Bulletin - New York State Museum

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University of the State of New York

BU EL Bat IN

OF THE

New York State Museum

FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL, Director

VOL. 6 No. 26

APRIL 1899

COLLECTION, PRESERVATION

AND

DISTRIBUTION OF NEW YORK INSECTS

EPHRAIM PORTER FELT, D. Sc.
State Entomologist

ALBANY
UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK

1899
Ms4m—Mrg9-2000 Price 5 cents

YEAR

1874
1892

1873
1877
1877
1877
1878
1881
1881
1883
1885
1885
1888
1890
1890
1893
1894
1895
1895

1897
1897
1899
1899

1890
1888
1890

University of the State of New York

REGENTS

Anson Jupp Upson, D.D. LL.D. L.H. D.
Chancellor, Glens Falls
WILLIAM CROSWELL Doane, D. D. LL. D:
Vice-Chancellor, Albany

Martin I. Townsend, M.A. LL.D. - - — Troy
Cuauncey M. DEpeEw, LL..-D. — _ = New York
CHARLES: EFiron,.1 38. Ma. 7i. iD — Rochester
Orris H. Warren, D. D. _ — ~ _ Syracuse
WHITELAW ReEip, LL. D. - = ~ -- — New York
WittiamM H. Watson, M.A. M.D. = = Utica
Henry E.:TURNER 92 =” Se eo ee
st Crair McKerway, LL. D. L. B.D. 2DoC Eb. Sreokiva
HAMILTON Harris, Ph.D. LL. D. - ~ —- Albany
DANIEL “BEACH, (Ph, D:-iLL.D; - - - Watkins -
CaRROLL E. Smiry, LL. D. - - - — Syracuse
Puy T. Sexton, LL. D. o _ _ - Palmyra
T. GUILFORD SmitTH, M.A. C. E. a = ~ Buffalo —
Lewis A. Stimson, B.A. M.D. — ao 2S lew were
SYLVESTER MALONE. — “Ve, 75—) = 7 E | CSeBraeeien
ALBERT. VANDER VEER, M.D: Ph: Dy. > — _ Albany
CHARLES R, SKINNER, LL. D. |

Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex officio
CHESTER S. Lorn, M. A. — - _ = — Brooklyn
TimotHy L. Wooprurr, M. A. Lieutenant-Governor, ex officio
THEODORE ROOSEVELT, B. A. Governor, ex officio
Joun T. McDonoucu, LL. B. Secretary of State, ex officio

SECRETARY
MELVIL DEweEy, M. A.

DIRECTORS OF DEPARTMENTS

JAMES RussELL Parsons JR, M. A. College and High school depts
Metvit Dewey, M. A. State library and Home Education
FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL, Ph. D. State museum

University of the State of New York

Peurkster. Ey N

OF THE

New York State Museum

FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL, Director

WOtpte or NOL 26

April 1899

Collection, preservation and distribution

OF

INEQVW YORK INSECTS

BY

EPHRAIM PORTER FELT, D. Sc.
State Entomologist

CONTENTS
Preface . wcsieecoes bude wane See cee e See Ee Oe eee ee oe ee

Collecting insects 2. 2.5 go <+ec nee cae emeelee Cr ese ans eee eee ee ee
Collecting ‘bottle. 20. ccc eee ee ene peak eae ee ee eer
Insect net. 2 nn chew eicee cenit wat sees seen pee eee See ee tl
Collecting box. Jis-issec meen s cuteness ees tee ae mene eee gestae
Folded papers for butterflies... ..-5--s sue ome nee Bebe tease ate
Vials:and small boxesic2..-. .s28 ¢ Yah Se Le Se eee ce eee
Capturing Insects 225... so Soa Boe Sale aa see eee oe eee oe en ee
Collecting at lights and‘sugaring oo. 320s See o te eee eee ees ee
Immature forms . 2.225. oS sn dalciee = see See ree oe ee ee ee

Preserving insects . =... :- Sisslen Mees elon cp ele eas eitene See cients eee eee re
TMSeCt PIS 65. c-~ see += cp bemelemie Pw ean r Saar aces eee eee tee
Pinning block 2 arte ke pene wane Sabie ence Bee ace oe ee
Rules for pinning 22.2... «sen ith L. ccaente tah See een eee ee ee
Spreading apparatus®. 22. ..:- cece ee ate wn ene eee ee eee ae eee ee
Directions for spreading s...2 b.\ ase f= seites ee See ee eee Lees eee een
Relaxing IMsectts — ose ease no cane Som oa ere ee mite rae eee eee
Denton’s tablets (- 2... 2nct eee tins eee eee een eee ee eee eee

Inflating larvae 2-3 s. occa ce. eee sigh wee oe ote icin oe ee
Alcoholic material |). 32 2. yew ooe8 does eee ees eel een see Se eee meee ee
Vialsiand their care: 242-36 sconce See oes Se eee ene ee tee
Labeling insects: 222. 20.--. = as -casunci ee se eteen See. Sa eee
Insect*"eases >i 5 te ab deed so cktde Jnctnceee Le eteeee 2 eee Be ee Oe ene ee
Museum (pests. tise cee cee es cutee Selene nin =e = eee eee acer een eee
Convenient accessories Lie sooe eee Pha see dic +e wobe sn amatiee sees Caan
Shipping insects, —--. st oeioeem es were e eae te eee eee eee
Dealers in entomologic ‘supplies: oo cefire. seer ec on eee cess een eee

Disteibwtyon. of Wsects 2. foe ae eee ok wee eee lett Gree oy eet ere
Importance J... -.--)c-<cjne- oc cee ee eeicee ee eeene eee hot eee cer bree
Lafe 2ON€S i... eee too ne asec os eee ee tee owe er en eee eee tee tena
Imported insect pests toes osc tases eee cet ane eee] eer ete eee orem
Manner of spread ..22...-20c.-sceuee soem an pe eee Be pawn nia ace erent eee
Practical application... c-e¢-> ask cbs oheey eeenie= nese ome ee eee ane eae
UNGCK Gaweas soph cmnensaetecr esse aneeees te - er rene eriar ss. ee Soe

Oh ear.

PREFACE

The organization of a corps of voluntary observers makes it necessary
to issue directions for collecting and shipping insects. It is believed that
the chapter on the distribution of insects will be a valuable guide in
directing observations along lines hitherto largely ignored. This bul-
letin has also in view the guidance of pupils who, for a small compensa-
tion, may undertake to collect insects for the state. It was thought
best to include directions for preserving. insects, in order to encourage
younger students to build up collections of their own.

No claim is laid to originality in the text of this bulletin, as available
sources of information have been freely consulted. The illustrations are
all original, having been prepared under my direction by my assistant,
Mr C. S. Banks.

EPHRAIM PORTER FELT
State entomologist

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COLLECTING INSECTS

With a little experience it is usually easy to collect insects very
successfully, provided one gets rid of the notion that the more common
forms are unworthy his attention. -I have repeatedly seen students who
were required to make a collection, spend more time begging insects
than it would take to catch them. A beginner must be content at first
to take those he can see, and then as eye and muscles become trained,
he will soon be able to secure those of greater value.

Collecting bottle. First provide at least a collecting jar or bottle.
For most insects, except the larger ones, a wide-mouthed vaseline bottle
is very convenient, but certain butterflies, moths and other insects with
a considerable wing-spread should be put in a larger bottle or jar with a
proportionately wider mouth. In order to prevent specimens from in-
juring themselves, the jar should be charged with potassium cyanide,
but as this is a deadly poison it must be handled with care and the
bottles might be more safely prepared by a druggist or teacher. The
usual method is to put in the vaseline bottle two or three pieces of
cyanide about twice the size of a pea (more if a larger jar is used),
pour in just enough water to cover the poison, and then add at once
enough plaster of paris to take
up the water. With a cloth wipe
out the upper portion of the bot-
tle and allow it to stand uncorked
till the plaster has hardened and
the inside is dry. Then cork
tightly, label the bottle Poison,
and in a few hours it will be ready
for use. Do not have the bottle
open more than is necessary as
the cyanide loses strengthrapidly.
Those afraid of this dangerous
substance can add chloroform to
a little cotton kept in place by a
disk of blotting paper and use that
in the collecting bottle. But as chloroform requires frequent renewal and

Fic. 1 Collecting bottle (original).

is not so deadly to insect life, the cyanide bottle is generally preferred, and
with reasonable care need not be-feared. With no farther outfit many
insects can be captured by advancing the open bottle and partly
pushing and partly driving the specimen in with the cork. A little

8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

practice will be found necessary before the more wary species can be
taken in this manner.

