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Published monthly by the 1 7,

University of the State of New York

BULLETIN 323 OCTOBER 1904

New York State Museum

EpHraIm Porter Fer State Entomologist

Bulletin 79
ENTOMOLOGY 22

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE

NEW YORK STATE.

- NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

1904

Mezr3m-Ap4-2500

PAGE ' PAGE

RO EAGE Gm teach sian Stas Sa etc 241 | Introduction (continued)
Introduction ........ Seah wlia Mraiearei es 243 Methods of control...:....... 258
Mosquitos as carriers of disease 245 | Culicidae ................... 5. 260
Distribution and abundance of Anophelinae:o..5 str: sa. aaeas 266
PURE OUDOS a os -« ace Ase sla a Padi. 2» CMIICIHAG™. Coe. < oeniose eee 271
ANG UTS: (Si, arian Sen ee 247 NEGOMYINAG.. Be. Ee 339
Migration of flight........... 248 Corethriine.. 2°... 0 «anne a 345
Emre history. 8). .a%.3.: Swe hee 249% | Bibl@otaphyy asks «cc ee ae arene 374
Methods of collecting and Addendum =< <5 aasc nese eee 381
RECO pt lee Sata ie se 5 251 | Explanation of plates.......... 382
Haunts and breeding places.. 252 | Index.... .......0..00c0veernes 393
Natural enemies............. 200 | Plate, 57 ue ee ae ee face 392

ALBANY

Price 40 cents

STATE OF NEW YORK
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

Regents of the University

With years when terms expire

1913 WHITELAW Rep M.A. LL.D. Chancellor - - - New York
1906 St Crarr McKetway M.A. L.H.D. LL.D. D.C.L.

Vice Chancellor - - - - - - - - - - Brooklyn
1908 DanieL Beacw Ph.D. LL.D. - - - - - - - Watkins
g14 Priny T. Sexton LL.D. -- - = - == = Balu
i912 T. GUILFoRD SMITH M.A. C.E. LL.D. - - - ~- Buffalo”
1905 ALBERT VANDER VEER M.D. M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. Albany
1907 WiLL1AM NotrtTincHAM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. - - Syracuse’
1910 CHARLES A. GARDINER Ph.D, L.H.D. LL.D. D.C.L. New York
1915 CHARLES S. Francis B.S. - - - - - - - - Troy
1911 Epwarp LauterBAacH M.A. - - - - - - - New York
1909 Eucene A. Puitpin LL.B. LL.D. - - - - - New York

Commissioner of Education

ANDREW S. Draper LL.D.

Assistant Commissioners
Howarp J. Rocers M.A. LL.D. First Assistant Commissioner
Epwarp J. Goopwin Lit.D. Second Assistant Commissioner ~
Aucustus S. Downine M.A. Third Assistant Commissioner

Secretary to ‘the Commissioner

HarLtAN H. Horner B.A.

Director of Libraries and Home Education

Metvir Dewey LL.D.

Director of Science Work and State Museum

Joun M. CrarKke LL.D.

Chiefs of Divisions -

Accounts, WILLIAM MASON

Attendance, JAMES D. SULLIVAN
Examinations, CHARLES F. WHEELOCK B.S.
Inspections, FRANK H. Woop M.A.

Law, Epwin M. HoLproox

Records, CHARLES E. Fitcu L.H.D.
Statistics, HtrAm C. Case

University of the State of New York

New York State Museum

Bulletin 79

ENTOMOLOGY 22

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE

NEW YORK STATE

PREFACE

Large scale operations have demonstrated the practicability of
the apparently impossible, and many formerly pest ridden areas
are nearly free from mosquitos as a result of well directed exter-
minative work. This publication calls attention to the more im-
portant species, the number of forms which occur in the State, the
advisability of studying them closely in order to devise improved
methods of controlling the pests, and gives keys and illustrations
for their identification. It will be seen by reference to the follow-
ing pages, that the term mosquito includes a great many forms,
and it requires no argument to prove the advisibility not only of
knowing the species we are obliged to fight, but also their habits,
in order that the work may be carried on most intelligently. Such
information should also prove of service to nature teachers, since
no group of insects is more easily obtained or lends itself more
readily to classroom conditions.

This bulletin summarizes our knowledge to date and places on
record the results of such studies as we have been able to make
during the past few years. No attempt has been made to revise
the generic grouping or to determine the synonymy of the species.
Special attention has been given to establishing the identity of
larvae and adults by isolated rearings and when in doubt as to

Soa rac, — i
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a Ve QUAle MISE fap we

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4

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242 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

specific identity, we prefer to describe and risk creating a synonym
rather than confuse two species. We have studied, in the course
of this work, specimens of over 40 species, rearing from larvae
both sexes of most forms. |

The writer acknowledges the earnest cooperation of his assist-
ant, Mr D. B. Young, who has not only done much of the field
work, but has determined many of the species and prepared the
tables for separating the adults.

Mr C. M. Walker did considerable field work and breeding in
19038. Most of the determinations have been kindly reviewed
through the courtesy of Dr L. O. Howard, by Mr D. W. Coquillett,
of the United States National Museum. Due acknowledgment
should also be made to Dr H. G. Dyar of the same institution,
who generously donated a number of larvae and adult mosquitos

from which certain illustrations were made.

E. P. Fevr —
Albany N. Y. March 1904

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK
| INTRODUCTION

Mosquitos, individually and collectively, have long forced them-
selves on the attention of mankind,but it is only within recent years
that they have received careful scientific study and that the prac-
ticability of abating the annoyance and injury caused by them has
been demonstrated. The discoveries that certain species conveyed
malaria and yellow fever aroused great interest in this group.
This is well illustrated by what we knew a few years ago compared
with the present time. Our leading dipterist in 1878, published
a list containing 33 species, which represented all that were then
known to occur in North America; and only three years ago Dr
Howard stated that there were about 24 species in the United
States. Today over 50 have been found in New York or adjacent
states, the latter under conditions which lead us to believe that
they also exist within our boundaries. It is very likely that the
total number of mosquitos in North America, is treble that
known 25 years ago. A monograph of the mosquitos of the world
published in 1901, by F. V. Theobald, lists 343 species, and within
two years, owing to active collecting and study by scientists all
over the world, a third volume has been issued, describing 88 addi-
tional species, making a total of over 430. It is very probable
that since this volume was published, at least 20 new forms have
been characterized. It would not surprise us, if within a year or
two this list of species of the entire world, of an heretofore incon-
spicuous group, closely approached the 500 mark.

The excellent work of the North Shore Improvement Asgsocia-
tion, and that of such villages as Lawrence, L. I., South
Orange and others in New Jersey have demonstrated the practica-
bility of keeping the mosquito pest in subjection. This practical
work has concerned itself not only with disease-carrying species,
but it has sought to lessen the hordes of those annoying to man,
both materially depreciating the value of real estate, particu-
larly in the vicinity of New York city. The magnitude of this

244 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

evil can be appreciated only by those conversant with the situa-
tion. It is surprising, though nevertheless true, that there are
practically 200 (199.15)square miles of swamp land within 25
miles of New York City Hall. Nearly 100 (95.55) square miles
of this salt marsh are within the boundaries of New York State,
and very little (1.75 sq. m.) fresh water. New Jersey has over
100 square miles (101.85), 41.4 being fresh water swamps. The
proximity of this entire area to New York city makes it of consid-
erable importance, particularly as portions produce billions of
annoying pestiferous insects, which have a detrimental influence
on the value of adjacent highlands. Certain of these insects are
a serious menace to public health, and swarms of the others are
nearly unendurable nuisances.

The extended areas favorable to the production of mosquitos,
and the fact that not all marshes lend themselves kindly to
political boundaries, make it difficult to devise practical methods
of checking the evil. The work so far done about New York has
been performed under considerable disadvantages. On account
of the lack of funds, it has been impossible for local associations
to give proper attention to the scientific aspects of the case and at
the same time carry on the extensive field operations necessary.
Experience in other lines of applied entomology has demonstrated
time and again not only the advisability but the necessity from
an economic standpoint of basing practical work on scientific
investigations. No one thinks of employing an architect to super-
intend the construction of a dry-goods box, and yet the man who
undertook to erect one of the modern large buildings without such
skill at his command would be engaged in a foolish undertaking.
In the same way, it requires little scientific knowledge to drain a
small swamp or kill a few mosquitos, particularly if they belong
to only one or two species. It is entirely different when we
undertake to apply this process to large areas, possessing consid-
erable diversity and possibly lying in different sections of the
._ State. This can be done to advantage only after extended
studies have demonstrated the advisability of certain courses for
the control of various species under different conditions. The

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 245

time and money expended by a specialist in solving these pre-
liminary problems are exceedingly well invested, and the saving
resulting from his services should pay for the cost of his work
many times over.

It must not be assumed that we know all about mosquitos.
Much valuable work has already been done, but there is great need
in this State of a general biologic survey of the more important
swamp areas, particularly those about large cities, for the purpose
of determining the places most prolific of mosquitos, the species
which occur there, and the times when they are most likely to
appear. The effect of climate and other conditions on the
abundance of these insects should be carefully studied, since there
is considerable variation in this respect. The number of kinds of
mosquitos occurring in different areas should be determined, and
their habits, powers of flight, etc. carefully ascertained. There is
great divergence in this respect among the different species, and
knowledge of this is of utmost importance in all practical efforts
looking to their subjection. These fundamental facts acquired,
we are in position to determine by experiment the best method of
solving the problem under various conditions. Every effort
should be made to find solutions which will result in the increased
value of swamp lands, paying very largely or entirely for the
improvement; in other words, aim wherever possible to make
permanent betterments which will pay for themselves and inci-
dentally solve the mosquito problem. The extensive swamp areas
about New York city, if reclaimed, would possess considerable
value either for market garden purposes, or, in the course of time,
as residential sites.

Mosquitos as carriers of disease. A number of years ago it was
demonstrated that filariasis or elephantiasis was conveyed by
the bite of certain mosquitos, and more recent investigations have
shown that both malaria and yellow fever are disseminated in the
same manner. In fact, it is very probable that these diseases of
man can be spread in no other way, and there is a possibility that
others of a similar character may pass a portion of their life in
and depend for transmission on members of this exceedingly inter-
esting and important group.

246 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Malaria. This disease is by far the most important of the
above named in New York State. Professor Herrick, in a recent
paper, concludes that “malaria is responsible for more sickness
among the white population of the South, than any disease to
which it is now subject.” It is less important in New York, yet
this enervating disease is certainly responsible for large annual
losses, because all those infected are frequently unfitted for work,
though comparatively few deaths are attributed directly to it. It
is conveyed, as shown by various investigators, by members of the
genus Anopheles, of which we have three species, A.crucians,

A. maculipennis and A. punctipennis, the latter two

are probably agents in its distribution. These insects act only as
intermediary hosts, affording the parasite which produces the
fever, favorable conditions for undergoing certain changes prior
to its introduction into the human system. It is impossible for
these mosquitos to convey malaria before they have become in-
fected by biting a malarious subject, and consequently the spread
of this disease is readily checked by either destroying all of the
insects capable of carrying it, or by keeping them from sources
of infection. Anopheles must exist where malaria occurs, though
it does not follow that the distribution of malaria is coincident
with that of Anopheles. |
Yeliow fever. This dread disease of man is well known, and up
to within very recent years no adequate knowledge existed as to
the way in which it was spread. Dr Josiah C. Nott, of Mobile Ala.,
published in the New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal for
March 1848, a number of reasons why insects probably were agents
in carrying this disease. This was again advocated in 1881 to
1886 by Dr Finlay of Havana, and recent investigations in Cuba
demonstrated that it may be carried by a mosquito, Stegomyia
fasciata, and possibly by some other forms belonging to the
Same genus. As in the case with malaria, the yellow fever mos-
quito is simply what is known as an intermediary host and must
first become infected with the parasite before it is capable of
imparting this dangerous disease. Control of these pests is so
important in Cuba that the general government spent about

:
:

a a

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 247

$100,000 in their destruction the year after it was proved that
mosquitos conveyed the fever, eminently satisfactory results being
obtained.

Filariasis. This dread disease is limited to the tropics, and
while horrible in its effects, is of much less importance in New
York State, and consequently. is only mentioned.

It has been demonstrated that certain mosquitos convey mala-
rious parasites to birds, and it would not be surprising if future
investigations should show that some species were guilty of har-
boring other diseases than those named above.

Distribution and abundance of mosquitos. These frail insects are
ordinarily regarded as inhabitants of temperate or warmer cli-
mates, yet it is a fact that certain species exist in hordes even
within the arctic circle. Entomologic literature contains many
records of enormous swarms of these insects, and in some cases
they are carried miles by the wind, and are so bloodthirsty as to
drive man and beast before them. ‘These insects are so aggressive
in some localities as to give name to a place; for example, there is
a town named Mosquito in Illinois, a village bearing the same
title in Newfoundland, a Mosquito creek in Indiana, another in
Towa, still another in Ohio, and most of us have heard of the
mosquito country of Central America. Dr Riley states that the
bravest man on the fleetest horse dares not to cross some of the
more rank and dark prairies of Minnesota in June, while the
marshlands of New Jersey and the hills of Long Island have
become notorious because of the abundance of these little pests,
and frequenters of the Adirondacks can speak from experience of
the biting powers of these insects.

Adults. Adult mosquitos vary in habit, many, as we know, fly-
ing at dusk, some almost all night, and a few may be found
abroad in the daytime. The normal food of adult mosquitos is
probably plant juices, and the taste for blood possessed by
certain species is presumably an acquired habit. Blood-sucking
mosquitos not only attack mammals, but also birds, reptiles and
fish, even killing the latter in some cases. Members of certain
genera, according to Theobald, are not bloodsuckers. Aedes, in

248 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

the restricted sense, rarely attacks men or animals, while Sayomyia
and Corethra feed.exclusively on vegetation. These latter two are
said to inhabit the open country and do not enter human habita-
tions. Certain species pass the winter as adults, and all as a rule,
fly relatively short distances. Notable exceptions to this are
Culex sollicitans andC.cantator. Very few mosqui-
tos are met with in the daytime because they are usually hiding in
dark crevices about houses and other shelters, or have taken refuge
among foliage or near the base of grasses. These insects are very
susceptible to climatic changes, though we believe that the fre-
quently noted appearance of large numbers just after rains is due
more to the multiplicity of favorable breeding places, than the
necessity of moisture for the welfare of the adult. Heat favors
rapid transformations, and this may hasten the disclosure of
unusually large numbers of the pests.

Migration of flight. The migratory habits of mosquitos have a
very important bearing on repressive measures, because if the in-
sects are capable of flying long distances it means that consider-
able areas must be treated in order to secure immunity from the
pests. Extended experience and observation, not only in this but
other countries, have shown that the malarial mosquitos, Anophe-
les, are very restricted in their habits, flying only 200 to 300 yards,
and consequently that local work is exceedingly effective in reduc-
ing their numbers. The same is probably true of our house
mosquito, Culex pipiens, and to a less extent of a number of
other species. This is not the case with the salt marsh mosquito,
Culex sollicitans and its associate,C. cantator, both
of which, as demonstrated by Dr Smith, are capable of flying or
drifting with the wind to a distance of 40 miles or thereabouts.
His observations were limited to New Jersey, and we have yet to
learn of equally prolonged flights in New York State, though data
at hand and observations indicate that this species may easily
fly or drift several miles. The practical work conducted in the
vicinity of New York city indicates that a large amount of free-
dom, even from these two species, may be secured by work
restricted to comparatively limited areas, and as a rule local

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 249

effort, even in the case of these two species, will afford consid-
erable relief, which is certainly true of others liable to become
at all troublesome. A number of instances have been placed
on record in recent years, proving the efficacy of operations
confined to small areas, and further investigations may show
that the migrations observed by Dr Smith were somewhat local
and brought about by peculiar conditions. Mr G. C. Davis has
recently published data showing that mosquitos in arid portions
of California are carried over 20 miles by steady, gentle breezes.
Railroad trains have been suggested as an efficient means of dis-
Seminating mosquitos, but Dr Smith’s observations, showing that
while a train might become filled with mosquitos while passing
through an infested marsh, it was practically free when the
haunts of the mosquitos were left behind, would seem to indicate
that this method of transportation is of relatively small import-
ance. Railroad trains might, however, convey small numbers to
favorable breeding places, where the insects would be able to sur-
vive for a few generations, and in this way centers might become
established. Ships are probably very efficient in conveying species
from one country to another, since Rowe has observed 12 foreign
species on a ship in quarantine at New York.

Life history. Only a few years ago it was supposed that the life
histories of most species of mosquitos were substantially identical.
The great impetus given to the study of this group by the recent
demonstration that certain forms were capable of conveying
malaria and yellow fever, has practically disproved this notion,
and now we know that there is considerable variation in their life
histories and habits, as will be seen by reference to accounts of
different species on the following pages.

Hibernation. At one time it was presumed that the winter was
passed solely by the adults, and while this is undoubtedly true of
certain species, others hibernate in the egg stage and still others
as larvae and possibly pupae. Several observers have noted the re-
sistance of larvae of this insect to cold and have placed on record
instances where they have been frozen repeatedly and survived.

250 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Eggs. Dr Dyar has made a somewhat extensive study of the
oviposition habits of various mosquitos, and has ascertained in the
case of the species studied, that those with unbanded legs produce:
eges which fioat on the surface, some in masses, as for example,
C. pipiens, while in others they may be deposited singly or in
small groups of two or three. The ring-legged species deposit
their eggs, like C. sollicitans for example, in dry places
where water is likely to collect, a portion hatching after a wetting,
so that a series of swarms are produced by high tides and storms
from the overwintering eggs. C.canadensis deposits its eggs
singly and many sink to the
bottom, most of them remain-
ing unhatched till the following
spring. C. sylvestris lays
its eggs in a similar man-
ner, and the species breeds
continuously throughout the

season, practically all eggs

MiewilCulex ipipiens. © Ros miacs DALchiug aaawhen covered by

, Taye (ean cao soa, “Ts water, except possibly those

Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 25, n.s. 1900) .

laid in September, which, in
the instance under observation, hibernated..

Larvae. Mosquito larvae, as a rule, subsist mostly on decaying
vegetable matter and algae, though they are also carnivorous in
habit, and species of Corethra and Sayomyia entirely so. Certain
species have decided preferences in breeding places, some being:
found only in or near brackish or salt water, others only in fresh
water, a few in foul water, some in warm, fresh water, while
others prefer cool spring-fed pools and similar places. Dr Dyar
observes that larvae with a short air tube are generally found in
temporary pools, while those with a long air tube occur in perma-
nent waters. Small fish feed on the larvae so readily, that they
are very rarely found where these enemies occur, and consequently
practically all breeding is limited to fishless waters, except in the
case of some of the more transparent forms like Sayomyia.

‘

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 251

Pupae. Pupae of most mosquitos are very similar, active and
floating at the surface of the water. This stage is usually short,
its duration being greatly modified by the temperature.

Methods of collecting and breeding. Mosquitos are readily cap-
tured with a dexterous sweep of the hand, and by exercising 1
little caution the body will be only slightly crushed and the speci-
men, therefore, not ruined for identification. They may also be
taken by deftly slipping a small cyanid bottle or one containing
a little cotton soaked with chloroform over the insect while it is
at rest on a wall or person, or inside an insect net, if the latter
be used. The fumes of the cyanid or
chloroform kill the insects quickly, and
they can then be easily transmitted in
small vials between lightly placed
wads or layers of cotton. The species
occurring in and about houses are of
special importance.

Some of the rare forms and _ per-

fect individuals of most species can Meo UOT opie dis.
be obtained as easily by collecting (Ue ete Die ae
the larvae as in any other way. ote ae

The latter may be found in pools of almost any character where
fish do not occur, and sometimes in small numbers even when
these enemies are present. Mosquitos have decided preferences
in breeding places, and various species may be found under
widely different-conditions. An examination of almost any small
body of water should reveal specimens sometime during the season.
A definite idea of breeding places of different species, may be
gained by reference to the accounts of various forms. Larvae
may be taken by the use of a fine meshed coffee strainer, and if a
small porcelain dish or one lined with white enamel is used for the
reception of the catch, it will be much easier to detect them. They
may be kept alive several hours in small vials partly filled with
water, or they may be killed at once by transferring them to 50%
alcohol, which is strong enough to preserve them for several days,
after which they should be placed in 75 to 854% alcohol. Both

252 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

larvae and adults may be shipped safely in vials by mail, pro-
vided they are packed in a little cotton and inclosed in a stout
box.

The life cycle of the mosquito is so short, and the different
Species so easily reared, that there is little difficulty in obtaining
adults from either eggs, larvae or pupae, particularly the latter.
Soil gathered in wet places in the spring is very likely to produce
larvae, provided it be kept covered with an inch or more of water,
and with moderate attention the young should develop to adults
without trouble, though it is advisable to imitate natural condi-
tions so far as convenient. Young larvae are usually easily reared,
and as they approach maturity there is less danger of death by
disease or from insufficient food. Careful breeding work necessi-
tates the isolation of individuals and the preservation of the
larval skin with the adult, since it is very easy to confuse species
in the larval stage, specially when it is remembered that we have
taken larvae belonging to seven species from the same pool and at
practically the same time. There is great need of this kind of
work, and it is hoped that many will undertake it in the near
future, and thus make material additions to our knowledge of the
mosquitos of New York State.

Examples of either adults or larvae, together with records of the
conditions under which they were taken, will be welcome, and the
entomologist will gladly reciprocate by giving advice in indi-
vidual cases, and specially interesting localities may be closely
investigated.

Haunts and breeding places. The haunts and breeding places of
mosquitos are of prime importance to one attempting to control
the pest, and therefore considerable space will be given to this
phase of the subject. We may divide mosquitos in a general
way into semidomestic and wild species, the former occurring
more or less in the vicinity of dwellings and frequently entering
them, while the latter rarely have this habit.

Anopheles. The members of this genus are of great importance
in New York State, because of their malarial carrying powers.
The adults are frequently found in the vicinity of dwellings, and

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 253

investigations in “Se feber 1902, in the city of Albany, showed
that it was comparatively easy to find specimens of Anopheles
pune ti pennis in many of the area ways in different sections
of the city. It was observed that the insects were more abundant
in the areas where there was only a doorway and consequently
poor ventilation. Mosquitos evidently do not like a draft, and in
most places where there was a free circulation of air compara-
tively few were to be found. In view of this fact some relief from

Fig. 3 Resting positions of Culex at left and Anopheles at right. (After Howard,
U. S. Dep’t Agric. Diy. Ent. Bul. 25, n.s. 1900)

mosquitos, particularly Anopheles, might be obtained by provid-
ing free ventilation in area ways and other sheltered places like
porches, so that mosquitos would be disinclined to take refuge
therein. As is well known, these insects may also be found in
outbuildings of various kinds, in fact in almost any dry place
where there is not too much air. They fly throughout the sum-
mer and we have met with specimens on snow in the middle of
March.

The natural breeding places of Anopheles larvae, according to
Dr Howard, are in the more or less permanent pools of water
such as are found in the bed of an old canal in spring, in wood-

254 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

land streams, or in the side pools or shallows of field springs or
artificial excavations filled with water. Small larvae are to be
found in such places, particularly where there is a certain amount .
of green scum. Nuttall and Shipley state that in England these
larvae are to be found in pools, ditches, backwaters of rivers and

ANZ
stein

A Rake

Fig. 4 Characteristic feeding position of Anopheles larva
in upper figure, and that of Culex in lower figure. (After
Howard, U. 8S. Dep't Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 25, n.s. 1900)

canals and in other slow flowing waters, almost invariably in
such as are clear, and very rarely in impure or brackish water.
They state that the larvae frequent places not shaded by trees,
though Dr Howard has found them on several occasions in dense
shade. He adds that they are rarely found in water contained
in barrels, troughs and fountain basins. Our own experience has
been somewhat different, in that we have had no difficulty in
obtaining larvae of Anopheles in rain water collected in an old

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 255

paint pot and in association with Culex. We have also taken
numbers from a barrel containing spring water, where there was
considerable algae or green scum, while we failed to find speci-
mens in a large spring within 150 feet, though there was much
algae at the sides. We have also taken them beside a stream in
a depression among the rocks, where there was considerable algae,
a single specimen was met with in a barrel of filthy water, and
we have found them abundant in weedy, semistagnant pools
beside watercourses.

Culex pipiens and other semidomesticated species. The adults
of these species have somewhat similar habits to those of Ano-
pheles, and like them were found by us in unventilated area ways
in different sections of Albany. It is probable, as pointed out
above, that ventilation would result in many of these mosquitos
avoiding such retreats. The larvae, as is well known, are found
in multitudes in pails and barrels of standing water, and wherever
there are holes in the earth, tin cans and other debris holding
water we may expect to find larger or smaller colonies of these
insects. Cisterns supposed to be tight frequently produce thou-
sands of mosquitos, and they have been detected emerging in con-
siderable numbers from sewers. Gutters with deficient fall may
harbor millions, and almost any standing water in the vicinity
of a house is likely to produce these insects; one can not look too
closely for breeding places. :

Salt marsh and other wild mosquitos. The salt marsh mosquito
and its ally, C. cantator, are the two most important of our
wild forms and the ones which cause the most annoyance in the
vicinity of seacoasts. These two species breed on the salt
marshes, preferably in brackish water, and the work of several
investigators has shown that only limited portions of the marshes
produce the pest. It has been repeatedly observed after high
tides, that the salt marshes along the upland and extending out
a distance of 150 to 250 feet, were swarming with larvae. They
are largely protected in these places from spraying operations
by grass, and it is impossible for fish to get at them. These
species breed principally in pools at the head of the marshes to

256 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

which tides rise only occasionally and in which the water is quite
brackish. Here the wrigglers have time to develop before the tide
again visits the pools, sweeping away their contents. As a rule
none are found in pools not reached by tides or in those containing
fish, neither are they found where killifish occur nor in association
with fiddler crabs. It will be observed that the breeding places
of these two species are confined to limited areas, and conse-
quently, while their control may at first sight appear to be a
gigantic undertaking, in reality it is largely simplified by these
restrictions.

Other wild species have more or less decided preferences as to
breeding grounds, the details of which are given under accounts
of the different species. These forms, as a rule, are of minor
economic importance, though their habits, as well as those of more
annoying mosquitos, should be carefully investigated.

Natural enemies. Small fish are by far the most important
among the natural enemies of mosquitos, and the introduction of
suitable forms into fishless waters sometimes affords one of the
readiest methods of controlling these pests. Almost all of the
small carnivorous fish which inhabit swamp pools and still water
will feed on mosquito larvae. This includes nearly all of the
minnows, particularly those known as top-minnows. The little
sticklebacks are very efficient in this respect. The common little
sunfish or “ pumpkin seed” is also recommended as a voracious
devourer of mosquitos, and it has the advantage of the preceding
forms, in that its spined rays protect it from some of the larger
fish. The common goldfish has also been reported as an important
ally in controlling mosquitos. Tadpoles may eat mosquito larvae,
though there appears to be some doubt on this point, and
as we have observed larvae in association with tadpoles, they can
not be voracious devourers of wrigglers. Mr Koebele of Hawaii
has observed a salamander devouring larvae.

A number of aquatic insects, such as dragon fly larvae, the
- young of predatory water beetles and various aquatic bugs feed
on mosquito larvae and are undoubtedly valuable aids in con-
trolling this pest, though hardly forms which could be handled
and bred or distributed in the same way as fish.

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 257

Adult mosquitos are fed on by a number of naitural enemies,
prominent among which may be listed various birds and bats.
Theobald mentions the night hawk, swallows, martins and fly-
catchers as being specially valuable. It is well known that dragon
flies devour many small flies, including mosquitos, and Dr Howard
records, on the authority of Mr EK. P. Salmon of Beloit Wis., the
presence of a little red louse on mosquitos. Attack by some mite,
probably Trombidium muscarum, on mosquitos has
also been reported to us by Mr J. G. Lindsley of Oswego N. Y.,
an observer in whom we have utmost confidence.

Adult mosquitos are also attacked by certain fungus diseases.
First, Hntomophthora spaerosperma Fersn., attacks
many different insects and frequently affects mosquitos. Another
Species, Hmpusa eulicis Braun., is very similar to the
fungus so frequently observed on house flies, and is one, as the
name implies, that destroys many of these little pests. A third
species recorded by Thaxter as attacking small gnats is known as
Empusa papilata, but as the gnats were not determined
we can not say that it affects mosquitos. In addition, Prof. R. H.
Pettit of Michigan, records attack on mosquitos by a new species
of Entomophthora. He states that on Aug. 5 Mr Barlow
found a number of adult mosquitos killed by it, and that they
- were very numerous on the margin of one of the pools in the North
Woods, sometimes almost covering the soil and the pieces of bark
to which they clung. Recently killed individuals, showed little,
if any, external growth, while others were covered with a dull
white coat and all were within a few inches of the water and
headed away from it. The victims die so close to the water, that
they are, as pointed out by Professor Pettit, in an ideal situation
to infect their fellows. He states that the appearance of an in-
fected mosquito is very characteristic. The entire body is swollen
and covered with a dull white growth, sometimes almost lead
color, and it is fastened down by many slender brownish threads.
This fungus was also met with by him on several species of Musci-
dae, on a Chironomid and on a dragon fly, probably Diplax
rubicundula. Several attempts were made to introduce the
disease in other places, but without success.

258 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Methods of control. Mosquitos have been tolerated from time
immemorial. It was a supposed impossibility to do more than
to exclude the little pests from dwellings. Abating such a nuis-
ance appears to be a herculean task at first sight, but study and
experience have demonstrated that it is eminently practical to
reduce the numbers of these insects very materially. There are
two important phases to this problem: one, the destruction of
domestic species which enter our houses, certain forms of which
are capable of conveying malaria to their victims, and the an-
nihilation of the many swarms bred along seashores and other
places more or less remote from the habitations of man. These
two problems have this in common, that they aim to destroy
insects, but the methods of accomplishing the desired end in one
case is quite different from that in the other.

Destruction of semidomestic species. The semidomestic species
include such forms as Anopheles, Culex pipiens and a few
other house species. These insects possess limited powers of
flight, and as a consequence those troublesome about a house
are bred near by, in many cases. within 200 yards, and some-
times within 25 feet of the dwelling. Our main object in the
fight against these species is to abolish favorable breeding places
in the immediate vicinity. This means that a most careful watch
must be kept for uncovered rain barrels, partly open cisterns and
cesspools or near-by hollows which may hold water for a short
time, broken crockery, tin cans and any other debris, which may
afford the necessary conditions for the existence of larvae. Such
a campaign calls for the minutest scrutiny of all likely and even
unlikely places, to see that they do not supply conditions favor-
able for developing mosquitos. Drainage has a prominent part.
particularly in low places, because we know of instances where
houses cover standing water, but in the State at large this is
hardly true, and fair drainage prevails. The appearance of con-
siderable numbers of these mosquitos about a dwelling is almost:
proof ‘that there is a breeding place in the immediate vicinity,
and the owner, if he objects to the pests, can do no better than to
search for and do away with them in gome way or another, either

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 259

by drainage, sealing, supplying small fish which will feed on the
wrigglers, in case this is possible, or treating the surface with
kerosene or other oil.

It will usually be necessary to supplement the above measures
by carefully screening dwellings, so as to exclude the few remain-
ing insects. This is particularly important in the case of Ano-
pheles, because of its disease-carrying possibilities. Living mos-
quitos may be stupefied in closed rooms by burning pyrethrum
powder, which should be moistened somewhat and molded into
little cones and then dried in the oven. These cones may be
lighted at the tip and will then smolder slowly, filling the room
with a not unpleasant smoke which appears to stupefy the mos-
quitos. It is said that two or three of these cones will give relief
during the entire evening, provided the windows are closed. Dr
Howard also calls attention to the modification of a device fre-
quently used for catching house flies. It is nothing more than a
tin cup or inverted can cover nailed to a stick and containing a
small quantity of kerosene. It is pushed up under a mosquito
resting on the ceiling, and as the insect attempts to fly it is caught
by the oil and destroyed. Such a device would be very convenient
if used in the early evening, to rid sleeping chambers of the pests.

Salt marsh and other wild mosquitos. Mosquitos belonging to
this group are usually troublesome only in the vicinity of the
seashore, and the common salt marsh mosquito, Culex sol-
licitans, is by all odds the most serious pest of them all.
Acquaintance with its breeding habits has taught us that the
larvae occur usually within 100 to 250 feet of the shore, and that
they develop largely in places reached only by the higher tides,
numbers of eggs hatching after each high tide or heavy rain,
thus providing a series of swarms throughout the season. The
obvious thing is to either so ditch and drain that no pools will
remain after the retreat of high tides, or else by a series of dikes
exclude the tides and in this way render large tracts unsuitable
for breeding purposes. [Extensive areas can be treated in this
way, and if diking is followed by proper drainage and reclama-
tion, many acres of land exceedingly valuable for agricultural pur-

260 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

poses, or which might be used for suburban residences, could be
placed on the market. There are many depressions in salt and
other marshes and also on dry land which can be readily trans-
formed from pernicious breeding places to harmless soil by a
little filling. Ditching, digging and filling may be regarded as
permanent methods of doing away with the mosquito nuisance.
This is not always possible, and it is then necessary to resort to
temporary measures, such as spraying breeding places with petro-
ileum, in order to destroy the larvae. The succession in the hatch-
ing of the eggs of the salt marsh mosquito, and the several
generations produced by Culex pipiens in fresh waters,
render the repetition of this petrolizing or treatment with oil
necessary at more or less regular intervals throughout the breed-
ing season. It is more costly in the long run than the more per-

manent measures and can be recommended only as a temporary

expedient.

The natural enemies of mosquitos are of considerable value in
this warfare, and this is particularly true of the small fish men-
tioned in a preceding paragraph. It not infrequently happens
that a fresh or salt water pool affords ideal conditions for the
production of millions of mosquitos, a state of affairs that can be
easily remedied by the introduction of some of these fish. They
may be brought from some distance in the case of isolated pools,
but there are many easily connected with fish-inhabited bodies,
where even this would not be necessary.

CULICIDAE

Mosquitos are so familiar to most people that a scientific defini-
tion of them hardly seems necessary. The most characteristic
feature of the adult is the presence of hairlike scales along the
veins and margins of the wings. The females of our common
species are easily recognized by their hum and bite, while the
innoxious males, rarely seen in nature, have conspicuous feathery
or plumose antennae.

These small insects may be separated from closely allied flies
by the long, slender abdomen, narrew wings, the plumose an-

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 261

ONES
oS 7 !
~-he dd ae 4 a tarsus

ene x
Lae eee
alitale

a a fa
fi f { | : K .
° ' Pi
Ae ’ ’ ’ ‘ ‘ . . a SN 5 t L
A ’ ait i 5 S a
“ c c 5 7 i y fi % WHILE a nded
: Boh BOSCO Fe gn ie / WW .
. Q ‘ eo ' MY
. x . Ae " / ' i
; : Pes ue ’ k pia
\ . . Ei ' , Ay
N ‘ | A ) ,
‘ ay v AS ,
‘ i ! t () i:
. » La ‘ ’ ' Ay ’
x ‘ 4 a ' t ’ Ky ,
N t G U Ky ’
‘ : i ' ¢ RY 3
x See cea , ' We,
<= = — : — / I ‘aa
‘ o ' is , 1 \
' ' (ed

Knee es \

Lasall band

basal end of segme Wives
apical end of seg ment__f

beets. oe ‘ is
be Vi a eae | jornts v
GPexX.--..-----. pe z Se:
He “gra Pee! je ole oN
os iS

: eninlcr ee aN

po eres hepsed
claw ge crcr et

OES Oe ae ae wtersal
on st tarsal jornt
(After Smith, N. J. Agric. Exp.

. 5 Mosquito showing parts used in classification

Fig
Sta. “Bul. 171. 1904)

262 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

tennae of the male and the usually long, slender proboscis of the
female. The thorax lacks the transverse V-shaped suture seen
in the crane flies, and the most distinct feature, as stated above,
is the scalelike hairs on the wings, specially the margins. The
larvae of all species, so far as known, are aquatic in spite of the
fact that adults have been observed in arid regions far from water.

The characters of greatest service in studying mosquitos, are
so plainly shown in figure 5, that no detailed explanation is
necessary. It may be well to call attention a little more in
detail to the wing structure of this group, which is very inter-
esting not so much on account of variations in the veins as in
‘the structure and distribution of the scales. The more impor-
tant wing veins may be easily recognized by running back from
the costa as follows: subcosta, first longitudinal, second’ longi-
tudinal, third longitudinal, fourth longitudinal, fifth longitudinal
and sixth longitudinal, the second and fourth longitudinal veins
having the characteristic fork cells, that of the former frequently
being termed the first submarginal cell. These two veins are
connected by an important cross vein known as the anterior
cross vein. It may be easily recognized because it is intercepted
near the middle by the.third longitudinal vein. The posterior
cross vein connects the fourth longitudinal and the anterior branch
of the fifth longitudinal veins. The relative distance between
these two cross veins and the relative length of the petioles and
their fork cells is of considerable service in classification. The
male wing may be recognized by the much longer petioles, sparse
scales and the absence of oblique scales along the greater por-
tion of the posterior margin. The scales of Culicids vary exceed-
ingly, ranging from almost linear in Corethra and Sayomyia to
the lanceolate ones of Anopheles or the very much dilated scales
of Uranotaenia. The latter is remarkable for the diverse struct-
ure of its wing scales. The genus Culex presents very interest-
ing variations in wing scales. Generally speaking there are two
classes—the long and the short, the longer ones being slender,
frequently strap-shaped amd as a rule extending some distance
on each side of the veins, while the short scales are more or less

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 263

broadly triangular and usually closely appressed to the vein.
. The scales of the fringe also present important characters.
Usually a row of long and another of medium scales constitutes
the fringe proper, though in the females of the Pipiens group the
fringe scales form three or four rows of different length [pl. 26,
fig. 2]. In addition, there is a row of short, oblique scales along
the greater portion of the posterior margin in the females, which
is usually absent in the males along the inner two thirds or four
fifths. The different characters of the wings of the various
species are so well shown on the plates that no further descrip-
tion is necessary. e

The accessory male genital organs, as pointed out by Professor
Theobald, possess specific value, and in the case of the species
studied by us, present most remarkable variations as will be
seen by reference to illustrations on plates 29-40. As an aid
to identification a tabulated statement of the differences fol-
lows. It is practically a key to the males studied and supple-
mentary thereto we give a brief explanation of the terms
employed. The more conspicuous lateral organs have been
termed the clasps; these are composed of two segments: a large
basal one, which presents considerable modification in form, and
bears, particularly in the Pipiens group, very characteristic
appendages near the apical third, and near the base more or less
peculiar chitinous spines in a number of species. The ter-
minal segment of the clasp is more slender and, in some species,
bears at its apex two apical teeth, while others possess a more
or less developed spine, apparently a rudimentary third segment.
The harpes, lying just within the clasps and originating near
their base, are normally next in size to these important organs
and may usually be recognized by the pronounced angle fre-
quently present near the more or less perfect fusion of two seg-
ments. These organs are remarkably diverse in structure and
presumably occur in all species, though in certain forms, owing
to lack of material, we have been unable to detect them. The
harpagones are paired, smaller, clasping organs, usually strongly
curved and terminated by a stout, somewhat recurved hook. The

264 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

unci, as we have identified them, consist of a pair of usually
fused processes on the ventral margin, which present considerable
variations in structure. In addition, there is frequently pres-
ent anterior to the unci, a pair of peculiar, rudimentary, spine-
tipped organs, which apparently belong to the preceding seg-
ment, and for the purpose of identification they have been termed
appendages of the eighth abdominal segment. Lack of material
hais prevented working out thoroughly the homologies of these
organs. :

It may be well in this connection to call attention briefly to
some of the more important characteristics of mosquito larvae.
The antennae vary somewhat in form and coloration, and par-
ticularly in the position and size of the antennal tuft [fig. 64].
The labial plate presents characteristic variations in certain
species [fig. 12, 44]. The more important characters, however,
are found in the air tube, its form and relative length and in the
rows of posterior pecten or teeth at its base [fig. 21,45]. There is

wide variation in the number of teeth, their serrations, degree

of development [fig. 22, 40], and within certain limits consider-
able constancy obtains. There is also an interesting patch of
scales or spinelike scales on each side of the eighth abdominal
segment, which for the sake of brevity has been termed the comb.
The size of this patch varies considerably and there are marked
differences between the various species in the number and struc:
ture of the component scales [fig. 15, 28, 48] and in our experience
there is a much greater constancy in the number of comb scales
than has been recorded by some. In the interests of clearness
and brevity the term pecten has been limited to the structures
occurring on the air tube, while the component members of the
comb are designated as scales. Several characters of less general
importance are mentioned in treating of the various species.

