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Bee UILETIN 382 55) 9 SP AUGUST 1906 


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New York S State ea ee 


a i3@z : ~ Joun M, Crarxe Director a 2 te” 
4 \ Poy EPHRAIM PorTER Pet State Entomologist. ‘s 
“* d 
:. Bulletin 104 

4 ss ENTOMOLOGY 26 


4 Peueaict Report of the State Entomologist | 
* Geek Te es ON | 7 2 J 
g -INJURIOUS AND OTHER INSECTS 


BUREAU/OF 
: ‘ | : OF THE TRAW \ied aipesnppncey 


ae STATE OF NEW YORK, 1906. : 
a “LiBRAR Y. 
ee or . 008 se - 
_ : ood. ears: ~~» 
, PAGE PAGE 
Re oduiction. tee Sern ae we AO Fruit tree. iigects 2) .¢. 2,08 Om 
' General entomologic features. 49 Grass and grain insects..... KO 
* re Ose ede. 5... eos ws Gare shadeé:tree jmsects/ 4 oo... Oana 
a Grape EOOEOWOLIN 5-2 cers s5" 50 Forest tree insects ..... inca ernest ; 
_ . Gipsy and brown tail moths. 50 Miscellaneous -) 2: te aaa 102 
_ Shade and forest tree insects. 51 | The shade tree ag in New 
a Mosquitos ......... is 3h wastage y ST York'Statewsoewetercs se: EN Tey 
me Aquatic insects..... Siete gece = Gaon hs WEOSG UIbEs control. . Pea an ore LO 
Bes, Publications. So ee teas - - 53 - Studies an Cecidomyiidae .. Bono EDO 
il eters 22.2... cs. ee se. . 54 |: Voluntary. entomologic service. 132 
Office work. . Pad aca ie amen. 54.1. Last. of . publications of the 
_ Nursery certificates......... 54 Entomologist ........ 142% 
Voluntary observers.......05 55 | Species acquired through | ex- toy’ 
: SEIABROEIOAL ooo Goes ss Be eee eh = CHATS E. appre som pemniaeeate cance : vies (5 
Bae pints. Set a eae 57 | Contributions to collection. . 151 ge 
Befarious insects. a Eee 58 | Explanation of plates.......... 157 
Notes for the year.. rece cep TMGIEX, Sah eee nLe iat ens LPF 
> f Gon 
ALBANY 


NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT 


Price 25 cents 


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Fork oh rs , a, feu 5 tas ee bak 


STATE OF NEW YORK 
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT 


Regents of the University 
With years when terms expire 


1913 WHITELAW Reip M.A. LL.D. Chancellor .. | NeW Yon 
1917 St CLarr McKetway M.A. L.H.D.-LL.D. D.C.L. 


Vice Chancellor “Wes wk TS ea a ean Cn 
1908 DanieL Beacu Ph.D. LL. D. ote a kg aN rere ra ea 
1914 Purny T. Sexton LL.B. LL.D. : oe Rye 


to1r2 T. Guitrorp Smitu M.A. C. EB. LL: iD, eee ec 2 
1907 Witt1Am Nortincuam M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. “>> @esyreemce 
TOIo CHARLES A. GARDINER Ph.D. L.H.D. LL.D. D.C.L. New York 
1915 ALBERT VANDER VEER M.D. M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. . Albany 
Port Hpwarp. LaAuTERBACH M.A. LL.D. : >. (> 33) New Wore 
rooo EUGENE A. PHinsin LL.B. LL.D...  «. 2 iNew Wome 
Pero LUCIAN L;(SHEDDEN LL.B’. § 6... 3, 8 ee ee 


Commissioner of Education 


ANDREW 9S. DRAPER LEB. LUD. 


Assistant Commissioners 
Howarp J. Rocers M.A. LL.D. Furst Assistant 


Epwarp J. Goopwin Lit.D. L.H.D. Second Assistant 
Aucustus S. Downine M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. Third Assistant 


Secretary to the Commissioner 


HARLAN H. Horner B.A. 


Director of State Library 
Epwin H. Anperson M.A. 


Director of Science and State Museum 


4jJoun M. Clarke Ph.D. LEB: ? 


Chiefs of Divisions 
Accounts, WILLIAM Mason 
Attendance, James D. SULLIVAN 
Educational Extension, - 
Examinations, CHARLES F. WHEELOCK B.S. LL. D. 
Inspections, FRANK H. Woop M.A. 
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School Libraries, CHarLes E. Fircu L.H.D. 
Statistics, Hiram C. Casz 
Visual Instruction, DELANCEY M. ELLIS 


: 


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2 


A drained breeding pool on salt marshes near Lawrence, L. 1. This pool: 
is some 30 or 4o feet from a ditch and illustrates nicely the efficacy of 
such drainage 

A salt marsh ditch near Lawrence, L. I., with sloping sides and slanting 
bottom; a very unsatisfactory type. | 


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INDEX 


The superior figures tell the exact place on the page in ninths; e.g. 98 
means page 98, beginning in the third ninth of the page, i.e. about 


one third of the way down. 


abfitchii, Culex, 142°. 

abserratus, Culex, 1427 

absobrinus, Culex, 142’. 

acericola, Phenacoccus, 97°-98°, 141’. 
Pulvinaria, 98°. 

acerifolii, Pemphigus, 98°, 137%, 1417, 
EAT TAG". 

aceris, Pemphigus, 98°. 

acraea, Estigmene, 138°. 

Aedes fuscus, 142°. 
smithii, 142°. 

albipes, Sayomyia, 142°. 

americana, Malacosoma, see M. amer- 


icana. 
Sayomyia, 142°. 
americanum, Belostoma, 104°-5%, 
146°. 
Peeesaeesids 1337, 4337, 134°, 1407, 
RATS: 


annulatus, Culex, 142’. 
Anopheles crucians, 142°. 
maculipennis, 142°. 
punctipennis, 142°. 
Anthomyia radicum, 138°. 
antiopa, Euvanessa, 136°. 
Ants, 1397, 146°. 
Apanteles militaris, 65°. 
Apantesis virgo, 138%. 
Aphids, see Plant lice. 
figs Waal, 1337135", 141%. 
rumicis, 136%. 
Apple aphids 133°, 133°, 135’. 
Apple borers, 147°. 
Apple maggot, gt’. 
Apple worm, g1*. 
Appletree, injurious insects: 
apple maggot, 91’. 
codling moth, 137°. 
fall webworm, 133’. 
oyster scale, 135°. 
plaut lice, 141%, 141°. 
saddle-back caterpillar, 94*. 


Appletree borer, round headed, 1443. 

Aquatic insects, 528-53’, 567-571. 

Arachnida, additions to collection 
1561. 

Acne WOOL -A°, 62°67", 132° 1325" 
LAY: 

Arsenate of lead, 143°. 

Arsenical poisons, 601-61°, 667, 94°, 
BIO, £45 °- 

asparagi, Crioceris, 1381, 138°. 

Asparagus beetles, 1381, 138%, 144). 

Aspidiotus perniciosus, 49°, 78%-g1?, 
Pg LAs Ag, BARS DA) r4a®, 
Egle TAG ag? or 478, 

Atkinson, George F., mentioned, 
EaG" 

atropalpus, Culex, 1427. 

aurifer, Culex, 1427. 


> 


Balsam, carpenter ant injuring, 103. 

Barden, J. Jay, mentioned, go’. 

Basswood, Cecidomyia_ verrucicola 
injuring, 1367. 

batatus, Rhabdophaga, 1197—22°. 

Beans, garden flea injuring, 141°. 

Beckwith, cited, 76?. 

Beech blight, 148’. 

Bees, 1027-37; stingless, 148. 

Beet, saddle-back caterpillar injur- 


ing, 94%. 

Beetle catchers, 58". 

Belostoma americanum, 10454, 
1468. 


Belvosia unifasciata, 657. 

Betten, Cornelius, work of, 52°, 53', 
547750". 

Birch, white, borer injuring, 1087. 

Black locust midge,125!~-27%. 

Black walnut worm, 98-99%, 136°. 

Blunt, Eliza S., mentioned, ror!. 

Bordeaux mixture, 92°, 143%. 

borealis, Dibolia, 137}. 


178 


brakeleyi, Corethrella, 142°. 

Bremia tecomae, 1278. 

brittoni, Culex, 143°. 

Brown tail moth, 507-51”, 108°. 

Bruner, Lawrence, cited, 68°. 

Bud moth, 141%. 

Butternut, black walnut worm in- 
juring, 98°. 


Cabbage, injurious insects: 
cabbage worm, 139”. 
cutworms, 137°. 
plant ices. 43 

Cabbage worms, 135°, 136%, 
CIT IDAHO | EATON, SEAVOM SF acto) 

Caddis flies, 52°, 537, 56°, 56°. 

calcitrans, Stomoxys, 137’. 

calidum, Calosoma, 65°, 70%. 

caliginosellus, Crambus, 68%, 687, 
WS Ore 

Calkins, F. R., mentioned, 94°, 94?. 

Callipterus ulmifolu, 135’. 

Calosoma calidum, 65°, 70%. 

Camponotus herculaneus, 103°. 

canadensis, Culex, 1427. 

candida, Saperda, 144°, 

cantans, Culex, 142°. 

cantaton Culex. 142%) 

carbonifera, Lasioptera, 116%~19?. 

Carpenter ant, large, 103°. 

Carpocapsa pomonella, 49’, 914, 136°, 


Si 
AGT 


Te TiO 


TOV LA le, - 
Gavacesals, Phylloxera, 99?—100', 
144". 
Casler, E. J.., ananioned. To5}. 
Cattaraugus county, summary of 


voluntary reports from, 1337. 
Caucasian bee, 1027—3?. 
Cecidomyia gleditchiae, 125°. 

rigidae, 122°. 

salicis, 122°. 

sambuci, 131°. 

verrucicola, 1367. 

virginianiae, 1304—31°. 
Cecidomyliidae, studies in, 116°. 
cecropia, Samia, 145°. 

Cedar, red, rose beetle injuring, 136!. 
cerasi, Myzus, 135°, 145°. 

chalybea, Haltica, 141’. 
Chenopodium, 136°. 


NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


3 Cherry aphid, 145°. 


Cherry maggot, 1377. 

Cherrytree, saddle-back caterpillar 
injuring, 94+. 

Chestnut, injurious insects: 
Eulecanium quercifex, ror!. 
saddle-back caterpillar, 94+. 

Chilocorus similis, 146°. 

Chinese lady beetle, 146°. 

Chionaspis furfura, 92’, 133°, 1437. 

Chironomidae, 56%. 

Chokecherry gall fly, 1304-31°. 

Chortophaga viridifasciata, 138+. 

Cicada, dog day, 137'. 

Cigar case-bearer, 96°. 

ciliata, Psorophora, 142°. 

einctipes, Corethrasaaes 

cinereoborealis, Culex, 1427. 

cingulata, Rhagoletis, 137’. 

Close-wings, 69}. 

coccidivora, Laetilia, ro1?. 

Codling moth yo aom 
Te ALat, 

Coleophora fletcherella, 96°. 
limosipennella, 96’. 

Coleoptera, additions to collection, 
1519-5 2°. 

Collections of insects, additions to, 
54): contributions to, 15m 564) 

confinis, Culex, 1427. 

consobrinus, Culex, 1427. 

Corethra cinctipes, 142°. 

‘karnerensis, 142°. 
lintneri, 142°. 

Corethrella brakeleyi, 142°. 

Corn, injurious insects, 687. 
Crambus sp., 70°. 
saddle-back Cre 94", 
stalk borer, 94°. 
webworms, 144’. 

Corn root worm, 68?, 765-773, 141°. 

Corn webworm, 687. 

Cottony maple aphis, 1417, 141’. 

Cottony maple scale, 97°, 987, 108', 
aye: 

Crambidae, 49°, 140°. 

Crambus, dart spores 74) gS: 
dried, 737-74’. 
saieloa. 684.77 joe 
paneled, 77+. 


130°, 137", 


Tae 


INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9Q05 


Crambus (continued) 
sooty, 683, 687, 75-76%. 
vagabond, 69°, 71°-73'. 
yellow, 75%. 

Crambus sp., 67°-71°, 144’. 
caliginosellus, 68°, 687, 757-764. 
hortuellus, 68+, 77°-78%. 
laqueatellus, 77%. 
luteolellus, 75%. 
mutabilis, 747-751. 
trisectus, 737-74’. 
vulgivagellus, 69°, 71°73}. 
zeéllus, 687, 76°—77°. 

Cranberry, injurious insects: 

_ Crambus sp., 70°. 
garden Crambus, 68+. 

Crioceris asparagi, 138', 138°. 
duodecim-punctata, 138°. 

crucians, Anopheles, 142°. 

Cryptus mundus, 70%. 

Cueumpber. beetle, striped, 133*, 133’, 
Mees. 135°, 130°, 1387, 138°, 
Sg s5F 230°, 239°, 139°, 140%, 
Toye ga a 

Cucumber vines, injurious insects: 


cucumber beetle, striped, 139°, 
E20". 

flea beetle, small black, 135°, 130%, 
£30". 


cucumeris, Epitrix, see E. cucumeris. | 


Culex abfitchii, 142°. 
abserratus, 1427. 
absobrinus, 1427. 
annulatus, 142’. 
atropalpus, 1427. 
aurifer, 142”. 
brittoni, 143°. 
canadensis, 1427. 
cantans, 142°. 
cantator, 142°. 
cinereoborealis, 1427. 
confinis, 1427. 
consobrinus, 1427. 

_ discolor, 142°. 
dupreei, 142’. 
dyari, 142’. 
fitchii, 142°. 
jamaicensis, 142°, 
lazarensis, 1427. 
magnipennis, 1427. 


179 


Culex (continued) 
melanurus, 142°. 
nemorosus, 142’. 
onondagensis, 142’. 
pipiens, 142’. 
restuans, 142!. 
salinarius, 142’. 
serratus, 1427. 
sollicitans, 142°. 
squamiger, 142°. 
sylvestris, 142°. 
taeniorhynchus, 142°. 
territans, 1427. 
triseriatus, 1427. 
trivittatus, 1427. 

Culieada, 142°. 
sollicitans, 138%. 

Culicella, 142°. 

Culicelsa, 142°. 

Culicidae* 53%. 142°. 

Culiseta, 142°. 

Currant aphis, 135°, 135’. 

Currant bushes, injurious insects: 
currant worm, 139”. 
saddie-back caterpillar, 94?. 

Currant worms, 13471354 135°) 135%, 
East Os 130 13770 28h aoe. 
TOr: 

Cutworms, 1377, 144°. 

Cyllene robiniae, 148°. 


Dark-spotted Crambus, 747-757. 

Dasyneura pseudacaciae, 1251-278, 
140%. 

Datana integerrima, 98°99’, 136°. 

decim-lineata, Doryphora, see D. 
decim-lineata. 

Dermestes lardarius, 139. 

destructor, Mayetiola, 134°. 

?Diabrotica longicornis, 141°. 
WiktabawT 342 Tapa atoN Ess’: 1365, 

E387. FAO Eau Ey Es 

Dibolia borealis, 137?. 

Diptera, aquatic nematocerous, 1458, 
146!; additions to collection, 152?— 
54’. 

discolor, Culex, 142°. 

Disease carriers, insects dangerous 
as, 1487. 

disstria, Malacosoma, 1418. 


180 NEW YORK 


Dog day Cicadas, 137}. 

domestica, Musca, 140?. 

Doryphora decim-lineata, 1337, 133°, 
Vale UGA TES BG IGE OE 
TAOev OL HAO CEE AOU: 

Dragonflies, monograph of, 56°. 

Dried Crambus, 737-74". 

duodecim-punctata, Crioceris, 138°. 

dupreei, Culex, 142’. 

Dutchess county, summary of volun- 
tary reports from, 133°-34'. 

dyari, Culex, 1427. 


Ecculex, 142°. 

Electric light bug, 146°. 

Elm, injurious insects: 
brown tail moth, 51?. 
elm bark louse, 107°. 
elm caterpillar, spiny, 136°. 
Elia NGAe OSEUIS, OC=, LOT. 
tussock moth, 138?. 

Elm, European, elm leaf beetle injur- 
(MS LA Oo MT Aoe 

Elm, red, Pemphigus ulmifusus in- 
june, 140%, 

Elm aphid, 1357. 

Elm bark louse, 107°. 

Elm caterpillars, spiny, 136°. 

Elm gall, spindle-shaped, roo’. 

Eimileat beetles @0-) 90° ro 72 ua 
EA TOE TEA Ueber AOS cae AL 
145°, 146°. 

Eniscopilus purgatus, 65%. 

Ephemeridae, 145°. 

E pits cucumeris, 1352), p30 an38- 
TAO Textoe ieee, 

Erie county, summary of voluntary 
reports from, 134’. 

Eriocampoides limacina, 137’. 

Estigmene acraea, 138°. 

Eucorethra underwoodi, 142%. 

Eulecanium nigrofasciatum, ror®. 
quercifex, ror!~—2!. 

European elm case bearer, 967—97°. 

Euvanessa antiopa, 136°. 

Evergestis stramenalis, 135°. 

Exchange, species acquired through, 
1487-5 1°. 

Exhibits at expositions, 55°. 

Exoascus cecidomophilus, 130°. 


STATE MUSEUM 


Explanation of plates, 157-76. 


Fall webworm, 95°-964, 133, 134°, 
1357, 136°, 1367, 130]. eye ame 
138% 140°, 1407, 14o 

Falvay, D. K., mentioned, 58’. 

Felt. Ek. PB ietede yank 

Feniseca tarquinius, 148’. 

Fernald, C. H- cited a7. 

Fidia viticida, 587-627; 143*, 144°, 
TAMAS AO 

Fiery ground beetle, 65°, 70%. 

Figures: 

Anopheles maculipennis, 164. 
Bremia tecomiae, 128, 129, 130. 
Cecidomyia sambuci, 131, 132. 
virginianiae, 130, 131. 
Coleophora limosipennella, 96, 97. 
Crambus albellus, 70. 
caliginosellus, 76. « 
hortuellus, 78. 
laqueatellus, 77. 
trISECtUS = One erage 
vulgivagellus, 72. 
Culex pipiens, 162, 164. 
sollicitans, 162. 
Dasyneura pseudacaciae, 125, 126, 
27). 
Eulecanium quercifex, ror. 
Lasioptera carbonifera, 117, 118. 
vitis, I19Q. 
Pemphigus ulmifusus, Ioo. 
Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 97. 
Rhabdophaga batatus, 120, 121. 
rigidae, 122 5 2ernoe 
Stegomyia fasciata, 162, 164. 
Tabanus lineola, 104. 

Fitch, Asa, reports, 55°: cited: srast 
L250. L250 | 

fitehit, Culex 142% 

Flea beetles, 135°. 
black; 135°, 130") ue62. ao ume oe 

130°,-1 30°, uneeaeectiian 
steely, 141°. 

fletcherella, Coleophora, 96°. 

Flies, 135°, 1407: 

Forbes, S. A., cited, 687, 76°. 

Forest tent caterpillar, 141°. 

Forest tree insects, 517, 98°—102! 

Four winged fly, 70. 


INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I905 


Fox, William, cited, 1067. ; 
frigida, Lampronota, 70”. 

Frog hoppers, 146°. 

Fruit tree insects, 91*-92?. 
Fungicides, 143°. 

Fungous disease, ror®. 

furfura, Chionaspis, 927, 133°, 1437. 
fuscus, Aedes, 142°. 


‘Galerucella luteola, 96%, 96°,- 134°, 
me neroe T45*, 145°, 146%. 
‘Gall gnats, 51°, 116°. 
‘Garden Crambus, 68‘, 779-788. 
‘Garden flea, 141°. 
‘Genesee county, summary of volun- 
tary reports from, 134%. 
‘Giant water bug, 1049-54, 146%. 
Gillett, J. R., work of, 52°. 
‘Gipsy moth, 507-517, 108?. 
gleditchiae, Cecidomyia, 125°. 
Goldenrod leaf gall, 116°~10%. 
‘Gooseberry bushes, currant worm in- 
juring, 1309’. 
‘Gouty elder gall, 1315. 
‘Grain insects, 93'-9574. 
‘Grape gall fly, 110°. 
‘Grape root worm, 504, 56°, 58'-627, 
page t44”,-A4*,..146°. 
Grapevines, injurious insects: 
grape root worm, 50+, 587. 
rose beetle, 130°. 
saddle-back caterpillar, 9 4+. 
steely flea beetle, 141°. 
‘Grass, injurious insects, 93'-9 5. 
grass webworm, 140°. 
grubs, white, 135°. 
spittle insects, 94’, 133°. 
‘Grass webworms, 49°, 673-718, 140°. 
‘Grasshoppers, 1337, 136”, 1367. 
green striped, 138%. 
‘Green-headed horsefly, 103°—4°. 
Greene county, summary of volun- 
tary reports from, 134’. 3 
“Ground beetles, 65°. 
hieny2 65°, 70%, 
Grubs, white, 1355. 


Haematobia serrata, 1337, 1347, 135°, 
aes 239" 
Haltica chalybea, 141°. 


ISI 


Hart, W. H., mentioned, 89!, 91°. 

Heliophila unipuncta, 49°, 62°-67?, 
me Rota 

Hemerocampa leucostigma, 49°, 95°, 
Tay A EAO 7 L3G. eso), EAL’. 

Hemiptera, additions to collection, 
154) 55°. 

herculaneus, Camponotus, 103°. 

Herkimer county, summary of volun- 
tary reports from, 135°. 

Hessian fly, 134°. 

Hickory gall aphid, 99*—100°, 144’. 

PlOnh ies, 22.) 0 3.4", 13,5°.1 267, £30%, 
LAGe EAT os T2O% TAO. 

Horseflies, green-headed, 
Lee ee ® 

hortensis, Smynthurus, 141°. 

hortuellus, Crambus, 68+, 77°-78?. 

House fly, 140”. . 

Howard, L. O., acknowledgments to, 
57%, tort; mentioned, 104’. 

hudsoni, Sayomyia, 142°. 

Hydroptilidae, 145°, 146. 

Hymenoptera, additions to collec- 
HOneeT 51". 

Hyphantria textor,. 95°=96*, 133’, 
UGAr E35 3 GO, E317, E50 DSO. 
186 b40%, 140°. 


Og 4 


innumerablis, Pulvinaria, 97°, 987, 
Eon. 

Insecticides, 143°. 

integerrima, Datana, 98%, 136°. 

isabella, Isia, 138%. 

Isia isabella, 138%. 


jamaicensis, Culex, 142°. 
Janthinosoma musica, 142°, 
Johannsen, O. A., work of, 56’, 56°. 
Johnson, S. Arthur, mentioned, 97%. 
lanecbeetles: o3% 


karnerensis, Corethra, 142°. 
Kerosene, 66°, 79°, 977, 1007, 
TA *. 


EAB? 


Lachnosterna sp., 93', 135°. 
Lachnus smilacis, 136!. 
Laetilia coccidivora, ror’. 
Lampronota frigida, 70”. 


182 


laqueatellus, Crambus, 77%. 

Larder beetle, 1397. 

lardarius, Dermestes, 139%. 

Lasioptera carbonifera, 1168-109. 
vitis, 119°. 

lazarensis, Culex, 1427. 

Legislation relating to plant diseases 
and insect pests, 1431, 145}. 

Leopard moth, 108', 147’. 

Lepidoptera, additions to collection, 
Tee 

Lepidosaphes ulmi, 135°. 

Lettuce, plant lice injuring, 1357. 

Leucania unipuncta, 147}. 

leucostigma, Hemerocampa, see H. 
‘leucostigma. 

limacina, Eriocampoides, 1377. 

Lime-sulfur wash, 507, 78°-g1?, 143?, 
TAGY, LAG GA AA elo eu tay C, 
eye 

limosipennella, Coleophora, 96’. 

lineatus, Philaenus, 947-954, 
IZAt Uso. a AO% 

lineola, Tabanus, 103°-4°, 133°, 134°. 

Lintner, Joseph A.,- works of, 55°; 
cited, 677,67°, 73+, 130°. mentioned, 
OK 

lintneri, Corethra, 1428. 

Locust, black, Dasyneura pseud- 
acacia injuring, 140%. 

Locust borer, 1485. 

Locust midge, black, 125!—278. 

London purple, 66’. 

longicornis, ? Diabrotica, 141°. 

luteola, Galerucella, see G. luteola. 

luteolellus, Crambus, 754. 

Lygus pratensis, 148°. 


Teh. 


McCoun, J. T., mentioned, 709°. 
Macrodactylus subspinosus, 498, 92?, 
EOE WHO WAYS, WES, UROL, WAC, 
maculipennis, Anopheles, 142°. 
Magnesian lime, 70°. 
magnipennis, Culex, 1427. 
Malacosoma americana, 134, 1347, 
BA Bay OOS aM LIE 

disstria, 141°. 
HONG Ayo Ae Nets.) Gest 
Maple, injurious insects: 

brown tail moth, 51!, 108%. 


NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Maple etc. (continued) 
cottony maple scale, 108}. 
maple Phenacoccus, 141’. 
tussock moth, 138%, 14174. 

Maple, hard, injurious insects: 
maple Phenacoccus, 98'. 
scale, soft brown, 1087. 

Maple, soft, injurious insects: 
cottony maple scale, 97°. 
leopard moth, 1079-8}. 
scale, soft brown, 1087. 

Maple, sugar, maple Phenacoccus: 
injuring, 97°. 

Maple aphis, cottony, 1417. 

Maple leaf aphid, woolly, 98°, 137%, 
146°. 

Maple leaf scale, 98°. 

Maple Phenacoccus, 97°-98°, 1417. 

Martins for mosquitos, 143%. 

May beetle, 93}. 

May flies, 53°, 568, 1457. 

Mayetiola destructor, 134°. 

melanurus, Culex, 142°. 

Merriam, C. C., mentioned, 10374. 

Merry, Eugene, mentioned, 628. 

Microgaster, military, 65%. 

Midges, 53°, 568, 1457. 

militaris, Apanteles, 65°. 

Military microgaster, 65°. 

Monostegia rosae, 134°. 

Morrell, L. L., mentioned, 89°. 


| Mosquitos, 519-528, 53°, 577, r09*-16°, 


133°, 133°; 1347, 13a) age gael 
142°, 143°, received im 1exchauges 
148%40+. 

mundus, Cryptus, 70°. 

Musca domestica, 1407. 

musica, Janthinosoma, 142°. 

mutabilis, Crambus, 747-753. 

Myzus cerasi, 135°, 145°. 


Needham, James G., work of, 52°, 
Sey ec, 5Oe 

nemorosus, Culex, 142’. 

Neuroptera, 56°. 

New York State Fruit Growers As- 
sociation, report of committee om 
Entomology, 143+, 144°. 

nigrofasciatum, Eulecanium, 1o1®. 

nitela, Papaipema, 94°, 146°. 


INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I905 


Nixon, Ivan L., work of, 54‘, 79’. 
Notes for the year, 91*~-105°. 
Nursery certificates, 54°. 


Oak, saddle-back caterpillar injuring, 
94*. 

ocellana, Tmetocera, 141%. 

Office work, 54%. 

Onondaga county, summary of vol- 
untary reports from, 136’—37%. 

onondagensis, Culex, 1427. 

Orleans county, summary of volun- 
tary reports from, 1377+. ; 
Orthoptera, additions to collection, 

55: 
Osten Sacken, cited, 116°, 1228, 125°. 
Oyster scale, 135%. 


Paneled Crambus, 77%. 
Papaipema nitela, 94°, 146°. 
Parasites of army worm, 65°; of web- 
worms, 7o!. 
Paris green, 667, 140?. 
Park and woodland trees, insects af- 
fecting, memoir on, 51’. 
Pear psylla, 133°, 140°. 
Pear slugs, 1377. 
Pears, gnarled, 148°. 
Peck, C. H., mentioned, ror®. 
Pemphigus acerifolii, 98°, 1378, 1417, 
PAK Pao? . 
aceris, 98°. 
tessellata, 148’. 
ulmifusus, 100°, 140’. 
Pergande, mentioned, 99’. 
perniciosus, Aspidiotus, see A. .per- 
niciosus. 
perturbans, Taeniorhynchus, 142°. 
Petunia, flea beetle injuring, 1387. 
Phenacoccus acericola, 979-985, 1417. 


Philaenus lineatus, 947-954, 1337, 
pa 20", 146°. 
spumarius, 94’-95*, 133", 134%, 
Pe eezo, 146°. 
Phylloxera caryaecaulis, 99*-100°, 
144’. 


Picts fapae, 135°, 137!, 137°, 130°, 
1408. 

’ Pigweed, plant lice injuring, 136°. 

pipiens, Culex, 1427. 


183 


Plantain leaf miner, 137}. 

Pioneiice ao re35 1347, 1348, 1357. 
Pome tag. 137°, r4At* 147°. 

Plates, explanation of, 157-76. 

Plecoptera, 52°, 53°. 

Plowing, 70°. 

Plumtrees, rose beetle injuring, 92°, 


£30°. 
pomonella, Carpocapsa, 49’, 917, 136°, 
Easy TAL: 


Rhagoletis, 91’. 
Porchinski, cited, 104°. 
Pocaco periles nas) 1337) 1 33°, 133°. 


Wea. 1 G4.) F34°, ZA", 535°. 
136’, 137°, 137°, 138°, 138°, 139+, 
DAO £300,140). 40°, LAG; 140! - 


PAA. 
Potatoes, injurious insects: 
flea beetle, small black, 139°. 
stalk borer, 94°. 
Pough, F. H., mentioned, 797. 
pratensis, Lygus, 148°. 
Protoculex, 142°. 
Prunus virginianus, 130%. 
pseudacaciae, Dasyneura, 
140? 
Psorophora ciliata, 142°. 
Psylla pyricola, 133°. 
Pteromus ribesit, 1347, 135*,.1377, 138', 
E30". 
Publications, 53°-54!, 1421-487. 
Pulvinaria acericola, 98°. 
innumerablis, 97°, 987, 1387. 
punctipennis, Anopheles, 142°. 
Sayomyia, 142°. 
purgatus, Eniscopilus, 65°. 
pyricola, Psylla, 132°. 
pyrina, Zeuzera, 147’. 


r25'-27°,. 


quadri-pustulata, Winthemia, 65°. 

Queens county, summary of volun- 
tary reports from, 137’. 

quercifex, Eulecanium, ro1!—2!. 


radicum, Anthomyia, 138°. 

Radish miner, 138°, -1387. 

hapaes Pieris 135°. 137), 137°, 139°, 
1408. ; 

Raspberry bushes, injurious insects = 
saddle-back caterpillar, 94%. 


184 NEW YORK: STATE MUSEUM 


- 


Raspberry bushes etc. (continued) 
stalk borer, 94°. 
Red-tailed Tachina fly, 65°. 
Remedies and preventives for: 
Amuse Taos! 
appletree borer, 144°. 
army worm, 65°9-67!, 1471. 
asparagus beetle, 144!. 
Carpenter ant, large, 1037. 
‘cherry aphid, 145°. 
cottony maple scale, 97’. 
Crambus, garden, 787. 
‘currant worm, 1397. 
cutworms, 144°. 
elm leaf beetle, 145°, 145°, 1463. 
European elm case-bearer, 97°. 
fall webworm, 96+, 146°. 
grape root worm, 58°62", 143}, 
144°. : 
grass and grain insects, 93’. 
grass webworm, 70°—71°. 
hickory gall aphid, roo”. 
pears, gnarled, 148°. 
potato beetle, 140’. 
MOSS ISSUE, O22, LAAN 
saddle-back caterpillar, 94°. 
san José scale, 507, 78°-g17, 1437, 
TAB? DUA et As, TAA Tag Aloe, 
DAW UA 
scurvy bark louse, 143?. 
Scurvy scale, 92’. 
squash bug, 1441, 147°. 
stalk borer, 146°. 
tussock moth, white marked, 95°. 
webworm, 1447, 144'. 
woolly maple leaf aphid, 146°. 
Remedies and preventives for insect 
depredations: 
arsenate of lead, 143°. 
arsenical poisons, 60!—61°, 667, 94°, 
13 On EAS 
beetle catcher, 587. 
bordeaux mixture, 92543. 
insecticides and fungicides, 143°. 
IKETOSEINS, OC 7O, OV, woes 103", 
143°. 
lime-sulfur wash, 50”, 78°-91?, 1437, 
A SeeU AGU. deqse NOL Atay, mawAlO > a eAu 
wE AL 
london purple, 66’. 


Remedies (continued) 

magnesian lime, 79°. 

Panis Sree OO. ties 

plowing, 70°. 

sal soda, 143°, 143’. 

TAG OO 

trap lanterns, 148”. 

whale oil soap solution, 92°, 97%, 
MOO MIAIO: 

restuans, Culex, 1427. 

Rhabdophaga batatus, 119’—22°. 
rigidae, 120°, 122°—25}. 

Salicisy 202. 218e 

Rhagoletis cingulata, 137’. 
pomonella, g1’. 

ribesit,. Pteronus, -1342)) elses 

BS, LAO)". 

Richmond county, summary of vol- 
untary reports from, 137°. 

rigidae, Cecidomyia, 122°. 
Rhabdophaga, 120°, 122°=25'. 

Riley, mentionedmjic: 

robiniae, Cyllene, 148°. 

Root worm, 137°. 

rosae, Monostegia, 134°. 
Typhlocyba, 136°. 

Rose beetles, 49°, 92', 1358, 1361, 136%, 
137%, 138°, 130°, 130) tHlonmuyene 

Rose leaf hoppers, 136’. 

Rose slug, 134°. 

Rosebushes, injurious insects: 
rose beetle, 921, 139°. 
saddle-back caterpillar, 94". 

rotundifolia, Sayomyia, 142°. 


‘rumicis, Aphis, 136°. 


Saddle-back caterpillar, 947, 1417. 

St Lawrence county, summary of 
voluntary reports from, 138%. 

Salisoda amas uae 

salicis, Cecidomyia, 122°. 
Rhabdophaga, 1261, 128°. 

salinarius, Culex, 142’. 

Salt marsh mosquitos, 138°. 

sambuci, Cecidomyia, 131°. 

Samia cecropia, 1457. 

San José scale, 49% 501) 562 mgos, 
1437, 143°, 143°) Age.» mae sete 
146°, 147°, 147°) experumenuss im 
controlling, 78°-9 1”. 


INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 


Saperda candida, 144°, 147°. 
sapphirina, Uranotaenia, 142°. 
Sayomyia albipes, 142°. 
americana, 142°. 
hudsoni, 142°. 
punctipennis, 142°. 
rotundifolia, 142°. 
Efivitcata, 142°. 

Scudder, S. H., mentioned, 68+: cited, 
a8°: 

Scurfy bark louse, 143}. 

mcuheyscale, o2’, 133°, 134%. 

serrata, Haematobia, 1337, 134”, 135%, 
#8 74-139). 

serratus, Culex, 142’. 

Shade trees, injurious insects, 51’, 
95*-988; problem in New York 
State, 105°—-9’; plea for, 147%. 

Shons, C. R., mentioned, 79°. 

Sialidae, 56°. 

Sibine stimulea, 94”, 1418. 

‘signifer, Stegomyia, 142°. 

‘similis, Chilocorus, 146°. 

Simuliidae, 56°. 

‘smilacis, Lachnus, 136'. 

Smilax, plant lice injuring, 1367. 

Smith, Dr, mentioned, 68+; cited, 
ieee 

‘smithii, Aedes, 142°. 

Smynthurus hortensis, 141°. 

‘sollicitans, Culex, 142°. 

Culicada, 138%. 

Sooty Crambus, 68°, 687, 757-764. 

Species acquired through exchange, 
1487-5 1°. 

Spindle-shaped elm gall, roo’. 

‘Spiny elm caterpillars, 136°. 

Spittle insects, 947-95‘, 1337, 1347, 
EGO. 146°. 

‘Spraying apples, 148’. 

Sprays, danger in use of, 145%. 

‘Spruce, carpenter ant injuring, 
ros. 

‘spumarius, Philaenus, 947-95‘, 133’, 
ma4e, 130%, 1468. 

‘squamiger, Culex, 142°. 

Squash bugs, 133*, 1337, 
FAO") E44’, -T 47°. 

Squash vines, cucumber beetle in- 
quring, 139°, 139°. 


6 


WAG, z 


E402, 


1905 ~=—-185 

Stable fly, 1377. 

Stalk borer, 94°, 146’. 

Steely flea beetle, 141°. 

Stegomyia, rr2!. 
signifer, 142%. 

stimulea, Sibine, 94’, 141°. 

Stomoxys calcitrans, 1377. 

Stone flies, monographic account of, 
5 2e 5S D0. 

straminalis, Evergestis, 135°. 

Strawberry bushes, Lachnosterna 
sp. injuring, 93’. 

stuart, C. H., mentioned, o1’. 

subspinosus, Macrodactylus, 49°, 92!, 
HS MO 187 eS", 1 36°, TAO? 

Suffolk county, summary of volun- 
tary reports from, 138°. 

Sullivan county, summary of volun- 
tary reports from, 138-404. 

Sumac, saddle-back caterpillar injur- 
ing, 94+. 

Sunflowers, stalk borer injuring, 94°. 

Swallows, 143°. 

sylvestris, Culex, 142°. 

Syrphidae, 52°. 


Tabanus lineola, 103°—-4°, 133°, 134°. 
Tachina fly, yellow-tailed, 65°. 
Tachinid fly, red-tailed, G58 
Taeniorhynchus perturbans, 142°. 
taeniorhynchus, Culex, 142°. 
Par 06": 
Tarnished plant bug, 148°. 
tarquinius, Feniseca, 1487. 
tecomae, Bremia, 1278. 
Tent eaterpillars, 1344) .134": 
R25 he Ska wkSG ha: 
territans, Culex, 1427. 
tessellata, Pemphigus, 148’. 
Texas horm fly, 133%. 
textor, Hyphantria, see H. textor. 
aibicen bibicen), any": 
Mieer beetles? 65>. 
Tmetocera ocellana, 141%. 
Tobacco, injurious insects, 68°. 
Crambus sp., 70%. 
Tomatoes, injurious insects: 
cutworms, 137%. 
flea beetle, small black, 138°, 13093, 
EZO°, FAD: 


134°, 


186 


Tomatoes etc. (continued) 
potato beetle, 139%. 
stalk borer, 94°. 

Trap lanterns, 148°. 

irichopteran 53. 

trisectus, Crambus, 737-74’. 

triseriatus, Culex, 1427. 

tHIStIS  AMaASaveTes6 sree" .1 34° AO 
Ag 

trivittata, Sayomyia, 142°. 

trivittatus, Culex, 1427. 

hrumpet vine smd sem m2 7°. 