Insect net. Those wishing to secure butterflies, moths and other
rapid flying insects will have much use for a net. This may either be
bought or made at home. It consists of a stout handle, a broom handle

Fic. 2 Butterfly net (original). Fic. 3 Details of net rim (original).

about 1 meter (3% ft) long will answer, to which is securely fitted a
2 cm (,;% inch) wire ring 30 cm (about 12 in.) in diameter, bent as
indicated in figure 3 and firmly held by a ferule. The ring can easily
be made and attached bya tinsmith or blacksmith. . The net itself should
be a little shorter than the collector’s arm, preferably of cheese cloth
and firmly sewed to a thicker band around the ring. The bottom of
the net may be cut square, forming two corners, or better, cut round
or into four angles and

brought down to a
point, as represented
in figure 4, thus doing
away with corners
which are apt to be
troublesome. Those
wishing a nicer article

Fic. 4 Patterns for net bottoms (original).

can buy of dealers in entomologic supplies various styles of nets ranging
in price from $1 to $2.50. For $1.50 a very desirable net with jointed
handle and folding frame can be secured. When using the net approach
the insect cautiously and with a quick swing and turn of the handle it is
captured. It does not pay to chase insects. Transfer captures directly
from the net to the cyanide bottle, as the less insects are handled the

COLLECTING INSECTS 9

greater their value. Usually it is comparatively easy to place the open
bottle over an insect in the net and induce it to enter without touching it.

Those wishing to collect
water insects will find a shal-

low net of coarse material much

Fie. 5 Dip net (original).

more convenient than the ordi-
nary butterfly net, because the mesh of the latter is too fine to permit
moving it rapidly through the water.

Collecting box: ‘Those interested in butterflies and moths will find
a collector’s box of great service, This is a flat box just deep enough to
hold pinned specimens and having a layer of cork on the bottom. It
may be made specially, or a cigar box of convenient size for carrying
may be utilized. Some collectors merely attach a short piece of leather
with a buttonhole in the free end, and when in the field the box hangs
from a convenient button. Others use a strap swung over the shoulder.

Folded papers for butterflies. Butterflies may be killed in the net by
pinching the thorax between the fingers, taking care that the wings are
folded back before touch-
ing the insects. ‘They are es ah
then placed in papers as
represented in the accom-
panying diagram, the slip
being proportionate to the
size of the insect, and the
locality and date placed
on the outside. - Specimens
may be sent through the
mails without injury in such

papers.

Vials and small boxes.
It is well to carry on a

Albony.N-¥. '
Tully 4.1999 '

Fie. 6 Method of folding butterfly papers (original).

collecting trip a number of vials and small boxes in which insect eggs,
larvae, etc., with a little of their food plant, can be kept for closer ex-
amination later. For soft bodied insects several of the vials should con-
tain 50% alcohol.

Capturing insects. The beginner will soon learn that certain locali-
ties are more productive than others and that the time of day has con-
siderable influence on insect activity. It would be well, though by no
means necessary, to take the first trip or two on bright warm days in

Io

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

company with one who has done some collecting, and plan the course so
that diversified country will be traversed. Insects may be found in
almost any place, but experience will soon teach the most favorable

Fic. 7 Pistol case bearer
(original).

localities. At first take everything, thus training eye
and muscle, and learning a little of the varied forms
of life. The collector willsoon find that beetles, bugs
and other insects can not be put in the same bottle
with certain forms without becoming covered with
scales, and if ambitious to secure nice specimens, he
will have a special bottle for butterflies and moths.
Dragon flies are also best kept in a large bottle by
themselves. Large insects injure the smaller ones
and it will be found that numbers of water insects
can not be put in with others without injury to many
of the more delicate terrestrial forms. Hence, the
necessity of treating collected insects differently, and
the immense number of forms to be studied, will

soon compel specialization to a certain extent. That is, all those be-

longing to one order, as the butterflies and moths, the beetles, etc., or

those attacking a few related plants or occurring in
certain localities will be collected in preference to
all others, and in this way many valuable facts are
ascertained, which would be impossible were general
collecting continued indefinitely, and at the same
time much pleasure may be derived from the pursuit.

The actual method of procedure can hardly be
described. In a general way walk rather slowly,
pausing to examine a cluster of flowers, to look
under stones, to examine the trunk and branches
of trees, rotting wood, etc. After a little practice it
will be surprising to see how many species on flowers
can be taken with nothing but the collecting bottle.
Many insects belonging to the bee and wasp family,
some very handsome beetles, interesting members
of the true bug family and a few flies can be captured

in this manner. As some beetles and bugs drop jy. g cocoons of apple

te
Xe ae a

|
1
iM

readily to the ground, the bottle should be held a Bucculatrix (original).

little below the insect. Dark colored, rapid running ground beetles may
be found under stones and will require quick work to catch them.
Trunks and branches of trees repay a careful examination. On the

COLLECTING INSECTS

ET

smoother bark, sometimes hardly visible, there may be scale insects sucking
the vital fluids from the tissues beneath, while numerous forms take shelter

under loose edges of the rougher bark. Caterpillars of
various kinds may be found crawling on the trunk or
resting on the smaller twigs and sometimes resembling
their support so closely as to require a practised eye to
detect them. In winter and early spring the peculiar case
bearers, the cocoons of the apple Auccu/atrix, and the
more concealed winter retreats of the bud worm can be
found only by close inspection. Then there are the eggs
of various species, some times in clusters on the bark or
even in belts around the limbs, as in the case of the
apple and forest tent caterpillars. Minute particles of
sawdust hanging from a slender thread or lying at the

eas" s
“ere e>
26.2 SS:

(%
oS a

Fic. 10 Egg belt
of forest tent cat-
erpillar, showing
a few exposed
eggs, enlarged
(original).

base of the trunk indicate the presence of
borers. In a similar manner examine
the foliage quietly and carefully. Various
larvae, some moths, leaf-feeding beetles,

bugs, etc. may be found and by holding

the net or an inveited umbrella under a
Fic. 9 Egg belt of
apple tent caterpil-
good specimens can be obtained. When it jaa or i.
nal).
is remembered that 371 species of insects

bough and beating it with a stick other

are known to attack the apple tree or its fruit in one way
or another, some idea will be obtained of the possibilities
in collecting. Every part of a tree— root, stem and branch,
flower, leaf and fruit — will repay examination. <A person
who will take one plant and study thoroughly the insects
occurring thereon throughout the year can hardly avoid
making a rich contribution to the world’s fund of knowl-
edge. |

The insects inhabiting a meadow, those living in sandy
places, aquatic or alpine forms, all offer inviting fields to
the student of nature, and in each the collector will find
much of interest. In meadows or grass land and other
places where there are not too many obstructions, sweep-

ing with the net results in the capture of many“species. The collector

advances across the field swinging his net vigorously to one side just
above the herbage, or even hitting the taller plants, and at the end of

the stroke turns the net quickly and reverses the movement, thus produc-

12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

ing a continuous sweep which is maintained till considerable material is
taken. The desirable specimens are then removed from the net and the
operation continued. In sandy places the fauna is rather scantily repre-
sented by ground beetles, tiger beetles, grasshoppers, etc., requiring closer
search to secure many forms. Among the more interesting insects are
those inhabiting water. Caddice fly larvae with their peculiar cases may
be found at the bottom of streams and ponds ;
on the under sides of stones the curious larvae
of stone flies occur; among weeds and decay-
ing matter the strange water scorpion moves
slowly, its long legs and slender body suggest-
ing the walking stick, which is, however, a very
different insect. In ascending a mountain a
good idea of the effect of climate is obtained by

Fig. 11 Caddice fly larvae and 4 study of insects. As the altitude increases
cases (original).

certain species become less abundant and forms
relatively scarce in the lower regions begin to appear in numbers. A
striking example of this is seen in the arthemis butterfly, Basilarchia
arthemis Drury, a northern insect with a range closely limited by the
southern boundary of New York state. In the lowlands it is relatively
scarce, while in the higher regions near and in the Adirondack and
Catskill mountains it abounds on account of the more congenial climate.
At a moderate altitude insects are numerous but they differ in species
from those below, and at extreme hights the fauna becomes scanty with
an increase of wingless species. ‘The latter peculiarity is also noticeable
on smaller islands and may be explained by the strong winds of such

places carrying away flying insects and thus favoring wingless forms.

