holbein
for wood-engravings were of this tree. The wood makes excellent charcoal for
gunpowder ; and the inner bark of this, and perhaps some other species, makes the
Russian garden-mats called Bast. Bees collect much honey from the flowers.
The sap, inspissated, affords a quantity of sugar. Erineum tiliaceum. Pers. is not
uncommon on the under side of the leaves in the Summer and Autumn. — An an-
cient Lime of great magnitude, which grew where the ancestors of Linn.eus had
long resided, is said to have given them their family name, Linn being Swedish
for a. Lime-tree. (Smith, Withering, &c.).

For much valuable and interesting information relating to the history, properties,
uses, &c. of this tree, I beg to refer to Mr. Loudon’s Arboretum et Fruticetum
Britannicum, which is now finished, and is, without exception, the very best,
and most complete work on the subject of Arboriculture, that has ever before been
published, either in this or any other country.

The Natural Order, Tilia'cea:, is composed of dicotyledonous
trees or shrubs, with simple, alternate, stipulated, often toothed,
leaves, and axillary flowers. The calyx consists of 4 or 5 sepals,
with a valvate aestivation; and the corolla of 4 or 5 entire petals,
each with a little pit at its base. The stamens are generally inde-
finite ; their anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally. The disk is
formed of glands equal in number to the petals, at the foot of which
they are placed, adhering to the stalk of the ovary. The ovary is
from 1- to 10-celled ; with a single style. The fruit is a capsule
of several cells, with one or many seeds in each. The albumen is
fleshy ; the embryo straight ; and the cotyledons flat, and foliaceous.

Tilia is the only British genus belonging to this order.

•2A4

(294.)

GALIUM* *

Linnean Class and Order. Tetra'ndria f, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Stella'taj +, Linn. — Lindl. Syn. p. 128.;
Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 202. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 129. —
Rubia'ce.®, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 196. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 126. —
Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 459. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 519. — Don’s Gen.
Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 453. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th edit.)
p. 409. — Macr. Man. Br. Bot. p. 111. — Syringales ; suborder,
Asteros/E ; sect. Rubiacinas ; type, Rubia'ceaj ; Burn. Outl. of
Bot. v. ii. pp. 900, 901, 902, & 914.

Gex. Char. Calyx superior, very minute, with 4 teeth. Corolla
(figs. 1 & 2.) of 1 petal, wheel-shaped, in 4 deep, acute, often
long-pointed, segments, without a tube. Filaments (fig. 2.) 4, from
the base of the corolla, awl-shaped, shorter than the limb. Anthers
of 2 round cells. Germen (fig. 3.) inferior, of 2 combined globes.
Style (see fig. 3.) thread-shaped, the length of the stamens, cloven
at least half way down. Stigmas capitate. Seeds (figs. 4 & 5.)
naked, combined, globular, not crowned by the calyx.

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order,
by the wheel-shaped, 4-cleft corolla ; and the dry, 2-lobed, inde-
hiscent fruit.

Sixteen species British.

GA'LIUM VE'RUM. True Cheese-rennet. Yellow Bed-straw§.
Ladies’ Bed-straw. Maid’s Hair. Petty Muguet. Yellow Goose-
grass.

Spec. Char. Leaves about 8 in a whorl, strap-shaped, grooved
above. Flowers yellow, in dense panicles. Fruit smooth.

Engl. Bot. t. 660. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. . — Mart. FI. Rust. t. 54. — Curt. Brit.
Entomol. v. vii. t. 317. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 155. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd edit.)
p. 69. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. i. p. 590. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 178. ; Engl. FI.
v. i. p. 208. — With. (7th edit.) v. ii. p. 225. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 481.—
Lindl. Syn. p. 130. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 61. — Macreight’s Manual of British
Botany, pp. 112 & 113. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 115. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 59. —
Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 34.— Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 15. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 96. —
Relh. F). Cant. (3rd ed.) p.60. — Hook. FI. Scot. p.50. — Grev. FI. Edin; p. 35. —
FI. Devon, pp. 26 & 163. — Johnston’s FI. of Berwick, v. i. p. 36. — Winch’s FI.
of Northumb. and Durham, p. 11. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 39. — Don’s Gen.
Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p.654. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 23. — Dickie’s FI. Abred.
p.26. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 18.; FI. Hibern. p. 130 .—Gallium luteum,
Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 1126. — Ray’s Syn. p. 224.

Localities. — In hilly, bushy places, way-sides, and margins of fields and
woods, in dry ground ; frequent.

Figs. 1 & 2. Corolla, Stamens, and Pistil. — Fig. 3. Germen, Style, and Stigmas. —
Figs. 4 & 5. Fruit.

* From gala, Gr. milk ; the plant having been used to curdle milk. Hooker.

-(• See folio 46, note -f\ J See folio 135, a.

? The common name Bed-straw given to all the species is from the verb strew,
anciently written straw. Before the invention of feather-beds, a variety of herbs
were used to strew beds with ; among these doubtless this was one. Martyn.

Perennial — Flowers in July and August.

Root creeping, slender, somewhat woody, of a yellowish colour.
Stem from I to 2 feet high, somewhat woody, round, or slightly
4-cornered, with numerous, opposite, square, leafy, often downy,
branches. Leaves verticillate, 8 or 10 in a whorl, often decreasing
in number towards the extremities of the branches, sessile, strap-
shaped, bluntish, with a slight point ; narrowed at the base, rolled
back at the edges, variously deflexed, dark glossy green above,
paler beneath. Flowers of a golden yellow, very numerous, in
dense tufted panicles, smelling of honey, very strongly in the even-
ing, or before rain. Segments of the corolla greatly expanded.
Stamens short. Anthers yellow, finally brownish. Style cloven
more than half way down. Fruit small, round, blackish.

A kind of vinegar is said to have been distilled from the flowery
tops of this species, and the herb was formerly used to coagulate
milk, for Cheshire cheese ; from later experiments it has not suc-
ceeded in coagulating milk. It has probably been put into milk
destined to make cheese, not so much for the purpose of curdling
it, as of giving it a flavour ; or as Matthiolus expresses it, to
make it eat the sweeter. The French formerly prescribed the
flowers in hysteric and epileptic cases. Boiled in alum-water the
flowering stems dye a good yellow-colour. The roots dye a fine
red, not inferior to madder, and are said to be used for that purpose
in the Island of Jura. — Sheep and goats eat the plant; horses and
swine refuse it ; cows are not fond of it. It is subject to a disease,
in which the stem and branches are beset with fleshy balls, about
the size of a pea, hollow within, and covered with a purplish skin.

A small, brown-coloured fungus (Pucc'inia galidrum, of Link,
Willd. Sp. PI. v. vi. pt. ii. p. 76. ; and Hook. Brit. FI. v. ii. pt. n.
p. 366.) is sometimes found on its leaves.

The caterpillars of Deilephila lineata, D. gallii, D. elpenor,
and Macroglossa stellatarum, are said to feed on this plant, (see
Curt. Brit. Entomol. vol. i. folio 3).

“ Summer! delicious Summer ! thou dost fling
Thy unbought treasures o’er the glorious earth !
Music is in thy step, and in thine eye
A flood of sunshine ! on thy brow is wreathed
Garlands that wither not, and in thy breath
Are all the perfumes of Arabia !

Thou wilt not frown, tho’ I have pluck’d unseen
One little blossom from thy golden hair.”

H. G. BELL,

CM A r/l c vr$Ikl. % Sc.

Pu } * bj Wpi mtt* Ir'ot arTi c Carden QrfanLJSJS

(295.)

HERMI'NIUM* *

Linnean Class and Order. Gyna'ndria f , Mona'ndria.

Natural Order. Orchi'de.®, Linn. — Juss. Gen. PI. p; 64. —
Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 81 ; Engl. FI. v. iv. p. 3. — Lindl. Syn. p. 256 ;
Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 262. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 412. —
Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 536. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 274. — Macr. Man-
Br. Bot. p. 224. — Hook. Br. FI. (4th edit.) p. 425. — Palmares ;
order, Musales ; sect. Orchidin^e ; type, Orchidace.® ; Burn.
Outl. of Bot. v. i. pp. 391, 437, 458, & 461.

Gen. Char. Perianthium J f calyx and corolla ) (see fig. 2.)
superior. Sepals 3, (fig. 1. c.c.c.) egg-shaped, concave, equal,
spreading, permanent. 'Petals 2, (fig. 1. d.d.) fleshy, egg-shaped,
flat, spreading, more or less deeply 3-lobed, acute, nearly as long
as the sepals. Lip ( Nectary ) (fig. 1, c. and fig. 3.) without a spur,
deeply 3-lobed, spreading like the petals, but rather longer, slightly
tumid at the base underneath. Anthers roundish, of 2 cells close
together, over the stigma (see fig. 3.), depositing the globular,
stalked granulated masses of pollen (fig. 4.), by their stalks, upon
two separate naked glands. Germen (see fig. 1, b.) elliptic-oblong,
twisted, furrowed. Style short and thick. Stigma a moist cavity
in front. Capsule (fig. 5.) egg-oblong, triangular, nearly straight.
Seeds very numerous.

The herbaceous spreading perianthium ; the short, lobed lip,
without a spur ; the terminal anther, with parallel lobes ; and the
naked, distinct glands of the stalks of the pollen masses ; will dis-
tinguish this from other genera in the same class and order.

One species British.

HERMI'NIUM MONO'RCHIS. One-tubercled Musk-Orchis.
Green Musk-Orchis. Yellow Sweet-Orchis.

Spec. Char. Root-leaves 2, spear-shaped.

Hook. FI. Lond. 1. 138. — Brown in Ait. Hort. Kew. (2nd ed.) vol.v. p. 191. —
Sm. Engl. FI. v. iv. p.27. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 207. — Lindl. Syn. p. 263. —
Hook. Brit. FI. p.374. — Mac. Man. Brit. Bot. p. 227. — Rev. G. E. Smith’s PI.
of South Kent, p. 51. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p.256. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 49. —
Ophrys Monorchis, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1342. — Eng. Bot. t. 71. — Curt. Br. Ent. v. v.
t.237. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p.390. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. iv. pt. i. p. 61. — Sm.
FI. Brit. v. iii. p. 936. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 40. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p.
364. — Purt. Midi. FI. v.iii. p.66. — Orchis odorata moschata, sive Monorchis,
Ray’s Syn. p.378. — Rudb. Camp. Elys. v. ii. p.207. f. 1. — Blackst. Spec. Bot.
p. 65. — Monorchis montana minima, flore ohsoleto vix conspicuo, Mich. Gen.
p. 30. t. 26. f. E. F. — Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 218.

Localities. — On banks, hillocks, and barren pastures, in a chalky soil, but
not common. — Oxfordsh. Found in Stokenchurch Woods, by the late John
Oglander, Esq. of Merton College, Oxford ; July 24, 1920. — In Berkshire :
Engl. FI. — Bucks; In a chalk-pit by the road-side at Gerard’s Cross, plenti-
fully: Blackstone. — Near Great Kimble; July, 1821: Miss Mainstone. —

Fig. 1. A separate Flower ; a. the bractea ; b. the Germen ; c. c. C. the Sepals;
d. d. the Petals ; e. the Lip. — Fig. 2. A front view of the same. — Fig. 3. Lip,
Column, and Anthers. — Fig. 4. Pollen Masses. — Fig. 5. Capsule. — Figs. 2, 3, & 4.
magnified.

* From ermin, or erminos, Gr. fulcrum tori; in allusion either to the thick,
though short, column of the flower, or to the stem or scape of the flowers. Hooker,
t Sec folio 8, note t. t Sec folio 33, note }.

Cambridysh. Chalk-pit Close; Pits between Hinton, and the road to Gog-
magog Hills; Westhoe; in an old gravel-pit near Mr. Keene’s house: Rev. R.
Relhan. — Essex; Near Newport: Miss Howard. — Gloucestersh. On Rod-
borough Hill, near Stroud, July 12, 1832 ; and on Painswick Hill, near Stroud,
just below the Roman Camp; July 16, 1838: Rev. G. W. Sandys. In Prink-
nash Rough Park, near Painswick ; and Linover Scar, near Cheltenham ; 1837 :
E. F. Witts, Esq. — Hants ; On Bordean Hill : Dr. Pulteney. In Marsedell
chalk-pit, near Basingstoke; July, 1838: Rev. E. Hill, Ch. Ch. Oxford. —
Kent ; On the chalky banks of Ospringe Parsonage Meadows, near Faversham:
E. Jacob, Esq. 1777. Upon chalk-downs at Stowting ; and on turf, between
Lyminge and Elham : Rev. G. E. Smith. NearCuxton: Rev. W. W. Peete.
Plentiful in Kent: Mr. W.Pamplin, jun. — Middlesex ; Near Enfield : Martyn.
— Norfolk; Chalk-pit at Marham : Mr. Woodward. Near Snettisham : Mr.
Crowe.— Somersetsli. Pastures near Cottage Crescent: Dr. Davis. — Suffolk ;
In a chalk-pit near Sicklesmere, and at Little Saxham : Sir T. G. Cullum.
Bury: N. J. Winch, Esq. — Surrey ; In the great chalk-pit on Epsom Downs,
near Ashted Park : Mr. T. F. Forster, jun. Near Miekleham ; and in Nor-
bury Park, near Dorking : Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. Box Hill: Mr. J. Macnab,
in N. B. G. — Sussex; On the Side Hill of Vinegar Bottom near Lewes : Mr.
W ool6a r. Parham; Hanger; foot of Chanctonbury ; near the turnpike on
the road from Lewes to Ditcheling : Bot. of Sussex.

Perennial. — Flowers in June and July.

Root of several thick, somewhat woolly, fibres, and one globular
hairy knob. Stem from 4 to 6 inches high, upright, nearly cylin-
drical, striated, smooth, sometimes slightly twisted. Leaves 2,
rarely 3, alternate, elliptic-spear-shaped, acute, obscurely ribbed,
concave, sheathing the stem at, or near, its base ; when a third
leaf is present, (as was the case in the plant figured,) it is usually
elevated towards the middle of the stem ; and there is mostly a
small, membranous, spear-shaped, taper-pointed bractea higher up,
similar to those under each flower. Spike from an inch and a half
to two inches long. Flowers small, numerous, rather crowded,
greenish-yellow, smelling like musk and honey, especially in an
evening. (The Rev. Mr. Sandys remarks, that their delicious
fragrance is chiefly to be perceived in the heat of the sun.) Calyx
of 3 equal, egg-shaped, blunt, concave, green sepals, shorter than
the corolla. Petals of a totally different substance from the sepals,
thick, yellowish, spreading between the sepals ; egg-shaped at the
base, with a more or less prominent angle, or lobe, at each side,
and suddenly tapering into an elongated point. Lip of the same
substance and colour as the petals, but usually more deeply lobed
at each side, spreading equally with them, and about the same
length, pale and somewhat tumid at its base. Germen oval, sessile,
tapering above into a sort of fruit-stalk, whence the flower hangs
obliquely drooping. Column short, and thick. Anthers in front,
roundish, pale brown. Pollen masses brown, on a short footstalk,
with a large white gland.

Most tuberous-rooted Orchises present the two tubers (of the present and suc-
ceeding year) of nearly equal dimensions ; but here, while the tuber which affords
nourishment to the existing stem is sessile, large, and shrivelled, the other is seen
forming a little swelling at the extremity of an horizontal fibre. The future years
plant will thus arise at some considerable distance from its parent. See Hooker’s
FI. Lond.

The drawing for the accompanying Plate was made from a plant kindly commu-
nicated to me by my much-esteemed friend Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. of Lavender
Hill Nursery, Wandsworth, near London, June 28, 1838. I am also indebted to
the Rev. E. Hill, M. A. of Ch. Ch. Oxford; and to the Rev. G. W. Sandys, of
Stroud, Gloucestershire, for fine plants of this interesting little Orcli:?.

7127, zxtcrBetentc Gordin QyfaUSS?.

cMaivvikU'jrc.

(296.)

CENTU'NCULUS* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Tetra'ndria f, Monogy'niA.

Natural Order. Primula'ce^e, Vent. — Lindl. Syn. p. 182;
Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 225. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 431. — ■
Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 529. — Mack. FI. Hib. p. 192. — Hook. Brit. FI.
(4th ed.) p. 415. — Lysimachia?, sect. 1. Juss. Gen. PI. p. 95. —
Sm. Gr. of Bot. p. 95. — Syringales ; subord. Primulosae ; sect.
Primulinas ; type, Primulacea: ; subty. Primulidas ; Burn. Out.
of Bot. v. ii. pp. 900, 958, 1020, 1024, & 1025. — Rotace^e, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, in 4 deep, spear-shaped,
acute, spreading segments, permanent. Corolla (figs. 2 & 3.)
shorter than the calyx, of 1 sepal, tubular, withering ; tube almost
globular ; limb in 4 egg-shaped, flat segments. Filaments (see
figs. 3 & 4.) 4, short, equal, smooth, in the mouth of the tube.
JIntliers roundish, of 2 cells. Germen (fig. 5.) globose, in the tube
of the corolla. Style cylindrical, upright, as long as the stamens,
permanent. Stigma simple. Capsule (see figs. 6 & 7.) globose,
of 1 cell, opening by a transverse incision. Seeds (fig. 8.) numer-
ous, minute, angular, covering the large, central, globose, pitted
receptacle f placenta J.

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order,
by the inferior, tubular, 4-parted corolla ; the short stamens ; and
the 1-celled, many-seeded capsule, bursting all round transversely.

One species British.

CENTU'NCULUS MI'NIMUS. Small Chaff-weed. Bastard
Pimpernel.

Spec. Char. Flowers sessile. Corolla without glands at the base.

Engl. Bot. t. 531. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. 185. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 169. — Huds. FI.
Angl. (2nded.) p. 63. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. p. I. p. 653. — Sin. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 185 ;
Engl. FI. v. i. p. 217. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 234. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.
298. — Lindl. Syn. p. 183. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 68. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 119. —
Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 30. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 17. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd edit.)
p. 64. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 54. — Fl. Devon, pp. 29 & 142. — Rev. G. E. Smith’s
PI. of S. Kent, p. 9.— Walker’s Fl. of Oxf. p. 41. — Maereight’s Manual of British
Botany, p. 189. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 19; Fl. Hibern. p. 192. — Centun-
culus, Dill, in Ray’s Syn. opposite p. 1. — Blackst. Spec. Bot. p. 13. — Anagalli-
dastrum exiguum, foliis lanceolatis alternis, flore albo fugaci et vix
conspicuo, Mich. Gen. p. 14. t. 18. f. 2.

Localities — In moist sandy or gravelly places ; not common. — Bedfordsh.
Boggy ground on Ampthill Moor; Rev. C. Abbot. — Bucks; On Gerard’s
Cross Common, near Bulstrode, in great plenty, with Radiola millegrana :
Mr. Gotoeed. — Cambridgesh. Gamlingay Bogs: Rev. R. Relhan. — Cumber-
land ; Ravenglass: N. B.G. — Devon; Bovey Heathfield ; and Petitor Mary-
church : Rev. A. Neck. — Dorset; Poole, and Wareham Heaths, particularly
where the soil has been laid bare by cutting turf ; near the road-side about mid-
way between Wimbourne and Poole : Dr. Pvlteney. — Essex ; Bogs on Epping
Forest near Highbeech ; Mr. E. Foster, jun. — Kent; About Chiselhurst:
Dii.lenius. On Ashford Common, with Littorella lacustris : Curtis. Upon

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Figs. 2 & 3. Corolla. — Fig. 4. A Stamen. — Fig. 5. Germen. —
Fig. 6 & 7. Capsule. — Fig. 8. A Seed. — All, except figs. 5 & 6, more or less

magnified. —

* A name, it appears, anciently given to the Pimpernel, a genus allied to this ;
and derived, according to Theis, from cento, a covering, because it was a little
weed that covered the cultivated fields. Sir W. J. Hooker.

+ See folio 114, note t.

Brabourne, Hothfield, and Willesboro' Leas: Rev. G. E. Smith. Sides of the
road from Wells to Frant: FI. Ton. — Lancash. Salt Marshes and Meadows
near the sea-side, at Newton Cartmel, common: Mr. Hall. — Middlesex; On
the low marshy ground near the Paper Mills on Hounslow Heath: Sir W.
Watson. Near Hampton Court: Hudson. On Iver Heath, in abundance:
Rev. Dr. Goodenougii. — Norfolk; Plentiful on South Wootton Heath by
Lynn: Mr. E. Foster, jun. Filby Heath, very near the water: Dawson
Turner, Esq.— Staffordsh. Blithfield : Hon. Mr. Bagot. — Suffolk; On East
Heath, near Lowestoft: Mr. Lilly Wicc.— Surrey ; Shirley Common, and
Barnes Common : FI. Metr. Coulsdon : E. Woods, in N. B. G.— Sussex; In
St. Leonard’s Forest; on Chailey, Washington, Horsham, Henfield, and other
Commons: W. Borrer, Esq. On Harefield Common : C. C. Babinoton, in
JV. B. G. — Ashdown Forest: W. H. Coleman, in N. B. G. — In Worcester-
shire : Mr. E. Lees, in N. B. G. — Yorksh. Houghton Moor, the side next to
Newbold: Teesdale. — WALES. Anglesea ; Side of Llyn Coron ; and in a
Splash near Bangor Ferry, S. W. side of the road: Rev. H. Davies. — Den-
bighsh. In a piece of moist ground about a mile from Llanwrst, and within three
or four yards of the turnpike road leading from thence to Conway : Mr. Griffith.
— SCOTLAND. Ayrshire; Prestwick Moor, near Ayr: G. Macnab, in
N. B. G. — Elginsh. West from Stotfield; sides of Loch Spynie: N- FI. Kin-
loss : N. J. Winch, Esq. — Forfarsh. Moor behind the Hill of Guthrie : N.B.G.
— Lanarksh. Marsh near Langside: Dr. Brown. — Kenmuir Bog, Glasgow:
Hopkirk. — In the Isle of Man .- G. Howitt, iu N. B. G .—Nairnsh. Sea-coast
near Lochlee: W. Stables, in N. B. G. — IRELAND. Marshes at Glangariff,
and Ballylickey near Bantry : Mr. T. Mackay. On the Ross Islands, County
of Donegal: Mr. E. Murphy. Coast near Coleraine : Mr. D. Moore.

Annual. — Flowers in June and July.

Root simple and fibrous. Stem simple or branched, from 1 to 2
inches high, round, smooth, striated, shining, often reddish. Leaves
alternate, or nearly opposite, sessile, 2 or 3 lines long, egg-shaped,
pointed, entire, somewhat succulent, smooth, both surfaces covered
with minute, shining pustules. Flowers very small, solitary, sessile,
in the axils of the leaves. Segments of the Calyx spear-shaped,
pointed, longer than the capsule. Corolla white or reddish, shorter
than the calyx.

An interesting little plant, “ remarkable for the minuteness of all
its parts, but more especially of its blossoms, which are not ex-
panded so as to shew the interior structure of the flowers, unless
the sun shines strongly on them, then we discern their yellow
stamina : Dillenius, who first gave to this plant the name of
Centunculus, and made a new genus of it, remarks a circumstance
deserving notice, which is, that the corolla, which in most of the
rotacece (wheel-shaped flowers) drops after blossoming, here con-
tinues, and covers the top of the capsule.” Curtis, in FI. Lond. —
The flowers are said to be occasionally 5-cleft, by which they ap-
proach Anagallis ; but the tubular corolla, and naked stamens, keep
centunculus distinct. Engl. FI.

'I his little plant is probably not so rare as it is generally supposed to be ; its
diminutive size rendering it likely to be often overlooked. — The drawing for the
accompanying Plate was made from a plant which was kindly communicated to
me by W. Borrer, Esq. of Henfield, Sussex.

The Natural Order Primulace/e, is composed of herbaceous dicotyledonous
plants, with usually opposite, or whorled, or scattered leaves. A divided, 5-
cleft, seldom 4-cleft, inferior, regular, permanent calyx. A monopetalous,
hypogynous, regular corolla, with a 5-cleft, rarely 4-cleft limb. A 1-celled
ovarium ; a single style ; and a capitate stigma. A valvate capsule, with a
distinct, central placenta; and numerous peltate seeds; with a transverse
embryo, in a fleshy albumen.

/

J

23 7

(297.)

DELPHI'NIUM* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Polya'ndria f, Pentagy'nia.

Natural Order. Ranuncula'cea^+, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 231. —
Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 136. — Lindl. Syn. p. 7. ; Introd to Nat. Syst.
of Bot. p. 6. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 465. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 495 ;
Mag. Nat. Hist. v. i. p. 137. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot.
v. i. p. 2. — Mack. FI. Hib. p. 4. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th ed.) p. 395. —
Rosales; sect. Ranunculin.e ; subsect. RanunculianjE; type,
Ranunculace.e ; subtvpe, Helleuoreas ; Burn. Outl. of Bot.
v. ii. pp. 616, 828, 832, 837, & 839. — Multistliqu^e, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx none. Corolla inferior, of 5 unequal, spread-
ing petals, the upper one (see fig. 3.) extended behind into a long,
tubular, straight, bluntish spur ; the rest egg-oblong, with claws
(see fig. 2.), various in various species. Nectary (fig. 3.) divided,
of 1 or 2 sessile leaves, placed in front within the row of petals, on
the upper side, extended behind in the form of a tube, contained in
the spur of the uppermost petal. Filaments (fig. 1.) numerous,
awl-shaped, dilated at the base, much shorter than the corolla,
directed upwards. Anthers roundish, small, upright. Germen su-
perior, 3 or 1, or 5, egg-shaped, each terminating in a style shorter
than the stamens. Stigmas simple, reflexed. Capsules (folicles)
(fig. 5.) as many as the germens, egg-oblong, or somewhat cylindri-
cal, of 1 valve, bursting at the inner side. Seeds (fig. 6.) numerous,
angular, rough, at the edges of the capsule.

Distinguished from other genera, without a calyx, in the same
class and order, by the corolla of 5 petals, the upper one spurred ;
and the divided, tubular nectary, with appendages included within
the spur.

One species British.

DELPHI'NIUM CONSO'LIDA§. Uniting Larkspur. Branched
Larkspur. Field Larkspur. Lark’s-heel. Lark’s-claw.

Spec. Char. Stem upright, with divaricating branches.
Flowers few, in long racemes. Pedicels longer than the bracteas.
Capsules solitary.

Engl. Bot. t. 1839. — Curt. Brit. Entom. v. ii. t. 76. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 748. —
Iluds. FI. Angl. (:2nd ed.) p. 235. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. ii. pt. ii. p. 1226. — Sm, FI.
Brit. v. ii. p. 577. ; Engl. FI. V. iii. p. 30. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 664. — Lindl.
Syn. p. 13. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 261. — Abb. FI. Bedf. p. 118.— Purt. Midi. FI. v. i.
p.254; and v. iii. p. 362. — Relli. FI. Cant. (3rd ed. ) p. 217. — Winch’s Fl. of
Northumb. and Durh. p. 36. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 50. —
Walker’s Fl. of Oxf. p. 152. — Delphinium seyetum, t lore ceeruleo. Dill, in Ray’s
Syn. p. 273. — Consolida reyalis, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 711. — Consolida
regalis sativa, Johnson’s Gerardo, p. 1082.

Fig. 1. Stamens. — Fig. 2. A Petal. — Fig. 3. Nectary, with one of the petals
attached. — Fig. 4. Front of the Nectary, and Stamens. — Fig. 5. Capsule. — Fig. 6.
A Seed.