Key to subfamilies

@ Proboscis long, formed for piercing; palpi long in both sexes; wings

USUATLY: *SpPObledle ese ds as! sss os a Soeiece aoe CR Ee ROIs ee ee ae Anophelinae
6 Palpi short in female; wings not usually Spotteds eee. .s-e: Culicinae
WO JetMonl (evopwis Ta OWA Wows a5 co ploovocoobevauscaseonbe doe Aedeomyinae

aa Proboscis short, not formed for pier@ing.................. Corethrinae

Culicid genitalia

UNCI

CLASPS
SPECIES = = HARPES HARPAGONES
Second segment Basal segment
Psorophora ciliata......... Invegular, setose, 2 apicali/Subconic........................... Strongly curved, irregular, furcate,|Curved, with stout apical hook. .
; ; spines inner branch setose, outer falcate
Anopheles punctipennis.. .|Slender, curved, small api-/Subcylindric, with 2 very Jong,|............0..e.c. cc eeee cece e eee t[o ede seeeeeseeeesseseseeeeecsscee
cal spur straight basal spines
A. maculipennis ......... Slender curved) small api-\Subconicalysswivhes 2) long) curved tesrrrirrie le cireersisereieieieteistenesieteis |elerteteleisretetterereteieeierer ener

Culex sylvestris

‘C. cantans

OG seme

C. taeniorhynchus

. abserratus

. Impiger

. lazarensis

. absobrinus.

. magnipennis

C. territans

pipiens

C. restuans

Aedes fuscus

Uranotaenia sapphirina...

Sayomyia hudsoni

S. rotundifolia

Eucorethra underwoodi...

cal spur

Stout, expanding, furcate,
inner apex with stout
tooth

Slender, flattened, strongly
curved, with long apical
spurz

Flattened, strongly curved,
with stout apical tooth
Rounded, curved, with
stout apical tooth
Slender, curved, with long
apical spine

Strongly curved, with stout
blunt spine

Basal portion enlarged, api-
cal spine long

Flattened, strongly curved,
with long, stout apical
spine

Flattened, twisted,
stout apical spine

with

Flattened, strongly curved,
with long, stout apical
spine

Slender, tapering,
short apical spine
Stout, curved, with stout
apical spine

Triangular, curved with
short, stout apical spine

with

Stout, tapering, with short
apical spine

Rather slender, strongly
curved, with short apical
spur

Subapical, strongly curved,
with broad base and sub-
apical tooth

Rather short, excavated,
dentate apically, subapi-
cal triangular spine

Long, stout, apex rounded

Rather slender, tapering,
apex rounded

Stout at base, slightly

curved, with short apical
spur

basal spines
Stout, curved, with internal basal
tufts

Dorsal lobe apically, a stout, curved
basal spine

Subconic, with basal papillate ele-
vation

Lobed apically, with stout, curved.
tapering basal spine

|Apical lobe and basal papillate,
setose elevation

Large apical lobe, basal enlargement
and a peculiar, dark, capitate pro-
cess

Subecylindric, with slight basal en-
largement

Short, thick

Large apical lobes, a pair of stout
internal spines midway and a
large basal spine

With apical lobe and basal promi-
nence bearing a stout, tapering,
curved spine

Nearly conical, with small basal
papillate enlargement

Subconical with papillate spined pro-
cess at basal third

Subconical, with 2 stout, recurved
processes and several spines in a
group at the inner apical third

Subconical, with group of 3 stout,
several smaller spines and a spatu-
late organ at inner apical third

With 3 large and a smaller, strongly
recurved spine and a spatulate
organ at inner apical third

Conical, with basal papillate, setose
area

|Subconical, rounded

Subeylindric

Subcylindric

Subconical, with conspicuous sub-
apical group of spines internally

Cylindric, short, setose apically....

Flattened, strongly curved, apical
portion falcate

Strongly curved, setose basally, fal-
cate apically

Curved, setose basally,
curved, falcate apically

Basal portion stout, rounded; apical
slender, bent, acute

Very long, bent, irregular

strongly

Basal portion curved, apical curved,
faleate, with retrorse spine
Flattened, strongly curved

Rudimentary branch curved, apical
portion broadly faleate

Curved basally, apical portion fal-
cate, with recurved tip

Stout, black, curved, tridentate ....

Stout, strongly curved, acute, biden-
tate
Short, curved, apex rounded, setose

Short, strongly bent, acute tip

Strongly curved with stout, apical
hook

Short, furcate, inner branch shorter
both obtuse, setose

Flattened, with stout apical hook...

Short, flattened, spatulate, with
short, subterminal spine
Strongly curved, with stout apical

and subapical spine

Slender, nearly straight, spined!
apically

Curved, with stout apical tooth

Curved, with stout apical
hoo

Narrow, fused, furcate

Narrow, fused

Curved, slender, platelike

Flattened, broad

Irregularly curved, with stout
apical tooth .

Strongly curved, with stout api-
cal tooth

Strongly curved, with stout api-
cal spine

Small, with strongly recurved
point

Slender, swollen, with stout api-
cal hook

With stout apical hook

Curved, with stout apical spine

Irregular, strongly curved, stout
apical spine

Dorsally curved, with 2 or 3 stout
teeth

Widely separated, rounded, papil-
late and finely setose apically

Short, stout, with stout subapical
spine

Slender, acute

Rather stout, acute

Slender, furcate, acute....

APPENDAGE OF EIGHTH
SEGMENT

Papillate, rudimentary
Distant, with stout apical setae

Distant, with stout apical setae
Distant, with stout apical spines

Approximate, with stout apical
spines

Approximate, curved, with
stout spine

Divergent, slender, acute. .

Curved, slender, acute....

Confluent, terminating in
a slender beak

Short, stout, with lateral
apical teeth

Rudimentary, with long, straight
spines
Long, with stout apical spines

Short, distant, with stout apical
spines

Distant, with short apical spines

Approximate, margined with
even black chitinous spines

Distant, biack, with many irreg-

ular, long spines
Distant, thickly spined apically

Distant, thickly spined apically

Approximate, with short termi-
nal spines

Distant, fingerlike

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 265

Generic key of culicid larvae

Mosquito larvae are preeminently important in any work
designed to reduce the abundance of adults, because most of it
must be done before the mosquitos attain maturity, and ordinarily
it is impracticable to breed out the insects in order to ascertain
whether a pool is liable to produce an annoying or dangerous
Species or not. This makes identification of larval forms of great
importance, and the following generic table modified from that
prepared by Mr Johannsen, is given as an aid in identification.

a@ Air tube on last abdominal segment
6 Antennae pendant, with four large, curved, apical spines......Corethra
bb Antennae not pendant
ce Antennae fold back against the head and terminate in two or three
Ce LeiyyiSierces ei -ctacRewave) Discrete brave tone Sires oiietin haya ta (oun shouas: were |otbravardatance Corethrella
ec Antennae usually with only a few small erect bristles and one or
two pointed processes
d@ Brush projecting sidewise from the mouth, mandibles long,
sharply toothed. A large species, half an inch or more
OI ate Ptcnoveuehave sroraciateieem a eeae ear ses Psorophora (ciliata)
dd Brush of hairs projecting forward from the mouth
e No yentral brush on last abdominal segment. With two anal
blood gills; the pecten of the air tube wanting. Small species
occurring in water of pitcher plants....... Aedes (Ss mithii)
ee Last segment with ventral brush
f Anal blood gills dilated; lateral comb of eighth segment a
Single transverse row of spines with elongate bases; anal seg-
ment without hair tufts before barred area
Stegomyia (fasciata)
ff Anal blood gills slender
g Anal blood gills sharply pointed; pecten unidentate, apical
2 or 3 distant, flattened; lateral comb of eighth segment
with 12 large spines in a single or partly double row
Aedes (fusecus)
gg Not as above in all respects
h Pecten teeth with semitransparent serrate margin, stel-
late hairs on the abdomen, a small species. .Uranotaenia
TUIREN ORISSA ONG tere et aactectia se eirerete ai teliete oes veoh ohare cla aire ol hake Culex
aa No air tube on last abdominal segment
6 Last segment usually with hooks; no spiracles apparent; larvae trans-

PAGSME SAS SNK Ors a) orci e wre aeons donee basutie gee aiiacecers cv acaie seletere Sayomyia

bb Last segment with a flat dorsal area in which may be seen two
spiracles

c Medium sized species with anal segment ecylindric........ Anopheles

ce Large species with the anal segment bladderlike ; mandibles strongly
SIGN ENG) OVS Sa otras ets lcs RSM Loo ost Doe Ra EISNER AO eet Hucorethra

266 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

ANOPHELINAE
ANOPHELES

This genus is of particular interest, because certain species at
least, are known to transmit malaria. Members of this group
may be recognized by the nearly straight beak or proboscis, and
more easily when at rest by the peculiar position, since the body,
head and beak are almost in a straight line, whereas there is a
marked angle between the body and the head and beak in our
common mosquitos. The palpi in both sexes are almost as long
as the proboscis, the body colors are brown and yellow, and the
wings are usually spotted. Three species occur within the State:
and may be separated by the characteristics given below.

Anopheles punctipennis Say
P}.1, 14, 29, 48, fig. 1, 2,3; 1, 2; 1; 1 respectively
This is the species we found abundantly about Albany. We
have seen it on Long Island, in the Adirondacks and other

Fig. 6 Anopheles punctipennis, female,
with male antenna at right and wing tip showing vena-
tion at left. (After Howard, U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div.
Ent. Bul. 25, n. s. 1900)

places, indicating a wide range.. It may be easily distin-
guished from the closely allied A. maculipennis, by the

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 267

yellowish white marginal spot near the apical fourth of the wing.
This insect has been characterized by Dr Howard as our hand-
somest species. This larva with its conspicuously spotted head
may be recognized by its nearly hori
zontal position at the surface of the
water, and particularly by the five
conspicuous, plumose hairs extend-
ing from each side of the thoracic
and anterior abdominal segments
much like oars. A closer examina-
tion will show that the larva nor- »
mally feeds with its head reversed. a
It is only about 5 or 6 mm long ~ Fig.7 Labial plate of the larva
of A. punctipennis
when full grown. Both sexes and
larvae and pupae have been carefully described by Johannsen.
This species has an extensive range, having been reported from
a number of Eastern states, as far south as Texas, west to Oregon,
and from Canadian localities. It is probably somewhat generally
distributed in this country.

We have taken the larvae from water puddles, pools containing
algae, and from other standing waters. This species breeds
throughout the summer in favorable localities, and the larvae
are occasionally quite abundant.

Anopheles maculipennis Meig.
Pl. 1, 14, 25, 29, 48, fig. 4, 5; 3, 4, 4; 2; 2 respectively

This rather insignificant species may be recognized by its yellow
colored wings bearing four somewhat small dark spots. It is also
peculiar in possessing black palpi and in having the scales of the
last vein of the wing entirely black. The female and larva of this
species have been carefully described by Johannsen.

Male. Palpi and proboscis about equal, dark brown, except
that the tip of the latter is light brown. Antennae dark brown,
shorter than the palpi, segments! sparsely clothed with basal
whorls of long, black hairs and numerous much shorter, light
brown ones. Eyes coarsely granulate, strongly emarginate, with

268 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

bright greenish reflections. Occiput rather thickly clothed with
black and creamy white scales, the latter forming a pair of sub-
median patches, dark scales being specially abundant laterally.
Thorax brown, sparsely clothed with short, golden yellowish

Vig. 8 Dorsal view of the larva of Anopheles

hairs arranged in a rather plain median line with submedian
rows, a sublateral and a lateral row posteriorly, the hairs of the
two latter being longer, coarser and browner. Scutellum slaty
gray. Halteres, basal portion, pale yellowish white; apical por-
tion, capitate, fuscous. Dorsal portion of abdomen plumbeus,
with irregular, fuscous markings and rather sparsely clothed
with long, golden yellow hairs. Pleura and ventral portion of

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 269

abdomen plumbeus. Legs brownish with yellowish apical bands
on the femora and tibiae. Wings hyaline, thickly clothed with
scales and with darker spots at the base of the second longi-
tudinal vein, the region of the cross veins and the tips of the fork
cells. Posterior cross vein almost interstitial with mid cross vein.
Petiole of first fork cell about two thirds the length of the cell,
that of the second about equal.

This insect occurs on Long Island and about Albany, and it
is accorded an extensive range by Theobald, who states that it is

widely distributed over Europe. It has been recorded from a ~

number of the Eastern states, and is found from Florida:.and
Texas, north to Canada and Manitoba.
Dr Dyar found the larvae more or less commonly in nearly

every pool and pond, and even in rain water barrels at and about

Bellport and Amaganset L. I., and Dr Howard states that this
Species appears to be universally distributed in the suburbs of
New York, where it appears to be more numerous than farther
north. The larvae occur about Albany only in midsummer and
are not abundant then.

The life history of this insect has been worked out by D1
Howard, who states that the eggs are deposited in loose masses
on the surface of the water. He adds that they are somewhat
oval in outline, float on one side, and that they hatch in three or
four days. The larva usually remains near the surface, keeping
its body in a nearly horizontal position. The head of the larva
revolves easily, and though its normal position is with the back
upward, its head is frequently reversed to facilitate feeding on
algae, bits of dust and other floating matter. The specific gravity
of this larva is slightly less than water; consequently it requires
an effort on its part to sink, the reverse of what obtains in Culex.
The larva period lasted 16 days in the case observed by Dr How-
ard, and the pupa from 5 to 10 days, dependent on the weather.
The life cycle may be summarized as follows: egg 3 days, larva
16 days, pupa 5 days, making a total of 24 days, a portion of which
was passed in somewhat cool weather. The larval comb of this
Species and that of the preceding are illustrated on plate 48.

270 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Anopheles cruicians Wied.

We have not met with this species. Dr Dyar records it as the
commonest Anopheles in houses about Bellport and Amaganset
L. I. It may be recognized by the white bases of the last four
segments of the palpi, the white scales on the last vein, and the
three black spots on the wings.

Adults and larvae of this species were met with by Dr Smith
almost daily from Aug. 3 to Sep. 28 in the Cape marsh. He states.
that the females begin their attack before sundown and are active
for a little time after sunrise.

This insect has been recorded from a number of Southern states,
where it appears to be somewhat abundant in certain localities, —
since Weidemann states that it is very common on the Missis-
Sippl.

The larva, according to Dr Smith, does not differ in general
appearance from those of A. maculipennis and A. punc-
tipennis, and ranges only from 514 to 6 mm in length. The
head is broader just behind the eyes, narrowing to a rounded
front and is variably marked, the larger blotches, as a rule, being
central. ‘There is a transverse row of six branched hairs before
the middle of the head and the antennae, borne on distinct
sclerites, are set with little spines and are shorter, stouter and
much darker than in allied species. The mandibles differ from
those of its allies by having four instead of three curved spines
on the dorsal surface. The thorax is subquadrate, angles rounded
and with six lateral tufts of branching hairs and similar ones on
the dorsum. The comb on the eighth segment consists of from
six to eight long teeth separated by from one to four short, com-
pound teeth. The tracheal gills are less than one half as long
as those of allied forms.

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 271

CULICINAE

This subfamily includes by far the largest number of species,
and its representatives are the ones most commonly met with
about houses and in woods. The females have short palpi, while
they are long in the male. We have in this subfamily several
genera, such as J anthinosoma, which latter agrees closely in all
structural details with Culex except for the densely scaled legs
and is separated from other genera. possessing this character by
the venation of the wings, which is the same as in Culex, and
by the broad, spindle-shaped scales of the head. This subfamily —
also includes among native forms the giant Psorophora
ciliata Abr., a species with densely scaled legs, and Stegomyia,
which is of particular interest because certain species are known
agents in disseminating yellow fever. A number of other genera
“have been separated on minor structural differences.

Key to genera’

a “Legs densely clothed with coarse erect scales.............. Psorophora
aa Legs densely clothed with somewhat appressed scales; joints of
posterior tarsi usually, white... 2.0... 4/2... essere sce Janthinosoma
aaa Legs uniformly clothed with flat scales
Oprlecrdascalesmall iat anda broaden: sac cscietes onic cle ele cc cess Stegomyia

bb Head seales narrow, curved and with upright forked ones and flat
lateral ones :
ChlLateralescales of swings limeaTe Hack Geis als sue wrecis scree ws seers « Culex
ce Lateral scales of wings elongate, oval or lanceolate..............
Taeniorhynehus

1Prepared by D. B. Young.

272 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM -

Psorophora ciliata Abr.
Giant mosquito
Pl. 2, 15, 30, 41,.fig. 1, 2; 1;1; 1 respectively

This species is the giant of its family and may be recognized
by its extremely large size and the peculiar legs, which latter

aay <i
pep tort Lh aN
= =

Hig. 9 Wemale enlarged, Psorophora ciliata. (After Howard. U. S. Dep’t
Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 25, n. s. 1900) ;

are thickly clothed with nearly or quite erect scales [fig. 10].
Under a lens this giant mosquito is a beautiful object with its
median band of golden yellow scales on the prothorax, flanked
with a smooth, jet black area and more laterally with a some-
what irregular patch of whitish scales. It presents a greater

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAEH OF NEW YORK STATE 273

contrast than any mosquito known to us, which is hightened by
the apparently clubbed femora, due to the bands of nearly erect
scales at their extremities and the basal yellowish white bands
of the tarsi. The wings are clothed with thin, easily abraded

Fig. 10 Legs showing peculiar scaling and marking: 1 Psorophora
ciliata, 2 Janthinosoma musica, both equally enlarged

scales. This insect is really yellowish, though somewhat dark in
general appearance.

The larva is equally remarkable in appearance and when full
grown is stout and half an inch or more in length. It is culicid
in type and presents some very interesting structural modifica

274. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

tions. The head is nearly square viewed from above. The antennae
are rather stout, tapering uniformly and tipped with two rather
large tapering spines and a very short, stout remnant of a seg-

ment. There are also several minor conical processes. The man-

Fig. 11 Larval mandible of Psorophora ciliata

dibles are extremely well developed, being provided with three
major processes. The two ventral ones are. coarsely dentate.
The triangular labial plate is remarkable because its 17 teeth are
at nearly right angles to the plate, the two lateral ones on each
side being very large. The
comb is present on the
eighth segment and is re-
markable on account of its
interesting modification.

27 eM, Its posterior border is

wigs 12 habia plate of the larva of Psoro- marked by a semicircle
phora ciliata =
of about 15 stout scales

with large, spatulate bases, each bearing a large, apical spine
and one or two smaller ones on each side. In addition, there
are anterior to these larger scales many smaller, beautiful,
platelike organs, each margined posteriorly with from about 8 to

over 20 fine, rather evenly set spines. The chitinous portion of
‘

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE

275

| the air tube is set on a fleshy elevation, which is probably exten-
sile. The chitinous portion of the tube proper is about four times

as long as its greatest diameter.

The double row of posterior

pecten is present but remarkably modified, consisting of small

Fig. 18 Superimposed combs of Psorophora ciliata,
showing the peculiar, small scales in front of the larger ones

tubercles bearing one very long, slender seta and a very short,

conical process of about equal size.
Habits and life history. This species appears to be widely dis-
tributed in New York State, having been taken in several locali-

Vig. 14 Several larval comb scales of
Psorophora ciliata very much en-
larged

ties. The mosquito is vicious
and bites readily in the day-
time. It has been reported by
various authors from a number
of the Eastern states, ranging
as far south as Texas and west
to California. It has also been

reported from several South

American countries, but so far as known to us it has not been

taken in the eastern hemisphere.

The life history of this insect was unknown till August 1900,

when some of its giant larvae were obtained by Dr Howard from

276 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

depressions in the bed of a small stream and in similar hollows
in small ponds, all of which were dry the greater part of the
summer. We have also met with the larvae in some numbers in

temporary pools at Karner, they being found only in the early part

{ YW

: Fig. 16 Middle tarsal
Fig.15 Several small comb scales of Psoro- claw of Janthino-
phora ciliata very much enlarged soma musica

of June. The larvae are predaceous and devour large numbers
of Culex, with which they are associated, and are consequently
beneficial. The duration of the pupa state has been reported as
from four to five days. The eggs of this species were obtained by
Dr H. F. Harris of Atlanta Ga., who states that they are black
and measure about .7 mm in length, and that when viewed with a
high power lens they are found to be distinctly convex.on one side
and slightly concave ‘on the other, having an oval form when seen
from either of the surfaces.

Janthinosoma musica Say

Big wood mosquito

Pl. 2, 15, fig. 8, 2 respectively
This species may be recognized by the densely scaled legs, and

by having the last two joints of the posterior tarsi white [ fig. 10].
The peculiar character of the claws is shown at figure 16. These

differ considerably from Theobald’s drawings made from South 5

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 277

American specimens, but examination of specimens from that
country reveals very little if any difference.

This mosquito is said by Howard to be rather rare. It has
been taken, though not bred, in New Jersey by Dr Smith and was
described by Say from Indiana. Theobald records it in addition
from Rio Janeiro, British Guiana and South Amazon. He states
that it seems to be an abundant South American form, and our
observations show that it was present in considerable numbers in
woods near Poughkeepsie in July. It is a large, handsome mos-
quito with bluish reflections in the sunlight. It is one of the
most vicious biters we have seen and at the same time one of the
most wary, since it takes to wing much quicker than other species
on the approach of a net or cyanid bottle. It was found indif-
ferently in both sunlight and shade.

CULEX

Members of this genus may be recognized by the more or less
erect forked scales on the head, and the linear, lateral scales of
the wing veins. Mist of the characters used in the separation of
the species are well illustrated in figure 5 reproduced by permis-
sion of Dr J. B. Smith, state entomologist of New Jersey.

Key for determining females of the genus Culex’

a Tarsal joints banded at the base
b Proboescis without a white band
e Claws all toothed
d Bases of anterior abdominal segments with patches of yellowish
white scales
e Scales of sides and pleura pale yellow; posterior cross vein less

than its own length from one above..... Ssquamiger, p.281

ee Scales of sides and pleura white; posterior cross vein its own

length at least from one above.............. AEE Min, W2eil

dd Bases of abdominal segments distinctly banded with whitish
scales

Calarsdlmband smbDLOa dane critic em arcac ce eG Mt a Mis eae:

Ge WEneSEM joRnaC MENA 5 oo oo oo no pnnbooBDOdS sylvestris, p.289

ce Posterior claws simple; tarsal bands narrow....cantator, p.293

bb Proboscis with a more or less distinct white band
¢ Abdomen with a central stripe of yellowish scales on dor-
SULLY ceavol. Weactisteionwss ic hove. Sisesstescmaeve Mereelcine acd sollicitans, p.294
ce Abdomen without such stripe

1Prepared by D. B. Young.

278 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

@. WHNES) SOW. oo co sddaaccosb0cn8 Sewer enero discolor, p.297
dd Wings with 1 black spot where the 3d longitudinal vein meets
the cross veins, tibia spotted.......... jamaicensis, p.298

ddd Wings not spotted
e Femora without white band....... taeniorhynehus, p.301
ce Memora with white band...=............-: confinis, p.302

ae Tarsal joints banded at middle
b Metatarsi with a broad median band; femora also with a broad yel-
lowish ring near the black apex............... annulatus, p.3803

aaa Tarsal joints banded at both ends

bD Petiole of ist submarginal cell more than % as long as

eell z

c No median white stripe on dorsum of abdomen

canadensis, p.303

ce Median white stripe on dorsum of abdomen
onondagensis, p.304

bb Petiole of 1st submarginal cell less than 14% as long as cell
ce Last joint of hind tarsi white................ atropalpus, p.305
GO IASG JOE it low! WANES MOW Wye, 5. o5c65aunbaeocoes dyari, p.306
aaaa Tarsal joints not banded
b Abdomen with cross bands of whitish scales at apex of the seg-
1) 0 eee PRR Rte ESS ee PPE CRN eA nh etter ees ii OF oso territans, p.307
bb Abdomen with cross bands of whitish scales at base of segment
¢ Posterior cross vein of wing its own length or less from mid cross
vein
d Claws toothed
e Species large, 6-7 mm long
f Thorax vittate with 2 dark brown lines. .lazarensis, p.309
ff Thorax not vittate; curved scales of head white
cinereoborealis, p.3l2

ee Species small, 4%-6 mm long; curved scales of head golden

DEO Wall texel dees tecaceret ee oan ac eNO aC Re impiger, p.316

‘ dd Claws simple
@ IBASE! LOAINGIS WHMIS co ooosoo0ccucKuooe CDN absobrinus, p.318
ee Basal bands orange mesally, yellowish white laterally; legs
flecked with white scales............ magnipennis, p.322

ce Posterior cross vein of wing its own length or more from mid cross
vein .
d Thorax with spots; apex of tarsal joints slightly whitish
; restuans, p.3825
dd Thorax spotless
e Cross bands of abdomen distinct :
Relative length of petiole of first submarginal cell

f 7 length of cell, claws simple............. pipiens p.328
ff % length of cell, claws toothed....... abserratus p.329
[ff % length of cell, claws simple............... dyari p.306

[fff Longer than cell, claws toothed.....nemoros u § p.332
ee Cross bands of abdomen indistinct, widest in middle, a smaller
SPECIES 25 eae a ete ee . Ween ee star betreds, salinarius, p.332

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 279

bbb Abdomen without cross band of whitish scales
e Thorax vittate or distinctly striped with white or yellow
d Thorax with 2 broad yellowish stripes, 1 each side of a central

Garke DEOWM!: ONE. c.. 5 ies cress chetee sets ecko (IPM WWE LA EWS 4 joes

dd 'Thorax with 1 median creamy gray stripe....sSerratus, p.334
ddd Thorax with broader median, creamy gray stripe, species
STUN OTM a atre tecdashetieess weer ib oahe ete Bice aha Sieh) Stee dupreei, p.383+

ce Thorax not vittate with white or yellow
d Some of the claws toothed

e Scales on side of mesonotum white...... triseriatus, p.335
ee Scales on side of mesonotum golden yellow...aurifer, p.336
COR ClaniSeSiln Plessis © = <feisia sels ose Ge. staves sees melanurus, p.337

Key for determining Culex larvae

Characters employed in earlier published keys have been used
wherever they could be employed to advantage.

a Air tube long, at least 4 times as long as the diameter of its base
b Air tube very long, slender, slightly constricted in the middle; anten-
MAC MwA I AM GEM eres, sis50e sacs este syekesyecs aso wists s territans, p.3807
bb Air tube very long, stout, tapering uniformly
ec Comb scales 60, pecten teeth 3-4 branched...salinarius, p.332
ce Comb scales about 80, pecten apparently simple...... dyari, p.306
bob Air tube about 5 times the width of its base, tapering
ec Pecten teeth pale, divided into 3-5 long, slender processes

d Antennal tuft before the middle.............. restuans, p.325
dd Antennalenitigate outer: lider esse lens pipiens, p.328
ec Pecten teeth almost black, 20, with small basal dentitions; comb
RAS DOs BH) (SES WIND jOsislooseococadocooos IE MIE OM Tab, TOAteal

aa Air tube very short, not more than 14% to 2 times as long as broad
b Pecten teeth dentate on both sides; comb with 16-24 scales; head
MIVA CUA Cisse sixteen eesiaccua seet aac cte sa siiehs fe ao” taeniorhynechus, p.301
bb Pecten teeth dentate on one side only ;
¢ Antennal tuft normal
d Comb seales 28-40, pecten teeth about 14, head generally immacu-

LDU ONS ry cee tess aire resale csr sien ol sive ate sites fo eee talento ies Sollicitans, p.294

dd Comb seales 5, pecten teeth 7-9.............. serratus, p.334
ee Antennal tuft reduced to a single hair; pecten extending nearly to
apex of air tube; comb scales about 46..... atropalpus, p.305

aaa Air tube moderate in length, from about 2 to over 4 times longer
than its greatest diameter
b Comb scales not more than 10
c¢ Comb scales quadrate, with a very long median spine and shorter
lateral ones
d Comb scales 5-8, attached to a slight band; pecten teeth 5-8, divid-
ing into 2-4 very long, slender spines.........discolor, p.297
dd Comb scales 7, in a curved row, with 3-4 pecten teeth, each with
a long median tooth and several small serrations at its base -
jamaicensis, p.298

280 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

ce Comb seales rather broadly spatulate at the base, few, arranged
in a curved line
d Comb scales 5, pecten teeth 7-9, minutely serrate near middle
; serratus, p.834
dd Comb scales 6, pecten teeth 12-16, stoutly toothed near middle
3 ‘ abserratus, p.329
ddd Comb scales 8-10 in a curved line; 12 pecten teeth with short
basal “spineés.s.4. hiss) nh Mie wore eeesvot erent dupreei, p.3834
bb Comb seales ranging from 10 to about 24
c One or more pecten teeth widely separated from a continuous row
d 2 rows of slight tufts of hairs on the dorsum of the air tube;
comb scales 14-16, usually four pecten teeth widely separated
from the remainder of the row....cinereoborealis, p.312
dd No such dorsal tufts on the air tube
e Air tube slender, tapering equally, the continuous pecten extend-
ing only to the basal 5th of the air tube; pecten teeth 2-3
toothed; comb scales 10-14 (Smith 18-20)
sylvestris, p.289
ee Air tube stouter, slightly swollen, continuous pecten extending
to the basal 3d of the air tube; pecten teeth 1-2 toothed; comb
scales 14, in a somewhat triangular patch, spatulate, each
with a stout, rather short, terminal spine; pecten teeth 15-18,
each with 2 or more basal teeth.......... '...impiger’, p.316
ce Pecten in a continuous row, distal teeth not widely separated
d Comb scales digitately divided, 12, in an irregular double
TS OW is tai i's sacs Cas erehereee eee Glico wsusien otalee ey etaco arses lctioy triseriatus, p.335
dd Comb scales elliptic, with a terminal spine, 14-22
tLivit tat wseepase
066 Comb scales over 25
c Antennal tuft before or at the middle
d@ Pecten pale, prolonged into setae; comb scales digitately divided
e Comb scales 50, pecten teeth with 1 or 2 basal processes
absobrinus, p.318
ee Comb seales 40, pecten teeth with 2 or 3 basal processes
magnipennis, p.322
dd Pecten not as above
e Tuft of antenna reduced to a single hair; comb scales about
46 in 5 rows; several pecten teeth widely separated from the
POMMAMIUCL ETE 4 zr ieivay es. oxe sate. abe CORRE OR eae atropalpus, p.805
ee Tuft of antennae normal
f Comb scales with stout apical spine, 28-64, narrowly spatu-
late at base; tip of antennae dark....canadensis, p.303
ff Comb scales each with a stout apical spine, broadly spatu-
late at base
g Antennae moderately long with a slight swelling near the
base; 26-50 scales in the comb and 16-24 pecten teeth; head
IMIMACULALC. sasincls se RRR eee eee cantans, p.284

tAedes fuscus larvae also come out here and may be distinguished from this
Culex by the comb scales being in a somewhat irregular line, the pecten teeth
na, vate a single tooth, the apical 2 or 38 pecten teeth distant and somewhat
attened.

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 281

gg Antennae shorter, without a swelling near the base, spines

and scales as above; head maculate..... Gane aor p25
fff Comb scales with 4-6 stout apical spines, somewhat spatu-
late at base, about GO in number....... lazarensis, p.309

¢ Antennal tuft beyond the middle
d Comb scales about 80 in a triangular patch of 10 rows
dyari, p.306
dd Comb scales fewer in number
e Pectan pale, 10-15, each tooth with 3 or 4 long basal teeth; comb
seales about 50, in a triangular patch......... pipiens, p.328
ee Pecten small, 14-20, minutely toothed; comb scales 25-30
aurifer, p.336

Culex squamiger Coq.

_ This species was described from California, and as Dr Smith
has found it in New Jersey, there is a strong possibility. of its
occurring in this State.

Description. The original description follows:

Head and its members black, middle of proboscis brownish,
scales of occiput mixed golden and pale yellow, many black ones
along the eyes, palpi black scaled, those at base, before the mid-
dle and at apex white; body black, scales of middle of mesonotum
golden brown, those along the sides and on the pleura pale yellow,
bristly hairs of thorax mostly black, those of scutellum chiefly
yellow; scales of abdomen black, a large patch at base of each
segment and several scales scattered over the remainder pale
yellow, scales of venter pale yellow; femora and tibiae brown,
the scales mixed black and yellow; not forming distinct bands,
posterior side of the femora yellow and yellow scaled; tarsi
black, the scales mixed black and yellow, a band of whitish scales
at bases of the last four joints, claws toothed; wings hyaline,
veins yellow, densely covered with rather broad mixed brown
and whitish scales and with many very narrow ones in the apical
third of, the wing, petiole of first submarginal cell about two
thirds as long as that cell, cross vein at apex of second basal cell
less than its length from the one above it; halteres yellow, the
knobs marked with brown; length, 5 mm.

Culex fitchii Felt & Young
Pl. 2, 3, 15, 41, 48, fig. 4; 1; 3, 4; 2; 3 respectively
This species was bred from a woodland pool at Karner N.Y.,
larvae being obtained May 10 and adults emerging May 16.

Description. Female. Basal segment of antennae clothed inter-
iorly with broad white scales. Proboscis dark brown, long; palpi

282 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM -

dark brown, segments narrowly ringed at the base with white;
occiput clothed with brown scales, with a row of silvery ones just
above the eyes and along the median line. Thorax with a broad,

Fig.17 Wimgof Culex fitchii

brown, central stripe bordered with a rather well defined, silvery,
slightly broader, lateral stripe containing a few brown blotches.
Pleura rather thickly clothed with patches of silvery white scales.

Fig. 18 Tarsal claws: 1C.cantans, 2C.fitchii

Abdomen brown, with broad, basal, yellowish white patches, those
of the anterior three segments being distinctly prolonged ‘on the
median line and with a slight indication of the same laterally,
giving a somewhat lobular appearance; the other segments with

Vig. 19 Labial plate of C. fitchii

a rather broad basal band, slightly wider in the middle. Ventral
surface thickly covered with silvery white scales. Coxae clothed
with white scales; inside of femora and tibiae thickly mottled
with the same; dorsal surface brown. Tarsi dark brown, almost
black; basal portions of segments ringed with yellowish white,

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 283

except the first segment of the anterior legs. Claws unidentate,
concave surface of teeth finely serrate. Wing veins dark, thickly
clothed with mixed yellow and brown scales. Petiole of first
‘submarginal cell shorter than the cell, that of the second, longer;
posterior cross vein about its own length from the mid cross
vein. Length -;%- inch.

Bred from an isolated larva and described while fresh.

Male. Palpi brown, tipped with grayish yellow hairs, and with
a broad, yellowish white band near the base of the third seg-

Fig. 20 Comb scale Ve Fig. 22. Pecten tooth
much enlarged of €. Fig. 21 Air tube of of C. fitchii much
fitchii Ca fiiehia enlarged

ment; underside of second, whitish. Thorax with a broad stripe
of golden brown scales separated by a narrow, median, brown
line and bordered laterally by a broad area of silvery gray scales
with a few brown patches interspersed. Abdomen brown, with
broad, basal bands ‘on first and second segments, narrow on the
following ones. Legs marked as in the female, except that the
tarsal bands are broader; ungues unidentate; claws of anterior
and middle legs unequal, the longer claw of the middle leg being
nearly straight and quite different from the sinuous one of C.
cantans. Petiole of first submarginal cell distinctly longer
than the cell, and posterior cross vein less than its own length
from the middle cross vein. Length 14 inch.

284 NEW YORK STATE MUSBUM

Bred from isolated larva taken from permanent pool at Karner
May 12, adult appearing May 16.

Larva. About 4 of an inch long. Head probably pale brown;
antennae slender, slightly curved, dark at tips; tuft just before
the middle, and the curved surface thickly clothed with fine scales,
giving the edge a peculiar serrate appearance. Labial plate
broadly rounded, with 23 teeth. Comb is composed of about 25
triangular, stoutly spined scales arranged in two or more rows;
some of the scales have a very stout, terminal spine with smaller
ones along each side, while others have the tips somewhat rounded
and the spines more nearly of a size. Air tube fully five times as
long as its greatest diameter, tapering somewhat regularly and
with a slight bend and contraction near the middle. Basal rows of
pecten, each consisting of about 22 closely set teeth bearing at
their bases usually two larger and three or four finer serrations.
There is a compound bunch of hairs slightly beyond the row of
pecten, all on the basal half of the tube. Ventral tuft rather
thick, confined to the barred area; dorsal tuft composed of one
rather large, compound hair and two very long, slender hairs, the
latter being about half the length of the body.