Collecting at lights and sugaring. The attraction light has for
insects is well known, and is frequently taken advantage of by collectors,
who secure valuable specimens in this way. In many places all that is
necessary is an open window in a lighted room. Dark, warm nights
accompanied by rain are usually the most productive. In cities the
electric arc lights attract many insects and may be visited with good
results.

Examples of the family Noctuidae or owlet moths (many are known
to the farmer in the larval state as destructive cutworms) can probably be
secured in no better way than by sugaring. ‘This consists in smearing a
mixture of sugar and vinegar on the trunks of a number of trees or on
fences in a favorable locatity, Stale beer added to a mixture of sugar or
molasses and water makes a very effective preparation. The bait is

COLLECTING INSECTS 13

applied at dusk to a number of places, and each desirable specimen is
taken with the aid of a light by placing a wide-mouthed cyanide bottle
over it while feeding. The moth will usually enter the bottle at once or
can be induced to do so by a slight lateral movement of the poison jar, and
then the cork can be replaced. If it is a good night, the collector will
need at least two cyanide bottles in order that dead specimens may not
be injured by later captures, the moths being transferred to the second
jar as they become quiet.

Immature forms. Collecting insects in the pupa or quiescent stage
is aready means of securing perfect adults. Aside from rearing cater-
pillars, this is the only method of ob-
taining the more perfect examples of
butterflies and moths, and is quite
extensively practised. Cocoons may
be found hanging from limbs, particu-
larly on the lilac, lying on the ground
enveloped in leaves, or securely tucked
in many a sheltering crevice of tree,
stone and fence. A large number of
caterpillars enter the ground to a slight
depth and transform in rude earthen
cells. It is not difficult to find pupae
in the soil, particularly in forests. They
can be obtained in large numbers

Se fields where army worms have been Fic. 12 Promethea cocoon on lilac, slightly
abundant reduced (original).

Most collectors pay exclusive attention to the adult insects,
and only in the exceptional cases of a few well-known forms
are caterpillars considered worth bothering with. As we un-
fortunately know comparatively few insects in their adolescent
stages, this has stood in the way of their study, specially as
larvae are rather difficult to preserve nicely and only in the
hands of the skilful can be made attractive. Nevertheless
the collection and study of immature forms, notably cater-
pillars, offer a very inviting field to one who delights in the

Fic.13 Pupa UNKnown. Their habits, adaptation to conditions, protective
moth wrigt Coloring, etc., are very interesting and profitable lines for
oe inquiry, and when larvae of all orders are included, the
student has before him an exceedingly rich field. It is nearly impos-

sible to find a place in nature that is not capable of supporting insect

14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

larvae. ‘They may be found devouring the entire substance of leaves,
eating only the softer under portions or even mining between the upper
and lower epidermis. They closely simulate the appearance of a twig,
bore within it or the trunk, inhabit all manner of vegetable matter, food
stuffs, etc., are found in the alkali lakes of the west and one species is
known to live in crude petroleum in the vicinity of oil wells, showing to
what a wonderful extent the various forms of life can adapt themselves
to conditions.
PRESERVING INSECTS

Most insects can be preserved by pinning and drying, but to attain
the best results it will be necessary to have a few supplies and to follow
certain tested rules.

Insect pins. Entomologists prefer insect pins made specially for this
purpose. Those most extensively used in this country are from 3.5 to
about: -4\cem= (ne Viae a oem |

long, are more slender than

>
—————

E> #2: ordinary pins and are made

ae. SRERAMED THES

“WEEN TH

in several sizes, the more con-
“== venient being nos. 1, 3 and 5

of the Klager pins, no. 3 being
Fic. 14 Block for holding pins (original). heibedt Ic herene Eee re
A convenient means of keeping several sizes and kinds of pins is a light
block of wood about three fourths as deep as the pins are long with a
2-centimeter (nearly 4 in.) hole for each size of pin. Klager pins or those
of other makes may be obtained from dealers in entomologic supplies. A
black japanned pin is preferable to the unprotected or white pin as there
is less liability of verdigris spoiling the insect. The trouble with the

black pin is found in its lack of stiffness, specially in the smaller sizes.

Pinning block. For the best appearance of the collection the
insects should be fixed on the pins at a
uniform hight. The beginner can accom-
plish this most easily by using a pinning
block, a small piece of wood with a thickness
equal to one fourth the length of the pin
and with a hole through it large enough
to admit the pin head. When mounting,
thrust the pin nearly through the insect and then push it back to its
proper place by reversing the specimen and sticking the head of the
pin through the hole in the pinning block. If desired, labels and

Fic. 15 Pinning block (original).

PRESERVING INSECTS 1S

insects mounted on points can be fixed at uniform hights by using a
pinning block composed of three pieces one fourth the length of the pin,
and with holes through the center of each step. The lower one can be
used for spacing insects and labels, the second one also for labels and
the third for small insects on card points.

Rules for pinning. Many entomologists prefer to have about one
fourth of the pin above the specimen, and this can be secured easily
by using the pinning block described
above. Experience has taught that not
all insects can be pinned alike with the
best results. As a rule the pin is thrust
through the middle of the thorax, care
being taken to have the insect straight

on the pin. Among beetles however
this procedure would result in spread- Fie. 16 Method of pinning beetles (original).
ing the elytra or wing covers and would produce very unsightly speci-
mens. ‘The rule for this large family is to put the pin through the right
elytron or wing cover. Examples of the suborder
heteroptera, or the true bug family, are usually pinned
through the scutellum, the triangular piece near the
base of the wings.

Spreading apparatus. Butterflies and moths re-
quire some arrangement before they are fit for the

Fie. 17 Method of ; =
pinning true bugs Cabinet. As taken from the bottle or papers and pinned,

ee the wings are but partially expanded and frequently
so folded that but few of the markings can be seen. ‘This is remedied
by the spreading board, composed of two boards with a crevice between
large enough to admit the body of the insect, and having below the
slit a strip of cork through which the pin holding the insect is thrust.
The boards and cork are held in piace by end and middle pieces.
The points of the pins extending through the cork should be protected
by a light strip underneath. Spreading boards are made in various _
styles and sizes to give sufficient room for the body and ample space for
the wings. Three very convenient sizes have widths of 43, 8 and 11
cm (14, 34 and 44 in.) with body spaces for the insects of 3, 6 and 10
mm (}, + and 2 in.) and have a uniform length of 444 cm (173 in.).
Many prefer to have the wings spread exactly horizontal and others in-
sist on a slight upward slant in order to counteract the natural tendency
of the wings to droop after the specimens are removed from the boards.