* Fron Delphinos, Gr. a Dolphin ; from a fancied resemblance of the unopened
flower to the dolphin of the ancients, as displayed in heraldry. Withering.

•f See folio 43, note +. t See folio 129, a.

} From consolido, to unite ; it being formerly reputed as a most powerful
vulnerary.

Localities. — Corn-fields, on a sandy or chalky soil; rare.— Oxfordshire ; I
have sometimes seen it in corn-fields between the Parks and Summertown, but
it had most probably escaped from gardens, for in the same locality l have fre-
quently observed many other garden-flowers growing wild : W. B. — Bedfordsh.
St. Leonard’s Farm, near Bedford: Rev. C. Abbot. —Cambridgesh. By the
lower road to Gogmagog Hills; Hinton, Trumpington, Feversham, SwafFham,
Botlisham, &c. : Rev. R. Reliian. “ About Cambridge, at Quay, the hills
are quite blue with it; and yet Ray does not mention it:” Rev. Professor
Henslovv. — Dorset; In several fields near Blandford, and elsewhere, but
sparingly : Dr. Pulteney. — Durham ; In a limestone quarry near Bishopwear-
mouth : Mr. Backhouse. On the Ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear; on Hebburn
Ballast-hills: N. J. Winch, Esq. In cornfields at Norton : J. Hocg, Esq. —
Essex ; Near Woodford, in a little inclosure between Woodford Hall and the
road; not common: R. Warner, Esq/ — Kent; Fields between Blackheath
and Eltham: Dr. Dillenius. In King’s Field, near Faversham : E. Jacob,
Esq. Near the High Rocks : Ft. Ton. — Leicestersh. Observed for two or three
years successively among the corn in the fields at Loughborough : Dr. Pul-
teney.— Norfolk ; About Feltwell, near Brandon : Mr. F. Smith. Ditching-
ham: Air. Woodward. Barton Bendish, and Oxburgh: Rev. R. Forby.
Coin-field, Docking: New Bot. Guide. — Northumberland, On the Ballast-
hills of Tyne; and in a clover-field near the Lough on Holy Island : N. J.
Winch, Esq. — Nottinghamsh. Nottingham Park; Trent side near Wilford :
Dr. Howitt, in N. B.G. — Shropsh. Devenport Woods: W. A. Leighton, in
N. B. G. — Suffolk} Near Bury: Rev. Dr. Goodf.nough. Fields about Aid-
borough at the Hall Farm: Rev. G. Craebe. — Surrey; In Battersea Fields,
but probably escaped from gardens : Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. Ditton Common,
on rubbish heaps; and sparingly on Hersham Green, in 1836: Mr. Watson,
in N.B. G. — Warwicksh. Studley, in the Castle Field: T. Purton, Esq. —
Worcestersh In afield byPershore: Merrett. Near Grimley : Mr. Ed-
munds.— Yorksh. Corn-field near Ripon, rare: Mr. Bkunton. — WALES.
Glamorgansh. Truly wild on the sandy shores of Swansea Bay : Mr. E. Lees,
in N. B. G. — SCOTL AN D. Edinburghsh. Shore near Edinburgh : J. Graves,
in N. B.G.

Annual. — Flowers from June to August.

Root simple, slender. Stem from 1 to 2 feet high, upright, leafy,
finely downy, branched ; branches alternate, widely spreading.
Leaves sessile, divided down to the base into 3 or 5 parts, which
are deeply cut into slender, strap-shaped segments, often forked at
the end. Stipulas none. Racemes terminal, of few flowers. Bracteas
at the base, and in the middle, of each pedicel (partial flower-stalk)
simple or divided. Flowers blue, varying to purple, pink, and
white, or variegated with these colours. Petals irregularly scol-
loped at the edge; the lateral ones broadest ; the uppermost spear-
shaped, not blunter than the rest, rather shorter than the nectary,
but projecting backwards into a conical tube. Nectary of a single
leaf, placed within the upper petal. Anthers double, yellow,
Germen and Capsule solitary, downy, with a short permanent
style. Seeds angular, blackish, very rough.

This species is a native in corn-fields throughout Europe, also in Pennsylvan-
nia, and Virginia. A double-flowered variety of it is often cultivated in gardens,
and is also occasionally met with m a wild state; the Rev. R. Relhan found it
in a field by the footpath from Shelford to Gogmagog-hill near Cambridge.

The expressed juice of the petals, with the addition of a little alum, makes a
good blue ink. The seeds are acrid and poisonous. They are said to enter into
the composition of certain French cosmetics, which, although primarily efficient,
are found, by continued use, to be very destructive to the skin. A tincture of
the seeds, in doses of 20 or 30 drops, is said to be serviceable in asthma; it pro-
duces a slight degree of nausea, but in overdoses is injurious. The active proper-
ties of the Delphinia seem to depend upon a peculiar alkaloid, which has been
called delphine. According to the observations of Linn.eus, sheep and goats
eat the plant; horses are not fond of it; cows and swine refuse it. The cater-
pillar of Phalana Delphinium lives upon it ; and it is said likewise to constitute
the favourite food of the rare and singularly elegant moth, and caterpillar, Cha-
riclea Delphinii. Cuit. Brit. Entom. v. ii. t. 76. See Burn. Outl. of Bot., and
With. Bot. Arr.

ip 8

t/srf-tsi.

Fub * by WBaxtap Feb ante Garde*. Oxford 1$J0

0. 2'fmt \*%rj Dti ■ 8? Sc ■

(298.)

URTI'CA* *

Linnean Class and Order. MoNfE'ciAf, Tetra'ndria.

Natural Order. Urti’ce.®, Lindl. Syn. p. 218. ; Introduct. to
Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 93. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 540. — Loud. Hort.
Brit. p. 534. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 232. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th ed.)
p. 419. — Urtjc.e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 400. — Querneales; sect.
Urticinak ; type, Urtica ceae ; subtype, Urticid,® ; Burn. Outl.
of Bot. v. ii. pp. 523, 541, & 558. — Scabridje, Linn.

Gen. Char. Sterile Flowers (figs. 2 & 3.) Calyx (see fig. 1.)
of 4 roundish, concave, blunt, equal sepals, containing the cup-
shaped rudiment of a pistil (nectary, Linn) . Corolla none. Filaments
(see fig. 3.) 4, awl-shaped, spreading, opposite to the sepals, and
about as long. Anthers of 2 round lobes. Fertile Flowers (see
figs. 5 & 7). Calyx (see fig. 5.) inferior, of 2 equal, roundish,
concave sepals. Corolla none. Germen (figs. 5 & 6.) superior,
egg-shaped. Style none. Stigma (see figs. 5 & 6.) downy. Seed
(figs. 8 & 9.) 1, naked, egg-shaped, rather compressed, polished,
enclosed in the permanent calyx (see fig. 7).

The sterile flower with a calyx of 4 sepals, containing the cup-
shaped rudiment of a pistil ; and the fertile flower with a calyx of
2 sepals, and- a superior, 1 -seeded fruit enclosed in the permanent
calyx ; will distinguish this from other genera, without a corolla, in
the same class and order.

Three species British.

URTI'CA DIO'ICA. Dioicous Nettle. Great Nettle. Common
Stinging-Nettle.

Spec. Char. Leaves opposite, heart-shaped, pointed. Clusters
much branched, in pairs, mostly dioecious. Roots creeping.

Engl. Bot. t. 1750. — Cuvt. FI. Lond. t. . — Woodv. Med. Bot. v. iii. p. 396.
t. 146. — Curt. Brit. Entomol. v. vi. t. 288.— Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1396.— Hulls. FI.
Angl. (2nd ed. ) p. 417. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. iv. pt. I. p. 352. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. iii.
1>. 1016. ; Engl. FI. v. iv. p. 135. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 237. — Gray’s Nat. Arr.
v. ii. p. 252. — Lindl. Syn. p. 219. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 403. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. ii.
p. 578. — Sihth. FI. Oxon. p. 62. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 208. — Thornt. Fam. Herb,
p. 753, with a figure. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 89. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. ii. p. 453. —
Itelh. Fl. Cant. (3rdcd.) p. 391.— Hook. FI. Scot. p. 271.— Grev. FI. Ed. p. 201. —
FI. Devon, pp. 153 and 136. — Johnst. Fl. of Berw. v. i. p. 205. — Winch’s Fl. of
Northumb. and Durh. p. 61. — Walker’s Fl. of Oxf. p. 278. — Loud. Encyclop. of
Gard. (ed. 1835) p. 882. parag. 4702. — Bab. Fl. Bath. p. 45. — Dick. Fl. Abrcd.
p. 56. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel. p. 81. ; Fl. Hibern. p. 233. — Urtica racemi-
fera major per ennis, Ray’s Syn. p, 139. — Urtica urens, Johns. Ger. p. 706.

»

Localities. — Waste places, under walls, on hedge-banks, rubbish, and by road-
sides ; very common.

Perennial. — Flowers in July and August.

Fig. 1. Calyx of Sterile Flower. — Figs. 2 & 3. Sterile Flowers. — Fig. 4. Imper-
fect cup-shaped Pistil of ditto. — Fig. 5. A Fertile Flower. — Fig. 6. Germen and
Pistil of ditto. — Fig. 7. Seed, accompanied by the permanent calyx. — Figs. 8 & 9.
Seed. — Fig. 10. A Sting. — All, except fig. 8, magnified.

* From uro, to burn ; in allusion to its stinging property,
t Sec folio 83, note +.

Root branching and creeping, lough, yellowish, jointed, and
sending down, from the joints, many fibrous radicles. Stems many,
from two to four feet high, upright, very little branched, bluntly
4-cornered, furrowed, purplish. Leaves large, opposite, on slender
petioles, heart-shaped, pointed, strongly serrated, veiny, dull green,
clothed, like the stems, with stinging bristly hairs Stipulas egg-
shaped, upright. Clusters in pairs, much branched, many-flowered,
Flowers on one root, chiefly sterile; on another mostly fertile.
Calyx of the latter occasionally with 2, or more, supernumerary
leaves. Seeds egg-shaped, compressed, whitish, shining.

This plant is a native all over Europe ; in Barbary, Siberia, and Japan. It is
observed by Dr. Johnston, in his excellent and very interesting work, the Flora
of Berwick-upon- Tweed, that “ the Nettle is always found near the abodes of
man. Wherever he has sojourned, it is said to have accompanied him ; and it
remains to take possession of his deserted dwellings, so that its presence has be-
come associated with the ideas of ruin and desolation. ‘ I went by the field of the
slothful, and by the vineyard of the man void of understanding ; and, lo, it was all
gro.wn over with thorns, and nettles had covered the face thereof, and the stone
wall thereof was broken down.’ ”

In Scotland, Poland, and Germany, the young tops of the Nettle are gathered
early in the Spring as a pot-herb for soups, or for dishes like spinach ; and their
peculiar flavour is by many much esteemed. Of late it has been recommended for
forcing, for which it is well adapted. (See Mr. Loudon’s Ency. of Gardening.)

The roots boiled with alum will dye yarn of a yellow colour. Eggs are thus
stained yellow preparatory to the feast of Easter by the religious of the Greek
church. With the juice of the herb woollen stuffs may be dyed a beautiful and
permanent green. The plant formerly was used as an astringent, but is now dis-
regarded. A leaf put upon the tongue and pressed against the roof of the mouth,
is said to be efficacious in stopping a bleeding at the nose ; and we are told, that
paralytic limbs have been recovered by stinging them with nettles. The fibrous
texture of the stem has been manufactured into cloth ; and it appears from some
experiments made in Ireland, that the thread, in colour, strength, and fineness, is
equal to that obtained from flax. In Siberia and the northern parts of Europe,
cords, cloths, and even paper, are made from this plant. A decoction of Nettles
strongly salted, (a quart of salt to 3 pints of the decoction,) it is said, will coagulate
milk readily, without giving it any unpleasant flavour. The stings are very curi-
ous microscopic objects ; they consist of an exceedingly fine pointed, tapering,
hollow bristle, perforated at the extremity, and seated on a glandular mass of cellu-
lar tissue, which secrets the poison (see fig. 10). When the hand is gently pressed
against them, the delicate point penetrates some pore of the skin, at the same time
the bristle is forced against the gland at its base, and the poison rises into the tube
in a manner strictly analogous to that by which a discharge of venom is effected
from the fangs of a serpent’s tooth, and the caustic fluid being thus introduced into
the wound made by the point of the sting, produces the painful sensations familiar
to all who have ever handled this plant. The Nettle has ever been stigmatized as
the emblem of an irritable and waspish temper, but in truth with little justice, for
when does it prove the aggressor, or engage in active warfare against its neighbour 1
To how many little creatures does it afford friendly protection and subsistence ; for
Entomologists assure us, that not less than 30 species of insects are nurtured upon
the Nettle alone. See Withering' s Bot. Arr. 7th edition.

JEcidium Urticce, and a species of Erysiplie, are common on the leaves of the
Nettle in the Summer and Autumn ; and in the Winter and Spring, on the dead
stems of this plant, will be found Acrospermum compressum, Fusarittm tre-
melloides, Rhytisma Urticce, Sphccria acuta, Sp. herbarum, and 2 or 3 species
of Peziza.

I

299

f

Published, by W.Baxter Botanic Garden.. Oxford. 1833.

WHUUs Sc A

IRufseU.DU.

(299.)

IIOLOSTEUM* *

Linncan Class and Order. Tiua'ndkia f, Trigy'nia.

Natural Order. Ca RY oph y'llea; Linn — Juss. Gen. PI. p.

299. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 159. — Lindl. Syn. p. 43.; lntrod. to
Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 156. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 5U7. — Loud.
Ilort.Brit. p.501. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Card. & Bot. v.i. p.379. —
Mack. FI. Hib. p. 40. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th ed.) p. 400. — Rosales ;
subord. Rhoeados.e ; sect. Dianthinje ; type, Dianthaceaj;
Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 014, 784, 805, Ik 807.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 5, egg-shaped, concave,
permanent sepals. Corolla (fig. 2.) of 5, oblong, petals, unequally
jagged or toothed, deciduous. Filaments (see fig. 4.) 3, occasionally
more, hair-like. Anthers roundish. Germcn (see figs. 4 & 5.)
roundish. Styles (see figs. 4 & 5.)- 3, slender, short. Stigmas
bluntish, downy. Capsules (figs. 6 & 7.) nearly cylindrical, of
1 cell, splitting at the top into 6 recurved teeth, finally separable
into as many pellucid valves. Receptacle (fig. 8.) central, oblong.
Seeds (figs. 9 & 10.) numerous, stalked, peltate, roundish, rough.

The calyx of 5 sepals ; the corolla of 5 petals, jagged or toothed
at the apex ; and the 1-celled, many-seeded, capsule, with 6 teeth ;
will distinguish this front other genera, in the same class and order.

One species British.

IIOLO'STEUM UMBELLA'TUM. Umbelled Holosteum. Um-
belliferous jagged Chickweed. Broad-leaved Wild Pink.

Spec. Char. Root-leaves elliptical, glaucous, smooth ; stem-
leaves larger, egg-shaped. Flowers umbellate. Common Peduncles
clammy-pubescent; pedicels defiexed after flowering.

Engl. Bot. t. 27.— Rose’s Elem. of Bot. Append, p. 445. t. 2 f. 4.— Linn. Sp.
PI. p. 130. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. r. p. 689. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i p. 161. ; Engl.
FI. v. i. p. 187.— With. (7th ed.) v.ii. p. 209.— Gray’s Nat. Air. v. ii. p. 656.—
I.indl. Syn. p. 50 — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 58. — Don's Gen. Syst. of Card, and Hot.
v.i. p. 424.— Macr. Man. Brit. Bot. p. 32.— Cerdstium umbellutum. Hook. FI.
Lond. t. 13. — Huds. H. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 201. — Carynphyllus holostius ur-
vensis, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 595.

Localities.— On old walls, banks, and in sandy corn-fields; very rare. —

Middlesex ; On the walls of Chelsea Physic Garden : Dawson To iiner, Esq.

Norfolk ; In great plenty on the city walls of Norwich, and many other old
walls of that city, and on some hanks and walls in the neighbourhood; first
noticed by Mr. John Pitchford, in the Spring of 1765: Mr. H. Rose, in
Elem. of Bot.— Suffolk ; On walls, and the thatched roofs of houses at Bury;
Sir T. G. Cullum. At Eye; May 1, 1838: Honourable A nne Townsend.

Fig, 1. Calyx.— Fig. 2. Corolla.— Fig. 3. A Petal.— Fig. 4. Stamens, Germen,
and Styles. — Fig. 5. Germen. — Fig. 6. Capsule and permanent Calyx. — Fig.
Capsule without the Calyx.— Fig. 8. Columella, or receptacle of the Seeds. — Figs. !l
and 10. Seeds. — Figs. 11 and 12. Back and front view of a Seed, more highly
magnified.

* From olos, Gr. all ; and osteon, Gr. a bone ; applied by Axtirhrasis to this
plant, the texture being the very reverse, soft and delicate'; or, according to Dr.
Thornton, from its supposed virtue as restoring broken hones.

t See folio 56, note t. f See folio 152, a.

Annual. — Flowers in April and May.

Root small, slightly branched, fibrous. Stems thread-shaped, round,
weak, and partly decumbent, branched from the bottom only, from
3 to 6 inches high, leafy ; hairy and glutinous between the joints
at tile upper part. Root-leaves elliptical ; cauline ones somewhat
egg-shaped, rather larger, opposite, tapering at the base into short,
broad, combined petioles f leaf -stalks J ; all single-ribbed, glaucous,
rather succulent, and quite entire and even at the edges. Peduncles
( flower-stalks ) hairy and clammy. Pedicels about 5, terminal,
umbellate, simple, spreading, at length partly reflexed, afterwards
upright. Bracteas several, small, at the base of the pedicels. Calyx
smooth, brownish. Corolla white, or pale reddish ; petals elliptic-
oblong, variously and unequally toothed at the summit, not deeply
and regularly cloven as in the c erastia. Stamens and Pistils 3,
sometimes more. Capsule somewhat egg-shaped, or nearly cylin-
drical, 1-celled, opening at the top into 6 teeth or valves. Seeds
numerous, somewhat 3-cornered, reddish, and rough with scat-
tered dots.

This singular and interesting little plant is a native of many other
parts of Europe as well as of England, as Spain, Italy, France,
Germany, and Switzerland, where it is found in similar situations
to those of its localities in England.

The specimen from which the drawing for the accompanying
plate was made, was obligingly communicated to me from the
vicinity of Eye, in Suffolk, by the Honourable Anne Townsend,
May 1, 1838.

ALL NATURE PROCLAIMS A DEITY.

“ There is a voiceless eloquence on earth
Telling of Him who gave her wonders birth ;

And long may I remain th’ adoring child
Of Nature’s majesty, sublime or wild ;

Hill, flood, and forest, mountain, rock, and sea.

All take their terrors, or their charms from Thee,
Prom Thee, whose hidden but supreme control
Moves through the world, a universal soul.

But who could trace Thine unrestricted course.
Though Fancy followed with immortal force ?

There’s not a blossom fondled by the breeze.

There's not a fruit that beautifies the trees.

There’s not a particle in sea or air.

But Nature owns Thy plastic influence there !

With fearful gaze, still be it mine to see
How all is fill’d and vivified by Thee ;

Upon thy mirror, earth’s majestic view,

To paint Thy Presence, and to feel it too.”

R. MONTGOMERY.

c 300

CMht-irw,

(300.)

NA/RDUS* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Tria'ndria f, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Grami'ne.f, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 28. — Sm. Gram,
of Bot. p. 86 ; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 71. — Lindl. Syn. p. 293. ; Introd.
to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 292. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 393. — Loud.
Hort. Brit. p. 542. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 294. — Hook. Brit. FI.
{4th ed.) p. 426.— Gramina, Linn.— Graminales ; Burn. Out!,
of Bot. v. i. p. 359.

Gen. Char. Common receptacle f rachis J (see fig. 5.) linear,
toothed, unilateral. Flowers (fig. 1.) alternate, sessile, all directed
one way, perfect. Glumes none. Paleee (see fig. 1.) 2, unequal,
spear-shaped, pointed ; the outer one largest, concave, wrapping up
the inner (see fig. 2.), which is flat. Filaments (see figs. 1 & 2.) 3,
hair-like, shorter than the palese. Anthers oblong. Germen (see
fig. 3.) superior, oblong, slender. Style (see fig. 3.) 1 , short. Stigma
{see fig. 3.) 1, long, feathery. Seed (fig. 4.) 1, linear, pointed at
each end, invested with the permanent pale®.

The 2 palece, without glumes, will distinguish this from other
genera in the same class and order.

One species British.

NA'RDUS STRPCTA. Stiff Mat-grass. Common Mat-grass,
Small Mat-weed. Heath Mat-weed.

Spec. Chau. Spike bristle-shaped, straight. Florets all pointing
one way. Leaves thrice the length of their sheaths.

Engl Bot. t. 290.— Knapp’s Gram. Brit. t. 2. — Schreh. Gram. p. 65. t. 7. —
Mart. FI. Bust. t. 27. — Cult. Brit. Entom. v. ix. L 390. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 77. —
Iluds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 22. — Leers’ FI. Herb. (2nd ed.) p. It. t. 1. f. 7. —
Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. i. p. 314. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 61. ; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 70. —
With. (7th ed.) v. it. p.98. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v.ii. p. 87. — Lindl. Syn. p. 296. —
Hook. Br. FI. p. 26. — Macr. Man. of Brit. Bot. p.276. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i.
p.90. — Sibth. F'l. Oxon. p. 33. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 11. — Davies’ Welsh Bot.
p. 7. — Port. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 66— Belli. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 24— Hook. FI.
Scot. p. 21. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 13. — FI. Devon, pp. 9 & 120. — Rev. G. FI.
Smith's PI. of S. Kent, p. 6. — Johnston’s FI. of Berwick, v. i. p. 18. — Winch’s
F'l. of Noribumb. and Durham, p. 4. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 15. — Perry’s PI.
Varvic. Selectas, p.1. — Dick FI. Abred. p.22. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel.
p. 11. ; FI. Hibern. p. 318. — Gramen sparteum juncifolium, Scheuchz. Agrost,
p. 90. t. 2. f. 10. — Hay’s Syu. p.393. — Spartum nostras parvum, Johnson’s
Gerarde, p. 1631.

Localities— On barren moors and heaths; uot uncommon.

Perennial. — Flowers in June and July.

Fig. 1. A Floret expanded, showing the Stamens and Pistil. — Fig. 2. A Floret
closed. — Fig. 3. Germen and Pistil. — Fig. 4. A Seed. — Fig. 5. Part of the Rachis. —
Fig. 6. A small bit of the upper part of the Culm, by mistake marked fig. 5 in
the plate. All more or less magnified.

* From nardos, Or. ; formerly applied to an odoriferous substance, but which
is not applicable in this case. Hooker.

f See folio 56, note f .

Root of numerous, very strong, downy fibres. Culms ( stems J
numerous, from 4 to 8, or 10 inches high, upright, rigid, wiry,
somewhat furrowed, with from 1 to 3 joints near the base, with a
short leaf to each ; the upper part naked, and roughish with minute
bristles (see fig. 6). Root-leaves very numerous, long, bristle-like,
furrowed, roughish, and, like the culms, remaining bleached through
the winter. Sheaths ( vagina ) about one-third the length of the
leaves, membranaceous, whitish. Stipula (ligula) egg-shaped,
prominent. Spike long, upright, yellowish -white, or violet -
coloured; raclns ( spike-stalk J (see fig. 5.) grooved and toothed
at short distances for the insertion of the florets, which are placed
alternately in two rows, and all point to one side. Palccc /'valves
of the corolla J (see fig. 1.) spear-shaped, outer one coriaceous,
purplish-green, awned ; inner one smaller, membranous, awnless.
Style and Stigma single. Plant tufted, and surrounded at the base
with the remains of the old culms and leaves.

This is easily distinguished from all other British Grasses by
the florets having one style only ; by the slenderness and rushy
stiffness of the culms and leaves ; and by the florets being thinly
dispersed along the spike, mostly in pairs, and all pointing in one
direction.

It is an inferior grass, the whole herbage is stiff and hard to the
touch, and being generally short and wiry, it eludes the stroke of
the scythe, and takes off its edge, which makes it disliked by
mowers ; it is not often, however, that it comes under the scythe
in England, as it seldom occurs with us, except about bogs on
heaths and moors. It is a deep-rooted grass, and Schrank cele-
brates it as a safe support to the hands of the alpine Botanist, in
precipitous situations, though it renders his path very slippery.
From the observations of Linnaeus, it appears that horses, sheep,
and goats eat it ; cows are not fond of it ; and swine refuse it.
Rooks stock it up for the sake of the larvae of insects, which they
find at the root.

With us it is not, that I know of, put to any use whatever ; but
Mr. Sinclair states, that the straw being long without joints, and
very fine, equal, and tough, induces him to consider it as probably
the best grass for the supply of straw for the Leghorn plat.

LinNjEUS informs us, in his Lachcsis Lapponica, that in Smo-
land, this grass is called Kaffa Skicegg, or Old Man's Beard; at
Pithoea, Svinborst, Hog's Bristles; and at Lulea, Lapp-lidr , Lap-
land Hair.

The north side of Shotover Hill, and the south side of Cumnor
Hurst, are the only stations in which I have observed it in the
neighbourhood of Oxford. — The drawing for the accompanying
plate was made from a specimen given me by my friend, Mr. W.
Willis, of Wallingford, Berks.

r

I

1

IJtujicll Dtl

Brblished. bv WBaxter. Botanic Garden. Oxford. 133b.

(301.)

LITHOS PE RMIT M* *.

Linnean Class and Order, Penta'ndria f, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Boragi'ne/e Juss. Gen. PI. p. 128. — Sm.
Gram, of Bot. p. 102. — Lindl. Syn. p. 163. ; Introd to Nat. Syst.
of Bot. p. 241. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 410. — Loud. Hort. Brit,
p. 527. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iv. p. 306. — Mack.
FI. Hib. p. 167. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th ed.) p. 413. — Asperifo-
lia;, Linn. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 247. — Svringales ; subord.
Primulcs/e ; sect. Solaninaj; type, Boraginace.e ; Burn.
Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 900, 958. 982, & 1005.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal, in 5 deep,
spear-shaped, pointed, equal, nearly upright, keeled segments,
permanent. Corolla (figs. 2 & 3.) of 1 petal, funnel-shaped ; tube
cylindrical, as long as the calyx, with a naked, open mouth ; limb
divided half way down into 5 equal, blunt, upright segments.
Filaments (see fig. 3.) 5, very short, inserted into the tube. Jlnthers
oblong, concealed within the tube. Germens (see fig. 4.) 4, in-
serted into the base of the calyx. Style (see fig. 4.) thread-shaped,
shorter than the tube. Stigma blunt, notched. Seeds ( Nuts)
(f. 4.) 4, egg-shaped* pointed, hard, shining, either even or wrinkled,
in the bottom of the moderately spreading calyx.

Distinguished from other genera with monopetalous, inferior
flowers, and naked seeds, in the same class and order, by the
funnel-shaped corolla, with a naked throat; the oblong, enclosed
anthers ; and the egg-shaped, hard seeds or nuts.

• Four species British.

LITHOSPE'RMUM PURPURO-CCERU'LEUM. Purple-blue
flowered Gromwell. Creeping Gromwell. Pearl Plant. Lichwale.

