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GENEALOGY COLLECTION

, ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY

3 1833 01101 1274

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX INSTITUTE,

VOLUME XXIX.

1897.

SALEM, MASS:

PRINTED BT THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

1898.

Salem IPrese:
The Salem Press Co., Salem, Mass.

1899.

1425148

CONTENTS.

PAGE

The Retrospect of the Year 1

Japanese Collembola. By Justus Watson Folsom. Illustration. 51

Biotite Tinguaite Dyke Rock. By John II. Sears. Illustration. 58

Battles of the Black Ants. By Rev. W. P. Alcott ... 64
Some Glacial Wash-Plains of Southern New England. By J.

B. Woodworth. Maps 71

Selections from a Note Book of Manasseh Cutler, Entitled "A
Description of the Animals in North America Taken from

Actual Observation." 120

(iii)

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BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX UsTSTITUTE.

Vol. 29. Salem: January, — June, 1897. Nos. 1-6.

ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 17, 1897.

The annual meeting was held in Plummer Hall, this
evening, at 8 o'clock, the President in the chair.

The reports of the Executive Committee, Treasurer,
Auditor and Librarian, were read, accepted, and ordered
to be placed on file.

The report of the Committee on Nominations was pre-
sented, and the following persons were nominated and
unanimously elected :

PBESIDENT :
ROBERT S. RANTOUL.

VICE PRESIDENTS:
Francis H. Appleton, Edward S. Morse,

Abner C. Goodell, Jr., Alden P. White.

SECRETARY : TREASURER :

Henry M. Brooks. William O. Chapman.

(1)

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

AUDITOR LIBRARIAN:

Henry M. Batchelder. Charles S. Osgood.

COUNCIL :

George H. Allen, Richard C. Manning,

William H. Gove, S. Endicott Peabody,

Ezra D. Hines, David Pingree,

Thomas F. Hunt, Charles S. Kea,

Francis H. Lee, George M. Whipple.

Report of the Executive Committee, May 17, 1897.

Owing to the illness and absence of the Secretary,
Henry M. Brooks, the Executive Committee prepared a
full report of the work of the Institute during the past
year. This report was read by President Rantoul. It
showed that the year just closed had been a prosperous
one for the Institute, and while the work of the Society
had been hampered by the continued illness of the Secre-
tary, the Assistant Librarian and the 2d Assistant Libra-
rian, yet the routine work had been carried on and the
Institute was in good condition, — its publications had con-
tained articles of great merit which must prove of value
to the historical and scientific student. The regular lec-
tures and the less formal meetings, where papers were
read by members of the Institute, were noted and highly
commended. The matter of field meetings was considered
and a continuance advised. The pressing need of more
room for the many hundreds of volumes received by do-
nation during the past year was referred to and a strong
appeal for the necessary funds to bring about this much
desired result was made. Reference was made to the
death of Mr. William J. Foster, who had of late been of
great assistance at the rooms during the illness of the Sec-
retary. The loss the Institute had sustained in the death

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 3

of Vice-President Hagar was noted, and the valuable and
long-continued service of the deceased was referred to.

Vice-President White offered the following resolution
which was unanimously adopted :

Resolved: That in the judgment of this meeting, the
fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Essex Institute
ought not to pass without a distinct and emphatic recog-
nition, and that the Council take steps to carry this vote
into effect.

George M. Whipple,

Secretary , pro tern.

The Executive Committee's Report was as follows :
The Essex Institute has been from the beginning; de-
pendent to a very large extent upon the spontaneous help
of volunteers, and the class of persons to which such an
institution can appeal being a busy and preoccupied class,
it is impossible to depend upon the attendance of most of
the committees except on special occasions. The institu-
tion is too large to be conducted longer by one man, even
if that man were its founder. Accordingly, resort has been
had, of late years, to an executive committee, which is
now practically charged with administering the Society's
affairs, and it seems fit that some report should be heard
from it, in the enforced omission of the usual report from
the Secretary.

To a very exceptional extent the Institute has been
hampered this year by the absence, through sickness and
other causes, of its working officers and members. New
comers, be they ever so well disposed, cannot fill the
places of experienced workers. But it has not been the
practice of the Institute in the past to magnify its difficul-
ties, and fortunately there is enough of encouragement in

4 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

the record of the year just closed^to make repining need-
less. The loss by death of two presidents in quick suc-
cession had disordered to some extent, before this year,
the normal state of our affairs, and it has been the cher-
ished purpose of the Executive Committee for this year
to restore to a regular system as speedily and as fully as
might be, the running machinery of the Society. -The
recent death of William J. Foster removed one of the most
esteemed and valued of our volunteer assistants.

The Historical Collections are now printed and distrib-
uted for the year 1896. The Bulletin is also complete
for the year 1895. Both of these volumes lie before you
on the table, and will be found to be made up of matter
of a quality as valuable as and possibly more readable than
those of some preceding years. Large use has been made
in both volumes of illustrations, which modern electrical
methods produce at a cost within our reach. Our pages
have been opened freely to the papers offered by the
Local History Class.

The Lecture courses have been well sustained and well
attended. Nine free lectures have been furnished, of a
quality which, it will appear on a recital of the list, it
would be difficult to better. Professor Goodale of Har-
vard opened the course with an illustrated lecture on the
Botany of New Zealand. Subway-Commissioner Gargan
followed with an illustrated account of the great Boston
enterprise. Next came Prof. Arlo Bates of the Institute
of Technology on " The Language of Literature," followed
by Professor Minot of the Harvard Medical School on the
great Russian Naturalist, von Baer. The fifth lecture
was from General Curtis Guild, Jr., on the "Sword in
Warfare." The sixth was by Rev. E. D. Towle on the
Poet Holmes, and the next by Professor Ripley of the
Technological School on "Some Peculiar People of South-

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 5

ern France." Louis Prang followed him, on "Chromo-
Lithograpbic Art," and Dr. Hasket Derby, describing
"Wisbuy , a Dead City of the Baltic," completed the series.
The last three lectures were copiously illustrated. The
promise of another lecture on the "Old Time Clergymen
of Salem," by Rev. J. W. Buckham, was defeated by the
illness of the speaker.

The nature of these addresses is at once a tribute to the
character of the audiences which our courses command and
an evidence that the work of the Institute is held in high
esteem amongst the class of lecturers who are able and
willing to make gratuitous contributions to popular cul-
ture. Our own home course of evenings in the Institute
Building has been also well sustained and furnished sev-
eral papers which have been accepted for the Historical
Collections. Wm. L. Welch, Gilbert L. Streeter, John
Robinson, Arthur H. Chase, Edward A. Silsbee, Ezra D.
Hines, Mrs. Henry Ward well, Mrs. W. S. Nevins and
Miss A. L. Warner have each, in turn, occupied evenings,
— Mr. Streeter two,- — in an acceptable manner, and a con-
siderable number of local topics have been illustrated and
discussed.

The Institute has commemorated the seventy-fifth anni-
versary of the founding of the Essex Historical Society,
which was practically its own birthday, for the mantle of the
Historical Society has fallen, for better or for worse, upon
the shoulders of the Essex Institute. Before the next en-
suing annual meeting, the Institute will be called on, in
March, 1898, to give an account of its stewardship for the
first half-century of its corporate life. It would be well
if this present annual meeting should indicate, in some
way, what notice it would wish the Society to take of this
event.

Prof. Daniel B. Hagar, a vice-president of the Institute
for many years, has since the last yearly meeting removed

b BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

from the county and soon after died. His many services,
fitly commemorated in our records, at the time, have not
been forgotten.

The Institute has felt called on, during the year, in
common with other like bodies, to declare its views on
several public questions closely allied with its work. In
these cases, your Executive Committee has ventured to
submit resolves at regular meetings of the Institute, and
these have, without exception, met the approval of the
members present. In this way the voice of the Society
has been raised against the destruction of the Frigate
Constitution; in favor of acquiring for a State Park the
Stage Fort property on Gloucester Harbor ; and in favor
of a proposal, submitted by the Swiss Government to
the Universal Postal Congress just holden at Washington,
for admitting to the mails of the world scientific speci-
mens at the same postal rates as samples of merchandise.

The Institute in the early period of its career derived
great advantage from a system of field-meetings adopted,
as Dr. Wheatland said at a field-meeting at Manchester,
July 18, 1856, from the practice of the Berwickshire
Naturalists' Club in Scotland. Shall they be revived?
It is not unlikely that a practical test will be applied this
summer, in the form of invitations to visit two or three
attractive localities. In that case it will devolve upon
the field-meeting committee, which has been a sinecure
for several years past, to determine how far under the
greatly changed conditions now existing — when so many
towns, twelve at least, have local societies of their own,
and when facilities for travel are vastly increased and
extended, — the attempt to revive field-meetings is expe-
dient and practicable.

Donations have poured in upon us in such volume as
to tax the utmost capacity of our available space ; and
a generous rear-extension of our building has become as

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 7

necessary for the accommodation of the normal, daily
growth of the collections as it is indispensable, if we
would provide for large donations already promised and
secure such as our lack of space may, it is feared, be
diverting to some other destination.

Onr lack of funds is actual and not prospective and no
donor, who has money to devote to the interests of general
culture, could do better than by endowing us with a por-
tion of his bounty.

Among the gifts received this year, are six volumes of
elegant engravings of the details of East Indian archi-
tecture, presented by the Maharaja of Jeypore, with splen-
did illustrations of American architecture from another
source ; a donation of rare value and interest from Henry
Fitz Gilbert Waters, including a copy of Robinson Cru-
soe's will ; a Hebrew Bible enclosed in a case measuring
1 x 1 1 inches and worn in Russia as a watch-charm ; a
complete Parsee presentation costume ; a photograph of
an ancient knife handle richly embossed, once the proper-
ty of William Burnet Browne of Salem and Virginia,
and now in possession of a descendant alike of his and of
the Washington family ; large donations of books, speci-
mens and curious articles of household and personal con-
venience from the estates of George D. Phippen, William
Mack, John Pickering and Miss Bemis; portraits of
Samuel Webb, of Benjamin Wheatland and wife, of Dr.
Bentley, of the philologist Pickering and other worthies.
In addition to which some effort has been made to save
to the future some of the vanishing landmarks of our
day. Miss Brooks has presented the Institute with a
picture of the old Union Insurance Building which stood
looking down Market, now Central street, until 1836, and
the Institute has secured drawings by Mr. George E.
Browne of the old Eastern Railroad Station, of the West
Gate of the Common, of the historic toll-house and draw

8 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

of Essex Bridge, of Washington's visit to the North
Beverly Cotton Mill, and of the Browne mansion on
Folly Hill in Danvers. The acquisitions of the year are
so varied, so numerous and so valuable that it is unsafe
to particularize among them to the exclusion of any. The
forthcoming Secretary's report must be awaited if justice*
is to be done them.

In closing this report it remains for the committee to
give voice to the obligations of the Institute for the very
cordial support from the people of this community of
which it has been sensible throughout the year. If this
is, as it seems to be, an evidence of an appreciative recog-
nition of its work and an earnest, unabated confidence in
its future, the friends of the Institute may well take it
as a guarantee of coming prosperity. Though our needs
are greater to-day than ever in the past, our claims are
seen to rest upon successes in a wider field and based
upon a firmer footing.

Report of the Secretary, for the year ending
May 17, 1897.

The very full report of the Executive Committee makes
it almost superfluous for me to add anything except, per-
haps, a few statistics which it has been usual for the Sec-
retary to furnish every year for the annual meeting.

The donations to the cabinets the past year have been
455, from 115 d inherent donors.

11,035 persons, according to our record, have visited
the old meeting-house ; but, as many people go in at the
gate without making their appearance in our room, it
would be safe to say, there must have been at least twen-
ty-five per cent, more visitors than we have a record of.
We have to spend a great deal of time answering the
usual batch of questions, such as — "Is this key the

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 9

original one?" w Was the church Baptist?" Even some
Rhode Island people have not yet learned that Roger
Williams was never much of a Baptist, and that he finally
went back to the church of England. Nor can they un-
derstand that Salem people did not persecute him. These
things have to be explained over and over again. What
Historical Society in this country has to make so many
explanations as have we? We furnish a printed itinerary
to visitors which, of itself, causes them to ask a multitude
of questions, as to the distance of each place, and the
direction, and how long it will take to reach it, and where
a good lunch can be found, and can we furnish them with
a glass of water, etc. A gentleman, who happened to be
listening the other day to some strangers asking uumerous
questions, said to me, " Is this the Bureau of Information ?"
It would be amusing, if I had the time, to record all the
questions asked. Seriously, I fear the Directors do not
consider how much time these endless explanations take.
Unless a person can be thinking of three or four different
things at once, it is almost impossible to write even a
letter in the Secretary's room, some of these summer
days. I think it is desirable to have strangers visit our
rooms and examine our collections, but I do not think the
whole work of the Institute should be sacrificed to this
business of explaining all that is to be seen in Salem.

The following members have died during the year :
Hon. John I. Baker, of Beverly, Willard H. Brown,
Rev. Caleb Davis Bradlee, of Boston (life member),
James Buxton, of Peabody, Benj. S. Calef, of Boston,
Rt. Rev. A. C. Coxe, of Buffalo, N. Y., G. Winthrop
Coffin, of Boston, Frank T. Dalrymple, Perley Derby,
Miss Mary Abigail Dodge, of Hamilton, Wm. J. Foster,
Prof. D. B. Hagar, Miss Mary L. King, Miss Mary I.
Lefavour, Wm. Henry Lovett, of Beverly, Hon. John

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIX 1*

10 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Lowell, of Boston, George E. Pearson, Hon. Stephen H.
Phillips, Rev. A. H. Quint, D.D., of Boston, Arthur S.
Rogers, A. A. Sawyer, Michael W. Shepard, Geo. F.
Sibley, James J. Storrow, of Boston, Francis Tucker-
man, Mrs. Mary A. Turner, of Marblehead, Miss Anna
E. Ticknor, of Boston, Chas. P. Trumbull, of Beverly,
William L. Vinal.

From various causes there have been a number of
withdrawals of members the past year. Some from
pecuniary reasons, some by removal from towu ; some
have left us on account of the historical societies formed
in their own towns which, naturally enough, they wish to
encourage, rather than the Institute ; others for decline
in interest in historical matters ; others perhaps have be-
come more interested in the bicycle, which seems to affect
almost every kind of business. All these, together with
the deaths named, have somewhat reduced our member-
ship. It will be necessary for us to be continually re-
cruiting to make up such losses, to which we are always
liable.

I would recommend that a committee be appointed,
of perhaps three persons, to be called a "Committee on
Membership," to take charge of this matter, and advise
with the Secretary from time to time as to the best course
to be pursued to keep our numbers as large as possible.

In conclusion, I have only to say, that the Society has
been unfortunate the past year in having so much sick-
ness among its assistants ; but through the active per-
sonal attention of its President, the work has gone on
remarkably well, and now all that is really needed is the
room and funds necessary to greatly increase its useful-
ness.

Which is respectfully submitted,

Henry M. Brooks,

Secretary.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR,

Keport of the Librarian.

The additions to the library for the year (May, 1896
to May, 1897), have been as follows :

By Donation.

Folios, .

Quartos,

Octavos,

Twelvemos,

Sixteenmos,

Twenty-fourmos,

1,239

813

301

Total of bound volumes,
Pamphlets and serials,

2,607
5,426

Total of donations,

8,033

Folios,
Quartos,
Octavos,
Twelvemos,

By Exchange.

193

Total of bound volumes,
Pamphlets and serials,

206
1,517

Total of exchanges, .

By Purchase.

1,723

Folios, . . . .

Quartos,

Octavos,

2
7

Total of bound volumes,
Pamphlets and serials,

Total of purchases, .

Total of donations,
Total of exchanges, .

•

8,033
1,723

Total of additions,

9,773

Of the total number of pamphlets and serials, 3,189
were pamphlets and 3,761 were serials. The donations
to the library for the year have been received from 164
individuals and 113 societies and governmental depart-
ments. The exchanges, from 13 individuals and 247 so-
cieties and incorporated institutions, of which 115 are
foreign .

12 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

The library year has been a very uneventful one. Our
pressing needs of more stack-room for books, and a cata-
logue, are no nearer attainment than they were a year ago,
except perhaps as each year brings us nearer the time when
those wants must be supplied.

Our work this year has been seriously hampered by
sickness. The assistant librarian, Miss Mary E. Arvedson,
was obliged to relinquish her work and seek rest and
change, and it is doubtful whether she will feel that she
can take it up again. Her loss is a serious one to the In-
stitute. Familiar, as she was, with the contents of the
library, she was of great assistance to all who sought ac-
cess to it, and this familiarity, the result of years of faith-
ful service, we shall miss for a long time in any successor.
Miss Waters has also been absent for a long period on
account of sickness, but it is hoped that before long she
will be able to return to her duties. Miss Bartlett has
resigned, not on account of sickness, but to assume new
duties and responsibilities, and this has left us with inex-
perienced assistants who, however efficient and faithful
they may be, cannot at once make good the places thus
left vacant.

All this, however, has not seriously interfered with
the use of the library, which has been very satisfactory.
The pleasant rooms of the Institute are always open to
students and investigators in any branch of literature or
science, as well as to the general reader, and such assist-
ance as we can render is gladly and willingly given.

Although somewhat crippled by what seems to be more
than our share of sickness, including that of our genial
secretary whom we all hope to welcome back to his labors
before many weeks, the Institute never falters in its good
work. Sickness and death make but a momentary halt
in its progress. The gaps are quickly closed and the work

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

goes on as before. Year by year what is being done to
preserve the traditions, and perpetuate the history of
county and city is more and more appreciated. Let us
make sure that when we are called upon to give the con-
duct of the Institute into other hands we may be able to
give a good account of our stewardship.

Chas. S. Osgood,

Librarian.

Treasurer's Report.

RECEIPTS.

Balance from last report, $345 15

Received from invested funds, $3,254 38

" " assessment of members, 2,166 00

" " life membership fees, 50 00

" " publications, 260 28

" " Almy, Bigelow & Washburn, for

" " " Reception Fund," 25 00

" Sam'l A. Carleton, for " General Fund," . 32 00

" " other sources, 202 68

5,990 34
$6,335 49

EXPENDITURES.

Salaries of secretary, assistant librarians and janitors, . $2,277 32

Fuel, 197 75

Lighting and water, . 110 96

Postage and express, 189 50

Supplies, 102 40

Lecture expenses, 34 00

Books, 331 06

Publications and printing, 1,214 09

Our proportion of Athenaeum expenses 318 90

Annuities , 610 00

Interest on loan, 197 19

Storage warehouse, 37 80

Repairs on building, etc., 352 57

Framing pictures, . . . . . . . . . 30 50

Reception expenses, . 143 60

Miscellaneous 88 75

Balance of cash on hand,

$6,186 39
149 10

$6,335 49

Respectfully submitted,

W. O. Chapman, Treasurer.

14 bulletin of the essex institute.

Auditor's Report.

Salem, May 17, 1897.

Your auditor respectfully reports that he has examined
(on May 15, 1897) the securities detailed in the treas-
urer's report and finds them to agree with the schedule by
him presented herewith.

By the treasurer's annual report of receipts and expen-
ditures, the books of account appear to be properly and
systematically kept, and the usual vouchers filed.

H. M. Batchelder,

Auditor,

Lectures and Meetings.

Regular Meeting, Monday, June 15, 1896. — The
President spoke of the seventy-fifth anniversary of the
founding of the Essex Historical Society which would
occur in September next and of the fiftieth anniversary of
the Essex Institute which would occur in two years and
hoped that notice would be taken of both of these events.

He also referred to the probable loss to our Society of
Prof. D. B. Hagar, who was soon to remove from town.

Monday, June 22, 1896. — A meeting of the Direc-
tors was held at the rooms this afternoon at 3 o'clock.
The President called attention to the sevent}^-fifth anni-
versary of the old Essex Historical Society, which occurs
this year, and suggested that notice should be taken of
this event by the Society. It was voted that the matter
be referred to the Executive Committee with full powers.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 15

Mr. T. F. Hunt referred to a recent gift of valuable
books from the Maharaja of Jeypore, India, and it was
voted that the President and Secretary send a letter of
thanks to His Highness for this favor.

The letter was as follows : —

June 27, 189C.

The Essex Institute has, by vote of June 22, 1896, directed us to
communicate

To His Highness,

The Maharaja Sawai Madhu Singh, G.C.S.I.,
of Jeypore, Rajputana, India,
the very high sense of obligation and gratitude entertained by the
Institute for the princely gift of six folio volumes of the " Jeypore
Portfolio of Architectural Details," lately received through the gen-
erosity of His Highness and placed upon our shelves.

Such an addition to our art-collection comes most opportunely at
a. time when the architectural wealth of India is more than ever be-
fore attracting the deserved attention and admiration of the modern
world, and when the matter of elegant decoration in wood, metal and
stone is being studied and pursued with an interest at once quite new
to America and not unworthy of the antique spirit for domestic adorn-
ment which has inspired the art work of India for ages before this
western world began.

May we be permitted to add that it seems tit that Salem, before all
other cities of this continent, should be favored with the considera-
tion of His Highness, who may well have been influenced in the dis-
tribution of his bounty by a knowledge of the fact that Salem ships
were pioneers in the commercial intercourse betweeu India and
America, and that Salem merchants and navigators who, in large
measure, sustained for years the amicable relations subsisting between
these countries, established here a social and charitable fraternity
known as the East India Marine Society and gathered here a collec-
tion of Oriental art-treasures and curiosities without a rival in
America.

We beg His Highness to be assured that the magnificent portfolio
of Indian art could have been placed in no library where it would
challenge more general appreciation or more heartfelt thanks. And
we beg to submit herewith an impression of our city seal, upon which
His Highness will read, we trust not without interest, the motto :

" Divitis Indice, usque ad ultimum sinum."

16 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Captain Whipple spoke in terms of interest of the
fact of Mr. Hagar's change of residence and of his res-
ignation as principal of the State Normal School in this
city, and it was

Voted: That the Essex Institute gives voice to the
universal sentiment pervading this community when it
records the sense of deep regret with which the with-
drawal of Vice-President Daniel B. Hagar from his post
at the State Normal School in Salem has been received.

Coming amongst us as a well-known and accomplished
teacher, Mr. Hagar has, for a whole generation, kept the
important institution entrusted to his charge in touch with
the best educational influences and ideas of the day. By
virtue of a rare personal^ he has been able to mould it
to his own intelligent and high ideals and, by assiduous
devotion and care, he has made it an honor to the County
of Essex and a model amongst the academic establish-
ments of the State.

Although weighted with this load, he has not failed to
respond to the various calls of American citizenship upon
the time and energies of the well-disposed, but has borne
a full and willing share in every social, political and mu-
nicipal concern ; especially has he held himself ready for
every service which the Institute could fairly and reason-
ably demand. It will be no easy task to till the place left
vacant by the withdrawal of Mr. Hagar.

Voted: That the President, with Messrs. Whipple and
Osgood, be a committee to communicate to Mr. Hagar
these sentiments of regard and esteem expressed by the
Directors, and to tender to him, in the name of the Essex
Institute, some general recognition of his eminent ser-
vices to the county, embodied in such form as maybe
most consonant with his feelings and wishes.

To this vote, duly communicated to Professor Hagar,

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 17

the following reply was received, addressed to Capt.
George M. Whipple of the Committee.

Jamaica Plain, Mass.,

June 24, 1896.
My dear Capt. Whipple,

I most gratefully appreciate the kindness of the Direc-
tors of the Essex Institute as expressed in their resolu-
tions with regard to my departure from Salem. I am
profoundly thankful for this evidence of friendly regard.

I exceedingly regret that the condition of my health
must debar me from meeting the Directors at an informal
dinner or at a reception. Were I in good physical con-
dition it would be a delight to me to meet the members
of the Institute and to discourse upon its welfare.

Please present my thanks to your associates of the
committee on resolutions relating to myself, and accept
for yourself my grateful acknowledgment.

With sincere wishes for the prosperity of the Essex
Institute,

I remain, yours truly,

Daniel B. Hagar.

Regular Meeting, Monday, July 20, 1896. — It was
voted to amend the By Laws, Article ii, Section 2, re-
lating to the election of officers, in the second line, by
adding after the word "Society " these words, "together
with a finance committee," as provided in Section 7, of
the Charter of the Essex Institute.

At a meeting of the Executive Committee held this
day it was voted, That the Institute celebrate the seventy-
fifth anniversary of the founding of the Essex Historical
Society, and that the President be requested to prepare
an address to be delivered on the occasion.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIX 2

18 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Regular Meeting, Monday, Aug. 17, 1896. — Mr.
George R. Curwen offered the following resolutions :

Resolved : That the Essex Institute records with sorrow
and deep regret, the death at Sharon, on the 4th instant,
of Daniel Barnard Hagar, a Vice-President of the Society
since 1873, the Principal of the State Normal School of
Essex County since 1865, and a citizen of Salem greatly
endeared to this community by his life-long fidelity to
the highest trusts.

If a career of loyal service to important interests, —
of ready helpfulness to others and consideration of their
needs, — of public-spirited devotion to the general good,
deserves to be remembered and applauded, the life just
closed is worthy of it all.

Friday, Sept. 18, 1896. — The seventy-fifth anniver-
sary of the founding of the Essex Historical Society was
celebrated this day by the Essex Institute. A meeting
was held in Academy Hall, at 3 o'clock, before which
Hon. Robert S. Rantoul delivered a commemorative ad-
dress which will be printed in pamphlet form.

After the exercises the company adjourned to Plum-
mer Hall, where an informal hour was spent in social in-
tercourse.

Regular Meeting, Monday, Oct. 19, 1896. — It was
Voted: That the Essex Institute receives with gratitude
and thanks, at the hands of its life-long patron and con-
tributor, Henry Fitz Gilbert Waters, a donation of rare
value and interest, consisting of a Madonna, painted in
the manner of Murillo ; an ancient Italian marriage
coffer or cassone, richly carved in black oak ; two chairs
of unique design, one 15th century English, the other
Italian and older; and two very rare and beautiful
specimens of antique cut glass, — the whole forming a

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 19

promising foundation for the art collection, which it bas
long been the hope of the generous donor, as well as of
the Essex Institute, to see growing up in Essex County.
Voted: That a copy of this vote be sent to Mr.
Waters.

Regular Meeting, Monday, Dec. 21, 1896. — The
Secretary read a letter received from the three sons of
the late George Dean Phippen, tendering to the Society
their father's collection of books, shells, minerals, etc. ;
and, on motion of Mr. George L. Peabody, it was

Voted: That the generous offer this day received of
books from the library of the late George Dean Phippen,
together with a considerable collection of shells and min-
erals, an herbarium accumulated by that enthusiastic and
untiring student of nature, and a framed likeness of the late
Samuel Webb, a life-long member of the Natural History
Society of Essex County, — be accepted with thanks.

Voted: That the donation be preserved as a fitting
memorial of our first librarian, who lived to be the last
survivor of the seventeen original members of the board
of government of the Essex Institute.

Voted : That a copy of the above be forwarded to the
family of Mr. Phippen.

Monday Evening, Jan. 4, 1897. — Regular meeting
in the Library room. Mr. William L. Welch spoke of
the history and topography of the Salem Neck, showing
from a large map the different points of interest. He
thought that the inlet between Winter Island and the
Juniper was " Winter Harbor "as described in deeds, etc.,
and not, as has been commonly supposed, the water be-
tween Winter Island and that part of the Neck bounded
by Hathorne's point, now called Cat Cove. Butt Point,
where the first ferry started for Marblehead, was near the

20 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Point of Rocks at Hathorne's Point. Later, the ferry
landing was at the foot of Turner street. Mr. Welch,
having been for many years a resident on the Neck, and
most familiar with that locality, presented many impor-
tant facts.

Extended discussion followed by Mr. Henry F. Waters
and other members. This paper is in print.

Monday, January 11, 1897. — The first lecture in the
" free course " was given this evening, in Plummer Hall,
by Prof. George L. Goodale of Harvard University ;
subject, "New Zealand," illustrated with lantern views.
Vice-President Edward S. Morse presided and, before
introducing the lecturer, read the following paper offered
by the Executive Committee.

The Executive Committee of the Institute respectfully
submits this expression of sentiment to the consideration
of the members here assembled.

Voted: That the Essex Institute would add its voice
to the patriotic demand for preserving what remains to
us of the Frigate Constitution.

No sentiment of the heart is more worthy of encour-
agement than the love of country, and in no way can the
sentiment be cherished more effectively than by conse-
crating and handing down the memorials of distinguished
patriotic devotion and daring.

The story of the Frigate Constitution is embalmed in
history and song. No war-ship ever bore our country's
flag more bravely. No nobler war-ship ever bore — as the
enemies of the country can attest — the flag of any
nation. Her career was one of unchecked triumph.

If citizens are to be taught that gallantry in the defence
of the nation's rights will be forever honored, — if those
who venture life and fortune on the deep are to be assured,
hereafter, that the strong arm of the nation is everywhere

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 21

and at all times around them, — if young heroes are to
be raised up to fill the posts left vacant by those who al-
ready crowd the Valhalla of the nation's glory, — it would
seem that the Frigate Constitution should be preserved
as an object-lesson in patriotic daring, so long as a bolt
remains which was once the instrument of achievements
destined never to be forgotten.

The votes were adopted.

Professor Goodale spoke of the location of New Zea-
land, which consists of three islands, North Island, Middle
Island and South or Stewart's Island. Total area about
100,000 miles, or nearly as large as Great Britain. The
climate is as varied as that of North America. The veg-
etation is very luxuriant, all the native plants being ever-
green. The geological formations were described by the
lecturer as extraordinary to the scientist. The islands
are of volcanic origin and a great portion of the total
area is occupied by mountains among which are many ex-
tinct and some active volcanoes. Many of the streams
are of hot water, powerfully charged with mineral prop-
erties, which form deposits on the rocks and other objects
in their course, affording very beautiful effects.

There are about 40,000 of the aboriginal tribes now
living. While their moral standard is somewhat differ-
ent from that of the people of the United States, yet they
have proved to be brave, generous and truthful. The
colonists outnumber the aborigines three to one.

Pictures were shown of the town of Christchurch, one
of the chief ports. The educational institutions of the
colonists are of the highest class.

At this opening lecture Plummer Hall was crowded and
many persons came to the door who were unable to get in.

Monday Evening, Jan. 18, 1897. — Regular meeting
in the Library room. Mrs. W. S. Nevins, of the Local

22 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

History Class, read an interesting paper on some of the
early colonial magistrates, speaking principally of William
Hathorne, Emanuel Downing, John Humphrey and
George Downing, the latter being the second graduate in
the first class of Harvard College.

Miss Helen D. Lander then read a paper prepared by
Mrs. Henry Wardwell, on Salem Village. These papers
were well written and of great interest and were discussed
by the President and some other members.

Monday Evening, Jan. 25, 1897. — Hon. Thomas J.
Gargan, of Boston, lectured in Plummer Hall on the
" Boston Subway." He spoke of the great need of some
way of relieving the crowd in the narrow streets of Bos-
ton. He gave an account of some European subways,
showing the Boston one to be much larger and more con-
venient than any abroad. With lantern slides he exhib-
ited views of the plans and mode of its construction and
probable working when completed, and the condition the
Boston streets will be in at that time, especially Tremont
and Boylston streets.

Monday Evening, Feb. 1, 1897. — Regular meeting
in the Library room. Mr. John Robinson gave an inter-
esting and instructive talk on " Mushrooms, Edible and
Non-edible." He exhibited many specimens, with illus-
trations on the blackboard. Rules were given, so far as
it is possible to give rules, for the gathering of mush-
rooms. The extremely nutritious character of some
kinds, and the difference between those excellent fungi
and the poisonous toad-stool were noted. Some canned
and some dried specimens of Italian and other kinds were
exhibited, which emitted a peculiar odor.

The subject was discussed by the President, Professor
Morse, Dr. Merriam and others.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 23

Monday Evening, Feb. 8, 1897. —Prof. Arlo Bates,
of the Institute of Technology, Boston, lectured in Plum-
mer Hall on " The Language of Literature." He began
his lecture by referring to the fact that all language is a
system of conventions. If we do not understand the
convention we are not able to communicate with the in-
dividual using it. This principle holds good in music as
well, as is shown in the difference between European and
Chinese music for example. The latter, a jumble of un-
melodious sounds to our ears, to the Chinese conveys
sentiment and deep meaning. The poet also has a lan-
guage of his own, one far removed from the ordinary
speech of every-day life, one by which he can express
the emotions and phases of feeling, which we try in vain
to put into words. The poet's genius consists in this,
that he turns his hearers, ordinary men though they are,
into poets for the time being ; makes them see with his
eyes and, by some luminous phrase, lifts them to some-
thing of his own level of inspiration. Similes form a
great part of our language, often distorted, perhaps
robbed of their original meaning, yet full of suggestion
to the student. Such a word is " backer," originally used
to denote the one who stood back to back with you in
the fight, warding off all blows from that side. The lan-
guage of literature is full of allusions which must be un-
derstood to get from it the meaning which should be
there. These allusions may be classical, historical, myth-
ological, allusions to folk-lore or to literature itself.
Examples of all these readily present themselves. Our
ancestors read and re-read their treasured volumes of the
classics, and our speech is full of references to persons
and situations found therein. History has given us much
that we use without thought, but cannot fully understand
without having in mind the especial event or person

24 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

referred to. Folk-lore allusions, as Milton's when he
speaks of the "Lubber Friend" or " Lob lie-by- the-Fire,"
are perhaps less common, yet not infrequently met
Avith. Robert Browning, of the modern poets, refers
most often to out-of-the-way lore of this sort, a habit
which gives some color to the oft-repeated complaints of
his obscurity. The Bible has left a deeper impress on
our literature than any one factor. We owe more than
we often realize to the stately language and dignified ex-

essions of the Kino- James version.

Monday Evening, Feb. 15, 1897. — Regular meeting
in the Library room. Mr. Arthur H. Chase read a very
entertaining paper on " Every-day life in Paris." The
speaker said that it had been generally held by Ameri-
cans that there was no home life in Paris, but it is a great
mistake to suppose that there is no home feeling there,
for in reality it is just the reverse. Home is as much
cherished as it is in England or America. Mr. Chase,
having lived many years in Paris, had excellent opportu-
nities for observing the manners and customs of the peo-
ple. He described Sunday, which, although not kept
with the strictness that it is in England or in the United
States, after morning services in the churches, was more
a day of family gatherings and rational enjoyment. In
concluding his remarks Mr. Chase said that the two best
places in the world in which to live are Salem and Paris.
Discussion followed.

Monday Evening, Feb. 22, 1897. — The fourth lecture
in the course was given this evening in Plummer Hall, by
Prof. Charles S. Minot, of the Harvard Medical School,
Boston. His subject was " von Baer, the Greatest Rus-
sian Naturalist," which proved to be very interesting.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 25

Monday, March 1, 1897. — Regular meeting of the So-
ciety this evening in the Library room. Gilbert L.
Streeter, Esq., read an elaborate paper on " Salem Neck
and Winter Island." The speaker said that Winter Island
contains but thirty-six acres, but has a great history. The
place was first visited by white men in 1614. Captain
John Smith called this section Bass-town and Bass-table
because of the abundance of bass in the bay at that time.
The Indians here were more fishermen than hunters. Some
early families of Salem settled on the Neck, and Winter
Island was the centre of the fishing business. The pres-
ent causeway between the Neck and the Island was built
as early as 1637. There were places for forty vessels to
land fish at one time. The wharves were on the inner side.

The road now running to the Fort was a street called
Fish street. There were houses towards Salem along
the shore, and the cellars have been visible within the
memory of people now living. The settlement on the
neck at that time was called Watertovvn. There was an
inn kept by John Clifford on the island. In after years
the Neck became a place for ship-building. The famous
" Frigate Essex " was built here near the close of the last
century. The first fort on Winter Island was begun in
1643. In 1699 it was known as Fort William. In 1794
it was ceded to the United States, and in 1799 named
Fort Pickering, and on being rebuilt was considered one
of the best fortifications on the coast. Winter Island has
been used as a camping ground for militia at times, since
1853.

The paper is printed in the Historical Collections.

Monday Evening, March 8, 1897. — Curtis Guild, Jr.,
of Boston, lectured in Plummer Hall on " The Sword in
Warfare."

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIX 2*

26 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

General Guild traced the development of the sword
from the first form, which somewhat resembled an axe, to
the sword of the present day. He illustrated the subject
by exhibiting a large and rare collection of swords of
nearly every kind and period since the weapon was first
known. Among numerous others, there were a rapier of
the time of Queen Elizabeth, and a claymore such as is
described by Sir Walter Scott in the "Lady of the Lake,"
— a sword used by General Stark, in the war of the Rev-
olution, and two ancient Japanese swords belonging to
Prof. E. S. Morse. The swords provided for officers of
the American army were simply " dress swords " and not
designed to be used like those of cavalry soldiers, the latter
being powerful weapons. The sword, he said, has never
been used as had the dagger, the revolver or the bludgeon,
as the weapon of the murderer, but only as the weapon of
the soldier.

Monday Evening, March 15, 1897. — Regular meeting
in the Library room. Mr. Edward A. Silsbee, formerly
of Salem, gave a most entertaining talk upon foreign
experiences and life, extending over a long residence in
Europe and Asia. He called his subject "Internation-
alism " and, while applauding the charms and discoursing
of the advantages of life in foreign countries, summed
up with the verdict that the older he grew the more per-
suaded he was that America was the country to live in.
This was one of Mr. Silsbee's unique productions : quite
impossible to report. He said among other things that he
told an Englishman the best thing his country ever did
was "to produce us !" Referring to our own country, he
thought we must rediscover the imagination, before we
could have any great poets. Wealth will not make
them.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 27

Meeting in Plummer Hall, Monday, March 22, 1897.
— At a meeting of the Essex Institute, holden at Salem,
March 22, 1897, the following vote was adopted :

Voted, That, in the judgment of the Essex Institute,
the tract of land overlooking Gloucester Harbor and
at various times known as " Stage Fort," " Stage Head,"
and "Fisherman's Field," is a fitting location to be ac-
quired by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts as and for
a State Park.

Its history entitles it to recognition. As early as the
winter of 1623-4, a group of pioneers began a fishing
plantation there. A part of them, in 1626, moved up the
shore to Naumkeag, and effected the settlement which,
reinforced by Endecott and his party in 1628, and by
Higginson and his party in 1629, became Salem in July
of the last named year, and was the foundation of the
Colony of Massachusetts Bay.

In honor of the Chief of these pioneers, the War De-
partment, at the suggestion of the Institute in February,
1864, gave to the works then projected at this point to
supplant the ancient Revolutionary defences of Gloucester
Harbor, the name of "Fort Conant." The Sheffield patent
of 1623, under which these settlers claimed, provided for
a compact town on the water-side of Cape Ann Bay, —
each planter to have thirty acres in severalty, — and five
hundred acres of common land along the Bay to be de-
voted to the public uses of schools, churches, hospitals,
and the maintenance of ministers, magistrates, and other
town functionaries, — a typical New England village,
worthy for its own sake of a lasting memorial.

No spot is more closely than this identified with the
origin of Massachusetts. Its picturesque and uneven
surface would well meet the demands of landscape garden-
ing,— its unrivalled ocean outlook makes it the ideal of

28 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

a seaside resort, whilst its location within easy reach of a
vigorous and growing city would give to the reservation
a practical value for the health-dispensing uses of a public
park.

Rev. E. D. Towle, of the East Church, Salem, read a
paper on Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, and his spirited
recitation of some of the poet's best work, interspersed in
the hour's reading, added greatly to the enjoyment of the
evening.

Monday Evening, March 29, 1897. — Professor Ripley,
of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, lectured in
Plummer Hall, on " Some Peculiar People of the South of
France," illustrating his remarks with maps and a large
number of drawings of heads taken from life, showing the
typical features and formations. He had discovered, in
southern France, a little isolated population which seemed
to have remained pure and unmixed almost from prehis-
toric times.

Monday Evening, April 5, 1897. — Regular meeting in
the Library room. Miss Warner, of the Low School,
gave one of her delightful bird-talks on the early comers
which appear in April in our fields and hedges. The ad-
dress was illustrated with stuffed specimens from the col-
lections of the Peabody Academy of Science and was very
fully reported in the Salem Gazette for April 6, 1897.

Monday Evening , April 12, 1897. — Louis Prang, the
creator of chromo-lithography in America, lectured in
Plummer Hall, giving an exposition of his process, illus-
trated with numerous products of his popular art. Mr.
Prang prefaced his paper with a somewhat detailed and
very interesting account of his personal experiences and
struggles in building up the great business which has

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 29

made the world his market and made him one of the
world's benefactors, in that he has brought fine-art prod-
ucts down to a price within the reach of the humblest.
If he allowed himself to accept any praise, he said it was
as one who had popularized good art.

Monday Evening, April 19, 1897. — Regular meeting
in the Library room. There was offered for considera-
tion, a letter from " The Academy of Natural Sciences " of
Philadelphia, calling attention to a meeting of the Inter-
national Postal Congress to be held in Washington, D. C,
on May 5, 1897, to consider, among other subjects, an
amendment to the present postal laws, " which will admit
specimens of natural history to the mails at the rate for
samples of merchandise, that is to say, at one cent for
every two ounces."

The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia had
adopted resolutions approving of the proposed amend-
ment, and requesting the Essex Institute to adopt similar
resolutions and send them to the Postmaster-General at
Washington.

The following resolutions to that effect were offered and
unanimously adopted :

Resolved: That the Essex Institute heartily concurs in
the action taken by the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, recommending to the coming International
Postal Congress, at the instance of our Sister Republic of
Switzerland, a reduction in the rates of postage upon
mailable specimens in Natural History to the rates im-
posed upon samples of merchandise, the same to affect the
mail service of the Universal Postal Union.

Resolved : That the Essex Institute respectfully urges
the amendment, to be proposed by the Swiss Government,
upon the favorable consideration of the Postmaster-Gen-

30 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

eral of the United States, and of delegates to the Inter-
national Postal Congress, about to sit at Washington.

Mr. Ezra D. Hines, of Danvers, read an interesting and
instructive paper entitled, "Some Danvers Acres." After
a few introductory remarks, the speaker said that in early
times the measure of an acre of land was what a man and
a pair of oxen could plow over in a day. The acres that
Mr. Hines referred to in his lecture were located in Dan-
vers, as the title shows, and settled upon and improved by
the founder of the Putnam family, many of whose descend-
ants now live in the immediate neighborhood. He said
this family had produced many distinguished men, each
generation, down to the present time, furnishing its quota.
Pie paid a glowing tribute to Col. Timothy Pickering,
who at one time lived on and worked some of those
acres. He also referred to our townsman William A.
Lander, who for more than thirty years lived on one of
those farms, and greatly improved and beautified it by
setting out a large number of shade trees, some of which
were not natives of these parts, and they are still stand-
ing. He also spoke of the poet Whittier, as having lived
at Oak Knoll, a place built and improved by Mr. Lander,
so named from the fact that many beautiful oak trees grew
there. It was at Oak Knoll that Whittier wrote many of
his later poems.

After the lecture Mr. Hines exhibited some photographs
of houses connected with these acres, one being the fine
old Putnam homestead which is still standing.

Monday Evening, April 26, 1897.— Rev. John W.
Buckham, of the Crombie Street Church, was to have lec-
tured in Plummer Hall, on "Old Time Salem Clergymen,"
but at a late hour a note was received announcing the ill-
ness of the speaker and no meeting was held.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 31

Monday Evening, May 3, 1897. — Dr. Hasket Derby,
of Boston, delivered an illustrated lecture in Plummet*
Hall, on " A Dead City of the Baltic." This was Wisbuy ,
the capital of the Island of Gothland, which belongs to
Sweden. The speaker had been there and brought away
some sixty-five slides and many delightful impressions.
It was once the great commercial port of northern Europe,
grew vastly rich, built splendid warehouses and churches,
and established five hundred years ago a maritime code,
quoted ever since as the " ancient and supreme water-law
of Wisbuy" and commended by Grotius as of the highest
authority almost all over Europe. All that remains of
the once "magnificent city of Wisbuy "are the wealth of
architectural ruins to be seen there and this wonderful
code of laws. Grass grows in the streets and the harbor
is deserted. In 1361, Valdemar, a Danish conqueror,
sacked the city.

Necrology of Members.

John Israel Baker, son of Joseph and Lucy (Bisson)
Baker, was born in Beverly, Aug. 16, 1812; elected a
member of the Essex Institute, June 18, 1851 and died
in Beverly, Feb. 17, 1897.

Rev. Caleb D. Bradlee, D.D., son of Samuel and
Elizabeth D. (Williams) Bradlee, was born in Boston,
Feb. 24, 1831 ; elected a life member of the Essex Insti-
tute, Sept. 4, 1894 and died in Brookline, May 1, 1897.

Willard H. Brown, son of Edward and Eunice
(Porter) Brown, was born in Plaistow, N. H., Apr. 24,
1823 ; elected a member of the Essex Institute, Nov. 4,
1879 and died in Salem, May 21, 1896.

James Buxton, son of Amos and Mary (Stone) Bux-
ton, was born in Danvers (now Peabody) Sept. 3, 1832 ;

32 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

elected a member of the Essex Institute, July 23, 1884
and died in Peabody, Feb. 10, 1897.

BenjaminS. Calef, son of John and Rebecca (Shreve)
Calef, was born in Saco, Me., Jan. 21, 1835; elected a
member of the Essex Institute, Sept. 17, 1894 and died
in Boston, Jan. 9, 1897.

G. Winthrop Coffin, son of and ( ) Cof-
fin, was born in , ; elected a member of the

Essex Institute, July 15, 1895 and died in Aix le Bain,
France, Aug. 9, 1896.

Rt. Rev. A. C. Coxe, D.D., son of Rev. Samuel Haw-
son Coxe, was born in Meadham, N. J., May 10, 1818 ;
elected a member of the Essex Institute, Feb. 3, 1896
and died in Buffalo, N. Y., July 20, 1896.

Frank T. Dalrymple, son of James and Mary A.
(Flint) Dalrymple, was born in Salem, Oct. 7, 1851 ;
elected a member of the Essex Institute, July 18, 1887
and died in Salem, May 17, 1897.

Perley Derby, son of Charles and Nancy (Pulling)
Derby, was born in Murfreesboro, Tenn., Oct. 26, 1823 ;
elected a member of the Essex Institute, Mar. 8, 1856
and died in Salem, Mar. 28, 1897.

Mary A. Dodge, daughter of James B. and Hannah
(Stanwood) Dodge, was born in Hamilton, Mar. 31,
1833 ; elected a member of the Essex Institute, May 7,
1894 and died in Hamilton, Aug. 17, 1896.

William J. Foster, son of William H. and Laura A.
(Ward) Foster, was born in Salem, Aug. 4, 1835;
elected a member of the Essex Institute, Feb. 25, 1856
and died in Salem, May 12, 1897.

Daniel B. Hagar, son of Isaac and Eunice (Steadman)
Ilagar, was born in Newton Lower Falls, Apr. 22, 1820 ;

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 33

elected a member of the Essex Institute, Aug. 9, 1865
and died in Sharon, Aug. 4, 1896.

Mary L. King, daughter of James B. and Mary J.
(Fabens) King, was born in Salem, Aug. 11, 1845 ; elected
a member of the Essex Institute, Apr. 30, 1894 and died
in Salem, Apr. 3, 1897.

Mary I. Lefavour, daughter of John W. and Emily
G. (Hollister) Lefavour, was born in Salem, May 25,
1858 ; elected a member of the Essex Institute, Mar. 21,
1892 and died in Salem, Mar. 29, 1897.

Caleb W. Loring, son of Charles Greeley Loring,
was born in Boston, July 31, 1819 ; elected a member of
the Essex Institute, Sept. 4, 1894 and died in Boston,
Jan. 29, 1897.

William H. Loyett, son of Benjamin and Huldah
(Lewis) Lovett, was born in Beverly, Dec. 5, 1853 ;
elected a member of the Essex Institute, Aug. 1, 1887
and died in Beverly, Aug. 18, 1896.

John Lowell, son of John A. and Susan (Cabot) Low-
ell, was born in Boston, Oct. 18, 1825 ; elected a mem-
ber of the Essex Institute, Jan. 6, 1896 and died in
Chestnut Hill, May 14, 1897.

George E. Pearson, son of Leonard M. and Henrietta
(Lancaster) Pearson, was born in Boston, June 18, 1843 ;
elected a member of the Essex Institute, June 18, 1894
and died in Salem, Oct. 28, 1896.

Stephen H. Phillips, son of Stephen C. and Jane A.
(Peele) Phillips, was born in Salem, Aug. 16, 1823 ;
elected a member of the Essex Institute, May 8, 1850
and died in Salem, Apr. 8, 1897.

Rev. Alonzo H. Quint, son of George and Sally W.
(Hall) Quint, was born at Barnstead, N. H., Mar. 22,

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIX 3

34 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

1828 ; elected a member of the Essex Institute, Nov. 18,
1895 and died in Boston, Nov. 4, 1896.

Charles E. Rea, son of Samuel and Sarah Ann (Web-
ster) Rea, was born in Portsmouth, N. H., Oct. 12, 1845 ;
elected a member of the Essex Institute, Nov. 18, 1895
and died in Danvers, May 1, 1897.

Arthur S. Rogers, son of Richard S. and Sarah
(Crowninshield) Rogers, was born in Salem, Dec. 14,
1835 ; elected a member of the Essex Institute, May 7,
1894 and died in Salem, Feb. 8, 1897.

Addison A. Sawyer, son of Moses and Hannah M.
(Rowell) Sawyer, was born in Amesbury (now Merrimac-
port) Aug. 23, 1834; elected a member of the Essex
Institute, Jan. 15, 1894 and died in Salem, Nov. 26,
1896.

Michael W. Shepard, son of Michael and Harriet F.
(Clarke) Shepard, was born in Salem, Feb. 28, 1826;
elected a member of the Essex Institute, Mar. 4, 1895
and died in Salem, Dec. 2, 1896.

G. Frederick Sibley, son of George and Josephine
M. (Ayers) Sibley, was born in Salem, Oct. 15, 1871;
elected a member of the Essex Institute, June 4, 1894
and died in Salem, Aug. 13, 1896.

James J. Storrow, son of Charles S. and Lydia
(Jackson) Storrow, was born in Boston, July 22, 1837 ;
elected a member of the Essex Institute, Oct. 7, 1895
and died in Washington, D. C, Apr. 15, 1897.

Anna E. Ticknor, daughter of George and Anna
(Eliot) Ticknor, was born in Boston, June 1, 1823;
elected a member of the Essex Institute, Aug. 5, 1895
and died in Newport, R. I., Oct. 5, 1896.

1425148

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 35

Francis Tuckerman, son of John F. and Lucy S.
(Saltonstall) Tuckerman, was born in Salem, June 11,
1849 ; elected a member of the Essex Institute, Apr. 30,

1894 and died in Salem, Mar. 31, 1897.

Mrs. Mary A. Turner, daughter of Benjamin P. and
Abigail 1). (Brown) Kimball, was born in Beverly, May
7, 1828; elected a member of the Essex Institute, May 6,

1895 and died in Marblehead, Jan. 5, 1897.

Charles P. Trumbull, son of George A. and Louisa
(Clap) Trumbull, was born in Worcester, Sept. 12,
1830 ; elected a member of the Essex Institute, Nov. 4,
1895 and died in Beverly, Oct. 8, 1896.

William L. Vinal, son of Moses C. and Sarah (Jen-
kins) Vinal, was born in New Bedford, Nov. 24, 1854 ;
elected a member of the Essex Institute, Apr. 1, 1895
and died in Boston, Mar. 4, 1897.

Donations or exchanges have been received from the
following sources :

Vol. Pam.

Adelaide, Royal Society of South Australia, . . 3

Albany, New York State Library, .... 2 2

Albany, University of New York> .... 1

Allen, George H., Charts.

Alnwick, Berwickshire Naturalists' Club, ... 2
Altenburg, Naturforschende Gesellschaft des Oster-

landes, 1

Amiens, Societe Linneenne du Norcl de la France, . 12

American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2

American Historical Association, .... 1

American Humanitarian League, 1

Amherst College, 2

Amherst, Massachusetts Agricultural College, . . 24

Andover Theological Seminary 1

Andrews, Hiram, 2

Appleton, W. S., Boston, 1 1

BULLETIN OF THP: ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Atchison, Topeka & Sante Fe Railway Co.,
Augsburg, Naturhistorischer Verein, .
Averille, Arthur A., ....

Babcock, Mrs. Caroline,
Ballou, Ilosea S., Boston,
Baltimore, Maryland Historical Society,
Baltimore, Md., Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Md., Peabody Institute,
Barker, John G., Cambridgeport,
Barnard, Job, Washington, D. C,
Basel, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, .
Battle Creek, Mich., Good Health Publishin
Bent, Allen H., Boston,

Bergens Museum,

Berkeley, University of ""Calif ornia,
Berlin, Entomologischer Verein, .
Berlin, Gesellschaft Naturforschende Freunde,

Berlin, Verein ziir Bef orderung des Gartenbaues

Bethune, C. J. S., Port Hope, Ont.,

Beverly Historical Society, ....

Black, M. Percy,

Blake, Francis E.,

Blodgette, George B., Rowley,

Bolles, Rev. E. C, New York, N. Y., .

Bologna, R. Accademia delle Scienze, .

Bolton, H. Carrington, New York, N. Y.,

Bond, Henry R., New London, Ct.,

Bonn, Naturhistorischer Verein, .

Bordeaux, Academie Nationale des Sciences, Belles
Lettres et Arts,

Borntraeger, Gerbriider, Berlin, .

Boston, American Academy of Arts and Sciences

Boston, American Congregational Association,

Boston, Appalachian Mountain Club,

Boston Art Club,

Boston Board of Health, ....

Boston, Bunker Hill Monument Association,

Boston City Auditor,

Boston City Hospital,

Boston, Colonial Society of Massachusetts,

Boston, Directors of Old South Work,

Boston, Massachusetts Historical Society, .

Boston, Massachusetts Horticultural Society,

Boston, Massachusetts Humane Society,

Chart

1
1
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2
1

11
1
1

22
5
1
1
1

1
2

1
1

10
1

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Boston, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Boston, Massachusetts Medical Society,

Boston, Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture,

Boston Museum of Fine Arts, ....

Boston, New England Historic Genealogical Society

Boston Overseers of the Poor,

Boston Public Library,

Boston Record Commissioners,

Boston Society of Natural History,

Boston, Woman's Relief Corps,

Bostonian Society,

Braunschweig, D. Gesellschaft fiir Anthropologic

Ethnologie und Urgeschichte,
Bridges, Henry G., Eastbourne, Eng.,
Brigg, William, Harpenden, Herts, Eng.,
Brisbane, Royal Geographical Society of Australia
Bristol Naturalists' Society, ....
Brookline Historical Publication Society,
Brooklyn (N. Y.) Library, ....

Brooks, Henry M.,

Brown, Joshua, . . . .

Brunn, Naturforschender Verein,

Brunswick, Me., Bowdoin College,

Bruxelles, Societe Beige de Microscopie,

Bruxelles, Societe Entomologique de Belgique,

Bruxelles, Societe Royale de Botanique de Belgique,

Buenos Aires, Sociedad Cientifica Argentina

Buffalo (N. Y.) Historical Society,

Buffalo (N. Y.) Library,

Burton, C. M., Detroit, Mich.,

Butler, Mrs. Martha S., .