Turnip worm, black-headed, 135°. 

Tussock moth, white-marked, 40°, 
O55; 1077, 1340) 30ers o £35° 
TEAL = Teme, eae 


Typhlocyba rosae, 136°. 


ulmi, Lepidosaphes, 135°. 
ulmifoli, Callipterus, 135’. 
ulmifusus, Pemphigus, 1too®, 140’. 
underwoodi, Eucorethra, 142°. 
unifasciata, Belvosia, 657. 


unipuncta, Heliophila, 49°, 62°-67?, 
1 ae. 
Leucania, 147!. 
Uranotaenia sapphirina, 142°. 


Vagabond Crambus, 698, 71°-73}. 

verrucicola, Cecidomyia, 1367. 

virginianiae, Cecidomyia, 1304-31°. 

virgo, Apantesis, 138%. 

viridifasciata, Chortophaga, 138%. 

viticida, Fidia, 587-627, 143*, 1448, 
144° 146°. 

vitis, Lasioptera, 119°. 

vittata, Diabrotica, see D. vittata. 

Voluntary entomologic service of 
New York State. 555) 1447 1448 
UAE OAS ye TA Sue bOI AIO: sia iar 
reports, 132°—41?. 

vulgivagellus, Crambus, 698, 719-73). 


NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Walnut, black, black walnut worm 
INjUTIMe Toso) 10 

Warren county, summary of volun- 
tary reports from, 140. 

Water bug, giant, 1049-54, 1468. 

Webster, cited, 684, 92°. 

Webworms, fall, 95°-96*, 1337, 134°, 
1357, 136°, 136+, 1360 ere ae 
139!) 40>, F407 sion 

grass, 49°, 67°=7 1°, 132° rdolenaee 
1445. 14as 
Westchester county, summary of 
voluntary reports from, 1407—418. 
Whale oil soap solution, 92°, 978, 100?,. 
TAO 

Wheat, root worm injuring, 137°. 

Whipple, James S., acknowledg- 

ments to, 57°. 

White-marked tussock moth, 49°, 955, 

Tous 
Wilke, Robert, mentioned, 102°. 
Williams, C. L., cited) 96) =simem— 
tioned, roo®, 125%. 
Willow, injurious insects: 
elm caterpillar, spiny, 136°. 
willow beak gall, 122°. 

Willow beak gall, 122°-25}. 

Willow potato gall, 1197—22°. 

Winthemia quadri-pustulata, 65°. — 

Woolly maple leaf aphid, 98°) 137°) 

746°. 

Wyoming county, summary of volun- 

tary reports from, 141°. 


Yellow Crambus, 75%. 

Yellow fever mosquito, 112. 
Yellow-tailed Tachina fly, 65°. 
Young, D. B., worcots4-s 70" 


zeellus, Crambus, 687, 76°-773. 
Zeuzera pyrina, 147’. 


New York State Education Department 
New York State Museum 


Joun M. CrarkeE Director 


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O 8 B95 Wau Z 3 53,V.1 26 pas Cay s 8 57,V.2 
Eg 5.6 48,v.1 4 54, V.1 21 Ey er 9 “viz 
7 50, V.I 5-7 SEW 22 “vir. Msraah (sG.wee 
8 53,V.1 8 §5,V.1 Bo 3 §2,Vv.1 
0 54,V.2 9 56, V.3 4 53,V.-1 Memoir 
2 10 SOAS 10 57,V.1 5 55,V.1 2 40. V.3. 
TI 56,V.1 En 3 48, v.1 6 56,V.4 aA Se 
M 2 Ga SAG 4-6 52,V.1 7 57,V.2 5,6 57,V.3 
3 57.V.1 7-9 53,V.1 Ar 1 50, V.1 7 Sry 
Pa 1 54, V.1 10 54,V.2 2 51, V.1 


The figures in parenthesis in the following list indicate the bulletin’s number as a New York 

State Museum bulletin. 

Geology. G1 (14) Kemp, J. F. Geology of Moriah and Westport Town- 
ships, Essex Co. N. Y., with notes on the iron mines. 38p. 7pl. 2 maps. 
Sep. 1895. 0c. 

G2 (19) Merrill, F. J. H. Guide to the Study of the Geological Collections. 
of the New York State Museum. 162p. 119pl. map. Nov. 1898. [50c] 

G3 (21) Kemp, J. F. Geology of the Lake Placid Region. 24p. ipl. map.. 
Sep. 1898. 5c. 

G4 (48) Woodworth, J. B. Pleistocene Geology of Nassau County and. 
Borough of Queens. 58p. il. gpl. map. Dec. 1901. 25¢. 

Gs (56) Merrill, F. J. H. Description of the State Geologic Map of 1go1. 
42p. 2 maps, tab. Oct. 1902. Joc. 

G6 (77) Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Vicinity of Little Falls, Herkimer 
Co. g8p. il. 15pl. 2 maps. Jan. 1905. joc. 

G7 (83) Woodworth, J. B. Pleistocene Geology of the Mooers Quadrangle. 
62p. 25pl. map. June 1905. 25¢. 

G8 (84) Ancient Water Levels of the Champlain and Hudson Valleys. 
206p. 11pl. 18 maps. Julv 1905. 45c. 

Gg (95) Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Northern Adirondack Region. 
188p. 15pl. 3 maps. Sep. 1905. 30c. 

Gio (96) Ogilvie, I. H. Geology of the Paradox Lake Quadrangle. 54p. 
Wk aAOle sonehOe IDRC. OOF, 210 

Woodworth, J. B.; Hartnagel, C. A. & Whitlock, H. P. Miscellaneous 
Papers J/n press. 

Contents: Woodworth, J. B. Postglacial Faults of Eastern New York. 

Hartnagel, C. A. Stratigraphic Relations of the Oneida Conglomerate. 

——Upper Siluric and Lower Devonic Formations of the Skunnemunk Mountain Region. 
Whitlock, H. P. Minerals from Lyon Mountain, Clinton Co. 

Fairchild, H. L. Glacial Waters in the Erie Basin. In press. 

—— Drumlins of New York. /n preparation. 

Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Theresa Quadrangle. In preparation. 

—— Geology of the Long Lake Quadrangle. In preparation. 

Berkey,-C. P. Geology of the Highlands of the Hudson. I/n preparation. 

Economic geology. Egr (3) Smock, J. C. Building Stone in the State of 
New York. 1152p. Mar. 1888. Out of print. 

Eg2 (7) First Report on the Iron Mines and Iron Ore Districts in 
the State of New York. 6+70p. map. June 1889. Out of print. 

Eg3 (10) Building Stone in New York. 21op. map, tab. Sep. 18go. 


40C. 

Eg4 (11) Merrill, F. J. H. Salt and Gypsum Industries of New York. g2p 
12pl. 2 maps, 11 tab. Ap. 1893. [50] 

Egs (12) Ries, Heinrich. Clay Industries of New York. 174p. 2pl. map. 
Mar. 1895. 30c. | 

Eg6 (15) Merrill, F. J. H. Mineral Resources of New York. 224p. 

' 2maps. Sep. 1895. [50c] : 

Eg7 (17) Road Materials and Road Building in New York. 52p. rapl. 
2 maps 34x45, 68xgz cm. Oct 1897. 15e. 


MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS 


Eg8 (30) Orton, Edward. Petroleum and Natural Gas in New York. 1 36p. 
il. 3 maps. Nov. 1899. r5¢. 

Ego (35) Ries, Heinrich. Clays of New York; their Properties and Uses.. 
4560p. rg0opl. map. June goo. $1, cloth. 

Egro (44) Lime and Cement Industries of New York; Eckel, E. C. 
Chapters on the Cement Industry. 332p. rorpl. 2 maps. Dec. 1gor. 
&5c, cloth. 

Egrr (61) Dickinson, H. T. Quarries of Bluestone and other Sandstones. 
in New York. 108p. 18pl. 2 maps. Mar. 1903. 256. 

Egr2 (85) Rafter, G. W. Hydrology of New York State. go2p. il. 44pl. 
Smaps. May 1905. $1.50, cloth. . 

Egr13 (93) Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York. 

78p. July 1905. 5c. 

Egr4 feo) McCourt, W. E. Fire Tests of Some New York Building Stones. 
4op. 26pl. Feb. 1906. 15¢. 

Egrs5 (102) Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York. 
2d Report. 162p. June 1906. 25¢. Z 

Newland, D. H. & Hartnagel, C. A. The Sandstones of New York. In. 
preparation. 

Mineralogy. Mr (4) Nason, F. L. Some New York Minerals and their 
Localities. 2op. ipl. Aug. 1888. [roc] 

M2 (58) Whitlock, H. P. Guide to the Mineralogic Collections of the New- 
York State Museum. 150p. il. 39pl. rr models. Sep. 1902. oe. 

M3 72) New York Mineral Localities. Ilop. Sep. 1903. 20¢. 

M4 (98) Contributions from the Mineralogic Laboratory. 38p. 7pl. 
Wee-me05-' 1 5c. . 

Paleontology. Paz (34) Cumings, E. R. Lower Silurian System of East- 
ern Montgomery County; Prosser, C. S. Notes on the Stratigraphy of 
Mohawk Valley and Saratoga County, N. Y. 74p. 1opl. map. ay 
EQOO!) TSE. 

Pa2 (39) Clarke, ive Simpson, .C. B. & Loomis, F. B. Paleontologic 
Papers 1. 72p.il. r6pl. Oct. LQGOn) F456: 

Contents: Clarke, J. M. A Remarkable Occurrence of Orthoceras in the Oneonta Beds of 
the Chenango Valley, N. Y. 

Paropsonema cryptophya; a Peculiar Echinoderm from the Intumescens-zone- 

(Portage Beds) of Western New York. 

—— Dictyonine Hexactinellid Sponges from the Upper Devonic of New York. 

The Water Biscuit of Squaw Island, Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. 

Simpson, G. B. Preliminary Descriptions of New Genera of Paleozoic Rugose Corals. 
Loomis, F. B. Siluric Fungi from Western New York. 

Pa3 (42) Ruedemann, Rudolf. Hudson River Beds near Albany and their 

axonomic Equivalents. 1r4p. 2pl. map. Ap. 1gor. 25¢. 

Pa4 (45) Grabau, A. W. Geology and Paleontology of Niagara Falls and 
Vicinity. 286p. il. 18pl. map. Ap. roor. 65c; cloth, goc. 

Pas (49) Ruedemann, Rudolf: Clarke, J. M. & Wood, Elvira. Paleon- 
tologic Papers 2. 24op. 13pl. Dec. 1901.  goc. 

Contents: Ruedemann. Rudolt. Trenton Conglomerate of Rysedorph Hill. 

Clarke, J.M. Limestones of Central and Western New York Interbedded with Bituminous. 
Shales of the Marcellus Stage. 

Wood, Elvira. Marcellus Limestones of Lancaster, Erie Co. NZY: 

Clarke, J.M. New Agelacrinites. 

Value of Amnigenia as an Indicator of Fresh-water Deposits during the Devonic of New 

York, Ireland and the Rhineland. 

Pa6 (52) Clarke, J.M. Report of the State Paleontologist 1901. 28op. il. 
gpl. map, t tab. July 1992. oe. 


Pa7 (63) Stratigraphy of Canandaigua and N aples Quadrangles. 
78p. map. June NOOA: . 256: 
Pa8 (65) Catalogue of Type Specimens of Paleozoic Fossils in the New 


York State Museum. 848p. May 1903. $1.20, cloth. 

ag (69) Report of the State Paleontologist 1902. 464p. 52pl. 8 maps. 
Nov. 1903. $7, cloth. 

ato (80) Report of the State Paleontologist 1903. 396p. 2opl. map. 
Feb. 1905. 8&5¢, cloth. 

alr (81) & Luther, D. D. Watkins and Elmira Quadrangles. BON 
map. Mar. 1905. 256. 

Geologic Map of the Tully Quadrangle. 40p. map. Ap. 1905. 


ar3 (92) Grabau, A.W. Guide to the Geology and Paleontology of the 
Schol arie Region. g16p, i 24ple map. Ap. 1906. 75c, cloth. 


NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT 


Pa14 (90) Ruedemann, Rudolf. Cephalopoda of Beekmantown and Chazy 
Formations of Champlain Basin. 226p. il. 38pl. Ap.1906. 75c, cloth. . 

Pars (99) Luther, D. D. Geology of the Butialo Quadrangle. 3232p. map. 
May 1906. 20. 

Pa16 (101) Luther, D. D. Geology of the Penn Yan-Hammondsport 
Quadrangles. 28p. mapa. |alyeroqeo. V2 56: 

White, David. The Devonic Plants of New York. In preparation. 

Hartnagel, C. A. Geology of the Rochester Quadrangle. In press. 

Luther, D. D. Geology of the Geneva Quadrangle. In preparation. 

—— Geology of the Ovid Quadrangle. Jn preparation. 

Geology of the Phelps Quadrangle. In preparation. 

Whitnall, H. O. Geology of the Morrisville Quadrangle. Prepared: 

Hopkins, T. C. Geology of the Syracuse Quadrangle. In preparation. 

Hudson, G. H. Geology of Valcour Island. In preparation. 

Zoology. Zi (1) Marshall, W. B. Preliminary List of New York Unioni- 
dae. 2o0p. Mar. 1892. Sc. 

Z2 (9) Beaks of Unionidae Inhabiting the Vicinity of Albany, N. Y. 
24p.1pl. Aug. 1890. Toc. 

Z3 (29) Miller, G. S. jr. Preliminary List of New York Mammals. 124p. 
Oct. 1899. I5c. 

Z4 (33) Bae M.S. Check List of New York Birds. 224p. Ap. 1900. 25¢. 

Z5 (38) Miller, G. S. jr. Key to the Land Mammals of Northeastern North 
America. ‘Lop. Oct 9005 S156: 

Z6 (40) Simpson, G. B. Anatomy and Physiology of Polygyra albolabris 
and Limax maximus and Embryology of Limax maximus. 82p. 28pl!. 
Oct. 1901. 25¢. 

Z7 (43) Kellogg, J. L. Clam and Scallop Industries of New York. 36p. 
2pl. map. Ap. Igor. 10c. 

Z8 (51) Eckel, E. C. & Paulmier, F.C. Catalogue of Reptiles and Batra- 
chians of New York. ogpeils ple Ap: noel else 


Eckel, E. C. Serpents of Northeastern United States. 
Paulmier, F.C. Lizards, Tortoises and Batrachians of New York. 


Zg (60) Bean, T. H. Catalogue of the Fishes of New York. 784p. Feb. 
1903. $1, cloth. 

Zio oe Kellogg, J. L. peouns Habits and Growth of Venus mercenaria. 
30p. 4pl. Sep. 1903. 

Z11 (88) Letson, Blizabeth J. Check List of the Mollusca of New York. 114p. 
May 1905. 20¢. 

Z12 (91) Paulmier, F. C.. Higher-Crustacea of New York City. 78p. il. 
June 1905. 20¢. 

Entomology. Enz (5) Lintner, J. A. White Grub of the May Beetle. 32p. 
il. Nov. 1888. ‘roc. 

Cut-worms. 3 6p. il. Nov. 1888. roc. 

San José Scale and Some Destructive Insects of New York 
State. 54p. 7pl. Ap. 1895. 15¢. 

En4 (20) Felt, E. P. Elm-leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. Spl. 


une 1898. 5c. 
Enrs. 
Ens (23). 14th Report of the State Entomologist 1898. 15op. il. gpl. 
Dec. 1898. 20¢. 
En6 (24) —— Memorial of the Life and Entomologic Work of J. A. Lint- 


ner Ph.D. State Entomologist 1874-98; Index to Entomologist’s Re- 
ports 1-13. 316p.1pl. Oct. 1899. 35c. 
Supplement to r4th report of the State Entomologist. 


En7 (26) Collection, Preservation and Distribution of New York In- 
sects. 36p.il. Ap. 1899. 5¢. : 

En8 (27) —— Shade Tree Pests in New York State. 26p. il. 5pl. May 
1899. 

Eng (31) 15th Report of the State Entomologist 1899. 128p. June 
1g00. I5¢. : 

Entro (36) 16th Report of the State Entomologist ygoo. 1118p. r6pl. 
Mar. 1901. 25¢. 

Enrr (37) Catalogue of Some of the More Important Injurious and 


Beneficial Insects of New York State. 54p.il. Sep. 1900. Joe. 


MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS 


Eni2 (46) Scale Insects of Importance and a List of the Species in 
New York State. oqp.il. r5pl. June rgo1. 25¢. 

En13 (47) Needham, J. G. & Betten, Cornelius. Aquatic Insects in the 
Adirondacks. 234p.il. 36pl: Sep. igor. 45c. 

Enr4 (53) Felt, E. P. 17th Report of the State Entomologist 1901. 23ap. 
il. 6pl. Aug. 1902. Out of print. 

Enrs (57) Elm Leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. 8pl. Aug. 
1902. Out of print. 


This is a revision of En4 containing the more essential facts observed since that was pre- 


' pared. 
En16 (59) —— Grapevine Root Worm. gop. 6pl. Dec. 1902. Ise. 
See Enig. 
Enr7 (64) - r8th Report of the State Entomologist 1902. 1110p. 6pl. 


May 1903. 206. 

En18 (68) Needham, J. G. & others. Aquatic Insects in New York. 32ap. 
s2pl. Aug. 1903. Soc, cloth. 

Enrog (72) Felt, E. E. Grapevine Root Worm. 58p. 13pl. Nov. 1903. 20¢. 


This is a revision of Enr6 containing the more essential facts observed since that was pre- 
pared. 


En20 (74) & Joutel, L. H. Monograph of the Genus Saperda. 88p. 
r4pl. June oe 25¢. 
En21 (76) Felt, E. P. 19th Report of the State Entomologist 1903. r5op. 
4pl. 1904. ee 
En22 (79) Mosquitos or Culicidae of New York. 164p.il. 57pl. Oct. 


1904. 40C. 

En23 (86) Needham, J. G. & others. May Flies and Midges of New York. 
352p. il. 37pl. June 1905. Soc, cloth. 

En24 (97) Felt, E. P. 2oth Report of the State Entomologist 1904. 246p. 
il. 19pl. Nov. 1905. 4oc. 

En25 (103)——Gipsy and Brown Tail Moths. 44p. topl. July 1906. r5c. 

En26 (104)——21st Report of the State Entomologist 1905. 4144p. ropl. 
Aug. 1906. 25¢. 

Needham, J. G. Monograph on Stone Flies. In preparation. 

Botany. Bor (2) Peck, C. H. Contributions to the Botany of the State of 
New York. 66p. 2pl. May 1887. Out of print. 


Bo2 (8) Boleti of the United States. g96p. Sep. 1889. [50c] 

Bo3 (25) —— Report of the State Botanist 1898. 76p. 5pl. Oct. 1899. 
Out of print. 

Bo4 (28) Plants of North Elba. 206p. map. June 1899. 206. 

Bos5 (54) —— Report of the State Botanist 1901. 58p.7pl. Nov.1g02. 40¢. 

Bo6 (67) —— Report of the State Botanist 1902. 196p. 5pl. May 1903. 
50¢. 

Bo7 (75) —— Report of the State Botanist 1903. 7op. 4pl. 1904. 406. 

Bo8 (94) —— Report of the State Botanist 1904. 60p. ropl. July 1905. oe. 

Bog (105) Report of the State Botanist 1905. 108p. t2pl. Aug. 
1906. 40C¢. 


Archeology. Arr (16) Beauchamp, W. M. Aboriginal Chipped Stone Im- 
plements of New York. 86p. 23pl. Oct. 1897. 25c. 


Ar2 (18) Polished Stone Articles used by the New York Aborigines. 
1o4p. 35pl. Nov. 1897. 25c. 

Ar3 (22) —— paca aerate of the New York Aborigines. 78p. 33pl. Oct. 
1898. .25¢. 

Ar4 (32) Aboriginal Occupation of New York. gop. 16pl. 2 maps. 


Mar. 1900. _30¢. 

Ars (41) Wampum and Shell Articles used by New York Indians. 
166p. 28pl. Mar. 1901. 306. 

Ar6 (50) Horn and Bone Implements of the New York Indians. 1124p. 
43pl. Mar. 1902. 30c. 


Ar7 (55) Metallic Implements of the New York Indians. o4p. 38pl. 
June 1902. 25c. 

Ar8 (73) Metallic Ornaments of the New York Indians. 122p. 37pl. 
Dec. 1903. 

Arg (78) —— el etcry of the New York Iroquois. 340p. 17pl. map. Feb. 
1905. 75¢, cloth. 

Ari1o see Perch Lake Mounds. 84p. trapl. Ap. 1905. 206. 

Arri1 (89) Aboriginal Use of Wood in New York. rgop. 35pl. June 


1905. 356. 


NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT 


Beauchamp, W. M. Aboriginal Place Names of New York. Jn press. 

—— Civil, Religious and Mourning Councils and Ceremonies of Adoption. 
In press. 

Miscellaneous. Ms1 (62) Merrill, F. J. H. Directory of Natural History 
Museums in United States and Canada. 236p. Ap. 1903. 306. 

Ms2 (66) Ellis, Mary. Index to Publications of the New York State Nat- 
ural History Survey and New York State Museum 1837-1902. 418p. 
June 1903. 745c, cloth. 

Museum memoirs 1889—date. , 

1, Beecher.C~ b & Clarke,.J. M- Development on Some Silurian Brachi- 
opoda. g6p. 8pl. Oct. LS OOase pl 

2 Hall, James & Clarke, J. M. Paleozoic Reticulate Sponges. 35op. il. Zopl. 
1898. $1, cloth. 

3 Clarke, J. M. The Oriskany Fauna of Becraft Mountain, Columbia Co. 
Ne WG 2S pao pl. Oct. mo00- ae: 

4 Peck,C.H.. N.Y. Edible Fungi, 1895-99. 1o06p. 25pl. Nov. zoGo.mgae 


This includes revised descriptions and illustrations of fungi reported in the agth, 51st and 52d 
reports of the State Botanist. 


5 Clarke, J. M. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. Guelph Formation and Fauna of 
New York State. 1096p. 21pl. July 1903. $1.50, cloth. 

6 ome J. M. Naples Fauna in Western New York. 268p. 26pl. map. 

$2, cloth. : 
7 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Graptolites of New York. Pt 1 Graptolites of the 
Lower Beds, “350p,07pl. Bebo19057 0601 50).clomE 

8 Felt, E. P. Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees. v.1 460p. il. 
Aaple “Beb: 1906. §2.50,-cloth, -yi2sln press. 

9 Clarke, J. M. Early Devonic of New York and Eastern North ee 
In press. 

Eaton, E. H. Birds of New York. In preparation. 

Ruedemann, R. Graptolites of New York. Pt 2 Graptolites of the Higher 
Beds. Jn preparation. 

Eastman, C. R. The Devonic Fishes of the New York Formations. Pre- 

pared. 

Natural history of New York. 3ov. il. pl. maps. Q. Albany 1842-94. 

DIVISION 1 zOOLOGY. De Kay, James E. Zoology of New York; or, The 
New York Fauna; comprising detailed descriptions of all the animals 
hitherto observed within the State of New York with brief notices of 
those occasionally found near its borders, and accompanied by appropri- 
ate illustrations. 5v.il. pl.maps. sq.Q. Albany 1842-44. Out Cae. 
Historical introduction to the series by Gov. W. H. Seward. 178p. 

v. 1 ptr Mammalia. 131+46p. 33pl. 1842. 

300 copies with hand-colored plates. 

v. 2 pte Birds. 12+380p. r14rpl.- 1844: 

- Colored plates. 

v. 3 pt3 Reptiles and Amphibia. 7+ 98p. pt4 Fishes. 15+415p. 1842. 
pt3-4 bound together. 

v. 4 Plates to accompany v. 3. Reptiles and Amphibia 23pl. Fishes 7gpl. 
1842. ; 

300 copies with hand-colored plates. 

v. 5 pt5 Mollusca. 4+271p. gopl. pt6 Crustacea. op. 13pl. 1843-44. 
Hand-colored plates: pts—6 bound together. 

DIVISION 2 BOTANY. Torrey, John. Flora of the State of New York; com- 
prising full descriptions of all the indigenous and naturalized plants hith- 
erto discovered in the State, with remarks on their economical and medical 
properties. 2v.il.pl.sq.Q. Albany 1843. Out of print. 

v. 1 Flora of the State of New York. 12+4484p. 72pl. 1843. 

300 copies with hand colored plates. 

v. 2 Flora of the State of New York. 572p. 89pl. 1843. 
300 copies with hand-colored plates. 

DIVISION 3 MINERALOGY. Beck, Lewis C. Mineralogy of New York; com- 
prising detailed descriptions of the minerals hitherto found in the State 
of New York, and notices of their uses in the arts and agriculture. il. pl. 
sq.Q. Albany 1842. Out of print. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9Q05 143 


Horticulture: Diseases and Pests. N. Y. State Lib. Bul. 87. 
Legislation 22. 1904. p.O15-016 
Review of legislation relating to plant diseases and insect pests in 1903. 
Scurfy Bark Louse. Country Gentleman, Nov. 24, 1904, 69 :1076'5 


Brief account with remedies for scurfy bark louse, Chionaspis fur- 
fura Fitch, and San José scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst. 


A New Lime Sulfur Wash. Country Gentleman, Dec. I, 1904, 
69 :1115?? 


_ Method of preparing the lime-sulfur sal soda wash without boiling, and 
results therewith. 


How to Kill the San José Scale. Garden Magazine, Feb. 1905, 
I :22-23 : 


Brief general account of San Joséscale, Aspidiotus perniciosus 
Comst., with special reference to remedial measures. 


New York State Fruit Growers Association. Report of the Com- 
mittee on Entomology. Country Gentleman, Feb. 2, 1905, 70:106 


Summarized account of experiments against grape root worm, Fidia 
viticida Walsh, and San José scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus 
Comst. 


A New Way of Killing San José Scale. Garden Magazine, Mar. 
1905, p. 76 : 
The value of the lime-sulfur and sal soda wash and kerosene limoid spray 


as remedies for the San José scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus 
Comst., discussed. 


Insecticides and Fungicides. N. Y. S. E. D. Handbook 18, p.1-18, 
Jan. 1905 


Revised edition giving principal formulas. 

Culex brittoni 7. sp. Ent. News, 16:79-80 
Original description. 

Controlling San José Scale. Country Gentleman, Mar. 16, 1905, 
70 :261'! 


Brief discussion of remedial measures; recommending a boiled lime-sulfur 
wash for the San José scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst., 
with comments on the lime, sulfur, sal soda and other washes. 


Getting the Poison Ready. Garden Magazine, 1 :1443 
Formulas for lime-sulfur washes and poisoned bordeaux mixture. 
Martins for Mosquitos. Country Gentleman, Mar. 30, 1905, 
70 :29676 


Importation of martins is discouraged because our native swallows are 
probably equally valuable in checking mosquitos. 


Important Work in May. Garden Magazine, May 1905, p.200, 202 


Methods of controlling common garden species with mention of arsenate 
of lead and kerosene emulsion. 


144 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Rose Beetles, Squash Bugs and Asparagus Beetles. Garden Maga- 
zine, June 1905, p.23435 


Brief directions for control of common pests. 


To Corn Planters.’ Country Gentleman, May 25, 1905, 70:492??. 


Also in Albany Evening Journal, Troy Times 


Webworms, Crambus species, are unusually abundant and preventive meas- 
ures for corn planters in particular, are given. 


The Round Headed Apple Tree Borer. Country Gentleman, May 


25, 1905, 70:50122 
Descriptive life history of round headed appletree borer, Saperda 
candida Fabr., with methods of controlling it. 


Webworm Depredations. Argus (Albany) May 28, 1904, p.4 
Webworm Injuries. Country Gentleman, June 1, 1905, 70:513'! 


A brief account of present and earlier injuries with a discussion of remedial 
measures. 


New York Entomologic Service. Country Gentleman, June 8, 
1905, 70:537"° 
Summary of reports from voluntary observers. 

Go for Cutworms. Country Gentleman, June 8, 1905, 70:54073 


Remedial measures. 


Report of the Committee on Entomology. New York State Fruit 
Growers Association Proc. 4th Ann. Meeting, 1905, p.27-30 


Results obtained against the grape root worm, Fidia viticida 
Walsh, and with lime-sulfur washes in controlling San José scale, Aspi- 
diotus perniciosus Comst. 


San José Scale on the Move. Garden Magazine, July 1905, p.284 


Warning notice giving formulas for summer washes for San José scale, 
Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst., and directions for controlling 
sundry other pests. 


Hickory Gall Aphid. Country Gentleman, june 15, 1905, 70:56442 


Observations upon and life history of hickory gall aphid, Phylloxera. 
caryaecaulis Fitch. 


New York Entomologic Service. Country Gentleman, June 15, 
1905, 70:56142 
Summary of reports. 

Grape Root Worm, Fidia viticida Walsh. Ni) Y¥ousState 


Entomologist, 2oth Report. 1905. p.1-19 (issued June 109, 
1905). Reprinted in part in Grape Belt (Dunkirk, N. Y.) 


jie s277 L005 py, 


Account of experiments and investigations dues 1904. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I905 145 


Horticulture: Diseases and Pests. _N. Y. State Library Bul. 97. 
Legislation 25. 1905. p.08-0I0 
‘General review of legislation for 1904. 

Cecropia Moth. Country Gentleman, June 22, 1905, 70:5843? 


Brief descriptive account of the cecropia moth, Samia cecropia 
Linn, 


New York Entomologic Service. Country Gentleman, June 22, 
1905, 70:585'?; New York Farmer, June 22, 1905, p.5 
Summary of reports from voluntary observers. 

Perhaps Elm Leaf Beetle. Country Gentleman, June 22, 1905, 
Zo-5027* 


Descriptive account with general remedial measures for elm leaf beetle, 
Galterucella luteola Mull. 


Danger in the Use of Sprays. 
7o,-502° 


Careful spraying is not dangerous to fruit consumers when ordinary discre- 
tion is employed. 


Cherry Aphid. Country Gentleman, June 29, 1905, 70 :60675 


Brief account of injuries and control measures for cherry aphid, Myzus 
eerastus Fabr. 


Country Gentleman, June 22, 1905, 


New York Entomologic Service. Country | Gentleman, June 29, 
1905, 70:60717; New York Farmer, June 29, p.8 


Summary of reports from voluntary observers. 


fersemical Foison for Elm Tree Beetles. Dayton (O.) Herald, 
July 1, 1905, p.4 : | | 
A summarized account of the elm leaf beetle; Galerucellaluteola 
Mull. with special reference to control methods. 


May Flies and Midges of New York. N. Y. State Mus. -Bul. 86. 
Entomology 23. 1905. 352p. 37pl. (issued July 3, 1905) 


Contents 

PAGE PAGE 

MtACe ees. oss ss Be 2 eee 4 | Aquatic Nematocerous Diptera 
MerOduenOne 22)... ew Se es II. O. A. JOHANNSEN...... 76 
Summer Food of the Bullfrog Explanation to the plates...... 316 
at Saranac Inn. J. G. NEED- Legenda to text figures........ Ban 
MR ee dis see ces O Plates 137. 4. ¢.to eee. -face: 332 
Senemendac |G. NEEDHAM. 17 |» Index::....2.. 6.02 eocc.e0cse. 333 


North American Hydroptilidae. 
MOMPOMIGRTON fo... ssc ee ss 63 


New York Entomologic Service. Country Gentleman, July 6, 
1905, 70:62734; New York Farmer, July 6, p.5 _ | 


Summary of reports from voluntary observers. 


146 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


North American Hydroptilidae. Reprint from N. Y. State Mus. 
Bul: 86. “1905: .03-75. . 3pli@(Gssuedaiinka yy 

Aquatic Nematocerous Diptera II. Reprint from N. Y. State 
Mus. Bul. 86. 1905. p.74-327. pl.16-37 (issued July 7) 

New York Entomologic Service. Country Gentleman, July 13, 
1905, 70:647'3; New York Farmer, July 13, bee 


Summary of reports from voluntary observers. 


Four pests in August. Garden Magazine, Aug. 1905, p.39 


Remedies for fall webworm, Hy phantria textor Harr., San José 
scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst., stalk borer, Papaipema 
nitela Guen. and ants. 


Elm Leaf Beetle. Country Gentleman, July 20, 1905, 70:66673 | 


Remedial measures for elm leaf beetle, Galerucella luteola Mull. 


Notes for the Year in New York. WU. S. we Agric. Bureau of 
Ent. Bul. 52. 1905. p.51-52 
Brief notices of several injurious species, with special mention of the Chi- 


nese lady beetle, Chil ocorus similis Rossi, and the grape root 
worm, Fidia yviticida Walsh. 


Experiments with Lime-sulfur Washes. U. S. Dep’t Agric. 
Bureau ot Entabuly 525 ToOss 4 p-25-27, 


General observations on preparation and effects, with an account of the 
sal soda lime-sulfur wash. 
New York Entomologic Service. Country Gentleman, July 20, 
1905, 70:666'3; New York Farmer, July 20, p.4 


Summary of reports from voluntary observers. 


Spittle Insects or Frog Hoppers. Country Gentleman, July 20, 
1905, 70 :66913 
Brief general account of spittle insects, with mention of Philaenus 
spunea raws Linn and Po aine a Gaus meman 


Electric Light or Giant Water Bug. Country Gentleman, July 27, 
1905, 70 :689?! 
Records injury to 4 pound trout, with notes on habits of electric light or 
giant water bug, Belostoma americanum Leidy. 


Woolly Maple-leaf Aphid. Country Gentleman, July 27, 1905, 
70 168927 3 


Records unusual abundance of woolly maple-leaf aphids, Pemphigus 
acerifolii Riley, with discussion of remedies. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I905 147 


An Army Worm Outbreak. Country Gentleman, July 27, 1905, 
70 :694°° 


Records injuries in Erie and Chautauqua counties and gives a general 


accountof Heliophila unipuncta Haw., with discussion of remedial 
measures. 


New York Entomologic Service. New York Farmer, July 27, 
1905, p.8 - 


Summary of reports from voluntary observers. 


New York Entomologic Service. Country Gentleman, Aug. 3, 
1905, 70 :707** 


Summary of reports from voluntary observers. 
New York Entomologic Service. New York Farmer, Aug. 3, 
1905, P-5 3 


Summary of reports from voluntary observers. 


New Yrok Entomologic Service. Country Gentleman, Aug. Io, 
1905, 70:72646 


Summary of reports from voluntary observers. 
Trapping Squash Bugs. Country Gentleman, Aug. 17, 1905, 
70 :7478 | 
Shingle method of trapping squash bugs, Anasa tristis DeGeer. 
Experience in Controlling San José Scale in New York. Ct. Pom. 
Soc. Proc. 1905, p.132-46 
Summarized account of work against the San José scale, Aspidiotus 
perniciosus Comst., with special discussion of lime-sulfur washes. 
The Borers are Active. Garden Magazine, Sep. 1905, p.82 


Directions for combating borers, specially apple borers, Saperda 
candida Fabr. and the leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina Fabr., 
are given. 


Fighting San José Scale. Country Gentleman, Aug. 24, 1905, 

70:74" . 

Winter treatment with lime-sulfur washes advised for San José scale 
Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst., though whale oil soap iS valu 
able. The selection of a spraying outfit must be governed by condition. 
Plea for the Shade Trees. The Argus [Albany] Sep. 3, 1905, p.3, 

also in Albany Press & Knickerbocker, Sep. 3; Troy Times, Sep. 

Se@okecs Dispatch, Sep. 5;. Utica Observer, Sep. 6; Utica 

Press, Sep. 4; Rome Sentinel, Sep. 5; Syracuse Post-Standard, 
Sep. 5; Geneva Times, Sep. 6; Rochester Democrat, Sep. 6; 

Rochester Post-Express, Sep. 8; Buffalo Commercial, Sep. 9; 

Buffalo Courier, Sep. 6; Lockport Journal, Sep. 12; Lockport 


Me 


148 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Union Sun, Sep. 5; New York Herald, Sep. 5; New York 
Post, Sep. 7; Newburgh Register, Sep. 11; Niagara Falls Ga- 
zette, Sep. 30; Rochester Union, Oct. 13 
A brief general circular making a plea for the better protection of our 
shade trees. 
Insects Dangerous as Disease Carriers. The Argus [Albany] 
Sep. 3, 1905, p.11; Amsterdam Recorder, Oct. 10, 1905 
Brief résumé of the role of insects as disease carriers with special reference 
to malaria and yellow fever. 
Moth Traps Again. Country Gentleman, Sep. 7, 1905, 70:814-15 


Brief comments on the value of trap lanterns for insect control. 


Spraying Apples. Country Gentleman, Sep. 14, 1905, 70:83875 
Comments on the value of spraying, now considered established beyond 

question. 

Stingless Bees. Country Gentleman, Sep. 21, 1905, 70:87045 


Comments on the value of these bees in the United States. 


Locust Borer. Country Gentleman, Sep. 28, 1905, 70:88473 


Brief descriptive account of the locust borer, Cyllene robiniae 
Forst. 


Gnarled Pears. Country Gentleman, Sep. 28, 1905, 70:88573 


Control methods for plant lice and the tarnished plant bug, Lygus 
pratensis Linn. are given as possible remedies for deformed fruit. 


Beech Blight. Country Gentleman, Oct. 12, 1905, 70:93247 | 


Brief general notice of Pemphigus tessellata Fitch with men- 
tion of its interesting enemy, Feniseca tarquinius Fabr. 


SPECIES ACQUIRED THROUGH EXCHANGE 


An exchange list was prepared early in 1903 and sent to various 
entomologists, with the result that a number of valuable additions 
a mle to the State collectiom Plrese ‘lists “Wwerey omen 
ciavurated in the report for that year and exchanges have been 
continued with mutual benefit. The following are lists of species 
acquired largely in 1905 though a few of the insects were received 
in 1904. 


Mosquitos received in exchange 


Grabhamia jamaicensis Theo., adults, pupae and larvae, Prof. 

. Glenn W. Herrick, Agricultural College, Miss. 

Theobaldia incidens Thom. and Culicada curriei Coq, 
Prof. V. L. Kellogg, Stanford University, Stanford, Cal. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1905 149 


Guwpreada annulifera Lud., Mansonia-annulifera Theo., 
Memaniformis Theo. and Nyssorhynchus fuliginosus 
Giles, C. S. Ludlow, Surgeon General’s office, Washington, D. C. 

Anopheles sp.. Culicada squamiger Coq, C. curriei Coq, 
Same x catrsalis Coq. and Theobaldia incidens .Thom., 
H. J. Quayle, University of California, Berkeley, Cal. 