Described from cast skins of isolated larvae from which adults
were bred.

This larva was associated with C. canadensis, C. can-
tans, C. cinereoborealis, C. impiger and Aedes
fuscus ina rather permanent woodland pool. It proved quite
difficult to rear.

Culex cantans Meig.

Brown wood mosquito
Pl. 3, 16, 30, 41, 49, 50, fig. 2,3; 1,2; 2; 4; 3; 1 respectively

This common mosquito (C. stimulans of Coquillett’s table)

may be distinguished from others having basal bands on the tarsi,

by their being wider as compared with those of

C. sylvestris [fig. 24], and from the other

three native species because all the claws bear a

tooth. Theobald and Johannsen were both mis-

taken in supposing that the posterior claws were

simple [fig. 23], and the former has corrected

ofS &. Howe otaule error in his third volume on the Culicidae of
Pemba the World.

This species was taken at Delmar in a woodland pool, Ap. 25,

1903, and a number of adults bred therefrom up to June 19, and at

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 285

Karner, May 1904. It was associated with C. canadensis,
— impiger, C. cinereoborealis and Aedes
fuscus.

Larva. Head, dark brown; the antennae pale brown, darker
at tip and with scanty tuft arising before the middle of the joint.

Labial plate triangular and toothed as illustrated in the figure.

Fig. 24 Legs illustrating banding; 1C. cantans, 2C.sylvestris

Thoracic hairs fine, weakly barbuled, arising from large dark
; tubercles; abdominal hairs much finer, simple. Anal segment
with a broad dorsal plate extending nearly to the ventral line but
not inclosing the segment. Dorsal and ventral tufts as repre-
sented in figure 26. Air tube nearly cylindric, tapering slightly,
and with double row of pecten, each terminated by a branched!

286 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

hair, pecten with three prominent -and several smaller serrations
[fig. 30]. The comb consists of a somewhat irregular patch of
scales arranged in about three rows, each scale being somewhat
spatulate and tipped with numerous fine hairs and a terminal
coarser spine [fig. 28].

WOT
MMT |

MTT AA
Fig. 25 Wing of C. cantans
This larva according to Dr Smith is somewhat larger and

more robust than ©. canadensis, which latter is fre
quently found in woodland pools and springs associated with

Fig. 26 Larvaof C. cantans

this species. The two larvae are not easily separated, though this
form has shorter, stouter antennae. Both have short breathing
tubes, but that of C. cantans is shorter and approaches the
form of ©. sollicitans, with which it is also associated in
brackish pools on salt meadows. The latter has still shorter, more
slender antennae and has the labrum oblong, truncate, while in
C. cantans it is rounded, and as a whole, somewhat heart-

shaped. .

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 287

Dr Dyar states that the labial plate of the full grown larva is
broadly triangular with coarse teeth at the sides and fine ones
near the apex. Hestates that the regularly tapering, long air tube

Ey:

Fig. 27 Labial plate of C. cantans

is fully four times as long as wide, and that the basal pecten on
the air tube are distant, the last two spines being large and de-
tached, followed by a single hair tuft at about the middle of the

Fig. 28 Combof C. cantans

tube. The comb consists of a patch of about 28 single, thorn-
shaped scales which are minutely divided nearly to the base. This
description agrees closely with illustrations published by Dr
Smith, who represents the comb as containing about 29 scales and

288 . NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

states that the number ranges from 26 to 50, each scale bearing a
central spine, with others more slender and nearly as long on each
side and extending down the base. Mr Johannsen states that the
comb of this species consists of from 35 to 40 scales. There is
also a difference in the pecten on the air tube, as illustrated by

Fig. 29 -Air tube of C. can- Fig. 30 Pecten tooth
tans much enlarged

Drs Smith and Dyar. Dr Dyar states that the eggs are elliptic,
the thickest part one third from the micropyle, one side flattened ;
finely marked with elongate reticulations.

The larvae from which we have reared this species do not pre-
sent any such marked variation as a rule. The number of
scales on the comb ranges from about 28 to 32, the air tube is only
about three times as long as broad, and the pecten is continuous,
with no isolated spines near the tip, and slightly beyond there
is a compound hair, as represented in the figure.

Both sexes, larva and pupa, have been carefully described by
Johannsen.

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 289

Distribution. This species is widely distributed in America,
having been recorded by Howard from a number of New England
and New York localities, from Ottawa, Canada, and in the Sas-
katchewan river, British America, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico
and Mexico, while Theobald lists it on the authority of various
writers, from England, Germany, Scandinavia, Russia, Italy,
India and Australia.

Life history and habits. This mosquito is very common at
Poughkeepsie, and according to Dr Dyar flies most of the
summer, though there is but one generation. The larvae appear
to survive the winter in this latitude, though Dr Dyar states
that they hatch from overwintering eggs very early in the
spring, and that the growth is not rapid, a month probably
being required for the production of adults. Our belief is
based on the fact that full grown larvae are first observed
in the spring and as their appearance is nearly coincident
with that of other aquatic forms, we doubt the possibility
of their developing from eggs in this latitude. Dr Dyar states
that this species flies some weeks before depositing eggs and
becomes common in the woods of British Columbia in July, dis-
appearing soon after. A female taken by him, in New Hamp-
shire, was kept alive from July 20 to Aug. 12; and another cap-
tured Aug. 8 laid eggs the 16th. A female taken June 15 in
British Columbia oviposited the 380th, the eggs remaining
unhatched till the following year, the wrigglers appearing as soon
as the ice had melted from the jar the next spring. The eggs are
laid singly and readily sink in the water. Dr Smith states that
the larvae of this mosquito occur in woodland pools and springs
in early spring with those of C. canadensis.

Culex sylvestris Theo.
Swamp mosquito
Pl. 3, 16, 31, 42, 49, fig. 4,5; 3,4; 1; 5; 1 respectively

This exceedingly common species about Albany has been taken :
in widely separated New York localities. It greatly resembles
C. cantans according to Johannsen, and also agrees fairly

290 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

well with the description of Cs» vexans Meig. and with
Walker’s description of C. stimulans. It differs from the
first in having an unmarked thorax, and only the immediate base
of the tarsal joints white [fig. 24]. The male also has the long
claw of the middle tarsus slightly curved, though

not sinuous. It may be separated from C.

stimulans by the posterior forked cell being

wider and shorter than the anterior, while in C.

stimulans according to Giles they are of

about equal length and breadth. The male differs

Me Px 3% ct from the above, in having a white band on the
ee middle of the second joint of the palpus. This is
probably Culex sylvestris Theo. though a specimen
received from him has the hind claws simple and a lateral white
stripe on the side of the head, whereas our form has toothed hind

th u

Fig. 32 Wing of C. sylvestris

claws and the lower, lateral portion of the head entirely white,
as a rule. A very few specimens agree with the one received
from Theobald. It is possible that we have two species. This
can be determined only by rearing extensive series. The tarsal
bands are much narrower than in C. cantans, and the species
is readily separated from C. jamaicensis by the petiole (in
‘the female) of the first submarignal cell being considerably more
than one third the length of the cell.

Description. The eggs according to Dr Dyar are laid singly or
in groups, adhering by capillary action only, floating for a time
and ultimately sinking. They are elliptic and fusiform with ends

rounded, pointed and about alike, one side more flattened than the
"

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 291

other. They are smooth, shining black, free of mucilage, without
granulations, coarsely reticulate, and the reticulations much elon-
gated lengthwise of the egg, forming long lines of chains.
Length, .6 mm.

The larva is rather stout, medium size, and has a rounded,
light brown head, slender, moderate antennae, slightly tapering,
a small tuft before the middle. The labial plate is shown at figure
33. The tube is moderate, about two and one half times as long

Fig. 33 Labial plate of C. sylvestris

as wide, slightly tapered, with double posterior pecten on the
basal half, each row consisting of about 20 dark spines, three
toothed, the terminal two or three usually detached and larger.
The lateral comb consists of about 12 large thorn-shaped scales
in an irregular partly double row. Dr Smith gives the number at
18 to 20 while our specimens have but 10 to 14. The pupa is
normal, rather large, with slender funnel-shaped moderate air
tubes.

Life history and habits. This species appears to be common in
New York State, since we have taken the larvae in num-
bers from June till late fall, they occurring even after ice
had formed on the pools. The winter is possibly passed in
this stage in New York, though larvae brought in continued

292 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

to mature till the first of December. - This species has also been
taken at Ithaca. j

Dr Dyar has met with this species in New Hampshire, where
the larvae occurred in all sorts of temporary pools, swamps,
meadows, roadside puddles and the like. They were associated
with C. canadensis and Aedes fuscus, and he states
that the three species have essentially similar habits. He records
collecting all the larvae from a roadside puddle, and on visiting
it after the next rain found it filled with the same three species,
and he therefore inclines to the belief that the eggs were lying in
that place and that some hatched after each rain. Dr Smith
states that this species occurs throughout New Jersey, and that
it is the most common of the fresh-water swamp mosquitos after
midsummer and till well along into fall. It bites readily, often
occurs in considerable swarms, flies quite a distance and fre-
quently enters houses. He adds that this species prefers rather
open Swamps and is as common in New Jersey in the marshy
stretches near the Delaware, as in the low areas of the Great
Piece meadow region. He states that it is rarely found in dark
woodland swamps or in cat-tail areas, but that it occurs in more
open water. It breeds in larger, more permanent meadow or lot
pools and rarely in clean gutters. It is not a foul water mos-
quito and does not ordinarily occur in tubs, pails or rain barrels,
nor has he ever found it in rain water or in open ponds.

Dr Smith states that the winter is passed in the egg stage and
usually at the bottom of a pool, though the eggs may be laid at
the edge of a puddle or in a damp depression likely to become
filled with water. Dr Dyar states that eggs obtained by him
from captive females were essentially like those of C. canaden-
Sis and C. cantans, laid singly, sinking in the water. They
were obtained by him late in the season and did not hatch. Dr
Smith records several broods during the season and states that
the number depends on the amount of rain that falls and forms
or maintains the normal breeding areas. The species breeds in
both permanent bodies of water and temporary pools, provided
the latter are suitable. The time of ere lopieu is about 10 days.

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 293

He states that this mosquito is to open fresh-water marshes what
C. sollicitans and C. cantator are to salt marshes
and adds that he has evidence that it flies some distance, say half
a mile, though there appear to be no real migrations.

Dr Dyar met with this species in British Columbia, where he
states adults occurred in small numbers during July, associated
with C.cantans.

Culex cantator Coq.

Brown salt marsh mosquito

Pl. 4, 17, 31, 42, 49, fig. 1, 2; 1,2; 2; 3; 2 respectively

This is another form which appears to be largely confined to
the coast region and to prefer brackish water for breeding pur-
poses. We have taken larvae at Sheepshead bay in a ditch where
the salt water entered only at high tide. This form may be sep-
arated from C. sylvestris, which it resembles, by its
simple posterior claws and by the cross bands on the abdomen
being yellowish instead of white.

Description. Dr Smith finds this species associated with C.
sollicitans and C. taeniorhynehus, and states
that it is a stout, hairy, yellowish brown mosquito with obscurely
banded legs, very different from the bright contrasts found in C.
SOME it a: nS. ;

Larvae. Dr Smith states that the larvae of this species often
occur in the same pools with those of C.sollicitans and look
so much like them that they can not be readily distinguished, ex-
cept that the anal siphon is obviously longer and the head bears a
median, lunate mark with two lateral, slightly smaller posterio-
lateral ones. He adds that the antennae are shorter, without a
basal swelling, and that there are 16 to 24 pecten teeth in each
row and that the comb consists of from 26 to 50 spatulate,
thorn-tipped scales arranged in about three rows. The labial
plate is somewhat rounded and has 21 fine teeth.

Dr Smith states that as a rule this species breeds on salt
marshes only. He adds that its power of flight is equal to that
of C.sollicitans, and his observations in 1903 indicate that

294. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

C. cantator appears earlier and may fly long before the salt
marsh mosquito appears in large numbers. He also considers C.
cantator more northern in range, since it equals or exceeds.
the salt marsh mosquito on the Raritan and Newark marshes; it
is hardly noticeable from Barnegat bay southward.

Culex sollicitans Walk.
White banded salt marsh mosquito
Pl. 4, 17, 18, 32, 42, 50, fig. 8, 4; 4; 1; 1; 2; 3 respectively.
This mosquito is by far the most abundant of our coast species,,.
and the one of greatest economic importance along our seashores..

Fig. 34 Female and toothed front tarsal claw, Culex

sollicitans. (After Howard. U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent.
Bul. 25. 1900)

It is the species. inore than any other, against which extensive
efforts have been directed in attempts to reduce its annoying,
pestiferous hordes.

Description. This is one of the few species in which the pro-
boscis is marked near the middle with a light colored band. It is
readily separated from C. taeniorhynechus Wied. by the
yellow median stripe along the dorsum of the abdomen. Abraded

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 295.

specimens may often be distinguished from closely allied forms by
the much darker sides of the thorax compared with the dorsum.

The egg has been described by Dr Smith, as spindle-shaped, just
a little curved, shiny and usually black when deposited.

The larva according to Dr Smith is light slate gray in color,
head yellow, and without markings of any kind. The anal siphon
is short, stout; the antennae short, slender, black at the tip and
without obvious set-off or prominent tufting. The shape of the
head, and specially of the vertex, is quite characteristic. The
labial plate is represented at figure 35. The comb consists of 28 to
40 spatulate, thorn-tipped scales. Larvae of C.cantans and

Fig. 35 Labial plate of C. sollicitans

C. taeniorhynchus resemble this species closely and are
not easily separated.

The pupa presents no characteristic features.

Distribution. This mosquito has been recorded from various
localities along the coast from Maine south to Florida; and from
Jamaica. We have taken it about Lake Onondaga, N. Y. Theo-
bald lists it doubtfully from the Galapagos islands and from
Tamsui, Formosa.

Life history and habits. This species is such an abundant and
annoying form, that: considerable space may well be given to a
discussion of its habits. The investigations of Dr J. B. Smith,
state entomologist of New Jersey, who is doubtless the best posted
regarding this mosquito, show that the winter is passed by this
species in the egg stage. The eggs remain on or in the black mud,

296 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

or at the base of grass stems, till hatched by floods of water at the
proper temperature. The first generation is usually small and
does not get far from the marshes. These females oviposit in the
mud, where the eggs must lie dry or nearly so for three or four
days before they can hatch, after which the larvae may appear in
immense numbers after a high tide or heavy rain. Most of the
eggs are high enough, so that they are reached only by exceptional
tides or storm-driven water, and aS a consequence swarm after
swarm of mosquitos may hatch from the same ground at irregular
intervals, depending on high tides, unusual rain or storms. This
may continue even till early September. Dr Smith’s observations
show that no gravid females occurred on the Newark meadows
between early September and the middle of October, and that con-
sequently most of the eggs must have been deposited prior to that
time. :

The salt marsh mosquito is somewhat unique on account of its
traveling long distances either by flight or by allowing itself to be
conveyed by prevailing winds. Dr Smith states that the migra-
tion begins soon after the adults emerge and that after the middle
of July the entire pine region of South Jersey gradually becomes
filled with these insects, where they swarm miles from any water,
and at least 40 miles from any point where larvae of this species
have ever been found. This migratory habit is remarkable com-
pared with what is known of other species, yet Dr Smith has
obtained incontrovertible evidence. It is, however, only fair to
state that we have failed to note such extended migrations on Long
Island, and we are inclined to the opinion that, as a rule, local
control by township or village affords excellent protection from
this mosquito. Dr Smith has also given some interesting observa-
tions relative to the possibility of this species being conveyed by
trains. He has repeatedly noticed the influx of mosquitos when
trains entered a region infested by this species, and likewise ob-
served their departure as the infested area was passed, showing
that relatively few were conveyed in this manner.

The breeding places of this species are of great importance
wherever any attempt is made to réduce its numbers. The salt

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 291

marsh mosquito prefers brackish or salt water, but occasionally
occurs in some numbers in fresh water. It never breeds in any
numbers in localities where small fish or fiddler crabs occur, and
ideal conditions are found in puddles and ditches, where there are
no enemies, and particularly in holes and hollows on flats covered
only by unusual tides or during storms. The flood of water
hatches the eggs, and the pools remaining swarm with larvae a
day or two after the deluge. The prolificacy of this species is
strongly illustrated by Mr Viereck’s estimate of 10,600,000 larvae
occurring in a pool containing some 1894 sq. ft. This species does.
not breed on areas flooded by normal tides, or among grass or cat-
tails, where there is considerable shade.

Culex discolor Coq.
Pl. 46, 48, fig. 4, 5 respectively

This is a yellowish brown, moderate sized mosquito with body
mottled and variegated with brown, the legs and beak banded and.
the wings spotted, according to Dr Smith.

Description. The original description follows:

Palpi with a cluster of white scales at the apexes, upright scales.
of occiput yellow, whitish cross bands of abdomen prolonged for-
ward in the middle, crossing or almost crossing the segments,
scales on posterior side of front and middle tibiae and on anterior
side of the hind ones almost wholly pale yellow, first tarsal joint
bearing many yellow scales, black and yellow scales of wings not
evenly distributed, the black ones forming a distinct spot at fork-
ing of the second vein with the third, another on upper branch of
fifth vein at the hind cross vein, and a third on the apical third of
the last vein, remaining scales of this vein wholly yellow; length
4 mm.

The larva according to Dr Smith is from 14 to about + inch
in length and is yellowish brown in color. The head is almost as
large as the thorax, being a little excavated before the antennae.
The latter are white, almost as long as the head, thickest near the’
middle and with a double curve, the tips pointing outwardly. The
tuft of a dozen hairs, well before the middle, does not reach the
tip. The mandibles are peculiar in that they have but one dorsal
Spine. The comb consists of five to eight scales attached to a.
narrow band like a fringe and not directly to the skin. Each

298 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

scale is oblong with setose sides, two long spines at the angles and
a very long central process. The air tube is small, about three
times as long as wide, with two curved spines at the apex and an
unusually large tuft below the spines. Pecten consists of from
five to eight spines each bearing two to four very long, slender
teeth. - The anal gills are twice as long as the siphon, taper to
almost a point and are well provided with tracheae.

Habits. This species is abroad in New Jersey the latter part of
June, in July and early August. Mr W. P. Seal, who took the
larvae at Delair N. J., states that they are rare and have the habit
of remaining below the surface and feeding at or near the bottom.
Dr Smith states that the larva has a peculiar habit of resting on
the bottom, back down, with the antennae pointing upward and
mouth brushes in constant motion. A single larva was also
received by Dr Smith from Mr Brakeley, who took it at Lahaway

Me dle
Culex jamaicensis Theo.
P]. 44, fig. 2

This mosquito may be separated from the closely allied C.
Sylvestris by the shorter petiole of the submarginal cell, it

ot i ; ae :

Fig. 36 Labial plate of Culex jamaicensis,
with hair from same much more enlarged

being one third or less than one third as long as the cell. In other

respects it agrees very much with the above named species.
Description. The larva has been described by Dr Dyar, who

states that it has a round, flat head,marrow anteriorly, the anten-

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE

299

nae long, slender, uniform, with the outer two thirds black, middle
tuft slight, often folded and invisible.

\ ao

The air tube is brown, sub-

Fig. 37 Comb of C. jamaicensis
fusiform, about three times as long as wide, with a normal pecten,

comb with only a few scales, each with a dentate, platelike base

Fig.38 Middle spine
of comb of C. jam- Fig. 39 Air tube of C.
aicensis

Fig. 40 Pecten of C. jamaicen-
jamaicensis sis more enlarged
[ie 37).

The labial plate and posterior extremity of the larva
are also shown [fig. 36, 42].

300 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Life history. The life history of this insect has been partially
worked out. Dr Grabham states that the eggs are laid singly, and
Professor Herrick found that the larvae invariably appear in pools
within 12 hours after their formation by rain. This led him to
believe that the eggs are deposited on the mud and hatched when
soaked by rain, and the correctness of this conclusion is further
substantiated by Dr Smith’s observations on C.sollicitans.
The young larvae were first met with by Professor Herrick, in an

Fig. 41 Pecten of another Fig. 42 Last sezment of larva of
larva equally enlarged Culex jamaicensis

open sewer drain, though later he more often found them in rain
water pools, and his attention was attracted on account of their
large size as compared with those of C.fatigans. The larvae
frequently rest in a nearly horizontal position, much resembling
Anopheles in this respect. Professor Herrick states that, when
the larvae first rise to the surface they assume a position
very similar to that of most species of Culex, but after a few
moments, if left undisturbed, there is a slight jerk and the body
quickly assumes an approximately horizontal position, the head
being on a level with the surface of the water. He observed that
the body after a few minutes, instead of lying nearly horizontal,

as does that of Anopheles, hangs suspended like a piece of slack
.

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 301

‘

rope, between the head and the respiratory tube and considerably
below the surface of the water.

Distribution. This species has been listed from Jamaica by its
describer, is abundant in Mississippi according to Professor Her-
rick, was obtained by Dr Dyar in a mud pool of rain water at
Cabin John Md., has been sent to this office in the larval state from
Staten Island, and taken by Dr Smith in New Jersey.

Culex taeniorhynchus Wied.
Small salt marsh mosquito
Pl. 4, 5, 18, 33, 42, 53, fig. 5; 1; 2,3; 1; 1; 1 respectively
This coast species occurs in the same situation as the salt
marsh mosquito, and on account of its banded proboscis [fig. 43],

~ Fig. 48 Head and appendages of Culex tae-
niorhynchus showing white band on the beak

may be confused with it. This form more frequently haunts
patches of woodland and may be recognized by the absence of the
yellow stripe in C. sollicitans, while the basal bands of the
abdominal segments are clear-cut, of a more uniform width and
nearly or quite white.

302 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Description. This larva has rather stout, dark tipped antennae
with the tuft at the middle. Labial plate triangular with 21 or 23
teeth. The comb consists according to Dr Smith of 16 to 24 some-
what spatulate scales bearing a row of coarse setae, the longer
ones at the apex. The air tube is very short, about one and one
fourth times as long as broad with about 15 closely set pecten
teeth with three to six or seven minute serrations on each side.

Dr Dyar states that the larva differs from C. sollicitans,
by its shorter tube and the differently shaped teeth of the lateral
comb. .

Distribution. This appears to be a widely distributed form,
since it has been recorded by Theobald from New Amsterdam,
British Guiana, St Lucia, Florida, Honduras and Brazil, and it
also occurs rather commonly in New York and New Jersey.

Life history and habits. This species probably passes the winter
in the egg stage, in mud or at the base of grasses, in the same
manner as C. sollicitans, since Dr Smith has bred it from
eggs in the same piece of sod, and he states that the two species.
have the same habits, having reared adults of both, without pre-
viously suspecting that he was dealing with two insects.

Culex confinis Arrib.

This species has been listed from New Jersey by Dr Smith, who.
took it at Delair, July 10, and at New Brunswick, Aug. 3. It
very probably occurs in. New York State, and the following de-
scription by Theobald should prove of service in its recognition.

Very like Taeniorhyncechus taeniorhynchus Arri-
balzaga but of smaller size and darker color, while the band on
the proboscis is broader, but differs especially in the form of the
wing scales. The broad white proboscis band extends from near
the base to the middle; legs fuscous, fore femora sparsely decor-
ated with scattered white scales, with a narrow white band a little
before the apex; tibiae speckled white externally, uniformly
colored inside ; knees white; fore and mid tarsi with the first three,
and the hinder with four, or all the joints with basal white bands;
metatarsi distinctly shorter than tibiae. Abdomen dark fuscous,
with coffee-colored scales above and narrow whitish bands; gray-
ish below.

Length, 4.5 to 5 mm.

Habitat, Chaco in Formosa, Argentina.

SEE ————E—————

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 303.

Culex annulatus Schrank.

This mosquito may be easily separated from others having
banded tarsi, by the broad band on the posterior tarsi.

Distribution. Dr Howard has recorded this insect from New
Bedford: Mass., Lincoln Neb., Santa Fé N. M., Stanford Cal., and
Logan, British Columbia. It has also been recognized by Mr
Ludlow at Fort Baker Cal. It appears to be widely distributed
in this country, specially as it has also been reported from
Mexico. Theobald states that this species is common through-
out Europe, from Scandinavia to Italy, and also occurs in India.

Giles states that this large gnat is believed by Ficalbi, to feed
only on the juices of plants, and he thinks that it does not attack

man or animals.
Culex canadensis Theo.

Woodland pool mosquito
Pl. 5, 18, 19, 34, 42, 50, fig. 3, 4; 4; 3; 1, 4; 2 respectively

This comparatively large, rather handsome mosquito may be
easily recognized by the last segment and each extremity of the
other segments of the tarsi on the posterior legs being white. The
petiole on the first submarginal cell is about two thirds its length,
a character readily separating this species from C. atropal-
pus, which according te Coquillett has the petiole less than
one half the length of the cell. The claws are all unidentate in
Specimens received from Theobald. This mosquito is at no time
very abundant.

Description. The eggs according to Dr Dyar are laid singly, not
adherent, fusiform, with ends rounded, black. The full grown
larva has a pale brown head, with antennae brownish throughout,
though darker on the outer third, a slight tuft a little before the
middle. The air tube is conical, tapered, about two and one half
times as long as wide, with two rows of pecten at the base. The
comb consists of a triangular patch of small scales over three rows

deep. Dr J.B. Smith states that the larva of this species is asso-
" ciated with that of C. cantans , which it resembles so closely
that the two are not easily separated. We have bred this
species, from woodland pools where it was associated with C. |

304 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

canadensis, C.impiger, C. cinereoborealis and
Aedes fuscus.

Distribution. This species was described from specimens
received from DeGrasse point, Lake Simcoe, Ont. We have taken
it about Albany and at Poughkeepsie. Dr Smith records it from
New Jersey, and it is very common at Center Harbor N. H.
according to Dr Dyar, who also met with it rather abundantly
early in the season in British Columbia.

Life history and habits. Dr J. B. Smith states that the eggs are
laid in the mud of dried up pools or in the pools themselves, sink-
ing to the bottom in the latter case. The larvae hatch in New
Jersey in January or February, often when the pools are covered
with ice, and grow slowly, maturing and transforming to pupae
late in April. The adults emerge during early May, and of the
eggs laid by them only a portion seem to develop, because the
second brood is smaller than the first and so on, and while larvae
and adults are found throughout the season, they are stragglers
and simply supply eggs for another year. Almost every low
Swampy woodland and nearly every pool swarms in April with
the larvae of this species. Many of the pools dry up by the time
the insects mature, and remain so till the following spring; never-
theless larvae again appear with the approach of warm weather.
Dr Smith states that this is the earliest and latest occurring
mosquito in New Jersey, and that it never becomes a nuisance in
towns or houses, even though the latter be only a few rods from a
pool. It seems as though the larvae of this species must hibernate
in New York State, since they are of considerable size when they
first appear in the spring along with other aquatic forms. Adults
are on the wing about Albany in early May.

This species breeds by preference in woodland: springs, pools
or ditches carrying spring water.

Culex onondagensis n. sp.
Pl. 5, 17, fig. 2, 8 respectively
A specimen of this mosquito was taken in the vicinity of Lake
Onondaga, Syracuse, Sep. 19, 1904, and as it differs so markedly
from previously known forms, it is‘described herewith.

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 305

Antennae dark brown, sparsely clothed with fine whitish hairs,
with sparse basal whorls of dark brown hairs on the segments,
basal one brown, clothed internally with yellowish scales. Palpi,
short, dark brown, with a few silvery white scales toward the
apex. Apical portion of proboscis dark brown, basal part lighter
with a few whitish scales. Occiput rather thickly clothed with
yellowish and silvery scales, with a few black ones interspersed.
Prothorax ornamented with a thick covering of golden yellowish
scales, becoming grayish posteriorly (in the specimen this portion
is somewhat rubbed). Scutellum similarly clothed and with no
long setae. Halteres capitate, basal and apical portions fuscous.
Pleura brownish, clothed with rather thick irregular patches of
whitish scales. Abdomen dark brown, with a distinct broad
median and somewhat broken lateral stripes of silvery gray
scales slightly tinged with yellow. Basal bands of first and
second abdominal segments somewhat indistinct, those of the
third and fourth well marked, the dorsum of the remaining seg-
ments nearly covered with silvery white scales. Ventral surface
sparsely clothed with silvery gray and yellowish scales. Femora
and tibiae mostly yellowish with somewhat brown scales, which
are flecked where thick with white. Fore and mid tarsi brown
vith apical white rings, hind tarsi with the apex and the extrem-
ities of the segments distinctly ringed, except the distal of the
fourth, fifth snow white. Claws unidentate. Wings hyaline,
clothed with intermixed brown, straw yellow and colorless scales,
the narrow long ones mostly transparent. Petioles of the first
and second fork cells about three fourths the length of their
respective cells. ;

Culex atropalpus Coq.

Pl. 5, 6, 19, 32, 44, 55, fig. 5; 15 2,3; 1,2;5; 3 respectively

This mosquito resembles C. canadensis, though it may be
separated from it by the length of the petiole of the first submar-
ginal cell, as given above. This species has been recorded from
several localities near New York State, and Prof. G. H. Hudson
has taken it near Plattsburg N. Y.

306 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Description. The egg has been described by Dr Dyar, as black
elliptic with ends abruptly narrowed. They are deposited in
groups, adherent to the surface on which they are placed. The
full grown larva has a dark brown, nearly black head, the antennae
are slender, small, uniform, with the tuft at the middle of the joint
reduced to an inconspicuous hair. The air tube is short, not over
twice as long as broad, slightly tapered, with double posterior
pecten, a small tuft and several pecten teeth beyond the tuft. The
comb consists of a long triangular patch of small scales about
five rows deep. Dr Dyar states that this larva resembles that of
C.canadensis, but the tube is shorter, the anal plate smaller,
and the anal finger-shaped processes contain conspicuous tracheae.

Distribution. This species was described from specimens re-
ceived from Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania and New Hamp-
shire.

Life history and habits. Dr Dyar has met with larvae in small
pools in the flat surface of a rock beside a stream on the side of
Mt Ossipee N. H., and he adds that it did not occur near Center
Harbor, where there were no rock pools. It was also found breed-
ing abundantly in water-filled potholes on the edge of the Potomac
river, above Plummers island Md., and was associated with C.
territans, as in New Hampshire.

Culex dyari Coq.
Pl. 10, 21, 35, 43, 54, 55, fig. 1, 4, 1, 4, 1, 4 respectively

This mosquito has the tarsi ringed at the base, and simple claws,
according to Coquillett, which readily separates it-from others in
this group, unless it be C. jamaicensis, from which it may
be distinguished in the same manner as C. sylvestris.
This form was taken by Dr Dyar, at Center Harbor N. H., and
it would not be surprising if it was also found in New York State.

Description. This larva according to Dr Dyar has a rounded,
pale brown head and stout antennae, the tuft at the outer third
and the part beyond, smaller; strongly infuscated at tip, narrowly
so at base, the center of the joint broadly pale whitish. Air tube
about four times as long as broad, tapering rather abruptly
beyond the middle, the tip not tapered. Basal pecten small,

Ce a

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 307

double, approximate, not followed by hair tufts. Anal segment
completely ringed; chitin darker and covered with numerous little
spines, dorsally; pierced ventrally by seven little holes for a
series of tufts that precede the barred area. Brush and tuft nor-
mal. Comb, a large patch of numerous small scales many rows
deep. He figures about 10 rows composed of over 80 scales. Pupa
normal, with funnel-shaped air tubes.

Life history and habits. Larvae were obtained by Dr Dyar in a
cold permanent spring, and he is of the opinion that there is only
an early spring brood, the species hibernating in the egg. Dr Dyar
has also met with this species in British Columbia, where it is
early and by no means common. He found one larva in a.slow
cold stream in the woods, May 29; it pupated at once, indicating
that the breeding season had practically passed.

Culex territans Walk.
Little black mosquito
Pl. 6, 19, 20, 34, 48, fig. 2, 3;4;1;1,2; 6 respectively
This rather common, small mosquito has unbanded tarsi, and
may be easily recognized by the cross band of whitish scales at

Fig. 44 Labial plate of Culex territans

the apex of the abdominal segments. It is widely distributed in
the State, having been taken by us at Poughkeepsie, Karner and

308 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Elizabethtown, in which latter larvae occurred in a pool with
numerous small polywogs. The larva differs from all others in
the enormously long, slender air tube [fig. 45] and by the broad
head with prominent antennae. The latter are black at the tip
and have a tuft of long hairs a little beyond the middle. The
peculiar labial plate is also illustrated [fig. 44].

Fig. 45 Air tubes and anal appendages; 1C.territans, 20. restuans

Distribution. This species is a rather common form in New York |

State, likewise in New Jersey and New Hampshire, according to
Messrs Smith and Dyar. The latter has also taken it in British
Columbia, and it is probably widely distributed in the northern
United States.

Life history and habits. We have found it breeding in many

places throughout the summer, and Dr Smith states that the

larvae occur almost everywhere, in running or stagnant waters,
fresh or brackish, though he has not found them in real foul
or salt water. Dr Dyar states that the larvae prefer cold
water, and that he took the same in a cold spring some 20
feet in diameter, and that they were not found in a warm, scummy

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 309

pool which yielded other species freely. He adds that in New
Hampshire larvae occurred in every suitable pool, and after the
middle of July they were the most abundant Culex larvae to be
found, being present throughout the summer. Dr Dyar obtained
some eggshells, which he believed to belong to this species, from a
pool full of C.territans larvae. They were on the surface of.
the water in little boats composed of three or four eggs, each ad-
hering by their flat sides, the mass floating sidewise on the water.
They were so minute that a lens was necessary to ascertain their
true character. He states that the life cycle occupies about three
weeks, and that breeding is continuous as with C. pipiens,
the winter probably being passed as adults.

Dr Smith states that this little mosquito is rarely troublesome
in the early part of the summer, but sometimes late in the season
it seems to become possessed with a furious desire for blood. At
such times it forces its way through the netting of window screens,
endeavors to find openings around them, or works up between the
windows if they are imperfectly closed. This lasts for a short
time and then the mosquitos suddenly leave. It is somewhat
of a puzzle to account for their appearance in such numbers. This
form is seldom recognized in house captures, since when collected
in alcohol it has proved almost impossible to separate it from ©.
pipiens. ;
Culex lazarensis Felt & Young

Pl. 6, 20, 35, 43, 51, fig. 4,5; 2,3; 2; 3 respectively

Pupae of this well marked, beautiful species were taken in a
deep, cold mountain pool at Elizabethtown N. Y., June 9, adults
emerging the 10th. Larvae occurred at Karner N. Y., May 3.

Description. Occiput and thorax thickly clothed with golden
yellow scales except for a narrow median dark brown line and on
the thorax a broad submedian brown line ‘on each side, all inter-
rupted at the posterior fourth. More laterally and near the pos-
terior end of the submedian stripes there is on each side a short,
broader stripe. The golden vestiture is interspersed with scatter-
ing long, black hairs. Pleura clothed with patches of golden yel-
low and whitish scales. Abdomen dark brown or black, with
broad, basal white bands, specially in the male, slightly continued

310 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM~

on each side, particularly in the female. Legs dark brown except
the yellowish white coxae, inner side of femora and posterior side
of the tibiae; tip of femora clothed with yellowish white scales.

Fig. 46 Unequal claws of Culex
lazarensis

Fig. 47 Labial plate of C. lazarensis

Ungues unidentate. Wings hyaline, veins clothed with rather long
scales; posterior cross vein about its own length from mid cross
vein; petiole of first submarginal cell about one third the length

Fig 48 Combof C.lazarensis
of the cell, that of the second submarginal cell about equal.

Length of body ;; in.; wing spread, % in.

the same in both sexes.

Fig. 48 Two comb scales of C. lazarensis

Male.

Coloration nearly

Female. Antennae clothed
with sparse gray hairs.
Palps brown, frequently
well sprinkled with white
scales, short, about one fifth
the length of: the” lone:
brown proboscis. Abdomi-
nal cross bands decidedly

narrower in the middle and —

well prolonged
ventral surface suffused
with white scales. Termi-
nal segment not marked
and ovipositor acute at the
tip.

laterally,

Plumes of the white banded antennae, grayish. Palps

very long, slender, and clothed with purplish brown scales.

White abdominal bands very broad, covering nearly the basal half

ee ee eee ee a

ee ee ee

Ss ee ee Se

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE Olt

of the segment, and with a slight median and lateral prolonga-
tion. Under surface of abdomen sparsely clothed with white
scales, posterior fourth of segments brown. Basal segment of
clasp stout, distinctly clubbed and somewhat lobed apically, bear-
ing a long, slender, curved segment tipped with a stout spine.
Ungues unidentate, except outer claw of fore leg, which is simple;
tooth on inner claw almost capitate.

Described from many bred speci-
mens, including several reared from
isolated larvae.

Larva. Nearly 44 inch long when
full grown, frequently greenish,
turning to a slaty color after death.
Antennae slightly darker at the tip,
nearly straight, tapering uniformly
and with tuft at the basal third,
tip bearing one very long and two

medium sized, slender processes,
one shorter, much stouter, almost
conical process and a very stout,
knoblike remnant of a segment.
Labial plate triangular, with about
27 fine teeth. Compound, finely spinose hairs on thoracic seg-
ments, usually simple ones on the abdominal segments. Comb

Fig. 50 Airtube of C. lazarensis

: t
is \
Fig. 51 Pecten teeth of C. lazarensis much
enlarged
consisting of a triangular patch composed of about 60 rather
stout scales, each tipped with about four to seven stout, equal
spines. Air tube short, a little over twice as long as broad,
Slightly swollen at the basal third, bearing a double row of.
posterior pecten, each row with about 20 short, black, stout
spines, usually with two well marked teeth at the extreme base.
A compound hair occurs near the extremity of each row of
pecten. Barred area short, on the posterior half of the anal plate
and composed of only about 12 bars, each bearing a compound hair.
Anal gills slender, acute at the tip.

312 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Culex cinereoborealis Felt & Young
Pl. 7, 20, 21, 26, 36, 45, 52, 55, fig. 1, 2; 2; 1; 4,1; 1,5; 1 respectively
We have been unable to refer this form to any described species.
It is closely allied to C. nemorosus Meig., though Theobald’s
description does not permit its reference to that species.