Byfield, Dummer Academy, .

Cadbury, Richard, Birmingham, Eng.,

Caen, Academie Nationale des Sciences, Arts et Belles

Lettres, ....

Calcutta, Geological Survey of India,
Caldwell, Augustine, Eliot, Me., .
Cambridge City Clerk,
Cambridge, Eng., Balfour Library,
Cambridge (Eng.) Philosophical Society
Cambridge, Harvard University,
Cambridge, Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Eth

nology,

1
2
1
2
1
125
2
4
5
4
1
12
1
1
1

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Circulars,

Carlcton, M. Louise,

Carpenter, Rev. C. C, Andover,

Carroll, Thomas, Peabody,

Cedar Rapids, Iowa Masonic Library,

Chadhourne, Arthur P., Boston,

Chambeiiin, L. T.,

Chapel Hill, N. C, Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society,

Charleston, West Virginia Historical and Antiquarian
Society, .

Chase, Charlotte F., . . . . Newspapers.

Chase, Mrs. Henry A. , .

Chever, Sarah A., Melrose Highlands,

Chicago i 111) Academy of Science,

Chicago (111.) Board of Trade,

Chicago, 111., Civil Service Commissioners,

Chicago, 111., Field Columbian Museum,

Chicago Historical Society,

Chicago, 111., Newberry Library,

Chicago (111.) Public Library,

Chicago, 111., University of, .

Choate, Mrs. Abby P., Essex,

Christiania, Videnskabs-Selskabet,

Cilley, J. P., Rockland, Me.,

Cincinnati, Historical and Philosophical

Ohio,

Cincinnati, Ohio Mechanics' Institute,

Cincinnati (O.) Public Library,

Cincinnati (O.) Society of Natural History,

Clark, Edgar W., Pana, 111.,

Cleveland, Mary S., . . . . Newspapers,

Cleveland, 0., Western Reserve Historical Society,

Circulars,

College Hill, Tufts College,

Colorado Springs, Colorado College Scientific Society,
Columbus, Ohio State Board of Agriculture,
Copenhague, Societe Royale des Antiquaires du Nord,

Courtis, Abel G.,

Crocker, Uriel H.,

Cross, Annie,

Dalton, Edward A., . . Newspapers and Maps,

Danforth, Charles H., .... Newspapers.

Dan vers, Peabody Institute,

Danzig, Naturforschende Gesellschaft,

Darmstadt, Verein fiir Erdkunde, ....

5
2

1
1

33
2
1
7
1

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Davis, Andrew Mc F., Cambridge,

Dayton, W. Hardy,

De Costa, B. F., New York, N. Y.,

Dedham Historical Society, .

Dedham Town Clerk,

Dennis, Louise D., .

Des Moines, Historical Department of Iowa,

Des Moines, Iowa Academy of Sciences,

Des Moines, Iowa Geological Survey, .

Detroit (Mich.) Public Library, ....

Dijon, Academie Imperiale des Sciences, Arts et Belles

Lettres,

Dodge, Richard E., New York, N. Y. .
Dow, Geo. Frs., Topsfield, . . . Newspapers
Dresden, Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft "Isis,
Dresden, Verein fur Erdkunde, ....
Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, ....

Dublin, Royal Society,

Eaton, John D., San Francisco, Cal., Newspapers

Edes, Henry H., Charlestown, ....

Edinburgh Royal Society,

Emden, Naturforschende Gesellschaft,
Erlangen, Physikalisch-medicinische Societat,

Essex Town Clerk,

Exeter, N. H., Phillips Exeter Academy,
Falmouth, Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, .

Fessenden, Joseph P.,

Firenze, R. Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale,

Firenze, R. Instituto di Studi Superiori,

Firenze, Societa Entomologica Italiana,

Fitchburg City Clerk, .

Flint, Martha B., Poughkeepsie, N. Y.,

Foster, William J.,

Framingham, Historical and Natural History Society,

Frankfurt-a-M., Senckenbergische Naturforschende

Gesellschaft,

Freibourg, D. Zeitschrift fiir Geschichtswissenschaft,

French, A. D. Weld, Boston,

Fuller, J. F., Appleton, Wis.,

Gardner, Mrs. Henry,

Georgetown Auditor,

Giessen, Oberhessischen Gesellschaft fiir Natnr und

Heilkunde,

Gilbert, Mrs. Charles W.,

1
1
3
2
1
7
10

4
5

1
1
1
1
1
70
23
5
2

5
2

217

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Gillis, James A., Winchendon, . . Newspapers,

Glasgow, Archaeological Society, .

Glasgow, Baillies' Institution,

Glasgow Natural History Society,

Gloucester City Clerk,

Gloucester Overseers of the Poor,

Goldthwaite, Mrs. Eliza H., .

Goodell, Abner C, Jr., .

Goodwin, James J., Hartford, Conn

Goodwin, Maud W., New York, N. Y.,

Gorlitz, Naturforschende Gesellschaft,

Gottingen, K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften,

Gray, Alice A., Boston, ....

Green, Samuel A., Boston, ....

Greenleaf, James E., Charlestown,

Gustrow, Verein der Freunde der Naturgeschichte

Halifax, Nova Scotian Institute, ....

Halle, K. L.-C. Deutsche Akademie der Naturf orscher,

Halle, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein fur Sachsenund

Thiiringen,

Hamburg, Verein fur Naturwissenschaftliche Unter-

haltung,

Hannover, Deutscher Seefischereiverein,

Harlem, Musee Teyler,

Harlem, Societe Hollandaise des Sciences,

Harris, George R., . . . . Newspapers

Harrisburg, Pennsylvania State Library,

Hartford (Ct.) Board of Trade, .

Hartford, Connecticut Historical Society,

Hartford, Connecticut Quarterly Publishing

Hartford, Ct., Travellers' Insurance Co.,

Hartford, Ct., Trinity College,

Harwood, H. J., Littleton,

Harwood, W. H., Chasm Falls, N

Hassam, John T., Boston,

Haverhill, Mayor's Office,

ILizen, Rev. Henry A., Boston,

Herrick, C. L., Granville, Ohio,

Hill, Rev. James A.,

Hitchings, A. Frank,

Hoar, George F. , Worcester,

Hodges, A. D., Jr., Boston,

Hofl'man, Mrs. E. A.,

Ilollis, Benjamin P., Medford,

Co.,

53
1

1
34

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Ilonore, Charles, Montevideo, Uruguay,

Hotchkiss, Susan V., New Haven, Ct., Newspapers,

Houghton, Michigan Mining School,

Hovey, Rev. Horace C, Newburyport,

Hudson, Rev. J. W., Peabody,

Hunt, T. F.,

Hutchinson, Frank A., Lowell,

Indianapolis (Ind.) Public Library,

Iowa City, Iowa State Historical Society,

Iowa City, Laboratories of Natural History of State

University of Iowa,
Iowa City, State University of Iowa, .
Ithaca, N. Y., Cornell University,
Jameson, J. Franklin, Providence, R. I.,
Jefferson City, Missouri Geological Survey, Maps

Jersey City (N. J.) Free Public Library,
Jewett, Lucy S., Ipswich,

aja

Jeypore, India, His Highness the Maliar

Johnson, Estate of Amos H.,

Jones, Gardner M.,

Joy, Noah J.,

Kassel, Verein fur Naturkunde,

Keidel, George C, Baltimore, McL,

Kimball, Mrs. Sarah A., Methuen,

King, Horatio C, Brooklyn, N. Y.,

Kinsman, Mrs. W. S.,

Kjobenhavn, K. D. Viclenskab-Selskabs,

Kjobenhavn, Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie

Konigsberg, Physikalisch-Okonomische Gesellschaft,

Lamson, Frederick, .... Newspapers,

Lander, Helen,

Lausanne, Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles,
Lansing, Michigan State Board of Agriculture, .
Lansing, Michigan State Library, ....

Lawrence City Clerk,

Lawrence, Kansas University, ....

Lawrence Public Library,

Le Baron, J. F., Jacksonville, Fla.,

Lee, Francis H., Newspapers

Leiden, Musee d' Ethnographic, ....

Leiden, Rijks-Universiteit,

Leipzig, K. S. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, .
Le Mans, Societe d' Agriculture Sciences et Arts,
Lexington Historical Society, ....

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIX 3*

43
52

1
6

1
1
2

214
19

1
1
1
1
1
9
2
1
4
1
4

198
21
2
3
2
1

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Liege, Societe Royale des Sciences,
Liverpool, Literary and Philosophical Society,

Locke, Frank E.,

London, British Museum, ....

London, Entomological Society of Ontario,

London, Geological Society,

London, Royal Geographical Society, .

London, Royal Society, ....

London, Zoological Society of,

Los Angeles (Cal.) Public Library,

Lull, Newton, Chicago, 111., ....

Lund, Kongliga Universitetet,

Luxembourg, L' Institut Grand Ducal,

Lyon, Academie des Sciences, Belles Lettres et Arts

Lyon, Societe d' Agriculture, Science et Industrie,

Lyon, Societe Linneenne,

Mc Gregor, F. R., Providence, R. I., .
Mack, Estate of William and Esther C,
Madison, N. J., Drew Theological Seminary,

Madrid, Observatorio cle,

Manchester, Rev. Alfred,

Manchester (Eng.) Literary and Philosophical Society
Manchester (Eng.) Museum, Owens College,
Manchester (N. H.) Historical Society,

Manning, Robert,

Marburg, Gesellschaft zur Beforderungdes Gesammten

Naturwisseuschaften, ....

Mason, Mrs. W. L., Milwaukee, Wis.,
Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics Association,
Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth,
Massachusetts State Board of Health,
Mathes, Mrs. Hamilton A., Lynn,

Meek, Henry M., Newspapers

Merriam, Otis, Chelsea,

Merrill, Albert B., Boston,

Michigan Agricultural College, ....

Minneapolis, Minnesota Geological Publishing Co.,

Montpelier, Vermont State Library, ...

Montreal Natural History Society,

Moore, Clarence B., Philadelphia, Pa.,

Morse, Asa P., Cambridge, . . . . ,

Morse, Edward S.,

Moscow, Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes,

Mii nchen, D. Gesellschaft fur Anthropologic, Ethnol

ogie mi d Urgeschichte, ....

1191

2
38

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Miinchen, K. B. Akademie der Wissenschaften,
Munson, Myron A., New Haven, Ct., .
Muzzey, David P., Cambridgeport,

Nahant Town Clerk,

Napoli, Accademia delle Scienze Fisiche e Matema

tische,

Nashville, Tennessee State Board of Health,

Nevins, Winfield S.,

New Bedford, Atlantic Scientific Bureau,

New Brighton, Natural Science Association of Staten

Island, N. Y.,

New Haven, Ct., Yale University,

New York (N. Y.) Academy of Sciences,

New York, N. Y., American Geographical Society,

New York, N. Y., American Museum of Natural His

tory,

New York, N. Y., American Numismatic and Archaeo-
logical Society,

New York (N. Y.) Central and Hudson Kiver Rail

road, ■.

New York (N. Y.) Chamber of Commerce, .

New York (N. Y.) Charity Organization Society,

New York, N. Y., Columbia University,

New York (N. Y.) Genealogical and Biographical Soci

ety, . . .

New York (N. Y.) Historical Society,
New York, N. Y., Linnean Society,
New York, N. Y., Mercantile Library, .
New York (N. Y.) Microscopical Society,
New York (N. Y.) Public Library,
New York (N. Y.) Society of the Order of the Found

ers and Patriots of America,
Nichols, Andrew, Jr., Danvers, ....

Nichols, John H.,

Northampton, Smith College, ....

North Andover Town Clerk, ....

Northend, William D.,

Niirnberg, Naturhistorische Gesellschaft,

Oberlin (O.) College,

Oliver, Mrs. Grace A.,

Oliver, Miss S. E. C,

Orton, Edward, Columbus, 0.,
Ottawa, Geological Survey of Canada,
Ottawa, Royal Society of Canada,

7
11

8
1

2
4

1
3

3
1

1
1
4
3

1
16

1
I

225

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Palo Alto, Cal., Leland Stanford Junior University,

Paris, Journal dc Conchyliologie,

Paris, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle,

Paris, Societe d' Anthropologic,

Paris, Societe ties Etudes Historiques,

Paris, Societe Entomologique de France,

Paris, Societe Nationale d'Acclimatation.

Parker, Mrs. Mary S., ...

Parsons, Mrs. Mary A., Lynnfield,

Peabody, George L.,

Peabody, S. Endicott, ....

Peet, Bev. S. D., Good Hope, 111.,

Perley, Sidney,

Phalen, Mrs. Anna M., ... Newspapers

Philadelphia, Pa., Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia, Pa., American Academy of Political and

Social Science,

Philadelphia, Pa., American Catholic Historical Society

Philadelphia, Pa., American Philosophical Society,

Philadelphia, Historical Society of Pennsylvania,

Philadelphia, Pa., Indian Rights Association

Philadelphia, Pa., Library Company,

Philadelphia (Pa.) Public Ledger,

Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania,

Philadelphia, Pa., Wagner Free Institute of Science

Phillips, Stephen H.,

Phippen, Estate of George D.,

Pickering, John, ....

Pitman, Isaac & Sons, New York, N.

Porter, Rev. Edward G., Lexington,

Portland, Maine Historical Society,

Portland (Ore.) Library Association,

Prague, K. K. Sternwarte,

Prime, Temple, Huntington, N. Y.,

Princeton (N. J.) College,

Providence, R. I., Brown University,

Providence, Rhode Island Historical Society,

Providence, R. I., Journal of Commerce Co.,

Providence (R. I.) Public Library,

Providence (R. I.) Record Commissioners,

Putnam, Eben,

Putnam, Frederick W., Cambridge,
Pynchon, James H., Springfield, .
Quebec, L'Universite Laval,

428

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Newspapers

Ramsey, Rev. W. H., Farmington, Me.,
Rantoul, Robert S.,
Rayncr, Robert, Cambridge,

Read, Abbie L.,

Regensburg, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein,
Reynolds Library, Rochester, N. Y.,
Richmond, Virginia Historical Society,

Robinson, John,

Rochester (N. Y.) Academy of Science,

Ropes, Misses,

Ropes, Reuben W.,

Sacramento, California State Library,

St. Gallen, Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft,

St. John, Natural History Society of New Brunswick,

St. Louis (Mo.) Academy of Science,

St. Louis, Missouri Botanical Garden,

St. Louis, Missouri Historical Society,

St. Petersburg, Academie Imperiale des Sciences,

St. Petersburg, Jardin Imperiale cle Botanique,

St. Petersburg, Societe Entomologique de Russie,

Salem Associated Charities,

Salem Board of Health,

Salem City Clerk,

Salem, Peabody Academy of Science

Salem Public Library,

Salem Savings Bank,

Salem Young Men's Christian Association,

San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences,

San Francisco (Cal.) Board of Supervisors,

San Francisco (Cal.) Free Public Library,

San Francisco (Cal.) Mercantile Library Association,

San Francisco, California State Mining Bureau,

Santiago, Societe Scientiflque du Chili,

Sargent, Epes, ....

Saunders, Mary T., . . . . Newspapers

Scranton, Pa., Lackawanna Institute of History and

Science, ....

Seattle (Wash.) Library Company,
Shaw, X. H., ....

Sheldon, George, Deerfleld,
Sherwood, George F. T.,
Sinclair, Charles A., Boston,
Smith, Isaac T., New York, N. Y.,
South Boston, Perkins Institution and Massachusetts

School for the Blind,

1
5

7
3

1
1
4

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Springfield, Illinois State Museum of Natural History

Springfield City Library Association,

Stavanger Museum,

Stearns, Frederick, Detroit, Mich.,

Stettin, Entomologisclier Verein,

Stickney, George A. D.,

Stockholm, Entomologiska Foreningen,

Stockholm, K. Svenska Vetenskaps Akademien,

Stockholm, Sveriges Geologisk Undersokning,

Stokes. Anson P.,

Stone, Arthur R.,

Streeter, Milford B., Brooklyn, N. Y.,

Swan, Robert T., Boston,

Sydney, Royal Society of New South Wales,

Syracuse (N. Y.) Central Library,

Taunton, Eng., Somersetshire Archaeological and Nat

ural History Society, ....

The Hague, Nederlandsche Entomologische Verein,
Tilley, R. H., Newport, It. I.,
Todd, William C, Atkinson, N. H.,
Topeka, Kansas Academy of Science,
Topeka, Kansas State Historical Society,
Toronto, Canadian Institute,
Tracy, Estate of CM.,
Tromso Museum,
Turner, Mrs. L. A.,
Turner, Ross,

U. S. Bureau of Education,
U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey,
U. S. Department of Agriculture,
U. S. Department of Interior,
U. S. Department of Labor,
U. S. Department of State,
U. S. Fish Commission,
U. S. Geological Survey,
U. S. Life-Saving Service,
U. S. Naval Observatory,
U. S. Patent Office,
U. S. Quartermaster-General
U. S. Superintendent of Documents
U. S. Treasury Department,
U. S. War Department,
U. S. Weather Bureau,
Upham, William P., Newton ville
Urbana, Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History,

Newspapers

Circular s

2
1

(15

1
4
5
1
1

1
1
1
2
4
3
5
30

227
1

425
3

177

30
6

14
1

1
54

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Urbana, University of Illinois,

Wadsworth, M. E., Houghton, Michigan,

Waite, Mrs. Martha E., Bolton, . . Newspapers,

Walker, Estate of Abbott, Boston, .

Ward, J. Langdon, New York, N. Y.,

Waring, George E., Jr., New York, N. Y.,

Washington, J). C, American Forestry Association, .

Washington, D. C, Anthropological Society,

Washington, D. C, American Monthly Microscopical
Journal,

Washington, D. C, Microscopical Publishing Company,

Washington, D. C, Smithsonian Institution,

Waters, Rev. T. Frank, Ipswich, . . . .

Waterville, Me., Colby University, .

Webb, Arthur N.,

Welch, William L.,

Wellesley College,

Wenham Town Clerk,

West Newbury Natural History Club, . . Circular.

Wheatland, Elizabeth,

Wheatland, Estate of Henry,

Wheeler, J., Washington, D. C, . . . .

Whipple, George M.,

Whitney, Mrs. H. M., Lawrence, . . Newspapers,

Wien, K. K. Geologische Reichsanstalt,

Wien, K. K. Naturhistorische Hof museums,

Wien, K. K. Zoologisch-botanisch Gesellschaft,

Wien Verein zur Verbreitung,

Wiesbaden, Nassauischer Verein fur Naturkunde,

Wilkes-Barre, Pa., Wyoming Commemorative Associa-
tion,

Wilkes-Barre, Pa., Wyoming Historical and Geological
Society,

Williamsburg, Va., College of William and Mary,

Willson, Lucy and Alice, . . . Newspapers,

Winnipeg, Manitoba Historical and Scientific Society,

Winsor, Justin, Cambridge,

Winthrop, Robert C, Jr., Boston,

Wiscasset, Me., Lincoln County Historical Society,

Woodbury, Ezra L., . . ...

Worcester, American Antiquarian Society,

Worcester Society of Antiquity,

Wright, Frank V., Hamilton, . .

Wurzburg, Physikalisch-Medicinische Gesellschaft,

Zurich, Naturforschende Gesellschaft,

108

1,136

1
35
4
11
5
6
1
1

168

6
5

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

The following have been received from editors and

publishers :

American Journal of Science.
American Naturalist.
Andover Townsman.
Beverly Citizen.
Cape Ann Advertiser.
Chicago Journal of Commerce.
Danvers Mirror.
Engraver and Printer.
Georgetown Advocate.
Groton Landmark.
Home Market Bulletin.
Iowa Churchman.
Ipswich Independent.
Le Naturaliste Canadien.
Lynn Item.

Lynn Transcript.
Marblehead Messenger.
Musical Record.
Nation.
Nature.
Open Court.
Popular Science.
Salem Gazette.
Salem News.
Salem Observer.
Salem Register.
The Citizen.
Topsfield Townsman.
Traveller's Record.
Zoologischer Anzeiger.

The donations to the cabinets during the year number
four hundred and fifty-five from the following one hundred
and fifteen donors :

Almy, Mrs. James F.
Almy, James F.
Ames, George L.
Averill, James "W.
Averille, Arthur A.
Barry and Lufkin.
Bates, Annie.

Bemis, Estate of Caroline E.
Bemis, Mrs. M. W.
Bolitier, Frank, Maine.
Brooks, Alice F.
Brooks, Henry M.
Brooks, Margaret VV.
Brown, Daniel A.
Brown, Joshua.
Browne, Edward C.
Burnham, Mrs. O. B.
Chever, Charles G.
Chever, Sarah A., Melrose High-
lands.
Clark, Matilda, Chicago, 111.

Colby, William R.

Cousins, Frank.

Cox, Sarah S.

Curwen, George R.

Dalton, Edward A.

Danforth, Charles H.

Dayton, W. Hardy.

Derby, Perley.

Edwards, Mr.

Elwell, N. W., Boston.

Falcon, Jacob.

Farley, Mrs. M. C.

Farrell, H. F. E.

Foster, H. Adeline.

Foster, William J.

Gardner, John E., Vancouver,

B. C.
Gauss, J. D. II.
Goldthwait, Miss C.
Goldthwait, Mrs. Eliza H.
Gould, W. H. H., Washington,D.C.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Jamaica Plain.
Anna J., Roslin-

Ipswich.

Grace, Capt. Seth, Philadelphia,

Pa.
Grover, John C.
Hagar, Daniel B.
Haskell, Mrs.

dale.
Hayward, Charles H.
Hallowell, N. P., West Medford.
Hill, James L., D.D.
Hill, William M.
Hotchkiss, Susan V., New Haven,

Ct.
Hunt, Thomas F.
Hutchinson, Mrs. George.
Jelly, William H.
Johnson, Estate of Amos H.,

M.D.
Johnson, Henry D.
Jones, Bessie C, Dorchester.
Joy, N. T.
Kinsman, Miss B D.
Lamson, Frederick.
Lee, Francis H.
Legrand, Charles E.
Little, Kate.
Locke, Frank E.
Lyon, J. E.
Mack, Estate of

Esther C.
Mackintire, A. C.
Manning, Robert.
Mead. William E.
Missud, Jean M.
Morse, E. S.
Nichols, William H.
Northend, William D.
Nourse, Elizabeth.
Oliver, Mrs. Grace A.
Oliver, Miss S. E. C.
Oliver, Mrs. Susan L., Boston.
Palfrey, Charles W.
Parsons, George W.

William and

P eabody Academy of Science.
Peabody, George L.
Peterson, Joseph.
Philbrick, Helen and Eliza.
Phippen, Arthur H.
Phippen, Estate of George D.
Pickering, Sarah W.
Pousland, George A.
Pulsifer, Mrs. Charles H.
Rantoul, Robert S.
Richardson and Northey.
Robinson, John.
Ropes Brothers.
Ropes, Willis H.
Sadler, Mrs. Charles J.
Sheldon, George, Deerfield.
Shreve, Mrs. 0. B.
Simonds, Mrs. Samuel G.
Skinner, John B.
Stickney, George A. D.
Stiles, J. G., Lynn.
Stone, Joseph.
Stone, Thomas T., Danvers

Centre.
Symonds, Eben B.
Symonds, S. G.
Symonds, T. Putnam.
Tilden, Dr. George H., Boston.
Towne, J. Hardy.
Turner, Ross.
Tuttle, Charles H.
Waters, Henry F.
Webb, Mrs. John K.
Welch, William L.
Wheatland, Elizabeth.
Wheatland, Estate of Henry.
Wheatland, Estate of Martha G.
Whipple, George M.
Willson, Lucy and Alice.
Winn, Com. John K., U. S. N.

Chelsea.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIX

J. W. Folsom, Del.

JAPANESE COLLEMBOLA.

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX IlsTSTITITTE.

Vol. 29. Salem: July, — December, 1897. Nos. 7-12.
JAPANESE COLLEMBOLA.

BY JUSTUS WATSON FOLSOM.

The few forms with which this paper deals will interest
entomologists because nothing has hitherto been recorded
concerning the Collembola of Japan. My friend, Dr.
Seitaro Goto, was so good as to collect three species for
me in Tokyo, which were kindly brought by Professor
Mitsukuri, of the Imperial University. Thanks to the
care with which the specimens had been killed and pre-
served, they arrived in excellent condition and, therefore,
were not difficult to study. All these species prove to
be new and are here named Achorutes communis, Xenylla
longicauda and Seira japo7iica. Many of the types have
been deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology
at Cambridge, Mass.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIX 4* (51)

52 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

I may take this opportunity to state that Lepisma
occurs in Tokyo, according to Dr. Goto, and Professor
Mitsukuri informs me that Campodea is found in Japan,
as might be expected.

Family PODURID^E Tomosvary.

Genus ACHORUTES Templeton.

Achorutes communis, n. sp.

General color (Figs. 1 and 2) blackish gray, flecked
with pale gray; the sternum, legs, furcula and interseg-
mental regions are pale gra}% which is the real ground
color. A dorsal, interocular, black patch is present.
Eyes (Fig. 3) eight on either side, situated upon a black
patch. Postantennal organs consisting of four elevations
(Figs. 3 and 4), which are very variable in form and
arrangement ; Fig. 4, showing these organs from the
right and left sides of the same head, exemplifies this
variability. Antennse subequal to the head, in length,
and stout (Fig. 5) ; segments, in relative lengths, as
6 : 7 : 8 : 10 ; basal segment compressed longitudinally ;
second, barrel-shaped; third, swollen apically ; terminal
segment conical and blunt. Body cylindrical, its seg-
ments mostly subequal ; between the more anterior seg-
ments are transverse, dorsal, lozenge-shaped areas of
pale gray (Fig. 1) each containing a narrow, blackish
band ; blackish dorsal and subdorsal stripes are more or
less evident. The head and body are tuberculate, as
usual, and are clothed with numerous short, curved
bristles, which are sparsely interspersed with longer, stiff
seta?. Legs stout, feet biunguiculate (Fig. 6). Superior
claw stout, curved, unidentate ; inferior claw half as
long, with broad base and acuminate apex; a single ten-
ent hair is present. Ventral tube stout, emitting two
rounded tubercles. Furcula (Fig. 7) short and stout;

JArANESE COLLEMBOLA. 53

manubrium (basal segment, Fig. 2) swollen ; clentes
(intermediate segments, Fig. 7) stout, slightly tapering,
with stiff bristles ; mucrones (apical segments) half as
long as the clentes, concave, in form as represented in
Figs. 7 and 8. Anal spines (Figs. 1, 2 and 9) two, sub-
equalling the superior claws in length, curving forward
and seated upon tuberculate papillae, the bases of which
are contiguous.

Length 1.3 mm. I have examined over three hun-
dred examples of this species, which Dr. Goto found on
the surfaces of pools and wells during wet seasons.

A. communis is most nearly allied to A. armatus Nic.1
but I have compared the Japanese form with European
examples of armatus, which were sent to me by Dr. C.
Schaffer, of Hamburg, and find the two forms to be un-
questionably distinct. They are separated by consider-
able differences in form of body, coloration, shape of
inferior claws, mucrones and post-antennal organs and
arrangement of the eyes.

A. communis also bears much resemblance to A. longi-
spinus Tull.2

Genus XENYLLA Tullberg.

Xenylla longicauda, n. sp.

General color (Fig. 10) dark indigo blue, mottled
with yellowish-white, which is the ground color ; dor-
sum with two interrupted black stripes, subdorsal in
position ; also a black transverse streak in each interseg-
mental region ; sternum yellowish-white, mottled with
dark blue. Eyes (Fig. 11) five on either side, hemi-
spherical, seated upon convex, minutely tuberculated,
black patches, which are narrowly encircled with white.

iNicolet '41, p. 57, pi. 5, fig. 6; Tullberg '72, p. 51, taf. X, figs. 23-25; Lubbock '73,
p. 180-181, pi. 40; Tullberg '76, p. 38, taf. 10, fig. 35; Sebaffer '96, p. 17*, taf. II, figs.
31, 46 and taf . Ill, fig. 60.

2 Tullberg '76, p. 37, taf. X, figs. 31-34; Sebaffer '96, p. 191, taf. II, figs. 44, 45.

54 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Postantennal organ absent. Antennae subequal to the
head, in length, with segments in relative lengths as 7 :
8:9: 9 ; basal segment stout, globose or compressed
(Fig. 12); second, swollen apically ; third, more slen-
der, cylindrical ; terminal segment conical. Body cylin-
drical-ovate, the abdomen being much dilated laterally;
the segments, measured along the median dorsal line, are
related in length as 4 : 6 : 6 : 7 : 7 : 6 : 9 : 6 : 3 ; the
head and body are clothed with minute bristles, inter-
spersed with a few longer setae. Legs stout ; tibiae
(Fig. 13) with two, minutely-knobbed, tenent hairs ;
feet uniunguiculate ; claw stout, uniformly tapering,
slightly curved and untoothed ; inferior claw represented
by the merest rudiment. Furcula (Fig. 14) extending
considerably beyond the abdomen ; manubrium triangu-
lar ; dentes tapering, each with two setae ; mucrones one-
third longer than the dentes, clearly articulated with the
latter, very slender, gradually tapering to a minute point.
Anal spines and papillae are quite absent.

Length 1.4 mm. Described from forty-two types,
which Dr. Goto found " between the scales of old pine-
cones, June 24, 1897."

X.longicauda is decidedly unlike any hitherto described
species of Xenylla, but is nearest related to X. humicola
O. Fabr. (1780, p. 213-214, Podura humicola). X.
longicauda, as contrasted with this near ally, has a fur-
cula which is relatively much longer and much more
slender, also mucrones which considerably exceed the
dentes in length ; moreover there are no traces of anal
spines or papillae, which, although reduced in certain
species, nevertheless occur in all other known species of
Xenylla. i

i For descriptions and figures of X. humicola, consult O. Fabricius 1780, p. 213-
214; Tullberg '76, p. 39, taf. X, figs. 44-46; Reuter '95, p. 32, tab. 2, fig. 10; and
Schaffer '96, p. 169-170, taf. 2, fig. 43.

JAPANESE COLLEMBOLA. 55

X. longicauda also approaches X. affinis Schaffer ('97,
p. 10, taf. 1, fig. 17), which differs from both longicauda
and humicola principally by possessing much stouter and
unidentate claws, as well as three tenent hairs.

Family ENTOMOBRYID^I Tomosvary.

Genus SEIRA Lubbock.

Seira ja/ponica, n. sp.

Color, ochre yellow, with broad, blackish-purple
bands, commonly as represented in Fig. 15 ; occasionally,
every segment of the body possesses a blackish band.
Head yellow, bordered anteriorly, and sometimes poste-
riorly, with black. Eyes normal. Antennae (Fig. 15)
almost half as long as the body, with segments in rela-
tive lengths as 7 : 12 : 13 : 14, densely hairy, and yellow
with purple apices. Pronotum yellow, frequently marked
with black ; mesonotum not projecting, yellow, often
narrowly bordered with black ; metanotum yellow, with
an ill-defined band ; first abdominal segment usually yel-
low, but sometimes banded behind, like the remaining
segments ; each band is generally indistinctly limited
anteriorly ; second and third abdominal segments mostly
black, or else yellow anteriorly; fourth, yellow in front
only and with three yellow stripes behind, one being
dorsal and two subdorsal in position ; fifth, yellow ante-
riorly ; sixth, yellow, sometimes blackish behind. The
entire dorsum is abundantly clothed with bowed, clavate
hairs, .interspersed with short, simple bristles. Scales
are present, in addition, which are symmetrical (Fig. 16)
elliptical, with a minute rounded pedicel, acute apex and
fine longitudinal ribs. Under a one-eighteenth homoge-
neous immersion objective, the markings are seen to be
linear, almost as long as the scale and broadening slightly
at their distal portions. Although my specimens were in

56 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

alcohol, numerous scales had nevertheless remained
attached to the dorsal part of the body which were very
constant in size and form. Legs densely bristly, mostly
pale yellow ; coxae with a few clavate hairs ; femora often
purple apically , tibiae purple basally ; hind tibiae long
and slender. Superior claw (Fig. 17) slender, tapering,
almost straight, bidentate ; inferior claw half as long,
broadly linear, acute ; tibiae provided with barbellate
bristles and a single, clubbed tenent hair. Furcula half
as long as the body, densely covered with clavate hairs
proximally and with barbellate bristles distally ; seg-
ments as 21 : 25 : 2, in relative lengths ; dentes (Fig. 18)
crenulate, bare distally, and strongly curved (but usu-
ally less curved than is represented in Fig. 18); mu-
crones (Fig. 18) bidentate, as in Entomobrya.

Length, 1.8 mm. Described from nine types, which
Dr. Goto found between the scales of old pine cones,
under and upon the bark of various kinds of tree, and in
the house, occurring during the warmer part of the year.

8eira japonica appears to be nearest allied to a species
from Sumatra, 8. annulicornis Oud., as well as I can
judge from the brief description which Oudemans gives
('90, p. 87-88). In his species, however, the terminal
antenna! segment is much longer, the segments having
the ratio 7 : 13 : 12 : 19 ; the superior claw of 8. annu-
licornis is tridendate and the furcula is relatively longer,
with its segments related in length as 54 : 54 : 2. In
addition, the difference in coloration is decided.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

Fig. 1. Achorutes communis, n. sp. Dorsal aspect, X41.

Fig. 2. " " " Left aspect, X 41.

Fig. 3. " " " Eyes and postantennal or-

gan of the right side, X330 (ra-m is parallel with the median line).

Fig. 4. Achorutes communis, n. sp. Postantennal organs of the
same head, X330.

JAPANESE COLLEMBOLA. 57

Fig. 5. Achorutes communis, n. sp. Dorsal aspect of right an-
tenna, X 87.

Fig. 6. Achorutes communis, n. sp. Lateral aspect of left hind
foot, X 397.

Fig. 7. Achorutes communis, n. sp. Mesal aspect of right dens
and mucro, X 397.

Fig. 8. Achorutes communis, n. sp. Concave surface of right
mucro, X 397.

Fig. 9. Achorutes communis, n. sp. Lateral aspect of left anal
spine, X 397.

Fig. 10. Xenylla longicauda, n. sp. Dorsal aspect, X 41.

Fig. 11. " " " Eyes of left side, X 330.

Fig. 12. " " " Dorsal aspect of left antenna,

X 87.

Fig. 13. Xenylla longicauda, n. sp. Lateral aspect of right fore
foot, X 397.

Fig. 14. Xenylla longicauda, n, sp. Dorsal aspect of furcula when
extended, X 397.

Fig. 15. Seira japonica, n. sp. Dorsal aspect, X 21.

Fig. 16. " " " Scale, X 397.

Fig. 17. " " " Mesal aspect of right hind

foot, X 397.

Fig. 18. Seira japonica, n. sp. Dens and mucro, X 397.

(The dens is usually less curved.)

LIST OF WORKS CITED.

Fabricius, O. 1780. Fauna Groenlandica.

Lubbock, J. 1873. Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura.
Ray soc.

Nicolet, H. 1841. Recherches pour servir a l'histoire des Podurelles.
Nouv. mem. soc. helv. sc. nat.

Oudemans, J. T. 1890. Apterygota des Indischen Archipels.
Weber's zool. ergeb., bd. 1.

Reuter, O. M. 1895. Apterygogenea Fennica. Acta soc. faun,
flora fenn., bd. XI.

Schafler, C. 1896. Die Collembola der Umgebung von Hamburg
und benachbarter Gebiete. Mitt, naturh. mus. Hamburg, bd. XIII.

Schaffer, C. 1897. Apterygoten. Hamb. Magal. Sammel.

Tullberg, T. 1872. Sveriges Podurider. Sven. vet. akad. hand-
lingar, bd. 10.

Tullberg, T. 1876. Collembola borealia. Ofv. vet. akad. forh.
arg. 33, no. 5.
June, 1898.

BIOTITE TINGUAITE DYKE ROCK. CATA-
LOGUE NO. 960.

BY JOHN H. SEARS,

Curator of Geology and Mineralogy, Peabody Academy of Science,
Salem, Mass.

OCCURRENCE, ETC.

In the latter part of July, 1896, while investigating the
gegirine syenite rocks at Manchester, Massachusetts, I
discovered at near low water mark on Gale's rocks, two
hundred yards south of Gale's point, a dyke of a very
peculiar color, and from a macroscopical examination I
decided that it was a new addition to the previously de-
scribed rocks of Essex County. The dyke is six inches
wide and is exposed for twenty feet. It is seen cutting
the augite syenite in a nearly horizontal position six feet
below the surface of the syenite mass. This outcrop is only
exposed at low water as at high water the entire syenite
ledge is submerged. The color of this dyke is, on the sur-
face, a grayish green, mottled with bluish-black spots, a
freshly broken surface is olive green color and the spots are
black. Its occurrence in the immediate region of the
gegirine tinguaite dyke at Pickard's point,1 "anal cite tin-
guaite," Dr. Henry S. Washington,2 and of the gegirine

* J. H. Sears, Bulletin Essex Institute, Vol. xxv, 4, 1893.

a H. 8. Washington, American Journal of Science, Vol. vi, pp. 182-187, 1898.

(58)

:/^

7T'*2

DYKE OF BIOTITE TINGUAITE, IN AUG1TE SYENITE LEDGE, MANCHESTER, MASS.

BIOTITE TINGUAITE DYKE ROCK. 59

syenite at Gale's point, gave this rock a special interest to
me, and I collected several specimens of it as addition to
the collection of the rocks of Essex County, in the cabi-
nets of the museum of thePeabody Academy of Science and
for special study. In October, 1896, I prepared six thin
sections of this rock for microscopical examination, and
from these sections I determined the following minerals in
its composition : eegirine, nepheline, sodalite, biotite, a tri-
clinic feldspar, microperthite, and some larger feldspars
that gave optical characters which led me to consider them
anorthoclase, as they had nearly the same structure as the
anorthoclase phenocrysts in the keratophyre rock from
Marblehead harbor.1 The black spots in the rock were
magnetic iron, a decomposition product of an original bi-
otite. The ground mass was so associated with fragments
and grains of segirine, and microliths of feldspars, that it
was deemed necessary to have a chemical analysis made
of the rock before determining it. In May, 1897, 1 showed
the specimens and thin sections of this rock to Dr. J. E.
Wolff at Harvard University, and told him my conclusions
as to what it was ; subsequently the specimens and sec-
tions of this dyke rock were placed in the hands of Dr.
Arthur S. Eakle of the Petrographical Laboratory at
Harvard University to investigate and analyze.

Dr. Eakle has worked out a very careful and minute
microscopical and chemical analysis of this interesting
dyke rock which is as follows :—

Macroscopically the rock has a compact holo- crystalline
structure, breaking with an even fracture ; and a greenish
gray color with a slightly greasy luster, like rock rich in
nepheline. Small phenocrysts of feldspar are scattered
throughout and also much magnetite in patches which
latter give a mottled appearance to the rock.

i J. H. Sears, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoology. Geographical series, Vol. No. 9, 1890.
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL.^XXIX 5

60 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Under the microscope the rock is seen to be composed
mainly of leldspathic laths and plates with much nepheline
and less amounts of aegirine, magnetite and biotite. A
little sodalite, apatite and zircon are also present.

The feldspar forms the principal constituent and pre-
dominates iu lath-shaped sections, which have a ragged
appearance, due to frayed-out ends and a fibrous structure.
This fibrous appearance is caused by lamellar intergrowths
of the soda and potash feldspars, microcline and albite,
forming microline-microperthite. Some of the broader
sections show a rather coarse intergrowth of the two feld-
spars giving extinctions on different parts of the same
section, corresponding respectively to these two feldspars,
while some which do not show the perthitic structure may
be anorthoclase. Carlsbad twinning of the laths is com-
mon. Besides the lathshaped sections, many plates occur,
which are cleavage sections parallel to M, of albite.
They show basal and prismatic cleavage cracks, an optic
axis and extinguish at 20°.

The nepheline occurs next to the feldspars in amount,
and occupies the position of a filling matter in the inter-
spaces formed by the feldspars. It has been the last min-
eral to form and most of it is in xenomorphic angular
sections, but here and there, well defined hexagonal plates
are seen. The nepheline has altered and is present as
grayish, muddy, granulated sections which are apparently
mixtures of nepheline with kaolin and very fine grains of
quartz ; the alteration being to a hydrous aluminium
silicate through loss of alkalies, rather than to a zeolite.
The sections still retain their index above that of the
feldspars and gelatinize with HC1 as shown by fuchsin
staining, yet this reaction was not so well and easily ob-
tained as with fresh nepheline.

^Egirine is disseminated in the rock in fragments and

BIOTITE TIKGUAITE DYKE ROCK. 61

small crystals, in sufficient amount to give the rock its
greenish cast. Its crystallization preceded that of the
feldspars and the crystals are rounded or broken, irregu-
lar fragments. The sections occur from deep grass green
to almost colorless, and the deeper colored show a marked
pleochroism a = bluish green, &:= grass green, c = green-
ish-yellow. The axis of greatest elasticity lies nearest
to c and the extinction in most of the sections is practi-
cally parallel.

Magnetite is prominent and marks the remains of rather
large plates of a former dark silicate. Most of the orig-
inal silicate has completely disappeared, leaving only the
patches of black oxide of iron, but in an occasional sec-
tion, a greenish-brown silicate still remains between the
black borders of magnetite, which from its absorption,
parallel extinction and characteristic shimmer, is evidently
biotite. From the similarity of the sections, it is reason-
able to assume that they were all originally this biotite,
and if so it must have been a biotite very poor in mag-
nesia, since so little of this oxide occurs in the rock.

Sodalite is seen in small purplish to colorless isotropic
sections of low refraction, some showing dodecahedral
cleavage lines. A few small crystals of apatite and zir-
con occur as inclusions in the feldspars.

The tinguaite dike at Pickard's Point, Manchester,
originally described by Sears,1 has been shown by Wash-
ington2 to contain much analcite and he classifies the tin-
guaites of this locality as analcite tinguaites. Very little
isotropic mineral occurs in the dike described here and
from its appearance and the presence of chlorine what is
present is judged to be sodalite, so the dike can hardly
be classed with the one he describes.

1 J. H. Sears, Bull. Essex Inst, xxv, 4, 1893.

a H. S. Washington, Am. Jour. Sci. vi, 1898, p. 176.

62 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

The structure of the rock also differs from that of the
Pickard's Point dike, which has the typical tinguaitic
structure, in that the component minerals do not occur
in needle forms, but in much stouter lath-shapes, show-
ing a greater degree of crystallization for the individual
minerals, and producing a much less dense phase of tin-
guaite. The presence of many plates of feldspar tabular
to M indicates an approach to a solvsbergite, and the rock
might perhaps with equal right be considered a phase of
a nepheline solvsbergite. It seems in structure and com-
position to lie intermediate between a nepheline tinguaite
and a nepheline-segirine-solvsbergite.

The analysis of the rock yields

Si02

60.05

Ti 02 and Zr02

0.11

AI203

19.97

Fe203

4.32

FeO

1.04

MnO

0.79

CaO

0.91

MgO

0.23

K20

3.24

Na20

7.69

H20 at 110

0.15

H20 ig.

1.26

0.28

100.04

The specific gravity determined by the balance is
2.708. The dike is difficult to reach and the specimens
examined come from near the surface and have altered
enough to make it difficult to estimate the mineral con-
tents with any degree of accuracy. It is at once appar-
ent that the percentage of alkalies is too low to use up

BIOTITE TINGUAITE DYKE ROCK. 63

all of the silica and alumina in the formation of the al-
kali minerals, and the excess of these two oxides must
evidently combine with the water to form kaolin, leav-
ing besides a small excess of free silica, which is seen in
the slide as a separation product from the alteration of
the nepheline. Fully twenty per cent of the slide ap-
pears to be nepheline, yet the soda will only allow for
about one-half of this amount, and fourteen per cent
only of the rock is soluble in HC1. A calculation from
the percentage composition, with due regard to the micro-
scopic estimation, gives the following as the approximate
mineral composition :

47.16 Na2 Al2 Si6 0lt5 }

16.68 K2A12 Si6 Oi6 > 67.28 % feldspar.

3.44 CaAl2 Si2 08 )

9.61 Na6 K2 Al8 Si90s4
8.09 H4 Al2 Si2 09

2.62 Si02

6.00 Na2 Fe2 Si4 012 = 6.00

2.90 Biotite.

3.50Fe2O3(FeMn)O£ 6'40 % biotite and ma-'

S netite.

20.32 o/0 nepheline, kaolin and
quartz.

100.00 100.00

PLATE.

Biotite tinguaite dyke cutting augite syenite.

The dyke may be detected near the bottom of the
ledge by my note book at near one end and on the other
by a Boston and Maine railroad time table placed in the
contact walls where the dyke has been eroded out.

Salem, Aug. 21, 1898.

BATTLES OF THE BLACK ANTS.

BY REV. W. P. ALCOTT.

The wood borings of Formica Pennsylvania L. are
often wonderful. Sometimes these insects will form, in a
soft pine log, a maze of halls, chambers, corridors, and
spiral passages, separated by walls little thicker than
paper, and altogether of great architectural beauty and
finish.

But attention is now to be called to another line of
activity conspicuous in these insects. If investigation of
their singular conllicts has been made, it has not happened
to attract my notice. The following observations are re-
corded that they may incite some young Lubbock or Mc-
Cook to find the cause and purpose of these wars.

On the morning of June 26, 1883, I observed numbers
of large black ants wandering excitedly over a back piazza
of my house in Boxford, Mass. More careful observation
showed a dozen of their dead bodies scattered around,
while two living insects were struggling in a desperate
conflict. In some places dissevered legs and antennae
were thickly strewn, while in retired nooks living ants
were resting, either exhausted, wounded or skulking. I
gathered over twenty corpses from the piazza and the
ground. Some of these warriors, having mutually in-

(64)

BATTLES OF THE BLACK ANTS. 65

flicted mortal wounds, had never relaxed their iron em-
brace but lay dead in pairs.

The conflict was not yet ended and I watched one of
these Homeric encounters. An ant had his antagonist's
feeler in his jaws. The combatant, thus held, twisted and
turned to get his own mandibles upon feeler, leg, neck or
waist of his antagonist. He was, evidently, much un-
nerved by the other's hold, for these antennae seem as sen-
sitive as the eyeball, and he was dragged about, resisting
and struggling in every way, but all in vain. Finally,
the antenna came off near the base and the two warriors
parted.

Single combats like this probably went on through the
day and a few occurred the following night, for in the
morning I found more dead bodies. One wounded soldier
died in my custody and many doubtless in cracks and
nooks, but the level floor seemed to be the main battle-
field. Altogether I collected from the fight about seventy
complete bodies or dissevered heads which I preserved in
a red pill box — the rather gaudy tumulus of this Waterloo !

In the same place on the morning of July 7, following,
I found traces of another battle which was not yet finished.
Again, July 19, there had been a battle during the night
on the bare floor of a chamber at the opposite end of the
house and upstairs. One morning in August, of the
same year, I found traces of a similar battle in the cel-
lar way of a neighboring house.

Recurring to the conflict of July 7, I may give from
notes made at the time, a more particular description.
The ants engaged were evidently workers of the two
kinds, having either large heads or small ones — me^ace-
phalic or microcephalic. I observed especially a struggle
between one of each kind whom I may call for brevity,
Meg and Mic, or Mike, abbreviations of the above tech-

66 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

nical words. The latter was then alone, all the others
being large-headed and seemingly bent on his destruction.
But Mike was undaunted and full of fight in spite of being-
alone among numerous big-headed foes. Indeed, the latter
seemed generally afraid to get too near him. At length
one of them ventured to clasp jaws, which seems to be
the " first hold." Then the two began to bend their tails
as if to sting or to inject poison into one another's mouth,
an issue which each endeavored to prevent. Other ants
attacked Mike, pulling upon his legs and attempting to
fasten upon the connection of his abdomen. Meg dragged
Mike about, both at times apparently attempting to sting.
Mike was dying in half an hour, probably from exhaus-
tion or poison.

Later two dropped from overhead in energetic and
deadly conflict — not ceasing under my capture and ob-
servation of them. These also were a Meg and a Mike.
The former, as before, was stronger, the latter more active
and ferocious. He had Meg by an antenna, but Meg
pulled him around, Mike keeping his abdomen so curled
as to prevent his antagonist's jaws from a fatal grip on his
slender waist. Mike had already lost half of one fore-
leg and all of a middle one- Meg was minus one entire
front leg and was lame in a leg of the next pair, but he
was biting vigorously, though in vain, at Mike's hard and
polished abdomen. At last Meg's feeler parts where the
other has hold and Mike clutches the tip of the remaining
feeler. This quickly gives way and he seizes the base,
while a small colorless drop exudes from the broken end.
Now this antenna parts at the base and, after having fought
twenty minutes under my eye and perhaps previously much
longer, they separate, the advantage being with Mike.
Though confined together, they did not care to fight
again. One died during the following night and the other

BATTLES OF THE BLACK ANTS. 67

several days later, perhaps from some abnormal condition
of his confinement. Unfortunately, I did not note which
died the sooner, but probably it was Meg, who was more
injured.

Often since the above observations, I have noticed, about
another residence, the corpses left by similar encounters
of these ants but I have discovered no additional facts.
No similar battles of our other Massachusetts species have
ever come under my observation.

Some twelve or fifteen years ago an anonymous corre-
spondent of the St. Louis Republican described a battle
of ants in southwestern Missouri. Evidently these were
our " black ants." The account tallies so exactly with
what I have seen in our own county, that I quote it entire,
as follows :

"I am a pedagogue in the rural districts of Newton
County, Missouri, and my schoolhouse had been infested
for several months by a species of a large black ant, much
to the annoyance of the little barefooted scholars, and
there seemed to be no way of getting rid of the pest.
But what was my astonishment a few mornings since on
coming into my school-house, to find the floor literally
strewn with dead and dying ants, and upon a closer ex-
amination to find that a desperate battle was then raging
among them more sanguinary and fatal than any I ever
witnessed (and I saw many a hard-fought battle during the
late unpleasantness) or read of [in the annals of history].
A much larger number were lying dead than were left en-
gaged, and I therefore concluded the battle had raged all
night. Most of the combatants engaged were grappled
in a deadly embrace, while others but recently commenced
were standing erect on their hind legs, and soaring for the
advantage with all the science of the most experienced
swordsmen or pugilists. The most fatal point of attack,

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIX 5*

68 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

and the one for which it seemed all contended, was the
ligament which joined the main body with the head.
This vital member once seized by the powerful nippers,
death succeeded without a struggle, and the victor was
ready and eager for another engagement.

No undue advantage was taken by either party ; and no
two would endeavor to overpower a single one ; nor was
there any flinching or wavering in a single instance, for
whenever two belligerents met it was certain death to one
or both parties. Never, perhaps, were two armies more
equally matched in numbers, strength and valor ; and
consequently at the close of the battle, which lasted two
nights and a day, as new recruits continued to arrive at
every moment, there were but few left, and probably none
of the vanquished army, thus rivalling the valor of the
heroes of the Alamo and the Spartan band of Leonidas.
Observing closely, I could see a slight difference in the
appearance of the contestants, one set being perfectly
black, with a large head, while the other was nearer brown,
with a smaller head, though both about equally matched
in size and strength. Dismembered legs were numerous,
and many an unfortunate though valiant hero, being en-
tirely deprived of his supporters, was thus left, hors de
combat, to die on the field. The next morning I swept
up the dead and dying of both armies (for I would not
disturb them while engaged), amounting to thousands."

In view of the facts given, my own suggestions are now
added. That the maiming alone does not always cause
the death of these ants is evident. Unless I am greatly in
error, experimenters have proved this by clipping off an-
tennae or legs. Death does not follow for several days at
least, and then perhaps from inability to obtain food or
drink. Indeed, I observed an ant running about for a
long time with his abdomen bitten off or hanging only by

BATTLES OF THE BLACK ANTS. 69

a filament drawn out so that his stomach was upon his
shoulders — where perhaps some of us ought to have it !
For all this, the ant was very lively and did not appear to
suffer. Again combatants will sometimes die in a few
minutes with no wound that a microscope can discover.

It is possible that death is caused by the injection of
formic acid, saliva or some other natural secretion into the
wounds or mouth. It is admitted, I believe, that animal
products take on specially poisonous properties under the
influence of rage.

It was astonishing to note the desperation of the en-
counters. Sometimes others interfere in these dual con-
flicts as in one case cited above, though this appears ex-
ceptional. When two ants grapple it means the death of
one or both. Many pairs were found locked in an em-
brace mutually fatal. Others are seen running around with
the dissevered head of an antagonist locked in its final
grip upon an antenna or leg. Such a warrior would not
loosen his hold though his enemy or some comrade should
succeed in his decapitation. The trophy may be "glo-
rious," but it is quite an incumbrance and the bearer tries
in vain to secure relief from his ornament.

As to the cause of these battles, I can make no conclusive
suggestion. It is, of course, not to be supposed that the
insects of the formicary have discovered, as man has, that
by such sanguinary conflicts, great questions of ethics and
property rights may be settled with infallible exactness !
There is said to be great diversity in the social economy
of different species of Formica. With some kinds there
are battles between rival nests, but I could discover no
evidence of this in the cases mentioned. From the im-
possibility of finding the houses of these wood-borers, my
opinion may not be correct. But the slow accumulation
of the slain and the insignificance of the numbers at any

70 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

one time seen in conflict suggested some other cause than
hostile colonies, or a struggle for booty.

Contrary to the Missouri testimony, my pill-box mau-
soleum shows that the struggles were not uniformly be-
tween the large-headed and the small-headed ants. Often
two of the former or two of the latter are locked in the
final clasp. I could discover no rule of difference in size
or color.

All these conflicts, I believe, began in the night —
usually, if not always, on sultry nights. There may be a
kind of craziness, a propensity to " run amuck," which at
times seizes a part or all of the workers of a formicary.
Some ants were generally recognized as friends, some as
enemies. Is it a witchcraft delusion?

My present residence was built in 1770 and early in
summer is seriously infested with these insects. Later
they are rarely seen in the house. Is it possible that these
battles are due to some Malthusian instinct by which,
when their services are no longer needed, the great mass
of the soldier and worker class slay one another and thus
empty the formicary that there may be room and welcome
for another generation ? Oris there a survival, in this
way, of the young and vigorous? Some of the questions
suggested can be finally answered only by the carefully
recorded observations of many independent and skilful
students of nature.

SOME GLACIAL WASH-PLAINS OF SOUTHERN
NEW ENGLAND.1

BY J. B. WOODWOKTH.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Introduction 72

Bibliography 73

The wash-plains of existing glaciers 76

Heard Island wash-plain 76

Alaskan wash-plains 78

General characters of extraglacial wash .... 78

Drainage creases 80

Boulder-paved creases 81

Kettle-holes, ice-block holes 81

Inliers of older drift ....... 83

Loess-like cover 84

Sandblasting and glyptoliths 85

Superposition of plains by raised water-level . . 85

Boulders and wash-plains 85

leeward margin of wash-plains 86

Geographical distribution of wash-plains in this field . . 87

Plains of the terminal moraine 89

Nantucket plain 89

Martha's Vineyard plain 91

Plains of the Cape Cod moraine 92

Plains of Narragansett Bay region .... 95

The Middleboro morainal line 95

Providence-Bridge water line 96

Wrentham-Weymouth line of lakes .... 98

Woonsocket-Sharon line of plains .... 98

Newtonville- Woodland wash-plains .... 100

The Cambridge moraine and plain .... 100

Sporadic plains 103

1 Published by permission of the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey.

(71)

72 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

PAGE

Water-level of wash-plains 105

Stagnation of ice-sheet 109

Decomposition in wash-plains Ill

Economics of wash-plains 116

Conclusions 117

Explanation of map, Fig. 7 119

INTRODUCTION.