Sreue ada sqGuathiger Cog, C. pretans Gross., C. punctor 
mim, c. Gdupreei Coq, Pneumaculex.signifer .Coq., 
Peowoeulex serratus Theo. and Wyeomyia smithii 
Coq., Dr J. B. Smith, State Entomologist, New Brunswick, N. J. 

ieeorh ynchus aurites Theo, Culex fatigans . Wied., 
mame yretophorus costalis jen , Dr Andrew Balfour, Direc: 
tor Gordon College Laboratories, Khartoum, Bane 

Myzorhynchus sinensis Wied, Desvoidea obturbans 
Walk., Culex fatigans Wied. and Chironomids sp. from M. Gist 
Gee, Soochow, China. . 

Culicada cantans Meig. from Staeger’s old collection, through Dr 
F. Meinert, Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark. 


Other insects received in exchange 


Menadroctontus piceaperda Hopk., Scirtes tibialis 
Eeaoeeeimyptorhoapalum’ triste Lec. Corticaria deleta 
Mette werris affinis Reut., Apiomerus crassipes Fabr., 
Seeder eanienlaris Harr, Stictocephala lutea WIk., 
Empoasca mali LeB., Aleyrodes vaporariorum Westw., 
eamasecnta hemisphaericum Targ-Tozz., Dichromorpha 
Mmacienceseudd. Arphia sulphurea Fabr., A.xanthoptera 
Pure oemwdadderia curvicauda DeG.,, Schistocerca rubi- 
Sinosa Harr, S. alutacea Harr, Gryllus pennsylvani- 
Coe bur., Periplaneta americana. Linn, Chrysopa 
oculata Say, DrW. E. Britton, State Entomologist, New Haven, Ct. 

Dotryetomus mucidus Say, Chaetocnema confinis Cr., 
Orthaltica melina Horn, Disonycha xanthomelaena 
Dame -Oedionychus gibbitarsis Say, Colaspis prae- 
pemuaboay, Lachnosterna rubiginosa “Lec., Aphodius 
PeCiita tins tibst.-Trypherus latipennis Germ., Tete- 
phorus bilineatus Say, Omosita colon Linn., Olibrus 
consimilis Marsh, Phalacrus politus Melsh., Oxytelus 
insignitus Grav., Laccophilus fasciatus Aube.,L.proxi- 
mus Say, Anisodactylus terminatus Say, A. verticalis 
Decweee rasticus Say, A. opaculus, Lec, Sebenophorus 
eltipereus Dej,, Harpalus herbivagus Say, H.caliginosus 
Fabr. Cratacanthus dubius Beauv., Zygoneura toxineura 
Seo eeptocoris trivittatus Say, Coriscus punctipes 
Reut., Melanolestes picipes HS., Podisus maculiven- 
Potseoay, Mochistus variolarius PiB. Thyanta cus- 
mabon Babr., Tettigonia bifida Say, T. hieroglyphica 
pay, iedrocephala coccinea Forst., D. mollipes Say, 
Saopoma tlavilineata Fb. Platymetopius' frontalis 
VanD.,Deltocephalusinimicus Say,Limotettix exitio- 


I50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


sus Uhl., Jassus olitorius Say, Stobera tricarinmana 
Say, E. S. Tucker, Lawrence, Kan. ; 

Epicauta cinerea Forst., Bruchus quadri-maculatus 
Fabr., Adimonia rufosanguinea Say, Diabrotica vittata 
Fabr.,D. duodecim-punctata Oliv, Cerotoma ttitugrcawa 
Forst., Doryphora decim-lineata Say, Ligyrus rugiceps 
Tec. Monocrepidius vespertinus Fabr., Phorbiag gen 
ceps Zett. Hypoprepia fucosa Hibn., Ut et Mersaiemd 
Linn., Oligia grata Hiibn., Prodenia commelinae Sm. & Abb., 
P. ornithogalli Guenee var. B. praefica Grt.,. Maimestaa 
laudabilis —Guenee, Heliophila unipuneta Haw. ee 
phragmitidicola Guenee, Heliothis armiger) Hbae 
schinia marginata Haw., Alabama .argillacea Hubs 
Drasteria erechtea Cram., Catocala viduata Guenee, 
Panapoda carneicosta Guenee, Homoptera lunata Dru. 
var. edusa Drury, Epizeuxis lubricalis Geyer oa 
noidea exitiosa Say, Murgantia histrionted sian 
Leptoglossus phyllopus Linn, Chrysomphalus teme— 
bricosus Comst., C.obscurus Comst., Aspidiotus fog pesca 
John, Prof. Glenn W. Herrick, Agricultural College, Miss. 

Acrolophitus -hirtipes. Say., Amphitornus) pacomon 
Thom, Cordillacris crenulata~ Brun., €: ocespyiaes 
Thom.,Phlibostroma quadrimaculatum Thome htioeate 
tis abdominalis Thom., Platybothrus brunmeme aaome 
Gomphocerus clepsydra Scudd., Stirapleura @eems- 
sata Scudd., Ageneotettix scudderi Brum 2utoewas 
elliotti.Thom:, A. femoratum Scudd., Arphivayteme smoca 
scudd., A. teporata Seudd.,, Chortophaga Vinidiia qeneuee 
DeG., Hippiscus neglectus Thom. H. pardalinus Sauss., 
Metator maculosum Sauss., Dissosteira carolina Iuann., 
Spharagemon aequale Say., S. collare Scudd= Diez on 
mema haydeni Thom, Mestobregma kiowa Thom, M. 
pulchellum, Trimerotropis azurescens Brand aes 
ana Scudd., T. plattei Thom., 1: mon ticola jsausc eee 
fusa Scudd., Circotettix lapidicola Brun, C wmd@ulacpas 
Thom., Hadrotettix trifaseciatus Say., Aveo lop mss] aaa 
bulli Brun, Melanoplus affinis Brun, M. alpinus) Bruny 
M. altitudinum Scudd., M. bruneri Scudd., M. dawsoni 
Scudd., M. fasciatus Parnst., M. flabellifer Seadd) Me tlaaa- 
atilis Brun., M. gladsteni Brun, M. infantalasscudat 
M..minor Scudd., M. packardi Scudd., Ase mo plas mam 
tanus Brun., Prof. R. A. Cooley, State Entomologist, Bozeman, Mon. 

Elaphrus riparius Oliv, Carabus genet Gene }Piezcu: 
reichei Fairm, Haliplus lineatocollis Marsh, Bidessus 
geminus Fabr., Deronectes opatrinus Germ, Hydro- 
porus griseostriatus DeG, H. lepidus Oliv, H. analis 
Aube., Gyrinus urinator MIL, Histe, (major, emu 
quadri-maculatus Linn., H. sinuatus Fabr., Saprinus semi- 
punctatus Fabr., S. nitidulus Payk, S. dimudwatpaceu 
Lucanus servus Linn, Scarabeus sacer Linn. S. lati- 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1905 I5I 


collis Linn., Copris hispanus Linn., Potosia metallica 
Pay, boixus iridis Oliv., L. algirus Linmn., L. eardui Oliv., 
Brachytemus porcatus Germ. Balaninus turbatus 
Gyll. Leptura rubra Linn, L. maculata Poda, Morimus 
asper Sulz, Colaspidea oblonga Blanch, Chrysomela 
polita Linn. Galerucella luteola Mull, Podagrica dis- 
cedens Boield. Hispa atra Linn. Lema melanopus Linn., 
Diplognatha gagates, Onthophagus trituber, Hy- 
mamroeera plumosa, Sternotomis regalis, S. im- 


maeematis. Pyllivenima latipes DeG., -Prionocerus 
Soeuuripennis, Bruchus’ bimaculatus Oliv., Cryp- 
Poemynehus firigidus, Sphenophorus sordidus, 


G. VanRoon, Rotterdam, Holland. 

Poecilus cupreus Linn, Amara atrata Heer., Har- 
palus:aeneus Fabr., Metabletus pallipes Dej., Par- 
mencwceeaticeatus, Laccophilus obscurus Panz.,, Coel- 
ambus impressopunctatus Schall, Bidessus geminus 
Pee ymatopterus fuscus Linn, Cybister lateri- 
marginalis Deg, Hydrous piceus Linn, Limnoxenus 
eumedmmdas Herbst, Cercyon quisquilius Linn.;. Heter- 
Seerus tacvigatus Panz., Paederus fuscipes Curt., Oxy- 
telus laqueatus Marsh. O.tetracarinatus Block.,,Antho- 
Piameesar hi Letzn, Bryaxis haematica Reichb., Silpha 
weaewmns  Lkiin, Haister quadrinotatus Scriba., Copris 
lunaris Linn, Onthophagus ovatus Linn, Aphodius 
i(mmerariws Linn, Geotrupes mutator Marsh. G. syl- 
meamenems: banz. G. vernalis Linn., Serica holosericea 
Scope am@omaila vitis Fabr. Epicometis hirta  Poda. 
mertowes sputator Rdtb., Plagionotus arcuatus Linn., 
Otiorhynchus gemmatus Scop, Baris lepidii Germ., 
Chrysomela sanguinolenta Linn, Subcoccinella 
Vigintiquattuorpunctata Linn., Robert Meusel, Ujpest, 
Hungary. 


CONTRIBUTIONS TO COLLECTION OCT: 17, 1904-OCT. 
14, 1905 


Hymenoptera 


Tremex columba Linn., pigeon Tremex, larvae in beech, Ap. 20, 
George S. Graves, Newport, N. Y. 

Pontania hyalina Nort., galls on willow, July 18, Paul Hayhurst, 
Dunkirk, N. Y. 

Lophyrus abbotii Leach, Abbott’s pine sawfly, larvae on pine, 
Sep. 6, C. R. Pettis, Saranac Inn, N.Y. 


Coleoptera 
Mardarellus undulatus Say, Mar. 11, L. H. Joutel, New York 
city. 
Calandra oryzae Linn., adult on corn, Jan. 9, Thomas Cunning- 
ham, Victoria, B. C. 


152 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Bruchus rufimanus Sch., European bean weevil, adult on bean, 
Jan. 13, Paul Hayhurst, Columbia, Mo. (In beans presumably from Italy) 

Cyllene robiniae Forst., locust borer, adult on honey locust, 
Sep. 25, L. G. V. McDonough, Newcastle co. Del. (Through Country Gentle- 
man) 

Plagionotus speciosus Say, sugar maple borer, adult, July 1, 
Frederick Pfahl, Albany, N. Y. | 

Uliota dubius Fabr., Ap. 5, J. T. Brakeley, Hornerstown, N. J. 

Dytiscus harrisii Tar, margined water beetle, May 1o, J. D. 
Collins, Utica, N. Y. 

A number of undetermined South African species were kindly donated to 
the collection by Ogden Stevens, Albany. 


Diptera 


Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh, apple maggot, maggots in apple, 
Aug. 8, C. H. Stuart, Newark, N. Y. 

Oedaspis polita Loew., adult onSolidago juncea, SePe z, 
Miss Harriet B. Badeau, Wlsneeanere. Nea 

Straussia longipennis Wied. on pepper, May 14, George S. 
Graves, Newport, N. Y. 

Pollenia rudis Fabr., Oct. 3, M. R. Wilbur, Old Chatham, N. Y. 

Bombyliomyia abrupta Wied., parasite fly, July 22, Hamilton 
B. Brown, Elmira, N. Y. 

Deromyia umbrinus Lowe, robber fly, adult, July 31, O. Q. Flint, 
Athens, N. Y. 

Cecidomyia antennaria Wheeler, galls on Antennaria 
plantaginifolia, Sep. 10, S. H. Burnhan, Little Falls, N. Y. 

Das He uta pisieiuidiarc a enlace se ircl- Sie dkelececs midge galls on 
black-locust, June 10, C. L. Williams, Glens Falls, N. Y. | 

Cecitdomyia, «sp. galls on) Batpatoriam ageratoides, 


Sep. 10, S. H. Burnham, Little Falls, N. Y. 


LASIG PRES vitis O. S., grape tomato gall, Aug. 4, H. A. Van 


Fredenberg, Port Jervis, N. Y. 


Anopheles franciscanus McCracken, Dec. 20, H. G. Dyar, 
Washington, D. C. iP 

Anopheles maculipennis Meig., adult, Jan. 10, Henry Clay 
Weeks, Ithaca, N. Y. 

Cycloleppteron grabhamii Theo., male and female, larvae, 
Mar. 29, and adult, Sep. 18, M. Grabham, Kingston, Jamaica, W. I. 

Cellia albipes Theo., males, females and larvae, Mar. 29, M. 
Grabham, Kingston, Jamaica, W. I. 

Janthinosoma musicum Say, Dec. 20, H.G. Dyar, Washington, 
D.C. : 
Grabhamia jamaicensis Theo., adult, Sep. 18, M. Grabham, 
Kingston, Jamaica, W. I. 

Grabhamia pygmaea Theo., adult, Sep. 18, M. Grabham, Kings- 
ton, Jamaica,W. I. 

Culicelsa taeniorhynchus Wied., females and larvae, Mar. 
29, M. Grabham, Kingston, Jamaica, W. I. Same, adult, Sep. 18, M. Grab- 
ham, Kingston, Jamaica, W. I. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1905 153 


Culicada canadensis Theo., young larvae, Mar. 31, J. T. 
Brakeley, Hornerstown, N. J. Same, larvae, Ap. 17, W. T. Davis, Staten 
Island, N. Y. 

Culicada curriei Coq,., Dec. 20, H. G. Dyar, Washington, D. C. 

C.varipalpus Cogq., Dec. 20, H. G. Dyar, Washington, D. C. 

C. pretans Grossbeak, adults, Jan. 9, W. E. Britton, New Haven, Ct. 

C.triseriatus Say, very young larvae from a tree hole, Ap. 18, 
F. E. Lutz, Cold Spring Harbor, L. I. 

C. pullatus Coq., Dec. 20, H. G. Dyar, Washington, D. C. 

C. abserratus Felt & Young, adult, Jan. 9, W. E. Britton, New 
Haven, Ct. 

Culicella melanurus Coq., larva, Mar 31, J. T. Brakeley, 
Hornerstown, N. J. . 

Culex fatigans Wied., adults, Sep. 18, M. Grabham, Kingston, 
Jamaica, W. I. 

C.restuans Theo., July 27, C. R. Pettis, Lake Clear, N. Y. 

C.tarsalis Coq., Dec. 20, H. G. Dyar, Washington, D. C. 

C. confirmatus Arri., males and females, Mar. 29, M. Grabham, 
Kingston, Jamaica, W. I. 

C. janitor Theo., adult, Sep. 18, M. Grabham, Kingston, Jamaica, W. I. 

Se sec at or Theo., ie 20, H. G. Dyar, Washington, D. C. Same, 
adults, Sep. 18, M. Grabham, renege Jamaica, W. I. 

C. microsquamosus Theo., adults and larvae, Sep. 18, M. Grab- 
ham, Kingston, Jamaica, W. I. 

Melanoconion atratus Theo., males, females and larvae, Mar. 
29, M. Grabham, Kingston, Jamaica, W. I. 

Taeniorhynchus perturbans Walk., adult, Jan. 9, W. E. 
Britton, New Haven, Ct. 

Stegomyia fasciata Fabr., Dec. 20, H. G. Dyar, Washington, 
D.C. Same, June 13, Arthur I. Kendall, Panama. . 

Pneumaculex signifer Coq., adults, Jan.2, Nathan Banks, 
Washington, D.C. Same, Dec. 20, H. G. Dyar, Washington, D. C. 

Deinocerites cancer Theo., Dec. 20, H. G. Dyar, Washington, 
D.C. Same, females and larvae, Mar. 29, M.Grabham, Kingston, Jamaica, 
OW. ck 

Uranotaenia lowii Theo., adults and larvae, Sep. 18, M. Grab- 
ham, Kingston, Jamaica, W. I. 

U. socialis Theo., males, females and larvae, Mar. 29, M. Grabham, 
Kingston, Jamaica, W. I. 

Wyeomyia smithii Coq., larvae, Mar. 31, J. T. Brakeley, Hor- 
nerstown,N.J. (Abundant sending Ap. 2). Same, June 27, George E. Casler, 
Haymarsh. (Haymarsh is 4 mile east of Crooked Pond) 

Dendromyia mitchellii Theo., adults, Sep. 18, M. Grabham, 
Kingston, Jamaica, W. I. 

Howardina walkeri Theo., female and larvae, Mar. 29, M. 
Grabham, Kingston, Jamaica, W.I. Same, Dec. 20, H. G. Dyar, Washing- 
ton, 7D. C. 

Megarhinus portoricensis Roeder, Dec. 20, H. G. Dyar, 
Washington, D. C. 


154 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Corethrella brakeleyi Coq., larvae, Mar. 31, J. T. Brakeley, 
Hornerstown, N. J. 

Tipula abdominalis Say, larvae, Ap. 24, J. T. Brakeley, Hor- 
nerstown, N. J. | 

Lepidoptera 

Noctua clandistina MHarr., W-marked cutworm on pine, May 
15, C. R. Pettis, Saranac Junction, N. Y. 

Papaipema nitela Guen., stalk borer on tomatoes and scarlet 
runner beans, June 20, H. B. Chown, Falls Village, Ct. 

Drasteria erechtea Cramer, clover semilooper caterpillar, Aug. 
12, James E. Barkley, Grahamsville, N. Y. 

Melalopha inclusa Hubn., poplar nest worm, larvae on cotton- 
wood, Sep. 15, Dr M. W. VanDenburg, Mt Vernon, N. Y. 

Symmerista albifrons Sm. & Abb., red-headed oak worm, 
larvae on maple, Sep. 14, C. E. Eldridge, Leon, N. Y. 

Hemerocampa leucostigma Sm. & Abb., white marked tus- 
sock moth, larvae, July 8, L. L. Woodford, Pompey, N.Y. Same, half 
grown caterpillar, July 15, F. E. Fitch, Randolph, N. Y. Same, young, 
cocoon and egg mass, Aug. 7, Dr M. W. VanDenburg, Mt Vernon, N. Y. 

Thyridopterix ephemeraeformis Haw., bag worm, cocoons 
on Arbor vitae, Jan. 16, Hermann VonSchrenck, St Louis, Mo. 
Same, on purple beech, July 31, Joseph H. Dodge, New York. 

Sibine stimulea Clem., saddle back caterpillar, larva on corn, 
Sep. 6, Frank R. Calkins, Oastinae, NE 

yh@ web mH pithecium Sm. & Abb., hag moth, larva on bitter 
sweet, Sep. 5, Miss M. R. Wilbur, Old Chatham, N. Y. 

Lithacodes fasciola Herrick & Schafer, larva, Aug. 3, G. S. 
Graves, Newport,N. Y. 

Memythrus polistiformis Harr., larvae on grape, Nov. 30, 
Mrs A. Rogers, Hyde Park, N. Y. (Through Thomas P. Connor, gardener) 

Enarmonia prunivora ? Walsh., larvae on apple, Feb. 5, 
T. Cunningham, Vancouver, B. C. 

Ecdytolopha insiticiana  Zell., locust twig gall on locust, 
Sep. 27, Dr Frank Overton, Patchogue, N. Y. 

Anarsia lineatella Zell., work on cherry, Oct. 5, P. L. Huested, 
Blauvelt, N. Y. 

Nepticula castaneaefoliella ? Chamb. on chestnut, Aug. 
23, R. H. Johnson, Cold Spring Harbor, L. I. 

Tischeria malifoliella Clem., apple leaf miner, larva on apple, 
Sep. 11, T. F. Niles, Lockport, N. Y. (Through N. Y. State Dep’t Agric.) 


Hemiptera 


Clastoptera proteus Fitch, spittle insect, yours on Cornus, 
June 28, George T. Powell, Ghent, N. Y. 

Ptg.e tsi? li meatus ea. spittle insect, nymph and adult on 
grass, June 20, J. P. VanNess, East Grecnpuen N. Y. 

Cicada sp., Jan. 6, George D. Miller, China. 

Belostoma americanum Leidy, giant water bug on trout, adult, 
July 5, E. J. Casler, Hofimeister, Hamilton co.,N. Y. Same, Sep. 19, H. = 
DeyErmand, Albany, N. Y. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I905 155 


Phylloxera caryaecaulis Fitch, hickory gall aphid, galls and 
young on hickory, June 5, Dr J. B. Southworth, Nassau, N. Y. 

P. vitifoliae Fitch, grape Phylloxera on grape, July 21, Dr J. B. 
Southworth, Nassau, N. Y. 

Pemphigus acerifolii Riley, woolly maple leaf aphid, adult on 
anaple, June 28, Mrs D. H. Bayard, Cornwall on the Hudson, N. Y. Same, 
on soft maple foliage, July 3, Prof. C. H. Peck, Menands, N. Y. 

P. imbricator Fitch, beech blight, nymphs and adults on beech, 
Sep. 9, F. M. Foote, Chester, Mass. (Through Country Gentleman). 

P. rhois Fitch, sumac gall, adult on sumac, Sep. 1o, S. H. Burnham, 
Little Falls, N. Y. 

P. ulmifusus Walsh, spindle-shaped elm gall, on cork or rock elm, 
July 6, C. L. Williams, Glens Falls, N. Y. 

Lachnus smilacis Will., on smilax, July 24, George S. Graves, 
Newport, N. Y. 

Callipterus betulaecolens, birch aphid on birch, June 20, 
C. H. Stuart, Newark, N. Y. 

Chrysomphalus smilacis Comst., on smilax, Mar. 30, E. B. 
Southwick, New York. 

C. tenebricosus Comst., gloomy scale on hackberry, May 15, Mrs 
P. L. Windsor, Austin, Tex. 

Eulecanium nigrofasciatum Perg., black-banded scale on 

-maple, Ap. 6, E. B. Southwick, New York. 

Phenacoccus acericola King, maple Phenacoccus on maple, 
Aug. 12, R. A. Kenworthy, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Same, on maple, Aug. 15, 
C. F. Polk, Troy, N. Y. 

Eriopeltis coloradensis Ckll. on grass, Dec. 19, Theo. D. A. 
Cockerell, Boulder, Col. 

Eulecanium quercifex Fitch, on chestnut, June 2, Eliza S. 
Blunt, New Russia, N. Y. 

Tachardia glomerella Ckll. on gutienesia, Dec. 19, Theo. D. A. 
Cockerell, Mesilla valley, N. M. 

The following species of Hemiptera were received from Mr J. R. de la 
Torre Bueno, who collected them in the vicinity of New York city. The 
determinations were kindly made by Mr E. P. VanDuzee of Buffalo, and Mr 
O. Heidemann, through the courtesy of Dr L. O. Howard of Washington: 
Lopidea media Say, Neurocolpus nubilus Say, Phyto- 
mans pallidicornis  Reut., P. eximus Reut., Stiphro- 
Paumestiy Sica. Say, Poecilocapsus affinis Reut., P. 
RBenmiphorus Say, Systratiotus venaticus Uhl., Orthops 
Puen. as Uhl Plagiognathus obscurus:-Uhl, P. 
mpolveus sUhl Chlamydatus (Agalliastes) verbasci 
fimo. ee piscoOpus ornatus Reut.. Deraeocoris segusi- 
mais Muell, Onychumenus decolor. Fall. Agalliastes 
moc e@erarmaus Uhh, A. suavis Reut. Diommatus congrex 
Uibwosenetus (Oncognathus) binotatus Fabr., Ortho- 
metrops decorata and Salda ligata Say. 


Orthoptera 


Gryllotalpa borealis Burm., mole cricket, adult, Aug. 15, 
Hugh H, DeyErmand, Albany, N. Y. 


156 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Aracnida 


Tetranychus telarius Linn., red spider on apple) julyae, 
William H. Hart, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Same, on elm; Aug. 4,\Fo jen: 
Kracke, New York. 

Ertophyes fraxiniflora ash flower gall on ash, June 24, 
H. G. Pauli, Brooklyn, N. Y. 


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tograph by M. F. Adams 


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Work of bronze birch borer 


Air tubes of Culicid larvae 
1 Air tube of larva of yellow fever mosquito, Stegomyia fasciata 


Fabr. x55 
2 Air tube of larva of house or rain barrel mosquito, Culex pipiens 
Linn. x55 | a 
3. Air tube of larva of salt marsh mosquito, Culex sollicitans 
Walk. x45, 


Air tubes of mosquito larvae 


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Culicid wings 
1 Female wing of house or rain barrel mosquito, Culex pipiens’) 
Linn, x21 
2 Female wing of malarial mosquito, Anopheles maculipennis 
Meig. x21 
3 Female wing of yellow fever mosquito, Stegomyia fasciata 
Fabr. x21 | 


Plate 4 


SOP Bee ee ey wre 


ae teen ee - 


Wings of mosquitos 


I 
2 


Washtubs under rain spout, containing numerous mosquito larvae 
A spring-fed, easily drained, roadside pool producing hundreds of malarial 
mosquitos 


Breeding places of mosquitos 


t Recently excavated spring pool swarming with wrigglers of malarial and ~ 
other mosquitos, though before digging Culicid larvae were rare | 
2 An Adirondack beaver meadow, the home of the pitcher plant mosquito, © 
Wyeomyia smithii Coq. 


wy . 


Plate 6 


Breeding places of mosquitos 


“Venn vid ones hires JM sts Wb lon coe nif agmln leper WA a ths rs salpie nent sa-wiaide ine wrininn pitinanaay very midiiszigimim reenadints caput aun Pigeh 8 ih 


mene ts Nene Sal teioh, Dniester nbn bade 


ae se bee WR SON RE AL Renee Ri eee Te 


aw eS IS 


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breeds 


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2 


warm weather 


ia 


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q Say Lx 


Breeding places of mosquitos 


* . 
x An Adirondack stream haunted by thousands of mosqui 
2 A new ditch being excavated on salt marshes near L 
s ing perpendicular sides and level bottom. 


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1 Recent salt marsh ditches near Lawrence, L. I., partly filled with the © 
tide 1 
2 A salt marsh ditch at Lawrence, L. J., dug four years ago, showing ~ 
grass hanging over and in places meeting, otherwise the ditch is in ex- — 
cellent shape 


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New York State Education Department 
Science Division, February 16, 1906 


Hon. Andrew S. Draper LL.D. 
Commissioner of Education 
Sir: I beg to transmit herewith, for publication as a bulletin of 
the State Museum, the annual report of the State Entomologist for 
the year 1905. | 
Very respectfully 
Joun M. CLARKE 
Director 
Approved for publication February 17, 1906 


Med Diropea 


Commissioner of Education 


New York State Education Department 


New York State Museum 


Joun M. CrarxeE Director 
EPHRAIM PorTER FELT State Entomologist 


Bulletin 104 
ENTOMOLOGY 26 


21st REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 
1905 


To John M. Clarke, Director of Science Division 


I have the honor of presenting herewith my report on the 
injurious and other insects of the State of New York for the year 
ending October 14, 1905. | 

General entomologic features. The season of 1905 was marked 
by the appearance of two destructive grass pests. Grass webworms 
(Crambidae) were very abundant and somewhat injurious to grass 
lands in Rensselaer and Albany counties in early spring, and in 
midsummer the army worm, Heliophila unipuncta Haw,, 
aroused considerable anxiety by appearing in numbers in limited 
portions of Chautauqua and Erie counties. Fortunately this latter 
attack was not extensive and the injury did not approximate that 
inflicted by this species in 1896. The second brood of the codling 
moth, Carpocapsa pomenella Linn. was unusually 
abundant and caused serious losses, because the fruit crop was 
light and prices for first quality fruit correspondingly high. The 
rose beetle, Macrodactylus subspinosus Fabr., was 
very abundant and injurious in some sections of the State, appear- 
ing in swarms and nearly defoliating many fruit trees. The San 
José scale. Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst., continues to 
spread in fruit-growing sections though it has not been so prolific 
as last year. Shade trees in some of the principal cities of the State 
were seriously injured by caterpillars of the white marked tussock 

moth Hemerocampa leucostigma Abb. & Sm, the 
pests being so numerous as to defoliate thousands of trees. 


50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


San José scale. The control of this destructive insect is still a 
problem of considerable importance to the horticulturist. The 
experiments with various insecticides against this species were con- 
tinued in 1905 and our recent results confirmed in a very gratifying 
manner. The lime-sulfur wash is fully as effective as any other 
material which has been employed against this insect in the East, 
and it is a pleasure to state that our earlier studies in the method 
of preparing this wash have been fruitful of good results, since 
experience shows that the prolonged boiling originally insisted 
upon is unnecessary. We have also demonstrated the possibility 
of making a reliable wash with lime and sulfur by employing only 
a little hot water together with a small amount of sal soda, a sub- 
stance that is*both cheap and easily obtained. This preparation is 
particularly valuable where but a few trees are to be treated. 

Grape root worm. This pernicious enemy of the vineyardist is 
generally distributed throughout the Chautauqua grape region and 
has been under observation during 1905 for the purpose of cor- 
roborating in a general way the results of our earlier studies given 
in Museum bulletins 59 and 72, special attention being paid to the 
danger of its suddenly invading a vineyard in immense numbers 
and inflicting serious injury. . Certain vinevards were. severely 
damaged in earlier years and these have been carefully watched 
for the purpose of obtaining accurate data as to the practicability 
of restoring them. This can undoubtedly be done to advantage. 
where there is serious injury of but.one year’s standing provided 
relief measures are prompt, though it is doubtful whether this is 
true where hosts of grubs are allowed to work two seasons in 
succession. : | , eee 

Gipsy and brown tail moths. These two imported insects have 
become well established in Massachusetts. The gipsy moth is now 
well known as an extremely voracious enemy of fruit and forest 
trees. Its spread is slow, as this species, on account of the female’s 
inability to fly, must rely very largely for dissemination upon the 
eggs or caterpillars being carried from place to place by the move-. 
ment of animals and the usual means .of . transportation, by such. 
vehicles as automobiles, electric and steam cars, etc. In spite of 
this, there is grave danger of its being brought into New York 
State at almost any time. The brown tail moth, a more recent 
introduction, flies readily and has already made. its way to the 
Connecticut valley. Like its associate, it is a greedy leaf feeder, 
living by preference upon our more valuable fruit trees and at the 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1905 SI 


same time displaying a fondness for the foliage of such shade 
trees as maples and elms. These two insects are so destructive 
that a close watch has been kept upon developments in the infested 
territory so that our citizens may not be taken unawares. In addi- 
tion, a comprehensive bulletin giving illustrated accounts of these 
two insects has been .prepared. 

Shade and forest tree insects. This constitutes an exceedingly 
important group, particularly as insect depredations on shade trees 
appear to increase in severity from year to year, strikingly illus- 
trated by the extensive injuries inflicted by tussock moth larvae on 

the shade trees of many of our cities and villages in 1905. So many 
trees were defoliated by the pest that the Entomologist judged it 
timely to make an appeal for their more adequate protection. Good 
shade trees are surely worth $10 each. Our estimates show that 
the total value of these trees in the cities and villages of the State 
is at least $18,000,000 and probably much more. It is a short- 
sighted policy that allows this vast wealth which can be replaced 
only by great expenditure of both time and money to be destroyed 
for the want of a little protection, and we have therefore deemed 
it fitting to urge through the public press that every city of 50,000 
or more should make provision for the adequate care of its shade 
trees by putting them under the-control of a properly qualified 
forester or entomologist connected with either the park or city 
departments. We have further suggested that most. villages would 
find it advantageous to make some provision for the welfare of 
their shade trees. 

The investigations of shade and forest tree insects, begun by the 
writer in 1895, have been continued in connection with the extended 
memoir on Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees, soon to 
appear. A series of illustrations necessary for the identification 
of the very destructive bark borers was an outcome of these studies, 
a unique feature of the work being the demonstration of specific 
morphologic differences existing in the proventriculi of these small, 
dull colored apparently similar forms. Another result of our in- 
vestigations has been the rearing of a number of gall gnats, known 
previously only by the vegetable malformations produced. These 
forms have been characterized in the adult and immature stages 
and form an excellent basis for further studies of this exceedingly 
interesting group. 

Mosquitos. This group is extremely important economically 
and very interesting morphologically. Our work has been largely 


52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


of a fundamental character, since it is absolutely necessary to 
define species before any precise statements can be made as to 
their life history and habits. Several allied forms have been care- 
fully studied in all stages and satisfactory diagnostic characters 
worked out. Morphologic studies are very important because they 
reveal natural relationships, something of considerable moment 
when studying disease-bearing forms, since it is well recognized 
that closely allied species are very likely to have similar habits. 
The efficiency of ordinary repressive work also depends largely on 
a correct knowledge of the species involved. It was extremely 
difficult to identify either larvae or adults of our native forms 
previous to the appearance of Museum bulletin 79, a work which 
contains a series of illustrations very nearly essential to their identi- 
fication. A material addition to our knowledge of these insects is 
given in Museum bulletin 97, which contains a revised key for the 
separation of a large proportion of American Culicid larvae and 
is of special interest because of the morphologic study of the ter- 
minal abdominal appendages, particularly those of the male. We 
have succeeded in homologizing these structures, have bestowed 
thereupon a set of appropriate names and our studies have demon- 
strated that these organs are of great importance to the systematist. 
Careful morphologic studies have already been made of a number 
of exotic forms, new material is constantly being received and we 
should soon be in position to make another important addition to 
the study of this group. Mr J. R. Gillett, a medical student, has 
been employed for six months in rearing mosquitos and making 
microscopic preparations. Some idea of the character and extent 
of our work may be gained from the following statistics: The State 
collection of Culicidae now comprises about 4600 pinned specimens, 
many of them bred, over 1600 microscopic preparations and numer- 
ous vials containing alcoholic specimens of larvae, a total of nearly 
140 species being represented in the adult or larval stages, many 
of them in both. It is proposed eventually to bring together the 
results of our biologic and morphologic studies in a thoroughly 
comprehensive treatise on the mosquitos of New York State. 
Aquatic insects. Dr James G. Needham and Cornelius Betten 
spent the summer in investigating the aquatic insect fauna of Old 
Forge and its immediate vicinity. This work resulted in large 
additions to the State collections, particularly in the Syrphidae and 
Caddis flies. Dr Needham is now engaged on a monographic 
account of the stone flies (Plecoptera) of New York State, which 


a ee en ee ree 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I905 53 


should be completed by the end of the calendar year. Mr Betten 
has in preparation a comprehensive account of our Caddis flies 
(Trichoptera), which may be expected in 1907. 

The investigation of this hitherto much neglected group was 
planned on comprehensive lines though its extent was necessarily 
restricted because of the limited funds available for the purpose. 
The work already accomplished or in hand constitutes an unrivaled 
_basis for more extended studies, which should not only result in 
large acquisitions of original knowledge but should also prove 
of immense service to the fish culturist. An idea of the possi- 
bilities may be obtained from the following statistics culled from 
related lines of effort: A number of years ago the shellfish industry 
of this State was at a very low ebb and now, as a result of the 
application of scientific methods, the products amount to over 
two million ($2,309,758) dollars. The fresh-water fish products 
of the Hudson valley and Long Island amounted in 1900 to over 
one million ($1,192,544) dollars and that coming into the State 
from the Great Lakes in 1901 to nearly one fourth million dollars 
($241,916). These returns were obtained with very little or no 
effort toward improving the available amount of fish food, and 
there seems to be no reason why our numerous fresh-water lakes, 
ponds and streams can not be made much more productive. The 
mere stocking with valuable fish is not sufficient, provision must 
be made for an adequate food supply. It is very probable that care- 
ful studies of water insects and the conditions necessary to their 
existence would result in ascertaining practical means whereby the 
amount of available fish food might be immensely increased: and 
the productivity of waters correspondingly influenced. The pos- 
sible results from further investigations are sufficiently promising 
to warrant continuing this work so far as available funds will 
permit. 

Publications. The Entomologist has made numerous contribu- 
tions of a practical nature to the agricultural press. Two important 
bulletins, entitled Mosquitos or Culicidae of New York State, Ento- 
mology 22 [N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 79] and May Flies and Midges 
of New York, Entomology 23 [N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 86], have 
been issued. Owing to unexpected delays, the report of the State 
Entomologist for 1904 was not issued till after the close of the 
official year. The stone flies (Plecoptera) of New York State are 
being monographed by Dr James G. Needham. This work should 
be completed by the end of the calendar year. The memoir on 


54. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees is going through the 
press and should appear early in 1906. 

Collections. Large and exceedingly valuable additions have 
been made to the State collection during the past season. The total 
is about 15,000 pinned specimens besides a great amount of very 
desirable biologic material. Messrs Needham and Betten secured 
a large number of valuable specimens at Old Forge, and their work 
was admirably supplemented by Assistant Entomologist Young, who 
spent a month collecting in the Adirondacks, specializing in the 
Hymenoptera and Diptera. Collections have been further enriched 
by Mr Young’s donating some 3000 Coleoptera, many of them rare 
and a considerable proportion new to the State collection. The 
general condition of the collection has been much improved during 
the year. Mr Young has devoted a large share of his time to 
classifying the Hymenoptera and Diptera, while assistant Nixon 
has given most of his attention to the Coleoptera. 

Office work. ‘The general work of the office has been conducted 
about as in preceding years, aside from somewhat serious interrup- 
tions due to the protracted sickness of Assistant I. L. Nixon and 
a shorter illness of Assistant Entomologist D. B. Young. Con- 
tinued and gratifying interest in our work is indicated by the cor- 
respondence. 2035 letters, 784 postals, 490 circulars and 1109 pack- 
ages were sent through the mails, and.439 packages were shipped 
by express. . : 

Nursery certificates. Indorsing of nursery certificates issued 
by the State Commissioner of Agriculture has been continued as 
formerly whenever the same was requested, which has been the 
uniform practice of the Virginia authorities for several years. The 
following is a list of firms to whom these nursery certificates were 
issued in the summer and fall of 1905: Nelson Bogue, Batavia; 
George W. Whitney & Co., Bryart Bros., George A. Sweet, Morey 
& Son, Stark Bros., Rogers Nurseries and Sheerins Wholesale 
Nurseries, all of Dansville; T. S. Hubbard & Co., George S. Josselyn, 
Wheeler & Clark, L. Roesch, Foster & Griffith and T. E. Schifferli, 
all of Fredonia; W. & T. Smith, R. G. Chase Co. and Sears, Henry 
& Co., all of Geneva; E. A. Barnes, Middle Hope; Mrs L. 5. 
Peterson, Montrose; Jackson & Perkins Co., Newark; Eugene Wil- 
lett, North Collins; M. F. Tiger, Patchogue; Stark “Stes rear 
land; Chase Bros. Co., Irving Rouse, Hawk Nursery Co., T. W. 
Bowman & Son Nursery Co., Perry Nursery Co., Ellwanger & 
Barry, Western N. Y. Nursery Co. and Brown Bros. Co., all of 
Rochester ; Lake View Nursery Co., Sheridan. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1905 55 


Voluntary observers. The voluntary observers have continued 
to send reports throughout the growing season and a number of 
valuable facts were brought to our notice in this way. These re- 
ports, with the advance of years, will constitute a unique record 
of the abundance and destructiveness of various pests in New York 
State, which should prove of great service to all those interested 
in securing data on insect outbreaks and causes controlling the 
same. 

