I\ic.\/k/ YOixK
botanical garden
Magnoliaceae
through
Ceratophyllaceae
of
New York State
Richard S. Mitchell
New York State Museum
Ernest O. Beal
Western Kentucky University
Contributions to a Flora of New York State II
Richard S. Mitchell, Editor
1979
Bulletin No. 435
New York State Museum
The University of the State of New York
THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Albany, New York 12230
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2017 with funding from
I MLS LG-70- 15-01 38- 15
https://archive.org/details/bulletinnewyorks4351 newy
Magnoliaceae
through
Ceratophyllaceae
of
New York State
Richard S. Mitchell
New York State Museum
Ernest O. Beal
Western Kentucky University
Contributions to a Flora of New York State II
Richard S. Mitchell, Editor
1979
Bulletin No. 435
New York State Museum
The University of the State of New York
THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Albany, New York 12230
THE UNIVERSITY OE THE STATE OF NEW YORK
Regents of The University (with years when terms expire)
1981 Theodore M. Black, A.B., Litt.D., LL.D., Pd.D., D.C.L.,
L.H.D. Chancellor Sands Point
1988 VUILLARD A. Genrich, LL.B., L.H.D., LL.D.
Vice Chancellor Buffalo
1986 Kenneth B. Clark. A.B., M.S., Ph.D., LL.D., L.H.D.,
D.Sc. Hastings
on Hudson
1983 Harold E. Newcomb. B.A. Owego
1982 Emlyn I. Griffith, A.B., J.D. Rome
1983 Mary Alice Kendall. B.S. Rochester
1984 Jorge L. Batista, B.A.. J.D.. LL.D. Bronx
1982 Louis E. Yavner, LL.B. New York
1986 Laura Bradley Chodos, B.A., M.A. Vischer Eerry
1980 Martin C. Barell. B.A.. LA., LL.B. Kings Point
1981 Joseph R. Bongiorno. B.S., M.D. Brooklyn
1984 Louise P. M.ATTEONI, B..\., M..^., Ph.D. Bayside
1981 J. Edward Meyer, B.A.. LL.B. Chappaqua
1985 Arlene B. Reed-Delaney. B.A., M.D. Albany
1987 R. Carlos Carballada. B.S. Arcade
President of The Lhiiversity and Commissioner of Education
Gordon M. Ambach
Executive Deputy Commissioner of Education
Joseph J. Blaney
Deputy Commissioner for Cultural Education
Robert J. Maurer
Assistant Commissioner, State Museum
Noel C. Eritzinger
Director, State Science Service
Hugo Jamnback
Chief, Biology Survey
Richard H. Monheimer
State Botanist
Richard S. Mitchell
PREFACE
OUR GOAL in producing this series is to present a useful and authoritative account of the plants
of New York State. This series of contributions is intended to reflect the knowledge and taxonomic
opinions of specialists who prepare the manuscripts, while following a generalized format for con-
sistency. Inclusion of ecological, distributional, medical and economic information on each species
is also one of our major aims. Habitat references, flowering times, pertinent synonymy, etc., apply
specifically to New York plants rather than to the entire ranges. Complete illustration should facili-
tate identification of specimens for those who are not formally trained in botany. Descriptions are
original, ordered and as complete as possible to provide sequential cross-referencing.
Distribution maps accompany species of seed plants, ferns, mosses, lichens and some groups of
fungi. These are plotted by counties to eliminate pinpointing endangered habitats, while offering
an accurate visual picture of past collecting. Maps are based on the master file at the New York
State Museum, Albany, and supplemented by available data (specimens examined by the authors)
from herbaria housing significant New York collections. Specific data or literature citations for any
map may be obtained, on approval, from the Museum.
We hope that these bulletins will serve individuals with interest in the flora, as well as to pro-
vide information for State and Federal agencies, conservation organizations, industry and the sci-
entific community. With these works go our hopes for the preservation and wise use of a precious
and lifegiving resource . . . our State’s plantlife.
Richard S. Mitchell, Editor
The New York State Flora Committee
The steering council of the New York State Flora Committee met for the first time on January
19, 1976, and established as its goals the promotion of study of the State’s plant resources and the
publication of this series of Museum Bulletins. These contributions will be continually updated
after publication for possible incorporation into larger volumes at a later date.
Members of the council at the time of this publication are:
Richard S. Mitchell, Chairman, State Botanist, N.Y. State Museum, Albany (Vascular Plants)
Charles J. Sheviak, Curator of Botany, N.Y. State Museum, Albany (Vascular Plants)
Robert T. Clausen, Cornell University, Ithaca (Vascular Plants)
Edwin H. Ketchledge, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse (Bryophytes)
Clark T. Rogerson, New York Botanical Garden, New York (Fungi)
George J. Schumacher, Biology Department, SUNY, Binghamton (Algae)
iii
CONTENTS
Page
Preface iii
The New York State Flora Committee iii
Acknowledgments v
Important Note v
Legend vi
Magnoliaeeae 1
Magnolia 1
Liriodendron 4
Annonaceae 6
Asimina 6
Cal yean thaceae 8
Cahjeanthus 8
Lauraceae 10
Lindera 10
Sassafras 12
Perse a 13
Saururaceae 14
Saururus 14
Aristolochiaceae 16
Asarum 16
Aristolochia 18
Nymphaeaceae 23
Nymphaea 23
Nuphar 25
Nelumbonaceae 29
Nelumbo 30
Cabombaceae 31
Cabotnba 31
Brasenia 33
Ceratophyllaceae 34
CeratophyUum 34
Appendix 1. (Associated Fungi) 37
Appendix II. (Associated Insects) 46
Bibliography 53
Index 62
IV
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The illustrations in this treatment are originals by Deborah Morrison. The appendices on insects
and fungi are the work of J. Kenneth Dean, with reviews by Timothy McCabe, Clark Rogerson
and John Haines, to whom we offer our thanks. Our special appreciation goes to Arthur Cronquist
for his comments on the manuscript. Thanks also to the members of the Steering Council of the
Flora Committee for review, and to Howard Pfeifer for special attention to the chapter on Aris-
tolochiaceae. We wish to express our sincere thanks to the staffs and curators of the following in-
stitutions for their complete cooperation and hospitality when we visited or borrowed their collec-
tions; the U.S. National Herbarium (US), the New York Botanical Gardens (NY), Cornell Univer-
sity (CU,BH), Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse (SYRF), Harvard University
(GH,NEBC), Brooklyn Botanical Gardens (BKL) and the Buffalo Academy of Sciences (BUF). Data
from the above collections were added to the master file at the New York State Museum, Albany
(NYS). This file was started by Homer D. House over 40 years ago and was largely produced and
maintained by Stanley J. Smith. Funding for illustration services: Albany County Department of
Employment and Training.
The classification system employed in this flora is that of Arthur Cronquist (1968), with modifica-
tions agreed upon through personal communication.
IMPORTANT NOTE
All economic uses, folklore, medical and pharmaceutical notes,
uses as foodstuffs, etc., are compiled from the literature and do
not represent an endorsement by the authors or the New York
State Museum. Some of the uses may, indeed, be dangerous if
incorrectly employed. Some are not effective and are presented
for historical interest only.
LEGEND
FOR ALL MAPS IN THIS PUBLICATION THE FOLLOWING
SYMBOLS APPLY;
Solid dot — specimen seen by author; data on file at the State Her-
barium (NYS)
Circle — Field observation with location data and observers name on file
(NYS)
Hollow triangle — Literature citation on file (NYS)
FOR ALL ILLUSTRATIONS IN THIS PUBLICATION THE
FOLLOWING LETTER-DESIGNATIONS APPLY:
A. Habit sketch
G. Inflorescence
B. Silhouette
H. Fruit section
C. Fruit or fruit cluster
J. Seed
D. Twig or winter branch
K. Rhizome
E. Bark/trunk
M. Leaf whorl
F. Flower
VI
Magnoliaceae (Magnolia Family)
The Magnoliaceae is a family of ancient lineage, comprising 12 genera and some 200 species. These are primarily
native to temperate and subtropical Asia and North America, but some range southward to Java and Brazil. Mem-
bers of Magnoliaceae are absent in Europe, Africa and Australia. Two species of Magnolia and one Liriodendron
are native to New York State. Asiatic Magnolias and their artificial hybrids are quite popular horticulturally, espe-
cially section Yulania, known for precocious and spectacular flowers which appear in spring, when plants are virtu-
ally devoid of leaves. Tulip-tree (Liriodendron) and several species of North American evergreen and deciduous
Magnolia are grown as ornamental shade trees within and outside their natural ranges. The family is also of some
importance in North America in terms of wood production.
FAMILY DESCRIPTION
Deciduous or evergreen shrubs and trees. Trunks of some species reach a height of over 40 meters. Bark is ridged
with age or scaling and flaking, often aromatic. Stipules are free or adnate to the petiole, and leave conspicuous
scars on the twigs. Leaves are simple, pinnately veined, alternate, and sometimes lobed, possessing etherial oil
cells. Flowers are solitary, axillary or terminal, nearly always bisexual. Flower buds are enclosed in 1-3 tough
bracts which are deciduous as the flower expands. The perianth is of 5-30 (33) free parts (tepals), spiral or arranged
in two or more whorls. The perianth is relatively undifferentiated except in Liriodendron, where sepals and petals
are distinguishable. Stamens are numerous, often fleshy or appendaged; anthers 2-locular and longitudinally dehis-
cent (extrorse or introrse). The stamens spiral on the elongate central axis of the flower, leaving a zone of scars
beneath the fruit (either contiguous or not). Ovaries are also spirally arranged on the central axis, each ovary con-
sisting of a free or basally fused conduplicate carpel. Each carpel has 2-6 anatropous, bitegmic, crassinucellar
ovules. Fruits are in cone-like aggregates of woody follicles or samaras. Seeds are one to several per fruit with tiny
embryos imbedded in copious, oily endosperm.
KEY TO GENERA
1. Leaves acute to obtuse, uncut; flowers not marked with orange; anthers introrse; fruit remaining in a cone-like
aggregate of dehiscent follicles, unwinged 1. Magnolia (p. 1)
1. Leaves truncate, notched and lobed; flowers bicolored, yellow-green with orange marks; anthers extrorse; fruit
dry, indehiscent, winged, falling separately 2. Liriodendron (p. 4)
1. MAGNOLIA
Common Names: Magnolia, Cucumber-tree, Sweet-bay
Authority: Linnaeus, Species Pi. I, pp. 535-536, 1753
A genus of approximately 80 trees and shrubs, represented in New York State by two native species.
Description: Flowers, bisexual; stigmas 1 per carpel, papillate; styles 1 per carpel, recurved or hooked at tips;
carpels numerous, spiraling on the floral axis, each carpel sessile or short-stipitate, cylindric, bearing two ovules,
becoming a coriaceous to woody follicle which dehisces along a longitudinal suture; fruits in a cone-like aggregate;
seeds 1-2 per follicle (or aborted), remaining temporarily attached to the fruit by vascular threads, drupe-like, with
a reddish, leathery to fleshy outer coat and a hard inner layer; stamens spiraling on the axis, numerous, caducous,
fleshy, without differentiated filaments, often appendaged at tips; anther sacs introrsely or laterally dehiscent;
perianth of undifferentiated tepals; tepals (5) 6-15 (33), broadly oval to linear, greenish-yellow, white, pink, or
purplish, similar to one another in size and shape (rarely the outer whorl reduced); flowers solitary, often fragrant,
appearing with the leaves or before; flower buds enclosed in spathe-like, glabrous to densely pubescent bracts
which drop early, leaving scars on the peduncle; leaves simple, alternate or falsely whorled, evergreen or decidu-
ous, blades coriaceous to fleshy, sometimes basally lobed or emarginate at the apex; petioles thick; stipules cadu-
cous, free or attached to the petiole, leaving scars; twigs with mixed winter buds, both vegetative and floral; bark
variously ridged or peeling; trunks to 40 m in height; perennial shrubs or trees.
1
KEY TO MAGNOLIA SPECIES
1. Leaves conspicuously silver-gray beneath; tepals or mature fruiting axes less than 5 cm long
1. Magnolia virginiana (p. 2)
1. Leaves pale green beneath; tepals or mature fruiting axes 5-12 cm in length 2. Magnolia acuminata (p. 3)
1. Magnolia virginiana L.
Common Names: Sweet-bay, Swamp-bay, Magnolia-
bay, Bay, Magnolia-laurel, Beaver-tree
Type Description: Linnaeus, Species Pi. I, p. 535,
1753
Synonyms: M. australis Ashe, M. glauca L.
Origin: Eastern North America
Habitats: Swampland, poorly drained coastal plain
forests
Habit: Lax shrub or slender tree, late-deciduous to
evergreen
Flowering: June-July (September)
Fruiting: July-November
General Distribution: Long Island and Massachusetts
coast south to Florida, west to Texas
Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmatic surfaces punctate on reflexed styles, 1 per carpel; ovaries numerous, each
a conduplicate carpel, greenish, glabrous, spirally arranged, ca. 1 cm long, cylindric, each becoming a short-
beaked, ellipsoid follicle; follicle 1-2 cm long, reddish to purple-brown at maturity; fruiting-cone ellipsoid, 3-5 cm
long; seeds 0-2 per follicle, ovoid, 0.8-1. 1 cm long, red; stamens few, 8-9 mm long, with acute appendages; tepals
spatulate to orbicular, 3-5 (9) cm long, white to cream colored, appearing with leaves, 6-15 (18) in number, the
outer 3 usually reflexed, the inner ones forming a subglobose flower; flower 3-5 cm long, white to cream colored,
fragrant, opening with the leaves; bud scales sericeous; peduncle stout, 1-2 cm long, glabrous to sericeous; leaves
alternate, late-deciduous (evergreen further south), narrowly oblong to oblong-elliptic or lanceolate, 4-11 (17) cm
long, 2-5 (6.5) cm broad, acute tipped, cuneate to acute at bases, upper surfaces bright green, glabrous or finely
pubescent, copiously sericeous on lower surfaces with a silver-gray sheen (rarely greenish); petioles yellow-green,
1.5-2 (3) cm long; stipule scars extending nearly to the lamina base; twigs glabrous to densely sericeous, greenish
becoming purple-brown with age; pith strongly septate; winter buds sericeous; bark of trunk and older limbs
gray-brown, flaking and forming furrowed plates; branching system open, lax; trunks up to 1 m (d.b.h.), 30 m in
height. (2n = 38).
2
Infraspecific Variation and Hybridization: Differences in deciduousness and persistence of pubescence on leaves,
petioles and twigs have been used to separate southern var. australis Sarg. from ours. These characters are quite
variable and seem to represent a rough longitudinal dine. Multiple trunked, shrub-like habit prevails in some loca-
tions, and may either be genetically fixed or environmentally induced. Hybrids are recorded between this species
and; M. hypoleuca Sieb & Zucc., M. macrophylla Michx., M. tripetala L., M. grandiflora L. and M. guatemalen-
sis J. D. Smith.
Importance: The wood is used in furniture manufacture for both structural components and face-veneer. The plant
is sometimes cultivated as a moisture and shade-tolerant tree.
2. Magnolia acuminata (L.) L.
Common Names: Cucumber-tree, Mountain Magnolia,
Cucumber Magnolia
Type Description: Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. 2,
p. 1082, 1759
Synonyms: M. virginiana var. acuminata L., M.
acuminata var. ludoviciana Sarg., Tulipastrum
americanum Spach, Tulipastrum acuminatum (L.)
Small
Origin: Eastern North America
Habitats: Rich, moist soils of loose texture, primarily in
uplands; commonly associated with Red and White
Oaks, Hickory, Ash, Beech and Tulip-tree
Habit: Straight, slightly buttressed trunk, pyramidal
crown, and spreading root system; scattered trees,
rarely forming stands
Flowering: May -June
Fruiting: July-September
General Distribution: New York and southern Ontario
south in the highlands to Alabama (Louisiana) and
west to Oklahoma
Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmatic surfaces punctate on the early-deciduous, recurved styles, 1 per carpel;
ovaries numerous, free, spirally arranged, each of a single conduplicate carpel about 2.5 cm long; each carpel be-
coming an unbeaked, rounded-obtuse follicle, dehiscent along a longitudinal suture, pinkish, becoming red-brown
at maturity; fruit aggregate oblong to cylindric (or assymetrical due to abortion), up to 8 cm long; seeds 0-2 per
follicle, 0.9-1. 1 cm long, glossy, red-orange at maturity; stamens numerous, spirally arranged on the floral axis,
about 1 cm long; filaments distinct; tepals oblanceolate to obspatulate, 2 cm (outer) to 12 cm (inner in length, the
outer 3 sepaloid, refle.xed, the inner 6 petaloid, forming a slenderly campanulate flower; flower 5-10 cm long,
glaucous green, tinged with yellow and occasionally purple (sometimes bright yellow further south), appearing with
the leaves, borne on stout, peduncles which are copiously villous and 1.5-3. 2 cm long; leaves alternate, deciduous,
thin, often membranous, 8-25 (40) cm long, 4-10 (20) cm broad, elliptic to oblong with acuminate (rarely obtuse)
tips and truncate to cuneate bases, upper surfaces dark green, glabrous to puberulent, lower surfaces pale, glabrous
to finely pubescent, slightly glaucous or sericeous near the veins; fall coloring yellow; petioles about 3 cm (1. 5-5.0)
long, silvery-sericeous to almost glabrous, with basal stipular scars; leaf scars horseshoe-shaped; twigs reddish-
brown to tan, glabrous except at nodes, lenticellate; pith not conspicuously diaphragmed; winter buds silky-
sericeous, silverx', oblong, the terminal ones cylindric reaching 2 cm in length; bark of the trunk and older limbs
gray-brown to dark brown, fissured into narrow, flaky ridges; branching pattern forming a broadly to narrowly
pyramidal crown; trunks up to 1.5 (2) m (d.b.h.), 35 (40) m in height. (2n = 76).
Infraspecific Variability and Hybridization: Most of the variability of this species occurs in the southern part of its
range. Plants with clear, golden, inner tepals are designated forma atirea (Ashe) Hardin. Plants called var. subcor-
data (Spach) Dandy may also have yellow flowers, but these are distinguished by more pubescent twigs and leaf
undersurfaces (see Hardin, 1954). Hybrids with M. quinquepeta (Buc’hoz) Dandy have been given the binominal
M. brookhjnensis Kabnbacher.
Importance: This species is the hardiest of our native Magnolias. It is commonly cultivated and used as rootstock
for less hardy species. Grafting allows these to be grown far north of their natural ranges. The wood (often mixed
with that of Tulip-tree) is used in furniture manufacture and in making fixtures, blinds, crates and boxes, doors and
pulpwood.
Introduced Species: Magnolia tripetala L., Umbrella-tree, is native further south, and has been introduced north-
ward, where it is hardy to Massachusetts. We have one specimen from Southold, Long Island for which there are
insufficient data to determine its origin. M. fraseri Walt, is reported as an adventive in a Sullivan County nursery,
where it was introduced with a shipment of Rhododendron from North Carolina.
2. LIRIODENDRON
Common Names: Tulip-tree, Yellow Poplar, Tulip Poplar
Authority: Linnaeus, Species Pi. I, p. 535, 1753
A genus of two closely related species of eastern North America and southern Asia. Fossil records indicate wide-
spread past distribution of the genus over North America and Eurasia. Our native Liriodendron is a tall, distinctive
tree, valuable for its timber and as an ornamental.
4
1. Liriodendron tulipifera L.
Common Names: Tulip-tree, Yellow Poplar, Tulip
Poplar, White-wood
Type Description: Linnaeus, Species Pi. I, p. 535,
1753
Synonyms: Tulipifera liriodendron Mill, (also misspel-
led Liriodendrum) L. procerum Salisb.
Origin: Circumboreal Arctotertiary Forest
Habitats: Moist, but well drained, loose-textured soils
of medium depth; a successful secondary invader of
forest habitats, lime tolerant and more moisture tol-
erant southward; found in a broad spectrum of forest
types, from Oak-Hickory to coniferous mixtures.
Habit: Tall, straight trunk, terminating above the
open, oblong, deciduous crown; root system deep,
wide-spreading.