Spec. Char. Stems herbaceous ; barren ones creeping ;
flowering ones upright. Leaves spear-shaped, acute, scabrous.
Corolla much longer than the calyx. Seeds even.

Engl. Bot. t. 117. — Hook. FI. Lond. t. 12. — Jacq. Ft. Austr. v. i. p. 11. t. 14. —
Linn. Sp. I'l. p. 190. — Iluds. Ft. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 79. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. II.
p. 754. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 214. ; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 255. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii.
p. 279. — Lind. Syn. p. 164. — Ilook. Br. FI. p. 80. — Macr. Man. Bv. Bot. p. 161. —
FI. Devon, pp. 34 & 151. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Hot. v. iv. p. 321. —
Lithospermum violaceum, Lam. FI. Fr. v. ii. p,271. — Lithospermum majus
Dodoncei, flore purpureo, simine Anchusce , Ray’s Syn. p. 229. — Lithosper-
mum majus, Johnson’s Gerardo, p. 609. — AEyonychon repens, Gray’s Nat. A.ir.
v. ii. p. 354.

Localities. — In hedges and thickets, and in mountain and woody pastures,
on a chalky soil, very rare. — Cumberland; In a wood at Castle-carrot k :
Hutchinson. — Devon; Dungeon Cliff, Petitor, and Marychurch : Rev. A.
Neck. — Herefordsh. Northern parts of the county : Duncvmb. — Kent; Near
(Jreenhithe : Dr. Latham. In Darent Wood : Mr. W. Curtis— Somersetsh.
Near Taunton : Ray. Coppice between A xbridge and Wookey : Dr. Maton.

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Calyx and Corolla. — Fig. 3. Corolla opened vertically to
show the 5 stamens. — Fig. 4. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 5. A Seed.

• From lithos, Gr. a stone ; and sperma, Gr. a seed ; from its shining, very-
hard seeds, or nuts. Sir W. J. Hooker.

t See folio 48, note +.

\ See folio 102, a.

In Cliedder Woods by the road-side as you go to Axbridge, abundantly : Mr.
Sole, in B. G. In a copse near the road, between Bridgwater and Pawlett;
South Brent, very plentiful on the brow of the hill, above the village: Mr.
Clark, in N.B.G. Weston in Gordano: Miss Worsi.ey, in N.B.G. In
plenty about Tyntesfield in Wraxall Park: Rev. H. T. Ei.licombe, June 11,
1838. — W A LKS. Deribiyhsh. On the top of a bushy hill near Denbigh, on the
north side of the town : Kay. Found in the same place, now called the Crest,
by Mr. Scott, about 1824: Mr. Griffith. — Glamorgansh. Near Caswell
Bay : Mr. J. Turner.

Perennial. — Flowers in April and May.

Root woody, blackish on the outside, whitish within ; much
branched and tuffed. Stems numerous, round, simple, leafy, very
rough with projecting bristly hairs ; those stems which produce
flowers are upright, from a foot to 18 inches high; those which do
not flower are often much longer, trailing on the ground, and taking
root at the extremity. Leaves numerous, alternate, spear-shaped,
entire, contracted at the base into a short petiole (footstalk), taper-
ing at the point, single-ribbed, clothed on both sides with short,
close hairs, accompanied on the upper with many callous warts ;
the under side palest ; margin somewhat revolute. Flowers showy,
at first red, afterwards purple, in somewhat unilateral, leafy spikes,
which grow 2 or 3 together at the top of the stem, and are short
and recurved before flowing, but, as the flowers expand, they be-
come upright and much elongated. Calyx bristly, divided to the
base into 5 very narrow, strap-shaped, bluntish segments. Corolla
twice as long as the calyx ; externally reddish, the limb, when ex-
panded, of a violet-blue on the upper side, with 5 pale swellings at
its base, which do not close the tube, in whose upper part the
stamens are situated. Seeds egg-shaped, hard, of a silvery white,
highly polished, very slightly rugged, frequently abortive, as in many
other plants that increase much by their roots. The segments of
the calyx, after flowering, become much longer, as in Lithospermum
arvense, and other plants of the same natural order.

A rather handsome species, and not unworthy a place in the flower garden. Its
large and bright blue flowers will readily distinguish it from L. officinale and
L. arvense, whose flowers are very small and whitish ; and it differs from h.
maritimum, the other British species, in the flowering stems being upright, rough,
hairy, and dark-green ; not procumbent, smooth, and glaucous.

“ Who can paint
Like Nature ! Can Imagination boast
Amid its gay creation, hues like her’s ?

Or can it mix them with that matchless skill.
And lay them on so delicately fine,

And lose them in each other, as appears
In every bud that blows 1”

Thomson.

'

(302.)

RANUNCULUS* *

Liunean Class and Order. Polya'ndria f, Polygy'.ma.

Natural Order. Ranuncula'ce/e+, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 23L —
Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 1 36. — Lindl. Syn. p. 7. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst.
of Bot. p. 6. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 465. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 495.;
Mag. hi at. Hist. v. i. p. 137. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot.
v. i. p. 2.— Mack. FI. Hib. p. 4.— Hook. Brit. FI. (4th ed.) p. 395.—
Rosales; sect. Ranunculin.f. ; subsect. RanunculianjE ; type,
Ranhnculaceje ; subtype, Ranunculea: ; Burn. Outl. of Bot.
v. ii. pp. 616, 828, 832, 837, & 839. — Multisiliquas, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 5, rarely fewer, egg-
shaped, concave, somewhat coloured, deciduous sepals, not length-
ened at the base. Corolla (fig. 2.) of 5, rarely 8 or 10, blunt,
polished petals, each with a nectariferous scale on the inside at the
base (see fig. 3). Filaments (see fig. 4.) numerous, not half the
length of the petals. Anthers roundish, linear, or heart-shaped,
terminal, upright, of 2 cells, bursting at the outer edges. Germens
(see fig. 5.) superior, numerous, collected into a head. Styles none.
Stigmas small, reflexed. Pericarps or Cariopsides ( seeds of Linn,
and Smith.,/ (see figs. 6 & 7.) numerous, egg-shaped, somewhat
compressed, either smooth, striated, tuberculated, or prickly, each
tipped with a point or hook, arranged in a globose or cylindrical
head. Seed erect, one in each pericarp.

The calyx of 5 sepals ; the corolla of 5, or more, petals, each
with a nectariferous scale at its base ; and the numerous, 1 -seeded
pericarps [seeds of Sm.) without awns ; will distinguish this from
other genera in the same class and order.

Fifteen species British.

RANU'NCULUS A'CRIS. Acrid Crowfoot. Upright Meadow
Crow-foot. Butter-flower. Butter-cup. King-cup.

Spec. Char. Leaves 3- to 5-parted ; segments 3-lobed and
cut; those of the uppermost leaves strap-shaped and entire. Stem
upright, many-flowered, covered with close hairs. Flower-stalks
round and even. Calyx spreading. Pericarps smooth.

Engl. Bot. t. 652. — Curt. FI. Lond. t. .—Mart. FI. Rust. t. 30. — Woodv.
Med Hot. Suppl. t 246. — Linn. Sp. PI. p.779. — Hnds. FI. Angl. (2nd edit.) p.
241. — Willd. Sp. PI. v.ii. pt. n. p. 1326. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii. p. 593 ; Engl. FI.
v. iii. p. 51. — With. (7th ed.) v. iii. p. 680.— Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p.718. —
Lindl. Syn. p. 11. — Hook. Brit. FI. p 266. — Don’s Gen. Syst- of Gard. & Bot.
v. i. p. 35. — Macr. Man. of Brit. Bot. pp. 4 & 5. — Liglitf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 293. —
Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 174. — Abbot’s FI. Hedf. p. 122. — Thorn. Fam. Herb, p.561,
with a figure.— Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 55.— Puit. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 259. — Relh.
FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p.224. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 174. — Grev. FI. Kdin. p. 125. —
FI. Devon, pp. 94 & 193. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 123. — Winch’s FI. of
Northumb. and Durh. p. 38 — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 157. — Perry’s PI. Varv.
Select, p. 46. — Bab. FI. Bath. p. 2. — Dick. FI. Abred. p. 42. — Mack. Catal. of
PI. of lrel. p 53.; FI. Hibern. p. 8. — Ranunculus pratensis erectus acris,
Ray’s Syn. p.248.

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. A Petal, with its nectariferous Scale. —
Fig. 4. Stamens and Pistils. — Fig. 5. Calyx and Germans. — Fig. 6. Head of Peri-
carps.— Figs. 7. Single Pericarps.

* From rana, a frog ; from the plants delighting to grow where frogs abound.
Sir W. J. Hooker. f See folio 43, note f. $ See folio 12S, a.

Localities.— In meadows and pastures; very common.

Perennial. — Flowers from April to July.

Root somewhat tuberous, with many long simple fibres. Stem
from 1 to 2 feet high, upright, round, hollow, mostly clothed with
close-pressed hairs ; much branched at top, and many-flowered.
Root-leaves on long, upright, hairy petioles ; in 3 or 5 deep divi-
sions, the middle division 3-lobed, the side ones usually 2-lobed,
all sharply, and deeply toothed, and more or less hairy ; stem-
leaves of the same structure, but with shorter petioles, and fewer
and narrower segments ; uppermost much smaller, in 3, strap-
shaped, entire lobes ; or sometimes simple and strap-shaped.
Flower-stalks round and even, not furrowed, covered with close
hairs. Calyx yellowish, hairy or nearly smooth, spreading, not
deflexed, deciduous. Corolla of a golden yellow, shining; petals
nearly heart-sl raped, their nectary covered by a scale. Pericarps
(seeds of Sm.) smooth, terminated by a nearly straight point.

A variety with a double flower, is often cultivated in gardens, under
the name of Yellow Bachelors' Buttons (see Curt. Bot. Mag. t. 215) .
It has been found wild by Mr. Winch.

The whole plant is very acrid and dangerous. Mr. Curtis says, that even pull-
ing up the plant, and carrying it to some little distance, has produced a considerable
inflammation in the palm of the hand. According to Linn je l'S, sheep and goats cat
it ; but cows, horses, and swine, refuse it. — The leaves have been pounded and ap-
plied as a poultice, when it produces a vesication like a blister. Rheumatic affec-
tions have often readily given way to its use.

Shakspeare’s Cuckoo-buds of yellow hue, are supposed to be the Butter-
cup (see folio 141, a.) ; and he mentions it as the Cuckoo-flower in King Lear,
Act iv. Scene 4.

“ Nettles, cuckoo flowers,

Darnel, and all the idle weeds.”

Many other quotations alluding to this plant might be given from the Poets, but
I have only room here to introduce the following beautiful lines, written by Mrs.
How itt, and which cannot be otherwise than acceptable to those of my juvenile
readers who have not seen that Lady’s delightful little book, intitled “ Birds and
Flowers, and other Country Things.”

“ Buttercups and Daisies — oh, the pretty flowers
Coming ere the Spring time, to tell of sunny hours.

While the trees are leaflless ; while the fields are bare.
Buttercups and Daisies spring up here and there.

Ere the snow-drop pcepeth ; ere the crocus bold ;

Ere the early primrose opes its paly gold,

Somewhere on a sunny bank Buttercups are bright ;
Somewhere ’mong the frozen grass peeps the daisy white.
Little hardy flowers, like to children poor.

Playing in their sturdy health by their mother’s door :

Purple with the north- wind, yet alert and bold,

Fearing not, and caring not, though they be a-cold !

What to them is weather ! wrhat are stormy showers !
Buttercups and daisies are these human flowers 1
He who gave them hardship and a life of care.

Gave them likewise hardy strength, and patient hearts to bear.

Welcome yellow buttercups, welcome daisies white.

Ye are in my spirit visioned a delight ?

Coming ere the spring-time of sunny hours to tell —

Speaking to our hearts of Him, who doe.th nit things well,"

303

(303.)

CONI'UM* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Digy'nia.

Natural Order. Umbelh'feRveJ, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 218. —
Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 132. — Lindl. Syn. p. 111.; Introd. to Nat.
Syst. of Bot. p. 4. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 463. — Loud. Hort. Brit,
p. 515. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 235. — Mack.
FI. Hibern. p. 113. — Hook. Brit. FJ. (4th ed.) p. 408. — Umbel-
lat JE,Linn. — Rosales; sect.ANGELiciNAi; type,SMYRNUCE,E;
subtype, Scandicidas ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 614, 770,
780, & 781.

Gen. Char. Flowers (see fig. 1.) all perfect, slightly irregular.
Calyx obsolete. Corolla (see fig. 1.) superior, of 5 inversely heart-
shaped petals, with an acute, indexed point (see fig. 2.) ; the outer-
most rather the largest. Filaments (see fig. 1.) 5, hair-like,
scarcely so long as the corolla. Anthers roundish. Germen (fig. 3.)
egg-shaped, somewhat compressed, furrowed, wrinkled. Styles
(see fig. 3.) 2, thread-shaped, elongated, spreading, a little swelled
at the base, proceeding from the dilated, depressed, wavy, perma-
nent floral receptacle. Stigmas blunt. Fruit (see figs. 3 & 4.)
broadly egg-shaped, slightly compressed, with 10 prominent, acute
ribs, wavy in an unripe state, crowned with the dilated undulated
floral receptacle , and the shortish, permanent, spreading styles.
Carpels ( seeds of Linn.) half egg-shaped, tumid, each with 5 pro-
minent, waved or crenated ridges, becoming finally straight and
even. Interstices with many striae, without vittcc. Seed with a
sharp narrow groove in front. Universal involucrum of few leaves ;
partial one of 3 leaves on one side.

The oblolete calyx; the inversely heart-shaped petals with an
inflexed point; the broadly egg-shaped fruit; and the carpels
with 5 prominent, waved or crenated ridges ; with the interstices
without vittce ; will distinguish this from other genera in the same
class and order.

One species British.

CONI'UM MACULA'TUM. Spotted Hemlock. Common
Hemlock. Homlock. Kex. Herb Bennet.

Spec. Char. Stem smooth, polished, and spotted, much
branched. Leaves of involucels spear-shaped, shorter than the
umbellules.

Engl. Bot. t. 1191. — Curt. FI. Loud. t. . — Jacq. FI. Austr. v. ii. p. 36. t. 156. —
Woodv. Med. Bot. v. i. p. 62. t. 22.— Steph. and Church. Med. Bot. v. i. t. 13. —
Linn. Sp. PI. p. 349.— Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 1 15. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. II.
I). 1395. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 302. ; Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 65. — With. (7th ed. ) v. ii.
p. 370. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 513. — Lindl. Syn. p. 126. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.

Fig. 1. A Flower, showing the Petals, Stamens, and Pistils. — Fig. 2. A separate
Petal. — Fig. 3. An unripe Fruit. — Fig. 4. A transverse section of a ripe Fruit.

* Koneion , Gr. of Theophrastus, from konos, Gr. a cone, or a top, whose
whirling motion resembles the giddiness produced on the human constitution by
the poisonous juice of this plant. Hooker.

+ See folio 18, note +.

J Sec folio 235, a.

131.— Don’s Gen. Syst. of Card, and Bo(. v, iii. p. 370. — Macr. Man. Brit. Bot.
p. 106.— Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 157. — Sibtli. FI. Oxon. p. 94. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf.
p. 60. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 28. — Thornt. Fam. Herb. p. 317, with a figure. —
Purt. Midi. FI. v. i. p. 141.— Relh. FI. Cant. (3rded.) p. 114.— Hook. FI. Scot,
p. 88. — Grev. FI. Ediu. p. 63. — FI. Devon, pp. 49 & 166. — Johnst. Fl. Berw. v. i.
p. 69. — Winch’s FI. of ISorthumb. and Durli. p. 19. — Walker’s Fl. of Oxf. p. 80. —
Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. p. 782. — Bab. Fl. Bath. p. 21. — Dick. Fl. Abred. p. 31. —
Mack. Cat. of PI. of Irel. p. 28. ; Fl. Ilibern. p. 127. — Cicuta, Bay’s Syn. p. 215.
— Johnson’s Gcrarde, p. 1061,

Localities. — In hedges, orchards, waste ground, and on rubbish and dunghills,
especially near towns and villages ; frequent.

Biennial. — Flowers in June and July.

Root fleshy, tap-shaped, whitish, frequently forked, of a dis-
agreeable smell, and sweetish taste. Stem from 3 to 6 feet high,
upright, round, hollow, smooth, glaucous, shining, much branched,
and copiously spotted or streaked with reddish or brownish-purple.
Leaves large, spreading, repeatedly compound, of a deep shining
green ; leaflets egg-shaped, closely and sharply pinnatified ; petioles
long, furrowed, dilated and sheathing at the base. Umbels termi-
nal, very numerous, upright, compound, occasionally attended by
one or two simple axillary ones ; all many-rayed and smooth.
General involucrums of several short egg-spear-shaped leaves,
which are membranous at their edges ; partial ones ( involucels )
of about 3 spear-shaped leaves, which are all directed to one side,
and much shorter than the umbellules, a character which will dis-
tinguish this from JFAhusa cynapium, in which the umbellules are
shorter than the involucels (see t. 19). Flowers numerous, white,
all prolific ; the outermost slightly irregular. Fruit abundant,
egg-shaped, slightly compressed, furrowed, the ridges crenated.
Carpels with 5 crenated ridges, 3 on the back, and 2 on the
margins.

Hemlock is a native throughout the whole of Europe ; also of the eastern
parts of Asia, North Ameiica, and Chili . where it has been introduced. It is
distinguished from all other umbelliferous plants by its spotted stem, by the dark
and shining green colour of the bottom leaves, and particularly by the foetid
smell of the whole herbage when bruised. It is considered one of the most
noxious of vegetable poisons, yet, like many other poisons, it has, in small doses,
proved a serviceable medicine ; it is sedative and alterative ; and Baron Stosrck,
of Vienna, who first brought this plant into repute as a medicine, about 1760,
extols it highly, both as an internal medicine and an external application, in the
treatment of scirrhus and cancer: yet much care is required in its administra-
tion, as when taken in an over-dose, it produces giddiness, headache, dimness
of sight, difficulty of speech, nausea, delirium, great anxiety, stupor, and con-
vulsions, and if proper means to obviate the fatal effects are not promptly taken,
death rapidly ensues. Linn.ecs, Lamarck, and others, believed the poison
which was administered to Socrates, the Athenian philosopher, to have been
the juice of the Conium maculatum ; others supposed that the fatal draught
was a compound of several herbs; and IIaller considered it to have been de-
rived from the Cicuta virosa, a poisonous aquatic, which in its operation is
much more powerful and violent than the common Hemlock. That the modern
Conium is identical with the koneion of the Greeks, is rendered probable from
its being very common in Peloponnesus; “ most abundant (says Dr. Sibthorp)
between Athens and Alegara,” and that the Cicuta virosa, (Enanthe phellan-
driun, and JEthusa cynopium, (t. 19.) are not found in any part of the country.

Although Hemlock will destroy life in men and kine, yet sheep, goats, and
horses, will feed upon it without danger ; and Ray informs us, that thrushes will
cat the seeds, which are more potent than the leaves, even when corn is to be
had-

<y/r witaUet //svu/*/ ■ JCtury Ji*/t£usre-«f*£

2\t/h f ty 1VJJ& Go^Imk. Oate*&18$' <?.

C ’ Qihews. I/tlSc

(304.)

HERNIARIA* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Digy'nia.

Natural Order. Illf.ce'iire.e £, Dr. R. Brown. — Lindl. Syn.
p. 60.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 164.— Paronychieae,
Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 508. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 516. — Don’s
Gen. Syst. of Gard.and Bot. v. iii. p. 84. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th ed.)
p. 407.— Amaranthi, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 87. — Sm. Gram, of Bot.
p. 92. — Querneales; sect. Rumicinx ; type, Scleranthace.e ;
Burn. Out. of Bot. pp. 523, 587, & 544. — Holeracex, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (see figs. 1 & 2.) inferior, of 1 sepal, in
5 deep, pointed, spreading, permanent segments, somewhat co-
loured inside. Corolla (see fig. 2.) of 5 thread-shaped, quite entire
petals §, alternating with the sepals, sometimes wanting, or very
small. Filaments (see fig. 2.) 5, or by abortion only 2 or 3, awl-
shaped, shorter than the calyx, and opposite to its segments.
Jlnthers of 2 roundish lobes. Germen superior, egg-shaped. Styles
(see fig. 3.) 2, very short, distinct or cohering at the base. Stigmas
pointed. Capsule (fig. 3.) invested by the calyx, membranous, of
1 cell, scarcely bursting, except in an irregular manner. Seed
(fig. 5.) solitary, roundish, polished, pointed, filling the capsule.

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by
the deeply 5-cleft, permanent calyx; the 5 thread-shaped scales
or petals ; the very short styles ; and the indehiscent, 1 -seeded
capsule, covered by the calyx.

Three species British.

HERNIA'RIA HIRSU'TA. Hairy Rupture-wort.

Spec. Char. Stem herbaceous, prostrate, clothed with spread-
ing hairs. Leaves oval-oblong. Flowers sessile, clustered, axillary..

Engl. Bot. t. 1379. — Bauh. Hist. v. iii. p. 379, with a figure. — Dill, in Ray’s
Syn. p. 161. — Linn. Sp. I’l. p. 317. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nded.) p. 109. — W’illd. Sp.
l’l. v. i. pt. ii. p. 1297. — Sm. FI. lirit. v. i. p. 272. ; Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 9. — With.
(2nded.) v. i. p. 250. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 547. — Lindl. Syn. p. 61. — Ilook.
Br. FI. p. 140. ; 2nd edit. p. 126. — Macr. Man. Brit. Bot. p. 86. — Don’s Gen. Syst.
of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 86. — Bab. in Linn. Soc. Trans, v. xvii. p. 451. — Her-
niaria glabra, y ar. hirsuta, With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 342. — Herniaria vulgaris,
Spreng. Syst. Veg. v. i. p. 929, in part.

Locat-itus. — In sandy and gravelly places; very rare. — Middlesex ; At
Colney-hatch, near Barnet : Hudson, 1778. “ IMiln and Gordon, in their In-
digenous Botany, v. i. p.455, say, ' we found it in a field at Finchley and at
Colney-hatch near Barnet, where Hudson observed it.’ It has not, I believe,
been found since the publication of that work in 1793 Mr. C. C. Babincton,
in Linn. Trans, v. xvii. p. 452. — The Cornwall and Derby stations given for this
plant, probably belong to a new British species ( Herniaria ciliataj lately dis-
covered by Mr. Babington, and described by him in the Transactions of the
Linnean Society. It differs from H. hirsuta in the hairs on the stem being
short and decurved, not spreading.

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. An expanded Flower, showing the Calyx, the very narrow,
strap-shaped Petals, the Stamens, Germen, and Pistils. — Fig. 3. A Capsule. — Fig. 4.
Seeds, natural size. — Fig. 5. A Seed, highly magnified. — Fig. 6. Leaf and smaU
portion of the stem, slightly magnified. — Figs. 1, 2, 8c 3, highly magnified.

* From its supposed efficacy in curing hernia. Withering.
+ See folio 48, note t. J See folio 155, a.

1 Some Botanists consider these as abortive filaments.

Annual ? — Flowers in July and August..

Root tapering, somewhat woody. Stems numerous, prostrate,
very much branched, leafy, round, somewhat woody, toughish,
covered with straight spreading hairs. Leaves inversely egg-
shaped, or elliptical, bluntish, on short stalks ; clothed, on both
sides, with prominent, bristly hairs. Slipulas lateral, between the
leaves, in pairs, large, membranous, egg-shaped, pointed, fringed
with bristly hairs. Flowers small, green, nearly sessile, about 6 to
10 together, in somewhat leafy clusters, either axillary, or opposite
to a solitary leaf. Bracteas very white, ciliated, like the stipulas.
Calyx covered with strong prominent hairs, and, as Mr. Babing-
ton observes, appearing, when closed, like a little bur ; segments
egg-spear-shaped, bluntish, edged with white. Corolla of 5, very
narrow, strap-shaped petals, resembling filaments without anthers,
and described as such by some authors. Stamens about half the
length of the calyx ; filaments rather narrower than the petals, and
alternate with them ; anthers of 2 roundish lobes. Capsule ellip-
tical, 1-seeded.

»

This plant is said to be a native throughout Europe, but it is extremely rare,
in a wild state, in England. The small plant figured was from the Oxford Bo-
tanic Garden, where it comes up annually, as a weed, in some of the gravel walks
without the walls of the garden. When it grows in a richer soil it often becomes
much larger than it is represented in the accompanying plate; and a single
plant now (Oct. 22, 1838,) growing in one of the flower borders in the same
Garden, spreads over a space of ground above four feet in circumference, some
of the branches measuring eleven inches long.

The late Mr. Stackhouse, Dr. Withering, and some other distinguished Bo-
tanists, considered Herniaria hirsuta as not specificallydisiinctfrom H. glabra ;
and Professor Strengee has united them, and I think H. ciliata also, under the
name of Herniaria vulgaris.

The distinguishing characters of the three British species (if they really are
species, and we have the authority of some of the most eminent and experienced
Botanists of the present day for considering them so) seem to rest principally on
the different kind and degree of pubescence with which they are clothed. In
Herniaria hirsuta the stems, leaves, and calyx, are thickly covered with strong,
spreading hairs ; in H. ciliata, according to Mr. Babington’s observations, the
stems are clothed with very minute decurved hairs, the leaves egg-shaped and
fringed; in I{. glabra the pubescence of the stems is the same as in H. ciliata,
but the leaves are oval-oblong and smooth, not fringed. All the three species
are of very humble growth, and possess little either in appearance or properties
to attract attention. They are slightly astringent, and were formerly thought to
be useful in the cure of Ruptures, but they are now disregarded as a medicine.

Cows, sheep, and horses are said to eat these plants ; goats and swine to
refuse them.

305

Fuiibared bvWI^HjitrrLotanic QardinCifrri 1838

LOfJljH

wwoiu.Sc

(305.)

A'CERAS*.

Linnean Class and Order. Gyna'ndria f, Mona'ndria.

Natural Order. Orchi'deje, Linn. — Juss. Gen. PI. p. 64. —
Sm. Gram, of Bot, p. 81. ; Engl. FI. v. iv. p. 3. — Lind I . Syn. p. 256 ;
Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 262. — Rich, by Maccilliv. p. 412. —
Loud. Hort. Brit, p.536. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p.274. — Macr. Man.
Brit. Bot. p. 224. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th edit.) p. 425. — Palmares ;
order, Mxtsales; sect. Orchidina: ; type, OrchidaCeae ; Burn.
Outl. of Bot. v. i. pp. 391, 437, 458, & 461.

Gen. Char. Perianthium £, (calyx and corolla J (fig. 1.) su-
perior. Sepals 3, egg-shaped, concave, equal, closely converging,
ribbed, permanent. Petals 2, strap-spear-shaped, small, about as
long as the sepals, which conceal them. Lip (nectary J (see fig. 1.)
without a spur, hanging down, much longer than the sepals, strap-
shaped, with 4 strap-shaped, entire lobes, the two uppermost longest,
the disk strap-shaped, flat, and even. Anthers of 2 oblong mem-
branous cells, close together, above the stigma. Pollen-masses
(see fig. 3.) with 2 glands, contained in one common pouch. Germen
(see fig. 2.) oblong, furrowed, nearly straight. Style (see fig. 3.)
very short. Stigma a moist depression in front. Capsule (fig. 4.)
inversely egg-shaped, slightly curved, furrowed. Seeds very nu-
merous, tunicated.