PALL PD ge

Bes

fl Be
SEZ.

PZ:

Fig. 52 Head and appendages of Culex cinereoborealis

Description. Thorax brownish gray, with central portion

browner; abdomen brown, with
~\ basal white bands expanded at
the sides; legs dark brown;
coxae pale; femora light be-
neath; ungues unidentate in
female, unequally toothed in
male. Length, 7 mm; wing

Fig. 538 Tarsal claws of male, C. cine- spread, 6 mm.
reoborealis

Female. Brownish gray; proboscis long; palpi dark brown with
base lighter than tips; occiput with white, narrow, curved leaflike

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 313

scales at center, broad truncate ones at the sides; numerous up-
right, narrow, forked, yellowish or dark scales are interspersed

Wy 77) = oe) : ie rore
SULT fe . = creda ae Se SRS AG Domceas OTN WY
Wi / Ss Hie COREE Sao ae : =O WN ANS
// PR eer WUWNNOW
ff | | \ SRN AWW \ A \ A \\

Fig. 54 Wing of female, C. cinereoborealis

Fig. 55 Wing of male, C. cinereoborealis

among the others; black bristles extend forward with a few yel-
lowish ones on the median line; antennae dark brown, base of first

Fig.56 Male genitalia, C. cinereoborealis

joint pale. Thorax brownish gray, a brown spot at the middle,
becoming wider behind the middle with the sides often separated

314 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

from the central part by a narrow white line, lighter at the sides,
with yellowish or golden scales. Pleura thickly clothed with
white scales. The denuded thorax shows a median narrow brown
line bordered with a lighter almost plumbeous one on each side.
Abdomen brown, with a broad white band, somewhat expanded
laterally, at the base of the segments. Yellowish white scales are
scattered over the abdomen, while clusters almost form a median
stripe, which is more apparent in bred or unabraded specimens.
Ventral surface clothed with white scales. Legs, dark brown;

pare

EJoureL

Fig. 57 Comb of C. cinereoborealis

femora yellowish, lighter beneath and almost black at apex. An-
terior and mid tibiae lighter beneath, posterior tibiae show dark
_ purple reflections in sunlight. Tarsi unicolorous, almost black;

ungues unidentate. Wings large, thick, venation strongly
marked; petiole of the first submarginal cell almost as long as
cell; posterior cross vein less than its own length from the nearly
equal mid cross vein.

Male. Wead, similar in color to that of female; the antennae
and palpi uniformly brown; thorax with brown spots more ex-
tended, more golden or yellowish scales, and with fewer white
scales laterally and on the pleura.§ Abdomen more slender than
in the female; basal bands narrower, with very few scattered yel-

.
ee

a ee ee ee ee ee ee

— ° —
aE Se

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 315

lowish scales, numerous long flying hairs becoming quite dense at
the apex. Legs long, same color as female; first joint of posterior
tarsi almost as long as tibiae; posterior ungues equal, unidentate;
the fore and mid feet bear one large claw with two teeth and a
smaller one with one tooth. Wings longer and narrower than in
the female; petioles of the first and second
submarginal cells longer than cell, posterior
cross vein about its own length from the
mid cross vein.

Larva. Length about 5, inch; head light
or yellowish brown, widest just behind the
black eyes; antennae nearly straight, almost
cylindric, slightly darker at the somewhat
enlarged base and with a scanty tuft aris-
ing at the basal third. Labial plate broadly

triangular, with 25 fine teeth. Thorax, -

eP ng? m 7. al> V
lateral angles somewhat marked and each Fig 68 Comb iseale of

bearing a group of compound, finely bar- cinereoborealis

buled hairs. A similar group also occurs at the anterior angle
which is less sharply defined, and also on the dorsal surface. Hairs
of the body mostly simple, those on the first and second abdominal]
segments compound and weakly barbuled. Comb of the eighth ab-
dominal segment consists of 14 to 16 scales, each having a some-
what spatulate base and terminated by a stout spine, at the base
of the latter on either side is a much smaller spine followed by a
series of still smaller, weaker ones. Anal segment, with a broad
dorsal plate extending nearly to the ventral line but not inclosing
the segment. Air tube is about two and one half times as long as
broad, tapering rather gradually to the apex, with two posterior
pecten, each consisting of about 18 spines closely placed together
and four others at a much greater distance. Each pecten tooth
is stout and with one or two denticulations; dorsal surface of
the air tube with a double row of hair tufts, each consisting of
about four tufts composed of a pair of weakly barbuled hairs.
Life history and habits. This large species is a frequenter of
woodland pools in the vicinity of Albany, where it occurs in as-
sociation with C. canadensis, C.impiger, C.cantans

316 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

and Aedes fuscus. We believe this species winters in the
larval form, since with the opening of the spring and appearance
of life in the various pools, only nearly full grown larvae were te

Fig. 59 Air tube of C. cinereoborealis
be found. The adult insects appear from the early part to the

middle of May.
Culex impiger Walk.
Pl. 7, 21, 36, 43, 52, fig. 3, 4; 2, 8; 1; 1; 1 respectively
This very common New York mosquito with a basal white band

on the dorsum of the abdominal segments, may be readily sepa-

Fy
Fig. 60 Labial plate of Culex impiger

rated from C.consobrinus bythe toothed claws. This spe-

cies was met with in early spring as larvae frequenting woodland

pools where it was associated with C. canadensis, C. can-

MOSQUITOS CR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 317

tans, OC. cinereoborealis and Aedes fuscus, adults
appearing in early May. It probably winters in the larval form.

Description. This is one of the two species in which the pos:
terior cross vein of the wing is very close to the first cross
vein. Theobald makes C. impiger a synonym of C.
nigripes, but Howard states that the latter does not occur

Fig. 61 Two views of comb ;
scales of C.impiger Fig.62 Airtube of C. impiger

in this country or Canada. The male of C. nigripes has the
abdomen covered by black scales, while the male of C. impiger
has cross bands of light colored scales on the abdomen. Larva
about -2, inch long; head, rather dark brown; sides somewhat
angular; antennae, fuscous at tip with a slight tuft arising at the
basal third. Labial plate rather broadly triangular with 11 teeth
on each side of the median one. Thoracic hairs finely barbuled
and arising in groups of three or four; abdominal hairs more
slender, some double, and all finely barbuled. The comb consists

318 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

of a somewhat triangular patch of about 14 scales, each with the

finely setose spatulate base prolonged into a stout spine. Air

tube three to four times as long as broad, slightly conical, in
each row 15 to 18 pecten teeth, the distal two
widely separate and all of the continuous —
row with one or more basal teeth.

This larva was taken in a woodland pool
at Karner, May 3, 1904, where it seems to
be somewhat abundant.

Distribution. This species evidently has a
wide distribution in North America, since it

= has been recorded by Dr Howard from sey-
Fie. 63 Pecten tooth Cra! British Columbian localities and a num-
of GB mp IE ee ber -of states, occurring as far south as
Georgia, the Isle of Pines and Jamaica, West Indies, and the city
of Mexico, and it probably ranges across the continent, because
Theobald lists it provisionally from California, and referring this
form to C. nigripes, also lists it from Lapland; Greenland;
the arctic circle generally; Cashmere, India; and Virgin bay,
Alaska.
Culex consobrinus Desv.

Examples presumably of this species have been recorded by
Dr Howard from the Catskills. He also lists it from a number
of states, and if the species from various localities is the same, it
evidently has a wide distribution, ranging from Canada south
to Louisiana and across the continent. The female kindly lent us
for study varies about the cross veins [pl. 9, fig. 1] from the
following two, specially the first, and there are other differences.

Culex absobrinus n. sp.
Pl. 8, 22, 37, 45, 51, fig. 1, 25 15-23; 1; 43 2 respectively.

Larvae, first referred to Culex consobrinus Desv., were
taken in a cold mountain pool at Elizabethtown N. Y., July 8,
where they were found in small numbers. A few adults were
captured in the same locality the latter part of August.

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 319

Female. Proboscis about as long as the abdomen, dark brown;
palpi light brown, rather sparsely clothed with yellowish white
scales. Antennae black, sparsely clothed with short, brown
hairs and with several long, black ones at bases of joints. Eyes
coarsely granulate, greenish. Occiput sparsely clothed by and mar-
gined anteriorly with white scales, and with a thick tuft of the
same at the juncture of the eyes ; numer-
ous erect, scattering, black scales occur
among the yellowish white ones. Thorax

brown, clothed with a fine, appressed \ ‘
pile; a median line of dark brown or NX 44
black scales, golden yellow anteriorly A \
and terminating at the posterior third AEA
in an irregular, rather loose group of \

rolden yellow hairs; a submedian line
of golden yellow hairs bordered intern-
ally with long, black ones and extend-
ing anteriorly into a somewhat irregu-
lar patch. Anterior margin of thorax
with golden and yellowish white scales,
the lateral margin bordered by long,
blackish hairs, and internally with a
few yellowish white scales. Scutellum ae
brownish, clothed apically with a row Se ROR
of long, brownish hairs and with a pair ak
of submedian patches of whitish scales
anteriorly; postscutellum brownish,

naked. Pleura clothed with irregular : a
patches of whitish and yellowish Sy
white scales. Dorsal surface of ab- ee

dominal segments dark brown, with
well marked, creamy white basal bands; Fig. 64 Uarval antenna of
ander surface suffused with fine,
creamy white scales. Wing veins dark, thickly clothed with dark
brown scales; posterior cross vein less than 14 its length from
mid cross vein. Legs light brown, with darker brown scales
forming indistinct bands, there being lighter rings at the apex of
femora and tibiae. The markings are too faint to be construed
as bands. Claws simple. Petiole of first submarginal cell about
14 the length of the same, and that of the second over 14. Fringes
and scales clothing the veins mostly dark fuscous, thick, scales:
very long, narrow. Fringe composed of scales of several lengths:
as in the pipiens group. Halteres capitate, stem and base yellow-
ish, tip black anteriorly.

Male. Palpi long, purplish brown, without conspicuous:
plumes; 4 segmented, the apical two joints being slightly larger

320 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

than the longer basal ones, the second longer than the first.
Proboscis the same color, length and general appearance of the
palpus. Antennae rather sparsely ornamented with brownish
plumes, brown, each segment annulate with white. Eyes rather

Fig.65 Larval mandible of C. absobrinus

coarsely granulate, greenish black. Occiput rather sparsely
clothed with silvery yellow scales, which form a distinct line on
posterior border of the eyes, a sparse median tuft at their
juncture, and alyo have a somewhat linear arrangement each

Fig. 66 Labial plate of C. absobrinus

side of the median line; erect black forked scales rather sparse.
Thorax with a median line of mixed black, golden yellow scales,
obsolete posteriorly. Humeri sparsely clothed with an irregular
patch of golden yellow scales, with a few black ones intermixed.
There is a submedian line of coarse hairs bordered outwardly by

:
|
|
:

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 321

golden yellow scales, and traces of similar sublateral ones near
the base of the wings. Posterior portion of prothorax smooth,
bordered anteriorly by ian irregular patch of golden yellow
scales, with black hairs intermixed. Scutellum crowned with
long, black hairs and with somewhat irregular, obsolete, sub-
median patches of golden yellow scales; postscutellum smooth,
slaty gray. Pleura sparsely clothed with irregular patches of

3
=

Fig. 67 Comb scale
of C. absobrinus Fig. 68 Air tube of C. abso-
much enlarged brinus

silvery yellow scales. Abdomen dark brown, with rather nar-
row, basa] bands of silvery white scales; sparsely clothed, spe-
cially laterally, with slender, golden yellow hairs. Basal portion
of clasp stout, thickly haired, yellowish brown; apical portion
slender, uniformly curved, yellowish brown. Ventral surface
brownish black, that of the second, third and fourth segments
being sparsely clothed with silvery yellow scales, and each of
the latter with a distinct basal band of the same color. Wings
hyaline; anterior margin and first longitudinal vein rather
thickly clothed with dark brown scales, others with lighter col-
ored ones; fringe slaty gray. Petiole of first submarginal cell
about equal in length to the cell, that of the second about one-
fourth longer. Posterior cross vein less than its own length
from mid cross vein. Halteres, basal portion pale yellowish white,
apical portion capitate, dark brown. Coxae slaty gray, golden
yellow apically. Legs -dark purplish brown, with apexes of
femora and tibiae clothed with golden yellow scales. Anterior

a22, NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

and mid ungues uneven, one claw bidentate, one unidentate,
posterior simple. Posterior legs enormously prolonged; tarsal
segments extremely attenuate and fragile.

Described from a freshly bred specimen July 14, 1904.

Larva. Antenna rather stout, curved, with a thick, well
developed tuft of plumose hairs at its basal third and a pair of
long, slender spines at the apical fifth, in addition to one long
spine and two rudimentary, tapering processes at the apex.
Labial plate subtriangular, with about 29 rather fine teeth, basal
portion with distinct, rather coarse reticulations. Thoracic and
anterior abdominal segments clothed with numerous stout,
black, plumose hairs, the other abdominal segments bearing
slightly compound, weakly plumose hairs. In addition, there-are
smaller groups of compound hairs. The comb consists of a tri-
angular patch of about 60 scales arranged in five irregular rows,
each scale with a brown, basal, somewhat spatulate enlargement
and terminated by an expanded, nearly colorless tip bearing a
series of rather fine subequal, apical spines, smaller spines extend
on each side to the extreme base. Air tube about four times as
long as wide, slightly inflated and with two rows of peeten at
the basal fifth, each consisting of about 14 closely set teeth bear-
ing at their bases one or two conspicuous processes; pecten
extended by a well marked row of about 16 simple bristles reach-
ing to the apical fifth of the air tube. There is a posterior pair
of compound, plumose hairs at the base of the air tube. Ventral
tuft short and consisting of about 14 well developed, compound
hairs attached to the barred area, with three anterior. Dorsal
tuft composed of a single, stout, compound hair anid a pair of
very long, slender, simple hairs.

Culex magnipennis n. sp.
Pl. 8, 22) 23; 37, 45, bill, 55, fie. 3, 4-3/5 1s 2h 3 1 2 respectively,

Larvae of this large and interesting species were taken in a
Shaded pool at Sodus Point N. Y., Aug. 25, adults emerging the
29th. The female is remarkable on account of her large wings
with broadly rounded anal lobes.

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE = 323

Description. Male. Proboscis long, curved, yellowish, specked
with black, tip jet black. Palpi four segmented, longer than the
proboscis, not plumose; basal segment globose, second sparsely,
third moderately, fourth and fifth rather thickly clothed with
small, brown, appressed scales, a few longer, black, ventral
setae on the apical portion of the third and fourth segments.
Antennae black, basal segment reddish, subglobular; others
ringed with white and bearing basal whorls of long, black hairs,
except the two apical ones, which are very long, slender and
sparsely clothed with yellowish white plumes. Eyes greenish,
deeply emarginate. Occiput sparsely clothed with golden yellow
scales, a distinct line occurring along the posterior margin of
the eyes, forming a median tuft. Prothorax with distinct
median and sublateral black lines, sparsely clothed with short,
golden yellow scales, slightly thicker on each side of the black
lines, lateral portions bearing longer, black setae. Pleura
sparsely clothed with short, yellowish scales. Scutellum rather
prominent, irregularly fuscous, bearing long, yellowish setae;
postscutellum naked, yellowish, rounded. Halteres: basal por-
tion irregularly expanded, yellowish, transparent, apical part
capitate, fuscous. Abdomen brown, mottled dorsally with dark
brown, nearly black scales; laterally there is an indistinct row
of yellowish scales; antepenultimate segment irregularly mottled
with yellowish scales. Ventral surface suffused with orange yel-
low scales. Coxae clothed with golden yellow scales; femora
yellowish beneath, dark brown above, rather thickly mottled with
yellowish scales. Tibiae and tarsi black, except that the former
are sparsely mottled with silvery white scales. Ungues of fore
and mid legs unequal, one claw bidentate, the other unidentate,
posterior claws simple. Wings hyaline, sparsely clothed with
brownish scales; fringe slaty gray; posterior cross vein less than
its own length from mid cross vein; petiole of first submarginal
cell about two thirds the length of the cell, that of the second
about three fourths.

A rather large mosquito measuring about 5 mm, wing spread,
about 10 mm.

Female. Antennae dark brown, sparsely ornamented with very
fine, yellowish white scales, and with short basal whorls of long,
black hairs; basal segment subglobose with an inner patch of
whitish scales. Proboscis longer than the abdomen, light brown,
tipped with dark brown and ornamented laterally and ventrally
with whitish or yellowish scales. Palpi short, brown, second
joint and apex of terminal segment rather thickly clothed
with yellowish white scales. Eyes coarsely granulate, dark
green. Occiput rather densely clothed with yellowish scales,

o24 : NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

which form a line along the posterior margin of the eyes; erect
black scales rather sparse. Prothorax light brown, with distinct,
narrow, median and submedian lines, each bordered by a rather
thick row of golden yellow scales; other portion of prothorax
rather sparsely clothed with golden yellow scales and ornamented
laterally with long, black setae. Pleura clothed with irregular
patches of silvery white scales. Scutellum slaty brown, with
median and lateral patches of golden yellow spines; postcutel-
lum smooth, pinkish. Base of halteres semitransparent, pinkish,
apical portion capitate, dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, pro-
fusely ornamented with orange and yellowish white scales in the
form of broad, basal bands, the median portion being narrow and
composed of orange scales, while the lateral portion extends
almost the entire length of each segment and forms a nearly
complete, lateral, yellowish white line; median and posterior por-
tions of each segment dark brown with a few orange and yellow-
ish white scales, the latter nearly covering the antepenultimate
segment. Abdomen clothed laterally with long, silky, white hairs;
ventral surface suffused with silvery white scales. Wings hyaline,
clothed with dark brown scales, the fringe being a slaty gray and
composed of scales of various length, asin C. pipiens, and the
costa and subcosta flaked with silvery white scales, Petiole of
first submarginal cell nearly one half the length of the cell, that
of the second about three fourths. Posterior cross vein close to
the mid cross vein and sometimes almost interstitial. Coxae
whitish, semitransparent; under surface of femora and tibiae
whitish, other portions dark brown flecked with yellowish white
scales and with apical white bands; tarsi black, sparsely flecked
with white scales, claws simple.

Described from a freshly bred specimen.

The larva of this species was found in association with those of
Anopheles punctipennis, Culex territans and
C. sylvestris. It was easily recognized in the water by
its size and dark color, it being about as large as the larva of
C. cantans or C. cinereoborealis, and occurred singlv
in water Several inches deep, coming to the surface only after
rather long intervals.

Antennae rather stout, slightly curved and somewhat en-
larged at the base, apical portion fuscous; a well developed
tuft of plumose hairs slightly before the middle; two long
subapical, two long apical spines and a short, stout process
on the tip. Labial plate broadly rounded, triangular, with about

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 325

25 coarse teeth; mandible very similar to that of C. abso-
brinus, figure 65. Thoracic and anterior abdominal segments
clothed with numerous stout, black, plumose hairs, the larger
abdominal segments bearing slightly compound, weakly plumose
hairs. The comb consists of a triangular patch of about 40 scales.
arranged in about five irregular rows, each scale with a dark
brown, basal, somewhat spatulate enlargement and terminated
by an expanded, nearly colorless tip, bearing a series of rather
fine, subequal, apical spines, smaller spines extending on each side
to the extreme base. Air tube about four times as long as wide,
slightly inflated and with two rows of pecten at the basal sixth,
each consisting of about 14 closely set teeth bearing at their
bases two or three conspicuous processes, pecten extended by a
well marked row of 17 simple bristles reaching to the apical third
or fourth. There is a posterior pair of compound, plumose hairs
at the base of the air tube. Ventral tuft short and consisting
of about 15 well developed, compound hairs attached to the barred
area. Dorsal tuft composed of a very stout, compound hair
and a smaller one with many more branches. 5

This larva closely resembles that of C. absobrinus and
may be separated therefrom by the smaller number of comb teeth
(which are also shorter and stouter), the greater number of basal
processes on the pecten, and the decidedly different character of
the labial plate. There are also other differences as will be seen
by reference to the above description.

Culex restuans Theo.

White dotted mosquito

Pl. 9, 23, 38, 44, 53, fig. 2, 3; 2,3; 1,2; 3; 2 respectively

This species has been confused with C. pipiens, and accord-
ing to Theobald’s description may be separated therefrom by the
spotted thorax, but in our experience this character is somewhat
variable either on account of abrasion or nonexistence in some
cases.

Description. Theobald states that the wing venation is almost
exactly alike, but in specimens before us, the stem: of the first

326 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

_ submarginal cell is from one sixth to one fifth its length in this
form, while in C. pipiens it is but one seventh. This species
may also be recognized by its light color, the whole body
having a yellow tinge, and by the basal bands of the abdomen

Fig. 69 Female wing of Culex restuans

being more uniform and straight. Perhaps the best character of
all, discovered by Coquillett, is the short pale banding at the ex-
treme ends of the hind tarsal joints, which is absent in C.
pipiens.

Fig. 70 Labial plate of C. restuans

The eggs according to Dr Dyar are laid in a large boat-shaped
mass asin C. pipiens, adhering by their sides and standing
perpendicularly to the water, the mass floating freely. The indi-
vidual eggs are elliptic, fusiform, with sharply tapered ends.

The larva may be distinguished by its long breathing tube
[fig. 45], at least five times as long as wide, and the presence of
the antennal tuft before the middle of the joint, since other long

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 327

tubed larvae have the tuft at or beyond the outer third. The
labial plate is shown at figure 70. The pale double pecten (each
spine four or five toothed) is followed by a few long hairs, and the
comb consists of a triangular patch of little scales four rows deep.
Dr Dyar describes the pupa as normal, air tubes cylindric, curved,
rather long and not funnel-shaped. This species has been carefully
described by Johannsen.

Fig. 71 Several pecten teeth of C. restuans much enlarged

Distribution. This species was described by Theobald, from
Ontario, Canada, and has been taken by us in widely separated
New York localities, notably, Adirondacks, Albany and West-
field. It was obtained at Center Harbor N. H. and Cabin John
Md. by Dr Dyar, and at Lahaway N. J. by Mr Brakeley.

Life history and habits. Our own experience indicates that this
larva is found in much the same situation as C. pipiens,
except that we have not taken it in filthy water, it seeming to
prefer an open barrel or vessel containing clear rain water. This
is confirmed by Dr Smith’s observations. We have also taken this
species at Lake Placid, an elevation of 2000 feet, in a large hollow
burned in a pine and partly filled with rain water. The same
Species was met with at Big Moose in a tub of rain water. Dr
Dyar records taking it from cold spring pools in New Hampshire,
though he states that it is not confined to such places. He has
met with it in pools shaded by bushes, and even in rain puddles.
He states that the larvae pass through four stages as usual, and
that they may be found all summer and fall, and possibly may
survive the winter in favorable situations.

328 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Culex pipiens Linn.
House or rain barrel mosquito
Pl. 9, 23, 24, 26, 88, 44, 53, fig. 4,5; 4; 1; 2; 3, 4, 5; 1; 3 respectively

This is the commonest mosquito about Albany, and undoubtedly
ihreughout the State. It may be separated from others of this
group by the very long first submarginal cell, and the abnormally
short petiole, it being but one seventh the length of the cell.

Description. The larva has been described by Dr Dyar, who
states that the head is rounded, full at the sides, pale; that the
antennae are large and long, completely infuscated, or in pale
specimens somewhat lighter at the base, a tuft being at the outer
third of the joint and the part beyond more slender than the basal

Fig.72 Labial plate of C. pipiens

portion. The labial plate is as illustrated [fig. 72]. The air tube
is four times as long as wide, strongly tapered at its terminal half,
pale brown, with small, weak, double posterior pecten followed
by several tufts of hair. The comb consists of a large patch of
small spines in a low triangle about four rows deep. The differ-
ent stages have been minutely described by Johannsen.

Distribution. This species appears to be widely distributed
throughout the world, since Dr Marlatt records having met with
it in such distant countries as Japan, China and Java, while Theo-
bald states that it occurs in Europe generally, from Scandinavia
to Italy, and in North America.

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 329

Life history and habits. This mosquito appears to love human
habitations and may be found breeding throughout the warmer
months in any open receptacle containing fresh water. One or
two rain barrels are sufficient to produce millions of the pests,
and in places remote from the seashore this or the preceding
species are the ones most likely to cause annoyance on account
of their abundance about habitations. The eggs are deposited
on the water, hatch quickly, and the life cycle may be completed in
about 16 days.

Culex abserratus Felt & Young
Pl. 10, 24, 45, fig. 2, 2, 2 respectively

The adult of this species is very close to C. impiger, while

the larva has a general resemblance to C. serratus. It was

Fig. 73 Genitaliaof Culex abserratus
bred June 14 from a larva taken in a cold mountain pool near

Elizabethtown N. Y. June 9. A second larval skin was also met
with in the collections but no other adult was obtained. It was

330 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

associated with C. lazarensis, C. cinereoborealis,
Eucorethra underwoodi, and Corethra lint-
neri.

Description. Antennae thickly clothed with brownish gray
plumes, that of the male annulate and of the female unicolorous.
Basal segment globular, light brown, sparsely clothed with scat-
tering white scales. Eyes deeply emarginate. Occiput sparsely
and the thorax thickly clothed with golden yellow scales, except

that the latter has a very nar-

row, median, dark line and a

semicircular, lateral one on the

posterior third. Abdomen dark

brown, almost black, with

broad, basal white bands,
Fig. 74 Labial plate of C.abserratus Slightly prolonged laterally.
Ventral surface uniformly suffused with whitish or creamy
white scales. Coxae, base, apexes and inner face of femora,
and to a less extent the posterior side of tibiae, creamy
yellow; other portions of legs brown, with a sparse clothing of
whitish scales. Claws unidentate. Wings, with almost fuscous
veins well clothed with dark scales. Petiole of first submarginal
cell about one third the length of cell; that of the second submar-
ginal cell about equal, breadth of latter cell one third its length;
posterior cross vein more than its own length from mid cross vein.
Length of body about 5 mm; wing spread, 10 mm.

Described from a single bred, bisexual individual, the right side
being male with the cephalic appendages largely female, while
those of the posterior extremity are largely male. The male
antenna is normally plumose, while that of the female has elongate
Segments sparsely clothed with long hairs. The male palp is well
developed and tipped with a conspicuous mass of plumes as in
normal specimens. The female palp appears to be normal for the
other sex, is four segmented, basal one nearly globular, the distal
three subequal, the third somewhat capitate at its apex and the
fourth strongly constricted near its middle. Proboscis well

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 331

developed and about as long as the body. Basal segment of male
clasp stout, irregularly curved, rounded. Apical portion nearly

strap-shaped, describing almost a semicircle and with a curved,

Fig. 75 Combs of C. abserratus, showing those

of both sides

blunt spine apically. Harpe long, irregularly curved, pointed.
Organs on opposite side poorly developed, distorted. At the

extreme base slightly anterior of the basal segment of the clasp

there is a pair of short, fleshy

organs tipped with four or five stout -

spines. Ungues of the front tarsi on
the male side unequal, all others and
those of the female side equal.
Larva. Antennae rather stout
with a slight basal enlargement
tapering almost uniformly there-
roms tut ab ‘basal third. - Apex
bearing one long and one medium,
slender process, a smaller one and
also a much stouter rudimentary
segment. Labial plate rather
broadly triangular, bearing 27 fine,
triangular teeth. Thorax with
compound, finely barbuled hairs;
abdomen mostly with simple ones.

Fig. 76

ratus

Air tube of ©. abser-

Comb consisting of six or seven scales arranged in a curye,

each with a large, finely setose, spatulate base and with a

302 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

large, apical spine. Air tube about three times as long as wide,
tapering regularly, with double posterior pecten on basal third,
each row consisting of from 12 to 15 closely set (except the slightly
separate terminal three) stout, black spines, each bearing near
the basal third one large and usually a smaller tooth. Barred
area Short, dense, bearing numerous long, branching hairs. Anal
gills long, slender, uniformly tapering.

Culex nemorosus Meig.

This large species may be separated from others in the group,
by the very long petiole of the first submarginal cell, which is
longer than the cell'‘itself. It has been recorded by Theobald,
from Lapland to Italy and has been received by him from a
number of Canadian localities. It should occur in New York
State, though we have not met with it.

Culex salinarius Coq.
Unbanded salt marsh mosquito
Pl. 10, 24, 39, 43, 53, fig. 3, 4; 3, 4; 1,2; 5; 4 respectively

This species was known under the name of C. nigritulus
Zett. in this country till Mr Coquillett showed that it could not be
identical with the European form and proposed the above name
therefor. _It is closely related to C. pipiens, but may be dis-
tinguished from it by the indistinct abdominal cross bands which
are widest at the middle. It is also a smaller species.

This larva may be easily recognized, according to Dr Smith
by its dirty white color and the very long, moderately stout air
tube. The labial plate is broadly triangular with eight teeth
on each side. It has double pecten, each tooth coarsely three
spined, and scattered hairs beyond. The comb consists of a
patch of about 40 narrow long fringed scales in three rows.

Distribution. This salt marsh form has been recorded by Dr
Smith in association with C. sollicitans. We have taken
it in small numbers in New York State.

Life history and habits. Dr Smith states that, though the larva

may occur anywhere on the marsh, in brackish as well as fresh
‘

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE doo
water, it seems to prefer pools near the upland which are mostly
formed by rains and by springs working down from the high-
lands. This form appears to hibernate as an adult and never gets
far away from the edge of the salt marsh. Dr Smith states that
the mosquitos hide wherever they can find shelter, by preference
in cellars, and cites the case of a factory just at the edge of a
marsh where thousands were found. It does not begin to appear
till rather late, and very little is seen of it till June. The eggs
are laid in boat-shaped masses similar to those of C. pipiens,
hatch in the same manner, and unlike other marsh forms, it
occurs also in the more permanent pools where other salt marsh

Species are not found.

Culex trivitattus Coq.

This is the first of a series in which the abdominal bands are
wanting, though in some there are light colored hairs or refiec-
tions which give that appearance at first sight.

Description. This very distinct species is easily recognized by
the two broad yellowish thoracic stripes on each side of the
central dark brown one. It was described from Chester N. J., and
we have taken specimens in association with Anopheles
punctipennis at Bath-on-Hudson and also at Poughkeepsie
INS Y.

Larvae of this species were taken in New Jersey in woodland
pools on the hills back of South Orange. Adults occur in New
Jersey during July, August and early September.

Larva. It has been characterized by Dr Smith as about 14 inch
in length with a comparatively small head one third wider than
long. The antennae are less than half the length of the head,
sparsely set with rather large spines and tipped with one long and
one short spine, a bristle and a stout articulated process. The
tuft is just before the middle and is composed of several hairs.
The comb consists of an irregular patch of 14 to 22 spatulate
scales tipped with a large spine and bearing on either side long
slender setae. The air tube is short, chunky, bearing a double
row of somewhat curved pecten, each spine usually with two or
three basal teeth.

334 -. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Culex serratus Theo.
Pl. 44, 52, fig. 4, 4 respectively

This species is a moderate sized, well marked form, and may.be
recognized by the prominent silvery white stripe in the middle of
the thorax.

Description. The larva has a dark brown head, somewhat flat-
tened, tapering anteriorly. The antennae are darker at the tip,
not quite half the length of the head, and are terminated by four
articulated spines, and the tuft of hair arises near the middle.
The triangular labial plate has 35 fine teeth. The air tube is
about twice as long as wide, a little dilated before the middle,
with posterior pecten, each consisting of seven to nine spines
minutely toothed near the middle and with a conspicuous terminal
tuft. The comb is composed of five somewhat spatulate scales
arranged in a short curved line.

Distribution. A larva of this species was received in September
from J. R. de la Torre Bueno who took it in a fresh-water pool on
Staten Island. This species has been recorded by Theobald, from
several South American localities, and Dr Smith states that it
ranges the full length of the state of New Jersey.

Life history and habits. Larvae and pupae of this species were
taken by Dr Smith in a low swampy woodland in New Jersey,
July 29, and adults began to appear the next day. A few larvae
were also taken in early September, and adults were met with
near dried up pools the middie of the month. These pools became
filled with water and produced larvae and pupae Sep. 30, and
adults emerged early in October. The species appears to be a
woodland form, since Dr Smith states that he has never received
it in miscellaneous lots collected near and in towns and villages.

Culex dupreei Coq.
Pl. 46, 53, fig. 8, 6 respectively

This small mosquito, originally described from Louisiana,
ranges in color from grayish brown to nearly black. There is on
the dorsum of the thorax a silvery white stripe with diffuse edges,
which is continued on the head oceppying most of the space be-
tween the eyes. This species resembles a small C. serratus,

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 335

but the stripe is not so well defined and the marking on the
abdomen differs.

Description. The larva of this species, as described by Dr
Smith, has the head almost twice as broad as long, the antennae
are half as long as the head, almost uniform in thickness two
thirds from the base, then taper slightly to the tip where there
are four articulated spines and a stout, short segment. The
sparse tuft of hair is slightly beyond the middle. The air tube
is about four and one half times as long as its width at the base,
and tapers rather evenly to the tip. Each pecten is composed
of about 12 uniformly tapering spines, the latter with three
sharp, well defined teeth near the base. The comb is com-
posed of from 8 to 10 flattened, somewhat diamond-shaped scales
arranged in a slightly curved row. Dr Smith states that this
larva can be at once recognized by its unusually long anal gills
and the apparent absence of a breathing tube.

Life history and habits. The young of this species were met with
in a woodland pool and are remarkable because of their remaining
near the bottom. They were never observed in confinement to rise
voluntarily to the surface for air, and when disturbed they sail
rather than wriggle upward and immediately descend as soon as
quiet is restored. They are so inconspicuous and transparent that
a jar containing them would be set aside as empty unless closely
examined, and this in connection with their habit of hiding among
the leaves at the bottom of the pools renders them difficult to
secure. Pupae were met with by Dr Smith, July 29, and adults
appeared July 30 and 31, and also at various times during August.
Larvae were also obtained early in September, and one adult was
bred the 15th. There seems to be continuous breeding from the
latter part of July to the end of September, and it may begin
earlier in the season.

Culex triseriatus Say ©
Pl. 10, 25, 46, 53, fig. 5, 1, 6, 5 respectively

This mosquito has the anterior and mid tarsal claws toothed,
the posterior ones simple. It may be separated from C. aurifer
by the color of the scales on the side of the mesonotum, which are
white, while in C.aurifer they are golden yellow.

336 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Description. The larva according to Dyar has the head well
rounded, flattened, brown, darker on the vertex. The antennae
are long, brown, slender and with a single haired tuft at the
middle. The air tube is about three times as long as broad, taper-
ing outwardly, its pecten teeth considerably elongate. The comb
consists of a small patch of about 12 stout, rather elongate spines
with finely digitately divided tips. They are arranged in an
irregular single row. :

Distribution. We have taken this species rather sparingly at
Poughkeepsie and Albany, while Johannsen has met with it at
Ithaca. It has been listed by Dr Howard, from New Hampshire,
Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia.

Life history and habits. Dr Smith found the larvae of this
species in an iron pail half filled with water. He states that
they resemble those of Stegomyia fasciata and adds
that they are at once recognizable by the intensely black head and
the short, black anal tube. Dr Dyar states that captive females.
deposit their eggs in patches or singly at the edge just below the
surface of the water, where they adhere slightly and remain
unhatched till spring. We met with adults at Poughkeepsie and
Dr Dyar took them at Center Harbor N. H. between June 20 and
July 8, he adds that they become somewhat more common, con-
tinuing all summer. He believes the species to be single brooded,
though he is unable to account for fresh specimens flying all
Season, and this may possibly be due to a portion of the eggs
hatching after each heavy rain, as in the case of C. sollici-
tans.

Culex aurifer Coq.
P]. 11, 25, 38, 46, 52, 55, fig. 1, 2; 2,3; 2; 5; 2; 5 respectively

This form is closely related to C. triseriatus Say, and
may be separated therefrom by the golden yellow scales on the
sides of the mesonotum. It has been taken in New Hampshire
and New Jersey by Messrs Dyar and Smith and we have captured
it at Elizabethtown N. Y. Larvae were met with by Mr Brakeley
at Lahaway N. J. late in April and in May 1902, where they
occurred at a few points only in larger bodies of water associated

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE oot

with ©. canadensis. They were present in one cranberry
bog, which was dry during the summer of 1902 and till so late
in the fall that all adult mosquito life had gone into hibernation
or disappeared. The larvae were found so early as to lead
Dr Smith to conclude that they must have hibernated as eggs.

Description. The larva has been described by Dr Smith as being
from 14 to about 34 inch in length, brownish black, tapering a
little. The transverse, elliptic head is almost as broad as
the thorax and is widest just behind the eyes. The white
antennae are tipped with black, almost half as long as the head,
thickest near the base and tapering slightly to about the middle,
then curving inwardly to a blunt point. The tuft of 6 to 10
hairs is just beyond the middle. The transverse thorax is angu-
lated, each segment marked by a tuft of long hairs arising from a
tubercle. The comb consists of patches of from 25 to 30 spatulate
spine-tipped scales bearing fine setae. The air tube is about three
and one half times as long as wide with double posterior pecten,
each consisting of from 14 to 20 small slender spines with two
to five serrations near the base.

Culex melanurus Coq.
Pl. 46, 48, fig. 1, 6 respectively

This species may be separated from those without abdominal
cross bands and prominent stripes on the thorax by the claws
being simple.

The larva is stated by Dr Dyar to be very characteristic on
account of its dark infuscated tube and plates, and its peculiar
comb which resembles a grating, the spines appearing like
long bars in a single row.

Distribution. This species has been taken at Center Harbor
N. H. and may be expected to occur in New York State.

Life history and habits. Dr Dyar stateg that the larva is slow
in development and very deliberate in all its motions, remaining
long at the bottom of the water. It inhabits permanent spring or
deep rock pools. The thin black shelled eggs are laid singly on
the surface of the water, and breeding is probably continuous, the
adult hibernating,

338 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

STEGOMYIA
The legs are uniformly clothed with flat scales in this genus,
while those of the head and scutellar space are broad and flat.

The third longitudinal wing vein is not usually continued into

the basal cell as in Culex.

Stegomyia signifer Coq.

This species is very similar to Culex fasciatus Fabr., ©

but may be distinguished from it, according to Coquillett, by the
simple tarsal claws, that is, without teeth, and by the tarsal
joints being banded at both ends. This is the only species of the
genus liable to occur in the State. It has been taken in New
Jersey.