Flowering: May-June
Fruiting: July-October
General Distribution: Vermont to northern Florida,
west to Michigan, Missouri and Louisiana (cultivated
elsewhere)
Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmas 1 per carpel, often reflexed at the style tip; styles 1 per carpel, flattened,
tapering; ovaries numerous, imbricated, spiraling on the central floral axis; each ovary of a single conduplicate
carpel, greenish-yellow, squamelliform, becoming an elongate samara in fruit; samara 4-5 cm long, 4-5 mm wide,
acute tipped; seeds 1-2 per indehiscent fruit; fruit aggregate deciduous as a unit, fusiform, 5-7.5 cm long, pale
tan to brownish, the lowermost fruits often persistent on the axis; stamens numerous, spiraling on the axis, up to 4
cm long, the filaments distinct, shorter than the anther sacs and stout; perianth differentiated into calyx and
corolla; sepals 3, greenish, reflexed, about 6 cm long, cucullate, blunt-tipped; petals 6, in two whorls, strongly
upcurved, often reflexed in the terminal cm, 4-6 cm long, 1.5-3. 1 cm broad, pale green to bright yellow, each
petal banded with a distinctive orange mark near the base; flowers borne singly, broadly campanulate, 6-10 cm
wide, on short shoots; peduncles stout, greenish; leaves alternate, deciduous, usually saddle-shaped, with two
acute to acuminate tipped upper lobes and two lower lobes with one or two such tips; lobing variable, especially in
juvenile leaves which may be deeply cleft or barely lobed at all; leaf bases truncate, tips truncate to emarginate.
5
blades bright green above to glaucescent below, 10-15 cm in diameter; fall coloring lemon-yellow; petioles slen-
der, 5-15 cm long; stipules elongate (up to 3.5 cm), deciduous, encircling the twig and leaving distinct scars; twigs
stout, glabrous, lenticelled, red-brown to gray with exfoliation; pith strongly diaphragmed; terminal buds up to 1.5
cm long, with a “duck-billed ” appearance; outer 2 bud scales enclosing the bud entirely, valvate; leaf scars circular
to oval; bark of young trunk and older limbs with characteristic, whitish split-depressions in the grayish surfaces;
older bark gray-brown, deeply furrowed; trunks straight, becoming massive with age, terminating above the ob-
long crown, up to 4.5 m (d.b.h.), to 55 m (record 198 ft) in height. (2n = 38).
Infraspecific Variation: Other than natural hetrophylly exhibited in native populations, most variation in this
species has been exhibited only in cultivation. This involves leaf variegation, flower color variants, leaf and crown
shape.
Importance: This is one of the most beautiful cultivated trees native to North America. Its unusually graceful habit,
showy flowers and fall coloring far outweigh the “dirty” aspect of shedding fruit aggregates. Although it is not an
outstanding shade producer, the tree is fast-growing and mixes well with other species for landscaping effects. The
wood is pale (called Whitewood and Poplar in the trade) and is an important commodity with many uses. It is
well suited for rotary-cut veneering, used in furniture, plywood production, piano cases and produce boxes; it is
also a source of pulp (soda process). The wood is used structurally for furniture manufacture, for doors, blinds,
crates, caskets, musical instruments, wooden utensils and toys.
Annonaceae (Custard-apple Family)
A large pantropical family of woody plants with over 800 described species and 60-80 genera. Annona (including
Uvaria) is the largest genus with nearly 200 species. One Custard Apple, (Annona glabra L.) is native to southern
Florida, and others are cultivated for their fruit and as ornamentals. Asimina (Pawpaw) has two native species, one
of which reaches western New York State. The Pawpaw fruit is both picked for food and planted as a novelty in the
eastern United States.
FAMILY DESCRIPTION
Trees or shrubs. The alternate leaves are persistent or deciduous, without stipules and with naked buds in the
axils; flowers are usually bisexual, and are radially symmetrical, differentiated into calyx and corolla and valvate in
bud. Sepals are 3; petals 6, in 2 whorls. The central floral axis is elongate with numerous adnate, extrorse stamens
spiraling on it. Anther sacs are 4-celled, longer than the filaments. Ovaries are superior, terminating the axis,
1-many, usually 1-carpelled, 1-loculed, becoming berries, cohering to form a fleshy aggregate fruit (or solitary).
Ovules are 1 to many per ovary, anatropous, maturing to seeds which have a minute embryo and copious ruminate
(mottled) endosperm.
1. ASIMINA
Common Name: North American Pawpaw
Authority: Adams, Fam. Pi. II, p. 365, 1763
A genus of some 8-10 species of subtropical and boreal eastern North America, with one species extending north-
ward onto the Erie-Ontario Lowlands in western New York.
6
1. Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal
Common Name: Pawpaw
Type Description: Dunal, Mon. Anon., p. 83, 1817
Synonyms: Annona triloba L., Orchidocarpum
arietinum Michx., Porcelia triloba Pers., Uvaria
triloba Torr. & Gray
Origin: Eastern North America
Habitats: Rich alluvial soils, woodlands, openings
Habit: Shrub or small tree
Flowering: April- May
Fruiting: August-September
General Distribution: Western New York and south-
ern Ontario to eastern Nebraska, south to eastern
Texas and central Georgia, with outliers in north
Florida and southern Louisiana
Description: Flowers bisexual; stigma and style 1 per carpel; ovaries 3-15, fusiform, on the elongate floral axis,
only 1-3 (4) developing into fruit; fruit 6-15 cm long, 3-4.5 cm thick, yellowish to purple-brown, fleshy, edible;
ovules parietal, becoming (4) 6-10 disc-shaped seeds, 1-2 cm in diameter; endosperm mottled and chambered;
embryo small; stamens numerous, on the column, in a globose, adhering mass, 6-11 mm in diameter; anther sacs
adnate until anthesis, extrorse; filaments very short; perianth differentiated into three whorls; inner petals valvate
in bud, velutinous, narrowly oblong to strap-shaped, 1.5-2. 3 cm long, 5-10 mm wide, dark reddish-purple; outer
petals 3, imbricate in bud, velutinous, as broad or broader than long, 1.5-2. 1 cm, lurid purple, occasionally
blushed with yellow-green; calyx of 3 sepals, deciduous, red-brown adaxially woolly, ca. 1 cm long; peduncles 6-8
mm long, arising from wood of the previous year’s growth, covered with reddish-brown wool; flowers solitary,
catJiflorous, alternate on the stem; leaves alternate, simple, entire, deciduous, densely woolly when very young;
leaf blades 10-32 cm long, 6-13 cm wide, appearing with the flowers and almost fully expanded by anthesis,
glabrous to velutinous, especially below, paler beneath, obtuse to cuneate at bases, obtuse (rounded), acute apicu-
late to strongly cuspidate at tips (caudate); midrib grooved above, woolly within the groove; petiole with a strong,
woolly groove adaxially, 0. 5-3.0 cm long; stipules absent; buds small, reddish-woolly; twigs densely woolly, red-
brown to gray-brown, less pubescent with age, sometimes fluted and ridged; older bark grayish, mottled, smooth
to warty and flaking; trunks 5-30 cm (d.b.h.), usually shrubby; trees with closed, oval crowns occasionally to 11 m
in height, from spreading root systems.
Importance: This species is planted for its fleshy, edible fruits. The pulp is whitish to yellow and has a sweet,
fruity taste at maturity. The bark of young twigs is sometimes used by fishermen as a stringer for their catch.
Seminole Indians reportedly make a tea from the flowers to help kidney discomfort.
7
Calycanthaceae (Calycanthus Family)
This group of evergreen or deciduous shrubs has two genera and about 6-7 species, all found in warm-temperate
regions. Chimonanthus is native to Asia while Calycanthus is represented in California and in the southeastern
United States. Members of the family in New York State are found as escapes from cultivation only, being native
further south. Their economic importance is limited to minor use as ornamental shrubs. This primitive family has a
curious mixture of characters which places it in the order Magnoliales, but shows clear affinities for the Rosales as
well.
FAMILY DESCRIPTION
Plants are shrubby, with evergreen or deciduous, opposite, simple leaves. Petioles are short and lack stipules. The
fragrant flowers are borne (solitary) in the leaf axils; they are bisexual, the perianth undifferentiated, or grading into
sepal-like bracts below. Tepals are free, showy, spiraling on a cup-like perigynous receptacle. Stamens are 5-30 or
more, inserted on the inner surface of the receptacular cup; anthers are adnate, extrorse, 2-celled; filaments are
distinct but short, the inner ones sometimes devoid of fertile anther sacs. Ovaries are 1-loculed, each of a single
carpel, numbering 8-22, “superior” to the receptacular cup, which surrounds and virtually encloses them. Styles
are filiform, with a single minute stigma each. Placentation is parietal; ovules are 1 or 2 (with one aborting). The
fruit is an achene, enclosed with others in the fleshy, mature receptacle. The embryo is large with convolute
cotyledons, and endosperm is lacking.
1. CALYCANTHUS
Common Names: Sweet-shrub, Carolina Allspice, Strawberry-shrub, Bubby-shrub
Authority: Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., p. 1066, 1759
A genus of aromatic shrubs native to eastern and western North America. Calycanthus occidentalis Hook & Arn. is
the native California “Spice-bush,” while up to three species have been recognized as native from the Appalachian
Plateau southward. The following species is cultivated and escapes New York State.
8
1. Ccdycanthus floridus L.
Common Names: Sweet-shrub, Strawberry-bush,
Bubby-bush
Type Description: Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., p. 1066, 1759
Synonyms: Calycanthus fertilis Walt., C. laevigatus
Willd., C. oblongifolius Nutt., C. nanus (Loisel.)
Small, C. glaucus Willd., C. mohrii Small, Butneria
florida (L.) Kearney, B. fertilis (Walt.) Kearney
Origin: Eastern North America
Habitats: Rich woodlands, floodplains and uplands
Habit: Round-crowned, somewhat stiffly branched
shrub
Flowering: April — July
Fruiting: July — September
General Distribution: Pennsylvania south to peninsu-
lar Florida, west to Mississippi, cultivated elsewhere
(escaping in New York)
Description: Flowers bisexual; stigma 1, style 1, ca 2 mm long, transparent, filiform, with a ring of acicular hairs at
the base; ovaries 10-15 (20), free, each of a single carpel ca. 1 mm long; carpels inserted on the inner surface of a
cup-like receptacle which is lined with transparent, acicular hairs; each carpel with 1 (2) ovules, becoming a
single-seeded achene in fruit, enclosed with the others in the accrescent, fruit-like receptacle; stamens numerous,
spiraling on the rim of the floral cup, just inside the perianth, forming a crown-like cluster above the ovaries;
anther sacs extrorse; filaments stout, arching over the gynoecium, the connective extending beyond the anther
sacs; staminodes present in the inner ring of stamens; perianth parts free and numerous, spiraling on the rim of
the receptacular cup; when young they are greenish, pubescent, leaf-like, enlarging as the flower matures to be-
come glabrous, strap-shaped to lanceolate tepals, 1-2.5 cm long, 5-10 mm wide, rose-carmen to maroon and
brownish with age, the outer few smaller, greenish; flower sometimes subtended by one or two bracts (transitional
to tepals); flowers with a fragrance like strawberries (typical variety) or nearly odorless; peduncles 4-10 mm long,
puberulent; flowers borne singly between leaves on short, lateral shoots; leaves opposite, simple, entire, aromatic;
leaf blades glossy green, scabrous to glabrescent above, pilose or sericeous below, to glabrous, ovate with obtuse to
acuminate tips, 2-10 cm long, 1-7 cm broad; petioles 1-2 cm long, pubescent at least when young; stipules ab-
sent; twigs reddish-brown with pale, oval lenticels; leaf scars V-shaped; buds very small, pubescent; bark of older
trunks dark, red-brown to blackish, stripping; stems erect to spreading, stiffly opposite-branched with a rounded
crown, up to 3 m high, from a shallow root system.
9
Importance; This species is widely cultivated in the eastern United States, showing tolerance for more severe cli-
mates than its natural range would suggest; shade tolerant. The bark of the typical variety has been used as a spice,
however, var. laevigatus has been reported to contain substances which cause regurgitation in humans and poison
animals. Indians used a mild extract as a deterrent to the return of disease symptoms such as fevers. Fruit and
leaves of the fragrant variety have been used as a perfume.
KEY TO VARIETIES
1. Leaves covered with soft hairs on the undersurfaces; flowers strongly fragrant 1. C. floridus var. floridus
1. Leaves with glabrous, sparsely strigulose or glaucous undersurfaces; flowers without a strong odor
2. C. floridus var. laevigatus (Willd.) T. & G.
Note: The name laevigatus is apparently preceded by a Nuttall epithet which would replace it, but we have not
seen the type or a formal recombination, and feel it would be inappropriate here.
Lauraceae (Laurel Family)
This is a large, mostly tropical, family of trees and shrubs, with 35-40 genera. At least ten of these have species
which are native or escaping in the United States. New York has Lindera, Spice-bush, and Sassafras as natives,
and Persea, Red Bay, as an introduction. On the west coast Umbellularia, California Laurel, is native, and four
tropical genera are indigenous to southern Florida. Laurus nobilis L., Grecian Laurel, and Persea americana Mill.,
Avocado, as well as Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Nees & Eberm., the Camphor-tree, are widely escaped from
cultivation in subtropical and mediterranean climates. Many Lauraceous trees are known for their aromatic bark
and foliage (e.g., commercial cinnamon). They are commonly used in spices, teas and folk remedies. The bark of
Sassafras is used to make a tea and as a flavoring in gumbo.
FAMILY DESCRIPTION
Woody trees or shrubs with deciduous or evergreen leaves. Leaves, bark and wood usually contain aromatic oils.
Stipules are absent. Leaves are usually alternate, simple, sometimes lobed, with pinnate venation or three main,
arching veins from near the leaf base. Flowers are bisexual or more commonly unisexual on dioecious or polygam-
ous plants; flowers are in clusters, spikes racemes or umbels, which are usually axillary. The perianth is undiffer-
entiated, with (4) 6 tepals in 2 similar whorls, usually small, greenish to yellow (or white), fused into a short tubu-
lar base. Stamens are 12, in 4 whorls, often reduced to staminodia in inner whorls. Outer stamens associated with
stalked glands in many species. Anthers are 2- or 4-celled, dehiscing by ffaps. The ovary is solitary, superior or
fused slightly to the perianth tube, and of a single carpel, which becomes a single-seeded drupe or berry. The fruit
base is often ringed by the enlarged remains of the perianth tube. The single ovule is anatropous, becoming a seed
which lacks endosperm.
KEY TO GENERA
1. Plants evergreen; flower clusters appearing in the leaf axils of young growth 3. Persea (p. 13)
1. Plants deciduous; flower clusters appearing before or with the leaves (2)
2. Flowers in small, subsessile clusters, less than 1 cm in diameter; leaves not lobed; fruit red
1. Lindera (p- 10)
2. Flowers in racemes 3-5 cm long; leaves often mitten-shaped or bilobed; fruit dark purple
2. Sassafras (p. 12)
1. LINDERA
Common Names: Spice-bush, Wild Allspice, Feverbush
Authority: Thunberg, Nov. Gen. Pi., p. 64, 1783 (nom. cons.)
A large genus of shrubs and trees with over 100 temperate and subtropical species. Although the group is primarily
Asiatic, there is one widespread, eastern North American species which reaches New York State. Another native
species is extremely rare with a more southerly range.
10
1. Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume
Common Names: Spice-bush, Benjamin-bush, Fever-
bush
Type Description: Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. — Bat. I,
p. 324, 1851
Synonyms: Laurus benzoin L., Benzoin aestivale Nees,
Benzoin benzoin (L.) Coult.
Origin: Ancient Arctotertiary Forest of North America
Habitats: Moist woodlands in rich soils and litter
Habit: An erect to sprawling understory shrub or small
tree
Flowering: March-May
Fruiting: June-July
General Distribution: Maine to Florida, west to Kan-
sas and Texas
Description: Plants polygamodioecious or dioecious; stigma 1, on a short style; ovary 1, globose, becoming an
elliptic-oblong drupe; fruit scarlet (rarely yellow), 8-10 mm long, 5-7 mm wide; seeds without endosperm; sta-
mens (male flowers) 9, in 3 whorls, the inner filaments glandular at the bases and 1-2 lobed, variously reduced to
staminodia in carpellate flowers, anther sacs 2-locular, 2-valved; perianth undifferentiated, with 6 separate tepals
in 2 whorls, yellow to greenish or brown-tinged without, 1-2 mm long; peduncles obscure in flower, attaching the
subsessile perianths, becoming stout, 2-6 mm long in fruit; inflorescences of dense, umbellate clusters of 4-6
flowers, each subtended by 4 red-brown deciduous bracts; staminate clusters 5-6 mm in diameter, occurring alter-
nately near the tips of new growth; pistillate clusters solitary or often paired just above the former year’s leaf scars;
leaves alternate, ovate-oblong to obovate, 6-18 cm long, 2-7 cm wide, glabrous, rich green above, paler beneath,
margins entire, bases acute to cuneate, tips (obtuse) acute to abruptly acuminate; fall coloring pale yellow; petioles
3-11 mm long, glabrous; stipules absent; twigs brownish-gray to black, smooth with a few ovate, pale lenticels; leaf
scars broadly deltoid; vegetative buds minute, 0.5-0. 8 mm, smooth, brown; flower buds subglobose, 1-2 mm
long; branching profuse near branch tips; bark brownish, aromatic; a broad-crowned shrub, up to 4.5 m tall, from a
shallow, spreading root system. (2n = 24).
Infraspecific Variation: Plants in the southeastern United States with pubescent twigs and underleaves have been
given varietal status, but intergrade with nonpubescent populations. Forma xanthocarpa (G. S. Torrey) Rehder,
with yellow fruits, is a mutant native to Massachusetts.
Importance: The aromatic bark has been used in medicinal teas like Sassafras, and the bitter component is said to
reduce fevers and sinus congestion. It is listed as a stimulant, diaphoretic and vermifuge. During revolutionary
times, berries were powdered and substituted for allspice in cooking. The plants are occasionally cultivated in
shady yards, including the yellow-fruited form.
11
2. SASSAFRAS
Common Names: White or Red Sassafras
Authority: Nees & Ebermaier, Handb. Med. Pharm. Bot. II, p. 418, 1831
A genus of three species, two Asian and one in eastern North America. The asiatic species are not known in culti-
vation, but the American species is grown within and outside its natural range. It is valued for its aromatic bark
and roots, but becomes weedy in the southeast.
1. Sassafras albidwn (Nutt.) Nees
Common Names: Sassafras, White-sassafras
Type Description: C. G. Nees, Syst. Laurin., p. 490,
1836
Synonyms: Lauras sassafras L., Sassafras officinale
Nees & Eberm., S. variifolium (Salisb.) Kuntze
Origin: Ancient Arctotertiary Forest
Habitats: Mesic to dry, open woodlands, thickets, bor-
ders, openings and fencerows
Habit: An open-crowned, usually slender tree or
shrub, propagating by root sprouts
Flowering: April-June
Fruiting: June- August
General Distribution: Southwest Maine to eastern
Iowa, south to eastern Te.xas and central Florida
Description: Plants dioecious; female flowers: stigma I, slightly expanded from the single, slender style; ovary I,
becoming an ovoid, blue to purple-black drupe, 0.8-1. 2 cm in diameter; a single, pendulous, anatropous ovule
becomes the stony pit or seed; rudimentary staminodia 6-12 in whorls of 3; male flowers: ovary tissue rudimen-
tary, sterile; stamens 9, in 3 whorls; both anther sacs 2-loculed, 2-pored; filaments inserted at the perianth base,
the inner 3 with pairs of stalked glands; perianth (both sexes) undifferentiated, with 6 lobes, free to near their
bases, greenish-yellow, 5-8 mm long; pedicels 5-25 mm long, silky pubescent to glabrous, becoming stout and
reddish in fruit, swollen just below the fruit base; each pedicel usually subtended by a linear, pubescent bract in
flower; inflorescence a compound raceme (often corymbose) of 2-several axes, each 3-7 cm long, the cluster sub-
tended by a leathery involucre of bracts and bud scales; basal bracts oval to strap-shaped with rounded tips, rose-
tinged, glabrous to finely sericeous; plants heterophyllous; leaves alternate, deciduous, aromatic; leaf blades oval to
elliptic, unlobed, mitten-shaped or 2-lobed (rarely more), 7-15 (20) cm long, 5-15 cm broad, shallowly to abruptly
cuneate at the bases, the lobes and tips acute to obtuse, bright green above, glaucous, paler beneath, essentially
glabrous to puberulent (silky); fall color yellow to orange-rose blushed or spotted; petioles 1-5 cm long, often pu-
12
berulent; stipules absent; twigs red-brown, the younger ones fluted, becoming shiny, mucilaginous; lenticels
punctate, dark; leaf scars kidney-shaped with a linear bundle scar; buds minute, with imbricated scales, shiny-
glabrous; bark of the trunk deeply furrowed with age, brown to grayish, aromatic; trunks usually small but up to 1
m (d.b.h.), 1-20 (40) m tall, from a prolific rootstock capable of root-bud propagation. (2n = 48).