The glacial wash-plains or stream deltas and fans of
southern New England constitute by far the most impor-
tant feature in the pleistocene deposits of the area, for
the reason that they cover the larger part of the lowlands ;
on these flat spaces the greater number of towns and vil-
lages are built ; the sands and gravels determine the
nature of most of the problems of local water-supply and
drainage ; and because of their scientific bearings in de-
termining the history of the glacial retreat across this
portion of our country, as well as in the evidence they are
thought to afford concerning the attitude of the land and
sea at the close of the Glacial Period. The notes which
are here brought together present but a crude outline of
the results which may yet be gained in this field by a
careful mapping and investigation of these old glacial
stream deltas. These glacial deposits remain almost as
sharply defined as when abandoned by the ice. The growth
of forests and the development of swamps in the low wet
grounds alone offer difficulties to the rapid and satisfactory
interpretation of the glacial history of the district.

The writer has had the opportunity of examining those
portions of this area which lie within the geologic field
known as the Narragansett Basin of Carboniferous rocks
and the islands off the south coast. Some of the leading
facts concerning wash-plains occurring about Narragansett
Bay have already been published as noted in the annexed
references to the literature.

SOME GLACIAL WASH-PLAINS. 73

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The following references include those papers which
relate to the country lying south of a line drawn from
Boston to Worcester and east of Connecticut. A few
papers relating to the New Haven region are added.

1856. Prof. Edward Hitchcock,1 in describing the sur-
face geology of New England, refers to gravelly and sandy
plains of the lowlands as " sea-bottoms."

1879. Mr. Warren Upham,2 in a paper on " The for-
mation of Cape Cod," discusses the leading facts in the
moraine of that stage.

1880. The same author3 later discusses " The succession
of glacial deposits in New England."

1881. Mr. Upham4 describes "The Glacial Drift in
Boston and Vicinity."

1883-84. The late Professor J. D. Dana, in a paper
under the title of " Phenomena of the glacial and Cham-
plain Periods about the mouth of the Connecticut Valley,
in the New Haven region,"5 gives a detailed map of the
glacial sand-plain about New Haven with elevations and
discusses the origin of the plain and its features. He re-
fers the deposit to coalescing sand-bars formed by flooded
waters in the valley during the retreat of the ice- sheet.
Deep depressions in the plain are ascribed to lack of dep-
osition. It was held that the ice had vanished from the
district when the plain was deposited.

1888. Professor Shaler6 made a report on the Geology
of the Island of Martha's Vineyard, in which he describes
the large outwash plain or frontal apron, ascribing it to

1 Illustrations of Surface Geology, 1856, p. 44.

1 Am. Nat. Vol. XIII, 1879, pp. 489-502; 552-565.

3 Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Proc. Vol. XXVIII, pp. 299-310.

♦Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. XX, pp. 220-234

5 Am. Journ. of Science, vol. xxvi, 1888, pp. 341-361 ; and vol. xxvil, pp. 113-130.

•7th Annual Report, U. S. Geol, Survey, pp. 314-320.

74 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

deposition from subglacial streams discharging their load
of sand and gravel below sea-level. The creases are ex-
plained as due to initial shaping by the outrunning streams
and to subsequent modification by the to-and-fro move-
ment of tides. The depth of water, not definitely de-
termined, is thought to have been as great as 300 feet.

1889. Professor Shaler,1 in this year, published a
report on the Geology of Nantucket, in which he describes
the outwash plain of that island, notes its surface features,
including the creases, and discusses the relations of the
head of the plain or terrace to the currents which deposited
the detritus in the plain.

1890. Professor Davis,2 in a paper " On the Struct-
ure and Origin of Glacial Sand-plains," gives a critical
study of an esker-fan near Newtonville, Mass.

1891. Mr. Upham,3 in a paper entitled " Walden, Co-
chituate and other lakes, enclosed by modified drift, "de-
scribes certain ice-block holes in this area.

1892. Professor Davis,4 in a paper " On the Subglacial
Origin of certain Eskers," considers sand-plateaus as del-
tas marginal to the ice-sheet.

1893. Professor Davis,5 in a publication entitled "Geo-
graphical Illustrations," notes the occurrence and influence
of numerous sand-plains on settlement in this district.

1893. Dr. F. P. Gullivei-s describes a model based
upon the esker-fan at Newtonville previously described
by Professor Davis. A second model is introduced to
show supposed relations of the ice-front to the delta.

i Bulletin 53, U. S. Geol. Survey.

2 Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 1, pp. 195-202, pi. 3.

3 Froc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. XXV, pp. 228-242.
*rroe. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. xxv, 1892, pp. 477-499.

6 Geographical Publications. Piiblished by Harvard University, Cambridge,
Mass., 1893, pp. 46. Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Am. Institute of In-
struction, 1892.

« The [Chicago] Journal of Geology, vol. 1, 1893, pp. 803-812.

SOME GLACIAL WASH-PLAINS. 75

1893. J. B. Woodworth,1 in a paper entitled "An
attempt to estimate the thickness of the ice-blocks which
gave rise to lakelets and kettle-holes, " mentions several
glacial lakelets in the sand-plains of this district, and
discusses the bearing of outlet creases to marine submer-
gence.

1896. J. B. Woodworth2 describes "The Retreat of
the Ice-sheet in the Narragansett Bay region," enumerat-
ing several successive lines of sand-plains in southeastern
Massachusetts and Rhode Island.

1896. In a later note3 the last author gives reasons for
thinking that certain sand-plains in the Narragansett Bay
region were deposited above sea-level.

1896. Prof. W. O. Crosby and Mr. A. W. Grabau4
refer certain wash-plains in Hingham and Weymouth to
deposition in a lake held up by the retreating ice front.

1896. Messrs. Shaler, Woodworth and Marbut, in a
paper on " The Glacial Brick-clays of Rhode Island and
southeastern Massachusetts," describe some of the wash-
plains and attendant clay deposits of this area.5

1898. Mr. M. L. Fulled writes on " The Champlain
Submergence in the Narragansett Bay Region," and at-
tempts to show that wash-plains in that area were depos-
ited at sea-level.

1898. Professor Shaler,7 in a paper on the "Geology
of the Cape Cod District," describes the moraines and
underlying deposits.

1899. J. B. Woodworth8 publishes "The ice-contact

1 Am. Geol. vol. XII, 1393, pp. 279-284.

3 Am. Geol. vol. XVIII, 1896, pp. 150-168.

8 Am. Geol. vol. XVIII, 1896, pp. 391-392.

* Abstract in Science in, 1896, pp. 212-213.

6 17th Annual Report, U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 1, 1896, pp. 951-1004.

8 Am. Geol. vol. XXII, 1898, pp. 310-321.

7 18th Annual Report, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1898, pt. ii, pp. 497-593.

•Am. Geol. vol. XXII, 1899, pp. 80-86.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIX 6

76 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

in the classification of glacial deposits," based upon a study
of the glacial deposits in this field.

THE WASH-PLAINS OF EXISTING GLACIERS.

Existing glaciers present two general types of wash
plains which may be briefly described as follows. First,
in the case of valley glaciers, where the ice front com-
monly rests upon a slope high above base-level, the gravel
and sand washed out from the ice accumulate in a sheet
or fan below the base of the ice. Such is the case with
the debris washed out from the glaciers of Chamonix in
France. It is a characteristic of glaciation in a mountain-
ous or upland region.

Where the ice spreads out on the lowland, we have the
second case, in which, owing to delta building in lakes or
the sea or upon a plain, the wash accumulates in front
of the ice as a fan of gentle slope banking up against the
ice margin.

Probably in all cases where the term plain is used, the
form is that of a fan or a group of fans ; and from these
almost level-topped deltas to steeper sloping deposits and
to cones there is a gradual passage. The term plains is
thus only roughly correct when applied to the group of
deltas which have accumulated at the ice-front.

This second group of deposits is found to-day in pro-
cess of formation only in high latitudes. Examples are
here cited for comparison with New England cases.

The Heard Island ivash-plain. — A graphic account of
an outwash plain now in process of formation is given by
the late Canon Moseley in his description of Heard Island
at the time of the visit by the Challenger. Heard Island
lies in about lat. 53° 10' S., and long. 73° 31/ E. The
following is abstracted from Moseley's account :l

1 Notes by a Naturalist, made during the Voyage of the Challenger. Revised
ed., New York and London,1892, pp. 191-192.

SOME GLACIAL WA8H-PLAINS. 77

" The view along the shore of the successive termina-
tions of the glacier was very fine. I had never before
seen a coast-line composed of cliffs and headlands of ice.
The bases of their cliffs rested on the sandy beach and
were only just washed by the waves at high water or dur-
ing gales of wind. The lateral moraines were of the
usual form, with sharp ridged crests and natural slopes
on either side. They formed lines of separation between
the contiguous glaciers. They were somewhat serpentine
in course, and two of them were seen to occur imme-
diately above points where the glaciers were separated by
masses of rock in situ, which masses showed out between
the ice cliffs on the shore and had the end of the moraines
resting on them.

" A stretch of perfectly level black sand about half a
mile in width forms the head of the bay and intervenes
between the glaciers and a promontory of rocky rising
land stretching out northwards and westwards, and form-
ing the other side of the bay. It was on the smooth
sandy beach bounding this plain that we landed. The
surf was not heavy, but we had to drag the boat up at
once . . . The sandy plain stretches back from the
bay as a dreary waste to another curved beach at the head
of another inlet of the sea. Behind this inlet is an irreg-
ular rocky mountain mass forming the end of the island,
on which are two large glaciers very steeply inclined, and
one of them terminating in a sheer ice-fall . . . The plain
is traversed by several streams of glacier water coming
from the southern glaciers. These streams are constantly
changing their course as the beach and plain are washed
about by the surf in heavy weather. At the time of our
visit, the main stream stretched across the entire width of
the plain and entered the sea at the extreme western verge
of the beach. We therefore had to ford it.

78 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

" The stream was about twenty yards across and knee
deep. It was intensely cold, and pained my legs worse
than any glacier water I have ever waded in. The water
of the stream was brown, opaque and muddy, charged with
the grindings of the glaciers. Running into the sea it
formed a conspicuous brown tract, sharply defined from the
blue-green water of the sea, and extending almost to the
mouth of the bay. The sandy plain seemed entirely of
glacial origin ; it was in places covered with glacial mud,
and was yielding and heavy to walk upon.

" Mr. Buchanan observed that the isolated rocks which
had been rolled down upon the plain from the heights
above were cut by the natural sandblast into forms resem-
bling trees on a coast exposed to trade winds. The effect
of every prevalent wind was shown by the facets cut by
the blown sand upon the surfaces of the rocks, the largest
facet in each case being that turned towards the west."

Alaskan wash-plains.— -Professor Russell1 has described
several examples in the glacial region of Mt. St. Elias,
Alaska, analogous to that of the Heard Island plain. True
alluvial cones also form in this region along the steep ice
margin where the drainage escapes from tunnels in the ice.

GENERAL CHARACTERS OF EXTRAGLACIAL WASH.

From the foregoing bibliographic references it will be
seen that several writers have described forms composed
of glacial sand and gravel accumulated at the front of the
ice-sheet in the manner of deltas and alluvial fans. These
deposits have a definite, recognizable form and structure,
and have for some time taken rank with moraines, drum-

1 1. C. Russell. The Glaciers of North America, Boston, 1897. See also papers
by same author in National Geographic Magazine, iii, 1890, pp. 54-203, and 13th
Annual Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. ii, 1891, pp. 1-91.

SOME GLACIAL WASH-PLAINS.

lins, eskers, kames and terraces, in the classification of
glacial deposits.

So far as glacial drainage repeats the conditions exist-
ing in ordinary streams and rivers, we should expect to
find, at the mouths of rivers and streams discharging from
the ice, alluvial deposits corresponding in all essential re-
spects to deltas with lobate and multilobate margins, to
alluvial cones and fans, and to confluent cones and fans.
The examination of the region here described has revealed
examples analogous to most of these
types, differing only in the respect that
the deposits were built against or in the
presence of an ice formation instead of
a rock formation and that, by the melt-
ing of the ice, anomalies in the to-
pography have been introduced which
separate the group, often widely, from
those deposits of non-glacial origin.

The following classes of glacial stream
deposits are here recognized under the
head of extraglacial wash :

Wash-plains, comprising gently slop-
ing areas of gravel and sand deposited
along the ice front. They are divisible
into kinds dependent on their relations
to frontal moraines, the ice-margin, and
to the ice-margin and eskers.

From their relations to frontal moraines there arise over-
wash-plains banked up against the outer edge of the frontal
moraine.

From their relation to the ice-margin alone there arise :

a. Frontal moraine terraces, with an ice-contact slope,
charged with till and boulders, a true morainal deposit.

b. Frontal terraces, like the preceding but lacking the
till-coating along the ice contact.

/Mile

Fig. 1. Contour map
of the Say les vil le
esker-fan (area left
white) in Rhode Isl-
and. Horizontally
ruled areas, swamps;
black areas, ponds ;
dotted areas marginal
terraces of sand and
gravel. (Topography
from Providence atlas
sheet, U. S. Geological
Survey.)

80 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

c. Esker-fans, small plains of gravel and sand built
at the mouth of subglacial tunnels and channels in the
ice ; associated with an esker or esker-like chain of de-
posits made in the ice-sheet at the same time — e. g.t
Newtonville, Mass. ; Saylesville, R. I.

d. Wash-cones, steeply sloping deposits, with ice-
contact slope on the iceward side culminating in a high
point, with gentler slope outward, in the manner of allu-
vial cones — e. g., Sprague Hill, Bridge water ; the de-
posit south of Waban Station, Mass. ; deposits near Davis-
ville, R. I.

With these general types are associated minor topo-
graphic features due to the mode of origin of the deposits
or inherent in their relations to preexisting formations.
Some of these features are here described :

Drainage creases, — The largest plains of the outermost
moraine in this area bear strongly defined drainage fur-
rows, thought by all to mark the paths of streams flowing
out from the ice-front at the time it lay along the head of
the plains. By analogy with the channels on existing
plains of like origin we should infer that these streams
flowed in the open air.

These creases may traverse the entire breadth of the
plain from the ice-contact to the distal margin. Many
furrows are traceable only on the lower, outer margin of
the plain for the reason that the later deposition of gravel
in the form of fans along the ice-front clogged up and
effaced the upper portions of such furrows.

During the construction of a delta in a water basin with
constant level, the delta margin grows forward with the
discharging streams running on the lobate axis. If the
water level suddenly fall oft*, wTe should expect a stream
to become diverted to the furrow between two lobes. To
what extent the lobate aspect of some of the large creased

SOME GLACIAL WASH-PLAINS. 81

plains is really of constructive origin and to what extent
purely erosional has not been definitely determined.

The study of creased plains becomes important in de-
termining change of water level during the duration of
the ice mass at the head of the plain, as in the case of the
Barrington esker-fan in Rhode Island, where the writer
has attempted to demonstrate that the water-level fell off
from forty to fifty feet after the construction of the delta
and before the disappearance of the ice at its northern
margin.

Boulder-paved creases. — In those areas in which the
outwash of gravels took place on lower ground than that
on which the ice front rested, a case which occurs in the
Mansfield region and eastward towards Brockton, there
are occasionally exhibited north and south troughs, on till
areas, marking the outflow of water from the ice. Such
creases are usually paved with boulders and so resemble
torrent beds although the inclination of the crease may be
gentle. Such boulder-lines, although the material is iden-
tical with that of the boulder belts, should be classed with
the water-laid drift deposits. One or two lines of these
stream beds occur near North Easton on the northern bor-
der of the Narragansett Carboniferous area.

Kettle-holes, ice-block holes. — Many wash-plains are in-
terrupted by depressions. Crateriform hollows prob-
ably indicate the site of buried masses of ice which on
melting out allowed the gravel cover to settle. A cross-
section of the wash-plain should here exhibit a quaquaver-
sal synclinal. Crosby has observed sections of this char-
acter near Boston. It would be an advantage to restrict
the term kettle-hole to depressions of this class.

Many depressions have steep sides, with coarse detri-
tus, like the ice-contact phase of wash-plains in which
they lie. These depressions are usually much larger than

82 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

kettle-holes and frequently are the sites of large glacial
lakes. Depressions of this class are typical ice-block
holes.

A drainage crease sometimes starts from the ice-block
hole and traverses the plain ; such furrows do not origi-
nate in kettle-holes as defined in this paper. In the
kettle-hole the ice did not rise above plain level ; in the
ice-block hole, the ice once rose above plain level and
the drainage ran across the plain.

Imperfect ice-block holes sometimes occur in the margin
of wash-plains as between the lobes of the Drown ville
delta in Rhode Island. A similar phenomenon has been
reported by Fairchild in western New York.

Large ice-block holes surrounded by the ice-contact are
to be distinguished from "unfilled areas" between suc-
cessive retreatal plains. Such unfilled areas will exhibit
the ice-contact about their southern margins and lobate
delta fronts about their northern border where later plain
building has carried sands into the depression.

From the point of view of glacial geology, the occur-
rence of lakes in ice-block holes is an accident dependent
on the height of the water-plane in the surrounding
gravels. There are many ice-block holes of large size
without lakes. Such depressions exist in the Plymouth
area.

Ice-block holes are sometimes grouped, as where in the
bottom of a large depression there are two or three isolated
deep holes. The accompanying map (fig. 2) of the Aga-
wam river area in Plymouth County, Mass., shows an
example of this mode of occurrence. In this case the
holes are occupied by water.

Typical ice-block holes in this region seldom, if ever,
show ravines caused by streams eating back into the sur-
rounding terrace. Kettle-holes, on the contrary, as in

SOME GLACIAL WASH-PLAINS.

the Robin Hill district, near Providence, R. I., not infre-
quently show wet weather gullies on the convex brow of
the slopes, with alluvial fans converging in the bottom of
the pit. These gullies have the appearance of recent
origin. I owe the suggestion to Prof. George F. Wright
that a very recent melting out of buried ice might give
rise to changes now going on in the drainage of areas oc-
cupied by kame kettles. A kame-kettle recently formed
would for some time be subject to marginal gullying. The
observed results meet the ex-
pectations from theory ; but
the duration of the postgla-
cial epoch has been so long
that one's judgment, perhaps
wrongly, rejects the conclu-
sion that buried glacial ice still
lingers in this field.1

Inliers of older drift. — The
contour of the wash-plains is
frequently broken by knobs of
coarse gravels or by till knolls
and small drumlins. Both
kames and eskers may be part-
ly buried under the growing edge and rising level of the
wash-plain. These features of deposition are illustrated
in the area on the west of the Boston & Albany Circuit
Railroad between Woodland and Waban stations. The
Newtonville esker-fan encloses older knobs of drift.

Irregularities in texture and structure of plains may be
largely explained as the result of the burial of drift de-
posits previously laid down. These abnormal textures are
invariably coarser than the detritus in the body of the plain.

!See the literature concerning the ice wells in Vermont. Report of the com-
mittee appointed to examine the frozen well at Brandon, Vt. Proc. Boston Soc.
Nat. Hist, viii, 1862, pp. 72-88.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIX 6*

Fig. 2. Ice-block holes near Aga-
wam River, giving rise to three lake-
lets in a larger depression. (Prom
Plymouth atlas sheet, U. S. Geologi-
cal Survey, topography by Grambs ,
Smyth and Thompson.)

84 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Loess-like cover. — The sand-plains as well as the till of
New England frequently bear a capping of fine loamy
sand of loess-like consistency and further resembling loess
in that the material is devoid of stratification ; it stands
up a longtime in steep cuts, and appears to owe its origin
to the blowing of dust in the post-glacial epoch. In
places, the material appears to be in process of accumula-
tion by depositing between the grasses so that the sod grows
upward according to the rate of accumulation of dust.
The underlying subsoil exhibits traces of decayed plants
in roots and occasional branches which have been buried
in the development of the deposit. This loess-like cover
is conspicuous in low places in the sand-plains where it
constitutes a sheet from a few inches to two or three feet
in thickness. It may frequently be found at the foot of hills
on terraces or plains. Deposits of this loess, on the
southern part of Prudence Island, are from three to four
feet thick where not recently removed by the winds.

This loess-like cover has much to do with producing the
level of some of the wash-plains as it has also with the
smooth flowing contours of the knob and basin type of
drift deposits. It is largely, I believe, the product of
post-glacial eolian action and this view finds support in the
common occurrence of sand-blasted pebbles on the sur-
face of wash-plains in close connection with the loess-like
cover.

The deflation of the wash-plains does not usually result
in the formation of dunes. The sands which are coarse
shift somewhat to and fro with the stronger winds, but the
prevailing direction of transportation is eastward, at least
near Boston, for the reason that the easterly winds strong
enough to move the finer sands are usually so damp as to
cause the sands to cohere by reason of the films of water
which coat the grains. The dry westerly winds alone
effect the removal of dust.

SOME GLACIAL WASH-PLAINS. 85

Sandblasting and glyptoliths.1 — The pebbles on the sur-
face of the wash-plains frequently exhibit the touch of the
natural sandblast. Sharply carved glyptoliths have been
noted in many localities. The widespread occurrence of
these pebbles beneath the soil in New England, in areas
where the wind is not now blowing sand, makes it highly
probable that immediately after the ice retreated and be-
fore vegetation came in, the barren sandy stretches were
for a time in a desert condition.

Superposition of plains by raised water level, — Plains
may exhibit the phenomenon of superposition in which the
outward margin in the case of partial overlap assumes the
form of grouped terraces, the lobate margin of the first
formed plain extending beyond the lobate margin of the
overplaced plain. This phenomenon is due to a rise of
the water level above the surface of the first plain so that
construction begins anew at the ice contact. It is shown
in the superposition of a small plain on those which encir-
cle Greenwich Cove in Rhode Island.

It is obvious that the overplacement of plains may con-
ceal the initial deposit and result in the formation of a
broader plain enveloping a smaller one. The existence of
such a buried plain could only be determined on seeing the
cross-section wherein the top-set beds of the older would
underlie the fore-set beds of the newer plain.

Boulders generally absent from wash-plains. — In the
town of Rehoboth, Mass., is a broad morainal tract with
knob and basin topography, thickly strewn with large boul-
ders of the Carboniferous conglomerates. Nearly in the
middle of this tract is a small wash-plain with a typical
ice-contact on its northern margin. The plain is free from
boulders. The ice-contact at the head of the plain shows

1 See Facetted pebbles on Cape Cod, by Prof. W. M. Davis, in Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist, xxvi, 1893, pp. 166-175; also Post-glacial eolian action in southern
New England, by J. B. Woodworth, Am. Journal Sci. for January, 1894.

86 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

that it was built against the edge of melting ice ; the ab-
sence of boulders from the plain shows that the boulders
on the surrounding mounds did not come to their positions
from floating ice, else some erratics must have dropped on
the plain. While boulders are rarely found on the actual
surface of sand-plains, they are frequently found at the
same level on the surface of till continuous with the sand-
plain topography, and boulders have been seen sparingly
in the sand-plain itself, particularly near the head, as at
Woodland, Mass., where a boulder probably floated out
on ice in the early stages of deposition. One of the plains
in the Narragansett Bay region is coated with angular
blocks and some till indicating clearly an advance of the
ice-sheet over the field. Even on the hypothesis that
plain level was marginally at water level, it is rather sur-
prising to note the absence of boulders from characteristic
wash-plains.

The iceward margin of wash-plains. — The head or
highest part of wash-plains is towards the ice or the source
of the detritus. There are two classes of plains as re-
gards the topographic features of their iceward margin,
viz. : (a) plains with a terrace confronting low interglacial
ground north of them ; (b) plains, without terraces, con-
fronting till-covered areas usually rising above plain level.
These types are illustrated by the Nantucket plain on the
one hand, and that of Martha's Vineyard on the other.

We sometimes find kames and eskers associated with
plains having an iceward terrace ; but kames and eskers are
quite as frequently absent as present. We must, therefore,
conclude that there is no necessary relation between the
formation of kames and eskers and the pouring out of
gravels and sands from the ice to make plains. It is im-
portant to perceive this want of dependence between intra*
glacial and extraglacial deposits in formulating an hypoth-
esis for the stream action which produces the wash-plain.

SOME GLACIAL WASH-PLAINS. 87

As yet the manner of flow, in the ice-sheet, of the
streams which produced the greater sand-plains, has re-
ceived little light from studies on the ground. This is
partly because the structure of our sand-plains is rarely
exposed at the head or terrace in a manner to show the
method of building. From studies conducted on the
Woodland plain it appears that building went on along
the entire front, quite regardless of the esker which joins
the plain on Beacon street. There is a very rapid passage
outward in the plain at the mouth of the esker channel
from coarse gravels to fine sands. The appearance of the
contact zone where seen in the plain is such as to show
that the esker built up pari passu with the plain, and that
there were streams flowing in or on the ice of which no
record now remains in the intraglacial field. From anal-
ogy with the conditions of discharge in Alaskan glaciers,
made known by Russell's studies, we might expect waters
under hydrostatic pressure bursting out as " springs " along
the marginal portion of the ice-sheet, thus breaking out on
the surface of the ice where it would be easier to main
tain an open passage than through the clogging sand in
the contact zone of the plain. An abandoned channel of
this sort, almost connecting with the plain but filling up
with gravel and sand, would present the " notch " which
separates some eskers from their wash-plains, a feature
which forms at present the chief stumbling-block in ex-
plaining the relations of esker-channels to their fans.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE WASH-PLAINS OF
SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND.

(The numbers in parentheses refer to townships on the map, Fig. 7.)

In the uplands of this region, sand-plains are practi-
cally wanting. If these deposits occur there at all it is
in narrow north and south valleys in association with rem-

88 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

nant tongues of the ice-sheet rather than along its main
front. In the broad lowlands of eastern Rhode Island and
the southeastern part of Massachusetts, embracing all of
" The Old Colony," wash-plains abound.

The age of the plains in this field is, in general terms,
successively newer from south to north. The outermost
plains fronting the terminal moraine pertain to the height
of the last or third glacial epoch. The more northern
plains belong to the retreat of the ice-sheet and fall with-
in the time commonly known as Champlain. But there
is reason for believing that till- and drumlin-making may
have been going on, about Boston, while the plains in the
latitude of Providence were being deposited, so shadowy
is the demarcation between the Glacial Period so-called
and the Champlain Period as originally defined. It would
be more consistent to speak of the superficial glacial drift
of this field as pertaining to the last or third glacial epoch,
allowing the term Champlain, as seems to be the tendency,
to become obsolete.

The distribution of plains in this lowland district of New
England is at first sight without order ; but amid the laby-
rinth of passages in the decaying ice, channels which are
now marked by accumulations of gravel and sand, there
are certain well marked and massive accumulations which
upon examination on the ground arrange themselves in
lines comparable to moraines. To a certain extent, mo-
rainal accumulations attend the wash-plains which are thus
distinguished from the irregular accumulations of this
nature. In the following pages, the most prominent of
these retreatal lines will be indicated, and under the head
of sporadic plains, are placed a few notes concerning
deposits which may yet be arranged in a coherent system,
but which are not at present distinguishable from the
irregular disposition of gravels and sands about chance
blocks of ice left in the general retreat of the glacier.

SOME GLACIAL WASH-PLAINS. 89

Plains of the terminal moraine. — The largest and best
defined outwash plains in this region are those lying in
front of the outermost or terminal moraine lying upon
the New England Islands. The plain on Long Island has
not yet been mapped. If a plain ever existed in front of
the morainal accumulations on Block Island, it has long
since been washed away by the sea. The plains of Mar-
tha's Vineyard and Nantucket1 are well illustrated by the
contour maps of the U. S. Geological Survey. These
two plains are apparently contemporaneous, having been
formed well within a reentrant angle of the ice-front lying
between lobes, for convenience designated as the Cape Cod
and Narragansett Bay lobes, which were more sharply de-
fined when the ice front lay north of the New England
Sounds on the "back bone" of the Cape.

Nantucket plain. — The Nantucket plain (13) is an
essentially eskerless, kameless, well-defined outwash delta
or series of fan cones fed by streams coming from the
glacier, the position of whose front is very clearly marked
by the terrace at the northern margin of the plain. Near
its head, the plain attains elevations of sixty feet above
the present sea-level, these points, apparently marking the
last layers of outwash ed gravel and sand, being separated
by furrows due either to the failure of adjacent fans to
coalesce marginally, or, as can be proved in some cases,
to creases marking the discharge of subglacial streams.

The former contact of this plain with the ice-front can
be traced by alignment to Tuckernuck Island on the west,
and so onward by the wave- washed isle of Muskeget, to
Chappaquiddick island where small fans extend in a north-
west line towards the larger island of Martha's Vineyard.

Nantucket presents us with perhaps the best and clear-

1 Consult the Nantucket, Muskeget, Martha's Vineyard and Gay Head atlas
sheets (in Massachusetts). A colored model of Nantucket on the scale of one
mile to the inch has been prepared by Mr, G. C. Curtis of Brookline, Mass.

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

est example of terminal moraine topography in the east-
ern United States, for the reason that the underlying pre-
glacial deposits have very little expression in the relief of
the area. On Martha's Vineyard and in the westward ex-
tension of the terminal moraine, an older topography at
almost every step accentuates the height and grandeur of
the morainal accumulations ; whereas, on Nantucket, the
approximate extent and bulk of the moraine and its posi-

Fig. 3. A portion of the island of Nantucket, showing the frontal outwash
plain with ice-contact slope (dotted belt between twenty and sixty feet contour-
lines), the fosse or depression at the head of the plain, and the kame moraine or
belt of mounds and kettles of submarginal drift. The contours represent some
of the larger creases on the plain. Contour interval, twenty feet. (From U. S.
Geological Survey, topography by E. B. Clark.)

tion with reference to the ice may be clearly discerned.
(See Fig. 3.)

From the existence of a terrace at the head of the sand-
plain which rises from forty to fifty feet above the depres-
sion or fosse on the north, it seems demonstrable that the
ice-front lay along the head of the plain while deposition
was taking place in the morainal tract proper. The knobs
and basins moulded in the unstratified drift, then, are
sub?narginal rather than precisely frontal in origin. In

SOME GLACIAL WASH-PLAINS. 91

restoring the glacial conditions, we should imagine the
ice-front in contact with the head of the sand-plain, and
the northern part of the island covered with ice rising as
a gently sloping plain to the northward. From the front
of the ice, rivers emerge laden with gravel, sand, and
mud, as is the case with the plains confronting the Mala-
spina glacier to-day.

From the form of the plain on the east, it is thought
that the ice-front turned southeastward and ran out over
the Nantucket shoals. This interpretation is expressed
in the accompanying map (Fig. 3), and on the general
map of southeastern Massachusetts. (See 13, Fig. 7.)

Martha's Vineyard plain. — The Martha'sVineyard plain
appears to have arisen in the angular space between the
two lobes of the ice-front previously named. From Vine-
yard Haven harbor, the ice edge extended southeastward
across Chappaquiddick Island in the direction of Nantucket
as shown by the ice-contact delineated on the general
map (Fig. 7) . Topographic signs of this ice contact exist
on either side of Edgartown harbor. From Vineyard
Haven, the ice front also extended southwest ward lying
for the greater part of its extent on the highlands of the
island. At an earlier period than the time of sand-plain
building, it is probable that the ice extended southward
of the island ; at least, as Professor Shaler has pointed out,1
the southernmost part of this island and the neighboring
island of No Man's Land are till covered. The position
of the ice-front in the highlands of Martha's Vineyard is
clearly indicated by boulder-belts (16), a type of frontal
moraine accumulated on southward slopes where the fine
materials were readily washed to the lower grounds. The
position of the principal belt is shown on the accompany-
ing map (16, Fig. 7).

1 See Mb report on Geology of Martha's Vineyard, 1888.
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIX 7

92 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Only in deep passes through the highlands, where the
ice-base was low, did the construction of the sand-plain
reach up to and above the base of the ice-sheet, hence the
plain usually comes up against the rising slopes of the
moraine without a definite terrace such as characterizes
the Nantucket plain. Evidences of ice-contact are shown
in the head of the James Pond depression (16) and again
in a high terrace south of the state road at Sachem Spring
in the region of Chappaquonsett Pond. There are fan-like
forms, between the state road and the eastern side of
Lagoon Pond and at an average radial distance of two and
a half miles south of Vineyard Haven, which indicate the
extension of the ice-sheet up to the arc, thus described, at
a time just before the deposition of the Sachem Spring
terrace.

The outer portion of this great plain is grooved by
sharply defined drainage creases, some of which are trace-
able up to the line of the moraine. Other creases appear to
have been originally thus extended but to have been later
choked up by the outpouring of gravels and sands along
the ice front.

This plain, like that of Nantucket, has, at the present
time, an average slope of about twenty feet to the mile.
Its inner margin attains an elevation of one hundred feet
above the sea. It is relatively free from ice-block holes,
one such depression existing one and a half miles south
of the southern end of Lagoon Pond (15). Kettles are,
however, not wanting in the morainal or intraglacial field
of the time of deposition.

Plains of the Gape Cod moraine, — A well recognized
line of moraine begins on Cape Cod, in Orleans (4), and
extends west-by-south next the shore of Cape Cod Bay,
curving northward to unite with the interlobate line of
moraine skirting the eastern shore (12) of Buzzard's Bay.
At the point of union (10), thick morainal deposits extend

SOME GLACIAL WASH-PLAINS. 93

northwards in the form of an interlobate moraine to and
beyond Plymouth (17, 53). The Buzzard's Bay moraine
caps the Elizabeth Islands and is then lost at sea, but
probably appears westward in the Charlestown moraine
skirting the southern coast of Rhode Island.

A broad plain (6-12) skirts the southern side of the
moraine on Cape Cod, combining features which have been
described on Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket, with the
addition of numerous lakelets and kettle-holes which here
take the place of the fosse on Nantucket.

Traces of what appears to be an earlier, temporary halt
of the ice-sheet with deposition of small plains are shown
along the southern coast of Barnstable (9) in situations
which have not been suffused by the outwash of sands and
gravels from the principal moraine. Two such deposits
are shown on the annexed map of the Great Pond area
in Barnstable (fig. 4).

A diagnosis of this plain in comparison with those of
Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard is interesting in show-
ing the irregularity of the melting of ice along the front
and in the determination of the place in which the mo-
rainal wall proper was built.

The annexed map of the Great Pond region in Barn-
stable shows by the contours of the plain, as the author
has been able to ascertain on the ground, that the ice-sheet
probably overlay the morainal wall and lay in the lake
area as late as the closing stage of sand-plain construc-
tion. The high terrace skirting the eastern border of the
pond shows a marked slope away from the pit with a
maximum point, the apex of the alluvial cone, designated
by the eighty feet contour at the northeast corner of
the pond. An examination of the map will show the
reader that the plain slopes away southeastward, south-
ward and southwestward from the respective sides of the
ice-block hole. The association of the later local fans,

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

with what appear to have been blocks of ice or protru-
sions from the main mass, suggests that there was much
detritus in the ice or on its surface, or that these special
areas were the outlets of the drainage from above the base
of the ice sheet. The occurrence of an esker-like ridge

0n9 Mile.,

Fig. 4. A portion of the Barnstable atlas sheet, showing the morainal wall on
the north and the wash-plain on the south enclosing Great Pond. Deposits of
earlier drift form knolls and hummocks along the south shore. Contour inter-
val, 20 feet (from U. S. Geol. Survey).

in Great Pond recalls the features of the Saylesville esker
(87) and lateral terraces in Rhode Island (Fig. 1), as well
as the like features of Cunliffe Pond near Providence.

SOME GLACIAL WASH-PLAINS. 95

The Elizabeth Island moraine presents no outwash
plains above the sea-level. The moraine itself, according
to investigations carried on by C. W. Coman under
Professor Shaler, overlies stratified drift, which appears to
be of an earlier date than the halt of the ice-sheet at this
line. Neither is a sand-plain developed above sea-level
in front of the Charlestown moraine. From analogy of
this line of moraine with the similar deposits on Nantucket,
we should expect to find the sand-plains of that stage from
half a mile to a mile south of the moraine and beneath
the present sea-level in these areas, the moraine itself
being a submarginal deposit.

Plains of the Narragansett Bay region. — The principal
features of the numerous plains in the Narragansett Bay
area have been described in my paper of 1896. They
need be referred to here only in connection with the lines
of retreat which they mark.

The Middleboro moraine. — The southeastern border of
the Carboniferous area from Fall River eastward is more
or less topographically shown by a low elevation of gra-
nitic hills. Closely following this line and in the sedi-
mentary, lower area is a recognizable line of glacial,
frontal accumulations, perhaps best shown at Middleboro
(30), where, east of the town, morainal hills, with crum-
pled gravels, lie on the northwest border of stretches of
sand-plain extending southeastward. This type of topog-
raphy extends northeastward to Kingston, beyond which
it merges into the complex morainal and fan- cone topog-
raphy of the Plymouth interlobate moraine (32). Nu
merous streams head in the belt, flowing to the southeast
or northwest, and showing manifest derangement by the
distribution of the deposits. The Lakeville lakes (28)
lie on the outer margin partly enclosed by earlier drift.
Great Cedar Swamp lies in the unfilled area back of the
morainal line.

96 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Southwest ward (27) towards Fall River (24), frontal
deposits are traceable in the terrace from that city to
Tiverton, and again in the partly submerged sand-plain
at Tiverton Bridge (91) on the island of Rhode Island.
The deposits along this line are notably stronger and show
more signs of ice action as we approach the region of the
interlobate moraine on the west shore of Cape Cod Bay.

The Providence- Br idgewater line. — A fairly distinct
line of morainal accumulations with outwash plains ex-
tends from the narrows, at Providence (42), northeast-
ward, through Rehoboth (40), Taunton (37), Raynham
(36), Bridgewater (35), and so to Pembroke (51), in
the North River region, joining the Cape Cod Bay lobe
near the Coleman's Heights (57) sand-plain which was
built at the margin of that lobe.

The Bridgewater locality exhibits perhaps the most
unique of these deposits near Boston. Sprague Hill (50)
the site of a water-tower, is the culminating point of this
morainal line. The highest point of the mass appears to
be the apex of a large cone built at the ice-front. The
northern slope of this hill has all the features of the ice-
contact, in its steep slope, in the coarseness of the de-
tritus, even boulders being occasionally present as in the
morainal terrace of Gilbert. From the ice-contact the
deposits fall off rapidly southward in long finger-like
lobes, ending on a terrace, which appeal's to mark a
water level in the region. The cone above described ap-
pears to have been built above water level. Westwards,
near the railroad, sand plains occur, with the ice-contact
well developed.

About one- quarter of a mile north of this ice-contact
line there appears, east of the railway track, an area of
typical morainal topography and deposits. A few cut-
tings show that the till is locally not more than three to
four feet thick and that it overlies water-worn drift of

SOME GLACIAL WASH-PLAINS. 97

a rather coarse type. We have here repeated the cross-
section of frontal or submarginal deposits which appears
so distinctly on Nantucket, viz. : going from south to
north, (1) an outwash plain; (2) the ice-contact, a ter-
race overlooking low ground which may be designated as
(3) the fosse, occupied by undifferentiated drift, fre-
quently bouldery ; and followed by (4) morainal mounds,
with till and underlying wash, to which succeeds on the
north the ordinary ground moraine.

If we suppose that the morainal mounds were built at
the front of the ice when its edge lay on their northern
side, then we have no contemporaneous wash deposits
attributable to the discharging streams. It is more
rational to suppose that the morainal mounds accumulated
under the ice when its front lay along the wash-plain
heads, thus correlating extraglacial plain-building by
drainage with intraglacial mounding of till by forward
ice movement.

The superposition of till on stratified drift in these
morainal mounds in the intraglacial field has elicited two
alternate hypotheses, viz. : 1. The deposit is due to the
overriding of a small gravel outwash fan built on the site
of the mounds in a stage of the ice retreat immediately
preceding the Bridgewater stage, when the ice front was
along the northern edge of the present morainal area.
Outwash fans tend to occur in isolated forms. The over-
riding action of the ice would mantle them over with till
and destroy the form of the original deposit. 2. After
a wash-plain has grown up at the ice margin, it forms a
mass resisting the forward motion of the bottom ice.
The upper ice would tend to shear off from the stagnant
prism lying behind the sand-plain head. At the point
where the bottom of the live ice began to move up over
the inclined plane thus formed, the subglacial till would

98 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

tend to clog in the plane between the live and dead ice.
There might thus be established one of those masses of
till involved in the ice which Chamberlin has described in
Greenland. On the subsequent melting out of the ice,
the unequal thickness and rate of lowering of this till to
the ground would result in mounds. This hypothesis
accounts for the till in the submarginal moraine but does
not account for the underlying water worn gravels. On
this account, the first hypothesis is preferred.

Mr. H. T. Burr, a student in Harvard University, has
traced this line of ice-front several miles to the northeast.

The Wrentham- Weymouth line of lakes. — There is
a prominent line of glacial lakes extending in a north-
east and southwest direction from near the northeast
corner of Rhode Island to Weymouth, Mass. These
lakes are as follows, beginning on the southwest : Shep-
ardville Reservoir, Shepard's Pond, Cocasset Pond, Ne-
ponset Reservoir, Billings Pond, Massapoag Pond, ponds
and reservoirs at Canton, Ponkapoag Pond, Great Pond,
Little Pond. These lakelets are simply the water occu-
pied portions of low areas partly surrounded by plains of
sand and gravel. No attempt has been made to map this
line of apparent ice-front and further study is necessary
to show that the plains are not merely fins fringing ice-
blocks.

The enclosing plains form a line of deposition not
readily separated from the wash-plains referred to in this
paper as the Woonsocket-Sharon line described below.
By the frequency of the three-hundred feet level on some
of these deposits from East Foxboro northward towards
Sharon, it seems probable that further study will show a
connection between the plains dependent on water-level
in this field.

The Woonsocket-Sharon line of deposits. — A fairly

SOME GLACIAL WASH-PLAINS. 99

well defined line of wash-plains can be traced from the
south side of the Blackstone River at Woonsocket north-
eastward to the southwest corner of the Blue Hills. The
Woonsocket (70) outwash plain stands at an elevation of
about three hundred feet above the sea. At Sharon (64)
there is an extensively developed plain also at an elevation
of three hundred feet. A few miles northeast (82) of this
plain begins the deposit built along the edge of the ice when
the Neponset valley was occupied by the retreating front.
This deposit has an elevation varying from 140 to 150
feet above sea-level. At the base of Little Blue Hill, the
plains of this stage have been suffused by a fan supplied
by the drainage coming through the pass between Little
and Great Blue Hill, evidently after the retreat of the ice
from the Canton stage, but while the sheet still clung about
the northern base of the Blue Hill range.

Immediately north of Canton Junction station, the head
of the plain of this stage shows grouped terraces and the
intraglacial ground is heavily strewn with boulders dropped
from the melting ice. The Neponset valley with its
marshes thus represents an unfilled area whose existence
as such depends upon the position of the ice front.
About Islington (81) on the west side of this depression,
there are local plains and eskers, but the development of
plains along this western line was so feeble that the Ne-
ponset valley was scarcely invaded by them.

North of the Woonsocket-Sharon line of plains lies the
Mechanicsville esker-fan in the town of Bellingham. As
shown in the accompanying figure, the esker and the notch
in this deposit are abnormal, the esker in its breadth and
the notch in its depth. The notch gives passage to a
stream and a pond lies in the axis of the esker at the head
of the plain, showing that the ice-wall was intact the en-
tire length of the plain. It seems likely as noted on p. 87

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIX 7*

100

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE

that the observations of Russell on the Malaspina glacier
fountains may afford an explanation of this case, for if
the subglacial drainage found its way to the surface of
the margin of the ice through a crevasse or hole when the
lower end of the subglacial streamway became clogged,
a break in the continuity of the esker-fan and the esker
would be expected.

The JVewtonvtlle- Woodland wash-jilains . — The Newton-
ville esker-fan described by Professor Davis and modelled
by Dr. Gulliver lies south of the
Charles River apparently in line with
larger wash-plains lying between
Woodland and Waban stations on the
west. The Woodland plains are com-
plex in structure, showing the phe-
nomena of ice-retreat and the over-
lapping of newer plains on those
previously laid down.

Southeast of Waban station stands
a ridoe of gravel and sand with an
ice-contact slope on its northwestern
face with typical coarse detritus in the
contact zone. The opposite side of
the ridge is lower, slightly lobate, and the detritus finer.
The inclined surface of the deposit suggests that we have
in this case an alluvial cone built at the ice edge. The
deposit is lengthened parallel with the ice contact.

The Cambridge moraine and plain. — Old Cambridge
lies upon a plain of sand whose northern limit is a well
defined ridge extending from Porter's Station southwest-
wards by the Harvard Observatory and thence westwards
along the southern border of Fresh Pond to the Water-
town line.

This ridge rises at three points to the uniform height

Fig. 5. The Mechanics-
ville wash-plain with the
esker-like deposit north of
it. The " notch " between
the esker and the plain
is followed by a stream
and is occupied by a pond.
(Topography from Frank-
lin atlas sheet, U. S. Geol.
Survey.)

SOME GLACIAL WASH-PLAINS. 101

of eighty feet above the sea and has an average elevation
of forty-five feet above the plain on the south. It is a
complex structure of glacial materials. The core of the
ridge is clay apparently pushed up from the area on the
north. On the south side of the ridge, as in the vicinity of
French Pond Lane, a sheet of washed gravels declines
southward from near the top of the ridge. Locally, along
this crest, the southern slope of the ridge is rudely strat-
ified as if by the overwash of waters from ice lying on
the north. Just west of the Watertown branch of the
Fitchburg R. R., at the point where it passes through
this morainal ridge, the bulging front of the ridge is
strongly morainal in form.

On top of the clays, throughout the extent of the ridge,
is a thin deposit of glacial drift composed of boulders and
small fragments derived from the slates and igneous rocks
in the Boston area and on the north of it. These materi-
als are frequently ice-scratched.

This ridge is at the southern end of the line of ice-block
holes with attendant wash-plains which begius in Fresh
Pond and extends northwards through Spy Pond in Arl-
ington to the Mystic Lakes, the Winchester Ponds and
Horn Pond in Woburn. The moraine bordering Fresh
Pond indicates that there was a slight forward movement
of the ice on the line of the Woburn-Arlington depression,
causing the ice to excavate the underlying clays in Belmont
and Cambridge. This movement lasted perhaps somewhat
later here than the disappearance of the ice in the drumlin
area to the eastward in Somerville.

Karnes on the west side of Fresh Pond, as pointed out
by Professor Crosby in 1889, show marked signs of
overriding by the ice. The annexed figure represents a
sketch of folds in the gravels observed by the writer on
June 7, 1891. Further evidence of ice movement in this

102

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

same side of the pond has been frequently observed in
the heads of clay which protrude into the overlying grav-
els. These masses sometimes rise np as much as ten feet
above the level of the pond. In one part of the section
a bed of clay was forced up with the gravels into a broad
arch as shown in a recent report on the Cambridge
clays.1

The frontal wash-plain has an average elevation of about
thirty feet above sea-level. It is pitted by broad shallow
depressions most of which have disappeared under the
extension of streets and buildings and through the action

Fig. fi. Section (now destroyed) on west side of Fresh Pond, ae seen June 7,
1891, showing folded and eroded gravels. The arrow indicates direction of ice
motion. Elevation in feet.

of peat-making plants. One such peat-bed was encoun-
tered in laying the foundation of the botanical section of
the University Museum on Oxford street.

Several glacial deposits of an earlier date than the
plain interrupt its extent. The knoll of till in Harvard
College yard, extending to Dana Hill, is such a mass, as
are also the partially graded kames in Mt. Auburn ceme-
tery. There are no contemporaneous kames or eskers
associated with the plain. It appears to have developed
largely as overwash and outwash from the moraine before
mentioned. The cuts in the plain formerly exposed in

» See Shaler, Wood worth and Marbut; 17th Annual Report, U. S. Geol. Survey,
pt. i, p. 990, fig. 37.

SOME GLACIAL WASH-PLAINS. 103

the pits on North avenue (now so-called Massachusetts
avenue), near the car stables, revealed frequent reversals
of cross-bedding of the tidal sort, giving the impression
that the plain was formed beneath sea-level. The exten-
sion of the plain eastward into Cambridgeport favors the
same view, but no decisive facts have been gathered to
exclude the hypothesis of a glacial lake at the level of
about thirty feet above the present sea-level. In connec-
tion with this higher water level, it should be mentioned
that there is, in the outer margin of this plain, a distinct
furrow or crease, occupied by Willis Court, which joins the
Charles River at Gerrv's Landing. This old drainage
furrow is now partly submerged by the Charles and occu-
pied by marsh deposits.

Sporadic plains. — Between the lines of dominant sand-
plains and moraines outlined in this paper there occur
sporadic plains built without definite arrangement between
and around masses of melting ice. Until the actual ice-
contacts in this area are carefully plotted and the super-
position of wash deposits has been made out, further
mention of these deposits can be of little more value than
to guide students to them. The following notes are re-
corded for the sake of those who desire to undertake the
study of promising localities.

On the Taunton sheet the mass of gravels on the southern
border of Cedar Swamp should be examined. The course
of the Three Mile River from Norton reservoir southeast-
ward to Taunton appears to be determined by constructive
depressions between sand-plains.

On the Abington sheet, the shores of the numerous
lakes and so-called ponds are invariably formed by wash-
plains. The course of the North River is through a re-
gion of plains and morainal mounds. Monponset Pond,
on the south, is one of the saddle-bag type, like Cunliffe

104 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Pond, A well-defined esker divides the lake into two
lobes. On the eastern and western sides of the pond are
wash-plains.

At North Pembroke, plains are developed in succession
on the south side of the North River. Long Hill, on the
east of the town, is a high plateau apparently of wash ori-
gin. A well-formed wash-plain rises above the village
immediately east of the principal street. It should be noted
that a well-defined esker comes down the hill on the north
of the river and passes beneath the swampy stream at a
point opposite the mouth of Robinson's Creek.

The plains in the northern part of this atlas sheet have
been described by Crosby and Grabau in connection with
Lake Bouve.

Numerous deposits on the Duxbury atlas sheet are
resolvable into high plains and cones of washed gravels.
Everywhere steep slopes marking ice-contacts appear.

On the Plymouth sheet, there is a double alignment of
ice-block holes and lakelets. One line runs northwest
at a distance of two or three miles from the shore of the
Bay and includes the following ponds, beginning on the
north : Smelt, Triangle, Billington Sea, Cook, Great
South, Boot, Gunner's Exchange, Crooked, Long, Half-
way, Bloody, Little and Great Herring. Springing out
from this line and extending southwestward are at least
six marked lines of ponds beginning with Buttermilk Bay
on the south. Next come White Island, Glen and Spec-
tacle ponds ; farther northwest is a line of lakelets run-
ning southwest from Crooked Pond of the main line series ;
another set intersects the main line in Great South Pond.
Billington sea has a spur in West Pond; Triangle Pond
in the main trend is in line with Round Hole, Clear and
Darby ponds. The ponds in the main line have their
axes northwest and southeast ; those in the spurs are

SOME GLACIAL WASH-PLAINS. 105

elongated in the direction of the cross-lines, northeast and
southwest. Between the lines of ponds are broad, high
plains, mainly sloping southwestward. The deposit be-
tween the Great South chain of ponds and the Crooked
Pond series is the most pronounced. The ponds mark ice
blocks. The plains mark valleys in the ice filled with
detritus. The Monument River depression partakes of the
character of the northeast and southwest lines of ponds,
but has been scoured out by running water. The full
interpretation of this interlobate morainal area promises tc
throw much light on the formation of plains about ponds.
The Middleborough sheet presents many sporadic plains
with lakes and swamps.

THE WATER-LEVEL OF WASH-PLAINS.

A stream of water flowing in a trench and scouring its
bottom will begin to deposit its load on encountering a
deep hole. A sub-aqueous delta with a lobate front and
flat top will form in such a place. This deposit will build
up to a level at which the velocity of the current for the
depth of water is at bottom sufficient to drag to the lobate
margin the particles which the stream brings to the place.
These particles are hurried along and dropped in the talus
at the end. With constant velocity and load, the delta
builds uniformly forward. The height of the plain in this
case is not directly determined by water-level, but it is
indirectly related to it in so far as wTater-level depends
upon the cross-section of the stream, depth of water,
velocity, and width of channel. It has not been shown as
yet that any wash-plains in this region have developed
under conditions similar to those above indicated.

Streams heavily laden with detritus and pouring out
from declivities on to low grounds above baselevel build
cones with slopes at angles dependent on relation of load

106 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

to stream volume, with a tendency to approach the dry
talus at one end of the series and the alluvial fan at the
other end of the series. In this field there exist several
peculiar deposits, usually ridge-like in habit, but differing
from eskers in that they extend east-west, or north-east
and south-west while neighboring eskers extend north-
south ; and in that they have a typical ice-contact on their
northern or iceward sides, and a deltate or lobate topog-
raphy on the opposite southern side. There is usually a
steep slope from the summit line of the ice-contact slope
to the outer margin. The deposits not infrequently have
one high apical point along the ice-contact. They are
deposits of the subaerial type in most cases, although
marginal delta lobes would in other cases point to stand-
ing water about their bases. Both the Bridgewater cone,
© © '

known as Sprague Hill, the deposit at Walpole Junction
and that southeast of Waban station point clearly, it
seems to the writer, to the subaerial construction of the
upper prism of these deposits.

If the topography of an existing alluvial plain deposited
in a water-body may be taken as affording evidence of
water-level, the summit line or brow of the lobate margin
is at water-level. On the margin of such a deposit, lobes
are built by different streams at the same time or by the
same stream at different times since a stream may wander
from side to side of the fan ; hence, since the water-level
may vary, the lobes of such a plain may occur at slightly
different levels. The instances pointed out by Salisbury
in Lake Passaic, New Jersey, probably fall within this
class of effects. The elevation of the summit line of
multilobate plains thus becomes of importance in deter-
mining water-levels. It is the southern and outer rather
than the northern and iceward margin of the plain which
is taken into account. In most plains the level of the

SOME GLACIAL WASH-PLAINS.

107

middle of the plain as given on maps is probably a fair
elevation to assume for water-level.

Taking this level for data, we obtain the following re-
sults on two lines of wash- plains going north, one in the
Connecticut Valley area, the other in the Narragansett
Bay region. The elevations are taken from the U. S.
Geological Survey atlas sheets.

A. In the Connecticut Valley region.

TLACE OF DELTA OR
WASH-PLAIN.

LATITUDE.

DISTANCE FROM

COAST AT SAVIN

ROCK.

ELEVATION
ABOVE SEA.

1. New Haven.

2. Bristol, Conn.

41° 18'
41° 41'

3 miles.
29 "

15 feet.
650-670 feet.

B. In Narragansett Bay region.

PLACE OF DELTA OR
WASH -PLAIN.

LATITUDE.