The herbaceous, converging, helmet-shaped perianthium ; the
dependant, 4-lobed lip, without a spur ; and the pollen-masses with
2 glands enclosed in one common pouch ; will distinguish this from
other genera in the same class and order.

One species British.

A'CERAS ANTHROPO'PHORA. Man-bearing Aceras. Green
Man-orchis.

Spec. Char. Lip longer than the germen.

Brown, in Ait. Hort. Kew. (2nd ed. ) vol. v. p. 191. — Sm. Engl. Fl. v. iv. p. 25. —
Lindl. Syn. p. 262. — Hook. Brit. Fl. p. 374. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 200. —
Macr. Man. Br. Bot. p. 227. — Rev. G. E. Smith’s PI. of S. Kent, p. 51. — Burn.
Outl, of Bot. v. i. p. 15. fig. g. h. i. i. k. — O'phrys anthropophora, Engl. Bot.
t. 29. — Curt. Fl. Lond. t, . — Curt. Brit. Entom. v. vi. t. 280. — Linn. Sp. PI. p.
1343. — Huds. Fl. Angl. (2nded.) p. 390. — Sm. Fl. Brit. v. iii. p. 937. — Willd. Sp.
PI. v. iv. pt. i. p. 63.— With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 41.— Relli. Fl. Cant. (3rd ed.) p.
364. — Orchis anthropophora oreades, Ray’s Syn. p. 379. — Jacob’s PI. Feversh.
p. 74. — Blackst. Sp. Bot. p. 63, — Orchis fiore nudi hominis effiyiem reprasen-
tans.foemina, Bauh. Pin. p. 82. n. 7. — Rudb. Camp. Elys. v.ii. p. 193. n. 7. f. 6. —
Vaill. Par. p. 147. t. 31. f. 19, 20.

Localities. — In chalk-pits, and in dry chalky or clayey pastures; very rare. —
Berks ; Near the highway from Wallingford to Reading, on the Berkshire side
of the river: Merhett, 1G66. — Cambridgesh. In a close near Linton : Rev.
R. Relhan. Furze-hills, Hildershain : W. H. Coi.eman, in N. B. G. — Essex ;
On the borders of some corn-fields at Belchamp St. Paul, towards Ovington :

Fig. 1. Front view of a Flower. — Fig. 2. Germen, Column, and Lip. — Fig. 3.
Front view of the upper part of the Column, showing the stigma, and the pollen-
masses, magnified. — Fig. 4. The Capsule.

* A. privative, without ; and kcras, Gr. a horn ; in allusion to the absence

of a spur.

+ See folio 8, note +.

t See folio 33, note t.

Hay's Syn. — Kent; At Greenhithe and Nortlifleet, with Orchis fusca : J.
Sih-rard, Esq. in Ray’s Syn. On chalky banks near Faversham, common :
E. Jacob, Esq. 1777. In the same place, 1838: Mr. W. Pam pun, jun., and
Mr. M. H. Cowell. Pastures at Dartford : Mr. J. Woods, jun. Bank west-
ward of Crabbe : L. W. Dillwyn, Esq. In Bocton church-yard: Jacob. On
sand hills below Southend, near the mouth of the Thames, plentiful, with
Ophrys aranifera, 1838: His Grace the AncHBisnop of Dublin. Chalk
Downs around Stowting: Rev. R. Price. Near Sittinabourne : Sm. PI. of
S. Kent. White-hill, Selling : Mr. M. H. Cowell *. On both sides the road
on the chalk-banks between Dartford and Greenstreet Green : Mr. Watson, in
Blackst. Sp. Bat. On Gtavesend chalk-cliffs, plentifully; Blackstone, in
Sp. Bot. Finsbury: Hooker, in N. B. G. — Near Cuxton and Cobham ; on
the hills overlooking the valley of the Medway on each side the river, plentifully :
Mr. W. Pamplin, jun., who informs me, that he finds it a pretty general plant,
upon chalky banks and slopes skirting woods, throughout the county. — Middle-
sex ; About Harefield: FI. Metr. — Norfolk ; At Ashwelthorpe, near Norwich :
Mr. Crow. At Forncet : Mr. Joseph Fox. At Braeon Ash, and Tacolnstone :
Gough’s Camden. In a dry pit at the end of Mr. W right’s Garden at Mend-
ham : Rev. H. Tii.ney. — Suffolk ; Found by Mr. Dale in an old gravel-pit at
Dalington near Sudbury : Ray. Little Saxham, and Hnwsted : Sir T. G. Cul-
lum. Blackenham, near Ipswich: Rev. W. Kirby.— In and about a chalk-pit
at Ickworth, near Bury, among grass, copiously : Sir J. E. Smith. One speci-
men found near Bungay : Mr. D. Stock, in N. B. G. — Surrey ; Near Leather-
head : Mr. W. Curtis. Chalk-pit near Cheam : Mr. T. F. Forster, jun. In
Langley field between Croomhurst and Selsden ; and in a lane leading from
Sinitham Bottom to Saunderstead. Box-hill; field behind Juniper Hill: N. J.
Winch, Esq. in N. B. G. — Dorking ; between Mickleham and Box-hill ; and in
old stone-pits east of Guildford, plentifully : Mr. W. Pamplin, jun.

Perennial. — Flowers in June.

Root of 2 egg-shaped, woolly knobs, and several woolly radicles.
Stem solitary, upright, from 10 to 15 inches high, firm, smooth,
cylindrical at the base, somewhat angular upwards. Root-leaves
4 or 5, sheathing the stem at the base, smooth, spreading, spear-
shaped, varying in breadth. Stem-leaves 1 or 2, small, upright,
closely embracing the stem. Spike long, cylindrical, of many,
rather crowded, Jlowers. Bracteas (see fig. 4.) membranous, spear-
shaped, finely tapering at the summit, about half as long as the
germen, which is sessile, oblong, green, and somewhat twisted.
Sepals egg-shaped, converging so as to form a hood ; greenish,
with purple lines, and edges. Petals strap-shaped, concealed within
the sepals. Lip or Nectary (fig. 2.) longer than the germen, hang-
ing down, yellowish, occasionally tipped with brown, or dark red,
or sometimes wholly of a reddish-brown ; divided into 3, strap-
shaped, segments, the two side ones somewhat diverging, the middle
one about twice as long, and cloven halfway down into two pointed,
rather spreading, lobes.

A curious and interesting plant, native of the more southern parts of Europe, and
England. The lip is so divided as to bear some similitude to the effigy of a man,
whence its name, Man-orchis ; old authors, in their figures of it, have improved on
this resemblance, at the expence of truth. See Rudbeck, Parkinson, and others.

The flowers of this plant have generally been described as being scentless, but
the Rev. G. E. Smith, who has paid much attention to the British Orchide®, ob-
serves, in his interesting Catalogue of the rare or remarkable Plants of South
Kent, that they emit a fragrance more aromatic, but less sweet, than those of the
honey-suckle ; this scent is strongest in the evening, and is then not pleasant.

I am indebted to Gillow Simpson, Esq. for the specimen from which the draw-
ing, for the accompanying plate, was made. My kind friend, Mr. W. Pamplin,
jun. has also furnished me with several fine specimens, collected in the vicinity of
Faversham ; and informs me, that he had received, amongst a large collection of
dried plants, “ Aceras anthropophora," collected by M. Nic. Bove, in North
Africa, not far from Algiers, in 1837.

* Mr. Cowell has nearly ready for publication, “ A Floral Guide for Faversham
and the contiguous parts of Kent.”

- - .

t »»rr U4Li& P>j Z *Zv M^ani.

GJfaJ nrtDi&utSc Fu 1*%Y lf.5xxte:2<?L2mc /rffTibn . <2t/fni.S£J

(300.)

CHRYSANTHEMUM* *.

Liniican Class and Order. Syngene'siaI , Polyga'mia,
Supe'rflua*.

Natural Order. Compo,sit.e§ ; tribe, Corymbi'fera2||, Juss.
— Lindl. Syn. pp. 140 & 142. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp.
197 & 199. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 142. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th ed.)
p. 410. — Compo'sitas; subord. Cardua'ce^:, Loud. Hort. Brit,
pp. 520 & 521. — Synanthe're.e ; tribe, Corymbi'ferje, Rich,
by Macgill. pp. 454 & 455. — Corymbifer.f., sect. 2. Juss. Gen.
PI. pp. 177 & 180. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. pp. 121 & 123 ; Engl. FI.
v. iii. p. 334. — Syringales ; suborder, Asteros.® ; sect. Aste-
rinaj ; subsect. As teriana-i ; type, Asterace.® ; Burn. Outl. of
Bot. pp. 900, 901, 920, 924, & 926. — Compo'sitje, Linn.

Gen. Char. Involucrum ( common calyx ) (fig. 1.) hemisphe-
rical, closely imbricated, with numerous, roundish, convex scales,
membranous and dilated at their margin, especially the innermost
(see fig. 4.), which terminate in more or less of a dry, filmy, often
jagged appendage. Corolla (see fig. 2.) compound, radiant ; florets
of the disk very numerous, perfect, tubular, level-topped, with
5 equal, spreading segments (see fig. 3.) ; florets of the ray more
than 12, strap-shaped, spreading, elliptic-oblong, with 3 terminal
teeth (see fig. 4). Filaments 5, in tubular florets only, hair-like,
short. Anthers (see fig. 5.) forming a notched tube. Germen (see
figs. 3 to 6.) in all the florets inversely egg-shaped. Style (see figs.
5 & 6.) a little prominent. Stigmas spreading, oblong, Lluntish,
generally uniform. Seed-vessel none, except the dry, spreading
involucrum, a little inflexed at the margin (see fig. 1, a). Seed
(fig. 7.) in all the florets oblong, or inversely egg-shaped, striated,
blunt, without pappus or border. Receptacle (see fig. 1, 6.) naked,
rather convex.

The hemispherical, imbricated involucrum ; the scales with a
dilated membranous border ; the naked receptacle ; and the seed
without any pappus or border; will distinguish this from other
genera, with radiant flowers, in the same class and order.

Two species British.

CHRYSANTHEMUM SE'GETUM. Corn Chrysanthemum.
Corn Marigold. Yellow Ox-eye. Goldins. Buddie. Yellow Bottle.
Yellow Gowans. Gowlans. Quills. Gools. Gules.

Spec. Char. Leaves clasping the stem, glaucous ; jagged up-
wards ; toothed at the base. All the florets yellow.

Engl. Bot. t. 540. — Curt. FI. LoncL t. . — Mart. FI. Rust. t. 110. — Curt. Brit.
Ent. v. vii. t. 335. — ltay’s Syn. p. 182. — Johns. Gerd. p. 743. — Linn. Sp. PI. p.
1254. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 371. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. iii. pt. in. p. 2148. — -
Sm. Fl. Brit. v. ii. p. 899. ; Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 449. — With. (7th ed. ) v. iii. p. 950. —

Fig. 1. Involucrum ; a. Scales ; b. Receptacle. — Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. A
Floret of the Disk. — Fig. 4. A Floret of the Ray, with one of the scales of the in.
volucrum. — Fig. 5. Stamens and Pistil. — Fig. 6. Germen, Style, and Stigma. —
Fig. 7. Seed.

* From chrusos, Gr. gold ; and ailthos, Gr. i flower ; from the colour of the
blossoms of some of the species.

* See f. 91, u. f. } See f. 36, n. {.

> See f. 27, a.

I Sec f, 36, a.

Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 452.— LindL Syn. p. 148.— Hook. Brit. FI. p. 365.— Mac*
Man. Brit. Bot. p. 130. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 489. — Sibtli. Fl. Oxon. p. 257. —
Abbot’s Fl. Bedf. p. 185. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 80. — Furt. Midi. Fl. v. ii. p.
403. — Relh. Fl. Cant. (3rded.) p. 349. — Ilook. Fl. Scot. p. 246. — Grev. Fl. Edin.
p. 180. — Fl. Devon, pp. 140 & 160. — Johnst. Fl. of Berw. v. i. p. 187. — Winoh’s
Ft. of Nortlinmb. and Durh. p. 55. — Walker’s Fl. of Oxf. p. 245. — Bab. Fl. Batin
p. 26.— Dick. Fl. Abred. p. 52.— Mack. Catal. PI. of Irel. p. 74. ; Fl. Hib. p. 149.

Localities. — In corn-fields, turnip-fields. See. ; frequent.

Annual. — Flowers from June to October.

Root tapering, rather small. Stem from 1 to 2 feet high, up^
right, alternately branched, leafy, round, or slightly angular, smooth,
shining, of a glaucous green colour. Branches rather short. Leaves
alternate, sessile, half embracing the stem, oblong, rather acute,
variously toothed or cut, smooth, somewhat succulent, slightly veiny,
glaucous on both sides. Flowers numerous, large, of a uniform
brilliant yellow colour, one at the extremity of each branch, on a
naked, hollow peduncle, swelling upwards. Scales of the involu-
crum green, with a broad membranous border. Florets of the ray
about 16 or 18, oblong, truncate, marked with two lines, and having
generally three irregular teeth at the end. Seeds compressed,
grooved, a little bent, smooth, without any crown or membranous
border.

This is a handsome plant, and occurs, more or less, in most parts
of England, as well as in many other parts of Europe. It is often
a very troublesome weed in corn-fields and turnip-fields, on a sandy
soil ; and sometimes abounds to such a degree, as almost to anni-
hilate the crop ; hence laws have been enacted, and fines imposed,
in Denmark, Saxony, and some parts of Scotland, for the purpose
of obliging the farmer to keep his land clear of it. It was imported
into Sweden along with corn from Jutland, about the end of the
sixteenth century. Linnasus says it may be destroyed by manuring
the ground in Autumn, suffering it to lie fallow for one Summer,
and harrowing the land five days after sowing the corn ; but it is
most effectually eradicated by band before it comes to seed, and
this method of extirpating it is attended with the satisfaction, that
while it promotes the farmer’s interest, it gives employment to a
great number of the industrious poor. Geoffroy reports, that
this plant, gathered before it blossoms, and boiled in water, imparts
an acrid taste, penetrating and subtile like pepper ; and that this
decoction is an excellent vulnerary and diuretic. Horses, sheep,
and goats eat the plant ; cows and swine refuse it. A large quan-
tity, which grew on some arable land, was cut when in flower,
dried, and eaten by horses as a substitute for hay. The young
leaves may be eaten in salads. It is used by the Germans for dying
yellow. — See Curt. Fl. Lond. ; and With. Bot. Arr.

Linnaeus observes, that the flowers follow the sun in a very remarkable manner,
and that they give a brilliancy to the fields in tillage, which is pleasing to the
eye of the passing traveller.

A variety of this species, with more jagged leaves and smaller flowers, was noticed
in corn-fields near Glastonbury, by 1’llkenet ; but no other person seems to have
met with it. See Ray’s Syn. and Smith's Engl. Fl.

I have not heard of its ever having been found with a double flower, although
Chrysanthemum coronariurn, an exotic species, very nearly allied to it, is com-
inon in that state, in gardens,

(307.)

SALTCO'RNIA* *.

Linnean Class and Order. Mona'ndria f, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Chenopo'de^eJ, Vent. — Lindl. Syn. p. 2131
Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 167. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 531. —
Mack. FI. Hiber. p. 226. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th ed.) p. 416. — Atri-
plices, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 83. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 91. — Rich, by
Macgilliv. p. 425. — Querneales ; sect. Rumicinje : type, Be-
ta ceas ; subty. Chenopodidas ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. p. 523,
587, & 591. — Holeraceje, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx inferior, of 1 sepal, undivided, succulent,
tumid, unequal, permanent (see fig. 1.). Corolla none. Filaments
(fig. 2.) 1 or 2, prominent. Anthers 2-lobed, upright. Germen
(fig. 3.) egg-shaped, beneath the stamens. Style short and thick.
Stigma in 2 or more segments (see fig. 3.). Seed ovate, imbedded
in the calyx, with a membranous tunic.

The tumid, entire calyx ; the short style, with a 2- or 3-cleft
stigma ; and the single seed, invested by the calyx ; will distinguish
this from other genera in the same class and order.

Three species British ?

SALICO'RNIA HERBA'CEA. Herbaceous Glasswort. Jointed
Glasswort. Saltwort. Sea-grass. Crab-grass. Frog-grass. Marsh
Samphire. Sea-grape,

Spec. Char. Stem herbaceous, upright ; joints compressed,
notched ; interstices inversely conical ; spikes tapering upward.
Stamen one.

Linn. Sp. Pi. p. 5. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. I. p. 23. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 2.
var. a. ; Engl. FI. v. i. p. 2. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 5. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii.
p. 287. — Lind. Syn. p. 214.— Hook. Brit. FI, p. 1. var. a,— Macr, Man. Brit. Bot.
p. 195. — Liglitf. FI. Scot. v. i, p, 69. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 1. — Relh. FI. Cant.
(3rd ed. ) p. 2. — Hook. FI Scot. p. 1. excl. .S’, procumbens. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 1.
excl. S. procumbens — Rev. G. E. Smith’s PI. of S. Kent, p, 1. — FI. Devon, pp.
1 & 140. excl. var. (3. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 2. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb.
andDurh. p. 1. — Curt. Brit. Eut. v. iii. t. 119, — Loud. Encyclop. of Card, (new
edit.) p. 880. paragr. 4688. — Dick. FI. Abred. p. 19. — Mack. Catal. of PI. of Irel.
p. 7. ; Fl. Hib. p. 227. — Salicornia Europcea, var. a. Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed. )
p. 1. — Salicornia annua, Engl. Bot. t. 415. — Salicornia, Ray’s Syn. p. 136. —
Salicornia sive Kali geniculatum, Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 535.

Localities. — In salt-marshes, and on muddy sea-shores overflowed by the
tjde; plentiful. — Cambridgesfi. Sandy ground below VVisbeach: Rev. R. Rel-
han. — Cheshire ; Muddy shores of the Mersey, &c. : Mr. Watson, in N. B. G.
— Devon; Salt-marshes, common : Fl. Devon. — Dorset; On the waste ground
at the back of the promonade, Weymouth : Rev. A. Bloxam — Durham ; On
the muddy sea-shores and salt-marshes of Tyne, Wear, Tees, &c. : also at Holy
Island: N. J. Winch, Esq. — Essex ; In a field by the river at Purfleet: Dr.
James Mitchell, in Fl. Metr. — Kent; Muddy sea-shores and sands: Rev.
G. E. Smith, and Mr. W. Pamclin, jun. — Norfolk ; Salt-marshes, Titchwell,
and Burnham Deepdule: Miss Bell, in N. B. G. River-side Yarmouth:
J. Paget, ibid. Mr. Watson thinks it probable that these two localities may

Fig. 1. A joint of the Spike, with 3 flowers. — Fig. 2. A Stamen. — Fig. 3. Fruit. —
All magnified.

* From sal, salt ; and cornu, a horn ; from the horn-like branches and saline
jiature of the plants. IIooke it.

+ See folio 49, note t.

Sec folio 231, a.

belong to .S', radicans ; see New But. Guide, vol. ii. p. 597. — In Sussex . Rev.
G. E. Smith, in N. B. G. — Yorksh. 'l ees mouth : L. E. O. in .1 fag. Nat. Hist.
v. iii. p. 168. — WALES. Anglesey; Dulas Bay, ,Scc : Rev. H. Davies.— In
Denbighshire: Mr. Bowman, in N.B.G. — Merionethsh. Barmouth: Mug.
Nat. Hist. — SCOTLAND. Aberdeensh. On the coast, a little to the south of
the river Ythan: Dr. Murray, in North. FI. — Bencicksh. Between Goswick
Links and Fenham ; Holy Island: Dr. Johnston. — Dumbartonsh. On the
shore at Helensburgh: IIopkirk.— Elginsh. Shore below Brodie; and Lossie
Mouth : Rev. G. Gordon, in N. B. G. — Fifesh. Inverkeithing Bay : Mr. Neill.
— Forfarsh. Covering the muddy beach, to a great extent, at Montrose; and
plentiful about four miles from the town at the head of the basin : Dr. Murray,
in North. FI. — Haddingtonsh. Aberlady Bay: Dr. Parsons. Morrison’s
Haven: Dr. Graham. — Kincardinesh. At Brotherton: North. FI. — Naimsh.
On the Moray coast, east of Nairn Harbour: North. FI.— Rossh. Munlocky
Bay. North. FI.— IRELAND. Salt-marshes, plentiful : Mr. Mackay. Near
Coolum, Waterford: Countess of Carrick, 1837. Plentiful at Portmarnock,
and near Ringsend: Mr. Mackay.

Annual. — Flowers in August and September.

Root fibrous, small. Stem from 6 inches to a foot high, upright,
green, leafless, much branched, jointed; joints somewhat com-
pressed, a little thickened upwards, very succulent, shrinking
much when dry, in which state the upper extremity of each joint
forms a 2-lobed membranous socket or short sheath, which receives
the base of the joint above it. Branches opposite, tapering at the
base, and jointed, like the stem. Spikes of flowers dense, lateral
and terminal, cylindrical, somewhat tapering towards the summit,
of numerous short joints, each joint crowned with about three
sessile flowers at each side. Stamen one. Stigmas two or three.

The whole plant has a saltish taste, and is greedily devoured by
cattle. The young and tender shoots, steeped in salted vinegar,
make a pickle very little inferior to Samphire ( Crithmum mariti-
mum, t. 267), for which it is frequently sold in London, and other
places. From the ashes of this plant, fossil alkali is obtained,
which is in great request for making soap and glass ; hence its
name of Glasswort. It is chiefly made on the coast of the Medi-
terranean, where it is called Soda. Many other plants are used
for this purpose, especially some species of Salsola. See Salsola
Kali, t. 255, of this work.

Botanists of the highest authority differ in opinion respecting the
specific distinctions of the British Salicornice. Sir J. E. Smith, in
his English Flora, makes four species, viz. S. herbacea, procurn-
bens, radicans, and fruticosa, observing, that possibly the two latter
may be only varieties of the same species. Dr. Lindley has fol-
lowed the English Flora, in the first edition of his Synopsis ; but
in the second edition, this distinguished Botanist has reduced them to
three species, uniting fruticosa with radicans. Sir W. J. Hooker,
in his excellent British Flora, has reduced them to only two species,
comprising S. annua of English Botany, t. 415, and procumbens
of E. Bot. t. 2475, in herbacea ; and S. fruticosa of E. Bot. t. 2467,
in radicans of E. Bot. t. 1691.

The specimen figured in the accompanying plate was from the vicinity of Coolum.
near Waterford, in Ireland; and was kindly communicated to me by the Wight
Honourable the Countess of Carrick, August, 1837.

3oa

(308.)

BLY'SMUS* *

Linnean Class and Order. TiUA'NDRiAf, Monogy'nia.

Natural Order. Cypf.ra'ceas, Juss. — Lindl. Syn. p. 278.;

Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 304. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 392

Loud. Hort. Brit, p. 541. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 318. — Cyperoi-

de.e, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 26 Sm. Gr. of Bot. p. 68. — Cyperalks ;

sect. Cyperina? ; type, Scirpacea? ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. i. pp.
354 & 357. — Calamaree, Linn.

Gen. Char. Florets (fig. 3.) all perfect. Spikelets (fig. 1.)
bracteated, arranged on a zigzag rachis into a 2-ranked, compressed
spike. Glumes (see fig. 3.) of one valve, imbricated on all sides,
the outermost gradually the largest, empty (see fig. 2.). Hypogiyn-
ous Bristles several or none (see fig. 4.). Fruit (fig. 6.) compressed,
oval, gradually tapering into the persistant style.

The 2-ranked, compressed spike ; the glumes of one valve, im-
bricated on all sides, the outermost valve larger than the rest, and
without either stamens or pistil ; and the oval, compressed fruit,
crowned with the permanent style ; will distinguish this from other
genera, without a corolla , in the same class and order.

Two species British.

BLY'SMUS COMPRE'SSUS. Compressed Blysmus. Broad-
leaved Blysmus.

Spec. Char. Leaves strap-shaped, channelled. Lowermost
bractea awl-shaped, somewhat leafy. Hypogynous bristles six.

Lindl. Syn. p. 280. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 22. — Macr. Man. Brit. Bot. p.246.—
Bab. FI. Bath. p. 53. — Schoenus compressus, Engl. Bot. t. 791. — Linn. Sp. PI.
p. 65. — Iluds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed.) p. 15. — Leers’ FI. Herborn. (2nd edit.) p. 9.
1. 1. f. L— Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 44. — With. (7th edit.) v. ii. p. 108.— Lightf. FI.
Scot. v. i. p. 87. — Relh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 20. — Hook FI. Scot. p. 16. — Grev.
FI. Edin.p. 9. — Scirpus compressus, Peis. Syn. v. i. p. 66. — Scirpus carici-
nus, Seined. Germ. v. i p. 132. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. i. p. 58. — JohnsL FI. Berw.
v. i. p. 15. — Winch’s FI. of Northumb. and Durh. p. 4. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf.
p. 13. — Scirpus car icis, Retz. Prod. p. 64. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. i. p. 292. —
Chcetospora compressa, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 71. — Carex uliginosa, Linn.
FI. Suec. (2nd ed.) p. 325. ; Sp. PI. p. 1381. — Gramen cyperoides spica sim-
plici compressa disticha, Ray’s Syn. p.425. — Scheuchz. Agrost. p.490.
1. 11. f. 6.

Localities. — Turfy moors, boggy pastures, river-sides, and near the sea; not
very uncommon. — Oxfordshire; In a bog under Bullington Green, plentiful :
W. B. — Berks; In a boggy place between South Hinksey and the Abingdon
road, about a mile and a half from Oxford; W. B. Plentiful about Newbury ;
Mr. Bicheno. — Cambridgesh. Coldham Common ; between Little Shelfordand
Whittlesford ; near Batttsham Load; Rev. R. IIelhan. — Cornwall; Goon-
hilly Downs; N.B. G. — Cumberland; Ilell-beck and Tindaie Fell, Bramp-
ton: Hutchinson. — Derbysh. Fields by the Buxton road, at the end of Monsai
Dale, towards Bakewell: Mr. Watson, in N. B.G. — Durham ; Near Darling-
ton: Robson. Bogs between Ryehope and the sea; and on the banks of the
Tees near Middleton : N. J. Winch. Esq. Teesdale Forest: Rev. J. Harri-

Fig. 1. A Spikelet. — Fig. 2. Empty Glume. — Fig. 3. A single Floret, or Fertile
Glume. — Fig. 4. Germen, Style, and Stigmas, with the bristles at the base of the
germen. — Fig. 5. The same without the bristles. — Fig. 6. A Seed.— Figs. 2 to 5,
slightly magnified.