Infraspecific Variability: Pubescence of leaves and twigs is variable, the more silky plants having been designated
var. molle Fern. Twig color also may vary from greenish to red-brown or bright red-purple in forma moldenkii
Oswald.
Importance: Sassafras e.xtract has been reported as a potential carcinogen in experimental rats (Kapadia, et al.,
1978). The oily, aromatic foliage, bark and roots have been variously used to make teas and tonics. The extract is
one of the ingredients in root beer. The oil is used in aromatic soaps. Sassafras teas are popular, especially in rural
areas. File gumbo is a delightful southern dish prepared from young shoots pith and bark of the Sassafras in com-
bination with rice and chicken or shrimp. The wood is of minor importance, sometimes mixed with Black Ash
{Fraxinits nigra Marsh.) or sold under its name. Used locally, it is employed in small-boat construction, children’s
furniture and troughs and pales for rails and fenceposts. The plant is an invader of old fields and abandoned lots
where land once was cultivated, or it is commonly spread by birds, appearing first along fencerows and under
telephone lines. The plants are cultivated, but are more often pests in the southeastern United States, where root
suckering is common and dense, shrubby stands abound.
3. PERSEA
Common Names: Red Bay, Sweet-bay
Authority: Miller, Card. Diet. Abr. ed. 4, 1754 (nom. cons.)
A genus of over 100 tropical and subtropical shrubs and small trees, naturally ranging south to Chile and northward
to the eastern seaboard of the United States. Red Bay (P. borbonia) has been reported to escape cultivation in
New York State. Avocado (P. americana) can produce summer shoots from seed, but these do not persist.
1. Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.
Common Name: Red Bay
Type Description: Sprengel, Syst. II, p. 268, 1825
Synonyms: P. littoralis Small (also combinations under
Borbonia Mill, and Tamala Raf.)
Origin: Eastern North America
Habitats: Wooded swamps and marsh borders of the
southeast, rarely escaping northward
Habit: Evergreen shrub or small tree
Flowering: June-July
Fruiting: July-September
General Distribution: Delaware south to Florida and
the Bahamas, west to Texas in the coastal zone and
piedmont (escaping here)
13
Description: Flowers bisexual; stigma 1, style 1, ovary single, ovoid, becoming a subglobose, fleshy, purple-blue to
black drupe, 8-12 mm in diameter; ovule 1, becoming a single, stony pit in seed; stamens 12, the innermost of 4
whorls reduced to sterile, glandular staminodia; anther sacs 4 per stamen, each 2-locular, opening by valvate
pores, the outer whorl extrorse, the inner two fertile whorls introrse; filaments with basal glands; perianth of 6
separate tepals in 2 whorls, 2. 8-3. 5 mm long, greenish to white; bell-shaped calyx pubescent without, flaring as it
dries and becoming persistent in fruit; pedicels slender, 0.2-1. 6 cm long, becoming thicker and densely reddish-
pubescent in fruit; inflorescences borne in the leaf axils, cymose with several flowers borne from the common
peduncle which is 1-6 cm long and villous to wooly-sericeous; leaves evergreen, alternate, coriaceous, leaf blades
bright green above, paler beneath, finely to densely pubescent or almost glabrous above, 4-10 (15) cm long, 1-6
cm wide, elliptic to lanceolate or obovate, with obtuse to cuneate bases and obtuse to acuminate tips; petioles 1-3
cm long, villous to appressed-woolly; stipules absent; twigs usually densely woolly-sericeous with appressed red-
brown hairs, their bark brown with oval, scale-like lenticels; leaf scars irregular; buds densely pubescent; bark of
older limbs and trunks deeply furrowed, dark brown, aromatic; trunks up to 18 cm (d.b.h.) and a height of 12 m,
usually shrubby, from a shallow rootstock. (2n = 24).
Infraspecific Variation: The plants vary mostly in density of hairs on the twigs and leaves, the commoner type
being forma pubescens Fern.
Importance: The shrub is cultivated north and west of its range, but not extensively. The aromatic leaves have
been used as a substitute for bay leaf in cooking. The wood is hard, red-brown and brittle, sometimes used in
cabinetmaking and boat trim.
Saururaceae (Lizard’s-tail Family)
A distinctive group of five genera of primitive, herbaceous perennials, native to Asia and North America. This
family is distributed in the remnants of the once-circumboreal Arctotertiary Forest, where it probably originated.
Of the two native genera, Anemopsis is restricted to west coast, while Saururus has one species in Asia and one in
eastern North America. Members of this family are found in a variety of moist habitats, especially Saururus, which
often occurs as an emergent aquatic.
FAMILY DESCRIPTION
Plants are perennial, stoloniferous and/or rhizomatous, with alternate, simple leaves. They have ethereal oil glands
in the stems and leaves. Stems are jointed, with ± sheathing petioles. Flowers are bisexual; stigmas and styles are
1 per carpel; carpels are conduplicate, 3-4 (5) per flower, free to near the base to almost totally syncarpous. Fruits
are dry to fleshy, indehiscent. Ovules usually 2 per carpel, orthotropous. Seeds have a well-developed perisperm,
but little endosperm surrounding the tiny embryo. Stamens are 3 or 6 (8), inserted below or on the carpels. A
perianth is lacking, but the racemes or spikes may have petaloid to foliaceous bracts. Inflorescences are terminal or
opposite the leaves.
I. SAURURUS
Common Name: Lizards-tail
Authority: Linnaeus, Species Pi. I, p. 341, 1753
A genus of two species aquatic herbs with one representative in the eastern United States.
14
1. Saururus cernuus L.
Common Names: Lizard’s-tail, Water-dragon, Swamp-
lily
Type Description: Linnaeus, Species Pi. I, p. 341,
1753
Synonyms: Spathiurn Lour., Saururopsis Turcz., Mat-
tuschkia Gmel., Neobiondia Pamp.
Origin: Obscure, possibly Arctotertiary lowlands
Habitats: Shallow water or muck of swamps, lake mar-
gins, river backwaters
Habit: E rect perennial, rhizomatous herb, often
aquatic-emergent
Flowering: June-September
Fruiting: July-November
General Distribution: Southern New England to
Michigan, south to eastern Kansas, Texas and
Florida, mostly in lowlands
Description: Flowers bisexual; stigma 1 per carpel, 2-crested, linear with an open groove between crests, covering
the inner surface of the style and reflexed with it at the tip; style 1 per carpel, fleshy, reflexed outward; each ovary
a conduplicate carpel; carpels usually 4 per flower (3-5), spirally arranged, fused only at their bases, becoming
convoluted, warty and brownish in fruit; fruit 2-3 mm long, each an indehiscent nutlet; ovules 2, crassinucleate,
orthotropous, with two integuments, one ovule transverse, not developing, one ascending, becoming a solitary
seed; seed with a filmy outer coat and brownish inner one, developing a massive perisperm beneath a small en-
dosperm and embryo at the micropylar end; stamens usually 6 (4-8), 3 abaxial and 3 adaxial to the carpel cluster
on the foliar bract; filaments 3-4 mm long, capillary, giving the flower its whitish color, much exceeding the
ovaries; anther sacs elliptic, basifixed, yellowish, opening by longitudinal slits; perianth absent, the floral parts
being inserted on a laterally divergent bract; floral bract pubescent, cucullate, about 2 mm long; inflorescences of
terminal or lateral, racemose spikes, 8-35 cm long, with 150-350 fragrant flowers spiraling on each axis; spikes
drooping at the tips in flower, becoming erect in fhiit; peduncles glabrous, 2-5 cm long; leaves alternate, simple
and aromatic, blades cordate with obtuse to acute tips and entire margins, ± palmately veined, 5-15 cm long, 3-8
cm broad, glabrous, glossy green above, paler, below; petioles about half as long as the leaves, sheathing at the
bases by adnate (stipular) tissue; nodes jointed; intemodes sulcate with 7-9 ribs; stem 40-100 cm in height from a
pale, branching rhizome system; roots adventitious at the nodes. (2n = 22).
Importance: The plants are freely cloning and highly competitive in aquatic ecosystems, possibly crowding out
some other species entirely under certain conditions. They are infrequently cultivated on wet ground. Mashed and
boiled roots were applied as a poultice by Ghoctaw Indians; the extract is listed as a sedative, antispasmodic and
astringent.
15
Aristolochiaceae (Birthwort Family)
Primarily a tropical and subtropical group of lianas, subshrubs and herbs, this family has few members scattered in
boreal regions. Two genera, Aristolochia and Asarum reach North America. One Asarum species and one of Aris-
tolochia are native to New York State, while three more Aristolochias escape cultivation here. The plants are
known for various uses in conventional and folk medicine, mostly in the past. Dutchman’s-pipe, Birthwort and
Wild Ginger are valued as ornamentals. The bell or trumpet-shaped flowers are noted for their purple to lurid
greenish-yellow color combinations, and some produce a fetid odor. Aristolochia flowers trap insects overnight and
shed pollen on them the following day as they seek their escape.
FAMILY DESCRIPTION
Our native genera have bise.xual flowers which are regular or bilaterally symmetrical. They are solitary, or borne in
clusters or in loose racemes in the leaf axils. Stigmas equal the number of locules (6 in ours) of the single ovary
which is wholly or partially inferior. Styles are united to form a column, with the 6-12 stamens, free (Asarum) or
adnate to it (Aristolochia). Petals are absent. The calyx is conspicuous, petaloid, campanulate or tubular-contorted,
.3-lobed. The fruit is a septicidal, 6-lobed or angled capsule or an indehiscent berry. The anatropous ovules may
become compressed seeds which may bear caruncles. Endosperm is copious and embryos are minute. Leaves are
cordate to triangulate-sagittate, rarely broadly linear; they are alternate and distichous. The stems are prostrate,
twining or erect, the herbaceous members copiously rooting.
KEY TO GENERA
1. Flowers campanulate, radially symmetrical; stamens 12; stems prostrate, producing two leaves annually per
node 1. Asarum (p. 16)
1. Flowers tubular-contorted, bilaterally symmetrical; stamens 6; erect herbs or twining vines with leafy stems
2. Aristolochia (p. 17)
1. ASARUM
Common Names: Wild Ginger, Asarabacca, Asarette (Quebec), Wild Nard
Authority: Linnaeus, Species Pk, p. 442, 1753
A genus of herbs, distributed circumboreally, primarily in the southern remnants of the Arctotertiary Forest of
Eurasia and North America. Over 60 species have been described, mostly from eastern Asia. A single species is
widespread in the rich woodlands of New York State, where it exhibits a wide polymorphism. A group called
Heartleafs is closely related, but of more southerly distribution (sometimes segregated as Hexastylis). The genus
Asarum is known throughout the North Temperate area for its uses in folk medicine, and it is cultivated occasion-
ally as a curiosity or ground cover.
16
1. Asarum canadense L.
Common Names: Wild Ginger, Asarabacca, Canadian
Ginger, Indian Ginger, Canada Snakeroot
Type Description: Linnaeus, Species Pi. I, p. 442,
1753
Synonyms: A. acuminatum (Ashe) Bickn., A. ambiguum
(Bickn.) Daniels, A. reflexum Bickn.
Origin: Eastern North America
Habitats: Humus-rich, moist soils and leaf litter of
forest floors and slopes
Habit: Sprawling, perennial, rhizomatous herb, form-
ing clonal colonies
Flowering: April -June
Fruiting: June-August
General Distribution: Gaspe Peninsula to Minnesota,
south to Arkansas and North Carolina
Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmas 6; styles 6, cohering to form a furrowed column; ovary 1, fusiform,
6-chambered, with many anatropous ovules, its ventral walls fused to the calyx, becoming a 6-locular berry with
strongly caruncled seeds; berry 0.6-1. 8 cm in diameter, enclosed in the persistent calyx and opening irregularly
with age; stamens 12, free, their bases inserted on the ovary; connectives projecting beyond the anther sacs as
subulate tips; minute, subulate, rudimentary stamens inserted alternate to the lobes within the calyx; petals ab-
sent; calyx regular, 2-5 cm long, fused with the ovary below, campanulate, strongly 3-lobed and cleft above, dark
to dusky red-purple, yellowish- to greenish-tinged within, densely villous with septate trichomes which are sparser
within the flower; calyx tips ascending to spreading (or reflexed), deltoid to acuminate, caudate tipped or merely
apiculate; peduncle densely villous, 1-5 cm long; flower solitary, borne between two leaves; leaves cordate, re-
niform to orbicular, 3-8 (12) cm long (from the sinus), 5-15 (21) cm wide, with rounded to obtuse apex, surfaces
minutely hispid to pilose along major veins, dark to pale green, sometimes brown- or purple-mottled; petioles 5-20
(28) cm long, weakly to strongly villous; stem prostrate, annually bearing 2-3 scarious scales and 2 leaves, fragrant,
freely rooting.
Infraspecific Variation: A number of varieties have been named on the basis of ealyx eharacters. Those with calyx
lobes gradually tapering to caudate tips have been called var. acuminatum Ashe. The more distinctive var. re-
flexum (Bickn.) Robins, is linked with the typical variety by intermediates designated var. ambiguum (Bickn.)
Farw. In its typical form, var. reflexum has deltoid calyx lobes which are strongly reflexed. Forma phelpsiae of St.
Lawrence Gounty, New York is a population in which leaf sinuses are fused.
17
Importance: Roots, rhizomes and leaves have an agreeable odor, suggestive of ginger, and have been used in small
quantities in seasoning; roots have been boiled in a thick sugar-syrup as a delicacy. In any quantity. Wild Ginger
has medicinal effects, however. Powder and tonics have been used as emetics, mange cure, and a source of brown
dye in Europe; in North America, medicinal uses have included heart stimulation, treatment of arrhythmia and
chest pains, promotion of menstruation, relief of bowel spasms and treatment of throat ailments; it is listed as a
stimulant, carminitive, diuretic and diaphoretic; extracted principles include a volatile oil used in perfume,
camphor-like azorone, asarin, a bitter component, resin, mucilage, alkaloids and aristolochic acid, known to have
antimicrobial properties and retard certain kinds of cancer in mice. Root tinctures were used by American Indians
to treat ear infection, and early European settlers in the New World learned to mix the powder with bark scraps as
a deterrent to tooth decay.
2. ARISTOLOCHIA
Common Names: Birthwort, Dutchman’s-pipe, Pine-vine, Serpentary, Virginia Snakeroot
Authority: Linnaeus, Species Pi., p. 960, 1753
A large genus of vines, herbs or subshrubs, distributed pantropically, with some species reaching temperate re-
gions. Of the four species reported in New York, only one is native to the State, where it is a rarity, as well. Two
of the three naturalized species are native to the southeastern United States. Pipe-vine and Dutchman’s-pipe are
cultivated as trellis plants. The genus Aristolochia derives its name (which translates, “best delivery’’ from Greek)
from medicinal powers which allegedly give aid in childbirth.
Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmas 3 or 6, forming lobes or crown-like projections on a single, thick stylar col-
umn or gynostemium; ovary wholly inferior, 6-loculed, elongate, externally similar to the peduncle, becoming a
septicidal capsule; placentation axile; seeds numerous, compressed, with copious endosperm; corolla absent; calyx
conspicuous, purple to lurid, yellow-green or mottled, tubular to pipe-shaped, bilaterally symmetrical by virtue of
irregular twisting and lobing, with a basal chamber or utricle, and a tube which flares at its distal end into an
unevenly lobed limb; the throat of the limb may bear an annulus, and the junction between utricle and tube of
some species is elaborated into a syrinx (absent in ours); inflorescences pseudofascicular by crowding, or flowers
borne singly in leaf or bract axil, often on short, lateral, fertile shoots; pedicels often associated with bracts or
reduced leaves; leaves alternate, simple, linear- sagittate to cordate-ovate, long-petioled, estipulate; stems woody,
twining, or erect to lax herbs, somewhat woody at base, from perennial rootstocks. Vines twine clockwise (left to right).
KEY TO SPECIES OF ARISTOLOCHIA
1. Flower tube nearly straight; flowers clustered in the leaf axils 1. Aristolochia clematitis{p. 19)
1. Flower tube strongly curved, often pipe-like; flowers not clustered (2)
2. Plants herbaceous, never twining; flowers in scaly-bracted cymes from the plant base
2. Aristolochia serpentaria (p. 20)
2. Plants climbing, twining; flowers solitary in the leaf axils (3)
3. Peduncles and flowers densely tomentose; peduncular bract absent
3. Aristolochia tomentosa (p. 21)
3. Peduncles and flowers glabrous or weakly pubescent; peduncular bract conspicuous, leaf-like
4. Aristolochia macrophylla (p. 22)
18
1. Aristolochia clematitis L.
Common Name: Birth wort
Type Description: Linnaeus, Species Pi. II, p. 962,
1753
Origin: Southern Europe
Habitats: Waste places, old lots, roadsides as an es-
cape
Habit: Erect herbs
Flowering: June-August
Fruiting: August-October
General Distribution: European (introduced locally in
North America)
Description: Flowers bisexual; stigma of 6 pointed lobes; stylar column thick, short; ovary 6-celled, inferior, be-
coming a subglobose to cylindric capsule, 2.5-3. 1 cm long, dehiscing basipetally along 6 longitudinal sutures; seeds
numerous, flattened, 10 mm long, 12 mm wide; stamens 6, sessile on the column, equidistant; petals absent; calyx
tube straight or only slightly curved; utricle flared near its attachment to the ovary, yellow-green to purplish-
tinged; tube narrowing, weakly reflexed to form a narrowly deltoid to trullate, purplish limb; limb 0.8-1. 4 cm long,
calyx 1.3-2. 1 cm total length, glabrous except for a few small hairs on the utricle base; peduncles about 5 mm
long, persistent; inflorescence of axillary fascicles of (1) 2-8 flowers; leaves broadly cordate to reniform, 4-11 cm
broad, auriculate with large, incurved and occasionally blunt lobes, tips obtuse to rounded, (leaves) 2-8 cm long,
from the sinus, palmately veined with a strongly reticulated venation system between, essentially glabrous; petioles
glabrous, ridged, 2-6 cm long; pseudostipules absent; nodes estipulate, but often with persistent peduncles in the
axils; internodes sulcate and sharply ridged; stems up to 1.5 m tall, erect to spreading from a tough, perennial
rhizome.
Importance: Extracted aristolochic acid has been used as a bacterial and fungal retardant; in Europe the highly
diluted crude extract has been used for colds, chills, fevers and asthma. Concentrated extracts of any Aristolochia
may be harmful to the digestive tract and lethally poisonous if administered indiscriminately.
19
2. Aristolochia serpentaria L.
Common Names: Virginia Snakeroot, Serpentary
Synonyms: A. hastata Nutt., A. sagittata Muhl., A.
polyrrhizos Spreng. A, dodecandra Raf. , A. convol-
vulacea Small, A. serpentaria var. hastata (Nutt.)
Duchartre, A. officinalis Nees, A. nashii Kearney,
(also combinations under Endodeca, Pistolochia and
Psophiza)
Type Description: Linnaeus, Species Pi. II, p. 961,
1753
Origin: Eastern North America
Habitats: Rich, often calcareous soils, woodlands and
floodplains
Habit: Erect or ascending herb, often bearing its flow-
ers among leaf litter
Flowering: Late May-July
Fruiting: July-October
General Distribution: Connecticut and southern New
York to Florida, Texas and Missouri
Description: Flowers bisexual; stigma 6-lobed; stylar column fleshy, ca. 1.5 mm high; ovary 1, inferior, becoming a
spheroid capsule, 0.8- 1.5 cm in diameter, dehiscing basipetally along 6 longitudinal sutures; seeds relatively few,
4-5 mm long, ellipsoid with acute tips, each borne on a prominent funicular stalk which attaches within a sinus;
seed surfaces are yellowish, pebbly, giving the superficial appearance of grape pits; stamens 6, connivent, roughly
paired; petals absent; calyx irregularly curved to form an S-configuration, 0.8-1. 4 cm total length; utricle sub-
globose; tube variously swollen, flared at the distal end into an unevenly lobed limb; outer calyx sparsely to den-
sely matted-pilose, especially toward the utricle; syrinx slightly developed, inequilateral; limb madder-purple,
3-lobed with a smooth, ring-like annulus; fertile branches (“peduncles ”) 2-9 cm long, scaly, wiry, arising alter-
nately from near the plant base, bearing 1- (2-several) flowers each; peduncle scales alternate, 2-several per stalk,
sessile-hastate, pubescent, 1-4 mm long; leaves membranous, heteromorphic; upper leaves alternate, distichous,
ovate-lanceolate to linear-hastate or cordate at bases, 4-15 cm long, 2-8 cm broad, sparsely puberulent; lower
leaves abruptly reduced, grading into scales below; petioles longest on middle to upper leaves, 0.4-2. 5 cm long;
pseudostipules absent; internodes minutely pubescent; stems 8-50 cm tall, branching at the bases, erect or ascend-
ing, arising from a short rhizome with a dense fibrous root system.