DISTANCE FROM

COAST AT POINT

JUDITH.

ELEVATION
ABOVE SEA.

1. Slocumville, R. I.

41° 32'

11 miles.

160 feet.

2. E. Greenwich.

41° 38'

20 "

50 "

3. Barrington.

41° 44'

27 "

50 "

4. Saylesville.

41° 53'

37 "

107 "

5. Attleboro, Mass.

41° 56'

40 "

140 "

6. Woonsocket, R. I.

41° 59'

45 "

300 "

If we suppose the two deposits cited from the Connec-
ticut valley area to have been formed at sea-level, we
must assume a postglacial tilting to the northward of 25
feet to the mile, a result so far abnormal as to exclude the
supposition. Moreover, this view forces us to hold to a

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIX 8

108 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

submergence of over 650 feet at Bristol, Conn., while at
Bristol, R. I., in the same latitude, the nearest wash-
plains would indicate a submergence to a depth of about
50 feet. Other anomalies, if we hold sea-level to lie
rigidly at delta plain level, appear in the Narragansett Bay
region as I have pointed out in another paper. There we
have the Slocumville plain at 160 feet in the hills, fol-
lowed by plains at 50 feet in the low now open grounds ;
and the Attleboro deposit at 140 feet in the low grounds
with the Woonsocket deposit at 300 feet in the hills and
only five miles farther north. In this latter case, we
should have a tilt rate of 32 feet to the mile !

It may be objected to the above statement of the marine
limit hypothesis that the high plain at Woonsocket for
instance was built during the deeper submergence which
attended the going off of the ice, while the low level plain
at Attleboro was deposited later when the land, unladen
of much ice, had risen higher. But this argument is met
by the rather decisive facts in the glacial history, showing
that the Woonsocket deposit belongs to a line of retreatal
moraine formed later than the Attleboro accumulation.
The attempt, therefore, to interpret sea-level by a rigid
application of the criterion of wash-plain level involves us
in hopeless inconsistency, sudden changes of level, and the
need of having the sea at different levels at the same time
in the same region.

If the water-level index afforded by delta fronts means
anything at all, it seems to point to local bodies of water
standing at levels dependent on local topographic condi-
tions as in temporary glacial lakes or flooded areas by
which I mean bodies of water formed in basins where the
rise of the water is due to the excess of inflow over out-
flow, however brought about. The occurrence of plains
in high grounds along the south coast as well as on the

SOME GLACIAL WASH-PLAINS. 109

low grounds along essentially contemporaneous ice-fronts
shows that sea-level could not have afforded the control
which has limited the upward growth of wash-plains.
This view of course does not exclude the possibility of
certain low-lying plains near the coast being deposited
under the marine limit; but the wash-plains themselves
have not as yet, it seems to the writer, been made to fur-
nish the criteria of marine deposition. Beaches, fossils,
and wave modified glacial deposits are much better indi-
cations of submergence than deltas which are in this
region identical in form and surroundings with similar
glacial accumulations found under circumstances where
no submergence is supposed to have taken place.

STAGNATION OF ICE-SHEET.

The mode of deposition of the wash-plains and accom-
panying morainal deposits above outlined in this paper
affords a clew to the relative areas of stagnant and live
ice during the retreat of the glacier across this field.
The facts demanding stagnation are found in the numer-
ous ice-block depressions and in wash-plains with heads
which show no forward movement of the ice-sheet, either
by the failure of shoving in the gravels or by the lack of
morainal deposits in the terrace at the wash-plain head.
The facts demanding live ice at intervals during the retreat
are the lines of boulder-belts, positions marking halts of
the ice-front during which backward melting equalled for-
ward movement. A similar demand is made to explain
displaced and overridden glacial deposits, as in the case
of the Fresh Pond area in Cambridge. It will also be
shown that the distribution of prominent belts of wash-
plains can only be explained on the supposition of a forward
movement of the ice.

110 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

The picture presented by Professor Davis of the mar-
ginal portion of the ice broken up into isolated blocks
around and between which streams deposited gravels and
sands is again and again forced upon the mind in the low-
land of the state and in the valleys in the uplands. These
ice-block holes as the bergs now present themselves to us,
like the sands which surround them, do not mark a single
phase of the retreat. As in the Narragansett Bay region,
the drift phenomena are increasingly newer as we go
northward. The repeated overlap of the lobate front of
one wash-plain upon the esker and kame deposits of an
earlier stage to the southward is sufficient evidence of the
general truth of this statement. This mode of retrogres-
sion of the front is what we should expect in the case of
an ice-sheet thinner on its margin than in its central part.
The existence of recessional wash deposits does not there-
fore of itself disprove the idea of a period of general and
complete stagnation of the ice over this area. But when
we consider the evidence of forward movement of the ice
at several successive lines across the eastern part of the
state as in the Middleboro, Providence-Bridge water, and
Cambridge moraines, it becomes evident that the ice-sheet
as a whole did not lie stagnant on the area. There were
periods of marginal inactivity, accompanied by the tunnel-
ing of running water, esker- building, terrace and plain
construction, with a general retreat of the main front,
followed by seasons of advance, with the shoving of drift
deposits, the spreading of till and boulders over wash-
plains.

The occurrence of the several morainal patches with
wash-plains in lines which traverse the area between the
head of Narragansett Bay and the south side of Boston
Bay is further evidence of forward movement in the ice
sheet. These lines of frontage obey the law of marginal

SOME GLACIAL WASH-PLAINS. Ill

lobation, by which the equalization of pressures in the ice
along the front maintains a convex outward curve.

From all these considerations it seems to me possible
to conclude that the ice-sheet retired from southern New
England at least as far north as the Cape Ann boulder
moraine while the main mass was still live ice.

DECOMPOSITION IN WASH-PLAINS.

The retreat of the ice from this field was so recent that
the general form of the deposits and most of their details
remain unaltered. Owing to the openwork structure of
the wash-plains, and to the fact that the clays made at the
same time were carried off into deeper water, the sands
allow the rain water which falls upon the plains to sink
through instead of running over the surface and cutting
trenches. While the deposits are thus by their structure
protected from erosion, they are subjected to chemical
alterations by the action of the water which passes down-
ward through the soil. In this region, where the plains
are largely built of particles of felclspathic rocks, most
pebbles contain solvable minerals which sooner or later go
to pieces.

Croll1 has pointed out the fate of glacial deposits strewn
over the land surface and so left for an indefinitely long
period without preservation by burial beneath overlying
strata. Glacial drift so left must gradually waste away,
going to the sea mainly in solution, while quartz vein
pebbles and the quartz of the granitic rocks alone will
remain to make pebbly beds, in which there may remain
no distinguishable feature of glacial origin. The begin-
ning of this change is already far advanced in the glacial
deposits even in the latest in the latitude of Boston.

1 Climate and Time, chap. xvn.

112 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Professor Shaler, in his report on the Geology of Nan-
tucket, has presented a study of decay in the glacial de-
posits of that island the leading features of which changes
I cite in his own words r1

" Perhaps the most noteworthy feature in these deposits
of drift is the very extensive decay to which the pebbles
and sand have been subjected. Some of the consequences
of this decay will be noted below. In their form and
structure, the drift deposits in no distinct way differ from
the similar accumulations found in the region a hundred
miles farther north, but in their state of preservation they
present important differences. The decay which has at-
tacked the pebbles is exhibited in the following ways, viz. :
(1) By the interstitial decay of the stone, which mani-
fests itself in the crumbling of many of the varieties of
crystalline and fragmental rocks; (2) by the dissolved
look of the surface of the rocks which resist the intersti-
tial decay ; and (3) by the development of the incipient
joint planes in the pebbles, so that, though they may be
but little decayed, they often split into fragments on be-
ing removed from their bed."

An examination of the pebbles in some of the wash-
plains near Boston shows the presence of similar effects due
to chemical action. The most conspicuous example which
has fallen under my notice is the case of the overridden
deposit or"kame" on the west side of Fresh Pond, in
which thousands of pebbles break down into angular pieces
or have been so far leached out as to crumble into a rusty
red powder when released from the bank.

In the Woodland wash-plain, the following changes in
the section lying above the water-plane in the gravels have
been observed. In the first place, pebbles lying near the
surface of the deposit in the top-set beds and having

i Bull. 53, U. S. Geol. Survey, pp. 21-22.

SOME GLACIAL WASH-PLAINS. 113

veins of carbonate of lime have invariably been robbed
of these veins by the downward percolation of rain-water
charged with acids from the soil and the air. Now and
then, the interior of a pebble exhibits a remnant of one
of these veins as a deliquescent lump of calcite marked
by spoon-shaped inosculating depressions, the character-
istic mark of solution. Deep clefts are frequently opened
up along the cleavage planes of the calcite. The cavities
in many pebbles, thus formed by the removal of calcite,
constitute from a tenth to a fifth by volume of the rock.
Thousands of pebbles exhibit the same abstraction of car-
bonate of lime.

Associated with but underlying this pebbly zone of
solution is one in which the pebbles exhibit the redeposi-
tion of the carbonate of lime. This deposition of the
lime carbonate takes place as in the case of stalactites in
caves, on the under side of the roof-like surface of the
larger pebbles which rest upon coarse sands below. A
crust of lime carbonate thus forms cementing the under-
lying sands to the overlying pebbles. On top of the peb-
bles which carry this lime crust is usually to be found a
film of dust, the mechanical load of the percolating water.
A few pebbles become encrusted over their entire surface
with carbonate of lime.

This action is most noticeable in the northern or head
portion of the wash-plain, where the gravels are relatively
coarse. The lime carbonate layer is not more than five or
six feet below the surface in some instances. It suggests
itself that the agricultural value of wash-plains might be
enhanced by penetrating to this lime-bearing zone and
returning the carbonate of lime to the soil by accumu-
lating heaps of the gravels from which the lime would
slowly, by the action of the rains, work its way into the
surrounding top soil. After such gravels have been

114 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

leached, they may be returned to the pits whence they
were taken. By carefully working over the field so as
not to have more than a few pits open at one time, the
whole area might in the course of a few years be replen-
ished with lime carbonate at a small loss of acreage ex-
empted from cultivation by the pits and gravel heaps.

A rare occurrence of an analogous series of changes is
the deposition of green carbonate of copper on pebbles,
the copper having come from the breaking up of sulphides
of that mineral in the overlying pebble layer.

The iron-bearing rocks and particularly those which
carry both iron and lime, as in the case of the basaltic
rocks and the diabases of the region, have frequently un-
dergone decomposition to the point of losing their identity.
The rusty pebbles feel light or have partly fallen to pieces
regardless of their joint planes. In extreme cases, noth-
ing is left of the contour of one of these pebbles but the
network of quartz veins which it contained.

The segregation of oxides of iron in the outer crust of
diabase pebbles sometimes takes place. This crust be-
comes heavy and limonitic, with a bluish black tarnish.
A further stage in this line of alteration shows a yellowish
powdery center surrounded by a dark brown crust, trav-
ersed in every direction by irregular wandering cracks
gaping at the surface and dying out inwardly, the greater
fractures only intersecting the nucleal portion of the peb-
ble. These cracks are undoubtedly due to expansion con-
sequent upon the oxidation and hydration of the iron in
the interior of the pebble. Such pebbles exposed to the
air and frost speedily crumble into dust.

Owing to the low stand of the sand-plains, their bot-
toms generally lying at or below base-level, the streams
have not cut down near them so as to expose their floor,
and so only here and there do we see signs of accumula-

SOME GLACIAL WASH-PLAINS. 115

lions of chemical waste such as give rise to sands and
gravels cemented by iron oxides in other fields. In fact,
there are few or no instances in which the consolidation
of considerable masses of the glacial gravels have been
observed in this area. Such consolidation as I have ob-
served has most conspicuously taken place in a series of
gravels and sands antedating the last glacial advance as on
Martha's Vineyard and Block Island.

The result of the loss of materials in the upper parts
of our glacial sand-plains by chemical solution must in
the end become apparent in the lowering of their mass.
If the action is uniform, the skeleton pebbles will crush
and settle down into the open spaces below. Owing to
the openwork structure of the gravels, the falling of the
decayed pebble matter into the spaces remaining between
the sound quartzose pebbles might lower the surface of
the ground several feet. Since the pebbles and the conse-
quent openwork structure are mainly developed at the head
or in the ice-contact zone of the plains, this part will under-
go the greater amount of settling from solution and crush-
ing of the skeleton pebbles. For this reason important
topographic bench marks should not be located upon the
table-like deposits of this class nor should permanent and
weighty stone structures be built upon these terraces.
The falling in of the surface of these deposits, if it should
occur, can hardly be discriminated topographically from
the effects of the pronounced caving in which took place
shortly after their deposition from the melting out of
masses of ice.

The rate of solution of carbonate of lime under the
conditions in which it exists in these wash-plains has not
been determined. It is quite certain that, when the peb-
bles were brought to their position in the deposits, the
veins of carbonate of lime were intact. We can ascer-

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIX 8*

116 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

tain exactly the amount of carbonate of lime which has
been removed. In those cases where some of the veinstone
still remains, from an extended series of observations there
might be determined the rate of solution and so the dura-
tion of the post-glacial interval.1

ECONOMICS OF WASH-PLAINS.

The wash-plains of this region play a very important
role in the settlement of the country. Professor Shaler
has noted the choice which they offered, to the early settler,
of flat lands freed from the boulders encumbering the
till-covered uplands. Although the wash-plain soils are
sandy and relatively dry, the small amount of labor re-
quired to put some of the less elevated ones into the culti-
vated state led to their early occupation. Their formation
has, in many instances, led to the production of wet woods
and bouldery swamps in the intraglacial ground between
successive plains, as at Foxboro, Mass., on the Shore Line
Railroad, where the only available dry ground is a wash-
plain.

In the suburbs of cities, the wash-plains afford vast
stores of gravel and sand used in the construction of
masonry and walks. The peculiar and regular structure
of these deposits makes it possible to give directions for
the search after sands and gravels. Coarse gravels will
be found in the ice-contact zone, normally the northern
aspect of the deposit, and in the top- set beds. The lobate
margins afford supplies of the finest sand which the de-
posit holds. From these observations, it follows that a
search for gravels should be begun at the northern side ;
for sand, at the southern side of a wash-plain. By strip-
ping off the top-set beds, a supply of moderately fine sand

1 On the decomposition of rocks, see Rocks, Rock-weathering and Soils, by
George P. Merrill. New York, 1897, Part iii.

SOME GLACIAL WASH-PLAINS. 117

may frequently be found for many yards northward of the
frontal lobes.

The wings or lateral lobes even along the ice-contact
sometimes afford sand as fine as that found in the southern
part of the plain and for the same reason that the stream
coursing over the delta was here at its end in deep water.

Kettle-holes have frequently become the site of small,
post-glacial peat deposits, and of fine, loamy sands washed
out by rains or borne by the winds from the coarser gravels
of kames and plains. These fine sand deposits, since they
are usually available without the labor of preparation by
sifting, are locally resorted to for masons' supplies.

CONCLUSIONS.

From the general studies presented in this paper, the
following conclusions have been arrived at by the author :

1. The wash-plains of southeastern Massachusetts are
noticeably arranged in northeast and southwest bands,
which correspond to morainal deposits marginal to an ice-
lobe retreating across the region immediately west of Cape
Cod Bay.

2. The Providence-Bridge water line of these deposits
presents well-marked submarginal and frontal moraine
phases indicating that the marginal portion of the ice-sheet
at this stage was in motion .

3. The alignment of the wash-plains as a whole is
indicative of the retreat of the ice as a sheet character-
ized by stagnation only in isolated blocks and at certain
stages of clogging with washed debris in and about its
marginal portions. The excessive accumulation of this
debris may have given rise to local stagnation in marginal
portions of the ice base.

4. The extraglacial wash deposits assume forms expli-
cable as deltas, fans and cones, some of the plains being

118 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

built approximately at water-level, some of the cones
being built up above water-level. On the assumption
that delta fronts are indicative of water-level, the very
diverse altitudes of plains along the same line of retreat
and in the same limited area separated in construction by
the shortest possible space of time, makes it highly im-
probable that the water-level was also sea-level. It is
more reasonable to suppose that the limit of construction
of wash-plains was determined by the level of local bodies
of water on a land area as claimed by Crosby and Gra-
bau, or that, if the region was submerged, wash-plain
levels have, as apparently held by Professor Shaler, no
definite relation to sea-level.

5. As having a bearing on the rival hypotheses just
named, an examination of the area shows that numerous
blocks of ice remained long in the field to embarrass aland
drainage and to produce temporary lakes.

The accompanying map, on account of its small scale,
has not been made to show many wash-plains which sur-
round ice-block holes. The features which are new are
the morainal accumulations running northeastward from
Providence and the line of plains following the same direc-
tion from Woonsocket in the northeastern corner of Rhode
Island.

SOME GLACIAL WASH-PLAINS.

110

Slietck Map of t\e Moraines
and attendant Wash -plains

of
Sov.tTiea.St ern. 7-faSsac7iu.se tts
aiid
Riode Island.
By J.B.WoodwortTi.

EXPLANATION OF MAP, FIG. 7.

The numbers refer to towns. Those mentioned in the text are as
follows: 5, Brewster, east of which lies Orleans; 6, Harwich; 7,
Chatham; 8, Dennis, west of which is Yarmouth; 9, Barnstable; 10,
Sandwich; 11, Mashpee; 12, Falmouth; 13, Nantucket; 14, Edgar-
town; 15, Cottage City ; 16, North Tisbury; 17, Plymouth; 24, Fall
River; 27, Freetown; 28, Lakeville; 30, Middleboro; 33, Plympton;
32, Kingston; 34, Halifax; 35, Bridgewater ; 36, Raynham; 37, Taun-
ton; 39, Dighton; 40, Rehoboth; 41, Seekonk; 42, Providence; 43,
Attleboro; 45, Norfolk; 46, Mansfield; 50, E. Bridgewater; 51, Pem-
broke; 52, Duxbury; 53, Marshfield : 56, Hanover; 57, Scituate ; 64,
Sharon; 65, Foxboro; 68, Bellingham; 70, Woonsocket, R. I.; 81,
Dedhara ; 82, Canton ; 86, Newton.

SELECTIONS FROM A NOTE BOOK OF MAN-
ASSEH CUTLER, ENTITLED "A DESCRIP-
TION OF THE ANIMALS IN NORTH
AMERICA TAKEN FROM ACTUAL
OBSERVATION."

Manasseh Cutler was a man of many parts ; clergy-
man, doctor, politician, pioneer and naturalist. Aside
from Josselyn, whose quaint writings on the flora and
fauna of New England were printed a century before
Cutler's time, and which can hardly be classed as scientific
work, Cutler was the first person in this region to give
serious attention to the natural objects about him and the
first to attempt to describe systematically the plants of
New England ; the results of his observations being printed
in the first volume of the Memoirs of the American Acad-
emy of Arts and Sciences, where some three hundred
and fifty species of " indigenous vegetables " are described.

Cutler made copious notes of the plants of this part of
the county and several manuscript volumes of these notes
are in possession of Harvard College. In addition, he
recorded his observations on the fauna of the region as it
came under his notice and one such volume is in posses-
sion of the Essex Institute. These notes may not be of
any special scientific value or record any observations not
already known to the zoologists of New England, from a
historical point of view. However, they do possess a certain
interest as showing the lack of knowledge at the time they
were made, in 1786, and that such facts as are recorded

(120)

FROM A NOTE BOOK OF MANASSEH CUTLER.

121

were then of enough novelty to make it worth the while to
record them. And there may, too, be some facts noted
which bear upon the abundance or scarcity of certain
species in those days as compared with the present time.
It is thought that the selections from the notes here printed
do not duplicate any of the material published in the ad-
mirable Life, Journals and Correspondence of Manasseh
Cutler by Wm. P. Cutler and Julia P. Cutler issued in
1888. — Editor.]

A description of the animals in North America taken
from actual observation by Manasseh Cutler, 1786.

Humming-Bird, June 10, '86.

Sparrow, Aug. 30.

Snow Flea, Jan. 2, 1787.

Nuthatch, Jan. 7.

Speckled Wood- pecker, Jan. 7.

Cod-Fish, Jan. 26.

Brown Rabbit, Jan. 31.

House Mouse, Feb. 27.

Speckled Owl.

Speckled Lizard, Apr.

Large Spotted Owl, Jan.

Gray Squirrel, April.

Red Squirrel, Apr.

Small Teal, Apr. 20.

Long-billed Snipe or Wood-
Cock, Apr. 24.

Blue Bird, Apr. 24.

Wood Sparrow, Apr. 24.

Yellow Crown, Apr. 24.

Tom-teet, Apr. 24.

Crow Blackbird, Apr. 24.

Red-winged Blackbird, May 11.

Black Martin, May 14.

Woodcock, May 15.

Spoak, May 15.

Yellow Bird, May 15.

Old England or Golden Robin,
May 16.

Cat Bird, May 16.
Cheeweeh, May 16.
White back Wood Pecker,

May 28.
Killdee.
Moth, June 6.
Red Perch, May 27.
Fresh Water Pout, May 29.
Small Gull, May 7, 1791.
Ox Eye.

Small Brown Marsh bird, May 7.
Sea Rock Bird, May 7.
Sea Anemone, July 7.
Wood Duck, Aug. 17.
Pickerel, Aug. 29.
Night Hawk, May 7.
Sparrow, Sept.
Scolopax lapponica.
Azure coloured Dipper, Sep. 23.
Red Squirrel, Jan., 1792.
Winter bird, Jan. 9.
Black Headed Snow Bird,

Jan. 9, 1793.
Mink, April 12, '94.
Coot, Sept. 24.
Lanius excubitor.
Vegetable Insect.

122 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Hummingbird. Trochilus colubris (?). 1786, June
10. On examining ye viscerse I was surprized to find ye
heart so large as to be nearly equal in bulk to all ye other
viscerse. The hepatic gland was large in proportion to ye
body of ye animal. The intestines were remarkably short.
The gizzard contained a number of very small insects,
partly disolved, ye wings of which remained entire and
appeared like those of misquetters. There were some
extremely small seeds & a number of shinning particles?
of a bright yellow, very minute, & as hard as stones, some-
what resembling ising-glass.

This bird flew into ye house at a window, & was caught
alive. The greatest pains were taken to preserve it alive.
It was put into a small open-worked basket, but sufficiently
large for ye bird. It fluttered violently, for some time,
from side to side, when it appeared to be languishing &
was taken out & set at liberty in ye room, but it soon
died, living only three hours after it was taken.

Snow flea. Podura nivalis. 1787, Jan. 22. They
frequently appear in the winter on the top of ye snow, when
ye wind comes southerdly & snow gives, after a cold turn.
Large spots will sometimes be black with them. They
are commonly very sprightly. In woodland they abound
most, but are often in ye high ways, in great multitudes.
They appear all at once, generally a little before noon, &
disappear towards night — are rarely seen for more than
one or two days — sometimes appear on very cold days.
I have sometimes seen them in great numbers on banks of
snow 6 or 8 feet deep, appearing suddenly about 10 or 11
o'clock & before night totally disappeared. The common
people say they portend a thaw, & that ye snow is going
away, but it is not always the case. I have never known
them produce ye least sensation by biting, when continued
ever so long on ye naked legs, & conclude they do not

FROM A NOTE BOOK OF MANASSEH CUTLER. 123

infest or receive their nourishment from any living animal,
which is another reason for supposing they have no pro-
boscis.

Cod-fish. 1787, Jan. 26. The generic characters
correspond, but there is not an equal correspondence in
ye specific. May there not be a difference between the
European & American? The fish from which the fol-
lowing characters were taken was caught in Ipswich Bay,
about three leagues from ye shore. It weighs with ye
entrails 35 pounds. It differs from the Gadus barbatus
in not having distinguishable points on the lower jaw.
The length of ye body of this, and in general, is much
more than three times its breadth. The first pinna of the
anus is rather cartilaginous than bony. - The cirrus is
under the chin.

Crow Black-bird.1 April 24, 1787. These black-
birds go in flocks in spring & Autumn — but are scatted
about among ye bushes in swamps, pond holes, & on
streams of water during ye summer, where they build
yr nests and rare yr young. They are among ye first birds
that appear in ye spring, & are often seen in midst of
winter, in warm thawy weather in swamps, & about ponds.
I once saw a considerable number of them in January, in
company with a number of Robins on ye south side of
Gravelly & round ponds. It was a mild, thawy day, tho'

JMr. Abbott says " Grackles early attracted the attention of the settlers in this
country, not only because of their great number, but from an unfortunate habit
which they then had of eating too much corn." The bird must have been much
more abundant in Mr. Cutler's time than now, as writers of that time mention
seeing them in great numbers and from Peter Kalm the Swedish naturalist who
travelled in this country in 1748-51, we learn that a bounty was placed upon their
heads and they were nearly exterminated. Later a worm made its appearance
in the country and the people decided it was because of the destruction of the
black-birds, and the war against them ceased.

It has since been found that they are very useful in the destruction of insects,
as an examination of the contents of their stomachs proves, and they have ceased
to be an annoyance to the farmer, except perhaps in the West, where they still
injure the corn in the manner described by Mr. Cutler. — M. W. B.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIX 9

124 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX IN8TITUTE.

ye ground was mostly covered with snow. The winter
had been very cold & severe, there was at this time a
thaw, and ye weather next day became very cold, & was
afterwards very severe, with large quantities of snow.
Near ye places where I saw them were considerable Ledges
of rocks, but ye birds were among low bushes near ye
water & sang very merrily. When they congregate they
are continually singing — they have a variety of notes, &
make use of different notes when they sing together on
trees than what they use when on ye wing. A large flock
on trees is excessive noisy, use a variety of notes, some
very shrill, others grum like base ; & it has often been
observed by good judges that their notes, tho' so various
& numerous, always make perfect cords.

They are exceedingly injurious to Indian corn. In ye
spring, when ye young spines are just without ye ground,
they pull ym up with their bills for ye sake of ye kernal
at ye roots, but they are vastly more distructive in autumn,
when ye corn is just out of ye milk or become nearly ripe.
Large flocks repair to fields after ye upper stalks are cut,
and sometimes before, in such numbers as to give ye field
a black appearance when they have settled down upon ye
corn. And there being, perhaps, 3 or 4 to an ear of corn,
ye husks are soon stripped into threads, and ye corn plucked
in part, and w* they leave is spoiled by admitting wet
& moisture which occasions mould. A field is sometimes
almost ruined in a few hours. They are commonly shy
when a person approaches them, & even firing at them in
ye field is to little purpose. The most effectual method
to preserve fields, is to find ye place where they retreat to
roost at night, which is always in swamps & near water,
commonly among thick alders. They collect in immense
numbers from all quarters, for several miles distance, &
place themselves in a very compact maimer for their

FROM A NOTE BOOK OF MANASSEH CUTLER. 125

nightly repose. The place being found a large number
go into the bushes among them some time in the night,
with guns, & discharge them as fast as they can load &
fire, untill ye whole flock is routed. The guns put them
in ye utmost confusion, & with an hedious noise occa-
sioned by ye notes of yr wings among ye bushes, like
that of a rushing tempest, they rise from their beds in a
body & make a precipitate flight many miles distant, &
return no more for ye season. After a successful Black-
bird experdition, a sing bird is scarcely seen for miles
around their roosting place during the remainder of
autumn. The red-wing Black-bird sometimes associate
with the Crow black-birds, especially in corn thieving.

Red- winged Blackbird. Oriolus phoeniceus. May
11, 1787. In rainy weather ye red does not appear so
plainly on ye wings, but they have a lightish yellow
appearance. I think it is ye same in very hot weather,
owing to its being concealed by ye feathers of ye body
just above ye insertion of ye wings, which are preaty
long, falling over them. In a stormy day observed a
large number, & was near them, which I was ready to
take for another species, as I could see nothing of ye red,
but only a small yellowish spot, whether they were on the
wing or sitting on trees — at length I killed one, which is
ye specimen I am now describing, & found the red had
been concealed as above. I also killed his mate at ye
same time.

Black Martin. Hirundo purpurea. May 14. 1787.
The specimen from which this discription is taken was
found under a martin's house in my garden near ye close
of a long N. E. storm, in which much rain had fallen.
It appeared to be in a dying state. I brought it into ye
house — the next morning it was dead. Whether yc
severity of ye storm or some disorder was the cause of

126 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

its death I am uncertain. It had a great number of very
large fleas. Their form different from ye common house-
flea, & they leap not so far nor their motions so agile.
These martins arc new visitors in yc northern states

— they came from ye southward & ye progress has been
gradual & easily marked. Generally advancing several
miles annually. In 1765 they were plenty at New Haven

— & about that time arrived as far as Hartford in Con-
necticut. But they were from that time to 1775 in ad-
vancing as far as this town. The first houses erected for
them were in my garden, & they were not well stocked
with tennants until 1783 or 84. They have now arrived at
Portland, Casco bay. They build no where, to my knowl-
edge except in ye houses erected for them, & are fond of
very gay habitations.

Wood Cock. Scolojjase Fedoa. May 15, 1787. In
ye day time they keep about small runs of water in swamps
& obscure places, where they are rarely seen. When they
apprehend danger, they squat very close between bays, &
in ye grass, so that a person may almost get their feet upon
them, being nearly of ye color of ye ground, before He
sees them. Then take wing, & fly low to some distance,
where they conceal themselves in ye same manner. In
ye twilight of ye evening they come out into open ground,

— & sing with chipping note — after they have chipped,
loud & distinct at ye close of the note they make a croak
in their throats. These notes are repeated a few times,
when they rise, with a buzing or whistling noise made with
their wings, much like that of a Partridge & ascend in to
yc air to a considerable height. After a circuitous flight
for a few minutes, they return directly over ye place from
which they ascended, & begin their chippering note again
very quick, & with this note descend perpendicularly, &
settle on yc ground with a few feet of ye spot from whence

FROM A NOTE BOOK OF MANASSEH CUTLER. 127

they rose. After chipping loudly & distinctly a few times,
rise & descend again as before. These flight are contin-
ued thro' ye first of ye evening, and perhaps ye night.
By observing ye place from whence they rise, & after they
are goine up it [is] ease take a stand near the spot, & to
shoot them after they descend, especially in ye first of ye
twilight, before it is too dark to distinguish them.

Ox-Eye. Charadrius [now Squatarola.~] In abun-
dance on all our sand}' beaches — remarkable for running —
for they never walk. In running ye legs are moved with
surprizing agility & quickness — sometimes even on ye
edge of ye surf — but frequently wander about single on
high sandy beaches — they have a sort of peeping note —
not noisy — rarely use their note except when pursued,
& just as they take wing — they do not seem much in-
clined to collect in flocks. I believe some people call
them peeps. They are remarkably fat at all seasons &
well tasted, except a little fishy.

This spec11 killed at Beach atNauhaunt.

June 13, 1795. In a sand hill on ye great Beach in
Ipswich, I observed several holes, which entered in an
horizontal direction. Passing my cane into one of them
I introduced nearly ye whole length, but did not perceive
ye end. As I took it out a small swallow flew from an-
other hole about 4 feet distant, & instantly another came
out of hole into which I had introduced my cane. The
wind being very high, & their flight quick I was unable
to observe, with any exactness, their colour or size. I
think their bellies were whitish & their size much less
than ye barn swallow. This is ye first positive evidence
I have had of Swallows entering those holes.

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Vol. 30. Salem: January, — June, 1898. Nos. 1-6.

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE
ESSEX INSTITUTE.

At the Annual Meeting of the
Institute, May 17, 1897, it was, on
motion of Vice President, the Hon.
Alden Perley White, voted : "that,
in the judgment of this meeting,
the fiftieth anniversary of the found-
ing of the Essex Institute ought
not to pass without a distinct and
emphatic recognition, and that the Council take steps to
carry this vote into effect."

% Not long after, the Directors took measures to secure,
if possible, the presence of certain very desirable guests
whose time was preoccupied and whose interest in the
Institute made it proper to accommodate our arrange-
ments, so far as might be, to their convenience. The In-
stitute came into being on Wednesday, March 1, 1848.

(i)

2 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

At its quarter-centennial, the first Wednesday was the
fifth day of March, and the first day of March was Sat-
urday. Accordingly Wednesday was chosen, and the
same course was followed now. This year, March came
in on Tuesday and the first Wednesday was the second
day of the month. It was determined to open our rooms
to the public on the evening of March 1 .

Later several distinct modes of celebrating the next
day were debated, depending to some extent on our success
in bringing home to Salem, for that day, the scattered sons
of Essex County. It was at last determined that, as
there was from the beginning an improbability that the
United States Senators, or either of them, could be
present, an uncertainty about the attendance of His Excel-
lency the Governor, and a contingency as to the accept-
ance of the Hon. Joseph Hodges Choate which time
only could remove, the commemoration should be planned
on a modest scale, and should consist of speaking in
Academy Hall, followed by a tea at Plumtner Hall across
the way. Large committees were organized, and at once
undertook their several functions, and as soon as the
plans became known the demand for tickets became over-
whelming. It became evident at once that Academy Hall
would not contain the members of the Institute desiring
to be present, and generally they demanded that their
families be admitted also. A change of base to Cadet Ar-
mory was effected, where there was room for all, and the
question whether so large and undefined a number could
be entertained at tea, though grave at first, soon resolved
itself under the well-directed efforts of the ladies. It
was voted to provide each member of the Institute with a
ticket for himself and with one family ticket, and as many
more of the latter as he wished to buy at twenty-five cents
each. Every ticket bore a member's name. As the cost

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 6

was to be increased by these changes, it was decided to
call on the friends of the Institute for a special fund to
meet it. The response was generous, and the celebration
made no inroad upon the limited income of the Institute.
The commemoration began at 7.30 o'clock on the even-
ing of Tuesday, March 1 . At that hour the Institute was at
home to its friends. A fine illumination of the exterior
made the building conspicuous and attractive. Under the
coving blazed, in white incandescents, the first creative fiat
let there be light. Below was displayed in high col-
ors the seal of the Institute, eight or ten feet in diameter.
From its Roman lamp burned an actual flame represented
by a white incandescent, and the wreath of laurel which
encircles it was studded with green incandescents. The
seal is the work of the late Dr. George A. Perkins, who
designed it and carved it in wood. This unique and novel
representation of it was produced by Mr. Ross Turner,
with the ready and enthusiastic cooperation of the Salem
Electric Lighting Company, who also traced out the lines
and angles of the building with incandescents in the nat-
ional colors, and placed, between the windows on each
side the entrance, large stars of white light which were
very effective. For the rest, the mural decorations in-
cluded the national flag, draped about the porch and main
entrance, which was ablaze with light, and three pairs of
well grown trunks of the native cedar of our hill-sides
stood upright, one pair in the corners of the iron fence
at the street entrance, one pair before the fine Corinthian
columns of the portico, and one pair in the corners of the
balustrade above. Fresh laurel in festoons was used with
freedom. The two dates, 1848-1898, were displayed on
appropriate escutcheons decorated with wreaths of actual
laurel, the first a vernal green, the latter golden-bronze,
each leaf of laurel in the wreath having been hand painted.

4 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX IN8TITUTE.

Upon testing the completeness of the work, it was found
that the green incandescents in the laurel wreath encir-
cling the seal, while producing a beautiful effect, did not
properly light up the elaborate art- work of Mr. Turner,
but were unable to cope with the power of the white
flame issuing from the Roman lamp, before which they so
far paled their uneffectual fires, that it was thought best
to replace them with white, and this was successfully
done. The seal, as shown, was a very beautiful object,
and a very original design. Could we have thrown a
strong light from some outside source upon it, as it was
at first arranged, the effect would have been even finer.
Our neighbors caught the contagion of the moment, and
not only were the residence of David Pingree on the east
with Plummer Hall and the Cadet Armory on the west
generously lighted up with electricity and gas, and
decorated with bunting, but the quarters of the Father
Mathew Temperance Society, and the dwellings of Dr.
Morse and of Major Peck on the other side of Essex
street were equally so, and the whole block wore the gala
air of a night in Venice. The Cadet Headquarters displayed,
in front, a fine picture in colors of the original seal of
the ancient corps, dating back to the Revolution. The
weather throughout was perfect.

Between 7.30 and 10 o'clock, it appeared that 1734
persons passed through the rooms, in the first and second
stories of the body of Daland house. The fire-proofs and
all the third floor rooms were closed, though lighted. A
large committee of reception, numbering twenty-five or
thirty gentlemen, acted as guides and dispensed informa-
tion to the visitors, most of whom had never before
entered the building, and it is worthy of record that a
careful examination, the next day, failed to show a relic
broken, a glass cracked, a curiosity missing, a picture

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 5

defaced or any of the little injuries done, which might, in
such a dense and pushing mass, have easily been excused.
Five pieces of music from Jean Missud's Cadet Band con-
tributed their cheerful strains : and pot-plants, flowers
and other tasteful decorations made the scene a rare one.
On Wednesday, Cadet Armory began to fill soon after
two o'clock and, at the opening of the exercises, contained
between twelve and thirteen hundred persons. Several
of the speakers and special guests from out of town had
lunched with President Kantoul, at the Salem Club, and
they reached the Armory at half-past two o'clock. A
larger number of invited guests had met in the reception
room of the Armory, — all the accommodations of the
elegant quarters having been courteously placed at the
service of the Institute, — and here strangers were made
acquainted with each other by members of the reception
committee who were in attendance. The stage was occu-
pied at half-past two, and the stated exercises of the day
began with the reading, by President Rantoul, of the
half-century address which was as follows :

THE COMMEMORATION ADDRESS.

Friends of the Essex Institute :

We are met to celebrate the golden wedding of the
Historical Society of Essex County, formed in 1821, with
the Natural History Society of Essex County, formed in
1833. These two kindred bodies came together on the
first Wednesday of March, 1848, and, for half a century,
have worked together harmoniously and well under the
joint title of the Essex Institute.

The story of the Institute is unique. Starting without
funds ; relying always on the zeal and enthusiasm of those

6 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

who value culture for itself; growing up, with a sponta-
neous life, out of what seemed to be a recognized popular
demand ; the Institute has waxed sturdy and strong, and
now would seem to have reached a crisis in its career.

The people of Essex County — the people interested
in Essex County, living here or elsewhere — have come
to regard the Institute as a place of deposit where every-
thing typical of our heroic past, everything that can em-
balm the personality and keep alive the memory of actors
in the scenes of long ago, may well repose in consecrated
security forever. Not only valuable books and rare his-
torical papers — the natural accretions of a great library
— have been gathered here, but relics and manuscripts
and pictures and ancient records — a priceless legacy to the
antiquary and the student of local annals, rich material
ready to the hand of the historian — have poured in upon
us until our receptivity is overtaxed. Buried under the
indifference or lost sight of in the greed of the modern
Philistine, these relics spared by the tooth of time would
have no ministering value to the public ; but when res-
cued for the cabinets and archives of a well arranged col-
lection, they become parts and most importaut parts of a
great representative exhibit, picturing as nothing else
can do — neither word nor pen nor brush — the actual
domestic life of the New England that is gone. To rear
and worthily to care for such a mausoleum to the past
requires labor and thought and funds. Especially does it
require ever-growing space. Thus far our collections have
increased unchecked. Still the monumental pile mounts
higher. Would we have it less ? Does the pride of an-
cestry in Essex County — does the love of the heroic in
Essex County crave nothing further? Have we a surfeit
of hereditary honors ? Shall we cry, hold! enough! Only
ten years ago, the munificence of the late William Burley

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 7

Howes made it possible, for the first time, to gather
the riches of the Institute under a roof-tree of its own.
At that time, we had increased the splendid accumula-
tions of the Historical and Natural History Societies by
large donations from the private libraries of our first
President Judge White, of Colonel Francis Peabody our
third President, and of our townsman Augustus Story,
as well as by an incomparable store of historic paintings,
ancient manuscripts, sea-journals and log-books, and of
specimens illustrating the Natural History of Essex
County, — curious reminders of the life and manners, the
traditions and scientific knowledge of our colonial and
commercial eras. For the first time in our history the
Institute was able, ten years ago, to display its wealth ;
and such was the stimulus imparted to public interest in
our pursuits, that our lectures and social evenings became
popular, our donations multiplied, and our rate of growth
became so great that, as a result, our wall-space and floor-
space and shelf-room are exhausted. What to do next is
the problem of the hour. Literally we know not whither
we should turn. We must have money, — money and a
good deal of it. The need is a present one and not a pro-
spective one. The practical question is this : Will the
friends of the Institute, who have means to spare for ob-
jects such as ours, give us a portion of it, or will they
see us succumb to plethora and congestion and so die?
No room to grow ! What will become then of the zeal
and enthusiasm of those friends of a lifetime who take a
daily pride in our success? No room to grow ! We have
in hand magnificent offers. One of them I am about to
read. It is one of four or five of scarcely less interest
and importance. It is one of the most splendid offers
a museum of history and art could wish to have, — a gift

8 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

which naturally belongs to Essex County. There is no
gallery in the world but would be eager to secure it. Shall
we allow it to pass into alien hands because we have no
room to grow? To say that such an enterprise as ours
must grow or die is something more than rhetoric. Either
we must provide ourselves at once with largely increased
facilities and means, or the character and general scope
of the Essex Institute must suffer a sea change.

The Institute has passed successfully its formative stage,
— its period of mere accretion. What it now craves is
the opportunity to unfold its treasures, to utilize its wealth,
to make available its vast assets. I cannot bring myself
to believe that, at this stage of its development, the Essex
Institute is to experience a check. I cannot suppose that
here in this birthplace of Massachusetts the people of this
ancient county — one of three Counties first set apart in
1643, — a people strong, numerous, wealthy and progres-
sive, have carried forward such an enterprise as this to its
present advancement, only to let it fail, — that we are
ripening only to decay. The devotion and self-sacrifice of
which it is the fruitage forbid the thought. The prayers
and blessings of those who have pushed on this under-
taking until it stands looking wistfully over the threshold
of the coming century, have consecrated us to their work
and we must not turn back. The past at least is secure.
The record of our achievement best vindicates our right
to be. It is not enough that we have striven to give form
and body to the aspirations of the times. Other activities
might claim as much. Not what we have essayed, but
what we have achieved ! Could some other agency do it
better ? In the educational enginery of Massachusetts is
there no room for us? Are we not effecting something
worth effecting, which, if we forego our efforts, will not

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 9

be done ? The eminent men who founded our school system
never meant it for a finality. They made it as far reach-
ing, as elastic and as comprehensive as they might, but
they meant to leave broad vistas open towards something
beyond. A voluntary association like this which trusts
so largely to personal initiative and leans so little upon
mechanical aids, — which avoids so well the Scylla of
sciolism whilst yet escaping the Charybdis of conventional
mannerisms and methods, — must be of all others the
accepted means to hold in check the school machinery of
the State, should it ever turn its energies to stamping the
dead-level impress of the numerical majority upon all
alike.

What we have accomplished may be briefly told. Our
published Historical Collections have reached their thirty-
fourth volume. Since 1859 we have published yearly,
besides occasional monographs, about three hundred pages.
These contain material of a character common to such
issues, except for this, that it is strictly local to Essex
County. These volumes are cited with respect, and their
high authority will be recognized when I say that they
are the work of such contributors, of more than local
fame, as Professors Herbert B. Adams of Johns Hopkins
and Emerton and Wendell of Harvard, of the Reverends
Jones Very and Charles T. Brooks, of the two Uphams,
father and son, of the Honorables Leverett Saltonstall
and Eben F. Stone, of Captain George H. Preble, of the
United States Navy, of Dr. Joseph B. Felt, of Henry
Wheatland, of Henry F. Waters, of Abner C. Goodell,
of Matthew A. Stickney, and of William G. Barton. The
temptation to recite the list of local authorities to whom
we owe so much of our success, is well-nigh overmaster-
ing, but I must refrain. A score or two of the most
approved writers this neighborhood has produced in our

INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXX 1*

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

"pic^rnarj place

century, would be found to have furnished us with the
mass of our material and with much of our prestige.1

Since its establishment in 1848 the Institute has issued

six volumes of its Proceedings and twenty-eight volumes

* of its Bulletin, and these

contain, together with its
current transactions,
scientific papers of high
authority and value num-
bering two hundred and
ninety-six articles, besides
minor contributions,
covering an infinite variety
of topics of greater or less importance, for the most part
related to the Natural History of Essex County ; and
the work of one hundred

. . Though cavt. OTnQ.rne.nt

and forty-nine writers, >t°™ s^ae nausxon.
amongst whom I find such
names as Agassiz, Fitch
Poole, the Uphams, Alex-
ander Bell, Jones Very,
Russell, Silsbee, Wheatland,
John Robinson, Professors
Wright, Dorsey, Emerton,
Fewkes, Garman, Crosby,
Putnam, Hyatt, Morse. The
"American Naturalist," a scientific magazine
standing, was established by the Essex Institute in 1867.

in good

1 To a little venture called the "Weal Reaf " printed in 1S60 at a fair for the
benefit of the Essex Institute, Nathaniel Hawthorne contributed a delightful
reminiscence of Browne's Folly. During the period when his genius was ma-
turing,— say from 1825 to 1845, — he spent much time in the Historical Society's
Rooms in Pickman Place, and filled his note-books with what he saw there. Many
of our treasures will be found described in the " American Note Books." Espe.
ciallyhasheused a bit of rough-cast from the old Browne Mansion, built in 1698,
which he found preserved there, for a mural decoration of the " House of
Seven Gables," where it will be recognized, twice described to the letter, in Chap-
ters One and Thirteen. We have it still.

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 11

The Institute has for twenty-five years, succeeding the
Lyceum in the field of oral popular instruction, conducted
annual courses of free public lectures. It has always held
frequent evening meetings, and of late fortnightly meet-
ings throughout the winter, at which members and their
households have met to consider and discuss papers on
local topics of history and science. These papers have
furnished a large part of the material printed in our two
serial issues.

At its lectures the Institute has enjoyed the honorable
distinction to introduce Professor Bell and the Bell Tele-
phone to the notice of this utilitarian age,2 — and to pre-
sent to its members at different times such eminent
strangers as Dean Stanley, Dr. William B. Carpenter,
Canon Kingsley, Wilkie Collins, and Matthew Arnold,
together with such local celebrities as Chief Justice Chase,
Professors Kogers and Gray, Agassiz and Dr. Holmes.
It has celebrated most impressively the 250th Anniver-
sary of the landing of Endecott, as the Historical Society,
its predecessor, had celebrated the 200th Anniversary of
that event ; it has commemorated the 250th Anniversary
of the landing of Winthrop, and the 200th Anniversary
of the witchcraft frenzy, and the 50th Anniversary of the
founding, at Topsfield, of the Natural History Society,
and the 75th Anniversary of the Historical Society's
beginning, and the 100th Anniversary of the vote of
Massachusetts, passed by the Assembly at Salem, a year
before Bunker Hill, which Mr. Webster said made this
colony independent of Great Britain. Through its pic-
ture and flower and microscope shows, and concerts, and
entertainments, it has done its share towards bringing
high culture and sound learning and useful knowledge
within the reach of everybody.

2 See Bulletin, Vol. ix, pp. 21-8.

12 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

The ladies have formed, and have sustained with spirit
for several years, a Local History Class of from fifty to
sixty members, meeting every week, and investigating
topics of interest through special committees, whose re-
ports are read and placed on file and form a valuable
record.

For forty odd years the Institute has sustained a series
of field-meetings, modelled in some sort on those of the
Scottish Naturalists' Club of Berwick-upon-Tweed. At
these, we have held gatherings ranging in attendance
from one to four hundred persons, visiting seventy-three
localities in every one of the thirty-five towns and cities,
and in almost every parish, in the county, besides a dozen
spots beyond the county lines.

The mass of material piled up in Daland House and
Plummer Hall must speak for itself. Neither as to quality
nor as to quantity is it possible, in the moments allotted
me, to do it justice. I shall not attempt it. If our
friends will pay us the honor of a visit they will discover
not indeed all our wealth, because we have been obliged
to resort largely to warehousing, by the outside storage
of choice volumes not in constant use ; but they will find
Daland House packed from attic to basement, and Plum-
mer Hall, of which we occupy the basement, the first
floor and the attic, equally overfull. We suppose our-
selves to be in possession of between seventy-three and
seventy-four thousand bound volumes of books — our
collection of pamphlets and unbound volumes has reached
the very extraordinary figure of two hundred and sixty-one
thousand. The list of libraries in the country having
such a catalogue of books is not a long one. In the forty-
five States of the Union there may be thirty-eight libraries
containing upwards of seventy thousand bound volumes,
and there are but very few indeed containing one-half our

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 13

quantity of unbound volumes. Of libraries in the United
States containing twice our number of bound volumes
there are but twelve.

Aside from the great aggregations of Harvard Univer-
sity, and of the Boston Public Library, Massachusetts
has but four collections of bound volumes larger than
ours, and all New England has but six. Scarcely wall
space remains to hang the valuable pictures constantly
committed to our care, and shelf room for new accessions
of books is only made by boxing and storing those which
fill our alcoves now. These accumulations have been
piling up since 1820, but mostly within the later years.
Many of these deposits are of a value not to be described.
If we got rid of all our duplicates by exchange or sale,
and gave to the flames such elements of the great mass as
might fairly be thought to be of doubtful worth, there would
then remain to us a collection quite beyond our present
means to utilize or display, and which, if classified and
catalogued and arranged, would prove to be, in its special
features, without a peer. No county in New England, —
no equal tract of densely peopled territory in America,
outside of the great cities, can make such an exhibit of
its historic past as this. Should we eliminate relentlessly
from our treasure-house all the costly and inestimable
art-works, and books of whatever value, helpful to gen-
eral culture, but not bearing exclusively upon Essex
County, we should then retain an exhibit of the local
history and tradition, the biography and natural history,
the genealogy and ancestral records, the literary, scien-
tific and artistic eminence of this county of ours which
would make it — I speak with a pretty thorough knowl-
edge of the subject, and a careful estimate of the value of
the words employed — which would make it the envy of
any equal population in the land.

14 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

The Institute counts five presidents amongst its honored
dead. They are men whose names are in themselves a
legacy, — Daniel Appleton White, Asahel Huntington,
Francis Peabody, Henry Wheatland, Edmund B. Will-
son. Undoubtedly the Institute owes its origin to Henry
Wheatland, who was its organizer and its secretary for
twenty years, before his presidency of twenty-five years
began. He had been an honored member of the old
Historical Society, and was the creator of the Natural
History Society. He brought about the union of the two,
and, with untiring labor and unremitting thought, welded
their elements into the substantial structure which he left,
forty-five years later, ready to our hands.

The list of our contributors — the list of topics treated
in these seventy odd volumes of ours — is quite too long
for introduction here. Figures tell little except to those
who know their secrets. The best names in Essex County
will be found to grace our pages. Besides memoirs of
our leading men, prepared by Judge Lord, Dr. Briggs,
Charles W. Upham, the Kev. Mr. Willson ; besides com-
memorative addressei delivered by Judge Story on the
two hundredth, and by Judge Endicott on the two hun-
dred and fiftieth, anniversaries of the landing of Ende-
cott ; by Abner C. Goodell, jr., on the Historical Society's
half-century anniversary and on the centennial of the
meeting in Salem of the First Provincial Congress of
Massachusetts Bay ; by James Kimball, whose grand-
father was an actor in the scene, on the centennial of the
destruction of the tea in Boston Harbor ; besides com-
memorations of the fiftieth anniversary of the Natural
History Society, with a review by Professor Morse of the
progress of natural science during the last half- century ;
of the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the land-
ing of Winthrop ; of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 15

Institute's founding and of the seventy-fifth anniversary of
the founding of the Essex Historical Society, — besides
all the contributions to local science already enumerated,
the Institute has received and printed contributions to its
Historical Collections from one hundred and seventeen
writers, on three hundred and eighty-two topics of local
history, biography and genealogy ; has contributed con-
spicuous features to both the World's Fairs at Philadelphia
and at Chicago ; has for thirty years past had on deposit
with the Peabody Academy of Science a collection of
specimens in natural history, covering every group of
the mineral, vegetable and animal kingdoms — in several
important features possessing exceptional value — and
together forming the basis of an exhibit of the natural
history of Essex County probably unequalled by any col-
lection drawing on so limited a population anywhere ; has
established, through its publications, an exchange list with
kindred bodies all over the world, numbering between
two hundred and sixty and two hundred and eighty ; has
accumulated on its shelves a library of the works of Essex
County authors now counting nearly seven hundred vol-
umes, an art library equal in numbers, a China library
nearly as large, the gift of Mr. Hunt, perhaps without a
rival in size and quality in the country, a rare collection
of log-books and sea-letters and ship's journals and owner's
instructions of privateersmen and merchantmen, detailing
the thrilling story of more than four hundred voyages,
during our romantic commercial era. It has set up and
preserved for all time what we believe to be the skeleton
of the earliest meeting-house, erected on this continent
for congregational worship, by an independent society
gathered on the spot.

For several seasons, gatherings were arranged which
brought together scores of microscopes, and led to a dis-

16 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

cussion of their relative merits and characteristics, and to
an examination of the home-products of land and sea, by
such specialists as Dr. Holmes, Prof. Jeffries Wyman,
Dr. B. A. Gould, Rev. E. C. Bolles, Caleb Cooke, the
Messrs. Scudder, Morse, Hyatt, Tracy, Phippen and
Bicknell. Frequent exhibitions of art work have been
afforded the public under our auspices, but perhaps the
salient feature in the career of the Institute, after the field-
meetings, has been the series of famous fruit and flower
shows, sometimes held weekly, which for many years it was
enabled to sustain. No neighborhood had more reason
than this to boast of the affluence of its private gardens.
Native and exotic fruits and flowers loaded the Society's
tables in exquisite profusion, when our departments of
horticulture and of botany were under the patronage of
Francis Putnam, John C. Lee, Joseph S. Cabot, Stephen
C. Phillips, John Bertram, Charles Hoffman, Ezekiel H.
Derby, Thomas Spencer, Robert Manning, John Fiske
Allen, George D. Phippen, and Ives and Ropes and Oliver
and Emerton and Rogers and Russell and Upton of Salem,
and Oakes of Ipswich, and Perry of Bradford and
Nichols and Fowler of Dan vers, and Prescott of Lynn,
and Appleton of Gloucester. Just as the scientist ceases,
after a while, to be content with broad generalizations
which embrace a continent, and gives himself over to pursue
with microscopic scrutiny the problems of some section
nearer home, whose secrets are within his reach, — just
as the specialist, in despair of mastering the whole field
of human knowledge, applies himself with unimpaired
activity to some tempting nook which he can make his
own, — just so the Institute has striven to stimulate in
Essex County a healthy appetite for local things, — to create
a literature having a strong local flavor, not without its
interest to the outside world — for the county is a rare

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 17

one — but possessed of an absorbing and abiding charm
for every child of Essex County. That we have not
wholly succeeded is to say that we are human. That we
have not wholly failed is witnessed by no less than thirteen
historical and scientific societies of a local character, self-
sustained to-day in the various municipalities of the
county, working on our lines, and almost all of them
looking to the Institute as their fountain head.

This is the goal for which the founders strove. It is
the science of every-day life ; it is the tradition gathering
about these moss-grown roofs, these ancestral acres, these
familiar streets ; it is the home-bred heroisms, for which
they crave a thought. To the slight extent to which our
history and science impinge upon the history and science
of the world at large, they will be garnered for us out of
hand. But to the much greater extent to which our daily
lives are quickened by a knowledge of what is special to
our surroundings and common to no one else, — if we
would reap this harvest wre must till it for ourselves.