* From blusmus, Gr. source or spring , near which the species usually grow.
Sir W. J. Hooker. -f See folio 56, note +.

man. Near Gallow-liill : Thompson. — Kent; About Chiselhurst : Ray. Ih
boggy Rround at Cockshill. and about 11am Ponds: L. W. Dii.lwyn, Esq.;
South Kent i Rev. G. E. Smith, in N. B. G. — Lancash. Bootle North Shore,
near Liverpool: Dr. Bostock. — Norfolk; At Sustead, near Cromer: Sir J. E.
Smith. St. Faith’s Newton Bogs: Mr. Pitciiford. Flixtead, and Lakenham
Marshes: N. B. G. Not uncommon in the county: Mr. Woobwasd.-^
Northumberland ; On the banks of Tyne at Chalderford and Low Park End,
and on the Links at Holy Island and Bamborough : N. J. Winch, Esq. — Notts ;
Southwell, Bulwell Bogs, Sulton-in-Ashfield, Kirby Hardwick, and Fountain
Dale Bogs: N. B. G. — Somerset; Claverton Wood : Dr. Davis. — Staffordsh.
In a field opposite Yoxall Lodge: C. C. Babincton, in N. B. G. — Suffolk ;
Frequent in the county: Mr. Woodward. Flixton Marshes: Mr. Wigc.
Middleton: Mr. Davy. Bungay: Mr. D. Stock. — Surrey; In the Rill near
Dulwich Wells : Mr. Doody, in Ray's Synop. On Bagshot Heath: N. J.
Winch, Esq. — In Sussex : Rev. G. E. Smith, in N. B. G.— Westmoreland ;
About Orton : Ray. Near Brough, between Hill-beck and Morton, on the side
of the mountain: Rev. J. Harriman. — Worcestersh. Malvern: W. Borrer,
Esq. — Yorksh. Upon Welburn Moor ; common on Farnham Mires, and else-
where near Knaresborough ; Bog at Wildon near Coxwold; and boggy places
and pastures near Ripon, frequent: B. G. St. Trinians near Richmond;
ditches near Giggleswick Torn, and rivulet opposite Gordale House, near
Rievaulx Abbey; and about the Tees near Egglestone Bridge: N. B. G. —
WALES. Flintshire ; Marsh about a mile W. of Prestatyn, on the coast:
Mr. Griffith.— SCOTLAND. Argyleshire ; By the side of Lochs in Islay:
Lightfoot. — Dumbartonsh. Dumbarton Castle, by the riverside: Mr. Yal-
den. — Edinburghsh. Near Berthwick Castle : Mr. Maughan.

Perennial. — Flowers in July.

Root fibrous, rather creeping. Culm . ( stem) from 4 to 12 in-
ches high, simple, roundish, a little flattened on one side, smooth,
striated, covered by the sheathing bases of the leaves for about
one-third upwards, the rest naked, the upper part near the spike
triangular. Leaves grass-green, shorter than the culm, alternate,
sheathing, channelled, the upper ones frequently flat, smooth, and
unkeeled on their lower part, becoming keeled and triangular up-
wards ; the keel and edges rough. Spike terminating, oblong,
2-sided, almost upright, of a bright chesnut brown. Spikelets
from 5 to 12, 2-ranked ; all the glumes in each spikelet perfect,
except the lower one, which is empty. Bractea leaf-like, with a
triangular sharpish top, roughish along the edges, mostly, but not
always, longer than the spike. Stigmas 2, downy. Seed lenticu-
lar, grey, with 6 longish, rough bristles beneath, and beaked with
an unusually long portion of the style, nearly the whole of it,
though the stigmas are deciduous.

A pretty plant, native of other parts of Europe as well as of
Britain, though it appears not to have been found in Ireland, as it
is not noticed in Mr. Mackay’s Flora Hibernica.

The specimen figured was from Bullington Green, near Oxford.
The spikes, after flowering, become somewhat wider than those
represented in the plate.

(309.)

GOODY ERA* *.

Linncan Class and Order. Gyna'ndria f, Mona'ndria.

Natural Order. Orchi'dejE, Linn. — Juss. Gen. PI. p. 64. —
Sm. Gram, of Bot, p. 81. ; Engl. FI. v.iv. p. 3. — Lindl. Syn. p. 256 ;
Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 262. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 412. —
I,oud. Hort. Brit, p.536. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p.274. — Macr. Man.
Brit. Bot. p.224. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th edit.) p.425. — Palmares;
order, Musales; sect. Orcmidinaj ; type, Orchidaceas ; Burn.
Outl. of Bot. v. i. pp. 391, 437, 458, & 461 .

Gen. Char. Perianthium J, (calyx and corolla) (figs. 1 & 2.)
superior. Sepals (see fig. 1. & fig. 3, a, a, a.) 3, egg-shaped, con-
cave, spreading, nearly equal, permanent ; the two lateral ones
somewhat dilated at the outer margin, and meeting under the lip.
Petals (see fig. 3, b, b.) 2, smaller than the sepals, upright, con-
verging under the upper sepal, and about the same length. Lip
( nectary ) (see fig. 3, c.) without a spur, as long as the petals, pro-
minent, inflated and inversely egg-shaped beneath, lying on the
two lateral sepals, and terminating above in an oblong, acute,
undivided point, shorter than the inflated part on which it lies.
Jlnthcr (see fig. 3, d. & fig. 4, e.) roundish, parallel to the stigma,
and fixed to its upper part behind, of two parallel cells close
together, depositing the inversely egg-shaped, granulated masses
of pollen upon the summit of the stigma (fig. 4, e). Germen (see
figs. 1 and 2.) inversely egg-shaped, angular, incurved. Style
( column ) (fig. 4, d.) taper, distinct, with two teeth at the apex.
Stigma prominent, roundish. Capsule (fig. 6.) nearly elliptical,
angular, furrowed. Seeds very numerous.

The herbaceous, spreading, egg-shaped sepals; the upright
petals ; the succate, entire lip, without a spur; the anther of
2 cells close together, parallel with the stigma ; and the sessile,
granulated pollen-masses ; will distinguish this from other genera
in the same class and order.

One species British.

GOODYE'RA REPENS. Creeping Goodyera. Creeping
Satyrion.

Spec. Char. Lower leaves egg-shaped, petiolated. Sepals,
Petals, and Lip, egg-spear-shaped. Root creeping.

Hook. Ft. Lond. t. 144. — Lodd. Bot. Cal), t. 1987. — Brown in Ait. Hort. Kew.
(2nd edit.) vol. v. p. 198. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 208. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. iv.
p. 33. — LindL Syn. p. 257. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 376. — Macr. Man. Brit. Bot. p.
228. — Hook. Ft. Scot. p. 253. — Winch’s FI. of Northuniberl. and Dnrh. p. 57. —
Dick. FI. Abrod. p. 53. — Satyrium repens, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1339 — Engl. Bot.
t. 289. — Jacq. FL Austr. v. iv. p. 36. t. 369. — Lightf. Fl. Scot. v. i. p. 520. t. 22. —

Fig. 1. Back view of Germen and Sepals. — Fig. 2. Side view of a single Flower. —
Fig. 3. Front view of the separate parts of a Flower ; a, a, a. the sepals ; b, b. the
petals ; c. the lip ; d. the anther, and stigma. — Fig. 4. A Flower deprived of the
sepals and petals ; a. the bractea ; b. the germen ; c. the lip ; d. the column ;
e. the stigma and pollen-masses. — Fig. 5. The pollen-masses separate. — Fig. 6.
The Capsule. — All, more or less, magnified.

* Named in compliment to Mr. John Goodyeb, a Hampshire Botanist of the
time of Gebabde. — Hookeb.

t See folio 8, note +.

i See folio 33, note |.

Huds. FI. Angl. (2ml od.) p. 387. — Sin. FI. Brit. v. iii. p. 930. — With. (7th od.)
r. ii. p. 35. — Nentlia repens Willd. Sp. l’l. v. iv. pt. i. p. 75. — Pseudo-orchis,
Bauli. Pin. p. 84. — Kudb. Camp. Elys. v. ii. p. 209. f. 8. — Palma Christi, ra-
(lice repente, Johnson’s Gerardo, p. 227.

Looai.it us. — In old fir forests, and mossy alpine woods in Scotland ; rare.—
Aberdeenshire ; Firwood at north-west side of Denmore ; at Loch of Skene;
1'atkhill ; flazelhead; Paik, &c., abundantly: Mr. G. Dickie. Firwood,
Deeside : W. Stabi.es, in N. B.G. — Batiffshire ; Gordon Castle Woods : Mr.
Muiiiiay, Curator of the Botanic- Gaiden, Glasgow. — Elginsh. Milton-Brodie
Wood ; Crookit Wood ; Oak-wood ; and Altyre: Rev.G. GounoN.in N. B. G. —
Forfarsh. Fir woods, near Forfar: Mr Don, of Forfar, in Headrick's Agri-
cultural Survey of the County, p. 19, of the Appendix. — Inver nessh . In a wood
opposite to Moy-hall. on the south side of the road to Inverness : Dr. Hope, in
Light/. FI. Scot. Woods of Culloden, near Inverness : Mr. Murray. Forest
of Glenmore: Mr. J. Hooki r, in N. B. G. Castle Grant: Rev. G. Gordon,
ihid. —Nairnsh. Cawdor Woods : W. Stabi.es, in N. B. G. — Perthsh. Near
Dupplin: M r. Sihllingt.aw. Woods of Scone : Mr. Murray. — Ross-shire ;
Among the Hypna, ir, an old shady moist hanging birch wood, called, in the
Erse language, Cudue, or yellow-hill, facing the house of Mr. Machenzie, of
Dundonald, about two miles from the head of Little Loch Broom; on the
western coa-t of the county : Rev. J. Lighteoot, 1777.

Perennial. — Flowers from June to September.

Root branched, knotted or jointed, with downy radicles, creep-
ing among moss and rotten leaves, and throwing out new runners
or shoots, each terminating in a solitary tuft of 6 or 8 broad-
stalked, egg-shaped, bluntish leaves. Stems from the centre of
some of these tufts, from 6 inches to a foot high, upright, roundish,
pubescent. Leaves smooth, somewhat succulent, the lowest on
broad petioles, egg-shaped, striated and reticulated, nearly flat; '
the upper ones sheathing, narrower ; the uppermost spear-shaped,
or nearly awl-shaped, sessile, bracteiform. Flowers numerous,
small, downy, white, sweet-scented, collected into a rather loose
downy, twisted spike ; each flower with a spear-shaped, tapering,
concave, downy bractea at its base, longer than the germen. Pe-
rianth (fig. 3.) of 6 divisions, ringent (see fig. 2.) ; the 3 exterior
leaflets , or sepals, (see fig. 1. & fig. 3, a, a, a.) nearly equal, egg-
shaped, or egg-spear-shaped, concave, downy within ; the two
upper of the three interior leaflets, or petals, (fig. 3. h, b.) the
smallest ; smooth, and so closely united to the uppermost sepal, as
to be scarcely distinguished from it, without close examination ;
the sixth leaflet , or lip, (nectary of LiNN.y (see fig. 3, c. & fig. 4.)
with a singularly gibbous base, white in the tumid part with lawny
stripes ; the point white or pale red, spear-shaped, channelled,
recurved, and projecting nearly as far as the inflated base.
Column very short. Anther fixed beneath the apex of the
column, parallel with the stigma, roundish egg-shaped, yellow,
convex on the back, plane on the front, 2-celled, the cells opening
longitudinally (see fig. 4, d.). Pollen-masses {fig. 5.) yellow, egg-
shaped, granulated, affixed to the apex of the stigma, and falling
off with it (see fig. 4, e.). Stigma large, white, placed in front,
nearly square, at length 2-horned. Germen (see fig. 4, b.) egg-
shaped, furrowed, slightly twisted, pubescent. Capsule (fig. 6.)
light brown, smooth. See Sm. Engl. FI. and Hook. FI. Lond.

In August last I received, through the kindness of an unknown friend, several
fine specimens of this very rare and interesting plant, from Aberdeenshire ; and from
one of those specimens the drawing for the accompanying plate was madeT

ore

(310.)

LYSIM A'CHIA.* *.

I.inncnn Class and Order. Pknta'ndkia f, Mu.vogy'ma.

Natural Order. Primula'ce.k %, Vent. — Lindl. S)P. p. 182.;
Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 225. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 43! . —
Loud. Ilort. Brit. p. 529. — Mack. FI. Hib. p. 192. — Hook. Brit. FI.
(4th edit.) p. 4 15. — Lysimachi/E, sect. 1. Juss. Gen. PI. p. 95. —
Sm. Gr. of Bot. p. 95. — Syringales ; subord. Primulos.e ; sect.
Primuliv.r ; type, Primulace.e : subty. Primulid.e ; Burn.Outl.
of Bot. v. ii. pp. 900,958, 1020, 1024, & 1025. — Rotack.e, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, of 1 sepal, in 5 deep,
spreading, acute segments, permanent. Corolla (figs. 2 & 9.) of
1 petal, wheel-shaped, tube none; limb 'border) widely expanded,
in 5, deep, egg-shaped segments. Filaments (fig. 4.) 5, awl-
shaped, not distinctly hairy, inserted into the base of the corolla,
and opposite to its segments. Anthers oblong, notched at each
end. (Jcrmen (see fig. 5.) roundish. Style (see fig. 5.) thread-
shaped, the length of the stamens (see fig. 4). Sticjma blunt.
Capsule (fig. 7.) globular, pointed, of 1 cell, and 10 valves, some-
times cohering in pairs. Seeds (fig 8.) numerous, angular, covering
a large, central, globular, unconnected, pitted receptacle. — In some
species the stamens are united at the base.

The 5-parted calyx ; the wheel-shaped corolla ; and the globose,
1-celled capsule, with 5 or 10 valves; will distinguish this from
other genera, with a monopetalous, inferior corolla, in the same
class and order.

Four species British.

LYSIMA'CHIA NE'MORUM. Wood Loosestrife. Yellow
Pimpernel. Wood Moneywort.

Spec. Char. Leaves egg-shaped, acute. Stem procumbent.
Peduncles solitary, 1 -flowered. Stamens smooth.

Engl. Bot. t. 547. — Curt. FI. Loud. t. 348. — Curt. Brit. Entoni. v. iv. t. 1G4. —
Linn. Sp. PI. p. 411.. — Ilmls. Kl. Angl. (glided.) p. 80. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. 11.
p. 840. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 448. ; Engl. Ft. v. i. p. 478. — With. (7th ed.) v. ii.
j>. 295. — Lindl. Syn. p. 184. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 89. — Macr. Man. Brit. Bot. p.
189. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 138.— Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 74. — Abbot’s FI. iiedf.
p. 45. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 41. — Puri. Mi'll. FI. v. i. p. 141.— Roth. FI. Cant.
(3rded.) p. 86. — Hook. H. Scot. p. 74. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 49. — FI. Devon, pp.
36 & 144. — Johnst. FI. of Berxv. v. i. p. 56 — Wiucli’s FI. of Northumb. ami Durh.
p. 13. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 54. — Jacob’s West Devon and Cornwall Flora, —
Perry’s PI. Varvic. Sel. p. 17. — Dick. FI. Abred. p. 28. — Mack. Catal. of Plants of
Irel. p. 44. ; FI. Hibern. p. 191. — Numularia sylvatica, Gesner Hort. Germ.
fide , Gray. — Gray’s Nat. Air. v. ii. p. 300. — Anagallis lutea, Ray’s Syn. p. 284.
—Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 618.

Localities. — In woods, and shauy, rather watery, places ; frequent.

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 4. Corolla. — F ig. 3. One of the Segments of the Corolla. —
Fig. 4. Stamens and Pistil.— Fig. 5. A single Stamen, magnified. — Fig. 6. Germen,
Style, 'and Stigma. — F'ig. 7. Capsule, with the permanent Calyx. — Fig. 8. A Seed. —
Fig. 9. A back view of the Corolla.

* So named in honour of king Lysim achus, according to some ; according to
others, from Luc is, Or. a dissolving ; and mache, Gr .strife ; being supposed to
create a peaceable disposition in men. Puny says it tames restive horses. The
English name ( Loosestrife ) expresses the same idea.

+ Sec folio 18, note +. 4 Sec folio 296, a.

Perennial. — Flowers from May to September.

Root composed of many branching, whitish fibres. Stems
branched, leafy, square, smooth, red and pellucid, from 6 to 18
inches or more long, trailing on the ground, and throwing out roots
from the lower joints ; often pendant from banks and rocks. Leaves
opposite, on short, broadish petioles ; egg-shaped, pointed, entire,
veiny, of a bright shining yellowish-green, rather succulent.
Peduncles ( flower-stalks ) solitary, axillary, single-flowered, round,
slender, smooth, longer than the leaves, bent, or twisted, after
flowering. Calyx of 1 sepal, divided almost to the base into five
narrow, awl-shaped, smooth, single ribbed, segments. Corolla
divided beyond the middle into five segments, which are fringed
with minute glandular hairs. Stamens yellow, quite smooth, rather
thickest in the middle (see fig. 5). Capsule globular, of 10 narrow
valves, united in pairs. Seeds angular.

An elegant plant, and not unfrequent in most parts of Britain,
France, and Germany, in moist woods, and wet shady places. It
is found in several places about Oxford ; as on the north side of
Shotover Hill ; also in Stow Wood ; Bagley Wood ; and Headington
Wick Copse ; generally, however, near the margins of springs and
small rivulets, whose banks it enlivens, in the Summer months, with
its glossy green leaves, and its delicate and bright yellow flowers,
which, when fully expanded, somewhat resemble those of the
common Pimpernell, (t. 29.), and hence the older Botanists con-
sidered it as an Anagallis.

THE SPIRIT OF BEAUTY *

“ Go forth to the woods, and tread the green dell.

For the Spirit of Beauty is there ;

You will see her fair form in the snow-drop’s white bell,
Y’ou will hear her sweet voice in the air.

1 have been to the woods, I have trod the green dell.

And the Spirit of Beauty was there ;

I saw her fair form in the snow -drop’s white bell,

I heard her soft voice in the air.

Wherever I roved, over vale, wood, or hill.

The Spirit of Beauty would follow me still ;

She danced in the aspen, she sighed in the gale.

She wept in the shower, she blushed in the vale ;

Her mantle was thrown o’er the misty brake,

Her splendour shone on the sparkling lake ;

I felt her breath in the breezes of even,

Her robe floated over the blue of heaven.

Wherever I roved, over vale, wood, or hill.

The Spirit of beauty would follow me still.

Not the buz of an insect, or carol of bird,

Not an echo nor sound in the valley w’as heard.

Not a wild-brier rose its fragrance breathed.

Not an elm its clustering foliage wreathed,

Not a violet opened its leaves of blue.

Not a plant or flower in the valley grew.

Not an ivy caressing the rock or the wall,

But the Spirit of Beauty was over them all!”

American Monthly Magazine.

* See “ The Gardener’s Gazette,” for November 17, 1838.

(311 )

OXY'Rl A.* *.

Linnean Class and Order. II f.xa'ndria f, Digy'nia.

Natural Order. Polygo'nE/F,, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 82. — Sm. Gr.
of Bot. p. 90. — Lindl. Syn. p. ‘209. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot.
p. 169. — Kich. by Macgilliv. p. 424. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 531. —
Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 220. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th edit.) p. 417. —
Querneales; sect. Rumicina-: ; type, Polygon a CE.E ; Burn.
Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 523, 587, & 596. — Holerace.e, Linn.

Gen. Char. Perianthium% (fig. 1.) inferior, of 4, somewhat
inversely egg-shaped, permanent sepals; the two inner ones (petals
of Sm.) rather largest. Corolla none. Filaments (see fig. 2.) 6,
awl-shaped, shorter than the perianth. Anthers upright, of 2 ob-
long lobes. Germen (fig. 3.) superior, egg-shaped, compressed,
with membranous edges, cloven at the summit. Styles (see fig. 3.) 2,
one from each point of the germen, very short, reflexed. Stigmas
in many fine, tufted segments. Nut (fig. 4.) 2-edged, with a di-
lated, nearly orbicular, flat, vertical, membranous, cloven, un-
dulated wing. Embryo in the centre, straight.

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by
the pcrianthium of 4 sepals ; the compressed nut, with a broad
membranous margin ; and the upright, inverted embryo.

Only one species known.

OXY'RIA RENIFO'RMIS. Kidney-shaped-leaved Mountain
Sorrel. Welsh Sorrel.

Spec. Char.

Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 111. — Curt. Brit. Entom.. v. xv. t. 714. — Sprcng. Syst. Veg.
v. ii. p. 135. — Sm. Engl. Fl. v ii. p. 188. — With. (7th edit.) v. ii. p. 453. — Lindl.
Syn. p. ‘ill. — Hook. Brit. Fl. p. 167. — Macr. Man. Brit. Bot. p. 199. — Walker’s
Fl. of Oxf. p. 101.— Dick. Fl. Abred. p. 34.— Mack. Catal. of 1*1. of Irel. p. 34. ;
Fl. Hiber. p 223. — Oxyria digyna, Dec. Bot. Gall. p. 403. — O. acida, Brown. —
O. rotundifolia, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 277. — Rumex diyynus, Engl, Bot.
t. 910. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 480. — Huds. Fl. Angl. (2nd ed. ) p. 156. — Sin. Fl. Brit,
v. i. p. 395. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. ii. pt. I. p. 258. — Lightf. Fl. Scot. v. i. p. 190. —
Rheum diyynum, Wahlenb. Fl. Lapp. p. 101. t. 9. f. 2. — Acetosa rotundifolia
repens Eboracensis, folio in medio deliquiumputicnte, Ray’s Syn. p. 143.

Localities. — Abundant in mountain bogs, rills, moist clefts of rocks, and
within reach of (he spray of cascades. — Cumberland ; By Black Lead Mine,
in Borrowdale: Mr. Hutton. In a ravine of the Screes near Wastwaler : Mr.
Wood. Ashness Gill ; Vale of Newlands; and Black Rocks of Great End:
Mr. Watson, in N.B.G. — Westmoreland ; On the mountains, and very ele-
vated spots: Sir J. E. Smith. By the side of a vvateifall near Buckbarrow Well
in Longsleddale : N. .1. Winch, Esq. Striden Edge, Helvellyn: N. B. G. —
Yorksh. Mountains of the North and West Ridings: Teesdale. — WALES.
Caernarvonshire ; Cwm Idwel ; Clogwyn v Garnedd; and Crib y Ddescil:
Mr. Ghiffith. Moist rocks near Llyn Fynnon l.as : 0. Turner, Esq. Shore
of Llyn Idwel), and rocks above: Mr. Watson, in N.B.G. Gravelly shore
ol Llanberris Lake, stunted: J. E. Bowman, in N.B.G. Snowdon: C. C.
BABiNOTON.ibid. — Merionethsh. By the rivulets above Llyn yCai: Mt-Maiityn.

Fig. 1. Pcrianthium. — Fig. 2. A separate Flower. — Fig. 3. Germen, Styles, and
Stigmas. — Fig. 4. Fruit, or Nut. — Fig. 5. A Seed. — Fig. 1. slightly magnified.

* From oxus, Gr. sharp or acid ; from the acid flavour of this, as of many
other plants belonging to the same natural family. Hooker.

t See folio 33, note t. J See folio 33, note f.

On Cader Idris, abundant, and very fine : J. E. Bowman, in N. B. G.— SCOT-
LAND. Aberdeensh. Among the loose stones on norlli bank of Dee, above
the Old Bridge; and south bank, near Nether Banchory Church: Mr. Dickie.
Argylesh. Road-side in Glencoe, and between King’s Mouse and Inveroran ; also
on the mountains in many places: Mr. Watson, in N. H G. — Elginsh. Lower
part of Elgin : Rev. G. Gordon, ibid. — Forfarsh. Summit of the Clova Moun-
tains : Mr. Don, of Forfar. At the uppei part of Glen Clova, on the bed of the
river; and frequent on the mountains: Mr. Watson, in N.B. G. Loch Lee:
Mr. G. Macnab, ibid. — Inverness-shire; Ben Nevis; Red Cairn : Mr. Wat-
son, ibid.— Orkney Isles ; Moy: Dr. Gii.lies, \\>\A.—Perthsh. On the Breadel-
bane Mountains, and descending along the courses of the mountainous streams,
almost to the levels of Lochs Dochart and Tay: Mr. Watson, ibid. — Ross-
shire ; Ben Wevis: Rev. G. Goudon, ibid, — Sterlingsk. Ben Lomond: Mr.
J. Hooker, in N. B. G. — IRELAND. County of Kerry ; On Magillycuddy’s
Reeks, and Brandon Mountain. — County of Sligo; On Ben Bulben: Air.
Mackay. — County of Tipperary ; Gaiiymore: ibid.

Perennial. — Flowers in June and July.

Root strong, running deep into the ground, subdivided and tufted
at the crown. Stems solitary, upright, 8 or 10 inches high, round-
ish, striated, panicled, with rarely more than one leaf, often naked.
Leaves numerous, almost all radical, on longish petioles, kidney-
shaped, pale green, somewhat wavy, with a more or less evident
obtuse sinus (broad shallow notch) at the apex. Stipulas mem-
branous. Panicle upright, twice as tall as the leaves, branched,
with minute, egg-shaped, membranous bracteas at the base of each
ramification. Flowers small, on slender, whorted, simple pedicels,
which are thickest upwards. Anthers reddish. Germen nearly
orbicular, compressed, notched, with 2, spreading, feathery styles.
Fruit (fig. 4.), a nut, enclosed in an utricle, with a broad winged
border, tipped with the styles situated in rather a deep notch ; and
having at the base the 2 inner, pointed, segments of the perian-
thium, not at all enlarged. See Hook. Brit. FI.

The whole herb is powerfully and gratefully acid, with some
astringency. Sir W. J. Hooker informs us, that this plant is the
Donia sapida of Mr. Brown, (now Dr. Brown,) in the first edi-
tion of Ross's Voyage to the Arctic Regions ; but it had been pre-
viously named Oxyria (by Sir J. Hill).

The plant from which the drawing for the accompanying plate
was made, was kindly communicated to me by W. Bcrrer, Esq.
This plant put up two flowering stems ; the first of which pro-
duced flowers which were all perfect, or with both stamens and
pistils ; the second, which flowered later than the first by ten days
or a fortnight, produced only pistiliferous flowers.

The Natural Order, Polygo'ne.t:, is composed of dicotyledon-
ous, herbaceous, rarely shrubby, plants ; with sheathing stipulas ;
and often monoecious or dioecious Jlowers. Their perianthium is
inferior, monosepalous, and divided into from 4 to 6 segments,
which are often in a double row. Their stamens are definite, in-
serted in the bottom of the perianthium, with anthers opening
longitudinally. The germen is superior, with 2 or more styles or
sessile stigmas. The nut frequently triangular, with one erect seed,
which contains, in a farinaceous, sometimes very thin albumen, a
reversed and often unilateral embryo.

322

S/f-ra/uwiS. O

C.Ma. Utr^JDeZ. &,'$C.

2*u. Z> *6 r Wr?<ur?€K I>ot ante &ard en Cjtfailbty

(312.)

CORRIGI'OLA * *

Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Trigy'nia.

Natural Order. Illece'rrea: J, Dr. R. Brown. — Lindl. Syn.
p. 60.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 164. — Paronychie.e,
Rich. toy Macgilliv. p. 508. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 516. — Don’s
Gen. Syst. ofGard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 84. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th ed.)
p. 407 — Portulace/e, Juss. Gen. PI. p- 3 1 2. — Sm. Gram, of Bot.
p. 164. — Querneales; sect.RuMiciNTE ;type, Scleranthace.-e;
Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 523, 587, & 594. — Holeraceas, Linn.

Gey. Char. Calxjx (see fig. 1.) inferior, of 5, inversely egg-
shaped, concave, spreading, permanent sepals, slightly cohering at
the base. Corolla (see figs. 1 & 2.) of 5, inversely egg-shaped,
spreading, entire petals, not exceeding the calyx, into which they
are inserted alternately with its sepals. Filaments (see figs. 1—3.) 5,
awl-shaped, small, inserted into the calyx, alternate with the petals.
Anthers of 2 roundish lobes. Germen (see figs. 2 & 4.) superior,
egg-shaped, with three slight angles. Styles (see fig. 4.) 3, short,
spreading. Stigmas blunt. Fruit (fig. 5.) 1 -seeded, indehiscent,
covered by the calyx. Seed (see figs. 7 & 8.) single, suspended
by its cord, which arises from the bottom of the cavity.