Infraspecific Variation: The shape and lobing of leaves may vary from one population to another or even on indi-
viduals. Plants with strongly divergent basal lobes on narrowly attenuate leaves have been given both species and
varietal ranks (see synonymy). Cleistogamous flowers have been described, in which the calyx tube does not de-
velop nonnally, but remains as a small cap.
20
Importance: Like other Aristolochia species, it is suspect in livestock and human poisoning, l)ut the plants are rare
and cases are rarely reported. Aristolochic acid (yellow bitter-principle), resinous aristinic acid and a volatile oil
have been extracted from this species; moderate doses of extract are said to act as a gastric stimulant, and may aid
in dyspepsia; however, large doses are known to overstimulate, causing upset and dysentery. The principle was
commonly mixed with barks of various trees and made into a medicinal tea; Indian lore recommends a root extract
to check vomiting; folk uses and claims are numerous, but not well documented, including treatment for bilious,
typhus and typhoid fevers, small-pox, pneumonia, amenorhoea and septisemic fevers; its use cifter snakebite is ap-
parently as a fever retardant. Its reputation as a panacea is highly suspect, not recommended in modern medicinal
practice.
3. Aristolochia tomentosa Sims
Common Name: Woolly Pipe- vine
Type Description: Sims, Bot. Mag., pi. 1369, 1811
Synonyms: A. hirsute Muhl., A. tripteris Raf., A.
coriacea Raf., A. hitchcockii Gandoger (also combi-
nations under Siphisia, Isiphia, Hoquartia, Isotrema
and Dasyphonion)
Origin: Eastern North America
Habitats: Moist, alluvial woods and calcareous bottom-
lands
Habit: Twining, woody, perennial vine, becoming a
high-climbing liana
Flowering: June-July
Fruiting: August-November
General Distribution: Illinois to Florida, west to Texas
(escaping cultivation in New York State)
Description: Flowers bisexual; stigma 6-lobed; stylar column fleshy, ca. 3 mm high; ovary 2-2.5 cm long, inferior,
well-developed in flower and distinguishable from the pedicel, densely tomentose without, becoming a large,
woody capsule (4.5-8 cm long, 1.5-2. 5 cm wide) which dehisces along 6 longitudinal sutures; seeds numerous,
flattened, caruncled, 0. 8-1.0 mm long and broad; stamens 6, adnate to the stylar column in pairs; petals absent;
calyx cylindric, somewhat inflated at the utricle; tube strongly curved upward, yellowish, tomentose, with an ab-
ruptly flared limb; limb purple, f.3-1.7 cm across, 3-lobed, the lower lobe slightly larger; annulus prominent,
rugose, nearly closed at the throat; pedicels 1.5-3. 1 cm long (or short, bearing an undeveloped flower) on densely
tomentose, short, lateral shoots, 1-4 cm long; the joint usually bears a tomentose reduced leaf which is less than
1 cm in length; bud scales at the shoot base tomentose beneath, minute; inflorescences are of 1-2 flowers per
shoot, borne singly; leaves are broadly cordate to reniform, with obtuse to rounded tips, 3-10 (20) cm long, 2-8
21
(15) cm broad, densely tomentose below, less pubescent above; petioles tomentose, 1-4.5 cm long; pseudostipules
absent; nodes somewhat enlarged with a tuft of hairs at the base of each short shoot; internodes slightly fluted,
glaucous to puberulent, reddish beneath; stems woody, twining, up to 25 m from a perennial rootstock.
Importance: Cultivated outside its range in the United States, Canada and Europe as an arbor or trellis plant.
4. Aristolochia macrophylla Lamarck
Common Names: Dutchman’s-pipe, Pipe-vine
Type Description: Lamarck, Encycl. Meth. Bot. 1,
p. 255, 1783
Synonyms: A. durior Hill, A. sipho L’Her., A. frutes-
cens, Marsh, A. grandifolia Salish., A. arkansaw
Lodd., (also combinations under Hoquartia,
Siphisia, Isiphia and Isotrema)
Habitats: Rich woodlands and streambanks in upland
environments
Habit: Twining, high-climbing, woody liana
Flowering: June (New York)
Fruiting: August-November
General Distribution: Pennsylvania (Connecticut) to
northern Alabama in the Appalachian uplands, culti-
vated and naturalizing northward to New York
Description: Flowers bisexual; stigma 6-lobed, stylar column fleshy, about 4 mm high; ovary 1, inferior, not con-
spicuous in flower, slightly furrowed, glabrous, developing into a large cylindric capsule, 5.5-10 cm long, 1.5-5. 8
cm wide, valvate-dehiscent along 6 longitudinal sutures; seeds numerous, cordate-flattened, caruncled, 0. 6-1.0 cm
long; stamens 6, adnate to column, paired; petals absent; calyx with a flared utricle, the tube curved abruptly
upward, 2-2.5 cm long, narrowing toward the apex, yellowish, often mottled, essentially glabrous, expanded ab-
ruptly into a limb; limb 3-lobed, madder-purple, the upper two lobes acute, the lower blunt-obtuse, 2-2.5 cm
broad; pedicels 2-4 cm long, glabrous, on slender, lateral shoots 1-3 cm long; bract at their joint foliaceous, sessile,
puberulent, 1-3 cm long and wide, cordate-clasping; leaves cordate, ovate to reniform with acuminate tips, 10-45
cm long and broad, minutely pubescent beneath, especially on the veins; petioles puberulent to glabrous, 3-8 cm
long; pseudostipules absent; nodes somewhat enlarged, internodes reddish, variously ribbed and thickened, gla-
brous; stem climbing up to 20 m from a perennial rootstock.
Importance: This is a popular cultivated plant in the United States and especially in Europe where it is not an
uncommon sight covering columns, trellises and lamp posts. It is grown primarily for its climbing properties and
lush foliage; propagated from cuttings.
Note: According to Pfeifer (1962, 1966) the commonly used binomial, A. durior, is based on an illustration of poor
quality which more closely resembles Bignonia capreolata.
22
Nymphaeaceae (Waterlily Family)
As treated herein, the Nymphaeaceae consists of the genera Nymphaea, Nuphar, and Ondinea, the latter being
described in 1970 from northwestern Australia. Three genera native to New York State, which have been ascribed
to Nymphaeaceae in the past, are treated as separate families; Nelumbo (Nelumbonaceae), Brasenia and Cahornba
(Cabombaceae). Still other genera, not native to New York State, are also considered to belong to separate families;
thus Victoria and Euryale (Euryalaceae) and Barclaya (Barclayaceae) are not included in the family description.
Since Ondinea has unusual characteristics (3-5 carpels, epigynous stamens, no petals), and is also not native to this
continent, its characters are omitted as exceptions. Depending on the author involved, Nymphaea can be consid-
ered to have about 40 species and Nuphar as many as 25. However, only one polymorphic species of Nymphaea
occurs in our area, and the most recent treatment of Nuphar (Beal, 1956) reduced the number of species in North
America and Europe to one, with several subspecies and intergrading clinal series. Of these, three subspecies and
their intermediates occur in New York State. Members of the Nymphaeaceae and their hybrids are popular in
cultivation. They are also important as wildlife food and in the light and shelter dynamics of aquatic ecosystems.
FAMILY DESCRIPTION
Members of Nymphaeaceae are aquatic, colony-forming perennials. Rhizomes range from slender to massive (some-
times tuberous) with thick, adventitious roots throughout, and petioles and peduncles are arranged spirally, appear-
ing tightly clustered near their tips with the decay of dead tissue. Leaves are submerged, floating or emergent,
passing through a series of submerged forms in early development. Mature leaves are orbicular to oval with a sinus
(rarely slightly peltate) to sagittate, glossy green above, paler green to red-purple, much-veined below. Petioles are
elongate, fleshy. Flowers are perfect, radially symmetrical, floating or emergent. They are solitary on long, stiff
peduncles (which recoil after fertilization in Nymphaea). Flowers of Nymphaea are persistent at the water surface
for several days during which time they grow in size, opening and closing daily. Perianth parts (excluding
staminodia) 4-40 free, white or yellow (blue, pink) to greenish or maroon, not strongly differentiated into calyx and
corolla in Nymphaea. Stamens are numerous, spirally arranged, attached to the carpellary wall or hypogynous, in-
trorse; anther sacs are two in number. Stamens grade into petal-like staminodia in Nymphaea. Carpels are numer-
ous, partially or wholly fused. Each conduplicate carpel contains numerous anatropous ovules which vary in lateral
union and attachment to the carpel wall. Stigmatic areas are exposed on a radiate disc. The margins fuse early in
Nuphar but late in Nymphaea (not at all in some Nuphar mutants) emphasizing their conduplicate origin. Seeds
are numerous within each carpellary unit of the fruit; they are operculate, with or without an aril. Fruits are leath-
ery berries, dehiscing into pips near the water surface (Nuphar) or submerged on the recoiled peduncles (Nym-
phaea). Each seed has a straight embryo and starchy to albuminous endosperm.
KEY TO GENERA
1. Perianth parts (tepals) snowy white (to pinkish), the outer 4-5, ± sepaloid; carpels partially fused, the stigmatic
areas individually curved inward; stamens perigynous on the carpellary wall; seed arillate; leaves mostly orbicu-
lar, lobes pointed at the tips 1. Nymphaea (p. 23)
1. Perianth parts yellow to green (often maroon), clearly differentiated into outer and inner series; carpels com-
pletely fused, the stigmatic areas on a lobed or entire disc; stamens hypogynous; seeds not arillate; leaves or-
bicular to hastate, the lobes rounded 2. Nuphar (p. 25)
1. NYMPHAEA
Common Names: Water-lily, Pond-lily, Nymphaea, Fragrant Water-lily, White Water-lily, Bonnet
Authority: Linnaeus, Species PL, p. 510, 1753
A genus of perhaps 40 species distributed primarily in the Northern Hemisphere. Many species are highly prized
as ornamentals, and variability is extensive, even among our “native varieties.” The timing of opening and closing
of flowers is apparently dependent on the specific clone involved. Fruits and seeds are sought out by diving birds,
where they lie near the bottom, entangled in the recoiled peduncles.
23
1. Nymphaea odorata Ait.
Common Names: White Water-lily, Fragrant Water-
lily, Pond-lily, Nymphaea, Sweet-scented Water-lily,
Rose-colored Water-lily, Bonnet
Type Description: Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2, p. 227, 1789
Synonyms: N. tuberosa Paine, N. odorata f. rubra
Guillon, .V. spiralis Raf., N. lekophylla (Small) Cory,
Castalia odorata (Dryand.) Woodv. & Wood, Cas-
talia lekophylla Small, Castalia tuberosa (Paine)
Greene
Origin: Eastern North America
Habitats: Ponds, slow streams, quiet lakes and sloughs
Habit: Rhizomatous, sometimes tuberous, aquatic,
herbaceous perennial with mostly floating leaves and
flowers; forming extensive colonies
Flowering: June-Septeinber
Fruiting: Late June-November
General Distribution: Newfoundland to Manitoba,
northern Minnesota and Michigan to Florida, Texas,
Mexico and El Salvador
Description: Plants with bisexual flowers; stigmas 10-25 per flower, forming a radiate disc, with sterile tissue ex-
tending upward as a crown of slender, incurved appendages; ovary 1, consisting of 10-25 partially fused carpels,
becoming a leathery berry, 2. 5-3.5 cm in diameter in fruit; ovules numerous, anatropous, variously fused to the
carpel wall; seeds arillate and operculate, ellipsoid, 1.5-4. 4 mm long; embryo in a pocket near the hilum; cotyle-
dons large, enfolding the plumule; endosperm albuminous to thick, starchy, enclosed in copious perisperm; sta-
mens 60 or more, introrse; anther sacs elongate, upcurved; filaments attached basally to the hypanthium surround-
ing the ovary; petaloid staminodia, 1-4 cm long, intergrading with the tepals of the perianth; perianth radially
symmetrical, consisting of numerous, inner, white to pinkish tepals, 2-9 cm long, 1.5-3. 5 cm wide, elliptic-
lanceolate to spatulate with acute to rounded tips, grading into a few (usually 4) greenish to purple sepal-like lobes;
flowers solitary, floating or emergent, often fragrant, 7-25 cm broad, open from morning to early afternoon;
peduncles smooth, fleshy, up to 3 in long, greenish to purple; leaves mostly orbicular to oval in outline, 4-50 (60)
24
cm in diameter, with a sinus to the petiole and pointed, basal lobes, pale to dark green, waxy above, often purple
to pale red beneath, essentially net-veined with a few major laterals arising from the midrib; petioles arising with
the peduncles on the rhizome, greenish to purple or with longitudinal, brown stripes; rhizomes slender to thick,
fleshy and starchy, sometimes tuberous and serving to propagate certain clones; roots fleshy, adventitious. (2n
56 or 84 in large, southern forms).
Infraspecific Variation: Of the many other described taxa in this genus, we have N. odorata f rubra Guillon and
“N. tuberose” in New York State. The former is an escape from cultivation which has naturalized in a few areas.
The concept of N. tuberose has received considerable acceptance and attention, due to the large number of obvi-
ous characters ascribed to it. It has been characterized as tuberous, with large leaves, greenish beneath, brown
striped petioles, large, odorless flowers which stay open longer, green sepals, numerous, broader, spatulate-rounded
petals, narrower anther sacs on inner filaments, few carpels and seeds and short arils. Numerous field observations
as well as population and transplant studies have confirmed the erratic distribution and clustering of these traits
(Monson) 1957-58; Williams, 1970). Although clones are known which concentrate certain character-combinations,
the array of such combinations is extensive. Most northern populations appear to be tuberous to an extent, relying
on this means of propagation more than on seeds. Further study of this group is called for, especially comparing
northern and southern representatives of the species-complex.
Importance: Nymphaea odorata has long been cultivated and encouraged where it naturally occurs in North
America. Its horticultural introduction into England in 1786 is said to have aroused much interest in Water-lily
cultivation throughout Europe (Sculthorpe, 1967). It is the traditional lily pad of literature and folk songs of the
North American continent. It is still prized as an aquatic ornamental, though many more exotic cultivars have been
bred. It is considered a weed in situations where it clogs waterways or adds to silts in ponds. It is a valuable
shelter and attachment for small animals and algae, and the seeds are eaten by waterfowl. Rhizomes and tubers are
extremely starchy, and may be utilized as human food. Indians of the north central states used the pulp in bread-
making. The tubers are sought out as food by wild hogs and deer.
2. NUPHAR
Common Names: Yellow Pond-lily, Spatter-dock, Yellow Water-lily, Cow-lily
Authority: J. E. Smith in Fl. Craec. Prodr. I, p. 361, 1808-09 (nom. cons.)
A genus of highly variable plants, limited to the Northern Hemisphere. Some authors recognize as many as 25
species (and literally hundreds of infraspecific taxa) with up to 18 of these occurring in the United States and
Canada. The most recent treatment (Beal, 1956), supported by subsequent experimental evidence (Beal & Southall,
1977), recognizes one species throughout North America and Europe with 9 subspeeies. It is that treatment which
will be followed here.
1. Nuphar luteum (L). Sibth. & Smith
Common Names: Yellow Pond-lily, Spatter-dock, Yellow Water-lily, Cow-lily
Type Description: Linnaeus, Species, Pi., p. 510, 1753 (in part)
Synonyms: Nymphaea lutea L., Nymphaea umbilicaulis Salisb. in Konig & Sims, Nymphozanthus vulgaris Rich.,
Nenuphar lutea Hayne, Clarivillea lutea (L.) Hegets., Nenufar luteum Hayne, Nufar systylum Wallr., Nyrn-
phona lutea (L.) Bub., Nymphozanthus sericeus (Lang) Fern., Nymphozanthus luteus (L.) Fern.
Origin: Eurasia (but long native to North America)
Habitats: Ponds, lakes, sloughs, streams, bogs and occasionally on wet mud
Habit: Strictly rhizomatous perennial herb, forming clonal colonies
Flowering: May-October
Fruiting: June-November
General Distribution: Temperate to subtropical and subarctic areas of the Northern Hemisphere
Description: Flowers bisexual; stigmatic areas borne on a radiate, deeply crenate to entire stigmatic disc, 0.5-5 cm
in diameter, the 5-36 stigmatic rays extending to within 4 mm of the disc margin and often to the margin; style 1,
very constricted to about the same diameter as the stigmatic disc, green, yellowish and/or variously tinged with
maroon; ovary 1, the carpels completely fused, 5-36 chambered, with numerous ovules per chamber, up to 8 cm
25
long in fruit; seeds operculate, not arillate, 2.5-5 mm wide and up to 5 mm long; stamens numerous hypogenous,
with ventral anthers 1-10 mm long, usually with sterile tissue extending (up to 4 mm) beyond the anthers; corolla
represented by small (up to 10 mm long) yellowish to maroon petals in a spiral arrangement immediately external
to the stamens; calyx radially symmetrical, conspicuous, the 5-14 sepals relatively large, 1-4.5 cm long, greenish,
often yellowish and/or maroon on the ventral surface (and sometimes both the ventral and dorsal surfaces), 1.5-12
cm in diameter when fully expanded; flowers solitary on elongate, spongy peduncles up to 3.5 m long; leaves
submersed, floating or emergent, the blades ranging from wider than long (essentially orbicular) to as much as 5
times as long as wide, up to 6 dm in length or in diameter, with divergent to overlapping blunt-tipped basal lobes,
glabrous to densely pubescent beneath, the major veins arising from the midrib; petioles glabrous to pubescent, up
to 3.5 m in length, arising (along with adventitious roots and peduncles) from the nodes of the rhizome; rhizome
1-15 cm in diameter. (2n = 34).
Infraspecific Variation: Variation among clonal populations and between subspecies is exceptionally great; however,
variation within clones is minimal. Sterility has been reported among plants intermediate between ssp. piimilum
and ssp. variegatum [often known as Nuphar rubrodiscum Morong, Nymphaea rubrodisca Greene, Nymphaea
hybrida Peck, Nymphozanthus rubrodiscus (Morong) Fern., Nuphar x hybridum (Peck) Berg., or x Nuphar ru-
brodiscum (Morong) Fern.], as well as complete fertility in some populations. It may well be that sterility is less
prevalent than previously reported, in view of experimental evidence involving intermediates of ssp. macrophiyllum
and ssp. sagittifolium in North Carolina (Beal and Southall, 1977), in which the intermediates would not germinate
without vernalization but, upon appropriate vernalization treatment, germinated equally as well as their supposed
parental subspecies.
Subspecies macrophiyllum and ssp. variegatum are the most tenuously delimited taxa in the genus. In areas
where their ranges are parapatric, the presumed distinctive features blend and intergrade with no apparent sterility
of the intermediates. As one progresses northward from “ macrophyllum territory” into “variegatum territory,” the
petioles become more flattened and more broadly winged. Also the inner surfaces of the sepals and the carpels
become more consistently maroon. In fact, in this treatment of Nuphar luteum in New York, only those plants
lacking both winged petioles and maroon coloration have been treated as ssp. macrophyllum. All other combina-
tions have been treated as ssp. variegatum.
A specimen of N. luteum ssp. variegatum was collected from a lily pond. Sag Harbor, Suffolk County by Roy
Latham (No. 6792) in 1929. This plant has a leaf length-width ratio of almost 2, reminiscent of the intermediates
between ssp. macrophyllum and ssp. sagittifolium in the Carolinas. Undoubtedly, should this population still exist,
it should be possible to experimentally extract genotypes comparable to the more southern coastal form, ssp. sagit-
tifolium. In fact, experimental studies comparable to those done in the Carolinas, should throw much light upon
the genetic nature of the subspecies and their intermediates in New York.
A single specimen of N. luteum (Muenscher and Curtis, 5083, CU) from Highland Lake, New York, has the
typical leaf shape and numerous sepals of ssp. polysepalum. It also has the winged petiole characteristic of ssp.
variegatum. This suggests either extreme polymoiphism in ssp. variegatum or the ephemeral past establishment of
ssp. polysepalum with subsequent introgression.