16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

A spreading pin is a great convenience and may be made by twisting
with pliers a large beheaded insect pin tightly around and near the point
of a large mourning pin in such a
manner that the two form a right
angle. The mourning pin is stuck
into the board at a slight angle so
that the smaller pin is held down on
the insect’s wings like a spring and
prevents their flying back after being
put in position. Narrow strips of
paper held by pins at each end may
be used in a similar manner,

Directions for spreading. The
pin is pushed through the cork till

Fig. 18 Portion of a spreading board (origic the wings are on a level with the
ec board and the legs are arranged.
Then take a setting needle and bring the wings of one side into po-
sition, holding them there either with a spreading pin or a narrow
strip of paper. In.a similar manner place the wings of the other side,
having the posterior margins of the fore wings as nearly as possible on
the same straight line, taking
special pains to have the
wings of each side uniformly
advanced. Secure them in
place with broad strips of thin |
cardboard or preferably thin
pieces of mica. Arrange the
antennae and after the board

is full pre it AN AY and allow FIG. 19 Spreading pin and method of use (original).
the insects to dry for several .
days or a week. Another method of spreading requires still less material.
The pin sustaining the insect is thrust through the pasteboard bottom of
a small inverted box and squares of pasteboard or thin wood of ample
size are laid on either side in such a manner as to be of the proper hight.
With a needle arrange the wings on the squares of pasteboard so far as
possible and hold them in place by laying on small pieces of glass. By
tipping up one edge of the glass considerable rearrangement is possible,
or by pushing the lower block gently,wings and all may be moved either
forward or backward. .This method is capable of producing very good

PRESERVING INSECTS 17

results but the setting board is preferred by many. In spreading but-
terflies and moths the greatest care must be exercised not to rub off their
scales. Members of the bee and wasp family,
dragon flies and others are more valuable after
spreading and should be so treated when possi-
ble.

Relaxing insects. From one cause or an-
other it frequently occurs that insects become
dry and brittle before they can be permanently
arranged. In this condition no spreading is
possible without serious breakage. If the
specimens are put on paper or a piece of cork
in a closed jar with moistened sand or a damp
sponge and allowed to remain from a day, in
the case of very small insects, to several days
for the larger forms, they can be spread very well. The specimens
should not be left in the jar too long or they may be spoiled by mold.
A few drops of carbolic acid will aid in preventing fungus growths,

Fic. 20 Moth spread on paste-
buard box (original).

Denton’s tablet. <A pretty way of mounting butterflies and moths,
specially for display, is in Denton’s tablets, which are blocks of plaster of
paris with a depression for the body of the insect and with paper strips
for hermetically sealing the glass covers, As the glass rests upon the
wings, they are held perfectly flat and the cover affords protection from
dust and museum pests. Specimens thus mounted are said to be less
affected by exposure to light. The tablets are sold at a moderate price
and directions are supplied with each lot.

Treatment of small insects. Many insects are too smal] to be
mounted, eyen on the most slender long pins. One of the easiest ways
of caring for minute specimens is to mount them on card points, which
are triangular pieces of card, cut either with scissors or with a punch
designed for the purpose. An insect pin is thrust through the base of the
card point and the specimen attachea to its extremity with a little shellac
or gum. Ora fine pin may be taken, its head removed, the pin bent to
a right angle, the larger end twisted with pliers tightly around a stouter
pin near its point and pushed farther up on the supporting pin, and the
specimen impaled on the upturned point of the smaller pin. Another
way of accomplishing the same end is by cutting off the larger portion of
the smaller pin and thrusting the point through a piece of cardboard or
firm blotting paper, which in turn is mounted in a similar manner on a

18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

larger pin, and is then ready for the insect. Small species can also be
put with labels in gelatine capsules through one end of which a pin is run.
The collector fre-
quently secures a large
number of very small
insects belonging to a
single species. It
would take much time
to mount these as de-

- scribed above and yet
they should not be

thrown away, because

Fic. 21 Mounts forsmall insects. a,oncard point; b, on pin point; sych material may be
c,in a gelatine capsule (original)

desirable for later
study. ‘They may be preserved in alcohol or placed in vials and allowed
to dry before corking in order to prevent mold. In a similar manner
very desirable material taken at one time may be stored under a com-
mon label till there is leisure to arrange it, as the specimens have only
to be relaxed before final mounting.

Inflating larvae. The caterpillars of many butterflies and moths
can be well preserved by inflation. The specimen is killed in a cyanide
bottle, laid on a piece of blotting paper, pressed lightly with a pencil,
and the partially protruding intestine ruptured with a needle or a pair of
fine forceps. Then lay the pencil crosswise just back of the caterpillar’s
head and roll it lightly toward the posterior extremity. This will force
out the body contents, the process being aided somewhat by removing
the intestine with forceps. The rolling must be done very carefully and
in many cases repeated once or twice. If undue pressure is used or the
pencil allowed to slip, hairs may be lost, the skin bruised and the speci-
men ruined. In the posterior extremity of the empty skin insert a
pointed glass tube or blowpipe, to which is attached a short rubber tube,
and fasten the caterpillar skin firmly with collodion, glue or a spring
clip. If the blowpipe is inserted so as to distend the posterior opening,
withdrawn, heated and inserted again, the skin will usually adhere
firmly to the blowpipe. Keep it distended by blowing and at the
same time dry by holding it near a lamp chimney or other source of heat.
The skin must be dried till rigid, but burning must be carefully avoided.
Some caterpillars bear inflation very well, specially certain highly colored
ones, but it is exceedingly difficult to obtain nicely inflated gréen larvae.

PRESERVING INSECTS 19

More elaborate apparatus can be employed if desired. Some use pneu-
matic bulbs for forcing the air into the larval skin, but human lungs
permit a more delicate ad-
justment to needs. A lamp
chimney can be_ placed
nearly horizontally over a
source of heat and serve
as a drying oven, or one
may be constructed of tin.
The latter is by no means

necessary and a busy Fie. 22 Inflated larva, showing method of ciuie
worker will soon depend ("sina):

only on a blowpipe and a convenient Jamp_ It is well for the beginner
to secure a number of rather large common larvae and practise on them,
After a caterpillar is well inflated, it must be removed carefully from
the blowpipe and mounted. Though it is desirable to have larvae ar-
ranged on their food plants, many will prefer to mount them on pins.
Twist a light wire round a small cube of cork and bend as represented in
the accompanying figure. The two free ends are brought together and
gently inserted into the body cavity, their elasticity serving to hold the
inflated larva in place, and a pin is thrust through the cube of cork.
Some use a straw in place of the wire, pinning through the free end. In-
flating and mounting on pins permits the placing of the specimens in
cases beside the adults.

Alcoholic material. Many larvae and other soft forms can not be
preserved by any of the preceding methods. ‘They should be placed in
small vials in 50% alcohol for a day or two, this replaced by 65% and
that in turn by 75 to 85% alcohol. If attention is paid to changing the
preservative fluid many larvae will keep well. White forms, as for
example grubs and some caterpillars, change color less if they are dropped
for a moment in boiling water before being placed in the alcohol.

Vials and their care. The vial should be no larger than necessary
to hold the specimens and may have various shapes. Ordinary straight
vials, preferably with no neck, should be stored in small racks in an
upright position or the alcohol will escape more or less by capillary
action. As it is desirable to have all the stages of an insect together,
various plans have been devised for keeping alcoholic material in cases
with the adults. For trays bent necked vials are much used. In the
United States national museum the ordinary round vials with bent necks

20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

are slipped between curved wires fixed to a block, which is held firmly in
the tray by forcing into the cork the two short brads in its under surface.
This arrangement permits
the storage of all forms to-
gether without much addi-
tional weight. In order
_ to avoid distortion caused
'.”-by the .curved ‘surface of

an ordinary vial, Professor
Comstock of Cornell uni-

Fig. 23 Vial mounted on block (original).

versity uses a square form made with a bent neck, but the extra expense
and increased weight will tend to prevent its adoption to a great extent.