The inferior, 5-sepaled, permanent calyx ; the 5-petaled corolla ;
and the 1-seeded, indehiscent fruit ; will distinguish this from
other genera in the same class and order.

One species British.

CORRIGFOLA LITTORA'LIS. Shore Strapwort. Sand Strap-
wort. Bastard Knot-grass.

Spec. Char. Stems bearing leaves on the part which bears
the flowers.

Engl. Bot. t. 6(58. — Sit). Ft. Grate, v. iii. p. 86 t. 292. — Curt. Biit. Ent. v. xiv.
t. 629. — Linn. Sp. HI. p. 388.— Willd. Sp. HI. v. i. pt. n. p. 1506. — Sm. FI. Brit,
v. i. p.339. : Kind. FI. v. ii. p. 113. — With. (7ih ed.) v. ii. p. 403. — Gray’s Nat-
Arr. v. ii. p.546. — Lindl. Syn. p. 60.— Hook. Brit. FI. p. 144. — Macr. Man.
Brit Bot p. 86. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Card, and Bot. v. iii. p. 86. f. 21. — FI.
Devon, pp. 55 6t 138. — Polygonum littoreum minus, dosculis spadiceo-
ulbicantibus, Bauli. Bin. p. 281. — Morris. Hist. PI. Uni. v. ii. p. 593. sect. 5.
t. 29. f. 1.

Localities. — On the southern coast of England ; rare. — Cornwall ; On the
beech near the tin mine at Helston : Mr. F. Bobone. On the shore of Loc
Pool, near Helston, opposite Penrose on each side of a low wall: Mr. Fi.
FonsTrn, jun. On the banks of Loe Pool, near Helston; Sept. 1833: E. Duke,
Esq. F5xeter College.— Devon ; Found by Mr. Huoson on Slapham Sands
beyond Dartmouth ; and near the Start Point : Professor Martyn. Staddon
Point: Dr. Moore. Slapton : W. Borrer, Esq.

Fig. 1. A single Flower. — Fig. 2. A Flower deprived of 4 of its sepals, 3 of its
petals, and 4 of its stamens, to show the Germen, the Styles, and the situation of
the Stamens. — Fig. 3. A Stamen. — Fig. 4. Germen and Styles. — Fig. 5. The Nut
or Capsule divested of the calyx. — Fig. 6. A transverse section of the same. — Fig. 7.
A vertical section of the same, showing the seed, with its umbilical cord. — Figs.
8 & 9. The Albumen surrounded by the embryo. — Fig. 10. The Embyro separate. —
Fig. 11. A small portion of the Stem, showing tliestipula:. — All highly magnified.
F'igs. 5 to 10. from Gertner.

* From corrigia, a strap or thong ; to which the leaves may be imagined to
hear a slight resemblance.

f Sec folio 48, note f .

t Sec folio 155, a.

Annual. — Flowers in July and August.

Root small, slender, tapering. Stems many, from 2, to G or 8
inches long, spreading on the ground, slender, flaccid, round, leafy,
smooth, often reddish, mostly simple, flowering at the extremity.
Leaves alternate, strap-spear-shaped, blunt, very entire, rather
fleshy, smooth, glaucous, tapering at the base into a short foot-
stalk f petiole J. Stipulas (see fig. 11.) in pairs, at the base of each
leaf, pointed, membranous, white. Flowers very small, numerous,
of a pearly white, in terminal and lateral, subdivided, or interrupted
clusters, often sessile. Calyx very like the corolla, but the seg-
ments towards the base are of a rich chesnut brown. Fruit (fig. 5.)
a small nut, covered with the permanent calyx ; it is crustaceous,
wrinkled, and tubercled, brown, 1-celled, 1 -seeded, and indehiscent.
Seed nearly globular, smooth, reddish-brown. A thread-shaped
umbilical cord (funicle) ascends from the base of the nut to the
top of the seed (see fig. 7). The embryo is roundish, inverted, pale
yellow, and surrounds the albumen like a ring (see figs. 9 & 10).

This curious and delicate little plant is a native throughout
Europe, on sandy shores. Mr. Hudson, I believe, was the first
who discovered it to be a native of England. In Portugal, Dr.
Withering observes, it is not limited to the sea-side, but grows
in hedge-banks, and in ploughed fields at a distance from the
sea.

For the specimen from which the drawing was made, as well as
for many other very rare British Plants, I am indebted to the kind-
ness of W. Borrer, Esq. of Henfield, Sussex, who obligingly com-
municated them to me in July last. 1 have also received specimens
of the Corrigiola from my friend, Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. of Lavender
Hill, Wandsworth, Surrey.

“ Nature ! to me, thou art moro beautiful
In thy most simple forms, than all that man
Hath made, with all his genius, and his power
Of combination : for not he can raise
One structure, pinnacled, or domed, or gemm’d,
By architectural rule, or cunning hand,

Like to the smallest plant, or flower, or leaf.
Which living hath a tongue, that doth discourse
Most eloquent of Him, the great Creator
Of all living things. Man’s makings fail
To tell of aught but this, that he, the framer.
Sought also to create, and fail’d, because
No life can he impart, or breath infuse.

To give inertness being.”

Hone’s Every-day Book.

'V/y\y^yi

(313.)

rOTENTI'LL A. * *.

Linnean Class and Order. Icosa'ndria f, Polygy'nia.

Natural Order. Rosa'cea?, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 334. — Sm. Gram,
of Rot. p. 171. — Lindl. Syn. p. S8. ; IntrocL to Nat. Syst. of Bot.
p. 81. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 528. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 512. ;
Arbor, et Frutic. Brit. v. ii. p. 670. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and
Bot. v. ii. p. 523. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p.85. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th ed.)
p. 404. — Rosales ; sect. Rosina? ; subsect. Rosian.e ; type, Ro-
sacea? ; subtype, Fragaridje ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 614,
683, 699, & 700. — Senticosa?, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. I.) inferior, permanent, of 1 sepal, in
10 deep segments, the 5 outer ones alternate with the inner, and
narrowest. Corolla (fig. 2.) of 5 roundish, or inversely heart-
shaped, spreading petals, opposite to the outer segments of the
calyx, and attached by their short claws to its rim. Filaments (see
fig. 3.) about 20, from the rim of the calyx, awl-shaped, upright,
shorter than the corolla. Anthers roundish, incumbent, of 2 cells.
Germens (see fig. 4.) superior, numerous, roundish, small, collected
into a round head. Styles (see figs. 5 & 6.) thread-shaped, 1 to
each germen, lateral, ascending, permanent. Stigmas bluntish,
downy. Seeds ( nuts of Lindley,/ (see figs. 5 & 6.) numerous,
naked, roundish, generally more or less wrinkled, placed upon a
small, dry, globular, permanent, unaltered receptacle.

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by
the 10-cleft calyx; the 5-petaled corolla; the naked, rugged,
beardless seeds ; and the small, dry receptacle.

Eleven species British.

POTENTI'LLA RUPE'STRIS. Rock Cinque-foil. Strawberry-
flowered Cinque-foil. Upright Bastard Cinque-foil.

Spec. Char. Stem upright, forked, without runners. Leaves
lyrate-pinnate ; leaflets 7, 5, or 3, egg-shaped, serrated, hairy.
Flowers white.

Engl. Bot. t. 2058. — Jacq. Ft. Austr. v. ii. p. 9. f. 114. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 711. —
Iluds. FI. Angl. (2nd cd. ) p. 223. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. ii. pt. n. p. 1097. — Sm. FI.
Brit. v. ii. p. 548. ; Engl. Fl. v. ii. p. 417. — With. (7th ed. ) v. iii. p. 033. — Gray’s
Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 581. — Lindl. Syn. p. 96. — Hook. Brit. Fl. p. 25V. — Macr. Man.
Brit. Bot. pp. 68 & 69. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Card, and Bot. v. ii. p. 560. —
Pentaphylloides erectum, Bauh. Hist. v. ii. p. 598, d. — Kay’s Syn. p. 255. —
Pentaphyllum ftagiferum, Johnson’s Gerardo, p. 991.

Localities.— On shady alpine rocks in Wales; very rar e.—MontgomerysJi.
On the sides of a hill called Craig Wreidhin, or ralher Breiddin, where it was
first found by Mr. Liiwvd ; see Ray’s Synopsis. It was for a long time sup-
posed to have been lost; but on the 29ih of June, 1817, it was again found
there, by J. E. Bowman, Esq. who observes, in the New Botanist's Guide, that
“ this very local plant is distributed sometimes in groups very profusely, on the
W. face ol the Breiddon Hill, occupying the middle zone, disappearing at 600
or 700 feet of elevation, and also not descending near the base. It occurs again

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. A Flower with the petals removed
showing the stamens and pistils.— Fig. 4. Calyx and Germens, with their Styles. —
Fig. 5. A sepaiate Nut with its lateral Style. — Fig. 6. The same magnified.

* From potens, powerful; from the medicinal properties attributed to some
of the species. Hooked. t See folio 100, note t.

on the very steep N. side, where it comes lower down.” — In 1835, the Rev.
Andrew Bloxam found it in the same locality, in abundance, and kindly com-
municated a plant to me, which is now (January 25, 1839) growing in the Oxford
Garden, and from which plant the drawing for the accompanying plate was made.

Perennial. — Flowers in June and July.

Root somewhat woody, tapering, with numerous fibres. Stem
about a foot high, upright, round, reddish, striated, more or less
hairy, leafy, branched in a corymbose manner, and many-flowered.
Leaves pinnate in a lyrate manner, hairy but not hoary, deep
green ; the radical ones largest, on long leafstalks ; their leaflets 7 ;
those of the upper leaves 5, or 3, roundish, or somewhat inversely
egg-shaped, veined, unequally cut and serrated. Stipulas of the
root-leaves strap-shaped, pointed ; those of the stem-leaves romboid,
roundish. Flowers in a forked corymbose panicle. Calyx downy
at the base, enlarging after flowering, when it becomes brown and
membranous. Petals white, roundish, or somewhat inversely heart-
shaped, much larger than the calyx. Styles reddish. Seedy neither
hairy nor wrinkled, on a very hairy or bristly receptacle.

This plant is a native of several parts of Europe and Siberia, on shady alpine
Tocks. It is of the very rarest occurrence in Britain, its onlj known locality
being that iccorded above.

The Natural Order Rosacea is composed of polypetalous, di-
cotyledonous herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves, which are either
simple or compound, and which are almost universally furnished
with 2 stipulas at their base. The calyx is 4- or 5-lobed, some-
times having bracteolce on its tu' e equal in number to the lobes,
and alternate with them (see figs. 1, 2, & 4.), valvate or imbricate
in the bud, with the disk surrounding the orifice, having the fifth
or odd lobe next the axis. The corolla is 4- or 5-petaled ; the
petals perigynous and equal, with short claws. The stamens, which
are indefinite, arise from the calyx, just within the petals, and are
curved inwards in sestivation. The filaments are free; the anthers
innate, 2-celled, and burst lengthwise. The ovaries (see fig. 4.)
are several, superior, mostly free, rarely cohering either with the
calyx or among themselves, 1-celled and 1-seeded. The ovule is
usually suspended, seldom erect. The styles (see figs. 5 & 6.) are
lateral, near the apex of the ovaries, with simple stigmas, emargi-
nate on one side. The fruit is either 1-seeded nuts or akenia.
The seeds are pendent, rarely ascending. The embryo is straight,
with a taper short radicle, pointing towards the hilum ; the cotyle-
dons flat and entire ; without albumen.

Mr. Don divides this order into three tribes, r.amely, 1. Drya'de.e ; 2. Nku-
ra'de/e ; and 3. Ro'se/e. Two only of these tribes are applicable to the plants
of Britain.

The first, or Drya'dm, contains Dry'as, t. 248 Geum, t. 3. — Rubus. —
Fragrlria, t. 242. — PotentiUa, t. 3 13. — Tormentilla. — Comarum, t. 197. —
Sibaldia.— and Agrimouia, t. 88. — The third, or Rosea, has ouly the genus
Rosa.

Spiree'a, 1. 133, belongs to the Natural Order Spin aa'cea of De Canpoi.le.
The plants of this order are distinguished from those of Rosacea by their de-
hiscent carpels, and by their styles being terminal, not lateral, as in that order.

Alcftemilla, t. 280 ; and Sanguisorba, t. 269, belong to Dr. Lindley’s
Natural Order Sanquiso,rdea. This order differs from RosA'cs/tin the plants
which compose it having apetalous flowers, with an indurated calyx, and only
one nut or carpel.

Tu$**y WJBaxtrr,J3otnnU I t3 3p.

Husj/tf-Del.

MGttu.Se

(314.)

ME'UM * *.

Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Digy'nia.

Natural Order. Umbelli'fer Juss. Gen. PI. p. 218. — Sm.
Gram, of Bot. p. 132. — Lindl. Syn. p. Ill; Introd. to Nat. Syst.
of Bot. p. 4. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 463. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p.
517. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 235. — Mack.
FI. Hibem. p. 113. — Umbellate, Linn. — Rosales; sect. An-
gelicinaj ; type, Angelicacea? ; subtype, A ngelicidas ; Burn.
Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 614, 770, 773, & 774.

Gen. Char. Calyx none. Corolla (figs. 1 & 2.) of 5, equal,
elliptical petals, with incurved points. Filaments (see figs. 1 & 2.) 5,
about the length of the petals, spreading, incurved. Anthers
roundish. Germen (figs. 3 & 4.) inferior, somewhat egg-shaped,
striated, blunt, a little compressed. Styles (see fig. 4.) 2, tumid
at the base, very short in the flower, afterwards a little elongated
and recurved. Stigmas simple. Floral Receptacle none. Fruit
(figs. 5 & 6.) elliptical, very slightly compressed, contracted at the
summit, and crowned with the permanent styles. Caipels ( seeds
of Linn.) convex, with 5 prominent, sharply keeled, equal ribs
(see fig. 7.), with many vittce in the interstices. Seed nearly half
taper. Universal Involucrum of few leaves, or none. Partial
Involucrum of many leaves.

The obsolete calyx ; the entire, elliptical petals with incurved
points ; the nearly round fruit ; the carpels with 5 prominent,
sharply keeled, equal ribs, of which the lateral ones are at the
margin ; and the interstices with many vittce ; will distinguish this
from other genera in the same class and order.

One species British.

ME'UM ATHAMA'NTICUM. Athamantian Spignel. Meu.
Bear-wort. Bald-money §.

Spec. Char. Leaves twice or thrice pinnate ; leaflets all in
numerous, deep, bristle-like segments. Stems leafy, not much
branched.

Engl. Bot. t. 2249. — Jaeq. FI. Austr. v. iv. p. 2. t. 303. — Gairter, v. i. p. 105. —
Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 308. : Engl. Fl. v. ii. p. 84. — With. (7th oil. ) v. ii. p. 393. —
Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 516. — Lindl. Syn. p. 118. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 120. —
Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 320. — Mncr. Man. Brit. Bot. p. 101. —
Winch’s FI. of Northumberl. and Durli. p. 20. — Dick. FI. Abred. p. 31. — Meum
Athamanta, Pers. Syn. v. i. p. 319. — Meum , Bay’s Syn. p. 207. — Johnson's
Gerarde, p. 1052. — Athamanta Meum, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 353. — Huds. FI. Angl.
(2nded.) p. 116. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 157. — JEthusa Meum, Linn. Syst.
Veg. (14th cd.) p. 287. — Pers. Syst. Veg. p. 303. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. n. p.
1447. — With. (5th ed.) v. ii. p. 382. — Liqusticum Meum, De Cand. FI. Fr. v. iv.
p. 310. — Hook. FI. Scot. p. 89.

Fig. 1. A separate Flower. — Fig. 2. — The same magnified. — Fig. 3. Germen. —
Fig. 4. Ditto magnified. — Figs. 5 & 6. Fruit. — Fig. 7. A transverse section of the
Fruit. — The two last a little magnified.

* From melon, Gr. smaller : in reference to the extreme fineness and delicacy
of its leaves.

+ See folio 48, note +. 4 See folio 235, a.

} “ Bald, or Bald-money, is a corruption of Balder the Ai'OLi.o of the
northern nations, to whom this plant was dedicated. Sir W. .1. Hooker.

Localities. — In dry mountainous pastures in the N’otlb of England and
Scotland, especially in the Highlands; frequent. — Cumberland; Near the
vicarage at Keswick : Rev. YV. Wood. Bristow Hills, near Keswick : N. B. G.—
Lancash.^ On the road by Scholefield Hall near Rochdale: Ray. In Conistone,
Furness Fells: Mr. Jackson. — Northumberland ; On a hill by the village of
Throckrington: Wallis. On a basaltic height, a quarter of a mile noith from
Throckrington : Rev. J. Hodgson. — Westmoreland ; Uun-Mail-raise: Mr.
Fardon. About two miles from Sedberg in the way to Orion, abundantly in
meadows and pastures: Ray. In a field by the fourth milestone leading from
Kendal to Appleby : Mr. Gough. — Yorkshire ; Mountainous parts of the West
Riding, sparingly: Ray. Meadows at Mossdale Head, YY'ensley Dale : Mr.
Brunton. Ripon: Mr. Bowman, in N. B. G. Near Boothwood Inn, between
Halifax and Oldham : N. J. Winch. Esq.— WALES. Merionethshire; Near
Dolgelle: Ray. On the east side of Bala Lake near Llan Gower ; and on the
west side between Llanycil and Dolgelle, but more sparingly : Mr. Griffith.
Garneddwen, between Bala and Dolgelle: Rev. II. Davies. — SCOTLAND.
Aberdeenshire ; Banks of Dee, near the Old Bridge, near Aberdeen: Mr.
Dickie. On a green bank, nearly opposite the front of Invercauld House, by
the road-side between Castleton and the bridge over the Dee, below the village :
Mr. Watson, in N. B. G. — Dumbartonshire; About Balvie, Glasgow: Mr.
Hopkirk. Loch Lomond : Mr. Murray. — Forfarshire; On the bauks of the
river, above and below the KirkofClova : Mr. Watson, in N. B. G. In pastuies
in the valleys of the high lands of the Clova Mountains : Mr. Don, of Forfar, in
Apr. Report of Anguss-shire, Append, p. 18. — Inverness-shire; North side
of Loch Ness : Mr. Murray. — Kirkcudbrightshire ; Oarsphairn : G. Gordon,
inN.B.G. — Lanarkshire; Rare, near Plowland, Avondale : FI. of Lanark.
Kittochside and Cross-hill, in Kilbride; on Cathkin Hills: Mr. Hopkirk. —
Linlithgowshire; West Lothian: Rev. J. Ligiitfoot — Perthshire: About
Dunkeld : ibid. Glen Shee : Mr. Watson, in N. B. G.— Renfrewshire ; Loch-
winnoch: Mr. J. Montgomery, in N.B. G.

Perennial. — Flowers in May and June.

Root tap-shaped, thick, woody, and branching ; crowned with
the fibrous remains of old leafstalks. Stem from 1 to 2 feet high,
upright, not much branched, round, hollow, leafy, striated. Leaves
alternate, oblong, twice or thrice pinnate, dark green, smooth ;
leajlels opposite, in numerous capillary, very delicate, pointed
segments. Petioles ( leafstalks ) dilated and membranous at the
base. Umbels upright, of many general and partial rays. General
Involucrum either wanting, or of few strap-spear-shaped leaves,
which are mostly 3-cleft. Partial Involucrum lateral, of several
entire or cut leaves ; these, by some oversight, are omitted in the
engraving, an omission not observed till the whole impression of
the plate was worked off. Flowers numerous, white or reddish,
uniform. Calyx seldom visible. Petals occasionally somewhat
inversely heart-shaped. Fruit smooth, slightly compressed, with
sharp ribs.

A rather pretty plant, remarkable for the numerous bristle-like
segments of its leaves, and its very powerful aromatic smell. The
roots and seeds are aromatic and acrid, and have been used as
stomachics and carminatives. Where this plant abounds in the
Highlands, the milk and butter partake of its peculiar Melilot-like
taste in the Spring ; and a strong infusion of it is said to give
cheese the flavour of the Sw iss Chapziegar.

C.Metlhtmt Pel. Sc Sc.

(315.)

LACTU'CA* *.

Linnean Class ft Order. SYGENE'siAf, Polyga'mia, /EqualisJ.

Natural Order. Ccmpo'sita3§, (Linn.), tribe, Cichora'ce.e,
Lindl. Syn. pp. 140 & 156.; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp. 197
and 201. — Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 520 & 521. — Mack. FI. Hibern.
pp. 142 & 159. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th ed.) p. 410. — Cichora'cej;,
Juss. Gen. PI. p. 168. — Sm. Gr. of Bot. p. 120. — Synanthe'rea:,
Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 454. — Syringales ; subord. Asterosa3 ;
type, Cic Horace as ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900, 901, & 935.

Gen. Char. Involucrum (common calyx ) (fig. 1.) cylindrical,
of many, pointed, imbricated, unequal, flat scales, which are mem-
branous at the margin. Corolla (fig. 2.) compound, imbricated,
uniform ; florets ( figs. 2 & 3.) numerous, perfect, equal, all strap-
shaped, blunt, with 4 or 5 teeth. Filaments (see fig. 4.) 5, hair-
like. Jlnthers in a cylindrical tube. Germen (see figs. 3 to 6.)
inversely egg-oblong. Style (figs. 4 and 5.) thread-shaped, longer
than the stamens. Stigmas 2, revolute. Seed-vessel none, except
the unaltered closed involucrum. Seed (figs. 7 & 8,) inversely
egg-shaped, furrowed, roughish, compressed. Pappus (down)
(see figs. 7 & 8.) simple, hair-like, very slender, elevated on a stalk
about its own length. Receptacle (see fig. 9.) narrow, naked, dotted.

The oblong, imbricated iuvolucrum, with its scales membranous
at the margin; the naked receptacle; and the stalked, simple
pappus ; will distinguish this from other genera^ with uniform,
strap-shaped florets, in the same class and order.

Three species British.

LACTU'CA VIRO'SA. Strong-scented Lettuce. Cut Lettuce.

Spec. Char. Leaves horizontal, finely toothed, 2-eared and
amplexicaul at the base, their keel prickly. Flowers panicled.

Engl. Bot. t. 1957. — Woodv. Med. Bot. Suppl. t. 250. — Linn. Sp. l’I. p. 1119. —
lluds. FI. Angl. (2nd ed. ) p. 337. — Willd. Sp. l’l. v. iii. p. in. p. 1526. — Sm. F).
Brit. v. ii. p. 819. ; Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 345. — With. (7tli edit.) v. iii. p. 885. —
Gray’s Nat. Air. v. ii. p. 417. — Lindl. Syn. p. 156. — Hook. Brit. FI. p.339. —
Macr. Man. Brit. Bot. p. 142. — Liglitf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 429. — Sibth. FI. Oxon.
p. 237. — Thornt. Family Herbal, p. 682. — l’urt. Midi. H. v. ii. p. 372. — Belli. FI.
Cant. (3rded.) p. 318. — Ilook. Fl. Scot. p. 227.— Grev. FI. Edin. p. 166. — Rev.
G. E. Smith’s l’l. of S. Kent, p. 45. — Jolinst. Fl. Berw. v. i. p. 173. — Winch’s Fl.
of Northumb. and Durli. p. 50. — Walker’s Fl. of Oxf. p. 222. — Perry’s P). Varvie.
Selects!, p. 65 — Lactuca sylvestris major, odore Oj>ii, Ray’s Syn. p. 161. —
Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 309.

Locautihs. — About hedges, old walls, banks, and way-sides, on a chalky
soil; not uncommon.— Oxfordshire; Marston Lane: Ur. Sihthohpf. Under
hedges by the side of a footpath leading from the back of the Romaji Catholic
Chapel to the Asylum. — Jlerks ; By the side of the new road going from Botley
to Ensham, about 200 or 300 yards before you come to the bridge ; July 30, 1831 :
W.B. Near Maidenhead: Mr. W. Hurst, in N. B. (j. — Cambridyesh. In

Fig. 1. Involucrum. — Fig. 2. Corolla. — Fig. 3. A Floret. — Fig. 4. Stamens and
Pistil. — Fig. 5. Germen, Style, and Stigma. — Fig. 6. Germen. — Figs. 7 and 8.
Seed. — Fig. 9. Receptacle. — All, except tigs. 1, 2, 7, & 9, maynified.

* From lac, milk ; the whole plant being very milky,
t See f. 91, n. t. t See f. 147, n. f. 1 See f, 27, a,

the road to Coltcnliam, by the second biidge from Ilislon. Ditch near Denny
Abbey. Bui well Pit: Rev. R. Reliian. — Derbysh. Near Swarkeston Biidge:
Ch. Babincion, in N. B. G — Durham; On the bank between the Castle at
Barnard-Castle and the river Tees, near Harton, Cocken, and Darlington, and
by hedge sides near Low Team ; also in a hedge nearOleadon, and near Norton,
Stockton, and Billingham: N. J. Winch, Esq.— Essex; Near Woodford : Mr.
11. Warner. — Gloucestersh. Giant’s Hole, St. Vincent’s Bocks: Miss Wor-
sley, in N. B. G. — Hampsh. Among bushes on the shore between Southampton
and Netley; and other places about Southampton: W. A. Bromfield, in
N. B. G. — Kent; Above the Cliff, halfway between Folkstone and Sandgate.
Upon the Chalk Cliffs around Lydden Spout : Rev. G. E. Smith. — Leicestersh.
Near Congerstone, and Gracedieu ; and between Gopsal Park and the Ashby-
de-la-Zouch Lodge: Rev. A. Beoxam . — Middlesex ; World’s End, near
Stepney, and banks of the Thames between Blackwall and Woolwich: Mr.
Jones. Hampstead Heath: Fl.Melr. — Norfolk; Fritton churchyard, and by
St. Bennet’s Abbey: Hist. Yarm. NearDiss: Mr. Woodward. Norfolk:
Miss Bell, in N. B. G. — Northamptonsh. Near Northampton: Morton. —
Northumberland ; On the banks of Tweed, above Coldstream Bridge; also
near Cullercoats : N. J. Winch, Esq. From the Union Bridge to Norham
Castle; also near Twizell Toll-bar: Dr. G. Johnston. — Notts. On the Rock
at the left hand enteiing Nottingham Park ; and upon the stony part of Clifton
Hill, facing the Trent; also behind Clifton Hall near the Trent: Dr. Deering.
By the Trent at Cohvick Saw-vard; Southwell, Coddington, and between
Blyth and Bowtry: N. B. G. — In Somersetshire : Dr. Gaeper, in N. B. G. —
Suffolk ; Bungay: Mr. D. Stock, in N. B. G. — Surrey ; Hedge banks between
Battersea and Clapham : Mr. W. Pamp'lin, jun. Near Norwood; and on
Streatham Common: FI. Metr. — Warwicksh. Road-sides, Stonebridge : Rev.
W.T. Bree. Road-side between Dunchurch and Soulham ; and between
Southam and Ladbrook ; July, 1831: W. B. Between Dunchurch and Wil-
loughby: Rev. A. Bloxam.— In Worcestershire : Mr. E. Lees. — Yorkshire;
Richmond: Mr. J. Ward, in N. B. G. Limestone 'Tract, near Leeds: H.
Denny, Esq. ibid. On the walls of Fountain’s Abbey : N. J. Winch, Esq. —
SCO TLAND, in the counties of Berwick, Edinburgh, Perth, Roxburgh,
Sterling ; and on the Orkney Isles ; but not common.