Importance: The seeds and rootstocks are well-documented food sources for wildlife and man. The most extensive
use of seeds has been by northwestern Indians who parch them {N. luteum ssp. polysepalum) and grind off the
tough hulls. Subspecies variegatum has been used in New York and New England where seeds were boiled. East-
ern Indians primarily ate rhizomes, after boiling, for their high carbohydrate content. Early reports claim the taste
of sheep-liver and state that Indians dove for the “rootstocks” or “stole them from muskrats.”
KEY TO SUBSPECIES
I. Fruit narrowly constricted below the stigmatic disc; stigmatic disc deeply crenate or dentate; anthers mostly
1-2 mm in length; sepals usually 5; petals mostly thin and broadly spatulate la. N. luteum ssp. pumilum
1. Fruit only slightly, if at all, constricted below the stigmatic disc; stigmatic disc crenate to entire; anthers mostly
5-8 mm long; sepals usually 6 ( — 9); petals mostly thick and oblong (2)
2. Petiole conspicuously flattened and winged on the upper surface; sepals (and carpels) often maroon colored . .
Ib. N. luteum ssp. variegatum
2. Petiole terete to oval in cross-section, without wings; sepals usually green and/or yellow on the inner sur-
face; carpels green to yellow Ic. N. luteum ssp. macrophyllum
26
la. N. luteum ssp. pumilum (Timm.) Beal
Type Description: Timm. Mag. Nat. Meckl. 2,
p. 250. 1795
Synonyms for North American plants: Syinphciea
lutea fi kalmiana Mich.x., Nymphaea lutea fi
microphylla Pers., Nymphaea kalmiana Sims,
Nuphar kalmiana Ait. f., Nuphar minima Sm.,
Nenuphar minumum Link, Nuphar luteum kal-
miana Torr. & Gray, Nymphaea microphylla
(Pers.) Robins & Fernald, Nuphar microphyllum
(Pers.) Fern., Nymphozanthus microphyllus
(Pers.) Fern., Nuphar microphyllum f. mul-
tisepalum O. Lakela.
Origin: Eurasia (Native also in North America)
General Distribution in North America: North-
eastern Minnesota northward into Newfoundland
and southward to southern New Jersey
lb. N. luteum ssp. variegaturn (Durand) Beal
Type Description: Engehn. e.x Durand in Glin-
ton, 19th Annual Report of the Regents of The
University of the State of New York on the Gon-
dition of the State Gabinet of Natural History, p.
73. 1866
Synonyms: Nymphaea advena Ait. (in part),
Nuphar advena Ait. f. Nenuphar advena Link,
Nuphar americana Prov. (in part), Nuphar var-
iegatum Durand, Nuphar advena, var. var-
iegatum (Durand) Gray, Nymphaea variegata
(Durand) Miller, Nymphaea americana (Prov.)
Miller & Standley, Nymphozanthus variegatus
(Durand) Fern., Nymphaea advena Soland,
Nuphar fraternum (Miller & Standley) Standley,
Nuphar advena ssp. variegaturn (Durand)
Glausen
Origin: Northeastern North America
General Distribution: New Jersey to northeastern
Pennsylvania, northern Ohio, northern Indiana,
northern Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, and western
Montana, northward to the Yukon, Northwest
Territories (Great Bear & Great Slave Lakes),
northern Alberta, northern Saskatchewan, north-
ern Manitoba, Quebec (as far north as Hudson
Bay) and Newfoundland
lc. N. luteum ssp. macrophyllum (Small) Beal
Type Description: Small, Bull, Torrey Bot. Glub
25:465-466. 1898
Synonyms: Nymphaea lutea sensu Walter, Nym-
phaea advena Ait. (in part), Nymphaea advena
sensu Michx., Nymphaea arifolia Salisb. in Konig
& Sims, Nuphar advena Ait. f. , Nuphar advena
27
Nuphar luteum (L.) Sibth. & Smith. The three subspecies native to New York State are illustrated above, desig-
nated as follows; A-1, ssp. pumilum; A-2, ssp. variegatum; A-3, ssp. rnacrophyllum . Flowers of hybrid inter-
mediates (“x N. rubrodiscurn”) between the two varieties at the left are also shown (F-4).
28
sensu Pursh, Nenuphar advena (Ait.) Link, Nuphar advena sensu Walp., Nuphar americana Prov. (in part),
Nymphaea macrophylla Small, Nymphaea fluviatdis HariJer, Nymphaea advena .ssp. erythraea Miller &
Standley, Nymphaea advena ssp. macrophylla (Small) Miller & Standley, Nymphona advena (Soland) Neiuw.,
Nymphozanthus advena (Ait.) Fern., Nymphozanthus advena var. macrophyllus (Small) Fern., Nymphozan-
thus fluviatilis (Harper) Fern., Nuphar fluviatile (Harj^er) Standley, Nuphar peteorum Feni.
Origin; Eastern LTnited States
General Distribution: From western Cuba to northeastern Mexico, northward to Maine, southern Vermont,
New York, southern Ontario, central Michigan, southern Wisconsin, Missouri, southwestern Nebraska, east-
ern Oklahoma and eastern Texas
Note; The complete and more accurate author citation for ssp. variegatum would be (Engelmann ex Durand in
Clinton) Beal, referring to the extremely confusing situation in which: 1) Clinton was the valid publisher, though
remaining anonymous 2) Durand furnished the description, as quoted by Clinton 3) Engelmann was the first to use
the epithet, but was said by Clinton to doubt the species at the time. We have employed Recommendation 46D of
the International Code in choosing Durand to be retained as author of the description in its entirety.
Nelumbonaceae (Lotus Family)
This is a monogeneric group of primitive, strictly rhizomatous, aquatic plants, consisting of three species. One,
Nelumbo lutea, a yellow-flowered species, is native to eastern North America and extends southward to Colombia;
another N. nucifera, is native to the warmer parts of Asia and Australia and has pink flowers. The third species (if
distinct) is native to the West Indies. The family, on both morphological and immunological grounds, is of uncer-
tain relationship to other families. Authors have treated Nelumbo variously, placing it in the body of Nym-
phaeaceae with Cabornba and Brasenia, or placing it in a distinct subfamily, Nelumbonoideae; still others, more
recently, are consistently separating it as a distinct family or even order. The bulk of evidence from the literature
places its relationships away from the Nymphaeceae, closer to some monocot families. Lotus is widely cultivated as
an aquatic ornamental. There is considerable doubt that the genus Nelumbo is the biblical Lotus, though the tub-
ers are edible.
FAMILY DESCRIPTION
Plants have large, bisexual, radially symmetrical flowers, borne above water level. These are solitary on long, stiff
peduncles which arise from the nodes of underwater rhizomes. Carpels (9-39) are separate, enclosed in round pits
at the upper, flat surface of a spongy, obconical receptacle. Each short style is tipped with a small, obconical
stigma. Stamens are free (±200), fairly well differentiated into long, ventral anthers and filaments which are
basifixed spirally and hypogenously. Outer stamens exhibit increased sterile tissue, but there is an abrupt transition
from stamens to petals. Petals are numerous, spirally arranged, early-deciduous, grading into 2-5 more or less
persistent sepals. The fruit is an indehiscent nut with a hard pericarp. The pendulous ovule is anatropous. The
ovule comes to fill the entire pericarp where, in seed, the embryo is enclosed by a thin, membranous sheath
(sometimes interpreted as endospermous). Endosperm and perisperm are absent. A ring around the base of the
green plumule becomes 2-lobed, suggesting the presence of one cotyledon rather than two. Leaves of the plumule
are peltate, closely resembling more mature leaves. Seedlings float on the surface of the water. Rhizomes are 1-2
cm thick, but produce enlarged, starchy tubers in late season. Peltate leaves (3-6 dm wide) are both floating and
emergent, borne on long petioles which arise from nodes of rhizomes as do adventitious roots. Fruits are nut-like,
borne in the enlarged receptacle which is woody, obconical and flat-topped, dropping the fruit from open chambers
in its surface. The peduncle often reflexes just below the fruiting receptacle. Vegetative portions of the plant are
without vessels (except primary xylem of roots) and vascular bundles are scattered, suggesting monocotyledonous
relationships.
29
1. NELUMBO
Common Names: Lotus, Sacred Bean
Authority: Adans, Fam. PL, vol. 2, p. 76, 1763
These plants are aquatic herbs of circumboreal distribution, known for their large, peltate leaves and edible fruits
and tubers. There are three species, one of which is known to have persisted after escape from cultivation in New
York State.
1. Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers.
Common Names: Lotus, Wankapin, American Lotus,
Duck-acom, Yanquapin, Water Chinquapin, Lotus-
lily, Water-nut, Can-dock, Yellow Nelumbo
Type Description: Persoon, Syn. vol. 1, p. 95, 1805
Synonyms: Nelumbium Iiiteum Willd., Nyinphaea pen-
tapetala Walt., Cyanus luteus Nutt., Nelumbo pen-
tapetala (Walt.) Fern.
Origin: Eastern North America
Habitats: Ponds, lakes, slow streams, estuaries, artifi-
cial impoundments and sloughs
Habit: A large, perennial, aquatic herb with floating
and emergent leaves
Flowering: July-September
Fruiting: September-November
General Distribution: Florida to Texas and northward
inland to Iowa, Minnesota and southern Ontario:
adventive in New York; coastal populations to New
England
Description: Plants with bisexual flowers; stigmas 1 per carpel, small, obconical, each borne at the tip of a short
style; ovaries numerous (9-39), unicarpellate, free, obconical, each borne in a pit in the receptacle and basally
attached; ovule 1 per ovary, anatropous, pendulous, becoming a seed which fills the indehiscent fruit; embryo
completely filling the pericarp, but surrounded by a thin membranous sheath; endosperm lacking; perisperm lack-
ing; cotyledons consisting of two lobes, developing from a ring at the base of the plumule (suggesting a single,
fused structure); plumule leaves peltate, grading only in size into mature leaves; fruit in an aggregate of indehis-
cent nutlets, 0.8-1. 5 cm long, borne in pits in a woody receptacle; receptacle obconic, with a flat, truncated sum-
mit, 6-12 cm in diameter, erect to reflexed-pendulous at maturity; pits in the receptacle expanding to release
30
many of the fruit by late fall; stamens numerous (±200), spirally attached, fairly well differentiated into slender
filaments and elongate, antrorse anther sacs, each tipped with a slender, hooked appendage; perianth radially
symmetrical up to 25 cm in diameter, poorly differentiated into calyx and corolla; petals 20 or more, 4-12 cm long,
2-6 cm broad, lanceolate to linear with rounded to obtuse tips, yellow and early deciduous (2-3 days); calyx of 2-5
lobes, green to yellowish, more persistent than petals but otherwise similar; flowers borne singly on long pedun-
cles; bracts absent; peduncles glabrous, tough, erect, holding the flower above the water surface, often reflexed at
the tip in fruit, arising from the nodes of underwater rhizomes; leaves orbicular, centrally peltate, glabrous, leath-
ery, waxy, shedding water readily, 20-50 (70) cm broad, floating or elevated on the stiff petioles up to 1 m above
the water surface; petioles arising from the nodes of the rhizomes which lie buried horizontally in mud; rhizome
1-2 cm thick, producing large, starchy tubers in the fall. (2n = 16).
Importance; American Indians utilized the tubers as a source of starchy food. The leaf stalks and young leaves were
cooked as a vegetable. Seeds, eaten before the seed coat hardens, have a chestnut-like flavor. At later stages, the
embryo of the ripe seeds may be removed from the hard fruit coat, cooked and ground for breadstuff. The seeds
show remarkable powers of longevity and dormancy, and may be stored indefinitely. The woody fruiting recepta-
cles are often sold for use in dried arrangements, and are unusual and attractive. These “pods ” have been used by
native American shamans as rattles in ritual healing practices. Nelumbo species (both yellow and pink flowered) are
often cultivated in ponds, especially farther south.
Cabombaceae (Water-Shield Family)
A family of two genera of strictly aquatic plants, variously treated in the past: 1) as an integral part of the Nym-
phaeaceae, 2) a distinct subfamily, Cabomboidae, within Nymphaeaceae, or 3) as a distinct family, with perhaps
closer relationships to the Ceratophyllaceae or Ranunculaceae. Brasenia is monotypic and cosmopolitan, except for
Europe; Cabomba, with about six species in warmer parts of the world, has only one species which reaches our
area.
FAMILY DESCRIPTION
Plants have small, bisexual flowers which are radially symmetrical and axillary on an elongate, cauline axis which
arises from a submerged rhizome. The gynoecium is multi-carpellate, consisting of 3-18 free ovaries. The stamens
are hypogenous, (3) 6-36, anther sacs dorsal or ventral. The perianth is biseriate, consisting of 3 (rarely 4) petals
and 3 (4) sepals. The fruit is an indehiscent pod, containing (1) 2-3 pendulous seeds, each with a small amount of
endosperm and copious perisperm. Both genera produce spirally arranged, floating, peltate leaves, but Cabomba is
dimorphic, producing primarily capillary-dissected, submerged leaves, with the tiny, floating, peltate leaves only
near the branch tips subtending the flowers. Both genera produce a milky latex and secrete a mucilaginous cover-
ing, but this is much more pronounced in Brasenia.
KEY TO GENERA
1. Leaves mostly submerged, capillary-dissected, fan-shaped with few, small, peltate, floating leaves; stamens 3-6
in creamy-white flowers 1. Cabomba (p. 31)
1. Leaves uniformly peltate, elliptic, almost all floating; stamens 12-36, in dull, purplish flowers
2. Brasenia (p. 33)
1. CABOMBA
Common Names: Fanwort, Carolina Water-shield, Fish-grass, Washington-plant, Cabomba
Authority: Aublet, Pi. Gui. I. 321. t. 124, 1775
A genus of almost wholly submerged aquatics, with about 6 species in the warmer parts of the Western Hemi-
sphere. One species occurs in New York State as an escape after the dumping of aquaria.
31
1. Cabomba caroliniana Gray
Common Names: Fanwort, Carolina Water-shield
Type Description: Gray, Ann. Lye. N.Y., vol. 4, p.
47, 1837
Synonyms: Cabomba aubleti Michx. (in part), C.
aquatica DC. not Aubl., C. viridiflora Hort.
Origin: Eastern North America
Habitats: Ponds, lakes, sloughs, swamps and quiet
streams
Habit: Attached, submerged aquatic, with a few float-
ing leaves and emergent flowers
Flowering: May-September
Fruiting: July-November
General Distribution: Florida to Texas, north to Mary-
land and Virginia (escaping northward to New Eng-
land)
Description: Plants with bisexual flowers; stigmas 1 per carpel, small, each terminating in a short style; ovaries 3
(2-4) per flower, each of a single carpel, free, each carpel becoming an indehiscent pod in fruit; ovules 1-3 per
carpel, attached to the dorsal suture, becoming pendulous seeds and finally enclosed tightly by the pod; endo-
sperm and copious perisperm present; stamens (3) 6, hypogenous, the short anther sacs extrorse; perianth radially
symmetrical, 0.9-1. 5 cm in length with separate petals and sepals in two whorls of 3 (rarely 4); petals white to
cream, short -clawed, one with two yellow-spotted, auriculate lobes at the base; sepals creamy-greenish to rose-
tinged, unlobed; flowers borne singly, emergent, on slender peduncles from the axils of small, floating leaves, float-
ing leaves few, alternate, peltate, linear-elliptic, 1. 1-2.1 cm in length, entire to irregular or constricted near the
petiole connection, often bifid at one end, also slightly pubescent beneath with a slight mucilaginous coating,
petioled; submersed leaves opposite or whorled, capillary, fan-shaped, palmately dissected into linear-filiform,
often dichotomously branching segments, up to 6 cm broad, subsessile or on petioles to 2 cm in length; stipules
absent; nodes and internodes delicate, but tough, not fragmenting easily; stems (as well as leaves) often reddish,
plants becoming up to 2.5 m long from a congested, fibrous root system in the substrate. (2n = 24).
Importance: Plants are eaten by waterfowl and rough fish, and provide excellent cover for minnows. They are used
as substrate by microflora and browsing microfauna, and dense bed of the plants tend to be rich in associated
plankton. In southern regions the plants may become a nuisance to small boat traffic. They speed the eutrophica-
tion process in shallow lakes. This species is used as a decorative ornamental in aquaria and frequently escapes.
32
2. BRASENIA
Common Name: Water-shield
Authority: Schreber, Gen. Pi. vol. 1, p. 372, 1789
A monotypic genus of strictly aquatic, herbaceous plants with almost cosmopolitan distribution.
1. Brasenia schreberi Gmel.
Common Names: Water-shield, Purple Wen-dock,
Dollar-bonnet
Type Description: Gmelin, Syst. Veg. I, p. 853, 1796
Synonyms: Menyanthes nymphoides Thunb., Hy-
dropeltis purpurea Michx., Brasenia peltata Pursh,
Brasenia purpurea (Michx.) Gasp.
Origin: Ancient and uncertain
Habitats: Lakes, ponds, ditches and other still waters
Habit: Floating-leaved aquatic; stems usually attached
Flowering: June- September (October)
Fruiting: July-November
General Distribution: Erratic-cosmopolitan (absent in
Europe)
Description: Plants with bisexual flowers; stigmas 1 per carpel, linear, each borne laterally on a fleshy style;
ovaries 4-10 (18), free, each of a single carpel, becoming a clavate, coriaceous, indehiscent pod in fruit; ovules 2
(1-3) per carpel, pendulous from the dorsal suture, becoming orbicular seeds, 2-3 mm long, with endosperm and
copious perisperm; stamens hypogenous, 12-20 (36), with slightly introrse anther sacs, purplish-red; perianth ra-
dially symmetrical, in two whorls, 1-1.8 cm broad; petals 3 (4), dull red-purple, ovate-lanceolate, 0.6-1. 5 cm long;
sepals similar to the petals; flowers solitary on axillary peduncles; leaves alternate, centrally peltate, broadly oval to
suborbicular, entire, shiny green to reddish above, red-purple and coated with mucilage below at maturity, 4-9 cm
long; peduncles slender, purplish, also coated with the mucilaginous substance, as are the stems; stems are much-
branched and attached (though they may break free and survive) to a slender, creeping rootstock. (2n = 80).
Importance: The tuberous roots are reportedly eaten as food by Indians in the western United States, and the
young leaves and petioles (prior to extensive mucilage formation) are eaten by the Japanese in salads.
33
Ceratophyllaceae (Hornwort Family)
Members of this group are highly specialized vegetatively to live as submerged aquatics. Their flower structure,
however, is relatively primitive, placing the family in Nymphaeales. The position and relationships of the family
remain in doubt. The single genus, Ceratophtjllum, has five species, two of which occur in New York State. They
are of ecological importance to fish and waterfowl, and are sometimes grown as aquarium plants.
FAMILY DESCRIPTION
Perennial, submerged aquatics, forming floating mats of stolons and rhizomes, not rooted. Leaves are whorled on
the stems and are coarsely to finely dichotomously dissected, with very short petioles (or sessile) and no stipules.
Blades are of linear to filiform branching segments with serrulate to ciliate margins, or entire. Vegetation feels
rough to the touch by comparison with most other submerged angiosperms. Plants are monoecious. Flowers are
minute, regularly symmetrical, borne singly at the nodes. The perianth (sometimes called involucre) is of a single
series, the 10-16 lobes fused at the base into a shallow cup. Stamens are erect with short, fleshy filaments, each
with a broad connective which projects beyond the 2 anther sacs into 2 (3) lobes. Stamens 8-22, crowded, about
equaling the perianth lobes of the male flowers, deciduous prior to anthesis. Carpels are 1 per female flower, ex-
serted, with a long, persistent style, 1-locular with a single, laminar, pendulous ovule. The fruit is a single-seeded,
nut-like achene with hom-like spines. The embryo is large, and endosperm is absent.
1. CERATOPHYLLUM
Common Names: Hornwort, Coontail, Cornifle
Authority: Linnaeus, Species Pi., p. 992, 1753
A circumboreal genus of submerged aquatic plants. Two species are found in New York State in lakes, streams and
backwaters.