Description. The larva is abnormal for this genus, according to
Dr Dyar. He states that the peculiar dorsal platings at the end
of the body occur also in Corethrella brakeleyi, but
not in any other culicid that he has seen. The short antennae
and the elongate head suggest Uranotaenia and Anoph-
eles.

Larvae. The following characteristics are from Dr Dyar’s
description: —

Head, rounded, elliptic, slightly flattened, black; antennae
very short, small tuft before the middle; eyes, black, transverse;
seventh abdominal segment with a round, dorsal plate, incised
anteriorly. An angulated transverse plate on the eighth segment
anteriorly, reaching below the middle of the sides, with the comb
at its posterior border but not united with it. The comb consists of
long scales in a transverse row and a shorter second row, finely
divided on the side next to the body. Air tube is about three times
as long as wide, slender, rather small, without pecten but with a

hair tuft beyond the middle; a small, linear, transverse, lateral
plate on the last segment anteriorly; segment trigonate, ringed by

its plate; tuft and brush normal, the latter confined to the barred —

area; no anal processes visible.

This species was described by Coquillett from the District of —

Columbia and British North America, and it has also been taken
in New Jersey. Dr Smith states that the larva occurs in some-

what foul water, and that it may be recognized by its robust build —

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 339

and rather sickly white thorax, contrasting with the darker
abdominal segments. The antennae differ from those of either
Culex or Stegomyia, and the anal siphon has no rows of spines |
or teeth.
Taeniorhynchus perturbans Walk.
Pl. 11, 26, fig. 3, 3 respectively

This species may be identified by the large elongate, oval,
lanceolate, lateral scales of the wing veins. This mosquito is the
only one of the genus occurring in the State, and it has previously
been referred largely to the genus Culex. Dr Howard has listed
this species from a number of localities in the United States and
from Porto Rico and Cuba. It is probably widely distributed
south of Canada. Its peculiar scales are illustrated on plate 26,
figure 3.

AEDOMYINAE

This subfamily contains those mosquitos having very short
palpi in both sexes. There are two genera, both of which have
been found in New York State. The first, Aedes, is nonmetallic,
while the second, Uranotaenia, has metalliclike stripes of flat
scales on the thorax.

| Key to genera

@ Thorax without metallic stripes of flat scales; fork cells normal. ..Aedes
aa Thorax with metallic stripes of flat scales; fork cells very
SINT ERM Doar ac tice rept yestenc wl ala ialiacatte a emeceeckeal rade ehaecrateteete-cicig cid alam Uranotaenia

- Aedes fuscus Osten Sacken
Pl. 11, 26, 27, 39, 43, 52, fie. 4,5; 4; 3; 3; 3 respectively

TLis mosquito may be recognized by its basal abdominal cross
bands of cream-colored scales. The larva was met with in early
Spring at Nassau and Karner where it was associated with
Culex cinereoborealis, C. canadensis, C. can-
tans and C. impiger. We have also taken it at Pough-
keepsie. Dr Dyar reports taking it in company with C. cana-
densis and C. sylvestris, and adds, that like them, it
possesses a short breathing tube.

340 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The larva of this species so nearly resembles that of C. sy1-

vestris and GC.

impiger that it is difficult to separate

them. It may be distinguished from that of A. smithii

Fig. 77 Labial plate of Aedes fuscus

according to Johannsen by the four long, narrowly tapering blood

gills instead of two.

SS
SS

nl a

=
=

S\
SS
SS
SSS:
=

=
SS

VD
Bib

He ee
EMM go

Fig. 78 Air tube of A.
fuscus

Larva. Length about -3, inch. Head
brown; antennae fuscous at the tip, light |
brown at the base and with a scanty tuft
arising from before the middle; apically
there are four rather long bristles and a
small, conical process. Labial plate elon-
gated, triangular and with 25 rather fine
teeth, those near the apex being smaller
than the others. Hairs of the thorax com-
pound, weakly barbuled, those of the ab-

domen simple. Comb composed of a prac-

tically single row of 12 narrow scales,
each with a somewhat elliptic, finely
setose base and a stout apical spine. Air
tube slender, about three times as long as
broad, with double posterior pecten, each
consisting of about 13 closely set spines,

with three flattened isolated ones beyond. Each spine bears a

tooth near its base. Anal] plate covers the dorsum only of the

Jast segment,

SF oe ee ee ee a ee ee ee

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 341

Aedes smithii Coq.

This black species may be separated from the preceding form,
by the absence of the cross bands of yellowish scales at the bases
of the abdominal segments.

Description. Dr Dyar states that the larva has a rounded,
pentagonal, flattened head, and small, slender antennae, possess-
ing an imperceptible tuft. The comb consists of a single row of
15 to 20 scales, and the air tube is ' shorter than the two abdominal
segments, moderate, narrowed at the tip, and with two rows of
hairs on the upper and two on the lower aspect. The larva has
been minutely described by Johannsen.

Distribution. This species was described from New Jersey,
where it occurs in pitcher plants growing in cold bogs, and as
this plant flourishes in some portions of New York State, the
chances are very good that this species occurs within our limits.
Mr Coquillett has also received it from Florida, where it breeds
in an orchid.

Life history and habits. This insect is remarkable in that the
larvae have been found only in pitcher plants. They pass the
winter in such situations, notwithstanding repeated freezing and
thawing, pupate late in May and adults appear a week or 10 days
later. The eggs are laid in leaves singly or in small groups fastened
to the sides or floating on the surface. The summer broods mature
in about a week, and there are probably three, if not four genera-
tions, but there is so much overlapping that breeding is practically
continuous. Late in the season the adults selec: the new leaves
for oviposition, even if they are dry. This species, while appar-
ently limited to pitcher plants, does not breed in all, since exami-
nations in some localities in New Jersey, and a few in New York,
failed to discover specimens.

URANOTAENIA Arrib.

This genus presents in many respects the same characteristics
as Culex and Aedes. It differs from Culex in having short palpi
in both sexes, and from Aedes in possessing violet blue scales on
the thorax.

342 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Uranotaenia sapphirina Osten Sacken
Pl. 12, 27, 46, 48, fig. 1; 2,3; 2; 7 respectively
The single species belonging to this genus is among the smallest
of our mosquitos, and may be easily recognized by the line of
violet blue scales on the thorax. The larvae were taken in small
numbers at East Greenbush in early August.

Description. Female. . Proboscis nearly as long as the body,
dark brown with fine, yellowish hairs. Antennae slender, slightly
shorter than the proboscis; segments with sparse, basal whorls
of stout, brown hairs and thinly clothed with shorter, yellowish
brown ones; basal segment glob-
ular, yellowish. Eyes black,
coarsely granulate, strongly
emarginate; occiput with a con-
spicuous median patch of bright
violet scales extending laterally
along the posterior margin of
the eyes. Prothorax yellowish
or yellowish brown with a bright
median line of violet scales be-

_. coming obsolete posteriorly; a
Satoh erine Pinte of Uranotaenia submedian line of lone) eoarce

brown hairs and in some speci-
mens a sublateral and lateral stripe of similar hairs; other
portions sparsely clothed with shorter, brown hairs; a small
patch of violet scales on the anterior lateral margin just
behind the head, a few of the same color or a short lateral] line
at the base of the wings, and a rather conspicuous patch of similar
scales on the pleura a little below the wings. Scutellum with a
patch of violet scales and bearing a few long, coarse, black bristles;
postscutellum yellowish. Halteres, basal portion yellowish white,

apical portion fuscous. Abdomen brownish, mottled with yel-

lowish; first and fifth abdominal segments with more or less
defined posterior patches of violet scales. Ventral surface of
abdomen brownish, sparsely clothed with yellowish brown scales.
Legs mostly dark brown, with apexes of femora and tibiae ringed

with white. Wings, veins black, membrane hyaline with bright.

metallic reflections, large, flat scales on second longitudinal vein ;
basal portion of fifth longitudinal vein thickly clothed with a
double row of bright violet scales similar to those on the body.
Male. Proboscis long, brownish, flecked with yellowish brown
scales. Antennae with dark brown plumes, jet black, segments
with basal, yellowish rings. Occiput crowned with several patches
of purplish scales. Prothorax \brownish, with a median and

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 343

lateral stripe of bright violet scales, a submedian and sublateral
line of dark, coarse bristles. Scutellum nearly black, ornamented
with violet scales and tipped with a few very long, black bristles.
Abdomen dark brown, flecked with yellow particularly on the
fifth, sixth and enemies abdominal
segments, the posterior lateral angles
of which are narrowly yellowish, the
third and fifth with a median, poster-
ior, subtriangular whitish patch, that
on the latter segment being much
larger than the other; genitalia yel-
lowish. Pleura with several irregular
patches of yellowish white and a line
of violet scales. Legs mostly dark
brown, yellowish beneath and with
narrow, white bands at the apexes of
femora and tibiae; ungues simple.
Wings subhyaline; veins brownish or
black, anterior veins thickly clothed
with nearly black dilated scales; a
double row of violet scales on basal
half of fifth longitudinal vein; fringe
silvery gray; basal portion of halteres
whitish, apical portion capitate, fus-
cous; first submarginal cell very short,
with petiole bearing about six very
large spatulate scales, second fork cell a little over one half the
length of the series posterior cross vein a little less than its
length from the mid cross vein.

Larva. Head jet black in early stages, distinctly longer than
wide and presenting an appearance very similar to that of Anophe-
les. Antennae jet black, short, swollen at the base, the incon-
Spicuous tuft a little before the middle. Apex bearing two longer,
Slender processes, a medium and a large, shorter one. Labial
plate narrowly triangular with about 10 conspicuous teeth, and
appears to be double like that of Anopheles. Dorsum of head
_ with two subdorsal pairs of barbed spinelike processes. Compound
groups of plumose hairs also occur on the head and on the
prothorax, and are continued on the abdominal segments except
that in the case of the latter, the hairs are not plumose. Thorax
and abdomen greenish yellow, the thoracic segments being
_ distinctly broader, margined laterally by fuscous, and the entire

Fig. 80 Air tube of U.
sapphirina

344 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

body with a broad, fuscous stripe along the median line. Comb
consisting of about seven simple, conical teeth attached to the
posterior border of a lateral plate. Air tube about three times as

Fig. 81 Pecten teeth of U. sapphirina;
A apical, B basal ;

long as wide, subcylindric, somewhat curved, and with a pair of
apical valves, each about as long as one half the width of the tube.
Pecten extend nearly to the basal half of the air tube, where
there is a conspicuous pair of com-
pound hairs, composed of about 13
teeth, which are unique on account
of the nearly conical portion bearing
a lateral and apical, semitransparent,
serrate fringe, which extends beyond
the dark tip a distance almost equal

to the basal portion, the apical pecten

teeth with a longer median spine,
the basal ones with apical spines
subequal. Ventral tuft composed of
about six stout, compound hairs,
the dorsal extremity of last segment
bearing a pair of compound hairs;

posterior margin of the same or-
Fig. 82 Terminal segment of namented with peculiar groups of
U. sapphirina s
small spines.
Distribution. This species was described from specimens taken
on Long Island and has been met with in New Jersey by Dr Smith,
and according to Theobald it has been obtained by Dr Howard at

Ithaca.

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATH 345

Life history and habits. This species is neither common nor
troublesome, according to Dr Dyar. The larvae were found in a
large pool near a cold stream and in a warm marshy pool at Bell-
port L. I., occurring sparingly here and there. Both places were
permanent bodies of water and contained aquatic plants. The eggs
are deposited as a boat-shaped mass, which floats on the water,
much as Culex pungens, but the mass is smaller, contains
fewer eggs and is less regularly elliptic. The normal feeding
position of the young larva resembles Culex, but the body is more
nearly parallel to the surface. The larvae are fond of resting
under the leaves of Lemna, where they remain with the air tube
penetrating the surface film. There appear to be four larval
stages, and the species seems to breed throughout the summer,
preferring warm, stagnant pools of some size containing
Spirogyra.

CORETHRINAE

This subfamily includes some very interesting forms which have
been largely neglected, probably on account of their relatively
slight economic importance and also because of their retiring
habits. So far as known, all are predaceous and therefore more
or less beneficial. Among them we find a most efficient destroyer
of mosquito larvae, Hucorethra underwoodi, which is
unfortunately a form of small value because of its extremely
local habits, since it appears to be confined almost entirely to
very cold spring pools in deep woods. The peculiar, nearly trans-
parent, phantomlike larvae of Sayomia belong here, and.the still
more interesting Corethra larvae, which appear to be inter-
mediate in structure between those of Sayomia and Culex, are
also members of this subfamily. Eucorethra has been known only
since 1900, and Corethrella, represented by a species with very
interesting habits, is a more recent discovery.

Key to genera

a First tarsal segment longer than the following segment
6 Species less than x in. in length; tarsal claws simple

ce Antennae verticillate with hairs i. e. in whorls.... Sayomyia
cc Antennae wholly covered with hairs, legs densely
IETS LE Aiea Nese RROR EUPIA o. ouShsiOucr AD De ICRC HCRERO IER CRORES eC Corethrella

bb Large species 34 in. or more in length; tarsal claws bifid. Hucorethra
aa First tarsal segment shorter than the following segment.... Corethra

346 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

CORETHRELLA Coq.

This genus was erected for a peculiar species presenting charac-
ters similar to Sayomyia and Corethra, but differing from both in
having the antennae fully covered with hairs and the apical joint
shorter than the intermediate ones. The larva also presents differ-
ences from the ordinary culicid type.

Corethrelia brakeleyi Coq.

This species has been described by Mr Coquillett, as follows:

Dark brown, the antennae, halteres, knees and tarsi yellow;
plumosity of male antennae yellow, mesonotum opaque, gray
pruinose except three narrow vittae and a few spots near the
humeri, hairs of thorax brownish, those of the abdomen yellow,
tibiae and tarsi bearing many long hairs; first joint of front tarsi
slightly shorter than the tibia; wings whitish hyaline, marked with
a brown cross band near one third and two thirds its length, the
first one oblique, the second band produced triangularly near mid-
dle of its inner side, costal margin on each side of this band
strongly tinged with golden yellow, fringe white, marked with a
brown spot at posterior end of each cross band and on either side
of the extreme wing tip; length, 1.5 mm.

The larva resembles that of Corethra much more more closely
than that of Sayomyia. This curious form is about 1 inch in
length, light reddish in color and very hairy in appearance. The
head is broad and the body tapers gradually to the short, obtuse
anal siphon, giving it a somewhat triangular appearance. It dif-
fers from the former, according to Johannsen, in having the
antennae attached near the middle line of the head, at the extreme
anterior end, and hinged so that they move in a horizontal plane,
normally folding back against the side of the head. Dr Smith
states that there is no mouth brush, that the eyes are rounded, and
the abdominal hairs unequal.

The pupa is brown in color, and floats upwardly to the smite
with the long, slender air tubes slightly projecting. The larva
and pupa have been minutely described by Johannsen.

Habits and life history. This interesting culicid was discovered
by Mr J. Turner Brakeley at Lahaway N. J. in little pools near
the head of a swamp spring. The first captures were taken June

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE | 347

1, and July 27, and a number of others were obtained in grassy
shelters around the edge of a lily pond full of fish. Dr Smith
states that the little creatures remain almost motionless for
hours, some at the surface, others below at various points, the
former in a position intermediate between that assumed by
Anopheles and that characteristic of Culex. Larvae transformed
the last of July, and the pupae were just as odd as the larvae,
reminding one of Lycaenid chrysalids with breathing tubes. They
remained at the surface, seemed to have little motive power and
were easily submerged and drowned. Adults: appeared Aug. 2,
- giving a period of four and one half days for the pupa. Larvae
were also met with Aug. 13, Sep. 17, Oct. 14 and 20. In each case
half to full grown specimens were found.

CORETHRA

This genus is remarkable because the first tarsal segment is
shorter than the second, and in the four species we have studied
there is only a pseudo-articulation between the two. It
appears to be a case where reduction is in progress. The larva
is not less remarkable than the adult and presents an intergrade
between the ordinary culicid form and that of Sayomyia. It may
be easily recognized by the possession of a culicid air tube in con-
nection with the enormously swollen thorax containing a pair of
large air vessels and a smaller pair in the somewhat enlarged
seventh abdominal segment. The larvae remain almost motion-
less and horizontal at variable depths in the water and very rarely
come to the surface. This is probably due to the large supply of
oxygen in the air vessels mentioned above. We have adopted
Coquillett’s reference of this form, hitherto known as Mochlonyx,
to Corethra, and the species commonly known under the latter
name we have transferred to the genus proposed by the same
author, namely, Sayomyia.

Corethra karnerensis n. sp.

Two larvae belonging to this species were taken from a stagnant
pool at Karner N. Y., May 14, 1902, and one male obtained. This
species was originally referred to the European C. velutina.

348 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Giles and Theobald are both of the opinion that there is but one
European species, and as our species in both adult and larval form

Fig. 88 Wing of Corethra karnerensis

presents some difference from specimens sent us by Dr Meinert of
Copenhagen, Denmark under the name of Mochlonyx
culiciformis, we have decided to characterize it as new.
The adults agree very closely, but we
find that in the male of C. culicL
formis the posterior cross vein is less
than its own length from the mid cross
vein, while in our species this distance
is greater than its length. The tip of the
posterior marginal cell is nearer the base
of the wing in ©. culiciformag
whereas in C. karnerensis the tip
of the anterior marginal cell is nearer the
base of the wing. The larvae present
more striking differences than the adults.
The peculiarly dentate scales bordering
the labial plate in C. culiciformis—
have about eight apical teeth, whereas in
C. karnerensis there are but three
or four. The mandibles of C. culici-

formis have from seven to eight teeth,

\ aes
Y\\ i

\\ -JouTE L

and in C. karnerensisg there are

Fie. 84 Last tarsal seg- ‘ ane 7 1 '
wei Gagl Gis Cle oF 6. eight to nine. Other differences would

karnerensis

probably be detected with abundant ma-
terial of this American species, which is unfortunately lacking
at the present time.

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 349

Description. Male. Head, light brown, transverse; eyes, large
laterally, emarginate; antennae, plumose, verticillate, 14 joints,
the basal reddish, nearly globular; palpi five jointed, first and

ANN RS e
Sy ANN

JouTeL.

Fig. 85 Dorsal aspect of genitalia of C. k arnerensis

second short, each bearing several long, stout setae, the third and
fourth nearly equal in length, and the fifth slender and nearly
twice the length of the fourth, the distal three sparsely clothed

Fig. 86 Side view of larva of C. karnerensis

with short setae. Labium short, rounded at apex, bearing on
what appears to be a tactile surface, a few scattering setae. Ven-
tral aspect rather thickly clothed with stout setae.

350 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Thorax brown, evenly swollen, the arched scutellum rather
prominent; abdomen yellowish, with posterior lateral brownish or
black markings on each segment. Basal segment of clasp stout, —
swollen; apical nearly equal in length, more slender and bearing

AY Winns

Fig. 87 Ventral aspect of head of C. karnerensis

at its apex a short, stout spine. Harpes short, irregularly curved
and tipped with a stout, short point.

Legs, pale yellowish, sparsely clothed with rather coarse hairs.
Femora and tibia nearly equal in length, first tarsal segment about
one fifth the length of the second, the articulation between the two
being rudimentary ; third tarsal segment about one half the length
of the second, the fourth one third shorter than the third, and the
fifth a little shorter than the fourth, with a basal, knoblike pos-
terior enlargement. Claws equal, two toothed, one at the base
and the other about midway of the curve.

Wings, slender, sparsely fringed with hairs, posterior cross vein
a little more than its length from the mid cross vein. Both sub-
marginal cells longer than their petioles.

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 351

Larva of the normal Corethra type with the prothoracic and

seventh abdominal segments enlarged and containing air reser-
voirs.

Fig. 88 Dorsal aspect of larval mandible of C. karne rensis
much enlarged

z
Head, light brown, flattened; eyes dark brown, nearly black;
the median four frontal setae barbed along the basal half, the

Fig. 89 Variations in oral hairsin C. karnerensis: afromlabrum, b from labium
and c from the maxillary palpus

lateral frontal setae, slender, simple, curved. Tip of labrum
thickly fringed with serrate scales and with a peculiar cluster aris-
ing from a pocketlike depression on either side; there is a pair of

352 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Fig. 91 Side view of siphon and anal segment of
C. karnerensis

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 353

long, slender, somewhat curved spines on each side near the mid-
dle. Basal segment of antennae short, cylindric, and tipped with
three nearly equal simple processes and a fourth slightly over half
the length of the others. Mandibles nine toothed, and bearing
two barbed processes with a rudimentary spine at the base of the
second. Siphon somewhat fusiform, its length about four times
its greatest diameter and the anterior respiratory trachea joining
the posterior one before reaching the tip of the siphon. Ventral
tuft of the anal segment thick, extending along the entire barred
area and consisting of numerous branched hairs; dorsal tuft small
and composed of only a few hairs. Anal processes fleshy, four,
tapering to an obscure point; the tip of the segment bordered by
numerous short, recurved, fleshy processes.

Corethra lintneri n. sp.
e Pl. 27, fig. 4

Larvae of this species were taken June 9, 1904, in a cold moun-
tain pool near Elizabethtown N. Y., where they were associated
with larvae of Culex lazarensis, C. abserratus,
©. cinereoborealis and Eucorethra under-
woodi. Several adults emerged June 16 and 17.

Description. Female. Antennae slender, sparsely clothed with
yellowish hairs, slightly fuscous apically, and each segment with

Fig. 92 Wing of female of Corethra lintneri

a narrow, basal, fuscous ring. Palpi fuscous, basal segment
short, subglobose, second to fourth subequal, rather densely
clothed with coarse hairs, the terminal d6ne remarkably distorted.
Labial palpi very short, subglobose. Occiput and thorax densely
clothed with long, golden yellow scales, the latter with a pair
of submedian, naked lines on the anterior two thirds. Pleura
Semitransparent, yellowish. Abdomen yellowish, irregularly
marked with fuscous, specially along the posterior margin of the
Segments, sparsely clothed with long, yellowish hairs. Dorsal
plate of terminal segment rounded, with a marked, median indenta-
tion. Ventral surface yellowish, sparsely clothed with fine, yel-
lowish hairs, with the posterior portion of the segmenits naked and

354 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

lighter. Legs, yellowish, apexes of tarsal segments somewhat
fuscous, sparsely clothed with fine, fuscous hairs; ungues uni-
dentate, the basal tooth being so strongly serrate that it is
almost pectinate. Halteres knobbed, uniformly yellowish.
Wings straw yellow, rather
sparsely clothed with slightly
fuscous hairs. Petiole of first
submarginal cell about one
third the length of the extremely
long, narrow cell; that of the
second posterior cell about one
half its length. Posterior cross
vein a little over its own length
from the mid cross vein.

Male. Antennae with long, pote: 93 Female claws of C. lint-
grayish plumes annulated with
white, basal segment hemispheric, deeply excavated distally.
Eyes, green in life, palps grayish fuscous clothed with rather
coarse hairs. Thorax sparsely clothed with long, golden yellow
scales. Pleura slaty gray, under surface of abdomen semitrans-
parent, whitish. Abdomen yel-
lowish white with lateral, ir-
regularly triangular blotches
near the middle of each seg-
ment ; laterally, sparsely
clothed with long, yellowish
hairs. Legs, nearly uniform-
ly straw yellow. Halteres
knobbed, pale yellowish at
tip, almost semitransparent at
base. Coloration of legs about
as in female, ungues bidentate,
the basal tooth on the fore leg
slightly pectinate at base, that
on middle leg slightly serrate
and on the hind leg plainly so.
Dorsal plate uniformly round-
ed. Basal segment of clasp Fig. 94 Labrum of C. lintneri
much enlarged, uniformly
rounded exteriorly and sparsely clothed with long, rather stout
hairs, specially internally on the distal third. Distal segment —
very long, slender, rather irregular and tipped with a small, rather
stout, slightly curved spine. UHarpes irregularly curved and —
tipped with a stout, short spine.

Larva. About 8 mm long with head brownish, fuscous. Eyes —
and portions of antennae black;body brownish, and with air —

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 855

vessels in the enlarged. prothoracic and seventh abdominal seg-
ments. The larva is not readily seen in the water though not
transparent. Antennae, basal segments stout, uniform, and bear-

|
oe Safran SEN Yb)

le
VEZ EE 5

Fig. 95 Maxillae and labium of C. lintneri

ing three long and one shorter decurved processes; median four
frontal setae with few small spines near distal third. Labrum
with the sublateral, long, wavy, serrate, tipped scales arranged in

rows on its distal fourth, the scales
at its extremity being long, irregu-
lar, slender, expanded apically
usually into three large spinelike
processes. Mandibles fuscous with
eight powerful teeth, bearing at
the base two barbed hairs, one long
and a short rudimentary spine,
basal cluster composed of about
four large, simple processes.
Labial scales and those of other
parts much like those of C. kar-
nerensis. Siphon slightly fusi-
form, about three times as long as
its greatest diameter. Ventral tuft
on the anal segment thick, extend-
ing along the entire barred area
and consisting of numerous branch-
ed hairs. Dorsal tuft small and

Fig. 96 Labium of C. lintneri

composed of several compound hairs. Anal processes rather
. stout, somewhat short, tapering to an obscure point. Obscure

356 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

comblike structures appear to form a dark colored lateral patch
near the posterior third of the segment, the bases of the spines
being fused together.

Corethra cinctipes Coq.
Pl. 28, fig. 1
This species was described last year by Mr Coquillett, who had
received specimens several years before from Franconia N. H., and
also from Mt Vernon Va. It was bred by us from larvae taken in
a woodland pool at Karner May 10, 1904, adults appearing May
15. This species according to Mr Coquillett may be readily recog-
nized by its banded legs and mottled wings.
Description. The original description of the adult is as
follows:
Blackish brown, the apices of the antennal joints except the last
joint, the halteres, bases of the segments of abdomen in the male,
< base and under side of femora, a broad
band near four fifths of their length,
their extreme apices, bases of tibiae
and a band near one fourth of their
length, also bases of the first three or
four joints of the tarsi, yellow; hairs of |
male antennae brown, their bases. yel-
low, those at tips of antennae almost
wholly yellow; thorax grayish pruinose,
marked with four black vittae;-wings
grayish hyaline, hairs of veins black
and with yellow ones as follows: on the
bases and apexes of the veins, on the
first vein where the second issues from
t, on the second vein where the third
issues from it and at the point where it
forks, on the fourth vein at the inser-
tion of the cross vein and also where
this vein forks, and on the fifth vein
Or ein etineem of larva of where it forks; first submarsinalweal
nearly twice as long as its petiole, cross
vein at apex of second basal cell less than its length before the
one above it; tarsal claws of male each bearing two long,
slender teeth onthe under side, one near the base and the other |
near the middle, those of the female with a single tooth near the
base of each; length, 3 to 4.5 mm.
Larva. About 144 inch long. Head light brown, eyes dark
brown. Tip of labrum thickly ffinged with serrate scales and

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 357

with a peculiar cluster of much longer spined ones arising from a
pocketlike depression on either side; there is a pair of long,
slender, somewhat curved spines on each side near the middle.
Median four frontal setae, each bearing a number of small spines
and two longer, stouter processes near the distal third; lateral pair
long, simple, slender, much curved. Basal segment of antenna short,
bearing four long, stout, and one slender, apical processes. Man-
dibles stout, black, with about seven teeth, and four well devel-
oped barbed processes near the base. Air tube regularly tapering,
length about three and one half times its greatest diameter. At the
base of the air tube there is an irregular group of many branched,
compound hairs comparable in position and general arrangement
to the comb scales on the eighth segment of Culex larva. These
are detected only on cast skins. Terminal segment slender, not
much larger than the air tube. Ventral tuft of hairs thick, ex-
tending along the entire barred area; dorsal tuft small and com-
posed of only a few hairs. Fleshy anal processes four, tapering
to a rounded point.

EUCORETHRA Undw.

This genus was erected for a large mosquito closely related to
Corethra and Sayomyia.

Eucorethra underwoodi Undw.
Pl. 12, 28, 39, 47, fig. 2,3; 2; 4; 3 respectively

This interesting and till recently unknown larva was met with
in large numbers in a cold mountain pool near Elizabeth-
town N. Y. June 9.

This insect has been carefully described by Mr Johannsen, who
was the first to carefully study the species.

Female. Antennae sparsely haired, black; basal segment glob-
ular, yellowish; labrum densely haired, much prolonged, black,
tipped with brownish yellow; palpi dark brown, rather densely
clothed with blackish hairs. Labium, basal portion dark brown,
apical portion golden yellow. Anterior and lateral portions of
thorax a rich dark brown, sparsely clothed with a median line
of bright, golden yellow scales and with a similar lateral patch
extending over the humeri and to the base of the wings; anterior
portion of this latter with the short, grayish pile showing only in
certain lights, because of the rich brown beneath; posterior por-
tion grayish only. Posterior dorsal portion of thorax, scutellum
and postscutellum grayish, the scutellum crowned with a row of
long, golden brown hairs; sides of the thorax variable, grayish

358 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

and brown. Abdomen grayish, with the lateral and posterior
margins of the segments dark brown, clothed with fine, golden
hairs. Ventral surface similarly marked, except that the an-
terior portion of each segment, as well as its basal margin, is
more or less brownish. Coxae gray, clothed with golden yel-
low and brownish hairs. Femora dark golden, with a nearly
black band close to the apex, the articulation at the extreme
tip of both femora and tibiae bright golden yellow. Tibiae
yellowish, tip golden yellow. Tarsi dark, yellowish; ungues
golden. Ali the legs clothed with rather short, thick, dark

Fig. 98 Antennae and mouth parts of HEucorethra underwoodi

brown hairs. Base of halteres golden yellow; apex enlarged,
capitate and fuscous. Wings spotted with dark brown or fus-
cous; veins rather thickly clothed with narrow, nearly black
scales and with three distinct spots along the radius, a large

discal spot, a smaller one at the base of the first submarginal

cell and a still smaller one at the base of the second.

Petiole of first submarginal cell about one half its length; that
of the second twice its length. Posterior cross vein almost inter-
stitial with the mid cross vein.

Described from a freshly bred specimen.

Male. This sex has not been described hitherto.

Antennae densely plumose, brown; basal segment globose, vari-
ably brown, others with basal, semitransparent annulations.
Palpi dark at base; first segment short, second medium, third and
fourth segments subequal, lighter. Prothorax as in female,

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 359

Abdomen brownish black, with conspicuous, yellow patches on the
six anterior segments, being separated by a darker, median line
and the denser color of the anterior and posterior portions of
each segment; the dorsum of the posterior segments black and all
sparsely clothed with golden yellow hairs. Markings of legs as in
female; claws equal, bidentate, much like those of female
Corethra. Venation and marking of wings shown in plate 12,
figure 2,3. Scales much thinner as in other male Culicids.

Larva. The larva is about 5 inch in length and resembles that
of Sayomyia and Corethra in the form of the antennae, which are
elongate and tipped with three stout, equal processes. The highly
developed mandibles have three conspicuous teeth, the largest
with two basal teeth, and this sclerite also has several minor
processes. The head is nearly square, as seen from above and
the thorax has prominent lateral angles, these and the anterior
four abdominal segments being provided with conspicuous lateral
tufts of compound hairs, which are specially well developed on
the thorax. The dorsum of the eighth abdominal segment bears
a short, five-lobed air tube, having a somewhat star-shaped appear-
ance from above. A pair of tracheae end at the base of the
anterior lobe. The terminal segment bears a conspicuous, very
thick ventral fan and the posterior extremity has a thick, dorsal
tuft of compound hairs. The four anal gills slender, long, taper-
ing to a rounded tip.

The pupa resembles that of Culex and Anopheles.

Life history. This species was first brought to our attention in
June 1900, when examples from a cold spring at Saranac Inn
were submitted for identification to Dr Needham. Larvae of
what is undoubtedly this species were found by Professor
Underwood in January 1903, in a spring of water in Penobscot
county, Me. This species passes the winter as larvae, since
they are met with in very early spring and have even been taken
from under ice. The larvae, like those of Anopheles, float at the
surface of the water in a nearly horizontal position, and when
disturbed dive quickly, taking refuge on the bottom where they
may remain several minutes, ascending later with a vigorous wrig-
gling motion. They are voracious feeders, not only devouring
large numbers of Culex larvae, but in the absence of more suitable

360 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

food attacking each other, and were it not for its local habits,
this species might prove a valuable aid in reducing the num-
bers of those species of mosquitos annoying to man and the lower
animals. This insect is evidently widely distributed, as larvae
were met with in 1903 in the Kootenay district, British Columbia,
by Dr Dyar, where they occurred in cold pools at Glacier and also
in rain water barrels.

SAYOMYIA
Phanton: larvae

The small gnats belonging to this genus have a close resem-
blance to the biting, annoying culicids. We are happy to state
that they are harmless, their short mouth parts being specially
adapted to feeding on vegetation. The larvae are the most inter-
esting of all and may at once be separated from those belonging
to the genus Culex by the absence of the characteristic air tube.
The fore part of the head is much prolonged, and the stout, basal,
antennal segment is terminated by four usually equal, pendant
filaments and another about half the normal length. These larvae
are also remarkable for the eversible pharyngeal tube terminating
in a circular papillate organ, evidently for the absorption of food.
The almost perfect transparency of the larvae renders them ex-
ceedingly difficult to detect, the black eyes and pigment in the air
reservoirs of the thoracic and abdominal segments being about the
only color. They remain almost motionless some distance below
the surface and then with a sudden jerk change from one place to
another with a motion so rapid that ordinarily it escapes the
eye. The larvae never come to the surface and are predaceous,

being credited with feeding not only on small crustaceans but also
small dipterous larvae and even young fish. They are said to occur
in all kinds of water, specially that which is clear, and, unlike
Culex, may be met with where fish abound. The pupae are nearly
straight and remain almost upright some little distance below the
surface. They are at first white, gradually changing to yellowish
brown or green and the segments may even become margined with

black.
"

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 361

Sayomyia punctipennis Say
This species has been taken in Pennsylvania, and very likely

occurs in this State. Its description is as follows:

Whitish; wings and feet punctured with fuscous. Hair of the
antennae yellowish white, the centers of the whorls being fuscous;
the shaft of the antennae has a decidedly annulated appearance ;
eyes black; thorax with three pale yellowish brown abbreviated,
broad lines, the middle one originating before and terminating at
the center of the disk, the lateral ones originating rather before
the middle; feet with numerous small, brown punctures; wings
with many very obvious brown spots. Length 6 mm.

Sayomyia trivittata Loew
Pl. 12, 13, 28, fig. 4; 4; 3 respectively
This species has been met with at Elizabethtown, where larvae
and pupae occurred in a cold mountain pool June 9, adults appear-
ing the next day. Dr Dyar records this species from Center
Harbor N. H. Osten Sacken’s description of the adult follows:

Pale yellowish, with three thoracic stripes, the metanotum,
fasciae of the abdomen, with apical rings of the femora, and basal

/
f

: I) \
Fig. 99 Mandible and mandibular fan of Say-
omyia trivittata
and apical rings of the tibiae, fuscous black; the wings with cin-
ereous spots. Length 4.3 mm. Wing 5 mm.

Pale yellowish, with long, mostly subfuscous pile. Antennae
black, annulated, densely verticillate with subfuscous hairs.
Dorsum of thorax with three black stripes, the double median one
posteriorly, the lateral stripes anteriorly, much shortened. The
Sides of the scutellum fuscous; metanotum fuscous black; the

362 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

abdomen fasciate with fuscous. Legs pale yellow; the tarsi from
the tip of the first joint pale fuscous; an apical ring on each of
the femora and an apical anda basal ring on each tibia is black-
ish. The wing variegated with some small cinereous black spots.

Fig. 100 Leaflike Ahondetes of S. Fig. 101 Processes much enlarged of _ter-
trivittata minal segment of S. trivittata

Pupa. Air tube with irregularly hexagonal cells, about four
times as long as wide; inner edge nearly straight, outer more or
less regularly curved. Apex with a rather distinct, chitinous tip.
Ventral surface of abdominal segments thickly clothed with

rather long, slender hairs
J usually extending laterally.
\ f A Apical three fourths of the in-
*: ner margin of the hind paddle
distinctly serrate, each tooth
bearing a_ short, colorless
spine. Terminal appendages
consisting of two pairs of conic
processes, the outer ones end-
ing in a colorless spine, con-
cave and inclosing the bases
é of the inner, shorter, more
Fig. 102 Ventral hook of S. trivittata Strongly curved ones. At the
extreme base of these posterior
processes there are a pair of chitinous, irregularly curved, blunt
hooks.

Larva. Head, somewhat elongate, subconic. Basal segment
of antennae long, deeply notched at base and tipped with four
nearly equal, tapering processes and another just about one half
their length. Just behind the antennae are 10 long, light brown-
ish filaments, five on each side, the filaments of the third meta-

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 363

mere of Meinert. Leaflike appendages long, terminated by an
extremely long, slender spine, followed by an irregular series of
slender ones along the oblique posterior border, anterior margin
gently rounding to a rather broad base. Maxillae irregularly
rhomboidal, maxillary palpus tapering gradually, nearly straight.
Labrum subquadrate, distinctly wider at the base and with the
apex slightly curved and thickly clothed with rather coarse hairs.
Mandibles with three fine and several minor teeth, the mandibular
fans consisting of about 16 long, spinelike processes. Eyes and
air sacks of thoracic and seventh abdominal segments deeply
pigmented. Ventral brush of terminal segment composed of about
26 stout hairs. Apical ventral plate fulvous, bearing a stout,
curved, chitinous hook pointing anteriorly. Lateral posterior
margin of terminal segment bordered with a row of stout, curved,
comblike processes, each with a conspicuous tooth at its base.
Just behind these and apparently arising from the same chitinous
ridge, there are long, curved, corrugated, blunt, ribbed processes
which appear to project backward. Extreme dorsum of last seg-
ment with four conspicuous plumose bristles. Anal gills long,
tapering rather irregularly to acute points.

The pupa remains upright in the water or resting on the bottom,
rarely coming to the surface. It is yellowish at first, becoming a
dark green with black margined segments. This species has been
taken by Dr Dyar, in British Columbia and is recorded by Osten
Sacken from Maine, California and Alaska.