Conscious that no history was more inspiring to them,
no experience more edifying, than such as their ancestors
had here wrought out ; feeling that the heroisms of the
past should be kept in perpetual remembrance by the
creation of bodies like this, which should cherish the gath-
ered relics and reminders, should accumulate books and
autographs and pictures, and should publish records, and
observe anniversaries, all to the end that the children may
remember what the fathers did ; persuaded that in the study
of nature, whether animate or inanimate, the mind rises to
one of its grandest functions, — they decreed that, so far
as in them lay, no child of Essex County, prompted by a
longing to come in closer touch with the wonders and the
beauties flung broadcast about us, — with the scenes
enacted on our soil, — should fail of its desire. Aware

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXX 2

18 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

that local topics like our own history and traditions, like
our own botany and geology and mineralogy and ento-
mology, must be taught and mastered by ourselves, or else
lost sight of in the absorbing interests of the greater world
at large, they decreed that, so far as in them lay, no young
enthusiast should be without a Mentor if he had time and
thought and energy to devote to these pursuits in Essex
County. The numbers of scholars holding conspicuous
rank in natural science to-day, who gladly own a debt of
gratitude to the Essex Institute for their first glimpses into
the glories and the mysteries, — into the grand arcana of
this Universe of ours, furnish an ample vindication of our
right to be. No friendly soul who has taken any share in
the formative labors of our past, — no observer who has a
just perception of what we are doing to-day, is able to think
of this organization but as a vitalizing, an advancing, an
enduring force. It cannot be that all this enthusiasm and
devotion is to come to naught. It cannot be that the
people of this county, trained for two generations to look
to us as the custodians of their ancestral fame, are to be
bidden to seek out some other depository for their his-
toric wealth, — must find some other shrine whereon to lay
their offerings to the manes of their dead.

Would that there were time to recall the honored names
that grace our records, beginning with Holyokeand Bow-
ditch and Story and Pickering and Cutler and Dane and
White and Silsbee and Saltonstall and Pea body and Ward
and Pickman and King and Merrill, who created the His-
torical Society, down through the younger generation of
scientists who sustained the Natural History Society and
the Institute, until we reach the workers of to-day. The
catalogue would be luminous with the brightest names.
I suppose those familiar with the inner workings of the
Institute in our generation will mostly agree that, next

THE FIHST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE.

+&teL-d&&ea&~ <zttcj<&ttj>j2c&„^/&<x^^

.*#*txi£Ljk

^fcu*C41<&/ sVt^MA*

^Cc<c>4f*&t<&6e<r*

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20 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

to Dr. Wheatland, the most valued patron we have had
in the years just closed, was Mr. Hunt. His devotion to
our interests, in season and out of season, his promptness
to respond to every call, his judgment, his good taste,
his interest in art, his enjoyment of the beautiful and his
yearning that all should share that pleasure with him,
have taken form in a stream of costly and laborious ben-
efactions only checked by death. But the hour is too
short. I detain you no longer from the pleasure which
is in store for us, except to read the letter I have prom-
ised. It will be perceived by every well-wisher of the
Institute to be a communication of capital importance ;
others, only less significant of what our future may be-
come, might be presented if the delicacy of our intended
benefactors would permit. I cannot suppose that the
people of the county will prove indifferent to such a
trust. I dare not but suppose that they will rise to an
appreciation of the forces that have sustained the Insti-
tute for fifty years, — that they will rise to the opportu-
nity which opens before them to put upon a stable footing
an enterprise so unique, so hopeful, and so competent to
correct the tendency towards machine methods which
threatens the educational systems of to-day.

Whatever the coming years may have in store for the
Essex Institute, it is certain that devotion and enthusiasm
such as have crowned the now-accomplished lustrum will
not be wanting, amongst our actual working force, to
achieve the next. Whether we shall be enabled, through
the generosity and high spirit of this ancient county, to
press on to higher aims, or whether we must be content
with what we have, and indulge no further outlook save
to hold our own, I can speak for those who have borne the
heat and burthen of the day for at least a generation, —
for at least that period I have known the Institute as a

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 21

daily burthen and a daily incentive, — I speak for them
and all of them when I say that no effort of theirs will be
lacking to make the future worthy of the past.

The President then read two letters dated at Rome, the
first, as he said, to show the feeling entertained for us by
the Sculptor Story just before his death, as evinced by the
deposit, tor perpetual preservation in the Institute, of a
cradle in which he and his distinguished father, Judge
Story, were rocked in infancy. This was as follows :

ThG

Palazzo Barberini.
My dear Mr. Rantoul and

Gentlemen of the Essex Institute:

I have just received your most kind and flattering letter of Nov. 19,
and I beg to express my warm thanks for the cordial terms with
which you accept my little gift of the
old cradle.

It comforts my heart to hear that my
Father's memory is so warmly cherished
in Salem. He always had a deep feeling
for the town and, as I well remember,
quitted it with great regret and only be-
cause he deemed it his duty to do so in
order to secure for Harvard University
the Donation of Mr. Dane — as Mr. Dane
had made it a condition of his gift that
my Father should accept the Professor-
ship of Law and go to Cambridge to
reside.

For myself, Dear old Salem has my
strong affections. It was my birthplace —
the days of my boyhood were spent there
— and I retain for it only the most

affectionate associations and memories. Often in my dreaming and
musing hours I go back to it, and long again to see the streets and to
renew the old and vivid recollections which still are fresh and living
in my mind The boyish memories last forever, and have a charm
unsurpassed by those of a later age.

I wish my little gift were more worthy of your acceptance, and
small as it is, I am, I confess, deeply pleased that you have so kindly

22 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

given it a place in the Institute, and that you have also given my name
a place among the many far more distinguished ones of the dear old
City of Peace.

With best wishes I am,

Yours most faithfully,

W. W. Story.
Dec. 2G, 1894.

The second letter read was this : —

Palazzo Barberini, Rome.
August 27, 1897.
To the Hon. President :

Robert S. Rantoul,
Essex Institute,

Salem, Mass.,
My dear Mr. Rantoul : —

**********

My father left to me all the original plaster casts of his statues in
his studio in Rome. It is my desire to present these works to the
Essex Institute at Salem, and I have much pleasure in offering, through
you, as a gift to the Institute, the only collection of original plaster
casts of Statues and Busts executed by my father, W. W. Story.

My father was born in Salem, and he always had the greatest affec-
tion and regard for the old Town. I therefore feel sure that in mak-
ing this offer I shall be carrying out his wishes, and I also feel certain
he would have been most gratified to know that these statues — his
life's work — had found a permanent and suitable resting-place in his
old home.

My desire is to present all his best works — there are some twelve
to fifteen or even more statues — some life-size — some even larger,
besides other small statuettes, — also many busts of distinguished men
and women. All these I would give, provided the space allotted were
sufficiently large properly to accommodate them. When I know what
room the Institute can dispose of, I shall be better able to judge what
number of casts could be becomingly exhibited. The only stipulation
I would ask to be allowed to make is, that this collection should be
properly and becomingly exhibited together in some permanent and
befitting building: and that no copies or reproductions of whatso-
ever size or description should be made of these works. If the
space were sufficient I should have much pleasure in presenting the
entire collection.

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 23

Permit me, in conclusion, Mr. President, to have the pleasure of
formally making this offer, through you, to the Essex Institute.
Hoping to hear from you at your convenience,

I have the honor to sign myself,

most cordially and respectfully yours,

Waldo Story.

What shall we say to that? asked the President. We
have no room ! The President then said : I promised
to read you a letter. I have done better. I have read
you two. I will do better still. I will read you two
more. I will read them in the order of their dates and
you shall judge for yourselves of their relative impor-
tance. The first calls upon us to give free lectures —
just what we are doing. The second calls for more room.
Here are the letters :

Salem, Feb. 26th, 1898.
Hon. Robert S. Rantoul,
President op the Essex Institute,
Salem, Mass.
Dear Sir : —
At a meeting of the Salem Lyceum held January 24, 1898, the com-
mittee appointed at a previous meeting to consider the matter of
presenting to the Essex Institute the funds of the Salem Lyceum, re-
ported in favor of so transferring the funds, and, as part of their
report, submitted a petition and bill to be presented to the Legislature
of this Commonwealth, asking for a dissolution of the Salem Lyceum
corporation and authority to transfer its funds to the Essex Institute,
to be safely invested by said Institute, and the income thereof to be
expended each year in maintaining a course of lectures to be announced
by said Institute as being maintained by the " Salem Lyceum Fund."
On motion it was voted that the report of the committee be accepted
and adopted.

The petition and bill above referred to were presented to the Leg-
islature, and I am happy to inform you that the bill has been duly
enacted, and that under the authority thereof the funds of the Salem
Lyceum amounting to three thousand dollars ($3,000.00) will be paid
over to the Essex Institute, subject to the conditions of said act.

Very truly yours,

Edw'd C. Battis,

Secretary.

24 BULLETIN OF THE ESSKX INSTITUTE.

March 1st, 1898.
To the Hon.
Robert S. Rantoul,
President of the Essex Institute,
Salem, Mass.

My dear Sir :—

I avail myself of this half-century anniversary to say publicly to
the Institute what my friends have known before, that all the antique
furniture, portraits, old china and glass now in my house in Lynde
street will be ultimately deposited with the Essex Institute for per-
petual preservation.

The portraits which form a part of the gift are mostly in oils, and
these may perhaps derive an additional interest from the fact that
they include the likenesses of ten generations of my family, all Salem
people.

Trusting that the celebration will be all that the friends of the In-
stitute have hoped, and that my intentions may be consistent with the
purposes of your Board of Government,

I am very respect, yours,

Geo. R. Curwen.

This offer, like the others, was loudly applauded. Mr.
Curwen sat upon the stage with two others of the charter
members of the Institute, Messrs. Willard Peele Phillips
and Robert Manning.3

The President then said :

There are some friends of the Institute so conspicuous
that their absence needs to be accounted for. When we
celebrated the two hundredth anniversary of Endecott's
landing, Governor Lincoln was present, and when we cele-
brated the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of that
event, Governor Rice was present, and when we observed
the twenty-fifth anniversary of the founding of the Insti-
tute, Governor Washburn was present. We had hoped

3 Six others of the original members are knoAvn to be living, and letters were
received from five of them, viz: Charles W. Palfray, J. Hardy Phippen, Henry
M. Brooks, Isaiah Nichols. E. S. L». Richardson.

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE.

that His Excellency Governor Wolcott4 would be with us
to-day, but I have here a letter in which, after a most

cordial acknowledg-
ment, His Excellency
says :

The occasion, I am sure,
will be an interesting one
and it would give me much
pleasure to be present, but
the date falls upon the reg-
ular day of meeting of the
Council and I have never
permitted any other engage-
ment to interfere with my
presence at these Council
meetings. Therefore you
will please accept my
regrets, and believe me
Very truly yours,
Roger Wolcott.

President Ran-
toul here presented
General Appleton
of the Governor's
staff, — a Vice
President of the
Lndeeolt institute, — who
was in uniform, being detailed by His Excellency to
respond for the Commonwealth.

General Francis H. Appleton, of Governor Wolcott's
staff, being introduced, said that as His Excellency was
unable on account of important business at the State

*Only two Governors of Massachusetts have ever lived in Salem. They were
Endecott and Bradstreet, and they happen to be the first and the last in the line
of colonial governors. The Cadet Armory and Plummer Hall stand on an estate
more or less identified with both of them. There is reason to think that it may

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL XXX. 2*

26 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

House, before the Council, to be present, the Governor
had delegated him to represent the Commonwealth, and
to convey his regrets that he could not attend so notable
an occasion.

General Appleton expressed his own gratification at
being permitted to come back to his former home, Salem,

in this capacity, which he esteemed
a high honor.

He regretted that he must pre-
sent himself in a somewhat an-
tiquated, but so historic, form of
uniform, which he hoped he might
soon have an opportunity to pre-
sent to the Institute, not as a relic
of himself but as a reminder of
Rrndstreet ^e many brave officers who have

fought for the Nation's unity in
this dress ; but General Miles has just proposed a dress of
new design far better adapted to the needs of the service.
General Appleton then said : — The value of institu-
tions, like this Institute, to a State and Nation cannot be
too highly spoken of; it advances the idea of value of
history and art, as a power in promoting cultivation in
man, and a more cultivated taste among people generally.

have been assigned in the first instance to Governor Endecott. (Bulletin, Vol. I,
p. 79; Historical Collections, Vol. xxiv, p. 244.) It certainly was the domicile of
Governor Bradstreet, for in 1676 he married the widow of Captain Joseph Gard-
ner, a niece of Governor Winthrop, who had it for a marriage portion, and here,
Bradstreet, who had landed in Salem with Winthrop in 1630, came back to pass
the closing twenty years of his life, and to die and be entombed in 1697.

On this estate, from 1836 until 1867, lived Colonel Francis Peabody with his wife
Martha, and she was an Endicott descended, in the eighth generation, from the
Governor.

Governor Wolcott married a granddaughter of William Hickling Prescott.
Prescott was born on this estate. She was also a granddaughter of Joseph
Augustus Peabody, and for him the Peabody mansion, now the Cadet Armory,
was built in 1819, and he lived in it until his death, when his brother Francis
took it. The Governor, had he been present, would have found himself on
friendly soil.

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 27

Such influence as emanates from an institution of the
character of yours promotes an instinctive desire for, and
a respect towards, law and order in any community.

The history and heredity of our people must be made
the most of; such characteristics as are found in the
history and historic things of Essex County, are truly
capital to any locality ; and are as essential to the best
results, as is a sound and golden rule of value.

The influence of such collections and library as you
have, and seek to accumulate, here in Salem, is by no
means confined to Essex County, nor to this historic State
of Massachusetts ; you have been leaders, in your line,
at the largest exhibition of this country at Chicago, in
the interest of both State and Nation, and thereby set a
standard before the public that carried your name and
fame beyond the bounds of this Nation.

Our eastern coast boasts of more accumulated history
than elsewhere in our Nation ; and the children, who have
gone from us, west and south, are proud of that history
because it is theirs also.

Besides collecting our relics in-doors, let us be the
medium of preserving relics out-of-doors.

So far as is possible, and besides some interesting houses
in old Salem Village, let spots in nature's landscape, that
mark the life of men and women who have lived to help
us by their wisdom and example, be preserved to continue
to help us by a bright remembrance of the lives there lived ;
as, Mr. Eliot, you have done in Cambridge at the Long-
fellow home, and are trying to do at the James Russell
Lowell estate. A like work has been accomplished at the
early home of Whittier, and in some other Essex County
spots.

May you also promote the preservation of spots now
beautiful from what nature has made of them ; and may

28 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

your speakers and writers encourage richness in the ap-
pearances of our farms, so far as our rugged soil will
allow, in the hope that the dress of Mother Earth may be
of the best and what she well deserves.

President Rantoul, with the best wishes of the Com-
monwealth, may the Essex Institute, after this its fiftieth
birthday, continue, as now, always to deserve the confi-
dence of the people who have ties to Essex County, and
of all others ; may the help that comes to you from a large
membership with modest annual dues forever continue
and increase ; and may those who can give more largely
during life of money, relics, etc., or after death by will,
believe, as I do, that this Essex Institute, founded by men
to whose memory we can all bow in reverence, is always
to continue sound, as to its historical, and in its financial,
management, to the honor of Country, State and Nation.

The President then said : It may not be generally known
that we came very near having the Massachusetts Bay
College established in our neighborhood. We came just
as near having it named Scruggs College instead of Har-
vard College, and so we should all have been looking
forward to the degree of LL.D. of Scruggs, and not to
the degree of LL.D. of Harvard. The facts are these.
One Thomas Scruggs, as early as January, 1635-6, got
possession of a part of that beautiful meadow lying be-
tween Swampscott and Marblehead, and looking out on
the Bay, and now dotted over with summer villas. It
was a favorite resort with Hawthorne, and is often referred
to in the "American Note Books." Having got the
delightful tract into his hands, Scruggs negotiated in April
with Captain Trask, our Massachusetts Bay Miles Standish,
and received in its stead a farm itt Bass River near
Wenham Pond. His object in the transaction was to secure

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 29

a site which was satisfactory to Rev. Hugh Peters of the
First Church, and to the other members of the first Board
of Education, who were "to take order for a colled^e."
A long negotiation ensued, which resulted in the establish-
ment of the College at Newetowne, now Cambridge, in
November, 1637.

Mr. Scruggs was a man of substance, of influence, and
of public spirit. He was a man of independent judg-
ment also, for he was later disarmed for an opinionist.
And a good deal more might be said for Mr. Scruggs.5

I have the honor to present my schoolmate, my class-
mate, and, I think I may add, my life-long friend, the head

Note 5.

ii of the 11th moneth 1635
This is void _, , , A , _,

by the Granted by the ffreemen of Salem [*vnto*] the day and yeare

grant of an above written vnto mr Thomas Scrugs of the same his heires and
other farme assignees for ever a farme conteyning three hundreth acres of
mLeiwe land whereof thirty acres are fitt to be mowed scituate lying and
of this to being in the outmost bounds of Salem towards mr Humphries and
m Scrugs. ig from ^e gea where the freshe water runs out, West and by
North is the fearme next to mr Humphryes bounded by the Comon by the North

west end & East end provided alwayes & in Case of Sale, the towne of

Salem haue the first profer before any other.

John Endecott
Roger Connunght
John Holgrave
Thomas Gardner
Edm. Batter

At a gen'rall Court or towne meeting of Salem held the second of the third
moneth called May A° 1636.

Imprimis after the reading of former orders; In the reading of an order for
the division of Marble Head Neck; A motion was brought in by Cp. Endicot in
behalfe-of mr John Humphries for some Land beyond fforest River, moved by
spetiall argumen [ts] one whereof was, Least yt should hinder the building of a
Colledge, wch would be manie [mens] losse, It was agreed vpon this motion that
six men should be nominated by the towne to view these Lands and to consider of
the premisses, and for that end was named

mr Thomas Scrugs Cp. Traske

mr Roger Conant mr Townsen Bishop

John VVoodbery Peter Palfrey

That these six or any foure of them are deputed for this business to speake
or Item yt was ordered that whereas mr Scrugs had a farme of three hun-
dred acres beyond forest River, And that Cp. Traske had one of tooe hundr

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

of the leading institution of learning in the land, President

Eliot of Harvard.

President Eliot, after a few complimentary phrases

and a word of pleasantry about the choice of names and

of locations as between Scruggs
and Harvard, spoke substan-
tially as follows :

It is fitting that a represen-
tative of Harvard University
should take part in this celebra-
tion. As I listened to the com-
memorative address of the
President of the Institute I
thought of the many Salem
families to which Harvard Uni-
versity and the Essex Institute
I recalled the names of Holyoke,

13jL/ditch
DesJi ana
Quadrant.

had been alike indebted
Bowditch, Story, Wheatland,
Saltonstall, Pickering, Endicott
and White, all of which are
great Harvard names as well as
great Essex names. In succes-
sive generations Harvard and
Salem have both incurred a
great debt to these eminent and TVPid^g F/re-bactv
durable families.

The working of the Essex Institute is extraordinarily
varied. By its collections it illustrates many widely

[ed] acres beyond Basse River, The — Cp. Traske frely relinquishing his farme of
tooe hundred acres, It was granted vnto mr Thomas Scrugs, and he there vpon
frely relinquished his farme of three hundred acres that soe mr Humphryes might
the better be accomodated.

See Records of Massachusetts, Vol. I, passim.

Felt's Annals of Salem, Vol. I, pp. 172, 427; Vol. II, pp. 664, 575; 1st edition,
pp. 98, 527.

Savage's New England Genealogical Dictionary, Vol. IV, p. 42.

Uphiim's Witchcraft, Vol. I, pp. 64-6, 130.

Salem Town Records; Bee Historical Collections, Vol. IX, passrim.

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 31

different fields of knowledge. Thus its collections in
natural history, already interesting and important, are
likely to be of more and more service as time goes on.
Our fathers did not expect botany, zoology and geology
to be cultivated in the elementary schools ; but we have
come to believe that these subjects should be diligently
taught in all schools, and that local collections should be
generously provided to illustrate these sciences. We
believe that every primary school teacher and grammar
school teacher in Salem should have a good knowledge of
the natural history of the place, and should cultivate in
her pupils a taste for exploring the flora and fauna of the
county. Every year will increase the importance of the
natural history collections of the Institute.

The Essex Institute has also a unique collection to
illustrate the adventurous life of Salem men when com-
merce with the far East was a large element in Salem life.
Here is a unique collection of records of voyages, ship's
logs, and ship-letters covering one of the most interest-
ing and important periods in the commercial history of
our country. These are records of enterprise, adventure
and daring exploration ; they are records of the struggles
of Salem men with the dangers of unknown seas and
coasts, struggles which furnished to thousands of Essex
sailors an heroic discipline. It is in such struggles that
those constructive moral and physical qualities are de-
veloped which occasionally get opportunity of destructive
expression in war. The qualities of endurance, alertness,
and boldness which give victory during the destructions
of war have been developed in the struggle with adverse
nature during long periods of peace.

You citizens of Salem have the privilege of living in
one of the most historic towns of America. Ten years
ago I had the privilege of visiting, early in the delightful
month of May, the city of Athens. I soon came to the

32 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

conclusion that, apart from the Acropolis and its imme-
diate surroundings, the actual city of Athens was decid-
edly a less interesting place than this city of Salem. It
is also a much less comfortable and enjoyable place than
Salem.

But, good as the work of the Essex Institute has been,
you all long to make it better ; and I, therefore, venture
to describe briefly the best means of enlarging the scope
and influence of the Institute, and of making valuable to
other parts of the country its precious collections. To
give the highest value to such collections as the Institute
maintains, it is necessary to have learned and skilful men
constantly engaged in re-arranging and enlarging the col-
lections, and making known their contents by descriptive
labels and published memoirs. The most instructive
arrangement and the most scientific development can be
secured only by the continuous service of experts ; and
the Essex Institute needs two such expert curators whose
whole time can be devoted to its service. To support
them an endowment of $200,000 would be needed.
There should also be a fund of at least $50,000 for publi-
cation purposes in order that the collections might be
made useful, not only to Salem and Essex County, but to
the whole country. Such publications would canw the
name of the Essex Institute far and wide. I sincerely
hope that the suggestion of these endowments on this
occasion may bear fruit.

Such an Institute as this helps to create and foster love
of home, of city, and of country. Out of a local affec-
tion grows the wider love of country, and out of the
early interest in such subjects as those to which the Essex
Institute is devoted, habitually fostered in the children of
a city like Salem, grows in after life a broad and fruitful
interest in intellectual pursuits. These loves and interests
are what make life worth living.

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 33

President Rantoul then said : Our senior Senator writes
as follows : —

My dear Sir : —

I am sorry that my public engagements here will
deprive me of the pleasure of accepting your invitation to attend the
fiftieth anniversary of the Essex Institute. I should like to see the
members of that famous society and to hear what they will tell of its
founders and the learned men who have given it such great distinc-
tion, of Dr. Wheatland, and of Mr. Hunt, the modest and faithful
officer you have so lately lost. But I suppose it will be impossible.
I am, with high regard, faithfully yours,

Geo. F. Hoar.

And our junior Senator, an Essex County man, sends
his regrets in these words :

U. S. Senate, Feb. 11, 1898.
My dear Sir : —

I am much obliged by your kind invitation to be
present at the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Essex In-
stitute, and regret that it will not be possible for me to be present.

Very truly yours,

H. C. Lodge.
Henry M. Brooks, Esq.,
Secretary.

The President remarked that it was not every day that
we had a son of Salem at the head of one of the three
great professions of the country, but it was so to-day, and
he shared their regret in being obliged to read a letter
from Mr. Choate, when they had hoped to hear from him.

Mr. Choate writes :

50 West Forty-seventh Street,

Feb. 28, 1898.
My dear Kantoul : —

I regret very much that I cannot avail myself
of your kind invitation to be present and take part in the celebration
of the jubilee of the Essex Institute on the 2nd of March. It turns

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXX 3

34 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

out just as I expected that an inevitable engagement in the Supreme
Court at Washington on that day will keep me away.

I well remember the foundation of the Essex Institute and its fee-
ble beginnings, and have watched with great pride and interest its
sure and steady progress to its present high position of influence for
good.

It is not only the pride of Salem and of Essex County, but is hon-
ored wherever its work is known. Its publications have been of
very great value, and I have particularly enjoyed its historical re-
searches which I hope may be continued with renewed vigor, for I am
satisfied that much remains yet unpublished of local history which
would be of great general interest.

Wishing you a most successful celebration, and prophesying a great
future for the Institute, I am

Most truly yours,

Joseph H. Choate.

President Rantoul alluded to the Peabody Academy of
Science as "our neighbor across the way," and said that
the two societies lived on such terms of unbroken amity,
of undisturbed harmony and mutual helpfulness, as almost
to presage the millennial era. He asked Acting Presi-
dent S. Endicott Peabody, who sat behind him, to respond
for the Academy, but that gentleman excused himself, and
Professor Edward S. Morse, the Curator of the Museum,
was presented.

Professor Morse said :

The Peabody Academy of Science, as custodian of the
natural history collections of the Essex Institute, has en-
deavored to present to the public a well-arranged, well-
labelled and well-lighted museum. The Institution
founded by George Peabody of London was specially
organized to diffuse knowledge not only in Essex County
but, as Mr. Peabody expressed it in his letter of trust,
" our common country as well." It is believed that a
public museum, open every day in the week and free to

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 35

all, furnishes intellectual pleasure and rational amusement
in a most graphic way.

Our museum is unique in that it combines not only a
collection of the animals and plants, rocks and minerals
and prehistoric relics of Essex County, but an epitome-
collection of the animals of the world. These are exhib-
ited in one great hall. In another hall are displayed the
weapons, utensils and handiwork of the nations of the
world. Among these are many objects of great rarity.
Since the opening of the museum in 1868 over one mill-
ion two hundred and fifty thousand visitors have passed
through its halls. Salem does not realize the importance
of its ethnological collections, which stand third in rank
in the United States at the present time.

The President then said :

Thirteen towns and cities of the County, — a round
dozen, — are now supporting local historical and scientific
societies of their own, and almost all of them recognize
their obligations to the Essex Institute as the parent
society of them all. It is fitting that these kindred
bodies should be heard from here, and I call upon the
President of the Danvers Historical Society, one of the
most vigorous of the brood, to speak for the affiliated
bodies of the County.

Dr. Putnam said :
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen :

Surely no one can catch sight of the stately and spa-
cious buildings of the Essex Institute so close at hand and
think of the vast and priceless collections which they hold
without a fresh feeling of gratitude and honor to the illus-
trious Dr. Wheatland for what he did to make the whole
the one crowning glory of the Salem of to-day ; nor, let
me add, without rejoicing that, under the direction of

36 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

his present very able, earnest and accomplished successor,
Mr. Rantoul, the work still goes on with unabated vigor,
and can hardly fail of the largest and most beneficent
results.

I have been asked to say a word for the numerous other
historical societies, which have been established from time
to time in as many of the towns of Essex County. Could
I be permitted to speak in their behalf, it were but just
to say how much they feel indebted to the Institute and
its honored presidents for the service which they have
also rendered in this more extended scene by awakening
or intensifying in us all a love and zeal for such pursuits
as have engaged you here for these fifty years. Stimu-
lated by your noble example and realizing that they had,
immediately around them, promising fields which they
might glean for their own special advantage and for the
public good, your neighbors have organized these local
societies here and there and are glad to believe that they
are thus enlarging the work and widening the influence of
the mother of them all.

These organizations, generally, have each their own
rooms or head-quarters, and have courses of interesting
and instructive lectures. They celebrate historic events.
They erect monuments in honor of departed heroes and
benefactors. They seek and collect, from far and near,
for safe keeping and profitable use, such memorials of the
past or objects of nature, as shall be suitable for such
institutions and shall best illustrate the manners and cus-
toms, the arts and industries, the thought and life, of
generations gone, and the facts and lessons of science and
of the world around us in our own time ; books and
pamphlets, diaries and journals, maps and charts, manu-
scripts and documents, autographs and letters ; coins,
scrip, seals, medals, badges and banners ; military
weapons and insignia; paintings, engravings, etchings,

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 37

silhouettes and photographs ; old-time articles of wear
and furniture ; relics and curios of great variety ; geolog-
ical, mineralogical, botanical and natural history speci-
mens, and whatever else may properly serve the end in
view.

And it were strange if some of these humbler local
societies were not able to gather, from the widely scattered
sons and daughters of their respective towns, many a
memento or prize of particular value to themselves, such
as the larger, central institution, in its vaster work, might
possibly miss. Treasures come back to us that might
else be lost. But whether they come from near or from
afar, all do good by kindling a new interest in the higher
things ; and it is especially gratifying and significant that
even the school children of the vicinity often come to see
and inquire, so that what they have learned in their regu-
lar daily studies may be made more vivid to their minds
by the object lessons they find. In numberless ways the
study of history is quickened and fostered, tastes are ele-
vated and ennobled, character is developed, and all are
somehow made to feel that man does not live by bread
alone, and that he does not bear the root, but the root him.

We congratulate the Essex Institute on the splendid
work it has done. There is no end to the good it may
yet do, — and with it, I would fain hope, the sister societies
of which I have spoken, — in restoring, as far as may be,
the picture of the New England of our fathers, and, in
adding, still, to the great sum of human knowledge. They
are all ornaments and blessings to the towns or cities
where they exist, promoting their intellectual, moral,
social and even business prosperity, by their presence,
activities and influence. You have heard of the excellent
and venerable Presbyterian clergyman, who, after a very
long pastorate, still held on to his thinning and wasting
congregation, until the price of real estate itself around

38 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

him began perceptibly to decline. The good deacons and
elders were at last prompted to action, explained to their
beloved minister the gloomy situation and could but sug-
gest to him the inevitable remedy. Said the dear old
man, with becoming gravity and evident sincerity, " I
came to you in the days of your prosperity, and I haven't
it in my heart to leave you in the time of your adversity."
Mr. Rantoul is not likely to be surprised with a visitation
like that, but will see to it well that the Institute shall in
more ways than one minister to the weal of the " City of
Peace " and the towns about it, and that the half-century
to come shall be still more glorious than that which we
commemorate to-day.

The President, in presenting the British Consul Gen-
eral, Sir Dominic E. Colnaghi, said :

Whatever differences of opinion or of feeling may
spring up, from time to time, between us and any given
administration of the British Government, and they are
wide and frequent, the ties that bind the British and
American peoples can never be broken. We are honored
to-day with the presence of Her Britannic Majesty's repre-
sentative at Boston and I take great pleasure in present-
ing to you the British Consul General, Sir Dominic Col-

The British Consul said :
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : —

It has been a great pleasure to me to come here to-day,
and I would take this opportunity of thanking the Presi-
dent and members of the Essex Institute for their cour-
teous invitation and for the hospitality so kindly extended
to me.

I will not deny that I feel somewhat abashed in address-
ing, even with a few words, so large and distinguished an

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 39

audience. Still, though I am personally unknown to
nearly all of you, and to most, indeed, the mere shadow
of a name, I cannot, as an Englishman, feel that I am a
stranger in New England.

With some new traits, brought about by change of cli-
mate, of association and of political conditions, I find here
that steady energy of character and devotion to duty, —
that love for home, for country and for freedom, — that
dignified calm in moments of acute political crisis, —
qualities which, I flatter myself, your ancestors brought as
their heritage from the old country, and which, I trust,
still flourish in their original home.

We are met together to celebrate the fiftieth anniver-
sary of the foundation of the Essex Institute, of whose
good work Salem is justly proud, but with regard to
which I can add nothing to what has been so eloquently
said by previous speakers ; I would only remark that
here again I find America vying with Great Britain in all
that relates to the advancement of science, of education, of
literature and art — of all, in short, that tends to promote
civilization in general and the welfare of our people in
particular.

And, it is gratifying that this movement is so strong in
Salem, which not only claims the interest of Englishmen
as the birthplace of Hawthorne, of Prescott and of other
distinguished men and women, but as the mother city of
Massachusetts with all her historic associations.

In England we have a County, not the only one, in
which the lasses are noted for their beauty and are called
the Lancashire witches. I had read, indeed, of Salem
witchcraft, but never came under its influence till to-day,
when the presence of her fair citizens, while enhancing
greatly the charm of the celebration, has contributed to
increase the confusion which a slow-tonomed Englishman
has felt in venturing to address you.

40 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

The Rev. William Orne White of Brookline was next
introduced as one who was here with a triple claim to be
heard, for he was not only the son of Judge Daniel
Appleton White, who was long the first President of the
Essex Institute and its greatest early promoter, but also
the son of that Judge Daniel Appleton White who was,
for as many years, the last President of the Essex His-
torical Society whose successor we are, and the first Pres-
ident of the Salem Lyceum, whose successor we are to be.

Mr. White replied :
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen :

The mention of that name compels me, first, to say that
for me to lose such a friend and inspirer has been impossi-
ble. Not even death can rob us of those that every pass-
ing year does but bury deeper and deeper in the heart.

When I recur to my earliest recollections of my father,
I see bookshelves to left of him, bookshelves to right of
him, and bookshelves above him, and yet at evening
I find him down in the parlor eagerly cutting the leaves
of some new volume belonging to the Athenaeum.

Well might such a man love the Essex Institute, as he
did, indeed, the whole county of Essex. Before the rail-
road days, it was a joy of my childhood to sit by him in
the chaise which took him to Lynn or Andover or Haver-
hill or Newburyport or Gloucester or Ipswich, in his
capacity of Judge of Probate.

Mr. President : it is always a pleasure to read the story
of your delightful field meetings. One such occasion I
recall thirty-two years ago next summer, when, in the old
church at Manchester, Congressman Butler and Chief
Justice Chase enchained the attention of their listeners,
— the one speaking on aerial navigation and a projected
phonograph with forty strings ; the other discoursing

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 41

about the then recent successful Laying of the Atlantic
telegraph ; and it was interesting to find that both of
them, from research and professional experience, were
able to add much to the zest of the occasion.6

As you may all readily imagine, countless faces of the
venerable and the beloved are flitting across my mind
to-day. There is one scene that so persistently repeats
itself, that I must try to make you stand by the side of
the boy of seven, as it rivets itself upon his mind.

It is the procession of friends, who, two by two, are
following seventy years ago next August, the honored
centenarian Dr. Edward Augustus Holyoke, from his
home, about midway between the Market and Central
street to the hotel on the opposite side of Essex street,
where those professional companions and others, from
Boston and elsewhere, will sit down with their revered
guest at a banquet in honor of his one hundredth birth-
day. It is over a gulf of one hundred and seventy years
that we now glance backward to Dr. Holyoke's birth, a
date preceding by more than three years the birth of
Washington.7

My friends : as I listened to your President to-day, I
thought, "how interesting it is to note, as they move for-
ward, and all keep in line, the onward march of succes-
sive generations." The grandfather of your President,
Robert by name, I vividly recall ; a man of impressive
presence and of marked influence. Then came the son,
that second Robert, who counted not the cost, but threw
himself boldly, as a statesman, into the intellectual con-
flict which preceded, by long years, that national triumph
which he was not spared to see. And now, here is the
grandson keeping step in his turn, as he gives his mind to

• See Proceedings, Vol. v, pp. 60-61.

7 See Historical Collections, Vol. xxxii, pp. 117-122.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXX 3*

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

the public welfare ; and there are others of the race,:
ready, we doubt not, to take up the line of march in a
kindred spirit.

Among the figures of the past that continue to rise
before me, I discern Jones Very, the modest, retiring
poet, who, as Greek tutor at Cambridge, in his walks with
one and another of us Freshmen, strengthened our best
aspirations, and drew, in later life, from such a man as the
late William Goodwin Russell, the leading advocate in
Boston, a heartfelt tribute to the value of a close personal

intercourse with such a man as
Jones Very at the forming period
of one's life.

Time and again have I heard
my father express, in glowing
terms, his sense of the inestimable
value to the Institute of the ser-
vices of the late Dr. Henry Wheat-
land.

And now let us hear Eeverend
Charles T. Brooks (whose schol-
arly face always retained the sweet ingenuousness of
childhood).

I speak for himself in the closing lines of the Ode for
the Dedication of Plummer Hall, which (after alluding to
Salem as the " City of Peace ") continues :

"God of Peace, the city keep !

Guarded well by watchmen three !
Sentinels that never sleep,

Learning, Faith, and Liberty.

Mo]yol\e Chair

The President here alluded to the ancient chair that he
was using, as associated with Dr. Holyoke. It was an
Elizabethan arm chair presented to the Historical Society
at its initial meeting in 1821, and then two centuries oldr

THE FIKST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE.

and used by Dr. Holyoke in presiding. It was brought
to Ipswich in 1634. There was also on the stage a finely
inlaid table brought from Japan in 1799, in the ship
"Franklin," by Captain Devereux of Salem, who com-
manded her, — the first American vessel that traded with
Japan.8

The President then presented the Hon. Stephen Salis-
bury of Worcester as the President of a greater society
than ours, pursuing kindred aims, but which had a con-
tinent for its field instead of a county.

President Salisbury of the American Antiquarian Soci-
ety spoke as follows : —

Mr. President :

I bring1 cordial Greetings and felicitations from the
American Antiquarian Society to its younger sister. The
Society that I represent has its
library of 100,000 volumes, its
collections of paintings, statuary,
manuscripts, coins, relics and In-
dian implements, in its Halls at
Worcester, and was founded by
Isaiah Thomas in 1812, thirty-six
years before your Society, and
yet we have every reason to be
grateful to Salem, for we possess
the major part of the Dr. William
Bentley Library.9 For this we

are indebted to his friendship for Dr. Thomas, and by his
bequest we have become possessed of Dr. Bentley's Ger-
man library, pictures, manuscripts and books relating to

8 For an account of the Holyoke Chair see Bulletin, Vol. IV, pp. 25-6 and 133-4.
Also Historical Collections, Vol. xxxil, p. 120, and Essex Register for Sept. 22,
1828, 1st page, 2nd column.

9 See Historical Collections, Vol. xxxn, pp. 101-2.

Berkley

44 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

America. The books are now collected in an alcove,
which bears Dr. Bentley's name. We have the publica-
tions of the Essex Institute upon our shelves, another
cause of gratitude to Salem.

Our objects are in many respects similar to yours in the
collection and preservation of early Americana, of which
we have a large store, and in the promotion of historical
and literary enquiry, and in the investigation of archseo-
logical questions relating especially to this Continent.
Our publications consist of the proceedings of stated
meetings and the editing of manuscripts of which we are
the custodians.

Among our local societies in Worcester we have two
to which I belong and both of them have received much
benefit from studying the system you have pursued and
I believe have copied some of your methods. The Wor-
cester Society of Antiquity has a building erected for its
purposes, containing a hall for its meetings seating three
hundred persons, a library of ten thousand volumes, and
a museum of local historical curiosities and paintings.
The building is open to the public every week day after-
noon, and stated meetings are held every month at which
essays are read and courses of lectures are given each
winter by eminent men. Once or twice each year the
Society visits localities of historic interest. The pro-
ceedings of the Society are issued in print and have now
reached their fourteenth volume.

The Worcester Natural History Society is another
organization which owns the building that it occupies
and has classes in the different departments of Natural
Science. In former years it has held field-meetings
following largely the plan you have so successfully inaug-
urated.

Not alone are societies benefited by the habit of inves-

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 45

tigation, which they encourage by bringing students in
contact with objects to be studied, thus creating the
object-lesson system, but our higher institutions of learn-
ing are now adopting that method in teaching how to
pursue special investigations, which perhaps were first
suggested by laboratory work in Institutes like yours.

After seeing the great value of the library and collec-
tions you possess, which show the richness of the field
from which it has been drawn, that in early colonial times
was hardly second to any part of the seaboard of Massa-
chusetts and left the interior of the state entirely behind,
it cannot be doubted that the same protecting care of
interested co-laborers that has provided these collections
will secure ample quarters for future development.

The President then presented Rev. George Batchelor
of the Christian Register, as once of Salem, and the writer
of one of the best chapters of condensed Salem history
that has ever been printed.

Response of Rev. George Batchelor.
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen :

I recognize the fact that not one-half of the gentlemen
upon this platform have yet spoken, and I know they
are all prepared to say something in honor of the Essex
Institute. There is only time, therefore, for me to bring
you my greeting and congratulation.

In regard to that historical sketch to which you have
so kindly referred, I said to a friend this morning that 1
considered it my foremost literary achievement. It gave
me great pleasure to be asked by the sons of Salem to
contribute such an important chapter to the history of
this ancient town. I regarded it as an act giving me the
freedom of the city and making me an adopted son of
Salem. You do not allow strangers to deal with your

46* BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

antiquities and handle your precious heirlooms. When
my sketch was completed I sent it to the antiquarians of
Salem for criticism, to Dr. Wheatland, Messrs. Waters,
Rantoul and Upham. I expected to have it returned to me
in tatters. I was delighted to find it in such condition
that it could still be printed. Mr. Upham expressed his
surprise that i had been able to get so thoroughly into the
atmosphere of Salem. My reply was, that one who had
lived sixteen years in Salem, and loved it as I did, must
carry with him something of the atmosphere of the place.
As a reward of merit Mr. Upham presented to me for
my sketch one of his discoveries concerning the contro-
versy between the cottagers and commoners of Old Salem.
Probably he and I were the only two persons in the
United States who understood that question.

I most heartily second the appeal of your President and
the President of the University for a larger endowment
and a full display of the historical and literary treasures
in the Essex Institute. I do this partly for a personal
reason, namely, to vindicate my reputation as a truth
teller. I have travelled in all parts of the union ; I have
visited state universities, laboratories and museums, and
whenever, in answer to the boasting of some institution
which had nothing to show in comparison with your
treasures, I have begun to speak of these things in Salem,
a look of incredulity has stolen over the faces of my
hearers, and a polite but increasing reserve indicated the
belief that I was exaggerating. The presence of our
English friend, Sir Dominic Conaghi, suggests a similar
experience by way of illustration. I was travelling in
Switzerland with an Englishman who dilated upon the
habit of exaggeration common to Americans. I asked
for a sample. " Oh !" he said, " they tell big stories about
everything ; the size of their farms, for instance." "Well,"

THE FJRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 47

I replied, "there are some big farms in the United States.
For instance, on the Pacific coast there are wheat farms
that it would take a span of horses a week to draw a
furrow around." That is a simple fact, but the English-
man, greatly amused, threw himself back, saying " That
is the biggest lie yet." There is another reason. With-
in ten years half a million visitors have registered at the
Peabody Academy of Science. In the century to come
that number will be greatly increased. All over the
country new attention is being paid to the antiquities, to
the old families, the old names, the old relics, the old
historic spots, and whatever the newspapers may say to
the contrary, it is true that there are in all parts of the
country Americans who look with love and reverence
towards the homes of their ancestors, and what they con-
sider the shrines of the national life.

This celebration is unique. In no other city of this
size in the country could such an assemblage be gathered
with such a purpose, with such substantial reasons for
congratulation. But, Mr. President, you see I am tempted
to trespass beyond my limit. Were I to make an oration
instead of a speech, I should say that, in the forty years
before the building of our railroads, Salem was foremost
among the towns and cities of America in four different
ways (not to claim too much). She led in war, as the
records of her naval experience attest. She led in com-
merce, as all the world knows. She led also in literature
and in religion. Just one sample fact of the scores which
might be cited. Salem represented the two great divis-
ions of Congregationalism to such an extent that she
may fairly be credited with leadership. The Theological
School at Andover came out of Salem, as did also the
Plummer professorship of morals in Harvard University.
I have long wished that 1 might devote myself to the

48 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

history of Salem, but I have been a busy man and many
other things have claimed my attention and made impos-
sible what would be for me a task of the most agreeable
description.

The President said :

You will all agree with me that this commemoration
would be incomplete without a word of respectful tribute
to the memory of Henry Wheatland, and I know of no
one better fitted, in his training and career, to pronounce
that word, than the President of the American Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science, a Salem boy, an
early associate of the Institute, grown up under the tute-
lage of Doctor Wheatland himself. May I ask Professor
Putnam to say a word in memory of Doctor Wheatland?

Professor Frederick Ward Putnam spoke in substance as
follows :

He said he had attended the twenty-fifth anniversary of
the Essex Institute and had then promised himself that,
if he lived, he would attend the fiftieth.

He had been early on intimate terms with Doctor
Wheatland, who had for some reason taken a very special
and active interest in his development. He became when
a mere boy a member of the Institute. It was then but
seven or eight years old. Under its influence and guid-
ance he developed those tastes for natural science and for
critical observation which had shaped his life.

He could not fail to pay his tribute, humble though it
be, to Doctor Wheatland. The dear old Doctor, ever
busy for the good of others, had befriended and encour-
aged him in his special pursuit — the study of the bird,
fish and reptile life of Essex County — and it should he
especially known and remembered that Doctor Wheatland

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 49

was the first person in America to dredge the sea and
study the sea-fauna of this region. Professor Putnam
described the rude appliances with which this result was
accomplished.

He said that the importance of such an institution as
Doctor Wheatland had created, to the country at large,
and especially to young naturalists, could not be over-
stated. Its plans and methods were widely copied, and he
watched the development of Doctor Wheatland's schemes
with as great enthusiasm, now that he was no longer
actively engaged in them, as he did in earlier years when
his own success in life almost depended upon them.

He gave several instances of the singular and character-
istic methods adopted by Doctor Wheatland, to procure
the funds required. Once the speaker was publishing a
work describing every species of bird in Essex County.
When the last bird was ready to be mounted for descrip-
tion, the money was lacking, and Professor Putnam com-
plained to the Doctor that the specimen would perish.
Ten dollars was the sum required at that crisis, and there
was no money for that or any other purpose. Doctor
Wheatland, after a moment's thought, said, "Fred, we
must secure more members, and stuff the specimen out
of their admittance fees." And out into the street he
went and secured enough members to meet the deficit.

It seems impossible, said the speaker, to be present
at a meeting of the Institute and not to believe that
Doctor Wheatland is with us still. And Mr. Hunt also,
who had in so great a measure taken up the self-imposed
task of the Doctor and carried it on until he too has left
to others the continuation of the work. I should indeed
be recreant, said Professor Putnam, if I were present at
the fiftieth anniversary of the Institute and failed to re-
spond to the call for a word of tribute to its noble dead.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXX 4

50 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Three other gentlemen were present who had accepted
invitations to "contribute a few words to the speaking of the
afternoon," and it was an unpleasant necessity that deprived
the audience of an opportunity to hear them.

But the ladies had spread tables on each floor of Plum-
mer Hall and were awaiting their guests since half-past
four, and as it was considerably beyond that hour, the
large assembly adjourned to the next building, where a
social cup of tea was shared by the friends of the Institute,
amidst general congratulations upon the hopeful outlook
with which the Society enters upon its second fifty years.
The two floors of Plummer Hall were brilliantly illumi-
nated, for the first time, with powerful arc lights, and the
noble upper hall was festooned with greenery also. These
rooms, when filled with guests and set off with the ele-
gantly appointed tables and tastefully varied costumes of
the ladies, made a charming picture.

SOME LETTERS RECEIVED.

Mr. Robert D. Andrews begs to thank the Secretary of the Essex
Institute for the courtesy of his invitation to be present at its celebra-
tion on March 2d, and sincerely regrets his inability to be present at
that time.
Boston, Feb. 9, 1898.

16 Fairfield Street.
Boston.
Mr. John T. Morse, Jr., accepts with pleasure the polite invitation
to be present at the celebration of the Essex Institute on March 2, 1898.
Feb. 9, 1898.

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 51

Dear Sir :—

It was very kind of the Essex Institute to invite me to
their celebration on March 2d. I regret that I am quite unable to avail
of the courtesy.

Yours truly,

Henry Lee.
Brookline,

Feb. 9, 1898. .

Massachusetts Historical Society,
Feb. 10, 1898.
Dear Sir : —

I wish to acknowledge the receipt of your kind invi-
tation to attend the celebration of the Essex Institute at Salem, on
March 2, but other engagements will prevent my acceptance. Thank-
ing you for your courtesy in the matter, I am

Very truly yours,

Samuel A. Green.

The Librarian of the Boston Athenaeum thanks the Essex Institute
for its invitation and hopes to be present at the celebration of the
fiftieth anniversary of its founding.

Boston Athenaeum,

Feb. 10, 1898.

Phillips Academy,

Andover, Mass.,

Feb. 10, 1898.
Henry M. Brooks, Secretary,
Essex Institute, Salem, Mass.

Dear Sir : —

I have the polite invitation for your celebration,
2d March, and shall hope to be present, with Prof. Wm. B. Graves,
representing the Phillips Academy at Andover, and its library.

Very respectfully,

Cecil F. P. Bancroft,

Principal

52 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Ben J. C. Clark,
55 Kilby Street,
P. O. Box 2,682. Boston, Feb. 10, 1898.

Mk. Henry M. Brooks,

Secretary of the Essex Institute, Salem.
My dear Sir : —

It gives me great pleasure to accept the courteous
invitation of the Essex Institute for March 2d, personally, as also that
addressed to the President of the Bostonian Society for the same
occasion.

Mr. Curtis Guild, the President of the Bostonian Society is, I regret
to say, confined at home by an illness which gives no hope that he
will be able to attend your meeting, and I am endeavoring to perform
his duties by the partiality of the Board of Directors.

Sincerely yours,

Benjamin C. Clark.

217 Commonwealth Avenue.
Mr. Uriel H. Crocker thanks the Essex Institute for its invitation
to be present at the celebration of its fiftieth anniversary but regrets
exceedingly that he shall be unable to attend on that occasion.

Feb. 10, 1898.

Charles Frederick Smith's thanks to the Essex Institute for its
invitation to the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of its founding.

On account of illness, he will be compelled reluctantly to decline
the invitation.
Boston, Feb. 10, 1898.

Newbury, Fkb. 10, 1898.
Henry M. Brooks, Secretary, Essex Institute.

Dear Sir: —

Very sincere thanks for your kind invitation for
March 2d. We, Mrs. L. and myself (presuming she is included), accept

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 53

with pleasure, and doubt not that the occasion will be to us both a
pleasure and a profit.

Very respectfully,

William Little,
President of the'Old Newbury Historical Society.

28 East 36th Street.

New York.

Feb'y 10, 1808.
Mr. D. F. Appleton begs to acknowledge the honor of an invitation
to joiu in the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the founding
of the Essex Institute, which he very much regrets that he is unable
to accept.

To Hknky M. Brooks, Esq.,
Secretary.

Union Club.

Boston.

Feb'y 10, 1898.
Dear Sir: —

I regret that my immediate departure for Europe will
prevent my acceptance of the kind invitation to attend the fiftieth
anniversary of the founding of the Essex Institute on March 2d.

I am very truly yours,

Henry K. Oliver. M.D.

Florence, Feb. 10, 1898.
Hon. Robert S. Rantoul,

President of the Essex Institute.
Dear Sir : —

I am very glad to hear that the Essex Institute is to
celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of its organization.

We natives of Salem of course are deeply interested in the history
of the old town and its sons and daughters should help to make its
coming celebration an occasion of the greatest success.

I am in the habit of speaking of our County to strangers as the
Mother of Counties. We would not, in the least, detract from the
high regard in which Suffolk, Plymouth and Middlesex Counties are

54 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

looked upon, but it seems to me that old Essex, when we consider its
early religious, commercial, manufacturing, agricultural and social
development, and also bear in mind that it was the birthplace of
Rufus Putnam, Nathan Dane and Manasseh Cutler, the pioneers in the
settlement of the great West, is well deserving of the title of the
Mother of Counties.

All the towns of the County should help each other in treasuring,
most carefully, everything related to their rich history of two cen-
turies and a half.

I was greatly grieved to hear of the sudden death of my friend Mr.
Hunt, who, next to Doctor Wheatland, it seems to me has done for
the Essex Institute more, in a disinterested way, than any other per-
son. Let us try to carry out some of the plans which we know he
had formulated for enlarging and extending its usefulness.

Many of the members of the Institute know that we are greatly in
need of more room to display our valuable collections, and it is to be
hoped we may be able to raise a sufficient fund to enable us to begin
soon to extend the building in the rear by erecting fireproof annexes.

I feel quite sure that many valuable treasures would be given to the
Institute,— valuable and of great interest not only to our own people
but to the many strangers constantly flocking to the rooms to acquaint
themselves with the many objects of unique historic interest,— if the
donors could feel sure that these things would be constantly on exhi-
bition and be entirely safe from loss by fire. Sooner or later I expect
to give my valuable collection of coins to the society and these, with
the considerable addition of our own accumulations, would make, at
the start, quite a respectable display in what might be called the coin
room. Then we need a room devoted entirely to old family portraits,
and Salem is very rich in this direction. Another room might be set
apart to the exhibit of rare historical documents and autographs.
Another to old silver, jewelry, miniatures, seals, rings, etc. Still
another to old glass and china which has graced, in the olden time,
many of the houses of the colonial and commercial periods. I think
we should soon fill our newly built fire-proof extension with the con-
siderable collections which we have already, stored away and out of
sight for want of room, increased by the treasures which are sure to
come from many people, as soon as the beneficiaries can be shown that
they shall have a safe and fitting habitation.

Let a committee be appointed to prepare a circular, to be sent out
not only to all of the members but to many others, including natives of
the town scattered all over the country, who are rich In this world's
goods and would, I feel sure, in many cases contribute generously to
a fund to be devoted to enlarging our society's building.

Sincerely yours,

Francis H. Lee.

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 55

Boston, Mass., Feb. 10, 1898.
Dear Sir : —

I thank you for the compliment — but it will.be impos-
sible for me to attend at the Essex Institute Anniversary.

Resp. yrs.,

Wm. I. Bowditch.

Gloucester, Mass., Feb. 10, 1898.
To the Sec'ry Essex Inst.
Sir :—

Your kind invitation to attend the fiftieth anniversary rec'd.
I shall try to do myself the honor of being present on that occasion,
although there is a possibility of my professional duties preventing
the fulfilment of my desires.

Yours very respt'y,

T. CONANT.

Pres. Cape Ann Sci. & Lit. Ass'n.
Henry M. Brooks, Esq.,

Sec'y Essex Inst.

Dr. W. Z. Ripley regrets very much his inability to attend the
fiftieth anniversary of the Essex Institute. An engagement in New
York will preclude his acceptance of the kind hospitality extended.
Boston, Feb. 11, 1898.

House of Representative, U. S.
Washington, D. C, Feb. 11, 1898.
My dear Sir: —

May I be permitted informally to reply to your
formal invitation to attend the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of
the Essex Institute? I wish very much that I could be present, but
my duties here will prevent it.

Yours very truly,

W. H. Moody.

56 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Cambridge, Feb. 11, 1898.
My dear Sir: —

I accept the very kind invitation of the Essex In-
stitute to be present at their fiftieth anniversary with great pleasure.

Very truly,

John Trowbridge.
Henry M. Brooks, Esq.,

Secretary.

Ames Building.

Boston, Mass., Feb. 11, 1898.
Henry M. Brooks, Esq., Secretary,
Salem, Mass.
Dear Sir : —

I thank you for your kind invitation to attend the
fiftieth anniversary of the Essex Institute, but I am afraid that it will
be impossible for me to be present. 1 am

Very truly yours,

T. Jefferson Coolidge.

Brookline, Mass.,

Feb. 11, 1898.
My dear Mr. Brooks : —

A septuagenarian cannot count very long ahead upon health and
strength for any hoped-for pleasure at a fixed date. But as you have
arranged for the afternoon of March 2d rather than the evening, I can
only hope that nothing unforeseen may deprive me of the pleasure,
upon the fiftieth anniversary of the Essex Institute, of being present.