KEY TO SPECIES OF CERATOPHYLLUM
1. Terminal leaf branches often free of teeth, capillary; fruit warty, with more than 2 (4-15) lateral and basal
spines, their bases confluent along a narrow ridge 1. Ceratophyllum echinatum (p. 35)
1. Terminal leaf branches mostly toothed, linear to subcapillary; rarely fruiting; fruit smooth to slightly warty,
basal spines 2 only 2. Ceratophyllum demersum (p. 36)
34
1. Ceratophyllum echinatum Gray
Common Names: Homwort, Coontail, Homweed
Type Description: Gray, Ann. N.Y. Lyc. vol. 4, 1837
Synonym: C. demersum L. var. echinatum Gray
Origin: Eastern North America
Habitats: A variety of aquatic habitats in still or
slow-moving waters, and often deep
Habit: Submerged aquatic, much-branched and root-
less
Flowering: July-August
Fruiting: July-September
General Distribution: Maine and southwestern
Quebec to Minnesota, south to Florida, Texas and
Mexico
Description: Plants monoecious; stigma 1, style 1, filiform, equaling the ovary in length, persistent and spine-like
in fruit; ovary 1 per female flower, becoming warty, oblong achene 3-4 mm long, with 4-10 (15) hooked, basal
and lateral spines; ovule pendulous, becoming a single seed with a large embryo and no endosperm; perianth
(“involucre”) of 10-16 lobes which are strap-like, serrulate and ciliate near the tips, ca. 0.5 mm long, elongating
somewhat and persistent at the fruit base; male flowers with 10-20 deciduous stamens; anther sacs 2; filaments
fleshy, prolonged above the anther sacs into 2 (3) hood-like floats; peduncles very short; flowers minute, solitary,
axillary; leaves whorled, 3-8 per node, 1.8-2. 7 cm long, dicohotomously or trichotomously dissected (usually 2-3
times per leaf), the basal segments often flattened, linear, with capillary to subcapillary terminal segments, margins
entire or minutely serrulate-ciliate; stipules absent; nodes slightly swollen; internodes very short near branch tips,
to 6 cm when fully elongated; stems lax, submerged, with numerous lateral branches; seedling with two, large,
linear, cotyledons, cleft leaves and no radicle; roots totally absent.
Infraspecific Variation: Vegetatively the plants vary in the presence or absence of tiny spines on leaf segments, and
in the relative capillarity of terminal segments. Fruit spines also vary in number.
Importance: The achenes and sometimes vegetative parts are eaten by waterfowl.
35
2. Ceratophyllum demersum L.
Common Names: Coontail, Hornwort, Hornweed,
Comifle (Quebec)
Type Description: Linnaeus, Species Pi., p. 992, 1753
Synonym: C. muricatum Cham.
Origin: LTncertain
Habitats: Lakes, ponds, slow-moving streams and river
backwaters, often in relatively shallow water
Habit: Submerged aquatic, much branched, rootless,
forming coarse, dense mats
Flowering: (June) July-August
Fruiting: July-October
General Distribution: Circumboreal, found widely
throughout North America
Description: Plants monoecious; stigma 1, style 1, filiform, equaling the ovary in length, persistent and spine-like
in fruit; ovary 1 per (female) flower, becoming a smooth to slightly warty oblong achene, 3-4 mm long with 2 stiff
basal spines; ovule pendulous, becoming a single seed with large embryo and no endosperm; perianth (“in-
volucre”) of 10-15 lobes which are strap-like, with dentate tips, slightly fused at the base, ca. 0.5 mm, elongating
somewhat and persistent in fruit; male flowers with 8-20 deciduous stamens; filaments fleshy, prolonged above the
2 anther sacs into 2 (3) corona-like floats; peduncles very short; flowers minute, solitary, axillary; leaves whorled
3-8 (10) per node, 0.9-2. 5 cm long, dichotomously (trichotomously) branched and dissected, the segments linear,
usually flattened, with minute to substantial teeth along one side (rarely on both sides or absent from some leaves);
stipules absent; leaves virtually sessile; nodes slightly swollen; intemodes 3 mm to 5 cm long, gradually increasing
away from the apex; stems lax to springy in texture (rough to the touch), very dense, small lateral buds (hiber-
nacula) become dormant and starch-rich, falling to the bottom and overwintering; seedlings have two, large, linear,
cotyledons and unbranched first leaves with no radicle or other sign of roots.
Infraspecific Variation: Leaves vary in length, shape and marginal teeth, often on the same individual.
Importance: Ceratophyllum is one of the major food sources of waterfowl, which not only eat the fruit and foliage,
but seek out the starchy, dormant buds in the fall. The plants may also provide breeding grounds and hiding places
for small fish. They are important ecologically in crowding out other plant species, changing light conditions where
they form dense mats and serving as a substrate for microscopic animals and plants. They are frequently found in
close association with green algae, and serve with them to oxygenate the aquatic habitats in which they occur.
36
APPENDIX I
FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH PLANT SPECIES IN THIS TREATMENT
To be included on this list, a fungus must occur on a species in this treatment somewhere in the United States. If
a fungus occurs in New York State and has not as yet been recorded on a host covered in this treatment, but has
been collected on such a host in some other state, it is marked with a single asterisk (*).
Abbreviations of states indicate a literature citation for each. Double asterisks (**) indicate that a herbarium
specimen with New York State host information has been seen.
CHYTRIDIALES
Physoderma sp.. Leaf Gall on Saururus cernuus (Va.)
Synchytrium asari Arth. & Holw., on leaves and petioles of Asarum canadense (Minn., Wise.)
PERONOSPO RALES
Pythiwn rnarsipiwn Drechs., Leaf and stem rot of Nymphaea odorata (Mass., N. Y., Wise.)
Pythiurn proliferurn deBary, Leaf and stem rot of Nymphaea odorata (Mass., N. Y., Wise.)
Pythiwn undulatwn Peterson, Leaf and stem rot of Nymphaea odorata (Mass., N. Y., Wise.)
Pythiwn sp., on Nymphaea odorata (Wise.)
MUCORALES
Endogone fasciculata Thaxt., mycorrhizal with Liriodendron tulipifera
Endogone gigantea Nicolson & Gerdemann, mycorrhizal with Liriodendron tulipifera (Ind., S. Dak.)
ENTOMOPHTHORALES
Acaulopage dichotoma Drechs., in decaying leaves of Nymphaea odorata capturing and consuming amoebae (Wise.)
ERYSIPHALES
Erysiphe polygoni DC., *Powdery mildew on Liriodendron tulipifera (widespread)
Microsphaera alni DC. ex Wint., Powdery mildew on Magnolia acuminata
Phyllactinia corylea Pers. ex P. Karst. Powdery mildew on Liriodendron tulipifera (N. Y. to Ala. and Mo.), on
Magnolia acuminata (Ohio, Pa.), and on Sassafras albidum (Mich.)
MELIOLALES
Irene araliae Spreng. ex Syd., Black mildew on Magnolia virginiana (Miss.)
Irene perseae (F. L. Stev.) Toro, Black mildew on Persea borbonia (Ala., Fla., Miss.)
Meliola amphitricha Fr., Black mildew on Persea borbonia (Fla., Mich.)
Meliola magnoliae F. L. Stev., on Magnolia virginiana (Ga.)
HYPOCREALES
Hypocrea minima Sacc. & Ellis, on Magnolia bark (N.J.)
Hypocrea olivacea Cook & Ellis (H. rnelaleuca Ellis & Everh.), bark of Sassafras albidum (N. J.) known only from
the type locality
Hyponectria magnoliae (Schw.) Barr, on dead leaves of Magnolia virginiana (N. J.)
Nectria aureo-fulva Cooke & Ellis, on Magnolia sp. (N. J.)
Nectria cinnabarina (Tode ex Fr.) Fr., * on twigs of Asimina triloba (W. Va.), on twigs of Calycanthus floridus
(Md.)
Nectria coccinea (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr., * on bark of various trees including Magnolia (Vt. to W. Va., N. Dak.)
Nectria magnoliae Lohman & Hepting, on bark and branches of Liriodendron tulipifera (Conn, to N. C., Ohio,
Tenn., W. Va.)
37
Nectria ochroleuca (Schw.) Berk. (= N. conigena Ellis & Everh.), on bark of various trees including Liriodendron
tulipifera, Lindera benzoin, and Magnolia spp. (N. Y., Ohio to Mo. and La.)
Nectria pallidula Cooke [= Cucurbitaria pallidula (Cooke) O. Kuntze], on Lindera benzoin (Pa., Tenn.)
Nectria verrucosa Sacc., on Sassafras albidum (Ala., Conn., Del., N. J., N. Dak., Pa., S. C.)
Nectria sp., canker on Liriodendron tulipifera (W. Va. to N. C. and Tenn.)
Nectria sp., canker on Magnolia acuminata (W. Va.)
Nectria sp., (? N. galligena Bres.) Branch and trunk canker of Sassafras albidum (Conn, to W. Va.)
SPHAERIALES
Acanthostigma berenice (Berk. & Curtis) Sacc., on Magnolia virginiana (Fla.)
Anisogramma sp. (= Apioporthe corni Wehm., illegitimate name), on dead twigs on Sassafras albidum (Pa.)
Anthostomella sp., on Liriodendron tulipifera (Ga.)
Calospora sp., * on Liriodendron tulipifera (Ga.)
Camarops polyspermurn (Mont.) Mill., on Liriodendron tulipifera (Ga.)
Camarops pugillus (Schw.) Shear, on Liriodendron tulipifera (Va.)
Ceratostomella multiannulata Hedge. & Davidson, Blue wood stain of Liriodendron tulipifera (Va. to Gulf States)
Ceratostomella pluriannulata Hedge., Blue wood stain of Liriodendron tulipifera (Va. to Gulf States)
Cnjptovalsa sassafras (Ellis & Everh.) Berl. (= Diatrypella sassafras Ellis & Everh.), on branches of Sassafras
albidum (N. J.)
Cucurbitaria congesta Cooke & Ellis, on Magnolia (N. J.)
Daldinia concentrica (Bolt, ex Fr.) Ces. & DeNot. [= D. vernicosa (Schw.) Ces.], Wood rot of Liriodendron
tulipifera and Sassafras albidum (Ga., Va.)
Diaporthe biglobosa (Cooke & Ellis) Sacc. (= Sphaeria biglobosa Cooke & Ellis), on branches of Sassafras albidum
(N. J.)
Diaporthe binoculata (Ellis) Sacc. (= Valsa binoculata Ellis), on dead branches on Magnolia virginiana (N.C.,
N. J., N. Y. **)
Diaporthe eres Nits. * (= D. magnoliae Ellis & Everh.), on dead branches of Liriodendron tulipifera (Md.), on
dead branches of Magnolia acuminata (Ga.)
Diaporthe pardalota (Mont.) Fuckel {— D. sassafras Dearn. & House), on Sassafras albidum (N. Y. **)
Diaporthe sociata (Cooke & Ellis) Sacc. {— Valsa sociata Cooke & Ellis), on Lindera benzoin (Mass., Md., N. Y.
**, W. Va.)
Endoconidiophora virescens Davidson (Ceratocystis sp. ?), Sapstreak, Blue wood stain of Liriodendron tulipifera
and Magnolia (Va. to Gulf States)
Eriosphaeria alligata (Fr.) Sacc., on decaying Sassafras albidum trunk (N. Y. **)
Eutypella glandulosa Cooke, on Sassafras albidum (N.Y.)
Eutypella linderae (Peck) Berlese (= Valsa linderae Peck), on dead branches of Lindera benzoin (Ind., N. J., N. Y.
**, Ohio)
Fenestella sp., on Magnolia virginiana (N. J.)
Glomerella cinqulata (Ston.) Spauld. & Schrenk (= Gloeosporium fructigenum Berk.), on twigs and fruits of Lin-
dera benzoin (N. J.), on Sassafras albidum (Tex.)
Griphosphaeria corticola (Fuckel) Hohn., on branches of Sassafras albidum (N. J.)
Hypoxylon hypophlaeum (Berk. & Rav.) J. H. Miller, on Liriodendron tulipifera and Magnolia virginiana (Ga.)
Hypoxylon microplacum (Berk. & Curtis) J. H. Miller [— Diatrype microplaca Berk. & Curtis, Nurnmularia mi-
croplaca (Berk. & Curtis) Cooke, Nurnmularia gracilenta Sydow, and Nurnmularia scutata Berk. & Cooke], on
dead wood of Magnolia virginiana (Ga., N. C.), and on dead branches of Sassafras albidum (N. Y. **, Md. to
Ala. and Ga., Ind.)
Hypoxylon occidentale Ellis & Everh. ex P. Martin, on Liriodendron tulipifera (Ohio)
Hypoxylon sassafras (Schw. ex Fr.) Berk., on Lindera benzoin (N. Y. **, Md.), on Liriodendron tulipifera (N. Y.
**), and on Sassafras albidum (N.Y. ** to Ga. and Mo.)
Hypoxylon sp. , on Persea borbonia (Ga.)
Hypoxylon sp.. Wood rot of Liriodendron tulipifera (Ga.)
Lasiosphaeria ovina (Pers. ex Fr.) Ges. & DeNot., * on Liriodendron tulipifera (Ga.)
Lasiosphaeria pezizula (Berk. & Curtis) Sacc., Wood stain in Liriodendron tulipifera (S. C.)
38
Lasiosphaeria strigosa (Alb. & Schw. ex Fr.) Sacc., on Liriodendron tulipifera (Ga.)
Metasphaeria sassafrasicola Tehon & Stout, on leaves of Sassafras albidum (111.)
Nummularia discincola (Schw.) Cooke, on Magnolia (Eastern U.S. and Canada)
Phyllachora perseae Hodges, on Persea borbonia (S. C.)
Plagiostoma magnoliae (Ellis) Barr (= Gnomonia magnoliae Ellis), on fallen leaves of Magnolia virginiana (Md.,
N. J., Ga.)
Pleuroceras sassafras (Ellis & Everh.) Barr (— Gnomonia sassafras Ellis Everh.), on leaves of Sassafras albidum
(N. J., Ohio)
Pseudornassaria carolinensis Barr & Hodges, on Persea borbonia (S. C.)
Valsa ambiens (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr., * on dead twigs of Asimina triloba (Va., W. Va.), on branches of Magnolia
acuminata (N. Y. **)
Valsaria nigrofacta (Cooke & Ellis) Sacc. {Valsa nigrofacta Cooke & Ellis), on Sassafras albidum (N. J.)
PHACIDIALES
Lophodermium punctiforrne (Fr.) Fuckel, on Liriodendron tulipifera (Ga.)
Rhytisma liriodendri Wallr., Black leaf spot on Liriodendron tulipifera (Calif., Tex.)
HELOTIALES
Angelina rufescens (Schw. ex Fr.) Duby, * on Liriodendron tulipifera (Ga.)
Chlorociboria aeruginosum (Pers. per Fr.) Seaver ex Ram., Korf, & Bat, Green wood stain on rotting Liriodendron
tulipifera wood (Northern hemisphere, N. Y. **)
Patellariopsis clavispora (Berk. & Br.) Dennis (= Patellaria ?), on scale insects on Liriodendron tulipifera (Ga.)
Pezizella oenotherae (Cooke & Ellis) Sacc. [= Sclerotiopsis concava (Desm.) Shear & Dodge], on Liriodendron
tulipifera (Ga.), on branches of Magnolia acuminata (N. C.)
Sclerotinia gracilipes (Cooke) Sacc., on flower parts. Petal rot of Magnolia virginiana (Md., N.J.)
Whetzelinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Korf & Dumont, Rhizome rot of Asarurn canadense (N. Y.)
MYRIANGIALES
Myriangium duriaei Mont. & Berk., on Magnolia virginiana
PLEOSPO RALES
Botryosphaeria calycanthi (Schw.) Sacc., on twigs of Calycanthus floridus (N. C., Va.)
Botryosphaeria ribis Gross. & Dug., * on branches of Liriodendron tulipifera (Fla., Ga., Pa.)
Botryosphaeria ribis var. achromogena Gross. & Dug., Canker on Lindera benzoin (Md.), on branches of
Liriodendron tulipifera (Fla., Ga., Pa.)
Didymosphaeria magnoliae J. H. Miller & G. E. Thompson, on dead leaves on Magnolia virginiana (Ga.)
Guignardia magnoliae (Schw.) J. H. Miller [ — Sphaeria magnoliae Schw., Sphaerella magnoliae Ellis, Sphaerella
annulata Cooke, Laestadia magnoliae Sacc., and Mycosphaerella annulata (Cooke) Miles of USDA Index of Plant
Diseases], on Magnolia virginiana (Fla., Ga., Miss., N. J., N. C., S. C.)
Microdothella ramularis (Ellis & Everh.) Tassi, on twigs of Lindera benzoin (Pa.)
Physalospora fusca N. E. Stevens, on branches of Sassafras albidum (Ala.)
Physalospora obtusa (Schw.) Cooke {— Botrysphaeria ?, Sphaeropsis seriata Peck, S. punctata Deam. & House,
S. linderae Peck ?, S. malorum Peck non Berk.), on Aristolochia , on branches of Calycanthus floridus (Ga.,
N. Y., Va.), on branches of Lindera benzoin, on branches of Liriodendron tulipifera (Md. to Ga. and Tenn.), on
branches of Magnolia, and on branches of Sassafras albidum (N. Y. to Ga. and Miss.)
Physalospora rhodina (Berk. & Curtis) Cooke, * on branches of Sassafras albidum (Ala.)
HYSTERIALES
Hysterium pulicare Fr., on Liriodendron tulipifera, and on Sassafras albidum (N. Y. **)
Karschia stygia (Berk. & Curtis) Massee [ = ? Buellia stygia (Berk. & Curtis) E. Muller], on Liriodendron tulipifera
(Mass, to Ga., Mich., Ind., Ohio, Iowa)
Lecanidion atratum (Hedw. ex Fr.) Endlich., * on scale inseets on Liriodendron tulipifera (Ga.)
Ostreion americanum Duby (= Lophium sassafras Schw.), on Sassafras albidum
39
DOTHIDEALES
Coccoidella scutula (Berk. & Curtis) Hohn., on living leaves of Persea borbonia and Magnolia sp. (N. C. to Fla.,
Miss, and Tex.)
Didymosphaeria linderae Sacc., on Lindera benzoin (N.Y. **)
Dothidea linderae Gerard, on branches of Lindera benzoin (N.Y. **, Pa.)
Mycosphaerella exutans (Cooke) Barr, on living leaves of Persea borbonia (Tex.)
Mycosphaerella glauca (Cooke) Barr, on Magnolia virginiana (Fla., N. J., S. C.)
Mycosphaerella infuscans (Ellis & Everh.) Barr, on overwintered petioles of Liriodendron tulipifera (W. Va.)
Mycosphaerella liriodendri (Cooke) Woron., Leaf spot on Liriodendron tulipifera (Ga., Mich., N. Y.)
Mycosphaerella milleri Hodges & Haasis, perfect state of Cercospora magnoliae
Mycosphaerella pontederiae (Peck) House, Leaf spot on Nuphar luteum (Ma., Mich., N. Y. **, Va., Wise.), on
Mtiphar x rubrodisciim (N. Y. **), Leaf spot on Nymphaea odorata (Va.)
Mycosphaerella sassafras (Ellis & Everh.) Bubak & Kab., on leaves of Sassafras albidum (N. Y. to Ga. and Kans.)
Mycosphaerella tulipiferae (Schw.) Higgins (= Depazea tulipiferae Schw., and Phyllosticta liriodendri Cooke), on
Liriodendron tulipifera (mid-Atlantic to Gulf States)
Mycosphaerella sp. (Sphaerella asiminae Ellis & Kellerm.), Leaf spot associated with Phyllosticta asirninae Ellis &
Kellerm., on Asimina triloba (Ind., Ohio, W. Va.)
Mycosphaerella sp., on Magnolia virginiana (Ga.)
Scirrhia concaviuscula (Ellis & Everh.) Barr[= Dothidea concaviuscula Ellis & Everh., Dothidella concaviuscula
(Ellis & Everh.) Theiss. & Syd.], on dead branches of Magnolia virginiana (N. J.)
Trichodothis cornata (Berk & Rav.) Theiss. & H. Sydow {Asterina comata Berk.), on Magnolia virginiana (Ala.,
Tex., Miss.)
CAPNODIALES
Capnodium elongatum Berk. & Desm., Sooty mold on Liriodendron tulipifera (cosmopolitan)
Englerula carnea (Ellis & G. Martin) Hohn. (= Asterina carnea Ellis & G. Martin), Black leaf spot on Persea
borbonia (Fla.)
MICROTHYRIALES
Asterina ramularis Ellis, on Lindera benzoin (Pa.)
Asterina sp., on leaves of Persea borbonia (southern states)
Chaetothyrina sp. (= Venturia applanata Ellis & G. Martin), on leaves of Magnolia virginiana (Fla.)
Lembosia rugispora Tracy & Earle, Black mildew on Persea borbonia (Miss., N. C.)
Micropeltis alabamensis Earle, Black leaf spot on Magnolia virginiana (Ala.)
Stigmatophragmia sassafrasicola Tehon & Stout, on leaves of Sassafras albidum (111.)