Historical. It is 50 years since the first report on injurious 
and beneficial insects was published by Dr Asa Fitch, then ento- 
mologist to the State Agricultural Society and practically State 
Entomologist. This document, unique as the first report on in- 
jurious insects in this country by a salaried State official, was the 
precursor of a magnificent series, 14 in all, consisting of over 1100 
pages of largely original matter. These publications deal with in- 
sects affecting the agriculturist, special attention being paid to those 
depredating on grain and garden crops, fruit and forest trees, and 
constitute invaluable records to which economic entomologists must 
frequently refer. A decade elapsed between the appearance of the 
last report prepared by Dr Fitch and the first written by Dr Joseph 
A. Lintner, State Entomologist, though the latter published a num- 
ber of practical entomologic articles and did considerable work 
along economic lines during this period. 

Dr Lintner was first appointed State Entomologist in 1880, and 
the quarter century since elapsing has been very prolific. During 
his term of office he prepared 13 important reports beside several 
minor ones and contributed over goo independent articles to the 
agricultural and horticultural press. His studies and investiga- 
tions were devoted chiefly to insects of prime economic importance, 
such grass pests as the army worm receiving careful attention, 
while species depredating on fruit and forest trees were by no means 
neglected. His official publications, extending over a period of 18 
years, comprise a very valuable addition to economic literature and 
rank high in the estimation of all practical entomologists. 

Later work of the office has been greatly facilitated by that done 
in previous years, the earlier records and collections proving ex- 
ceedingly valuable. Large collections, particularly along special 
lines, have been characteristic of this recent work. Important ex- 
hibits of injurious insects have been prepared and maintained and 
interesting collections sent to the large expositions held at Buffalo, 
N. Y. and St Louis, Mo., all aiding in bringing the work of the 


56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


office to public notice. The more destructive insects have received 

attention from year to year, and in addition a serious attempt has 

been made to conduct special investigations with the idea of making 

more valuable additions to our knowledge of injurious species. | 

The San José scale became established in the east in the early 

ial go’s, resulting in an urgent demand for information concerning 

i this insect and its allies. A special study was made of this species. 

i and its more important congeners, and the results presented in a 

\ comprehensive bulletin on scale insects [N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 46]. 
This work was supplemented by experiments from year to year 

i, with a number of remedial washes, the details being given in annual 

reports for the last five years. The very destructive grape root 

worm of the Chautauqua region was carefully studied and many 

exceedingly important facts learned regarding the pest and the 

feasibility of controlling it demonstrated. The details are given in 

Museum bulletins 59 and 72. 

Serious injuries to shade trees in the late go’s led to an investiga- 

| tion of the destructive forms, and the results were presented in 

| several reports and bulletins, and summarized accounts given in the 
fourth and fifth reports of the Forest, Fish and Game Commission. 
These studies were introductory to work on forest insects, part of 
which appeared in the seventh report of the Forest, Fish and Game 

i) Commission. Field investigations of this group have been con- 

tinued through a series of years and the general results brought 

together in a comprehensive memoir on Insects Affecting Park and 

i Woodland Trees. 

| Aquatic insects constitute an important and hitherto much 

neglected group. Studies of these forms were begun in 1900 and 

hi continued to date with remarkable additions to our knowledge. The 

credit for this is due largely to Dr James G. Needham of Lake 

Forest College and his collaborators, Messrs Betten and Johannsen. 

\ These investigations resulted in a monograph of our dragon flies, 

i special attention being given to the much neglected immature 

' stages, to an as nearly complete account of our May flies, to im- 

i portant additions to our knowledge concerning the Caddis flies, 

and a portion of the true Neuroptera, Sialidae. The midges, Chi- 

ronomidae and Simuliidae, exceeding important groups, have been 

| the subject of extended and comprehensive studies by Mr Johann- 

| sen, the results being given in Museum bulletins 68 and 86. A 

monographic account of our stone flies is nearly completed, and a : 

similar work on the Caddis flies in preparation. Many new forms ~ 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I905 57 


have been discovered and characterized in the progress of this 
work, and the Museum publications treating of aquatic insects are 
essential to the library of every student interested in this important 
group. } 

Original studies of mosquitos, a group of unquestioned economic 
importance, have been prosecuted for several years, the preliminary 
results appearing in Museum bulletin 79, the first American publi- 
cation to present a large number of reproductions from photo- 
micrographs of both adult and larval structures. These illustra- 
tions are of utmost service, being very nearly essential to the iden- 
tification of many species. Furthermore, this bulletin presents for 
the first time an excellent series illustrating the male genitalia, 
structures possessing a systematic value previously ignored and 
more fully expounded in an important morphologic paper con- 
tained in Museum bulletin 97. 

_ Acknowledgments. The office is indebted to Dr L. O. Howard, 

Chief of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of 
Agriculture and to members of his staff for kindly determining 
various insects submitted for name throughout the year. Through 
the courtesy of Forest, Fish and Game Com’r James S. Whipple, 
the facilities of Fulton Chain hatchery at Old Forge, N. Y. were 
placed at the disposal of the office during the time field investiga- 

tions of aquatic insects were in progress. | 
7 Respectfully submitted 
EPHRAIM PorRTER FELT 
State Entomologist . 
Office of the State Entomologist Albany, October 14, 1905 


ESS ———<«— ler eT CUD 


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} 

i 
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58 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


INJURIOUS INSEBEeES 


Grape root worm 
Fidia viticida Walsh 

This species must be considered a serious enemy of the vineyard- 
ist, though its injuries in the Chautauqua grape region have not 
been so great during the last two seasons as they were a few years 
earlier. It is now generally distributed throughout this grape sec- 
tion and a significant development of the last year or two is the 
extension of its operations to vineyards on the hills back from the 
lake. Two and three years ago the beetles were very scarce in 
these vineyards, while last summer both adults and larvae were 
more prevalent than they had been for some years and in one case 
at least, decidedly abundant. 

Life history and habits. The life history and habits of this 
species have received much attention in the last three or four years, 
and considerable data bearing on periods of transformation, the 
habits of the grubs, beetles, oviposition etc., have been presented in 
State Museum bulletins 59 and 72, to which the reader is referred 
for details of much importance in controlling this destructive pest. 
The latter publication comprises practically everything given in the 
former together with many additional facts. 

Root worm control. The investigations of the last three or 
four years have shown beyond doubt the practicability of control- 
ling this insect, even in badly infested vineyards. ‘The observations 
have been continued for the purpose of ascertaining the behavior 
of the pest through a series of years, in order to obtain a more 
adequate conception of its destructiveness and the conditions favor- 
able to its multiplication with the resulting injury. The best idea 
of this insect’s work can be gained by reference to a particular case 
where conditions are known. A very thrifty, well kept vineyard 
belonging to D. K. Falvay of Westfield was found to be abun- 
dantly infested with root worms in the spring of 1903. Most vine- 
yardists know in a general way the results of our experiments. A 
horse collecting machine was made and as a result of three catch- 
ings at intervals of about five days in early July, over 150,000 
beetles were taken from the experimental area of about 5 acres, or 
an average of 59 insects were secured from each vine, in spite of 
the fact that a considerable proportion of the area had been pre- 
viously cultivated for the special purpose of killing the pupae, this 
latter operation undoubtedly destroying from 50 to 75% of the 
latter. Bearing this in mind, these figures give some idea of the 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1905 59 


immense number of root worms which must have been at work in 
the vineyard before operations commenced. An examination in 
1903 showed that the grape roots were very badly scored, and 
there was a question whether the vitality of the vines was sufficient 
to outgrow the injury. The vineyard has, as is well known, re- 
ceived excellent cultivation and care, and the following spring col- 
lections with the bettle catcher resulted in taking about 6% of the 
number captured the preceding July; in other words, the numbers 
of the pest had been reduced by cultivation for the destruction of 
pupae and the collection of beetles by about 94%, if we make no 
allowance for the normal increase of those surviving the opera- 
tions of the previous season. This vigorous action in connection 
with excellent cultivation and fertilization gave the vines an oppor- 
tunity to recuperate, and while they grew well throughout the sea- 
son in 1903 there was still a chance that the root worm injury had 
made such a draft upon the reserve vitality of the vines as to make 
it impossible for them to eventually recover. It is very gratifying 
to state that the observations of 1904 and 1905 show that these 
fears were groundless. The vines, in spite of the severe damage 
inflicted in the fall of 1902, and probably to some extent in the 
early spring of 1903, have been able to overcome the serious injury 
and the vineyard is now in most excellent condition in every re- 
spect. These experiments and their subsequent results should 
prove of great value to every grower, since they show that a vine- 
yard may suffer considerable injury from such a pest as the root 
worm and yet be brought back to its normal condition, provided 
remedial measures are adopted promptly and the vines given an 
opportunity to recover through excellent cultivation supplemented 
by judicious fertilization. 

The above bit of history is a marked contrast to that of certain 
vineyards in the same section, some of which have been practically 
ruined by the root worm, with very little effort on the part of the 


owner to avert disaster. We know of one at least which was seri- - 


ously infested by root worms two or three years earlier than that 
belonging to Mr Falvay and which is still in a very poor condition, 
owing largely, we believe, to continued and unchecked root worm 
depredations. Other causes such as extremely light soil, un- 
drained land, etc. may produce weak, unthrifty vines in restricted 
localities or even over extended areas. These latter by no means 
explain some of the losses in Chautauqua vineyards. The grape 
root worm is undoubtedly causing a great deal of damage and here 


a a 


Nee a Be See. we 


60 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


and there it has multiplied so freely as to nearly destroy the 
vines. 

Experiments with arsenical poisons. The results obtained with 
these substances last year are given in detail in our report for 1904. 
The work of 1905 in this direction has consisted largely in making 
supplemental observations upon the areas sprayed last year. A 
somewhat peculiar and anomalous condition was found to prevail 
about the middle of June in our experimental area in E. W. Skin- 
ner’s vineyard at Portland. It was found that the grubs were 


then decidedly more numerous under sprayed vines than they were © 
under those which were untreated last year and employed as checks. — 


This condition was exactly the reverse of what was found the pre- 
ceding fall and may be explained in one or two ways. The appli- 
cation of arsenate of lead protects the vines to a considerable ex- 
tent, not only from insect injury but from fungous troubles and as 
a result there was fully as good leaf development on the sprayed 
vines as elsewhere. The well known preference the beetles exhibit 
for a thick shelter might naturally lead them to oviposit more 
largely on the sprayed vines and, owing to the fact that the last 
of June and early July the foliage was pretty well protected by 
poison, it may be that a considerable proportion of the eggs were 
deposited in this area later, and this was borne out by our examina- 
tions for egg clusters in 1904. A reference to our report for that 
year will show that a high percentage of eggs were laid on the 
sprayed areas late in the season. Grubs from these late deposited 
eggs are not likely to attain full growth in the fall and as a conse- 
quence are much more easily overlooked, so that the apparent dis- 
crepancy between conditions found in the fall of 1904 and the 
spring of 1905 may have been due in part to the better development 
of foliage attracting more beetles, and in part to the failure of the 
grubs to attain full size before final counts were made in October 
1904. It is at least a peculiar condition, and there is a possibility 
that some of the grubs found under the vines sprayed the preceding 
year may have come from eggs deposited by inflying beetles since 
we know that such migrations occur. 

Further evidence on this point, though not entirely of a satisfac- 
tory character, was obtained by examining a vineyard near Pros- 
pect Station where the beetles, in spite of four sprayings with 
poisoned bordeaux mixture in which 1% pound of paris green was 
used for each 50 gallons, had done considerable eating. This vine- 
yard was treated primarily to prevent rot. The first application 
was made just before and the second just after blossoming, the 


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REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I905 OI 


others following at intervals of about a week or 10 days. It was 
stated that the spraying was thorough, though examination leads 
one to believe that the treatment was concentrated about the mid- 
dle of the vines for the special purpose of covering the fruit, the 
lower and upper leaves escaping the application to a considerable 
extent. The finding of numerous beetles in this vineyard shows 
that the insects can thrive on sprayed vines and emphasizes the 
necessity of very thorough work in case one attempts to control 
them in this manner. The adaptability of beetles to this condition 
is further demonstrated by finding grubs late in the fall rather 
abundant under the vines, showing that these insects will select 
their food whenever there is an opportunity and that they can 
thrive where other species might succumb readily. 

General summary. The observations of the last few years have 
brought out certain facts rather conspicuously. 

They have shown first of all that vines growing on heavy clay 
soils can withstand greater injuries by root worm than those upon 
light sandy soils. , 

They have demonstrated that root worms display a marked pref- 
erence for the lighter soils, and when vigorous vines are growing 
thereon the chances of injury are greatly increased. 

Our investigations have shown that this insect is to a consider- 
able extent a local species; that is, it may breed in very large num- 
bers in one vineyard or even in a portion of a vineyard and be 
almost absent from other parts. The reason for this is sometimes 
seen in greater thrift of badly infested vines and in other cases no 
ready explanation can be found for the difference. 

It has been shown that the beetles fly more or less freely, some- 
times entering a vineyard in large swarms and depositing a great 
many eggs. This fact is of considerable importance because a vine- 
yard free from the pest one season may be very badly infested 
another. These peculiarities in the behavior of the insect render 
constant watchfulness necessary on the part of the grower. 

Our experiments with arsenical poisons have not been so suc- 
cessful as we had hoped, and though the insect is undoubtedly 
checked thereby to some extent, we doubt the wisdom of relying 
wholly thereupon. .Experience and investigations show that the 
applications must be exceedingly thorough in order to obtain even 
a moderate amount of protection in this manner. 

Recommendations. The peculiar and somewhat erratic habits 
of this insect lead us to emphasize the advisability of watchfulness 


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62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


on the part of every grower if he would avoid serious injury by 
root worms. 

There is no doubt as to the value of cultivation for the destruc- 
tion of pupae, and wherever the beetles are at all abundant we would 
advise as heretofore, that vineyardists plan if possible to have a 
ridge of firm earth at the base of the vines either in the fall or early 
spring (preferably the former), and to remove the same with a 


horse hoe or other implement when the great majority of the in- — 


sects are in the “turtle” or pupal stage, which is normally from 
the first to the middle of June. | 
This measure may well be supplemented by dessecre beetles, 
either by the employment of a beetle catcher or with an arsenical 
spray. The use of the former is preferable in all vineyards where 


the insects are very abundant and especially where. the vines are 


growing vigorously. The latter may be employed with safety 
wherever the vineyard is not badly infested, and particularly on 
vines not growing rapidly. The employment of an insecticide is 
most advisable where the berry moth is at all prevalent, because 
there is no doubt but that the poison kills over half of these insects, 
and this benefit should be taken into account when deciding on the 
method of destroying the beetles. It should be remembered that 
if poisons are used the application should be most thorough, and it 
is probable that an outfit capable of developing a high pressure and 
delivering an extremely fine, mistlike spray would give better re- 
sults than one where the spray is coarser and consequently does 
not drift in among the leaves to so great an extent. 

Our observations show that it is much better to fight this insect 
at the outset and prevent serious injury to a vineyard, rather 
than to take chances and spend three to five years in getting the 
vines back into fairly good condition. 


Army worm : eae 
Heliophila umpunctata Haw. 


This species occurred in large numbers in limited areas of Chau- 
tauqua and Erie counties last July. Mr Eugene Merry of Derby 
informed us that army worms were quite destructive on 17 acres, 
largely of oats, in the town of Evans, Erie co. The pests ap- 
peared July 1 and were abundant about 10 days. No natural ene- 
mies were observed. Fortunately the outbreak was not an exten- 
sive one and so far as we can learn no serious injuries were in- 
flicted in other sections of the State. 


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REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I905 63 


Early history. The widespread depredations of 1896, at which 
time this pest inflicted its maximum injury, are still fresh in mind. 
The numbers of this species fluctuate widely at irregular inter- 
vals. The first authentic report of injury in New York so far as 
known occurred in 1817, when many meadows and pastures in the 
northern towns of Rensselaer county and the eastern portions of 
Saratoga county were rendered as “barren as heath.” Some in- 
jury was recorded in 1842 from the western part of the State and 
severe ravages were committed in 1861 in the vicinity of Buffalo, 
near the head of Seneca lake and at several other points in the 
_ southern and western counties. Depredations by this species were 
reported from Tioga county in 1871, and four years later it at- 
tracted notice the latter part of July and the middle of August on 
Long Island. It was again destructive in 1880, caterpillars ap- 
pearing in June on Long Island where they caused much alarm. 

Description. This insect is one of our common grass-feeding 
species, which is present in greater or less numbers in grass fields 
from year to year. Its habits are such that it is ordinarily ob- 
served only when conditions allow it to become abnormally abun- 
dant and destructive. 

The eggs are smooth, white when first laid, turning gradually 
to a pale straw color before hatching and are about 4 inch in 
diameter. They are usually deposited in adhesive masses and may 
be found between the leaf sheath and the stem of grass, the toughest 
stalks in the thickest clumps being a favorite place of deposit. They 
are also laid on herbs, dead stems, stalks and in less favorable places 
when the moths are abundant. 

The young caterpillars, rarely seen, are about inch long, of 
a dull, translucent color with brownish black or yellowish head with 

dark eyes. These recently hatched caterpillars walk in a looping 

-manner, somewhat like measuring worms. After the first molt the 
young caterpillars are + inch long, the head is darker and the 
striping observed in full grown individuals is becomifg apparent. 
The general color of the body is yellowish green with three more 
or less well defined brownish lines on each side of the body. The 
looping habit is still continued. 

The full grown caterpillar has the head light brown with variable 
dark brown markings, there being more or less indistinct, broken, 
oblique, sublateral stripes of dark brown. Thoracic shield light 
brown with distinct median and sublateral white lines. Body a 
variable greenish with fuscous markings and with more or less 


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64. | NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


distinct median, sublateral, lateral and substigmatal, narrow, white 
lines, the sublateral and lateral separated by a broad, yellowish, 
brown or reddish mottled stripe and the stigmatal bordering a 
broad, yellowish brown or reddish mottled stripe, below, which 
in turn margins the greenish yellow, fuscous mottled ventral sur- 
face. The area between the median and narrow sublateral white 
line is a variable greenish with fuscous markings, there being in 
some specimens more or less of a fuscous spot on the anterior por- 
tion of each segment just above the lateral line. The lateral white 
line is separated from the stigmatal line by a broad, variable dark 
band. True legs pale yellowish; prolegs mostly pale yellowish 
with a more or less distinct fuscous patch externally. 

The above represents the more normal type of. coloration. 


Darker individuals are to be found with almost no trace of the 
_narrow median white line. The sublateral, yellowish brown mot- 


tled stripe bordered by two white lines appears to be more con- 
stant and the same is true of the narrow, stigmatal, white line and 
its ventral margining, yellowish brown mottled band. Occasional 
specimens have the sublateral lines nearly obsolete. 

The mahogany-brown pupa is about 34 inch long, rather stout 
and bearing at the posterior extremity a pair of slightly Convery 
spines, and on each side thereof two fine, curved hooks. 

The adult is a very modest, reddish gray or fawn-colored moth 
with a wing spread of about 1%4 inch. It may be recognized by the 
small, rather conspicuous, somewhat triangular white spot in the 
middle. of each forewing, which latter bears at its outer margin in 
particular a variable series of small black spots. 

Life history. The winter is normally passed in the pupal stage, 
the moths appearing in early spring and depositing their eggs as a 
rule on coarse vegetation. The caterpillars hatching therefrom 
feed upon various grasses or grains, increase in size rapidly and 
in turn transform to moths early in June. These latter deposit 
eggs as did their predecessors, and the caterpillars hatching there- 
from constitute a second brood which is the one that caused the 
principal injury this season and also in 1896, though occasionally 
the third brood is destructive in September. 

The caterpillars are very retiring in habit, remaining under shel- 
ter most of the time. The feeding is done iargely during cloudy 
weather or at night. The young caterpillars eat away the lower 
epidermis of the leaf much in the same way as do Crambid larvae, 
beginning to eat holes in the sides of the leaves when about a week - 


\ REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1905 65 


old. There is considerable difference in the rate of development, 
_ which is caused largely by the abundance and condition of the 
food. 

Indications of injury. The signs of this insect’s presence are 
not very striking till serious damage has been inflicted. Oats for 
example appear to be abnormally thinner and on examination it 
may be found that most of the leaves have been eaten away. An 
unusually early ripening should arouse suspicion. The character- 
istic black droppings on the surface of the ground should lead to 
: scrutiny. Light patches in the field should be examined for signs 
: 


of this insect’s work, and a search under stalks, stones or any adja- 
cent shelter may result in exposing the caterpillars. 

3 Natural enemies. This pest has a large number of natural ene- 
“mies, which are undoubtedly very serviceable in controlling this 
“species. Unfavorable weather conditions destroy many of the 
hibernating insects and at times a deadly bacterial disease cuts off 
‘thousands of caterpillars. Vertebrate enemies such as swine, 
shrews, skunks, weasels, domestic fowls, specially ducks and geese 
Band various insectivorous birds devour large numbers of the cater- 
‘pillars whenever they are numerous. Predaceous insects such as 
the ground beetles and the tiger beetles also aid in the good work, 
one of the most efficient of the former being the fiery ground beetle, 
Calosoma calidum Fabr. 

_ Native parasites play an exceedingly important part in checking 
this species. The red-tailed Tachinid Winthemia quadri- 
pustulata Fabr., sometimes occurs in swarms in an infested field, 
and its rather large, whitish eggs are frequently observed just be- 
hind the head of unfortunate caterpillars. An almost equally abun- 
‘dant and efficient enemy is found in the closely allied yellow-tailed 
Tachina fly, Belvoisia unifasciata Desv. A number of 
allied species assist in this work and their efforts are supplemented 
by those of several minute four winged flies, one of the best known 
of these latter being the so called military microgaster, Apan- 
teles militaris Walsh. The rather large, reddish, flattened, 
wasplike parasite, Eniscopilus purgatus Say, is another 
valuable check upon this species. 

_ Preventive and remedial measures. The most important thing 
to be borne in mind in connection with this insect is that the moths 
deposit their eggs by preference on coarse vegetation of one kind 
br another and as a result army worm outbreaks are likely to occur 
in the vicinity of rank weed growths such as neglected spots about 


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66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


stones, untrimmed strips beside fences and similar localities. Farms ~ 
where clean culture prevails are much less likely to suffer injury © 


than those presenting conditions attractive to the moths, as de-_ 


scribed above. 


The caterpillars of this pest are usually so abuneeat in an in- 
fested field that nothing but heroic and prompt measures will stop — 


their work. Grain badly infested throughout with these insects 


can be saved only by cutting it at once and drying, because the cater-~ 
pillars will cease eating as soon as the stalks have become somewhat © 


hard. Usually army worms are very abundant in patches here and 


—— 


there, and advantage may be taken of this and their spreading to © 


comparatively uninfested portions prevented by the use of a series 


of furrows, bands of tar, narrow boards set on edge and with the 
face next the pests covered with tar, or other obstacles. The furrows, 


~=- == 


a 


if they be employed, should be turned away from the portion to be © 


protected, and they can be made more efficient by excavating holes 


in the bottom at intervals of a rod or two, in which the army worms ~ 
will drop as they crawl along the furrows seeking a place to ~ 


escape. The pests can easily be destroyed in such places by pour- 


ing on kerosene or even covering with earth and crushing. A strip ~ 


of tar several inches wide, preferably spread upon a board, will 


turn the caterpillars aside and it may likewise be made more effect- ~ 


ive by digging holes close beside it, into which the worms may be 


trapped as described above. A narrow, smooth board set on edge, 
tipping a little toward the pests, will also be of value in diverting — 


the insects from the field to be protected. 


The caterpillars can be destroyed by spraying crops ‘on which | 
they are feeding with paris green, london purple or other arsenical 


poison, making a very heavy application with the idea of destroy- 


ing them at once. A poisoned strip should prove of considerable | 
service in protecting areas beyond and its efficacy may be enhanced 
by the employment of a poisoned bran mash, using enough paris _ 
green or other arsenical poison to give a distinct coloring to the) 
mixture and spreading it liberally in thickly infested sections. Bet- 
ter results will follow the use of this latter if the mash be distrib- 
uted in the late afternoon, as it would remain moist and attractive 
to the caterpillars for a longer period. Many army worms may be 
destroyed by spraying them with kerosene, a strong kerosene emul- 
sion or other contact insecticide. These measures will destroy the 
caterpillars and are not so dangerous to live stock as though poisag | 


was employed. 


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REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1905 67 


The essential is to avoid presenting conditions attractive to these 
insects and lacking that, to detect the presence of the enemy early 
and then adopt vigorous measures to prevent further injury. 


Bibliography 
A detailed account of this species is given by the late Dr J. A. 
Lintner in the 12th Report of the State Entomologist for 1896, 
pages 190-214. 
7 Grass webworms 


Crambus species 


The latter part of May 1905 was noteworthy because of the 
appearance of many purplish, brown headed caterpillars about 34 
inch long in grass fields. These webworms were so abundant in 
portions of Rensselaer, Columbia and Albany counties as to eat 
practically all the grass within limited areas, producing conspicuous 
brown patches, which gave rise to considerable apprehension lest 
the depredations become more extensive and result in great losses. 
An examination the latter part of May and early in June led us to 
estimate that in portions of the town of Schodack fully 100 acres 
had been denuded of almost every green leaf. 

Early history. The most severe, widespread injuries by these 
insects in New York State were recorded by Dr Lintner in his first 
report. for the year 1881. The depredations were confined largely 
to St Lawrence county. Dr Lintner states that in the town of 
Potsdam hundreds of acres of pasturage had been destroyed and 
not one farm, it was believed, had escaped. Some idea of the out- 
break may be gained from Dr Lintner’s observations which follow: 
“An upland pasture containing 50 acres, which, 10 days previous 
to my visit, had afforded good pasturage, was now entirely brown. 
No grass could be seen in glancing over its whole extent, except 
over a very narrow strip which had been used as a roadway when 
farming purposes necessitated occasionally passing from one field 
to another.” On returning, Dr Lintner readily detected the rav- 
ages of the caterpillar “at various other places in St Lawrence, 
Jefferson and Oswego counties, by the brown patches, usually of 
small extent, on knolls and in the more elevated portions of the 
pastures bordering the road. Near Richville, several large in- 
fested patches were seen. None were noticed at Keen’s Station. 
At about a mile south of Sanford’s Corners, in Jefferson county, 
and continuing for some distance farther, traces of the attack were 
visible in small brown spots in pastures. Within about 2 miles of 


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68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Watertown, it became quite noticeable, and for a few miles beyond, 
several pastures showed the higher portions infested, and a grain 
field was also believed to be suffering from it. It was again noticed 
as we approached Adam’s Center and after leaving Sandy Creek, in 
Oswego county.” 

A few years later Dr S. A. Forbes, state entomologist of Illinois, 
recorded severe injuries to corn by the so called corn root worm 
or better, corn webworm, Crambus zeéllus Fern., and in 
1891 Prof. Lawrence Bruner reported the same insect as damaging 
corn in Nebraska and several other states. The latter year the 
sooty Crambus, C. caliginosellus Clem. was destructive to 
corn in Delaware, and similar work was noticed as early as 1886 at 
Bennings, Md. Injuries by webworms to corn planted on sod 
were reported by Dr Smith for the year 1893 and in 1894 the gar- 
den Crambus, C. hortuellus Hutbn. was recorded by Mr 
Scudder as a destructive pest of cranberries. Crambids were very 
injurious to grass lands in Ohio in 1896. Professor Webster states: 
“T witnessed more widespread, severe injury from these webworms 
than ever before. Not only have whole fields of corn been swept 
out of existence, but fields of oats have been as completely de- 
stroyed, and on being resown have again been as utterly ruined a 
second time. In some portions of the State, almost without ex- 
ception, oats or corn sown or planted on sod lands was entirely 
destroyed, and in one or two cases even on ground that was the 
previous year devoted to wheat, these crops have suffered also.” 
These insects have also been more or less injurious to corn and 
tobacco, particularly in Maryland, specific cases being recorded by 
Professor Johnson for the years 1897 to 1900 inclusive. The dam- 
age was in each case attributed to the sooty Crambus, C. cali- 
ginosellus Clem., and invariably occurred on land which the 
previous year had been in grass. | 

Life history and habits. There are about 20 native species of 
close-wings or Crambids, parents of grass webworms. They are 
all, so far as known, grass feeders by preference and closely re- 
semble each other in life history and habits. The moths are easily 
recognized by their peculiar position in connection with their lim- 
ited flight. They invariably occur in grass lands and when flushed 
fly but a rod or two, alighting on a stem or blade of grass with the 
body parallel thereto, the wings wrapped closely about the abdomen 
and the conspicuous palpi extending directly forward. The pecu- 
liar manner of holding the wings has led the English to bestow 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1905 69 


e pon them the common name of close-wings. A series of trap lan- 
terns were run at Cornell University in 1889 and the material 
; therefrom shows that different species of Crambids fly from the 
latter part of May throughout October, the greater number being 
’ abroad in July, fewer in June and August and only one or two 
species in May and September. This variation in the period of 
“tie probably indicates a corresponding difference between the 
time the caterpillars of the several species attain maturity. This 
a is of considerable importance because most caterpillars feed much 
_ more heartily just as they are completing growth, and were this 
; destructive period in the various species distributed over a series 
of weeks the caterpillars would obtain a maximum amount of food 
Bvith a minimum injury to the grass. This is very probably what 
occurs in nature. 
3 The life history of these forms, so far as known, may be sum- 
marized briefly as follows: The adults fly as 
} described above and drop their pearly white 
“or yellowish, strongly ribbed eggs at ran- 
dom in the grass, caterpillars hatching 
therefrom in about a week. The young 
larvae obtain shelter at the base of grass 
stalks and at first eat only the underside of 
the leaf, leaving the upper epidermis. They 
soon construct a cylindric, web-lined retreat 
to which they retire during the day. As 
they attain a little size, portions of the leaf 
_are eaten away and soon the young cater- 
pillar is strong enough to cut off a blade of 
grass, drag it to its nest and even end it up 
and draw the end down into its web-lined 
sshelter. This is evidently a provision SO 5... Grambus trisectus, 
Seeteea creature can feed during the He ee aera Teese of 
Sday without exposing itself to attacks from ™ author's illustration) 
-yarious natural enemies. The partly grown webworms pass the 
“winter in their web-lined retreats and in the spring renew their feed- 
‘ing, those of the vagabond Crambus, C. vulgivagellus Clem., 
‘completing their growth the latter part of May or early in June, at 
‘which time the cocoon is spun. The caterpillars, however, remain 
unchanged in their shelters for about two months or through June 
and July, and the moths appear in the case of this species during the 
latter part of August and may be observed throughout September. 


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7O NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Natural enemies. Webwormis are subject to attack by a number — 


of natural enemies, which are undoubtedly of much service in 
keeping the pests within bounds. A 


nota frigida Cress., was reared 


the one which is so efficient in check- 
ing army worm outbreaks, was bred 
from larvae by Dr Lintner, who ob- 


known caterpillar hunter, the fiery 
eround beetle, Calosoma calt- 


Fig. 2 Crambus albéllus, larva dm Fabr. - Vis dattemieiasceamee 


tube or nest in grass, the lower portion D 
exposed by the removal of alittle humus undoubtedly a valuable ally in check- 


(Redrawn from author’s illustration) 


expect in addition that many of the smaller ground-feeding birds 
would destroy a large number of these grass pests. 

Remedies. Grass webworms, as has been pointed out above, 
live by preference on members of the grass family and ordinarily 
abound only in grass lands. Their invasion of corn fields, tobacco 
fields and cranberry bogs must be considered more or less acci- 
dental, particularly as their depredations in these latter are usually 
much more marked on the borders of fields adjacent to grass than 
- elsewhere. This naturally suggests the advisability of keeping crops 
likely to suffer injury from these pests as distant from grass lands 
as practical. Corn and tobacco fields and possibly cranberry bogs 


could be surrounded by several rows of potatoes, for example, in 


localities where these pests are likely to cause trouble. 


Another condition leading to injury is when grass sod badly | 


infested with these webworms is plowed and then planted with 
some crop upon which the caterpillars can feed. This is the usual 
explanation where there is extensive and serious damage to either 
corn or tobacco, and the obvious remedy is so to arrange opera- 
tions when practical as to render such an outbreak impossible. 
Plowing of the infested land in late summer or early fall, in August 
or early in September, should result in most of the caterpillars 
perishing before the following spring. This can not always be 
done, and danger of injury by those species of webworms which 


minute four winged fly, Lampro- 
from the caterpillars by Dr Lintner 
in 1881, and Dr Riley obtained an- © 
other form, Cryptus mundus@ 
Prov. A small Tachanid, allied t@ 


served in the infested fields a well | 


ing grass webworms. We would 


| 
| 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I905 7% 


feed in early spring may be obviated to some extent by delaying 
the plowing as late as possible, so as to give the caterpillars an 
opportunity to complete their growth before some other crop 
appears. Early spring plowing of such fields may only aggravate 
the injury by retarding the development of the caterpillars, with 
the result that when corn or some other crop begins to appear it 


is speedily devoured by hordes of half starved webworms. The 


}) 


destruction of a crop under these conditions may be avoided to 
some extent by putting in from one half to double the usual amount 
of seed, thus increasing at the outset the chances of securing a fair 
stand. 

Nothing can be done to prevent injury by these pests to badly 
infested grass lands after the characteristic brown patches have 
begun to appear, because the labor involved would amount to more 
than the value of the crop to be protected. Ordinarily such an 
outbreak means simply the loss of a considerable proportion of the 
grass for that season, as the webworms rarely feed on grass roots 
to any extent. There is therefore no necessity of plowing such 
lands unless one be desirous of obtaining a green crop of some 
kind, and as pointed out above, the sowing should be delayed a 
little in order to enable the webworms to complete their growth 
before the new crop begins to develop. 

Literature. Literature relating to these oe is somewhat 
scarce and consists for the most part of brief records of injury 
to grass or grain crops. An economic account of these insects 
is given by the author in bulletin 64 of the Cornell University 
Agricultural Experiment Station, and Prof. C. H. Fernald has 
monographed the entire family in the 33d annual report of the 
Massachusetts Agricultural College, 1896, pages 77 to 160, to 
which the reader is referred for additional information concerning 
these insects. 

Important species. There are several of these forms which have 
caused more injury than others and it is of some importance to be 
able to recognize them, consequently the following brief descriptive 
accounts have been prepared. 


Vagabond Crambus 


Crambus vulgivagellus Clem. 
The adult is‘a very ordinary appearing moth having a wing 
spread of 34 to 1% inches. The general color is a yellowish gray 
though the forewings are flecked with black and with black dots 


i 
4 


72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


on the vein tips. The very long, black flecked labial palpi are 
most characteristic of the insect. It is the form which was largely 
responsible for the extensive | 
outbreak in the St Lawrence 
valley recorded above and is 
probably fully as destructive — 
to grass in this section as any 
Crambid. 

Description of early stages. 
Fig. 3 Crambus vulgivagellus, enlarged The moths fly about dusk dur- 

Oren) ing the latter part of August 
and the first half of September and are attracted to light in large 
numbers, though a considerable proportion of the captures are males. 

The pale straw-colored eggs turn to a reddish buff color before 
hatching. The very young larva is only about 5‘; inch long and 
has a dark brown head, an olive-colored thoracic shield and a 
straw-yellow body. Late in the fall the young caterpillar may be 
nearly 4 inch long. The head is then jet-black, the thoracic shield 
a deep brown and the brown body ornamented with dark brown 
hairy tubercles. The full grown larva (presumably this species) 
is about 34 inch long with a very dark brown almost jet-black head. 
The thoracic shield is dark brown, shining and the body a dull 
reddish brown or olivaceous with well developed, dark brown 
tubercles, each bearing a moderately long, stiff, brown hair. The 
thorax and abdomen are a little wider than the head, the latter 
being broadest near the middle, tapering somewhat toward the 
posterior extremity. Anal shield well developed, variably dark 
brown. True legs dark brown, prolegs dark brown, olivaceous. 
Ventral surface light yellowish brown. 

Life history. The moths fly more or less during the day, par- 
ticularly in shady places. The females are quite prolific, one 
depositing 320 eggs after capture, which is probably about the 
normal number. The young larvae remain for a time coiled up — 
on a leaf in plain sight when not feeding, and if disturbed lie quiet 
for a minute and then try to escape, or they may drop at once by 
a silken thread. The larvae feed mostly during the day as cold 
weather comes on and occasionally may be seen eating in the early 
morning. ‘They devour the soft parenchyma at first and later the. 
whole leaf is consumed. This species feeds mostly on grass though 
it eats small grains, and winters as an immature larva which 
resumes feeding in the spring, completes its growth the latter part 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I905 7 


of May or in early June, spins a cocoon and some two months later 
Ppupates, the moths appearing in August and September. 


Dried Crambus 


Crambus trisectus Walk. 


This species is a rather large, ashy gray moth having a wing 
spread of 7% to 1% inches. The forewings are ornamented with 
two irregular, oblique charac- 
teristic black markings. The 
moths fly mostly at or just after 
dark and are attracted to light 
in large numbers, being on the 
wing throughout June and July, 
though individuals have been 
taken the latter part of Septem- 
ber. This species, as recorded 
Beenemdier, was associated 5; , Crambus trisectus, enlareed 
with the vagabond Crambus in Omginal) 
the unprecedented outbreak observed in the St Lawrence valley. 
Our collections at Ithaca show that it is about as abundant as the 
preceding species, and like it should be regarded as a serious pest in 
grass lands. 

Description of early stages. The eggs are a cream-yellow when 
first laid, gradually turning to an orange-buff color before hatching. 
The very young larva has a black head, a dark brown thoracic 
_ shield and the body is a translucent white with numerous small 
_ black tubercles, each bearing one or more light colored hairs. The 
larva in late fall is about , inch long with the head and tubercles 
black, while the body is a mottled chocolate-brown with a dark 
stripe along the dorsal line. In early spring the head and thoracic 
_ shield are a dark amber, the tubercles of the same color and there 
is a dull pinkish line along the middle of the back, and irregular 
dark wavy subdorsal and lateral lines, the body being a pale straw 
color, . ; 

The oval cocoon is just below the surface and composed of a 
_ thick layer of bits of grass with particles of soil adhering. Within 
it is smoothly and thinly lined with silk. 