Biennial. — Flowers in July and August.

Root tap-shaped. Stem from 2 to 6 feet high, or more, up-
right, round, smooth in the upper part, a little prickly below;
sparingly leafy, scarcely branched ; patticled at the top. Root-leaves
somewhat inversely egg-shaped, toothed at the margin. Stem-
leaves alternate, spreading horizontally, large, inversely egg-shaped,
blunt, tapering towards the base ; the upper ones becoming gradu-
ally smaller, arrow-shaped at the base, and more decidedly stem-
clasping, sometimes lobed ; the mid-rib of all more or less beset
underneath with prominent prickles, such as often occur on the
margin also. Flowers numerous, small, yellow, in a large, upright,
spreading panicle ; with many small, heart-shaped, pointed brac-
teas. Involucrum imbricated, smooth, its scales more or less
tinged with purple, the upper ones downy at the tip, indistinctly
keeled. Seeds black, furrowed, and roughish. Pappus rough, on
a pedicel about the length of the seed ; see fig. 8.

The whole plant abounds with an acrid, fetid milky juice, which springs out
suddenly, in large drops, on the slightest touch, from the involucrum and tender
leaves. This juice has the smell of opium, and possesses narcotic and diuretic
properties. Dr Collin, of Vienna, relates 24 cases of dropsy, out of which 23
were cured by taking the extract prepared from the expressed juice, in doses from
18 grains to 3 drams in 24 hours. It commonly proves laxative, in a degree dia-
phoretic, and removes thirst. It must be prepared when the plant is in flower.

C MaUunr^Ikl. 9c £c.

(316.)

CHERLERIA* *.

Linnean Class and Order. DECA'NDRiAf, Trigy'nia.

Natural Order. Caryophy'llea: +, Linn. — Juss. Gen. PI. p.
299. — Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 159. — Lindl. Syn. p. 43.; Introd. to
Nat. Syst. of Bot. p.156. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p.507. — Loud. Hort.
Brit. p. 501. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 379. —
Mack. FI. Hib. p. 40. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th ed.) p. 400. — Rosales;
subord. Rhceadosae ; sect. Dianthinje ; type, Dianthacea; ;
Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 614, 784, 805, & 807.

Gen. Char. Calyx (see figs. 1 & 2.) inferior, of 5 spear-shaped,
concave, equal, permanent sepals, united at the base. Corolla (see
fig. 2.) of 5, very minute, cloven petals (nectaries of Linn.), at the
inside of 5 of the stamens, opposite to the sepals (see fig. 3). Fila-
ments (see fig. 2.) 10, awl-shaped, the 5 alternate ones attached to
the backs of the petals. Anthers roundish. Germen (see figs. 2
and 4.) oval, superior. Styles (^ee figs. 2 & 4.) 3, short. Stigmas
blunt. Capsule egg-shaped, of 3 cells (?) and 3 valves (see fig. 5).
Seeds (fig. 6.) 2 in each cell, angular.

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order, by
the calyx of 5 sepals ; the corolla of 5 very minute, cloven petals
(or nectaries) ; and the capsule of 3 cells and 3 valves.

One species British.

CHERLE'RIA SEDOI'DES. Sedum-like Cherleria. Dwarf
Cherleria. Mossy Cyphel.

Spec. Char. Plant small, tufted. Leaves 3-sided, awl-shaped,
bluntish, slightly toothed on the margin, spreading. Valves of the
capsule bluntish, callose at the apex, longer than the calyx. Don.

Engl. Bot. t. 1212. — Jacq. FI. Austr. t. 284. — Linn. Sp. PI. p. 608. — Hulls. FI.
Angl. (2nd edit. ) p. 193. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. ii. pt. I. p. 730. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. ii.
p. 483. ; Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 312. — With (7th ed.) v. ii. p. 555. — Gray’s Nat. Arr.
t. ii. p. 653. — Lindl. Syn. p. 48. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 208. — Macr. Man. Brit. Bot.
p. 34. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 232. — Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 139. — Don’s Gen. Syst.
of Gard. and Bot. v. i. p. 448. — Sedum montanum perpusillum luteolis flori-
bus. Park. Theatr. Bot. p. 737. fig. 11. — Sedum montanum perpusillum luteum,
Moris, v. iii. p. 471. sect. 12. t. 6. f. 14.

Localities. — On the loftiest mountains of Scotland, in moist spots near their
summits; nol unfrequent. — Argyleshire ; On Ben Achalader, in the Braes of
Glenurchay : Or. Stuart. — Forfarshire ; Little Kilrannock, Clova Mountains :
J. Macnad, in N. B. G.— Inverness-shire ; On Baikova), in Rum: Rev. J.
Lightfoot. Perthshire ; On Ben Teskernev and Ben Cballum, in Breada-
bane, plentifully: Rev. J. Ligiitioot. Mael-grea and Malnantaimonaeh, be-
tween Breadabane and Glen Lyon: Or. Stuart. In some plenty on Ben
Lawers and Killin Mountains: Mr. Watson, in N. B. G. — In Ross-shire : G.
Smith, Esq. ibid. — On Ben Lomond ; 1800: N. J. Winch, Esq. ibid. — Suther-
land ; Near Keoldale: Graham, ibid. Ben More: W. H. Campbell, ibid.
In some plenty on the highest parts of Ben Hope : Mr. Watson, ibid. Summit
of the hills at Juchnadamf: G. Johnston, ibid.

Fig. 1. Calyx and Bracteas. — Fig. 2. Front view of a Flower, showing the Se-
pals ; the minute, cloven, gland-like Petals ; the Stamens, Germen, and Styles. —
Fig. 3. One of the Sepals, with a Petal anil a Stamen. — Fig. 4. Germen, Styles,
and Stigmas. — Fig. 5. Capsule. — Fig. 6. A Seed. — Lower figure, a tuft of Leaves.

— All more or less magnified.

* So named in honour of John Henry Cherler, who assisted the celebrated
Botanist, John Bauhin, in his general History of Plants.

t See folio 37, note t. J See folio 152, a,

Perennial. — Flowers in July and August.

Roots densely crowded, strong and somewhat woody. Stems 2
or 3 inches high, very closely matted together, and forming large,
green, mossy tufts, bearing a great resemblance to tufts of Poly-
tricum, or some species of Bryum. Leaves opposite, somewhat
awl-shaped, 3-sided, bluntish, rather fleshy, smooth on both sides,
minutely fringed or toothed at the margin, connected at the base
into a kind of sheath. When the leaves fall off, the sheath and
the keel of the leaves remain attached to the stem. Stipulas none.
Flowers yellowish-green, solitary, upright, stalked, terminating the
short upright stems; each flower-stalk bearing a pair of small,
blunt bracteas about the middle. Sepals egg-spear-shaped, blunt-
isb, streaked with three lines on the back, membranous at the
margin. Petals very minute, cloven, somewhat fleshy, much
shorter than the sepals, and opposite to them. Linn/fus considered
these as nectaries, and described the genus as having no corolla.
Seguier, however, describes 5 undivided greenish petals, alternate
with the sepals ; but these. Sir J. E. Smith observes, nobody else
has seen. Five of the anthers are said to be sometimes imperfect. —
Till lately this was the only known species of the genus, but Mr.
Don, in his General System of Gardening and Botany, has de-
scribed six, in two of which, viz. Cherleria grandi flora, and Ch.
juniperina, both natives of Nipaul, the petals are much longer than
the sepals.

Cherleria scdo'ides is a pretty little tufted, alpine plant, an inha-
bitant of the highest mountains of Dauphine, Switzerland, Savoy,
the Valais, Austria, and Carniola, as well as of the Highlands of
Scotland.

For living specimens of this curious little plant, I am indebted
to the kindness of the Rev. J. S. Henslow, M. A. F. L.S. &c. Pro-
fessor of Botany at Cambridge ; W. Borrer, Esq. F. R. S. & c. of
Henfield, Sussex; and Mr. W. Pamplin, jun. A. L.S. &c. of
Lavender Hill, Wandsworth, Surrey.

“ What lore with tranquil pleasure better fills
The mind, fair Botany ! than thine !

Thy paths

Retired, with thy own flowers are ever strewed,
Thy own fresh garlands ever grace thy brow.
Where’er thy votaries thou leadest, whether
Along the silent vale, or verdant lane.

By hedge-row sheltered, or o’er the lone heath,
Whether to rushy pool, green-mantled, or
Through the wild forest’s thick-entangled maze.
Whether by softly murm’ring brook, that bright
Reflects its gay-enamelled bank ; or Tong
The rocky shore, dashed by the foaming waves
Of Ocean wide ; or up the steep ascent
Of rugged mountain, rising to the clouds ;

Still pleasure, profit, health, thy steps attend.”

. Time’s Telescope, 1825.

C.Mathe *v, Pei. $ Sc.

->.r Z. Pu&^fy W.PcjtTe*: 3 ct attic Garden Px/ierd. 1&3Q

(317.)

EPIPA'CTIS * *.

Linncan Class and Order. GYNA'.NDRiAf, Mona'ndria.

Natural Order. Orchi'de/e, Linn. — Juss. Gen. PI. p. 64. —
Sm. Gram, of Bot. p. 81.; Engl. FI. v. iv. p. 3. — Lindl. Syn. p.256 ;
Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. p. 262. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 412. —
Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 536. — Mack. FI. Hibern. p. 274. — Macr. Man.
Brit. Bot. p. 224. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th edit.) p. 425. — Palmares ;
order, Musales ; sect. Orchidin.e ; type, Orchidace^e ; Burn.
Outl. of Bot. v. i. pp. 391, 437, 458, & 461.

Gen. Char. Pcrianthium% (see figs. 1 & 2.) superior, 6-parted.
Sepals (see fig. 1. b. b. b.) 3, egg-shaped, pointed, equal, perma-
nent. Petals (see figs. 2 & 3.) 2, egg-shaped, as long as the sepals,
and, like them, either spreading or converging. Lip (nectary of
Linn.y (see fig. 4, b.) inflated at the base, with little or no spur,
either entire or with 3 lobes, of which the middle one is the largest,
and, as it were, jointed with the others. Anther (see fig. 4, d. and
fig. 5, b.) terminating the column (fig. 5, a.), rounded, fixed, per-
manent, of 2 close parallel cells, depositing the inversely egg-
shaped, powdery, undivided masses of pollen upon the stigma (see
fig. 5, c). Germen (fig. l,a.) inversely egg-oblong, angular, fur-
rowed, Style ( column ) (fig. 5, a.) somewhat elongated, incurved ;
convex at the back ; concave in front. Stigma (fig. 5, c.) in front,
close under the anther ; prominent, angular, various in form, un-
divided. Capsule (fig. 6.) elliptic-oblong, angular, ribbed. Seeds
(figs. 7 & 8.) small, roundish, with a lax tunic, greatly elongated
at each end.

The lip without a spur ; the plano-convex column, with 2 teeth
at the apex ; the terminal, persistant anther ; and the powdery
pollen-masses, eventually fixed to the back of the stigma (see fig. 5),
will distinguish this from other genera in the same class and order.

Six species British.

EPIPA'CTIS PALU'STRIS. Marsh Helleborine.

Spec. Char. Leaves spear-shaped, clasping the stem. Bracteas
mostly shorter than the slightly drooping flowers. Perianth spread-
ing. Lip longer than the petals, 3-lobed, middle lobe oval, crenate,
retuse, with a notched protuberance on the disk.

Hook. FI. Loud. t. 89. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. iv. pt. I. p. 84. — Sm. Engl. Fl. v. iv.
p. 42. — Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 212. — Lindl. Syn. p. 259. — Hook. Brit. Fl. p.
378. — Macr. Man. Brit. Bot. p. 229. — Hook, Fl. Scot. p. 254. — Fl. Devon, pp. 145
and 132. — Johnst. Fl. of Berw. v. i. p. 193. — Winch’s Fl. of Northumb. & Durli.
p. 57. — Walker’s Fl. of Oxf. p. 259.--Pcrry’s Fl. Varvic. Selects;, p. 74. — Bab.
Fl. Bath. p. 50. — Mack. Catal. Fl. of Irel. p. 77. ; Fl. Hibern. p. 280. — Serdpias
palustris. Scop. Fl. Carn. v. ii. p. 204. — Sm. Fl. Brit. v. iii. p. 943. — With. (7th

Fig. 1. Germen and Sepals. — Fig. 2. A Flower, showing the 3 sepals, the 2 pe-
tals, and the Up. — Fig. 3. A Fetal. — Fig. 4. A Flower with the sepals and petals
taken off ; a. the germen ; b. the lip ; c. the column ; d. the anther ; e. the stigma.
— Fig. 5. the Column bearing the anther, b, and the stigma, c. — Fig. 6. A Cap-
sule.— Figs. 7 & 8. Seeds. — Figs. 3, 4, 5 & 8, more or less magnified.

* Name given to some kind of Helleborine by the Greeks.
t See folio 8, note t. t See folio 33, note f.

edit.) v. ii. p. 4G. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. i. p. 527. — Davies’ Welsh Hot. p. 83. —
Itelh. FI. Cant. (3rd edit.) p. 3G7. — Serapias longifolia, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12.
v. ii. p. 593. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 14. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 196. — Purt. Midi.
FI. v. ii p. 429. ; and v. iii. p. 380. — S. longifolia, 8. y. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1345. —
S. latifolia, y, Ilnds. FI. Angl. (2uded. ) p. 393. — Helleborine palustris nostras,
Ray’s Syn. p. 384.

Localities.— In marshy and boggy places, especially on a chalky or gravelly
soil ; not uncommon.

Perennial. — Flowers in July and August.

Hoot creeping horizontally, somewhat woody, throwing out many
long, zigzag, fleshy, simple fibres. Stem about a foot high, upright,
simple, round, purplish, leafy ; the base surrounded by the cylin-
drical sheath of the leaves. Lower leaves inclining to egg-shaped,
a good deal sheathing at the base ; the upper ones spear-shaped,
tapering to a point, somewhat keeled, striated. Flowers several,
rather handsome, disposed in a terminal, lax, oblong, somewhat
unilateral spike, drooping, each on a short, downy pedicel , with a
spear-shaped braclea at its base ; the lower one of which is longer
than the flower, the v.p ?r ones shorler. Sepals (fig. 1, b. b. b )
spreading, equal, green; 'i, marked with purple lines, egg-shaped,
slightly concave. Petals spreading, egg-shaped (see fig. 3), marked
at the base with purple lines. Lip (fig. 4, b.) longer than the se-
pals, white, elegantly striped, and variegated with crimson ; its
terminal lobe rounded, or heart-shaped, without a point, concave,
the margin strongly and unequally notched and crenated, the disk
furnished at the base with an elevated notched crest. Germen be-
tween linear and oblong, of a darkish purple, twisted, downy,
tapering below into a pedicel. Column (fig. 5, a.) much shorter
than the lip, nearly cylindrical. Anikei • (fig. 5, b.) terminal, at-
tached by its base, jointed, upright, pale yellow, broadly egg-
shaped, with 2 cells, which open longitudinally, and deposit their
oblong, yellowish pollen-masses on the upper edge of the glutinous
stigma (see fig. 5, c.).

Linnaeus gave the name of longifolia to this Epipactis, but as
that name is more applicable to another species, the one by which
Scopoli and Lightfoot called it, and which is more suitable, is
now generally adopted. Mr. Hudson supposed this to be var. y.
of Epipactis latifolia, and, from some strange mistake, he has
asserted, that this plant, if removed into a garden, or dry soil,
changes the following year to that species ; but the two are un-
questionably perfectly distinct, and the different lengths of the lip,
and the shape of the germens, will always discriminate them. See
Hook. FI. Lond. ; and Sm. Engl. FI.

For the specimen figured in the accompanying plate I am indebted to the kind-
ness of W. Wilson Saunders, Esq. who gathered it in the Peat-pits at Weston-
ou-the-Green, July 13, 1838. The flowers were rather less coloured than they are
in general ; and in some specimens, from the same locality, they were quite white.

This species is not uncommon in boggy places near Oxford ; as on the N. side
of Shotover Hill ; bogs under Bullington Green ; near Stow Wood; right hand side
the road near the 4th mile-stone going to Eusliam ; and in a wood between Church
Hatsdborough and Freeland.

31 &

(318.)

APA'RGIA* *.

Linncan Class ff Order. Sygene'sia^Polyga'mi a, TEqualisJ.

Natural Order. Compo'sitje§, f Linn.) , tribe, Cichora'cE/E,
Lindl. Syn. pp. 140 & 156. ; Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Bot. pp. 197
and 201. — Loud, llort. Brit. pp. 520 & 521. — Mack. FI. Hibern.
pp. 142 & 159. — Hook. Brit. FI. (4th ed.) p. 410. — Cichora'ce.e,
Juss. Gen. FI. p. 168. — Sm. Gr. of Bot. p. 120. — Synanthe're.e,
Rich, by Macgilliv. p.454. — Syringales ; subord. Asterosas ;
type, Cichoracea! ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. pp. 900, 901, & 935.

Gen. Char. Involucrum (common calyx J (fig. 1.) imbricated,
the innermost scales equal, outer ones smaller. Corolla compound,
of numerous, imbricated, uniform, perfect, strap-shaped, blunt,
5-toothed florets (fig. 2.). Filaments (see fig. 3.) 5, hair-like, very
short. Anthers (see fig. 3.) united into a cylindrical tube. Germen
(see fig. 2.) oblong. Style (see fig. 3.) thread-shaped, prominent.
Stigmas 2, recurved. Seed-vessel none, except the converging,
finally spreading, calyx. Seed (see fig. 4.) oblong, striated. Pappus
( down J (see fig. 4, b.) feathery, sessile ; some of the hairs scaly,
others silky. Receptacle (see fig. 4, a.) naked, pitted.

The imbricated involucrum ; the naked, pitted receptacle ; and
the seeds all with feathery, sessile pappus ; will distinguish this
from other genera in the same class and order.

Three species British.

APA'RGIA IIISPIDA. Bristly Hawkbit. Rough Hawkbit.
Common Rough Dandelion.

Spec. Char. Scape naked, single-flowered. Leaves toothed,
rough with forked hairs. Involucrum hairy. Flowers drooping in
the bud. Florets hairy at their orifice ; glandular at the tip.

Willd. Sp. PI. v. iii. pt. in. p. 1552. — Sm. Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 351. — Lindt. Syn.
p. 162. — Hook. Brit. Ft. p. 341. ; FI. Scot. p. 227. — Grev. Fl. Edin. p. 167. — FI.
Devon, pp. 130 and 155. — Johnston’s Fl, of Benv. v. i. p. 175. — Winch’s Fl of
Northuml). & Durh. p. 51. — Walker’s Fl. of Oxf. p. 224. — Bab. Fl. Bath. p. 29. —
Mack. Catal. of I’l. of Ircl. p. 70. ; Fl. Hibern. p. 166. — Thrincia /lisp id a , Macr.
Man. Brit. Bot. p. 141. — Hedypnois hispid a, Engl. Bot. t. 554. — Sm. Fl. Brit,
v. ii. p. 823. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p. 74. — llelli. Fl. Cantab. (3rd edit.) p. 320. —
Hedypnois hispidum, Huds. Fl. Angl. (2nded. ) p. 340. — Leontodon hispidum.
Curt. Fl. Lond. t. 314. — Linn. Sp. l’l. p. 1124. — With. (7tli ed. ) v. iii. p. 809. —
Lightf. Fl. Scot. v. i. p. 433. — Sibtli. Fl. Oxon. p. 239. — Abb. Fl. Bedf. p. 170. —
Purt. Midi. Fl. v. ii. p. 366. — Virea hispida, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 429. —
Deus leonis hirsutus leptocaulis, Hieracium dictus, Ray’s Syn. p. 171. —
Hieracium dentis leonis folio hirsutum. Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 303.

Localities. — In meadows and pastures ; common.

Perennial. — Flowers in June, July, and August.

Fig. 1. The Involucrum. — Fig. 2. A single Floret. — Fig. 3. The Stamens aud
Pistil, showing the filaments, the united anthers, the germen, style, and stigmas. —
Fig. 4, The Receptacle, with the scales of the involucrum (a) ; and the seed and
pappus (6).

* Name of uncertain origin. Aparyia , Gr. was applied to some plant of this
tribe. IlcokKii.

f Sec folio 91, note t. 4 See folio 117, note }. 5 Sec folio 27, a.

Root tapering, often ending abruptly, as if bitten off ; of a dark
brown colour, furnished with numerous fibres of a paler colour,
running straight into the earth. Leaves numerous, oblong, or some-
what spear-shaped, bluntish, tapering at the base into a leaf-stalk,
indented and toothed, of a pale green colour, hairy, hairs generally
forked at the extremity, sometimes simple, or 3-cleft. Scapes
( stalks ) usually several from the same root, upright, from 8 inches
to a foot, or a foot and a half high, simple, round, hollow, without
bracteas, rough with similar hairs to those of the leaves, striated
and thickened upwards, purplish at the base. Flowers drooping
in the bud, upright when expanded, smaller than those of the
common Dandelion (t. 163). Involucrum (fig. 1.) somewhat egg-
shaped, hairy, of a brownish green colour. Florets (fig. 2.) strap-
shaped, bright yellow, the outer ones greenish or reddish beneath ;
all with a few long, yellow, upright hairs at the top of the tube
externally, and a small triangular tuft of brown glands at the back
of each of their 5 teeth ; these glands were first noticed by the late
Mr. Sowerey. Seed uniform, oblong, slender, nearly as long as
the pappus, which is sessile, and consists of numerous feathery
rays, unequal in length. Receptacle (see fig. 4.) flat, naked, and
dotted.

This plant is subject to much variation, both in size and hairiness.
It is common in meadows and pastures almost everywhere, but
especially on a chalky or lime-stone soil. “ In such sort of pas-
tures,” observes Mr. Curtis, “ it abounds as much as the common
Dandelion does in rich cultivated ones ; and when in flower, which
is usually in July, cloaths them in the same golden livery.”

According to the observations of Linnaeus, the flowers open at
four o’clock in the morning, and close at three in the afternoon.

A variety of this, with the involucrum and the scape (except
about 2 or 3 inches at the base of the latter) destitute of hairs,
grows in the old stone-pits at Headington Quarry, near Oxford,
where I observed it, in flower, June 15, 1831.

“ Flowers! Flowers! bright merry-faced flowers !

I bless ye in joyous or saddened hours :

I love ye dearly,

Ye look so cheerly.

In Summer, Autumn, Winter, or Spring,

A flower is to me the loveliest thing
That hath its birth
On this chequered earth : —

Oh ! who will not chorus the lay I sing !

Flowers ! Flowers ! who loveth them not I
Who hath his childhood’s sports forgot ?

When daisies white,

And king-cups bright,

And snowdrops, cowslips, and daffodils
Lured us to meadows, and woods and rills ;

And we wandered on.

Till a wreath w as won

Of the heather-bells crowning the far-off hills.”

L. A. TWAMLEY.

is m . * /s<7 .jfybs m*

Pub JfJ-l&xfirvPoZam-c Cror/lgn Oxford 2S39

'S,i-Us?n

IRu/sell.Iel.

wirutus*.

(319.)

SI'UM*

Linnean Class and Order. Penta'ndria f, Digy'nia.

Nalurul Order. Umuelli'feraj+, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 218. — Sm.
Gram, of Bot. p. 132. — Lindl. Syn. p. 1 11 ; Introd. to Nat. Syst.
of Bot. p. 4. — Rich, by Macgilliv. p. 463. — Loud. Hort. Brit. p.
517. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Card, and Bot. v. iii. p. 235. — Mack.
FI. Hibern. p. 113. — Umbellate, Linn. — Rosales; sect. An-
gelicina:; type, Angelicaceas ; subtype, A ngelichde ; Burn.
Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp. 614, 770, 773, & 774.

Gen. Char. Flowers (figs. 1 & 2.) all uniform, generally per-
fect. Calyx of 5 small teeth, or obsolete. Corolla (figs. 1 & 2.)
of 5, inversely heart-shaped petals, with an indexed point. Fila-
ments (see fig. 2.) 5, thread-shaped, spreading, longer than the
corolla. Anthers roundish. Germen inferior, roundish egg-shaped,
striated. Styles (see fig. 6.) 2, cylindrical, more or less spreading,
moderately swelling at the base, shorter than the petals, permanent.
Stigmas blunt. Fruit (figs. 5 & 6.) egg-shaped, or globose, com-
pressed at the sides, or contracted and nearly double, crowned by
the disk and reflexed styles. Carpels (see fis(. 7.) with 5, rather
blunt ribs, and many villa in the interstices. Universal Involucrum
various ; partial of many leaves.

The 5-toothed calyx; the emarginate petals, with an indexed
point ; the egg-shaped, or globose fruit, crowned with the depressed
base of the reflexed styles ; and the carpels with 5 thread-shaped
ribs, with many vittae in their interstices ; will distinguish this from
other genera in the same class and order.

Two species British.

SI'UM LATIFO'LIUM. Broad-leaved Water-parsnep, Great
Water-parsnep.

Spec. Ciiar. Stem upright. Leaves pinnated ; leaflets oblong-
spear-shaped, equally serrated. Umbels terminal.

Engl. Bot. t. 204. — Hook. Ft. Lond. t. 1 10. — Jacq. FI. Austr. v. i. p. 42. t. 66. —
Linn. Sp. PI. p. 361. — Iluds. Ft. Angl. (2nd oil.) p. 118. — Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. pt. It.
p. 1431. — Sm. FI. Brit. v. i. p. 312. ; Engl. FI. v. ii. p. 56. — With. (7th od. ) v. ii.
p. 378. — Lindl. Syn. p. 121. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 125. — Macr. Man. Brit. Bot. p,
99. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. iii. p. 295. — Lightf. FI. Scot. v. ii.
p. 1095. — Sibth. FI. Oxon. p. 96. — Abbot’s FI. Bedf. p. 62. — Davies’ Welsh Bot.
p. 28. — Rclh. FI. Cant. (3rd ed. ) p. 118. — Purt. Midi. FI. v. iii. p. 26.— Hook. FI.
Scot. p. 90. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 64. — Winch’s FI. of Northumbl. & Durh. p. 18. —
Walker’s FI. ofOxf. p. 78. — Mack. Catil. of PI. of Ircl. p. 28. ; Fl. Hibern. p. 120. —
Sium latifolium, foliis variis, Ray’s Syn. p. 211. — Sium majus latifolium,
Johnson’s Gerardo, p. 256. f. 1. ; also .S', majus anyusti/oUum, ibid. — Drepano-
phyllum palustre, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 504. — Coriandrum latifolium,
Crantz. Austr. p. 219.

Looai.ities. — In ditches, margins of rivers, and ponds; not uncommon. —
Oxfordshire ; Common about Oxford. — Berks; Ditches about Badcot Bridge
near Faringdoiq: Mr. F’ardon. Ditches by ihe Thames above Maidenhead:
IV. J. YV inch, F.sq. — Beds. Common: Rev. C. Adisot. — Bucks ; Ditches near

Figs. 1 & 2. A separate Flower.— Fig. 3. A Petal.— Figs. 4, 5, & 0. Fruit.—
Fig. 7. A transverse section of a Carpel, showing the Vitta:. — Fig. 8. Two leaflets
of a submersed Leaf. — Figs. 2, 3, 6, & 7, magnified.