Most truly yours,

William Orne White.

299 Berkeley Street.
Mrs. John C. Phillips regrets extremely that she is unable to accept
the kind invitation of the Essex Institute for March second.
February eleventh.

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 57

Washington, D. C, Feb. 11, 1898.

Mr. Justice Gray regrets that official engagements put it out of his

power to accept the courteous invitation of the Essex Institute to

attend the fiftieth anniversary of its founding on the second of

March next.

Dear Sir : —

I am obliged for the very kind invitation to the fiftieth
anniversary of the Essex Institute March 2d, but 1 have an engage-
ment for that day that will prevent my acceptance.

Yours truly,

Arthur T. Lyman.
Fkb'y 11, 1898.

Tufts College, Mass., Feby. 11.
Dear Mr. Brooks : —

I now expect to attend the exercises in cele-
bration of the semi-centennial of the Essex Institute on March 2.
Thanking you for the courtesy of the invitation

I am

Yours truly

J. S. KlNGSLEY.

Dear Sir : —

I am in receipt of your kind invitation to be present
at the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Essex Institute.

It would give me great pleasure to attend but the increasing infirm-
ities of age compel me to decline.

With my best wishes that the second half-century of your society
may be as prosperous as the last, I remain,

Yours sincerely,

William Endicott.
Beverly, Feb'y 11, 1898.

Tufts College, February 11, 1898.
An engagement to be at Cornell University on the 1st of March will
prevent me, very much to my regret, from joining you in the celebra-

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXX 4*

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

tion of the fiftieth anniversary of the Essex Institute. The high
character of the work it has done deserves commendation.

Very truly yours,

E. H. Capen.

Dr. Richard H. Dkrby has the honor of accepting the polite invi-
tation of the Essex Institute for March 2d, 1898.

New York, 9 West 35th St., Feb. 12, 1898.

Amos P. Tapley & Co.

Boston, Feb. 12, 1898.
Henry M. Brooks, Esq., Secretary.
Dear Sir : —

Your favor regarding the celebration of the fiftieth
anniversary is at hand; will you kindly favor me with everything in
the way of tickets or documents to which I am entitled, as I certainly
expect to use the same.

Yours truly,

Henry F. Tapley.

Feb. 12, '98.

13 Appian Way
Cambridge, Mass.
I should be glad to be present on March 2d, at the celebration of the
fiftieth anniversary of the Essex Institute which society has done so
much for the increase of knowledge and interest in Natural History
in this state and done that so well too, but my regular school duties
will not allow it.

With many thanks for your polite invitation,

Truly yours,

Joshua Kendall.

To Henry M. Brooks,
Sec'v.

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 59

Melrose, Mass.,

Feb. 13, 1898.
Dear Henry: —

Many thanks for the card of invitation to the
fiftieth anniversary of the good old Institute. Be assured that, unless
prevented by some imperative professional duty, I shall attend.

Sincerely yours,

Edwin C. Bolles.

9 Massachusetts Avenue.
Mrs. Clement Waters accepts her invitation to attend the anni-
versary of the founding of the Essex Institute, on March second, with
pleasure, and appreciates the courtesy thus shown her, and is much
interested in the occasion.
February 13, 1898.

Columbia University
In the City of New York.
President's Room, Feb. 14, 1898.
My dear Mr. Rantoul : —

I wish it were possible for me to attend the
semi-centennial of the Essex Institute on the 2nd of next month.
Unfortunately, my duties are such as to make it seem improbable that
I shall be able to be away from New York at that time.
Thanking you for your cordial tender of hospitality,
I am, with kind regards,

Yours sincerely,

Seth Low.
Hon. Robert S. Rantoul,
Essex Institute,

Salem, Mass.

The President and Librarian of Bradford Academy accept with
pleasure the kind invitation of the Essex Institute for March second.
With sincerest congratulations to the Institute upon its approach-
ing anniversary,

Very cordially,

Helen L. Cram.
Bradford Academy {Librarian).

February fifteenth.

60 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Boston, Tremont Building.
Feb. 15, 1898.
Henry M. Brooks, Esq.

Secretary, Essex Institute.
My dear Sir : —

It gives to Mr. Bingham, the librarian of the Man-
chester Library, and myself much pleasure to accept the kind invita-
tion of the Essex Institute to be present at its fiftieth anniversary
exercises on March second.

With thanks from us both for the courtesy,

Very truly yours,

Roland C. Lincoln,
Chairman of Trustees of Manchester, Mass., Public Library.

Florence, Feb. 15th, 1898.
Honorable R. S. Rantoul,

President of the Essex Institute,
Salem,

Dear Sir,

I am glad to know that the Essex Institute is to
have a celebration of its 50th year.

Salem is the Mecca of the West. No town has such a varied
interest. No county has produced such men. The Past is as needful
to man as the Future. The Past refines. We go to Europe to see it.
The West comes here. Lying back on its fortunes & its history it
reproduces Europe in America.

Its repose, out of the vortex of materialism & recency which devours
& sterilizes the country, gives it what Emerson called security of
manners & tastes invaluable to a new land. Where all is money let us
have some mind & memory & associations. Violently new as is the
interior let us show on the seacoast what we do, what we have clone
with our opportunities. The world comes here, & will for endless
time where Hawthorne & the men who made Essex County lived. It
is a fortune to the town. It is an education to America.
I am with great respect, your friend,

Edward A. Silsbee.

Boston Public Library,
Librarian's Office, Feb'y 15, 1898.
Mr. Herbert Putnam, Librarian of the Boston Public Library, begs
to congratulate the Essex Institute on the achievement of its fiftieth

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 61

anniversary, and regrets that it is impossible for him to be present at
the celebration of that occasion.

Henry M. Brooks, Esq.,

Secretary, Essex Institute ,
Salem, Mass.

Salem, Feb'y 15, '98.
Dear Sir : —

It is with sincere regret that I feel obliged to decline
the invitation your courtesy has extended to me to be present at the
attractive celebration of the Essex Institute's fiftieth anniversary.
It would be a rare treat to me. However I shall try to enjoy it in
imagination, and shall hope for the pleasure of seeing a good report
of it. May it be an occasion of great pleasure and interest to the
members and guests. With the best wishes for the Essex Institute
in all its objects, purposes and services, I beg you, Sir, to accept the
thanks of

Marguerite Dalrymple.

131 Vernon Strkkt,
Newton,
Feb. 15.
My dear Mr. Brooks : —

I have received the " Post Card" in regard
to the fiftieth anniversary of the Essex Institute and should be very
glad to have you save a ticket for Mrs. Stone and me. We are not
now members of the Institute, but we are still much interested in its
good work and we look back with much pleasure to the old Salem
days and the meetings, excursions and exhibitions in which we took a
more or less prominent part.
With kindest remembrances from both of us

I am

Very truly yours,

Lincoln R. Stone.

Henry M. Brooks, Esq.

Secretary Essex Institute.

1113 Sixteenth Street

Washington, D. C.

February sixteenth.
Mrs. Spofford thanks the Essex Institute for the kind invitation for
March second, and regrets that absence from home makes it impossible
to accept.

62 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Nahant, Mass.

February 16, 1898.
H. M. Brooks, Secretary,

The Essex Institute.
Dk.ar Sir: —

The Executive and Librarian of the Nahant Public
Library regret previous engagements for the afternoon of March 2,
1898. Possibly the Executive may be able to get in to the speaking at
2. 30 but would have to take the 3.30 train (Boston at 3.30) East.
Thanking you, we are

Respectfully,

The Nahant Public Library.
Fhed A. Wilson,

Executive.

Botanical Museum of Harvard University,

Feb. 17, 1898.
Dear Mr. Brooks : —

I have delayed answering the kind invitation to the Essex
Institute celebration on the 2nd of March, hoping that I might be
able to arrange matters here so that I could attend. It now seems
unlikely that I can get away from Cambridge on that date, but if I
can I shall go. Anyhow I send my best wishes.

Yours faithfully,

George Lincoln Goodale.

Salem Normal School,

Salem, Massachusetts.
Mr. Walter P. Beckwith accepts with great pleasure the invitation
of the Essex Institute to the semi-centennial exercises at Academy
Hall and Plummer Hall on the afternoon of March 2d prox.
February the seventeenth 1898.

Harvard College Observatory,
Cambridge, Mass.
Mr. Edward C. Pickering regrets very much that he will be unable
to be present at the fiftieth anniversary of the Essex Institute, on
account of official duties. Mr. Pickering sends his cordial congratu-
lations.

February 18.

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. bo

New England Historic-Genealogical Society,

18 Somerset Street, Boston, Feb. 18, 1898.
My dear Sir : —

I have been in the habit of following with large
interest, founded on a conception of mutual aims and objects, what-
ever your excellent society has done for the preservation of historic
record, family history and personal careers, honorable to Essex
County. You have accomplished great things ; and every historical
student owes you a debt of gratitude.

It is with sincere regret, therefore, that I find myself obliged to
decline your courteous invitation of the 10th instant, inasmuch as
the stated meeting, in March, of this society, occurs on the day se-
lected for your celebration.
With sentiments of respect, I have the honor to remain,

Your ob't servant,

George A.. Gordon,
Recording Secretary.

Salem, Feb. 18, 1898.
Many thanks for remembering me with a ticket to your entertain-
ment. I regret my inability to attend but I wish you all success.

Yours, etc. etc.

Isaiah Nichols.

Mr. Henry Pickering thanks the Essex Institute for their kind
invitation and requests the favor of a ticket to the commemorative
exercises on March 2d.

1 Otis Place,
Feb. 18, 1898. Boston.

40 Wall Street, New York, Feb. 19, 1898.
Dear Mr. Brooks : —

I am afraid I shall be unable to attend the Essex Insti-
tute celebration on the 2d of March, and therefore in compliance with
the terms of your notice I return the ticket with regret.

I hope the occasion will be successful and add to the already great
distinction of that most worthy society.

Very truly yours,

Wm. G. Choate.

64 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

13 Doane Street.

Boston,

February 19, 1898.
Essex Institute,

Henry M. Brooks, Esq., Secretary,
Salem, Mass.
Dear Sir : —

I regret that it is not in my power to accept your
polite invitation for March 2d, and with grateful acknowledgments of
the honor you do me, I remain,

Most respectfully yours,

John C. Palfrey.

Mr. Henry M. Brooks :

Secretary of the Essex Institute.

Washington, Feb. 19, 1898.
Dear Sir : —

I much regret that it will not be possible for me to
participate in the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the foun-
dation of the Essex Institute.

I desire, however, to unite with others in expressing my profound
appreciation of the valuable services which the Institute has rendered
to science and letters, during the last half century, and to send you
my thanks for the honor it has conferred upon me in its invitation to
take part in the exercises.

Very respectfully yours,

J. Walter Fewkes.

5 E. 17th St., New York City,
19th Feb'y, 1898.
My dear Sir : —

I am very sorry that it will be impossible to attend
the anniversary meeting of the Essex Institute, owing to my duties
here, and I should be very glad if some other officer of the Beverly
Historical Society were invited to represent us in my stead.
I remain, with best wishes for the good of the Institute,

Very truly yours,

G. E. Woodberrv.

President, Beverly Historical Society.
Henry M. Brooks, Esq.

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 65

Plymouth,
20 February.
My dear Sir : —

I beg to acknowledge the receipt of the courteous
invitation of the Essex Institute to the President of the Pilgrim
Society to be present at the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of
the Institute on March 2d, 1898. It will give me great pleasure to ac-
cept that invitation, and with thanks for the courtesy extended to the
Pilgrim Society and myself, I am

Very truly yours,
Henry M. Brooks, Esq., Arthur Lord.

Secretary.

Hotel Biscayne,

Miami, Biscayne Bay,
Florida, Feb'y 20, 1898.
My dear Sir : —

Indeed I would like to be with you on your fiftieth
anniversary of the Essex Institute, and to compliment that body on
the success that has attended their intelligent and untiring labors in
the development of the history of Essex County. No County in this
or any other state can parallel the efforts of this Institute in its
chosen walks, and in no scant measure should gratitude be felt towards
its successive boards of able and faithful officers. Your library will
remain a monument, and your historical collections a golden mine for
historians, antiquarians and genealogists. One cannot realize by
mere verbal phrases the excellence of your collections ; one must have
gleaned and mined in them for facts, to realize the rich results of
your fifty years of labor.

I regret that my physician does not confirm the wish of my heart
to join in the feast of reason and flow of soul that will be opened at
your meeting, but my sympathies and the cooperation of the heart
are with you.

Very truly yours,

Chas. Levi Woodbury.
Hon. Robert S. Rantoul,
President Essex Institute,
Salem, Mass.

Dear Mr. Brooks : —

Thank you for your invitation to the Essex

Institute anniversary celebration. If here, I shall be glad to come.

Yours truly,
Feb. 20, 1898. H. L. Higginson.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL XXX 5

66 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

220 Penn'a Ave., Aurora, III.,

Monday, Feb. 21, 1898.
Henry M. Brooks, Esq.,

Secretary, Essex Institute,
Salem, Mass.
Dear Sir : —

The card of invitation to be present on March 2d was
received on Saturday p. m. 19th. I should like to be there, but it will
not be convenient, so I return the card as requested.

Next Monday, 28th inst., will be my birthday, and I shall then be
eighty -two years old.

Yours truly,

Edward S. L. Richardson.

John Noble accepts with great pleasure the invitation of the Essex
Institute for March 2d.

Boston, Feb. 21, 1898.
Court House,

pkmberton square;

Bradford Library,
Feb. 22, 1898.
Mr. Henry M. Brooks.

Dear Sir :

I wish to thank you most cordially for your
kind invitation to be present at the fiftieth anniversary of the Essex
Institute and regret that it is impossible for me to accept it. I know
I should enjoy it very much.

Yours respectfully,

Kate E. Johnson,
Librarian.

The President of the Faculty of Andover Theological; Seminary re-
grets that he is unable to accept the invitation^of the Essex Institute
to be present at the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary, on March
the second.
Andover, February the twenty-third.

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 67

Newton Centre,

Feb. 23, 1898.
Mr. Henry M. Brooks,
Secretary.
Dear Sir : —

I thank you for your courteous invitation to the
half-century commemoration of the Essex Institute. But at this season
of the year my regular duties demand what time and strength are
at my command. Hoping the occasion will be full of interest to all
concerned, I am, dear sir,

Yours very sincerely,

Alvah Hovey.

Homestead,

No. Andover, Mass.
Henry M. Brooks, Esq. ,
Secretary of the Essex Institute,

Salem.
Dear Sir : —

I duly received, through you, the courteous invitation
of the Essex Institute to attend the ceremonies of the fiftieth anni-
versary of its foundation. Circumstances beyond my control compel
me to decline the invitation so pleasantly tendered. With thanks and
kindest good wishes,

Very sincerely yours,

Wm. J. Dale.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
No. 101 Tremont Street,

Boston, Feb. 23, 1898.
Dear Sir : —

Your card of invitation to attend the celebration of
the fiftieth anniversary of the Essex Institute was duly received, as
was also a ticket of admission to Academy Hall and Plummer Hall.
The occasion will be of much interest to me, not only as the Secretary
of a Society kindred to one of the departments of the Institute, but
as even present at the meeting when the Institute was organized.
I thank you for the invitation and, health and strength permitting,

hope to attend.

Yours truly,

Robert Manning,

Secretary M.H.S.

68 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

1 University Place.
New York,

Feb. 23, 1898.
Henry M. Brooks, Esq., Secretary.
My dear Sir : —

I regret extremely that business engagements pre-
vent my accepting the very courteous invitation of the Essex Institute
for March 2d, for which I tender hearty thanks.

Yours very truly,

Edward King.

Trinity College,

Hartford, Conn., Feb. 24, 1898.
Dear Sir : —

I regret that my engagements will not permit me to
be present at the half-century commemoration of the founding of
the Essex Institute on the second of March.

I beg you to accept my thanks for the invitation, as it would have
oeen a great pleasure to me to be there on such a memorable occasion.

Faithfully yours,
Secretary, Geo. Williamson Smith.

Henry M. Brooks,
Essex Institute,
Salem, Mass.

Speaker's Room, State House, Boston,

Fkb. 24, 1898.
Henry M. Brooks, Esq.,

Secretary Essex Institute,
Salem, Mass.

Dear Sir : —

I thank you for the invitation to be present at the
half-century commemoration of the founding of the Essex Insti-
tute at Salem, March 2, 1898, and regret that my prior engagements
do not permit of my acceptance.

Congratulating the Institute on its past and with best wishes for
its future, I remain,

Yours very truly,

John L. Bates.

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 69

Tub Phillips Exeter Academy,

Exeter, N. II., Feb. 24, 1898.
Henry M. Brooks, Secretary,
Salkm, Mass.
Dear Sir : —

Your kind invitation for the exercises in commemora-
tion of the Essex Institute is just received. I thank you for this
attention. If my duties will allow me to leave Exeter on March second,
I shall be very glad to be present at the exercises.
Thanking you for the attention shown me, I am

Yours very truly,

Harlan P. Amen,

Principal.

Dear Mr. Rantoul :—

I shall be glad to use the ticket so kindly sent for the fiftieth anni-
versary of the Essex Institute.

My connection with the Institute antedates its incorporation, as I
presented to the Legislature, during my first year in the House of
Representatives, as a member from Salem, the petition of which the
incorporation was the sequel.

I hope everything will go off well, and am

Yours faithfully,

Willard P. Phillips.
Feb. 24, 1898.

President's Room,

Brown University,

Providence, Feb. 24, 1898.
My dear Sir : —

I feel highly complimented by the receipt of this
ticket; but, as I am so situated that I cannot use it, beg to return it.

Sincerely,

E. Benj. Andrews.

Francis A. Osborn presents his thanks to the Essex Institute for
the courtesy of its invitation to attend the fiftieth anniversary of its
founding on March 2 next, and regrets that imperative business en-
gagements on that day deprive him of the pleasure of accepting it.
Boston, Feb. 25, 1898.

70 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Salem, Massachusetts,
Feb. 25, 1898.
H. M. Brooks, Sec'y E. I.

My dear Sir : —

Please extend to the officers and members of the Institute
my grateful thanks for their invitation to attend the celebration of its
golden anniversary, and my deep regret that I find myself unable to
join them on that notable occasion, much as I should be delighted
to do so. One of the severest deprivations incident to my prolonged
stay within the domain of Old Time is my inability to visit the at-
tractive halls of the Institute, delve among its historic treasures and
enjoy the congenial companionship always sure to be found there, as
it was for years my privilege to experience. But we all find, sooner
or later, that this Potentate is an absolute despot, and is not accus-
tomed to wield his hour glass and scythe in accordance with the con-
venience, desires or caprices of any mortal, and we must perforce
submit to his decrees.

So, being in my 85th year, and much the worse for wear, I am com-
pelled to acknowledge :

"It is time to be old

To take in sail :—

******
As the bird trims his to the gale,

I trim myself to the storm of time;
I man the rudder, reef the sail,

Obey the voice at eve obeyed at prime."

The most I can hope for is to read the record of proceedings whicli
are sure to be of absorbing interest, and to revive and live over again,
in my seclusion, the vivid memories of the past,

Subscribing myself your fellow member and friend,

Charles W. Palfray.

per P.

Providence, Feb. 25, 1898.
Mr. Henry M. Brooks,

Secretary Essex Institute,

Salem, Mass.
Dear Sir : —

It is a matter of great regret to me that I shall not be
able to be present at the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the
founding of the Essex Institute, to show my respects for its founders
and present efficient "workers who have built up an institution that
not only reflects credit upon the City of Salem but also upon the State
of Massachusetts and the Nation.

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 71

It would be invidious to uanie individuals to whom honor is due,
except for one name, and that is Dr. Henry Wheatland to whom the
Institute is the most fitting memorial. Please accept my thanks for
the honor conferred in inviting- me, and convey my regrets to your
committee.

Sincerely yours,

Alfred Stone.

Mr. Aklo Bates regrets that he is unable to accept the courteous
invitation to the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Essex
Institute, and sends his heartiest good wishes and congratulations.
Boston, Feb'y 25th, 1898.

Trinity College Library,

Hartford, Conn. Feb. 26, 1898.

My dear Sir : —

I regret that I am unable to attend the interesting
commemoration on the 2d of March. The Essex Institute has had
a successful half century of work and service, and I wish it prosper-
ity for the time to come.

Truly yours,

Samuel Hart.

Cambridge, Feb. 26, 1898.
President of the Essex Institute :

Dear Sir: —

Your personal invitation to be present at the celebra-
tion of the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Essex Insti-
tute and to take part in the speaking has just reached me. I had
previously received a general invitation from the Secretary, but had
not replied, in the hope that I might be able to arrange my engage-
ments so that I could accept.

I regret exceedingly that urgent business matters will not allow me
to be absent from Boston on the second of March.

Although it is now over twenty years since I moved away from
Salem, I have not forgotten the seven years that I lived in that city,

72 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

partly under the hospitable shelter of the Essex Institute and partly
under that of its sister institution, the Peabody Academy.

It would have been a real pleasure to me to take part in a celebra-
tion in honor of an institution to which I have been so deeply in-
debted for sympathy and encouragement at a time in my life when
these were most needed. Your institution and personal association
with Dr. Wheatland helped me and others to encounter the difficulties
that beset the teaching and investigation of science.

You have set before us as well as the community at large brilliant
examples of unselfish devotion to the highest purposes, that have had
predominant influence for good, not only upon the institutions with
which we have been connected, but upon all similar undertakings
throughout this country. The Essex Institute can consequently not
only congratulate its members upon the record of the past fifty years,
but most confidently look forward to the future in the hope that,
with larger means and greater opportunity, it may make the history
of the next fifty years even fuller and richer than that of the last
half-century of its existence.

Thanking you for the honor conferred by your invitation and again
expressing my sincere regret that I shall not be able to give personal
and fuller evidence of my obligations and interest in the work of the
Institute, I remain

Very respectfully yours,

Alpheus Hyatt.

Massachusetts Senate,
President's Room, State Housk, Boston,

Feb. 26, 1898.
Mh. Henry M. Brooks,

Secretary Essex Institute,
Salem, Mass.
Dear Sir: —

I thank you for the ticket of admission to your exer-
cises in commemoration of the founding of the Essex Institute at
Salem on March 2, 1898. I should be very much pleased to attend,
but the Senate will be in Session at that time and there is consider-
able business in prospect for next week and, therefore, I think I
shall have to decline your kind invitation.

Yours truly,

George E. Smith.

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 73

Swampscott, Mass.
Feb. 27, 1898.
Henky M. Brooks, Sec'y.

Dear Sir : —

I regret that other important engagements "will pre-
vent my being present at the fiftieth anniversary exercises of the
Essex Institute. Trusting the occasion will be a memorable one,

I am very truly yours,

Elihu Thomson.

Worcester Polytechnic Institute,
Office of the President,

Worcester, Mass., Feb. 27, 1898.
Mr. Henry M. Brooks,
Secretary Essex Institute,
Salem, Mass.

Dear Mr. Brooks : —

I regret very much that another engagement

will prevent my accepting your kind invitation to join in celebrating

the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Essex Institute, on

Wednesday next.

Thanking you very much for your courtesy in sending it, I am

Yours faithfully,

T. C. Mendenhall.

Lynn, Feb. 28, 1898.
Henry M. Brooks, Esq., Secretary,
The Essex Institute,
Salem, Mass.
Dear Sir : —

In reply to your kind invitation to be present at the
fiftieth anniversary celebration of the Essex Institute, permit me to
say that it would have afforded me great pleasure to be present, but I
regret exceedingly that unavoidable circumstances have arisen which
will prevent my attendance. With sincere thanks, I remain
Respectfully yours,

C. A. Ahearne, M.D.,
President Essex South District Medical Society.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXX 5*

74 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Public Library,

Rockport, Mass., Fkb'y 28, 1898.
Hknry M. Brooks, Esq., Secretary.
My dear Sir : —

I beg to acknowledge, with thanks, your polite in-
vitation for the librarian and myself to be present at the celebration
of your fiftieth anniversary on March 2d, and regret to say that neither
of us will be able to be present.

Trusting you may have the abundant success that your Institute so
much deserves, I am

Very truly yours,

J. Loring Woodfall, Pres't Trustees.

Boston and Maine Railroad,
President's Office,

Boston, February 28, 1898.
Mr. Henry M. Brooks,
Essex Institute, Salem, Mass.
Dear Sir : —

I thank you for your invitation to be present at the
fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Essex Institute, on the
2d prox., but regret that an important engagement will keep me in
Boston that day and will prevent me from being present.

Yours truly,

Lucius Tuttle,

President.

New England Magazine.

Boston, Mass ,
Hon. Robert S. Rantoul, Pkes't. &c. Feb. 28, 1898.

Dear Sir : —

I am sincerely sorry that the pressure of many duties
will prevent my being present at your interesting meeting on Wednes-
day. It would give me great pleasure to be present at your celebra-
tion. The Essex Institute has done a unique and splendid service in
historical scholarship and study in Massachusetts, and we are all your
debtors.

Yours truly,

Edwin D. Mead.

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITl TE. 75

Topsfihijd Historical Society,

Topsfield, Mass., Feb. 28th, 1898.
Henry M. Brooks, Esq., Sec'y.
Dear Sir : —

Thanks for your kind invitation to attend the semi-
centennial of the founding of the Essex Institute.

I very much regret my inability to be present on the interesting
occasion. Wishing every success to the meeting, I am

Yours, very truly,

Justin Allen,
Pres't Topsfield Hist. Soc'y.

Feb. 28, '98.
Am very sorry that I cannot be present.

Augustus Hemenway.

City of Newburyport,

Office of City Clekk.
March 1st, 1898.
Mr. Henry M. Brooks, Secy.

Salem, Mass.
Dear Sir : —

It is with regret that I am obliged to return the en-
closed ticket, but at this time my official duties are such that I am
obliged to take this course.
Thanking you for the courtesy extended I am,

Very rsp'y yours,

George H. Plumer,

Mayor.

No. Andover,

March 1, 1898.
Mr. Moses T. Stevens accepts with pleasure the invitation of the
Essex Institute to attend the celebration of their fiftieth anniversary
on March 2, 1898.

76 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Amherst College Library,
W. I. Fletcher, Librarian.

Amherst, Mass., Mar. 1, 1898.
H. M. Brooks, Esq.,

Secretary Essex Institute.
Dear Sir : —

According to your request I return the enclosed card.
Up to to-day I have hoped to use it myself, but am now obliged to
give up the pleasure of being with you to-morrow.

Very truly yours,

W. I. Fletcher.

Cambridge, March 1, 1898.
Dear Mr. Rantoul,

It is a source of regret to me that I am prevented by
other engagements from being present at to-morrow's celebration in
Salem. I always feel a real affection for the home of my ancestors
and for the institution which has so well preserved the history of
past centuries.

Cordially yours,

Thomas Wentworth Higginson.

63 Mr. Vernon Street, Boston.

March 1, 1898.

The President of the Historic-Genealogical Society is unable, owing

to illness, to visit the Essex Institute on the celebration of its fiftieth

anniversary, much to his regret. Representatives of the Society will

be present.

The President congratulates the Society upon its success and use-
fulness to the community.

Salem, March 2, 1898.
Dear Mr. Rantoul : —

I had hoped until a few days that I should
be able to attend the exercises of the'fiftieth anniversary of the found-

THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF THE INSTITUTE. 77

ing of the Essex Institute, but I find the state of my health will not
permit me to be present, which I deeply regret.

Hoping that the occasion will be enjoyed by all who take part,
I am

Sincerely yours,

Henry M. Brooks,

Secretary Essex Institute.
To
Hon. Robert S. Rantoul.

Providence, R. I.
March 3, '98.
My dear Mr. Brooks :

I am very much mortified to find that the 2d
of March has passed, and your kind invitation to attend the celebra-
tion of the fiftieth anniversary of the Essex Institute not answered.
I hoped to be able to attend, and meant to write you to that effect, but
your invitation came while I was unwell, and finally got overlooked.
I have the warmest attachment to the Institute, and remember
with gratitude all it has done for me, and wish it every prosperity and
success.

Yours sincerely,

A. S. Packard.
Henry M. Brooks, Sec'y.

Williams College,

Williamstown, Mass. , March 14, 1898.
My dear Sir : —

Only yesterday I noticed on the ticket which you
so kindly sent me for your commemoration the request to return the
ticket if I could not use it. I regarded it as a great compliment that
you sent me such a ticket but found it impossible to attend your exer-
cises. Will you please accept my most humble apology for having
failed to acknowledge so marked a courtesy, and especially for
neglecting to return the ticket.

Very respectfully yours,

Franklin Carter.
To H. M. Brooks, Sec'y, &c.

LIST OF THE PRESENT MEMBERS

OF THE

ESSEX INSTITUTE.

The names of life members are marked thus *

NAME.

Abbot, Edwin H.,
Abbot, Dr. Francis E.,
Abbot, Walter L.,
Abbott, Joseph C,
Abbott, Nathaniel,
Adam, William L.,
Albree, Edward C,
Albree, John, jr.,
Allen, Charles F.,
Allen, Miss Elizabeth C.
Allen, George H.,
Allen, George L.,
Almy, James F.,
Almy, Mrs. James F.,
Anderson, John M.,
Andrews, Clement W.,
Andrews, William P.,
Annable, E. Augustus,
Appleton, Daniel,
Appleton, Francis H.,
Appleton, William S., jr
Archer, Miss Rebecca,
Arey, Reuben,
Arey, William R.,
(78)

RESIDENCE.

Cambridge, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Pittsfield, Mass.
Swampscott, Mass.

Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Marblehead, Mass.
Boston, Mass.

Salem, Mass.

DATE OF ELECTION.

Aug. 17, 1896.
Dec. 2, 1894.
May 7, 1894.
June 4, 1894.
Jan. 16, 1888.
Aug. 3, 1896.
March 21, 1898.
Feb. 21, 1898.
June 18, 1894.
July 2, 1894.
Jan. 16, 1888.
July 2, 1894.
July 6, 1864.
March 19, 1894.
May 6, 1895.
June 3, 1895.
July 22, 1870.
Aug. 6, 1894.
May 6, 1895.
Aug. 10, 1870.
Aug. 17, 1896.
July 7, 1879.
Dec. 16, 1867.
March 21, .1898.

LIST OF PRESENT MEMBERS.

Arlington, Philip P. P.,
Arvedson, George,
Ashton, Joseph N.,
Austin, Arthur S.,
Averill, Arthur L.,
Averill, James W.,
Averille, Arthur A.,
Aylward, George A.,

Bachelder, Nathan A.,
Baker, Henry A.,
Balcomb, James W.,
Bancroft, Robert H.,
Barker, Benjamin,
Barker, William G.,
Barnes, Mrs. Carrie E.,
Barnes, Mrs. Clara L.,
Barrett, Henry H.,
Bartlett, Albert L.,
Bartol, Miss Elizabeth H.,
Batchelder, Miss Alice S.,
Batchelder, George E.,
Batchelder, Henry M.,
Battis, EdAvarcl C,
Battis, Mrs. Marie A.,
Beaman, Charles C.
Beckwith, Walter P.,
Bell, John H.,
Bell, Rev. S. Linton,
Bennett, Josiah C,
Benson, Arthur F.,
Benson, Frank W.,
Berry, Francis T.,
Bigelow, Walter K.,
Billings, Robert C,
Bixby, Henry M.,
Bixby, S. Arthur,
Blaisdell, Dr. George W.,
Blake, Mrs. S. Parkman,
Blake, Mrs. Sarah P. L.,
Blaney, Dwight,
Blaney, Mrs. Edith H.,
Blodgette, George B.,
Boardman, T. Dennie,

RESIDENCE.

Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Salem, Mass.
Montville, Ct.
Salem, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Methuen, Mass.
Brookline, Mass.
Maiden, Mass.
Haverhill, Mass.
Manchester, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Amesbury, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

New York City.
Salem, Mass.

Marblehead, Mass
Lynn, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Jamaica Plain, Mass.

Salem, Mass.

it <(

Manchester, Mass.
Boston, Mass.

Rowley, Mass.
Boston, Mass.

DATE OF ELECTION.

Feb. 21, 1898.
Feb. 21, 1898.
Aug. 17, 189*5.
Sept. 17, 1894.
June 1, 1896.
Dec. 23, 1867.
Aug. 6, 1894.
Feb. 18, 1895.

April 16, 1894.
May 6, 1895.
Sept. 18, 1893.
Sept. 4, 1894.
June 18, 1895.
April 30, 1894.
Feb. 21, 1898.
Sept. 17, 1894.
Nov. 2, 1896.
July 20, 1896.
Aug. 5, 1895.
May 20, 1895.
Aug. 10, 1894.
April 7, 1879.
Nov. 2, 1885.
Feb. 21, 1898.
Feb. 18, 1895.
Oct. 19, 1896.
July 2, 1894.
Aug. 6, 1894.
June 4, 1894.
Dec. 21, 1891.
May 7, 1894.
July 16, 1894.
April 5, 1869.
July 15, 1895.
May 7, 1894.
June 18, 1894.
Feb. 17, 1896.
Aug. 5, 1895.
Feb. 18, 1895.
June 4, 1890.
Oct. 1, 18S)4.
July 2, 1894.
Aug. 5, 181)5.

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

NAME.

Bond, Henry R.,
Bosson, Mrs. Jennie H.,
Bowditch, Miss Charlotte,
Bowditch, Charles P.,
Bowditch, Dr. Henry P.,
Bowditch, William I.,
Bowditch, Dr. Vincent Y.,
Bowdoin, Mrs. Lucy H.,
Bowker, Charles,
Bowker, George,
Boyd, Ernest,
Braclen, Mrs. James,
Bradlee, Mrs. Josiah,
Breed, Amos F.,
Bridgman, Lewis J.,
Briggs, Miss Mary E.,
Brigham, Clifford,
Brodie, Rev. James F.,
Brooks, John F.,
Brooks, Henry M. ,
Brooks, Lyman B.,
Brooks, Miss Margarette W.,
Brooks, Peter C,
Brooks, Dr. Stephen D.,
Brown, A. Percy,
Brown, Alfred B.,
Brown, Arthur IL,
Brown, Charles D.,
Brown, Edward F.,
Brown, Frank A.,
Brown, Miss Mary G.,
Brown, Mrs. Willard H.,
Browne, A. Parker,
Browne, Mrs. Charlotte C,
Browne, Edward C,
Browne, Josiah H.,
Browning, John F.,
Buckham, Rev. John W.,
Buffum, Charles,
Buffum, Edgar S.,
Bullock, Mrs. Mary C,
Hurchmore, Stephen W.,
Bushby, Nathan A.,

RESIDENCE.

New London, Ct.
Reading, Mass.
Jamaica Plain, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Jamaica Plain, Mass.
Boston, Mass.

Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.
Lynn, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Medford, Mass.
Port Townsend, Wash
Salem, Mass.

Lynn, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Maiden, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Lynn, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Worcester, Mass.
Hartford, Ct.
Peabody, Mass.

DATE OF ELECTION.

May 6, 1895.
Sept. 17, 1894.
Nov. 19,1894.
April 30, 1894.
Oct. 1, 1894.
Aug. 6, 1894.
Jan. 7, 1895.
Jan. 3, 1876.
July 6, 1864.
July 6, 1864.
June 4, 1894.
Jan. 19, 1880.
May 4, 1895.
Feb. 18, 1895.
Aug. 21, 1893.
Feb. 6, 1888.
Aug. 15, 1892.
Jan. 20, 1890.
Dec. 12, 1856.
May 3, 1848.
Oct. 21, 1895.
Feb. 7, 1898.
Oct. 1, 1894.
May 3, 1897.
Feb. 21, 1898.
July 5, 1887.
July 19, 1886.
May 3, 1897.
June 4, 1894.
June 30, 1882.
May 6, 1895.
Oct. 15, 1896.
Sept. 17, 1894.
March 4, 1895.
March 21, 1892.
July 2, 1894.
March 6, 1893.
July 3, 1893.
Sept. 3, 1805.
Sept. 18, 1893.
Jan. 21, 1895.
July 1, 1895.
March 21, 1898.

LIST OF PRESENT MEMBERS.

NAME.

Butler, James S.,
Buxton, Charles A.,
Buxton, Mrs. Ellen M.,

RESIDENCE.

Salem, Mass.
Peabody, Mass.

DATE OF ELECTION.

Oct. 1, 1894.
June 20, 1882.
May 3, 1897.

Capen, Edward,
Carey, Arthur A.,
Carey, J. Henry,
Carleton, Joseph G. S.,
Carlton, Samuel A.,
Carroll, Thomas,
Case, William S.,
Casey, James C,
Cass, William F.,
Gate, Frederick,
Chadwick, Joseph H.,
Chamberlain, Edward W.,
Chamberlain, James A.,
Chamberlain, Mrs. Mary E.
Chamberlain, Miss Sarah P.
Chapman, Frank N.,
Chapman, William O.,
Chappie, William D.,
Chase, Miss Ellen,
Chase, George,
Chase, Philip A.,
Chase, R. Stuart,
Cherrington, Dr. Leroy J.
Chever, Charles G.,
Chever, William J.,
Chisholm, Wallace A.,
Choate, Charles F.,
Choate, Miss Hannah E.,
Choate, John H.,
Choate, Joseph H.,
Choate, William G.,
Clark, Clarence S.,
Clark, Rev. DeWitt S.,
Clark, Miss E. Dora,
Clark, Miss Elizabeth H.,
Clarke, Dr. Maurice D.,
Cleveland, Dr. Clement,
Cleveland, Miss Mary S.,
Cleveland, Treadwell,

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN,

Haverhill, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Lynn, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Peabody, Mass.
Hartford, Ct.
Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.
Louisville, Ky.
Boston, Mass.
Birmingham, Eng.
, Salem, Mass.

Brookline, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Lynn, Mass.
Haverhill, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

North Andover, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

New York City.

Salem, Mass.

Cambridge, Mass.
Haverhill, Mass.
New York City.
Salem, Mass.
New York City.
vol. xxx 6

July 20, 1896.
Oct. 1, 1894.
Aug. 6, 1894.
March 16, 1896,
July 15, 1895.
May 21, 1894.
Dec. 2, 1895.
Feb. 21, 1898.
March 19, 1894.
May 6, 1895.
Jan. 21, 1895.
July 1, 1895.
May 10, 1865.
March 4, 1895.
Aug. 20, 1894.
Jan. 19, 1874.
April 6, 1885.
June 4, 1894.
Feb. 3, 1896.
Nov. 21, 1887.
June 4, 1894.
July 20, 1896.
March 20, 1893.
Sept. 17, 1894.
Sept. 17, 1894.
May 19, 1894.
Aug. 20, 1894.
July 16, 1894.
May 7, 1894.
July 2, 1894.
Aug. 20, 1894.
March 19, 1894-
March 3, 1879.
March 16, 1898.
Feb. 21, 1898.
May 6, 1895.
Oct. 19, 1896.
Sept. 20, 1887.
Sept. 16, 1895.

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

NAME.

Cleveland, William A.,
Coburn, Charles H.,
Codman, Mrs. Martha P. R.,
Coggin, Dr. David,
Cogswell, George,
Colby, Henry L.,
Colby, William R.,
Cole, Albert E.,
Cole, Miss Caroline J.,
Cole, Leland H.,
Collester, Frank M.,
Collier, Perry,
Collins, George A.,
Converse, Elisha S.,
Conway, John H.,
Cook, Henry A.,
Cook, Howard H.,
Coolidge, T. Jefferson, jr.,
Coolidge, William W.,
Corliss, Benjamin H.,
Cotting, Charles E.,
Cousins, Frank,
Cox, Francis,
Creesy, George W.,
Crowninshield, Mrs. Benj.W.
Cummins, Miss Martha,
Cunningham, Henry W.,
Cunningham, Lawrence,
Currier, Benjamin W.,
Currier, John J.,
Curtis, Charles E.,
Curtis, Heman F.,
Curwen, Miss Bessie H.,
Curwen, Charles F.,
Curwen, George R.,
Cushman, Miss Alice,

RESIDENCE.

Salem, Mass.
Lowell, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Bradford, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Beverly, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Maiden, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Gloucester, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Lynn, Mass.
Newburyport, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Philadelphia, Pa.

DATE OF ELECTION.

April 1, 1895.
Nov. 4, 1895.
Sept. 17, 1894.
Jan. 8, 1874.
1870.
April 21, 1884.
April 1, 1895.
May 7. 1894.
Dec. 17, 1894.
March 19, 1894.
Oct. 19, 1896.
Sept. 4, 1894.
July 16, 1894.
Dec. 17, 1894.
Nov. 5, 1894.
May 6, 1895.
Feb. 7, 1898.
Oct. 1, 1894.
April 16, 1894.
Nov. 4, 1895.
Feb. 3, 1896.
Sept. 8, 1886.
March 10, 1853.
Oct. 4, 1886.
Oct. 15, 1894.
Aug. 5, 1895.
Oct. 15, 1894.
Feb. 19, 1883.
April 16, 1894.
Sept. 4, 1894.
July 16, 1894.
Jan. 21, 1895.
Feb. 21, 1898.
Feb. 21, 1898.
Feb. 14, 1849.
April 21, 1896.

Dabuey, Lewis S.
Daland, John,
Dalton, J. Frank,
Dalton, Larkin A.
Damon, Frank C,
Damon, Robin,

Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Jan. 6, 1896.
April 1, 1895.
March 19, 1894.
Nov. 19, 1894.
May 21, 1895.
Jan. 16, 1888.

LIST OF PRESENT MEMBERS.

NAME.

Dane, Joseph F.,
Dan forth, Charles IL,
Danforth, JohnM.,
Davis, Andrew McF.,
Davis, Charles S.,
Davison, Herbert N.,
Dean, James F.,
Dennis, Albert W*.,
Dennis, William D.,
Derby, Dr. Haskett,
Derby, Dr. Richard H.
Derby, Willard F.,
Derby, William H.,
D'Este, Julian,
Devereux, Miss Marianne
Devlin, John H.,
Dexter, Mrs. Sarah R.,
Dickson, Walter S.,
Doane, Miss May B.,
Dodd, Andrew W.,
Dodge, Elisha P.,
Dodge, Miss Ellen M.,
Dodge, Rev. John W.,
Dodge, Robert F.,
Dorr, George B.,
Dow, George Francis,
Dowbridge, Henry F.,
Downing, John P.,
Draper, Miss Annie C,
Driver, Edward A.,
Driver, Dr. Stephen W.,
Driver, William R.,
Dubois, Mrs. Clara P.,
Dudley, Dr. Albion M.,
Dwight, Mrs. Theodore F.
Dyer, Charles G.,

RESIDENCE. DATE OF ELECTION.

Salem, Mass. Sept. 1G, 1857.

June 4, 1894.
Lynnfield Center, Mass. Feb. 4, 1895.

Cambridge, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Lynn, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
New York City.
Salem, Mass.

s.,

Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Newburyport, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Newburyport, Mass.
Wenham, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Topsfleld, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Chicago, 111.
Cambridge, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Danvers, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Aug. 20, 1894.
June 18, 1895.
Oct. 19, 1896.
Sept. 4, 1894.
Feb. 1, 1897.
May 3, 1880.
Aug. 20, 1894.
Jan. 7, 1895.
June 4, 1894.
May 7, 1894.
July 2, 1894.
Feb. 15, 1897.
Sept. 16, 1895.
Sept. 17, 1894.
March 20, 1893.
Sept. 16, 1895.
Feb. 21, 1898.
July 2, 1894.
Nov. 14, 1866.
March 16, 1896.
Aug. 20, 1894.
April 1, 1895.
Aug. 15, 1892.
Nov. 5, 1894.
Aug. 20, 1894.
May 6, 1895.
July 1, 1895.
Sept. 16, 1895.
March 5, 1888.
Oct. 19, 1896.
Jan. 13, 1868.
Nov. 19, 1894.
Aug. 19, 1895.

*Eaton, John D.,
*Edes, Henry H.,
Edwards, Henry W.,
Emerton, Prof. Ephraim,
Emilio, Luis F.,

Salem, Mass.
Cambridge, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Cambridge, Mass.
New York City.

Emmerton, Miss Caroline O., Salem, Mass.

July 22, 1876.
March 17, 1886.
Aug. 26, 1885.
Nov. 5, 1894.
Oct. 15, 1894.
March 19, 1894.

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

NAME.

Emmerton, Charles S.,
Emmerton, E. Augustus,
Emmerton, Frederick A.,
Emmerton, Mrs. Jennie M.,
Endicott, Henry,
Endicott, Mrs. Louise,
Endicott, William, jr.,
Endicott, William C,
Endicott, William C, jr.,
Endicott, William, 3d,
Entwisle, J. Clifford,
Evans, Forrest L.,
Everett, Mrs. Katherine,

RESIDENCE.

West Peabody, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Cleveland, 0.
Salem, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Danvers, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Danvers, Mass.
Danvers, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Washington, D. C.

DATE OF ELECTION.

Feb. 7, 1898.
Jan. 16, 1888.
June 1, 1896.
March 19, 1894.
Sept. 16, 1895.
Oct. 1, 1894.
Sept. 4, 1894.
May 31, 1854.
Oct. 1, 1894.
April 1, 1895.
March 6, 1893.
Aug. 6, 1894.
Feb. 4, 1895.

Fabens, B. Louis,
Fabens, Frank P.,
Fabens, Mrs. William C,
Fanning, James,
Farley, Charles B.,
Farnham, Kev. Edwin P.,
Farnham, Frank E.,
Farnham, Mrs. Stephen H.,
Farrell, Hugh F. E.,
Farrington, Mrs. Susan B.,
Felt, John P.,
Fettyplace, Miss Sarah B.,
Fifleld, Charles H.,
Files, Miss Lucy W.,
Fiske, John,
Fitz, Andrew,
Flagg, Augustus,
Fleming, Charles H.,
*Fletcher, Horace,
Fogg, Francis A.,
Foote, Arthur,
Forness, Arthur A.,
Foster, Charles H. W.,
Foster, James M.,
Foster, John M.,
Fowler, Harriet P.,
Fox, Charles W.,
Frankle, Jones,
Franks, Rev. James P.,

Salem, Mass.

Marblehead, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Peabody, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Peabody, Mass.
Brooklyn, N. Y.
Salem, Mass.

Cambridge, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Manchester, Mass.
New Orleans, La.
New York City.
Boston, Mass.
Beverly, Mass.
Brookline, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Danvers, Mass.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Haverhill, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Oct. 15, 1894.
June 4, 1894.
Sept. 17, 1894.
Feb. 1, 1897.
Sept. 4, 1894.
July 3, 1893.
Feb. 4, 1895.
March 4, 1895.
Oct. 18, 1897.
March 21, 1892.
July 16, 1894.
June 18, 1894.
June 18, 1894.
May 15, 1893.
Aug. 20, 1894.
March 19, 1894,
Aug. 5, 1895.
Oct. 19, 1896.
Oct. 16, 1894.
Aug. 20, 1894.
Aug. 20, 1894.
April 30, 1894.
April 6, 1896.
April 1, 1895.
April 1, 1895.
Feb. 18, 1889.
April 1, 1895.
May 6, 1895.
Nov. 17, 1873.

LIST OF PRESENT MEMBERS.

NAME.

Frost, Miss Mary F.,
Fuller, George W.,
Fuller, Henry O.,
Fuller, Mrs. Lucy D.,
Furness, George A.,

♦Galloupe, Charles W.,
Gallup, Z. Augustus,
Gardner, Mrs. Daniel B.,
Gardner, Dr. Frank A.,
♦Gardner, Mrs. Isabellas.,
Gardner, John L.,
Gaston, Mrs. Louisa B.,
Gauss, John D. H.,
Gavet, Louis F.,
Geary, John E.,
George, Edward B.,
Gifford, JosiahH.,
Gifford, Nathan P.,
Gilbert, Mrs. Clara L.,
Gilbert, Shepard D.,
Gillis, James A.,
Glover, Miss Grace A.,
Godden, Miss Mary E.,
Goldthwaite, Mrs. Eliza JL,
Gooch, Frank A.,
♦Goodell, Abner C,
Gooclell, Zina,
Goodhue, Mrs. Albert P.,
Goodhue, George C,
Goodhue, Mrs. George C,
Goodhue, Miss Margaret,
Goodhue, Samuel V.,
Gove, William EL,
Grant, Miss Beatrice,
Grant, George W. ,
Gray, John C,
Gray, Reginald,
Greenlaw, Mrs. Lucy H.,
Greenlaw, William P.,
Greenough, Mrs. Charles E.
* Gregory, James J. H.,
Groves, Mrs. Henry B.,

RESIDENCE.

Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Swampscott, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.

Salem, Mass.

Haverhill, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Winchendon, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Peabody, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
New Haven, Ct.
Salem, Mass.

Salem, Mass.
Boston, Mass.

Cambridgeport, Mass.

Beverly, Mass.
Marblehead, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

DATE OF ELECTION.

June 4, 1894.
July 16, 1894.
July 16, 1894.
Jan. 7, 1895.
June 18, 1894.

Dec. 2, 1894.
Sept. 18, 1893.
March 21, 1898.
Feb. 18, 1898.
Aug. 22, 1895.
Sept. 4, 1894.
Oct. 18, 1897.
Aug. 6, 1889.
May 7, 1894.
July 5, 1887.
Jan. 17, 1898.
Feb. 21, 1898.
Feb. 7, 1898.
Feb. 21, 1898.
April 30, 1894.
Jan. 4, 1854.
Feb. 6,1888.
Feb. 16, 1891.
Feb. 21, 1898.
March 18, 1895.
Nov. 18, 1857.
April 30, 1894.
March 21, 1898.
July 16, 1894.
March 21, 1898.
July 2, 1894.
April 16, 1894.
Sept. 5, 1882.
Aug. 20, 1894.
April 30, 1894.
Jan. 21, 1895.
Feb. 18, 1895.
Dec. 16, 1895.
May 4, 1896.
Feb. 18, 1895.
Sept. 4, 1868.
July 18, 1887.

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

NAME.

Haddock, Dr. Charles W.,
Hale, Henry A.,
Hale, Mrs. Henry A.,
Hale, Miss Mary S.,
Hale, Willard J.,
Harlow, Arthur F.,
Harrington, Francis,
Harrington, Henry,
Harrington, Mrs. Henry,
Harrington, Richard,
Harris, George M.,
Harris, George R.,
Harris, Howard P.,
Hart, John W.,
Harwood, Herbert J.,
Haskell, Mark H.,
Haskins, Leander M.,
Havemeyer, William F.,
Hawkes, Nathan M.,
Hayden, Mrs. Harriet P.,
Hayden, Dr. William R.,
Hay ward, William P.,
♦Hemenway, Augustus,
Henderson, Daniel,
Henderson, Joseph,
Higginson, Miss Annie S.,
Higginson, Francis L.,
♦Higginson, James J.,
Hill, B. Frank,
Hill, Rev. James L. ,
Hill, William M.,
Hines, Ezra D.,
Hitchings, A. Frank,
Hodgdon, Samuel,
Hodges, Miss Mary 0.,
Hoffman, Mrs. Eliza A.,
Holmes, Oliver W.,
Hood, Martin H.,
Horner, Mrs. Charlotte N. S.,
Horton, William A.,
How, George C,
Howe, Joseph S.,
Hubon, William P.,

RESIDENCE. DATE OF ELECTION.

Beverly, Mass. March 5, 1883.

Salem, Mass. Feb. 2, 1891.

Feb. 21, 1898.

June 18. 1894.
Newburyport, Mass. Feb. 7, 1898.
Salem, Mass. Oct. 5, 1896.

Boston, Mass. Nov. 18, 1857.

Salem, Mass. Jan. 16, 1888.

Jan. 16, 1888.

July 16, 1894.

Aug. 4, 1879.
Brookline, Mass. Nov. 9, 1870.

Salem, Mass. July 2, 1894.

April 30, 1894.
Littleton, Mass. March 4, 1895.

Salem, Mass. March 4, 1895.

Boston, Mass. Dec. 16, 1895.

New York City. Sept. 16, 1895.

Lynn, Mass. April 30, 1894.

New York City. April 15, 1895,

Bedford Springs, Mass. Sept. 3, 1895.
Salem, Mass. Sept. 6, 1854.

Boston, Mass. Aug. 6, 1894.

Salem, Mass. May 8, 1867.

July 15, 1895,
Magnolia, Mass. Feb. 3, 1896.

Boston, Mass. Aug. 20, 1894.

New York City. Sept. 17, 1894.

Salem, Mass. Feb. 4, 1895.

July 2, 1894.

Aug. 20, 1894.
Dan vers, Mass. June 4, 1874.

Salem, Mass. April 2, 1894.

Everett, Mass. April 6, 1896.

Topsfield, Mass. Dec. 19, 1870.

Salem, Mass. Jan. 21, 1889.

Boston, Mass. Oct. 1, 1894.

Lynn, Mass. Sept. 3, 1895.

Georgetown, Mass. March 18, 1895.
Salem, Mass. Oct. 27, 1893.

Haverhill, Mass. May 6, 1895.

Methuen, Mass. Aug. 20, 1894.

Salem, Mass. March 15, 1897.

LIST OF PRESENT MEMBERS.

NAME.

Hnnnewell, James F.,
Hunt, Miss Sarah E.,
Huntington, Arthur L.,
Huntington, Miss S. Louisa,
Hussey, William G.,
Hutchinson, John I.,
Hyde, William L.,

RESIDENCE.

Charlestown, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

OATE OF ELM TIOH.

Aug. 19, 1895.
May 1, 1865.
April 19, 1875.
Dec. 19, 1881.
Aug. 20, 1894.
Feb. 1, 1897.
March 19, 1894

Jelly, Dr. George F.,
Jelly, William H.,
Jelly, William M.,
Jenks, Rev. Henry F.,
Jenkins, Lawrence W.,
Jewett, Daniel L.,
Jewett, George R.,
Johnson, E. Walter,
Johnson, Enoch S.,
Johnson, Henry D.,
Johnson, Mrs. Mary C,
Johnson, Samuel,
Johnson, Thomas H.,
Jones, Gardner M. ,
Jones, Mrs. Gardner M.,
Jordan, Cyrus A.,

Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Canton, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.
Lynn, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Jan. G, 1896.
July 6, 1864.
July 16, 1894..
Nov. 16,1891.
Dec. 2, 1895.
Sept. 17, 1894.
June 4, 1874.
March 4, 1895.
Feb. 18, 1895.
May 21, 1894.
Feb. 21, 1898.
Dec. 2, 1894.
Jan. 3, 1876.
April 8, 1889.
Feb. 21, 1898.
Apr. 16, 1894.