Life history. This species appears to be moderately prolific, 
as one female deposited 150 eggs after capture and it is estimated 
that between three and four hundred may be produced. The newly 
hatched larvae show a marked preference for the axle of a leaf, 


se eS 


74 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


where they eat the soft paranchyma, feeding most voraciously. 
They begin to spin webs in these retreats when about a week old 
and frequently several leaves are 
fastened together, in the midst of 
which the caterpillars feed. They 
will also subsist on sheep sorrel if 
grass is not available. The last of 
September, about a month after 
hatching, the young caterpillars con- 
struct near the surface of the ground 
cylindric perpendicular nests which 
are usually attached to one or more 
stalks of grass. The outside of this 
retreat is covered with finely chewed 
bits of grass, while the inside ‘is 
smoothly lined with silk. The nests 
are about 1% inch long and 7; in 
diameter. They are strengthened as 
necessities demand by the addition of 
more grass to the outside and occa- 
: sionally a large piece is attached to 
Fig. 5 Crambus trisectus, lerval the side of the Mest, sHolsimamanalm 

ube at base of grass stem, enlarged 

(Redrawn from author's illustration) the pieces are smail and of nearly the 
same size. The larvae retire for the winter about the first of Novem- 
ber, closing the free end with a bit of grass. Some nests have an 
underground chamber and a passage which probably allows the exit 
of the larvae during mild days and gives them access to the roots of 
grass. The larvae come forth in the spring and according to 
Dr Lintner complete their growth and pupate in June, the insects 
appearing 15 days later. 


Dark-spotted Crambus 


Crambus mutabilis Clem. 

This species, with a wing spread of about 7% inch, may be recog- 
nized by the dark spot near the middle of the slaty forewing. 
There is also a dark subterminal line which is usually rubbed so 
as to give the appearance of a second dark spot. It is a larger 
species than the sooty Crambus, C.-caliginosellus Clem., 
which it resembles somewhat. The moths fly the latter part of the 
afternoon and early evening during June, July and even in August 
and September. This close-wing seems to be confined to low 
or damp land and is easily attracted to lights. The species is a 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9Q05 75 


very common one at Ithaca and is undoubtedly an important grass 
pest. It is one of several found by Professor Webster causing 
serious injuries to the grass and grain lands of Ohio in 18906. 
_.Description of early stages. The eggs are creamy white when 
first laid, gradually turning to an orange-red color before hatching. 
The young larva has a pale yellowish head flecked with sooty 
specks and the body is dark, semitransparent, white with irregular 
reddish blotches along the dorsum. Scattered dark colored hairs 
occur on the head and body. 

Life history.. This species appears to have an exceptionally 
long breeding season, as adults may be observed from June to 
‘September and possibly there are two generations annually. The 
period of oviposition lasts a week or more. One female deposited 
200 eggs the day after being captured, 200 the next day and 100 
the third, and at the end of the week had produced 727 eggs. 


Yellow Crambus 


Crambus luteolellus Clem. 


This rather uniform, yellow Crambid with a wing spread of 34 | 


to. 1. inch, appears to be confined to low, wet lands, the moths being 
abroad at dusk during the latter part of June and July. It was a 
tare species at Ithaca, though Professor Webster lists it as one of 
the five species responsible for extensive injuries to the grass and 
grain lands of. Ohio in 1896. Practically nothing is known of -its 
early stages except that the eggs are a light reddish color when 
first laid and ornamented with 14 prominent longitudinal ribs. 
It. is closely related to the following species. 

Sooty Crambus | 


tf ox 


Cecmbus caliginosellus Clem. 


s 
e- 


b. This small, dark colored. moth with obscure markings has a wing 
rea of from % to I inch. The adults are abroad in early even- 
ing during the latter part of July and the first week of August, 
very few being attracted to lights.. 


_ This insect is best known because of its injuries in the corn and. 


tobacco fields of Maryland. It does not appear to be an abundant 
or destructive form in New York State. 

--Description of early stages. The eggs are creamy white when 
first laid, gradually turning to an orange red color. The young 
larva has a pale amber head and is a dirty, translucent white with 
irregular, reddish spots on the middle line of the back. Scattered 
light colored hairs occur on both the head and body. 


76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Life history and habits. This species appears to be moderately 
prolific, as one female deposited 275 eggs. The habits of the larva 
have been described by Professor Beck- 
with practically as follows: The cater- 
pillars remain feeding on the tender 
inner portions of the corn, working just 
beneath the surface of the soil. Some 
; HiT stalks are nearly girdled and the worms 
Big. 6 Ciawbas caletnosel. are frequently imbedded in cavities they 

have excavated. Sometimes as many as 
30 caterpillars were found in a hill, some stalks of which were en- 
tirely destroyed and in others the stalks were small, yellow and sickly. 
The greatest injury was inflicted in the portion of the field adjoining 
a small strip of timothy sod. It is probable that the moths flew 
into the field from the adjacent grass, dropped their eggs and the 
young larvae hatching therefrom caused the trouble above described. 


Corn root worm 


Crambus geéllus Fern. 


_ This is a dull, leaden gray, yellowish marked moth with a wing 
spread of from 34 to nearly I inch. It appears to be rare in New 
York State, though it has been recorded from Maine, Pennsylvania, 
West Virginia, Illinois and Missouri and has been reported as a 
serious pest of corn. It is one of five species which Professor 
Webster considers responsible for extensive injuries to the grass 
and grain lands of Ohio in 1896. | 

Description of early stages. The larva has been described 
by Dr Forbes as follows: 


Head dark chocolate-brown, slightly and irregularly rugose, with 
long yellowish hairs; upon the front a white S shaped mark; 
cervical shield yellowish, with a white median line; anterior edge 
whitish, and an oval black spot on the sides. Below the lateral 
edges of the cervical shield are two hairy tubercles; second and 
third segments of thorax each with two rows of hairy tubercles, 
the anterior of four, the posterior of two large quadrate spaces, 
sometimes united in the middle. From the 4th to the 1oth seg- 
ment the hairy tubercles above the spiracles are in two transverse 
rows of four each, those of the anterior row being quadrate with 
rounded angles, and as large as the interspaces; those of the pos- 
terior row transversely elongated, about twice as long as wide. 
Lateral tubercle of anterior row immediately above the spiracle 
emarginate at its posterior inferior angle, on all the segments from 
the sixth to the ninth; on these segments a smaller tubercle behind 
and beneath the spiracle; and two others between the spiracle and 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I905 77 


the proleg; a narrow arcuate tubercle, with long hairs outside, in 
front of each proleg. Anal shield smooth, reddish brown, with a 
few long brown hairs; spiracles dark brown. Ventral surface 
paler than the dorsal. Length of full grown larva, .6 to .8 of an 
inch; greatest width, .1 inch. 

Life history. This species was studied by State Entomologist 


Forbes of Illinois, who found the larvae inflicting considerable 
injury on corn, attaining full growth the latter part of June or 
early in July, adults appearing July 22. It is probable that the life 
history of this species agrees closely with that of others. The eggs 
are presumably dropped at random in the grass and the partly 
grown caterpillars hibernate in web-lined retreats. There may be 
two generations annually, as pointed out by Dr Forbes. 


Paneled Crambus 


— Crambus laqueatellus Clem. 


This moth with a wing spread of 7% inch may be recognized at 
once by the two white stripes extending the greater length of the 
dark brown wings and separated by a 
brown stripe of almost equal width. 
The species was a rather abundant one 
at Ithaca in May and June in 1896 and 
is one of several which committed seri- 
Ous injuries to the grass and grain fields _ 3 

: Fig. 7 Crambus laqueatel- 
of Ohio the same year. lus, enlarged (Original) 
Description of early stages. The eggs are creamy white when 
first laid, gradually turning to an orange color before hatching. 
The young larva has a brownish black head, a light brown thoracic 
shield and a pale body mottled with bright red and bearing blackish 
tubercles. The full grown larva is unknown. 

Life history. This form is the earliest to appear in New York 
State and is also remarkable because more females than males 
were taken in trap lanterns. ‘This insect seems to be a prolific 
one, as each of several females laid over 200 eggs, which is probably 
_ below the average. These hatched in about 12 days and the larvae, 
though quite active, refused to feed on timothy and therefore per- 
ished. Practically nothing else is known of the habits of this 
species. 


Garden Crambus 


Crambus hortuellus Hubn. 


This little species with a wing spread of 5g to 7 inch may be 
recognized by its linear markings of yellow A silvery gray com- 


78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


bined with short, black lines and dots. It is a very common species — 
in grass lands during July and has attracted considerable attention 
because of its injuries to cranberry 
bogs, where it is known as the cran- 
berry girdler. aie 

Description of early stages. 
The eggs are creamy white when 
| first laid, turning to a pinkish red 
Bie 2 (Geos hortuellus, en- before hatching. The young larva 

has a smutty white color with the 
head a little darker than the rest of the body. The full grown larva, 
as characterized by Scudder, has a yellowish head and thoracic shield 
and the dark body is sparsely clothed with bristles, the longer ones 
being nearly as long as the width of the body. 

Life history. This is a very prolific species, one female deposit- 
ing 700 eggs. ‘They hatch in about to days and the young larvae 
are very strong and active. They soon construct vertical cylindric 
nests at the base of grass stalks, covering the outside with bits of 
dry grass and lining them with silk. The larvae become dormant 
as cold weather approaches and in November the nests are rein- 
forced with additional silk and the tops closed, affording a secure 
retreat for the winter. Professor Scudder’s observations on this 
species as a cranberry insect show that the larvae occur in silken 
galleries beside the prostrate stems or runners upon which they 
feed. The injury was more marked.on the edges of the field,. pre- 
sumably near grass. He found that the cocoons were spun at the 
surface of the soil and strengthened with particles of sand: They 
remained therein till the latter part of May or early in June appa- 
rently without any feeding, transtormed to pupae, and a month 
later the moths emerged. , 

Remedies. This species, according to Mr Scudders can be 
checked on cranberry bogs by flooding them for five days directly 
after picking the crop. This destroys the larvae, and where the 
injury to cranberries is serious this measure might be supplemented 
by keeping adjacent fields cultivated or in some crop other than 
grass, upon which this species and its allies thrive. 


Experiments in controlling San José scale 


Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst. 


The following experiments against this insect during the season 
of 1905 were confined largely to testing several lime-sulfur washes 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I905 79 


with a view of ascertaining the most efficient preparation and at 
the same time obtaining more data upon the reliability of these 
washes under New York conditions. This latter was particularly 
advisable owing to the unfortunate results obtained during the 
season of 1904 in New Jersey, and given wide publicity in the early 
fall. This consideration led us to conduct experiments at Oyster 
Bay, L. I. making applications in particular to both pear and apple, 
as the wash was said to be less efficient on these fruit trees than 
on peach. Corroborative experiments were also carried on, partly 
in duplicate, on apple and pear trees in an orchard at Washington- 
ville. The necessity of boiling the wash by an ordinary application 
of heat or the employment of a chemical to facilitate combination 
was also investigated. There was slight ground for believing that 
a very finely divided sulfur might destroy the scale insects if exposed 
to the oxidizing effects of moisture and air, and to determine this 
a few limited experiments were tried with a fine amorphus sulfur 
kindly supplied by Mr F. H. Pough, general manager of the Bergen 
Port Sulphur Works. Unfortunately this material proved a total 
failure so far as controlling scale was concerned. The much talked 
about combinations between kerosene and a carefully hydrated mag- 
nesian lime, designated as K-L mixtures were also experimented 
with to some extent and the results of other applications observed. 

Both the Oyster Bay and Washingtonville orchards contained 
an abundance of badly infested trees, and through the kindness of 
ieee WMicCoun, the owner of the first, and Mr C. R. Shons, 
proprietor of the latter, every facility was placed at our disposal. 
Careful plans were made and the actual work of application was 
intrusted to Assistant Entomologist D. B. Young and Assistant 
I. L. Nixon. Owing to the limited time during which the work 
could be done and a succession of windy unfavorable days in con- 
nection with the great difficulty of obtaining careful men to do the 
spraying, not all the trees were covered as thoroughly as desirable. 
Several trees at least in each lot were very well sprayed and these 
were used as a basis for determining the efficiency of the various 
washes. The writer made a personal investigation of the work a 
few days after it was completed, and the comments on the thorough- 
ness of the work at that time were probably influenced to some 
extent by the inevitable washing during an interval of a week or 
1odays. This is further sustained by the generally favorable 
fesults. apparent as the season progressed. The record of the 
‘field work together with the results noted is given below. 


So NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Formula I 


This wash, consisting of 20 pounds of lime and 15 pounds of 
sulfur to 50 gallons of water was prepared by bringing several pails 
of water nearly to a boil in an iron kettle, adding the lime, follow- 
ing at once with the sulfur and stirring vigorously and maintaining 
an active boiling for at least 30 minutes. The wash was then 
strained and diluted to the requisite amount with cold water. The 
first lot of this wash became a deep green before boiling was com- 
pleted. There was more sediment than usual, about 2% quarts, 
apparently mostly sand. This was applied March 31 in the orchard 
of Mr J. T. McCoun at Oyster Bay, to 16 young appletrees in 
row 2, the first four receiving two sprayings. The wash changed 
to a yellowish gréen after being applied. An examination April 15 
showed that the four trees twice sprayed were well covered, though 
a few twigs were missed. The application appeared to be rather 
thin and the trees were lead-gray. There was no sign of washing. 
July 11 the insecticide was very apparent and there was very little 
evidence of breeding. September 26 the trees were examined again 
and very few young scale insects were found. 

Another lot of the wash was made April 2 and applied to row 7 
in the same orchard. The only difference in the wash observed 
was that the color was a red-orange instead of green after standing 
the usual time. The coating seemed to be thinner when examined 
April 15 than was the case in row.2 and there was some more 
breeding July 11. September 23 the scale insects were breeding 
somewhat and the conditions were not bad, although the trees were 
very thickly infested the preceding spring. 

This wash was also applied April 4 to nine greening trees in the 
apple orchard of C. R. Shons at Washingtonville. It began to 
sprinkle before the spraying was completed and during the night 
there was considerable rain till 10.30 the next morning. The trees - 
did not show much washing and when examined April 14 it was 
seen that the general application was very good, though a trifle 
thin. July 13 there was very little or no breeding and the wash 
was plainly evident. September 28 there was only a slight infesta- 
tion and very little breeding. 

This wash was also applied March 30 to 13 peartrees belonging 
to J. T. McCoun at Oyster Bay. ‘The reaction was excellent, am 
orange color being obtained in 10 minutes and gradually changing 
to red-orange and in 30 minutes to a dark pea-green. There was 
nearly a quart of sediment and this probably made trouble for the 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1905 81 


pump, as there was some difficulty in operating it. Examination 
April 15 showed that the tops of most of the trees were skipped, 
while the lower portions were fairly well covered. There was very 
little breeding July 11, and September 26 young were more abun- 
dant and on some trees there was considerable breeding, due 
probably to the trees not being thoroughly covered. 

Another lot was applied April 4 to 17 peachtrees in the orchard 
of Mr Shons at Washingtonville. The preparation of the wash 
gave the usual reaction except that a wine-red color was obtained. 
An examination April 14 showed that tree 1 was fairly though rather 
thinly covered. There was no evidence of washing. July 13 there 
was very little or no breeding and the wash was still evident and on 
September 28 there was very little breeding. 


Formula 2 


This wash, composed of 25 ponds of lime and 20 pounds of 
sulfur to 50 gallons of water differs only from formula 1 in calling 
for alarger amount of lime and sulfur. The method of preparation 
in both instances was identical. The first lot was made with lime 
fromthe bottom of a barrel, and as the action was very slow an 
additional 2 pounds was added about two minutes later. This 
increased the chemical action and continued it much longer. The 
wash was a deep red in 20 minutes and eventually became a deep 
green. There was less than a quart of sediment. It was applied 
March 30 to 15 appletrees in the orchard of Mr McCoun at Oyster 
Bay. -An examination April 15 showed that the first four trees 
were well covered except for a few twigs that were missed and 
that more were skipped where there was but one application. The 
former trees were well and the latter thinly covered. July 11 the 
wash was visible to some extent and there was a little more breed- 
ing on near-by trees treated with formula 1. September 26 there 
was some breeding though none of the trees were in a bad condition. 

Another lot of this wash was prepared April 7 and applied to 
“seven greening trees in the apple orchard of Mr Shons at Washing- 
tonville. This lot was boiled 30 minutes and stood as long, becom- 
ing at the end of this period a pea-green color. An examination 
April 14 showed that the application was only fair, limbs being 
skipped in places even on the first tree. The insecticide adhered 
well to the twigs and there was no evidence of washing. July 11 
‘the wash was easily seen and there was very little or no breeding. 
September 28 very few young were to be found. 


‘application seems to have been entirely successful. 


82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Another lot of this wash was prepared March 30 and applied to 
18 Bartlett peartrees belonging to Mr McCoun at Oyster Bay. The 
action in this instance was very good, becoming orange, gradually 
changing to red and upon standing till after lunch was a very dark 
green. There was about a quart of sediment. Upon examination 
April 15 it was seen that the lower portions of trees I and 4 were 
well covered. July 11 there was some breeding and the same was 
true September 26. 


Formula 3 


This wash, composed of 20 pounds of lime, 15 pounds of sulfur 
and 10 pounds of sal soda to 50 gallons of water, was prepared by 
placing the lime in four or five pails of hot water, following at 
once with the sulfur and sal soda. The mixture was then stirred 
vigorously, and in case the reaction was violent enough to threaten 
boiling over, a few quarts of cold water were added from time to 
time. The wash was covered with burlap as soon as danger from 
boiling over had passed, and allowed to stand 30 minutes. It was 
then diluted with the requisite amount of cold water. The first 
lot was prepared March 31 and the action was comparatively mild, 
there being no necessity of adding cold water to prevent boiling 
over. The final color of the clear liquid of the wash was a brick- 
red and there were about 3 quarts of sediment, mostly sand. This 
wash was applied to five appletrees in Mr McCoun’s orchard at 
Oyster Bay. An examination April 15 showed that the first four 
trees were pretty well covered though some twigs were missed. 
The more thoroughly sprayed limbs were moderately white, while 
those receiving only one application were lead-gray. July 11 there 
was apparently no breeding in spite of the fact that the trees were 
so badly infested by scale the previous year that a considerable pro- 
portion of the limbs were dead. September 24 the scale was breed- 
Ine tO ta slimibedsextent. 

The same wash was applied at Washingtonville April 4 to 17 
appletrees. The reaction in this instance was slow and continued 
about 15 minutes. The color of the clear liquid became wine-red. 
There was very little sediment. An examination April 14 showed 
that the first tree was fairly though not thickly covered and that the 
application to the other trees could be classed as fair. The insecti- 
cide was thicker on the first tree and there were no signs of washing. 
July 13 there was very little or no breeding and the wash was still 
evident. September 28 there was very little breeding and the 


aie 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I905 83 


Another lot of this wash was made up April 7 and applied to 
20 appletrees in Mr Shons orchard at Washingtonville. The action 
was good in this instance and continued for at least 10 minutes. 
The wash was an orange-red when stirred and the clear liquid had 
a wine color. An examination April 14 showed that the first tree 
was fairly well covered and there were no signs of washing. Very 
little breeding was evident July 13 and September 23 the conditions 
were very satisfactory. 

Another lot of this wash was made up March 30 and applied to 
Peariett peartrees in Mr McCoun’s orchard at Oyster Bay. 
The action was so mild in this case that the addition of cold water 
masmm@r necessary to prevent boiling over. At the end of 30 
minutes the color was a red-orange and there was very little sedi- 
ment. A lump about the size of one’s fist was not reduced. This 
lot for some reason or other kept clogging the nozzles and gave 
considerable trouble in this respect. An examination April 15 
showed that the first tree was pretty well covered and the tops of 
the other trees skipped though otherwise well sprayed. July 11 
there was some breeding and the same was true September 26. | 


Formula 4 


This wash, composed of 25 pounds of lime, 20 pounds of sulfur 
and 12% pounds of sal soda to 50 gallons of water, differs only 
from formula 3 in being more concentrated. The first lot prepared 
gave a very good reaction. The mixture rose nearly to the top of 
the barrel though it was not necessary to add cold water to prevent 
its boiling over, possibly due in part to a strong, cool wind blowing. 
Mie seaciiew continued for 20 to 25 minutes. There was a con- 
siderable amount of sulfur which did not appear to be acted upon, 
possibly 2 quarts and an equal quantity of residue, probably sand. 
In this instance but 11144 pounds of sal soda were added because of 
the limited supply at hand. This wash was applied March 31 to 
18 appletrees in the orchard of Mr McCoun at Oyster Bay. April 
15 the first four trees were moderately well covered though some 
twigs were missed on one side. There were no signs of washing. 
The color of the limbs and branches twice, sprayed was grayish 
white and that of those receiving a single application, lead gray. 
July 11 the wash was quite apparent and there was very little breed- 
ing on tree 2 and some breeding on trees 3 and 4. September 26 
there was comparatively little breeding on the first four trees and 
the results may be considered very satisfactory after making allow- 
ance for conditions. 


I 
y 


] 


Sa 


SS 


_—— = --.<T = 


5 


84 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Another lot of this wash was prepared April 5 and applied to 
nine Ben Davis appletrees in the orchard of Mr Shons at Washing- 
tonville. The water in this case was not boiling hot and there was 
consequently very little reaction, so slight that it was not regarded 
as having been sufficiently cooked. Steam was therefore turned 
on and the preparation boiled for 10 minutes, at the end of which 
time it was orange-red. Rain interfered with the application and 
continued all night. The sprayed trees showed some signs of 
washing though the insecticide was visible upon all. April 14 a 
close examination showed that there was a little even on apparently 
bare spots. The wash adheres well to the twigs. July 13 the wash 
was evident and there was as a rule very little breeding. Some 
of the fruit was slightly spotted, due probably to portions of twigs 
being skipped. September 28 there was not much breeding though 
there was a little more than on the adjacent row in this orchard, 
sprayed with formula 1. 

Another lot of this wash was made up March 30 and applied to 
22 Bartlett peartrees in the orchard of Mr McCoun at Oyster Bay. 
The reaction was very satisfactory, it being necessary to add some 
cold water in order to prevent the wash from boiling over. The 
color was very satisfactory, ranging from orange to orange-red. 
An examination April 15 showed that the lower branches of the 
first three trees were fairly well sprayed. The application was 
thick and there were no signs of washing. July 11 breeding was 
rather abundant and it was continued September 26. The abund- 
ance of young in this instance may be accounted for egy by the 
untreated upper portions of the trees. 

Another lot was prepared April 5 and applied to 17 peachtrees 
in the orchard of Mr Shons at Washingtonville. The reaction was 
very active and lasted but five minutes, producing an orange-red 


‘color. An examination April 14 showed that many portions of 


the limbs were skipped and that the wash adhered well even on the 
twigs. There was very little breeding evident July 13 and the same 
was true September 28. 


Formula 5 


This wash, composed of 30 pounds of lime and 15 pounds of 
sulfur to 50 gallons of water depends upon the heat generated by 
the slaking lime to bring about a combination between the lime 
and sulfur. The latter was first made up with about 2 gallons of 
boiling hot water in a barrel and this was then stirred into the barrel 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I905 85 


containing the lime, adding at once enough to make 9 gallons of 
boiling water. It was found necessary to add 2 gallons more or 
the material would have been dry before the reaction stopped. The 
latter» was very violent, and after being covered and standing 30 
minutes was a bright orange. There was about I quart of sedi- 
ment. This wash was applied March 31 to 18 appletrees in the 
orchard of Mr McCoun at Oyster Bay. April 15 it was seen 
that the first two trees were well covered except in the case of a 
few twigs. The spray was moderately thick on these and on those 
treated with only one application the color was lead-gray, the 
application being thin and more twigs missed. There was no 
appreciable washing. July 11 the wash was still apparent on the 
first tree and there was very little breeding in spite of the scale 
being so abundant the previous season as to kill many limbs. Sep- 
tember 26 there was a limited amount of breeding. 

Another lot of this wash was prepared April 7 and applied to 
17 appletrees in the orchard of Mr Shons at Washingtonville. 
The reaction was very violent and over in seven minutes. There 
was a large amount of sediment, probably 4 quarts. The wash did 
not spray well. An examination April 14 showed that the first 
tree was well covered in places, only one limb apparently escaping 
treatment. There were no signs of washing. July 13 very 
little breeding was evident except on the third tree where there was 
considerable on a badly infested limb which was probably skipped 
in part. September 28 there was very little breeding as a rule. 


Formula 6 


This wash, composed of 15 pounds of lime and 15 pounds of 
sulfur to 50 gallons of water differs only from formulas I and 2 
in calling for equal amounts of lime and sulfur. One lot was 


prepared April 7 and applied to six Ben Davis trees in the apple 


orchard of Mr Shons at Washingtonville. It was boiled 30 
minutes, at the end of which time it was an orange-red color. An 
examination April 14 showed that the first tree was well covered 
and the others moderately so, with some twigs skipped. The wash 
adheres very well even on the twigs. July 13 there was very little 
or no breeding and the wash was quite evident. September 28 
there was very little breeding and the results were generally very 
satisfactory. 
_ Another lot of this wash was made up March 30 and ae to 
23 Bartlett peartrees in the orchard of Mr McCoun at Oyster Bay. 


EE 


fn 2 ere ~~ a - 


86 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


This lot was boiled very rapidly for about 30 minutes, at the end 
of which time it was a dark green. ‘There had been a shower and 
the trees were somewhat damp at the time of application. There 
was quite a little rain during the following night and while the 
wash was very apparent on the trees the next day, it showed a 
little washing from the rain. April 15 the application appeared 
to be fairly even and showed slight signs of washing. July 13 
there was comparatively little breeding and the same was true 
September 26. 


e Formula 7 


This wash, composed of 20 pounds of lime and 15 pounds of a 
specially fine grade of sulfur, known as the amorphous form to 50 
gallons of water, was prepared by first slaking the lime and allow- 
ing it to cool, then thinning it to something like whitewash and 
adding the sulfur. There was some difficulty in mixing in the 
latter because it lumped rather badly. The preparation was forced 
through a screen on adding the requisite amount of water before 
spraying. It was applied to a few appletrees on the south side 
of the apple orchard of Mr McCoun at Oyster Bay. April 15 it 
had washed badly except where there was an abundance of scale 
which aided in keeping it in place. July 11 there was a large 
amount of breeding and it was plainly evident that this preparation 
was of comparatively slight value. | 


Formula 8 


This wash, composed of 25 pounds of lime and 20 pounds of 
the extra fine amorphous sulfur to 50 gallons of water was prepared 
in the same way as formula 6, and applied April 1 to a few apple- 
trees on the south side of Mr McCoun’s orchard at Oyster Bay. 
The results were practically the same as those recorded for formula 
7. ‘These two experiments indicate plainly that comparatively little 
dependence can be placed upon the beneficial action of elemental 
sulfur alone. A certain portion of it at least must be brought into 
combination with the lime in order to obtain satisfactory results. 


Formula 9 
This wash, composed of 40 pounds of a high grade carefully 
hydrated magnesian lime known as limoid and 10 gallons (20%) 
kerosene to 38% gallons of water, was prepared as follows: The 
kerosene was added to the limoid and stirred into a smooth paste. 
There was a slight excess of kerosene and an additional pound of 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I905 87 
limoid was necessary to take it up. Then four pails of water were 
added and stirred in vigorously with a hoe. The oil seemed to 
emulsify very readily. This was then put through a force pump 
for four minutes before being applied. It sprayed nicely and there 
was no sediment. An examination the next day showed that the 
trees were very white and the application seemed to have spread 
over the tree as well as in the case of lime-sulfur washes. This 
wash was applied March 31 to 14 Bartlett peartrees in the orchard 
of Mr McCoun at Oyster Bay. An examination April 15 showed 
that the trees were whitish with the lime. There was no odor of 
kerosene and living scale were easily found. July 11 breeding 
was rather abundant and September 26 young scales were present 
in large numbers. 


Formula ro 


This wash, composed of 50 pounds of limoid and 12% gallons 
(25%) kerosene to 34% gallons of water is the same as formula 9 
except that there is a slightly larger amount of kerosene, there 
being 25% oil in place of the 20% oil in formula 9. It was pre- 
pared in the same way as the other. There was as in the preced- 
ing case a slight excess of kerosene though the paste was somewhat 
thicker. This was applied March 31 to 14 Bartlett peartrees in 
the orchard of Mr McCoun at Oyster Bay. It did not spray as 
well as formula 9 and the nozzles clogged somewhat. An exami- 
nation April 15 showed that the trees had a whitish appearance. 
There was no kerosene odor and living scale was easily found. 
July 11 there was rather abundant breeding and September 28 
young scales were very numerous. 


Formula 11 


This wash, composed of 40 pounds of lime and Io gallons (20%) 
kerosene to 3814 gallons of water is the same as formula 9 except 
that a carefully hydrated calcium or ordinary stone lime was used 
in place of the magnesian lime sold under the trade name of limoid. | 
The lime was carefully dry slaked by sprinkling with the necessary | 
amount of hot water. The fine slaked lime was then sifted through | 
a very fine sieve and the requisite amount mixed with the kerosene ) 
as in the case of the limoid. It was found necessary to add 18 | 
_ additional pounds of sifted lime and even then fully a quart of 
_ kerosene remained on top. This made a very thick paste and it | 
' seemed impossible to work any more lime in without producine a 
_ lumpy mixture. This was diluted with the necessary amount of ; 


88 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 

water and 2 quarts of sediment remained. It was applied April 1 
to 18 trees in the apple orchard of Mr McCoun at Oyster Bay. 
The emulsion was driven through a force pump for five minutes 
previous to application. An examination April 15 showed that 
the trees were slightly sprinkled with lime and that many scale 
insects were alive, some twigs were missed and there was some 
washing or else a rather uneven application. July 11 there was 
very little breeding on the first two trees though on the fourth 
there were large numbers of young. September 26 the scale was 
breeding in very large numbers on a number of the trees. This 
mixture is a difficult one to prepare and our experience with it was 
certainly not very satisfactory. 


General observations 


A general observation of the lime-sulfur washes April 15 showed 
that most of them adhered well even to the smaller apple twigs 
where the application had been thorough. There was very little 
evidence of washing. The general results on the experimental 


trees in the Washingtonville orchard July 13, and also at Oyster 


Bay were very satisfactory considering the conditions under which 
the applications were made. This judgment was further substan- 
tiated by the trees sprayed by Mr Shons. The latter were prac- 
tically clean, while the fruit on those he had been unable to treat 
was well spotted with scale insects and a great many young were 
to be found on the branches. The same condition obtained Sep- 
tember 28. There was only a small amount of breeding on the 
sprayed trees except here and there where a portion of a limb had 
been skipped. 

Spring applications with lime-sulfur washes in 1905 have been 
uniformly successful so far as our observations go. The general 
cooperative work at Glen Cove and vicinity showed that most of 
the treated trees were almost free from scale, though some of the 
worst infested ones bore a few living insects. Only occasionally 
was the pest abundant and then it was limited to a few limbs, evi- 
dently skipped. The results on peartrees were fully as satisfactory 
as those on apple, and in June the scale was well controlled on 
plum. ‘The few instances where the pest was somewhat abundant 
on sprayed trees could easily be explained by the rough character 
of the bark protecting some of the insects. This is particularly 
gratifying when it is remembered that the work was pushed when- 
ever conditions made spraying at all possible because of the large 
number of trees needing treatment. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I905 89 


Equally gratifying results were obtained by Mr W. H. Hart in 
his large orchard at Poughkeepsie, and wherever he was able to 
spray trees on both sides, each application accompanied by a stiff 
favorable wind, the pest has been kept under control in a very 
_ gratifying manner. The reverse was the case where unfavorable 
winds prevented treatment from the other side and such bore con- 
siderably smaller fruit badly infested by scale. There was also 
some difficulty in spraying the higher limbs, and in a number of 
instances Mr Hart has cut the top back with markedly beneficial 
results. The pest as a consequence has been kept under control 
at a considerably less expense and trees thus treated were easily 
recognized because of their larger fruit and more thrifty condition. 
Some of the others which had not been cut back have rather thin 
tops with more or less dead branches, showing that the spraying 
had not been successful at a hight of more than 18 or 20 feet from 
-the ground. The general condition of the orchard is much better 
than a year ago. Mr Hart now believes in thoroughly drenching 
the infested trees, using a coarse nozzle and he employs hand 
pumps in preference to power outfits because of the lightness and 
mobility of the apparatus. 

The results obtained by Mr L. L. Morrell at Kinderhook are 
equally gratifying and the condition of his orchard is much better 
than a year ago. A Bartlett pear orchard which was severely 
injured in 1903 and in bad condition in 1904 has made a very 
gratifying growth during the past season. It is extremely inter- 
esting to note that trees sprayed by Mr Morrell with a lime-sulfur- 
_sal soda wash prepared entirely with cold water, which does not 
give satisfaction so far as deep brick-red color and vigor of reaction 
is concerned, were just as free from scale or almost as much so as 
others sprayed with the regular steam-boiled lime-sulfur wash. 
We much prefer to adhere to the original recommendation and 
advise preparing this wash, if it is to be employed, with several 
pails of hot water to promote a vigorous reaction at the outset. 
August 10 we had the pleasure of looking over an infested orchard 
in the central part of the State which had been thoroughly sprayed 
with a lime-sulfur wash in the spring of 1904 and again in 1905. 
A specially thorough treatment was given in hopes that the pest 
could be exterminated, as the infested trees were surrounded by 
valuable and extensive orchards. The results were exceedingly 
gratifying and almost no traces of living scale were found on the 
LTEeS. 


— ee = > 


ae Me 


go NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Summary of experiments 


The results so far as killing the scale is concerned are markedly 
similar in the case of all lime-sulfur washes employed excepting 
numbers 7 and 8 where no heat of any kind was allowed to aid 
in effecting a combination between the lime and sulfur. The 
general behavior of the washes coupled with experience therewith 
in previous years leads us to regard formula 1, calling for 20 
pounds of lime and 15 pounds of sulfur to 50 gallons of water 
boiled at least 30 minutes, as of at least equal value to any other 
fire or steam boiled wash. Formula 2 calling for a little more 
lime and sulfur was not enough better to warrant the increased 
amount of material. Formula 6 consisting of 15 pounds each of 
lime and sulfur to 50 gallons of water gave excellent results, yet 
previous experience leads us to believe some excess of lime is pre- 
ferable on several accounts. We therefore continue our recom- 
mendation of formula 1 as being among the best of the lime-sulfur 
washes. 

The so called unboiled washes depend upon chemical heat to - 
bring about a combination, and of these formula 3 composed of 20 
pounds of lime, 15 of sulfur and 10 pounds of sal soda to 50 gallons 
of water gave as good results as any similar combination, though 
more of the soda may be used as called for by formula 4. The 
lime-sulfur-sal soda wash requires a little care in preparation but 
after some experience the general results are much more satis- 
factory so far as chemical behavior and combination is concerned, 
than is the case with other unboiled or chemically boiled washes 
we have employed, and as stated above it holds its own in destroy- 
ing the scale. It requires a minimum amount of hot water to 
secure a very satisfactory prolonged chemical action. Experience 
with this wash shows that it can be prepared without any hot 
water but unless the lime be of very superior quality we believe 
this to be inadvisable. Formula 5 requiring 30 pounds of lime 
and 15 pounds of sulfur to 50 gallons of water depends upon the 
heat generated by the large amount of lime to bring about a satis- 
factory combination between the sulfur and the lime. The action 
as noted is violent though of short duration and generally speaking 
the combination is not nearly so satisfactory as that obtained where 
sal soda is employed, and the wash itself is not so easy to handle. 

Experience with a very fine amorphous sulfur and carefully slaked — 
lime mixed together after the latter had cooled showed that this 
combination was practically of no value and further discussion 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I905 QI 


thereof is unnecessary. Formulas 9 and 10, making 20 and 25% 
kerosene limoid washes, were tested under several conditions and 
generally speaking the results were not equal to those obtained 
with lime-sulfur washes, though there is no doubt but that a certain 
amount of scale was destroyed by the application. The general 
results were disappointing even in the hands of other persons 
where the treatment was said to be exceptionally thorough. 


WOES FOR THE YEAR 


The following brief accounts relate to some of the more inter- 
esting species observed during the season, and are grouped as 
heretofore under appropriate heads. 


Fruit tree insects 


Codling moth (Carpocapsa pomonella Linn.). This 
species is well known as the apple worm and is more or less 
abundant from year to year. The season of 1905 has been marked 
by considerable injury in different sections of the State, which 
was further emphasized by the scarcity and high price of apples. 
The second brood of this pest appears to have caused the greater 
part of the damage, particularly in the Hudson valley. Some 
growers, thinking the pest was rather scarce, did not spray at all 
and as a consequence suffered greatly where others, making the 
usual applications but not expecting a second brood, were injured 
to a considerable extent. This is only another instance emphasiz- 
ing the necessity of constant watchfulness if one would escape 
severe losses through insect depredations. 

Apple maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh). This 

' species is a very common and destructive pest of early apples, 
particularly sweet varieties in New England. It is only occasion- 
ally brought to notice in this State. Mr C. H. Stuart of Newark, 
writing August 8, states that this insect was very numerous in 
early fruit, it being so abundant that he was unable to find a sound 
early apple. Mr W. H. Hart of Poughkeepsie, a large fruit grower, 
also called our attention to the work of this species, stating that 
in his experience it was much more abundant and injurious in 
sheltered hollows than on side hills or other places where there is 
presumably more air. This species is a somewhat local form and 
it is very probable that it is affected to a considerable extent by 
wind currents, since it appears to exhibit a marked tendency to 
assemble in sheltered places. 


TS ae = 


g2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Rose beetle (Macrodactylus subspinosus Fabr.). 
This common, well known pest of roses in particular, and a con- 
siderable number of other trees and plants whenever the insects 
are excessively abundant, is more or less numerous from year to 
year in certain favored breeding areas where the soil is almost 
always of a sandy nature. Reports of unusual abundance and 
corresponding injury by this species have been received from Staten 
Island, Grahamsville and the vicmity of Rochester, NigyY gine 
insects appear in swarms and not only attack rosebushes but extend 
their depredations to the foliage of appletrees, even eating into the 
young fruit at Rochester. At Grahamsville the insects swarmed 
on fruit trees, displaying a marked preference for plum, the foliage 
of which they completely skeletonized. 