Sayomyia albipes Johans.
Pl. 47,’ fig. 2

Larvae of this species were met with at Bath-on-Hudson June
16, a male emerging the 23d, and we give herewith descriptions of
the hitherto unknown male, pupa and larva. The type of this
Species was taken by Mr Johannsen at Ithaca, in August 1901,
and his description of the female follows:

Female. Entire insect pale yellow in ground color; head and
antennae wholly pale yellow; dorsum of thorax with three longi-
tudinal stripes, pale buff in color, the lateral ones abbreviated
anteriorly, the median one posteriorly, the latter divided longi-
tudinally by a pale yellow line. These stripes al! narrowly mar-
gined with brown, and on the anterior and outer margins of the
lateral stripes are a few tiny black specks. Scutellum with a pale
buff posterior margin; pleurae yellow, sparsely sprinkled with
small, irregular black specks; abdomen yellowish white beneath,

364 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

pale buff colored above, lateral margin sparsely sprinkled with
small irregular black specks; legs pale yellowish, unspotted,
fourth and fifth tarsal joints slightly darkened; claws simple;
legs and abdomen covered with long, loose yellow hair; wings uni-

Fig. 103 Mandible and mandibular fan of Sayomyia albipes

formly pale yellowish, the veins, the hair on them and the halteres _
same color. Length 544 mm.

Male. Antennae thickly clothed with long, black grayish
plumes; basal segment subglobose, yellowish; other segments semi-
transparent, annulate with yellowish. Palpi short, thickly

clothed with dark brown or almost black
hairs. Basal segment rather short, sub-
conic, second and third equal, stout; termi-
nal segment slender, nearly twice the
length of the third. Eyes, black. Thorax
with submedian, straw yellow lines abbre-
viated posteriorly and margined laterally
with dark brown; sublateral stripes of the
same color posteriorly, margined with

Fig. 104 Leaflike append- dark brown anteriorly and -toward the
ae. middle and with a rather broad, lateral,
white stripe; sparsely clothed with rather long, fulvous hairs.
Abdomen whitish, with an irregular, bluish tint in places and
irregular fuscous spots at the anterior lateral margins of the first
to sixth segments inclusive; several minute dorsal, black spots on
the posterior abdominal segments. Ventral surface unicolorous,

‘

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 365

semitransparent, whitish. Basal segment of clasp straw yellow,
nearly cylindric, densely clothed with long, yellowish hairs, apical
portion slender, nearly straight, dark brown. Harpes near base
of claspers, chitinous, claw-shaped. Legs, pale straw yellow,
rather sparsely clothed with pale straw
yellow hairs. Anterior tarsi and ter-
minal segment of middle and posterior
tarsi distinctly shaded with gray,
ungues simple. Wings, pale straw
yellow, veins sparsely clothed with
similar colored scales; posterior fringe
pearly white. Posterior cross vein less
than half its length from mid cross
vein. Petiole of first submarginal cell
about one third the length of cell, that
of posterior submarginal cell nearly
one half the length of cell.

Described from a recently emerged,

well colored individual.

The larva of this species is as trans-
parent and difficult to detect in the
water as the species met with at Fis-105 Labrumof S. albipes
Poughkeepsie, and its transparency is likewise retained in
balsam.

Pupa. Air tube with irregularly hexagonal cells, about four
times as long as wide, inner margin nearly straight, outer more or
less uniformly arcuate; tip light
brown, chitinous. Posterior three
fourths of the inner edge of the
inner paddle distinctly serrate, a
few teeth near the tip at almost
right/angles to the margin. Pos-
terior appendages simple, sub-
conic, with inner margin slightly
irregular, serrate near the apical
fourth, and at their base an incon-
Spicuous pair of subtriangular Fig. 106 Ventral hooks of S. albipes
lobes.

Larva. Head, somewhat elongate, subconic. Basal segment of
antennae long, deeply notched at base and tipped with four nearly
equal, tapering processes and one about half as long. Just behind
the antennae are 10 long, light brownish filaments, five on each
side. These are the filaments of the third metamere of Meinert.
Leaflike appendages slender, rounded anteriorly to a narrow base

366 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

and terminating acutely with fine serrations on the nearly
straight, anterior margin. Labrum quadrate, elongate, obliquely
truncate, tipped with an irregular tuft of hairs. Mavxillae sub-
triangular with slightly curved tip. Maxillary palpus slender,
tapering, curved. Mandibles with three prominent and two
minor teeth; posterior margin slightly serrate. The conspicuous
mandibular fans consist of about 10 long, curved spines. Eyes,
deeply pigmented. Air sacks of thoracic and seventh abdominal
segments with many purplish, pigmented cells; the eversible
pharynx with a circular, papillate tip or base and a central,
straight and two lateral curved papillae. Ventral tuft of ter-
minal segment composed of about 22 stout hairs. Ventral plate
fulvous, finely serrate anteriorly and armed on its hind margin
with a pair of stout, evenly curved, fulvous hooks pointing anteri-

orly. Lateral margin of terminal segment bordered with three —

rows of fine teeth, the anterior row rather stout with a very incon-
spicuous line of fine serrations at its base, the teeth of the two
posterior rows irregular, long, slender, curved. Dorsal extremity
with four finely-plumose hairs.

Sayomyia rotundifolia n. sp.
Pl. 13, 40, fig. 2, 3; 2 respectively

This species is very close to Sayomyia albipes Johans.,
but differs in several particulars in both adult and larval stages,
as will be seen by reference to descriptions. ~

A female was bred July 11 from larvae taken in a woodland
pool at Karner and a second Aug. 2.

Description. Female. Labrum pale yellowish, margined with
fuscous. Palpi rather slender, long, four segmented, somewhat
fuscous, sparsely clothed with rather long, coarse hairs. Antennae
straw yellow, the segments annulated with pale white; first seg-
ment globular, second elongated, both sSemitransparent, straw
color. Frontal portion of head whitish, semitransparent; occiput
with a median black spot, the lateral and posterior portions of
head sparsely clothed with long, straw yellow hairs. Prothorax
with a pair of broad, submedian, fulvous lines anteriorly and a
similar pair of broader, sublateral ones posteriorly, inner margin
of both stripes bordered by dark brown and outlined with a row
of rather short, yellowish brown hairs, the area between the sub-
median and sublateral lines clothed with a rather broad row of
coarse, brownish and yellowish hairs; the latter stripe is bordered
- laterally by a few coarse bristles, and the margin marked by
several irregular, black specks. Scutellum light brown, crowned

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 367

with conspicuous rows of long, yellowish and brown hairs.
Abdomen greenish yellow, finely spotted with fuscous, and with
larger, black, irregular spots on the posterior portion of the seg-
ments, and on the antepenultimate these markings form a very
irregular, basal band, the apical portion of the antepenultimate
segment bearing a pair of subdorsal, irregular, black spots; termi-
nal segment with a pair of sublateral, black spots, bearing a pair
of straw yellow, somewhat elongate appendages. Pleura semi-
transparent, irregularly marked with black specks. Ventral sur-
face of abdomen pale greenish yellow, with irregular, black spots
about the middle of each segment. WHalteres capitate, pedicel
swollen, nearly colorless; apical portion semitransparent with a
greenish tinge. Wings rather thickly clothed with straw yellow
scales, being particularly abundant on the costal and subcostal
veins. Petiole of first submarginal cell one third its length, that
of second, one fourth. Posterior cross vein less than its length
from mid cross vein. Legs uniform, straw yellow, rather sparsely
clothed ‘with long, somewhat coarse hairs.

Male. A specimen of this. sex was bred from larvae taken in
a woodland pool at Karner, an adult emerging July 7. Antennae
thickly clothed with long, grayish yellow plumes; basal segment
subglobose, yellowish; other segments semitransparent, annulate
with brown. Palpi rather short, thickly clothed with dark brown,
nearly black hairs, as is also true of the labium. Eyes jet black.
Thorax with a slender, tapering, straw yellow, submedian stripe
obsolete posteriorly and margined on the posterior half of the lat-
eral border with dark brown. There is also a broad, lateral stripe
margined internally, with dark brown. Scutellum pale yellow,
bearing at its apex very long, brownish yellow hairs; postscutellum
irregularly marked with brown. Abdomen semitransparent
thickly clothed with yellowish hairs and with irregular, black
markings at the anterior and lateral margins from the first to
sixth segments inclusive; several dorsal black spots on the pos-
terior abdominal segments. Ventral surface nearly unicolorous,
semitransparent, whitish. Basal segment of clasp subcylindric,
rather strongly curved, yellowish, and clothed with coarse, brown-
ish yellow hairs. Apical segment brownish, black toward the
tip, strongly curved. Legs nearly uniform, straw yellow, rather
thickly clothed with long, yellowish hairs; ungues simple. Wings
pale straw yellow, veins sparsely clothed with similarly colored
scales; posterior fringe grayish. Petiole of first submarginal cell
about one third its length, that of the second nearly half its
length. Posterior cross vein about its own length from the mid
ross vein, Halteres yellowish, capitate,

368 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Pupa. The cast pupal skin has practically the same charac-
teristics as those given for Sayomyia albipes Johans.

Larva. Head somewhat elongate, subconic; basat segment of
antenna deeply notched at base and tipped with four nearly equal,
tapering processes and one about half as long. Just behind the
antenna are eight pale, long filaments, four on each side, the
filaments of the third metamere of Meinert. Leaflike appendages
extremely slender, rounding gradually anteriorly to a somewhat
slender base. Posterior margin nearly straight, terminating in
an extremely long pointed process, the latter being nearly half
the entire length of the appendage; at its base, anteriorly, there
are several rather large, irregular teeth. Labrum quadrate,
elongate, obliquely truncate; tipped with an irregular tuft of
stout hairs. Mandibles with three conspicuous teeth, the middle
one with a small dentition near its base; there are two long,
curved processes and two shorter, conical ones around the teeth
proper. Mandibular fan composed of seven long, curved spines.
Eyes deeply pigmented, as is also the case with the air sacks of
the thoracic and seventh abdominal segments. Ventral tuft of
terminal segment composed of about 16 rather stout, simple hairs.
Ventral plate very pale fuscous, bearing stout, evenly curved
hooks pointing anteriorly; lateral margin of terminal segment
bordered with rows of inconspicuous teeth extremely difficult
to detect. Dorsal tuft composed of four long, finely plumose
hairs.

Sayomyia americana Johans.

This species occurs according to Johannsen in New York, New
Jersey, Illinois and Minnesota. It was first characterized by him —
as a variety of S. plumicornis Fabr., but on comparison
with European specimens, kindly sent us by Dr Meinert of Copen-
hagen, we conclude that Johannsen’s form is entitled to specific
rank. His description follows:

Male. Reddish brown; abdomen yellowish; the antennal joints
yellow with brown tips, basal joint brown; the hairs pale brown;
the front, the upper surface of the proboscis, and the palpal joints
brown; the incisures of the latter yellow, the vertex, the cheeks —
and the underside of the proboscis and neck pale yellow; thorax
pale brown above with three dark reddish brown stripes, the
middle one divided by a fine, pale brown line; the lateral stripes
abbreviated anteriorly, the median one posteriorly; the pectus and
the margins of the pleural and jugular sclerites reddish brown;
scutellum pale brown; metathorax dark brown; abdominal seg-
ments subequal in length except the first and last, which are less

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 369

than one half of the others. The dorsal surface is brown with
pale yellow incisures. The brown coloring is darkest anteriorly,
gradually becoming paler cau-
dad, so that the posterior mar-
gin of the segment is almost
as light in color as the incisure.
This is particularly true with —~~4%
segments 3, 4 and 5. On seg-
ments 6, 7 and 8 the brown
color is almost wanting except-
ing a triangular lateral spot
which is prolonged caudad in a
fine line. The outline of this
spot, however, is not distinct,
but is blended in with the color
of the dorsum. A pair of very
small pale yellow spots with a
narrow brown border are more
or less distinctly visible on each Fig. 107 Leaflike appendages of the Euro-
: pean Sayomyia plumicornis
segment. The hypopygium con-
sists of two jointed hooks, is pale brown in color, nearly as long
as an abdominal segment . . . Venter and the legs are pale

——

\ =~

i, :
Dy.

{}

Tie \Y

Fig. 108 Labrum.of the European S. plumi-
cornis

yellow, the last two or three tarsal joints slightly infuscated.
Legs and abdomen densely but delicately haired; wings yellow-

370 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

ish, the veins scarcely dark . . . halteres pure white.
Length 54 mm.
Female. Differs from the male in the following particulars.
Antennae entirely yellow, basal joint, palpi and upper surface of
eh proboscis with a tinge of
brown; frontal spot brown;
scutellum with a fine
median line and its pos-
terior margin pale yellow;
abdomen yellow, dorsal sur-
face with a tinge of brown,
specially on the posterior
ete dee Leaflike appendages of 8. amer- margin. The two little
white spots with pale
brown margins also present on each segment. Anal segment

brown, genitalia yellow, venter, legs, halteres, ete. as with the
male". i. 2. Wenge th:5 mm:

) |

Fig. 111 Ventral hooks of S.
; americana

_ Fig. 110 Labrum of S. amer-
icana

Through the kindness of Dr Meinert we have been able to com-
pare the larva described by Johannsen with the European form.
It differs from the European S. plumicornis Fabr. in the
following particulars. The four long appendages of the antennae
are of equal length, while in the European form one is distinctly
shorter than the rest; there is a marked difference in the leaflike
appendages; and also in the ventral hooks of the last segment.

The larva has been described by Johannsen in detail in Museum
bulletin 68. The pale yellow pupa resembles that of Culex.

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 371

Sayomyia hudsoni n. sp.
Pl. 13, 28, 40, 47, fig. 4,5; 4; 1; 1 respectively
Larvae of this interesting species were taken in small numbers
at Poughkeepsie June 17, and several males bred therefrom June
26 and 27.

Description. Male. Antennae thickly clothed with long, gray-
ish black plumes. Basal segment subglobose, yellowish, other seg-
ments semitransparent, annulate with brown. Palpi short,
thickly clothed with grayish brown hairs. Basal segment rather
short, subconic; second about three times the length of the first
and one fourth longer than the third; both stout, nearly uniform,
except that the second has a distinct enlargement internally near
the anterior fourth. Terminal segment slender, about twice the
length of the third. Labrum ornamented with thick, brownish or
silvery gray hairs. Eyes, jet black. Occiput and posterior por-
tion of head yellowish, clothed with pale

yellowish hairs. Thorax with subme-
dian, slaty brown lines abbreviated pos-

teriorly and divided by a slender, fulvous,
median line, which latter is ornamented
by a well defined, double row of long, A
yellowish hairs. Sublateral stripes of the iN)\ \
same color, abbreviated anteriorly, and ;
the space between the sublateral and sub- \
median dark lines clothed with yellowish ;
hairs arranged in more or less definite of gay (oat a pepe adages
rows. Oval posterior portion of thorax

and that between the sublateral lines, a uniform, pale brown
with a median black spot at the posterior border. Pleura,
anterior and lateral portions of thorax semitransparent,
whitish. Scutellum prominent, with a few long, lateral bris-
tles and its posterior surface ornamented with the brown bases
of others with a slight median space naked. Postscutellum dark
brown. Abdomen semitransparent, greenish or yellowish, obscure,
irregular, somewhat variable, with lateral black markings at the
posterior boundary of each segment; third, fourth and fifth seg-
ments with a pair of submedian, obscure, circular, whitish marks
near the middle of each segment; sparsely clothed with long, yel-
lowish hairs. Basal segment of clasp subcylindric, slightly
curved, yellowish, with light brown markings internally and
thickly clothed with long, yellowish hairs. Apical segment of
clasp pale brownish yellow, nearly straight, terminating in an
obscure point. Legs, uniform, straw yellow, rather thickly clothed
with long, yellowish hairs; ungues simple. Wings, hyaline, an-
terior veins ornamented with pale straw yellowish scales, those of
the other veins slightly darker. Petiole of first submarginal cell

ote, NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

a little over one half its length; that of the second about three
fourths its length, the cell being decidedly wider than the anterior
one. Posterior cross vein less than its own length from the
median cross vein. Halteres pale straw yellow.

Jovrei.

Fig. 113 Posterior extremity of S. hudsoni

A second male bred Aug. 5, differs in description in having the
prothorax darker with lateral dark spots on the scutellum, jet
black ones on the base of the wings; a broad, irregular, marginal
white stripe anteriorly. Pleura also whitish with irregular, jet
black spots. The anterior tarsi are somewhat darker than the
tibiae. :

Female. Antennae pale straw yellow, verticillate with a num-
ber of stout bristles arising from the base of each segment; basal

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 373

segment stout, subglobular, yellowish; second segment stout, some-
what swollen. Eyes jet black, very prominent, slightly emargi-
nate anteriorly. Palpi rather short, grayish brown, and thickly
clothed with hairs of the same color; basal joint thick, subconic,
second slender, longer than the slightly stouter third, the fourth
very slender, nearly twice the length of the preceding. Labrum
yellowish white basally, the anterior margin dark brown and the
dark color extending some distance on each side. Occiput and
posterior portion of the head straw yellow, slightly darker on
median line. Thorax with a pair of submedian, yellowish brown
lines tapering posteriorly and becoming obsolete at the posterior
third; narrow median line yellowish and with double row of yel-
low, slender scales. A sublateral, broad, yellowish stripe is pres-
ent posteriorly and is separated from the submedian stripe and
its Opposite by a yellowish area thickly clothed with slender, yel-
lowish scales;.a small, black spot near the middle and a little to
one side of the submedian stripes. Pleura and lateral anterior
margin of prothorax and base of scutellum yéllowish brown, pos-
terior margin of latter thickly clothed with long, yellowish hairs.
Abdomen greenish yellow and with irregular, sooty spots, par-
ticularly along the sublateral line, and clothed with rather short,
pale hairs. Ventral surface similar, apical segment paler, termi-
nal processes blunt, slightly curved, bearing many rather long,
curved setae. Legs pale straw yellow, ungues simple. Wings pale
straw yellow, clothed with similarly colored scales, which are
slightly thicker along the anterior longitudinal veins. Petiole
of first submarginal cell about one fourth its length, that of
second nearly one half; posterior cross vein interstitial with
mid cross vein. Halteres pale straw yellow, base somewhat
enlarged, pedicel very slender, tip rounded, spatulate.

Described from a specimen bred June 28, 1904.

Pupa. Air tube with irregularly hexagonal cells, nearly four
times as long as wide; internal margin nearly straight, outer,
rather regularly curved and the apex distinct, chitinous, brown.
Posterior two thirds of the inner margin of the inner paddle,
fringed with long, nearly colorless spiny processes. Posterior
appendages’ nearly conic, simple, and at their base an inconspicu-
ous pair of subtriangular lobes.

The larva, remarkable on account of its transparency, is very
difficult to detect in water, the only portions visible being the
deeply pigmented eyes and air sacks in the thoracic and abdominal
Segments. This transparency is retained in alcoholic specimens
and also in those mounted in balsam.

Larva. Head, somewhat elongate, subconic. Basal segment of
antennae long, deeply notched at base and tipped with four nearly

374 NEW YORK STATE MUSHUM

equal, tapering processes and a smaller one about half as long.
Just behind the antennae are 10 long, light brownish filaments,
five on each side. These are the filaments of the third metamere
of Meinert. The pair of leaflike appendages are rounded an-
teriorly to a narrow base, terminating in one large, posterior spine
and a series of irregular ones along the nearly truncate apex.
Labrum elongate, slightly curved, obliquely truncate and tipped
with an irregular tuft of hairs. Maxillae subtriangular with a
somewhat curved tip. Maxillary palpus slender, tapering, curved.
Mandibles with three prominent and two minor teeth, posterior
margin serrate. The conspicuous mandibular fans each consist
of about 16 long, spinelike processes. Eyes, deeply pigmented.
Air sacks of thoracic and seventh abdominal segments with many
purplish, pigmented cells. The eversible pharynx with a circular,
papillate tip or base bearing two lateral, stout, curved papwlae.
Ventral brush of terminal segment composed of about 24 stout
hairs. Apical ventral plate fuscous, finely serrate anteriorly and
bearing a pair of dark, stout hooks pointing anteriorly. Lateral
margin of segment bordered with three rows of teeth, the anterior
consisting of stout processes with almost inconspicuous, extremely
fine serrations at their extreme base. The teeth of the two pos-
terior rows are long, slender, curved. Dorsal extremity with four
long, finely plumose hairs.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following list gives the more important references to the
literature of the Culicidae, particularly to that treating of Ameri-
can forms.

1847 Fitch, Asa. Winter Insects of Hastern New York. Am. Jour. Agric.
and Sci. 5:281-82. Reprinted N. Y. State Mus. 2d Hnt. Rep’t. 1885.
p.241-42 (Anopheles punctipennis described as Culex
hyemalis)

1868 Osten Sacken,C. R. Description of a New Species of Culicidae. Am,”
Hunt. Soc. Trans. 2:47-48 (Aedes sapphirina described)

Western Diptera. U. S. Geol.Geog. Sur. Bul. 3, p. 191
(Aedes fuscus described)

1881 Dimmock, George. Anatomy of the Mouth-parts and of the Suctorial
Apparatus of Culex. Psyche, 3:231-41 (Detailed account)

1888 King, A. F. A. Insects and Disease-mosquites and Malaria. Pop. Sci.
Mo. 238: 644-58 (Harly evidence in favor of mosquitos conveying
this disease)

18838 Meinert, F. V. A. Mochlonyx (Tipula) culiciformis DeG. Aftryk af
Oversigt over d. K. D. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. p.1—24.

1884 Dimmock, G. Psyche, 4:147 (Male Culex drinks)

1885 Murray, C. H. Young Trout Destroyed by Mosquitos. U. S. Fish
Com. Bul. 5: 248.

1877

1886

1890

1891
1893
1894

1896

1896
1896
1896

1896

1899

1900

1901

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 375

Meinert, F. V. A. De Eucephale Myggelarver. Mem. de l’Acad. Royale
de Copenhague. ser. 6. Class des Sci. v.38, no.4, p.373-434, 476-84
(Anatomie studies of the early stages of Culex annulatus,
C. nemcrosus, Anopheles maculipennis, Core-
thra plumicornis, Corethra pallida, Mochlonyx
culiciformis)

Lamborn, R. H. Dragon-flies against Mosquitos. Can the Mosquito
Pest be Mitigated? p.1-202. D. Appleton & Co. (A series of essays
by various authors) :

Riley, C. V. & Howard, L. 0. Insect Life, 3:470 (Pyrethrum fumes
for mosquitos)

Insect Life, 5:268 (Value of Hucalyptus in warding off

mosquitos)

Insect Life, 6:327 (Kerosene and mutton tallow to protect

animals from mosquitos) :

Coquillett, D. W. New Culicidae from North America. Can. Ent.
28:438-44 (Culex signifer, C. tarsalis and Mega-
rhinus rutila described)

Ficalbi, Eugenio. Rey. sistematica d. sp. d. fam. delle culicidae.
Europee Soe. Ent. Ital. Bul. p.197—-312.

Lintner, J. A. The Mosquito. Ins. N. Y. 12th Rep’t, p.319-35 (Gen-
eral discussion of mosquitos)

Lugger, Otto. Minn. Bxp., Sta. 2d Rep’t, p.182-95 (General account
with figures of the mosquitos of the state)

Osborn, Herbert. Mosquitos. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 5,
n. s. p.25-30 (Brief general account with special reference to C.
pungens)

McDonald, Ian. Mosquitos in Relation to Malaria. Brit. Med. Jour.
2020, Sep. 16, p.699 (Observations on transmission of malaria)

Nuttall, G. H. F. On the Role of Insects, Arachnids and Myriapods
as Carriers in the Spread of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases of
Man and Animals. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Rep’ts, 8:1-154.

Ross, Ronald. Infection of Birds with Proteosoma by the Bites of
Mosquitos. Indian Med. Gaz. 34:1-3 (Hxperiments showing birds
to be infected with malaria by mosquito bites)

Giles, G. M. Gunats or Mosquitos, p.1-3874 (Structural and systematic
account )

Howard, L. 0. Notes on the Mosquitos of the United States. U.S.
Dep’t Agric, Div. Ent. Bul. 25, n. s. p.1-70 (General account and
key for separation. of species, with biology of Culex pungens
and Anopheles maculipennis. Remarks on other genera
together with remedial measures)

Ross, Ronald. Relationship of Malaria and the Mosquito. The
Laneet, July 7, no.4010, p.48-50 (Observations on transmission of
malaria)

Coquillett, D. W. Three New Species of Culicidae. Can. Ent.
33:258-60 (Psorophora howardii, Culex curriei
and Aedes smithii described)

Dyar, H. G. Life History of Urantotaenia sapphirina O.S. N. Y.
Hnt. Soe. Jour. 9:179-82 (Life history with descriptions of egg,
larval stages and pupa)

1901

1901
1901

1904

1902

1902
1902

1902

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Howard, L. 0. Mosquitos, p.1—241. McClure, Phillips & Co. (Sum-
mary account of native species and discussion of methods of con-
trolling, with tables for separation of species)

Nuttall, G. H. F., Cobbett, Louis & Strangeways-Pigg, T. Studies in
Relation to Malaria. Jour. of Hygiene, 1:444 (Hxtended studies
on Anopheles and malaria)

Nuttall, G. H. F. & Shipley, Arthur E. Structure and Biology of
Anopheles. Jour. of Hygiene, 1:45-77, 451-84 (Detailed biologic
and morphologic account)

Smith, J. B. Some Notes on the Larval Habits of Culex pungens.
Wnt. News, 12:153-57 (Observations on Aedes smithii not C.
pungens )

Ent. News, 12:254 (Note on Aedes smithii)

Theobald, F. V. A Monograph of the Culicidae or Mosquitos (Two
volumes and book of plates. General systematic account of the
mosquitos of the world)

Wright, M.J. The Resistance of the Laryal Mosquito to Cold. Brit-
ish Med. Jour. Ap. 18, no.2102, p.S82-83.

Berkeley, W. N. Laboratory Work with Mosquitos, Pediatrics Lab-
oratory, New York. p.1—112 (A laboratory guide)

Coquillett, D. W. Three New Species of Nematocerous Diptera.
Hunt. News, 15:85 (Corethra brakeleyi described)

Three New Species of Culex. Can. Ent. 34:292-98 (Culex
atropalpus, C. varipalpus and ©. quadrivittatus
described)

——— New Diptera from North America. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proce.
25:84-85 (Culex bimaculatus, ©. fletcher jandG@
squamiger described)

New Forms of Culicidae from North America. N. Y. Ent.
Soc. Jour. 10:191-94 (The following genera and species are
described: Corethrella, Anopheles eiseni, Culex dyari,
C. melanurus and G@. trivittatus)

Davis, G.C. How Far May a Mosquito Travel? Wnt. News, 12: 185—
86 (Records flight of 22 miles over desert)

Dyar, H.G. Illustrations of the Larvae of North American Culicidae.
N. Y. Ent. Soe. Jour. 10:194-201 (The following species are
described: Culex canadensis, C. atropalpus, ©:
sylvestris, “Aedes. fuscus;, Culex sollicwuanisy
Cy) pipiens) (Cs Vanjela mrtg “Cid yrasr ats © eemreiste
tuans, Corethraé¢brakeleyi and C. trivittata)

Notes on Mosquitos on Long Island. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proce.

5: 45-51 (The following species with table for separation of larvae

are noticed: Anopheles crucians, A. punetipennis,

Ace Mia, Culley PLE meMGaShen nO) Ueleaxe sollicitans, Cc eee

EAs Ol. acini Owiynecinws, Co wlpleMms. Cy tb eiriri=

tans, Uranotaenia sapphirina)

The Eggs of Mosquitos of the Genus Culex. Science, 16:
672-77 (Hgg-laying habits of several species)

Lockhead, W. Nature Study Lessons on Mosquitos. Wnt. Soc. Ont.
32d Rept. 1901. p.94-98. "

Ludlow, C. S. Note on Culex annulatus. N. Y. Hnt. Soc.
Jour. 10: 131 (Distribution )

1902

1905

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 377

Lutz, F. E. & Chambers, W. W. North Shore Improvement Associa-
tion. Rep’t, p.1-26 (Discussion of habits and methods of control)

Morgan, H. A. Observations upon the Mosquito, Conchyliastes
musicus. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 37, n.s. p.113-15 (Life
history, with figures of early stages) :

Ross, Ronald. Mosquito Brigades and How to Organize Them.
p.1-98. George Philip & Son, Lond. (Methods of controlling mos-
quitos )

Smith, J. B. Characters of some Mosquito Larvae. Ent. News, 13:
299-303 (Habits with illustrations of antennae and labial plates
of the following species: Stegomyia signifer, Culex
Gamea deen sis. On cham taas. (62 sollveytamis) © tare-
MeO eyenve hiss Oe pre Lae tor ams (“Can @o muh dies: Or
TESOL ianhis. "Oc arropalpus. C.. sylvestris, @-
Teco dms.) Ca pumsenis. 9 Crest wans Cay nie ris
tulus and three unnamed species)

Concerning Certain Mosquitos. Science, 15: 13-15 (Observa-

tions on C. solficitans and Anopheles)

Life History of Aedes smithii Cog. N. Y. Ent. Soe

Jour. 10: 10-15.

Mosquitos. N. J. Agric. Exp. Sta. Ent. Dep’t. Rep’t 1901,

p.526-87 (Culex sollicitans, Anopheles and related species)

Notes on the Harly Stages of Culex canadensis

Theo. Ent. News, 13: 267-73.

Notes on the Early Stages of Corethra brakeleyi

Coq. Can. Ent. 34: 139-40.

Practical Suggestions for Mosquito Control. N. J. Agric.

Exp. Sta. Cire. May 16, p.1—+ (Gives law and a summarized state-

ment of repressive measures)

The Mosquito Campaign in New Jersey. Science, 15: 898—

900 (Brief statement of work proposed)

The Salt Marsh Mosquito Culex sollicitans Walk.

Science, 16:391-94 (Oviposition, hibernation of eggs, etc.)

The Salt Marsh Mosquito Culex sollicitans Walk.
N. J. Agric. Hxp. Sta. Spec. Bul. T, p.1-10 (Summary account of
life history and methods of control)

Weeks, H. C., Davenport, C. B., Lutz, F. E. & Shaler, N: S. North
Shore Improvement Association, reports on plans for the extermina-
tion of mosquitos on the North Shore of Long Island between
Hempstead Harbor and Cold Spring Harbor, p.1-124. (Detailed
reports on the practical work, with discussions of important
species )

Adams, C. F. Dipterological Contributions. Univ. Kan. Sci. Bul. 2,
p.25-27 (Descriptions of Culex affinis, C. apicalis and
C. particeps)

Aldrich, J. M. Do We Know Culex consobrinus? Can.
Ent. 35:208-10: (Discussion of identity)

Chambers, W. W. Mosquito Extermination on North Shore of Long
Island, p.1-22 (Local observations and method of control)

Coquillet, D. W. Culex consobrinus Again. Can. Ent. 35:218
(Synonymy )

378 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

1903 Four New Species of Culex. Can. Hnt. 35: 255-57 (Culex
eantator, C. aurifer, C. nanus and C. discolor
described )

1903 EHucorethra, a Genus of Culicidae. Can. Ent. 35 :272.

1903 A New Culicid Genus Related to Corethra. Can. Hnt. 35:

i 189-90 (Sayomyia proposed and Corethra cinetipes
described )

1903 A New Anopheles with Unspotted Wings. Can. Hnt. 35:310

(Anopheles barberi described)
1908 Dyar, H. G Culex restuans Theo. Ent. News, 14:41-42
(Description of adult, early stages, habits) ;

19038 Tilustrations of the Larvae of North American Culicidae—
Ill. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 11: 23-27 (Larvae of the following are
described: Culex taeniorhynchus, C. nigritulus,
C. consobrinus, Cy traseriatws, (OC. sremimtermand
Cc. bimaculatus)

1903 Notes on Mosquitos in New Hampshire. Ent. Soc. Wash.

Proc. 5: 140-48 (Notes on the followimg species: Anopheles
punetipennis, A. maculipennis, Culex eGana-
densis, CC. reptans,; ©. can ta nis) i@ s/s yalivieisitcases
©. territans, €. triseriatus,-C.. melanie tsar
dyari, ©. restuwans, @2 pipiens: (Cea co panne
Cc. pPertwurbans; —Co sSollicita ns. UW) ramonware meine
sapphirina, Aedes fuscus, with table for separation
of the species and illustrations of the labial plates of larvae)

1903 Felt, E. P. Mosquitos. N. Y. State Mus. Cir. p.1-8 (Brief summarized
account )

1903 Harris, H. F. The Hggs of Psorophora eiliata. Wnt.
News, 14 :232-33

1903 Herrick, G. W. The Relation of Malaria to Agriculture and Other
Industries of the South. Pop. Sci. Mo. 52:521—25 (Heonomic losses
occasioned by malaria)

1903 Johannsen, 0. S. Culicinae. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 68, p.388-429.
(Also published separately, Aug. 11, 1903. Detailed systematic
accounts of the following genera and species: Corethra, C.
appendiculata, C. plumicornis, C. punctipennis,
C.trivittata, C. albipes; Corethrella, C. brakeleya,
Pelorempis, P. americana; Anopheles, A. puncti-
pennis, A. maculipennis; Psorophora and Culex, with
a table for separation of larvae, ©. restuans, C. pipiens,
OO. Cantanms, OC. sy lwestris, | (Ciera sie anaes
Aedes, A. fuscus, A. Smithii, Uranotaenia and U. sap-¥
phirina) 4

1908 Morgan, H. A. & Dupree, J. W. Development and Hibernation of ©
Mosquitos. U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 40, n.s. p.88—92.

1903 Mosquito Extermination in Practice. DLawrence, L. I. Bd Health. —
Rep’t, p.1-42 (Discussion of conditions and practical methods of ~

controlling, with special mention of Culex sollicitaniss Ces
pipiens and Anopheles) 4

1903 Pettit, R. H. Mosquitos and Other Insects of the eae 1902. Michi-
gan Bd. Agric. 42d Rep’t of Secretary, p.252-63 (General observa-
tions with list of native species and discussion of general re
pressive measures, with notice of a fungous disease)

1903

1904

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 379

Robinson, W. F. Study of the Mosquito Pest in Hlizabeth N. J.
p.1-15 (Report of practical operations with notes on the following
species: Culex canadensis, C. cantans, C. ter-
Litans, GC. pungens, C. pipiens, C. sylvestris,
C. sollicitans, Psorophora ciliata and Ano-
pheles punectipennis)

Smith, J. B. Concerning Mosquito Migrations. Science, 18: 761-64
(Migratory powers of C. sollicitans and C. cantator
with mention of related species)

Contribution Toward a Knowledge of the Life History of

Culex sollicitans. Psyche, 10: 1-6 (Detailed account with

illustrations of all stages)

Mosquitocides for Mosquitos. U. 8. Dep’t Agric. Diy. Ent.

Bul. 40, n.s. p.96—-108.

Notes on Culex serratus Theob. and its Harly Stages.

Hnt. News, 14: 809-11.

Report on the Mosquito Investigations. N. J. Agric. Exp.
Sta. Ent. Div. Rep’t, 1902. p.511-93 (General account of work
with special reference to C. sollicitans and Anopheles)

Snow, F. H. Preliminary List of the Diptera of Kansas. Univ. Kan.
Sci. Bul. 2, p.211-12 (List of Culicidae)

Theobald, F. V. A Monograph of the Culicidae or Mosquitos. 3:1-
359 (Supplementary to preceding volumes)

Notes on Culicidae and their Larvae from Pecos, New
Mexico, and Description of a New Grabhamia. Can. Wnt. 35:311-16
(Notes on Theobaldia incidens, Culex kelloggii,
Cc. consobrinus, Grabhamia ecurriei and G. vit-
tata, the latter described, the larva figured, together with the
larva of C. kelloggii)

Underwood, W. L. A New Mosquito. Science, 18:182-84 (Notes on
the larva of Hucorethra underwoodi)

Mosquitos and Suggestions for their Wxtermination. Pop.
Sei. Mo. 53 :453-66 (Brief general account, with mention of various
species, particularly Anopheles maculipennis, Ste-
OMI ~NeL LeEGeuawel, Cwiles SOMME iMms Chal I WEG=
rethra underwoodi)

Weeks, H. C. Some Practical Suggestions on Mosquito Hxtermina-
tion in New Jersey. Reprint from Med. News, Mar. 7, 1903, p.1—-17.

Summary Report on the Sanitary-economic Improvement of

the Southern Part of the Borough of Brooklyn, p.1—24.

The Concurrence of the Anopheles Mosquito and Malaria.
N. Y. State Jour. Med. 3:272-75.

Coquillett, W. F. Notes on Culex nigritulus. MHnt. News,
15:738-74 (C. salinarius proposed)

Several New Diptera from North America. Can. Ent. 36:

10-11 (Culex dupreei and Conchyliastes varipes

described )

New North American Diptera, family Culicidae. Ent. Soe. of
Wash. Proc. 6:166-69 (Taeniorhynchus nigricans, T.
Siem pennis., Culex nivitarsis and ©. pullatus
described, the first from Panama, the second from Mexico)

Dyar, H. G. Notes on the Mosquitos of British Columbia. Ent. Soe.
Wash. Proce. 6:37-41 (Biologic notes on the following species:

380

1904.

1904

1904.

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Culeximpiger, C. cantans, ©. reptans, ©. cama-
denisis, Coimerdens!) Cy pune tor. (Cr ss ylagelsistaase
GC. varipalpus, C. territans, ©. dyari, © tarsalis
C. perturbans, ©. curriei) €. spen cermin C eam.
sobrinus, Anopheles maculipennis, Aedes
fuseus)

Notes on the Mesquitos of British Columbia; continued

@orethra velutina, \Sayomyia triyvittabta sand

EHEucorethra underwoodi)

The Life History of Culex cantans Meig. [C. vittatus] N. Y.

Wnt. Soe. Jour. 12 :36—-38.

The Life History of Culex varipalpus Coquillett. N. Y. Ent.

Soc. Jour. 12 :90-99.

Brief Notes on Mosquito Larvae. N. Y. Ent. Soe. Jour.

12:172-74 (Notes on the following species: Culex dyari,

Oo HuieGoihons, OL evieteee Oo Gdisgec@lor, Jnw-

thinosoma musicum, C. salinarius, C. vitta-

tus, C. cantans and C. reptans)

Larva of Culex punctor Kirby with Notes on an
Allied Form. N. Y. Hnt. Soc. Jour. 12:169-71 (Description of
larva of Culex punetor Kirby and early stages of ©.
trichurus Dyar)

Dyar, H. G. & Knab, Frederick. Diverse Mosquito Larvae that Pro-
duce Similar Adults. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 6:148-44 (Obserya-
tions on differences in larvae referred to Culex cantans,
C. restuans and C. impiger recorded)

Felt, E. P. & Young, D. B. Importance of Isolated Rearings from
Culicid Larvae. Science, 20:312-13 (Brief description of larvae and
adults of the following new species: Culex cinereobore-
alis, ©. lazarenSis, C.abserratus and C. fitchid

Herrick, G. W. Notes on the Life History of Grabhamia
jamaicensis. Wnt. News, 15:81-84.