♦ From siu, water, in Celtic ; habitation of most of the species,
t See folio 18, note +. i See folio 235, a.

Eton: Mr. Gotobed.— Cambridyesh. Hiveis and ditches: Rev. R. Reliian.
In the brook between Barton and Grantchester : \V. II. Coleman, in N. B. G. —
Cumberland ; Near Keswick: Mr. Hutton.— Dorset ; In the Stour, in many
places; in the Froome and Fiddle, near White Cliff, by Blandford : Dr. Pui.-
teney. — Durham; In a pond near the Friar’s Goose, east of Gateshead:
N. J. Winch, Esq . — Essex; In the Rhodon near Wanstead: Mr. J. Woods,
jun. About Woodford: FI. Metr. — Gloucestersh. Near Bristol: Miss VVoa-
si.ey , in N. I>. G. — Hants ; Near Fordingbridge: Dr. Matos. — Kent ; North-
fleet : Mahtyn. Common near Faversham : E. Jacob, Esq. 1777. South
Kent: Rev. G. E. Smith. Tunbridge Town : FI. Tun. Between Greenwich
and Woolwich ; between Lee and Eltham ; and in the river by the road-side at
Mary Cray: FI. Metr. — Leicestersh. In the river Soar between Loughborough
and Leicester; above the Castle Mill, at Leicester : I)r. Pulteney. — Lincolnsh.
Near Friestone; 1826: Dr. Howitt, in N. B. G. — Middlesex ; Biick-field near
Tyburn Turnpike ; and between Rotherhithe and Deptford: Martyn. River
at Harefield : FI. Metr. Thames side between Hampton Court and village :
Mr. Watson, in N. B. G. — Norfolk; Furze rivulet, Diss; and frequent near
Bungay: Mr. Woodward. Ditches at Acle by the side of the road, between
Y armouth and Norwich, plentiful ; and elsewhere in the county, not uncommon :
D. '1 uiiNEn, Esq.— Northumb. Ditches near Alnwick: Mr. R. Kmei.cton, in
N. B. G. — Notts. Old Trent ditches, near Averham Meadows (Ordoyno) ; banks
of the Crete, near Southwell: N. B. G. — Somersetsh. Buttle 'Jurf-moor;
ditches in the Sedgmoors, frequent : J. C. Coi.lins, in N. B. G .—Suffolk ; Near
Bungay ; banks of the Waveney between Bungay and St. Olaves: Mr. Wood-
ward. In the larger ditches near the river at Beccles; and at Worlingham;
Cove, Stc. : Rev. G. Crabbe. Marshes between Yarmouth and Burgh Castle :
Mr. Wicg. — Surrey ; Barnes Common: FI. Metr. Thames above Hampton
Court Bridge: Mr. Watson, in N. 13. G. — Common in Sussex: W. Boriier,
Esq. — In Warwickshire : Rev. W. T. Bree — Westmoreland ; Stockbeck:
N.B. G. — Worcestersh. Blakedown Pool near Stourbridge: T. Pom on, Esq.
By the Wier, at Newman’s Bridge, near the Devil’s Den, Clifton-on-Teme :
Air. Lees. — Yorkshire ; Ditch at York; Foss Navigation near York, in plenty ;
near Whitgift on the banks of the Ouse : B. G. Leeds : H. Denny, in N. B. G.
— WALES. Anglesey ; In Cors ddygai, near Berw ; rare: Rev. H. Davies. —
In SCOTLAND and IRELAND, but not common.

Perennial. — Flowers in July and August.

Root fleshy, creeping, with many long fibres. Stems from 3 to
6 feet high, upright, smooth, angular, and deeply furrowed, hollow,
leafy, not much branched. Leaves pinnate, of from 2 to 6 pair of
large, opposite, spear-shaped, pointed leaflets, with an odd one, all
sharply and regularly serrated ; those of the leaves which grow
under water being often doubly pinnatifid, with very narrow seg-
ments. Umbels large, terminal or axillary, stalked, manv-rayed,
flattish. Universal and Partial Involucrums of several spear-
shaped, sometimes serrated, leaves, with membranous margins.
Flowers white ; teeth of the calyx elongated ; petals nearly equal,
inversely heart-shaped, infiexed. Fruit small, shortly egg-shaped,
striated. Styles permanent, reflexed, slightly tumid at the base.
Carpels (fig. 7.) with 5 stout, rounded, prominent ribs; the inter-
stices striated ; with many vittse ; the commissure (inner face of the
carpel) with 6 vittue.

This plant is a native throughout the whole of Europe and North
America, in ditches and marshes. It is of an acrid and poisonous
quality, particularly the roots. According to the observations of
Linnaeus, horses and swine eat it ; sheep are not fond of it ; cows
and goats refuse it. The roots are noxious to cattle, rendering them
quarrelsome and pugnacious. The seeds are aromatic and warm
to the taste.

320

(320.)

CORO'NOPUS* *.

Linncan Class and Order. Tetradyna'mia+, Siliculo'sa

Natural Order. Cruci'fer.f. §, Juss. Gen. PI. p. 237. — Sm.
Gram, of Bot. p. 138. ; Engl. FI. v. iii. p. 153. — Rich, by Macgilliv.
p.498. — Cruciferas ; subord. Notorhizeac || ; tribe, Lepidineae ;
Lindl. Syn. pp. 20, 21, 29, & 30. ; Introd. lo Nat. Syst of Bot. pp.
14 to 18. — Loud. Hort. Brit. pp. 498 & 499.; Mag. Nat. Hist,
v. i. pp. 143 & 240. — Don’s Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot. v. i. pp.
146 & 201. — Mack. FI. Hibern, pt. i. pp. 16, 23, & 25. — Hook.
Brit. FI. (4th ed.) p. 397. — Rosales ; subord. Rhceadosa; ; sect.
RtEEAniNAi; type, Brassicaceas ; Burn. Outl. of Bot. v. ii. pp.
614, 784, 847, & 853. — Siuquosa;, Linn.

Gen. Char. Calyx (fig. 1.) inferior, equal at the base, of 4 egg-
shaped, concave, spreading, deciduous sepals. Corolla (fig. 2.) of
4 egg-shaped, or inversely egg-shaped, undivided petals, some-
times wanting. Filaments (see figs. 2, 3, & 4.) 6, awl-shaped,
simple, about the length of the calyx, 2 or 4 of them occasion-
ally wanting. Anthers roundish, 2-lobed, Germcn (see figs. 4 & 5.)
roundish, or 2-lobed, compressed. Style very short. Stigma
blunt. Pouch fsiliclej (figs. 6 & 7.) roundish, transversely com-
pressed, more or less distinctly 2-lobed, 2-celled, not bursting,
tipped with the style ; valves globular, or roundish, somewhat
crested, rugged, each containing a solitary, pendulous, roundish,
3-cornered seed (fig. 9.), with incumbent, strap-shaped cotyledons
(fig. 10).

Distinguished from other genera, in the same class and order,
by the nearly entire, 2-lobed, transversely compressed, wrinkled,
indehiscent pouch , of two 1 -seeded cells; and the roundish, 3-
tornered seeds, with strap-shaped, incumbent cotyledons.

Two species British.

CORO'NOPUS RUE'LLII. Common Wart-Cress j|. Swine’s-
Cress. Buck’s-Horn. Herb-Ivy. Herb-Eve.

Spec. Char. Leaves pinnatifid, subdivided. Pouch undivided,
crested, with little sharp points. Style prominent.

Engl Bot. t. 1660.— Johnson’s Gerarde, p. 427. f. 2. — Bauli. Hist. v. ii. p.
919. — Gmrtn. v.ii. p.293. 1. 142. f. 5. — Sm. FI. Bril. v. ii. p.690. — With. (7th ed.)
v. iii. p. 764. — Lindl. Syn. p. 30. — Hook. Brit. FI. p. 294. — Macr. Man. Brit.
Bot. p.20. — Davies’ Welsh Bot. p.63. — Relh FI. Cant. (3rd ed.) p. 263. — Hook.
F'l. Scot. p. 193. — Grev. FI. Edin. p. 139 — FI. Devon, pp. 107 & 187. — Jacob’s
W. Devon, and Cornw. FI. — Mack. Catal. of Plants of Irel. p. 60. ; FI. Hihern.
p. 25. — Coronmms coadunata, Gray’s Nat. Arr. v. ii. p. 689. — Cochledria
Coronopus, Linn. Sp. PI. p.904. — Huds. FI. Angl. (2nd edit.) p. 284.— Willd.
Sp. PI. v. iii. pt. i. p. 450. — Light!. FI. Scot. v. i. p.345. — Sibth. F'l. Oxon. p.

Fig. 1. Calyx. — Fig. 2. A separate Flower. — Fig. 3. A separate Stamen. —
Fig. 4. The six Stamens, the Glands or Nectaries, and the Pistil. — F’ig. 5. The
Germen, Style, and Stigma. Fig. 6. The same. — Fig. 7. The Pouch, the valves
forced a little apart.— Fig. 8. A transverse section of a Pouch. — Fig. 9. A Seed. —
Fig. 10. The Cotyledons, and the Radicle. — All magnified; figs. 3, 6, 8, 9, &c 10,
highly so.

* From korone, Gr. a crow ; and pous, Gr. a foot ; illustrative of the shape
of its leaves; though the name of Crowfoot be more appropriately attached to
Ranunculus . Withering.

t See folio 38, note f. t See folio 107, note 1. § See folio 38, a.

|| From the pouch being covered as it were with warts, (corrugated).

200.— Abbot’s F). I3e<lf. p. 141. —Mart. FI. Rust. t. 92. —l’urt. Midi. FI. v. i.
p.299. — Sen ebiira Cor on opus, Re Cand. Syst. v. ii. p.525. — Eers. Syn. v. ii.
p. 185. — Sm. Jinel. FI. v. iii. p. 179. — Johnst. FI. of Berw. v. i. p. 142. — Winch’s
FI. of Northumb. and Duili. p. 40. — Ron’s Gen. Syst. of Card, and Rot. v. i. p.
216. — Walker’s FI. of Oxf. p. 186. — 'Nasturtium supinum, capsulis verrucosis,
Ray’s Syn. p. 304.

Locali'iies. — On waste ground, and byway-sides, on calcarious and sandy
soils; common.

Annual. — Flowers from June to September.

Root tapering. Stems spreading immediately from the crown
of the root in a star-like form, and lying quite flat on the ground ;
leafy, smooth, much branched. Leaves alternate, of a somewhat
glaucous green colour, smooth, irregularly, and deeply pinnatifid ;
the lateral lobes strap-shaped, entire on the lower edge, often sub-
divided in a pinnatifid manner on the upper ; the terminal lobe
strap-shaped, very entire. Flowers very small, opposite to the
leaves, in small close corymbs. Sepals egg-shaped, concave, spread-
ing, deciduous. Petals white, somewhat egg-shaped, entire. Pouches
in dense, spike-like clusters, much shorter than the leaves, kidney-
shaped, undivided, depressed on the sides, 2-celled, curiously crested
with little sharp points, and terminated by the short conical style ;
one of the cells is occasionally empty, in which case the fertile seed
expands, and almost fills up the seed-vessel. Seed egg-shaped, one
in each cell. Cotyledons rather oblong and channelled than strap-
shaped (see fig. 10).

This plant was formerly gathered and used as a salad, but is now
deservedly neglected, the whole herb being nauseously acrid and
fetid, and must require much boiling to render it eatable.

CHORUS OF FLOWERS.

He ar our tiny void's, hear !

Lower than the night-wind’s sighs ;

’Tis we that to the sleeper’s ear
Sing dreams of heaven’s melodies !

Listen to the songs of flow’rs —

What music is there like to ours 1

Look on our beauty — we were born
On a rainbow’s dewy breast.

Then cradled by the moon or morn,

Or that sweet light that loves the W est !
Look upon the face of flow’rs —

What beauty is there like to ours ?

You think us happy while we bloom,

So lovely to your mortal eye ; —

But we have hearts, and there’s a tomb
Where ev’n a flow’ret’s peace may lie ’
Listen to the songs of flow’rs —

What melody is like to ours ?

Hear our tiny voices, hear !

Lower than the night-wind’s sighs, —

’Tis we that to the sleeper’s ear
Sing dreams of heaven’s melodies !

Listen to the songs of flow’rs —

What melody is like to ours 1

Bentley’s Miscellany.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO VOL. IV,

PLATE

rtATE

Aceras anlhropophora, Br. . 305

Agonychon repens, Gray . 301

rEthusa Meum, L. . . • 314

Aira aquatica, L. . • 252

A lchemilla vulgaris, L. . • 280

Antennaria montana. Gray . 243

Apargia hispida, Willd. . • 318

Arum maculatum, L. . . 261

Asarum Europaeum, L. . • 250

Athamanta Meum, L. . . 314

A vena pubescens, L . • 292

Blysmus compressus, Panz. . 308

Bunias Cakile, L. . . ■ 258

Cakile maritima, Willd. • 258

Caprifolium Periclymenum, Lind .287
Car ex uliginosa, L.

Catabrosa aquatica, Beauv.

Centum ulus minimus, L.

Ceiastium arvense, L.
Cerasliumumbellalum, Huds.
Ceratophyllum demersum, L. .
Chcetospora compressa. Gray .
Gherleria sedoides, L.
Chrysanthemum segetum, L.
Claytonia alsinoides, Ph.

Cochlearia Coronopus, L.

Conium maculatum, L. .

Consolida regalis, Gray .

Conyza squarrosa, L.

Coriandrum latifolium, Cranlz.
Coronopus Ruellii, Sm. . .

Coronopus coadunata, St. .
Corrigiola littoralis, L.

Cotyledon umbelicus, Huds.
Crithmum maritimum, L.

Cyperus nigricans, Willd.
Delphinium Consolida, L.

308

252

296
286
299
260
308
316
306

253
320
303

297
290

319

320
320
212
279

267

268
297

Drepanophyllum palustre, Hoffm.319
Dryas octopetala, L. . . 248

Dry as chamcedrifolia , Gray . 248
Epipactis palustris, Br. . . 31?

Fragaria vesca, L. . . . 242

Fumaria officinalis, L. . . 278

Galium verum, L. 294

Glaux maritima, Ray . . 246

Gnaphalium dioicum, L. . . 243

Goodyera repens, Br. . . 309

Hedypnois hispida, Sm. . . 318

Hedypnois Hieracioides, Hud6. 274
Helminthia echioides, Geert. . 270
Herminium monorchis, Br. . 295

Herniaria hirsuta, L. . . . 304

Herniaria glabra, With. . 304

Holosteum umbellatum, L. . 299
Hypopitys Eur opera, Don . 275

Ilex Aquifolium, L. . . . 262

Ilex vulgaris, Gray . . 262

Inula Helenium, L. . . . 265

Inula Conyza, Hook. . . 290

Inula grandiflora. Gray . . 265

Lactuca virosa, L. . . 315

Lagunas ovatus, L. . . . 256

Leontodon hispidum, L. . 318

Limnia alsinoides. Haw. . . 253

Lithospermum purpuro-coeru!eum,301
Littorella lacustris, L. . . 284

Lonicera Periclymenum, L. . 287

Lotus cornicuiatus, L. . . 249

Lysimachia nemorum, L. . 310

Melittis grandiflora , Sm. . 285

Melittis Melissophyllum, L. . 285

Menyanlhes trifoliata, L. . 245

Menyanthes palustris, Gray . 245

Meum Athamanticum, Gocrt. ■ 314

Milium effusum, L. . . 247

Monotropa Hypopitys, L. . . 275

Nardus stricta, L. . . . 300

Nasturtium officinale, Br. ■ 271

Nuphar lutea, Sm. . 281 5c 282

M mphcea lutea, Ger. . 281 5t 282

CEnothera biennis, L. . 257

Ononis antiquorum, L. . • 289

Ononis arvensis, Sm. . ■ 289

Ononis spinosa, Huds. . . 289

Onopordum Acanthium, L. . 27;>

Onopordum vulgare, Gray . 273

Ophrys ant/tropophora, L. . 305

Ophrys monorchis, I.. . . 295

Oxyria reniformis, Hook. . 311

Oxyria acida, Br. . . .311

Oxyria rotundifolia, Gray . 311

Pedicularis sylvatica, L. . . 266

Picris Hieracioide, L. . ■ 274

Picris echioides, L. . . . 270

Plantago uniflora, L . . 284

Poa annua, L 288

Poly gal a vulgaris, L. . . 251

Potentilla rupestris, L. . . 313

Ranunculus acris, L. . . 302

Rhinanthus Crtsta-Galli, L. . 259

Rhinanthus glaber, Gray . 259

Rumex digynus, L. . . . ^31 1

Salicornia herbacea, L. . . 307

Salicornia annua, Sm. . . 307

Salicornia Europaa, Huds. . 307

Salsola Kali. L. 255

Salsola decumbens, Gray . 255

Sanguisorba officinalis, L. . 269

Satyrium repens, L. . . 309

Scabiosa succisa, . . . 277

Scandix Pecten- Veneris, L. . 272

Scandix vulgaris, Gray . 272

Schaenus nigr icans, L. . . 268

Scirpus maritimus, L. . . 264

Sherardia arvensis, L. . . 244

Sisymbrium Nasturtium, L. 271

Sium latifolium, L. . . . 319

Sparganium simplex, Huds. . 276

Sparganium erectum, L. . . 276

Senebiera Coronopus, D. C. 320

Serapias longifolia, L. . . 317

Serapias palustris, Scop. . 317

Stellaria arvensis, Gray . . 286

Tamus communis, L. . . 291

Thalictrum flavum, L. . . 254

Thalictrum nigricans, Jacq. . 254

Thalictrum pratense, L. . 254

Thesium linophyllum, L . . 263

Tilia Europaaa, L. . . 293

Tilia platyphylla, D. C. . . 293

Trifolium pratense, L. . . 283

Trisenum pubescens, Pers. . 292

Trollius Europaeus, L. . . 241

Umbelicus pendulinus, D. C. . 279
Urtica dioica, L. . . . 298

Virea hispida, Gray . . 318

SYSTEMATICAL INDEX TO VOL. IV.

PLATE

Monandiua. 1 stamen.
Salicornia herbacea . . 307

Triandria. 3 stamens.
Schamus nigricans . . 268

Scirpus maritimus . . 264

Rlysmus compressus . 308

Nardus slricta . . . 300

Lacurus ovalus . . 256

J\I ilium effusum . . . 247

Catabrosa aquatica . . 252

Poa annua . . . 288

A vena pubescens . . 292

llolosteum umbellatum . . 299

Tetran’miia. 4 stamens.

Scabiosa succisa . . 277

Galium verum . . 294

ISherardia arvensis . . 244

Centunculus minimus . . 296

Alchemilla vulgaris . 280

tSanguisorba officinalis . . 269

Ilex Aquifolium . . 2b2

Pentandria. 5 stamens.
Litliospermum Purpuro-catruleum 301
Lysimachia Nemorum . 310

JYlenyanthes trifoliata . . 245

Lonicera Periclymenum . 287

Glaylonia alsinoides . . 253

Glaux maritima . . 246

Thesium linopbyllum . . 263

Gonium maculatum . 303

Sium latifolium . . . 319

IVIeum Alhamanticum . 314

Crithmum marilimum . . 267

Scandix Peclen- Veneris . 272

JSalsola Kali . . . 255

Ilerniaria hirsuta . . 304

Corrigiola littoralis . . 312

Hexandria. 6 stamens.

Oxyria reniformis . . 311

Octandria. 8 stamens.
CEnotliera biennis . . 257

Decandria. 10 stamens.
Monotropa Hypopitys . . 275

Cherleria Sedoides . . 316

Cotyledon Umbilicus . . 279

Cerastium aivense . . 236

l

Dodecandria. 12 to 19 stamens.
Asarum Europaeum . . 250

Icosandria. 20 or more stamens,
placed on the calyx.

Pragaria vesca
I’otenlilla rupestris
Dry as octopetala

242

313

248

PLATE

Poly a n dr i a . 20 or more stamens,

placed on the receptacle.

Tilia Europasa . . . 293

Nupharlutea . . 281 ex 282

Delphinium Consolida . 297

Thaliclrum flavum . . 254

Ranunculus acris . . 302

Trollius Europaeus . .241

DroYNAMiA. 4 stamens ; two longer
than the other two.

Melittis Melissophyllum . 285

Rbinanthus Crista-Galli . 259

Pedicularis sylvatica . . 266

Tetradynamia. 6 stamens; 4 longer
than the other 2.

Cakile maritima . . . 258

Goronopus Kuellii . . 320

Nasturtium officinale . .271

Dr adelphia. Filaments united
in two sets.

Fumaiia officinalis . . 278

Polygala vulgaris . . 251

Ononis antiquorum . . 289

Trifolium pretense . . 283

Lotus corniculatus . . 249

Syngenksia. Anthers united into a
tube. Flowers compound.

Helminthia ecliioides . . 270

Picris hieracioides . . 274

Apargia hispida . .318

Lactuca virosa . . 315

Onopordum Acanthium . . 273

Gnaphalium dioicum . 243

Conyza squarrosa . . 290

1 nula Helenium . . 265

Chrysanthemum segetum . 306

Gynanoria. Stamens situated upon
the style or column, above the

germen.

Aceras anthropophora . . 305

Herrninium monorchis . 295

Goodyera tepens . . 309

Epipactis palustris . . 317

Moviecia. Stamens and Pistils in
separate flowers, but both mi the

same pilant.

Sparganium simplex . . 276

Littorella lacustris . . 284

Urtica dioica . . . 298

Ceratophyilum demersum . 260

Arum maculatum . . 261

Dkecta. Stamens and Pistils in se-
parate flowers, and on different
plants.

Tamus communis . . 291

ENGLISH INDEX TO VOL. IV

PLATE

Annual Meadow-grass

. 288

Asarabacca .

250

Bastard Balm

. 285

- Pimpernel .

296

T oad-flax

. 263

Bird’s-foot Trefoil .

249

Black Bog-rush

. 268

Bryony

291

Salt-wort

. 246

Bog-bean

245

Branched Larkspur

. 297

Brandy-Bottles

281

& 282

Broad-leaved Blysmus

308

Bristly Ox-longue

. 270

Buck-bean .

245

Burnet Blood wort

. 269

Butter-cup .

302

Butter-jags

. 249

ChafF-weed .

296

Cheese-rennet

. 294

Chickweed-like Claytonia

253

Common Fumitory

- 278

Honeysuckle

287

Corn Marigold .

. 306

Cotton Thistle

273

Creeping Cromwell

. 301

— Satyrion .

309

Crow Needles .

. 272

Cuckow-pint

261

Curled Hawkweed

. 274

l)evil’s-bit Scabious

277

Downy Oat-grass

. 292

Dwarf Red Rattle .

266

Eight-petaied Dryas

. 248

Elecampane

265

Evening Primrose

. 257

F eather-Columbine

254

Held Chickweed

. 286

Sherardia

244

Fole’s-foot

Classwort

307

Globe-flower

. 241

Great Burnet

269

Fleabane .

. 290

Nettle

298

Green Man-Orchis

. 305

Musk-Orchis

295

Hare’s-tail

256

Hedge Hyssop

251

Hemlock

303

Holly

262

Hornwort

260

Hulver

262

Kidneywort

279

King-cup

• 302

Kex

303

.Ladies'-Bedstraw .

294

Eady’s-fingers

249

mantle

280

seal

291

Lake Shore-weed

284

Lanque-de-boeuf

270

Lark’s-heel .

297

Lettuce .

315

-Lime-tree

283

Linden-tree

293

Lion’s-foot .

280

Little Field Madder

244

PLATE

Locker-gowlans

241

Lords and Ladies .

261

Marsh Hellehorine

. 317

Samphire

307

Trefoil

. 245

Marie-grass

283

Mat-grass

. 300

Meadow Crowfoot .

302

Rue

. 254

Trefoil

283

Meu

. 314

Millet-grass

247

Milk-wort .

. 251

Mossy Cyphel .

316

Mountain Avens

. 248

Cat's-foot

243

Cudweed

. 243

Globe-flower

241

Sorrel

. 311

Navel- wort

279

Pearl Plant .

. 301

Penny-grass

259

Petty Whin .

. 289

Plantain Shore-weed

284

Ploughman’s Spikenard

. 290

Prickly Glasswort

- 255

Saltwort

. 255

Purple Clover .

283

Sea Rocket

. 253

Rest-Harrow

289

Rock Cinque-foil

. 313

Samphire

267

Rough Hawkbit

. 318

Rupture-wort .

304

Saltwoit

. 307

Sand Strapwoit

312

Scab-wort

. 265

Sea Club-rush .

264

Milk-wort

. 246

Samphire .

264

Shepherd’s Needle *

. 272

Spignel

314

Stinging Nettle

. 298

Strong-scented Lettuce

315

SufFolk-grass

. 288

Swines’ Cress .

320

Tree Primrose

. 257

Venus’s Comb .

272

Umbelliferous Chickweed

. 299

Unbranched Bur-reed

276

Wake- robin .

. 261

Wart-cress

320

W ater-cress

. 271

Water-parsnep

319

Sweet-grass

. 252

W hoit-grass

252

V\ elsh Sorrel

. 311

Wild i\ a i d

250

Woodbine .

- 287

Wood Loosestrife

310

Lousewort

- 266

Strawberry

242

\ellow Bird’s-nest

. 275

Rattle .

259

Pimpernel

. 310

Succory

274

Water-can

281 & 282

Water-Lily

281 & 282

Cryptogamous Plants noticed.

Natural Orders described.

FOLIO

FOLIO

Acrospermum compressum

. 298.

a

Aquifoliace®

. 262. a

vEcidium Ari

261.

a

Aristolochi*

2.50. a

Periclymeni

. 287.

a

Ceratophylle®

, . 260. a

Urticae

298.

a

Dioscore® .

291. a

Aregma obtusatum

. 242.

a

Nymph»ace®

281 8c 282. a

Centhospora phascidioides

. 262.

a

Plantagine®

. 284. a

Eustegia Ilieis

262.

a

Polygale® .

251. a

Fusarium tremelloides

. 298.

a

Polygone®

. 311. a

Opegrapha elegans

262.

a

Primulace® .

296. a

Polythrincia Trifolii

. *283.

a

Rosace*

. 313. a

Puccinia galiorum

294.

a

Santalace*

263 a

Rhytisma Urticae .

. 298.

a

Tiliace® .

. 293. a

Sphaeria acuta

298.

a

Typhace® .

276. a

herbarum .

298.

a

Ilieis

Trifolii

262.

283.

a

a

N. B. When a

follows the number

Thelotrema lepadinum .

262.

a

of the folio, it indicates a reference to

Uredo Potentillarum

. 242.

a

the second page of that leaf.

Corrections, & c.

Folio 237, a. (v. iii.) line 25 from the bottom, for Anthers read Filaments.
Folio 268, line 22, for nigbi'cans, read nPgricans.

Folio 272, a. line 4 from the bottom, for ’cape, read ’scape.

Folio 275, a. line 1 from the bottom, for effected, read affected.

Folio *181 8c 182, a. line 9, for tpye, read type.

Folio 290, a. line 22, for fanied, read fancied.

Folio 302, a. line 3 from the bottom, for ?, read !.

Folio 304, line 9, for 544, read 594.

W.KING, PRINTER, ST. CLEMENT’S, OXFORD.

New York Botanical Garden Library

QK306 .B36 v.4 gen

Baxter William/British phaenogamous bot

3 5185 00120 0607