This insect is a very difficult one to control and owing to the 
fact that its favorite breeding grounds are usually in sandy, com- 
paratively valueless land, the cost of plowing the same and destroy- 
ing the insects thereby would amount to more than the loss incident 
to their ravages. The beetles are extremely resistant to insecticides, 
though Professor Webster found that a whale oil soap solution, 
I pound to 2 gallons of water, was fairly effective in destroying 
the pests, still it is hable to cause more or less injury to the foliage. 
Dusting the plants with land plaster, ashes etc. may afford some 
relief and highly valued small trees or shrubs might be protected 
by mosquito netting. There is a bare possibility that thorough 
spraying with arsenate of lead, particularly if it was used in 
bordeaux mixture and a very large proportion of poison employed, 
would afford a certain amount of protection and perhaps result in 
the destruction of some beetles. Experience with other Deetles 
leads us to believe that the relief, if any is obtained, will be as much 
from the beetles disliking the foliage as their being destroyed by 
the poison thereon. 

Scurfy scale (Chionaspis furfura-Fitch). This species 
is more or less prevalent in most sections of the State though rarely 
abundant enough to cause much injury. The seasons of 1904 and 
1905 appear to have been marked by an unusual multiplication and 
corresponding injury, particularly in Dutchess county, where this 
scale insect has been abnormally abundant and quite destructive. 
It can be controlled as has been repeatedly pointed out by thorough 
spraying with a contact insecticide about the latter part of May or 
early in June, preferably selecting the time just after the majority 
of the young have appeared and before they have covered them- 
selves to any extent with the protecting scale. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9QO5 Q3 


Grass and grain insects 


White grubs (Lachnosterna species). White grubs of the 
May or June beetle are well known and are more or less abundant 
from year to year, though the insects have a life cycle extending 
over three years and a corresponding fluctuation in injuries- has 
been observed. This season appears to be one when the grubs were 
unusually destructive, as reports of serious damage have been 
received from several sections of the State and one at least from 
an adjacent state. 

The life history of this species may be summarized briefly as 

follows: Eggs laid by the parent beetles in loose soil hatch about 
-a month later, the grubs slowly increasing in size for at least two 
years and from the middle of June till the middle of September 
of the second or third year, earthen cells are constructed by the 
beetles, in which the transformation to the pupa occurs and the 
adults appear the following spring. 

The rather serious injuries to grass lands last year renders it 
very probable, in view of the above given life cycle, that the 
beetles will be unusually numerous next summer. This suggests 
the idea that in sections where these pests are unusually abundant 
and injurious it might be advisable to so plan farming operations 
as to plow under the majority of the grass lands to be devoted 
the next two or three years to crops liable to injury by these pests, 
the year following the abundance of the beetles; namely, in 1907. 
This procedure if followed by a fair amount of cultivation should 
result in the destruction of many young grubs, as they are pre- 
sumably less able to withstand adversity during their early exist- 
ence than later in life. 

The subterranean habits of these pests render their control 
somewhat difficult. There is hardly a more effective and satis- 
factory method of checking them in gardens, strawberry beds and 
similar places, than by digging them out as soon as their presence 
is indicated by the poor condition of affected plants. Repetition 
of such trouble can be guarded against to a great extent by plant- 
ing recently plowed grass lands infested by these grubs with crops 
not affected by them. Neither of these methods can be employed 
on lawns, where occasionally considerable injury is inflicted. The 
grubs can be killed in- these latter situations by liberal applica- 
tions of kerosene emulsion, the standard formula diluted with 
about six parts of water. This treatment should either be fol- 
lowed by a copious watering or be made just before a good rain. 
The idea is that the water following. the insecticide will wash it 


O4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


down and bring it into contact with the grubs. A _ successful 
treatment of this character should result in destroying these insects 
within a few days. 

Saddle-back caterpillar (Sibine stimulea Cleans This 
slug caterpillar about an inch long may be recognized at once by 
the light green ““ saddle cloth” thrown over a chocolate-brown 
body, both the “saddle” and the “saddle cloth” being margined 
with white. It is somewhat flattened in shape and bears four con- 
spicuous spiny processes, two near each end and a number of 
spiny tubercles at each extremity and along the margin of the 
body. Ordinarily this larva is rare, and we were somewhat sur- 
prised to receive a communication in September from Mr F. R. 
Calkins of Ossining to the effect that the larvae were abundant 
on his corn and devouring the leaves very rapidly. This species 
is a general feeder, having been recorded on such diverse plants 
as apple, cherry, rose, raspberry, currant, chestnut, oak, grape, 
sumac and beet. ‘This caterpillar is also interesting because of 
its urticating powers. Mr Calkins states that he was severely 
stung by a larva. It is therefore necessary to handle the cater- 
pillars with caution. This species when at all abundant can be © 
easily controlled by timely spraying with an arsenical poison. 

Stalk borer (Papaipema nitela Guen). (Whig @cee 
borer is commonly reported as affecting a number of thick stalked 
plants, especially corn, potatoes, tomatoes and sunflowers. The 
latter part of June we received a report, accompanied by specimens, 
of this larva working in the stems of scarlet runner beans, and only 
a few days before we removed a nearly full grown caterpillar from 
the succulent tip of a raspberry shoot. 

Spittle insects (Philaenus lineatus Linn. and P. spu- 
marius Linn.). Conspicuous frothy masses of spittle on grass 
were unusually abundant in different sections of the State and 
have attracted a corresponding amount of notice. The two com- 
mon species upon grasses in New England, according to Professor 
Fernald, are those above named and it is very probable that the 
young of these two forms produced most of the spittle masses. 

These little insects are very peculiar and possess marked charac- 
teristics. The eggs are said to be laid in the stems of plants in 
the autumn, remaining unhatched until the spring. Th= young 
establish themselves on various grasses usually at the joint, and 
begin drawing the juices therefrom. A clear liquid is extruded 
from the posterior extremity and this is beaten into a froth by the 
insect extending the tip of its abdomen and drawing bubble after 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1905 95 


bubble of air into the fluid with its spoon-shaped extremity. This 
is continued till the little spittle insect is completely enveloped with 
a mass of froth which undoubtedly protects its soft tender body 
from the drying atmosphere and is probably of some service in 
warding off natural enemies, though certain wasps are known to 
search out these frog hoppers, taking them from their slimy sur- 
roundings for the purpose of provisioning their nests. 

The general appearance of a spittle insect is easily ascertained 
by parting the frothy matter, when a stout, blunt headed, pale 
greenish or straw-colored hopper less than % inch long is revealed. 
The parents differ from the young only in being slightly larger, of 
a pale green or brown color and with well developed wing covers. 

The injury to plants infested is directly proportional to the amount 
of sap withdrawn, and while these insects are occasionally quite 
abundant the damage is rarely serious. There is no practical 
method of controlling them in grass lands because the expense 
would amount to more than the value of the crop. 


Shade tree insects 


White marked tussock moth (Hemerocampa leuco- 
stigma Abb. & Sm.). This well known insect more frequently 
comes to attention because of its depredations on shade and other 
trees within the confines of the city than on account of injuries 
inflicted on fruit trees. It has been unusually destructive in a 
number of our principal cities, defoliating thousands of trees in 
Buffalo, Lockport, Geneva, Rochester, Syracuse, Utica and Brook- 
lyn and undoubtedly causing more or less injury in some other 
cities and villages. This species occasionally produces a partial 
second brood in the latitude of Albany, Rochester and Buffalo, 
though our observations show that in these cities the number of 
caterpillars appearing late in the summer are so very few that they 
may be ignored asarule. The devastations of this pest are more or 
less periodical, being governed largely by the activity of its numer- 
ous natural enemies. The caterpillar succumbs readily to timely 
application of arsenical poisons and the conspicuous white egg 
masses deposited upon the flimsy cocoons are very easily removed 
from infested trees. This species can be controlled with so little 
difficulty that we must attribute the stripping of so many shade 
trees to indifference or neglect. 

Fall webworm (Hyphantriatextor Harr.). This very 
common leaf feeder well known as a pest of fruit, shade and 
forest trees, may be easily recognized by its large filmy white 
nests or tents inclosing the foliage on the tips of limbs. The 


96 | NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


leaves are skeletonized soon after being covered with the web, 
and turning brown give an infested tree a very unsightly and 
characteristic appearance. This pest causes more or less injury 
from year to year and the past season has been marked by serious 
depredations in certain sections of the State. It has caused 
considerable injury in woodlands about Angola, Erie co., and 
its nests have been more or less prevalent in apple orchards of 
the fruit-growing section in western New York. The injury in 
the latter has not been serious because most of the trees receive 
enough care to prevent great damage by any leaf feeder. Phe 
ordinary spraying practised so generally by progressive fruit 
growers as a rule keeps this pest under and it is only occasionally 
that a supplemental application must be made or the nests cut 
from the trees and the inhabitants destroyed. 

Elm leaf beetle (Galerucella luteola, MialpiaG 
species continues to be more or less- destructive in the Hudson 
valley, and were it not for the systematic annual spraying with 
arsenical poisons in Albany, the elms, particularly the European 
species, would be seriously injured every year. Observations 
about Mount Vernon and Tarrytown, N. Y. showed that many 
of the elms had been somewhat seriously damaged by this pest 
and the same is true of Oyster Bay. This pest was particularly 
destructive at Ossining, the beetles being so abundant as to 
badly injure the foliage before the grubs appeared. This pest 
is generally distributed throughout Glens 
Falls according to Mr ©.) Wailea: 
though not very destructive except to cer- 
tain Furopean elms. 

European elm case-bearer (Coleo- 
phora  limosipennelia (wane 
This miner is easily recognized as a case- 
bearer because of the peculiar habit the 
larva has of carrying about a cylindric 
light brown cigar-shaped case in which it 
lives. It has the same habits so far as 
known as the allied cigar case-bearer, 
Coleophora ftletcherell ahem 
The destructive work of this species has 
Fig. 9 Case of European elm been evident for several years 1m meas 

ee One ee parks, and investigations last summer dis- 
closed the fact that it was well established at Oyster Bay, where it 
was about as injurious as the elm leaf beetle, Galerucella 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I905 97 


luteola Mull. The two species were abundant enough, so that 
the foliage in certain portions of the village was badly marked. 
The general result of injury by 

these forms is somewhat similar \ f 
‘though easily separable. The 
areas mined. by the case-bearer Xe o 


ae 5 at nS y= —— Oo 


are markedly rectangular, being a 4 

bounded on either side as a rule << ithe . 

by a parallel vein and extending Smit ta <= 
aie 3 DD ee OS 
rather evenly for some distance \ rd 


from the central feeding hole 
which is easily seen when looking Fig. ro Adult of European elm case-bearer 
s (Original) * 
up toward a bright sky. The 
eroded, semitransparent, skeletonized areas produced by elm leaf 
beetle larvae are at once recognized by their greater irregularity, the 
lack of the central feeding orifice and the fact that there is no min- 
ing of the foliage. This species, like the common cigar case-bearer 
on our fruit trees, should be easily controlled by early and thorough 
spraying with an arsenical poison, making the application at the 
time the leaves begin to appear. 

Cottony maple scale (Pulvinaria innumerablis 
(Rathv.). This species was observed in some numbers on the 
lower limbs of a soft maple at Glen Cove and it 
has been reported as unusually abundant in St 
Lawrence county. It is by far the more common 
insect pest covered with woolly matter, occurring 
on maple trees, particularly on Long Island where 
it is likely to cause more or less injury from vear 
to year. It can be controlled by thorough spray- 
ing in midsummer with a kerosene emulsion, 
using about Io to 12% of oil. Winter treatment 
with the kerosene emulsion diluted with three 
parts of water, or a whale oil soap solution, 
I pound to a gallon, has been found very effective 
eee ees by Mr S. Arthur Johnson in Denver, Col.. This 

ee latter method results in a great saving, as one 
fourth the amount of the insecticide necessary to spray a tree in 
foliage is sufficient to cover it after the leaves have fallen. 

_ Maple Phenacoccus (Phenacoccus acericola King ). 
This, ordinarily a rare insect, has attracted more attention in 
recent years on account of its abundance on sugar maples in 
Albany and vicinity. The first general outbreak which came to 


i 


x ee 


98 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


our notice occurred in 1901, at which time a number of hard 
maples in Albany, N. Y. and Worcester and Springfield, Mass. 
were very badly infested. ‘This species appears to have been some- 
what abundant and destructive the past summer to the hard maples 
at Mount Vernon, N. Y. It may be readily distinguished from the 
more common cottony maple scale, Pulvinaria innumer- 
abilis Rathv., and its allies by the presence of the woolly females 
on the under surface of the foliage and the numerous minute young 
on the bark, particularly that of the larger limbs and trunk. There 
is another maple leaf scale) Pulvinaria acericola Walsh 
& Riley, which occurs on the underside of maple foliage. This 
form may be at orce recognized, however, by the conspicuous 
brown scale so characteristic of the cottony maple scale. This 
maple leaf scale so far as known is by no means common though 
it is very probable that it has been confused with the more preva- 
lent destructive cottony maple scale. Neither of these Pulvinarias 
occur in white felted masses on the bark of the larger limbs and 
trunk, which is very characteristic of the maple Phenacoccus. ‘This 
species should be controlled as well as the cottony maple scale, and 
it is probable that both respond equally well to thorough and timely 
spraying with a 10 or 12% kerosene emulsion or a strong whale 
oil soap solution. 

Woolly maple leaf aphid (Pemphigus acerifolii Riley). 
This species is rarely abundant enough in New York State to 
attract popular notice. It was so numerous during the summer 
of 1905 that a number of inquiries accompanied by soft maple 
leaves almost covered with these woolly plant lice were received 
from different sections of the State. Complaints of this character 
came from Cornwall, Menands, and what was presumably this 
species gave rise to a report from Floral Park. This aphid may 
be easily recognized by the large amount of woolly matter , which 
is sometimes nearly as long as the insect itself. It may be sepa- 
rated from the closely allied Pemphigus aceris Monell, 
which lives on the underside of hard maple limbs, by the antennae 
reaching only to the wing insertion, whereas in the last named the 
fourth joint extends to the base of the wings. These plant lice 
usually desert the trees early in June and as a rule remedial 
measures are unnecessary. 


Forest tree insects 


Black walnut worm (Datana integerrima Grote & 
Rob.). The work of this species on blac walnut and butternut 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I905 09 


trees is more or less apparent from year to year, particularly in 
the western part of the State. This species was unusually abund- 
ant and destructive in the vicinity of Westfield, N. Y., stripping 
entire trees of their leaves and devouring a considerable propor- 
tion of the foliage of others. The caterpillars were so numerous 
that late in October masses of cast skins were still evident on 
black walnut trees. It is probable that this species is responsible 
for serious depredations on black walnuts at Angola. Similar 
injury to walnut trees at Stanley was reported by Mr J. Jay Barden. 

Hickory gall aphid (Phylloxera caryaecaulis Fitch). 
Young galls of this species may be met with in early June. They 
then vary from the size of a pea to that of a small marble, are 
irregularly spheroid, being usually prolonged at the juncture with 
the midrib or petiole, and with a more or less distinct, somewhat 
irregular ventral orifice which is completely closed. The galls at 
this time vary in color from pale greenish to a bright pink, those 
attached to the mid.vein of the leaves showing slightly on the upper 


surface. Many of the structures are so near each other that they 


_fuse and each contains a central cavity with a stem-mother and 
numerous young plant lice evidently just hatched from the egg. 
Later these deformations become green or rosy and as they increase 
in age the young plant lice become more abundant, so that an 
examination during the later period of growth may show the inner 
surface literally covered with numerous young pale green plant 
lice, and somewhere in the cavity the much larger, stouter form of 
the parent insect. Later the green distorted tissues die, turn black, 
leaving an ugly shrunken mass. This gall insect is one of our 
common species and is sometimes so abundant as to cause consider- 
able injury to hickory trees. a 

_ The life history of this inse. based upon our own observations 
and those of Mr Pergande upon a closely allied species, is substan- 
tially as follows: The green galls begin to develop with the unfold- 
ing foliage and are caused by an abnormal growth of tissue around 
the stem-mother, which latter hatches from a winter egg about 
the time the young leaves appear. The increase in tissue is very 
rapid and soon the insect is inclosed in a globular cavity. An 
examination shows the latter to be inhabited by a single stem- 
mother or parent insect and numerous young. The galls become 
fully developed in the course of a few weeks and allow winged 
individuals to escape. These latter may be observed upon all kinds 
of vegetation in the neighborhood of the tree and eventually produce 
‘the generation which deposits on the trees eggs as mentioned above. 


IOO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


These latter remain quiescent nearly 10 months in the year and 
it is in this stage that we have the best chance of controlling the 
insect. 3 

It is possible that thorough spraying with kerosene emulsion or 
a whale oil soap solution in early spring before there was the 
slightest signs of hickory foliage would result in the destruction 
of many of the winter eggs. It is very probable that a treatment 
with a standard lime-sulfur wash would be much more effective 
than kerosene emulsion or a .whale oil soap solution, particularly 
if it was applied very thickly, because this material possesses active 
insecticidal properties for some time, and even if it was not strong 
enough to kill the eggs at the outset, something which is rather © 
doubtful, it might possibly destroy the young plant lice upon 
hatching and thus prevent further injury. Unfortunately this 
method of control can be applied in a practical way only to small 
trees as a rule and it should be supplemented where possible by 
cutting off the green galls and destroying them before any of the 
insects escape, since this species appears to be somewhat local in 
its work. 2 

Spindle-shaped elm gall(Pemphigus ulmifusus Walsh). 
Specimens of this rare gall “were 
received from Mr ©) 1) Wialliaiae 
of Glens Falls, N. Y. July 7, saeaes 
The galls are confined to the upper 
surface of the leaf and are usually from 
\ to Y% inch from its free edge, origin- 
ating in a clear area between the veins. 
The galls range in size from 4 to % 
of an inch in length and have a very 
narrow neck with a widely dilated 
body. The specimens transmitted vary 
in color from pale yellowish white to 
dark brown. The latter appear to have 
attained maturity and several at least 
had ruptured near the base, thus al- 
lowing the occupants to escape. An 
, examination of several of the green 
Fig. 12 Spindle shaped elm galls on galls shows that the walls are moder- 

leaf, much enlarged (Original) : F 

ately thick, each inhabited by a solitary 

stout, wingless, purplish black plant louse. There were no signs of 
rapid multiplication. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I905 10] 


Eulecanium quercifex Fitch. Young chestnut shoots badly 
infested with this scale insect, kindly identified through the courtesy 
of Dr Howard, were received in early June from Miss Eliza S. 
Blunt of New Russia, N. Y. with the statement that the trouble 


Fig. 13 Eulecanium quercifex, on chestnut, two scales infested with 
Cordyceps pistillariaeformis, enlarged (Original) 


was very prevalent on all the young chestnut growth in that locality > 


and about Bolton Landing, Lake George. A most interesting 
feature of the outbreak was the abundance of a fungous disease, 
kindly identified by State Botanist Peck as Cordyceps pis- 
foeeietaectormis B. & Br. This fungus was so prevalent 
that nearly half of the scale insects were affected thereby. Its 
peculiar characteristic capitate fruiting stems about #4 inch 
high made the detection of infested scales very easy. The unfor- 
tunate individuals appeared to be permeated by this growth and 
the entire surface changed thereby to an ashy gray color. 

This scale insect varies widely in color, the old ones being a 
dark brown with irregular, fuscous markings, sometimes approach- 
ig@=etne appearance of Eulecanium nigrofasciatum 
Perg. to some extent, while the young ones are lighter and in a 
few instances bright orange. A few partly grown young were 
observed and also several males just about to escape. A small, 
greenish, black headed caterpillar was noticed on one of the twigs. 
It had evidently been feeding upon the scale insects, and may 
have been the larva of Laetilia coccidivora Comst. The 
fungus attack and the work of the Lepidopterous larva were so 


—— 


Ty = 


102 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


evident that it is doubtful if the scale will inflict much injury, in 
spite of its being so generally present. 


Miscellaneous 


Caucasian bee. The United States Bureau of Entomology has 
given considerable attention to the honeybee and its products, mak- 
ing a special effort to obtain more desirable strains. Through its 
efforts the Caucasian bee has become established in this country, 
and in November 1904 the Entomologist made application for a 
queen for the purpose of making comparative tests. This queen 
together with a number of workers was received in excellent con- 
dition June 10, 1905 and put in the custody of Mr Robert Wilke 
of 210 Livingston av. Albany, N. Y. with instructions to make a 
careful comparison between this bee and the more common form. 
The following statements were drafted from a report submitted by 
him after the close of the active season. | 

He states that the bees, which were a peculiar brownish black 
color, were immediately given two frames of hatching hybrids in. 
an eight frame Langstroth hive. ‘The entrance was then closed 
with wire netting to keep out robber bees. June 12 he gave more 
capped brood and honey, and on examining on the 19th he found 
a fair number of bees. the queen having laid between six and ten 
thousand eggs. He gave the bees their first flight at this time and 
observed that they were active on pollen. June 24 the colony was 
picking up strength and there were a fair number of field bees. 
July 11 young brood was emerging, the bees were active and there 
was plenty of brace comb. He added two frames to the six, mak- 
ing eight in all and observed that there was plenty of honey. All 
the brace comb was cut out on the 18th when the bees were begin- 
ning to work on the super. They then had brood in eight frames. 
August 8 preparations to swarm were in progress. The super was 
taken off, the swarm cast and it was then put back. The next day 
the bees swarmed again and returned, the hive was again examined 
and a number of long, slender queen cells removed. ‘These latter 
presented a marked difference in construction from those of any 
other that has come under his observation, since they were often 
2 inches in length and quite slender and little wax was used in 
covering the walls. The bees also exhibited a marked tendency 
to build these cells on the bottom of the comb. August 31 the 
bees swarmed and returned. They were gentle Sut slow on the 
super. October 15 the bees had not finished a super of 24 pounds. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I905 103 


They were quiet and healthy and had broods in all stages, also 
eggs. December 2 they were put in the cellar for the winter. 

It does not appear to Mr Wilke that the bees showed to best 
advantage, since they were received too late in the season to do 
much on honey, yet they were rather slow in building up even when 
mild weather favored them. Respecting comparative gentleness 
he is not certain, as all of his bees with the exception of one strain 
were somewhat more vicious than usual. 

Large carpenter ant (Camponotus herculaneus 
Linn.). This large, black ant is frequently observed in small 
numbers about dwellings and occurs commonly in dead stumps or 
trunks in nature. It is a well known wood borer and occasionally 
excavates large cavities even in living trees. Its work is particu- 
larly noticeable in the Adirondacks, where spruce and balsam trunks 
are sometimes badly riddled by its operations. 

Our attention was called to the work of this ant in dwellings 
by the receipt of a communication July 14 from Mr C. C. Merriam 
of Lyons Falls. He stated that they first observed a heap of saw- 
dust in the attic of their recently constructed house, and on investi- 
gation found that this ant was working in the rafters. The insects 
had fairly riddled about 3 feet of two 2 inch spruce rafters lying 
side by side. The injury was of such a nature as to raise a serious 
question as to the ultimate effect upon the building. These insects 
rarely carry their depredations to the point where the integrity of 
a structure is threatened, though there is no reason why considerable 
damage might not be inflicted wherever the pests are abundant, 
since tree trunks may be so thoroughly tunneled by this species 
that they. break readily in a high wind. It would probably be advis- 
able, in case a few timbers in a dwelling are somewhat injured and 
contain numerous ants, to either remove them and replace with 
some wood less likely to be attractive to the pests, or else adopt 
some active measure for the destruction of the ants. The insects 
in infested timbers should be destroyed so far as possible, and the 
cavities might be filled with a creosote or tar preparation or even 
a thin plaster of paris, with a view of preventing further depreda- 


tions. Blowing insect powder into the cavities or the injection» 


of carbon bisulfid will drive out or destroy many of the ants. There 
is a possibility that they could be attracted to poisoned sweets or 
destroyed in large numbers by placing a syrup, made by dissolving 
borax and sugar in boiling water, in the vicinity of their haunts. 
Green-headed horsefly (Tabanus lineola Fabr.). This 
species was very abundant and annoying to horses about 


104 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Long Island, N. Y. being particularly numerous in the vicinity of 
the salt marshes. It assembles in large numbers in the horse sheds 
and is a serious an- 
noyance to animals 
tied thereunder. A | 
significant fact in 
connection with this 
species is the state- 
ment by several re- 
liable observers to 
the effect that a few 
years ago when con- 
siderable oiling was 
done for the sup- 
pression of mosquitos, these pests were much less abundant than 
during the last year or two, when ditching operations have been 
relied upon more largely for mosquito control. This latter seems 
to have had no effect upon the horseflies, as was attested by their 
-abundance about the salt marshes last July while mosquitos were 
conspicuous because of their absence. - 

These observations are particularly gratifying as they bear out 
the results obtained in Russia by Professor Porchinski, who found 
that the adults were destroyed if there was an oily film on forest 
pools frequented by them. MHorseflies or Tabanidae have a habit 
of repeatedly drinking from favorite damp, woodland pools and in 
that way may come in contact with the oil and perish. Similar 
results on a smaller scale were obtained in this country by Dr 
Howard. The application of oil to pools is now generally regarded 
as merely a temporary expedient for checking the multiplication of 
mosquitos, but it seems to be of considerable value in destroying 
horseflies and might be employed to advantage wherever these in- 
sects are unusually numerous and annoying. The only essential 
is that there be a film of oil on the pools when the horseflies are 
abundant, something self-evident to any resident. The more pools 
treated the greater the chances of success and it is very probable 
that a little observation would result in finding the pools most 
favored by these insects and thus result in a great saving in con- 
trolling the pest without materially diminishing the effectiveness 
of the method. 

Giant water bug (Belostoma americanum Leidy). 
A specimen of this gigantic brown water bug was received July 5 


Fig. 14 Green-headed horsefly, much enlarged (Original) 


REPORT, OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1905 105 


from Mr E. J. Casler, Hoffmeister, Hamilton co., N. Y., with the 
statement that it was attached to the back of a trout weighing half a 
pound. This giant. water bug is a well known enemy of fishes, 
preying as_?. tule on the smaller forms and when abundant it may 
cause considerable injury by destroying large numbers of fish. 
The full grown insect is nearly 2% inches long, almost an inch in 
breadth and of a nearly uniform brown color. These bugs fly 
readily, which is often a necessity, as pools inhabited by them may 
dry up completely, and at such times they may be attracted to 
electric lights in large numbers. This has led to the popular 
designation of electric light bug. These insects with their incon- 
spicuous brownish coloring probably have very similar habits to an 
enormous tropical. American species measuring some 4 inches long. 
These latter are said to lurk in quiet pools, darting out suddenly 
upon an unsuspecting victim, which is grasped with the strong 
clasping forelegs and cruelly wounded, when the powerful beak is 
plunged deep into the flesh. A copious supply of saliva is injected 
into the wound and undoubtedly hastens the paralysis so soon 
following an attack. 


fee SHADE TREE PROBLEM IN NEW YORK STATE 


The value of a moderate number of trees along our streets is 
questioned by no one, though judging from conditions prevalent 
in many cities and villages of the State there is a distinct under- 
standing on the part of abutting landowners that the trees after 
being set must look out for themselves. The employees of tele- 
phone and telegraph companies lop off limbs or heads with very 
little regard to the injury inflicted, while ditches, run in our streets 
for water, sewer, gas pipes and other purposes, destroy many of 
the feeding roots. Electric currents from the wires overhead and 
gas escaping from leaky pipes underground, all threaten the trees 
with destruction. Waterproof concrete or other paving renders a 
thrifty growth still more difficult, and the trees are not helped 
by the careless driver who allows his horse to gnaw the trunks 
while no one protests. Bacterial and fungous diseases and injuri- 
ous insects of one kind or another frequently multiply without 
check and either lower the vitality of the tree, seriously deform 
it or accomplish its destruction. 

Very few have an adequate idea of the value of shade trees. 
Some prize a few highly while the majority are more or less indif- 
ferent. Shade trees are valuable assets and add greatly to the 


Ot). 


106 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


desirability of adjacent property. There shor uld as a rule be in 
the neighborhood of 200 trees to a mile of street, which would give 
rows on both sides with the trees in each abuput 50 feet apart. 
Col. William Fox of the State Forest Bree estimates that 
there should be 196 trees a mile. None of these could be replaced ~ = 
for less than $10 apiece and in not a few instances IO times 
the amount would be inadequate to secure their duplication. 
Furthermore the supply is very limited and can not be renewed 
under 25 to 50 years. Taking the above figures as a basis it is 
interesting to estimate the total amount of this form of wealth. 
The city of New York, with over 3200 miles of street, has shade 
trees valued at the enormous sum of $6,475,100. There is an 
entomologist connected with the department of public parks in the 
borough of Manhattan and he, with a force of men, does all that 


is possible with the means at his command to protect the trees 


in that large area. The cities of Albany and Troy, each with 
about 100 miles of street and shade trees therein valued at nearly 
$200,000, were compelled by the ravages of the elm leaf beetle 
in the early 90’s to adopt some measure for the protection of 
their elms. Experience is costly, and before the public really 
comprehended the danger some 2500 trees in the two cities were 
ruined or dead, a loss of at least $25,000 and probably of de«ble 
or treble that amount. The result has been that the city of Albany 
as a municipality has in the last few years expended annually with 
most beneficial results from $1600 to about $2000 in protecting 
its trees from this pest, while the same ends have been obtained 
in Troy through private enterprise. It is estimated that all the 
cities of the State have 6831.9 miles of street giving us a total 
valuation for the trees therein of $12,590,524. This is by no 
means the whole, as many beautiful villages throughout the State 
owe much of their attractiveness and prosperity to the rows of 
stately trees adorning their streets. Our incorporated villages have 
at least 2800 miles of street, and using the same estimate as before 
we have a total of $5,511,324, representing the value of street 
trees in the villages. There are in addition to the above, accord- 
ing to estimates by the State Engineer, 73,746 miles of country 
road, most of which might easily be bordered here and there with 
street trees. A pertinent suggestion was made a few years ago 
by Colonel Fox, who advocated the setting of trees beside the 
newly built State roads, stating that only 2% additional would 
be necessary for this purpose. 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I905 107 


The above gives some idea of the general conditions of our 
shade trees and of the large values represented by them. The 
season of 1905 was characterized by very severe injury to shade 
trees by tussock moth caterpillars. This was particularly true 
in the cities of Buffalo, Rochester, Geneva, Syracuse and Utica 
and many thousands of beautiful shade trees adorning their streets 
and those of other cities and villages were partially or entirely 
defoliated by this- pest, which is more or less injurious from year 
to year. This has been specially marked in the city of Buffalo, 
where the horse-chestnuts at least are far from being models and 
some of the other shade trees are in very poor condition. These 
depredations resulted in a great many newspaper notices, and 
beyond a brief characterization of the injury nothing more com- 
prehensive was urged than the somewhat makeshift recommenda- 
tion that the conspicuous egg masses be removed through the 
efforts of school children or by general cooperation. Rochester 
undertook this work and appropriated $500 for the purpose of 
paying school children so much a quart for the egg masses. 
Interest was further stimulated by offering prizes to a few obtain- 
ing the largest number. Newspaper items in November state that 
the plan has not been entirely successful, only $7 of the $500 hav- 
ing been claimed by the children. There is no doubt but what the 
tussock moth can be controlled by collecting egg masses and where 
a large amount of enthusiasm and push is behind the effort it is 
possible to have this done by school children, as was demonstrated 
in Rochester some I0 years ago. This method of combating an 
insect pest is open to several objections. In the first place it is 
sporadic in nature and rarely becomes effective till public opinion 
is aroused, and this latter does not usually occur till after the 
trees have suffered serious injury and in some cases not even then. 
The value represented by our shade trees leads us to question the 
wisdom of exposing them to serious injury for the sake of saving 
a very small percentage of their value. It seems as though the 
time is ripe to make more comprehensive plans for the protection 
of our trees, particularly as there are other insects to be checked 
beside the one mentioned above, and unfortunately some of these 
are much more difficult to control. The elm leaf beetle and the 
associated elm bark louse are both exceedingly destructive to elms 
in the Hudson valley and are likely to cause equally great injury 
in other cities and villages in the State. The soft maples [pl. 1] 
in and about New York city are affected by a very pernicious borer, 


| 
| 
| 


108 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


the leopard moth, and the cottony maple scale is a dangerous pest 
of soft maples in that section. There is in addition a soft brown 
scale which is fast becoming a serious enemy to both soft and hard 
maples in the Hudson valley and presumably in other sections of 
the State. Many beautiful white birches have been killed by a 
destructive borer [pl. 2]. The situation is rendered much more 
grave by the slow and sure spread of the now thoroughly estab- 
lished and almost omnivorous gipsy moth in Massachusetts and 
its able and hardly less baneful associate, the brown tail moth. The 
former has made its way about 30 miles west of Boston and the 
latter has already invaded the Connecticut valley. Both are quite 
injurious to shade trees, the brown tail moth showing a decided 
fondness for maples. ‘There are minor insect enemies in addition 
to those mentioned above. Bacterial and fungous diseases are 
also insidious foes and should be checked wherever possible. 

It is a short-sighted policy that allows this vast wealth of our 
municipalities and villages to be destroyed for the want of a little 
protection, and the present seems a most fitting time to urge the 
adoption of more comprehensive measures to safeguard the welfare 
of our trees. Every city of 50,000 or more should make provision 
for the adequate care of its shade trees by putting them under the 
control of a properly qualified forester or entomologist connected 
with either the park or street department. Most villages would 
also find it advantageous to make some provision for the welfare 
of their shade trees, even though it is impossible to place their care 
in the hands of a specially qualified person. It is not necessary 
that one charged with this work be a college graduate or a 
professional entomologist. A practical knowledge of trees and 
methods of protecting them from insect depredations is all that 
should be insisted upon. Such a man’s first duty should be to keep 
the shade and park trees in good condition and protect them from 
fungous diseases and insect ravages. It should also devolve upon 
him to set out trees wherever needed, and a knowledge of their 
habits and methods of growth would prove invaluable in selecting 
those adapted to the various conditions found in every city and 
village. 

The cost of such work is not excessive and in a city of 100,000 
inhabitants or thereabouts very much could be accomplished by an 
annual expenditure of two to three thousand dollars or one to 
one and one half per cent of the value of the trees, and the benefits 
resulting therefrom would be beyond computation. There are in 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9Q05 109 


various cities and villages of the State thousands of unsightly, 
ruined or dead shade trees, the result of a failure to appreciate 
the possibilities of judicious protection. Even the cutting out of 
the dead trees and the removal of diseased or rotten limbs would 
help general appearances very much. Most communities have little 
conception of the value of shade trees and we wish that every one 
interested in this work might visit Saratoga Springs or some other 
village where the trees receive adequate care. These places have 
their magnificent trees in spite of insect pests and other troubles 
because they are willing to incur a reasonable expense for their 
protection. Such results are possible in practically every city and 
village, and civic pride if not self-interest should lead all citizens 
to insist upon better protection of their shade trees. 


MOSQUITO CONTROL 


Mosquito control means immunity from malaria, yellow fever 
and freedom from hosts of the more common pestiferous forms. 
- It is somewhat costly, though the wisdom of the investment can 
not be questioned when it is remembered that malaria is more or 
less prevalent in the North and, according to an authority, “is 
responsible for more sickness among the white population of the 
South than any disease to which it is now subject.” A _ recent 
yellow fever outbreak at New Orleans recalls vividly the disas- 
trous results attending such epidemics in former years and affords 
a striking illustration of what may be accomplished when scien- 
tific measures are vigorously prosecuted. The malady of 1905 was 
not of a type easily controlled, and its eradication before frosts 
destroyed the mosquitos demonstrated in our own country the 
value of the work prosecuted with such notable success in Cuba 
a few years earlier and adds a most striking page to the abundant 
evidence, proving that this dangerous enemy of humanity in trop- 
ical and subtropical regions is dependent on mosquitos for dissemi- 
nation. It is only necessary now to enforce quarantine regulations 
that will render it impossible for the disease-carrying mosquitos of 
this country to become infected in order to make such outbreaks 
as that experienced last summer of historic interest only. 

Intelligent control presupposes some knowledge of the various 
forms and their habits. There are between four and five hundred 


—— —— - —————————a eS Saar" a 


described species in the world. About 50 are known to occur in . 


New York State, though only four years ago but 24 were listed 
from North America. Closely allied forms may have nearly 


IIO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


identical habits, though in some instances there are wide divergen- 
cies, Fortunately the disease carriers rarely fly more than 200 
yards or thereabouts, a marked contrast to the troublesome salt 
marsh mosquito, which has been known to make its way 40 miles 
or more from its breeding grounds. The eggs of certain species 
float upon the water, hatch soon, and within 15 or 20 days mos- 
quitos are flying again. Others deposit ova in water or damp 
places, where they remain unhatched till the following spring. 
The eggs of some species develop simultaneously, those of others 
at irregular intervals, due to successive inundations by rain or sea. 
The wrigeglers or larvae are very diverse; a few have no air tubes, 
others very short ones, some are moderate in length and a few 
possess extremely attenuated breathing tubes [see pl. 3, fig. I, 2, 3]. 
This usually large appendage is frequently of great service in 
identifying species. Certain wrigglers occur only in clear water, 
others in either clear or foul pools, still others prefer brackish 
water, and the larvae of one species are remarkable because they 
live only in the water of the semiaquatic pitcher plants [pl. 6, 
fig, 2, pl. 7, fig. 1]. Adult mosquitos vary widely; "seme sane 
brightly marked with yellow and rich browns, many have white 
banded legs, while the color of others is obscure. Great diversity 
also obtains in their habits. Some are extremely bloodthirsty and 
wander long distances in search of victims, others remain close to 
their breeding places, rarely biting man, and certain forms do not 
molest him even when their haunts are invaded. The wrigglers 
or larvae have widely different habits. These conditions would 
seem to render mosquito control impossible. Such is not the case 
because the dangerous places are near-by small pools, standing 
water in other receptacles such as barrels [pl. 5, fig. 1], cisterns 
and cesspools. The problem is further simplified by the fact that 
comparatively few species in a locality are annoying. 

Our native malarial mosquitos have nearly identical habits. The 
spotted-winged adults [pl. 4, fig. 2], easily recognized by their 
resting with the beak and body in a straight line, winter in almost 
any available shelter. Eggs are deposited on the surface, prefer- 
ably in grassy or weedy, rather shallow, fresh-water pools [pl. 5, 
fig. 2]. The very short-tubed wrigglers hatch soon and feed at 
the surface. The life cycle occupies between three and four weeks 
and breeding is continued during most of the warm weather. 
Recently excavated spring pools [pl. 6, fig. 1] appear to be excep- 
tionally attractive to these insects, even though the water surface 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1905 LIt 


is not materially increased by the digging. This was extremely 
well shown last summer in one locality we had frequently visited 
in the.search of larvae. Before excavations were made mosquito 
wrigglers were present in very small numbers and sometimes 
absent. The recent digging changed this remarkably, and newly 
made water-filled hollows were literally swarming with the wrig- 
glers of both malarial and nonmalarial mosquitos. The connection 
between excavations and malarial outbreaks has long been recog- 
nized, and this observed partiality of mosquitos for waters in such 
places affords some expanation of why this should be the case, 
particularly if Italians infected with a mild type of the malady are 
employed, since when the disease is communicated in this manner 
it is liable to assume a virulent form in nonimmunes. 