Vials containing insects should be kept full of alcohol, as
specimens so preserved are much less injured by jarring, and
as they are always covered by the fluid, even when the vials
are on their side, there is less opportunity for discoloration.
Rubber stoppers are regarded as best, though first quality
corks give good results. In order to have the vial full, plenty
of alcohol is put in and a pin held against the upper side of the
stopper as it is inserted, allows the air to escape and also the
smal] amount of superfluous liquid.

Labeling insects. Now that considerable attention is
being paid to the distribution and life history of insects, no
‘ specimen should be mounted without putting on the pin with
it a label bearing at least the locality and date of its capture. ry
This record should be intelligible to all. The name and ab- ia torlet
breviation of both town and state should appear, for if only
the town is given and the specimen sent to another state in exchange,
serious confusion might result. .For the same reason it is better to use
an abbreviation for the month, rather than a numeral, because 5, 7/99
may mean either May 7/99 or 5 July ’99, according to the custom of the
reader. This label should be small, in order to economize space, and

should always accompany the specimen. It costs little, is neater and

Albany, N. Y. Albany, N. Y. Albany, N. Y. Albany, N. Y. Albany, N. Y.
June 1899 June 1899 June 1899 June 1899 June 1899
N.Y. S.Coll, ON. -Y.68.7Ooll, UN.EY. SS: iColl. (NSWits: Colleen yates colle

Fic. 25 Locality and date labels used in state etomologist’s office.

saves space to have these labels printed, leaving blanks for the day of
the month and the year. If these are set solid when printed, no trim-
ming will be necessary as the labels have only to be cut apart. When

PRESERVING INSECTS 21

writing labels, specially for alcoholic specimens, use india or an engross-
ing ink, as ordinary inks fade after a few years exposure to light. In the
case of insects received from others it is well to include the name of the
donor, which may either be on the same label with the locality and date
or on a separate slip. When the name of the insect is known, that may
be written on a larger label and put on the pin below the locality label.
It is sometimes very desirable to attach other information to a specimen,
but the capacity of a label is limited, and for this purpose numbers may
be used. A numeral is given each insect with something worthy of note
and the record entered opposite this number in a book or ona slip. In
case it is desirable to make one record applying to a large number of
specimens, specially if widely separated, a lot number may be given and
a small label bearing it put on the pin of each. ‘This lot number refers
in a similar manner to a record book concerning the various lots of in-
sects. For example one lot has been determined by a specialist, while
another may have been taken under peculiar conditions.

Insect cases. A collector soon finds himself with a number of
specimens and no place to store them. At first they may be put ia cigar
boxes, or even in pasteboard boxes, but museum pests find them readily
in such places and rapid ruin follows unless the most vigilant care is
exercised. The destructiveness of pests renders a tight case of some
form a necessity. To exclude insects, light, dust and other enemies
of a collection, various cases have been de2sigued and are for sale by
dealers. The essentials of a good case are that it shall be tight when
closed, of a convenient size, durable and not too expensive. It must be
well made or in the course of a few years warping and checking render
it practically worthless. It will also be found economical to have the
case lined with sheet or pressed cork to facilitate pinning specimens.
The Schmidt case is very good and convenient in many respects and is
extensively used in the United States national museum. It is made of
white pine, shellacked or varnished, and has outside dimensions of
33X21.5x6.7 cm (1384x2° in.). The top and bottom are cross grain
veneered, the latter lined with cork, the two halves hinged at the back
and held together tightly with hooks and eyes.

A good case, extensively used by Dr Lintner in his private collection,
has outside dimensions of 29.2x36.7x6.1 cm (11$xX145x24 In.) and inside
a clear space of 4.2 cm (12 in.). The sides are 1.2 cm (7% in.) thick, of
well-seasoned pine or whitewood, and are lined with tea lead, the lining
extending for a short distance over the corked bottom, which is composed

22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

of .8 cm (1% in.) stuff, The covering glass 27.7x35.5 cm (102x137 in.)
fits into a rabbet .5x.8 cm (x7 in.), and is held down closely on
‘the tea lead with
glazier’s triangles.
The cork lining the
bottom is covered
with white paper
and the whole out-
side with manila

Fic. 26 Insect case much used by Dr Lintner (original).

paper. This case can be made by anyone having some skill with car-
penter’s tools, and if well constructed is very rarely troubled by pests,
the lead apparently being obnoxious to them.

For the display of butterflies and moths, a larger case, preferably a
horizontal tray, is desirable. In adopting a large drawer it is well to
select a size uniform with those used in museums and to insist on the
trays being interchangeable. One of the best insect cases is the form
adopted by the late Dr Riley for the United States national museum.
It is 45.5 cm (18 in.) square and has an outside depth of 7.6 cm (3 in.).
The sides and back are .g mm (2 1n.) and the front of 1.6 cm (2 in.)
stuff, while the bottom is composed of three ply cross-grained veneer in
order to prevent checking. The back and side pieces are dovetailed
and the bottom fitted into a groove. Inside of the outer frame is a
secondary box of 3 mm (} in.) whitewood, closely fitted and held 6 mm
(4 in.) from back and sides and g mm (2 in.) from the front by blocks.
The space between the two boxes is used for insecticides, usually naphtha-
line, and the 6 mm (j in.) tongue of the cover, a frame 1.9 cm (# in.)
wide and 9 mm (2 in.) thick holding a single thick glass, fits tightly into
the space between the outer and inner box. ‘The first lot was made of
California redwood with a cover frame of mahogany, but those made
later are of cheaper materials; basswood or whitewood is good. These
trays are made to slide on a groove. The outside of the case may be
left its natural color, but the mside should be lined with white paper or
painted with zinc white. Professor Comstock recommends a paint
formed by dissolving one part by weight of glue in five of water, thick-
ening to the consistency of paint with zinc white, and applying while
warm.

For the Cornell university collection, Professor Comstock has adopted a
case with both top and bottom composed of glass. Its outside dimen-
sions are 40.6x48.2x7.6 cm (16x19x3 in.) and the covers are both dove-
tailed and mitered. The top and bottom of the case are alike, except

PRESERVING INSECTS 23

that the former is not quite so deep and is grooved to fit over the tongue
of the latter. The bottom is”covered with a series of wooden blocks
8mm (4 in.) thick. 12 of his unit blocks just fill a box. There are
various sizes adapted to different needs, the idea being to put all of one
species on a single block, thus avoiding the necessity of repinning speci-
mens in rearranging a case, as the blocks themselves can be moved.
Where this system is used, it is found advantageous to have some of the
larger blocks covered with cork.

Museum pests. In spite of great care and apparently tight cases,
the enemies of an insect collection are liable to work into the boxes. As
a deterrent to the entrance of insect pests,
many entomologists use naphthaline in
some form. Naphthaline cones mounted
on pins are most convenient, but are
rather costly as they retail by dealers at
75 cents a hundred, specially when naph-
thaline balls can be obtained for less then
ro cents a hundred, These latter can be Fig.. 27 Naphthaline cone and ball
mounted by thrusting with the aid of pliers Sia THe
the heated headof a pin into the ball. After it has cooled the ball
will be firmly attached to the pin, which may then be stuck into the
cork lining of any case.

The presence of museum pests is revealed by the particles of com-
minuted matter under the injured specimen. Infested cases should be
treated with carbon bisulfid, pouring in about a teaspoonful, closing the

Fie. 28 Pinning forceps (original).

case and allowing it to remain from several hours to a day. ‘This sub-
stance evaporates readily and does not injure the specimens. As its gas
is inflammable and explosive great care should be exercised to prevent
its vapor coming in contact with any source of fire, as a lamp, lighted
cigar, etc.

Convenient accessories. When arranging insects in a case, a pair
of pinning forceps will be found a great convenience. The large nickel
plated dental forceps are the best, but are too expensive for many.