Johnson, C. W. Supplementary List of the Diptera of New Jersey.
Wnt. News, 15:157-58 (List of Culicidae)

Knab, Frederick. The Epistomal Appendages of Mosquito Larvae.
N. Y. Ent. Soe. Jour. 12 :175-77.

Ludlow, C. S. Mosquito Notes No. 2. Can. Ent. 36:297-3801
(Mimomyia chamberlaini and Myzomyia rossi
var. indefinita described)

Smith, J. B. Notes on the Life History of Culex dupreei Coq.
Ent. News, 15:49-51 (Observations with illustrations of all stages)

Notes on Scme Mosquito Larvae Found in New Jersey. Hnt.

News, 15:145-52 (Larvae of the following are described and

ficured: @ulex trivittatus, ©. discolor, ©. auriter

and Anopheles erucians)

The Common Mosquitos of New Jersey. N. J. Agric. Exp.

Sta. p.1—40 (Brief, general account with illustrations of Culex

pipiens, ©. restuans, C. sollicitans, Cy. taenrvo-—

rh ynehius."C.earmt a tion. C lyst lain a eis) Cle Ga mnrannase

C.territans, C.sylvesthis, C.canadensis, Anoph-

eles maculipennis, A. punctipennis, A. eru-

cians and Psorophora ciliata. A table for the sepa-

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 381

ration of the species occurring in the state and of certain larval
forms is also given)

1904 MM Report on the Mosquito Investigation. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rep’t.
Ent. Dep’t, 1903, p.645-59 (Summarized statement of work to-
gether with list of species taken in the state)

1904 Snow, F. H. List of Diptera. Univ. Kan. Sci. Bul. 2, p.341 (List
of Kansas Culicidae)

1904 Theobald, F. V. Mosquito Annoyance at Woodford (Hssex) and
Elsewhere. 2d Rep’t on Economic Zoology, p.2-16 (Observations
on various mosquitos, specially Theobaldia annulata
Meig., with illustrations of pupa and larva of the latter

1904 Van Dine, D. L. Mosquitos in Hawaii. Agr. Exp. Sta. of Haw. Bul.
6, p.1-30 (Common Hawaiian forms, Culex pipiens, Ste-
gomyia fasciata and S. seutellaris treated, with
discussion of control) “

1904 Wesche, W. The Mouth-parts of the Nematocera and their Relation
to the other Families in Diptera. Roy. Micro. Soc. Jour. p.31, 33,
35-36 (Discussion with illustrations of the mouth parts of various
mosquitos )

1904. First General Convention to Consider the Questions Involved in Mos-
quito Extermination. Proc. Dec. 16, 1908, p.1—84.

The following is a list of the important papers:

Smith, J. B. How a State Appropriation May Be Spent, p.13-15.

Kerr, W. C. What a Rural Community Can Do, p.16-18.

Howard, L. O. The World-wide Crusade, p.19-21.

Matheson, W. J. Does Extermination Exterminate Mosquitos? p.21-24.

Claflin, John. Remarks upon Extermination Work at Morristown, N. J., p.24-25.

Bailhache, P. W. The Extermination and Exclusion of Mosquitos From Our Public
Institutions, p.27-30.

Perry, J. C. Government Anti-Mosquito Work, p.31-33.

Lederle, E. J. The Sphere of Health Departments, p.34-35.

Berkeley, W. N. The Exactness of Proofs of Transmission of Malaria by Mos-
quitos, p.35-39. .

Miller, Spencer. The Long Distance Theory, p.42-44.

Whitney, Milton. Value of Reclaimed Swamp Lands for Agricultural Uses, p.46-48.

Gorgas, W. C. Anti-Mosquito Work in Hayana, p.48-50.

Cravath, P. D. How the Law Should Aid, p.50-51.

Felt, E. P. New York State’s Part in Mosquito Extermination, p.52-55.

Beach, F. C. What the General Government Should Do, p.55-56.

Weeks, H. C. Mosquito Engineering, p.59-61.

ADDENDUM
Culex abfitchii n. sp.

Larvae of this species were taken in some numbers at Karner
N. Y. in early May, in association with those of C. fitchii,
which latter they closely resemble in gereral form and structure
but may be separated therefrom by the one or two isolated pecten
teeth on the air tube, and by the large apical spine of the comb
scales being from one half to two thirds the length of the entire
structure [pl. 41, 48, fig. 3, 4]. This is the larva which Messrs
Dyar and Knab consider the normal form of Culex cantans
Meig. [Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 6:143]. This species proved diffi-
cult to rear, though a number of larvae were obtained.

382 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

EXPLANATION OF PLATES?

Plate 1
1 Female wing of Anopheles punctipennis. x21
Female wing of A. punctipennis var. x21
Male wing of A. punctipennis var. x21

-Female wing of A. maculipennis. x21
Male wing of A. maculipennis. x2

om 09

Plate 2
Female wing of Psorophora Ciliata. x11
Male wing of P. ciliata. x14 ;
Female wing of Janthinosoma musica. x21
Female wing of Culex fitchii. x21

mw be

Plate 3
1 Male wing of Culex fitchii. x21
2 Female wing of C. cantans. x21
o Male wing of C. cantans. x21
4 Female wing of C. sylvestris. x21
5 Male wing of C. sylvestris. x21

Plate 4
1 Female wing of Culex cantator. x21
2 Male wing of C. cantator. x21
3 Female wing of C. sollicitans. x21
4 Male wing of C. sollicitans. x21
5 Female wing of C. taeniorhynechus. x21

Plate 5
Male wing of Culex taeniorhynechus. x 21
Female wing of C. onondagensis. x21
Male wing of C. canadensis. x21
Female wing of C. canadensis. x21
Female wing of C. atropalpus. x21

or WN Fe

Plate 6
Male wing of Culex atropalpus. x21
Female wing of C. territans. x21

1Reproduced from author’s photomicrographs of balsam mounts prepared

by D. B. Young. ‘

3
A
5

BP OD eH

m oO bo

oF OD eH

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE

Male wing of C. territans. x21
Female wing of C. lazarengsis. x21
Male wing of C. lazarensis. x21

Plate 7

Female wing of Culex cinereoborealis. x21
Male wing of C. cinereoborealis. x21
Hemale wing of .C. impiger. x21

Male wing of C. impiger. x21

Plate 8
Female wing of Culex absobrinus. x20
Male wing of C. absobrinus. x21
Female wing of C. magnipennis. x20
Male wing of C. magnipennis. x21

Plate 9

Portion of female wing of Culex consobrinus.

(From photograph of an unmounted wing)
Female wing of C. restuans. x21
Male wing of C. restuans. x21
Female wing of C. pipiens. x21
Male wing of C. pipiens. x21

Plate 10

Male wing of Culex dyari. x21
Wing of C. abserratus. x21
Female wing of C. salinarius. x21
Male wing of C. salinarius. x21
Female wing of C. triseriatus. x21

Plate 11

Female wing of Culex aurifer. x21
Malerwineg, of OF awrifer.. x21

Female wing of Taeniorhynchus perturbans.

4 Female wing of Aedes fuscus. x21
® Male wing of A. fuscus. x21

383

384 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ,

8 Plate 12
1 Male wingof Uranotaenia sapphirina. x30.
2 Female wing of Eucorethra underwoodi. x8
Male wing of E.underwoodi. x13
Female wing of Sayomyia trivittata. x21

Plate 13

Male wing of Sayomyia trivittata. x21

LO oe

Ss
Female wing of S. rotundifolia. x21
3 Male wing of S. rotundifolia. x21
4 Female wingof S.hudsoni. x21

5 Male wing of S. hudsoni. x21

Plate 14
1 Portion! of female wing of Anopheles punctipennis.
xeluli() .
Portion of male wing of A. punctipennis. x110
3 Portion of female wing of A. maculipennis. x110
4 Portion of male wing of A. maculipennis. x110

iw)

Plate 15
Portion of female wing of Psorophora ciliata. x110
Portion of female wingofJanthinosoma musica. xll10
Portion of female wing of Culex fitehii. x110
Portion of male wing of C. fitchii. x110

H oo W

Plate 16
1 Portion of femaie wing of Culex cantans. x110
2 Portion of male wing of C. cantans. x110
3 Portion of female wing of C. sylvestris. x110
4 Portion of male wing of C. sylvestris. x110

et)

Plate 17
1 Portion of female wing of Culex cantator. x110
2 Portion of male wing of ©. cantator. x110
3 Portion of female wing of C. onondagensis. x110
4 Portion of female wing of C. sollicitans. x110

*The region of the cross veins is the part selected in all cases where not

otherwise stated. .

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 385

Plate 18

1 Portion of male wing of Culex sollicitans. x110

2 Portion of female wing of C. taeniorhynchus. x110
3 Portion of male wing of C. taeniorhynchus. x110
4 Portion of female wing of C. canadensis. x110

Plate 19

1 Portion of male wing of Culex canadensis. x110
2 Portion of female wing of C. atropalpus. x110

3 Portion of male wing of C. atropalpus. x110

4 Portion of female wing of C. territans. x110

Plate 20

Portion of male wing of Culex territans. x110
Portion of female wing of C. lazarensis. x110
Portion of male wing of C. lazarensis. x110
Portion of male wing of C. cinereoborealis. x110

mown

Plate 21

J Portion of female wing of Culex cinereoborealis.
x 110

2 Portion of female wing of C.impiger. x110

4 Portion of male wing of C. dyari. x110

Plate 22

1 Portion of female wing of Culex absobrinus. x110
2.Portion of male wing of C. absobrinus. x110
3 Portion of female wing of C. magnipennis. x110

Plate 23

Portion of male wing of Culex magnipennis. x110
Portion of female wing of C. restuans. x110

Portion of male wing of C. restuans. x110

Portion of female wing of C. pipiens. x110

Hm OF b> He

Plate 24

1 Portion of male wing of Culex pipiens. x110
2 Portion of female wing of C. abserratus. x110

386 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

3 Portion of female wing of C. salinarius. x110
4 Portion of male wing of C. salinarius. x110

Plate 25

i Portion of female wing of Culex triseriatus. x110-

2 Portion of female wing of C. aurifer. x110

3 Portion of male wing of C. aurifer. x110

4 Portion of wing fringe of female Anopheles maculi-
pensis. x110

Plate 26

1 Portion of female wing fringe of Culex cinereoborea-
lis. x110

Portion of female wing fringe of C. pipiens. x110

Portion of female wing of Taeniorhyncechus pertur-
bans. x110

4 Portion of female wing of Aedes fuscus. x110

>)
a!
D)
oO

Plate 27

1 Portion of male wing of Aedes fuscus. x110

2 Portion of female wing of Uranotaenia sapphirina.
x 110

3 Portion of fifth longitudinal vein of female wing of U. sap-
phirina, x 110, showing the orbicular finely striated violet
scales

4 Portion of female wing of Corethra lintneri. x110

Plate 28

1 Portion of female wing of Corethra cinctipes. x110

2 Portion of female wing of Eucorethra underwoodi.
x 110

3 Portion of female wing of Sayomyiatrivittata. x110

4 Portion of female wing ofS. hudsoni. x110

Plate 29

1 Male genitalia of Anopheles punctipennis. x110
2 Male genitalia of A. maculipennis. x110
"

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 387

Plate 30
“1 Male genitalia of Psorophora ciliata. x55
2 Male genitalia of Culex cantans. x80
Plate 31
1 Male genitalia of Culex sylvestris. x110
2 Male genitalia of C. cantator. x110
Plate 32

Male genitalia of Culex sollicitans. x110
2 Male genitalia of C. atropalpus. x110

Plate 33

Male genitalia of Culex taeniorhynchus. x110
2 Male genitalia of C. aurifer. x80

Plate 34
1 Male genitalia of Culex territans. x110
Appendages of basal segment of clasp of C.territans.
x 240
& Male genitalia of C. canadensis. x110

Plate 35

1 Male genitalia of Culex dyari. x110

2 Male genitalia of C. lazarensis. x110
Plate 36

1 Male genitalia of Culex impiger. x110

2 Male genitalia of C. cinereoborealis. x80
Plate 37

1 Male genitalia of Culex absobrinus. x65
Male genitalia of C. magnipennis. x65

Plate 38

1 Male genitalia of Culex restuans. x110
2 Appendages of basal segment of clasp of C. restuans.
x 240

388 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

3 Male genitalia of C. pipiens. x80

4 Male genitalia of C. pipiens, showing dissected clasp.
x 110

Appendages of basal segment of clasp of C. pipiens. x240

Plate 39
Male genitalia of Culex salinarius. x110
Appendages of basal segment of clasp of C. salinarius.
x 240
3 Male genitalia of Aedes fuscus. x110

bo oH

4 Male genitalia of HEucorethra underwoodi. x55

Plate 40

1 Male genitalia of Sayomyia hudsoni. x110
2 Male genitalia of S. rotundifolia. x110

Plate 41
Air tube of Psorophora ciliata. x30
Air tube of Culex fitehii. x55
Air tube of C. abfitehir: x55
Air tube of C. cantans. x55

Hm GS BO pu

Plate 42

Air tube of Culex taeniorhynchus. x45 -
Air tube of C. gollicitans. x45

I EUDe ROL Ae se clammetea) One nme! 3

Air tube of C. canadensis... x45

Air tube of C. sylvestris. x45

Ol FP oe be
>
—
—

Plate 43
Anes tube of (Ci l-eyx mts) emer exec
2 Aur tube) of C4 lalzia, Mems si xed
3 Air tube of Aedes fuscus. x45
4 Air tube of Culex dyari. x45
5 Air tube of C. salinarius. x45
6 Air tube of C. territans. x45

Plate 44
1 Air tube of Culex pipiens. SG HD

2
3
m
5

Saar wnwer P® ¢ MS

aD OFF &D DE oo

Co bh)

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 389

Air tube of C. Jamaicensis. x25
Air tube of C. restuans. x45
Air tube of C. serratus. x55
Air tube of C. atropalpus. x80

Plate 45

Air tube of Culex cinereoborealis. x55
Air tube of C. abserratus. x45

Air tube of C. magnipennis. x45

Air tube of C. absobrinus. x45

Plate 46

Air tube of Culex melanurus. x45

Air tube of Uranotaenia sapphirina. x30
Air tube of Culex dupreei. x45

mirwiupe of © discolor. x45

Air tube of ©. aurifer. x45

Air tube of C. triseriatus. x45

Plate 47

Larva of Sayomyia hudsoni. x9 (Reproduced from
photomicrograph by Joseph McKay, Troy)

Air sack of S. albipes. x110

Air tube of Eucorethra underwoodi. x21

Plate 48

Comb of Anopheles punctipennis. x110
Comb of A. maculipennis. xi10

Comb of Culex fitchii. x110

Comb ol Cre ajo fant ¢ hat. x LLG

Comb of C. discolor. x110

Comb of C. melanurus. x110

Comb of Uranotaenia sapphirina. x110

Plate 49
Comb of Culex sylvestris. x110
Comb of C.cantator. x 240
Comb of C. ?cantans. x 240

390 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Plate. 50

1 Comb of Culex cantans, normal form about Albany.
x 240

2 Comb of C. canadensis. x 240

3 Comb of C. sollicitans. x 240

Plate 51

1 Comb of Culex magnipennis. x 240
2 Comb of C.-absobrinus. x240
38 Comb of C. lazarensis. x 240

Plate 52

1 Comb of Culex impiger. x110

2 Comb of C. aurifer. x110

3 Comb of Aedes fuseus, x110, portion of one scale
sketched in

4 Comb of Culex serratus. x110

5 Comb of C. cinereoborealis. x110 f

Plate 53

1 Comb of Culex taeniorhynchus. x 240
2 Comb of C. restuans. x 240

3 Comb of C. pipiens. x 240

4 Comb of C. salinarius. x 240

5 Comb of C. triseriatus. x 240

6 Comb of C. dupreei. x110

Plate 54

1 Comb of Culex dyari. x 220
2 Comb of C. atropalpus. x 240

Plate 55

1 Labial plate of Culex cinereoborealis larva. x 220
2 Labial plate of C. magnipennis larva. x 220

3 Labial plate of C. atropalpus larva. x 220

4 Labial plate of C. dyari larva. x 220

5 Labial plate of C. aurifer larva. x 220
5

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 391

Plate 56
‘1 Male genitalia of Janthinosoma musica. x110
2 Male genitalia of Culex jamaicensis. x110
Plate 57

1 Male genitalia of Culex melanurus. x110
2 Male genitalia of C. triseriatus. x110

bet tell
ae tact 4

Nemes ns

WNL)

NAN

1-3 Anopheles punctipennis. 4,5 A.

Ug Mi . yee mee

i Bo Witenes
‘ i ea SGM eae ‘
ny J neal aaa
; ( . Testes oak
: i rv

Se ree ef

Eh pad Nepe senses a

amen ne aad ad

P; PRWe TE Mt

PS SS =
_ S

1,2 Psorophora ciliata. 3 Janthinosoma musica
? ae (UN Ose niEeini nh

Plate 3

saga we ernie a ee ? Rr Opes

rar: sonoma aa

Ul Qwiless Wiens Pye} Oo Calmisel we, 20a; on Sylvestris

Plate

Se 3
hie hanna, NPAT

a , pa —-—

ee eee oe

USER ER

HA Owilese Ceiniveii@ic, Goel Cl SGiiienta me
5 C. taeniorhynchus

Plate

= = eR
Senet a
gen

TPP rrr ry |

It Cwles GASmIORM ymeinns, ® C. onondagensis
3,4 C. canadensis. 5 GC. atropalpus

2,
‘ Wess
Seg .
Metra ;

Sted F

Plate 6

wean LE %
B = Teo ~~

_ RE ye
—_ ’

SS
ll

aS —
ESS
PERS

ee etaacmeae ee

= — = Se eee Da OEP
< —- ;

ne BON I Oo
i x Tenia

1 Culex atropalpus. 2, 3 ©. territans. 4,5 GC. lazarensis

Plate 7

es ea ale poe
: saa
SEs, 9 pi te rs

WW Gy
phi? Wp

4 TTT

i; 2 Culex cCinereoborealis. 3,4 C. impiger

— = ee

cancel So -—- Saati od

i Cupless aibisio br ings | 354. (@. magnipennis

Plate 9

Rare 2 enausasens a
> Se 2

eae: Eee eee ee eT j
"7 oe EPP ee re Ek ees:

er Ss am nmry eet

1 Culex consobrinus. 2,3 C. restuans. 4,5 C. pipiens

7 ya ae bei ie ie eenlealeome | 2 d
qe Lats Tae ae vA Ui
TNT RG Aen eek IW EOE He MRE a
erat eset i E ae. <
; (ahy pe ee 7 : we
; oe a ,
/
ore,
$ *
; %y ;
» ei
yi
; 3
‘
\
i! ¢
Bits
hi
‘ \
s ;
j
yi a ,
bi
fees."

SASS

Plate 10

eee

1 Culex dyari.

2G. abserratus

3,4 C. salinarius
5 C. triseriatus

Plate 11

——
Si -- 2 SE SE SOL ot,
te tae ee a 2

SNS SYST Se cepts meer

Sa ea

2 sat 8
>. en ~
aes

SSSI
PZT

1,2 Culex aurifer. 38 Taeniorhynchus perturbans

4,5 Aedes fuseus

Plate 12

Winihth iif

1 Sun

1 Uranotaenia sapphirina. 2,3 Eucorethra under-
woodi. 4 Sayomyia trivittata

a oir

cre

en
ee
cere

Hida A i
IEMA

Pe any
NNW aH

ANIA \
AWW TTALUDAMANIMAAN Ws

eT
AA

ANY)

SAYA

IN ATA

SA t

1 Sayomyia trivittata. 2,3 S.
4,5 S. hudsoni

oe
——

aay a

rotundifolia

Plate 14 i

1,2 Anopheles punctipennis. 3,4 A. maculipennis

Plate 15

Pie aes
Sey

Rian

y
*

Janthinosoma musica

1 Psorophora ciliata.

3,4 Culex fitchii

ant ee
Fi

Plate 16

sylvestris

3,4 C.

cantans.

1,2 Culex

rane

‘i i Z
Ae,
*
f rT 5! z * plse see V
t a
'
had

Plate 17

5 46 OG S@iilnewp alin s

Sl:

eantator. 38 C. onondagen

2 C.

Sis,

Plate 18

Re spew
Steck

itans. 2,3 C. taeniorhynebhus.
4 C. canadensis

Plate 19

territans

4 C.

‘1 Culex canadensis.

Plate 20

1 GCwlex trerritAams, 28 Co lagaremgus,
4 C. ¢inereoborealis

A
: «
’
1
*

Plate 21

dyari

4 C.

impiger.

Culex cinereoborealis.

Plate 22

3
1,2 C. absobrinus. 8 C. magnipennis

j ' j To. He eva
re ‘ HL saamewrd ee gad eae yl retool ace a le com ae a a
sed aa a Es i y ete
¢ ' :
, s , & 4 ria te
5 Te t hia
2 ey
* ot .
= f re E, ay
OT af - hb hb
. rt
‘ “ S : ‘
4 é
4 ares a
M
r v a
‘ ‘ yee
i &
3 7
} 4 fH)
‘ . AE Y
.
‘ ij ’ :
4
s Y ™ Finca
a 4 f }
G Ass ‘ $ . ‘
\ ! we E ;
‘ ,
x * ‘ se 1
f .
4 - k F:
. i Binet Et

es a
a ee ae

Plate 25

4
1 Culex triseriatus. 2,3 C. aurifer. 4 Anopheles

maculipennis

Plate 26

Culex cinereoborealis. 2 C. pipiens. 38 Taeniorhyn-
ehus perturbans. 4 Aedes fusecus

Plate 27

apphi

a s

anotaen
4 Corethra lintneri

fuse

1 Aede

Plate 28

1 Corethra cinctipes. 2 Hucorethra underwoodi.
& Sayomyia trivittata. 4 S. hudsoni

ney Boe ee be

arene

‘
o

Plate 29

a Sie 2 SE
Gi: IPGL PIER
tice

1 Anopheles punctipennis. 2 A. maculipennis

Plate 30

1 Psorophora ciliata. 2 Culex cantans

ay hus ‘
Fe J. ce i cat ,
eo ¥ ny, shige
hays 7? ul Tite ae a
LN et Byles
; ; ; Seay. eee
Of ’ - < nl o
ui i : “
i E # ‘ ial
h 2
’ ee.
f ‘
i
:
L peat
) ,
-. yf 7 <
{ -
J
Cia , é
y
.
i
2
: \
i
‘
ee ‘
OG

Plate 31

INCulex sylvestris, 20, Canmtator

Plate 32

i Culex Sollicitanis: —2(Cy atro pa lps

Te ae ee

ay 7a

Plate 33

1 Culex taeniorhynchus. 2 C. aurifer

: te \
1
*
¢
‘
*

Plate 34

canadensis

territans. 8 C.

Culex

1,2

Plate 35

Il Gwwlexs diyniwn, Y Cy lawawreim aie

Plate 36

9
a

1 Culex impiger. 2 C. cinereoborealis

Plate 37

1 Culex absobrinus. 2 @. magnipennis

Hasan eel
ene

Plate 38

1,2 Gwmilex PeSttaAms, sey Co ipliplems

FpooOMIapun BIGLOIOING F “‘snosnj sapay @ ‘sntavut[es xetno zt
: . ’

CITOJIPUNnIOI “§ J ‘tUoOsSpny VIAMIOABD T

OF 93¥%Id POLS ete RS ee Nee

Plate 41

abfitehii

3 C.

2 Culex fitchii.

1 Psorophora ciliata.

ecantans

4. @.

Plate 42

Wee
~Y ean
4

1 Culex taeniorhynehus. 2 GQ.
tator. 4 C. canadensis

Plate 43

1 Culex impiger. 2 G.

lazarensis.
45 G, Gliyeiien, & Oy

3 Aedes fuseus
salinarius.

6 ©. territans

Plate 44

1 Cwlex MiMieMms, 2 O JAmaAICeMmsis, B Co Pasi wemeE
4 C. serratus. 5 C. atropalpus

Plate 45

= —

“SS tn
Near nnee scinims staat a “

mag-

Gig

2
o

abserratus.

absobrinus

2
42 (Ole

1 Culex ecinereoborealis.

nipennis.

Plate 46

1Culex melanurus. 2Uranotaenia sapphirina. 3C. du-
DEceneye4eChnd usicolor. wo1C., Aut ter., 6 Cy trasernivat ws

Plate 47

tSayomyia hudsoni. 2S. albipes. 3 Eucorethra
underwoodi

Plate 48

1 Anopheles punctipennis. 2 A. maculipennis. 8 Cu-
Rerxeniniieniniinn 410). sab te ihe line Cerda s color. 16 ©) mela n-
urus. 7 Uranotaenia sapphirina

Plate 49

1 GCwilex sylvestris, @ CG, CaAmrAaror, 8 Cy 7 GCAmirams

Plate 50

I Gwlex camrams, 2 CC. cawmaAcemsig, & CG S@lilielirsams

1 Culex magnipennis.

Plate 51

absobrinus.

cde

elec

Plate 52

inf)

5 C. cinereoborealis

serratus.

fuscus.

Aedes

aurifer.

(1b,

impig

1 Culex

€G 981d

Plate 54

atropalpus

74 (Oe

1 Culex dyari.

Plate 55

Su, fr.

ie Culex Gunie reo borealius, 2°. maanipenm is

2 Of GiEmoOpaAllows, 45 Cs Giveiei, SB Oh puede

Plate 56

1 Janthinosoma musica. 2 Culex jamaicensis

ana
Muy

' Plate 57

1 QCwlex melamumrenms, BCG, Erpreegrinrms

MOSQUITOS OR GULICIDAB Ol’ NEW YORK STATE 3914

APPENDIX
GENERIC REVISION OF CULICIDAE

Our knowledge of Culicidae has progressed so rapidly that our
American species are sadly confused, and this opportunity is
taken of presenting briefly the results of our taxonomic studies.

ANOPHELINAE

Anopheles. Palpi long in both sexes. Wings usually spotted
and thickly clothed with lanceolate scales. First and second
longitudinal veins extending beyond the cross veins into the basal
cells. Apical clasp segment of male genitalia evenly curved and
with an inconspicuous terminal spine. Harpes and harpagones
small. Larva with very short air tube and consolidated comb.
Species, punctipennis Savy, maculipennis Meig. and

crucians Wied.
CULICINAE

Psorophora. Petioles of female wing about two thirds the length
of fork cells. Posterior cross vein less than its own length
from mid cross vein. Lateral scales remarkably distinct; vein
scales long, rather broad. Male wing sparsely clothed with
scales; petioles about equal in length to their respective fork
cells, posterior cross vein less than its own length from mid cross
vein. Terminal clasp segment of male genitalia strongly curved and
armed with stout spines, basal portion stout. Harpes strongly
curved with subapical, faleate organ and terminated by a tuft of
loose filaments. Harpagones stout, with several apical teeth.
Larva with few comb scales arranged in a semicircle; anteriorly,
many minute, smaller, comblike organs, larger comb scales with
spatulate base, a large median tooth and conspicuous lateral ones.
Species, ciliata Abr.

Janthinosoma. Female. Petioles of fork cells about one half
the length of their respective cells. Posterior cross vein less
than its own length from mid cross vein. Lateral scales of wing
broad, well separated from the broadly triangular, closely
appressed vein scales. Male. Petioles about equal to their
respective fork cells. Posterior cross vein about its own length
from mid cross vein. Lateral scales broad, well separated from
the rather broad, closely appressed vein scales. Terminal clasp

3916 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

segment of male genitalia greatly dilated. Harpes enormously
prolonged, tipped with peculiar disklike organs; harpagones
rather prominent. Larvae with comb scales few, spatulate, each
with a large central tooth and prominent lateral ones. Species, -
musica Say. . 3 |

Grabhamia. Male. Petioles of fork cells about equal in length
to their respective cells. Posterior cross vein remote from
mid cross vein. Vein scales rather short, broad. Apical clasp seg-
ment of male genitalia broadly dilated; claspette represented by
a prominent spined basal lobe and a membranous apical one.
Harpes short, curved; harpagones inconspicuous. Larval comb
scales few, spatulate, each with a large central tooth and promi-
nent lateral ones. Type, jamaicensis Theo. species,
discolor Coq. |

Culicelsa n. gen.. Petiole of anterior fork cell of female wing
about one half its length. Posterior cross vein more than its own
length from mid cross vein. Linear scales well separated from the
subtriangular, appressed vein scales. Petiole of fork cell in male
about two thirds its length. Terminal clasp segment of male
genitalia swollen at base. Harpes with a peculiar retrorse spine.
Larva with short air tube, the comb composed of numerous, spatu-
late, spined scales. Type, taeniorhynchus Wied., species,
aurifer Cog.

Culicada n. gen. Petiole of first fork cell of female wing nearly
equal in length to that of the cell. Posterior cross vein about its
own length from mid cross vein. Long scales distinct or shading
with the closely appressed, usually thick vein scales. Petiole of
first fork cell in male equal in length to that of the cell, posterior
cross vein about its own length from mid cross vein. Terminal
clasp segment of male genitalia well developed with long apical
spine. Claspette usually represented by well defined, apical anid
basal lobes. Harpes well developed, usually long and varying in
shape. Larva with good sized air tube and variable comb scales.
Type,. canadensis Theo, species, cantans Meig.,
cantator Cog, sollicitans Walk., onondagensis
Felt, atropalpus Coq., triseriatus Say, and prob-
ably trivittatus Coq. Also, though possibly constituting
a subgenus: cinereoborealis Felt & Young, impiger
Walk. lazarensis Felt & Young, pullatus Goq.,

MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 391e¢

abserratus Felt & Young, dupreei Coq., and probably
squamiger Cog. fitchii Felt & Young and abfitchii
Felt. : bee

Ecculex n.gen. Petiole of anterior fork cell of female wing
about one half its length. Posterior cross vein more than its
length from mid cross vein. Lateral scales long, well separated
from the closely appressed, broad vein scales. Terminal clasp seg-
ment of male genitalia with subapical spine. Claspette a rather
conspicuous basai lobe. Harpes broad, with recurved, terminal
spine; harpagones terminated by three long, recurved spines.
Larva with well developed air tube, comb scales with spatulate
base and stout, terminal spine. Type, sylvestris Theo.,
species, melanurus Coq.

Culicella n. gen. Petiole of anterior fork cell of female wing
about two thirds its length. Posterior cross vein about its own
length from mid cross vein. Lateral vein scales well defined.
Petiole of anterior fork cell in male equal or longer than its cell,
posterior cross vein less than its own length from mid cross vein.
Terminal clasp segment of male genitalia slender, slightly curved,
with small apical spine. Claspette a large basal lobe with promi-
nent chitinous spine. Larva with very long air tube and with a
large comb consisting of linear, ciliated scales. Type, dyari
Coq.

Culiseta n.gen. Petiole of anterior fork cell of female wing
about one half its length. Posterior cross vein less than its own
length from mid cross vein. Scales very large, lateral ones
slender, linear; vein scales closely appressed, frequently elon-
gated. Male wing with petiole of first fork call one half to two
thirds the length of the cell and the posterior cross vein about its
own length from mid cross vein. Basal clasp segment of male
genitalia triangular, apical segment slender, nearly straight.
Claspette represented by a conspicuous basal lobe with one or
more large, chitinous spines. Harpagones recurved, with several
apical teeth. Larvae with pecten prolonged into setae and with
stout, spined comb scales. Type, absobrinus Felt, species,
mMagnipennis Felt and probably incidens Thom.

Taeniorhynchus. Petiole of first fork cell of female wing about
two thirds the length of the cell. Posterior cross vein several
times its length from mid cross vein. Wings thickly clothed with

391d NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

conspicuous dilated scales. Terminal clasp segment of male geni-
talia slightly swollen. Claspette a conspicuous basal lobe bearing
a stout, apical spine. Harpes strongly curved and bearing a
series of stout teeth. Species, perturbans Walk.

Stegomyia. We have had no opportunity of studying either
larvae or adults of 8S. signifer Cogq., the only species liable to
occur in New York State. Judging from descriptions and a print
of the male genitalia kindly sent us by Dr Dyar, it probably be-
longs close to Taeniorhynchus: .

Culex. Petioles of fork cells of female wing short, that of the
anterior one seventh to about one fifth the length of its cell. Pos-
terior cross vein more than its own length from mid cross vein,
lateral scales linear, well defined; vein scales broadly rounded,
closely appréssed. Petiole of anterior fork cell in male about one
third its length. Lateral scales well marked but more sparse than ~
in the other sex. Claspette represented by a prominent tuft of
chitinous spines and frequently by a dilated, spatulate organ at
the apical third and a rather inconspicuous prominence near the —
base of the clasp. Larvae with very long air tube bearing incon-
spicuous basal pecten, and with comb composed of about 50
minute, ciliated scales. Type, pipieus Linn., species; sali-
narius Cog, restuans Theo. andterritans Walk.

Protoculex n.gen. Petiole of anterior fork cell of female wing
about one half the length of the cell. Posterior cross vein more
than its own length from mid cross vein. The long lateral scales ©
well separated from the appressed vein scales. Petiole of anterior
fork cell of the male about equal in length to that of the cell.
Terminal clasp segment of male genitalia slender, curved, with
stout apical spine. Claspette represented by a conspicuous basal
spine-bearing lobe and a longer terminal one. Harpes broadly —
dilated at base, slender apically; harpagones with recurved apical
spine. Larva with medium air tube, comb consisting of a few
spinelike scales. Type, serratus Theo.

AEDEOMYINAE
Uranotaenia. Petiole of anterior fork cell of female wing ex-
ceedingly long. Posterior cross vein scarcely its length from mid
cross vein. Wings remarkable on account of the varied character
of the scales. Terminal clasp segment of male genitalia straight,

. MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE o9le

tapering to an obscure point, basal portion stout. Larva with a

small, slightly curved, subcylindric air tube, and comb consisting

of a few simple spines attached to the posterior margin of a

chitinous plate. Species, sapphirina O.S8.

_ Aedes. Petiole of first fork cell of female wing about two thirds

the length of the cell. Posterior cross vein several times its length

from mid cross vein. Lateral scales very distinct from the closely

appressed, rather broad vein scales. Male wing nearly the same

except for its scantier clothing. Terminal clasp segment of male
genitalia subapical with a subapical spine and conspicuous basal

lobe. Harpes and harpagones relatively inconspicuous. Larva’
with moderate sized air tube and comb composed of a few spine-

like scales. Species, fuscous O.S.

Wyeomyia. Petiole of first fork cell of female wing nearly one
half the length of the cell. Posterior cross vein about its own
length from mid cross vein. Lateral scales very distinct from the
rather closely appressed broad vein scales. Terminal clasp seg-
ment of male genitalia an irregular, semitransparent, trifid, spined
structure. Larva with large setae irregularly disposed on the
moderate sized air tube, and the comb composed of a few spinelike
scales bordered by a transparent, serrate margin. Species,
smithii Cog.

CORETHRINAE

Sayomyia. Petiole of anterior fork cell of female wing about
as long as the cell. Posterior cross vein about its length from
mid cross vein. Veins rather thickly clothed with almost linear
scales. Terminal clasp segment of male genitalia rather slender,
tapering, with long apical spine. Harpes and harpagones incon-
Spicuous. Larva predaceous, with pigmented air sacs in thoracic
and eighth abdominal segments; no air tube. Species, puncti-
pennis Say, trivittata Loew. albipes Johns.
rotundifolia Felt, americana Johns, hudsoni
Felt.

Eucorethra. Petiole of anterior fork cell of female wing about
two thirds the length of ‘the cell, cross veins interstitial or nearly
so. Vein scales thick, almost linear. Terminal clasp segment of
male genitalia stout, slighty curved, with small apical Spine;

3917 NEW YORK SLATE MUSEUM

basal clasp segment stout. Harpes inconspicuous, broadly
dilated. Type, underwoodi Undw.

Corethra. Petiole of anterior fork cell of female wing about
one third the length of cell. Posterior cross vein its own length
or more from mid cross vein. Wing scales linear. Terminal
clasp segment of male genitalia long, slender, with small apical
spine; basal segment simple. Harpes and harpagones retracted.
Larva predaceous, with small air tube and air reservoirs in the
thoracic and seventh abdominal segment. Species, karner-
ensis Felt, lintneri Felt, cinctipes Coq.

Corethrella. This genus is similar to Sayomyia and Corethra,
but differs from both in having the antennae fully covered with
hairs and the apical joint shorter than the intermediate ones. The
larva is said to resemble that of Corethra much more closely than
that of Sayomia. Species, brakeleyi Coq.

ERRATA

P. 339, line 16, for “Aedomyniae” read ‘“‘Aedeomyinae.”

INDEX

The superior figures tell the exact place on the page in ninths; e. g. 378°
means page 378 beginning in the third ninth of the page, i. e. about one

third of the way down.
are printed in black face type.

Abfitchii, Culex, see Culex abfitchii.
abserratus, Culex, see Culex abser-
ratus.
absobrinus, Culex, see Culex abso-
brinus.
Adams, C. F., cited, 377’.
Aedeomyinae, 264°, 339°;
genera, 339°.
Aedes, 247°, 265°, 265, 339°, 3787.
fuscus, 280°, 284°, 2851, 2927, 3041,
316', 317’, 3397-40°, 374°, 376°,
878°, 378’, 380", facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 383°, 386°,
388%, 388°, 390+.
figures, 340.
sapphirina, 374°.
smithii, 340°, 3411, 375°, 376', 377°,
378".
affinis, Culex, 377.

key to

albipes, Corethra, 378°.
albipes, Sayomyia, see Sayomyia
albipes. |
Aldrich, J. M., cited, 377’. |
americana, Pelorempis, 378°. |
americana, Sayomyia, see Sayomyia
americana.
annulata, Theobaldia, 381’.
annulatus, Culex, see Culex annula-
tus.
Anopheles, 248°, 252°-55°, 258°, 2597, |
262°, 265°, 266'-70°, 338°, 375°,
Diy Glisy Bitsy ars Bie
figures, 258, 254, 268.
barberi, 377°.
crucians, 246%,

2'70', 3767, 380°.