The tropical and subtropical yellow fever mosquito has much 
the same breeding habits as our common rain barrel or house mus- 
quito, though the wrigglers of the two species are very different. 
Both breed largely in rain barrels, cisterns and similar places, a 
number of generations being produced during warm weather. The 
salt marsh mosquito and several of its allies pass the winter as 
eggs, only a portion hatching with successive rain storms or inun- 
dations due to high tides. Thus series of swarms are produced 
- during warm weather. A number of fresh-water species present 
marked differences from the above, since the eggs hatch in early 
spring and only one generation is produced. These species are of 
small importance, though some of their allies breed more or less 
in early summer and may prove annoying. Another group, known 
as midsummer mosquitos, is remarkable for its very long-tubed 
‘wrigglers. This includes among others the rain barrel mosquito 
and the little black mosquito. The latter, one of our smaller forms, 
makes frantic attempts in mid or late summer to get indoors, work- 
ing through the mesh of ordinary wire screen. 

Destruction of mosquitos prevents the dissemination of malaria 
and yellow fever because they are the only carriers of these diseases. 
More than this, mosquitos must first become infected before they 
can convey either of these disorders; consequently the medical man 
has only to destroy as many mosquitos as possible and then, by 
screening, prevent others from becoming infected by biting patients 
and his object is attained. Yellow fever cases are occasionally 
brought to Havana and, for that matter, to New York and cared 
for, the only precaution taken being to keep mosquitos away from 
patients and the results have justified the procedure. It would 


112 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 

hardly be necessary to do even this in New York, since the yellow 
fever mosquito, Stegomyia, does not occur in this latitude; still 
some precaution is advisable. The slight difference between an 
abundance of mosquitos with suffering and none with health and 
comfort is strikingly exemplified in the case of Sea Cliff, L. I., with 
its elevation of about 100 feet. Owing to the character of the 
soil there are no favorable near-by breeding places for malarial 
mosquitos, though attractive springs and pools occur within a 
quarter of a mile and near by are extensive salt marshes producing 
millions of mosquitos, yet the village of Sea Cliff is exempt from 
malaria and never troubled by mosquitos. The former is due to 
the absence of favorable breeding places within a few hundred 
yards, and the latter to its comparatively slight elevation. Mos- 
quito control is practical provided the habits of the insects are 
understood and the troublesome forms recognized. Breeding areas 
are really very limited and in many cases they can be drained with 
comparatively slight expense. The salt marsh mosqttito, extremely 
annoying along the coast, does not breed throughout the marshes 
but is confined to a portion along the upland and extending out a 
distance of 150 to 250 feet, or in other words limited to parts 
flooded by high tides and not reached by ordinary ones. This strip 
contains brackish pools in which the wrigglers mature and escape 
between high tides or severe storms. None occur in pools con- 
taining fish or in association with fiddler crabs. The breeding of 
this and associated species may be prevented by draining these 
areas so that no pools will be left from one high tide to another. 
The state of New Jersey has done much to encourage antimosquito 
work, which has been ably seconded by local efforts in the Oranges 
and other communities in that state. 

A most striking illustration of the efficacy of this work is that 
given by Lawrence, L. I., which has amply demonstrated the feasi- 
bility of controlling the salt marsh mosquitos by relatively simple 
and comparatively inexpensive ditching. operations. ‘The annual 
expense is only about $1000 and the total expenditure on*these 
operations during the past four years does not exceed $10,000, in 
spite of the fact that the village is situated upon a narrow neck of 
land with the extensive salt marsh areas of Jamaica bay to the 
north and west and large marshes south and east, all producing 
in former days millions of mosquitos which invaded the village in 
swarms with every favorable breeze. Some of these marshes 
extend almost to the center of the village, which is so completely 


a 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I905 Il3 


surrounded that a journey of 2% miles in almost any direction will 
bring one to a salt marsh. More unfavorable conditions for mos- 
quito control: could hardly be found, and before this work was 
attempted mosquitos swarmed: in the village in May and remained 
in numbers most of the season. The second year swarms did 
not invade this territory till June, and last year it was the first 
of July before they appeared. Our investigations at the end of 
last July showed that there were practically no mosquitos in the 
center of the village. It was our privilege to sit on a piazza one 
evening when conditions were most favorable for mosquito activity. 
Though it was cloudy with only a little breeze and rather warm, 
not one appeared. , Previous to this antimosquito work it was said 
that one could not sit on this piazza without being covered by 
netting, and the owner even went to the trouble of making a frame- 
work to hold netting suspended over individual chairs, so that his 
family and guests could sit in comfort. 

This very desirable result has been brought about by a drainage 
system so planned that the entire length of all ditches will be flushed 
by every tide. The general practice is.to run these ditches within 
about 200 feet of firm ground and sometimes closer, making them 
18 to 24 inches in width, from 2 to 3 feet deep [pl. 8, fig. 2], with 
main ditches here and there to tidal channels. A few headland 
ditches are run into the more dangerous swampy areas in baylike 
extensions of the marsh. Such ditches require no surveying and 
cost only 1% cents a running foot. A little experience enables one 
to lay them out properly and the tides make the determining of 
levels extremely easy. It was very interesting to compare the 
conditions between ditched areas and undrained marshes. The 
former were so free from mosquitos that one could tramp upon. 
them with practical immunity from bites, though occasionally a 
few mosquitos were seen on one’s person. No larvae were found © 
and in fact there were very few places where breeding was possible. 
Undrained marshes presented a very different condition. Mos- 
quitos swarming in adjacent woodlands made driving very uncom- 
fortable, and when on the marshes one was attended by considerable 
swarms of vicious biters, even in midday. Here and there breeding 
pools were literally black with young wrigglers. This contrast 
between drained and undrained areas would doubtless have been 
much greater were it not for the act that our inspection was made 
during such a dry time that even undrained marshes presented 
comparatively few favorable breeding places. 


I1l4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Experience at Lawrence has shown that deep ditches with per- 
pendicular sides are far more permanent than shallow ones with 
sloping sides [see pl. 8-10]. The attempt to slope the bottom of 
the ditch so that all the water will drain out invariably results in 
depressions which may become dangerous breeding places and the 
drainage value of the ditch itself is much lessened. Sloping sides 
[pl. 10, fig. 2] afford opportunity for the growth of grass and 
sedges with the result that the ditch soon becomes choked with 
vegetation. The deep perpendicular ditches described above remain 
entirely free from vegetable growth, and with a little care in 
removing sods and drifting matter will last for years. Some dug 
four years ago [pl. 9, fig. 2] were in perfect condition last July, 
though the grass growing along the sides overhung ‘and almost hid 
the ditch from view in places. An area of 25 feet on each side is 
easily drained by such a ditch. The village now has 4o miles of 
marsh drains which require more or less attention from three men 
during most of the open season. They keep the ditches clear, 
supplementing their work by judicious oiling here and there wher- 
ever mosquito larvae are abundant and then have considerable time 
available for perfecting the system and ditching more distant 
marshes. Experience showed that a considerable number of salt 
marsh mosquitos bred on that portion of Jamaica bay northwest 
of the village were brought in by southwest followed by northeast 
winds. This led to the extension of ditching operations some 2 
miles beyond the village limits. The work in the immediate vicinity 
of Lawrence was done partly at public expense assisted by contri- 
butions from owners benefited, though it was impossible to secure 
the cooperation of persons owning the distant marshes, which latter 
were drained entirely at village expense. The existence of such 
breeding areas is an imposition upon adjacent communities and it 
is only a question of time before public opinion will demand a law 
either compelling owners to abate such nuisances or else provide 
for their suppression at public expense. The money invested by 
Lawrence in this work, a total of less than $10,000, has amply 
justified itself in vastly improved conditions. The village and its 
vicinity have been entirely freed from breeding places, though 
occasionally it is subject to late summer invasions by hordes of 
mosquitos when favorable winds bring them from undrained 
marshes. Even this will be obviated when the value of the work 
becomes more generally appreciated and then the cost of the oper- 
ations will be amply returned in increased land values, to say 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I905 It5 


nothing of the satisfaction accruing from the absence of these 
dangerous and annoying pests. 

Considerable has been written and said about controlling salt 
marsh mosquitos by a system of dikes designed to prevent the 
daily ebb and flow of tides within the protected areas. The great 
trouble with this system is that it is much more expensive than 
the simple ditching outlined above, and the problem is further 
complicated by the very slight fall obtainable. Diking supple- 
mented by considerable filling will undoubtedly prevent breeding 
over large areas, but the latter is costly and for a term of years 
at least essential if one would control mosquitos. The Lawrence 
authorities have experienced more difficulty in preventing breed- 
ing in a diked and drained marsh where there was no filling than 
in open marshes, because it was almost impossible to provide for 
the prompt drainage of small hollows here and there. Further, 
the slight fall made it impossible to put drain tile low enough, so 
that it would be beyond the reach of the plow. ‘The result is 
that drainage systems behind dikes become almost useless in the 
course of a few years unless there is a large amount of filling. 
_ There is no doubt as to the ultimate value of diking and filling, but 
this work should be charged to land development rather than to 
mosquito control. 

Draining as outlined above is a comparatively cheap way of 
eliminating salt marsh mosquitos, and if it be supplemented by 
judicious filling, oiling and the introduction of fish into breeding 
pools which can not be drained, the problem is solved. This work 
also results in a greatly improved crop of salt marsh hay. The 
migratory habit of the salt marsh mosquito makes it desirable to 
extend drainage operations over rather large areas, otherwise com- 
munities undertaking this warfare may find their efforts partly 
nullified by swarms coming from more or less distant undrained 
marshes. We expect shortly that mosquitos originating from adja- 
cent undrained marshes or other breeding places will be regarded 
as nuisances which may be abated by prescribed legal measures. 

The control of fresh-water species including malarial mosquitos 
is ordinarily less difficult than that of the salt marsh forms, because 
breeding areas are usually very restricted, in many instances limited 
to cisterns, water barrels or something of the kind. This fact is 
well recognized at Lawrence, L. I., the authorities insisting that 
individuals must look after their domestic mosquitos. As a rule 
it is the small area and not the large one which causes trouble. 
The presence of a fresh-water form may be regarded as conclu- 


116 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


sive evidence of near-by breeding places. and-should lead to an 
exhaustive search for the source of the trouble. It must be remem- 
bered that mosquitos breed in all manner of places where there is 
standing water-and that it is the easiest thing in the world to 
overlook a prolific breeding spot. 

Compaign work against mosquitos may be outlined briefly as 
follows: First, recognize the troublesome species and if possible 
drain all dangerous breeding areas, supplementing this by judicious 
filling and oiling and do away with or cover tightly tanks, cisterns, 
barrels [pl. 5, fig. 1], old bottles, etc. This, supplemented by the 
introduction in waters uncared for by the above means of gold fish, 
top minnows, killifish and the like, will result in destroying most 
of the larvae, particularly if the borders of small undrained pools 
can be deepened slightly, so that the fish will have access to all 
parts. These little creatures are voracious feeders on mosquito 
larvae and can be depended on to keep the pests in check if given 
a fair opportunity. There is no doubt as to the outcome of judi- 
cious efforts to control mosquitos, and we confidently look forward 
to a time when this will be generally appreciated and the presence 
of swarms of these insects rightly attributed to indifference or 
incompetence, rather than to supposedly insuperable obstacles to 
their eradication. It logically follows that mosquitos must be 
declared nuisances and adequate provision made for their suppres- 
sion or control through both private and public agencies. 


STUDIES IN CECIDOM Yipes 


The gall gnats are extremely interesting not only because of the 
peculiar vegetable malformations produced but also on account of 
the striking morphologic characters presented, particularly in the 
high specialized antennae. The galls caused by members of this 
group are better known than the insects, and as our recent studies 
of species affecting forest and shade trees in particular have resulted 
in the rearing of a number of forms previously unknown in the 
adult, this opportunity is taken of characterizing the various stages 
of several species, so far as the material secured will permit. The 
generic references must be considered as provisional only, at present. 

Goldenrod leaf gall (Lasioptera carbonmitera mecpee 
This species produces oval, brown or black, blisterlike galls about 
#3, of an inch long on goldenrod. It was described by Osten 
Sacken from the gall, was referred to the genus Cecidomyia, and 
so far as we can learn the adults which were bred from this species 
in some numbers the latter part of June have remained uncharacter- 
ized. This interesting form is described below. + 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I905 


Female. 


117 


The jet-black, coarsely granulate eyes are conspicuous, 


fused dorsally and bordered posteriorly with a narrow line of white 


scales or scalelike hairs. ‘The short, thick, light 
brown moniliform antennae composed of 14 segments, 
arise between the eyes and are about one fifth as long 
as the insect. The individual segments are sub- 
globular with a somewhat irregular row of well 
marked setigerous elevations near the apical fourth, 
each bearing a hair as long or longer than the seg- 
ment, other portions thickly ornamented with minute, 
chitinous points and with very irregular clear spaces 
visible as in the case of the European willow gall 
midge, Rhabdophaga salicis Schrk. Palps 
consisting of two well marked segments, the basal 
fusiform with several stout, subapical setae, the apical 


slightly longer, tapering gradually to a subacute point. 


Fig. 15 Lasiop- 
tera carboni- 
fera, three an- 
tennal segments 
of female, much 
enlarged (Origi- 
nal) 


Mouth parts 


well retracted, mandibles strongly excavated internally, terminating 


tooth. 
or black, bordered 


ish white, 


Fig. 16 Lasioptera carbonifera, 
female wing, much enlarged (Original) 


in a conspicuous broad, internal 
Mesonotum dark brown 


narrowly an- 


teriorly and laterally with yellow- 
subtriangular 
and with a sparse clothing of 
yellow hairs posteriorly. Scutel- 
lum prominent, arched and rather 
thickly clothed with short, yel- 


scales 


| lowish scales; postscutellum dark 
brown, somewhat lighter anteriorly. Abdomen dark brown with 
the segments sparsely and somewhat irregularly. margined posteri- 


otly with whitish scales, terminal 
segment brownish. Terminal lobes . 
pedicelled, orbicular. Wings hya- 
line with the membrane rather 
thickly clothed with long, coarse 
hairs; basal portion of the costa 
and subcosta thickened and thickly 
clothed with rather large, dark 
brown striated scales, the subcosta 
joining the costa at the middle of 
the wing, which is marked at the 
point of union by a white spot, the 
mid vein uniting with the border 
at the posterior apical fourth, anal 
vein somewhat angulate near the 


4s mea” pees middle, joining the posterior mar- eee ee i Nl 
ee gin at the basal third. Halteres antennal segments 
cay 4 5 -h en- 
much enlarged light brown, basal portion short, farged (Original) 
Origin 


stout, apical part slightly fusiform, 


much elongated, with its tip sparsely clothed with fine, yellowish 


scales. 


Anterior leg with coxae light yellowish, dark brown ven- 


a 


SS —_ 


; 3 


= 


= 


= 


118 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


trally ; tibiae and tarsi dark brown, the latter with the segments 
yellowish white basally; first tarsal segment short, second much 
produced, third half the 
length of the second, fourth 
shorter and about as long 
as the first, fifth very short; 
claws bidentate. The middle 
leg is practically the same 
as the anterior except for 
the well defined basal band 
on the tibia; posterior leg 
like the middle aside from 
the first tarsal segment be- 
fe SP Sb Ge : , ing white and each extrem- 

g.19 Lasioptera carbonifera, ventral aspect . 

of larval head, possibly near pupation, much enlarged ity of the other segments 

Ones narrowly banded with the 
same except the apex of the fifth, which is yellowish. 

Male. This sex closely resembles the other except in size. The 
antennal segments are possibly more cylindric 
and not quite so much dilated as those of the 
female, while the palpi appear to differ in hav- 
ing the basal segment considerably larger than 
the apical, both bearing irregularly “located, 
stout, chitinous setae. Basal clasp segment 
stout, slightly curved exteriorly, strongly exca- 
vated interiorly ; terminal clasp segment strongly 
arcuate, terminating in a rather blunt, dark, 
recurved spine, other structures indeterminate 
in the preparation. 

Pupa. Yellowish brown with brownish wing 
pads extending nearly to the middle of the 
abdomen, the leg cases reaching to the ex- 
tremity and the antennae extending almost to 
the basal abdominal segments. ‘This pupa is 
stout and easily recognized because of the defi- Be ie 
nite markings, there being a Series of leht 7. ee iS 
lateral spots on each of the brownish abdominal ¢atbonifera, larval 
segments. The brown tarsi have definite (Original) 
yellowish white bands. 

Larva. The full grown larva is about 1.25 mm long, pale yel- 
lowish with the segmen- 
tation rather indistinct. 
Head rather prominent, 
narrow, tapering anteri- 
“\ orly; antennae appar- 
ently three segmented, 
the basal being stout, a 
Fig. 21 Lasioptera eal ae a  F eee little longer than broad, 

aspect of posterior extremity, enlarge (Origina Hie second subcylin dric, 
about half the diameter of the first and nearly as long, the third 
subconical and slightly thicker than the second, giving a capitate 


car 
Ettrepes cous co 0268 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I905 Il9g 


appearance to this organ. Chitinous fork or “ breastbone ” stout, 
slightly expanded posteriorly, widely produced anteriorly in two 
conspicuous lateral processes 3 

and with a pair of large, 
well separated anterior teeth. 
‘Terminal segment about one 
half the width of the body, 
distinctly produced posteri- 
orly and bisected ventrally 
by the slitlike anal orifice. 


Grape gall fly (Lasiop- 
Bera V £ELS (O. Se): The Fig. 22 Lasioptera vitis, ventral aspect of 
2 s larval head, much enlarged (Original) 

large, irregular, reddish mass 


of tissue produced by this insect has been repeatedly described, 
while so far as known the larva has not been characterized, though 
it is an exceedingly peculiar form. 


Larva. The full grown larva is about 3 mm long, 
yellowish in color and rather slender. Head some- 
what retracted, short, tapering rapidly to a nearly 
truncate anterior margin. Antennae short, stout, 
basal segment stout, about two thirds as long as broad, 
apical segment about as long as broad, gently rounded 
apically and apparently excavated ventrally, there 
being two broad, ventral, flaplike appendages with 
gently rounded margins. Chitinous fork or “ breast- 
| bone” very short, its posterior portion being indis- 
~ tinct, anterior portion broad, stout and with a pair of 
‘Fig. 23 Lasiop- large, acute, cephalic teeth. Body with many trans- 


tera v1 


breastbone, much verse wrinkles, posterior extremity with a simple anal 
eniarged (One slit and with a pair of rather prominent submedian 


pseudopods arising from tuberculelike elevations, the 
terminal portion of these appendages somewhat fusiform. Anterior 
of the pseudopods there is a median, large, subtriangular elevation 
bearing numerous minute tuberculate processes. 


Willow potato 
gall (Rhabdo- 
phaga bata- 

tus Walsh). Very 
irregular, gouty, 
polythalamous en- 
largements occur 
on the shoots of Fig. 24 pena a ehlarged Siaeeane of posterior 
low swamp wil- 
lows. Specimens taken at Karner April 13, 1903, produced adults 
the 27th. The pupae wriggle partly out of the gall as in the case 


120 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


of some other species, the flies escaping and leaving the white pupal 
skins adorning the surface of the gall. 


Female. Antennae reddish 
brown, moniliform, reaching to 
the base of the abdomen and 
consisting of 20 subsessile seg- 
ments, the basal one enlarged, 
subglobular, the second short, 
the third about twice the length 
of the preceding and the others 
decreasing gradually in length 
to the extremity,” Uhereiseen 
each segment a subbasal whorl 
of rather short, nearly straight 
setae, while the central portion 
is more or less irregularly or- 
namented with long, curved 
setae arising from conspicuous 
tubercular elevations. The seg- 
ments are marked with more 


ay °¢ or less distinct smooth, trans- 
Fig. 25 Rhabdophaga batatus, gall en verse lines containing oval, 
fereed (CO neing) whitish spots at the basal third - 


and near the apex. In one or two instances there appears to be.a 
slight ridge as described for R. rigidae. Eyes black, coarsely 
granulate, inclosing the base of the antennae; palps composed of five 


\ 


Fig. 26 Rhabdophaga batatus, two antennal segments of female, 
with views of two other segments, much,enlarged (Original) 
sezinents, the basal short, rather small, second and third thick, sub- 
equal, the fourth the same length as the third, more slender and the | 
fifth about one half longer than the fourth. Mesonotum dark brown 
with a somewhat distinct median, lighter, broad vitta. Scutellum 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1905 121 


prominent, yellowish; postscutellum yellowish, abdomen reddish ; 
terminal lobes slender, finger-shaped. Wings subhyaline, anterior 
veins dark brown; subcosta joining costa before the middle and - 
the second longitudinal vein uniting with the border before the 


Fig. 27 Rhabdophaga batatus female wing, much enlarged (Original) 


apex ; anal vein uniting with the posterior margin at the apical third, 
its branch at the basal third. NHalteres with a slender, semitrans- 
parent, long pedicel, apex expanded, fusiform, yellowish. Legs pale 
yellowish, first tarsal segment of posterior leg short, second very 
much prolonged, third one half as long as the second, fourth two 
thirds as long as the third and the fifth about half as long as the 


N 


Ke Were Cex 


Fig.28 Rhabdophaga batatus, two antennal segments of male, much enlarged 
(Original) 
fourth; claws simple, empodium well developed. Length nearly 
3; inch, wing spread 4 inch. | | 
Male. The dark red antennae extend to the middle of the body 
and are composed of 19 segments, the first and second each stout, 


I22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


subglobular and the 3d to 18th inclusive, pedicellate, 19th simple. 
Each segment consists of a broadly expanded basal two thirds, 
the remainder forming a simple, narrow pedicel. The enlarged 
part bears a basal whorl of short, nearly straight setae followed by 
irregularly placed, long, curved setae arising from conspicuous 
tubercular elevations. Most of the segments appear to have a dis- 
tinct though nearly invisible ridge with whitish, oval spots along 
its length at the basal third of the enlargement. Male genitalia 
with the clasp segment rather slender, strongly curved exteriorly, 
nearly straight interiorly, the apical segment strongly curved and 
tapering gradually to an acute, 
dark apical tooth. Dorsal la- 
mella greatly dilated, broadly 
rounded laterally, nearly di- 
vided and widely separated 
posteriorly; ventral lamellae 
slender, nearly parallel, taper- 
ing gradually to a _ rather 
acutely rounded apex. Stylet 
rather prominent, stout, tip 
broadly rounded. 


Described from alcoholic 
specimens. = 
Willow beak gall (Rhab- 
dophaga ) fig ie aicuas 
sp.). The galls of this species 
are comparatively common on 
the small willows (Salix 
rigidae and 5S. lwereda) 
in the vicinity of Albany and 
may be instantly recognized 
by their terminal or subter- 
minal location and fusiform 
shape. -. They sare -aboutwan 
| inch long and are tipped with 
Bigs 20 Eagles bare eetsac: gall en- a rather characteristic, slender, 
curved beak. The gall of this 
species was early described by Dr Fitch under the name of 
Cecidomyia salicis, and on account of its specific name 
being preoccupied, it was changed by Baron Osten Sacken to 
CoA da Caen 3 


Female. Antennae dark brown, moniliform, composed of 24 or 
25 segments and extending to the base of the wings; basal segment 
much enlarged, subglobular, the second short, thick, the third some- 
what elongate and with a very short pedicel, the fifth and following 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I905 123 


subglobular, decreasing gradually in length and each except the 
last with a rather well marked, short pedicel. The enlarged por- 
tion of the segment bears near 
its base a nearly uniform row 
or whorl of rather stout, 
slightly curved setae, and the 
remainder of the distal surface 
is sparsely ornamented with 
longer, more curved setae aris- 
ing from distinct setigerous 
punctures, each segment with 
a distinct though not conspicu- 
ous transverse ridge with 
white punctures at regular in- 
tervals on the basal third and 
another at the distal border of 
the enlargement. Palpi com- 
posed of five segments, basal 
short, second longer, third a 
little shorter than the second 
and about equal to the fourth, rig. 30 Rhabdophaga rigidae, two antennal 
msiender, finger-shaped and GPa wad: chon (oreo eee 
about as long as the two 
preceding segments. Eyes black, coarsely granulate and inclos- 
ing the base of the antennae. Mesonotum dark brown or black, 
with a more or less distinct pair of curved, lighter, submedian 
vittae expanding anteriorly and a lighter area at the base of the 
| wing. Scutellum prominent, 
with a median, lighter spot; 
postscutellum yellowish. Ab- 
domen reddish brown, terx- 
minal lobes slender, broadly 
rounded apically and thickly 
clothed with long, slender 
setae. Wings with a distinct 
fucous shade; anterior veins 
brown, well marked; subcosta 
joining costa at the middle, 
the first longitudinal vein unit- 
Fig.31 Rhabdophaga rigidae, two antennal ing with the border just be- 
segments of male, much enlarged (Original) = 3 
fore the apex, anal vein in- 
distinct distally, its posterior fork uniting with the margin at the 
posterior third. Halteres with a slender, yellowish pedicel, distal 
portion strongly capitate, semitransparent, whitish. Legs yel- 
lowish, first tarsal segment of posterior leg very short, second much 
produced, third about half the length of the second, fourth a 
little shorter than the third and the fifth half the length of the 
fourth; claws simple, empodium well developed. Length 1% inch, 
wing spread 3% inch. 


124 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Male. Antennae brown, extending to the base of the abdomen 
and composed of 24 pedicellate segments, the first subglobular, 
much enlarged, the second stout, the others with the exception of 
the last, each with a smooth pedicel about one third the length of 
the segment. The enlarged portion is ornamented basally with 
a regular row 
of short, straight 
setae, the re- 
mainder being 
thickly clothed 


with long, 
slender, curved 
setae arising 


from prominent 
setigerous tuber- 
Fig. 32 Rhabdophaga rigidae, male wing, much enlarged cles. Thereisa 

Cee) distinct though 
not conspicuous transverse band with a line of white spots along its 
length near the basal fourth, much as in the female. There appears 
to be another similar structure at the apical portion of the enlarge- 
ment as in the opposite sex. Male genitalia with the basal clasp seg- 
ment broadly dilated at the base, slightly rounded exteriorly, strongly 
so interiorly and obliquely truncate apically ; terminal clasp-segment 
broadly expanded at the base, curved and tapering to a strong, 
dark, chitinous point. Dorsal lamella deeply incised mesially, each 
lobe stout and broadly rounded at the apex; ventral lamella broad, 
truncate apically, gently rounded and 
produced laterally; stylet stout, short, 
broadly rounded apically. 

The above are described from alco- 
holic specimens bred from twigs taken 
at Karner April 13, 1903, adults ap- 
pearing the 27th. , 

Pupa.. Stout, brown, curved, 4 
inch long, wing cases reaching to base 
of the third abdominal segment, leg 
sheaths extending to the sixth abdo- 
minal segment. Antennae with a 
small, basal, tubercular process and 
extending to the base of the abdomen. 

Larva. Yellowish, stout, =; inch. 
long and with the segments well 
marked. Head small, retracted; an- 
tennae with a large basal and a smaller _. se oe 
terminal conical segment. Chitinous Fae ae ene eee ed ona 
fork or “ breastbone” short, stout, : 
with the arms well separated and bearing conical, polished, acute 
teeth, basal parts dark though not sharply defined. Spiracles occur 
on the 2d and sth to 12th segments inclusive, those on the latter 


ee 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9QO5 125 


being sublateral, each consisting of a circular, chitinous elevation 
with a median depression or aperture. 


Black locust midge (Dasyneura pseudacaciae Fitch). 
Occasionally young leaves of black locust are badly deformed by 
being folded together so as to produce peculiar podlike galls about 
Y% inch long. This is the work of the above named small, black 
midge or fly, which probably deposits two or three eggs in each 
unfolding leaf. The young maggots hatching therefrom produce 
sufficient irritation to prevent the leaf unfolding, and its free edges 
adhering together more or less form a fairly perfect gall, within 
which the nearly helpless larva develops to maturity. Sometimes 
this species is very numerous, since we received specimens from 
Mr C. L. Williams of Glens Falls, N. Y., accompanied by the 
statement that some parts of a black locust hedge had nearly every 
leaf infested by this little insect. It is rarely so abundant as this, 
though Dr Smith records it as a common species in New Jersey. 

This insect is with very little doubt the same as that described 
under the above specific name and referred to the genus Cecidomyia 
by Dr Fitch in his 5th report for the year 1859, page 53. Some 
years later Baron Osten Sacken described what is very probably the 
mien, under the name of Cecidomyia gleditchiae 
There are some inconsistencies in colorational characters between 
the two descriptions, but these perhaps may be partly explained 
by one describing more matured or even dried apoeimct while 
the other characterized fresh individuals. : 


Description. This little fly was described by 
Dr Fitch as follows: “A small, blackish midge, 
the base of its thorax tawny yellow, its abdomen 
pale yellowish, with the tip dusky and clothed 
with fine hairs, as is also the neck; its legs black, 
with the thighs pale except at their tips ; its wings 
dusky, feebly hyaline, with the fringe short; its 
antennae with 13 short cylindrical joints sepa- 
rated by short pedicels; its length, .o65 inch to 
the tip of the body.” 


The above description varies somewhat from 
Big 34 Das ymeura 


Saaied specimens bred by us in July, and the dis- “Siewitacaciae, ane 


: : tennal 
crepancy is probably due to the drying of the female, ee Rasen 


i O 1 
specimens. (Original) 


Female. Antenna dark brown, moniliform, extending to the base 
of the wing and composed. of 14 stout, closely set segments, each 
rather sparsely clothed with long, somewhat stout, curved setae 
arising from conspicuous elevations. Careful focusing brings out 
‘more or less distinctly on each segment a middle and subapical, 


126 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


transverse row of pale, circular spots, which are evidently con- 
nected on one side at least by a similar longitudinal row as in the 
case of Rhabdo- 
phaga_  salicis 
Schrk. Palps com- 
posed of five distinct 
segments, a_ short, 
basal one, the sec- 
ond a little longer, 
the third and fourth 
fully half longer 
than the second and 
: | eget guested: ayane the fifth about half 
Fig. 35 Dasyrneura pseudacaciae, female wing, much . 
enlarged (Original) longer than either 
_ the third or fourth, 
all sparsely ornamented with irregularly placed, stout setae; mouth 
parts rather prominent. Eyes large, coarsely granulate. Mesono- 
tum light brown-with indistinct grayish vittae and with a sparse 
clothing of fine, yellowish hairs. Scutellum prominent, crowned 
with a sparse row of golden yellow setae, dark brown anteriorly, 
golden yellow posteriorly; postscutellum golden yellow. Abdomen 
dark brown or reddish, sparsely ornamented with rather coarse 
golden yellow setae, pleura yellowish. Wings hyaline sparsely 
clothed with rather coarse, curved hairs; base of costa a little more 
thickly clothed and with a few linear scales; subcosta rather indis- 
tinct, uniting with costa at the basal third; first longitudinal vein 
well marked, joining the border just before the apex, anal vein 
indistinct. Halteres with a long, yellowish pedicel, apex greatly 
enlarged, elongate, fuscous. Legs pale yellowish clothed with a 
silvery white pubescence, first tarsal segment very short, second 
much prolonged, third less 
than one half that of the sec- 
ond, fourth and fifth each 
two thirds the length of the 
preceding segment. Claws 
simple, empodium well de- 


veloped. Terminal  abdo- 
minal lobes slender, finger- 
shaped. 


Male. Antennae composed 
of 14 segments, all except the 
basal two and the 14th pedi- 
cellate distally, the apical 
two thirds of the large basal = 
portion of each irregularly Fig. 36 Dasyneura pseudacaciae, two an- 
ornamented with cons pi cuous tennal segments of male, much enlarged (Original) 
setigerous tubercles bearing long, slightly curved setae two or three 
times as long as the width of the segment, the distal third of the 
latter smooth, narrow, forming a pedicel. There is a narrow, dis- 
tinct though inconspicuous, transverse, white spotted barid at the - 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST Tg05 127 


basal third of each segmental enlargement. Male genitalia with 
the basal clasp segment stout, much expanded basally, terminal 
clasp segment rather stout, short, tapering gradually to a rounded, 
denticulate tip; dorsal lamella long, very deeply incised, tips of 
lobes subacute; ventral lamellae broad, distant, the inner margins 
approaching each other posteriorly, the tip subacute with the outer 
margin broadly rounded and produced laterally; stylet short, broad, 
with a rounded apex. 

Pupa. Brownish, length ;4; inch. The antennae reach to the 
base of the wings, the wing pads extend to the tip of the second 
abdominal segment and the leg sheaths to the third and fourth 
abdominal segments; eyes dark brown. The long, slender spines 
originate near the base of the antennae. 

_ Larva. Pale yellowish, 3; inch long. Segmentation rather well 
marked. Head retracted, small, antennae simple with a rather large, 
conical, terminal segment. Chitinous fork or “ breastbone” Y- 


Fig. 37 Dasyneura 
pseudacaciae, lar- 
val breastbone, much 
enlarged (Original) 

Fig.38 Dasyneura pseudacaciae, larva, ventral aspect of posterior 
extremity, much enlarged (Original 


shaped, basal portion long, expanded posteriorly; branches of the 
fork stout, well separated, obliquely, arcuately truncate; posterior 
extremity relatively simple with lateral groups of stout, semitrans- 
parent spines posteriorly. 


irumpet vine midze (Bremia tecomae n. sp.) Our 
attention was called to the work of this insect in early Septem- 
ber by the crumpling of the leaves of a trumpet vine. The minute, 
pale yellowish larvae were found within the distorted leaves, and 
adults were bred a few days later. ‘This insect was so abundant as 
to seriously injure a small trumpet vine in Albany. The larvae did 
not produce galls, but their operations on the under surface of the 
leaf resulted in pseudogall-like formations partially sheltering the 


128 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


tender maggots which were otherwise without protection and fed on 
the nearly exposed leaf surface. 

This species, apparently unknown, may be recognized by the 
following characteristics: 


Female. Antennae fuscous 
yellow, about two thirds the 
length of the body and com- 
posed of 14 segments, the first 
short, subglobular, the second 
stout, elongate and the 3d to — 
the 14th inclusive, pedicellate 
distally. A typical segment has 
the basal two thirds cylindric, 
broadly dilated and bearing a 
basal and subapical whorl of 
long, stout setae, an intervening 
space thickly ornamented with 
irregularly placed black, chitin- 
ous spots, and on focusing, 
showing pale, transverse and 
longitudinal Jines inclosing cir- 
cular areas much as in Rhab- 
dophaga sSalicisa scan 
The distal third of the segment 
is slender, smooth, with the 
apex slightly expanded. Palpi 
long, composed of five seg- 
ments, the basal two _ short, 
stout, subequal, the third a 
little longer, the fourth and 
"ifnents of female. much enlarged (Oneinal) th one halt longer; subequal, 

slender ; all sparsely ornamented 
with stout setae. Mandibles distinct, broad and with a number of 
subapical, apical and lateral, stout setae. Eyes large, jet-black, 
rather coarsely gran- 
ulate and confluent. 
Thorax yellow with 
lateral, yellowish, 
fuscous, mesonotal 
elevations at the base 
of the wings, and 
with fuscous, chitin- SR 
ous, rounded eleva- 
Op eae oe Fig. 40 Bremia So oun aaa wing, much enlarged 

= rigina 

cous anterior coxae. 
Abdomen lemon-yellow, slightly fuscous apically, terminal lobe 
slender, tapering to a minute rounded apex. Wings semitransparent 
with iridescent reflections, membrane rather thickly clothed with 


Nie 


aN * SS 
RE 


SS 
SS 
oy 
\ 
~ 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I905 129 


long, fine hairs; subcosta indistinct, uniting with the margin at the 
basal third; first longitudinal vein distinct and extending to the 
posterior margin just behind the apex, 
anal vein indistinct, joining the pos- 
terior margin at the distal third and 
its branch near the basal third. Legs 
pale yellowish, rather thickly clothed 
with grayish brown hairs, tarsi lighter ; 
first tarsal segment short, second very 
much produced, third about one half 
the length of the second, the fourth two 
thirds the length of the third, and the 
hith a little shorter. Claws simple, 
empodium well developed. 

Male. Very similar to the female, 
except: that the antennae are about as 
long as the body, and the distal seg- 
ments presumably 3 to 14 inclusive, 
have two subglobular dilations, one at 
the base and the other at the apical 
third. The basal subglobular dilation 
bears a whorl of very long, stout, simple 

~ setae and just distally thereof, a whorl ! 
eeetme tven stiotter, arched filaments: pic: 4; Bremia tecomiae, one an- 
Picea! pear-shaped enlargement ‘ermal ment ot male, much en- 
bears a whorl of stout setae a little be- 
yond its middle, and at its base and near the apex, whorls of fine, 
arched filaments like that on the basal enlargement ; both dilations are 
ornamented with many irregularly placed, chitinous spots, the basal 

7 being separated by a narrow, smooth stem from 

the distal, and that in turn from the basal of the 
next segment by a similar stem or pedicel. The 
coarse, granulate eyes are larger than in the 
female and inclose a greater proportion of the 
head. The abdomen is more slender and the ter- 
minal appendages are dark brown. Male geni- 
talia with the basal clasp segment stout, broadly 
curved exteriorly and somewhat arcuate interiorly, 
distal internal margin oblique. Terminal clasp 
segment stout, tapering gradually to a strong, 
bidentate apex. Dorsal lamella irregularly rounded 
Fig. 42 Bremia te- distally, deeply incised mesially, ventral lamella 


Sein tech enub’y With distinct lateral orbicular lobes separated by a 
(Original) deep medium incision; stylet slender, broadly 


rounded at the apex. 

Pupa. Pupa yellowish with wing pads extending two thirds the 
length of the abdomen, the leg cases reaching to the extremity and 
the antennae touching the basal abdominal segments, which latter 
are ornamented dorsally with irregular, double rows of chitinous 
spines. The conspicuous dorsal processes are slender, curved, 


130 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


tapered to an acute point and are three fourths as long as the width 
of the pupa. 