Kemble, Dr. Arthur,
Kemble, Laurence G.,
Kemble, H. Parker,
Kimball, David P.,
Kimball, Miss Elizabeth C,
Kimball, Frank R. ,
Kimball, Mrs. Harriet K.,
Kimball, Miss Hattie L.,
Kimball, Mrs. Sarah A.,
Kimball, Miss Sarah S.,
King, Miss Annie F.,
King, Miss Caroline H.,
King, D. Webster,
King, Miss Harriet M.,
King, Mrs. Sarah G.,
King, Miss Susan G.,
King, Warren D.,
Kinsman, Mrs. S. Augusta,

Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Peabody, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Methuen, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
New York City.
Salem, Mass.
Peabody, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Jan. 13, 1864.
Sept. 17, 1894.
April 21, 1896.
Oct. 1, 1894.
May 6, 1895.
April 16, 1894.
June 20, 1882.
June 20, 1882.
July 16, 1889.
Nov. 16, 1891.
June 21, 1897.
May 4, 1896.
April 15, 1895.
July 27, 1893.
April 1, 1895.
May 4, 1896.
Feb. 21, 1898.
April 30. 1894,

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

NAME.

Kittredge, Dr. Thomas,
Knight, Edward H.,

*Lamson, Frederick,
Lander, Miss Helen D.,
Lane, Edward,
Lane, George W.,
Lang, Benjamin J.,
Langmaid, John H.,
Latimer, Rev. George D.,
*Lawrence, Amory A.,
Lawrence, Samuel C,
Leach, Henry C,
Leach, J. Granville,
Leavitt, James A.,
Lee, Francis H.,
Lee, Mrs. Francis H.,
Lee, George C.,
Lee, Miss Harriet R.,
Lemon, William H.,
Leonard, William,
Liebert, Miss Katherine S.
Lincoln, Solomon,
Little, Arthur,
Little, Mrs. Clara B.,
Little, David M.,
Little, James L.,
Little, John M.,
Locke, Frank E.,
Lord, Miss Mary H.,
Lord, George E.,
Lord, George R. ,
Loring, Augustus P.,
Loud, George B.,
Low, David W.,
Low, Dr. Harry C,
Low, Seth,
Low, S. Fred,
Lowell, Francis C,
Lowell, Miss Georgina,
Lyman, Miss Florence,

McCusker, Patrick J.,
Machado, Ernest M. A.,

RE8IDENCE.

Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.
Medford, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.

Salem, Mass.

Washington, D. C.

Salem, Mass.
it cc

Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

e t n

Brookline, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.
New York City.
Gloucester, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
New York City.
Salem, Mass.
Boston, Mass.

Salem, Mass.

DATE OF ELECTION.

April 16, 1894.
March 6, 1865.

Feb. 8, 1865.
April 30, 1894.
Jan. 6, 1896.
March 19, 1894.
Aug. 6, 1894.
April 1, 1878.
July 3, 1893.
Sept. 16, 1895.
April 1, 1895.
April 16, 1894.
Sept. 16, 1895.
Jan. 15, 1894.
Nov. 8, 1855.
Jan. 17, 1876.
Aug. 20, 1894.
Nov. 19, 1894.
April 15, 1895.
Oct. 1, 1894.
Feb. 4, 1895.
Nov. 9, 1864.
Nov. 5, 1894.
June 8, 1886.
June 8, 1886.
Jan. 16, 1888.
Dec. 21, 1891.
Aug. 6, 1894.
April 30, 1894.
July 16, 1894.
April 16, 1894.
Sept. 4, 1894.
Nov. 18, 1895.
April 2, 1894.
Feb. 2, 1891.
June 4, 1894.
June 4, 1894.
Dec. 2, 1894.
March 4, 1895.
Feb. 4, 1895.

Sept. 5, 1882.
Feb. 15, 1892.

LIST OF PRESENT MEMBERS,

RESIDENCE.

Salem, Mass.

Peabody, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Lynn, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Beverly, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Brookline, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Kansas City, Mo.
Salem, Mass.
Gloucester, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

NAME.

Mclutire, William S.,

Mack, Thomas F.,

Mackintire, E. Augustus,

Mackintosh, Richards B.,

McMullan, William P.,

Macnair. John,

Mahoney, Jeremiah T.,

Maloon, Edward A.,

Manchester, Rev. Alfred,

Mann, George S.,

Manning, Mrs. Louisa,

Manning, Richard C,

Manning, Robert,

Manning, Richard H. ,

Mansfield, Miss Harriet E

Mansfield, Miss Helen,

Mansfield, Henry K.,

Matsuki, Bunkio,

Meek, Henry M.,

Meriam, Dr. Horatio C,

Merrill, Eugene H.,

Merrill, Henry W.,

Merrill, Samuel S.,

Merrill, W. Harvey,

Merrill, William,

Messervy, Mrs. Lucy J.,

Meyer, George von L.,

Millea, Lawrence E.,

Miller, Henry F.,

Miller, Lewis F.,

Millet, Edward L.,

Millett, Nathan H. ,

Millett, Mrs. Needham C,

Mills, Mrs. Ellen L.,

Missud, Jean M.,

Monroe, Alexander,

Moody, William H.,

Moore, David,

Morse, Edward S., " "

Morse, Henry W., " "

Morse, John G., " "

Morse, John T., jr., Boston, Mass.

Morse, Mrs. Leopold, " "

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXX 6*

West Newbury, Mass
Salem, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Beverly, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Brooklyn, N. Y.
Salem, Mass.
Lawrence, Kan.
Haverhill, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

DATE OK ELECTION.

Oct. 1, 1894.
Aug. 6, 1889.
April 3, 1882.
Feb. 21, 1898.
April 16, 1894.
Feb. 4, 1895.
June 4, 1874.
Feb. 21, 1898.
July 3, 1893.
Jan. 7, 1895.
May 5, 1879.
March 2G, 1851.
Feb. 21, 1898.
Jan. 4, 1897.
June 18, 1895.
Feb. 18, 1895.
June 4, 1894.
July 2, 1894.
April 16, 1883.
Feb. 5, 1872.
June 18, 1894.
Jan. 4, 1892.
April 30, 1894.
Aug. 20, 1894.
, July 16, 1894.
Sept. 20, 1887.
Dec. 3, 1894.
Feb. 6, 1882.
May 4, 1896.
Dec. 20, 1875.
June 4, 1894.
Feb. 21, 1898.
Feb. 4, 1895.
March 4, 1895.
June 20, 1882.
Sept. 16, 1895.
March 4, 1895.
Feb. 22, 1854.
Nov. 9, 1864.
March 21, 1898.
Feb. 2, 1891.
March 18, 1895.
Sept. 4, 1894.

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

NAME.

Morse, Robert M.,
Moseley, Charles W.,
Moulton, John S.,
Moulton, Henry P.,
Mudge, J)r. Kate G.,
Mullen, Thomas A.,
Mulligan, Bernard J.,
Munroe, Willard E.,
Munroe, William F.,

RESIDENCE.

Jamaica Plain. Mass.
Newburyport, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

it • i
/

Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Peabody, Mass.

DATE OK ELECTION,

May 6, 1895.
Aug. 19. 1895.
Nov. 16, 1891.
April 16, 1894.
July 16. 1894.
Dec. 7, 1896.
June 4, 1894.
March 21, 1898.
Feb. 18, 1895.

Neal, Peter M.,
Neal, William S.,
Nevins, Mrs. Mary E.,
Nevins, Winfield S.,
Newcomb, George,
Newell, Francis A.,
Newell, Frank F.,
Newhall, Charles H.,
Newhall, Howard M.,
Nichols, Miss Abby F.,
Nichols, Mrs. James B.
Nichols, William S.,
Niles, William H ,
Noble, Edward H.,
Norcross, Orlando W.,
Norris, Charles H.,
Northey, William,
Nourse, John W.,

Lynn, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Lynn, Mass.
Beverly, Mass.
Worcester, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Ipswich, Mass.

May 6, 1895.
April 30, 1894.
Feb. 7, 1898.
Oct. 5, 1877.
Dec. 11, 1875.
March 19, 1894.
Feb. 21, 1898.
Feb. 4, 1895.
July 2, 1894.
Feb. 21, 1898.
July 2, 1894.
May 7, 1894.
Feb. 4, 1895.
Feb. 21, 1898.
Feb. 17, 1896.
May 17, 1897.
Nov. 5, 1866.
May 21, 1894.

O'Keefe, John A.,
Oliver, Mrs. Grace A.,
Oliver, Miss Grace L.,
Oliver, Miss Sarah E. C,
Oliver, Mrs. Susan L.,
Orne, Joel S.,
Osborn, Franklin,
Osborn, Lyman P.,
Osborne, Aaron,
Osborne, Miss Elizabeth B.,
Osborne, Dr. George S.,
Osborne, Rev. Louis S.,
Osborne, Theodore M.,
Osgood, Alfred,

Lynn, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.

Cambridge, Mass.
Peabody, Mass.

Salem, Mass.

Newark, N. J.
Salem, Mass.
Newburyport, Mass.

July 5, 1887.
Nov. 20, 1876.
Jan. 7, 1895.
Nov. 21, 1887.
March 18, 1895.
Nov. 18. 1895.
Sept. 4, 1894.
Feb. 17, 1896.
Feb. 4, 1895.
July 2. 1894.
Sept. 4, 1894.
Jan. 6, 1896.
Oct. 21, 1879.
May 3, 1869.

LIST OF PRESENT MEMBERS.

NAME.

Osgood, Joseph B. F.,
Osgood, Nathan C,
Osgood, Robert,

RESIDENCE.

Salem, Mass.

DATE OF ELECTION.

March 6, 1865.
June 4, 1894.
Jan. 22, 1863.

Packard, Walter C,
Page, Miss Anne L.,
Page, Dr. Charles W. ,
Page, T. Nichols,
Paine, Everett,
Paine, Rev. George S.,
Paine, Mrs. Ida U.„
Paine, Robert T.,
Palfray, Charles W.,
Palmer, William H. H.,
Parker, Charles H.,
Parker, Charles W.,
Parker, William P.,
Parsons, Joseph M.,
Parsons, William M.,
Patten, Paul B.,
Pay son, William E.,
Peabody, Edwin N.,
Peabody, Rev. Endicott,
Peabody, Francis,
Peabody, George A.,
Peabody, George L.,
Peabody, Henry W.,
♦Peabody, John E.,
Peabody, S. Endicott,
Peach, Dr. Harry R. ,
Peach, Dr. Philip H.,
Pearl, Joseph H.,
Peck, Walter F.,
Peirce, Miss Annie S.,
Peirce, James M.,
Peirson, Miss Abbie L.,
Peirson, Charles L.,
Peirson, Dr. Edward L.,
Peirson, Mrs. Horatio P..
Pendar, Oliver S.,
Pendar, Samuel D.,
Percy, Dr. George E.,
Perkins, Miss Anna F.,

Salem, Mass.
Danvers, Mass.
Asylum Station, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Marblehead, Mass.
New York City.
Salem, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Gloucester, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Salem, Mass.
Groton, Mass.
Danvers, Mass.

Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Bradford, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Cambridge, Mass.
Danvers, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Sioux Falls, S. D.
Salem, Mass.

April 16, 1894.
Aug. 2, 1886.
Nov. 13, 1896.
June 18, 1894.
April 15, 1895.
Jan. 21, 1895.
July 16, 1894.
Oct. 1, 1894.
June 11, 1851.
March 19, 1894.
April 3, 1893.
March 17, 1896.
Jan. 17, 1876.
April 30, 1894.
Nov. 4, 1895.
July 16, 1894.
Oct. 19, 1896.
Oct. 1, 1894.
Oct. 21, 1895.
Sept. 4, 1894.
Aug. 6, 1894.
May 20, 1895.
Aug. 25, 1864.
June 6, 1881.
April 8, 1857.
June 4, 1894.
Jan. 16, 1888.
May 6, 1895.
July 2, 1894.
June 18, 1895.
Jan. 21, 1895.
Sept. 17, 1894.
Sept. 4, 1894.
April 16, 1894.
Oct. 1, 1894.
Oct. 21, 1895.
Jan. 4, 1892.
June 21, 1881.
July 16, 1894.

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

NAME.

Perkins, Charles C,
Perkins, Charles W.,
Perkins, Frank S.,
Perkins, Harry S.,
Perkins, John W.,
Perkins, Nathaniel F.,
Perkins, Thomas,
Perley, Edward L.,
Perley, Sidney,
Perry, Miss Lucy W.,
Peterson, Joseph N.,
Pettengill, John W.,
Pevear, Henry A.,
Pew, William A., jr.,
Phelps, James F.,
Philbrick, Miss Eliza,
Phil brick, Miss Helen,
Philbrick, Leroy B.,
Phillips, Mrs. John C,
Phippen, Arthur H.,
Phippen, Mrs. Arthur H.,
Phippen, Charles E.,
Phippen, Dr. Hardy,
Phippen, J. Hardy,
Phippen, Joshua,
Pickering, George W.,
Pickering, Henry,
Pickering, John,
Pickman, Dudley L.,
Piugree, David,
Pingree, Mrs. Harriet E.,
Pinnock, Thomas G.,
Poirier, Dr. Emile,
Pomeroy, Miss Persis M.,
Pool, Wellington,
Poole, Edmund A.,
*Poor, Alfred,
Poor, Joseph H.,
Pope, Ira P. ,
Porter, Alexander S.,
Porter, Charles C,
Porter, Frederick,
Pousland, Mrs. Helen L.,

RESIDENCE.

Salem, Mass.
Peabody, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Maiden, Mass.
Lynn, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Lynn, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Wenham, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

New York City.
Wenham, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Danvers, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

DATE OF ELECTION.

March 15, 1897.
Aug. 19, 1895.
April 30, 1894.
June 4, 1894.
Aug. 20, 1894.
April 18, 1898.
July 19, 1886.
June 4, 1894.
Sept. 15, 1879.
July 2, 1894.
Nov. 16, 1891.
May 4, 1896.
April 15, 1895.
May 7, 1894.
Sept. 26, 1896.
March 21, 1886.
March 21, 1886.
Aug. 21, 1893.
March 18. 1895.
June 4, 1894.
Feb. 21, 1895.
June 18, 1894.
May 7, 1894.
May 3, 1848.
May 21, 1877.
Feb. 17, 1890.
Aug. 20, 1894.
Jan. 16, 1888.
July 16, 1894.
Aug. 10, 1870.
March 18, 1895.
June 18, 1894.
Nov. 14, 1894.
June 16, 1890.
July 2, 1894.
July 1, 1895.
Jan. 15, 1866.
July 16, 1894.
Nov. 5, 1894.
Dec. 3, 1894.
March 21, 1898.
Aug. 17, 1874.
March 18, 1895.

LIST OF PRESENT MEMBERS.

NAME.

Prang, Louis,
Pratt, Henry J.,
Preston, Charles H.,
Preston, Frederick G.,
Price, Charles H.,
Price, Joseph,
Prince, Edward,
Prince, John,
Proctor, Abel H.,
*Proctor, James H.,
Puffer, Rev. Charles H.,
Pulsifer, William H.,
Putnam, Charles A.,
Putnam, Earl B.,
Putnam, Eben,
Putnam, Frederick W.,
Putnam, George,
Putnam, George F.,
Putnam, George G.,
Putnam, Mrs. M. Lowell,
Putnam, Webster F.,
Pynchon, Rev. Thomas R.,

Quinn, Joseph F.,

Randall, Edward H.,
Rantoul, Augustus N.,
Rantoul, Neal,
Rantoul, Robert S.,
Rantoul, William G.,
Rea, Charles S.,
Read, Miss Abby L.,
Read, Charles W.,
Reith, William,
Remick, John A.,
Remick, Timothy,
Reynolds, John P.,
Reynolds, Mrs. John P.,
Rhoades, Charles C,
Rice, Henry G.,
Rice, N. W.,

Richardson, Frederick P.,
Richardson, Dr. Maurice H
Ricker, Guy W.,

RESIDENCE.

Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Danvers, Mass.
Peabody, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Quincy, 111.
Essex, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Newton Center, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Danvers, Mass.
Cambridge, Mass.

Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Danvers, Mass.
Hartford, Ct.

Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.

Salem, Mass.

, Boston, Mass.

Salem, Mass.

DATE OK ELECTION.

July 15, 1895.
Feb. 27, 1874.
April 15, 1889.
April 1, 1895.
June 11, 1866.
May 7, 1894.
Jan. 7, 1895.
March 4, 1895.
July 16, 1894.
Feb. 1, 1897.
April 2, 1894.
Dec. 2, 1895.
Nov. 8, 1855.
Jan. 21, 1895.
Feb. 18, 1889.
Nov. 8, 1855.
March 18, 1895.
April 30, 1894.
Aug. 17, 1874.
Oct. 7, 1895.
Feb. 21, 1898.
Dec. 2, 1895.

Aug. 20, 1894.

Sept. 17, 1894.
Sept. 17, 1894.
Sept. 17, 1894.
Dec. 9, 1863.
Sept. 17, 1894.
July 6, 1864.
May 20, 1895.
July 16, 1894.
May 1, 1893.
Sept. 2, 1895.
Jan. 6, 1896.
Oct. 2, 1876.
Feb. 7, 1898.
Sept. 17, 1894.
April 4, 1892.
June 18, 1895.
June 21, 1881.
Sept. 4, 1894.
July 2, 1894.

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

NAME.

Robb, Mrs. Russell,
Robbins, Dr. Jesse,
Roberts, Miss Martha L.
Robinson, Edward,
Robinson, John,
Robs on, Matthew,
Rogers, Charles S.,
Rogers, Jacob C,
Rogers, Jacob C, 2d,
Ropes, Albert G.,
Ropes, Charles F.,
Ropes, Edward D.,
Ropes, Miss Emilie,
Ropes, Miss Eliza O.,
Ropes, George F.,
Ropes, John B.,
Ropes, Miss Mary P.,
Ropes, Walter P.,
Ropes, William,
Ropes, William H.,
Ropes, Rev. William L.,
*Ropes, Willis H.,
Ruggles, Henry S.,
Russell, Albert B.,
Russell, Mrs. Clara L.,
Russell, Mrs. George G.,
Ryder, J. Orne,

RESIDENCE.

Concord, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

It a

Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Salem, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
New York City.
Salem, Mass.

Brooklyn, N. Y.
Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
Brooklyn, N. Y.
Andover, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Wakefield, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

DATE OF ELECTION.

July 2, 1894.
June 17, 1867.
Oct. 3, 1887.
July 6, 1896.
Dec. 18, 1861.
April 14, 1873.
July 16, 1894.
Sept. 4, 1894.
Feb. 7, 1898.
April 19, 1897.
Feb. 7, 1898.
March 21, 1898.
Feb. 7, 1898.
July 3, 1893.
June 9, 1887.
April 6, 1896.
July 3, 1893.
April 19, 1897.
Dec. 3, 1894.
April 19, 1897.
March 18, 1895
March 26, 1894.
Nov. 4, 1895.
April 30, 1894.
Feb. 21, 1898.
March 18, 1895.
April 15, 1895.

Sabine, Mrs. Caroline R.,
S afford, Daniel E.,
Safford, William O.,
Saltonstall, Philip L.,
Sanborn, Nathan P.,
Sanders, Nathaniel S. EL,
Sanders, Thomas,
Sargeant, Cyrus,
Sargeant, Mrs. Cyrus,
Sargent, Franklin H.,
Saunders, Miss Mary T.,
Savory, Tristram T.,
Sayward, Charles A.,
Sears, John H.,
Sears, Mrs. Lucinda C,

Brookline, Mass.
Hamilton, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Milton, Mass.
Marblehead, Mass.
Danvers, Mass.
Haverhill, Mass.
Plymouth, N. H.
Plymouth, N. H.
Salem, Mass.

Ipswich, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

July 15, 1895.
Dec. 8, 1858.
Jan. 21, 1891.
Feb. 18, 1895.
Sept. 4, 1894.
July 20, 1896.
July 2, 1894.
May 17, 1897.
Feb. 21, 1898.
March 21, 1898.
Jan. 21, 1878.
July 6, 1864.
Aug. 20, 1894.
July 16, 1866.
June 21, 1897.

LIST OF PRESENT MEMBERS.

NAME.

Shattuck, George H.,
Shattuck, Mrs. George H.,
Shaw, Edward P.,
Shaw, Francis,
Shaw, Mrs. G. Howland,
Shepard, George A.,
Shepard, Miss Sally W.,
Sherman, Edgar J.,
Sherman, Dr. Sarah E.,
Sibley, George,
Silsbee, George S.,
Silver, William,
Sim, Arthur W.,
Sim, Francis D.,
Simonds, Nathaniel G.,
Sistare, Mrs. Margaret G.,
Skinner, Mrs. Francis,
Sluman, Benjamin W.,
Small, Herbert,
Smith, Alonzo H.,
Smith, A. Augustus,
Smith, Charles F.,
Smith, Edward A.,
Smith, Henry P.,
Smith, Horace N.,
Smith, J. Foster,
Smith, S. Frederick,
Smith, William M.,
Smith, Winchester,
Sohier, William D.,
Sowdon, Arthur J. C,
Spencer, John E.,
Spinney, Benjamin F.,
Spofford, Miss Aphia T.,
Spofford.. PaulN.,
Sprague, Mrs. Elizabeth R.,
Stanley, John W.,
Stanwood, James R.,
Starr, Miss Maria G. ,
Stearns, Henry S.,
Stearns, Richard H.,
Stearns, Richard S.,
Stearns, William S.,

RESIDENCE.

Salem, Mass.

Newburyport, Mass.
Way land, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Lawrence, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Peabody, Mass.

Salem, Mass.
New York City.
Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.

Salem, Mass.
Lynn, Mass.
Groveland, Mass.
New York City.
Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Portsmouth, N. H.
Salem, Mass.

(C i(

Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

DATE OK ELECTION.

March 21, 1898.
March 19, 1894.
March 18, 1895.
Feb. 18, 1895.
Feb. 18, 1895.
June 9, 1887.
July 2, 1894.
Nov. 5, 1894.
May 7, 1894.
Aug. 16, 1881.
Sept. 17, 1894.
April 30, 1894.
Dec. 3, 1894.
Feb. 21, 1898.
April 16, 1866.
June 3, 1895.
March 4, 1895.
May 6, 1895.
Aug. 20, 1894.
Sept. 4, 1894.
Jan. 31, 1855.
May 4, 1896.
June 19, 1893.
Feb. 21, 1898.
July 18, 1887.
Nov. 16, 1891.
July 2, 1894.
Jan. 7, 1895.
April 16, 1894.
April 21, 1896.
Jan. 6, 1896.
July 16, 1894.
April 15, 1895.
July 16, 1894.
Aug. 20, 1894.
March 4, 1895.
Jan. 9, 1857.
Sept. 16, 1895.
Aug. 20, 1894.
March 18, 1895.
Jan. 7, 1895.
July 15, 1895.
Jan. 16, 1888.

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE,

NAME.

Stickney, Miss Cornelia A.,
Stickney, George A. D.,
Stimpson, Thomas M.,
Stone, Arthur R.,
Stone, Owen B.,
Stone, Mrs. Richard,
Storey, Moorfield,
Streeter, Gilbert L.,
Sutton, William,
SAvan, Dr. William D.,
Swasey, William H.,
Symonds, Ernest F.,
Symonds, Stillman G.,
Symonds, Walter E.,

RESIDENCE.

Salem, Mass.

Peabody, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.
Brookline, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Cambridge, Mass.
Newbury port, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Lynn, Mass.

DATE OF ELECTION.

July 1, 1895.
July 16, 1894.
Feb. 1, 1854.
June 8, 1885.
Jan. 16, 1888.
March 17, 1896.
May 6, 1895.
July 18, 1849.
March 21, 1898.
Jan. 4, 1897.
July 16, 1894.
June 18, 1894.
March 19, 1894.
Feb. 18, 1895.

Tapley, Henry F.,
Temple, Arthur S.,
Tenney, Miss Martha J.,
Thayer, Edward S.,
Thayer, J. Henry,
Thayer, Oliver,
Thompson, Elihu,
Thorndike, John L.,
Thorndike, S. Lothrop,
Tibbetts, Miss Emma A.,
Tierney. Patrick F.,
Tileston, Mrs. Mary W.,
Titus, Alonzo F.,
Todd, William C,
Touret, Benjamin A.,
Towle, Rev. Edward D.,
Tracy, Miss Louise,
Treat, John EL,
Trefry, William D. T.,
Trumbull, Edward B.,
Trumbull, Walter H.,
Tuck, Joseph D.,
Tucker, Richard D.,
Tuckerman, Charles S.,
Turner, James H.,
Turner, Ross,
Tuttle, Charles H.,
Tyler, Loren S. ,

Lynn, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Haverhill, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Cambridge, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Swampscott, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Cambridge, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Mattapan, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Atkinson, N. H,
Salem, Mass.
Brookline, Mass.
New Haven, Ct.
Lawrence, Mass.
Marblehead, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

(( cc

Beverly, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Feb. 4, 1895.
May 7, 1894.
July 16, 1894.
April 3, 1865.
June 18, 1895.
Oct. 1, 1894.
April 30, 1894.
Feb. 17, 1896.
Sept. 14, 1894.
April 1, 1895.
May 7, 1894.
Dec. 17, 1894.
Feb. 21, 1898.
Dec. 17, 1894.
April 30, 1894.
Sept. 18, 1893.
Oct. 18, 1897.
Dec. 21, 1891.
May 21, 1894.
July 16, 1894.
May 7, 1894.
Dec. 18, 1861.
July 2, 1894.
April 30, 1894.
May 7, 1894.
Oct. 18, 1886.
May 6, 1895.
Oct. 5, 1896.

LIST OF PRESENT MEMBERS.

NAME.

Upham, William P.,
Upton, Mrs. Annie M.,
Upton, King,

RESIDENCE.

Newtonville, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

DATE OF ELECTION.

Jan. 22, 1863.
May 20, 1895.
May 7, 1894.

Vaughn, George C,
Vaughn, Ira,
Very, George F.,
Very, Nathaniel A.,
Very, Nathaniel T.,
Vickery, George A.,

Salem, Mass.

Oct. 1, 1894.
Dec. 16, 1895.
Aug. 6, 1894.
June 12, 1867.
July 16, 1894.
June 18, 1894.

Waldo, Miss Phebe M.,
Walton, EbenN.,
Ward, Miss Elizabeth C,
Ward, Frederick A.,
Ward, J. Langdon,
Ward, Samuel G.,
Wardwell, Henry,
Wardwell, Linville H.,
Warner, Miss Annie L.,
Warner, Caleb H.,
Washburn, Calvin R.,
Washburn, Dr. George H.,
Waters, David P.,
Waters, Edward S.,
Waters, Henry F.,
Waters, Rev. T. Frank,
Waters, William C, jr.,
Webb, Arthur N.,
Webb, Dr. Benjamin,
Webb, Mrs. William G.,
Webber, William G.,
Welch, Charles 0.,
Welch, William L.,
West, Arthur W.,
West, Miss Emma C,
West, Miss Mary E.,
West, Mrs. William C,
Westcott, Mrs. Stephen E.,
Weston, Mrs. Charles H.,
♦Wetmore, George P.,
Wheatland, Mrs. Ann Maria,
Wheatland, Miss Elizabeth,

Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
New York City.
Washington, D. C.
Salem, Mass.
Beverly, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Cambridge, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Holyoke, Mass.
London, Eng.
Ipswich, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Newport, R. I.
Salem, Mass.

Jan. 15, 1893.
Feb. 28, 1898.
Nov. 8, 1897.
April 30, 1894.
April 30, 1894.
March 4, 1895.
April 30, 1894.
April 30, 1894.
March 21, 1898.
Sept. 17, 1894.
May 7, 1894.
Feb. 17. 1896.
May 23, 1868.
Feb. 3, 1896
May 4, 1870.
April 16, 1894.
Jan. 16, 1893.
April 30, 1894.
April 21, 1852.
March 19, 1894.
Oct. 18, 1886.
July 3, 1893.
July 5, 1887.
Jan. 19, 1880.
Jan 17, 1898.
March 2, 1874.
July 16, 18!>4.
Nov. 18, 1x95.
June 4. 1894.
Oct. 15, 1894.
Oct 4, 1886.
March 15, 1869.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXX

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE,

NAME.

Wheatland, George, jr.,
Wheatland, Richard,
Whipple, Albert I.,
Whipple, Everett,
* Whipple, George M.,
Whipple, Mrs. George M.,
Whipple, George N.,
Whipple, William H.,
White, Alden P.,
White, George M.,
White, McDonald E.,
Whitehead, Harry A.,
Whitehouse, Francis M.,
Whitney, Mrs. Mary W.,
Whitwell, Mrs. Mary C,
Wilkin s, S. Herbert,
Williams, George W.,
Williams, John S.,
Williams, Tucker D.,
Willson, Miss Alice B.,
Willson, Miss Lucy B.,
Willson, Robert W.,
Wilson, Andrew J.,
Winchester, Frank,
Wingate, Joseph C. A.,
Winn, John K.,
♦Winthrop, Robert C, jr.,
Withington, Lothrop,
Wolcott, Roger,
Woodbury, Charles J. H.,
Woodbury, Chas. Levi,
Woodbury, Mrs. David E.,
Woodbury, Dr. George E.,
Woodbury, Mrs. Harriette E.
Woodbury, James A.,
Woodbury, John,
Woodbury, John P.,
Woodbury, Dr. Louis A.,
Wright, Carroll D.,

RESIDENCE.

Salem, Mass.

Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Chicago, 111.,
Lawrence, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Salem, Mass.

Cambridge, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Peabody, Mass.
Stratham, N. H.
Key West, Fla.
Boston, Mass.
Newburyport, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Lynn, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Gloucester, Mass.
Methuen, Mass.

Winchester, Mass.
Lynn, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Groveland, Mass.

DATE OF ELECTION.

Feb. 7, 1898.
July 3, 1893.
April 30, 1894.
May 6, 1895.
June 7, 1854.
July 15, 1878.
July 6, 1896.
Nov. 14, 1856.
March 17, 1884.
Dec. 15, 1873.
June 18, 1895.
July 16, 1894.
Jan. 6, 1896.
Dec. 19, 1870.
Nov. 19, 1894.
Feb. 21, 1898.
April 30, 1894.
July 2, 1894.
Nov. 19, 1894.
April 6, 1896.
Jan. 21, 1895.
Aug. 20, 1894.
July 16, 1894.
April 15, 1895.
Feb. 18, 1895.
Jan. 6, 1896.
Sept. 15, 1894.
Nov. 18, 1895.
Dec. 3, 1894.
April 15, 1895.
April 15, 1895.
July 2, 189+.
Aug. 6, 1894.
March 21, 1898.
Dec. 2, 1895.
April 15, 1895.
Dec. 1, 1890.
Aug. 19, 1895.
Jan. 21, 1895.

Young, Charles L.,

Boston, Mass.

July 15, 1895.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Abbott, Henry Larcom, New York.
Adams.Herb't Baxter,Baltimore,Md.
Agassiz, Alexander, Cambridge.
Appleton, William Sumner, Boston.

Babbidge, Charles, Pepperell.
Battle.Rev.Kemp P., Chapel Hill.N.C.
Bean, Tarleton H., Washington, D.C.
Bell, Alexander Graham,

Washington, D. C.
Bourse, Peter. Geneva, N. Y.
Brackett, C. F., Princeton, N. J.
Brewer, W. H., New Haven, Conn.
Brush, George J., New Haven, Conn.

Caldwell, Samuel L., Providence, R.I.
Cembrano, F.M., Manilla.
Chever, Sarah Ann, Melrose.
Chew, Samuel, Germantown, Pa.
Clark, Thomas M., Providence, R. I.
Collett, John, Indianapolis, Ind.
Coues, Elliott, Washington, D. C.
Cox, E. T., New Harmony, Ind.
Cresson, Ezra T., Philadelphia, Pa.
Crowell, E. Payson, Amherst.
Cummings, John, jr., Woburn.
Cutting, Hiram A., Lunenburg, Vt.

Dall, Wm. H., Washington, D. C.
Damon, Robert, Weymouth, Eng.
Davis, Henry, McGregor, la.
De Roax, William, Panama.
Downs, Andrew, Dutch Village.
Diaper, Lyman C, MaJison, Wis.

Edwards, Arthur M., New York.
Edwards, Richard.

Fewkes, J. Walter, Boston.

Gill, Theodore, Washington, D. C.
Goodale, George L., Cambridge.
Green, Samuel A., Boston.
Griscom, John, New York.
Guild, Reuben A., Providence, R. I.

Hall, Elihu, Athens, 111.
Hanaford, Jeremiah L., Watertown.
Hart, Charles H., Philadelphia, Pa.
Hickox, John H., Washington, D. C.
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth,

Cambridge.
Hoffman, W. J., Washington, D. C.
Hollenbush, H. W., Reading, Pa.
Holmes, Francis S., Charleston, S. C.
Huntington, Geo. C, Kelley's Id., O.
Hyatt, Alpheus, Cambridge.

Johnstone, Christoph., Baltimore,M 3.

Kellogg, A., San Francisco, Cal.
Kilby, Wm. H., Boston.
Kilham, Rodney A., Temple, N. H.
Kimball, James P., Washington, D. C.
Kingman, Bradford, Bridgewater.

Latour, L. A. H., Montreal, Can.
Lea, Thomas G., Cincinnati, O.
Levette, George M., Indianapolis, Ind.
Lodge, Henry Cabot, Boston.
Lovett, Thomas D., Maiden.

Marsh, O. C, New Haven, Conn.
Marshall, George W., London, Eng.
Minot, Charles Sedgwick, Boston.

Newberry, J. S., New York.
Niles, W. H., Cambridge.
Norwood, J. G., Columbia, Mo.

Oliver, James Edward, Ithaca, N. Y.
Ordway, Albert, Washington, D. C.
Osten-Sacken, R., St. Petersburg, R.

Packard, A. S., Providence, R. I.
Perkins, Augustine T., Boston.
Perkins, Charles P., Annapolis, Md.
Pickering, Edward Charles,

Cambridge.
Playfair, Lyon, London, Eng.
Poey, F., Havana, Cuba.

(99)

100

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Porter, Edward Griffin, Lexington.
Pumpelly, Raphael, Newport, R. I.

Richardson, E. S.L., Chicago, 111.
Rockwood, Otis, Lynn.

Samuelson, James, Liverpool, Eng.
Shaler, Nath'l S„, Cambridge.
Sloan, John, New Albany, [nd.
Smith, J.Challenor, London, Eng.
Smith, S. I., New Haven, Conn.
Soares, John Da Costa, Mozambique.
Stone, Alfred, Providence, R. I.
Swallow, G. C, Columbia, Mo.

Talant, James, Concord, N. H.

Uhler, P. R., Baltimore, Md.
Upton, Winslow, Providence, R. I.

Verrill, Addison E., New Haven, Ct.

Wael, Emilien de, Antwerp.
Weinland, D. F., Frankfurt -a- Main.
White, C. A., Washington, D C.
White, William Orne, Brookline.
Whitinore, Wm. H., Boston.
Wilder, Burt G., Ithaca, N. Y.
Wildes, J. H., San Francisco, Cal.
Wright, Geo. Frederick, Oberlin, O.

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSBZ IBTSTITTJTB.

Vol. 30. Salem: July, — December, 1898. Nos. 7-12.

ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 16, 1898.

The annual meeting was held in Plummer Hall, this
evening, at eight o'clock ; the President in the chair.

In the absence of the Secretary, Mr. John Robinson
was chosen Secretary pro tempore. The record of the
last annual meeting was read and approved.

The President read a report of the work of the Insti-
tute for the previous year which follows in full. On
motion of Mr. George M. Whipple, seconded by Vice-
President Edward S. Morse, this report was accepted and
ordered to be placed on file.

A report on the condition of the library from the
Assistant Librarian, Miss Alice G. Waters, was read by
Mr. Whipple and accepted and ordered to be placed
on file.

The Treasurer read a report of the financial condition
of the Institute, embodying suggestions of exceptional
value. This, as well as the report of the Auditor which
followed, was accepted and ordered to be placed on file.

It was voted to proceed to the election of officers for
the ensuing year. Alderman Charles H. Danforth, Mr.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXX 7* (101)

102 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

William Silver and Mr. Joseph Henderson, were ap-
pointed by the chair a committee to distribute ballots and
to receive, sort and count votes.

This committee reported that eighty-three votes had
been cast, all of which were for the following named
persons :

PRESIDENT.
ROBERT S. RANTOUL.

VICE-PRESIDENTS.

Francis H. Appleton, Edward S. Morse,

Abner C. Goodell, Alden P. White.

SECRETARY. TREASURER.

Henry M. Brooks. William O. Chapman.

AUDITOR. LIBRARIAN.

Henry M. Batcheldeh. Miss Alice G. Waters.

COUNCIL.

George H. Allen, Richard C. Manning,

John W. Buckham, S. Endicott Peabody,

William H. Gove, David Pingree,

Ezra D. Hines, Charles S. Rea,

Francis H. Lee, George M. Whipple.

FINANCE COMMITTEE.

The President, Chairman ex officio,
George H. Allen, H. W. Peabody,

H. M. Batchelder, David Pingree,

S. E. Peabody, The Treasurer, ex off.

Upon which the President declared the above named
persons to be elected and to be the officers of the Insti-
tute for the ensuing year.

Treasurer William O. Chapman offered the following
resolution, which was unanimously adopted, and the Sec-
retary pro tempore was directed to send a copy of it to
the Secretary elect.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 103

"At the annual meeting of the Essex Institute, May
16, 1898,

Resolved: That owing to the long-continued and pain-
ful illness of the Secretary, Mr. Henry M. Brooks, the
Institute misses the presence of a faithful officer, and its
members the company of a delightful friend.

It is therefore

Voted: That the sympathy of the members present be
extended to Mr. Brooks, together with the sincere wish
that the coming season will bring to him renewed health
and strength."

President's Report, May 16, 1898.

This report should naturally begin with some notice of
the irreparable loss we have sustained in the death of Mr.
Hunt. The last meeting at which he was present was
that of Monday, January 17, addressed by Captain John
P. Reynolds. He wrote me next day regretting that, on
account of a family engagement which he named, he had
arrived at the meeting only in time to hear the general
commendation the paper elicited. The last time we met
was on Wednesday at dusk. It was a warm, damp night.
His overcoat was flung lightly over his shoulders, the
sleeves hanging loose, as was his wont. After talking in
the street about Institute matters for awhile we parted,
and I saw him disappear up the broad, marble stairs of
the Holyoke Building. He seemed well. That night he
was stricken and he died on Friday. On Monday follow-
ing, January 24, Professor Mendenhall was to adoress
the Institute at Plummer Hall, and it was thought fitting
that the occasion should be availed of to put on record
and offer to the public some recognition of our loss as a
Society and to provide for a memorial service which should
give expression of our share in a grief felt to be spon-

104 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

taneous, profound and universal. Such action was taken
and was generally noticed by the press. Measures were
entered upon at once to this end, when it was found that
other friends of Mr. Hunt, who felt that so well known a
citizen should be commemorated by no one body, had
already arranged a memorial service for the whole public
at an early day and had secured so competent a eulogist
as Dr. E. C. Bolles. Under these circumstances it
seemed indelicate for the Institute to intervene. Dr.
Bolles' address was delivered on April 14, and left noth-
ing to be desired, and arrangements were at once made
by the Institute to give it the first place in the forthcom-
ing volume of our Historical Collections. It is now in
print. The propriety of doing something more exclu-
sively betokening the Institute's share in the general loss
is under consideration, and it is contemplated to bring
together into a chamber by themselves, so far as this can
be done without unduly disturbing the natural classifica-
tion of our books, Mr. Hunt's numerous and often costly
gifts to our art and other collections, together with the
unique and invaluable China Library collected by him
and presented to the Institute; to call the room by the
cherished name of the donor; to distinguish it with a
tablet, and to dedicate it with some simple ceremonial
in the coming autumn.

The year has been as disastrous in respect of our
losses from sickness and death as it has been fortunate in
other ways. Our admirable Librarian of the past twelve
years is no longer here to read his yearly report, and our
Secretary, who has served since the occupancy of the
present rooms, has been unable from protracted illness to
discharge his duties for many months.

Mr. Arthur Stone, the great value of whose varied
services can be estimated only by those actively employed

THK RETROSPECT OF THK TEAR. 105

at the Institute, has been disabled by illness throughout
the year; Miss Arvedsou, our experienced Assistant
Librarian, was obliged from ill health to resign ; and the
able services of the Treasurer were interrupted by severe
illness for several months. I am glad to be able to say
that, with the addition of one new assistant and the very
generous cooperation in office-work of the Treasurer
since his recovery, and of Mr. George L. Peabody
throughout the winter, a partial return to the old-time
order of things has been reached ; but it is seen by every
active worker in the Society to be very far from what we
desire or what our contributors and the public have a
right to demand. Every day shows more plainly how far
the Institute has outgrown its early methods.

The year has been fairly prolific of literary work. A
new and much improved edition of the little hand-book
to the first Meeting House was issued in the spring, and
this was followed by an edition, the sixth or seventh I
think, and the fortieth thousand, of the Visitor's Guide to
Salem. This work has profited by the assiduous labors
of at least teu devoted friends of the Institute, counting
only writers and omitting artists, to several of whom
credit is due for the copious illustration of the book.
And while it has long compared well with the local guide-
books of this section, it may at last be claimed to be in
as good a condition as to accuracy and comprehensive-
ness and conciseness as we are likely at present to arrive
at. It has been printed on 215 thin, flexible pages which,
by adding four lines to each page, are made to contain
some twenty-two pages more of matter than the preceding
edition of 1895, although that edition numbered more
pages, weighed more and was less flexible for pocket use.
A good deal of new matter and several new illustrations
were added, some errors corrected, and there would seem

106 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

to be little remaining to be done, aside from changes
made necessary by current events, save to correct re-
maining errors of fact as they may come to light and to
renew some of the cuts which are a good deal worn.
Copies of both these guide books have been presented to
the High and Grammar Schools of the city.

The regular publications of the Institute are well ad-
vanced. The Bulletin for 1895 has been completed,
closing Volume xxvn and besides this we have added
Volume xxviii, to the Bulletin, completing the year
1896, which contains some scientific communications of
exceptional value and a paper on Roger Williams in
Salem, by the late Mrs. Henry M. Brooks, while the
first half of the year 1897 containing the report of the
yearly meeting, and the first half of the year 1898 con-
taining the report of the Fiftieth Anniversary, are both
printed and sent out. It remains to finish the year 1897
as soon as scientific material for the purpose shall come
to hand, and the year 1898 as soon as the report of this
present annual meeting can be sent to press. Thus we
have done the work of two and one-half years since the
last annual meeting in bringing the Bulletin so nearly up
to date.

Pursuant to a vote passed at the last yearly meeting,
the half-century anniversary of the Society Avas made the
occasion of ceremonies which were exceptionally impress-
ive, and of a gathering, from far and near, of persons
interested in the Institute which, from its spirit and qual-
ity and size, gave the highest hope to those who see the
great possibilities of our future and are willing to make
sacrifices to secure it. The presence of the President of
our leading University and of representatives of a large
part of the kindred societies of this county and vicinity;
of the official representatives of His Excellency, the

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 107

Governor of Massachusetts and of Her Majesty, the
Queen of England, — contributed to make the gathering
a memorable one, and the very cordial cooperation of
our Salem community was not the least hopeful feature of
the occasion.

It has been thought well to print in the current Bulletin
for 1898 a full report of the Commemoration, together
with a list of the present membership of the Institute,
and to send this number out pretty freely to all who wish
us well. Several magnificent offers of gifts to our col-
lections were made on this occasion, which, if accepted,
will mark a new departure in the career of the Institute.

Of the Historical Collections it is enough to say that a
new volume has come out since the last meeting, which
is, with the other issues alluded to, on the table for in-
spection, and which compares favorably with its prede-
cessors. It brings the publication up to date. It
contains, with other matters, a valuable contribution to
the local history of Ipswich ; some original Topsfield
records of the 17th and the early 18th centuries ; a sketch
of our late Librarian ; two accounts of Salem Neck and
Winter Island, with a map; a statement of the grounds
upon which rests the Essex County claim to the earliest
attempt at cotton spinning and weaving, — an article repro-
duced with an illustration in the half-yearly issue of the
New England Cotton Manufacturers' Association of April
last ; the story of Arnold's march through this County
to Quebec ; an unpublished letter of Col. Timothy Pick-
ering and a list of shipping owned in Salem in 1826,
with owners' names and other data, attributed to the late
Joseph Augustus Peabody. In connection with the last
it may be mentioned that several old hand-painted charts
of the ships' signals used here toward the end of our
romantic commercial era have been framed for better

108 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

preservation and display, and are a good deal consulted
by descendants of the famous merchants whose signals
they depict. The first half of the next volume for 1898,
numbered Volume xxxiv, is in the hands of the printer
and is nearly ready.

Two courses of lectures have been sustained through-
out the winter, of the quality of which I need say noth-
ing. Every Monday evening, from January third to
April twenty-fifth inclusive, has been profitably and agree-
ably employed in listening to these varied productions,
some of which have been printed. To the lecturers and
speakers, as well as to the Peabody Academy of Science
which has generously placed its hall at our service on
several occasions, no well wisher of the Institute can fail
to feel a sense of profound obligation. The Salem
Lyceum pays a graceful tribute to the value of this work
by making us its heir.

In August next, at the Institute's invitation, the Amer-
ican Association for the Advancement of Science will
visit Salem. It has done so twice before. Like the
Institute it has lived fifty years and the golden jubilee
has been marked by its choice for president this year of
one of the most distinguished sons of Salem, a protege
of Dr. Wheatland and long-time officer of the Institute.
Great expectations are indulged as to this visit. A large
local committee has been named and every Institute mem-
ber will feel personally pledged for the success of the
occasion.

Finally, it is worthy of note that two wills have been
offered for probate this year in which the Institute has
an interest. The first is that of George Plumer Smith,
of Philadelphia, a member since 1882, when the Institute
had no home but Plummer Hall, a constant visitor and
correspondent, and a very active contributor in a variety

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 109

of ways. He has left a leg:icy of $10,000 to " the Plum-
mer Hall in the City of Salem." This language does not
describe with accuracy either of the corporate bodies
which have from the outset enjoyed the joint occupancy
of the building and for whose accommodation it seems to
have been designed. It designates in terms by their cor-
porate name neither the " Essex Institute " nor the " Pro-
prietors of the Salem Athenaeum," and we are advised
that the case is one of those in which the courts, rather
than allow the legacy to lapse for uncertainty and fall to
a Pennsylvania Hospital, which is the residuary legatee,
will hear evidence of a certain well-defined sort tending
to show the purpose the testator had in view. Such evi-
dence is in course of preparation — proper legal steps
have been taken — and already more than one hundred
and forty letters from the testator have come to light, all
of them expressing the warmest interest in the Institute
and its work, of which Mr. Smith was constantly avail-
ing himself for fourteen years. It is impossible to sup-
pose that we shall not profit by the bounty of our friend.

The will of Mr. George L. Ames has also been filed,
and while probate has not been finally allowed, and the
condition of his estate is yet to be disclosed, it can hardly
be that the Institute among other beneficiaries will not
ultimately derive a very considerable advantage from the
generous remembrance of Mr. Ames.

But the need of the Institute, as of most societies of
the kind, is ready money rather than the expectation of
future riches. The possibility of securing the Story, the
Curwen, and other noble contributions, — of housing,
cataloguing, arranging and utilizing the collections already
ours, — of conducting our large correspondence, our
prudential and other business affairs with reasonable vigor
and efficiency, — depends on ready money; depends on

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXX 8

110 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

our receiving pretty promptly a considerable amount of
pecuniary help. Future administrations of the Institute
will be prepared to put the legacies which are to enrich
them to the best of uses ; but the present administration
is wholly unable to see how the future which should be
ours can be secured except through efforts made at once
to increase our means, and to enlarge our space, and to
add to our corps of paid assistants. Its present officers
are ready to bear the burthen so far as they can, but
what they can do is a fraction of what ought to be done.
The work keeps steadily growing, and at times they find
themselves so unequal to the demand that the day cannot
be distant when they must be largely reinforced or the
Institute must be content to accomplish less. It such a
grand activity as ours is to be longer crippled for want of
funds, let it not be said that this is because its officers
have failed to make known their needs. It is fair to say
that well-wishers of the Institute must not expect to see
it thrive much longer as now equipped. It is fair to say
that the amount of volunteer effort expended in the past
two years in keeping the Institute up to its present stan-
dard cannot be relied upon much further unless there is a
speedy prospect of substantial relief. Contributors who
entrust us with valuable manuscripts and relics will not long
be satisfied, when they ask to see their treasures, to be
told that we have them safe somewhere but they cannot
be found. The theological student, attracted to us by
our rare collection of books of interest and value to the
ministry, will not long be satisfied, when he demands
the daily use of them, as did my late predecessor in the
Chair, the Rev. Mr. Willson, to be told that they are
amongst the numerous volumes boxed up and stored in
a warehouse for utter lack of room. The Smithsonian
Institution at Washington, for years of incalculable value

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Ill

to us in spreading our publications by exchange about the
work! — making the name of Essex County almost as
well known to-day as the commerce of our five good sea-
ports did in earlier years — will not long be satisfied, when
asking for a detailed report of our condition to be printed
with the annals of the great societies of the country, to
be told, as it was last year, that our clerical force is une-
qual to the task. The people of the County must either
come promptly to the rescue or be content with a large
curtailment of our working plans.

Library Report, May 16, 1898.

The additions to the Library for the year (May 1897
to May 1898) have been as follows :

By Donation.

Folios, 32

Quartos, 173

Octavos, 850

Twelvemos, 243

Sixteenmos, 152

Twenty-fourmos, 55

Total of bound volumes, 1,505

Pamphlets and serials, 4,119

Total of donations, 5,624

By Exchange.

Folios, 2

Quartos, 7

Octavos, 51

Twelvemos, 2

Total of bound volumes, 62

Pamphlets and serials, 1,367

Total of exchanges, 1,429

112 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

By Purchase.

Folios, 9

Quartos, 4

Octavos, 23

Total of bound volumes, ■■ . 36

Pamphlets and serials, 34

Total of purchases, 70

Total of donations, 5,624

Total of exchanges, . 1,429

Total of purchases, 70

Total of additions, 7,123

Of the total number of pamphlets and serials, 1,734
were pamphlets, and 3,752 were serials.

The donations to the library for the year have been
received from 149 individuals and 112 societies and gov-
ernmental departments.

The exchanges, from 14 individuals and 244 societies of
which 121 are foreign; also from editors and publishers.

There is little to be said except to repeat that which the
late librarian, Mr. Charles S. Osgood, has so well said in
the years past, but in accordance with the usual custom
the Assistant Librarian would, in addition to the statistics
just read, respectfully submit the following:

The library would be greatly improved by the addition
of a fire proof stack, for the better accommodation of the
books, including those now stored outside of the building
or piled up in out-of-the-way corners of Plummer Hall
and the Institute Building.

A catalogue of the library is very much needed, not
only to facilitate the work in the library, but also to fur-
nish knowledge of the many rare and valuable books here
collected for study and reference.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 113

A book fund would be of the greatest assistance, to
allow the purchase of new books and the rebinding of old
books of value which are becoming damaged by constant
usage.

A thorough examination of the library has been made,
and but very few books are missing. Of those reported
missing last year, five volumes and two pamphlets have
been found and returned to their places.

Owing to the constant increase of the number of vol-
umes of town histories and genealogies, and the general
interest recently awakened in them, it has become neces-
sary to remove the genealogies to the eastern reading
room, where they have been arranged and labelled that
they may readily be found by those not familiar with
them.

This leaves shelf room in the western reading room for
a better arrangement of the town histories, and for the
completion of broken sets of the historical magazines.

The large number of those seeking reference to the
directories, shows that this unique collection has a value
not realized when Dr. Wheatland gathered them together
and it is desirable that it should be made as complete as
possible. Members are reminded that old directories of
any city or town in the country are desired to increase
this collection.

It is noticeable that many donations are received from
persons in no way identified with the Institute, showing
the extended and increasing interest in the Society and
its work.

Respectfully submitted,

Alice G. Waters,
Assistant Librarian.

114

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Treasurer's Report.

Condensed from Treasurer's Report presented May 16,
1898.

RECEIPTS.

Balance from last year's report, $149 10

Received from invested funds, $3,343 04

Assessment of members, .... 2,46300

Publications 919 05

Contributions and sale of tickets for the cel-
ebration of fiftieth anniversary, . . 606 00

Money borrowed, 500 00

Mrs. Henry Saltonstall, contribution for

framing Scagliola, 31 17

From other sources, 177 99 $S,040 79

$8,189 89

EXPENDITURES.

Salaries of secretary, assistants and janitor, . . . $2,259 05

Shrubs, extra labor on grounds and building, ... 81 33

Fuel, 206 75

Light and water, 86 68

Our proportion of the Athenaeum expenses 220 77

Storage warehouse, 37 SO

Repairs on building, etc 177 78

Postage and express 135 45

Supplies and miscellaneous, 99 10

Lecture expenses, . 70 00

Reception expenses, 35 00

Typewriter, 120 50

Interest on loan, 224 4i

Insurance, 429 75

Framing Scagliola, 31 17

Annuities paid 610 00

Books, periodicals and binding, 394 44

Publications and printing, 2,274 59

Expenses incurred in celebration of fiftieth anniversary, . 476 17

Balance of cash on hand

',970 76
219 13

$8,189 89

Respectfully submitted,

William O. Chapman, Treasurer

An analysis of the figures shows that the expenses have
exceeded the income by about $700, which does not differ
materially from the average of the past eight years.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. J 15

This is accounted for this year by the item of insurance,
the large increase in the cost of printing caused by the
bringing of the publications up to date and the issuing of
new editions of the " Visitors' Guide to Salem " and "The
Story of the First Meeting House." The cost of the lat-
ter two will however be returned to us in small amounts
during the next few years. Now that the publications
are up to date and the insurance has been distributed over
a series of years, it seems as if we might run along with-
in our income, if nothing beyond the usual routine work
is attempted ; such, for instance, as the much needed over-
hauling to make accessible the great mass of valuable
manuscripts and papers of all kinds, which as yet remain
almost an untilled field, doubtless containing material of
untold value to the student of our earlier ways of life
and people.

It has always been the policy of the Institute to take
the broadest view of the situation and to do those things
which seemed to be ultimately best for its interest, even
at the cost of a present embarrassment for funds. This,
the Treasurer believes, is the only way that the work
should be continued and expects to see its brilliant past
eclipsed by a more brilliant future.

We all realize of course that it takes money to run an
institution of this kind, in such a manner; but let its
present condition and prospects be a justification of this
policy, and may they furnish encouragement to those who
follow, to continue on the same broad lines mapped out
by one lately lost who has done so much towards shaping
its aims and purpose in years gone by.

This is not the place nor am I the person to pronounce
any eulogy on the Institute's late friend and worker, Mr.
Thomas F. Hunt; we all knew in a general way his deep
interest in the affairs of this institution ; some of us, who

116 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

were thrown in with him most, had the privilege of know-
ing more intimately his invaluable aid and counsel, and I
desire to express in these few words, however inadequate
they may seem, a deep sense of regret and a realization
as time goes on of the irretrievable loss which the Insti-
tute has sustained in his decease.

There seems to be a feeling expressed by some that,
while they continue to pay their dues regularly, they do
not receive anything in return. This is a feeling that
should not be allowed to exist and every member should
be if possible made to feel that it is his Essex Institute
whenever he wants to use it. They should be cordially
received and courteously treated whenever their investi-
gations bring them within the reach of our help and every
effort should be made to assist them in obtaining any
desired information.

It is the expressed wish and purpose of those who have
the honor to be in charge of the Institute to extend its
facilities to all members at all times. The interests of
the Institute demand that this course be studiously
pursued.