USTILAGINALES
Entyloma nymphaeae (D. D. Gunn.) Setch., White smut on Nuphar luteum (Conn., 111., Mass., N. Y., Wise.),
White smut on Nymphaea odorata (Conn., 111., Iowa, Mass., N. Y. **, Ohio, Okla., Wise.)
TREMELLALES
Aporpium caryae (Schw.) Teixeira & Rogers, * on Liriodendron tulipifera
SEPTOBASIDIALES
Septobasidium langloisii Pat., on scale insects infesting bark of Magnolia virginiana (Gulf States)
Septobasidium tenue Couch, on scale insects infesting bark of Magnolia virginiana (Gulf States)
CORTICIACEAE
Laeticorticiurn sulphurellum (Peck) Gilbertson {— Hydnum sulphurellum Peck), * on Liriodendron tulipifera (N.C.)
Merulius interruptus Bres., White rot in Liriodendron tulipifera (Va.)
40
Phlebia chrysocrea (Berk. & Curtis in Berk.) Burds. in Lombard et al. (= Corticium lividum Pers. ex Fr.), * on
Liriodendron tulipifera (S. C.), on Sassafras albidurn (Ga.)
Phlebia radiata Fr., * on Liriodendron tulipifera and Magnolia virginiana (widespread)
Serpula atrovirens (Burt) Cooke (= Merulius atrovirens Burt), on Liriodendron tulipifera (N. C.)
STEREACEAE
Haematostereum gausapaturn (Fr.) Pouz. (= Stereum gausapatum Fr.), * Wood rot of Liriodendron tulipifera logs
Stereum urnbrinurn Berk. & Curtis, Wood rot of Liriodendron tulipifera logs
Toinentella brunneorufa M. J. Larsen, on Liriodendron tulipifera (Md.)
SCHIZOPHYLLACEAE
Schizophyllum commune Fr., * Sapwood rot on Liriodendron tulipifera. Magnolia virginiana, and Sassafras al-
bidum (cosmopolitan)
Solenia anomala (Pers. ex Fr.) Fuckel (= Henningsomyces ?), * on Lindera benzoin (Tenn.)
HYDNACEAE
Hericium erinaceus (Bull, ex Fr.) Pers. (= Hydnum erinaceus Bull, ex Fr., H. caputmedusae Bull, ex Fr.), * Wood
rot on Liriodendron tulipifera (Va.)
Radulurn magnoliae Berk. & Curtis, on Magnolia virginiana (S. C.)
HYMENOCHAETACEAE
Coltricia mowryana Murrill, on Persea borbonia (Fla.)
Hymenochaete corrugata (Fr.) Lev. {— H. agglutinana Ellis), * Wood rot of Lindera benzoin (Conn., Pa.), and
Sassafras albidurn (Va.)
Hymenochaete tabacina (Sow. ex Fr.) Lev., * on dead branches of an Aristolochia sp. (Calif)
POLYPORACEAE
Coriolus hirsutus (Wulfen ex Fr.) Quel. {— Polyporus hirsutus Wulfen ex Fr.), * Wood rot in Liriodendron tulipi-
fera, Magnolia spp., Persea borbonia (Fla.), and Sassafras albidurn (Ind., N.C.)
Coriolus pubescens (Sebum, ex Fr.) Quel. (= Polyporus pubescens Sebum, ex Fr.), * Wood rot in Liriodendron
tulipifera and Sassafras albidurn
Coriolus versicolor (L. ex Fr.) Quel. (= Polyporus versicolor L. ex Fr.), * Wood rot of Liriodendron tulipifera.
Magnolia spp., and Sassafras albidurn (Ind., Md., N. C., Va.)
Daedalea confragosa Bolt, ex Fr., Trunk rot of Sassafras albidurn (Ind., N. Y.)
Daedalea extensa Peck, * Wood rot of Liriodendron tulipifera
Daedalea unicolor Bull, ex Fr., * Wood rot of Liriodendron tulipifera, and Magnolia spp. (widely distributed)
Forties geotropus Cooke, on Magnolia sp. and Persea borbonia (Fla.)
Fomes supinus Schw. ex Cooke, on Persea borbonia (Fla.)
Gloeophyllum sepiarium (Wulfen ex Fr.) Karst. [— Lenzites saepiaria (Wulfen ex Fr.) Fr.], * Wood rot of logs and
timer of Liriodendron tulipifera (cosmopolitan)
Gloeophyllum trabea (Pers. ex Fr.) Murrill (= Lenzites trabea Pers. ex Fr.), * Decay of Liriodendron tulipifera
lumber
Irpex lacteus (Fr. ex Fr.) Fr. [— Polyporus tulipiferae (Schw.) Overh.j, Wood rot in Liriodendron tulipifera (N. Y.
**) generally distributed
Ischnodenna resinosa (Schrad. ex Fr.) Karst. [= Polyporus resinosus Schrad. ex Fr., P. benzoinus (Wahl.) Fr.], *
Wood rot in Lindera benzoin and Liriodendron tulipifera (northern U. S.)
Lenzites betulina (L. ex Fr.) Fr., * Wood rot of logs and timber of Liriodendron tulipifera (cosmopolitan)
Phellinus everhartii (Ellis & Gall.) Pilat (= Mucronoporus everhartii Ellis & Gall.), on Liriodendron tulipifera
(eastern U. S.)
Phellinus gilvus (Schw. ex Fr.) Pat. [= Polyporus gilvus Schw. ex Fr.) F.r.], * Wood rot of Sassafras albidurn
(Ind., La., Md.)
41
Phellinus igniarius (L. ex Fr.) Quel. [= Fames igniarius (L. ex Fr.) Kickx.], * White heart rot of Sassafras albidum
(Ohio, Va.)
Phellinus ribis (Schum. ex Fr.) Quel. [= Fames ribis (Schum. ex Fr.) Gill.], * Red heart rot of Sassafras albidum
(Md.)
Palyparus adustus Willd. ex Fr., * Wood rot of Liriadendran tulipifera
Palyporus amplectens (Murrill) Sacc. & Trott., on Asimina (Ga.)
Palyparus caesius Schrad. ex Fr., * Wood rot of Liriadendran tulipifera and Magnalia spp.
Palyparus dichraus Fr., * Wood rot in Liriadendran tulipifera
Palyparus gravealens (Schw.) Fr., Wood rot in Liriadendran tulipifera
Palyparus mutabilis Berk. & Gurtis, on Persea barbania (Fla.)
Palyparus sulphureus Bull, ex Fr., * Wood rot in Liriadendran tulipifera and on Persea barbania (Fla.)
Palyporus zanalis Berk., Wood rot of Liriadendran tulipifera (Southern States)
Paria canescens P. Karst., on Liriadendran tulipifera (Great Lakes region)
Paria cinerea (Schw.) Gooke, on Liriadendran tulipifera (Pa.)
Paria eupara (Karst.) Gooke, * on Liriadendran tulipifera (Va.)
Paria ferruginasa (Schrad. ex Fr.) Fr. , * Wood rot of Sassafras albidum
Paria incrassata (Berk. & Gurtis) Burt, on decaying Liriadendran tulipifera and Sassafras albidum lumber (widely
distributed)
Paria isabellina (Fr.) Overh., Sapwood rot of Asimina triloba (Va., W. Va.)
Paria medulla-panis (Jacq.) Bres., * ? on Sassafras albidum (widely distributed)
Paria punctata (Fr.) Cooke, * on Asimina triloba (Va.)
Paria sassafras (Schw.) Cooke, on decaying Sassafras albidum wood (Pa.)
Pycnaporus cinnabarinus Qacq. ex Fr.) Karst. (= Palyparus cinnabarinus Jacq. ex Fr.), * Wood rot of Liriadendran
tulipifera (W. Va.)
Trametes albida (Fr. ex Fr.) Bourdot & Galzin {— Trarnetes sepium Berk.), * Wood rot of Sassafras albidum (Ind.)
Trametes malicala Berk. & Curtis, * Wood rot of Lindera benzoin
AGARICALES
Armillariella mellea (Vahl. ex Fr.) Karst., * Root rot of Liriadendran tulipifera (Va.), Root rot of Sassafras albidum
(Pa.)
Flammulina velutipes (Fr.) Karst. [== Collybia velutipes (Fr.) Kummer], White, spongy trunk rot of Liriadendran
tulipifera (W. Va.)
Hypholoma sp., * Butt rot of Liriadendran tulipifera (W. Va.)
Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) Kummer, * Sapwood rot of Liriadendran tulipifera (infection occasional)
Strobilurus conigenoides (Ellis) Sing. (= Collybia conigenoides Ellis), * on fallen cones of Magnolia acuminata
(Tenn.)
Tricholoma panaeolum (Fr.) Quel. var. caespitosum Bres., Fairy ring around Lindera benzoin (Md.)
Volvariella bombycina (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Sing., * on various trees including Magnolia spp.
MONILIALES
Alternaria nelumbii Enlows & Rand, Leaf spot on Nelumbo lutea (Okla.?, Tex.)
Arthrobotrys sp.. Nematode-capturing fungus occurring on submerged Liriadendran tulipifera wood
Beltraniella portoricensis F. L. Stevens & Patil., conidial state of Pseudomassaria carolinensis on Persea barbania
(S. C.)
Botrytis cinera Pers. ex Fr., * Gray mold blight on Aristolochia macrophylla (Conn., Md.)
Cercospora guttulata Ellis & Kellerm., Leaf spot on Aristolochia macrophylla (W. Va.), on Aristolochia sp. (111.)
Cercospora liriodendri Ellis & Harkn. [= Mycosphaerella tulipifera (Schw.) Higgins?], on Liriadendran tulipifera
(N. J., W. Va.)
Cercospora magnoliae Ellis & Harkn. (= C. glauca Ellis & Everh. and Isariopsis magnoliae Plakidas). This is the
conidial state of Mycosphaerella milleri; on Magnolia virginiana (N. J., N. C., S. C.)
Cercospora nelumbonis Tharp, Leaf spot on Nelumbo lutea (Ind., Tex.)
Cercospora nymphaeacea Cooke & Ellis, on Nuphar luteum (Del., N. Y. **), on Nymphaea odorata (111., Ma.,
Mich., Mo., N. J., N. Y. **, Tex., Wise.)
42
Cercospora purpurea Cooke, Leaf spot on Persea borbonia (Fla., Ga., Miss.)
Cercospora saururi Ellis & Everh., [? = Ramularia saururi (Ellis & Everh.) Tharp.]. Leaf spot on Saururus cer-
nuus (Ala., Fla., 111., Ind., La., N. Y. **, Te.x.)
Cercospora serpentariae Ellis & Everh., Leaf spot on Aristolochia serpentaria (Ala., Conn., Del.)
Chaetochalara aspera Pirozynski & Hodges, on fallen leaves of Persea borbonia (S. C.)
Circinotrichum fertile Pirozynski & Hodges, on fallen leaves of Persea borbonia (S. C.)
Cladosporium fasciculatum Cda., on leaves of Magnolia virginiana (Md., N. J., N. Y.)
Codinaea gonotrichodes Shearer & Crane, saprophytic on seeds of Liriodendron tulipifera (111., Ma.)
Coryne gelatinosa (Ellis & G. Martin) Rehm, on leaves of Persea borbonia (Fla.)
Cristulariella pyramidalis Waterman & Marshal, on Asimina triloba and Lindera benzoin (W. Va.)
C ylindrocladium floridanum Sobers & Seym., experimentally on Liriodendron tulipifera in Miss., naturally in
N. C.
C ylindrocladium scoparium Morg., on fallen leaves of Asimina triloba (W. Va.)
Dichotomophthoropsis nymphaearum (Rand) M. R. Ellis, on Brasenia schreberi, Nuphar luteum, and Nymphaea
odorata (Minn.)
Eversia subopaca (Cooke & Ellis) Crane & Schoknecht (= Torula bigemina Cooke & Ellis, and Helminthosporium
subopacum Cooke & Ellis), on Magnolia virginiana (N. J.)
Fusarium solani (Mart.) Appel & Wr., * canker on Liriodendron tulipifera
Graphium rubrum Rumbold, Pink wood stain of Liriodendron tulipifera (Ohio to Miss, and S. C.)
Helminthosporium fumosum Ellis & G. Martin, on leaves of Persea borbonia (Fla.)
Helminthosporium macrocarpum Grev., on Liriodendron tulipifera and Magnolia virginiana (Del.)
Isariopsis linderae (Ellis & Everh.) Sacc. {— Graphium linderae Ellis & Everh., Helminthosporium petersii Berk. &
Curtis, in part), on leaves of Lindera benzoin (Ala.?, N. J., W. Va.)
Menisporopsis profusa Pirozynski & Hodges, on fallen leaves of Persea borbonia (S. C.)
Mycocentrospora asiminae (Ellis & Kellerm.) Deighton (= Cercospora asiminae Ellis & Kellerm.), Leaf spot on
Asimina triloba (Ala., Kans., Md., Miss., Tex.)
Myrothecium roridum Tode ex Fr., * on leaves of Asimina triloba (W. Va.)
Ovularia nymphaearum Allesch, Leaf spot on Nymphaea odorata (Wash.)
Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear) Dug., Root rot of Asimina triloba, Lindera benzoin, Liriodendron tulipifera,
and Sassafras albidum (Tex.)
Ramularia liriodendri Ellis & Everh., Leaf spot on Liriodendron tulipifera (Ala., Del.)
Ramularia saururi (Ellis & Everh.) Tharp., Leaf spot on Saururus cernuus (Okla.)
Redbia elegans Pirozynski & Hodges, on fallen leaves of Persea borbonia (S. C.)
Rhopaloconidiurn asiminae (Ellis & Morg.) Petr. (= Phleospora asiminae Ellis & Morg.), Leaf blotch on Asimina
triloba (111., Ind., Kans., Mo., Ohio, W. Va.)
Scolecobasidium dendroides Pirozynski & Hodges, on fallen leaves of Persea borbonia (S. C.)
Sirodesrnium ellipticum (Cooke) Sacc. (= Coniosporium ellipticum ?), on leaves of Magnolia virginiana (S. C.)
Sporidesmium rude Ellis, on leaves of Magnolia virginiana (N. J.)
Thozetella cristata Pirozynski & Hodges, on fallen leaves of Persea borbonia (S. C.)
Thozetella radiata (Morris) Pirozynski & Hodges, on fallen leaves of Persea borbonia (S. C.)
Thozetella tocklaiensis (Agnihothrudu) Piroznyski & Hodges, on fallen leaves of Persea borbonia (S. C.)
Torula ligniperda (Willk.) Sacc., Pink wood stain in Liriodendron tulipifera (widespread)
Uberispora simplex (Ichinde) Pirozynski & Hodges, on fallen leaves of Persea borbonia (S. C.)
SPHAEROPSIDALES
Actinopelte dryina (Sacc.) Hohn. {— Actinothyrium gloeosporioides Tehon), Leaf spot on Sassafras albidum (N. J.,
111.)
Asteroma liriodendri Cooke, on leaves of Liriodendron tulipifera (Md., S. C.)
Cytospora laxa Berk. & Curtis, on twigs of Calycanthus floridus (Md.)
Cytospora leucostoma Sacc. var. magnoliae D. Sacc., * on branches of Liriodendron tulipifera (Md. Va.)
Cytospora sassafras Ellis & Everh., on twigs of Sassafras albidum (Mich., N. Y., W. Va.)
Cytospora sassafrasicola Tehon & Daniels, on bark of Sassafras albidum branches injured by fire (111.)
Diplodia linderae Ellis & Everh., on Lindera benzoin (N. Y.**)
43
Diplodia liriodendri Peck, on branches of Liriodendron tulipifera (Ala., N. Y., W. Va.)
Diplodia officinalis Ellis & Everh., on twigs and branches of Sassafras alhidum (Mich., N. Y.)
Diplodia radicicola Tassi, perhaps the conidial state of Physalospora rhodina (Berk. & Curtis) Cooke, Root rot of
Aristolochia serpent aria (Va.)
Diplodia sassafras Tracy & Earle, on twigs and branches of Sassafras albiduin (Miss.)
Diplodia suhcuticidaris Deani. & House, on twigs and branches of Sassafras alhidum (N. Y. **)
Diplopeltis sassafrasicola Tehon & Stout (= Pycnoseynesia ?), on leaves of Sassafras alhidum (111.)
Dothiorella aherrans Peck, on branches of Asimina triloha (Ohio)
Dothiorella asiminae Ellis & Everh., on Asimina triloha (W. Va.), probably the conidial stage of a Botryosphaeria
Dothiorella minor Ellis & Everh., on branches of Liriodendron tulipifera (Md., W. Va.)
Dothiorella nelumhii Ellis & E. W. Anderson, on flower parts of \elu mho lutea (Del., Md.)
Dothiorella sp., canker on Liriodendron tulipifera (Pa.)
Gloeodes pomigena (Schw.) Colby, on twigs of Asimina triloha (Ind.), on branches of Lindera benzoin (Ind.), on
branches of Liriodendron tulipifera (Ind., W. Va.), on branches of Sassafras alhidum (Ind.)
Hendersonia linderae Sacc., on branches of Lindera benzoin (N. Y.**)
Leptothyrium kellerjnanii Bubak. (sperinatial stage of Mycosphaerella sassafras ?), on dead leaves of Sassafras al-
hidum (Ohio, Pa.)
Leptothyrium liriodendri Cooke, on leaves of Liriodendron tulipifera (S. C., W. Va.)
Microdiplodia linderae (Ellis & Everh.) Tassi, on branches of Lindera benzoin (Mich., N. Y.**)
Phaeostigme picea (Berk. & Curtis) Syd. {— Dimerium), on Magnolia virginiana (Ga.)
Phoma microsporella Karst. & Har., on leaves of Asimina triloha (Ind., Ohio)
Phoma tulipiferae Schw., on leaves of Liriodendron tulipifera (N. Y., Pa.)
Phomopsis sp. (= Diaporthe magnoliae Ellis & Everh.), on Magnolia virginiana (Ela.)
Phyllosticta asiminae Ellis & Kellerm., Bordered leaf spot or eyespot of Asimina triloha (Mo. to Tex., Mich.,
N. Y.**, Ohio)
Phyllosticta cookei Sacc., Leaf spot on Magnolia acuminata (W. Va.), on Magnolia virginiana (Fla., Miss., N. J.,
N. Y.**)
Phyllosticta fatiscens Peck, Leaf spot on Nuphar luteum (N. Y.**), and Nymphaea odorata (111., Iowa, N. J.,
N. Y.**, Wise.)
Phyllosticta glauca Cooke, on Magnolia virginiana (Ala., Fla., N. C., S. C.)
Phyllosticta illinoensis Tehon & Daniels, Leaf spot on Sassafras alhidum (111., Mass.)
Phyllosticta linderae Ellis & Everh., Leaf spot on Lindera benzoin (Del., Ind., W. Va.)
Phyllosticta lindericola Ellis & Everh., Leaf spot on Lindera benzoin (W. Va.)
Phyllosticta liriodendri Cooke (= Phyllosticta liriodendrica Sacc., P. circumvallata Wint.), Leaf spot of Lirioden-
dron tulipifera (conidial state of Mycosphaerella liriodendri) (widespread, N. Y. **)
Phyllosticta macrospora Ellis & Everh., on living leaves of Liriodendron tidipifera (N. Y.**, Pa., Va., W. Va.)
Phyllosticta magnoliae Sacc., on Magnolia virginiana (Fla., N. J.)
Phyllosticta micropuncta Cooke, Leaf spot on Persea horbonia (Md. to Fla., and Tex.)
Phyllosticta sassafras Cooke, Leaf spot on Sassafras alhidum (N. Y. ** to Ga.)
Phyllosticta nymphaeacea Ellis & Everh., on Nuphar luteum (111., Tex.)
Phyllosticta nymphaeicola Tehon & Daniels, on Nuphar luteum (111.)
Phyllosticta perseae Ellis and G. Martin, on Persea horbonia (Fla.)
Pseudodictya sassafrasicola Tehon & Stout, on leaves of Sassafras alhidum (111.)
Septoria asiminae Ellis & Everh. (Nomen nudum ?), Leaf spot on Asimina triloha (Tex.)
Septoria sp.. Leaf spot on Sassafras alhidum (N. Y.)
Sphaeronaema magnoliae Peck, on dead twigs of Magnolia acuminata (N. Y.**, Pa.)
Sphaeropsis asiminae Ellis & Everh., on branches of Asimina triloha (Md., W. Va.)
Sphaeropsis linderae Peek [= Physalospora ohtusa ?], on dead branches of Lindera benzoin (N. Y.**)
Sphaeropsis sassafras Cooke & Ellis (probably not a Sphaeropsis), on Sassafras alhidum (N. Y.**)
Sphaeropsis spp. (probably conidial states of Physalospora spp.), cankers and dieback of Sassafras alhidum (N.Y. to
Ala. and Mo.)