Larva. The full grown larva is about 1.5 mm long, pale yellow- 
ish, with the segmentation distinctly marked. Head 
rather prominent, narrow, tapering anteriorly, an- 
tennae consisting of a very broad, retracted basal 
segment and a rather large, spindle-shaped, terminal 
segment. Chitinous fork or “ breastbone ” Y-shaped, 
the anterior arms broad, well separated, each slightly 
emarginate anteriorly, distal extremity somewhat en- 
larged. Antepenultimate abdominal segment with a 
pair of sublateral, chitinous, dark brown tubercles 
ventrally, while on the dorsum there appears to be a 
median, subconical, slightly curved, chitinous tubercle, 
the last segment with two pairs of sublateral minor 
protuberances. 


Chokecherry gall fly (Cecidomyia virgin- 
ianiae n.sp.). The peculiar enlarged, galled fruit 
Fig. 43 Bremia 


tecomiae, larval OL the chokecherry, Prunus vir @imta mimes 


breastbone, h : ; 
enlarged’ (Origi: been known for some time and was noticed by the 


ny) late Dr Lintner in his 12th report tor 1606;.9— ana 
He there states that cherries apparently galled by this insect have 
been very abundant in Keene Valley, and adds that Prof: George 
F, Atkinson of Cornell University named 
and < descnibed ja “duneus,, Ex oa seus 
| cecidomophilus, which was usually 
| associated with these insects. Repeated 
though unsuccessful efforts have been made 
to obtain the adult, and, lacking this, we 
have deemed it advisable to describe and 
illustrate the larva under the above name. 


Larva. The full grown larva is 2.5 mm 
long, yellowish or yellowish red in color and 
rather stout. Head rather prominent, nar- 
row, tapering very slightly anteriorly and 
with short, rather conspicuous two seg- 
‘mented antennae. -The first joint of the 
latter is very short, about twice as broad 
as long, the second subconical and twice as 
long as broad. Chitinous fork or “ breast- 
bone” rather long, slender, basal portion 
simple, of uniform size; anterior part greatly . 
dilated and with two short, distinct cephalic Pig. 40 Cees 
teeth or dentitions. Body segments each © bone, much enlarged (Origi- 
with a pair of submedian ventral and lateral ze) 
setae; dorsum apparently simple. Spiracles on the second thoracic 
and the abdominal segments evident, those on the eighth being sub- 


/ 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1905 131 


Fig. 45 Cecidomyia virginianiae, larva, dorsal aspect of posterior extremity, 


median, others nearly lateral. 


much"enlarged (Original) 


Posterior extremity with a simple 


anal slit, and with a pair of conspicuous submedian, subconical 


Fig. 46 =e eer 


sambuci, 


gall, 


pseudopods, a median pair of 
smaller tubercles lying between the 
latter and similar sublateral ones 
anteriorly. 


Gouty elder gall (Cecido- 
myia sambuci n, sp.). This 
is an irregular gnarly swelling on 
one side of small elder stems, about 


134 inch long and 3 inch in di- 


ameter. Adults were not obtained 


Larva. The full grown larva is 
about 3 mm long, yellowish red and 
rather stout. Head moderately 
prominent, enlarged at the base, 
rounded laterally and tapering 
rapidly to a broadly rounded apex. 
Mouth parts very small and indis- 
tinct. Chitinous fork or “ breast- 


bone” long, slender, basal portion - 


indistinct, anterior part broadly 
rounded with two large, lateral, 
blunt teeth and a smaller median 
one. Body smooth, spiracles moder- 
ately prominent. Anal slit simple, 
extending across most of the pos- 
terior. extremity, which latter bears 


natural size (Origi g few slender, transparent, spiny 


aa 


processes, 


Fig. 47 Cecido- 
myia sambuci, 
larval breastbone, 
enlarged (Original) 


132 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


Fig. 48 Cecidomyia sambuci, larva, ventral aspect of posterior 
extremity, enlarged (Original 


VOLUNTARY ENTOMOLOGIC SERVICE OF NEW YORK 
STATE 


This work has now been carried through seven seasons and has 
resulted in the accumulation of a large amount of data particularly 
valuable because it relates to the relative abundance of a number 
of common pests, species so well known as to be rarely the subject 
of careful records. Such data continued through a series of years 
as previously pointed out should prove of considerable service in 
determining the causes governing insect outbreaks. Particularly 
is this true if these reports are correlated with temperature fluctu- 
ations and other climatic changes, which evidently have a profound 
influence on insect life, specially during the hibernating winter 
period. It is still early to draw conclusions upon this important 
point, as observations should be continued over a series of years. 
It will be noticed that some observers attribute the relative scarcity 
of insect depredations to the midsummer drouth. This is undoubt- 
edly the case with some species, while injuries by other forms were 
emphasized because the dry weather prevented the normal growth 
of vegetation and thus made apparent depredations which under 
ordinary conditions escape notice. This was particularly true of 
the webworm outbreak in Rensselaer, Columbia and Albany. coun- 
ties, noticed on page 67. 

The corps of voluntary observers aside from rendering more or 
less regular reports on local conditions has proved of great service 
in the case of unusual outbreaks of one kind or another. All 
parties have responded cheerfully to requests from the office, mak- 
ing it possible in emergencies when serious injuries like those of 


the webworm in the eastern part of the State or that of the army ° 


worm in the western part of the State are threatened, to determine 
within a few days the approximate extent of the depredations. | 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1905 133 


This is something of very great importance at times and would 
have proved of much service in 1896, when the army worm inflicted 
serious losses in 55 of the 60 counties then existing. 

Cattaraugus county [C. E. Eldredge, Leon] —- Potato beetles 
(Doryphora decim-lineata Say) are unusually abund- 
teesorm flies (Hacmatobta. serrata Rob.-Desv.) 
are very numerous and annoying to cattle. Fall webworms 
(Hyphantria.textor Harr.) have appeared in large num- 
bers on appletrees. Mosquitos have been exceedingly abundant 
the past two or three weeks——July 25. There is no evidence of 
army worms (Heliophila unipuncta Haw.) in this. sec- 
tion.— August 2 

[F. A. Fitch, Randolph] — Grasshoppers are not abundant and 
squash bugs (Anasa tristis DeGeer) are scarce. Striped 
cucumber beetles (Diabrotica vittata Fabr.) were very 
thick the middle of June but have largely disappeared. Potato 
beetles have been very numerous and the same is true of the Texas 
horn fly, which has been quite annoying to stock—July 5. Potato 
beetles continue to be abundant and green horseflies (probably 
Tabanus lineola Fabr.) have been quite numerous. Mos- 
quitos are not so abundant as three weeks ago. Insects appear 
to have been kept under control largely by the cool wet weather.— 
July 12 

Dutchess county [Henry D: Lewis, Annandale] — The scurfy 
scale (Chionaspis furfura Fitch) is unusually prevalent 
and destructive on young fruit trees in this section—May 25. 
Plant lice are becoming somewhat abundant. Apple aphids 
(Aphis mali Linn.) have appeared in considerable numbers 
-and threaten to cause serious injury. Striped cucumber beetles 
(Diabrotica vittata Fabr.) and squash bugs (Anasa 
tristis DeGeer) are both very abundant—June 7. Spittle 
insects (probably Philaenus lineatus Linn. or P. spu- 
marius Linn.) are quite numerous on grass, attracting attention 
because of the conspicuous frothy-masses here and there on almost 
every grass stem in restricted areas. Plant lice are about the only 
insects present in numbers.—June 13. Apple aphids continue very 
abundant and are causing a great deal of damage, especially on 
young trees. Potato beetles (Doryphora decim-lineata 
Say) are more numerous than for several years. There is some pear 
psylla (Psylla pyricola Forst.) in evidence—July 8. Pear 
psylla has increased somewhat and, the aphids on apple have nearly 


134 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


disappeared. Potato beetles are more numerous than they have 
been for years. The scurfy scale is generally abundant and 
threatens to cause considerable injury.—July 29 

Erie county [John U. Metz, Swormville] — Mosquitos are 
present in great numbers and currant worms (Pteronus 
ribesii Scop.) are abundant. Potato beetles (Dory pme ma 
decim-lineata Say) are very evident. Horn flies (Haema- 
tobia serrata Rob.-Desv.) have been rather: annoying to stock 
some two weeks. Green-headed horseflies (probably Tabanus 
lineola Fabr.) are much more common than usual, small 
swarms following teams about. There is no evidence of injury 
to wheat by Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor Say)— 
July 1& 

Genesee county [J. F. Rose, South Byron] — Tent caterpillars 
(Malacosoma americana Fabr.) are very seatce soum 
three nests having been observed. Plant lice are abundant on 
roses—May 24. There-are no complaints of injury by striped 
cucumber beetles (Diabrotica vittata Fabr) (and perme 
beetles (Doryphora decim-lineata Say) are notiayam: 
ous. Rose slugs (Mono stegia rosae Harr.) are much more 
numerous than usual—July 3. Fall webworm (Hyphantria 
textor Harr.) appears to be becoming more injurious each year. 
Squash bugs (Anasa tristis DeGeer) and striped cucumber 
beetles are not abundant. Tussock moth caterpillars (Hemero- 
campaleucostigma Abb. & Sm.) are more numerous than 
usual but not causing serious damage in this vicinity. Potato 
beetles are quite plentiful though they are easily controlled by 
thorough and timely spraying —July 20 

Greene county [O. QO. Flint, Athens] Teng cater 
(Malacosoma americana Fabr.) are remarkable for 
their scarcity, not one nest having been observed.—June 13. 
Spittle insects: (probably Phrlaenus tlineatts Wing fon 
spumarius Linn.) are somewhat abundant and have attracted | 
notice because of the tops of injured grass stems dying.—July 4. 
Plant lice have been more than ordinarily destructive in gardens, 
even cabbage plants being affected. Potato beetles (Dory- 
phora decim-lineata Say) are ahout as destgnetiwe as 
usual. The elm leaf beetle (Galerucella luteola Miill) 
is quite scarce and there is very little evidence of tent cater 
pillar work. Pear orchards have suffered considerable injury, 
many of the trees turning black and dying. This is probably due 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1905 135 


to the exceptionally severe weather of winter before last, in some 
instances supplemented by bacterial or fungous disease or insect 
injury. The trees had vitality enough to live through one summer 
but were unable to survive another winter.—July 18. Fall web- 
worms (Hyphantria textor Harr.) are quite numerous. 
Plant lice have been somewhat annoying to lettuce and other tender 
plants. The elm leaf beetle while evident has not been so destruc- 
tive as in some other years.——July 27 

Herkimer county [George S. Graves, Newport] — The oyster 
scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn.) appears to have been 
very prolific, judging from its abundance on trees this spring.— 
April 20. It appears to be a very serious pest in the apple orchards 
of this section. The cold wet weather is retarding insect develop- 
ment.—May 15. Currant worms (Pteronus ribesii Scop.) 
were seen May 16 and two nests of tent caterpillars (Malaco- 
soma americana Fabr.) observed the 18th. The season 
appears to be a very irregular one and comparatively few insects 
are abroad. White grubs (Lachnosterna species) seem to be the 
principal grass enemy in this section—May 23. Black flea beetles 
(Epitrix cucumeris Harr.) were observed on cucumber 
plants May 27. Tent caterpillars are remarkably scarce—June 2. 
Young currant worms were hatching June 4, and the first 
potato beetles (Doryphora decim-lineata Say) were seen 
the 8th, the adults being scarce. Currant aphis(Myzus cerasi 
-Fabr.) have been increasing rapidly within a few days. Flies 
are also becoming aggressive—June 19. Potato beetle larvae 
were observed June 25, though the adults are somewhat scarce. 
Elm aphids (probably Callipterus ulmifolii Mon.) are 
present in some numbers. Currant aphis is causing some injury, 
' particularly since there has been a week of hot weather. Apple 
aphids (Aphis mali Linn.) are present in small numbers.— 
July zr. Another brood of currant worms appeared July 4. 
Striped cucumber beetles (Diabrotica vittata Fabr.) are 
causing considerable injury. Flea beetles are not much in evi- 
dence—July ro. Rose beetles (Macrodactylus subspi- 
nosus Fabr.) are abundant and feeding on plants of many kinds. 
Cabbage butterflies (Pieris rapae Linn.) appear to be some- 
what numerous. Currant worms have been destructive for a week 
past. Black-headed turnip worm (Evergestis stramin- 
alis Hubn.) is seriously injuring turnip leaves. Horn flies 
(Haematobia serrata Rob.-Desv.) are more or less trouble- 


136 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


some to cattle. Ihe foliage of red cedartrees) is badly searem 
possibly by the rose beetle. Large numbers of plant lice (probably 
the undescribed Lachnus smilacis Willm.) were found on 
smilax—July 20. The peculiar subglobular galls of Ceci- 
domyia verrucicola ©. S. are’ quite ‘abundant yonmease. 
wood leaves.—July 22. Horn flies appear to be increasing in num- 
bers and potato beetles are not very destructive, while currant 
worms have been more injurious than usual. Grasshoppers are 
quite scarce—July 28. Black plant lice (probably Aphis 
rumicis Linn.) occur in great abundance on pigweed (Cheno- 
podium). Fall webworms (lyphantria texto. ete) 
are very scarce, but one nest being observed. Horn flies are 
exceedingly abundant and annoying to cattle. The season appears 
to be from 10 days to 2 weeks later than usual— August 8. Young 
currant worms are present in considerable numbers.—August 12. 
Cabbage butterflies are becoming numerous and horn flies are 
exceedingly abundant and troublesome. Excessive rains and high 
winds have destroyed many insects—August 17. Fall webworm 
nests are becoming more numerous. Codling moth larvae (Car - 
pocapsa pomonella Linn.) appear to be more destructive 
than usual. This may possibly be due to the small amount of 
fruit emphasizing its injury. The black walnut trees in this sec- 
tion are more or less severely injured from year to year by some 
insect which strips the leaves therefrom (possibly the work of the 
black walnut’ worm, Datana integerrima Grote & Rob.). 
Spiny elm caterpillars (Huvanessa antiopa im jmare 
working in small numbers on both elm and willow.—August 29. 
Grasshoppers are somewhat abundant in dry pastures and gardens 
and fall webworms are quite numerous on all trees except maple.— 
September 27 . 
Onondaga county [Mrs A. M. A. Jackson, Warner] — Plant 
lice have not been at all abundant in this section. Black flea 
beetles (Epitrix cucumeris Hart.) are prescausigm small 
numbers. Not a striped cucumber beetle (Diabrotica vit- 
tata Fabr.) has been observed. Rose beetles (Macrodac- 
tylus subspinosus Fabr.) are present in small numbers and 
are not doing much damage. Rose leaf hoppers (Typhlocyba 
rosae Harr.) are not. very abundant. Tussock *caterpilians 
(Hemerocampa leucostigma Abb. & Say )earc ame 
later than usual and are present only in small numbers. Plantains 
have been seriously injured in some places by a leaf miner (prob- 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1905 137 


ably the plantain leaf miner, Dibolia borealis Chev.).— 
July 12. Dog day Cicadas (Tibicen tibicen Linn.) were 
observed in small numbers July 16. Cabbage butterflies (Pieris 
rapae Linn.) are common along the highways. Currant worms 
(Pteronus ribesii Scop.) have been abundant in some 
gardens while in others there is very little injury. The horn 
fly (Haematobia serrata Rob.-Desv.) and the stable fly 
(Stomoxys calcitrans Linn.) have been very annoying 
to cattle. Warm damp weather has been followed by the appear- 
ance of many.mosquitos. There is a report to the effect that wheat 
in this vicinity has been injured by some root worm.—July 109. 
Codling moth (Carpocapsa pomonella Linn.) injury has 
been quite prevalent in early apples. Later. varieties do not show 
as much damage. Fall webworm (Hyphantria textor 
Harr.) nests are to be seen in small numbers. Egg belts of tent 
caterpillars (Malacosoma americana Fabr.) are scarce. 
—August 3 

Orleans county [Virgil Bogue, Albion] — Rose beetles (Mac - 
trodactylus subspinosus Fabr.) have been somewhat 
more abundant than usual, though the damage inflicted was not 
‘very great, due to the fact that the unusual growth of foliage 
more than counterbalanced their work. There are three breeding 
areas of this insect in the county, one is located 1 mile east of here, 
one in the southwest corner of the county and one 5 miles north 
Gr Wiccdma, Potato beetles (Doryphora decim-lineata 
Say) are as abundant as usual. The trees have grown so vigor- 
ously that aphids have had little opportunity to inflict injury. 
Pear slugs (Eriocampoides limacina Retz.) have been 
unusually scarce owing to excessive rains. Late cherries have 
been exceptionally free from worms (probably the cherry maggot, 
Rhagoletis cingulata Loew).—July 17 

Queens county [C. L. Allen, Floral Park] — Cutworms have 
been very destructive and are still doing a great deal of injury, 
cutting off all the early cabbages in many places and causing much 
mischief with tomatoes. Woolly maple leaf aphids (Pemphi- 
gus acerifolii Riley) have appeared in some numbers though 
they are not doing much injury—July 3 

Richmond county [David Muirhead, West New Brighton] — 
ieraroupeetics (Doryphora-déecim-lineata. Say) are 
fairly abundant and correspondingly injurious. Cabbage but- 
tetflies (Pieris rapae Linn.) and cabbage worms are some- 
what numerous, the latter inflicting more or less damage.—July 16 


138 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


St Lawrence county [C. J. Locke, Ogdensburg] — Currant 
worms (Pteronus ribesii Scop.) appeared May 15 and 
larvae were at work July 1. Asparagus beetles (Crioceris 
asparagi Linn.) and the cottony maple scale (Pulvinaria 
innumerabilis Rathv.) were observed July 10. Black flea 
beetles (Epitrix cucumeris. Harr.) are numerous sane 
striped cucumber beetles (Diabrotica vittata Fabr.) were 
present in some numbers July 1. Fall webworms (Hyphan- 
tria textor Harr.) are rather numerous. Tussock moth larvae 
(Hemerocampa leucostigma Abb. & Sm.) are numer- 
ous and destructive on maples and elms.—July 28 

Suffolk county [Frank E. Lutz, Cold Spring Harbor]—San José 
scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.) is greatly feared 
in this section and is apparently becoming generally distributed. 
The green striped grasshopper (Chortophaga viridifas- 
ciata DeGeer) was taken March 20—Apnil 6 Hyphantria 
textor Harr., Apantesis virgo Linn, Isia isame ume 
Abb. & Sm. and Estigmene acraea Drury are still common 
at the trap lantern—June 10. Asparagus beetles (Crioceris 
asparagi Linn. and C. duodecim-punctata Linn.) were 
observed, the former abundant, the latter rare. Potato beetles 
(Doryphora decim-lineata Sav) occur in small numbers; 
the small black flea beetle (Epitrix cucumeris Harr.) is 
abundant and destructive on tomatoes. A dipterous larva (prob- 
ably. the radish miner Anthomyia radicwu m Exam) gis eae 
work in radish roots—May 24. The striped cucumber beetle 
(Diabrotica vittata Fabr.) is fairly abundant and the fall 
webworm moth (Hyphantria textor Harr.) is somewhat 
numerous at lights. The small black flea beetle was so abundant 
as to nearly destroy some petunias. The radish worms have been 
-somewhat injurious in several localities, in at least one case almost 
destroying the crop. Rose beetles (Macrodactylus sub- 
spinosus Fabr.) are exceedingly abundant and destructive. 
The white marked tussock moth (Hemerocampa leuco- 
stigma Abb. & Sm.) is reported as causing a great deal of 
injury in Brooklyn—July 6. Salt marsh mosquitos (Culicada 
sollicitans Walk.) were exceedingly abundant last week, 
though local marshes were well oiled. This is our usual end of 
the season’s invasion from the south side—August 25 

Sullivan county [J. E. Barkley, Grahamsville] — Potato beetles 
(Doryphora decim-lineata Say) were observed May 


- 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1905 139 


27, and cucumber beetles (Diabrotica vittata Fabr.) were 
abroad May 23 in sufficient numbers, so that serious injury will 
result if they are not kept in check by poisoned sprays. Currant 
worms (Pteronus ribesii Scop.) are becoming very destruc- 
tive to both currants and gooseberries. Hellebore and _ insect 
powder seem to be of little value compared with the arsenical spray. 
Ants of various kinds are proving very troublesome and promise 
to become as serious an annoyance as last year when they overran 
everything and it was almost impossible to protect victuals and 
other articles from their ravages—May 29. The small black flea 
beetle (Epitrix cucumeris Harr.) is abundant on every- 
thing in the garden, particularly tomatoes and cucumbers though 
not very destructive. The currant worm is one of the most destruc- 
tive species at present and the larder beetle (Dermestes 
lardarius Linn.) is quite numerous—June 6. Potato beetles 
have appeared in small numbers and have been recorded as feeding 
on tomato plants. The striped cucumber beetle is at work on both 
squash and cucumber vines but is not doing much injury.— June 
10. The striped cucumber beetle is very numerous and destruc- 


tive—June 17. The rose beetle (Macrodactylus sub- 


spinosus Fabr.) appeared in very large numbers during the 
last few weeks, attacking trees, grapevines and a large number of 
other plants. Previously they have been present in small numbers 
and their depredations confined largely to rosebushes. This year 

they occurred in swarms in some places, literally covering grape-_ 
vines and fruit trees, exhibiting a decided partiality for plum. 
Potato beetles are not very abundant—June 24. The white frothy 
masses of spittle insects (probably Philaenus lineatus 
Linn. and P. spumarius Linn.) are exciting considerable 
attention because of their abundance. Tent caterpillars (Mala- 
Ees@ima americana Fabr.) are unusually scarce. The 
small black flea beetles are very numerous on potatoes, tomatoes, 
cucumbers and other garden plants—June 27. Potato beetles are 
very abundant and a second brood of currant worms has appeared. 
The striped cucumber beetle is present in some numbers and the 
black flea beetle has nearly disappeared? The latter is also true 
of the rose beetle. Horn flies (Haematobia serrata Rob- 
Desv.) are present in swarms and are proving a serious annoyance 
to cattle—July &. Cabbage worms (Pieris rapae Linn.) 
are riddling cabbage plants. The striped cucumber beetle is fairly 
numerous on both cucumber and sauash vines. Potato beetles 


140 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


still continue abundant though not so destructive as in earlier 
years.—July 15. Cabbage worms are very injurious. ‘The striped 
cucumber beetle continues numerous. Potato beetles are still 
abundant though easily held in check with paris green. Squash 
bugs (Anasa tristis DeGeer) have not been observed this 
season though they are usually very destructive—July 22. Cab- 
bage worms continue their injuries. The house fly (Musca 
domestica Linn.) is becoming very abundant. Whe hora iy, 
is exceedingly annoying to cattle; their sides and the base of their 
horns are often black with them.—July 29. Nests of the fall web- 
worm (Hyphantria textor Harr.) are becoming quite abund- 
ant. Potato beetles have nearly disappeared. Very few squash bugs 
have been observed—August 12. Fall webworms are becoming 
more abundant and destructive—August 26 

Warren county [C. L. Williams, Glens Falls] — Larvae of a 
small midge (Dasyneura pseudacaciae Mitch) Mave neem 
exceedingly abundant in the leaves of a black locust hedge, some 
portions of which have been so badly infested that nearly every 
leaf was destroyed. This insect also works to a limited extent on 
larger trees—June 10. Potato beetles (Doryphora decim- 
lineata Say) are abundant. Rose beetles (Macrodac- 
tylus subspinosus Fabr.) are disappearing. The elm 
leaf beetles (Galerucella luteola Mull.) continue at work in 
this locality though they are not more abundant than last year. They | 
are confined largely to the small European elm. ‘There are signs 
of the insect’s work on the trees all over town but only in this 
locality were specimens found at work. ‘The rather rare galls of 
Pemphigus ulmifusus Walsh are somewhat prevalent on 
red elm.—July 6 

Westchester county [F. R. Calkins, Ossining] — Potato beetles 
(Doryphora decim-lineata Say) appeared) Wiggum 
and many cabbage butterflies (Pieris 1rapae. Wimpeene 
observed the 10th. The elm leaf beetle (Galenmecw 
luteola Mull.) is present in unusually large numbers and the 
tops of many elms are nearly lifeless owing to the ravenous feeding 
of the beetles, which left nothing but the veins. The grass fields 
and lanes present a very peculiar appearance. There are lareec 
dead spots here and there and examination reveals no insects 
beneath (this may possibly be the work of grass webworms, Cram- 
bids). Peartrees are in very poor condition, many of them throw- 
ing out long suckers. This condition is probably due to psylla 


REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9Q05 I4!I 


attack combined with severe injury from the extremely cold 
weather of winter before last. Tent caterpillars (Malacosoma 
americana Fabr.) appeared in larger numbers than last year. 
—May 26. The cottony maple aphis (probably Pemphigus 
acerifolii Riley) is abundant though not much injury has been 
inflicted at present. The insects are flying considerably. Striped 
cucumber beetles (Diabrotica vittata Fabr.) are increas- 
ing in numbers and elm leaf beetles are confining their operations 
largely to the tops of the trees. Cabbage worms are very abund- 
ant and corn root worms (?Diabrotica longicornis 
Say) are proving destructive. Tussock caterpillars (Hemero- 
campa leucostigma Abb. & Sm.) are exceedingly abundant 
and correspondingly injurious to the maples.—July 2. Mosquitos 
appeared for the first time in large numbers June 26. Black flea 
Peeesm OM Pitrix cucumeris Harr.) are forsaking the 
tomato plants. Potato beetles are causing some trouble. Plant 
lice (Aphis mali Linn.) are proving quite injurious to apple- 
trees—July 3. . Black flea beetles have again appeared in numbers 
on tomato plants and the tussock moth females are depositing eggs. 
Beans except limas are being severely injured by a small green 
louselike insect (possibly the garden flea, Smynthurus hor- 
tensis Fitch). The young of striped cucumber beetles are ex- 
ceedingly abundant and plant lice have almost completely destroyed 
the foliage on many appletrees. It is very dry and hot and appears 
to be especially favorable to elm leaf beetles, as the fence tops and 
sidewalks are literally covered with the grubs seeking favorable 
places for the final changes to the beetle. The cottony maple 
aphis (Pemphigus acerifolii Riley) or the maple Phena- 
eeceus (Phenacoccus acericola King) is proving quite 
injurious to maple foliage. Tussock moth larvae have devoured 
all but the main veins of many leaves—July 135. Saddle-back 
caterpillars (Sibine stimulea’ Clem.) are unusually abundant 
on corn, devouring the leaves very rapidly —September 5 

Wyoming county [W. H. Roeper, Wyoming]—Forest tent 
caterpillars (Malacosoma disstria Hubn.) appeared May 
g and are remarkably scarce. The bud moth (Tmetocera 
ocellana Schiff.) has caused a great deal of injury in this 
locality and the codling moth (Carpocapsa pomonella 
Linn.) is inflicting some damage. Another insect (probably the 
steely flea beetle, Haltica chalybea Illig.) is working in 
grape buds and destroying them.—June 5 


142 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 


LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. OF THE ENTOMOR@G rss 


The following is a list of the principal publications of the Ento- 
mologist during the year 1904. Sixty-two are given with the title,’ 
place, time of publication and a summary of the contents of each. 
Volume and page number are separated by a colon, the first superior 
figure gives the column, and the second the exact place in the column 
in ninths: e. g. 69: 1076'5 means volume 69, page 1076, column 1, 
beginning in the fifth ninth, i. e. nearly two thirds of the way 
down. 

Mosquitos or Culicidae of New York State. N. Y. State Mus. 

Bul. 79, Entomology 22 (Advance copies issued Oct. 29, complete 

bulletin with appendix mailed Dec. 10). 1904. 164p. 57 pl. 


Contents 

PAGE PAGE 

PMCRACER Sg sas Gh re hints See 241 Introduction (continued) 
Peron uctiOn: saw ¢ hoa ces 243 Methods of contrel. 223) oes 258 
Mosquitos as carriers of dis- Cuolicidae....... .2.: eae eee 260 
CASE Liat thtis cts caoen Maes ne 245 Anophelinac. .2:.02 5. see ee 266 
Distribution and abundance of Culicitiae. >... si. pee 271 
NOSGMIEOS.< toes en ks DAF Aedeomyinae. . <2. ea aoe 339 
Ta CSRS U I CIES reser Rapa ae ethan) 2 247 Corethritiac..... hese ~~. 345 
Micration or fight .< i. <2. : 248  Bibhography.-.. 2222s ee 374 
ile history <5oec2 S36 (Ae eee hoe 249. Addendum... 2422s eee 381 
Methods of collecting and Explanation of plates-: aes. eee 382 
CORIO re sa eg eS a5r. Index: i. ...2.43 =e eee 303 
Haunts and breeding places... 252 Plates 1-57... 21 cee face 392 
Natural eneniiés an. 0.5... 256. Appendix...2.5..255- 53 391a 


The following species are noticed: Anopheles punctipennis 
say, A.maculipennis Meig.,A.crucians Wied., Psordp hema 
ciliata <Abr., , Janthinosoma musica Say, Culex Sama 
miger-Cog.,C. fitchii Felt & Young,C. cantans Men tea 
westris Theo., C. cantator Cog., C. sollicittiams Wale we 
discolor Cog., C. jamaicensis Theo., C.taecnroe ty ae eee 
Wied.,C. confinis Arrib.,C. annulatus Schrank,C. canaden- 
sis: Theo., C..onondagensis Felt, C. atropalpms aq 
dyari Coq.,C. territans Walk.,C. lazarensis Welt ® Moun 
G.-einereoborealis Felt & Young, C. consobrimm= fora. 
absobrinus Felt,C. magnipennis Felt, C. résttanus Theo 
C. pipiens Linn.,C.abserratus Felt & Young, C. wemoronee 
Meig., C. salinarius Coq., C. trivittatus Coq senor 
Theo., C. dupreei Coq.,C: triseriatus® Say, Clamp nem seess 
C. melantrus Coqg., Stegomyia signiter Code tacmaae 
rhyn eh ws perturbans Walk., Aedes fuscus Osten Sacken, 
ee Seal, & tort COG., Uranotaenia sapphirina Osten Sacken, 
Conrethrella brakelhey1. Cog, Morethaa karnerensis 
Felt,C. lintneri Felt,C.cinctipes Coq, Eucorethra 1 meee 
woodi Undw.., Sayomyia punctipennis Say, S. tri wae 
tata Loew,S. albipes Johans.,S. rotundifolia Felt,S.ameri- 
cana Johans., S. hudsoni Felt, Culex abfi te hiiemer, 5 

The following genera are erected: Culicelsa, Culicada, Ecculex, Culicella, 
Culiseta and Protoculex. 


1Titles are given as published, andin some instances they have been 


changed or supplied by the editors of the various papers. 


MUSEUM eee ONS 


5 v. x ptr Economical Miuaraigae pt2 Descriptive Mineralogy. 24+536p. 
(1842. . : 
ie 8 plates additional to those printed as part of the text. 
‘DIVISION 4 GEOLOGY. Mather, W. W.; Emmons, Ebenezer; Vanuxem, Lard- 
a ner & Hall, James. Geology of New York. 4v. il. pl. sq. Q. Albany 
fee, 1842-43. Out of print. 
wav. % ptr Mather, W. WY. First Geological District. _37+653p. 46pl. .1843. 
cag Ber Emmons, Ebenezer. Second Geological District. 10+437p. 17pl. 
~ 1842 
. 3 pt3 Vanuxem, Lardner. Third Geological District. 306p.: 1842. 
ey. Pts Hall, James. Fourth Geological District. 22+683p. 1gpl, map. 
1843 
_ DIVISION 5 AGRICULTURE. Emmons, Ebenezer. Agriculture of New York; 
S. comprising an account of the classification, composition and distribution 
~ of the soils and rocks and the natural waters of the different geological 
‘formations, together with a condensed view of the meteorology and agri- 
* ae productions of the State. 5v.il. pl.sq.Q. Albany 1846-54. Out 
of print 
ye v: a ey of the State, their 5 RS and Distribution. 11 +371p. 21pl. 
oe 84 
.* 2 Analysis of Soils, Plants, Cereals, etc. 8+343+46p. 42pl. 1849. 
re With hand- colored = aes 
v.3 Fruits, etc. 8+340p. 1851. 
4 4 Plates to accompany V. 3. 9 Spa S51. 
¢ Hand-colored. 
Bi: -v. 5 Insects Injurious to Agriculture. 8+272p. Sopl. 1854. 
. With hand-colored plates. 


ae 6 PALEONTOLOGY. Hall, James. Palaeontology of New York. 8v._ 


il. pl.sq.Q. Albany 1847-94. Bound in cloth. 
= ey. 1 Organic Remains of the Lower Division of the New York Satan’ 
a 23 Gat gopl. 1847. Out of print. 

2 Organic Remains of Lower Middle Division of the New York System, 
oe $8+362p. to4pl. 1852. Out of print. 
v. 3 Organic Remains of the Lower Helderberg Group and the Oriskany 
a ‘Sandstone. pti, text. 12+532p. 1859. [83.50] 
“4 —— pt2. 143pl. 1861. [$2.50] . 
; v. 4 Fossil Brachiopoda of the Upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Portage and 
_ Chemung Groups. 11+1+4428p. ogopl. 1867. $2.50. 
-v. 5 pti Lamellibranchiata 1. Monomyaria of the Upper Helderberg, 
“a Hamilton and Chemung Groups. 18+268p. 45pl. 1884. $2.50. 
am Lamellibranchiata 2. Dimyaria of the Upper Helderberg, Ham- 
“a ilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 62+293p. 51pl. 1885. $2.50. 


t- berg, Hamilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 2v. 1879. v. 1, text. 
' 15+4092p. v. 2, 120pl. $2.50 for 2 v. 

— & Simpson, George B. v. 6 Corals and Bryozoa of the Lower and 
3s Upper Helderberg and Hamilton Groups. 24+298p. 67pl. 1887. $2.50. 
ie & Clarke, John M. v. 7 Trilobites and other Crustacea of the Oris- 
B: > kany, Upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Portage, Chemung and Catskill 

Groups. 64+236p. 46pl. 1888. Cont. supplement to v. a pt2. Pterop- 
3 oda, Cephalopoda and Annelida. gz2p. 18pl. 1888. $2.50. . 
& Clarke, John M. v. 8 ptr Introduction to the Study of the Genera 
of the Paleozoic eee 16+367p. 44pl. 1892. $2.50. 


+1894. $2.50. 

~ Catalogue of the Cabinet of Natural History of the State of New York and 
of the Historical and Antiquarian Collection annexed thereto. 242p. O. 
P1853. - 

Handbooks 1893-date. 73x12} cm. 
In quantities, 1 cent for each 16 pages or less. Single copies postpaid as below. 
New York State Museum. 52p. il. 4c. 


pt2 Gasteropoda, Pteropoda and Cephalopoda of the Upper Helder- 


& Clarke, John M. v. 8 pt2 Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 16+ 394p. 64pl.. 


i 


we 
a 

es 
re 


Rockland county. State geol. rep’t 18. 1899. 


f NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT _ 
faa 
Paleontology... 12p. 2¢. | 
Brief outline of State: Museum work in paleontology under heads: Definition; Relation to. 
biology; Relation to stratigraphy; History of paleontology in New York. \ 
Guide to Excursions in the Fossiliferous Rocks of New York. 124p. &¢. q 


Itineraries of 32 trips covering nearly the entire series of Paleozoic rocks, prepared specially © 
for the use of teachers and students desiring to acquaint themselves more intimately with the — 
classic rocks of this State. : 
Entomology. 16p.. -2¢. 

Economic Geology. 44p. 4c. 

Insecticides and Fungicides. 20p. je. 

Classification of New York Series of Geologic Formations. 32p. 3c. 

Geologic maps. Merrill, F. J. H. Economic and Geologic Map of the State 
of New York; issted as part of Museum bulletin: 15 and 48th Museum 

Report, viet... 59x67 cm.—1894. Scale 44 miles to 1 imem. a 4e; 

—— Map of-the State of New York Showing the Location of Quarries of 

Stone Used for Building and Road Metal. Mus. bul. 17. 1897. 10¢. 
—— Map of the State of New York Showing the Distribution on the Rocks | 
~\Most®Useful for Road Metal. Mus. bul. 17. 1897. 56. 
Geologic Map of New York. 1901. Scale 5 miles ‘to. I inch. In atlas — 
\. form-$3; mounted on rollers $5. Lower Hudson sheet 6oc. 


The lower.Hudson sheet, geologically c6lored, comprises Rockland, Orange, Dutchess, Put- 
nam, Westchester, New York, Richmond, Kings, Queens and Nassau counties, and parts of Sul- 
livan; Ulster and Suffolk counties; also northeastern New Jersey and part of western Connecticut. © 


Map of New York Showing the Surface Configuration and Water Sheds. 
1901. Scale 12 miles to 1 inch. r5¢. 


Map of the State of New York Showing the Location of its Economic 
Deposits. 1904. Scale 12 miles to 1 inch. I4¢. 

Geologic maps-on the United States Geological Survey topographic base; 
scale 1 in. == 1m. Those marked with an asterisk have aiso been pub- 
lished separately. 

*Albany county. Mus. rep’t 49, v. 2. 1898. 50c. 

Area around Lake Placid. Mus. bul. 21. 1808. 

Vicinity of Frankfort Hill [parts of Herkimer and Oneida counties]. Mus. 
rep’t 51, Vv. r. 1899. 


mi peony a" bi dla 


— 


Amsterdam quadrangle. Mus. bul. 34. Igoo. : : 
*Parts of Albany and Rensselaer counties. Mus. bul. 42. rg01. 106. 
*Niagara river. Mus. bul. 45. 1gor. 256. 

Part of Clinton county. State geol. rep’t 19. Igor. 

Oyster Bay and sioaea quadrangles on Tene Island. Mus. bul. 48. 


, ik Peg ve ee “4 os Hla te £3 . 
ee ee ee lp ee ee een a ge ee eee ee 


Paes 


I 

Partons of Clinton and Essex counties. Mus. bul. 52. 1902. 

Part of town of Northumberland, Saratoga co. State geol. rep’t 21. 1903. 

Union Springs, Cayuga county and vicinity. Mus. bul. 69. 1903. : 

*Olean quadrangle. Mus. bul. 69. 1903. foc. Ee 

*Becraft Mt with 2 sheets of sections. (Scale 1 in. 4m.) Mus. bul. 69. 
1903. 20C. 

$C aa niconde Naples quadrangles. Mus. bul. 63. 1904. 206. 

*Little Falls quadrangles. Mus. bul. 77. 1905. I5¢. ~ 

*Watkins-Elmira quadrangles. Mus. bul. 81. 1905. 20¢. | / 

*Tully quadrangle. Mus. bul. 82. 1905. 106. 

*Salamanca quadrangle. Mus. bul. 80. 1905. I06. 

*Buffalo quadrangle. Mus. bul. 99. 1906. Toc 

*Penn Yan—Hammondsport quadrangles. Mus. bul. ror. 1906. 20c. 


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