24 NEW YORK STATE. MUSEUM

Some cheaper forms are sold, or a pair of ordinary pliers may be used,
specially if beveled on one side by grinding. One or more small blocks
covered with cork will be found exceedingly convenient for the temporary
reception of pinned specimens. A small pocket lens or magnifier is
another valuable aid, even in the hinds of the amateur, because when
collecting 1n the field or arrang-
ing specimens, there is always
some form or structure worthy
of examination, and if attention
is paid to any of the smaller in-

sects alens isa necessity. Very
good pocket magnifiers may be
bought at from $.65 to $5. One of the cheaper folding forms with
two lenses will be of great service, and is in most cases the best for a
beginner. Later a Coddington lens or an achromatic triplet may be
purchased and employed for the more detailed examinations, but the
cheap lens will also be used to a great extent.

Shipping insects. Though many insects are fragile they may be
sent through the mails or by express without serious injury, by taking a
few necessary precautions. Be sure the package is done up strongly.
Lots of insects are received frequently in a dilapidated condition because
a poor box was used. Pack insects only in very stout pasteboard boxes,
or in light wooden or tin boxes. If pinned specimens are to be sent,
they should be put in a small box, the pins firmly set with forceps and
the box placed in a larger one, the space between the two being packed
firmly with some elastic material. ‘This latter is to lessen the jar and is
effective only when not packed so tightly as to destroy its elasticity, and
to be of service must be on all sides of the smaller box. Unmounted
dead material can be sent safely done up in cotton batting and thin
paper. First lay a little batting in the bottom and along the sides of the
box, then a sheet of soft paper and put on it, separated slightly from
each other, a number of insects, preferably those about the same size,
cover with the same paper, lay in more cotton batting and thus fill the
the box, taking care to put enough batting on top so that a slight pres-
sure will be necessary to close the box. This will prevent the insects from
shaking about and injuring each other.

Living caterpillars or other soft forms should be sent through the
mails with a little of their food plant whenever practicable. ‘There is no
necessity of providing breathing holes, on the contrary larvae stand the
journey better in a tight box which will not permit drying of the food

—

Fic. 29 Pocket lens (original).

DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS 25

plant. For this purpose a strong tin box is the best. If more than one
species is to be sent, it is well to divide the box and separate them be-
cause some caterpillars are so pugnacious that they will destroy others
and a few even those of their own kind. Some aquatic larvae will bear
transportation very well if packed in damp sphagnum moss, though some
of the more delicate forms would have to be put in vials containing 50%
alcohol. When sending packages containing liquids through the mails,
the government regulations should be observed. Insects are classed as
merchandise and sent at the rate of one cent an ounce. ‘The sender’s
name and address should appear on the upper left hand corner of the
package in order to facilitate its identification.

Dealers in entomologic supplies. For the convenience of the
novice the addresses of a few dealers are given.

A. Smith & Sons, 269 Pearl st, New York, N. Y.

John Akhurst, 78 Ashland place. Brooklyn, N. Y.

M. Abbott Frazar, 93 Sudbury st. Boston, Mass.

Entomological society of Ontario, 429 Wellington st. London, Ont.

DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS

The continued introduction of insect pests from other countries and
their spread and destructiveness in this land have resulted in considerable
attention being given to this important subject. While it is undoubtedly
true that many insects can not be excluded from the United States, the
rigid inspection at’ ports of entry by California agents has resulted in the
stoppage and destruction of many species before they could threaten any
industry by extensive ravages.

Importance. The importance of knowing the actual distribution of
injurious insects has hardly occurred to many. Isothermal lines have
been indicated over this country and present some interesting curves,
but the temperature does not entirely control though it undoubtedly
greatly influences the distribution of insects. Degrees of moisture,
variations in soil and other features also have their effect. In deter-
mining the physical limitations of one species, we gain some idea of
those governing others. New York state possesses a most important
port of entry, many ships unlading at New York city varied cargoes
from all parts of the world. The long and low-lying Hudson river
valley offers a natural pathway from this port into the state for such
species as find our climate congenial. A number of important insect
pests have already established themselves in this valley and are spreading

26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

over the state. As the climatic conditions limiting their existence in
destructive numbers are not definitely known, it is proposed to give
some attention to this important subject, at least in an incidental way,
and ascertain the actual boundaries not only of the occurrence of an
insect, but at what point it ceases to be a destructive pest and also any
variations in the number of generations produced in different sections
of the state. After several years of study of these subjects, general
laws may be deduced that will be of considerable value in determining
where such imported pests as the elm-leaf beetle, elm-bark louse, leopard
moth, San José scale and others will be destructive. This knowledge
will not only enable us to state whether an insect will be injurious in cer-
tain localities, but it may also give valuable aid in our attempts to pre-
vent the introduction of insect pests and their subsequent spread over the
State.

Life zones. A most valuable addition to our knowledge of factors
governing the distribution not only of animals but also of plants, has
been made by Dr Merriam and his associates in the United States
department of agriculture. As a result the boundaries of certain life
zones have been indicated with a considerable degree of accuracy. In
New York state three life zones occur, the upper austral, the transition
and the boreal. The upper austral includes the western end of Long
Island, Staten Island, the Hudson river valley to near Mechanicville and
an area bordering Lake Ontario and including Lakes Oneida, Cayuga,
Seneca and some of the smaller bodies of water. The boreal is repre-
sented by a small area in the Catskills, a much larger one in the heart of
the Adirondacks, a small one near the foot of Lake Ontario, and another
of about equal size in the southwestern corner of the state. The pres-
ence of three life zones within our borders affords excellent facilities for
studying the effect of climate upon insect life. It is believed that some
attention to this line of work will prove not only of great scientific inter-
est, but will also have an important practical bearing. Dr Howard is of
the opinion that the imported elm-leaf beetle, the two asparagus beetles
and the San José scale will be confined to the austral life zones. So far
as known at present, they are thus limited in this state, though the com-
mon asparagus beetle has been taken by my assistant, Mr Banks, near Fort
Ticonderoga. ‘This means either that the asparagus beetle can exist on
the border of the transition life zone or else that the upper austral extends
farther up the Hudson river than at first supposed. The following are
some of the native insects which Dr Howard places as austral species,
that is confined to the lower and upper austral life zones: Cicada killer,

DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS 27

Megastizus speciosus Drury, bag worm, Zhyridopteryx ephemeracformis
Haw, saddle back caterpillar, Széine stimulea Clem., nine pronged wheel
bug, Prionidus cristatus V.inn., harlequin cabbage bug, Murgantia his-
trionica Hahn, tulip scale, Lecanium tulipiferae Cook, and Carolina
mantis, Stagmomantis carolina Linn. Exact records of the occurrence
of these forms are rare, and notes in regard to them and their relative
abundance will be welcomed.

Imported insect pests. The formidable list of injurious insects
~ which have invaded the United States from other countries and now
cause immense annual losses, illustrate the importance of this subject.
Without attempting an exhaustive compilation, the following are some
of the more destructive insects. Attacking the apple, pear, cherry and
peach; codling moth, Zmetocera ocellana Schiff., apple aphis, ApAzs mal
Fabr., apple tree bark louse, AZytz/aspis pomorum Bouché, San José scale,
Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst., pear midge, Diplosis pyrivora Riley, bark
borer, Xyleborus dispar Fabr., pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerst, cherry
aphis, AZyzus cerast Fabr., and the peach bark borer, Scolytus rugulosus
Ratz. These species are well known as dangerous enemies of fruit trees.

Gypsy moth, forthetria dispar Linn., elm-leaf beetle, Galerucedla
luteola Miill., and elm-bark louse, Gossyparia ulmi Geoff., are three bad
enemies of elms. ‘The first named does not occur in this state, though it
has committed extensive ravagesin eastern Massachusetts. Wheat has
suffered most severely from the Hessian fly, Cectdomyia destructor Say,
the grain aphis, Vectarophora granaria Kirby and from the wheat midge,
Diplosis tritici Kirby, while clover is frequently attacked by the clover
leaf weevil, Phytonomus punctatus Fabr., or after it has been dried, by the
clover hay worm, Pyrals costalis Fabr. A few other imported pests
may be named; asparagus beetles Cvioceris asparagi Linn., and
C. 12-punctata Linn., onion fly, Phorbia ceparum Meigen, cow horn fly
Haematobia serrata Rob.-Desv., carpet beetle, Anthrenus scrophulariae
Linn., larder beetle, Dermestes lardarius Linn., red ant, Monomorium
pharaonis Linn. and the croton bug, Phyllodromia germanica Fabr.