380°.

Page numbers referring to descriptions of species

Anopheles eiseni, 376°.
maculipennis, 246°, 266°, 2677-69°,
270°, 374, 375°, 376", 378°, 378°,
379°, 3801, 380°, facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 3827, 384°,
386°, 386°, 389".
punctipennis, 246°, 2531; 266*-67°,
270°, 824", 383°, 374°, 376’, 378°,
378°, 378°, 380°, facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 382', 384’,
386°, 389°.
figures, 266, 267.
Anophelinae, 264°, 266'-70°.
apicalis, Culex, 377’.
appendiculata, Corethra, 378°.
Aquatic insects, enemies of mosqui-
tos, 256°.
atropalpus, Culex, see Culex atro-
palpus.
aurifer, Culex, see Culex aurifer.

Bailhache, P. W., cited, 381°.

barberi, Anopheles, 377°.

Barlow, mentioned, 257°.

Bats, natural enemies of mosquitos,
Dates

Beach, F. C., cited, 381’.

Berkeley, W. N., cited, 376’, 381°

Bibliography, 374°-81°.

Big wood mosquito, 276°%-77'.

bimaculatus, Culex, 376*, 378°.

Birds, natural enemies of mosquitos,
2571; infected with malaria by
mosquito bites, 375°.

Black mosquito, little, 307*-9°.

Brakeley, J. Turner, cited, 327°, 336°,
346°.

394

brakeleyi, Corethra, 376°, 376°, 377%.

brakeleyi, Corethrella, 338°,346°-47%,
378°.

Brown salt-marsh mosquito, 293%-
94.

Brown wood mosquito, 284°-89°.

canadensis, Culex, see Culex cana-
densis.
cantans, Culex, see Culex cantans.
eantator, Culex, see Culex cantator.
chamberlaini, Mimomyia, 380".
Chambers, W. W., cited, 376°, 377°.
ciliata, Psorophora, see Psorophoia
ciliata.
einctipes,
cinctipes.
cinereoborealis, Culex, see Culex cin-
ereoborealis.
Claflin, John, cited, 381°.
Cobbett, Louis, cited, 375°.
Conchyliastes musicus, 3876’.
varipes, 379%.
confinis, Culex,
consobrinus,
sobrinus.
Coquillett, D. W., acknowledgments

Corethra, see Corethia

278? 302%, 377°.
Culex, see Culex con-

to, 242°; cited, 303°, 306’, 326%, 332°,
338°, 338°, 341°, 346°, 356°, 875°, 3875",
Bios AV aren

Corethra, 248%, 262°, 265°, 3457, 345°,

3477-57', 378°.

albipes, 378°.
appendiculata, 378°.
brakeleyi, 376°, 376°, 377%.
cinctipes, 3567-574, 377°.

explanation of plate, 386’.
figure, 356.
euliciformis, 348°.
karnerensis 2. sp., 34'7°-53°.
figures, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352
lintneri 7. sp., 330, 353*-56".
explanation of plate, 386°.
figures, 358, 354, 355.
pallida, 374°.
plumicornis, 374°, 378°.
punctipennis, 378°.
trivittata, 376°, 378°
velutina, 347°, 3807.

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Corethrella, 265*, 345°, 345°, 346+-47+,
876°, 378°.
brakeleyi, 338°, 346°-47*, 378°.
Corethrinae, 264°, 345+-74°; key to
genera, 345°. ,

Cravath, P. D., cited, 381%

crucians, Anopheles, see Anopheles

crucians.

Culex, 262°, 265%, 271", 2777-337, 378°;
figures, 253, 254; key for de-
termining females, 277°-79°; key
for determining larvae, 279°-81°.

abfitchii, 381°.
explanation of plates, 388°, 389°.
abserratus, 278°, 280°, 329-327,
358°, 380°, facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 3837, 385°,
389°.
figures, 329, 380, 331.
absobrinus 7. sp., 2787, 2807, 318%-
22%, 325', facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 383%, 385’,

887°, 389%, 390°.
figures, 319, 320, 321.

affinis, 3777.

annulatus, 278°, 303', 374°, 376°.

apicalis, 377’.

atropalpus, 278%, 279%, 280°, 303°,
305°-6°, 376°, 376°, 8777, 378,
380°.

explanation of plates, 382°, 385°.
3887, 389°, 390°, 390°.
aurifer, ‘9798, PASE, BIT,
3775, 380°, 3805.
explanation of plates, 383°, 386°.
8874, 389°, 390%, 390°.
bimaculatus, 376*, 378°.
canadensis, 250%, 278°, 280°, 284°,
2851, 2864, 292°, 303*-4%, 305%,
306%, 315°, 316°, 3371, 339°, 376%,
BTS BI etsy Gls Bie, Stl)
facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 3825, 3857,
887°, 3887, 390°.
cantans, 277, 280°, 284°,
289°, 2937, 295°, 303°, 315°, 316°-
IA 3242 339%, S(Oe oti elon
8785, 378°, 379°, 3807, 380%, 380°,
. 380°, 381°, facing p.264.

336'-37%,

284°-89%,

Culex

» INDEX TO MOSQUITOS OF NEW YORK

explanation of
384", 387, 388°,

-cantans,
plates, 382°,
389°, 390".

figures, 282, 284, 285,

288.
cantator, 2487, 248", 255", 277°, 2814,
293°-94, 377%, 379°, 380°, fac-
ing p.264.:
explanation of plates, 382°, 384°,
3877, 388", 389°.
cinereoborealis, 278°, 280°, 284°,
2851, 3044, 312+-16°, 3171, 324%,
3307, 3a, 308°, 880°, facing
p.264.

explanation of plates, 383°, 385°,

386°, 3877, 389°, 390°, 390°.

figures, 312, 3138, 314, 315, 316.
confinis, 278°, 302°, 377°.
consobrinus, 316°, 318°, 318°, 377%,

377°, 378°, 379°, 380".
explanation of plate. 383°.
curriei, 375‘, 380".
discolor, 278', 279°, 297'-98', 377%,
380°, 380°.

explanation of plates, 389* 389°.

dupreei, 279°, 280°, 3345-35°, 379°,
380".
explanation of plates, 389+ 3907.
dyari, 278'*, 278°, 279°, 281°, 306°-
7, 316%, 376°, 878°, 379°, 380°.
explanation of plates, 383’, 385°,
387°, 388°, 390° 390°.
fasciatus, 338°.
fatigans, 300".
fitchii, 277°, 279°, 281°-84%, 380°.

286, 287,

explanation of plates, 382%, 384°, |

388°, 389".
figures, 282, 283.
fletcheri, 376’.
hyemalis, 374°
impiger, 278°, 280°, 284°, 2857, 304},
315°, 316°-18°, 329%, 339°, 3401,
379°, 380°, facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 383*, 385°,
387", 388°, 390+.
figures, 316, 317, 318.
incidens, 379°.
jamaicensis, 278', 279°, 290?, 298°-
301’, 306".

Culex jamaicensis,

395

explanation of
plates, 3897, 3917.
figures, 298, 299, 300.
kelloggii, 379+.
lazarensis, 278°, 281+, 3097-119,
330', 358°, 380°, facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 3831, 385%,
387°, 388°, 390°.
figures, 310, 311.
Magnipennis 1. sp., 278",
322°-25', facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 3831, 385’,
385°, 3875, 389°, 390%, 390°.
melanurus, 279°, 337°, 376°,
378. :
explanation of plates, 889%, 389°,
age: ,
nanus, 378".
nemorosus, 278°, 312°, 332%, 374°.
nigripes, 317°, 317°, 318°.
nigritulus, 332°, 3777, 3787, 379%.
nivitarsis, 379°.
onondagensis 7. sp., 278*, 304°-5°.
explanation of plates, 3825, 384°.
particeps, 377%.
perturbans, 377°, 378°, 380".
Pipiens, 2487, 2507, 255°, 258°, 260°,
2TS, 209°) 2812) 8092) 3264 3267,
827, 328'-29°, 332°, 333°, 376°,
316", 378°, 378°, 378%, 3718, 380%,
381°, facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 383°, 385°,
386%, 3881, 388°, 390°.
figures, 250, 251, 328.
pullatus, 379°.
punetor, 379°, 380*.
pungens, 345°, 375*, 375°, 376+, 3777, -
378°.
quadrivittatus, 376°.
reptans, 378%, 379°, 380%.
restuans, 278°, 279°, 325'-27°, 376°,
BY(TEs Billet) Giltsey Bikey Gislks ate.
facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 383°, 385°,
881°, 389, 390°.
figures, 308, 326, 327.
salinarius, 278°, 279°,
379", 380°, 380°.
explanation of plates, 383’, 386+,
3887, 388°, 390°.

280",

376",

332°-33',

396

Culex serratus, 279°, 2797, 2807, 3291,
334’, 334°, 379°.
explanation of plates, 3891, 390°.
signifer, 375°, 378°.
sollicitans, 248°, 248", 250°, 2597,
ZT AUS) SG PERE ZEB,
294°-97*, 300°, 301°, 302°, 302°,
B24 eRe, BES Sy Bie, Bove,
SE OIS Oto, DLS hoe tos
379°, 379°, 880°, facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 382°, 384°,
385", 387°, 288°, 390°.
figures, 294, 295.
spencerii, 380".
squamiger, 277', 281°, 376%.
stimulans, 284’, 290'.
sylvestris, 250, 277°, 280%, 284%,
289°-937, 293', 298°, 306%, 324",
339°, 3401, 3765, 38777, 378%, 378°,
378°, 379°, 380°, facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 382°, 384",
38877, 388", 389°.
figures, 285, 290, 291.
taeniorhynchus, 278%, 2797, 293°,
294°, 295%, 301°-2°, 376, 377,
3787, 380°, facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 382", 385,
38877, 388°, 390°.
figure, 301.
tarsalis, 375°, 379°.
territans, 278°, 279°, 306°, 3077-95,
Bye Toh antl (tay aitsiy Bary, BIG
380°, facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 382°, 383".
385°, 8854, 387°, 388".
figures, 307, 308.
trichurus, 380+.
triseriatus, 279°, 280°, 335°-36',
Soy BT, Bitsy ais, Sis.
explanation of plates, 3835, 386°,
389°, 390°, 3917.
trivittatus, 279', 280°, 333+, 376°,
380°.
varipalpus, 376°, 379°, 380”.
vexans, 2901.
vittatus, 380°.
Culicid genitalia, table facing p.264.
Culicidae, 260'-64°; key to subfami-
lies, 264°.

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

culiciformis, Corethra, 348°.
culiciformis, Mochlonyx, 348‘, 874%,
BTA.

Culicinae, 264°, 2717-339°.

culicis, Empusa, 257+.

eurriei, Culex, 375’, 380+.

curriei, Grabhamia, 379%.

Davenport, C. B., cited, 377°.

Davis, G. C., cited, 249%, 376°.

Diking, to destroy breeding places,
Zao

Dimmock, George, cited, 374", 374°.

discolor, Culex, see Culex discolor.

Diseases carried by mosquitos, 245%-
AT, 259°, 266", 874", 3875*, 875", 375°,
Siisr., SU, sens

Dragon flies, natural enemies of
mosquitos, 256°, 2577, 374°.

' Drainage aS a method of control,

2447, 2588, 259°-60?.
Dupree, J. W., cited, 378".
dupreei, Culex, see Culex dupreei.
Dyar, H. G., acknowledgments to,

242*, cited, 250°, 250°, 269*, 270',
280, 2887, 289%, 290° 2927) 2928
293°, 298°, 301°, 302%, 3037, 304°,
306', 306°, 306°, 306%, 807%, 308%,
308°, 309°, 326°, 327, 327°, 327,
328°, 3367, 836°, 336°, 3377, 337°,
338%, 338°, 339°, 341°, 345', 360°,

361°, 368°, 3755, 376°, 3781, 379°-80*,
381%.
dyari, Culex, see Culex dyari.

eiseni, Anopheles, 376°.

Hmpusa culicis, 257%.
papilata, 257°.

Entomophthora n. sp. 257°.
spaerosperma, 257+.

Hucalyptus, value of in warding off
mosquitos, 375".

Eucorethra, 265°, 345’, 345°, 357+60°,

377’.
underwoodi, 330', 345°, 353°, 357°-

60°, 379°, 379°, 380°, facing
p.264. :

explanation of plates, 384°, 386°,
388', 389°.

figure, 358.

Explanation of plates, 382-90.

INDEX TO MOSQUITOS OF NEW YORK

397

fasciata, Stegomyia, see Stegomyia | Janthinosoma, 2712, 271°

fasciata.

fasciatus, Culex, 338°.

fatigans, Culex, 300".

Felt, E. P., cited, 378*, 380°, 3817.

Ficalbi, Eugenio, cited, 303°, 375°.

Filariasis, carried by mosquitos,
2AT?.

Finlay, Dr, cited, 246°.

Fish, natural enemies of mosquitos,
256°, 2591, 260°.

Fitch, Asa, cited, 374°.

fitchii, Culex, see Culex fitchii.

fletcheri, Culex, 376+.

Fungus diseases, mosquitos attacked
LON ZS either

fuscus, Aedes, see Aedes fuscus.

Giant mosquito, 272'-76".

‘Giles, G. M., cited, 290°, 303%, 348%,
S75

Gorgas, W. C., cited, 281°

Grabham, Dr, cited, 30°.

‘Grabhamia curriei, 379%.
jamaicensis, 380°.
vittata, 379%.

Harris, El." EX,
cited, 378+.

Herrick, G. W., cited, 300', 300°,
300°, 3017, 378°, 380°.

House mosquito, 328'-29°.

Howard, L. O., acknowledgments to,
242%, cited, 253°, 254°, 2577, 259%,
2602, 269%, 269%, 275% 27172) 2891,
BBs, Sle, alles Biles Salat) BEY
344°, 375", 375°, 375%, 381°.

howardii, Psorophora, 3757.

Hudson, G. H., cited, 305°.

hudsoni, Sayomyia, see Sayomyia
hudsoni.

hyemalis, Culex, 374°.

mentioned, 276°:

impiger, Culex, see Culex impiger.

incidens, Culex, 379°.

incidens, Theobaldia, 379%.

jamaicensis, Culex, see Culex
jamaicensis.

jamaicensis, Grabhamia, 380°.

musica, 2765-777, 380°.
explanation of plates, 382*, 384°,
3912
figures, 273, 276.

Johannsen, O. S., cited, 267%, 2845,
Dike DUNS oA Bar awMory Saar
340°, 341°, 3467, 346°, 357’, 3687,
368°, 370°, 378°.

Johnson, C. W., cited, 380°.

karnerensis, Corethra, see Corethra
karnerensis.

* kelloggii, Culex, 379*.

Kerosene, treating surface of breed-
ing places with, 259'; device for
catching mosquitos, 259°; and
mutton tallow to protect animals
from mosquitos, 375°.

Kerr, W. C., cited, 381°.

Key to subfamilies of Culicidae,
2645; generic, of culicid larvae,
265'; to genera of Culicinae, 2715;
for determining females of the
genus Culex, 277°-79°; for deter-
mining Culex larvae, 279?-81°; to
genera of Aedeomyinae, 839°; to
genera of Corethrinae, 345°.

King, A. IF’. A., cited, 374’.

Knab, Frederick, cited, 3804, 380°,
381°.

Koebele, cited, 256°.

Lamborn, R. H., cited, 374°.

Larvae, 250°; generic key, 265.

lazarensis, Culex, see Culex laza-
rensis.

Lederle, E. J., cited, 381°.

Lindsley, J. G., cited, 257°.

Lintner, J. A., cited, 375°.

lintneri, Corethra, see
lintneri.

Lockhead, W., cited, 376°.

Ludlow, C. S., cited, 303°, 376%, 3807.

Lugger, Otto, cited, 375°.

Lutz, F. E., cited, 376°, 377°.

Corethra

McDonald, Ian, cited, 375*.
maculipennis, Anopheles, see Anoph-
eles maculipennis.

398

magnipennis, Culex, see Culex mag-
nipennis.

Malaria, carried by mosquitos, 2467,
2661, 374’, 375*, 375’, 375°, 378, 379",
381°; birds infected with, 375°.

Marlatt, C. L., cited, 328°.

Matheson, W. J., cited, 381°.

Megarhinus rutila, 375’.

Meinert, F. V. A., specimens sent by,
348*, 368'; acknowledgments to,
370°; cited 374", 374°.

melanurus, Culex, see Culex melanu-
rus,

Miller, Spencer, cited, 381°.

Mimomyia chamberlaini, 380".

Mochlonyx culiciformis, 348*, 374%,
374’.

Morgan, H. A., cited, 376°, 3787.

Mosquitos, adult, 247°-48*; areas fa-
vorable to production of, 244';
methods of collecting and breed-
ing, 2517-527; methods of control,
244°, 258'-60", 3751, 375°, 375°, 376°,
ae, Sit (ars SiG ease Bree
381*; destruction of semidomestic
species, 258°-59°; as carriers of
disease, 245°-47°, 259°, 2661, 374’,
By Oly Bi ellen Busty Brel?
distribution and abundance, 247°;
eggs, 250'; natural enemies, 256°-
57°, 260°.. figure showing parts
used in classification, 261; haunts
and breeding places, 252'-56+; hi-
bernation, 249%, 378’; larvae, 250°;
larval keys,; 2651, 279%; liffe
history, 249°-51'; migratory habits,
248°, 376°, 379'; number of species,
243'; pupae, 2511; salt marsh and
wild, 255'-56*, 259°-607; wild, 259°-
60"; wing structure, 262°.

Murray, C. H., cited, 374°.

musica, Janthinosoma, see Janthino-
soma musica.

musicus, Conchyliastes, 3771.

Mutton tallow, to protect animals
from mosquitos, 3757.

Myzomyia rossi var. indefinita, 380".

nanus, Culex; 377°.
Natural enemies, 256°-57°, 260°.

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Needham, J. G., cited, 3597.

nemorosus, Culex, see Culex nemo-
rosus.

nigricans, Taeniorhynchus, 379°.

nigripes, Culex, 3177, 317°, 318”.

nigritulus, Culex, see Culex nigri-
tulus.

nivitarsis, Culex, 379°.

North Shore Improvement Associa-
tion, work of, 248%, 377°; reports,.
3768, 377°.

Nott, Josiah C., cited, 246".

Nuttall, G. H. I., cited, 254%, 375*,
375°.

onondagensis, Culex, see Culex
onondagensis.

Osborn, Herbert, cited, 375°.

Osten Sacken, C. R., cited, 361°, 363°,
374°.

Oviposition habits, 250'.

pallida, Corethra, 374°.
papilata, Hmpusa, 257°.
particeps, Culex, 377".
Pelorempis, 378°.
americana, 378°.
Perry, J. C., cited, 381°.
perturbans, Culex, 377’, 378%, 380".

| perturbans, Taeniorhynchus, 3397,

3835, 3861.
Petroleum, spraying breeding places.
with, 260%.
Pettit; Reo. cited) 2a 2orearenae
Phantom larvae, 360°-74,
pipiens, Culex, see Culex pipiens.
Plates, explanation of, 382-90.
plumicornis, Corethra, 374°, 378°.
plumicornis, Sayomyia, see Sayo-
myia plumicornis.
Psorophora, 265°, 271°, 378°.
Ciliata, 271%, 272'-'76", 378%, 378°,
380°, facing p.26A4.
explanation of plates, 382°, 384°,
3887, 388°.
figures, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276.
_ howardii, 375’.
pullatus, Culex, 379%.

| punctipennis, Anopheles, see Anoph-

eles punctipennis.

INDEX TO MOSQUITOS OF NEW YORK ~

punctipennis, Corethra, 378°.

punctipennis, Sayomyia, 361'.

punctor, Culex, 379°, 380%.

pungens, Culex, see Culex pungens.

Pyrethrum fumes for mosquitos,
259%, 375".

quadrivittatus, Culex, 376°.

Railway trains, mosquitoes conveyed
by, 249°, 296°.
Rain barrel mosquito, 328'-29°.
Remedies, 258*-60*, 375°, 375°, 376°,
BR, BE, Sn, Ss Bie Bree
8814,
breeding places, abolishing, 258°.
spraying with petroleum, 260%.
diking, 259°.
drainage, 244', 258°, 2595.
Huealyptus, 375*.
fish as enemies, 256°, 2591, 260°.
kerosene, 259', 259°, 375°.
mutton tallow and kerosene, 375°.
natural enemies, 256°-57°, 260°.
petroleum, 260°.
pyrethrum, 259°, 375.
screening dwellings, 2597.
reptans, Culex, 378°, 379°, 380°.
restuans, Culex, see Culex restuans.
Riley, C. V., cited, 375+.
Robinson, W. F., cited, 378°.
Ross, Ronald, cited, 375°, 375’, 376°.
rossi var. indefinita, Myzomyia, 380".
rotundifolia, Sayomyia,
myia rotundifolia.
rutila, Megarhinus, 3757.

salinarius, Culex, see Culex sali- |

narius.
Salmon, H. P., cited, 2577.
Salt marsh mosquitos, 255'-56*, 259%-
60%, 3772.
brown, 293°-947.
small, 301°%-2°.
unbanded, 332°-33+.
white banded, 294°-97%.
sapphirina, Aedes, 374°.
Sapphirina, Uranotaenia, see Urano-
taenia sapphirina.

see Sayo- |

399

Say, Thomas, cited, 277°.
Sayomyia, 248', 2628, 265°, 3457, 345°,
360-74, 377°:
albipes, 363°-66°.
explanation of plate, 389°.
figures, 364, 365.
americana, 368°-70°.
figures, 370.
facing

hudsoni 1. sp.,. 371'-74°,
p.264.
explanation of plates, 384°, 386%,

388*, 389°.
-figures, 371, 372.
plumicornis, 368".
figures, 369.
punctipennis, 3611. é
rotundifolia 1. sp., 366°-68°, facing
p.264.
explanation of plates, 384’, 388+.
trivittata, 361*-63°, 3807.
explanation of plates, 384?, 386°.
figures, 361, 362.
scutellaris, Stegomyia, 381°.
Seal, W. P., cited, 298°.
serratus, Culex, see Culex serratus.
Shaler, N. S., cited, 377°
Shipley, Arthur H., cited, 2547, 375°.
signifer, Culex, 375°, 3787.
signifer, Stegomyia, 3387-39°, 377".
Signipennis, Taeniorhynchus, 379%.
Small salt marsh mosquito, 301°%-2°.

Smith, J. B., cited, 248’, 249°, 270%,
PAGS) PASM PANO PASC ai Petey MSOs
ZONE 202") 2021 292 29320380
293°, 2957, 290°, 296, 297°, : 298%,
3007, 801°, 3027, 302°, 302°, 303°,
304, 304%, 304°, 308’, 308°, 309%,
a2", 332’, 332°, 33837, 333', 334,
334°, 334", 335°, 335°, 335%, 336%,
336°, 337, 339, 344°, 3467, 347,

BG, at les Eee, Bite ates
smithii, Aedes, see Aedes smithii.
Snow, I’. H., cited, 379°, 381".
sollicitans, Culex, see Culex sollici-

tans.
spaerosperma, Hntomophthora, 257*.
spencerii, Culex, 380°.
squamiger, Culex, 277’, 281°, 376%.

400 NEW YORK

Stegomyia, 265°, 2714, 2715, 3381-39+.
fasciata, 246°, 336°, 379°, 381°.
scutellaris, 381°.
signifer, 338°-39°, 377°.

stimulans, Culex, 2847, 290'.

Strangeways-Pigg, T., cited, 375°.

Swamp lands, near New York city,
244; need of general biologic sur-
vey, 245°.

Swamp mosquito, 289*-937.

sylvestris, Culex, see Culex sylves-
tris.

Taeniorhynchus, 271’.
nigricans, 379°.
perturbans, 339°.

_ explanation of plates, 383°, 386%.
signipennis, 379°.
taeniorhynchus, 3027.

taeniorhynchus, Culex,
taeniorhynchus.

tarsalis, Culex, 375°, 379°.

territans, Culex, see Culex territans.

Theobald, F. V., monograph by,
243°; cited, 263*, 269°, 277, 2848,
Yee 2658 RIA SO Ses aa
SI. 325°, 3215; 828) dec, oot,
344°, 3481, 376°, 379°, 381’.

Theobaldia annulata, 381°.
incidens, 379+.

trichurus, Culex, 380*.

triseriatus, Culex, see Culex triseri-
atus.

trivittata, Corethra, 376°, 378°.

trivittata, Sayomyia, see Sayomyia
trivittata.

trivittatus, Culex, see Culex trivit-
tatus.

Unbanded
332°-33%,

see Culex

Salt marsh mosquito,

STATH MUSEUM

Underwood, W. L., cited, 3597, 379%.
underwoodi, Eucorethra, see BWuco-
_rethra underwoodi.
-Uranotaenia, 262°, 265°, 338°, 3397,
341°-45*, 3787.
sapphirina, 342'-45*, 375%,
378°, 378’, facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 38f, 386%
389%, 389°.
igures, 342, 348, 344.

376"

Van Dine, D. L., cited, 381°.
varipalpus, Culex, 376%, 379°, 380°.
varipes, Conchyliastes, 379%.
velutina, Corethra, 347°, 3807.
vexans, Culex, 290".

Viereck, H. L., cited, 297°.

vittata, Grabhamia, 379%.

vittatus, Culex, 380°.

Walker, C. M.,
cited, 290".

Weeks, H. C., cited, 377°, 379°, 381%.

Weidemann, cited, 270+.

Wesche, W., cited, 381°.

field work, 242°;

| White banded salt marsh mosquito,

(2942-974,
White dotted mosquito, 3257-27°.
Whitney, Milton, cited, 381°
Wild mosquitos, 255'-56*, 259°-60". .
Woodland pool mosquito, 303%-4°.
Wright, M. J., cited, 3767.

| Yellow fever carried by mosquitos,

246°-47°. :

Young, D. B., acknowledgments to,
242°; keys prepared by, 271’, 277°;
cited, 380°.

University of the State of New York
New York State Museum

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4 54, V4 5,6 55, V.r 1253 eae 6 55) V-2
5 56, V.1 7-9 56, V.2 14 55, V.I 7 56, V.4
Eg 5,6 48, v.r Th, = 53, VI 5-18 56, V.3 Ms'a,,2) 2225) view
7 Soh Wax 4 54, V.I Bo 3 525 uVink
8 53, V.z 5-7 VES 4 Bayar Memoir
9 54, V.2 8 55) V.I 5 55) V.I
Io vas 9 56, V.3 6 56, V.4 ’ 2 49, V-3
II 56, V.r En 3 48, V.I Art 50, V.1 3,4 53) Ve2
M 2 56, V.r 4-6 52, V.r 2 Sy Wout

The figures in parenthesis indicate the bulletin’s number asa New York State Museum bulletin.

Geology. G1 (14) Kemp J. F. Geology of Moriah and Westport Town-
ships, Essex Co. N. Y., with notes on the iron mines. 38p. 7pl. 2 maps.
Sep. 1895. 0c.

G2 (19) Merrill, F: J. H. Guide to the Study of the Geological Collections
of the New York State Museum. 162p. 119pl. map. Nov. 1898. [50c]
New edition in preparation.

G3 (21) Kemp, J. F. Geology of the Lake Placid Region. 24p. 1pl. map.
Sep. 1808. 5c.

G4 (48) Woodworth, J. B. Pleistocene Geology of Nassau County and
Borough of Queens. 58p. il. opl. map. Dec. 1901. 25c.

G5 (56) Merrill, F: J. H. Description of the State Geologic Map of 1901.
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G6 Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Vicinity of Little Falls, Herkimer Co.
In press.

Woodworth, J. B. Pleistocene Geology of the Mooers Quadrangle. In
press. :

Ancient Water Levels of the Champlain and Hudson Valleys. In
press.

Cushing, H. P. Crystalline Rocks of the Northeastern Adirondacks. In
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. Ogilvie, I. H. Geology of the Paradox Lake Quadrangle. In press.

Kemp, J. F. Crystalline Rocks of Warren and Washington Counties. In
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Woodworth, J. B. Glacial Geology of New York. In preparation.

Economic geology. Egl (3) Smock, J: C. Building Stone in the State of
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Eg2 (7) First Report on the Iron Mines and Iron Ore Districts in
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Eg3 (10) Building Stone in New York. 210p. map, tab. Sep. 1890. 40c.

Eg4 (11) Merrill, F: J. H. Salt and Gypsum Industries of New York. gap.
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Eg? (17) —— Road Materials and Road Building in New York. 52p. 14pl.
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UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE (OF NEW YORK

Eg9 (35) Ries, Heinrich... Clays of New York; their Properties and Uses» -
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Mineralogy. M1(4) Nason, F. L... Some New York Minerals and_their
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V) M3 (70).—— New York. Mineral Localities. t1op. Sep. 1903. 20c.

Paleontology. Pal (34) Cumings; E..R. Lower Silurian System of East-
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Pa2 (39) Clarke, J: M.; Simpson, G: B. & Loomis, F: B. Paleontologic

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Contents: Clarke, J: M. x Remarkable Occurrence of Orthoceras in the Oneonta Beds of
the Chenango Valley, N

-—— Paropsonema cryptophya ; a Peculiar Echinoderm from the Intumescens-zone (Portage
Beds) of Western New York,

— Dictyonine Hexactinellid Sponges from the Upper Devonic of New York.

——The Water Biscuit of Squaw Island, Canandaigua Lake, N. Y

Simpson, G: B. Preliminary Descriptions of New Genera of Paleozoic Rugose Corals.

Loomis, F: B. Siluric Fungi from Western New York.

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Wood, Elvira. Marcellus Limestones of Lancaster, Erie Co. N. Y.
Clarke, J: M. New Agelacrinites
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“Pas (52) Clarke, J: M. Report of the State Paleontologist 1901. 280op. il.
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“Pa? (63) —— Stratigraphy of Canandaigua and Naples Quadrangles. 78p.
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See Ents.
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En9 (31) —— isth Report of the State Entomologist 1899. 128p. June
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En1l (37) —— Catalogue of Some of the More Important Injurious and

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il. 6pl. Aug. 1902. 30c.

En15 (57) ——- Elm Leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. 8pl. Aug.

LOO2s se:

Be ae 3
This is a revision of En, containing the more essential facts observed since that was prepared.

ee ee ee ee ;

Ce ay

UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK

* Enl6 (59) —— Grapevine Root Worm. 4op. 6pl. Dec. 1902. 15¢.
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’ Enl9 (72) Felt, E. P. Grapevine Root Worm. 58p. 13pl. Nov. 1903. 20c. —

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En21 (76) Felt, E. P. 19th Report of the State Entomologist 1903. 150p. 4pl.

a eLOO4:. | 15C:
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Needham, J. G. & others. May Flies and Midges of New York. In press.

Botany. Bol (2) Peck, C: H. Contributions to the Botany of the State of
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Bo2 (8) —— Boleti of the United States. 96p. Sep. 1889. [50c]

Bo3 (25) —— Report of the State Botanist 1898. 76p. spl. Oct. 1899.
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Dec. 1903. 360c.
Ar9 (78) —— History of the New York Iroquois. In press.
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Aboriginal Use of Wood in New York. In press.

Y Miscellaneous. Ms1 (62) Merrill, F: J. H. Directory of Natural History

Museums in United States and Canada. 236p. Ap. 1903. 3oc.

Ms2 (66) Ellis, Mary. Index to Publications of the New York State Natural
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Museum memoirs 188o-date. OQ.

1 Beecher, C: E. & Clarke, J: M. Development of some Silurian Brachi-
opoda. g6p. Spl. Oct. 1889. Out of print.

2 Hall, James & Clarke, J: M. Paleozoic Reticulate Sponges. 35o0p. il. 7opl.
1808. $1, cloth.

3 Clarke, J: M. Oriskany Fauna of Becraft Mountain, Columbia Co.
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‘

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oe oor 201 Ia ol ano per —

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QOS -£00T %
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A Miola 908 goer vgn A Ig Se
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PagOr lana li Gxer™ ato Y well to: sabioilud vo 20tinpeoly —— (@Y)

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Peart Of8r age aoe Bere batin Ud ork | to itelo€ (8) Sod @
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Ly okt a gales
- MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS
(continued)

4 Peck, C: H. N. Y. Edible Fungi, 1895-99. 106p. 25pl. Nov. 1900. 75¢.

‘This includes revised descriptions and illustrations of fungi reported in the goth, 51st and sed
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V5 Clarke, J: M. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. Guelph Formation and Fauna of

New York State. 1Q6p. atpl. July 1903. $1.50, cloth.

of Naples Fauna in Western New York. 268p. 26pl. map. $2, cloth.

7 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Graptolites of New York. Pt1 Graptolites of the
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Felt, E. P. Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees. Im press.

Clarke, J: M. Early Devonic of Eastern New York. In preparation.

Natural history of New York. 3ov. il. pl. maps. Q. - Albany 1842-94.

DIVISION I ZOOLOGY. De Kay, James E.. Zoology of New York; or, The
New York Fauna; comprising detailed descriptions of all the animals
hitherto observed within the State of New York with brief notices of
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Colored plates.

v.3 pt3 Reptiles and Amphibia. 7+o8p. ptq4 Fishes. 15+415p. 1842.
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v.4 Plates to accompany v. 3. Reptiles and Amphibia 23pl. Fishes 7gopl.
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ae copies with hand-colored plates.

y.5 pt5 Mollusca. 4+271Ip. 4opl. pt6 Crustacea. 7op. 13pl. 1843-44.
Hand-colored plates: pts-6 bound together.

DIVISION 2 BOTANY. Torrey, John. Flora of the State of New York; com-
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erto discovered in the State, with remarks on their economical and med-
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v.1 Flora of the State of New York. 12+484p. 72pl. 1843.

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y.2 Flora of the State of New York. 572p. 89pl. 1843.
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DIVISION 3 MINERALOGY. Beck, Lewis C. Mineralogy of New York; com-
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of New York, and notices of their uses in the arts and agriculture. il. pl.
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y.I ptr Economical Mineralogy. pt2 Descriptive Mineralogy. 24+536p.
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eee. additional to those printed as part of the text.

DIVISION 4 GEOLOGY. Mather, W: W.; Emmons, Ebenezer; Vanuxem, Lard-
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v. 2 ee Emmons, Ebenezer. Second Geological District. 10+437p. 17pl.
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v.4 pia Hall, James. Fourth Geological District. 22+683p. tIopl. map.

1843.

DIVISION 5 AGRICULTURE. Emmons, Ebenezer. Agriculture of New York;
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formations, together with a condensed view of the meteorology and agri-
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v. Se of the State, their Composition and Distribution. 11+371p. 21pl.
I

v. 2. Analysis of Soils, Plants, Cereals, etc. 8+343+46p. 42pl. 1840.

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. Se ne. ee
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v.5 Insects Injurious to Agriculture. 8+272p. 5opl. 1854.
With hand-colored plates.
DIVISION 6 PALEONTOLOGY. Hall, James. Palaeontology of New York. av: S&S
il. pl. sq. Q. Albany 1847-94. Bound in cloth. ¥
v.1 Organic Remains of the Lower Division of the New York ‘Systema
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v.3 Organic Remains of the Lower ae Group and the Oriska:
Sandstone. pti, text. . 12+532p. _ 1859. [$3.50]
—— pt2, 143pl. 1861. [$2.50]
v.4 Fossil Brachiopoda of the Upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Portageian
Chemung Groups. 11+1+428p. gopl. 1867. $2.50. 3
v.5 pti Lamellibranchiata 1. Monomyaria of the aces Heldeaaa
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Lamellibranchiata 2, Dimyaria of the Upper Helderberg, Ham- 5
ilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 62+293p. 51pl. 1885. $2.50. ’
—— pt2 Gasteropoda, Pteropoda and Cephalopoda of the Upper Helde -
berg, Hamilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 2v. 1879. v. 1, text. ~
- 15t492p. v. 2, 120pl. $2. 50 for 2 v.
v.6 Corals and Bryozoa_ of the Lower and Upper Helderberg and Hamil-
ton Groups. 24+208p.67pl. 1887. $2.50.
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Cont. supplement to v. 5, pt2. Pteropoda, Cephalopoda and Annelida
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v.8 pti Introduction to the Study of the Genera of the Paleozoic Brachi-
opoda. 16+367p. 44pl. 1892. $2.50. S
—— pt2 Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 16+394p. 84pl. 1894. $2.50.
Catalogue of the Cabinet of Natural History of the State of New York ant
the Historical and Antiquarian Collection annexed thereto. 242p. 0:4 4
1053. a
Handbooks 1803-date. 734x12% cm.

In quantities, x cent for each 16 pages or less. Single copies postpaid as below.

HS New York State Museum. 52p. il.

4C.
Outlines history and work of the museum with list of staff roo2.

H13 Paleontology. 12p. 2c. 4
Brief outline of State Museum work in paleontology under heads: Desnition; Raadiae to
biology; Relation to stratigraphy; History of paleontology in New York. 3

H15 Guide to Excursions in the Fossiliferous Rocks of New York. x
I24p. 8c. %
Itineraries of 32 trips covering nearly the entire\series of Paleozoic rocks, prepared coeciaiigl

for the use of teachers and students desiring to acquaint themselves more intimately with the

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H16 Entomology. 16p. 2c. = =)

H17 Economic Geology. 44p. 4c.

“H18 Insecticides and Fungicides. —2ep.. mo3E- :

EL9 Classification of New York Series “of Geologic Formations. 32p. 3¢.

Maps. » Merrill; F: J. H. Economic and Geologic Map of the State of New
York ; issuted-as part of Museum bulletin 15 and the 48th Museum Report, ~
v. I. ’ 59x67 cm. 1894. Scale 14 miles to 1 inch. Separate edition out of
rint.

ee Geologic Map of New York. 1901. Scale 5 miles to 1 inch. In atlas

form $3; mounted on rollers $5. Lower Hudsou sheet 6oc.

The ‘ower Hudson sheet, geologically colored, comprises Byrlend, Orange, Dutchess, Pu
nam, Westchester, New York, Richmond, Kings, Queens and Nassau counties, and parts of Sullivan, —
Ulster and Suffolk counties; ‘also northeastern New v Jersey and paft of western Connecticut.

Map of New York showing the Surface Configuration and Water Sheds. | ;
Toot. Scale 12 miles to I inch. T5c. ~
Clarke, J: M. & Luther, D. D. Geologic map of Canandaigua arid Naples

Quadrangles. 1904. 20¢.
Issued as part of Be leoutdlozy 7. ,

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