44
MELANCONIALES
Gloeosporium affinis Sacc., on Sassafras alhidum (111.)
Gloeosporium falcatum Dearn. & House, on leaves of Lindera benzoin (N. Y.**)
Gloeosporium liriodendri Ellis & Everh., Leaf spot of Liriodendron tidipifera (Conn., to N. J. and Tex.)
Gloeosporium sp. [= Glomerella cingulata (Ston.) Spauld. & Schrenk], Leaf spot on Aristolochia macropht/lla
(Mass.)
Melanconium magnoliae Ellis & Everh., on dead trunk oi Magnolia virginiana (N. J.)
Myxosporium coloratum (Peck) Sacc., on twigs of Liriodendron tidipifera (N. Y.**)
Myxosporium liriodendri Dearn. & House, on twigs of Liriodendron tidipifera (N. Y.**)
Myxosporium longisporum Edg., on twigs of Liriodendron tidipifera (N. Y.)
Myxosporium megallanto Dearn., on dead branchlets oi Liriodendron tidipifera (N. Y.)
Myxosporium tulipiferae Died., on twigs of Liriodendron tidipifera (Iowa)
Pestalotia spp., on leaves of Persea borhonia (generally distributed)
Septogloem sp., on living leaves of Liriodendron tidipifera (N.Y.**)-
MYCELIA STERILIA
Ectostroma liriodendri Kunze ex Fr., Tar spot on Liriodendron tidipifera (widespread, N. Y.**)
Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn., Seedling blight of Liriodendron tulipifera (Ohio, Va.)
Sclerotium sp., on Nuphar luteum and Nymphaea odorata (Minn.)
45
APPENDIX II
A list of Some Insects Associated with Plant Species in this Treatment.
ORTHOPTERA
Tettigoniidae
Conocephalus brevipennis (Scud.) on Nelumbo lutea
HEMIPTERA
Mesoveliidae
Mesovelia sp. on Nuphar luteum
Miridae
Lygus oblineatus (Say) on Nelumbo lutea
HOMOPTERA
Cicadellidae
Jassus olitorius (Say) on Sassafras albidum
Cercopidae
Philaenus sp. on Nuphar luteum
Aphiidae
Aphis fabae (Scopoli) Bean Aphid on Aristolochia durior and Calycanthus floridus
Aphis gossypii Glover on Nelumbo lutea
Aphis maidis Fitch Com Leaf Aphid on Nymphaea odorata
Aphis sp. on Asarum canadense
Macrosiphon liriodendri (Monell) Tulip tree Aphid on Liriodendron tulipifera. Magnolia acuminata
Nearctaphis bakeri (Cowen) Clover Aphid on C alycanthus floridus
Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (L.), Waterlily Aphid on Ceratophyllum, Nuphar luteum, and Nymphaea odorata
Aleyrodidae
Aleyrodes asarumis (Shimer) on Asarum canadense
Coccidae
Aspidiotus camelliae Sign. Greedy Scale on Magnolia virginiana
Aspidiotus hederae (Vail.) Oleander Scale on Magnolia (nursery stock)
Aspidiotus perniciosus Comstock, San Jose Scale on Sassafras albidum
Aspidiotus townsendi (Ckll.) on Liriodendron tulipifera
Cercoplastes floridensis Comstock, Florida Wax Scale on Magnolia (nursery stock)
Chionapsis lintneri Comstock on Lindera benzoin
Chionapsis salicis-nigrae (Walsh) on Liriodendron tulipifera
Chionapsis sylvatica Sanders on Lindera benzoin
Coccus hesperidum L. Soft Scale on Magnolia (nursery stock)
Icerya purchasi Mask. Cottony-cushion Scale, Fluted Scale on Magnolia (nursery stock)
Lecaniurn corni Bouche, European Fruit Lecanium Scale on Magnolia
Lepidosaphes beckii (Newm.) Purple Scale on Magnolia (nursery stock)
Lepidosaphes gloverii (Pck.) on Magnolia (nursery stock)
Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.) Oystershell Scale on Liriodendron tulipifera and Sassafras albidum
46
HEMIPTERA
Coccidae
Neolecanium cornuparvum Thro. Magnolia Scale on Magnolia
Parlatoria pergandii Comstock, Chaff Scale on Magnolia
Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuw.) Comstock Mealy-bug, on Magnolia
Saissetia oleae (Bern.) Black Scale on Magnolia (nursery stock)
Toumeyella liriodendri Gmelin on Liriodendron and Magnolia
COLEOPTERA
Cantharidae
Chauliognathus marginatus Fab. on Nuphar luteum
Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus (DeGeer) on Nelumbo lutea
Cleridae
Necrobia rufipes DeGeer on Nelumbo lutea
Mordellidae
Mordellistena sp. on Nelumbo lutea
Elateridae
Hypolithus obliquatulus (Mels.) on Nelumbo lutea
Dermestidae
Anthrenus verbasci L. on Nelumbo lutea
Nitidulidae
Colopterus truncatus Rand, on Calycanthus
Meligethes sp. on Nuphar luteum
Coccinellidae
Hippodamia convergens Guerin on Nelumbo lutea
Hippodamia tridecimpunctata (Say) on Nelumbo lutea
Ptinidae
Ptinus sp. on Nuphar luteum
Scarabeidae
Popillia japonica Newman, Japanese Beetle on Sassafras albidum and Nelumbo lutea
Cerambycidae
Bellamira scalaris (Say) on Liriodendron tulipifera
Brachyleptura circumdata (Olivier) on Magnolia flower
Centrodera decolorata (Harris) on Liriodendron tulipifera
Charisalia americana (Haldeman) on Liriodendron tulipifera
Cyrtinus pygmaeus Hald. larva in Liriodendron tulipifera
Cyrtophorus verrucosus (Olivier) on Lindera benzoin and Liriodendron tulipifera
Elaphidion mucronatum (Say) on Asiminia triloba, Liriodendron tulipifera and Sassafras albidum
Elaphidionoides villosus (Fab.) on Sassafras albidum
Encyclops caerulea (Say) on Liriodendron tulipifera
Heterachthes pallidus Haldeman on Liriodendron tulipifera
Heterachthes quadrimaculatus Fab. larva in Liriodendron tulipifera
Leptostylus aculifer Say larva in Liriodendron tulipifera
Leptura emarginata Fab. on Liriodendron tulipifera
Neoclytus acuminatus acuminatus (Fab.) on Liriodendron tulipifera and Sassafras albidum
Oberea ruficollis Fab. larva in Lindera benzoin and Sassafras albidum
Pidonia ruficollis (Say) on Magnolia flowers
Psenocerus supernotatus Say larva in Liriodendron tulipifera
Trachysida mutabilis (Newman) on Liriodendron tulipifera
Tylonotus bimaculatus Haldeman on Liriod£ndron tulipifera
Chrysomelidae
Diabrotica unidecimpunctata howardi Barber on Nelumbo lutea
Donacia cincticornis Nevknn. on Brasenia schreberi, Nuphar luteum, Nymphaea odorata
47
Donacia cincticornis Newm., var. tenuis Sf. on Brasenia schreberi and Nymphaea odorata
Donacia coerulea Oliv. on leaves of Nuphar luteum
Donacia edentata Sf. on flowers and leaves of Nymphaea odorata
Donacia liebecki Sf. on flowers and leaves of Nymphaea odorata
Donacia megacornis Blatch. on flowers and leaves of Nuphar luteum and Nymphaea odorata
Donacia militaris Lac. on flowers and leaves of Nymphaea odorata
Donacia palmata Oliv. adults and eggs on flowers and leaves of Nuphar luteum and Nymphaea odorata, larva
in rhizomes of Nuphar
Donacia parvidens Sf. on flowers and leaves of N ymphaea odorata
Donacia piscatrix Lac. on flowers and leaves of Nymphaea odorata and occasionally on Brasenia schreberi
Donacia proxima Kby. on flowers and leaves of Nuphar luteum
Donacia rufescens Lac. on flowers and leaves of Nymphaea odorata and occasionally on Brasenia schreberi
Donacia texana var. minor Sf. on Nuphar luteum
Epithrix cucumeris (Harris) Potato Flea Beetle on Nelumbo lutea
Pyrrhalta nymphaeae (L.) Waterlily Leaf Beetle, on Nuphar luteum and Nymphaea odorata
Curculionidae
Odontopus calceatus Say Sassafras Weevil, on Sassafras albidum
Prionomerus calceatus Say larvae mining leaves of Liriodendron tulipifera and Sassafras albidum
LEPIDOPTERA
Lyonetiidae
Phyllocnistis liriodendrella Clemens larva on Liriodendron tulipifera and on Magnolia
Gracilariidae
Gracilaria sassafrasella Chambers larva and pupa on Sassafras albidum
Lithocelletis hamadryadella Clemens on Magnolia
Yponomeutidae
Urodus parvula Edwards larva on Persea borbonia
Tortricidae
Archips magnoliana Eernald larva on Magnolia acuminata
Phaecasiophora niveiguttana Grote larva on Sassafras albidum
Polychrosis liriodendrana Kearfott larva on Liriodendron tulipifera and Magnolia
Polychrosis liriodendrana Kearfott, var. magnoliana Kearfott larva on Liriodendron tulipifera and Magnolia
Sparganothis saracana Kearfott larva on Sassafras albidum
Pyralididae
Euzophera ostricolorella Hulst. larva in bark of Liriodendron tulipifera
Nymphula badiusalis Walker on Nelumbo lutea
Nymphula gyralis Hulst. larva on Nymphaea odorata
Nymphula maculalis Clemens larva on waterlilies and Brasenia, pupa generally under a floating waterlily leaf
Nymphula obliteralis Walker larva on waterlilies
Omphalocera cariosa Lederer larva boring in Asimina triloba
Pyrausta fissalis Grote larva and pupa on Sassafras albidum
Pyrausta penitalis Grote larva on Nelumbo lutea and Nymphaea odorata
Sphingidae
Agrinus cingulata (Fab.) on Asimina triloba
Dolba hyleus (Drury) on Asimina triloba
Saturniidae
Antheraea polyphemus (Cramer) on Liriodendron tulipifera and Sassafras albidum
Automeris io (Fabricius) on Liriodendron tulipifera. Magnolia virginiana and Sassafras albidum
Callosamia (angulifera) Walker larva and pupae on Liriodendron tulipifera and Sassafras albidum
Callosamia Carolina Jones on Liriodendron tulipifera and Magnolia virginiana
Callosamia promethea (Drury) larva on Lindera benzoin. Magnolia sp., Liriodendron tulipifera and Sassafras
albidum
48
Hyalophora cercropia (L.) on Sassafras albidum
Sarnia cynthia (Felder and Felder) on Lindera benzoin and Liriodendron tulipifera and Sassafras albidum
Citheroniidae
Citheronia regalis (Fab.) Hickory Homed Devil, on Sassafras albidum
Eacles irnperialis (Drury) on Lindera benzoin and Sassafras albidum
Arctiidae
Halisidota tessellaris (Abbot and Smith) on Liriodendron tulipifera
Hyphantria cunea (Drury) on Asirnina triloba, Liriodendron tulipifera and Sassafras albidum
Noctuidae
Arzama obliqua (Walker) on Nelumbo lutea
Bellura gortynoides Walker on Nuphar luteurn
Bellura melanopyga (Grote) on Nuphar luteurn and Nyrnphaea odorata
Feltia ducens Walker on Cabornba caroliniana
Heliothis zeae (Fab.) on Sassafras albidum
Neoerastria caduca (Grote) on Nuphar luteurn
Papaparnea buffaloensis (Grote) on Saururus cernuus
Septis alia (Guenee) on Sassafras albidum
Zale calycanthata (Abbot and Smith) on Calycanthus floridus (N.J. and south)
Notondontidae
Datana drexeli Henry Edwards on Sassafras albidum
Liparidae
Hemerocampa leucostigma (Abbot and Smith) on Asirnina triloba, Liriodendron tulipifera and Sassafras al-
bidum
Liparis dispar (L.) on Lindera benzoin and Liriodendron tulipifera and Sassafras albidum
Zanolidae
Apatelodes torrefacta (Abbot and Smith) on Asirnina triloba, Lindera benzoin and Sassafras albidum
Geometridae
Abbotana clernataria (Abbot and Smith) on Sassafras albidum
Epimecis virginaria (Gramer) on Liriodendron tulipifera, Persea borbonia and Sassafras albidum
Erannis tiliaria (Harris) on Liriodendron tulipifera
Metarranthis broweri Rupert on Sassafras albidum
Metarranthis hypochria (Herrich-Schaetter) on Sassafras albidum
Tetracis crocallata Guenee on Lindera benzoin
Papilionidae
Battus philenor (L.) on Asarurn canadense, Aristolochia durior and A. serpentaria
Graphium marcellus Gramer Zebra Swallowtail on Asirnina triloba and Lindera benzoin
Papilio cresphontes Gramer Giant Swallowtail on Persea borbonia
Papilio glaucus L. Tiger Swallowtail on Lindera benzoin, Liriodendron tulipifera. Magnolia acuminata and
Sassafras albidum
Papilio palarnedes Drury on Persea borbonia and Sassafras albidum
Papilio troilus L. Blue Swallowtail on Lindera benzoin. Magnolia virginiana and Sassafras albidum
Nymphalidae
Polygona interrogationis (Fabricius) on Liriodendron tulipifera
DIPTERA
Ghironomidae
Cricotopus sp. on Nelumbo lutea
Cecidomyiidae
Cecidomyia hageni Aldr. Leaf gall on Aristolichia rnacrophylla
Cecidomyia tulipiferae O.S. Tulip-tree Midrib Gall on Liriodendron tulipifera
Cecidomyia sp. on Lindera benzoin
Cecidoymia sp. Tulip-tree Vein Gall on Liriodendron tulipifera
Dasineura sassafras Felt on Sassafras albidum
49
Lasioptera linderae Beutm. Spicebush Stem Gall on Lindera benzoin
Neolasioptera liriodendri (Felt) on Liriodendron tulipifera
Cecidomyiidae
Thecodiplosis liriodendri O.S. Tulip-tree Spot Gall on Liriodendron tulipifera
Tabanidae
Chrysops sp. on Nelumbo lutea
Syrphidae
Allograpta obliqua Say on Nelumbo lutea
Eristalis tenax (L.) on Nelumbo lutea
Eristalis sp. on Nelumbo lutea and Nuphar luteurn
Helophilus divisus Loew. on Nelumbo lutea
Parhelelophilus laetus (Loew.) on Nelumbo lutea
Sphaerophoria cylindrica (Say) on Nelumbo lutea
Sphaerophoria sp. on Nelumbo lutea
Sphecomyia sp. on Nelumbo lutea
Syrphus rectus (Osten Sacken) on Nelumbo lutea
Galliphoridae
Calliphora vomitoria L. on Nuphar luteurn
Muscidae
Limnophora naroma (Walker) on Nelumbo lutea
Scatophagidae
Scatophaga sp. on Nuphar luteurn
Ephydridae
Hydrellia sp. on Nelumbo lutea
Notiphilia sp. on Nuphar luteurn
Ghloropidae
Eriobolis longulus (Loew.) on Nelumbo lutea
HYMENOPTERA
Andrenidae
Andrena carlini carlini Gockerell on Sassafras albidum
Andrena salictaria Robertson on Sassafras albidum
Andrena ceanothi Viereck on Sassafras albidum
Andrena forbesii Robertson on Sassafras albidum
Andrena hippotes Robertson on Sassafras albidum
Halictidae
Agapostemon radiatus (Say) on Nelumbo lutea
Agaposternon virescens (Fab.) on Nymphaea odorata
Augochlorella striata (Provancher) on Nelumbo lutea
Dialictus cressonii (Robertson) on Sassafras albiduin
Dialictus illinoensis (Robertson) on Sassafras albidum
Dialictus inconspicuus (Smith) on Nelumbo lutea and Sassafras albidum
Dialictus nyrnphaearum (Robertson) on Nelumbo lutea and Nymphaea odorata
Dialictus zephyrus (Smith) on Sassafras albidum
Dialictus sp. on Nelumbo lutea
Evylaeus arcuatus (Robertson) on Sassafras albidum
Evylaeus nelumbonis (Robertson) on Nelumbo lutea, Nuphar luteurn, and Nymphaea odorata
Evylaeus pectoralis (Smith) on Nuphar luteurn
Halictus rubricundus (Christ) on Nelumbo lutea and Sassafras albidum
Lasioglossum zonulum (Smith) on Nelumbo lutea
Sphecodes dichrous Smith on Sassafras albidum
Sphecodes minor Robertson on Sassafras albidum
50
Megachilidae
Osmia pumila Cresson pollinating Sassafras albidum
Apidae
Apis mellifera L. Honey Bee on Nelumbo lutea and Nuphar luteum
Bombus bimaculatus Cresson on Nelumbo lutea
Bombus impatiens Cresson on Nelumbo lutea
Bombus pennsylvanicus (DeGeer) on Nelumbo lutea
Bombus vagans F. Smith on Nelumbo lutea
51
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60
INDEX TO LATIN NAMES
PAGE
Anemopsis 14
Annona
glabra 6
triloba 7
Aristolochia
arkansaw 22
clematitis 19
convolvulacea 20
coriacea 21
dodecandra 20
durior 22
grandifolia 22
hastata 20
hirsute 21
hitchcockii 21
macrophylla 22
nashii 20
officinalis 20
polyrrhizos 20
sagittata 20
serpentaria 20
sipho 22
tomentosa 21
tripteris 21
Asarum
acuminatum 17
ambiguum 17
canadense 17
reflexurn 17
Asimina
triloba 7
Barclaya 23
Benzoin 11
Borbonia 13
Brasenia
peltate 33
purpurea 33
schreberi 33
Butneria 9
Cabomba
aubleti 32
aquatica 32
caroliniana 32
viridiflora 32
Calycanthus
fertilis 9
floridus 9
glaucus 9
laevigatas 9
mohrii 9
nanus 9
PAGE
oblongifolius 9
occidentalis 8
Castalia 24
Ceratophyllum
echinatum 35
demersum 35,36
muricatum 36
Cinnamomum 10
Clairivillea 25
Cyanus 30
Dasyphonion 21
Endodeca 20
Euryale 23
Hoquartia 21,22
Isiphia 21,22
Isotrema 21,22
Laurus 10,11,12
Lindera
benzoin 11
Liriodendron
tulipifera 5
procerum 5
Magnolia
acuminata 3
australis 2
brooklynensis 4
fraseri 4
glauca 2
grandiflora 3
guatemalensis 3
hypoleuca 3
macrophylla 3
quinquipeta 4
tripetala 3,4
virginiana 2
Mattuschkia 15
Menyanthes 33
Nelumbium 30
Nelumbo
lutea 30
pentapetala 30
Neobiondia 15
Nenuphar 25,27,29
Nufar 25
Nuphar
advene ••••• 27,29
americana 27,29
fluviatile 29
fraternum 27
kalmiana 27
luteum 25
61
ssp. macrophyllum 26,27
ssp. polysepalum 26
ssp. pumilum 26,27
ssp. sagittifolium 26
ssp. variegatum 26,27
microphijUum 27
minima 27
mintimiDn 27
peteorum 29
variegatum 27
Nymphaea
advena 27
americana 27
arifolia 27
hyhrida 26
kalmiana 27
lekophylla 24
lute a 27
microphylla 27
odorata 24
pentapetala 30
rubrodisca 26
spiralis 24
tidjerosa 24
umhilicaulis 25
variegata 27
Nymphona
N ymphozanthus
Ondinea
Orchidocarpum .
Persea
americana
borbonia
Pistolochia
Parcel ia
Psophiza
Sassafras
albidum
officinale
sassafras
variifolium
Saururopsis
Saururus
cernuus
Siphisia
Spathium
Tamala
Tulipastrum
Tulipifera
Umbellularia ....
Uvaria
Victoria
29
25,26,27,29
23
7
10,13
13
20
7
20
12
12
12
12
15
15
21,22
15
13
3
5
10
7
23
62
New York Botanical Garden LIbran
3 5185 00337 3816
Contributions Completed to Date^
1. Mitchell, Richard S. and J. Kenneth Dean, 1978. Polygonaceae, (Buckwheat Family) of New York State. Con-
tributions to a Flora of New York State I. N. Y. State Museum Bull. No. 431, 81 p.
2. Mitchell, Richard S. and Ernest O. Beal. 1979. Magnoliaceae through Ceratophyllaceae of New York State.
Contributions to a Flora of New York State II. N. Y. State Museum Bull. No. 435, 62 p.
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