There is hardly a person who can not recognize in the above-named
insects, one or more which has caused him considerable loss, while the
farmer knows many of them from sad experience. Yet these have all
been introduced from abroad and some are still spreading over the
country. Of the 73 injurious species regarded by Dr Howard as of first
mportance, each causing annual losses running into hundreds of thous-
ands of dollars, 37 have been introduced, 30 are known to be native,
while the original home of 6 is open to question. An effort is being made

28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

by the state of Massachusetts to exterminate the gypsy moth. If the
fight is given up, another pest will make its way over the land and exact
a heavy tribute. It would certainly cost Massachusetts people very
much less than $200,000 annually, about what is appropriated at present,
to maintain a very efficient system of inspection and treatment to pre-
vent the introduction of insect pests. It is impossible to say beforehand
just what insects may become acclimated and injurious, but were due
attention given this subject, the danger of admitting such pests could be
reduced to a minimum.

Manner of spread. Scale insects as is well known to many from
bitter experience are readily spread by transportation of nursery stock,
but not of fruit. The young are frequently carried by birds for short
distances, and it has been demonstrated that winds will do the same.
The English sparrow seems to be an active agent in spreading certain
scale insects, for the elm-bark louse, Gossyparia ulmi Geoff., probably owes
its general distribution over Albany and Troy to this bird. Some species
like the gypsy moth which has well-developed wings but does not use
them to any extent, and the white-marked tussock moth, the female of
which is wingless, depend very largely upon the caterpillars crawling or
being carried by some agency, ‘The young larvae may be blown some
distance by winds, but many are carried by animals, teams and other
conveyances. Elm-leaf beetles are frequently seen resting on the cloth-
ing of people and there is no reason why they should not be carried by
teams. In Troy, N. Y., it seems as if the electric ‘cars were prominent
factors in distributing this pest over the city. Many insects are trans-
ported in soil or rubbish accompanying their food plant. Such is prob-
ably the case with both asparagus beetles, for otherwise their occurrence
here and there in the state could hardly be explained. Many winged
insects fly long distances, and when this is true of the females, there is little
hope of restricting their spread. The presence of well-developed wings
is no proof that the insect flies great distances, though some are known
to take extended flights. The monarch butterfly, Axosta plexippus Linn.,
is believed unable to stand our northern winters and the race is maintained
here only by adults flying from the south. There are a number of
records of butterflies being found at sea, in one instance 1000 miles from
the mainland. Certain owlet moths, or Noctuidae, and the hawk moths,
Sphingidae, have a strong flight and some species have been found far
out at sea. Honey and bumble bees fly considerable distances and the
same is true of certain beetles. In early spring it is by no means uncom-
mon to see Colorado potato beetles flying over fields of considerable

DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS 29

extent in search of their food plant, yet this insect required about 15
years to make its way from Colorado to New England.

Practical application. In the case of canker worms, the white-
marked tussock moth and other species with wingless females, advan-
tage can be taken of their limited means of distribution to exclude them
from trees once cleaned. This possibility warrants considerable expense
in clearing them from a tree. ‘The introduction of scale or other insects
on a farm may be prevented to a great extent by studying their means
of distribution and adopting proper methods to attain the desired results.
It would be much safer to buy trees that have been fumigated, or even
undergo the expense of fumigating purchased stock, rather than admit a
pest that can be excluded by reasonable care. There are some insects
which fly relatively short distances, for example the elm-ieaf beetle; the
parent of the apple maggot is said to have this habit, and there are prob-
ably others, but we know altogether too little regarding how far each
species will fly. Those confined to relatively short aerial flights can be
kept in check in one orchard with comparative ease, even though neigh-
boring ones are badly affected, but such is not the case when the females
habitually fly long distances before depositing eggs. It is only under
exceptional circumstances that the length of flight can be determined for
a species, but whenever an opportunity offers it should be seized. Study-
ing the spread of insects is most fascinating field work, something that
may be taken up by all and is also of great practical value, because an
insect can not be controlled in the best way till its limitations in this

respect are known.

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The superior figures tell the exact place on the page in ninths; e. g. 223
means page 22, beginning in the third ninth of the page, i. e. about one third of

the way down.

Achromatic triplet, 244.

Akhurst, John, 254,

Alcohol for larvae etc., 19%; for small
insects, 184.

Alkali lakes, larvae in, 142.

Altitude, effect on insects, 12°.

Anosia plexippus, 288.

Ant, red, 277.

Authrenus scrophulariae, 274.

Aphis wali, 274.

Apple, imported insects injurious to;
Aphis mali, 274.
Aspidiotus peruiciosus, 274
Mytilaspis pomorum, 274
Tmetocera ocellana, 274.

Apple Aphis, 274.

Apple Buceulatrix, 109, 112.

Apple maggot fly, 294.

Apple-tree, number of insects attack-
ing, 116.

Apple-tree barklouse, 274.

arthemis, Basilarchia, 12°.

Arthemis butterfly, 12°.

asparagi, Crioceris, 277.

Asparagus be etles, 268, 277, 287.

Aspidiotus perniciosus, 274.

Bag worm, 271.

Banks, C. S., reference, 268.
Bark borer, 274.

Basilarchia arthemis, 125.
Basswood for insect cases, 227.
Bee family, 108, 172.

Becs, bumble and honey, 289.

Beetles, 102, 105, 108 ; ground, 109, 122;
leaf feeding, 114; tiger 122; rules
for pinning, 154,

Blowpipe for inflating larvae, 194.

Bucculatrix, apple, 10%.

Bud worm, 11°.

Bugs, 107, 108, 159.

Butterflies, 7%, 81, 93, 108, 105, 134;
folded papers for, 94.

Butterflies and moths, inflation of
larvae of, 185; spreading, 1595,
164-172; tray for, 223.

Caddice fly larvae, 122,

Canker worms, 292.

Carbolie acid for preventing mold, 175

Carbon bisulfid for museum pests, 236.

Card points for small insects, 177.

Carolina mantis, 272.

carolina, Stagmomantis, 27°.

Carpet beetle, 277.

Case bearer, pistol, 104.

Caterpillars, habits, 111; rearing, 133,
137; preservation, 197; shipping, 252.

Cecidomyia destructor, 278.

ceparum, Phorbia, 277.

cerasi, Myzus, 274.

Cherry, the imported Myzus cerasi in-
juring, 274.

Cherry aphis, 274.

Chloroform, 73.

Cieada killer, 269.

32

Clover, imported insects injuring ;
Phytonomus punciatus, 276
Pyralis costalis, 278.

Clover hay worm, 278. |

Clover leaf weevil, 276.

Cocoons, where found, 134.

Coddington lens, 24.

Codling moth, 274.

Collecting bottle or jar, 73-81; box, 9°.

Colorado potato beetles, 289.

Comstock, J. H., paint for insect cases
recommended by, 228; case adopted
by, 229; reference, 203.

Cornell university, insect case used
there, 229.

costalis, Pyralis, 276.

Cow horn fly, 277.

Crioceris asparagi, 277.
12-punctata, 277.

cristatus, Prionidus, 27}.

Croton bug, 277.

Dealers in entomologic supplies, 253.
Denton’s tablet, 175.
Dermestes lardarius, 277.
destructor, Cecidomyia, 276.
Diplosis pyrivora, 274.

tritici, 27°. ‘
dispar, Porthetria, 275.

Xyleborus, 274.
Dragon flies, 103, 172.
duodecim-punctata, Crioceris, 277.