In view of the fact that members having friends visit-
ing them have often asked if they might be allowed the
privileges of the library, it has seemed best to have cards
of invitation, for thirty days or less, issued to any friend
introduced by a member; accordingly a circular was sent
out May 2, over the Secretary's signature giving notice
that the facilities of the Institute would be so extended.

In the absence of the Secretary, I take occasion to re-
port that the responses to that notice already received
seem to indicate the wisdom of the step. Even in the
short time which has elapsed since May 2 the Assistant
Librarian has issued enough cards to show that it is a
privilege that will be used, and I am happy to say that

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 117

the applications are coming not only from Salem but from
other parts of the County, thus showing that the Insti-
tute is in reality what it was chartered to be, a County
Institution. Another matter which would claim the Sec-
retary's attention, were he here, is the statistical showing
for the past year. There have been 185 donations to the
Cabinets from 83 donors, many of which are of rare and
exceptional value.

Depending as we do largely on the assessment of the
members and the contributions of our friends to defray the
running expenses, it has seemed best to make some
changes in the method of collecting the annual dues, and
the very cordial response to the notification issued this
year calling attention to the date on which the assessment
is payable, seems to show that the new method is wel-
comed. While the assessment is a small amount for each
member to contribute, it is the aggregate of the whole
which pays the bills ; and we have reason to think that,
when each member realizes that the Institute needs his
three dollars, we shall no longer have to borrow money
temporarily to pay the running expenses. The more
thoroughly business methods can be applied to the finan-
cial operations of the Institute the more satisfactory the
results must prove to be.

Desiring to place the aims and purposes of the Society
before those of the members not able for various reasons
to visit the rooms frequently, we have mailed with the
receipt for annual dues various circulars of information,
hoping thus to keep up a feeling of personal interest.
Earlier in the year the school teachers were supplied with
copies of the " Visitors' Guide to Salem " smd " The Story
of the First Meeting House." That they have been read
is proved by the extraordinarily large number of school
children visiting the rooms and applying for the key to

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXX 8*

118 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

the First Meeting House. As children under twelve are
not admitted unless accompanied by an adult, it became
necessary to call attention to that fact and we hope to see
the teachers all come at the head of battalions of children
interested to learn of Salem and its grand record. This
is part of the liberal education, the great object lesson,
which the Institute extends to all through its museum of
historical relics and curiosities.

The attendance at the rooms during the past year has
been as usual, large, and the Treasurer expresses his hope
that in the near future an increase of income will warrant
the opening of the building on Sunday afternoons. On
the few occasions when the Institute has been open in the
evening it has been thronged and we have been asked by
strangers present if they could not be allowed to come in
at some other time, thus showing a disposition to take
advantage of the opportunities offered. This leads us to
suppose that the opening of the rooms in the evening also
might be of advantage to us and to the public. What the
Institute needs besides more money, more room and
more members, is the active interest and cooperation of
the young people who would, we know, be attracted by
the large, cheerful, airy rooms, quiet corners for work or
study, valuable collection of relics, extensive library for
reference or circulation, and the large supply of current
magazine literature of the day.

There is one more thing which occurs to me to speak
of, and that is the social side of the Institute in distinction
from its scientific, historical, and literary features. We
all perhaps agree, that in college life the social element is
of great importance, even when the main object pursued
is an education. So with this institution ; while it fur-
nishes a liberal education and object lesson, it seems to
me that the social side should not be lost sight of. That
this view appeals to others is shown by the increasing

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 119

attendance at the annual meetings, an occasion which
might rightly be considered a purely business affair but
which has become, for a Society of this kind, unique in
its character through the efforts made to awaken an inter-
est in the Institute's affairs. That this interest should be
encouraged I have no doubt ; but as to the way it should
be done, and the extent to which it should be carried,
there is considerable doubt. Personally, I should like to
see the field meetings revived, beginning in a modest,
informal sort of way to test the present feelings of the
members on that subject, before launching out into the
greater field which was formerly so well covered. I have
in mind a most interesting visit to Bradford Academy
some years ago, one of the last meetings, I think, ever
held. A delightful afternoon spent at Hamilton last
summer, although at a gathering of a different organiza-
tion, emphasizes the fact that it is not necessary to go far
from home for these meetings. Further than that, it is
not even necessary to go off of the Institute's own grounds
to seek enjoyment. What could be more enjoyable than
a garden party right here under our own vine ?

These are offered as suggestions, hoping that something
will be developed from them, and that the Institute will
once more be a recognized promoter of these meetings
throughout the county.

Let us see to it that this interest is not allowed to
flag or grow cool from any want of effort on our part.
Though sadly crippled by what seems to be more than our
share of the disabilities resulting from ill health, the work
of the Institute has not been and must not be suffered to
abate. Such troubles are but incidents in its career, —
the gaps close up and the forward movement never falters.

Willtam O. Chapman,

Treasurer.

120 bulletin of the essex institute.

Lectures and Meetings.

Monday Evening, August 16, 1897. — A meeting of
the Directors was held at the rooms this evening at 8
o'clock. It was voted that the Institute invite the Ameri-
can Association for the Advancement of Science to visit
Salem for a clay, during its next meeting, which is to be
held in Boston.

Monday Evening, Sept. 20, 1897. — A meeting of the
Directors was held at the rooms this evening at 8 o'clock.
The President stated that the President of the Topsfield
Historical Society had proposed that the Institute join
with them in a field meeting at Topsfield to which all the
Historical Societies of the County be invited. On mo-
tion of General Appleton it was voted that the Institute
take active measures to cooperate with the Topsfield
Society.

Monday Evening, Oct. 4, 1897. — Attention was called
to the death since the last yearly meeting of Charles S.
Osgood, Librarian of the Institute from 1888 to 1897,
and a tribute was offered by the President which will be
found in the Historical Collections, Yol. xxxiii, p. 185.

Monday Evening, Jan. 3, 1898. — Regular meeting in
the Library room. Mr. Gardner M. Jones, Librarian of
the Salem Public Library, read a very interesting paper
describing a recent tour among foreign libraries. Mr.
Jones was a delegate to the international librarian's con-
vention held in London, in June, 1897, and as such had
special opportunities to study the methods of manage-
ment in the large libraries of Europe. He spoke of the
great libraries of Paris and London, and said that the
rules governing them were more cumbersome than in this

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 121

country. After the lecture President Rantoul related
some of his experiences while studying in European
libraries. Professor Morse also made some interesting
remarks on his visits to the great libraries of Europe.
Both gentlemen agreed that, in the matter of privacy
and the sense of seclusion while studying and making
notes, the European system was superior to our own.

Monday Evening, Jan. 10, 1898. — The first lecture
in the "free course" was given this evening, in Academy
Hall, by Ernest A. Codman, M.D., of Boston. His sub-
ject was "the X-ray in Surgery and Medicine," illustrated
by lantern views by George Newcomb. The President
occupied the chair and said that electricity and lectures
upon the subject were by no means new in Salem. As
far back as 1771, Capt. David Mason, an ancestor of
Alderman David Mason Little, at his home on North
street, delivered lectures upon that newly discovered
force, and when the Salem Lyceum commenced its course
of lectures in 1828-9, Professor Page, a native of Salem,
used in his lectures there what was then an elaborate and
costly apparatus owned by Col. Francis Peabody. After
the President's introductory remarks, he presented Dr.
Codman, who spoke for an hour, showing and explaining
the X-ray apparatus and the pictures upon the screen.
The pictures showed plainly needles and bullets imbedded
in the flesh, and fractures of the bones. A horseless car-
riage, propelled by an electric motor, brought a party with
apparatus from the Thomson-Houston works at Lynn,
and returned after the lecture.

Monday Evening, Jan. 17, 1898. — Regular meeting
in the Library room. Capt. John P. Reynolds read a
paper on the career of the Frigate Constitution. He said
that Salem men had always been identified with the ship

122 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

and it devolved upon the Salem Light Infantry, some-
times called the Salem Zouaves, of the 8th Massachusetts
Regiment in Major General Butler's command, to guard
and defend the ship while grounded in the harbor of
Annapolis, in 1861. He also stated that the ship was so
well built and her timber so well seasoned, owing to
delays in her construction, that some of the shots in her
early contests failed to make any impression upon her
sides, and for that reason she was afterwards known as
" Old Ironsides." He gave her full history from the time
of her launching in Boston, in October, 1797, down to
the celebration of the one hundredth anniversary in Bos-
ton, in October, 1897. At the close of the talk the Pres-
ident upon request told the story of the time when she
was chased into Marblehead Harbor on a Sunday after-
noon, by a couple of English frigates during the war of
1812. He also told of the dinner tendered to Captain
Bainbridge in Hamilton Hull by the Salem Light Infantry.
A commodore's salute was fired from the miniature ship
which was borrowed for the occasion from the East India
Marine Society. Mr. John Robinson then said that it was
presented by Commodore Hull and that there was among
the old bills of the Academy one for twelve dollars for
repairs on the model of the Constitution about that date.
It is presumed the model was injured by the salute. The
bill read :

East India Marine Society ) 0 , ,. ^

4- 17 r i T3 • e w C Salem> M{iy Dr->

to English Prisoners or War >

1814 To repairing &c &c the Constitution $12.00.

Received payment for the above Prisoners.

June. Thomas Webb.

The Prison Ship then lay in the North river, off where
the Universalist church now stands, then the site of the

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 123

sugar refinery of Mr. Brackley Rose. So the British
prisoners of war repaired the damage and the model is
still preserved at the Museum. The following letter is
from the Museum files :

Portsmouth 5th. August 1813
Sir.

I have the honour to receive your letter of the 3d instant,
covering a vote of thanks passed by the Salem East India Marine
Society at a meeting held by them on the 7th July last, for a model
of the Frigate Constitution which I had the pleasure of presenting
them.

I beg leave, Sir, through you to return my thanks to the Society
for this mark of their attention and for their polite invitation to visit
the museum, which I shall with pleasure do when a convenient oppor-
tunity offers.

I am

With very great respect

Sir, Your Obt. Servant,

Isaac Hull
William Lander Esqr.

Secretary of the Salem

East India Marine Society.

Monday Evening, Jan. 24, 1898.— Prof. T. C. Men-
denhall of Worcester, a member of the Highway Com-
mission, lectured in Plummer Hall on the work being done
by the Massachusetts Highway Commission. The Presi-
dent called the meeting to order and spoke feelingly of
the great loss the Institute had sustained in the recent
death of Mr. Thomas F. Hunt, one of its most valued and
active members. Mr. Rantoul presented the following
resolutions, prefaced with these remarks : It is impossible
to go on with the work of the Institute to-night without
a thought of Mr. Hunt. This is the first meeting since
his death. No one, not cognizant of the inner workings
of this organization, has an idea of the extent to which
his spirit permeated everything. Early and late, the In-
stitute was close to his great heart. In his death we have

124 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

suffered the most serious bereavement it was possible to
sustain. Dr. Wheatland's withdrawal is the only occur-
rence in the past with which this disastrous event can be
compared. It seems fit that some expression should be
made, however inadequate, of our share in a grief that is
spontaneous, profound and universal. The light and life
that have gone out of this community leave an especial
shadow on the Essex Institute. I ask you to consider
this resolve.

Resolved: That the Essex Institute has no brighter
page in her history than that just closed by the distress-
ing loss of Thomas F. Hunt, and that the Board of
Directors be and they are hereby requested to prepare for
our records and to offer to the public, at a future day,
some due memorial of a career so high, so honorable, and
so distinguished.

The President then asked those present if they would
indicate their approval of the resolution by a rising vote.
Every person in the large audience arose.

Mr. Rantoul then introduced the speaker of the even-
ing, Prof. T. C. Mendenhall, a member of the Massachu-
setts Highway Commission, who told of the work being
done in Massachusetts and showed the various stages of
road building with lantern views. He traced the develop-
ment of roads from the narrow foot path when pack ani-
mals were used, and the wider path and rude bridges
when the two- wheeled cart was invented, to the better
roads required by the four-wheeled wagon carrying heavy
freight. He spoke of the turnpikes owned by corpora-
tions, when a fixed rate was charged for a given number
of miles. It is only a few years since the toll gate about
a mile from this city was abolished. With the introduc-
tion of railroads, turnpikes fell into disuse and until a
comparatively few years no effort was made to promote

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 125

good roads. The roads built by the Romans about 2000
years ago, some of which are in good condition yet, were
built with a rock bed many feet deep, the surface perfectly
flat, with no idea of drainage. Road makers of our day
build high in the center, sloping both ways to carry off
the water. The speaker said the best roads of modern
times are those of France. They are well taken care of,
the law requiring heavy wagons to have a six-inch tire
and the hinder wheels running outside the track made by
the forward wheels, so that a two foot strip of the road is
rolled every time the wagon passes over it instead of being
cut up by the narrow tires as is the case in our neighbor-
hood. The Massachusetts highways are being constructed
after the methods of Telford, an Englishman, and Mac-
adam, a Scotchman, the former but little known, while
macadamized roads are known everywhere. Telford used
a substratum of broken stones of about four inches in di-
ameter, while Macadam used only a two and a half inch
diameter. A bed of six or eight inches of rock was laid
after the ground had been prepared, then smaller stone
with a layer almost like dust on top, which, when wet,
cemented the whole into a compact body, being rolled by
a steam roller weighing some ten or twelve tons. $500,000
are being expended by the State each year and bonds
issued in payment. The speaker said issuing bonds has
been stigmatized as feloniously putting the hand into the
pocket of posterity, but that the State is building these
roads to last fifty years or more so that posterity will have
something for its money.

Monday Evening, Jan. 31, 1898. — The third lecture
in the course was given this evening in Academy Hall by
Miss Helen A. Brooks, a native of Salem, assisted by
Miss Edith E. Torrey of the King's Chapel Choir, Boston.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXX 9

126 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Her subject was English and French Dance Music. She
regretted that there was no means by which she could
give us a sample of the music played by Orpheus, Apollo
and others that we read of in mythology. It was at a
considerably later date that the art of printing music upon
paper and parchment was invented. She said that there
had been found in London upon the cover of an old law
book, printed at a time when paper and parchment were
scarce and costly, and they had evidently destroyed one
book in making another, the music of some dance then in
fashion, and this she played showing the difference be-
tween the slow music of those days and the lively airs of
the present time. About the year 1640 the minuet was
introduced in France, and kings and queens, the courts
and nobility of Europe were all obliged to study it. It
was a very complicated measure involving some two hun-
dred and twenty steps and every dancer must be perfect.
In a dance called the Cushion Dance, the following dia-
logue was sung : —

The leader of the dance addressing the band master :
" This dance it can no farther go."

Whereupon the band master replied also in tune :

"I pray you, good sir, why say you so?"

" Because Joan Sanderson will not come too."

"She must come too and she shall come too."

" And she must come whether she will or no."

" Prinkum-Prankum is a fine dance,"

" And shall we go dance it once again,"

" And once again, and once again,"

" And shall we go dance it once again?"

and then the gallant knelt upon his cushion and the
obdurate beauty was fain to yield.

The minuet was so fashionable, she said, that once the
great Cardinal Richelieu, then the master intellect of

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 127

Europe, wishing to gain the favor of the young Empress
Ann of Austria, was induced to don green doublet and
crimson sash, decked out with bows and bells, and dance
the minuet. When he discovered that the young Queen
was making game of him, he was greatly enraged and
never forgave the insult to his dignity. And many years
later, when the Queen was no longer young, she felt his
power when he laid a heavy hand upon her, thus avenging
himself for the indignity of earlier years.

Saturday, Feb. 5, 1898. — A special meeting of the
Directors and other members of the Institute was called
this day to discuss plans for the coming fiftieth anniver-
sary.

Monday Evening, Feb. 7, 1898. — Regular meeting in
the Library room. Mr. Ross Turner spoke at length on
" Mural Decoration." He had made a study of such work
in most of the large cities of Europe and the result of his
observations was clearly stated with blackboard illustra-
tions. He said he hoped and believed that in the next
half century America would witness the building of bet-
ter public and private structures and a great development
of art. At the conclusion Professor Morse spoke upon
tile decorations and, with interesting drawings on the
blackboard, described the art as known to the Moors and
Italians.

Monday Evening, Feb. 14, 1898. — Rev. John W.
Buckham of the Crombie Street Church, read a discrimi-
nating paper entitled " Some Famous Clergymen of old
Salem." His list was quite a long one including some who
were familiar figures on our streets within the recollection
of many of his hearers. Among those mentioned were
Brown Emerson, whose long pastorate of sixty-seven years

128 BULLETIN OF THG ESSEX INSTITUTE.

at the South Congregational Church, stands almost with-
out parallel in parochial history ; Dr. Samuel Worcester
of the Tabernacle ; Lucius Bolles of the First Baptist ;
Hosea Ballon of the Universalist Church, one of the fore-
most pulpit orators of the time; Dr. George B. Cheever
of the Howard Street, or Branch Church, and Joseph Ban-
vard of the Second Baptist, now called the Central Bap-
tist. John Hi^oinson, Hu<2;h Peters, Nathaniel Fisher
and William Bentley, were the four selected for special
mention by Mr. Buckkam. All of these men were dis-
tinguished, each in his own way; Dr. Bentley, perhaps,
being the most unique figure of the four. Master of twenty
languages, he was often called upon by the Government
as an interpreter. He loved the sea and his favorite walk
was down the Neck to Juniper Point and the Willows.

Saturday , Feb. 19, 1898. — An adjourned meeting of
the Jubilee Committee was held this afternoon to make
further arrangements for the celebration of the fiftieth
anniversary.

Monday Evening, Feb. 21, 1898. — Regular meeting in
the Library room. Edward C. Battis, Esq., read a care-
fully prepared and exhaustive record of the " Piracy of the
Brig Mexican," of Salem, Captain Butman, owned by Mr.
Joseph Peabody. This paper is in print in the Historical
Collections, Vol. xxxiv, page 41.

The father of the lecturer, our venerable and respected
townsman, Mr. John Battis, now eighty-four years of age,
was an able seaman on board the Mexican and, after the
lecture, gave a few personal reminiscences. Besides Mr.
Battis, there are three other members of the crew still
living. They are Capt. John R. Nichols of Salem, born
Feb. 19, 1809; Capt. Thomas Fuller of Salem, born
March 25, 1813, and John Larcom of Beverly, born Jan.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 129

30, 1814. Mr. Battis completed his sea life upon the ar-
rival of the Mexican home in 1832. A very severe rain
prevented the attendance of Captain Fuller, Captain Nich-
ols and Mr. Larcom, who were expected.

Monday Evening, Feb. 28, 1898. — Rev. George D.
Latimer, of the North Unitarian Church, delivered an illus-
trated lecture on " Salem and the Salem Witchcraft." He
gave an account of the settling of the town of Salem and
traced the storv of its growth to the time of the witchcraft
delusion in 1692, in which the people of Boston and other
places in the vicinity were involved. This ended with the
execution in Salem of twenty victims. Mr. Latimer said
that belief in witchcraft still exists in some parts of the
world, mentioning the voodoo doctors among the negroes
of the South, and the superstitions among the Bushmen,
Zulus and Kaffirs.

Tuesday, March 1, 1898. — The Jubilee Celebration
of the Essex Institute commenced this evening. A full
account of it is printed in this volume of the Bulletin.

Wednesday, March 2, 1898. — The Jubilee Celebration
was continued to-day with exercises in Cadet Armory
which are fully reported in this volume.

Monday Evening, March 7, 1898. — Regular meeting
in the Library room. Rev. Alfred P. Putnam of Salem
spoke on the life and characteristics of Abiel Abbot Low.

Monday Evening, March 14, 1898. — Prof. C. How-
ard Walker of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
lectured on the " Evolution of the House." He spoke of
the hut made of branches or built up of clay by primitive
man and described the gradual change from the house
built for defence to the beautiful residences of the present

130 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

time. He said that the round towers and conical roofs
and the Boston bay windows seen to-day are patterned
after the ancient Roman house. The round towers were
so built as a means of better resisting the battering rams,
and the projecting windows for hurling missiles at the
besiegers.

Monday Evening, March 21, 1898. — Regular meeting
in the Library room. Mr. C. J. H. Woodbury of Lynn
spoke on the " Floating Bridge on Salem Turnpike." This
paper is printed, with illustrations, in the Historical Col-
lections, Vol. xxxiv, page 67.

Monday Evening, March 28, 1898. — Professor
Edward S. Morse, Director of the Peabcdy Academy
of Science, lectured this evening in Plummer Hall, on
the question " Are there evidences of Asiatic contact with
Central America? " The speaker has examined the mounds
and shell-heaps both in Japan and in this country, and he
has occasionally found in these remote regions two pieces
of pottery resembling each other in perhaps one very
slight particular, but entirely different in every other
way. It is claimed that a small colony of Buddhist
monks came from China to Central America, but none of
the implements used by the Mongolians, such as chop
sticks, thumb rings, roofing tiles, wheeled vehicles,
ploughs, potter's wheels or stringed instruments of music
were found : no graves bearing any characteristic evi-
dence that any such emigration had ever taken place.
He said that the strong ocean currents running from the
coast of Japan to the coast of North America had brought
Japanese junks to these shores (but no Chinese) as traces
of the wrecks had been found in ancient and modern
times. He also said that there were traces of resemblance
between the Japanese and the North American Indian

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 131

and he thought that, if we went far enough back, we should
find that the Indian was, as the high cheek bone and other
characteristics seemed to indicate, of the Mongolian race,
as it is certain he belongs neither to the White, the Negro
nor the Malay.

Monday Evening, April 4, 1898. — Regular meeting
in the Library room. Mr. John Robinson read a paper
on coins and coinage. He spoke of the use in early days
of shells and skins of animals for money, and later of the
use of flocks and herds as a standard of value. The first
coinage of New England was the Pine Tree Shilling in
1652, coined in Boston on the Gardner Green estate, now
the site of the new Court House in Pemberton Square.
He said that the Institute collection is a large and valuable
one and submitted a catalogue of it which he had recently
made. Discussion by the President and Professor Morse
followed.

Monday Evening, April 11, 1898. — Dr. George A.
Bates, of the Tufts College Medical School, lectured on
" A chapter from the evolution of man." He showed by
diagrams the development of the teeth from the reptiles
and the lower animals to the teeth of man in the present
time. He explained how the environment causes the
teeth to assume new shapes, from the single, double or
tri-cone teeth for holding and cutting the prey, to the
broad, flat tooth for crushing and grinding the food. He
said that these theories were brought to the notice of
scientists from the fact that the tooth was the hardest bone
in the human or animal body, and was always found in a
good state of preservation after all the other bones were
destroyed or softened by decay.

Saturday, April 16, 1898. — A meeting of the
Board of Directors was held at the rooms this morn-

132 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

ing. A committee, consisting of the President, Vice-
President White and the Treasurer, was appointed to
report at an adjourned meeting of the Directors a ticket
for officers to be voted on at the annual meeting.

The President and the Treasurer were made a commit-
tee to look after the interests of the Institute under the
will of the late George Plumer Smith of Philadelphia.

The President, Vice-President White and Mr. Hines
were constituted a committee to consider what action, if
any, should be taken under the vote of the Institute on
January 24, 1898, calling for a fit memorial of the late
Mr. Hunt, to be spread upon the records of the Society,
said committee to report at an adjourned meeting.

The thanks of the Institute were voted, and the Presi-
dent was requested to communicate them to Miss Eliza-
beth C. Osgood, and also to Miss Mary S. Cleveland,
the Chairman of the Auxiliary Committee, and to the
ladies of that committee, for their aid at the Jubilee.

Monday Evening, April 18, 1898. — Regular meet-
ing in the Library rooms. Mr. Arthur H. Chase of
Salem read a paper on the theme " Did Shakespeare write
Shakespeare?" He said that it has been stated that
Shakespeare was an illiterate man, and that although, in
his day, a noted actor and theatrical manager, acting these
plays in his own theatre, he could neither read nor write.
Mr. Chase then asked why Bacon, if he were the author
of these plays and sonnets, chose such an ignorant man to
father them. Or why he should not give to the public
under his own name the sonnets at least, if not the whole,
as their merit was then recognized, and nothing like them
has been written before or since. The paper was elabo-
rate and scholarly. When Mr. Chase had concluded,
Professor Morse took issue with the speaker and made a

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 133

strong argument in favor of Bacon, making the point that
it was natural to suppose that the man who wrote Shakes-
peare's plays would have a very large correspondence,
but it was a fact that no letter had ever been found
addressed to William Shakespeare, nor nny scrap of paper,
save a signature or two, bearing his handwriting. Dr.
Merriam also made some remarks in support of Mr. Chase's
position.

April 23, 1898. — An adjourned meeting of the
Board of Directors was held at the Institute rooms to-
day. The committee, to whom was referred the matter
of a memorial service to the memory of Mr. T. F. Hunt,
reported that they were considering the setting apart of a
room in the building to contain the books given by Mr.
Hunt, and to be known as the "Hunt Room," and suggested
the autumn as a suitable time for the dedicatory services.
Mr. Morse suggested that a tablet to the memory of Mr.
Hunt be placed in the room.

The committee on nominations reported that, owing to
the serious illness of the Secretary, it was not deemed
advisable to consider any nomination to fill the position.
That Miss Alice G. Waters be nominated Librarian to fill
the vacancy caused by the death of Librarian Charles S.
Osgood. The finance committee was proposed to be the
same as last year. The nominating committee was given
further time at its request.

Monday Evening, April 25, 1898. — The last lecture
of the free course was given in Academy Hall this even-
ing by John Woodbury, Esq., of Boston, Secretary of the
Massachusetts Park Commission. His subject was 'f The
Metropolitan Park System." In introducing the speaker
President Rantoul said that he was a lineal descendant of

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXX 9*

134 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

John Woodbury, one of the first band of settlers of this
part of the country, who came from Gloucester in 1626.
Mr. Woodbury prefaced his remarks by a brief history
of the work in the legislature of 1893, resulting in the
passage of a law incorporating the Metropolitan Park
Commission. The lecture was illustrated by Mr. George
Newcomb with lantern slides, the first of which was a
circular map with the State House as the centre, and the
various roads radiating out, or, as the speaker expressed
it, " The Hub of the Universe. " The arc of the circle
was twelve miles from its centre, and embraced the Stony
Brook Reservation, the Blue Hill District, Middlesex
Fells, Lynn Woods and Revere Beach.

Necrology of Members.

George L., son of C. Martin and Mary (Smith) Ames,
was born in Salem, Nov. 26, 1829 ; elected a member
of the Essex Institute, Dec. 2, 1857 and died in Salem,
March 289 1898.

Frances E. (Mrs. John J.) Bagley, daughter of Sam-
uel and Mary A. (Sergeant) Newbury, was born in Rut-
land, Ohio, March 4, 1833; elected a member of the
Essex Institute, April 1, 1895 and died at Colorado
Springs, Feb. 7, 1898.

George W., son of Samuel and Sarah M. (Prentiss)
Benson, was born in Salem, Sept. 25, 1835 ; elected a
member of the Essex Institute, Dec. 20, 1875 and died
in Salem, March 4, 1898.

Israel Putnam, son of Daniel and Elizabeth (Dodge)
Harris, was born in Danvers, Feb. 26, 1825 ; elected a
member of the Essex Institute, May 23, 1860 and died
in Hamilton, Sept. 9, 1897.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 135

Thomas Franklin, son of Thomas and Elizabeth Cook
(Keen) Hunt, was born in Salem, July 15, 1841 ; elected
a member of the Essex Institute, May 1, 1865 and died in
Salem, Jan. 21, 1898.

John A., son of Bailey and Sally P. (Osgood) Lor-
ing, was born in North Andover, Aug. 16, 1824; elected
a member of the Essex Institute, Jan. 21, 1895 and died
in Boston, Feb. 11, 1898.

Nathan R., son of Nathaniel and Jane (Robb) Morse,
was born in Stoddard, N. H., Jan. 5, 1831 ; elected a
member of the Essex Institute, Oct. 15, 1866 and died
in Salem, Aug. 5, 1897.

Charles S., son of Charles and Susan (Ward) Osgood,
was born in Salem, March 13, 1839 ; elected a member
of the Essex Institute, July 1, 1863 and died in Salem,
Aug. 20, 1897.

Caroline (Mrs. William D.) Pickman, daughter of
Zachariah F. and Sarah (Boardman) Silsbee, was born in
Salem, Aug. 24, 1819 ; elected a member of the Essex
Institute, Sept. 4, 1894 and died in Boston, Feb. 22,
1898.

Charles C, son of Frederick and Augusta M. (Bray)
Porter, was born in Salem, March 13, 1868 ; elected a
member of the Essex Institute, March 21, 1898 and died
in Salem, May 9, 1898.

J. Augusta (Mrs. William G.) Prescott, daughter of
Joseph A. and Louisa (Putnam) Peabody, was born in
Salem, June 12, 1828; elected a member of the Essex
Institute, Feb. 4, 1895 and died at Colorado Springs,
Nov. 29, 1897.

136

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Joseph, son of Timothy and Sarah (Holmes) Ropes,
was born in Salem, Nov. 11, 1812 ; elected a member of
the Essex Institute, Feb. 6, 1888 and died in Salem,
March 21, 1898.

George Plumer, son of James and Mary (Plumer)
Smith, was born in Robbstown (now West Newton),
Penn., May 22, 1815; elected a member of the Essex
Institute, Feb. 6, 1882 and died in Philadelphia, Feb.
13, 1898.

Donations or exchanges have been received from the

following sources :

A Friend,

Adelaide, Royal Society of South Australia,
Albany, New York State Geologist,
Albany, New York State Library, .
Almy, Bigelow & Washburn, .
Alnwick, Berwickshire Naturalists' Club,

Ames, George L.,

Amherst College,

Amherst, Massachusetts Agricultural College,
Amiens, Soci6t& Linn£enne duNord de la France
Andover Town Clerk, ....
Andover Theological Seminary,
Arnold, James N., Providence, R. I.,
Atchison, Topeka & Sante Fe Railway Co.,
Auburn, Alabama Agricultural Experiment S
Austin, Texas State Historical Association,
Avery, Elroy M., Cleveland, Ohio, .
Baltimore, Maryland Historical Society,
Baltimore, McL, Consolidation Coal Co.,
Baltimore, Md., Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Md., Peabody Institute,
Basel, Naturforsckende Gesellschaft,
Batavia, K. N. Vereeniging in Nederlandsch
Battle Creek, Mich., Good Health Publishing
Bell, Alexander G., Washington, D. C, .

Bergens Museum,

Berkeley, University of California,

ation

Indie,
Co.,

Vol.

357

Pam.

23
10

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

137

Berle, Rev. A. A., Brighton

Berlin, Entomologischer Zeitschrift,
Berlin, Gesellschaft Naturforschende Frennde,
Berlin, K. P., Akademie der Wissenschaften,
Berlin, Verein ziir Beforderung des Gartenbaues, .
Bern, Societe Helvetique des Sciences Naturelles, .
Bethune, C. J. S., Port Hope, Ont.,

Bonn, Naturhistorischer Verein

Boston, American Academy of Arts and Sciences,
Boston, American Congregational Association,
Boston, Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of

Massachusetts, ■

Boston, Appalachian Mountain Club,

Boston Art Club,

Boston Board of Health,

Boston Book Company,

Boston, Bunker Hill Monument Association, .
Boston, Bureau of Statistics of Labor, .

Boston City Auditor,

Boston City Hospital,

Boston, City of,

Boston, Colonial Society of Massachusetts, .
Boston, Department Headquarters Woman's Relief Corps
Boston, Edison Electric Company, ....
Boston, Industrial Aid Society for Prevention of Pau

perism,

Boston, Library Bureau,

Boston and Maine Railroad,

Boston, Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Associa

tion, .

Boston, Massachusetts General and McLean Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
Boston, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, .
Boston, Massachusetts Medical Society,
Boston, Massachusetts Record Commissioners,
Boston, Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture,
Boston, Massachusetts State Board of Health,
Boston Museum of Fine Arts, ....

Boston, New England Cotton Manufacturers' Association
Boston, New England Historic Genealogical Society,
Boston, New England Mutual Life Insurance Co., .

Boston Public Library,

Boston Scientific Society,

Boston, Society of Colonial Wars, ....

1
2
2

25
3

12
3

20
1

1
2
49
5
2
1

56
1

1
12

IS
2

138

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Eth

Chart

Boston, Society of Natural History,
Boston, Winchester Home for Aged Women,

Bostonian Society,

Bowditch, Charles P., Boston,

Bowers, Dwight E., New Haven, Ct.,

Bowker, R. R., New York City,

Bradlee, Family of Rev. Caleb D., Brookline,

Braunschweig, D. Gesellschaft fur Anthropologic

nologie und Urgeschichte,
Braunschweig, Verein fur Naturwissenschaft
Bray, Mrs. M. H., West Gloucester,
Bremen, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein,
Brigg, William, Harpenden, Herts, Eng. ,
Brigham, Willard I. T., Chicago, 111.
Brinton, Daniel G., M.D., Philadelphia, Pa.,
Brisbane, Queensland Branch of Royal Geographical

Society of Australia,
Bristol Naturalists' Society,
Brooklyn (N. Y.) Library,
Brooklyn, N. Y., New England Society, .
Brooks, James L., New York City,
Brooks, John F., Boston,

Brown, Alfred,

Browne, George W., Manchester, N. H.,

Brunn, Naturforschender Verein, .

Brunswick, Me., Bowdoin College, .

Bruxelles, Academie Royale des Sciences, Belles-Lettres

et Beaux-Arts, ....

Bruxelles, Societe Beige de Microscopie,
Bruxelles, Societe Entomologique de Belgique
Bruxelles, Societe Royale de Botanique de Belgique
Buenos Aires, Sociedad Cientifica Argentina
Buffalo (N. Y.) Historical Society, .
Buffalo (N. Y.) Public Library,
Burlington, University of Vermont,
Butler, James D., Madison, Wis., .
Caen, Academie Nationale des Sciences, Arts et Belles

Lettres,

Calcutta, Geological Survey of India,

Cambridge (Eng.) Philosophical Society,

Cambridge, Harvard University,

Cambridge, Librarian of Harvard University,

Cambridge, Museum of Comparative Zoology,

Cambridge, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Eth

nology,

4
1
1
11
3
3
2
1

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 139

Carr, John, Boston, 1

Carroll, Thomas, Peabody, 3

Cedar Rapids, Iowa Masonic Library, .... 3

Chamberlain, James A., Boston, . . Circulars, 3 136

Chamberlain, W. B., Worcester, 1

Champaign, Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 2

Chapel Hill, N. C, Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, . 3

Chapman, William O., 14

Charleston, S. C, Mayor of, 10

Chase, George, 1

Chemnitz, Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, . . 1

Chever, E. E., San Francisco, Cal., . Newspapers.

Chicago (111.) Academy of Sciences, .... 1

Chicago (111.) Board of Trade, 1

Chicago, 111., Crerar Library, ...... 3

Chicago, 111., Eield Columbian Museum, ... 11

Chicago (111.) Historical Society, 3

Chicago, 111., University of, 11

Christiania, Norwegischen Meteorologischen Instituto, 1

Christiania, Videnskabs-Selskabet, .... 1

Cilley, J. P., Rockland, Me., 4

Cincinnati, Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio, 1

Cincinnati (0.; Public Library, 2

Cincinnati (O.) Society of Natural History, . . 1

Cleveland (O.) Public Library, 2

Cleveland, O., Western Reserve Historical Society, . 1 1

Cobb, N. A., Sydney, N. S. W., 1

College Hill, Tufts College, 13

Collier, Perry, Beverly, 1

Columbus, O., Landon Printing and Publishing Co., . 1

Concord, New Hampshire Historical Society, . 2

Concord, New Hampshire, Secretary of State, . 7 3

Cresskill, N. J., Manhattan Optical Co., ... 1

Currier, John J., Newbury port, 1

Danvers, Peabody Institute, 1

Danzig, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, ... 1

Darmstadt, Verein fur Erdkunde, .... 1

Davis, Andrew McF., Cambridge, .... 3

Dayton, W. Hardy, 7

Dedham Historical Society, 5

Dedham Town Clerk, 1

Denissen, Christian, Detroit, Mich., .... 1

Des Moines, Historical Department of Iowa, . . 4

Des Moines, Iowa Academy of Sciences, ... 1 l

140 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Des Moines, Iowa Geological Survey, .... 1

Detroit (Mich.) Museum of Art, 1

Detroit (Mich.) Public Library, 1

Dexter, George T., Boston, . . . Chart.

Dike, Rev. Samuel W., Auburndale, .... 2

Dimock, Mrs. Sarah W., South Coventry, Ct., . . 1

Dodge, George B., Hamilton, 1

Dresden, Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft "Isis," . 3

Dow, George Francis, Topsfield 2

Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, 3

Dublin, Royal Society, 14

Dudley, Miss Jennie B., . . . . Newspapers.
Durkheim, Pollichia, Naturwissenschaf tlicher Verein der

Rheinpfalz, 4

Edes, Henry H., Cambridge, 9

Eliot (Me.) Historical Society, 2

Emden, Naturforschende Gesellschaft 1

Erlangen, Physikalisch-Medicinische Gesellschaft, . 1

Evans, Fred, 1

Exeter, N. H., Phillips Exeter Academy, ... 1

Fairchild, Mrs. Salome C, Albany, N. Y., ... 2

Falmouth, Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, . . 1

Firenze, R. Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, ... 26

Firenze, R. Institute di Studi Superiori, ... 7

Firenze, Societa Entomologica Italiana, ... 3

Fitchburg City Clerk, 2

Fitzpatrick, T. J., Lamoni, Iowa, 1

Folsom, A. A., Brookline, 1

Frankfurt-a-M., Senckenbergische Naturforschende Ges-
ellschaft, 6

Fribourg, Societe Fribourgeoise des Sciences Natur-

elles, 1

Gallinger, Joseph H., Washington, D. C, 1

Geneve, Institut National Genevois, .... 1

Geneve, Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle, . 1

Gilbert, Shepard D., 118

Gillis, James A., Winchendon, 75

Glasgow, Archaeological Society 1

Glasgow, Baillies' Institution, 1

Glasgow, Natural History Society, .... 11

Gloucester, City of, 1

Goldthwaite, Mrs. Joseph A., 2

Goodell, Abner C, 1

Gottingen, K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, . . 8

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

141

Grand Rapids, Iowa Masonic Library,

Grand Rapids (Mich.) Public Library,

Granville, O., Denison University,

Green, Andrew H., New York City,

Green, Samuel A., Boston, ....

Greenlaw, Mrs. Lucy H., Cambridgeport,

Greenwood, Isaac J., New York City,

Grinnell, William M., New York City,

Giistrow, Verein der Freunde der Naturgeschichte

Halifax, Nova Scotian Institute,

Halle, Naturwissenchaftlicher Verein fur Sachsen und

Thiiringen,

Hamburg, Naturwissenchaftlicher Verein,
Hannover, Deutscher Seeflscherei-Verein,
Harlem, Musee Teyler, ....
Harlem, Societe Hollandaise des Sciences,
Harris, Miss Nancy, ....

Harrisburg, Pennsylvania State Library,

Hart, Charles H.,

Hartford, Connecticut Historical Society,
Hartford, Connecticut Quarterly Company.
Hartford, Ct., Trinity College,
Harwood, Herbert J., Littleton,
Haskell, Ulysses G., Beverly,
Haverhill, City of, .

Herrick, C. L., Granville, O.,
Hicks, Benjamin D., Old Westbury
Hinchman, Mrs. Lydia S., Philadelphia, Pa.,
Hitt, Miss Agnes, Indianapolis, Ind
Hoar, George F., Washington, D. C
Hodgson, Richard, Boston,
Holden, Nathaniel J.,
Hollis, Benjamin P., Medf ord,
Hotchkiss, Miss Susan V., New Haven

N. Y

Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston,
Houghton, Michigan Mining School
Hucke, Julius, Berlin,
Hunt, T. F., .
Huntington, Arthur L.,
Iowa City, Iowa State Historical Society
Iowa City, State University of Iowa,
Ithaca, N. Y., Cornell University,
Jersey City (N. J.) Free Public Library,

BSSKX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXX

Ct.,
Newspapers

12
1
1
87
20
1
1
4
1

7
2

1
6

142

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Johnson, Edward F., Woburn,

Johnson, Thomas H.,

Joy, N. T.,

Kassel, Verein fiir Naturkunde,

Kenyon, F. C, Washington, D. C

Kimball, Mrs. Sarah A., Methuen

King, Miss Annie F.,

Kinsman, Mrs. S. Augusta,

Kjobenhavn, K. D. Videnskab-Selskabs,

Kjobenhavn, Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie,

Knoxville, University of Tennessee,

Konigsberg, Physikalisch-Okonomische Gesellschaft,

Lamson, Frederick, . . Circulars, Newspapers

Langdon, Palmer H., New York City,

Lansing, Michigan State Library,

Lausanne, Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles

Lawrence, Kansas University,

Lawrence Free Public Library,

Lee, Francis H.,

Leipzig, K. S. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften,
LeMans, Societe d'Agriculture, Sciences et Arts,
Lincoln, Francis H., Boston,
Liverpool, Literary and Philosophical Society,
London Geological Society, ....
London, Royal Geographical Society,
London, Royal Society, ....

London, Zoological Society of, ...

Ludlam, Miss Julia P., New York City,
Lund, Kongliga Universitetet,
Luxembourg, L'Institut Grand-Ducal,
Luxembourg, Society Botanique,
Lyon, Societe d'Agriculture, Science et Industrie
Lyon, Societe Linneenne, ....

McCormiek, Cyrus H., Chicago, 111.,
McGlenen, Edward W., Boston,

Mclntire, Charles J.,

Madison, N. J., Drew Theological Seminary,
Madison, Wisconsin State Historical Society,
Madrid, Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural,
Manchester, Rev. Alfred, ....

Manchester (Eng.) Literary and Philosophical Society
Manchester (Eng,) Museum, Owens College
Manchester (N. H.) City Library,
Manning, Richard C,

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

143

Marburg, Gesellschaft zur Beforderung des Gesamraten

Naturwissenschaften,

Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth,

Circulars,

Medford Historical Society,

Medford Public Library,

Meek, Henry M.,

Merriam, Otis, Chelsea,

Methuen Town Clerk,

Michigan Agricultural College,

Michigan Board of Agriculture,

Michigan Central Railroad,

Milwaukee (Wis.) Public Museum, .

Minot, Joseph G., Mayfield, Eng.,

Montana Historical Society,

Montevideo, Museo Nacional de Mexico,
Montpelier, Vermont State Library, .
Moore, Clarence B., Philadelphia, Pa., .

Morse, Edward S.,

Moscou, Societe Imperiale desNaturalistes, .

Mowry, William A., Boston,

Miinchen, Bayerische Botanische Gesellschaft,
Miinchen, D. Gesellschaft fur Anthropologic, Ethnolo-

gie und Urgeschichte,

Miinchen, K. B. Akademie der Wissenschaften,

Nahant Town Clerk,

Napoli, Accademia delle Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche,

Nashville, Tennessee State Board of Health,

New Brighton, N. Y., Natural Science Association of

Staten Island, Circular,

New Haven, Ct., Yale University, ....
New York (N. Y.) Academy of Sciences,
New York, N. Y., American Bank Note Co., .
New York, N. Y., American Geographical Society,
New York, N. Y., American Museum of Natural History.
New York, N. Y., American Numismatic and Archaeolog

ical Society,

New York Central and Hudson River Railroad,

New York (N. Y.) Chamber of Commerce, .

New York (N. Y.) Free Circulating Library,

New York (N. Y.) Genealogical and Biographical Society

New York, N. Y., Harvard Club, ....

New York (N. Y.) Historical Society,

New York, N. Y., Linnean Society,

1
18

1
3

614
3

11
11

9
5

1
1

1
5
9
1

144

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

New York, N. Y., Macmillan Company,

New York, N. Y. , Mercantile Library, .

New York (N. Y.) Microscopical Society,

New York (N. Y.) Public Library,

New York, N. Y., Scientific Alliance of,

New York, N. Y., Society of Colonial Wars,

New York (N. Y.) Yacht Club,

Newark, New Jersey Historical Society,

Newport, R. I., Redwood Library and Athenaeum

Nichols, Miss Abby,

Nichols, H. S., London, .

Noble, John, Boston,

North Andover Town Clerk, .

Northampton, Smith College, .

Northend, William D, .

Nourse, Henry S., Lancaster,

Niirnberg, Naturhistorische Gesellschaft

Oberlin (0.) College,

Oliver, Mrs. Grace A.,

Ottawa, Royal Society of Canada, .

Palermo, R. Accademia di Scienze, Lettere e Belle Arti

Palo Alto, Cal., Leland Stanford Junior University,

Paris, Academie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts

Paris, Journal de Conchyliologie, .

Paris, Museum d'Historie Naturelle,

Paris, Societe dAnthropologie,

Paris, Societe Entomologique de France

Paris, Societe Nationale d'Acclimatation

Parsons, J. Russell, Chicago, 111., .

Peabody, George L.,

Peabody Historical Society,

Peabody, Peabody Institute,

Peet, Rev. S. D., Good Hope, 111., .

Perkins, Thomas

Perley, Sidney, ....

Perry, William S., Davenport, Iowa,
Philadelphia, Pa., Academy of Natural Sciences
Philadelphia, Pa., American Academy of Political and

Social Science,

Philadelphia, Pa., American Catholic Historical Society
Philadelphia, Pa., American Philosophical Society,
Philadelphia, Pa., Fairmount Park Art Association,
Philadelphia, Pa., Free Museum of Science and Art,
Philadelphia, Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania,

Circular

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

145

Publishing

Philadelphia, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, .

Philadelphia, Pa., Indian Rights Association, Circular

Philadelphia (Pa.) Library Company,

Philadelphia, Pa., National Municipal League,

Philadelphia (Pa.) Public Ledger, .

Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania,

Philadelphia, Pa., Wagner Free Institute of Science

Philadelphia, Pa., Zoological Society of

Phillips, Mary E., Chicago, 111.,

Phillips, Mrs. Stephen H.,

Pickering, Estate of John,

Pickering, John, ....

Pool, Wellington, Wenham,

Portland, Maine Genealogical Society,

Portland, Maine Historical Society,

Portland, Me., Recorder Publishing Company

Portland (Me.) Society of Natural History,

Pratt, Franklin S. and Charles H., .

Princeton (N. J.) University,.

Providence, R. I., Brown University,

Providence, R. I., Narragansett Historical

Company,

Providence (R. I.) Public Library, .
Providence (R. I.) Record Commissioners,
Providence, Rhode Island Historical Society
Putnam, Eben, Danvers, ....
Putnam, Rev. John J., Worcester, .
Quebec, Can., L'Universite Laval, .

Rantoul, Robert S.,

Regensburg, K. B. Botanische Gesellschaft,

Reynolds, Osborne, Manchester, Eng., .

Richmond, Joshua B., Boston,

Richmond, Virginia Historical Society, .

Riga, Naturforschende Verein,

Rogers, Mrs. William B., Boston, .

Roma, R. Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale,

Ropes, Edward E., Astor, Fla.,

Ropes, William H., Brooklyn, N. Y., Newspaper

St. John, Natural History Society of New Brunswick

St. Gallen, Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft

St. Louis (Mo.) Academy of Science,

St. Louis, Missouri Botanical Garden, .

St. Louis, Missouri Historical Society, .

St. Louis (Mo.) Museum of Fine Arts,

35
9

1
1

4
3
2
6
1.
2
1
1

1
111

1
1
3
5

5
33

4
2

1
1

1
1
5

146

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE,

St. Paul, Minnesota Historical Society, .

St. Petersbourg, Academie Imperiale des Sciences

St. Petersbourg, Societatis Entomologica

Salem, Associated Charities of,

Salem Board of Health, ....

Salem Fraternity,

Salem Gazette, ......

Salem, North Bridge Chapter D. A. R., .
Salem, Peabody Academy of Science,
Salem Public Library, ....

Salem Young Men's Christian Association
Salisbury, Edward E., New Haven, Ct., .
Salisbury Town Clerk, ....

Saltonstall, Richard M., Boston,

San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences,

San Francisco, Cal., Technical Society of the Pacific

Coast,

Santiago, Societe Scientiflque du Chili, .

Sargent, Epes, Essex,

Savory, Tristram T.,

Scott, Leonard, Publishing Company, New York City
Sellers, Edwin J., Philadelphia, Pa.,

Shaw, Dr. Henry, Boston,

Sheppard & St. John, London, Eng.,

Sherwood, George F. T., London, Eng.,

South Boston, Church Home for Orphan and Destitute

Children, ....

South Boston, Perkins Institution and Massachusetts

School for the Blind,
Spofford, Paul N., New York City, .
Springfield City Library Association,
Stavenger Museum, ....
Sternwarte, K. K., Prague,
Stevens, Benjamin F.,
Stimpson, Thomas M., Peabody,
Stockholm, Entomologiska Foreningen, .
Stockholm, K. Svenska Vetenskaps Akademien,
Stone, Carpenter & Wilson, Providence, R. I.,

Stone, Dr. Lincoln R.,

Stone, William, jr.,

Sydney, Royal Society of New South Wales,

Syracuse (N. Y.) Central Library,

Taunton, Eng., Somersetshire Archaeological and Nat

ural History Society,

Newspapers

31
62

34
1

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

147

Vereenig

History,

Thayer, Rev. George A., Cincinnati, O.,

The Hague, Nederlandsche Entomologische

ing,

Throndhjem, K. Norske Videnskabernes-Selskab,

Tileston, Mrs. Mary, Mattapan,

Tilton, George P., Newburyport,

Tokio, Imperial University,

Topeka, Kansas Academy of Science,

Topeka, Kansas State Historical Society

Toronto, Canadian Institute,

Toronto, University of,

Tromso Museum, ....

Truro Town Clerk,

Unknown,

Urbana, Illinois State Laboratory of Natural

U. S. Boundary Commission,

U. S. Bureau of Education,

U. S. Bureau of Ethnology,

U. S. Bureau of the Mint,

U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey

U. S. Department of Agriculture

U. S. Department of Interior,

U. S. Department of Labor,

U. S. Department of State,

U. S. Fish Commission,

U. S. Geological Survey,

U. S. Life-Saving Service,

U. S. National Museum,

U. S. Patent Office,

U. S. Secretary of Interior,

U. S. Superintendent of Documents

U. S. War Department,

Upsal, K. Vetenskaps-Societeten,

Warren, Henry D., Boston,

Washington, D. C, American Forestry Association

Washington, D. C, American Monthly Microscopical

Journal,

Washington, D. C, Anthropological Society,

Washington, D. C, Microscopical Publishing Company

Washington, D. C, National Society D. A. R.,

Washington, D. C, Smithsonian Institution, ,

Washington, D. C, Volta Bureau,

Waterville, Me., Colby University,

Welch, William L.,

351

131

124

13
9

15
8
1
3

148

BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

"Wellesley College,

Wheatland, Miss Elizabeth, . . . Newspapers,
Whipple, George M., . . . . Circulars,

White, Miss Myra L., Haverhill,

Whitney, Mrs. Henry M., No. Andover, Newspapers.

Whymper, Edward,

Wien, K. K. Geologische Reichsanstalt,
Wien, K. K. Naturhistorische Hofmuseums,
Wien, K. K. Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft,
Wien, Verein zur Verbreitung Naturwissenchaftlicher

Kenntnisse,

Wiesbaden, Verein fur Naturkunde, ....

Wilkes-Barre, Pa., Wyoming Historical and Geological
Society,

Williamsburg, Va., William and Mary College,

Willis, Dr. J. L. M., Eliot, Me., •

Winnipeg, Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba,

Winsor, Justin, Cambridge,

Winthrop, Robert C, jr., Boston, ....

Woodbury, C. J. H., Boston,

Woods, Mrs. Kate T.,

Worcester, American Antiquarian Society,

Worcester Society of Antiquity,

Wiirzburg, Physikalisch-Medicinische Gesellschaft,

Zurich, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, ....

1
18

2
10

4
4

16
3

1
131
3
4
10
5

The following have been received from editors and pub-
lishers :

American Journal of Science.

American Naturalist.

Andover Townsman.

Beverly Citizen.

Cape Ann Advertiser.

Chicago Journal of Commerce.

Danvers Mirror.

Forester.

Georgetown Advocate.

Groton Landmark.

Home Market Bulletin.

Iowa Churchman.

Iron and Steel.

Ipswich Independent.

Le Naturaliste Canadien.

Lynn Item.

Marblehead Messenger.
Musical Record.
Nation.
Nature.
Open Court.
Popular Science.
Salem Gazette.
Salem News.
Salem Observer.
Salem Register.
The Citizen.
Topsfield Townsman.
Traveller's Record.
Zoologischer Anzeiger.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

149

The donations to the cabinet during the year number
one hundred and eighty-five from the following eighty-
three donors :

Adams, Mrs. Elizabeth P.
Allen, George H.
Appleton, Francis H.
Arey, S. R.
Averille, Arthur A.
Benson, Arthur F.
Brooks, Henry M.
Casey, James.
Chamberlain, James R.
Crowninshield, John C.
Currier, Mrs. Susan D.
Dayton, W. Hardy.
Dodge, Charles R.
Dudley, Dr. Albion M.
Elwell, Newton W.
Goldthwaite, Miss C.
Goldthwaite, Mrs. E. H.
Goldthwaite, Joseph.
Harlow, Arthur F.
Hart, John W.
Hill, William M.
Hitchings, A. F.
Hotchkiss, Miss Susan V.
Jeffs, Charles M.
Johnson, Daniel H.
Johnson, Thomas H.
Jones, Miss Sarah W.
Joy, N. T.
King, Miss Annie F.
Kinsman, Mrs. Frances J.
Lamson, Frederick.
Lee, Francis H.
Little, Philip.
Low, Mrs. Daniel.
Lyford, Mrs. Eunice Cass.
Mackintire, Albert C.
Manchester, Rev. Alfred.
Mansfield, Miss Helen.
Massachnsetts Record Commis-
sioner.
Millett, Joseph D.
Morgan, Miss Lucy P.

Morse, Prof. Edward S.
Nichols, Mrs. Joseph F.
Norris, Miss Mary H.
Nourse, Miss Dorcas.
Oliver, Mrs. Grace A.
Oliver, Miss Grace L.
Palfray, Charles W.
Peabody Academy of Science.
Peabody, George L.
Peterson, Joseph N.
Pierce, George C.
Potter, Mrs. Benjamin.
Rantoul, Robert S.
Rea, Estate of Charles E.
Richardson, Frederick P.
Richardson and Northey.
Robinson, John.
Saltonstall, Mrs. Henry.
Savage, M. F.
Savory, Tristram T.
Shaw, Samuel S.
Silsbee, Mrs. William.
Smith, Miss Sarah Eden.
State Normal School.
Stone, Miss Mary E.
Streeter, Gilbert L., for John

Lowry.
Walker, Benjamin H.
Warner, Fred E.
Welch, William L.
West, Mrs. William C.
Wheatland, Miss Elizabeth.
Whipple, Miss Alice C.
Whipple, Miss E. K.
Whipple, George M.
Whipple, Mrs. George M.
Whipple, Henry G.
Whipple, L. W.
Whitehead, Harry A.
Whitney, Mrs. Henry M.
Whitney, Mrs. M. W.
Woods, Mrs. Kate Tannatt.

1 ' . ' ■—■ *^^^^~**mmmmimmMIBm

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