Elm-bark louse, 26%, 275, 284.
Elm-leaf beetle, 26%, 268, 275, 294.
Elms, imported insects injurious to ;
Galerucella luteola, 27°
Gossyparia ulmi, 275
Porthetria dispar, 279.
Entomological society of Ontario, 254.
ephemeraeformis, Thyridopteryx, 27}.

Figures of;
apple Bucculatrix, cocoons of, 10°
beetles, manner of pinning, 152 |
block for holding pins, 144
bugs, manner of pinning, 155
butterfly net, details of rim, 863 |
patterns for net bottom, 8

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Figures of (continued)
butterfly papers, 9°.
caddice fly, larval cases, 122
casebearer, pistol, 102
collecting bottle, 7°
dip net, 91
imperial moth, pupa, 136
insect case much used by Dr Lint-
ner, 221
larva, inflated, 192
lens, pocket, 24?
locality and date labels, 208
moth spread on paste board box, 17?
mounts for small insects, 181
napthaline, cone and ball, 233
pio, use of in corking vial, 204
pinning block, 147
pinning forceps, 236
promethea cocoon, 133
spreading board, portion of, 161
spreading pin and method of use, 16°
tent caterpillar eggs, apple, 11?;
forest, 114
vial mounted on block, 201.
Flies, 108.
Forceps, dental, for pinning, 239%.
Fort Ticonderoga, common asparagus
beetle there, 268.
Frazar, M. Abbott, 254.
Fumigation of trees, 29°.

Galerucella luteola, 275.

Gelatine capsules, for small insects,
181.

germanica, Phyllodromia, 277

Gossyparia ulmi, 275, 284.

Grain aphis, 278.

granaria, Neetarophora, 276.

Grasshoppers, 122.

Grubs, preservation in alcohol, 197.

Gypsy moth, 275, 281, 284.

Haematobia serrata, 277.
Harlequin cabbage bug, 27).
Hawk moths at sea, 288.

Hessian fly, 276.

Heteroptera, rule for pinning, 15°.
bistrionica, Murgantia, 27}.

INDEX TO COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF INSECTS 33

Howard, L. O., reference, 267, 268, 279.
Hudson river valley, a natural pathway
for insects, 259%.

Ink for labels, india or engrossing, 21!.

Insect cases, 215-232; Sehmidt case,
217; Lintner case, 218-223.

Insect net, 81-93; for water insects, 9}.

Insect pins, 144.

Insects, capturing, 99-127; collecting,
71-132; distribution, manner of, 25°-
296; labeling, 20°-214; preservation,
142-255; relaxing, 172; rules for pin-
ning 152; small, treatment of, 177;
water, 103; shipping, 244-253.

Klager pins, 135.

Labeling insects, 20°-214.

Lamp for inflating larvae, 17¢.

lardarius, Dermestes, 277.

Larder beetle, 277.

Larvae, where found, 122, 13!; infla-
tion of, 18°, 196; dizectious for ship-
ping, 252.

Lecanium tulipiferae, 27.

Lens, pocket, 242; Coddington, 244;

achromatic triplet, 244.

Leopard moth, 26°.

Life zones, 264.

Lights, collecting at, 127,

Lilac, cocoons on, 134.

Lintner, J. A., insect case used by, 218.

luteola, Galerucella, 279-

Magnifier, pocket, 24°.

mali, Aphis, 274.

Megastizus speciosus, 271.

Merriam, C. H., work on life zones,

264.

Mouvarch butterfly, 28%.

Monoworium pharaonis, 277.

Moths, 73, 81, 9%, 103, 105, 114, 131, 134,
See also. Butterflies and moths.

Murgantia histrionica, 27}.

Museum pests, 215, 232.

Mytilaspis pomorum, 27.

Myzus cerasi, 274.

Naphthaline in insect cases, 22,

Nectarophora granaria, 27°.

New York city, many insects brought
there, 258.

New York state, life zones in, 26°.

Noctuidae, 128, 288.

ocellana, Tmetocera, 274.
Onion fly, 277.
Owlet mouths, 128, 288.

Peach, imported Scolytus rugulosus
injurious to, 27+.
Peach bark borer, 274,
Pear, imported insects, injurious to;
Diplosis pyrivora, 274
Psylla pyricola, 274
Xyleborus dispar, 274.
Pear midge, 274.
Pear psylla, 274.
perniciosus, Aspidiotus, 27.
Petroleum, crude, larvae in, 142.
pharaonis, Monomorium, 277.
Phorbia ceparum, 277.
Phyllodromia germanica, 277.
Phytouomus punctatus, 27%.
Pin points for small insects, 178-18}.
Pinning block, 147-152.
Pinuiug forceps, 23%.
plexippus, Anosia, 288.
Pliers, for pinning forceps, 24!.
pomorum, Mytilaspis, 27?.
Porthetria dispar, 275.
Potassium cyanide, 7#.
Preserving insects, 14°.
Prionidus ecristatus, 271.
Psylla pyricola, 274.
punctatus, Phytonomus, 27°.
Pyralis costalis. 276.
pyricola, Psylla, 27.
pyrivora, Diplosis, 27.

Redwood, California, for insect cases,
227,

Riley, C. V., tray selected by, for but-
terflies and moths, 224.

rugulosus, Scolytus, 27.

Saddle back caterpillar, 27}.
San José seale, 263, 268, 274.
Scale insects, 28%, 292.
Schmidt case, 217.

34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Scolytus rugulosus, 274. .
Scorpion, water, 123.
serophulariae, Anthrenus, 277.
serrata, Haematobia, 277.
Sibine stimulea, 271.
Smith & Sons, A., 254.
Soil affecting insects, 258,
Sparrow, English, disseminating Gos-
syparia, 28+. :
speciosus, Megastizus, 271.
Sphingidae at sea, 288.
Spreading board, 158.
Spreadivg pin, 161.
Stagmomantis carolina, 27?.
stimulea, Sibine, 271.
Sugaring for insects, 127-132.

Tea lead for insect cases, 219, 221.

Temperature controlling insects, 257,

Tent caterpillar, apple, 11°; forest
113,

Thyvridopteryx ephemeraeformis, 27}.

Tmetocera ocellana, 274.

tritici, Diplosis, 27°.

Tulip scale, 272.
tulipiferae, Lecanium, 272.
Tussock moth, white-marked, 28°,

ulmi, Gossyparia, 275, 284.

United States national museum,
Schmidt case used in, 207; tray,
used for butterflies and moths, 224.

Vials, for insect collecting, 97; form
preferred, 198; storage of, 198; round
with bent neck, 199;
bent neck, 203.

square with

Walking stick, 123.

Wasp family, 172.

Wheat, imported
Cecidomyia destructor, 27°
Diplosis tritici, 27*.

Wheat midge, 276.

Wheel bug, nine pronged, 271.

Whitewood for insect cases, 227.

Wood, rotting, insects in, 107.

insects injuring;

Xyleborus dispar, 274.

= _< ae ¥ é =

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ss A Mather, W: W.; Emmons, Ebenezer; Vanuxem, Lardner;
& Hall,James. Geology. 4v.pl. maps. 1842-43.
“ 5 Emmons, Ebenezer. Agriculture. 5 v.il. maps. 1846-54.

Reports of the state entomologist «

No. : Year Pages Figures Plates Price

I 61882 406 84 | 50c.
2 $1885 280 68 30C.
3 1886 76 Out of print
4 1887 236 68 Out of print
5 1888 206 50 25C.
6 1889 108 25 I5C.
| 1890 210 40 20C.
8 _ 1891 224 3 25C.
9 1892 212 34 2 tes
1893 25 BG
IO 1894 304 24 4 35C¢
II 1895 246 25 16 25C
12 1896 246 10 15 25C.
13 1897 64 3 au IoC.
14 -. 1898 150 20 9 20C.

a Other publications of the state entomologist have been issued as bulletins of the state museum,
see Museum bulletins 5, 6, 13, 20, 23, 24, 2

& Dates of publication.

c Museum bulletin 23.

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